PLEASE HANDLE WITH CARE University of Connecticut Libraries 3 1153 DlEMDOh? T GAYLORD RG Lotidonjhtblished ^prt7 J .J82J. by 'f.'Jepg.iu. Cheap jide . A GENERAL, GAZETTEER; OR, COMPENDIOUS ' GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. CONTAINING 7i a>escrfptton OF THE NATIONS, EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS FORTS, SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS, LAKES, CANALS, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, &c. IN THE KNOWN WORLD: WITH THE Extent, Boundaries, and Natural Productions of each Country; the Government, Customs, Manners, and Religion of the Inhabitants ; the Trade, Manufactures, and Curiosities, of the Cities and Towns, with their Longitude and Latitude, Bearing and Distance in Enghsh MiJes, from remarkable Places; and the various Historical Events, by which they ha\& been distinguished. ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS. ORIGINALLY COMPILED By R. BROOKES, M.D 4 imiuim THE FIFTEENTH EDITION, WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. %onTaon printed for J. RICHARDSON AND CO.; G. OFFER; J. SHARPE; ROBINSON AND CO. T. TEGS; J, AND C. EVANS; J. JONES; AND J. JOHNSON: ALSO R. GRIFFIN AND CO., GLASGOW. 182.5, Plummer and Brewiu^ Printers, Love Lane , Eaatcheap. INTRODUCTION. 1 HE science of Geography treats of the figure, magnitude, position, and mo- tion of the earth, and of the situation, extent, divisions, subdivisions, and boun- daries of the dififerent places upon its surface, to which is usually subjoined an abstract of the religion, history, character, government, manneru, commerce, and population of every kingdom. Tlie Figiire and Magnitude of the Eartlt. It is one of the fundamental principles in Geography, that the earth is of <» round form, but this is not strictly accurate, for both theory and experience prove tliat it is a little flattened toward the poles. This deviation, however, Is so very small, the equatorial diameter being to the polar nearly as 230 to 229, that no material error will oe occasioned by considering the earth as a perfect sphere. From the medium of a number of measurements, the following dimensiouii may be taken as very near the truth : The circumference 25,000 miles. The diameter • 7,957 1: miles. The superficies 198,943,750 square, miles. From a measurement of the best maps it appears, that square miles. The seas and unknown parts contain 160,522,026' The inhabited parts 38,922,180 Of these Europe contains 4,456,005 Asia 10,768,823 Africa 9,654,807 America 14,110,874 The circumference of every circle Is supposed by mathematicians to be divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees. A Degree of a great circle ot fJie earth will therefore be nearly 69| Euglisli miles. Hence a geographical mile, being the 60th part of a degree, is greater than an English mile. This earth which we inhabit seems comj)aratively a small point in the universe, the Sun being above two millions of times larger than tbe earth, and there is rea- son to suppose, that similar Is the fact with respect to all the stars. The Position of the EaHh and Solar System. How magnificent and exalted are the ideas presented to the human mind by the contemplation of the universe!! In the formation and preservation of this stupendous structure the wonders of Omnipotence are illustriously displayed, and the more accurate and extensive our knowledge of the Universe, the more ele- vated will be our conceptions of the Supreme Being. The term f/hzwrse comprehends the whole frame of nature, to the utmost extent of Creation, but by the Solar System is meant that portion of the universe which comprehends the Sun, planets, satellites, and comets. The Sun is the centre of this system, and there are nine planets, each in Its orbit, which revolve around him. The names of these, according to their distance from the Sun, are, Mer- cury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Ceres*, Pallas*, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgian, * * Ceres was discovered by M. Piazzic, astronomer royal at Palermo, on the 1st of January, 1801. To tfie naked eye it is not visible, nor will glasses of a very high magnifying power show it with a distinctly defined diameter. Pallas, which was dis covered by Dr. Oibers at Hamburg, is still smaller. Vl INTRODUCTION. The two first moving within the orbit of the Earth, are denominated Inferior Planets, and the last six, moving without that orbit, are denominated Superior Planets. The Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgian, are attended by secon- dary planets, called Satellites or Bloons, which revolve about them as centers, and are regulated in their motions by the same laws which regulate the motions of the nine planets in their orbits round tlje Sun. The Eartli is attended by one Moon, revolving at the distance of 240,000 miles, Jupiter ybwr, Saturn seven, and the Georgian six. Saturn, also, besides his Moons, is encircled by two concentric rings, at a considerable distance from his body, which like Satellites or Moons revolve round about him in his planes. The planets have likewise a motion of rotation each round an axis passing through its centre ; at least observation renders it certain that Venus, the Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, have such a motion ; and as Mercury is so near the Sun, and the Georgian so remote, astronomers have not been able to determine whether tliey revolve on their axes or not. It is natural, however, from analogy to infer that they have a motion similar to that of the rest. The planets are opaque spherical bodies, and having no light of their own, shine by borrowed light from the Sun, who is both the centre of their motions, and the source of their light and heat. The planets complete their revolutions in a greater or lesser time in proportion to their distances from the Sun, there being a constant, and very curious relation between their distances from him and their periodical times f . The following Table shews the distances of the Planets from the Sun ; with their magnitudes and periods, according to the latest observations : Mean distances Periodicrevolu- Times of rota- Diameters in Names. from the Sun. tions round the tion on their English miles. Sun. axes. Miles-. D. H. M. D. H. M. Sun, 25 15 16 -883,217 ! Mercury, 37,000.000 87 24 15 unknown 3,222 Venus, 68,000,000 224 16 46 23 22 7,687 The Earth, 95,000,000 365 6 9 23 66 7,964 Moon, 95,000,000 365 6 9 29 12 44 2,162 Mars, 144,000,000 686 23 30 24 39 4,189 Ceres, 250,000,000 1,683 unknown 160 Pallas, 270,000,000 unknown. unknown 110 Jupiter,, 490,000,000 4,332 8 51 9 56 89,170 Saturn, 900,000,000 10,761 14 36 10 16 79,042 Georgian Planet. 1800,000,000 30,445 18 unknown 36,109 The Fixed Stars are distinguished from the planets by being more luminous, and by exhibiting that appearance termed the twinkling of the stars. These shine by their own native light, and are therefore by analogy, and with the highest probability, supposed to be so many Suns, each illuminating a consi- derable number of planets or worlds, which circulate round him. Indeed, it is incredible to think that such vast bodies of light and fire should be placed at such immense distances in the infinity of space, for no 'other purpose than to give a small twinkling of liglit to the earth and the other planets, in our solar system. Their distance is indeed so inconceivably great from our earth, that were even the nearest of them to be removed out of its present situation 200 millions of miles in any direction, its change of place would not be perceived in the smallest degree by any obseiver on the earth, although aided by the best instruments ; hence it appears that a luminous spherical body, 200 millions of miles in diameter, if view- ed at the distance of the nearest fined star, would appear as a mere lucid point, witliout any sensible diameter. t It was first discovered by Kepler, a Prussian Astronomer, that the squares of the periodic times of the planets are proportionaJ to tire cubes of their mean dis- tances from the sun INTRODUCTION. wi Besides the Planets, there are other bodies called Comett, which belong to our solar sj'stern, and which also revolve round the sun as a centre, but whose orbits do not approach so near to circles as those of the planets ; for they are very lon^ ellipses, having- the sun in one of their foci. Hence it happens that during one part of its revolution, a comet goes oflF to an immense distance from the sun, and therefore cannot be seen from our earth; and dining- anoUier part it comes much nearer to him, and may then become visible for a short time. 'J'he comets differ also considerably in other respects from the planets, for the paths of the latter in the heavens are all found within the Zodiac, which is a tract extending to a small distance on each side of the echptic, or the path wliich the sun appears to describe round the heavens: whereas, the path of the former are found sometimes in one quarter of the heavens, and sometimes in another. The planets likewise move all in one direction about the sun, viz. from west to east, but the comets appear to move in all directions. They are also much more numerous than the planets, fix calculations have been made upon the orbits of upwards of eighty of them bv 4stronomers. The Motions of the Earth. It baffles the vigour of human conception to form any adequate idea of the pro- digious velocity of the different bodies which compose the universe. The Earth has two motions. By tlie one it turns uniformly round, once in 24 hours, in a direction from west to east, upon an axis which is an imaginary line passing through its centre. Tliis is called its diurnal motion. By the other it is carried in the same direction round tlie sun, in an orbit nearly circular, and completes its revolutions in a year. 'Y\\\% \s caWcA lis amiual motion. As some of the divisions of our globe, of great importance in geography, depend upon these motions, we ■will now consider them more particularly. By the diurnal motion of the earth, all places on its surface rxe carried uniform- ly round its axis from west to east, in the course of tlie natural day. This real motion causes thesun and tlie other iieavenly bodies 1o have 'au apparent motion in the contrary direction from east to west. Hence it is that we have the continual succession of day and night; for as the sun can only illuminate by his rays one half of a spherical body, one half of our earth must be in darkness, while the otiier enjoys the light, and it is day at any place, when, by the diurnal rotalion, that place is turned towards the sun, whereas it is night to the same place, when by the diurnal rotation, it is turned away from the sun. The tvvo points on the surface of tiie earth, which are the extremities of its axis, are called the North and South Poles. A circle described upon the surface of the earth, equally distant liom its two poles, is called the Equator i this circle divides the surface of the earth into two equal parts, called the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. As by a real motion of the earth about its axis there is produced an apparent motion of all the heavenly bodies, so in like manner by the real annual motion of the earth round the sun, there is produced an afjparent annual motion of the sua round the earih ; and thus the sun appears to make a complete revolution round the heavens once in a year. The circle, which the sun appears to describe in the course of the year through the heavens, is called the Ecliptic. Astronomers have conceived this circle to be divided into 12 equal parts, called Signs, and have given them the followitig names: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Li- bra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. The ciiplic passes through the middle of the zodiac, and hence these signs are also called the Stgm nf ihe Zodiac. The Inequality of the Days and Nights, and the Clutnget of the Seasons. Were the sun and the earth perfectly at rest with respect to each other, it is evident that one half of the earth would be continually in light, and the other in aarkness, as the sun can only illuminate one half of its surface at a time. Sup- pose the earth to revolve about its axis, yet the position of the axis, with respect to the sun, w 11 very much affect the distribution of light and darkness, to tha yiti INTRODUCTION. various }rJaccs on" its surface. For c\ami)!c, wore tlie earth's axis to point directly towards t!ie sun, or to coincide with a line joining the centres of the earth and tlie sun, still one of our hcniispljcrcs would bo continually in the liglit, and the other in darkness. Again, suppose the earth to revolve uniformly about an axis ])crpendicular to a line joining the centres of the earth and sun, then all places Ujion the surface would be in light and darkness alternately, and an equal inter- val of time in each, or the days and nights would be eacli 12 hours long throughout the globe. If cither half cf the earth's axis, for example tiie nortliern, were to make an acute angle with a line joining the centres of the eartli and sun; and of conse- quence the southern half an obtuse angle, it would fullow, that the north i)ole, and a certain tract round it, would remain always in the hght, notwithstanding the earth's rotation, or would have continual day. Even such places in the northern hemisphere, as were turned by the diurnal rotati(jn away from the sun, woukl pass sooner through the dark hemisphere of the earth, than that exposed to the light; and would thus have their nigiits shorter than their days ; at the equator the days and nights would be equal ; but in the southern hemisphere, the phajnomenf would be the very reverse of tiiose which took place in the northern hemisphere, and the south pole and its neighbourhood would be in darkness. It is evident also, that in this case tlic sun would be on the north side of the equator, and ver- tical to a certain circle parallel to it, which would be nearer to, or farther from it, according as the acute angle, formed by the northern iialf of the earth's axis, and a line joining the centres of the sun and earth, was greater or less. Now, the two last sup[»ositions respecting the situation of the axis, are such as really take place in nature ; for while the earth moves in its orbit round the sun, its axis remains continually parallel to itself, or points always in the same direction, making an angle with a perpendicular to its orbit of 23| degrees ; and as, by the earth's mo- tion, the line joining its centre with that of the sun, is continually changing its direction, it is evident that the angle contained by that line, and the axis, must be continually varying in magnitude, and of course the position of the poles of the earth witii respect to the sun, which, as we have seen, depends entirely on that angle, must be always changing. About the 20th of March, when the sun, as seen from the earth, enters the con- stellation Aries, the line joining their centres is perpendicular to the earth's axis; therefore both poles are situated alike with respect to the sun, who is now over the equator, and the days and nights are equal throughout the world. This time of the year is called the vernal equinox, and spring commences to the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, while autumn begins to those of the southern. Dur- ing the time that the sun is passing through Aries, Taurus, Gemini, and till he enters Cancer, which happens about the 20th of June, and is the time of the5'«»i- mer Solstice, the angle contained by the north half of the earth's axis, and the line which joins the centres of the sun and earth, is always diminishing by reason of that line changing its position, while the axis moves parallel to itself. Hence it happens that the north pole is turning more and more towards the sun, and the phainomena take place which we have already described as peculiar to this situa- tion of the axis. About the 20th of June, the angle is at the least, and presently begins to increase, as well as the pole to turn away from the sun, who now passes tlirough Cancer, Leo, and Virgo, and enters Libra on the 20th of SeptembtEr, when the axis has a position similar to that which it had on the 20tli of March, and the days and nights being again e Just perceptible. ft !!!!!!!!!!*'!![ Oentle pleasant wind. 15 '.*!!!!!!***." f Pleasant brisk gale. 35 !!!!!*!!'.!!!!! I ^'sb winds. 45 !!!!.'.!!!!!!!! }^^*7 high- 60 A storm or tempest. .60 * A great storm. 80 > A hurricane. jQQ /A hurricane that tears up trees, and carries L buildings, &c. before it. The force of the wind is nearly as the square of the velocity, or but little above it, in these velocities. But the Kirce is much more than in the simple ratio of the surfaces, with the same velocity, and this increase of the ratio is the more, as the Telocity is the more. By accurate experiments with two planes, the one of 17J square inches, the other of 32, which are nearly in the ratio of 5 to 9, Dr. Hutton found their resistances, with a velocity of 20 feet per second, to be the one 1,196 ounces, and the other, 2,542 ounces; which are in the ratio of 8 to 17, being au increase of between one-fifth and one-sixth parts more than the ratio of the surfaces. The Representations of the EartKs Surface. The Earth is most naturally represented upon the surface of a tphere, and globes are constructed by artists, which have delineated upon their surfaces the variouscountries, seas, rivers, &c. throughout the world, together with the differ- ent circles which serve to determine the relative positions of places. -^ Such a re- INTRODUCTION. xr presentation of the Earth is called a Terrestrial Globe. Ey this instrument, thn latitudes and longitudes of all places on its surface may be readily found, and many other problems relating to geography solved with great facility. The whole surface of the Earth, however, or any part of it, may likewise be drawn on a plane surface. Such a representation is called a Map. It is evident that a map cannot give so accurate an idea of the figure of the Earth and its vari- ous divisions, as may be obtained from a globe ; but this defect is compensated by the great facility with which maps may be constructed, so as to represent the whole Earth, or any particular country, either on a large or small scale. Description of a Map. The top of most modern Maps is considered as the north, the bottom as the south, the right hand as the east, and the left hand as the west. In old maps, ■where this rule is not always strictly followed, a flower de luce is generally placed en some part of it, pointing towards the north, by which the other points are easily known. On the top of the map, between the marginal lines, are placed the several figures, which show the number of degrees of eastern or western longitude of every place that is directly under those fip-ures. At the bottom of most maps are placed the same figures as those at the top ; but in maps of the best sort, instead of them are placed the number of hours or minutes every place in it lies distant, east or west, from its chief town or first meridian. I'or instance, every place which is situate one degree east from another, will appear to have the Sua four minutes of time before it; and any one place, situate one degree west of another, will appear to have the Sun four minutes of time after it. Again, a place situate 15 degrees east of us, as Naples, will appear to have the Sun 07ie com- plete hour before us at London; and a place situate 15 degrees west of us, as the island of Madeira, will appear to have the Sun one hour after us at London. On the right and left hand of every map, between the marginal lines, are placed figures that show the number of degrees, either north or south latititle, which every place parallel with them is distant from the equator. Thus London is situate 51 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude; that is, it is so many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over most maps are drawn lines from the top to the bottom, and from the right band to the left ; tliose which run from the top to the bottom are lines of longitude, and those which cross them, lines of latitude ; but these are sometimes omitted, when a map is too full to admit them. The Map which fronts the title page of this work, is a representation of the world upon two hemispheres, one containing the continent of America, and the other the continent formed by Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Equator, or Equinoctial Line, is represented by a graduated strait line passing through the centres of tlie circles which form the map, and the Meridians by arches of circles cutting the equator, at the distance of every 10 degrees, and terminating in ^e poles. Parallels of latitude, at the distance of every 10 degrees, are represent- ed by arches of circles, lying from right to left, and terminating in the circumfer- ence of the circles which bound the hemispheres, so as to divide each of the. quad- rants between the poles and the equator into nine equal parts. The Tropic$ and Polar Circles are also drawn. The latitude of each of the parallels is marked at its extremities on the margins of the map, and the longitude of each meridian is marked-on the equator, and reckoned eastward and westward from the meridian of London. To find the latitude and longitude of any point in this map, if the given point be at the intersection of a parallel of latitude and a meridian, the lati- tude will be found at the extremities of the parallel on the margin, and the longi- tude at the point where the meridian cuts the equator ; thus the latitude of the most easterly point of Italy will be found to be 40 degrees north, and the longi- tude about 20 degrees east from London. If the given point be not at the inter- section of a parallel and a meridian, its latitude and longitude may yet be found, by carrying one's finger from it, as near as can be guessed, along an imaginary parallel of latitude, and observe at what degree it meets the mar- gia of the map, and that will be the latitude sought ; in like manner the Ion- XVI INTRODUCTION. gitude may be found, by tiacing an imaginary meridian through the place till it meet the equator. Kingdoms or provinces are divided from each other by a row of single points, and they are often stained with diiFerent colours. Cities or great towns are made liice small liouses, with a little circle in the middle of them ; but smaller towns or villages are marked only with little circles. Mountains are imitated in the form of little rising hillocks; and forests are represented by a collection of little trees. The names of villages are written in a running hand, those of cities in a Roman character, and those of provinces in large capitals. The sea is generally eft as an empty space on the map, except where there are rocks, sands or shelves, currents of water, or wind. Rocks are sometimes made in maps like little pointed things sticking up sharp in the sea. Sands or shelves are denoted by a great heap of little points placed in the shape of these sands, as they have been found to lie in the ocean, by sounding the depths. Currents of water are described by several long parallel crooked strokes, imitating a current. The course of winds is represented by the heads of arrows pointing to the coasts toward which the wind blows. Small rivers are described by a single crooked waving line, and large rivers by such double and treble lines made strong and black. Bridges are distinguished by a double line across the rivera. GENERAL GAZE'FrEER, A A R A A, 9. river in the duchy of Courland, •^^ which rises in Saniogitia, and flows into the bay of Riga. Aa, a river of Picardy, in France, which rises in the department of Som- me, and becomes navigable near St. Omers ; from whence it passes n to Gravelines, below which it falls into the English Channel. Aa, a river in Westphalia, which rises near Munster, waters that city, and falls into the river Ems. Aa, the name of several other rivers of less note, in Holland, Germany, Swit- zerland, &c. Aahus, the capital of a small district of Germany, so named, in the circle of WestphaUa, and bishopric of Munster. It has a good castle, and lies ne of Coes- feldt. Lon 7 1 e, lat. 52 10 N. Aain-Charin, a village near Jerusa- lem, said to be the place where Zacha- rias lived. It is yet frequented by pil- grims ; and near it there is a convent, a large elegant building, with a handsome cupola, and under it an extraordinary fine mosaic pavement ; the altar, which is a very splendid one, encompassed with marble steps, is said to be built on the very spot where John the Baptist was born. Aalborg, the capital of the bishopric of that name, lies on the coast of Lym- ford. on the confines of the bishopric of Wiburg. Next to Copenhagen, it is the richest and most populous city in Den- maik. The name signifies Eel-town, great quantities of Eels being caught there. It has an exchange for mer- chants, a safe and deep harbour (though the entrance near Hals is somewhat dangerous), and a considerable trade in com, herrings, guns, pistols, saddles, gloves, &c. It was taken by the Swedes in 1643, and 1658. Lon. 9 46 E, lat 66 50N. Aar, a large river in Switzerland, which rises in a lake, near Mount Saal- berg, in the s of the canton of Bern, sjid running NW through the whole ex- i ABA tent of the lake of Brienz and Thun to Bern, takes a circuitous course to So- [•jure; whence it flows e to Arburg^ and NE to Brugg ; below which, being joined by the Reuss and Limmatt, it falls into the Rhine opposite Wald- schut. Aarhuus, a large district of North Jutland, which extends from that of Wiburg to Categat, about 15 miles in length, and between 8 and 9 in breadlli, and is uncommonly fruitful. Aarhuus, or Aarhusen, the capital of the bishopric of that name, lies between the sea and a lake, from which water is conveyed by a pretty broad canal that divides the town into two unequal parts. It is large and populous ; and has six gates, two principal churches, two mar- ket-places, an university, a free-school, and a well-endowed hospital Aaronshurg, a town of Northumber- land county, in Peimsylvania, North America, containing about 40 dwellings. It is situated a little more than a mile E of Elk creek, which unites with Penn's, and falls into the Susquehannah, 5 miles below Sunbury. Aarseo, or Arzeo, a town jf Algiers, near the mouth of the river Mina. Abach, or Weltenburg, a market town in Lower Bavaria, seated on the Dan- ube, 7 miles from Ratisbon. It \s de- fended by a citadel, and is retnarkablc for Roman antiquities, as well as for its mineral waters, which are celebrat d for curing various diseases. Lon. 11 66 E, lat. 48 53 N. Abadan, a town at the mouth of the Tigris. Ahakanskoi, a town of Siberia, in the province of Tobolsk, on the river Ja- neska, under the Russian government. It was founded in 1707, and rebuilt in 1725. It has a garrison, and is provid- ed with artillery. Lon. 94 5 e, lat, 53 5n. Abalak, a town in Siberia, two miles from Tobolsk, celebrated for an image of the Virgin, which is yisited by mirny ABB pilgilms, and carried in procession an- nually to Tobolsk. Lob. 6S 20 e, lat. 58 11 N. Abcucia, or Abcas, a country m Asia, tributary to the Turks, surrounded on the E by Mingrelia, on the n and w by Black Circassia, and on the s by tlie Black Sea. Abassia, the modern name of a king- dom in Ethiopia Proper; it compre- hends the provinces of Bagemeder, Go- jam, Waleka, Shewa, &c. and is very mountainous ; in some parts the rocks are so steep, that men and cattle are craned up by help of ropes and ladders, yet on the top of these there are woods, meadows, and fish-ponds. Abberton, near Lexden, Essex. Ah- berton, near Pershore, 7 miles from Wor- cester, noted for its mineral water. Abbenhall, a small village, 12 miles from Gloucester, 3 from Newnliani, noted for a mineral spring, very effica- cious in the cure of cutaneous erup- tions. Abberwick, a large village near Aln- wick, Northumberland. Abbeville, a considerable town of France, in the department of Somme, and late province of Picardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the river Som- me divides into several branches, and separates the town into two parts. It is pretty well peopled; has a woollen manufactory, besides ma,nufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 15 miles e from the British Channel, 20 nw from Amiens, 62 s of Calais, and 80 nw of Paris. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 50 7 n. AbbevUle, a county of S. Carolina, si- tuated in the sw corner of the district of Ninety-Six. The lands in this county are agreeably variegated with hills and dales, and the soil is rich and well-wa- tered. The chief town is Cambridge. Ahbey~Boyle, a town of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, and province of Connaught, remarkably, for an old abbey. It lie^ 23 mile^ n of Roscom-^ mon. Lon. 8 32 w, lat. 63 66 N. Abbey-Green, a village of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, so named from being built around the ruins of a monastery, founded liere by King David I. in 1440, dedicated to St. Macule. It contains about 430 inhabitants; and lies 12 miles s of Hamilton, and 4 from Lanark. Abbey-Holm, a town in Cumberland, 80 called from an abbey built in it by iJavid I. King of Scots. It stands on an arm of the sea, and is 295 miles from Loudon, and 16 sw from Carlisle. Lon. d2dw lat. 54 53 N. 3 ABE Abbey-Mihon, or Abbey-M uldletoji, na ancient but mean town in Dorsetshire where an abbey formerly stood. It is 12 miles ne of Dorchester, and 122 frorv London. Lon. 2 24 w, lat 50 51 n. Abbington, near Northampton. Ab- bington, near Royston, Cambridgeshire. Abbington, Magna arid Parva, near Lin- ton and Bourubridge, Cambridgeshire. Abbotsbuj-y, a town in Dorsetshire, so named from an abbey near it, founded by a Norman lad}"^, about 1026, to which Edward the Confessor and Wil- liam I. Avere both benefactors. It lies 7 miles sw of Dorchester, and 127 w by s from London. Lon. 2 42 w, lat 50 38 N. Abbots-Castle, or Apewood-Castle, an old fortification in Staifordshire, 7 miles from Wolverhampton, on the north side of the road from Shrewsbury to London, situated on a lofty rou-nd promontory, and a steep ridge of hills, which extend a mile in length, supposed to have been one continued fortification, and a work of the ancient Britons. Ahhots-Langley, a village in Herts, 4 miles from St. Albans, famous for being the birth-place of Pope Adrian IV. AbVs Head, St. a promontory, forming the southern extremity of the Frith al Forth, Ijing in the Parish of Colding- ham and the county of Berwick, Scot- land, about 10 miles N of Berwick, and the same distance s from Dunbar. Lon. I 56 w, lat. 55 54 N. Abenrade^ a town of Denmark, in Sleswick, now very flourishing, being double the extent it was formerly, and built in a better taste. It is seated on a spacious open bay in the Baltic, sur- rounded on three sides by high moun- tains, which render the harbour safe. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 55 6 N. Abensperg, or Abensberg, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Abens, near the Danube, 15 miles sw of Ratisbon. Lon, II 55 E, lat. 48 46 N. Aberavon, a borough town of Glamor- ganshire, governed by a port-reeve, seat- ed on the mouth of the Avon, 19 miles Nw of Cowbridge, and 195 w from Lon- don. The vicarage, which is discharged, M is worth 451. yearly. Lon 3 48 w, 51 M' 35 N. Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, a small neat town, on the east coast of Angus- sliire, 15 miles ne of St. Andrew's, and 40 NNE from Edinburgh. It is situated on the mouth of the small river Bro- thick : is a royal burgh, well built, and flourishing. The number of its inhabi- tants has greatly increased within thc8» ABE last 40 years, and they are now estimat- ed at about 7000. The chief manufac- tures are brown lint-na, or Osnaburghs, sail-elollis, and white and brown thread. There are about 34 vessek belonging to this place, each from 60 to 160 tons, em- jiloyed in the Baltic trade. The foreign imports are flax, flax-seed, timber, iron, &c. The glory of this place was for- merly the abbey, whose very ruins give some idea of its ancient magnificence. It was founded by William I. the Lion, in 1178, and dedicated to the celebrated primate Thomas-a-Becket. The foun- der was buried here, but there are no remains of his tomb. Fairs are on 31st Januarj', 3d Wednesday of June, and 18th July. Lon. 2 39 w, lat. 66 36 N. Aherconway, a town of Caemarvon- sliire, pleasantly situated on the river Conway. It has a good harbour, and formerly carried on a considerable trade in corn. In the binying ground there is the folloAving remarkable inscription : " Here lietli the bodj' of Nicholas Hoo- ker, of Conway, Gent, who was the one and fortieth child of his father, William Hooker, Esq. by Alice, his wife, and the father of 27 children. He died 20th of March, 1637." Aberconway is 18 miles WNw of Denbigh, 10 from Bangor, and 235 WNW of London. Lon. 4 1 w, lat. 63 20 N. Ahercorn, a village and parish of West Lothian, on the south bank of the Frith of Forth, 12 miles west from Edinburgh. A monastery existed here in the seventh centuiy ; and the castle of Abercornwas a place of gi-eat strength in the family of the Douglasses. Though no traces of these buildings now remain, Abcrcom still gives the British title of ]\larqujs, and the Scottish title of Earl to a branch of the family of Hamilton. Tlae Roman wall is said to have begun in this parish. Abercoi-n, a small town of Georgia, North America, 13 miles nw of Savan- nah. Aberdeen, the principal cit^"^ in the north of Scotland, situated on the coast of the German ocean, 120 miles ne from Edinburgh, in lon. 1 45 w, lat. 57 9 n. Under this denomination are cbmpre- hended two towns, Old and New Aber- deen, which, however, are almost united by their respective suburbs. Aberdeen Old, formerly Aberdon, is pleasantly situated on a eminence neai the mouth of the river Don, about a mile north of New Aberdeen. It is of great antiquity, and was of some importance so long ago as 893, when, according to iradition, King Gregory the Great con- 3 ABE ferred on it scwne peculiar privileges. By charter the free buigosses of the town are vested with the poMcr of chus- ing their own magistracy, who are a provost, three bailies, a treasurer, and council, with the deacons of six incor- porated trades. I'he town consists chief- ly of one long street. There is a neat town-house, a new building, and a Trades Hospital for decayed freemen and their widows, and an hospital for 12 poor men, founded by Bishop William Dunbar. But the chief ornament of Old Aberdeen is the large and stately fabric of King's College, situated on the S.side of the town. It is built round a square, with cloisters on the south side. The structure contains a chapel, li- brary, museum, common hall, and lec- ture rooms, with a long range of modern houses, for the accommodation of the professors and students. The library and museum are well furnished. The old town, being formerly the seat of a bishop, had a most magnificent cathe- dral, dedicated to St. Machar, but, like many others, it fell a sacrifice to the re- ligious frenzy of the reformers. Two very antique spires, and one aisle, which is used as a church, is all that is letlt. In this cathedral there was a fine li- brary, which was also destroyed. Over the Don at Old Aberdeen, there is a no- ble Gothic bridge, of one arch, 67 feet span, and 34f high from the surface of the river. On both sides it rests on a solid ledge of rock. The population of Old Aberdeen and parish was 9911, in 1801. Aberdeen, New, is the capital of the shire of Aberdeen. For extent, trade, and beauty, it far exceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a gentle eminence, rising from a small bay, formed by the river Dee, over which there is an elegant bridge of 7 arches built by Bishop Dunbar. The streets are numerous, spacious, and well paved ; tlie houses are built of granite, (from ad- joining quarries), generally fom- stories high, remarkably neat and elegant, hav ing almost universally gardens in their rear. The whole town is about two miles in circumference, and the popula- tion is estimated at above 20,000. The municipal government is vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of guild, trea- surer, town-clerk, a town council, and 7 deacons of incorporated trades. The town is a royal burgh, and uniting with Aberbrothwick, Brechin, Inverbervie, and Montrose, sends a member to par- liament. New Aberdeen is graced with 82 ABE an eleg^anl college, .ouiided by George Keith, the Earl Marischal of Scotland, in 1593. The trade is considerable, but iDight be greatly extended by an atten- tion to the white fisheries. Aberdeen once enjoyed a good share of the tobac- co trade ; but of late years its chief ini- j>orts were from the Baltic, and a few merchants trade to the West Indies, the J jcvant, and North America. Its ex- j)orts are st'ockings, thread, salmon, and oatmeal. The first is a most important article, being estimated at no less than 183,0001. annually; and emplojing in the spinning, knitting, &c. a very consi- derable portion of the inhabitants of the county. The thread manufacture is another considerable article, though tri- fling in comparison of the woollen. The salmon fisheries on the Dee are a good branch of trade. About 46 boats, andl30 men, are employed on the first ; and in some years, 167,000 lbs. of fish have been sent pickled to London, and about 900 barrels of salted fish exported to France, Italy, &c. The inhabitants likewise ex- port considerable quantities of pickled pork, which they formerly disposed of to the Dutch for victualling their East In- dia ships and men of war ; the Aberdeen pork has the reputation of being the best cured of any in Europe for keeping on long voyages. Fairs are on the 31st Jan. 3d Wednesday in June, and 13th Juiy. Aberdeenshire, a county of Scotland, hounded on the Nw by Banffshire, and the Devcron; on the n and ne by the German Ocean ; on the s by the coun- ties of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth ; and on the w by Inverness-shire. Its length from ne to sw is about 80 miles; its breadth not quite 30. It comprehends the districts of Mar, Garioch, Strath- bogie, and the greater part of Buchau ; and sends one member to parliament. The soil of this extensive county is very various, and agriculture, in general, rude. The high grounds present much excellent pasture, while great part of the lowlands yield very grateful returns to tillage. This county is noted for the thriving state of its manufactures of li- nen and woollen, in which it promises shortly to rival the superior region of the Clyde. Aberdour, a small town in Fifeshire, Scotland, with a good harbour, on the Frith of Forth, about 10 miles nw of Edinburgh. Aberford, or Aherforth, a small town m the west riding of Yorkshire, 16 miles sw of York, and 184 nnw from Lon- 4 ABE don. It has a market every Wedncs* day, and four fairs on the first AVednes- days of April, May, October, and after St. Luke's day. Its is noted for pin- making. Lon.l 21 w, lat. 53 13 N. Abeifraw, a village of North Wales, ' in the isle of Anglesca, i'ormerly a place of note, the princes of North W ales hav- ing had a palace in it. It is now much reduced, though it has four fairs, on the 7th March, 23d Oct. 11th Dec. and Wednesday after Trinity, all for cattle. In the neighbourhood, a considerable flannel manufactory is carried on. It lies 6 miles nw of Newburgh. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 53 13 N. Abergavenny, a well-biult town in Monmouthshire, 16 miles w of Mon- mouth, and 142 ^y by N from London, containing about 500 houses, 2 churches, and an old castle. It has two weekly markets and three fairs, on May 1, Tuesday after Trinity, and Sept. 25. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 51 50 n. Ahergeldy, a village of N. Wales, in Denbiglishire, 5 miles w by s of St. Asaph, and 224 from London, wliich has 4 annual fairs for cattle, on the 2d of April, 20th of August, 9th of October, and the day before Holy Thursday. Abernethy, a small town in Perthshire, in Scotland, seated near the junction of the Erne with the Tay. It is said to have been the seat of the Pictish kings, as well as the see of an archbishop. In the town church-yard is a round tower 74 feet high and 48 in circumference, the only one besides that of Brechin in Scotland. The town is much decayed ; the chief manufacture is that of house- hold linen, and silesias for the market of Perth. Aberystwith, 'a town of S. Wales, in Cardiganshire, seated on thelstwith near its confluence with the Riddall, w here they fall into the sea. It lies 203 miles WNW from London, and 30 ne from Car digan. It was formerly fortified with a castle, and defended with walls; Uut both are now in ruins. It is, however rich and populous, having a great trade in lead, a considerable fishing of her- rings, cod, and whitings, and a good weekly market on Monday. In the bathing season, this town is a fashionable watering place. Lon. 4 w, lat. 62 25 N. Abex, a country of Africa, on the Red Sea, which bounds it on the east ; on the west it is bounded by Abyssinia and Nubia, on the north by Egypt, and on the south by the coast of Ajan. The chief towns are Arkeko, or Ercoco, and A R O Siifiq'jaMJ : Aviiirh last is the rapHiil, and tlio seat of a oovpnior. It is subject to the Turks ; au'l is vcit saiidj and bar- loii, being destitute of water. The heat is excessive, and the air unhealthy to Europeans. In the mountains are for- ests of ebony trees ; abounding with wild beasts. It is 600 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. The inhabitants aie INIahometans. Abingdon, or Ahington, a toAvn of Berks, on tlie Thames, so named .from an abbey formerly built in it, 6 miles s of Oxferd, 47 E of Gloucester, and 66 w from London. It is a good thorough- fare, and has a market on Monday and Friday. It has two churches, and two •^harity-schools. Abingdo ' a post town, and capital of Washington county, Virginia, situated near the east side of the north branch of Holston. river. Here is a jail, and a court-house, where the district and county courts are held. It is 300 miles wsw of Richmond, and 687 from Pliila- delphia. Lou. 7 w, lat. 36 57 N. Alkhas, one of the seven nations in the countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Their prin- cipal and most ancient settlements are on the southern slope of the mountains lying between the river Cuban and the Black Sea. They are tributary to the Turks, and me divided into two govern- ments, the \V csteni and the Eastern, each suiycct to a bashaw, commonly chosen from among the principal natives. One of these resides at Sotchukkale, and the other at Soghumkale. The capital is Anacopir, formerly Nicopsis. The Abklins speak an oriental language, es- sentially different fiom all the known langriages, though appearing to have a very remote aifinity to that of the Cir- cassians. They have very little religion, though they presei-ve some traces of Christianity. Abloe, a town of Little Tartary, lying between the river Dnieper and the Black Sea. Lon. 33 15 e, lat. 46 20f N. Abo, a sea-port, the capital of Swe- dish Finland, which lies upon the point where the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland Muite. It is a good port ; and is the see of a bishop, suffragan of Upsal. It has an university, founded by Queen Chris- tina in 1640, and endowed with the same privileges as that of Upsal; besides a school, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, for 300 scholars. The town is tolerably well built, and the inhabitants export linen, corn, and planks. Here the trea- ty of ieace between Russia and Swe- 5 A R V den, in 174!? was concluded. It !i«s 120 miles ne of Stockholm. Lon. 22 18 E, lat. 60 27 N. Aboukir, a small town of Egypt, lying in the desert between Alexandria and Rosetta. It is the ancient Cannptis ; and is situated, according to Mr. Savary, 6 leagues from Pharos. The town is built on a rock, which fonns a handsome road for shipping, and is out of the reach of inundations. Aboutige, a town in Upper Egypt, near the Nile, where great quantities of pop- pies grow, of which the natives make the best opium in the Levant. Lon. 49 e, lat. 26 30 N. Ahrantes, a town of Portugal, in Es- iremadura, seated on the Tajo, and be- longing to a marquis of that title. It is situated on a liigh giound, is surrounded with gardens and olive-trees, contains 35,000 inhabitants, and has 4 convents, an hospital, and an alms-house. Lon. 7 18 w, lat. 39 13 N. Abruzso, a province of Naples, bound- ed on the E by the gulf of Venice^ on the N and w by Ancona, Umbria, and the Campagna di Roma, and on the s by the Tena di Lavora and ]\lolise. It is divided iiito two parts by tlic river Pescara, called Ulteriore and ("iteriore. The former has Aquila, and the latter Sulmona, for its capital. 'I'hc country, though cold, is fertile in corn, rice, fruits, saffron, vines, and olives. Abs, a town in France, in the depart- ment of Ardeche, formerly the (;hjef town of Vivares, and a bishop's sec, now in a very ruinous state. Abyo, or Abuyo, one of the Ph!lij)pine islands, in the East Indies, between Mindanao and Luzon. Here the S|)a- niards have a fort, and carry on a good trade with their American territories. Lon. 122 15 e, lat. 10 n. Abyssinia, a kingdom of Africa, 8lK) miles long and 600 broad, bounded f Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the east coast of a gulf of its name, 70 miles n by w of Smyrna. Lon. 26 50 E, lat. 39 26 N. Adria, a town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo, which gives name to the Adri- atic sea, and was formerly of great note, but has been much reduced by frequent inundations. It is seated on the Tarta- ro, 25 miles ssw of Venice. Ajlriano, a mountain of Spain, in Bis- cay, over which is a verv cQfficult road to Alba and Old Castile. It is one of the highest mountains of the Pyrenees • and is only inhabited by a few shep- herds. Adritmople, a city of European Tur- key, in Romania, the see of an archbi- shop, and foi-merly the European seat of the Turkish dominion. It is eight miles in circumference;, situate in a plain, on the riv«i' Marissa, which here receives two ti'ibutary streams. Several of the mosques are very splendid, and many of the houses neat, but the streets are nar- row and devious. The seraglio is sepa- rated from the city by the river Arda, and commands an extensive view of the country, which is fertile, and famous for excellent vines. The commerce of the city by the river is considerable. The Turks took this city from the Greeks, in 1362. It is 135 miles NW of Constanti- nople. Lon. 26 27 E, lat 41 55 N, Adriatic Sea. See Venice, Gtilf of. Adventure Bay, at the se end of Van Diemen's land, so called from the ship in which Captain Furneaux sailed, Lon. 147 30 w, lat. 43 23 s. yEgades, or ^gate», three small is^ lands on the w side of Sicily, between Marsella and Trapani ; their names are Levenzo, Favignana, and Maretimo. JEtna, or Etna, °a celebrated burning mountain of Sicily, now called by the natives Monte Gibello. It is situated in the eastern part of the island, in lon. 15 E, lat, 38 N. Pindar, who lived 435 years before Christ, calls it the Pillar of Heaven, on account of its great height, which is generally reckoned to be about 11,000 feet; and its circumference at the base 70 miles. It affords an epitome. l.oiul„n/W:fiJi„i J,i, ,/ ■/■.'.< Ii,r7^,,,///l7iru/.^ij, A F G of all the differences of cliraaf e. The siimniitis a league in circumference, and within formed like a vast amphi- theatre, from whence flames, ashes, and smoke, issue in divers places. Erup- tions of this mountain are mentioned by Diodoius Siculus, as happening 1693 years before Christ ; and Thucydidcs speaks of three eruptions, vrhich hap- pened in 734, 477, and 425, B. C. From this period till 1447, there vrcre about 18 difl'erent eruptions, the most destruc- tive of which were in 1169 and 1329 There have been other eruptions since, which has done immense damage, pm- ticularly those in 1669, 1780, and 1787. Afgha7iistan, a country of Asia, stretcliing from the mountains of Tar- tary to the Arabian sea, and from ihe Indus to the confines of Persia. Tlie inhabitants of this wide domain have no written character, and speak a language peculiar to themselves. They are a ro- bust, hardy race of men ; and being ge- nerally addicted to a state of predatory n airfare^ their manners partake of a bar- barous insolence ; they avow a fixed contempt for the occupations of civil life ; and aie esteemed the most negli- gent of religious obsenauces of all the Mahometans. Their common dress consists of a sliirt, wliich falls over the upper part of long and nanow trowsers ; a woollen vest, fitted closely to the bo- dy, and reaching to the midleg ; and a liigh tiuntd-up cap, of broad cloth or cotton, usually of one colour, and of a conic form, with two small parallel slits in the upper edge of its facing. The principal cities of Afghanistan are Can- dahar and Cabul, the fonner of which was the capital ; but the late and pre- sent sultans have kept their court at Ca- bul. About the year 1720, an army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispahan, ajid made the sultan Husseyn prisoner, lliey kept possession of Ispahan and flie southern provinces for ten years, when they were defeated in several bat- tles, and driven out of the country by Nadir Kuh, commonly known in Eu- rope by the name of Kouli Khan. A fter Nadir had deposed his sovereign. Shah Thamas, he laid siege to and took Can- dahar ; but aftei ward received a consi- derable body of Afghans into his army, mIio became his favourite foreign troops. On his assassination, in 1747, the gene- ral of the Afghan troops, though furious- ly attacked by the whole Persian aiTny, effected a safe retreat into his own coun- try , where he caused himself to be ac knowledged sovereign of the Afghan A G A tenitones, by the title of Ahmed Shali. He was succeeded in 1773, by his son, Timiu- Shah, and he by ZcniAun Shah, the present sultan.. Africa, one of the four principal parts of the world ; bounded on the n by the Mediterranean sea, w by the Atlantic ocean, s by the Southern ocean, and e by the istknms of Suez, the Red sea, and the Indian ocean. It is a peninsula of prodigious extent, being joined to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, whicli is 125 miles over. In its greatest length, from the most northern part to the Capo of Good Hope, it is 4600 miles ; and in tlie broadest part, from Cape Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is 3500. The great- est part of it is witiiin the torrid zone, which renders the heat almost insup- portable in many places. However, the coasts in general are very fertile, tlie fruits excellent, and tlie plants extraor- dinary. There are more wild beasts than in any other part of the world ; tlieie are also some animals peculiar to this country ; as the hippopotamus, or river horse ; the rhinoceros, with two horns on its nose ; and the beautiful striped zebra. Beside these, there are croco- diles, ostriches, camels, and many otlier animals not to be met with in Europe. There are several deserts, particularly one of a large extent, called Zahara ; but these are not quite without inhabi- tants. There are many large rivers; but the principal are the Nile, Niger, Zaire, Senegal, and Gambia. The most considerable mountains are the Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leone. The inliabitants consist of pagans, Mahometans, and Christians. In the central parts, on the South, ap- pear to be the native regions of the ne- groes, whose colour, features, and hair, distinguish them from all other races ol mankind. In the seventh century, the Mahommedan Arabs subdued the North of Africa, and their descendants, wnde? the name of Moors, constitute a grea' part of the present population. The principal divisions of Africa are Barba- ry, Egypt, Biledulgerid, Zahara, Ne- groland, Guinea, Bornou, Cashna, Fez- zan, Sennar, Nubia, Abyssinia, Abex, Loa;ngo, Congo, Angola, Eenguela^ Matama, Zanguebar, Monomotapa, Mo- nomugi, Sofola, Caffraria, and the coun- try of the Hottentots. Africa, a seaport of the kingdom o( Tunis, 70 miles SSE of Tunis. Lon. 1 1 10 E, lat 35 36 N. Agades, a town of CassiiJ-i, the capj- i»\ Mi a province, it sends annually a A G 1 caravan of lOtK) camels to certain salt lakes in the desert, at a place called Domboo; which salt is distributed among the other provinces of the empire. It is 280 miles nw of Cassina. Lon. 25 30 E, lat. 24 20 N. Agallega, or Gallega, an island of Africa, near Madagascar. Lon. 54 8 E lat. 10 12 N. Agamenticus, a mo^mtain of Massa- chusets, in the distiict of Maine, abont eight miles from York harbour. It af- fords pasture tip to its summit, and is a seamark for the cntiy of Piscataqua ri- ver. Lon. 70 39 w, lat. 43 16 N. Agatmi, a town on the coast of Gui- nea, near the month of the Formoso, 80 miles s of Benin. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 7 20 N. Agde, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault, on the river He- rault, not far from its mouth, in the gulf of Lyon, where there is a fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 miles ne of Nar- bonne. Lon. 3 28 E, lat. 43 19 N. Agen, a city of France, capital of the department of Lot and Garonne, and a bishop's see. Prunes form here a con- siderable object of commerce; and it has manufactures of camblets, serges, and canvas. It is seated in a fertile country, on the banks of the Garonne, 80 miles ese of Bourdeaux. Lon. 36 E, lat. 44 12 N. Agga, or Aggoyia, a town and district on the coast of Guinea, in which is a very high hill, called the Devil's Mount. The English have a fort here. Lon. 5 E, lat. 6 N. Aggerhuvs, a fortress of Nonvay, in a government of the same name, which is full of mountains. See Christiania. Aghadoe, a towTi of Ireland, in the coTuity of Keny, and a bishop's see uni- ted to Limerick and Ardfert. It is situ- ated near the lake of Killarney, 15 miles 88E of Ardfert. Aghrim, a village of Ireland, 11 miles ene of Galway, memorable for the de- cisive victory gained by the army of king William, over that of James II. in 1691. Agimere, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of a province of the same name. It stands at the foot of a high mountain, on the top of which is a fortress of great strength. It is 150 miles w by s of Agra. liOn. 75 20 E, lat. 26 35 N. Agincourt, a village of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, famous in history for the battle fought here in 1415, wherein Henry V. of England, with an army of 10,000 men, defeated the French 10 A G R army of 60,000, leaving near 10,000 dead on the field. It is 7 miles n of Hesdin. Agmat, a town of Morocco, on a river of the same name, and on the vv side of one of the mountains of Atlas, 1« A I G men, who perfwraed wonders on this eccaiiiou. It is seated on the Agria, 47 miles ne of Buda. Lon. 20 10 E, lat. 48 ION. Agrigan, one of the Ladrone islands, 43 miles in compass, and has several vol- canic mountains. Lon. 146 E, lat. 19 40 N. Almtjs, a sti-ong town of Sweden, in Gothland, with a good harbour, 16 miles SEof Chiistianstadt. Lou. 14 15 E, lat. 56 Ion. Ajaccio, a seaport of Corsica, capital of the depaitment of Liamone, and a bishop's see. This is the birth-place of Napoleon Bonaparte. It stands on the w side of the island, on a point of land that juts into tlie gulf, 160 miles SE of Toulon. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 41 56 N. Ajan, or Ajen, a country on the east coast of Afiica, extending from Maga- ioxa to Cape Guardafui, 2509 leagues. It i.s divided into several states or king- doms ; the principal of wliich are Adel and Magadoxo. The eastern coast of Ajan is sandy and barren, but to the north it is more fertile. The kings of 4jan are frequently at war with the em- peror of Abyssinia, and sell the prison- ers wliich they take. Ivory, gold, and horses of an excellent breed, are the ar- ticles of trade. Ajazzo, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Syria, seated on the Mediterranean, on the site of the ancient Issus, where Alexander fought his second battle with Darius. It is 30 miles s of Antioch, and 40 w of Aleppo. Lon. 36 10 E, lat. 36 On. Aich, a town of Bavaria, with a cas- tle, seated on tie Par, 18 miles s of Neuburg. AicJatadt, a town of Franconia, in Bavaria. In the church is a piece of c'lUious workmanship, called the Sun of tl)e Holy Sacrament, which is of massy «:oId, emiched with diamonds, pearls, rubies, and other precious stones. It is seated on the Altmubl, 40 miles s by e of Nuremberg. Lon. 11 10 e, lat. 48, 50 N. Aidar, the principal seaport of Nubia, seated on a mountain, on the coast of the Red sea. It has a trade in ebony and aromatic plants. Lon. 53 57 E, lat. K2 20N. Aigen, a town of Austria, on the confines of Bohemia, 24 miles NW of Steytc Aigle, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern. All the houses, even the meanest, are built of white marble, found ill the neighbourhood. It is seat- 11 AIR ed near the Rhone, six miles from its entrance into the lake of Geneva. Aigle, a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne, 47 miles sw of Rouen. Aignan, St. a town of France, in the department of Loire and Cher, on tlie river Cher, 24 miles s by E of Blois. Aiguillas, Cape, the most southerly point of Africa, 13 leagues ese of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 20 8 e, lat. 34 55 s. Ailah, a town of Arabia Petrca, on the Red sea, at its ne extremity, 108 miles ESE of Suez. Lon. 33 10 K, lat. 29 10 N. AUeshury, or Aleshiry, a borough town of Buckinghamshire, and the cen- tre of the business of the vale of Ailes- bury, one of the most fertile tracts of soil in England. It is 60 miles se of Buckingham, and 41 NW of London. Ailesford, a town in Kent, famous for the great victory obtained by Vortimer, the British king, over Hengist and his Saxon army. Ailli/, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, nine miles sse of Amiens. ^27*a, an insulated rock, s of the isle of Arran, in Scotland. Its base is two miles in circumference. It consists of a stupendous assemblage of precipitous cliffs, rising in a pyramidal series, 900 feet high, accessible only on the ne. It affords refiigc to an immense number oil seafbwl, and is well stocked with ralv bits. The niiiis of a chapel, and of a castle, are still seen ; and near the latter is a spring of fresh water. Ain, a department of France, which takes its name from the river, bounded on the NE and s by the departments of Jura, Mont Blanc, and Isere, and on the w by those of the Rhone and the Loire, and Saoneand Loire. Bourg is the capital. Airdrie, a town of Scotland, in I^a- narkshire, with an iron foundry, and a considerable trade in the distillation ot malt spirits. It is 10 miles e of Glas- gow. Aire, a town of France, in the de- partment of Landes, seated on the side of a mountain, on the river Adonr, 66 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon. O 10 e, lat. 43 42 N. Aire, a town of France, in the dc^part ment of Pas de Calais. It communi- cates with St. Omer, by a canal, 22 miles s of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 24 k, lat. .30 42 N. Aire a river in Yorkshire^ which ALA .«sue9 from a lake on Malham moor, near Settle, flowa by Skipton, Keighley, Leeds, and Snaith,and enters the Oiise, below Howden. Aisne, a department of France, in- cluding the territories of Soissonnois and Verinandois. It takes its name from a river, which runs by Soissons, and enters the Oise, above Compeigne. It was overrun by the allied armies in 1814, and was the scene of several san- guinary and bloody battles fought be- tween the the allies and French, in the months of February and IMarch, of the same year. Laon is the capital. Aix, a city of France, capital of the department of the Moutlis of the Rhone, and an archbishop's see. It was for- merly the capital of Provence, when it had a parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there are hot baths near the river Arc, 75 miles e of Montpellier Lon. 5 27 E, lat. 4-3 32 N. Aix, a town of Savoy, on the lake of Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is 12 miles N by E of Chamberi-y. Aix, a smallisland of France, between the isle of Oicron and the coulinent. It is 12 miles nw of Rochfort. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 46 5 N. Aix-la-Clmpelle, a city of France, ca- pital of the department of Roer, and a bishop's see; lately an imperial city of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers. Charlemagne was so delighted with the beauty of the place, that he chose it for \us residence; he is interred in the .'hurch of Notre Dame, where they keep his sword and belt. Its famous mineral wateis draw a great number of persons every year, and near it are mines of iron, calamine, sulphur, and coal. In 1668 and 1748, it was distinguished by two celebrated treaties of peace. It was taken by the French in 1792, reta- ken by the Austrians in 1793, and again taken by the French in 1794 ; the allies entered it in 1814. It is seated in a bottom, suiTOunded by mountains, 22 miles NE of Liege. Lou. 5 68 E, lat. 60 48 N. Aisenay, a town of France, 29 miles 8 of Nantes. Akerman. See Bielgorod. Aliissat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, the ancient Thyatira, built in a fine plain, above 17 miles over, which produces corn and cotton. It is seated on the river Hermits, 50 miles se of Pergamo. Lon, 28 30 e, lat. 38 48 N.^ Aladvlia, a province of Asiatic Tur- key. The chief town is Adana. 12 ' ^ L B Alois, a town of France, in the de- partment of G aid. It has a citadel, and is seated near tlie river Gard, at the foot of the Gevennes, 22 miles nw of Ni- soncs. Lon. 4 5 e, lat. 44 8 n. Alaman, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, 9 miles ne of Nion Aland, a cluster of islands in the Eal tie, at the entrance of the gulf of Both- nia. I'he principal island, from which the rest take their names, is 40 miles long, and near 16 broad ; and is 96 miles NE of Stockholm. Lon. 20 28 E, lat. 60 10 N. Alarcon, a town of Spain, in New Castile It is seated on the Xucar, 6C miles s of Cuenca. Alatamaha, a river of the United States, also called St. George river. It rises in the Allegany mountains, and taking a se direction through Georgia, enters the Atlantic 60 miles sw of the river Savanna. Ahfti/r, a town of Ru-.sia, on the river Sum, 40 miles e of K isan. Ahmta, a river of Emopean Turkey, which rises in the mountains that sepa- rate Moldavia from Transylvania, flows through ^Vallachia, and enters the Da- nube, near Nicopolis. Alha, a town of Piedmont, in Mont- ferrat, and an ancient bishopric. It contains three parochial and three other churches, beside the cathedral, and se- ven convents. It is seated on the Ta- naro, 20 miles se of "I'urin. Alhan, St. a Ijorongh in Hertfordshire, the ancient city of Verulani, many ves- tiges of which are yet to be seen. The market is on Wednesday and Saturday ; and it is governed by a mayor. It owes its name to Alban, the first martyr in Britain, who was buried on a hill near the town, where a noble monastery was afterward erected to his memory by king Offa, of which no part now re- mains, except the gate and the church* in the latter is the monument of Offa, and of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester^. whose leaden coffin was discovered in 1703, the body preserved almost entire by a pickle. In the church of St. Mi- chael is the monument of the illustrious Francis Bacon, viscount St. Alban. Here are two silk mills, and a cotton manufactory. St. Albans is famous for the victory obtained by Richard, duke of York, in 1455, over Henry VI ; and for a victory which queen Margaret gained in 1461, over the earl of War- wick. It is seated on the Coin, 21 miles N by w of Ijondon. Albania, a province of European Tur* ALB k«y, 240 miles long and CO broad ; bounded on tlie north by Didinatia and Bosnia, east by Macedonia and Janua, sonth by Livadia, and west by the gidf sf Venice. It produces excellent wine. It was formerly an independent king- dom. Dinazzo is the capital. Albano, a town of Italy, on a lake of t!)e same name, in Campagna di Roma. Ihe environs produce the best wine iu ill this country. It is 15 miles sse of Kome. Alitrno, a town of Naples, in Basili- cata, on the river Basiento, 15 miles e by s of Potenza. Albanopolis, a 4own of European Tur- key, formerly the capital of Albania, but now a poor place, seated ou the Drino, 43 miles E of Alessio. Albanif, a river of Upper Canada, A-hich flows E through several small lakes into James bay. There is a fort at its mouth of the same name. Lon. 81 20 w, lat. 52 10 N. Albany, a city of New York, capital of a county of the same name. In 1799 it contained 6021 inhabitants, col- lected frojn almost all parts of the nor- thern world. It is the storehouse of the trade to and from Canada and the Lakes ; and has manufactures of tobac- co, sHuff, chocolate, mustard, starch, 6cc. Albany is seated on the w side of Hudson river, 150 miles n of New York. Lon. 74 10 w, lat. 42 36 N. Albarazin, a town of Spain, in Ari'a- yon, and a bishop's see. Its wool is the best in. Anagon. It is seated on tlie Guadalavir, 100 miles e of Madrid. Lon. 1 21 w, lat. 40 30 N. Albazete, a tewii of Spain, in Murcia, with manufactures in iron and steel ; seated in a fertile country, 10 miles NW of Chinchilla. Albazin, a town of Chinese Tartary, with a fortress, on the n side of the Saghalien. Lon. 123 30 E, lat. 53 n. Albeck, a town and castle of Suabia, on the river Alb, five miles N by e of Ulm. Albemarle, or Aumale, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, with a manufacture of serges and other slufi's, 20 miles sw of Dieppe, and 32 NNW of Rouen. Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the At- lantic, in N Carolina, 60 miles long, and from 8 to 12 broad. It is 30 miles N of Pamlico Sound ; and the tract of coun- try between them is called Dismal Swamp. Albenga, a strong seaport on the coast of Genoa surrounded by olive trees, 37 13 A L C miles south-west of Genoa, Lon. 8 7 E, lat. 44 G N. Albion. See Britain. Albion, New, a comiti-y on the w coast of N America, to the n of California, extending from lat. 33 to 45 N. It re- ceived its name from Sir Francis Drake in 1578, whose harbour is ui lon. 121 60 w, lat. 38 23 N. The land is moun- tainous, and abounds with trees ; but there are extensive plains and valleys of luxuriant soil, though not turned to any profitable advantage. The climate is subject to much drought, especially in autumn ; but this is in some measure compensated by dews, which frequently fall very heavily : the rainy season is from December to March. The Spa- niards have divided the country into four jiuisdiclions, named, from thefr chief towns, St. Diego, St. Barbara, Monterey, and St. Francisco. The ca- pital is Monterey. Albona, a town of Italy, in Istria, near the gulf of Caruero, 16 miles E by s of Rovigno. Albret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Girondc, 37 miles s of Bourdeaux. Alhiquerque, a town of Spain, in Es- tremadura, with a strong castle. It has a considerable trade in wool and cloth, and is 30 miles nnw of Badajoz. Alburg, a city of Denmark, in N Jut- land, capital of a diocese of its name. It has a considerable trade in herrings and corn, and manufactures of guns, pistols, saddles, and gloves. It is seated on a canal, 30 miles N of Wiburg. Lon. 9 41 E, lat. 56 50 N. Alby, an ancient city of France, m the department of Tarn, seated on the river of that name. It is the chief city of the Albigeois, and was formerly the see of an archbishop. The cathedral was dedicated to St. Cecilia, and before the revolution, was oniameuted with a valuable silver shrine, of exquisite work- manship, of the Mosaic kind, and con- tained the relics of St. Clair, the first bishop of this citj% The chapel of this saint is a magnificent building, adorned with paintings. There are four gates, through which one may view all the beauties of a delightful plain. It is 335 miles s from Paris, and 42 n ;i ot Tou- louse. Lon. 2 14 E, lat. 44 15 N. Alcala de Henarez, a beautiful and extensive city of Spain, in New Castile, seated upon the river Henarez. The university, which had gone to decay, was re-established in 1494, by Cardinal Francis Ximenes; at whose charge^. A L C and under whose direction, the first po- lyglot bible was printed in this town. Without the walls is a spnng, the water of which is so pure and well tasted, that it is inclosed for the king of Spain's own use, from whence it is earned to Ma- drid. It is 11 miles SAV of Guadalaxara, and 15 ne of Madrid. Lon, 3 6 w, lat. 40 26 N. Alcala de Real, a city of Spain, with a fine abbey, on the top of a mountain, 6 miles s of Seville, and 15 n of Grana- da. Lon. 5 22 w, lat. 37 38 N. Alcama, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazaro, 25 miles sw of Palermo. Alcaniz, a town of Arragon, in Spain. It was formerly the capital of the king- dom of the Moors. It has a remarkable foimtain, which throws up water through 42 pipes. It is seated on the river Guadaloupe, 12 miles from Caspe. Lon. 5 w, lat. 41 N. Alcantara, a fortified to^vn of Spain, in Esti-emadura, and the chief place of the knights of that name. It has a ce- lebrated stone bridge over the Tajo, built in the time of Trajan. It was taken by the earl of Galway, in 1706, hut retaken the same year. It is 42 miles N by w of Seville. Lon. 6 12 w, lat. 39 20 N. Alcantara, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, near the river Guadalquiver. Here is a bridge built by the Romans, to pass the marshes formed by the river. It is 14 miles s of SeAille. Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a strong castle, and a re- markable ancient aqueduct. It is si- tuate near the source of the Guadalqui- ver, 80 miles e by s of Calatrava. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 38 28 N, Alcazar tie Sal, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura. Fine white salt is made here. It is seated on the Cado- an, 15 miles from the sea, and 35 se of Lisbon. Lon. 9 5 w, rat. 38 18 N. Alcazar Quiber, a to\\Ti of the king- dom of Fez, near which Sebastian, king of Portugal, lost his life in a battle with the Moors, in 1578. It is seated on the Lucos, 36 miles s of Tangier Alcazar Seguer, a town of the king- dom of Fez, on the strait of Gibraltar. It was taken by Alphonso, king of Por- tugal, in 1468, but soon after abandon- ed. It is 14 miles e of Tangier. Alcester, or Alncester, a town in War- wickshire. Many Roman coins, bricks, &c. have been found near it, and the Icknield street passes through the town. It has a manufacture of needles, and is situate at the confluence of the AJno 14 A L D with the Arrow, 14 miles wsw of "War- wick, and 103 NW of London. Alcmaer, a citv of North Holland. It is a handsome city, and one of the cleanest m Holland. The streets and houses are extremely neat and regular, and the public buildings very beautiful The Spaniards, under Frederick of To- ledo, besieged it, after they had taken Haerlem, in 1578 ; but were forced to raise the siege, after lying before it three months. It opened its gates to the Bri- tish troops in 1799, after the second bat- tle near Bergen ; and here the treaty for the evacuation of Holland by the inva- ders was afterwards concluded. It ia recorded in the register of this city that in the year 1639, 120 tulips, with the ofi-sets, sold for 90,000 florins ; and in particular, that one of them called the viceroy, sold for 4203 guilders I The States at last put a stop to this extrava- gant and ruinous passion for flowers. The town has a good trade in buttei and cheese, which is esteemed tlie best in Holland. It is about 4 miles from the sea, 15 fsom Haerlem, and 20 N from Amsterdam. Lon. 4 26 e, lat. 52 35 n. Alcmitim, a town of Portugal, in Al- garva, with a strong castle, seated on an islajid in the Guadiana, 16 miles from its entrance into the gulf of Cadiz, and 22 NNE of Tavira. Lon. 7 25 w, lat. 37 20 N. Alcudia,9.tawn of Majorca, situate on the NE coast, between two large har- bours. Lon. 3 E, lat. 39 60 N. Aldboroiigh, a borough and seaport in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday; pleasantly seated on the Aide, between a high hill and the sea ; and the harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town was formerly much longer; but the sea has taken away whole streets. It is 40 miles e of Bury, and 94 ne of London. Lon. 1 37 E, lat. 62 16 N. Aldboj'oiigh, a borough in W. York- .shire. Here are many remains of Ro- man works. It is 15 miles ne of York, and 208 N by w of London. Aldenhirg, a to^vn of WestphaUa, 20 miles ESE of Dusseldorf. Alderhury, a town in Wiltshire, on a hill near the Avon, 3 miles Irom Salis- bury. It has a manufacture of fustians. By a fire in 1777, 200 houses were de- stroyed. Alderholm, an island of Sweden, form- ed by the three arms of the river Gefle, in the gulf of Bothnia. It has a consi- able trade in planks and deals. It is 8fl miles N of Stockholm. ALE AJdemei^, an island in the English chftunel, 8 miles iu Gircunifcrenoe, se- parated tioni France by a stiait, called the Race of Aldcrney, wliich is a dan- gerous passage, on account of the rocks under water. It is fertile in corn and pasture ; and has a town of the same name. Lon. 2 12 w, lat. 49 45 N. Aldstotie. See Alston-Moor. * Alegre, a town c4" Fnuicc, in the de- partment of Upper Loire, 15 miles SE of Brioude. Alemtejca proxinee of Porttigal, be- tween the river Tajo and the province of AIgar\'e. Its oranges aie of an ex- cellent quality, and it produces much rice. Evora is the capital. Alenean, a city of France, capital of the department of Orne. The maiui- facture of lace is considerable- Near it are stone quarries, in which are found a sort of chrystal like Bristol stones. It is seated on the Sarte, 30 miles n by w of Mans, and 87 wsw of Paris. Lou. 1 E, lat. 48 26 N. Aleppo, the capital of Syria, and next to Constantinople and Cairo, the most considerable city iu the Turkish empiie. It stands on eight hills, in the middle of a fruitful plain, and is of an oval figure. The castle is on the highest liill, in the eenti'e of the city ; and the houses are better than in other places in Turkey. Aa usual in the East, they consist of a large court, witli a dead wall to the •treet, an arcade running round it, pav- ed with marble, and a marble fountain in the middle. The streets are narrow, but well paved with large square stones, and kept very clean. Here are many stately mosques and caravauseras, fountains and reservoirs of water, and vineyards and gardens. The water in the wells is brackish ; but good water is brought from some springs about five miles off, by an aqueduct, said to have been built by the impress Helena. The Christians have their houses and chur- ches in the suburbs, and carry on a coiv siderable trade in silks, camblets, and leather. Large caravans frequently ar- rive from Bagdad and Bassorah, charg- ed with the products of Persia and In- dia. Several Em'opean nations have factories here, and the merchants live in greater splendour and safety than in any other city in the Turkish empire. Coaches are not used here, but persons of quality ride on horseback, with a number of servants before them, ac- cording to their i-ank. Aleppo and its suburbs are seven miles in compass; an old wall, and a bioad ditch, now in 15 A L E many places turtied into gardens, .sur- round the cily, which was estimated b;^ Dr. Russell to contain 230,000 inhabi. tants, of whoiu 30,000 were Christians;, and 5,000 Jews ; but at present, ac- cording to Mr. Eton, it does not contain more than 50,000, which depopulation has chiefly taken place smce 1770 • whole streets being uninhabited and bazars abandoned. All the inhabitants of both sexes smoke tobacco to great excess ; even the very servants have al- most constantly a pipe in their mouths. Eighteen miles se of Aleppo is a large phan, bounded by low rocky hills, called the Valley of Salt ; this is overflowed in winter, and in April, the water being soon evaporated by the sun, leaves a cake of salt, in some places half an inch thick, which is suiiicient to supply all this part of the country. Aleppo jg seated on a rivulet, 70 miles se of Alex- andretta, and 150 N of Damascus. Lou. 37 16 E, lat. 35 40 N. Altssano, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 15 miles sw ofOtranto. Akssio, a town of European Turkey, in Dalmatia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Drino, 50 miles e by s of Scutan. Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 42 10 N. Aleth, a town of France, in the depart* mcnt of Aude, lately an episcopal see. It IS noted for its baths, and stands near the Pyrenees, on the river Aude, 16 miles s by w of Carcassone. Aleutian Islands. See Archipelago, Northern. Alexnndretta, or Seamier oon, a. town of SjTia, on the Mediterranean sea, and the port of Aleppo. It is now a poor place, the tombs being more numerous than the houses. It is 60 miles nw of Aleppo. Lon. 36 15 e, lat. 36 35 n Alexandria, or Alessandria, a consi- derable and strong city of Italy, in the Milanese, with a good castle, built in tlie year 1178, iu honour of Pope Alex- ander III. It was taken in 1706, by ' Prince Eugene, m 1746, by the French, but retaken in 1749, by the king of Sar- dinia. The French again took it in 1798, but were driven out by the Austro-Rus- sian army, in 1799; it was delivered up to the French after the celebrated bat- tle of Marengo, in 1800. It is 15 miles SE of Casal, 35 N by w of Genoa, and 40 s by w of Milan. Lon. 8 40 e, lat. 44 53 N. Alexandria., a celebl^ated cily of Egypt, now much decayed, though there are still some remains of its ancient splendour, particularly an obeUsk full of hieroo'lyphics, called Cleopatra's Nea- A L F •lie ; and Pompey's pillar, which is one fintire piece of granite 70 feet high, and 25 in circumference. The ancient Pha- ros, so famous in antiquity, that it was numbered among the seven wonders of the world, is now a castle called Pha- rillon, and still used to direct vessels into the harbour. From the harbour is a canal to the west bianch of the Nile, at Rhamanie. Tins city was built by Alexander the great, and now consists cliiefiy of one long street, facing the har- bour, the rest being a heap of ruins : part of the walls are standing, with great square towers 200 paces distant ; and the gates are of Thebaic and gra- nite marble. It was formerly a place of great trade, all the treasures of the East Indies being deposited there, be- fore the discovery of the route by the Cape of Good Hope. It is subject to the grand signior, who, however, has but a limited authority. Alexandria was taken by the French under Buona- parte, 1798 ; and taken from them by the EngHsh in 1801. It surrendered to the English in 1807, but was soon after evacuated. It is seated on the Medi- terranean, 125 miles nw of Cairo. Lon 30 10 E, lat. 31 11 N. Alexandria, a town of Virginia, on the right bank of the Potomac. Nine miles below the town, on the Virginia bank of the Potomac, is Mount Ver- non, formerly the seat of the celebrated general Washington. Alexandria is 5 miles sw of the city of Washington. Alfacs, an island of Spain, at the mouth of the Ebro, on the coast of Ca- talonia. It has a town of the same name, 20 miles SE of Tortosa. Alfayates, a town of Portugal, in Eeira, defended by a wall and castle. It is 150 miles ne of Lisbon. Lon. 5 48 w, lat. 40 9 N. Alfeizerao, a town of Portugal, on the sea-side, 75 miles nne of Lisbon. Lon. 9 15 w, lat. 39 30 N. Alfeld, a town of Lower Saxony, 15 miles ssw of Hildesheim. Alford, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday ; seated on a small brook, 6 miles from the sea, 25 N of Boston, and 140 of London. Alford, a parish of Scotland, in Aber- deenshire. This parish is rendered me- morable by a battle fought in it, where- in the Marquis of Montrose defeated General Baillie and a party of the Co- venanters, on the 2d July, 1645; and there was lately discovered in one of the mosses^ a man in armour on horse 16 A L G back, supposed to have been dro\i'ned in attempting to escape. Alfreton, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Monday. Here are ma- nufactures of stockings and brown earthenware. It is seated on a hill, 13 miles N of Derby, and 142 nnw of Lon- don. f- Algagliola, a small fortified seaport, on the NW coast of Corsica, at the mouth of the Aregno, 28 miles w by s of Bastia. Algarva, a province of Portugal. It is fertile in figs, oranges, almonds, dates, olives, and excellent wine. Tavira is the capital. Algeri, or Alghieri, a seaport on the west coast of Sardinia, and a bishop'i see, 6 miles s of Sassari. Algezira, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, on the strait of Gibraltar, but in a mean condition, It is 7 miles west of Gibraltar. Algiers, a country of Barbary, com- prehending the ancient Numidia, and part of Mauritania. It is 600 miles from E to vv, and 170 in breadth ; bound- ed on the E by Tunis, N by the Medi- teiTancan, s by Mount Atlas, and w by Morocco. Mineral springs and waters are met with in many places , and se- veral of the chains of mountains contain lead and copper. In the interior of th«; country commence the dreary deserts. The principal rivers are the Shellif, Ma- zafran, Malva, and Zaine. The land toward the north is fertile in corn, and the valleys are full of fruit. The melons have an exquisite taste, some of which are ripe in summer, and others in win- ter. The stems of the vines are very large, and the bunches of grapes arc a foot and a halt long. It is divided into the tenitory of the city of Algiers, and the provinces of Mascara, Titer], and Constantina. The Turks, who have the government in their hands, are not above 7000 in numbef; and yet the Moors, or natives of Africa, have no share in it. It is a kind of republic un- der the protection of the grand signior, and governed by a sovereign, called the dey, who, however, can do nothing of consequence without the council of the janissaries. The Arabs, who live in tents, are a distinct people, governed by their own laws and magistrates, though the Turks interpose as often as they please. The dey as an absolute mo narch, but elected by the Turkish sot diers, and frequently deposed and put to death by them. The revenues of th«9 A L G povemnient arise from the tribute paid by the Moors aud Arabs, a detachment Bt" the army being sent into each pro- nnce every year to collect it ; and the prizes they take at sea sometimes equal the taxes they la}' upon the natives. The dey has several tJiousand Moors in liis service, both horse aud foot ; and the beys or viceroys of tlie provinces have each an- army under liis conunand. Their religion is Mahometanism, and theii language a dialect of the Arabic. They have likewise a jargon, composed of Italian, French, and Spanish, called Lingua Franca, which is •tuderstood by the common people and merchants. The complexion of the natives is tawny, aud they are strong and well made. Algiers, a strong city, capital of the whole country of Algiers. It is built on the side of a mountain, in the form of an amphitheatie next the harbour ; and the houses appearing one above ano- ther, ef a resplendent whiteness, make a fine appearance from the sea. The tops tC the houses are fiat, covered with earth, and fonn a sort of gardens. The streets arc narro%y, and serve to keep off the extreme heat of the sun. There are fiA'e gates, but no pubUc places or aquares of considerable extent. The larger mosques are seven, but there is nothing remarkable in their architec- tnre ; and the dey's palace is far from being spacious and extensive. The harbour is small, shallow, and insecure, and its entiance is incommoded with numerous rocks. The mole of the har- bour is 500 paces in length, extending from the continent to a small island, where there is a castle aud a large bat- tery of guns. The Turkish soldiers are great tyrants ; for they will go to the farm houses in the country for 20 days together, live at free quarters, and make use of ever^" thing, not excepting the women. Tlieie are saitl to be about 100,000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jews, be- sides 2000 Christian slaves in this city. Their chief subsistence is derived from their piracies, for they make prizes of all Christian ships that are not at peace with them. The country about Algiers is adorned with gardens and fine villas, watered by fountains and rivulets ; and thither the inhabitants resort in the hot seasons. Algiers has for ages braved the resentment of the most powerful states in Christendom. The emperor, Charles V. lost a fine fleet and ai-my, in an expedition against it, in 1541. The Enghsh burnt their vessels in the har- bour in 1635, and 1670; and it was 17 ALL bombarded by tlie French in 1688. In 1775, the Spaniards attacked it by sea and laud, but were repulsed wiUi great loss, though they had near 20,000 tool, 2000 horse, and 47 royal sliijis of diller- ent rates, and 346 transports. In 1783, and 1784, they renewed their attacks by sea to destioy the city and galleys ; but were forced to retire without efl'cct- ing either its capture ordestrucliui!. But in 1816, the squadron under Lord Ex- mouth, gained a complete victory over the fleet of these pirates, and eompeiled the dey to accede to such terms as it is hoped will in future check their depre- dations. It is opposite Minorca, 380 miles w of Tunis. Lon.3 48e, lat.36 49n. Alhambra, a town of Spain, in Arragon, near a river of its name, 7 miles n of Teruel. Alicant, a seaport of Spain, in Valen- cia, famous for excellent wine and fruits. It has a great trade, and the English, Dutch, French, and Italians, have con- suls here. The castle, on a high rock, was reckoned impregnable ; but it was taken by the Enghsh, in 1706. It was likewise taken by the French and Spa- niards, after a siege of almost two years; and then part of the rock was blown up. It is seated on the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same name, 85 miles s of Va- lencia. Lon. 5 w, lat. 38 16 N. Alicata, a seaport of Sicilj', in Val di Mazar*, with a fortress on a small cape, at the mouth of the Salso, 22 miles SK of Gergenti, Lon. 13 48 E, lat. 37 14 N. Alicuda, the most western of the Li- pari islands, in the Mediterranean, 10 miles w of Felicuda. Alifi, a town of Naples, at tlie foot of the Apennines, 25 miles nw of Bene- vento. Alkansas, or ArJiansas, a large river of Louisiana. It enters the Mississippi, in lat. 33 28 N. Alcmaar. See Alcmaer. Allahabad, a province of Hindoostan Proper, 160 miles long and 120 broad ; bounded on the N by Oude, e by Bahar, s by Orissa and Berar, and w by Malwa and Agra. The Nerbudda, which rises on the SE borders of the province, flows from E to w near its s side ; and the Gan- ges crosses it from w to e near its north side. Allahabad, a city of Hindoostan, capi- tal of the province of the same name with a magnificent citadel. It was founded by cmperer Acbar, who intend- ed it as a place of arms ; but its fortifica- tions will hardly resist the battering of a field piece. It is seated at the confluence C ALL of the Jumna with the Ganges, 470 mUes vvNW of Calcutta. Lon. 82 e, lat, 25 45 N. Allchnrch, a village in Worcester- shire, formerly a borough, five miles e by N of Bromsgrove. The Roman Ick- nield street, and the Worcester canal pass it. The church, several parts of which are of Saxon architecture, con- tains many antique monuments. Allegany, or Apalachian Mountains, a long range of mountains in North Ame- rica, between the Atlantic, the Missis- sippi, and the lakes; extending nearly parallel with the seacoast, 900 miles in length, and from 60 to 200 in breadth. The different ridges which compose this immense range, have different names in the different states. Advancing from the Atlantic, the first ridge of Pennsyl- vania, Virginia, and North Carolina, is the Blue ridge, or South Mountain, from 130 to 200 miles from the sea, and about 4000 feet high from its base. Be- tween this and the North Mountain spreads a large fertile vale. Next lies the Allegany, which is the principal ridge, and has been descriptively callea tlie back-hone of the United States. Be- yond this is the long ridge, called the Laurel Mountains, in a spur of which, in lat. 36, is a spring of water, 60 feet deep, very cold, and as blue as indigo. From these several ridges, proceed in- numerable nameless branches or spurs. The Kittatiny, or Blue Mountains, run through the northern parts of New Jer- sey and Pennsylvania. These moun- tains are sometimes called the Apala- chian, from a river, whose original source proceeds from this ridge, called the Apalachicola. They are not con- fusedly scattered and broken, but stretch along in uniform ridges, scarcely half a mile high. They spread as they pro- ceed south, and some of them terminate in high perpendicular bluffs ; others gra- dually subside into a level country, giv- mg rise to the rivers which run souther- ly into the gulf of Mexico. Allegany, a river of the United States, which rises in the Allegany mountains, in lat. 42. At Fort Venango, at the mouth of French creek, it is 200 yards wide, and navigable for light batteaus. At Pittsburg, it joins the Monongahela, and then assumes the name of Ohio. See Ohio. Allenhurg, a toAvn of Prussia, on the liver AUe, 25 miles ese of Konigsberg. Altemlorf, a town of Germany, famous for its salt-works, and 3 bridges over the WeiTa. It is 15 miles e of Cassel. 18 A L M Allex, a town of France, in the de- partment of Drome, 10 miles s of Va- lence. Allier, a department of France. It is so called from a river, which flows by Moulins, and enters the Loire, below Nevers. Alloa, a seaport of Scotland, in Clack- mannanshire, near the mouth of the North. Here is a custom-house, and an excellent dry dock ; and its harbour is the resort of all the coal vessels in the neighbourhood. It has a glasshouse and some other manufactures. Near the town is a tower 90 feet in height, with walls 11 feet in thickness. It is 30 miles wnw of Edinbmg. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 56 6 N. Allonhy, a fishing town in Westmor- land, much resorted to for bathing. It stands on a Hat shore of the Irish sea, 8 miles NNW of Cockermouth, and ^ wsw of Carlisle. AU-Saints-liay, or JBahia, a govern- ment of Brasil, so called from a bay of that name, which is 36 miles in diame- ter, and interspersed with a number of pleasant islands. It is reckoned the smallest province in Brasil, yet is the richest and most fertile, having some gold mines, and producing great quan- tities of cotton and sugar. St Salvador is the capital. Almacaron, a seaport of Spain, ir. Murcia, with a fortress. It is famous for a very fine red earth, used as an in- gredient in Spanish snuff, and, instead of tripoli, to give the last polish to glass; also for a truly saline white stone, call- ed plume-alum. It stands near the Mediterranean, at the mouth of tiie Guadalantin-> 20 miles wsw of Cartha- gena. Lon. 1 26 w, lat. 37 32 n. Almada, a town of Portugal, seated on the Tajo, nearly opposite Lisbon. Almaden, a town of Spain, in Man- cha, famous for its rich mines of mer- cury and Vermillion, 45 miles sw of Ciu- dad Real. Almaden, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, on the river Colar, 34 miles N by E of Seville. Almanza, a town of Spain, in Murcia, remarkable for the victory gained by the French and Spaniards over the al- lies, in 1707, when most of the Enghsh were killed or taken, having been aban- doned by the Portuguese horse at the first charge. It is situate in a fertile plain, on the frontiers of Valencia, 36 miles sw of Xativa, and 62 N of Murcia. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 38 48 N. Almeida, a fortified town of Portiig^aJ^ ALP in Beira. It was taken by the French, after a short siege, in 1810, who after- wards demoHshed the fortificatioi-s. It IS situate on the river Coa, and neai- the borders of Spain, 18 miles ne of Guarda. Almeria, a seaport of Spain, in Gra- nada, and a bishop's see, seated at the month of the Almeria, 62 miles se of Granada. Lon. 2 \v, lat 36 51 n. Almissa, a to^vn of Dalmatia, famous for its wines. It stands at the foot of a high rock, and at the mouth of the Ce- tina, 12 miles e of Spalatro. Almondbuyy, a village in West York- shire, seated on the Calder, two miles SSE of Huddersfield. It was tlie Cam- podonum of the Romans, afterward a seat of the Saxon kings, and had once a castle and a cathedral. Almondshnry, a tillage in Gloucester- shire, 7 miles north of Bristol, where Alimond, father of king Egbert, is said to have been buried. Here is a fortifi- cation of the S^ixons, with a double ditch, which commands an extensive view of the Severn. AlmwiP.car, a town of Spain, in Gra- nada, seated on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour, defended by a strong castle, 30 miles ssE of Alhama. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 36 30 N. A Inwick, tlie county town of Northum- berland, on the road to Scotland ; a place peculiarly fatal to some of the an- cient Scottish monarchs. Here Mal- colm III. making an inroad into Nor- thumberland, was killed, with Edward his son, and his army defeated, by Ro- bert Mowbray, earl of this county, in 1093. And here too his great grandson, William I. invading England with an army of 80,000 men, was encountered, his army routed, and himself made pri- soner, in 1174. The town appears to have been formerly fortified, from the vestiges of a wall still to be seen in se- veral parts, and 3 gates, which remain almost entire. Alnwick is populous and well built ; and is ornamented by a stately old Gothic castle, the seat of the duke of Northumberland. It is seated on the Alne, 310 miles n by w from London, 33 N of Newcastle, and 26 s of Ber\sick. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 52 24 n. Alpnach, a town of Switzerland, in Underwalden, seated on an arm of the lake of the Four Cantons, six miles s of Lucem. Alps, a chain of mountains, in Eu- rope, which begins at the gulf of Genoa, to the E of Nice, passes into Switzer- land, crosses that country and Tyiol, •eparates Germany froiifc Italy, and te.y- \9 A L S minates at the north part of thti guli of Venice. This grand chain is somctinu^s divided into two or more ridges, rangin" one by another, with only narrow vaUies between ; and the diflercnt portions have distinct appellations, as the Mari- time, Pennine, Lepontine, Helvetian, Rhetian, Julian, &c. They are com- posed of stupendous rocky masses, two, four, and even six being piled upon each other, and from 4000 to above 15,600 feet high. There are few passes over them, and those of diflScult access. Switzerland has the central part of these mountains, and the vallies between them. ^The famous Hannibal attempted to cross the Alps on the side of Pied- mont, in the winter season, when he in- vaded Italy, and lost most of his ele- phants among them. Alps, Upper, a department of France, including part of the late province of Dauphiny. It is so called from its vi- cinity to the mountains of that name. The capital is Embrun. Alps, Lower, a department of France, including part of the late province of Provence. The capital is Digne. Alps, Maritime, a late department of France, including the county of Nice. The capital is Nice. Alpuxares, high momitains in Spain, in Granada, near the Mediterranean. They are inhabited by the Moriscos, •who carefully cultivate the ground, which produces excellent wines and fruits. Alresford, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Thursday, and a manufac- ture of linseys, To the sw of the town is a piece of water, covering about 200 acres, which forms a head to the river Itchin. It is 18 miles ne of Southamp- ton, and 57 wsw of London, Alsace, a late province of France,boHnd- ed on the e by the Rliine, s by Switzer- land andFranche Compte, w by Lorrain, and N by the palatinate of the Rhine. It is a fertile country, producing plenty of com, vpine, pasture, wood, flax, to- bacco, pulse, and fiiiit. There are mines of silver, copper, and lead, as well as mineral waters. It is diversified with pleasant hills, and mountains covered with forests, inwhica are lofty pine-trees. It is included in the departments of Up- per and Lower Rhine Alsen, a fertile island of Demnark, in the Little Belt, between Sleswick and Funen, 100 miles w of Copenhagen. The chief town is Sonderborg. Ahfeld, a town of Germany wilh a castlo, Vi miles e of Marbut^. A L T Abheda, a town of Sweden, in Snio- land, near wliich a gold mine was dis- covered in 1738. Alsiera, a town of Naples, in the Mo- fise, on the river Tiserno, 23 miles nk of Molise. Alslehm, a town of Upper Saxony 9 miles ssw of Bernburg. Ahtadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in 'i'hiiriiigia, with a castle, on the rivulet Kane, 8 miles w of Querfmt. Alstudt, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, near the somce of the Morau, 35 miles nnw of Olmutz, Alston-3Ioor, or Aldstone, a town in CumJjerland, \vith a market on Satur- day. Here is an iron foundeiy, and a shot manufacture ; and in its vicinity are numerous lead-mines. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the s branch of tlte Tyne, 20 miles e by s of Carlisle, and 271 N by w of London. Altamnra, a town of Naples, at the foot of the Apennines, 10 miles ne of Giavina. AUea, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia. It was taken in 1705, for the archduke f liarlcs ; but lost, after the famous bat- tlo of Alnsanza. It is seated on the Me- diterranean, 60 miles s by e of Valencia, and 240 SE of Madrid. Lon. 7 E, lat. 38 34 N. Ahenan, a town of Lower Saxony, in tlie territory of Brunswick, 8 miles s of Goslar. Altenherg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its tine mine, 20 miles s of Dresden. AUenburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Tlmringia, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the Pleisse, 20 miles s of Leipsic. AUenburg, a town of Lower Hungary, on the river Leitha, at its entrance into the Danube. Here are two churches and a college ; and its ancient castle is now principally used for a corn maga- zine. It is 17 miles SSE of Presburg. A henhirchen, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald, chief of the county of Sayn,with a castle, 16 miles nne of Co- bleritz. Alteeson, a town of Piedmont, between the rivers Doire and Stura 3 miles N of Turin. Altkirch, a town of France, in the de- pajtraentof Upper Rhine, on an emi- nence, near the source of the river 111, 25 miles s of Colmar. AUniorc, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 7 miles Nw of dun- gannon. Alton, a town in Hampshire, wilh a 20 A L Z market on Saturday. It has manufac- tures of corded stuffs, figured baragons, ribbed druggets, serges, &c. and round the town are plantations of hops. It is seated on the Wcy, 28 miles ene of Southampton, and 47 wsw of London. Altona, a city and seaport of Lower Saxony, in Ho! stein, seated on the Elbe, two miles w of Hamburgh. The Danes built it in this situation, that it might rival Hamburg in commerce. It was burnt by the Swedes in 1712, but has been beautifully rebuilt, and is estimated to contain 25,000 inhabitants Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 53 34 N. Altorf, a town of Franconia, in the teiTitory of Nurenbergj with a univer- sity, 16 miles se of Nurenberg. Altorf, a town of Suabia, 20 miles ne of Constance. Altorf, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Uri. Here are two stone pillars, 130 paces from each other, at which distance Tell is said to have shot the apple from his son's head. This deliverer of his country lived at Burgli, near this place, and his cottage is changed into a chapel, where mass is solemnly said. Altorf stands on the lake of Lucern, near the influx of the river Reuss20 miles se of Lucern. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 46 48 N. Altringham, a town in Cheshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. Here are several manufac- tures of worsted and cotton ; and much fiiiit and vegetaUles are sent hence to Manchester. It is seatod near the duke of Bridgewater's canal, 30 miles ne of Chester, and 180 Nvv of London. Altunkupri, a town of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of Curdistan, and the resi- dence of a pacha. It is situate on the river Altun, which flows into the Tigris, 50 miles se of Mosul. Lon. 44 30 e, lat. 35 45N. Alva de Tormes, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a castle, seated on the Tor- mes, 16 miles se of Salamanca. Aharado, a river of Mexico, in the province of Guaxaca, which rises 40 miles above the town of Guaxaca, and flows ne till it enters the gulf of Mexico, at a town of the same name, 40 miles se of Vera Cruz. Alvaston, a village in Gloucestersliire, 8 miles n by e of Bristol. On the top of a hill, near the Severn, is a round camp, called Oldbury, where several antiquities have been dug up. Alzira, a town of Spain, which has a great trade in silk. It is surrounded by the Xucar, 17 miles s of Valencia A M A Amadan, or Hamadan, n town of Per- sia, in Irac A2,cmi. Here are mnny .Jews, who allege thai the tombs of Mor- decai and Esther are in the }ilace which serves them for a synagogne. Amadaii is a very ancient city. It is said to have beeu destroyed by Nebuchadnez- zar, and rebuilt by Darius, a\ ho brought hither all his riclies. It is 200 miles ne of Ba?:dad. Lon. 47 4 E, lat. 35 15 n. Amadia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdistau, governed by a bey; sealed ' on a high mountain, 40 miles se of Ge- zha. Lon. 41 5 e, lat. 3G 5 N. Amah, an island of Denmark, on which part of Copenhagen, called Chris- tianshafen, is bxiilt. It is eight miles long and four broad, and separated from Zealand by a nanow channel, over which are two bridges that communi- cate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in gardens and pastures, and supplies Copenbagen with milk, butter, and ve- getables. Amal, a town of Sweden, in Goth- land, with a good harbour on the lake Weuner. It has a great trade in tim- ber, deals, and tar; and is 175 miles sw of Ui)sal. Lon. 12 40 e, lat. 69 N. Amalagan, one of the Ladroue islands, about 6 leagues in circumference. Lon. 145 38 E, lat. 18 On. Amalfi, a seaport of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, and an archbishop's see. Flavio Gioia, who is said to have invented the mariner's compass, was a native of this town. It is stated on the N\v side of the gulf of Salerno, 13 miles sw of Salerno. Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 40 28 N. Amand, St. a town of France, in the depai-tment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 miles s of Eonrges. Atiiand, St. a town of France, in the depajfment of Nord, with an abbey ; sealed on the Scarp, 7 miles n of Valen- ciennes. Amantea, a seaport of Naples, near the bay of Eufemia, 20 miles sw of Co- senza. Lon. 16 10 e, iat. 39 12 N. Amapalla, a seaport of Mexico, in Ni- caragua, seated on an island on the west side of the entrance of a gulf of the same name. Lon. 88 30 w, lat. 13 10 N. Amasia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, the birthplace of Strabo, the geograp'her. It is the capital of a pro- vince which produces excellent wines and fruits. It was destroyed by an earthquake, in ] 794. It is seated on the Casalmack, 36 miles N of Tocat. Lon. 36 E, la*. 40 31 N. Amathiis, an ancient town in the isle 21 A M A of Cyprus, so called Tioia AnialhtiS the lojinder. or iioni Amath in Phrenicia. It had a very ancient tiuipie of Venus and Adonis ; and, aceoiding to Ovid, was rich in copper ore. It is now called Litnisso. Ama-071, or Maranon, a river of South America, and the greatesi in the world. Its source is in Peru, not far from the Pacific ocean, and ruiuiing east enters the Atlantic ocean directly under the ecpiinoctial line. Its course is 3300 miles, its month is 1.50 miles broad, and 1500 miles from its moulh, it is 30 la- tlioms deep. It receives, in its progress, near 200 other rivers, many of which have a course oi" 1500 miles, and some of them not inferior to Die Danube, or the Nile. In the raiiiy season it over- flows its banks, and feriilizes the adja- cent country. Amazonia, a country of South Ame- rica, 1400 miles long and 960 broad ; bounded on the N by Terra I'irma and Guiana, e by the Atlantic ocean and Brasil, s by Paraguay, and w by Peru. It was discovered in 1580, by Fraijcisco Orellana, who, coming from Peru, sail- ed down the river jimazon to the At- lantic. Observing corapaiiies of women in arms on its banks, hf Genoa, has deservedly the honour of having first discovered America. From a long and close application to the study of geography and navigation, Columbus had obtained a knowledge of the figure of the earth, much superior to the gene- ral notions of the age in which he lived. In order that the terraqueous globe might be properly balanced, and the fands and seas proportioned to each other, he was led to conceive that ano- ther continent was necessary. Having fully satisfied himself of the truth of this system, he became impatient to reduce it to practice, and accordingly laid his scheme before the senate of Genoa, ma- king lus native coimtry the first offer of his services. They, however, rejected 23 A M E his proi>osa1, a!=j the dream of a ohimcji- cal pivjecfor. It met with the sams fate at the c'^urts of Portugal, Spain, England, and some of the other Euro- pean powers of less note ; but, still iMi- discouraged, he applied again to the court of Spain, who were at length in- duced to fit out a squadron of 3 small vessels, of which Columbus was made admiral ; and with these he set out on his voyage of discovery, in 1492. In the first voyage he discovered several of the Bahama islands, Avith those of CuJba and Hispaniola, and returned to Spain in 1493. In a second voyage he discfv. vered many more of the West India is- lands ; and in a third attained the great object of his ambition, by tliscovering the Continent of America, near the mouth of the Oroonoko. Amongst the crowd of new adventurers who now fol- lowed from all parts of Europe, was one Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, who, with much art, and some degree of ele- gance, drew up an amusing history of his voyage, in which he insinuated that he first discovered the continent of the New World. This being published, and read with admiration, the country was from him called America, though it is now well understood that Columbus was the first discoverer. I'be Spaniards, as they first discovered it, have the largest and richest portion, extending from New Mexico in North America, to the Straits of Magellan, in the South Sea, excepting the large province of Brazil, which belongs to Portugal ; for though the French and Dutch have some forts upon Surinam and Guiana, they scarce- ly deserve to be considered as proprie- tors of any part of the Southern Conti- nent. Next to Spain, the most consi- derable proprietor of America, was Great Britain, who derived her claim to America from the first discovery of that continent by Sebastian Cabot. We had a territory extending southward to Cape Florida, in the gulf of Mexico, near 4000 miles long, in a direct line. Excepting Canada, Nova Scotia, Labrador, and New Brunswick, the whole of this vast colonial territory has seceded from the protection of the mother country, and been acknowledged an independent country, under the name of the United States of America. Notwithstanding tbp many s ottlements of Europeans on this vast continent, great part of America remains still unknown. There is a large district on the east side, between the Straits of Magellan and the province of Paraguay, called Patagonia, which is A M E reported to be inhabited by a gigantic race of men. As America stretches through all the five zones, it possesses every variety of climate, soil, and pro- ductions, which the earth affords. It hast two summers as well as two winters in the year. But there is a remarkable difference between the climate of this continent and that of the old world, there being here a general predomi- nance to cold. It has the loftiest moun- tains in the world, such as the Andes and Allegany, which form immense ranges. About the stiaits of Magellan, the mountains soar to an amazing height, infinitely superior to those of the northern hemisphere, under the same degree of latitude. Most of them have been volcanic, and in different ages marked with eruptions far more horrible than have been known in other parts of the globe. In these vast tracts of mountains, some of the largest rivers in the world originate. Such are the Rio de la Plata, the Amazon, and v^roo- noko, in South America, and the Mis- sissippi and St. Lawrence, in North America. There are also several lakes which stand unrivalled in the world for their extent. Lake Superior alone con- taining 21,952,780 acres of water. Most of the metals, minerals, plants, fruits, and trees, to be met with in the other parts of the world, are produced in this country, and many of them in greater quantities and higher perfection. The immense quantities of gold and silver, which this new hemisphere has intro- duced into the circulation of Europe, has now rendered these metals far less valuable than they were before its dis- covery. The diamonds, pearls, eme- ralds, amethysts, and other valuable stones, which it also produces, have con- tributed in the same manner to lower their value. To these, which are chiefly the production of Spanish America, may be added a great number of other commodities, which, though of less price, we of much greater use ; and many of them make the ornament and wealth of the British empire in this part of the world. America contains, at least, one half of the quadrupeds of the known world, the various kinds of which, ac- cording to Buffon, do not exceed 300. <3f those that are known, 74 species are peculiar to America. Of tlie mammoth, which is supposed to be extinct, but whosfc enormous bones are found in va nous parts of. America, the most incre- dible stories are told by tlie natives. Mr, Jefi'cP'On sav.s 25 A M S cciebrated as the rctreatof emperqr Hu- maioon, during his troubles; and hero was born his son, the illustrious Admr. It is 160 miles ene of Tatta. Lon. 7tj E, lat. 25 40 N. Amol, a town of Usbec Tartary, in Eokharia, and a place of considerable trade. It is seated on the Amu, 60 miles w of Bokhara. Lon. 62 4 e, lat 39 4 N. Amol, a town of Persia, in Mazande- ran, with the remains of an ancient for- tress and palace. It has manufactures of cotton, and in the neighbourhood arc iron mines and cannon founderies. It stands in a plain, at the foot of Mount Taurus, and on the borders of the Cas- pian sea, 30 miles nw of Ferabad. Lon. 52 38 E, lat. 37 30 N. Amorgo, an island of the Archipelago, fertile in wine, oil, and corn. The best cultivated parts belong to a monastery. It is 30 miles in circumference, and 67 N of Candia. Lon, 26 15' e, lat. 36 20 N. Amour, or Amur, a river of Chinese Tartary. See Saghalien. Amoy, an island on the se coast of China, 15 miles in circumference. The EngHsh had a factory here, but aban- doned it, on account of tlie impositions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the w side, is capable of receiving 1000 ships. Lon. 118 45 e, lat. 24 20 N. Amplepms, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, celebrated for its wines. It is 16 miles w of Villefranche, and 26 Nw of Lyons. Ampthill, atown in Bedfordshire, with a market on Thursday, It was the re- sidence of Catharine, queen of Hetiry VIII. during the time that her unjust divorce was in agitation. This event is commemorated by a poetical inscription on a column where the old castle stood. It is situate between two hills, 6 miles s of Bedford, and 45 Nw of London. Ampurias, a seaport of Spain, in Ca- talonia, at the mouth of the i' liivia, 70 miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. 3 e, iat. 42 9 N. Amras, a castle or palace of Germany, in Tyiol, at the foot of a mountaiai, iv, o miles SB of Inspruck. Amsterdam, a rich and populous city, capital of Holland. Next to London, it is deemed the most commercial city in the world, and is supposed to contain 212,000 inhabitants. The walls are high, and well fortified , and the bridge which joins the rampart is built over the river Amstel, Few cities have thssr public buildings so fine, numerous; aJid ANA well kept. Here are many handsome churches, colleges, and hospitals for all rehgions and countries. The exchange IS one of the principal ornaments of the city, and the harbour is one of the finest in Europe. The foundation of this town is laid upon pites, driven into a morass, and under the stadthouse alone are 13,659. The streets are broad and well paved, and most of them have canals, with rows of trees on each side ; but there are no spacious public places, or squares. It surrendered to the king of Prussia, in Oct. 1787, when that prince invaded Holland, in favour of the stadt- holder; and it received the French troops in Jan. 1796, without any resist- ance. The French, however, were ex- pelled in November, 1813, by the inha- bitants, and the ancient government re- stored. It is seated at the confluence of the Amstol and Wye, 70 miles nw of Cleve, and 80 N by E of Antwerp. Lon. 4 62 E, lat. 62 22 N. Amsterdam, and St. Paul, two islands in the Indian ocean, lying in the same longitude, at 40 miles distance. Their names are reversed by navigators, but most of them call the northern one St. Paid, and the southern Amsterdam. The latter is high land, and upward of four miles long, and two broad. It has evident marks of volcanic eruption in every part, and almost wholly covered with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees. On the east side is a great crater, into which the sea has made a narrow and shallow entrance : its shelv- ing sides are 700 feet in perpendicular height, in which, and in the causeway dividing it from the sea, are several hot springs ot fresh water. St. Paul, or the northern island, presents no very high land, or any rise iu a conic form. It is covered with shrubs and low trees, but has no convenient landing-place. Lon. 77 48 E, lat. 37 61 s. Amsterdam, New, one of the Friend- Jy islands. See Tongatahoo. Amu, or Gihon, a river of Indepen- dent Tartary, which issues from the mountains of Belur, on the confines of India and Persia, and flowing n through Bokhai ia, enters the s extremity of the lake Arat, after a course of I200mileg }»art of winch is through a desert. Amwell, a village in fieri fordshire, a mile s of Ware, famous for originally giving rise to the New River, which supplies a great part of Loudon with water. Anacopia, the capital of the nation of tlic Ahkahs on the river Makai, near its 26 A N C entrance into the Black sea. Lon. 40 30 E, lat. 43 20 N. Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source out of a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs into the gulf of Anadir, in the sea of Kamschatka. Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeek, in a country producing abun- dance of corn and fruit. It stands on a river that flows into the Euphrates, 80 miles WNW of Bagdad, and 240 SSE of Diarbekir. Lon. 42 28 e, lat. 34 6 N. Anantpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 100 miles ne of Chitteldroog, and 120 N of Bangalore. Anaqidto, a district in the province ef Quito, and kingdom of Peru, where Al- magra and Pizarro (joint discoverers of Peru,) engaged each other iu battle, ia 1546. Anattom, an island, the most southern of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 170 9 E, lat. 20 10 s. Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi, seated on the Euphrates, 60 miles w of Bagdad. Ancarani, a town of Italy, 5 miles N of Ascoli, and 82 ne of Rome. Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, 16 miles s of Lincoln. It stands on a Ro- man highway, at the foof of a hill which abounds with antiquities, and at the s end are the remains of a castle. Ancenis, a town of France, in the de.^' partment of Lower Loire, seated en the Loire, 20 miles e of Nantes. Anchohn, a river in Lincolnshircj which rises near Market Raisin, flows to Glandfordbridge, and is navigable thence to the Humber. Anclam, a fortified town of Hither Po- merania, on the river Peene, 20 miles SE of Gripswald. Ancober, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coast, to the w of Axim. It has a river of the same name, flowing through it ; and at its mouth is a town with a good harbour. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 4 60 N Ancona, a city of Italy, and a bishop'* see, with a citadel on a hill. The ca- thedral stands upon another hill, and the houses extend down the side of the k^i *>minence toward the gulf of Venice. ^ Clement XII. built a mole, to render the harbour safe ; it is erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by Tra- jan, and is above 2000 feet in length. Near this stands the beautiful triumphaJ arch of Trajan. Here likewise Clement erected a lazaretto, which advances a little way into the sea, in the form of p pentagon. Great numbers of Jews aro sdUca in this ci(y, where they have a AND sjuagof^ic ; and they have the prlnclpd share of its commerce. Ancoiia was taken in 1796 by the French, who sur- rendered it to the Anstrians, in 1799. It is 116 miles N by E of Rome, Lon. 13 29 E, lat. 43 38 N. ^.v Ancyra, the capital of Galatia, near the river Halys, said to have been built by Midas, king of Phrygia, and so na- med from an anchor found there. See Angoura. Andalusia, a province of Spain, which, in its largest sense, is divided into Up- per and Lower ; Upper Andalusia com- prehending the proAduce of Granada, and Lower Andakisia tlie districts of Seville, Cordova, and Jaen. Andalusia, in a restricted sense (excluding Grana- da) is 270 miles long and 80 broad ; bounded on the n by Estremadura and Mauoha, e by IMuicia, s by Granada and the Meditenancan, and w by the Atlantic and Portugal. The Guadal- quiver runs through its whole length ; and it is the most fertile and trading comitry in Spain. The French overrun this province in 1810 ; but evacuated it in consequence of the battle of Salamanca, in 1812. The capital is Seville. . Andalusia, New. See Paria. Andaman Islands, several islands on (he E side of tlie bay of Bengal. The iargest, called Great Andaman, is 120 miles long and 16 broad, indented by deep bays affording good harbours, and intersected by vast creeks, one of which passes quite through the island, and at high water is navigable for small vessels. The forests afford some precious trees, as ebony and the Nicober bread-fruit : and the edible birds* nests abound here. The only quadrupeds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and rats. The inhabi- tants are in a state of barbarism, and live chiefly on tish, fruits, and herbs; they perfectly resemble negroes, and tlieir canoes aie of the rudest kind. In 1793, the English made a settlement on tiie N end of Great Andaman, the larg- est island, which is called Port Corn- waliis, and has a commodious harbour to shelter ships during the NE monsoon. Lon. 93 E, lat. 13 30 N. Andayc, a fortified town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, fa- mous for its brandy. It is situate near the mouth of the Bidassoa, almost op- posite Fontarabia, in Spain, IS miles svv of Bayonne. Andely, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure, divided by a paved road into Great and Little Andely, a mite from each other. Great Andely v^ 27 AND on the 'rivulet Gamons, and Little An- dely 00 the Seine. The cloths manu- factured here are in high esteem. It is 17 miles ne of Evreiix, and 20 SE of Rouen. Anderab, a city of Usbec Tartary, ca- pital of the province of Tokaristan. In its vicinity are rich quairies of lapis la- zuli. It is seated on a river, and near a pass through the mountains of Hin- dooko, 240 miles ESE of Balk. Lon. 09 68 E, lat. 36 10 N. Andei-nach, a town of France, in tlic department of Rhine and Moselle, late- ly of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne, with a castle. Great quanti- ties of timber are collected here, which are formed into vast rafts, and floated hence to Dordi-echt, in Holland. It is seated on the Rhine, 10 miles Nw of Cobleutz. Andero, St. See Santander, Andes, or Cordilleras, a grand chain of mountains, in South America, running along the coast of the Pacific ocean, from the isthmus of Darien to the strait of Magellan, a length of 4300 miles. They are much superior in height to any other momitains ; for the plain of Quito, which may be considered as the base of the Andes, is elevated further above the sea than the top of the Pyrenees ; and the Andes rise, m different places, more than one third above the Pike of Tene- riffe. They may be literally said to hide their heads in the clouds : the storms' often roll, and the thunder bursts below their summits, which, though exposed to the rays of the sun in the torrid zone, are covered with everlasting snow. From experiments made with a baio- meter, on the mountain of Cotopaxi, it appeared that its summit was elevated 6252 yards above the surface of the sea ; and the summit of Cliimborazo, the most elevated point of this chain, is said to be 6760 yards. In these mountains are many volcanos. Andlau, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, with a cas- tle, situate on a mountain, 18 miles ssw of Strasburg. Andover, a borough in Hampshire, with a market on Saturday, a manufac- ture of shalloons, and a ci>nsiderable trade in malt. A navigable canal pas- ses hence to Southampton water. It is situate near the river Ande, 10 miles w by w of Winchester, and 63 w by s of London. Lon. 1 20 w, lat, .51 14 N. Andover, a town of Massachusets, in Essex county. Here is an excellent academy, called Philli}»5 Academy ; al- AND EO manufactures of paper and g:unpow- der. It is situate on the Shawsheen, 20 miles wsvv of Newbury Port, and 22 NNW of Boston. Andragiry, the capital of a kingdom on the E coast of the island of Sumatra. The chief produce is pepper. It is seated on a river, commodious for trade, 200 miles N by \v of Bencoolen. Lon. 102 E, hit. 58 s. Andrarum, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, with the greatest alum work in the kingdom. It is 10 miles s of Christianstadt. Andreasber^, a town of Lower Saxo- ny, in the duchy of ErunsAvick, with good silver mines, 28 miles ne of Got- tingen. Andrew, St. a town of Germany, in Carinthia, and a bishop's see ; seated oh the river Lavant, 20 miles ene of Cla- genfurt. Andrew, St. a city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, once the metropohs of the Pic- tish kingdom, and the see of an archbi- shop, and stiil the scat of the oldest Scotch university. The university was founded by bishop Wardlaw, in 1411, and consists of two colleges. The ca- thedral, the chapel of St. Rcgulus, the church of St. Salv^tor, and the priory, have been noble structures. The castle was the scene of the ci-uelty and punish- ment of cardinal Beaton: Uie window is still shown, from which he beheld the martyrdom of George Wishart, who was burnt on the spot beneath ; and in this rastle he himself was assassinated in 1546. The population of the town does not now exceed 2000 ; a small number lo what it must have contained when it had between GO and 70 bakers. It is a place of little trade, and the harbour is in bad condition. It is seated at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a small hill, 30 miles >ine of Edinburg. Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 56 18 N. Andros, an island in the Archipelago, 24 miles long and 8 broad. It is one of the ancient Cyclades. It has fertile plains, which are well watered ; and it wants only a good harbour. I'he inha- bitants are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and several monasteries. Tlie principal riches of this island con- sist in silks, and the fields produce oranges, citrons, mulberries, pomegra- nates, and figs. The capital is of the same name ; and about two miles from it are to be seen the ruins of a strong wall, with the fragments of many co- hmms, chapiters, bases, broken sta 28 A N G mention the senate and people cf A a-' dros, and the priests of Bacchus ; Iroui which it is probable, that this was the site of the ancient city. Lon. 25 2 k^ lat. 38 N. Anduxar, or Andujur, a town of Spain, iii AndaUisia, with a castle, and some beautiful churches and convents. The ejivirons abound in wheat, wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated on the G uadal quiver, 25 miles WNW of Jaen. Lon. ,3 54 w, lat. 37 48 N. Angediva, a small island in the Indian ocean, on the w coast of Hindoostan, belonging to the Portuguese. It is 60 miles ssE of Goa. Lon. 74 12 e, lat. 14 43 N. Anegada, ohc of the English Virgin Is- lands, and tlie most northern of them. Lon. 64 7 w, lat. 18 40 N. Angela, St. a town of Italy, 14 miles sw of Urbino. Angelo, St. a town of Naples, 6 miles NNW of Conza. Angelas, a city of Mexico. See Pue- bla de las Angelas. Angerhnrg, a town of Prussia, with i castle, seated on the north side of a lake to which it gives name, 70 miles se of Konigsberg. Lon. 22 15 e, lat. 54 8 N, Angermania, or Angermanland, a pro- vince of Sweden, in Nordland, 150 miles long, and from 25 to 80 broad, the wid- est part being to the east on the gulf of Bothnia. It is inonntainous and woody, and in it are considerable iron-works. The chief town is Hernosand. Angermunde, a town of BrandenbtU'g, in the Ucker mark, on the lake Munde, 48 miles NNE of Berlin. Attgei-s, a large city of France, in the department of Mayen and Loire, situ- ated near tlie confluence of the Sarte, the Loire, and the i\layen, which divides the city into two equal parts, between which there is a communication by two large bridges. 7\!igcrs contains 36,000 inhabitants. The castle is situated in the centre of the city, on a 'ock, over- hanging the river. The cathedral is a venerable and elegant structure : the princifkal gate is surrounded with three steeples. Here lies interred with her an- cestors, the renowned Margaret, daugh- ter of Rene, king of Sicily, and queen of Henry VI, of England, who cx};ircd al-^ ter many intrepid hut inetrcctual cflbrts to replace her husband on the throne, in 1482, at the castle of Da!nj)icne. The university of Angers was founded in 1398, and the acadomy orBcllcs Lcttres in 1685. It has a consideiable mami- 'acturt of handkerchiefs a'i- sumed without effect in the siege ; till the want of provisions, and the clamour ofhisarmj', compelled Attila to issun his orders that the troops should strike their tents the next morning, and begin their retreat. But as he rode round the walls, pensive, angry, and disapi)ointv'id, he observed a stork preparing to leave her nest in one of the towers, and to fly, with her infant family, towards the country ; this he interpreted an omen that tliose towers were devoted t(j im- pending ruin and solitude. The .siege was renewed and prosecuted with fresh vigour ; a large breach was made in the part of the wall from whence the stork had taken her flight ; the Huns mounted to the assault with irresistible fury ; and the succeeding generation could scarce- ly discover the ruins of Aquileia. Aquino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, rumed by emperor Conrade. It is the birthplace of Juvenal, and seated near the Garigliano, 20 miles s by e of Sora. Arabat, a town and fort of the Crimea, and province of Taurida.on the borders of the sea of Asopli. 20 miles n by e of Caff-a. Arabia, a country of Asia, extending 1430 miles in length, and 1200 in breadth ; bounded on the w by the Red sea and the isthmus of Suez, ne by the Euphrates, which divides it from Diar- bekar, e by the gulfs of Persia and Or- mus, and s by the Indian ocean. It is divided into three parts, Arabia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix, so named by Euro- peans from their supposed quaUties. Arabia Petrea, much the smallest of the three, lies to the s of Syria along the E coast of the Red sea. The N part is mountainous, and in general stony, san- dy, and barren, but some parts yield sufficient nourishment for cattle, whose milk and camel's flesh is the chief food of its few inhabitants. Arabia Deserta lies s of Syria, and e of Arabia Petrea and the Red sea. It is for the uKjsi part desert, being intersected by barren mountains, and many of the plains no- thing but great sands and heaths ; but there are some plains and vallies that feed great flocks of sheep and goats ; there are also great numbers of ostriches, and a fine breed of camels in several places. Arabia Felix, so called on ac- count of its fertility with regard to tJic rest, lies to the s of Arabia Deserta, be- tween the Red sea, the Indian wreaij, D A R A bn«i the Persian gulf. It is by far the most considerable part, and thougli the centre is occupied by very dry deserts, there are many ricli provinces on the coasts, producing a variety of fruits, ho- ney, wax, cinnamon, cassia, m&nua, spikenard, frankincense, myrrh, and coffee, of which latter prodigious quan- tities are exported. The Arabs are of a middle stature and brown complexion ; and have always a grave and melan- choly air. They derive their subsist- ence from their flocks, from hunting, and from what they acquire by plunder. They acknowledge no sovereign but the emirs of their tribes, who are their na- tural princes, and to whom they pay obedience. They have also schieks, or chiefs of an advanced age, whom they f>ftcn consult, and wliose advice they follow. The dress of the Arabs consists of a white robe, bound round with a broad leather girdle, fastened by a strong luickle or large clasp. Their drawers '■,re made of linen, and descend to the lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of red cap on the head ; and some- times they wear slippers, after the man- ner of the Turks, but are generally in half boots tliat they may be ready to get on horseback. Winter and summer they wear a large cloak, striped black and white, made of the hair of goats or some otiier animal. Their emirs dress in the same manner, except that their cloaks are for the most part all black. The Arabs in the deserts live in tents, and remove from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the caravans, which they of- ten rob, as they travel over from Bus- sara to Aleppo, and frOm Cairo to Mec- ca. The famous Mahomet was a na- tive of this country; and his followers, soon after his deatli, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, estab- lishing their rehgion wherever they came. Aracan, or Reccan, a fertile cotintry of Asia, bounded on the NW by Chittagong, NE by Cassay, E and ST.by Biriiiah, and sw by the gulf ofBehgal. The railly season continues from April to October ; and the rest of the year is called sum- mer. The inhabitants are idolaters. Tlio women are tolerably fair ; but the longest ears are reckoned the most beautiful, and in these they wear many rings. They are a dastardly race of people, and have only courage to attack defenceless merchants and boatmen. There are such numbers of elephants, Ijulfalos, and tigers, that but few places «se iuliabitcd, un account of the rava ts 31 A R A made by these animals. Tlie cothincai- ties are salt, elephants teeth, bees Wax, and rice ; but its trade was never very considerable. Aracan M'as long an in- dependent nation, governed by a king; but it was subdued by the Birmans iii 1783, and is now a province of that em- pire. A7-acan, the capital of the country of the same name, with an extensive fort. The river Aracan nins through the cit}', and waters the streets by means of se- veral arms or canals, into which it is di- vided. The inhabitants aie about 100,000. It was taken by the Birmans in 1783. It is 260 miles sse of Islama- bad, and 230 wsw of Ava. Lon. 93 10 E, lat. 20 38 N. Arad, a town of Hungary, with a strong fortress, on the river Maros, 24 miles NNE of Temeswar. Aral, a lake of Independent Tartarj', 120 miles E of the Caspian sea. It is 200 miles in length, and in some places" 70 in breadth. The water is salt, and there are many small saline lakes in the vicinity. Aranjuez, a town of S]>ain, in New C-astile, with broad streets intersecting each other at right angles. The gi-eat square is surrounded by porticos, and has a fountain that supplies the town with Avater. Here are three churches, a royal palace 'with beautiful gardens, and a theatre for the bull-fights. In the palace, the Supreme Junta of Govern- ment of the Kingdom were installed, and held their first meeting, September 25, 1808. Aranjuez is seated on the Tajo, 30 miles s by e of Madrid. Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 40 6 N. Arassi, a maritime town of the terri- tory of Genoa, 5 miles sw of Albenga. Araava, a fortress of Upper Hungary, on a river of the same name, 72 miles NW of Cassovia. Lon. iO E, lat. 49 SON. Aran, a town of Switzerland, cjtpital of the canton of Argau, with manufUc* tures of cotton, printed linen, and cut- lery. A treaty between the protestant and Catholic cantons was concluded here in 1712. It is seated on the river Aar, 27 miles w of Zurich. Lon. 7 50 e, lat. 47 25 N. Aravacmircliy, a town of Ilindoostaa, in the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort. It has a bazar of well-built houses, and stands on the Nunganji, 23 miles E of Daraporam. Arauco, a fortress and town of Chili, situate in a fine valley, on a river of the ^ same name, 40 miles s i)y w of Con. I ception. ARC Armxeit, or Aras, a river of Asia, vvliich rises in Georgia, flows SE across Arme- nia, and joins the Kur, near its entrance into the Caspian sea. It is a very rapid river, and is supposed to be the Gilion mentioned by jMoses. Arba, an island 30 miles in circum- ference, on the coast of Dalmatia, from which it is five miles distant. The soil is rich, but the inhabitants are indolent. It lias a town of the same name. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 45 5 N. Arherg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, on an island fonned by two branches of the Aar. It is 10 miles NW of Bern. Arhil, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdistan, the ancient Arbela, near which Alexander defeated Darius. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, and in the vicinity are naphtha, pit. It is seated in an extensive plain, 36 miles N of Altunkupri, and 50 E of Mosul. Arhois, a town of France, in the de- partment of Jura, famous for its wliite wines. It is 22 miles sw of Besancon. Arhoga, a town of Sweden, in West- mania, seated on the Uhdson, by which river, and a canal, it has a communica- tion with the lakes Hielmar and Maelai\ It is 25 miles ene of Orebro. Arhon, a town of Switzerland, on the lake of Constance, 12 miles sE of Con- stance. Arbroath. See Aberbrothwick. Arburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a citadel on a rock, seated on the Aar, 12 miles E of Soleure. Arcadia, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, near the gulf of its name, 22 miles n of Navarin. Lon 21 42 e, lat. 37 24 N. Arccuil, a village of France, 3 miles s of Paris, remarkable for its aqueduct to that city, built in 1624, by Mary de Medieis. Archangel, a seaport of Russia, capi- tal of a government of its name. It was the only seaport of Russia for many years, and was first resorted to by the English, in 1553. The trade is yet con- siderable, though greatly diminished since the building of Petersburg. In 1793, a fire destroyed great part of the city and suburbs ; but they are now re- built with neatness. Archangel is seat- ed on the Dwina, four miles from the White sea, and 400 ne of Petersburg. Lon. 38 59 E, lat. 64 34 N. Archipelago, a part of the Mediterra- nean sea, having Romania on the n, Natolia on the e, the isle of Candia oa 'Ab A R D Iho s. Macedonia, Livaida, ajid ihe JV!o rea on the w. It is partly in Europe, and partly in Asia, conlaming the is- lands of Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tenedos, Scirus, Mctelin, Scio. Samos, Patraos, Paros, Antiparos, Cerigo, San- torini, Andros, Tina, Naxia, Milo, De- les, Argentiera, and many otlicrs. Ardiipdago, Northern, a part of the Pacific ocean, having the peninsula of Kamschatka on the vv, and the coast of America on the E. It includes a number of islands, among which are four piincipal groups. The first, called Sasignan, contains five islands ; the se- cond, called Khoa, includes eight is- lands ; and both these groups together are styled the Aleutian islands. I'he third group is called the Andreoflski Ostrova, and comprises 16 islands. Tlie fourth group is the Lissic Ostrova, or the Fox Islands, 16 in number. They all belong to Russia, and are va- luable cliieily for the skins of animals found there, particularly the sea otti-r. See Fox Islands. Arcis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aube, seated on the river Ajibe, 15 miles n of Tioyes. Arco, a town and castle of Germany, in Tyrol, taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon after. It stands on the Scaroa, and 15 miles wsw of Trent. Areas, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on a ciaggy rock, on the river Guadaleto, 28 miles ne of Cadiz, Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the Camatic. The citadel is large, and esteemed a place of some strength ; but the nabob often resides at Madras. In the vicinity are several celebrated temples, visited by numerous pilgiims. Arcot has a manufacture of coarse cot- ton cloth. It is seated on the s bank of the Paliar, 66 miles w by s of Madras, and 180 E by N of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 24 E, lat. 12, 51 N. Ardagh, a town of Ireland, m tho county of Longford, which, united to Kilmore, gives name to a bishopric, ^'here is no cathedral, or episcopal place of residence. It is seven miles se of Longford. Ardebil, a town of Persia, in Aderbeit- zan, the residence and burial -place of ma- ny kings ; particularly of Shiek Sessi, tho author of the Persian sect. Pilgrims re- sort to this place from all paits of Persia; and caravans are frequently passing to and from Constantinople and Smyrna. It is 35 miles ese of Taiiris. Lon- 48 40 K M. 38 20 N. ARE Artleche, a department of Frantje, in- liluding the late territory of Vivarez. It takes its name from a river, wliich flows into the Rhone, at the s extremity of the department. Privas is the capital. Ardee, or Atlierdee, a borough of Ire- land, in the county of Louth. Here is a large mount, apparently artificial ; some suppose it to have been a burial- place of the Irish kings; others, that it was a place where the people assembled to deliberate on public affairs. It is 14 miles NW of Drogheda. Ardames, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Champagne. It is so named from a fa- mous forest, lying on the river Meuse. The principal town is Sedan. Ardfert, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, and a bishop's see united with Aghadoe to Limerick. It was formerly the capital of the county, but is now a poor place, with extensive luins. It is seated on a river which runs into Tf alee bay, seven miles nnw of Tralee. Ardmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, on a cape and bay of its name, 10 miles ssw of Dun- gar; on. Ardra, a small kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave coast at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas. The country is fer- tile in maize, palm-wine, plants, and fruits, which last all the year; and it produces a great deal of salt. It has a town of the same name. Lon. 3 6 e, lat. 6 N, Ardres, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais. On an open plain between the town and Guisnes was the celebrated interview between Francis 1. of France, and Henry VIII. of England, in 1520. It is 10 miles SSE of Calais. Areoa, an island in the gulf of Persia, tliree miles sw of Ormus^ The Dutch attempted to establish a factory, and built a fort here, but were expelled by the Persians. Arekea. a seaport of Abyssinia. Arenshiirg, the capital of a county of the same name, in Westphalia. It is seated on a hill, bj the river Roer, 22 miles SSE of Ham, and 63 ne of Cologne. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 61 23 N. Arensburg; a seaport of Russia, in the govenmient of Riga, capital of the isle of Oesel, and a bishop's see. Lon. 25 40 E, lat. 58 15 N. Arenslmrd, a district in Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the famous rampart built by king Gotric, in the beginni'^ig of A R G the 9th century, as a defence against the eruptions of the Saxons. It extend* across the country, about nine miles in length. Arequipa, an episcopal town of Peru, founded by Pizano, in 1539. Near it is a volcano ; and it has been four times laid in ruins by earthquakes. It stands in a fertile country, on the Apurimac, 240 miles s of Cusco, and 460 se cf Li- ma. Lon. 75 30 w, lat. 16 40 s. Arezzo, a town of Tuscany, in the Florentino. Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor of the musical notes, ut, re, &c. was born here ; also the celebra- ted Francis Petrarch. It stands on a hill, at the conflux of the Chianna and Arno, 15 miles w of Citta di Castello. Argau, a new canton of Switzerland, lying to the w of that of Zurich. Arau is the capital. Argences, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, on the river MeaucelO miles e of Caen. Argentan, a town of France, in the department of Orne, which has a con- siderable trade in lace. It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne, 12 miles NW of Seez, and 110 w of Paris. Argenteuil, a town of France, on the river Seine, five miles nw of Paris. It has a fine vineyard ; and in the environs are quarries of the plaster of Paris, Argentiera, a barren island of the Ar- chipelago, so called from the silver mines in it. There is but one village, and it has no water but what is kept in cisterns. Lon. 23 10 e, lat. 36 50 N. Argenton, a town of France, in the department of Indre, divided into two parts by the river Creuse. It is 37 miles sw of Bourges. Lon. 1 38 e, lat. 46 35 N. Argos, a seaport of European Tur- key, in the Morea, 25 miles s of Corinth. Lon. 23 5 e, lat. 37 30 N. Argostoli, a town of the island of Ce- falonia, with a fortress and the best har- bour in the island. It is eiglit miles wsw of Cefalonia. Argueil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, IS miles ne of Rouen. Argmn, an island and fort on the coast of Zahara, 30 miles se of Cape Blanco. It was taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese, in 1638: afterward the French took it from the Dutch, Lon. if 5 w, lat. 20 30 N. Argun, a river of Asia. See Saghdien. Argunskoi, a town of Siberia, on the frontiers of Eastern TaiTary. Tlierc are mines of silver and lead near it ; and a A R K |je5tfl fisheJ7 in the river Argun I( is 70 miles SE of Nersliinsk. Lon. lOS 06 E, lal. 42 30 N. Arffylesliire, a comity of Scotland, bounded on the K by luvernesssliire, e Ijy the counties of I'erth uud Dumbar- lon, and s and w by the Athuitic ocean, liy which it is broken into ishuids and peninsuhis. It is 110 miles long fiom the mull of Cantyre to its ne extremity ; its breadth is very unequal; about 40 miles where greatest. It is divided into 49 parishes, and in 1811, contained 86,685 inhabitants. To the Nw is a pe- ninsula, nearly detached from the rest of tlie county : it contains tlie districts of Ardnamurchau, Morvcn, Sunart, and Ardgowar. The peninsulas of Cantyre audCoT^dl are likewise very large. The chief islands, attached to this county, are Mull, Islay, Jura, Tirey, and Col. The soil of Argyleshire, in tlie liigh »Tounds, though little fitted for cultiva- tion, aflbrds excellent pasture. Some parts are covered with heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare rocks. The sides of the hills and lakes are inters- persed with woods ; and there are rich mines of copper, iron, and lead. The chief town is luveraiy. Arica, a seaport of Peru, in the au- dience of Charcos. It is but badly for- tified, and has been much injured by cartliquakes. Here the tieasure brought from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms eniploj ed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in which it has a great trade. It is 550 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 70 25 w, lat. 18 27 s. Ai'ienzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 14 miles ne of Naples. Arindal, a town of Norway, in the government of Bergen, noted for the productive iron mines in its vicinity. It is seated near the sea, 10 miles nne of Christiansand. Ariscli, a town and fort of Egypt, on a gulf of the Meditenanean, to which it gives name. The French became masters of it in 1799 ; but it was retaken by the Turks and English at the end of the year, in 1800, the Turks and French signed a convention here, by which the trooi)s of the latter were to evacuate Egj'pt ; but the English admiral refused to ratify the capitulation. Ariscli stands OH the confines of Arabia and Palestine, 50 miles sw of Gaza, and 120 ne of Suez. Arkansas. See Alhansas. Arkloio, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, with a haven for small craft. It stands near the mouth »f thcAvocalo miles s of Wicklow. 37 ARM Aries, a city of France, in the depart- incut of Mouths of the Rhone, lately an archiepiscopal see. The country arounii ])roduces good wine, vermilion, manna, oil, and fruits There are a great num- ber of antiquities, of wliich tlie amphi- theatre and obelisk are the most re- markable. It is seated on the Khone, 20 miles sE of Nismes. Lon. 4 37 E, lat. 43 40 N. Armagh, a county of Ireland, 32 miles long and 19 broad; bounded on the e by Down, w by Tyrone and Monaghan, N by Lough Neagh, and s by Loutli, It contains 20 parishes, and sends three members to parliament. The soil is reckoned the richest in Ireland ; but a tract called the Fowes is hilly and bar- ren, and there are also some consider- able bogs. Some good marble is found in this county ; and the linen manufac- ture nourishes in all its branches. It has no river of consequence but the Elackwater, which separates it from Tyrone. Armagh, a city of Ireland, capital of tlie county of its name, and the see of an archbisiiop, who is primate of all Ire- land. It has one of the best linen mar- kets in Ulster, and many bleaching grounds in its vicinity. It is seated near the river Callen, 45 miles se of London- deny, and 62 N by w of Dublin. Lon. 7 6 w, lat. 54 20 N. Armagnac, a late province of France, in Guienne, 55 miles long and 40 broad. It is fertile in corn and wine, and has a trade in brandy and wool. This pro- vince, with Gascony, now forms the de- partment of Gers. Armenia, a large country of A sia, pai t in Turkey and part in Persia; bounded on the w by the Euphrates, s by Diar- beck and Curdistan, e by Schirvan, and N by Georgia. It is a fine country, be- ing watered by several large rivers. The inhabitants are much attached to com- merce, and undertake long journeys to carry it on. They are chiefly Christians, and have a patriarch and an archbisho]). Erzerum is the capital. Armentiers, a town of France, in the department of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 miles wnw of Lisle. Armiers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, seated on the Sam- bre, 20 miles s of Mons. Armiro, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the gulf of Vcio, 30 miles SE of Larissa. Lou. 23 22 e, lat. 39 30 n. Armm/flen, a town of Holland, in the island of Walcheren. new inconsidera- ble, the sea having stoj>t up the harbour. A R Q The salt-works are its chief resource. It is tlirce miles e of Middlebiirg. Arnay le Due, a town of France, in , which is the most aiuiont; anci the other the town, which is modern. I'lic great square is full of fine buildings, surroiuid- ed with piazzas. It is seated on the Scarpe, 22 miles WNW of Cambray. Lon, 2 40 E, lat. 50 17 N. Arriege, a department of France, con taining the late provinces of Couseram and Foix. It is so named from a river. which rises in the Pyrenees, and passing by Foix and Pamiers, enters the Garon- ne, near Toulouse. Gold dust is found among its sands. Foix is the cai)ital. Arroe, a small island of Denmark, in the Bailie, between the islands of Funen and Alsen. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 66 10 n A R Z Ay^rojo rleSl. Servan, a town orS|>aiii, III Esfiemadma, 8 iiiilcs s of Meiidy, and 25 e of Badajoz. ^4»7»o, five islands ill the Indian ocean, to the s and w of New Guinea, extend- ing from 5 30 to 7 s lat. M'itii narrow cliannels between tlieni. The cliief product is sago. During the dry or wes- tern monsoon, nnineioiis (locks of the birds of paradise, from New Guinea, re- side in these islands, where great nnin- bere are killed, dried, and exported to Banda. The Arroo isles are considered as belonging to the Dutch. Arsui; a town on the coast of Syria, in Palestine, with a .fortress, 10 miles n of Jaffa. Arta, a seaport of European Turkey, In Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a considerable trade in to- bacco and skins, and is sealed oji the Arta 70 miles nnw of Lepanto. Lon. 21 20 E, lat. 39 28 N. Artaki, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on thes coast of the sea of Mar- mora, 76 miles sw of Constantinople. Lou. 27 40 E, lat. 39 30 n. Ai-takui, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, 48 miles Nw of Gallipoli. Artem, a town of Upper Saxony, in 7'buriugia^ OD the river Unstrult, 29 miles NNE of Erfurt. Ai-tois, a late province of France, bounded on the n and e by Flanders, and s and w by Hainault, Cambresis, and Picirdy. It is now included in tlie department of Pas de Calais. Amhre, an island, 15 miles in circum- ference, near the coast of Terra Fuma. Lon. 70 5 w, lat. 12 10 n. Arve, a rapid river of Savoy, which rises in Fauciguy, and watering Salen- ohe, Cluse, and Eonnevilie, joins the Rhone below Geneva. Aj-undel, a borough in Sussex, govern- ed by a mayor, w ith a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Arun, and has a venerable Gothic church, formerly collegiate. Its castle, the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk, stands on the hill, and is said to be a mile in compass: the possession of this castle confers an earldom on the proprietor. The river is navigable for baiges, and great quan- tities of timber are sent hence for the dock-yards. It is 8 miles SE of Chiches- ter, and 56 ssw of London. Lon. 29 w, lat. 50 55 N. Anmngen, a town and castle of Swit- zerland, in the canton of Bern, on the river Aar, 12 miles E of Soleure. ArziUu, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez, 50 miles ssw of Tangier. 39 A S If Asah, a town of Abyssinia, in Danoa li, on a bay of the Red sea, 36 miles SH of Eailur. Asaph, St. a city of Wales, in Flint- shire, on the river Elway, where it unites with the Clwyd. It is a poor place, of note only for its cathedral, but has a market on Saturday. It is 24 miles w of Chester, and 205 nw of London. Lon. 3 36w, lat. 53 12 N. Asceiuion, a barren island, in tlie At- lantic ocean, 600 miles nw of St. Hele- na. It has a safe harbour, at which the East India ships often touch, to procure turtles, which are here plentiful and large. Lun. 13 50 w, lat. 7 57 s. Aschaffenhurg, a town of Germany, lately in the territory of Mentz, but now the capital of a principality of the same name. Here is a palace, in which George II. of England, took up his quarters the night before the battle of Dettingen, in 1748. It was taken bv the French in 1796 and 1800. It is si'- tuate near the conflux of the Aschaff with the Maine, 29 miles ese of Frank- fort, and 40 wnw of Wurtzburgh. Lon. 9 5 e, lat. 50 N. Ascoli, a town of Italy, in the niarqui- sate of Ancona, Avith two citadels ; seat- ed on a mountain, by the river Tronto, 80 miles ne of Rome. Lon. 13 29 e, lat. 42 44 N. Ascoli di Satriano, a town of Naples, ^ Capitanata, seated on a mountain, 70 miles'^ of Naples. Lon. 15 50 e, lat. 41 8n. Ascer, or Ascergur, a town and for- tress of Hindoostan, in Candeish, 20 miles NE of Burhanpour. Aslihorn, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday. It is famous for cheese, and seated between the rivers Dove and Compton, 10 miles ne of Utoxeter, and 139 nnw of London. AsJiburton, a borough in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday for wool and yarn, and on Saturday for provisions. It is one of the four stannary towns, and has a considerable manufacture of serges. It is seated among hills (re- markable for tin and copper) near the river Dart, 19 miles sw of Exeter, and 192 w by s of London. Lon. 3 50 w, lat. 50 30 N. Ashhy de la Zonch, a town in Leices- tershire, with a market on Saturday. It had a castle with a very high tower, some ruins of which are standing. Here are manufactures of stockings and hats ; and a considerable trade in malt. A canal from the town communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby is 13 miles 8 of Derby, and 115 nnw of Loudon. A S I Asliford. a to-^vn in Kent, governed l»y a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. The church is large, and was formerly collegiate. It is seated on the Ash, near its confluence with the Stour, 14 miles sw of Canterbury, and 55 se of London. Ashmunein, a town of Egypt, built on the ruins of a city, supposed to be the ancient Hermopolis, on the left bank of llie Nile, 14U miles ssw of Cairo. Lon. 31 7 E, lat. 28 10 N, A s/maffur, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Cabul, seated on the Ka- meh, 80 miles N of Attock, and 110 se of Cabul, Jshton, a village in Lancashire, four miles s of Wigan. It has a considerable manufacture of cotton and hardware. Ashton-under-Line, a village in Lan- cashire, seated on a high bank wliich rises from the river Tame, 7 miles e of Manchester. It has a large church, a manufacture of cotton, an iron foundry, extensive colheries, and a canal from Manchester, which is here joined by the Huddersfield and Peak Forest ca- nals. AshiceU, a village in Hertfordshire, 4 miles N of Baldock. It was formerly a borough ; and near its fine church are the remains of a Roman camp, which consists of 12 acres of land, inclosed by a deep ditch. Many sepulchral urns have been dug up in the neighbour- hood. ■ ASIA, one of the four great parts of the world; bounded on the N by the Frozen ocean, e by the Pacific ocean, s by the Indian ocean, and w by the lied sea, the Mediterranean, the Black sea, the Don, the Volga, the Ural moun- tains, and the river Cara, It extends 6,050 miles from tlie Dardanelles onthe w, tu the E shore of Tartary ; and 5,380 miles from the most southern part of Malacca to the most northern cape of Nova Zembla; being superior in extent, as well as in many other respects, to Africa and Europe. This quarter of the globe has been the scene of the most important transactions respecting the human race ; as the creation of man, the establishment of the Hebrew nation and religion, the promulgation of Chris- tianity, &.C. In early times, this vast extent of territory was successively go- verned by the Assyrians, Medes, Per- sians, and Greeks ; but the regions of India and China were little known to Alexander, or the conquerors of the an- cient world. On the decline of these empires, great part of Asia submitted to the Romans ; and aftei'ward^ in the mid- A S O die ages, the Saracens founded in Asi&, Africa, and Europe, a more extensive empire than that of the Roman when in its height of ix>wer. Tlie Saracen great- ness ended with the death of Tamer- lane, and the Turks, conquerors on every side, took possession of the mid- dle regions of Asia, wliich they still en- joy. The principal countries in this continent are Siberia, Tartary, China, Tibet, Hindoostan, Persia, Arabia, and Turkey. The various particulars of go- vernment, religion, soil, climate, and productions, may be found under the names of the respective countiies. Asiaga, a town of Italy, in Vicentino, 20 miles n of Viccnza. AsiaiUe, or Asiento, a country of Afri- ca, north of the Gold coast. The capi- tal is of the same name. Lon. 10 E, lat, 8 10 N. Asinara, an island in the Mediterra- nean, on the Nw coast of Sardinia, 17 miles N by w of Sassari. It is 28 miles in compass, fertile and populous. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 41 N. Askeyton, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, noted for its castle, and for one of the most perfect abbeys in the country. It is seated ou the Deel, near its confluence with the Shannon, 20 miles wsw of Limerick. Askrig, a town in North Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday ; seated near the Euro, 18 miles wsw of Richmond, and 246 N of London. Asna, See Esne. Asnieras, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Vienne, 10 miles nw of Bellac. Asola, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 miles se of Brescia. Asolo, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, with a spacious citadel on a hill. It is surrounded by walls, and situate neai the Musone, 17 miles nw of Treviso, Asoph, a sea, anciently the Pains Maeotis, lying N of the Black sea, with which it comnmnicates by the strait of Cafia, the ancient Cimmerian Bospho- rus. This sea, which is sometimes call- ed the sea of Zabak, extends 240 miles from sw to ne. Asoph, a district of the Russian em- pire, in the province of Catharineslaf, jincluding a large tract of tenitory to the E and w of the town of Asoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, and after that period, several new towns were built by Catharine II. ; one of which, Catharineslaf, is now the capital. Asoph. a town of Russia, lately the capital of a distiict of tlie same name, seated en the Don, near its cntrunce W ''^, M^. Lon. 159 40 w, lat. 21 57 N» A U B Airi. a town iji Naples, in Abiuzzii Lheiioro, on a cia^grj' mountain. It was the birth-place of the euiperoi- AUiisin. It is 4 miles fion) the gulf of Venice, and 10 SE ofTeramo. Lon. 15 'ifl E, lat 42 40 N. Attleborouglu a town m Norfolk, with a market on Tuesdaj^, 14 miles ne of Thetford, and 93 of London. Attack, a city and fortiess of Ilindoos- 7 N. Aiivcigne, a late province of France, 100 miles long and 75 broad ; bounded on the N by the Boinbonnois, e by Fo- rez and Volay, s by llouerguc and the Cevennes, and w by Liniosiu, Querci, and La Marclie. It now fonns the two departments of Cautal and Puy do Dome. Auvillard, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, situate on the river Garonne, 13 miles SE of Agen. Auxere, a city of France, capital of the department of Yonne, and lately au episcopal sec. It contains many foun- tains and squares, and the episcopal pa- lace is deemed one of the most beautiful in France. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Yonne, 75 miles wnw of Dijon, and 90 SSE of Paris. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 47 48 N. Auxon, a town of France, in the do partment of Aube, 13 miles s of Troycs. Auxonne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, with a castle, an arsenal, a foundry for cannon, and a school for the artillery. It is seated on the Saone, 17 miles e of Dijon. Auzen, or Tigre, a town of Abyssinia, capital of the province of Ti^e, and a place of considerable commerce. It is seated on a river that flows into the Ta- cazzc, 170 miles ne of Gondar. Lon. 39 33 e, lat. 14 4 N. Awatska Bay, a harbour on the SE coast of Kamschatka, the safest and most extensive yet discovered, in that part of the world, that can admit vessels of con- siderable burden. It has a town called St. Peter and Paul. Awe, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ar- gyleshire, 30 miles long, and in some pai'ts above two broad. It contains four little islands, tufted Mith trees, on one of which is the ruin of an ancient castle ; and on a peninsula of the lake is the no- ble ruin of Kilchurn castle. At the N extremity rises the mountain Cruacban, elevated 3390 feet above the surface of the lake ; and near its top is the spring which forms this beautiful expanse o*" water. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, runs into Loch Etive, at the village of Bnnawc, Aweri, or Overo, a kingdom of Africa, dependant on Benin, with a town of the same n zerat, e by Candeish and Dowlatabad, s by Visiapqur, and w by tlie ocean. It is exceedingly mountainous, but fertile it) many places. E BAH Bagnrilitca, a town of European Tur kej, in l!o.«nia, 55 miles nw oi'8ciiii. Bagnara, a seapoi t of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriorc. Here aic several high waterfalls ; and among the rocks are tlie ruins of the former town, in which 3017 persons perished by an earthquake iii 1783. It is situate near the strait of Messina, 15 miles nne of Regiijio. Lon. 16 8 E, lat. 38 15 N. Bagnm-ea, a town of Ital}\ in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, 6 miles s of Or- vielo. Bagnfres, a town of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baths and mineral waters ; seat- ed on the river Adour, 10 miles south of Tarbcs. Bagnoln, a town of France, in tlie de- partment of Guard, near the river Cese, 8 miles s of Pont St. Esprit. Bagshot, a villaa^c in Surry, 12 miles rJ by E of Farnham. Here our monarclis had formerly a house and jjark, which was laid open after the civil wars. It is suiroundcd by an extensive heatli, cliiedy barren, but on its borders arc a great number of handsome seats. Bahama, or Lvci'q/ti Islands, situate to the s ol Carolina. They extend along the coast of Fluridii to Cuba, and are said to be 500 in number, some of them mere rocks, but 12 of them large and fertile. Few of them are inhabited, and they are subject to the English. - The islands which give name to the whole are Bahama and Lucaya, both of them in the N part of the group, the former 20 and the other 70 leagues e f,om the coast of Florida. 'I'iie jjassagc between Use island of Kahama and (he continent is called the Channel of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida. One of these islands was the first land descried by Columbus, in 1492, on \\ iiich he lajided, and cailed it San Salvador. They were not known to the EngUsh till 16G7, when captain Seyle being driven among them in his passage to Caj-oiiua, gave his name to one of them, and afterward, being a se- ccnd'tinie driven upon it, called it Pro- vidence. I'heso islands produce a great quantity of djing woods, and some lig- num vitse and mahogany. The only article cultivated for exportation is cot- ton. BaJiar, a country of Hindoostan, boun- ded on the w by Allahabad and Oudc, N byNepaulE by Bengal, and s byOris- sa. It is subject to the English East India Company ; and most of the salt- petre they export is manufactured in this province. Patna is the capital. Bakar, a town of Hindoostan, once B A ! ihe capital of the country of the same name, and now remarkable for the nuin< l)er of magnificent funeral monuments. It IS 35 miles se of Palna Bahia. See All-Saints Bay. Bahraitch, a town of Hindoostan, in tlie province of Oude, 62 miles nnw of Fyzabad, and 65 ne of Lucknow. liOn 81 56 E, lat. 27 30 N. Bahrenhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Hoya, on the river Suli- lingen, 20 miles w of Nieuburg. Bahrin, a town of Arabia, situate on an island, 30 miles long, in the gulf of Persia. It gives name not only to the island on which it is built, but also to a cluster of tliem, celebrated for the pearl fishery ; and likewise to a province, ex tending along tlie w coast of the gulf. The town is fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguese. It stands on the w side of the island, 70 miles ne of Lahsa, the capital of the province. Lon. 49 5 E, hit. 26 20 N. Ba/ais, a province of Sweden, on the NW coast of Gothland, having Norway on the N. It is 115 miles long, and from 15 to 30 broad, much intersected by ri- vers and lakes. The land is fertile, and the principal articles exported are fish, wood, pitch, lime, tallow, and hides. Balms, a strong town of Sweden, ca- pital oi a province of the same name. It is situate on a rock, in an island of the river Gotha, 10 miles n of Gotheburg. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 58 20 N. Baia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, formerly famous for its hot baths and elegant palaces, of w inch some ru- ins remain. It is seated on the bay of Naples, 12 miles w of Naples. Baja, a town of Hungary, on the Da- nube, 35 miles nw of Esseck. Bcyador, a cape on the w coast of Africa, s of the Canary islands. Lon. 14 22 w, lat. 26 12 N. Baikal, a lake of Siberia, in the pro- vince of Irkutsk, 350 miles in length, but its greatest breadth not above 40. The water is fresh ; and the Russians speak of it with reverence, calling it the Holy sea. There are many seals in it of a blackish colour, and abundance of fish ; also several islands, and that of Olchon, the largest, has sulphureous springs. It receives the Selinga from the s, and its outlet is the Angara, which flows N into the Yenisei. Bailleul, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, nine milp« sw of Yprea, Bailur, a seaport of Abyssinia, and chief town in the country of Dancali It stands on a spacious bay of the Red 60 B A L sva, MO miles e by n of Goiidar, Imu. 42 40 E. lat. 13 3 N. Bailiira, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a good stone fort. It car- ries on a considerable trade with Jama- lal)ad and the country below the Gauts- It is seated near the Bhaari, 60 miles WNW of Seringapatam. Bain, a town of France, in the de- partment of llle and Yilaine, 16 miles 5 of Rennes. Bain Gonga, a river of Hindoostan, which rises near the Ncrbndda, nins s through Berar, and, after a conrse of near 400 miles, joins the Godavery, within the hills that bound the British Circars. Bairoitt, anciently Ber\ius, a seaport of Syria, in Palestine, and tlie chief town of the Druses, The port is nearly choak- cd with sand and ruins ; but many cot- tons and silks are exported licnce for Cairo. It stands on the N' side of abroad promontory, 50 iiiiies wnw of Damascus. Lt>;!. ^0 10 E, lat. 33 45 N. BaketveU, a town in the Peak of Der- byshire, with a market on Fridaj'. Here is a large cotton-mill ; and near it, at the village of Ashford, are marble works, where the black and gray marbles found in the vicinity are sawn and polished. It is seated on the Wye, 27 miles nnw of Derby, and 153 of London. Bakow, a towTi of European Turkey, in Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 miles sw of Jassy. Baku, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Schirvan, the most commodious haven of the Caspian sea, on the \v coast of which it is situate. The vicinity pro- duces much rock salt, sulphur, and nap- tha, and it is fainoas for safl'ron. Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls, 300 miles s of Astracan. Lon. 49 15 E, lat. 40 2 N. Bala, a corporate town of Wales, in Merionethshire, with a market on Satur- day, It is seated on the lake of Bala, or Pemblcmere, which i"s 3 miles long and 1 broad, and abounds with a fish called guinard, rer.embling a salmon in shape, and tasting like a trout. The ri- ver Dee issues from this lake. It has the remains of three Roman camps, which seem to have been used as explo- ratoj-y stations, before the Ordovices were totally subdued. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in knit woollen stockings. It is 40 miles SE of Carnarvon, and 195 NW of London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat 62 60 N. Balachna, a town of Russia, seated near the Volga, 40 miles wnw ofNiznei Novogorod, 61 B A L Balagat, or Ballaeaut, a country of Hindoostan, in the Deccan, consisting of vast fertile plains, supported by a stu- pendous wall of mountains, called the Gauts, which rises abruptly from the low country^ called the Concan. This tract is so elevated, that the air is cool and pleasant. The northern part is stib- ject to the Poonah Mahrattas, and it ex • tends thence, along the peninsula, to the southern extremity of Mysore. Balaclava, a town of Russia, in the government of Taurida, with a land- locked basin, and a chain across the en- trance, to prevent contraband trade. It is 18 miles sse of Sebastopol. Balaguer, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a craggy rock, 75 miles wnw of Bar- celona. Lon. 40 E, lat. 41 43 N. Balaise, a small island in the gulf of IMexico, with a fort, at the principal en- trance of the Mississippi. Lon. 89 20 w, lat. 29 6 N. Balamhangan, a small island in the In- dian ocean, at the N extremity of Bor- neo, where a settlement was formed by the East India Company, in 1773, but CA acuated the next year. Balamhuan, See Palamboan. Balapura, Chica,°a, town of Hindoos- tan, in Mysore, noted for the manufac tine of sugar-candy and clayed sugar, 15 miles ne of Doda Balapura. Balapura, Doda, a town of Hindoos- tan, m Mysore, surrounded by a mud wall and hedge, and has a strong mud fort, with a palace. Here are manufac- tures of cloth and sugar. It is 22 miles N by w of Bangalore, and 67 SE of Sera. Balaruc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault, famous for its baths. It is 12 miles from Montpellier. Bahtsore, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and a place of considerable trade; situate on the Gongahar, 20 miles from its mouth in the bay of Bengal, and 124 sw of Calcutta, Lon. 86 46 e, lat. 21 26 N. Balhastro, an episcopal town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the Cinca, 45 miles ene of Saragossa. Lon. 6 e, lat. 41 54 N. Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, at the foot of Mount Libanus, near the NE extremity of the fertile val- ley of Bocat. On the e side are mag- nificent ruins, particularly those of the temple dedicated to the Sun. The town was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1759, and is now a poor place, 37 miles NNW of Damascus. Baldivia. See Valdivia. Haldock, a town in Hertfordshire, with B A L a market on Thnisday ; seated among hills, 9 wsw of Koystoii, and 37 \Nvv of London. Balfrush, a town of Pcisia, in Maziui- deran, 12 miles w of Fciabad. Balga, a town of Prussia, on tlie Frisch tiaff, 24 miles sw of Koiiigsljerg-. Bali, an island of the East Indies, 75 miles long and 45 broad, at the e end of the isle of Java, from whieh it is sepa- rated by a channel called tlie Strait of Bali. It is populous, abounds in riec and fruits, and furnishes slaves, cotton, yarn, and pickled pork. Lon. 115 E, lat. 8 30 s. Balintra, a town of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, 83 miles from "Dublin. Balk, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital of a province of the same name. It has a considerable trade in silk, and is the cliief seat of the commerce between Bokharia and Hindoostan. The khan's castle is a magnificent structure, built of marble, dug out of the neighbouring mountains. It is seated toward the borders of Persia, on the river Dewash, which flows into the Amu, 220 miles se of Bokhara. Lon. 67 16 u, lat. 36 28 N. Ballaglmn, or Ballaghj, a town of Ire- land, in the county of Sligo, and pro- vince of Connaught, 20 miles s of Sligo, and 105 from Dublin. Lon. 9 60 w, lat. 53 48 N. Ballantrae, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 miles ssw of Ayr. Ballihoy, a town of Ireland, in Kings county, 18 miles sw of Philipstown. Ballimoney, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, 7 miles ese of Cole- rain, and 28 nnw of Antrim. Ballimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of W. Meath, 60 miles w by N of Dublin. Ballinrohe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, 18 miles s by e of Cas- tlebar. Ballogistan, a country of Hindoostan, bordering on the N of Mewat, and ap- proaching within 14 miles w of Delhi. It is 80 miles long, and from 30 to 40 broad. Balltoivii, a town of New York, in Saratoga county, famous for its medici- nal springs, and the superior accommo- dation found near them for valetudina- rians. It is 36 miles n of Albany. Ballycastle, a town of Ireland, on the N coast of the county of Antrim. It has some good collieries, and stands near the mouth of the Glenshesk, 35 milps N by w of Antrim. B A L BuUi/cannel, a town of Ireland, m the county of Cavan, 11 miles ne of Cavan. Ballymahon, a town of Ireland, in the county of Longford, 62 miles w of Dub- lin. BallymeHU, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, 12 miles NNW of An- trim. BaUynaMnch, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down. Near this place, the rebels were defeated in 1798, and the greater part of the town was burnt. It is 26 miles ne of Newry. BuUynakill, a borough of Ireland, in Queen's county. Here are some wool- len manufactures, and in the vicinity are the rains of a castle. It is 18 miles NW of Kilkenny. Ballyshminon, a borough and seaport of Ireland, in the county of Donegal Here is a good salmon fishery, and an extensive linen manufacture. It is seated near the mouth of the Erne, 110 miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 8 5 w, lat. 54 33 N. Balmerino, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, which has a trade in corn and salmon. The ruins of its once magniti' cent abbey are much admired. It is seated on the frith of Tay, opposite Dun- dee, 10 miles nw of St. Andrew, Baltic, an inland sea, in the nw of Europe, between the coasts of Sweden, Russia, Courland, Prussia, Germany, and Denmark. It contains the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland ; and a great num- ber of islands, the principal of which are Aland, Dago, Oesel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornholm, Rugen, and Laland; and the islands of Zealand and Funen separate it from the Categat, by which it com- municates with the ocean. The Baltic has no tide, but a current always sets through the Sound into the Categat. Yellow amber is found on the coast. Baltimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a headland which runs into the sea, and forms a good har- boiu-, five miles ne of Cape Clear. It has the ruins of an abbey, and is 60 miles sw of Cork. Lon. 9 14 w, lat. 51 18 N. Baltimore, the largest town of Mary- land, capital of a county of the same name, in which are numerous iron works. It is divided by a creek into the Town and Fell's point, to the latter of which the water is deep enough for ships of burden, but small vessels only go up to the town. ^ I'he harbour is one of the finest in America, with a narrow en- trance defended by a fort. There are nine edifices for public worship; and 53 B A M ihc number of inhabitants, in 1790, was upward of 15,000. It is seated on the Patapsco. near its entrance into Chesa- peak bay, 35 miles N of Annapolis. Lon. 76 50 w"^ lat. 39 20 N. Baltkigiass, a town of Ireland. In the county of Wicklow. It has exten- sive manufactures of linen and woollen, and is seated on the Slaney, 29 miles sw of Dublin. JBamba, a tov,n of the kingdom of Congo, in a rich province of the same name. It carries on a tiaffic in slaves, and is seated on the Loze, 160 miles sw of St. Salvador. Lon. 13 45 e, lat. 7 2 s. Biuiibara, a kingdom of Negroland, Mhich lies to the sw of that of Tombuc- too. The cultivation of corn is here carried on to a great extent ; and the iiihnbilaiils arc hospitable to strangers. Sego is the capital. Bamberg, a city of Franeonia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a uni\ crsity. The palace is a large pile of building, and the cathedral a vast Gothic edifice. It was taken in 1758, and 1762, by the Prussians, and in 1794, by the French. It is seated on the Red- nilz, near its confluence with the Maine, 35 miles n of Nureubcrg. Lon. 10 56 I- , lat. 49 55 N, Eamherg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles s of Glatz. Bamhoroiigh, a village in Northum- berland, on the seacoast, 14 miles N of Alnwick. It was once a borough, and gave name to a tract, called Bambo- longhsliire. It has a castle, on a roek, inaccessible on all sides, except the s, said to have been built by king Ida, about 560. This castle, and the manor, was purchased after the rebellion of 1715, by lord Crew, bishop of Durham, who left it for many benevolent purposes, parti- cularly that of ministering instant relief to seamen and vessels that happen to be cast on this dangerous coast. Bamboiik, a kingdom of Africa, be- tween the rivers Faleme and Senegal. It is said to be very populous, and on the borders of the rivers fertile, but in other parts sandy and barren. The most remarkable animals are a species of white apes, which they will not allow to be sent out of the country ; wliite foxes, and the girafri, au animal made like a cumel, and of extraordinary swiftness. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, lead, and iron. Tiic capital is of the same nasne. Lon, 9.30 \v, lat. 13 30 S'. IJamiem, a city of Usbec Tartary, m tlic. province ofGanr. IJere are a great luiinber of apartments and recesses cut 53 BAN out of a mountain , some of which, from their ornamental work and extraordina- ry dimensions, are supposed to have been temples. It is seated near a river of the same name, 170 miles sse of Balk. Lon. 66 10 E, lat. 39 30 N, Bamos, a town on the n borders of the kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, seated on the Irrawaddy, 170 miles nne of Um- merapocH a. Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Wednesday. The remains of its ancient castle yet exist ; and it has a trade in leather gloves, jackets, and breeches. It is seated near the Thames, 12 miles w of Oxford, and 71 w by N of London. Bampton, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, a chaly beate spring, and a manufacture of serges. It is seated in a bottom, surrounded by hills, 20 miles nne of Exeter, and 163 w by s of London. Banagher, a borough of Ireland, in King's county, seated on the Shannon, 15 miles s of Athlone. Banawara, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a tine nuid fort, and the ruins of an extensive palaco. Much to- bacco is cultivated in the vicinity. It is 68 miles NW of Scringapatam. Banbury, a borougli in Oxfordshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Thursday. It is noted for its cakes and ale, and is seated on the Charwell, 71 miles NNW of London. Lon. 1 11 w, lat. 52 4 N. Banoa, an island on the e coast of Su- matra, celebrated for its productive tin mines. It has a town and strait of the same name. Lon. 105 41 e, lat. 2 22 s. Bancalis, a seaport on tlie e coast of Sumatra, where the Dutch have a set- tlement. It is 130 miles w of Malacca. Lon. 100 7 E, lat. 1 15 N. Bancok, a town of the kingdom of Siain, with a fort ; seated near the mouth of the Menan, 40 miles s of Siani. Lon. 100 48 E, lat. 13 44 N. Bancout, or I<'ort Victoria, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, on the coast of the Concan, with a good harbour, and a trade in salt. It was taken by the Bri- tish in 1755 ; and is 66 miles s of Bom- bay. Lon. 72 48 E, lat. 18 5 N. Banda, the chief of the Banda, or Nut- meg islands, in the Indian ocean. The group comprises tliis isle, called also Lantor, and six or seven others. The nutmeg, covereci with mace, grows priri- cipally on these islands ; and they liava been subject to the Dutch ever since 1609, wiicn they expelled both the Eng- lish and natives. They arc all very BAN umall, ihe lai-gcst being only 20 miks in civcumfcrence, and are subject to eartli- (jiiakes. Banda was talcen by the Eng- lish, in 17yf), and restored in 1802. Lou. 129 30 E, lat. 4 40 s. Bander Congo, a seaport of Persia, on tlic gulf of Persia, 80 miles w of Gom- broon. Lon. 55 8 e, lat. 27 10 N. Bandon, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is commonly a mi- Hi ^s-y station, and has manufactures of ••otton, camblets, ticking, &c. It is si- tuate on a river of the same name, 12 miles sw of Cork. Bandera, a town of Hindoostan, on the s side of the island of Salsette, which is separated from that of Bombay, by a narrow channel It is six miles n of Bombay. Bnt0^, a borough and seaport of Scot- land, and the county-town of Banffshire. The harbour is defended by a pier and a battery. Here are manufactures of thread, cotton, and stockings ; and great quantities of salmon are exported. It is seated on the side of a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron, 44 miles nnw of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 67 36 N. Banffshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the K by the ocean, se by Aberdeenshire, and w by Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 60 miles, and its extent along the coast 22, but the main breadth is not more than 16. It is di- vided into 23 parishes, and in 1811, con- tained 34,100 inhabitants. The s part is very mountainous, but tlie northern district is level and fertile. The princi- pal rivers are the Deveron and Spey, w hich form a part ot its e and w boun- daries. Bangalore, a city of Hindoostan, in Mj'sore. It had a strong fort, built by Hyder, deemed the bulwark of Mysore, toward Arcot: it was taken by the En- glish in 1791 ; and restored the next year to Tippoo, who destroyed it. The palace is composed of mud, yet not with- out some degree of magnificence ; and there are two extensive gardens made |jy the two sultans. The chief manu- factures are silk and cotton-cloths, mus- lins, leatlicr, and oil. It is 74 miles ne of Seriiigapalara. , Lon. 77 37 E, lat. 13 On. Bangor, a city of Wales, in Carnar- voiishii e, with a market on Wednesday'. It was oiic'^ so coiisiderabie, that it was called Eaijg(,r the Great, and defended by a ca.>tie. The principal buildings are the cathedral and the bishop's palace, "ihe see is of" very great anticjuity. The churcH Mas flfdirafed to St. Daniel, who wa;i bibh.n|.' about Ihc j'car 516. It i* BAN 36 miles w of St. Asaph, and 251 nw of London. Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 53 12 N. Bangor, a borough of Ireland, in the county g£ Down, seated on the s shore of the bay of-Canickfergus, opposite the town of that name. Banjaluka, a town of European Tur- key, in Bosnia, supposed to contain 18,000 inhabitants. It is seated at the confluence of the Verbania with the Verbas, 70 miles nw of Serai, and 156 w of Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 e, lat. 44 44 N. Banjer, a considerable river in the is- land of Borneo, which flows almost due s from the centre of the country to the harbour of Banjermassing, and at its mouth the Dutch have their principal factory. Ban';ermassing, a kingdom in the s part of the island of Borneo, the capital of which is Martapura. The country produces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, diamonds, canes, birds- nests, wax, and dragonsblood. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour, at the mouth of the river Ban- jer. Lon. 114 30 E, lat. 3 16 s. Banks Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, on the e side of New Zealand, about 100 miles in circumference. Lon. 174 e, lat. 43 30 s. Banks Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, near the w coast of N. America, about 60 miles long and 6 broad. Lon. 130 w, lat. 53 30 N. Bann, a river of Ireland, which issues from the Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, flows nw into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boundary between Londonderry and Antrim, entering the sea 4 miles below Colerain. Bannbridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, on the river Bann, 14 miles N by E of Newry. Bannockbum, a village of Scotland, on the river Bannock, two miles s of Stir- ling. It is noted for a battle betw een Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which the former was defeated. Here also James HI. in 1487, was defeated by his subjects, wounded, and soon af- ter murdered by a priest taking his con- fession. Bannow, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, seated on the east shore of a bay to which it gives name, 20 miles sw of Wexford. Lou. 6 50 w, lat. 52 12 N. Bantam, a town on the nw coast of Java, capital of a kingdom of the same name, with two forts. It is divided mUt two parts by a river. The English and 64 BAR Danos ad factories here till 1682, when t!iey were expelled by tlie Dutch. The produce of the country is pepper, of M'hich vast quantities are exported by the Dutch, ^vho liavc deposed the kings of tlie ancient race, and sufl'er nothing; to be done in tliis kingdom but what they please. Bantam, once populous and flourishing, is now a poor place, its liarbour being so choaked up, that it is inaccessible to vessels of burden. Leu. 105 26 E, lat, 6 20 s. Bantn/, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, seated on the e side of in extensive bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name, 40 miles wsw of Cork. Lon. 10 10 Av, lat. 51 26 N. JBantty, a capacioiss bay of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of contain- insr all the shipping of Europe. It is 26 mdes long, 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep iu the middle. Banuell, a village in Somersetshire, 4 miles nnw of Axbridge. Here was a monaslerj , founded by one of the Saxon princes, which was destroyed by the Danes. On its site an episcopal palace was erected, some remains of which are to be seen near the church. Bapaume, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, 12 miles SE of Arras, Bar, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on a river that flows e into the Bog. In 1768, a catholic confederation was held here, to protect the religion of the coun- trj' from the encroachment of dissenters. It is 48 miles ene of Kaminieck, and 55 \w of Braclaw. Lon. 27 40 E, lat. 49 14 N. Ba); a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the Ganges, 34 miles tSE of Patna. Bar, or Barrois, a late duchy of France, lying on both sides the Meuse, between Lonain and Champagne. It now forms the department of Meuse. Bar le Due, a town of France, capital of the department of Meuse, with a cas- (le. Its wine is as delicate as Cham- pagne. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the rivulet Oruey, 30 miles w of Toul, and 138 E of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 44 N. Bar-sur-Anhe, a town of France, in tlic depai-tment of Aube, famous for its '.Mues ; seated at the foot of a mountain, 18 miles sw of Joinville. Bar-sur-Seine, a town of France, in the department cf Aube, on the river Seine, at the foot of a mountain, 20 miles sw of Bar-sur-Aubc. Bara, one of the Hebrides of Scot- land, to tlie s of S. Uist. It is 12 miles king and four broad, and has a rnoiin- 65 BAR tainous appearance, but the soil in ma- ny parts is fertile. Great quantities of rod and ling are caught on the coast ; and shellfish, especially cockles, are found in abundance. On the ne side is a good harbour. Lon. 7 27 w, lat, 57 2 N. Baracoa, a town on the ne coast of Cuba, with a g,ood htuboiu" for small vessels. 90 miles i:ne of St. .lago de Cu- ba. Lon. 74 42 w, lal. 10 m N. Baranco de Malambo, a town of Terra Firma, in the piovinee of St. Martha, and a bishop's see, with a good harbou.r, at the month oi the Madalena, 70 miles NE of Carthagcna. Lon. 74 50w, lat. 11 20 N. Baravji, or Baramvahr, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of the county of Baiany, taken from the Turks in 1684. It is seated in an island, formed by the river Crasso, 14 miles N of Essek, and 120 s of Buda. Lon. 19 16 E, lat. 45 42 N. Barhucoa, a town of New Granada, iu Popayan, on the river Tolembi, 110 miles sw of Po])ayan, Barhiicoa, a town of Terra Firma, m Venezuela, on the e side of the lake ]\Iaracaybo, 130 miles s by w of Vene- zuela. Bnrhadnes, the easternmost of the Windward islands, in the West Indies, 25 miles long and 15 broad. The ex ports are sugar, rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger; and it has most of the fruits common to the climate. The sugar ex- ported hence is whiter and finer than that of any other plantation ; and it has one particular production, called Bar- badocs tar, which rises out of the earth, and swims upon the surface of the \\k- ter. This island has suffered much from hurricanes ; particvilarly from a dreadful one in 1780, when no less than 4,326 of the inhabitants, blacks and whites, lost tiieir lives; and the damage done to the property was computed at above 1,320,5001. The history of Inkle and Yaricv, which Mr. Addison in his Spec- tator, has recorded for the detestation of mankind, took its rise in this island. The capital is Bridgetown. Barbara, a town of the kingdom of Adel, seated near the mouth of the Ha- wash, 200 miles ne of Aucagurel. Lon. 46 25 E, lat. 1 1 2 N. Barbara, St. a town on the coast of New Albion, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It stands iu a rugged barren country, but has a good roadstead. Lou. 119 17 w, hit. 34 54 N. BarLareen, a village of Ceylon, on the w coast, 6 miles s ui'Caltura, It has -n BAR har&mir ftr ship-boats, and a consider- able manufacture of cordage and cables from the cocoa-tree. Barhary, a country of Africa, between the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean sea. and Egypt ; containing the countries of Barca, TripoU, Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco. It is near 2000 miles in length, and, in some places, 750 in breadth. It was known to the ancients by the names of Mauritania, Numidia, Proper Africa, and Lybia. It is the best country in all Africa, except Egypt; and fertile in corn, wine, citrons, oran- ges, figs, almonds, olives, dates, and me- lons. The chief trade consists in fruits, m the horses called barbs, Morocco lea- ther, ostriches feathers, indigo, wax, tin, and coral. The established religion is the Mahometan, and there are some Jews; but no Christians, except the slaves. Barbae, a cape of Africa, in the Atlantic ocean. Lon. 162 40 w, lat. 2 15 N. Barie, St. a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, near which are rich silver mines. It is 600 miles Nw of Mexico. Lon. 107 6 w, lat. 26 N. Barherino, a town of Tuscany, at the foot of the Apennines, on the river Sieva, 12 miles N of Florence. Barbezieux, a town of France, in the department of Charente, with a mineral spring, and a manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 miles ne of Bourdeaux. Barbuda, one of the Leeward islands, in the West Indies, 20 miles long and 10 broad. It has a good road for shipping, but no direct trade to Britain. The in- habitants (about 1500) are chiefly em- ployed in raising corn, and breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring islands. Itis35 miles n of Antigua. Lon. 61 50 w, lat. 17 50 N. Barby, a town of Upper Saxony, ca- pital of a county of its name, with an ancient castle, and an academical col- lege, founded by the United Brethren, in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe, 15 miles SE of Magdeburg. Lon. 12 4 E, lat 52 2 N. Barca, a country of Barbary, on the s coast of the Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The s part is a bar- ren desert, inhabited by wandering Arabs. The n part along the coasts is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the Turks, and is governed by a sangiac, dependant on the bashaAV, who resides at Tripoli. Denia is the capital. Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a giod harbour, on the Meditcrrai'ran^ BAR It M of an obkmg form, defended by a strong fort, called Montjuich, which stands on a rocky mountain, a mile w of the town. It has double walls on the N and E, and the sea on the s, with a mole for the security of ships. It is divided into the new and old town, by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired considerably from the portgates a whole quarter of the town now stands on the sands that were once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two lof- ty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large exchange, an extensive cannon foundery, an arsenal containing arms for several thousand men, and docks forthe building of gallies. It is a place of great trade, has curious works in glass, and its swords, knives, shoes, and blankets, are in great reputation. The inhabitants are computed at more than 100,000. In 1705, it was taken by the earl of Peterborough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706, Philip V. in- vested it with a numerous army, but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was taken by the French and Spa- niards, and a citadel built to keep it in awe. The French took this city by treachery in 1808. It is 250 miles e of Madrid, Lon, 2 8 E, lat. 41 23 N. Barcelonette, a town of France, m the department of Lower Alps, seated on the Hubaye, 12 miles SE of Embrun. Barcelore, or Baratra, a town of Hin- doostan, on the coast of Canara, which gives name to a district, but has been long in niins. It is 40 miles nnw of Mangalore, Barcelos, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 miles wsw of Braga, Bardewick, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 miles se of Hamburg, Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parme- san, with a magnificent castle, 30 miles sw of Parma, Bardt, a town of Hither Pomerania, with a castle and harbour, near the Bal- tic, 15 miles w by N of Stralsund. Lon. 13 E, lat, 54 25 N. Bareges, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Pyrenees, much fre- quented on account of its mineral batlm It is seated in a valley, 24 miles s of Tarbes. Barenton, & town of France, in the de- partment of Manche, 20 miles ese of Avranches. Barfieur, a town of France, in the de- partment of Manche, It was ruined by the English in 1346, and ih.c hsrfMiui 3G BAR filled up. The cape of that name is 12 mfles E of Cheiburg, and near it part of tlie iiAw of France was destroyed by the Enstlish, in 1692. It is 175 miles ^\v of Paris. Lon. 1 10 w, lat, 49 40 N. Barge, or JBay-ges, a town of Piedmont, 7 miles s of Pinerola. Bargiizinsk, a town of Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the e side of the lake Baikal, at (he influx of the Barguziii, 170 miles nne of Selenginsk. Lon. 109 30 e, lat. 53 20 N. Bari, or Terra di Ban, a province of Naples, bounded on the N and ne by the gulf of Venice, se by Otrauto, sw by Ba- gihcata, and Nw by Capitanata. The soil is fertile ; but there are many ser- pents and tarantulas. See Trani. Bari, a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, has a good harbour, and is well fortified. The trade principally consists in olives and almonds. It is 26 miles e by s of Trani. Lon. 17 E, lat. 41 15 N. Barjols, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, 19 miles ssw of Riez. Barking, a town in Essex, with a market on Saturday. It was celebrated for a magnificent nunneiy, of which a gateway and part of the walls are still visible. It is chiefly inhabited by fisher- men, and seated on the river Roding, near the Thames, seven miles e of Lon- don. Barletta, a seaport of Naples, in Ba- ri. It has a large stone pier, and a trade in corn, almonds, and salt. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles wsw of Bari. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 19 N. Barmouth, a small seaport of Wales, In Merionethshire, with a market on Tuesday and Friday for fish and poultry. It has a good trade in flannel and hose, and is much frequented in the bathing season. It stands on a bay of the same name, 12 miles s of Harlech, and 222 NW of London. Lon. 3 68 w, lat 52 44 N. Barnard Castle. See Bernard Castle. Bamet, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Monday. Near this place was fought, in 1471, the decisive battle between the houses of York and Lan- caster; and at the meeting of the St. Albau and Hatfield roads is a column, with an inscription, to commemorate this event. Barnet is 11 miles N by w of London. Barnevelt, an island of S. America, to the s of Terra del Fuego. Lon. 66 68 w, !at. 5o 4.9 s Bariisleu, a town in West Yorkshire, 57 BAR with a market on Wednesday. Here are considerable manufactures of coarse linen ; and in the vicinity are many bleaching-grounds, a glass manufacture, and several coal mines. It has a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don-, and is seated near the Dearne, 19 miles s of Leeds, and 172 N by vv of London. Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in Devonshire, ^vcrned by a mayor, with a market on Friday. It had formerly a castle, but none of the works remain ex- cept the mount. Here are manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, &c. and a variety of articles are exported. It is seated on [the river Taw, 12 miles e of Barnstaple baj'^, in the Bristol channel, 35 NNW of Exeter, and 192 w by s of London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 61 8 N. Barnstaple, a seaport of Massachusets, chief town of a county ' of the same name. It is seated on a bay, on the 8 side of the peninsula of Cape Cod, 67 miles SE of Boston. Lon. 70 10 vv, lat. 41 48 N. Baroach, a town and fortress of Hin- doostan, in Guzcrat, with considerable manufactures of cotton ; seaited on the N bank of the Nerbudda, 40 miles ^ by E of Surat. Lon. 72 55 e, lat. 21 45 N. Barranx, a fortress of France, in the department of Isere, at the entrance of the valley of Gresivauden, and on the river Iscre, 6 miles s of Chamberry. Barre, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county, noted for its butter and cheese, 24 miles nw of Worcester. Barrow, a river of Ireland, which rises in the n part of Queen's county, and flows s, by Athy, Carlow, and New Ross, into Waterford harbour. Barrow, a village in Leicestershire, on the river Soar, two miles n of Mount- sorrel. It has for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, in particular request for works in water, and is exported in large quantities. Bartholomeiu, a small island in the Pacific ocean, one of the New Hebrides. Lon. 167 18 e, lat. 15 42 s. Bartholomew, St. one of the Caribbee islands, in the W. Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and 25 n of St. Christo* pher. The French ceded it to tf»«f Swedes, in 1785 ; and it was taken by the British in 1801. The chief export* are drugs and lignum vitae ; and it has a good harbour. Lon. 63 40 w, lat. 17 46 n. Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday. It has two large churches, and was formerly a consider- able place, surrounded by a rampart and foss, the remains of which are yet visible. B AS Four miles ese are the"noble ruins of Tliornton abbey. Barton is seated on the Hiimber, over which is a ferry into Yorksiiire, 34 rnUcs N of Lincoln, and 167 of London. Baruth, a town of- Lusatia, on the frontiers of Brandenburg, 26 miles s by E of Potsdam. Baruth, a town of Syria, with a Chris- tian church, 30 miles ne of Seyda, Basartschick, a town of Eurojiean 1'urkej', in Romania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the river Merit/ Lon. 24 40 e, lat. 42 19 N. Basel, or Bash, a canton of Switzer- land, 24 miles long and 21 bro;td ; Ixiun- ded on the n by Brisgaii, e by the Forest towns, s by the canton of St)leiire, and w by the bishopric of Basel and France. It contains about 38,00(* inhabitants, and is of the Calviuisi, religion. Basel, a bishopric in tiie NW part of Switzerland ; bounded on the E by the canton of Basel, s by that of Suieure, and w and n by France. The bishop was a prince of the Gcinian empire. In 1798, the French seized on this territory, annexed it to France, and made it a new department, called INlont Terrible. Basel, the capital of the canton of the same name, and the largest town in Switzerland It is surrounded by thick walls, flanked by towers and bastions ; and is divided into two parts by the Rhine, which communicate by a liand- some bridge. The largest part is on Ihe side of Switzerland, and the least on that of Germany. The larger has five gates, six suburbs, numerous streets and fountains, and is partly sealed on a hill : tlie other stands on a plain, and has but two gates, with several streets and foun- tains. The principal church is an ele- gant GoUiic building, but disfigured by rose-coloured paint spread over the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb in it, is interred the great Erasmus. The town- house, and fine paintings in fresco, aie much admired. The university, iound- ed in 1459, has a fine library, and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here are always an hour too fast ; because the town-clock went so on a day aj)pointed to murder the magistrates, by w Inch the conspiracy was disconcerted. Basel has several manufactures, particularly of paper, ribands, and cottons ; and it car- ries on an extensive trade. Three trea- ties of peace w ere concluded here in one year, 1795, with the French republic ; namely, by Prussia, Spain, and Hesse Cassel. I'he allies passed through this city, when they invaded France, in De- cember, 1813. Basel is capable of con- B A S talntng 100,000 inhabitants; but tlte number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is 174 miles n by e of Geneva, and 250 E by s of Paris. Lon. 7 30 e, lat. 47 35 N. ' Bashee, an island in the China sea, the most eastern of a cluster called, from this, the Bashee islands, lying to the s of Formosa. The productions are plan- tains, bananas, pine-apples, sugar-canes, potatoes, yams, and cotton. '1 he qua- drupeds are goats and hogs, Bashee is of a circular form, six miles in diameter, and has a town of the same name. Lon. 121 50 E, lat. 20 30 N. Basilicata, a province of Naples, bounded on the N by Capitanata and Eari, e by the gulf of Taraiita, s by Ca- labria Citcriore, and w by Principato Ci- teriore and Lltcriore. It has some mountains continually covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, oil, cotton, honey, and saliVon. Acerenza is tlie capital. Basiiipotamo, a river of European Turkey, in the Morea, which tlou s into the gulf of Colocylhia. It was called Eurotes by the ancients. Basingstoke, a cor|)orate town in Flampslure, with a market on Wednes- da}'. It has a great trade in corn and malt, a manufacture of druggets and shalloons, and a navigable canal to the river Wey, near its entrance into the Thames. It is 18 miles nne of Win- chester, and 45 w by s of London. Basques, a late territory of France, which included Lower Navarre, La- bourd, and Soule, and now forms, with Beam, the dei>artment of Lower Pyre- nees. Bass, an insulated rock near tlie coast of Scotland, at the entrance Itf the frith of Forth, between the towns of N. Ber- wick and Dunbar. On the s side it is almost conic ; on the other it overhangs the sea in a Irenientions mamier. It is inaccessible on al! sides, except the sw and there it is with diiiiculty a i!ian can climb up by the help of arope or ladder. In Maj' and June it is rpjit(! covered with the nests, eggs, and young birds ot the gannets, or solan geese, 'i'he rock is one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit warren, and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous castle, once the state j)rison of Scotland, stands at the edge of the precipice. 'I'he garrison, in 1694, surrendered to king William, and the fortifications were demolished. Bass Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide, which separates Van Die- men Land from the s extremity of New Holland. It contains a chain of small 58 B A S isIamU that nm n and s. This strait was discovered, iu 1798, by surgeon Bass, in an open whaleboat, and passed Ihrotigb b} him and lieutenant Flinders, iu the Xoitblk, in 1799. Bassano, a towji of Italy, in Vincen- tiiio, on the river Brenta, in a eountry productive of excellent wine and oil. The French defeated the Austrians at this place in 1796. It is 18 miles N of Vicenza. Basse, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, formerly of great strength, but dismantled by Lewis XIY. It is seated on the Deule, 18 miles sw of liisie. Basseen, a town of Hiudoostan, in the I'ountry of Baglana. It was taken by the English, in 17S0, but restored to the Mahrattas, in 1783. It stands on the s«acoast, opposite the NW point of the island of Salsette, 20 miles n of Bom- bay. Lon. 72 40 E, lat. 19 20 N. Bassenthwaite-uatey, a lake in Cum- berland, 3 miles N\v of Keswick. It is 'our miles long, bounded on one side by nigh hills, wooded, iu many places, to their bases ; on the other, by the fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The ii\cr Dervvent flows through its whole length. Basseterre, the capital of St. Christo- pher, built by the French, when this part of the island was in their possession before it was ceded to the Enghsh in 1713. It is situate on the SE end of the is'and, has a considerable trade, and is d'jfended by three forts. Lon. 63 13 w, lat. 17 10 N. Basseterre, the capital of Guadaloupe, on the sw part of the island, defended by a citadel and other fortifications. Lon. 61 59 w, lat. 15 59 N. Bassien, or Persaim, a city of Pegu, capital of the province of Bassien. It is a trading place, situate on a river=of the same name, which is the w branch of the Irrawaddy, 110 miles sw of Pegu. Lon. 94 53 e, lat. 16 52 N. Bassora, or Basra, a city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi. It stands on the Euphrates, a canal from which divides the city into two parts, and over it is a biidge of boats. Mer- chants of Arabia, Turke}^ Armenia, and Greece, and many Jews and Indians re- side here ; the English and Dutch have their consuls, and tlicir ships come load- eel with all the merchandise of India, which are conveyed hence to Bagdad, Aleppo, Constantinople, and even to the Mediterranean shore. The neighbour- iig countries furnish also merchandise br exchange ; the most considerable of ivhich are the ancient copper of Persia. BAT pearls, grain, dates, wine, and dry fiuHs. Bassora belongs rather to the Arabs than tlie Tiuks ; the language of the former is chieliy spoken, and their prince pays but little respect to the Ottoman court. The number of inhabitants is computed to be 50,000. The city is surrounded by a wall of clay, said to be six miles iu circumference : the streets are bad and narrow, and the houses, constructed of bricks, have a mean aspect. It is 35 miles NW of the mouth of the Euphrates in the gulf of Persia, and 260 sw of Is- pahan. liOn. 47 45 E, lat. 30 31 N. Basti a seaport of European Turkey, in Albania, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of the Calamu. Lon. 20 20 E, lat. 39 40 N. Bastia, a city of Corsica, capital Of tli8 island, with a good harbour and a strong castle. It was taken by the En^ glish, in 1794. It is 80 miles ssw of Leghorn. Lon. 9 20 e, lat. 42 38 N. Bastimentos, small islands near the isthmus of Darien, at the entrance of the bay of Nombre de Dios, with a fort and a good harbour. Lon. 79 45 w, lat. 9 30 N. Bastogne, a city of the Netherlands, iu Luxemburg, near the forest of Arden- nes. It was fortified by the French in 1688,and commonly known among them by the name of Paris in Ardennes. It is 23 miles NNW of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 52 E, lat. 50 N. Basivupatanna, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a fort and a celebrated mosque, 60 miles e bj' n of Nagura. Batabano, a town on the s coast of Cuba, situate on the N side of a large bay, opposite Pinos island, 55 miles ssw of Havannah. Lon. 82 w, lat. 22 20 N. Batacola, a town on the E coast of Ceylon, with a small fort, and a harbour that admits of small craft. It is 65 miles s by E of Trincomale. Batalha, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, celebrated for its rich mona- stery, founded, in 1386, by John I. whc is interred here, with his queen Philip- pa. It is 8 miles ssw of Leira. Batoscck, a town of Lower Hungary, on the Danube, 70 miles s of Buda. Lon. 19 20 E, lat. 46 15 N. Batavia, the ancient name of an island in Holland, whence the Dutch are some- times called Batavians. See Betuwe. Batavia, a city and seaport on the NE part of the island of Java, cajutal of all the Dutch settlements in the East Indies. The fort is built of coral rock, brought from some of llic adjoining is- Mnds and has a fortification of brick. BAT A part of the town wall is built of dense lava from the mountains in the centre of Java. No stone, of any kind, is to be found for many miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite are brought here from China. The harbour is ex- cellent, and there are canals in the prin- cipal streets, planted on each side with trees. Batavla contains a prodigious number of inhabitants, of every country in these parts. It has a handsome hos- pital and arsenal; and all the goods brought from other parts of the East In- dies are laid up here, till they are ex- ported to their places of destination. The city is situate on swamps and stag- nant pools, which, with the fogs and cli- mate, render the air so unwholesome, that it is represented as the grave of Europeans. 'I'his city was takeij.by «he English, in 1811. Lon. 106 54 E, lat. 6 12 s. Batcole, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Canara. The country produces a great quantity of pepper. It is 10 miles N of Barcelore. Bath, a city in Somersetshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It has been famous, from the time of the Romans, for its hot springs, which are not only nsed as baths, but internally as a medi- cine; and great benefits are derived from them in gouty, paralytic, bilious, and other cases. The reputation of these waters has so much increased, that Bath IS become the principal resort, next to the metropolis, for the nobility and gen- try, and the constant residence of many opulent invalids, as well as of numerous votaries of dissipation. The poor who come here to drink the waters, may be received into a magnificent hospital. The baths are distinguished by the names of the Cross, the Hot, the King, the Queen, the Corporation, and the duke of Kingston bath. This city joined with M^ells, constitute one bishopric. The cathedral was the church of a monaste- ry ; and there are eight parish churches, beside chapels and meeting-houses. Bath exceeds every town in England in splendour and elegance of buildings ; they being constructed of a white stone, and many of them quite open to the coiuitry. The rmmber of inhabitants in ISLl was 29,000. It is seated on the A von, which is navigable hence to Bris- tol, 13 miles ese of Bristol, and 106 w of London. Lon. 2 21 w, lat. 51 22 N. Bath, a town of the district of Maine, in Lincoln county, on the w side of the Kennebec, 13 miles sw of Wiscasset. Batii, a town of Virginia, in Berkeley BAT county, noted for its warm springs. It fa situate at the foot of a mountain, 45 miles NE of Alexandria. Bnth, a town of Virginia, chief of a county of the same name. It is noted for its hot medicinal springs, near the ■foot of a mountain, and situate near Jackson river, a branch of the James, 130 miles w of Fredericsburg. Lon. 80 10 w, lat. 38 10. Bath, a town of New York, in Steu- ben county, seated near the source of the Tioga, 42 miles SE of WilUamsburg. Botha. Sec Bach. Bathgate, a town of Scotland, in Lin- lithgowshire, 19 miles w by s of Edin- burg. Batnir, or Batinda, a town of Hin* doostan, in the province of Moultan, 150 miles fse of Moultan, and 170 NVf of Agimere. Batoa, a small island in the Indian ocean, near the w side of Sumatra, on the equinoctial line, in lon. 98 E. Battenhurg, a tov/n of Holland, in Gelderland, with a castle on the N bank of the Meuse, 10 miles sw of Nime- guen. Battenburg, a town and castle of Ger- many, in Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder, 14 miles N of Marburg. Battersea, a village in Surrey, 4 miles wsw of London. Here was the seat of the St. Johns, where the famous lord Bolingbroke was born, and died. On the site of it now stand a distillery and a horizontal air-mill for grinding malt. Here is a timber bridge over the Thames to Chelsea. Baiticola, a small fortress on the cast side of Ceylon, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance, on account of the extreme fertility of the adjacent country, which, during a war, or times of scarcity in the district of Trincomale, can supply the garrisons there with all kinds of provisions. It fcunendered to the English in 1296 ; and is situate af the head of a deep bay, 54 miles SSE of Trincomale. Buttle, a town in Sussex, with a mar- ket on Thursday. Near this place, William, duke of Normandy, defeated Harold, king of England, in 1066, and in memory of this victory, he founded here an abbey, which from its remains appears to have been magnificent. This town is famous for a manufacture of gunpowder. It is 24 miles E of Lewes, and 56 si', of Loudon. Battlefield, a village in Shropshiie, 5 miles N of Siuewsbuiy. Here the de- cisive victory was gainod by llemy IV over Henry Percy, surnanicd Hotspur. B A V BtUucidla, a lowu of Iliiidooslaii, iu Canara, with two mosques, aud iij)\\ aid of seventy temples. It is seated near the mouth of ihe Sancada, which waters §1 beautiful valley, 27 miles nnw of Kuu- dapura, Havana, a late circle and electorate of Germany, bounded on the w by Sua- bia, on the n\v by rrancouia, on the ne by Bohemia, aud on the e and s by Austria. It contained Bavaria Proper, the Upper Palatinate, the bishoprics of Freisingen and Passau ; the duchy of Neuburg, and the archbishopric of Saltz- burg, with 35 cities, 94 towns, 720 cas- tles, 4700 \illages, 8 great abbeys, aud 75 cloisters or monasteries, besides those of the mendicants ; comprehending iu all a superficial area of 1G,17C square miles, a population of 1,934,000, and a revenue of l,6C6,000l. Among the numerous revolutions which the pow- er of France has brought about on the Continent, this electorate has as- sumed its ancient regal honours, having been erected into a kingdom by Napo- leon Buonaparte, who has nearly dou- bled her tenitory at the expence of Aus- tria, and was acknowledged an inde- pendent kingdom by the emperoi of Austria at the treaty of peace conclu- ded between Austria and Prance, at Presburgh, in 18(J5, and since that by the European Powers. The policy of France was admirably directed iu this measure to its own interest, by reducing the dan- gerous power of Austiia, and establish- ing an useful ally on that important side of the French territories. But notwith- standing, the king of Bavaria withdrew his troops from those of France, and joined the Grand Alliance against that empire, in October, 1813, on condition of their guaranteeing the integrity of his dominions. The accession which Ba- varia received to support this regal dig^ nity, has been the incorporation of the whole of the German and Italian Tyrol, the bishopric of Anspach, with several other large bishoprics and lordships in Germany; and all claims to fiefs and manorial rights the emperor has resign- ed. The inhabitants are strong and la- borious, and exercise themselve in shooting with rifle muskets at a mark, to render themselves expert agairLst an enemy Bavana Proper, a late duchy, and the principal part of the late circle of Ba- varia. It is 125 miles long and 87 broad, and divided into Upper and Lower Ba- varia. Toward the s, the country is mountainous, intersected with forests, lakes morasses, and pastures ; and to- B A U ward the N are large plains wliieh pro duce plenty of corn:' there are likewise many salt works, medicinal springs and batus, mines of copper, silver, and lead, and quarries of excellent marble. The principal rivers are tire Danube, Inn, Iser, and Nab. The inhabitants are deemed the most zealous catholics in Europe. The capital is Munich. Bavaria, Palatinate of, a late duchy, sometimes called Norclgau, from its si- tuation in the N part of the late circle of Bavaria, and sometunes the Upper Pa- latinate, distinguisli it from the late pa- latinate of the Khine, often called the Lower Palatinate. It is very fertile, and watered by the Nab, and several smaller rivers. The capital is Amberg. Bavay, a town of France, m the de- partment of Nord. It was taken by the Austrians, in 1792, but recovered the same year. It is G miles ne of Ques- noy, and 12 sw of Mons. Bauge, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Coosnon, 18 miles e of Angers. Bauleah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on the left bank of the Ganger, 22 miles ne of Moorshedabad. Baume tes Nones, a town of France, in the department of Doubs. It has a nun- nery, from wiiich it received its appella- tion ; and is seated on the Doubs, 15 miles NE of Besancon. Bauman Islands, three islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Bauman, a Dutchman, who accompanied Rogge- win, in 1722. They are covered with fruit trees, and divers sorts of vegetables. The inhabitants are numerous, and arm- ed with bows and arrows ; but of a gen- tle and humane disposition, and friend- ly to strangers. The largest island is about 22 miles in circumference. Lon. 170 w, lat. 14 s. Bausk, or Bautka, a town ot Courland, on the frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the Musza, 15 miles se of Mittau. Bautzen, or Budissen, the capita] of Upper Lusatia, with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. The trade arising from various manufactures is consider- able. It is famous for a great battle having been fought here on May 20, 1813, between the allied army under the emperor of Russia and king of Prussia; and the French army comcifmded by Napoleon Buonaparte, in which the for- mer were defeated. It stands on the river Spree, 30 miles e by N of Dresden. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 61 10 N. Baux, a town of France, in the de^ partment of Mouths of the Rhone, seat- 61 B A 1 exl on a rock, at the top of which is a castle, 10 miles e by N of Aries. Bawtry, a town in A^^est Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. II has a trade in lead, millstones, and grind- stones ; and is seated on the river Idle, 9 miles s by e of Doncaster, and 163 N of London. Baya, or Baja, a town of Lower Hungary, on the Danube, 32 miles N of Essek. Baya, a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold coast, 60 miles ese of Acra. Lon. 1 50 E, lat. 5 45 N. Bayamo, a town in the E part of Cuba, on the river Estero, which forms a bay on the coast, 20 miles below the town. It gives name to a channel, between Cuba and the islands, called the Queens Garden and is 80 miles wsw of St. Ja- go. Lon. 77 20 w, lat. 20 45 N. Bayersdorf, a town of Francouia, in the principality of Bayreulh, with a seat of justice and a large synagogue, seated on the Rcdniiz, 4mile5 N of Erlaiig. Bayeux, a town of France, in the de partment of Calvados, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is very noble, and tliere are 17 other churches. The chief trade is in leather. It is seated on the river Aurc, 4 miles from the English channel, and 140 w by N of Paris. Lon. 42w, lat. 49 17 N. Baymi, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, on the river Mo- selle, 12 miles s of Nancy. . Bayona, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, on a small gulf of the Atlantic, with a ( onvenient harbour, 12 miles w by N cf Tuy. Bayonne,K city and seaport of France, in llie department of Lower Pyrenees, and a bi?hop's see. The Nive and Adour unite their streams in the middle of the city, a-id laocecd to the sea, at the dis- tance of a mile. The first, which is deeper, and more rapid than the Adour, divides the town into two unequal parts, the smallest of which is called the Bourgneuf, or new town. They have a communication by three timber bridges. A bank of sand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the entrance of the har- bour difficult. The citadel is the strong- est in France ; and the cathedral is re- markable for the height of the nef, and he delicacy of the pillars which support t. The miUtary weapon, the bayonet, bears the name of this city, in which it was invented. The chocolate of Bay- onne is famous ; and it also exports wines, woollen cloths, silks, cottons, &c. The cliief trade arises out of its relation with Spain ; and it is a kind of empori- B E A urn for the meichandise of that country The court of Fiance was held here foi some time, in 1808, when the king of Spain and his son, the prince of Astu- rias, were invited here to settle their dif- ferences before Buonaparte, the result of which was, that tliey were made to sign a treat}^, resigning the crown of Spain into his hands. Bayonne was be- sieged by the English in 1814, during which the French made a sally, and attacked the English with success, but were at length driven back. The loss of the British, in this affair, was considerable, and their commmander wounded and taken prisoner. It is 25 miles sw of Dax, and 425 s by w of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 29 \y, lat. 43 29 N. Baypour, a town of Ilindoostan, in the province of Malabar, on a river capable of receiving vessels of 400 tons. It is 15 miles s by e of Calicut. Bayreuth, a city of Franconia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a palace, a fine caslle, and a famous college. Near it, forming a kind of sub- urb, is the town of Georgen, which has a large casile, a manufacture of excel- lent brown and white porcelain, and a house of correction, in which the marble of the country is polished by means of a machine. In 1783, the archives of the principality were brought to Bayreuth from Plassenburg ; see Cubnbach : and in 1791, the margravate of Bayreuth, with that of Anspach, was abdicated by the reigning prince, in favour of the king of Prussia. Bayreuth is 32 miles E of Bambert;:. Lon. 11 44 e, lat. 49 55 N. Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on the Guadalantin, 21 miles ene of Guadix. Bazas, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, and lately an epis- copal see. It is seated on a rock, 5 miles from the river Garonne, and 42 SE oi Bourdeaux. Lon. 2 w, lat. 44 22 n. Beachy Head, the highest promontory on the s coast of England, between Hastings and Seaford. Lon. 20 e, lat. 50 44N. Beaconsfield, a town in Buckingham- shire, with a market on Thursday. The poet Waller lived here, and is interrea in the churchyard. It is seated on a hill, 23 miles wnw of London, JSeaininster, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday, and manu- factures of canvas, iron, and copper. This place suffered greatly by fire in 1781. It is 15 miles wnw of Dorchester, and 132 w by s of London. Beam, a late province of France, 40 62 B i: A miles lonjf and 30 Itioad ; IxjnndfJ on the E by Bigorre, s by Siiaiiisls Navune, w by Soiile and apart of Lower Na- varre, and N by Gaseouy and Armagnac. The plains are fertile, especially in pas- tures, and the hills are loaded Avitli vines. It now forms, with Basqnes, the department of Lower Pyrenees. Beat, St. a town of Franrc, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, the houses are bniltol marble, there being no other stone in the neighboinhood. It is seat- ed on the Garonne, 12 miles ssE of St. Bertrand. Beaucaire, a town of France, in tiie department of Gard, on tlic Rhone, op- posite Tarascon, with which it has a oommunieation by a bridge of boat>^. Much trade is carried on here, and its annual fair, held for six days, is one of the most famous in Europe. It is 11 miles F. of Nismes. Bcance, a late province of France, be- tween the Isle of France, Blasois, and Orleanois. It is so fertile in wheat, that it is called the granary of Paris. It now forms the department of Enre and Loire. Beaufort, a district of S. Carolina, which lies on the seac(jast between Com- bahee and Savanna rivers. 'J'he N part has forests of cypress ; and the lands produce rice, indigo, &:c. Beaufort, a sea|)ort of S. Carolina, chief town of a district of the same name. The courts formerly held here are now removed to Coosawatehie. It has a safe and commodious harbour ; and is situate on the island of Port Royal, 73 miles sw of Charleston. Lon. 80 54 w, lat. 32 12 N. Beaufort, a seaport of N. Carolina, chief town of Carteret county. It is si- tuate on the NE side of Core sound, 55 miles SSE of Newbern. Lon. 77 10 w, lat; 34 38 N. Beaufort, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire^ with a castle, 15 miles e of Angers. Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the ri- ver Oron, 12 miles ne of Moutier. BeaugeHcy, a town of France, in the department of Loire, famous for its wines ; seated on the river Loire, 6 miles w of Orleans, Beaitjeu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone, with an ancient castle ; seated on the Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, 13 miles nnw of Vil- 'efranche. Beaujohis, a late province of France, 30 aiiles long and 24 broad. It lies N of the Lyonois, and bolii of them now form the department of Khone. BtaitUn, a river of Scotland, in Inver- 63 R E A ncssslilrc, formed by the union of the rivulets Farrar, Cannich, and Glass, on tlic borders of Rossshire. It takes a ne course, and after forming the falls of KiUnorack and other cascades. Hows to the town of Bcauley, where it enters the head of ^Murray fiith. Beauhy, a town of Scotland, in Inver- ncssshire, at the mouth of the river Bcauley, 12 miles w of Inverness. Beaulieu, a village in Hampshire, on a river of its name, 6 miles ssw of South- ampton. It has a nninufacture of coarse sacking ; and on the opposite side of the river are the remains of its famous ab- bey, founded by king John. Beaumarcliez, a town of France, in the department of Gcrs, 13 miles w of Mirande. Beaumaris, a borough of Wales, capi- tal of Anglesey, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Sa- turday. It stands on the strait of Me- nai, was fortified with a castle by Ed- ward I. and has a good harbour. It is 59 r;iles w by N of Chester, and 251 Nw of London. Lon. 4 15 w, lat. 53 15 N. Beaumont, a town of France, in the department of Nord, seated between the Maesc and Sambre, 10 miles e of Mau- beuge. Beaumont de Lomagiie, a town ot France, in the department of Upper Ga- ronne, seated on the Gimone, 12 miles SE of Lectoure. Beaumont le Roger, a town of France, m the department of Lower Seine, 22 miles sw of Rouen. Beaumont leVicomte, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, 10 miles n of Mans. Beaumont sur Oise, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, on the river Oise, 20 miles n of Paris. Beaune, a town of France, in the de partraent of Cote d'Or, remarkable for its excellent wine. It is 25 miles ssvt of Dijon. Beauvais, a city of France, capital df the department of Oise, and lately an episcopal see. The cathedral is admir- ed for its fine architecture ; and the church of St. Stephen is remarkable for its curious windows. It w as besieged in 1463, by the duke of Burgundy, at the head of 80,000 men, when the wo- men, under the conduct of Jean de Ha- chette, obliged the duke to raise the siege. The inhabitants carry on a good trade in beautiful tapestry. It is seated on the Thesin, 42 miles n of Paris. Lou, 2 5 E, lat. 49 26 N. Beanvcir, a town of France, in tlt» BED «Separtnient of Vendee, on the bay of Biscay, 32 miles nnw of Sables d'Oloiiue. Beblingen, a town of Suabia, with a castle oiJ a hill, 10 miles n\v of Stut- gard. Bee, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, witij a noble Benedictine abbey, 18 miles sw of Rouen. JSeccIes, a corporate town in Suffolk, with a market on Satmday. It has a noble church, with a lofty steeple , and a grammar school, endowed with 10 scholarships for Emanuel col!e£:e, Cam- bridge. It is seated on the "\^^avency, 12 miles sw of Yarmouth, and 109 NE of London. Becliin, a town of Eohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, in which are several medicinal springs and mines of salt. It has an ancient fortified cas- tle, and stands on the river Lausnitz, 57 miles s by w of Prague. Lon. 14 28 e, lat. 49 18 N. Bechmi, a town of Westphalid, in the principality of Munster, at the source of the Verse, 20 miles se of Munster. Bedale, a town in N. Yorkshire, Avith a market on Tuesday, 10 miles se of Richmond, and 222 nnw of London. Bedarieux, a town of France, in the department of Herault, with a manufac- ture of druggets, and other woollen stuffs ; seated on the Orbre, 16 miles N of Bezieres. Beddington, a village in Surrey, two miles w of Croydon. Here is Bedding- ton-park, one of the many said to have been the residence of fjueen Elizabeth, The church is a Gothic pile, with stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral. Beder, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ille and Vilaine, 10 miles WNw of Rennes. Beder, a fortified town of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad, once the capital of a considerable kingdom, and still celebra- ted for the number and magnificence of Its pagodas. It is 80 miles nw of Hy- drabad. Lon. 78 2 e, lat. 17 48 n. Bedford, a borough and the county- town of Bedfordshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, and seated on the Ouse, which divides it into two parts, united by a bridge with a gale at each end. It has five churches ; and formerly had a strong castle, whose site is now a bowl- ing-green. It is 27 miles e by n of Buck- ingham, and 50 n by vv of London. Lon. 28 w, lat. 52 8 N. Bedford, a town of Pennsylvania, ca- pital of a county of the same name. It v> seated near the source of the Juniatto^ BEE 186 miles vi of Philadelphia. Lon. 78 34 w, lat. 40 N. Bedford, a town of New York, m W. Chester county, 35 miles N by e of tlie city of New York. Bedford, New, a town of Massachu- sets, in Bristol county, situate at the head of navigation on Accushnet nvcr, 58 miles s by e of Boston. Lon. 70 52 w, lat. 42 41 N. Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, about 300,000 acres, in tlie counties of Norfolk, Suilolk, Cambridge, Hunting- don, Northampton, and Lincoln. After various attempts to drain these fens, in the reign of Henry VI. and Charles I, William, carl of Bedford, in 1649, un- dertook and completed it ; and, in the reign of Charles II, a corporation was established for the government of this great level, la these fens are several decoys, m winch innumerable quantities of wild fowl ai e taken during the se son. Bedfordshire, a county of England, bounded on liie ne by Huntingdonshire, E by Cambridgeshire, se by Hertford- shire, sw by Buckinghamshire, and nw by Northaniploiishire, Its utmost length is 35 miles, audits greatest breadth, 22, containing 260,000 acres. It is divided into 9 hundreds, and 124 parishes ; and has 10 market towns. The number of inhabitants in 1811, was 70,213; and it sends 4 members to parliament. The principal riveis aie the Ouse and the JSeX. Its cliief products are corn, butter, and fullers earth ; its manufactures, lace, straw hats, baskets, and toys. Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs, who live in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt, and the N of Africa, governed by their OAvn chiefs, in the same manner as the patriarchs lived and governed anciently; the principal em- ployment of both, the grazing of cattle. Bedtvin, Great, a borough in Wilt- shire, which has neither market nor fair. It is five miles sw of Hungerford, and 70 w of'London. Beemah, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the mountains to the n of Poo- nah, and flows se upward of 300 miles till it joins the Kistna, near Band. Beering Island, an island in the Paci- fic ocean, about 90 miles long and 30 wide, 30 leagues e of Kamschatka. Lon, 166 30 E, lat. 55 30 N. Beering Strait, the narrow sea be- tween the w coast of N. America, and the east coast of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide, in the narrowest part, between the capes Prince of Wales and Tcbu- kotskoi. 64 B E I Beeroo, a country' of Negroland, be- tween Zahara on the N, and Bambara on the s. Walet is the capital. Bees, Si. a village in Cumberland, near the sea, 5 miles s of Whitehaven. Here is a noted fieeschool ; also the re- mains of a priory, the nave of its church being now used as the paiish church. Two miles to the NW is a lofty promon- tory, called St Bees Head, on which is a lighthouse. Beesko, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, with a cloth manu- facture ; seated on the Spree, 40 miles SE of Berlin. Befort, a fortified town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, with manufactures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a mountain, 34 miles sw of Colmar. Begin, or Beyjah, a town of the coun- Irj' of Tunis, with a strong castle, and a great trade, especially in corn. It is situate on the side of a hill, 50 miles w of Tunis. Behat. See Chelum. Beheiah, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, seated on the Chelum, 75 miles w by N of Lahore. Behker, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a country of the same name, on the N side of the Indus. It stands in an island, formed by the Indus, 160 miles s by w of Moultan. Lon. 70 2 e, lat. 27 32 N. Belnlmr, a town of Hindoostan, in Iiahore, 85 miles \ by w of Lahore. Beja, a town of Portugal, in Alente- jo, seateo on an eminence in an exten- sive plain, near a lake of its name, 72 miies SE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 37 58 N. Bejapour. See Visiapoiir. Beichlengen, a town of Upper Saxony, m Thuringia, 17 miles n of Weimar. Beilstein, a town of Germany, seated on the Moselle, 22 miles sw of Co- blentz. Beilstein, a town of Germany, in the Wcsterwald, seated on the Umbach, 12 miles WNw of Wetzlar. Beinheim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur, near its confluence with the Rhine, 22 miles nne of Strasburg. Beira, the largest province of Portu- gal, bounded on the N by Tra los Mon- ies and Entre Douero e Minlio, and on the s by Estremadura. It produces all the necessaries of life. Coiiabra is the capital. Beith, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, with manufactures of linen and 65 BEL silk gauze, seated on an eniuience, seven miles N of Ir^^ne. Beit el Faki, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, famous as being a great mart for coflee. It is 24 miles ese of Lo- heida. Beldbre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre, 25 miles sw of Cha- teauroux, Belheis, a town of Egypt, 35 miles ne of Cairo, and 45 nw of Suez. Belcastro, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, seated on a mountain, 8 miles from the gulf of Squilace, and 12 sw of St. Severino. Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Almonazir, 20 miles s of Sa- ragossa. Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanagh, seated on Lough Nilly, 18 miles SE of Ballyshannon. Belclare, a town of Ireland, in the count)' of Sligo, 22 miles sw of Sligo. Belem, a village of Portugal, in Estre- madura, on the N side of theTajo,4miles below Lisbon. Here is a royal monas- tery, where the kings and queens of Por- tugal are interred ; a strong fort, which defends the entrance to the city ; and to the N, a noble modern aqueduct. >^s Belestat, a town of France,, in the de- partment of Aude« 27 miles sw of Car- cassone. Belfast, a borough and seaport of Ire- land, in the county of Antrim, seated at the mouth of the Lagan, in Carrickfer- gus bay. It is one of the most com- mercial towns in Ireland. Here are manufactures of cotton, cambric, can- vas, linen, glass, sugar, and earthenware. A canal connects the harbour with Lough Neagh. It is 88 miles N of Dub- lin. Lon. 5 52 w, lat. 54 46 N. Belford, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Thursday, 15 miles s by E of Berwick, and 322 n by w of London. Belgem, a town of Saxony Propel with a good trade in beer ; seated on th Elbe, 8 miles se of Torgau. Belgium. See Netherlands. Belgrade, a city of European Turkey, capital of Servia, and a Greek bishop's see. The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1717, and kept till 1739, when it was ceded to the Turks. It was again ta- ken, in 1789, and restored at the peace of Reichenbach, in 1790. It is seated ou the Danube, a little below the influx of the Save, 200 miles sse of Buda, and 240 w of Buchorest. Lon. 21 6 e, U»t. 44 46 N. BEL Belgrade, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, on the strait of Con- stantinople, 20 miles n of that city. Belgrade, a town of Italy, in Friuli, seated near the Tojamenta, 81 miles s by w of Udina. Belida, or Bleeda, a town of Algiers, in the province of Titcria, at the foot of a ridge of mountains, 15 miles SE of Al- giers. Belitz, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, with a manufacture of cloth ; seated on a river of the same name, 27 miles sw of Berlin. Bellac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Vienne, seated on the Vincon, 20 miles N of Limoges. Bellaire, a town of Maryland, capital of Harford county, 22 miles ne of Bal- timore, and 86 wsw of Philadelphia. Bellegarde, a fortress of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, and an important place, on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but re- taken tlie next year. It is 15 miles s of Pcrpignan. Bellegarde, a town of France, in the tlepartment of Saone and Loire, on the river Saone, 15 miles ne of Chalons. Belleisle, an island of France, 15 miles from the coast of Bretague. It is 10 miles long and 3 broad, diversitied with craggy mountains, salt-works, and fer- tile plains. The principal place is Pa- lais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was taken by the English, in 1761, and restored in 1762. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 47 17 N. Belleisle, an island at the ne end of a channel between New Britain and New- loundland, called the Strait of Belleisle. The island is 20 miles in circuit, and has a small harbcur on the NW side. Ivon. 55 25 w, lat. 51 58 N. Bellesme, a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne, with an ancient cas- tle, 24 miles ese of Alencon, and 80 sw of Paris. Belley, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ain, and lately a bishop's see ; seated near the Rhone, 40 miles se of Bourg. Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 45 47 N. Bellingham, a town in Northumber- land, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the N branch of the Tyne, 15 miles NNw of Hexham, and 300 of London. Bellinzona, a town of Switzerland, ca- uital of the canton of Tessin. It is seat- ed on the Tesino, five miles above its entrance into the lake Magiore, and 22 wsw of Chiavenna. Lon. 8 55 e, lat. 46 8 N. Bellunest, a district of Italy, lying be- B E L tween Friuli, Cadorino, Feltrino, saA Tyrol. It has large woods, and iron mines; and is fertile in corn, wine, and fruit. Belluuo is the only place ol note. Belluno. a town of Italy, capital of the Bellunese, and a bishop's see ; seat- ed among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 miles ne of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 e, lat. 43 13 N. Belluza, a town of Hindoostan, lu Mysore, with a citadel, both of thein strongly fortified with a mud wall and a ditch. In the vicinity is much fine nee ground, and a great number of sheep are bred It is 38 miles N of Seringa- patam. Belper, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are several large cotton-mills, a bleaching- mill, and an iron-forge. It is seated on the Der- went, 8 miles n of Derby, and 134 nnw of London Belpre, a town of the state of Ohio, on the NW bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Little Kanhaway, 14 miles sw of Marietta, and 46 ne of Gal- liopolis. Belpuig, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, with a famous convent, 18 miles ene of Lerida. Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, be- tween the islands of Zealand and Fu- nen, which forms a communication be- tween the Categat and the Baltic. It is not so commodious, nor so frequented, as the Sound. In 1658, the whole strait was frozen so hard, that Charles Gusta- vus, king of Sweden, marched over it, with a design to take Copenhagen. Belt, Little, a strait, w of the Great Belt, between Funen and N. Jutland. It is one of the passages from the Cate- gat to the Baltic, though not 3 miles in breadth, and very crooked. Belturbet, a borough of Ireland, in the coujity of Cavan; seated on the river Erne, 9 miles nnw of Cavan. Beltz, or Belzo, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It is 30 miles n by w of Lemburg. Lon. 24 5 e, lat, 50 20 N. Belvedere, a town of European Tur» key, capital of a fertile province of the same name, in the Movea. The raisins, called Belvederes, come from this place. It is 17 miles ne of Cliirenza. Lor; 21 45 e, lat. 38 N. Belvez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, 27 miles sse of Perjgueux. Belum, a town of Lower Saxony, near the mouth of the Oste 24 miles N\v of Stade. m BEN Behir, a town of Usbec Tartary, ca- pital of a pi-oviuce of the same name, which is a hilly country, bounded on the N and E by the Belur Tagler, or Dark Mountains, anciently the Imaus. The capital is 200 miles e of Badakshan. Lon. 74 10 E, lat. 36 35 N. Belzig, a to^^^l of Saxony Proper, with a castle, seated on the Walse, 25 miles N\w of Witteuburg. Bennamenil, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, 7 miles e of Luneville. Betmres, a district of Hindoostan, in the NE part of the province of Allahabad, between those of Eahar and Oude. It contains the circars of Benares, Jion- pour, Chunar, and Gazypour ; and was ceded to the English, in 1775. Benares, a populous city of Hmdoos- tan, capital of a country of the same name. It is celebrated as the ancient seat of Braminical learning, and built on the left bank of the Ganges, Several Hindoo temples embellish the high banks of the river ; and many other public and private buildings are magnificent. The streets are uanow ; the houses high, and some of them five stories each, inhabit- ed bj' diflFerent families ; but the more wealthy Gentoos live in detached houses with an open court, surrounded by a wall. Nearly in the centre of the city is a considerable Mahomedan mosque, built by emperor Aurungzebe, who de- stroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple to make room for it ; and round the city are many niins of buildings, the efiFects of Mahomedan intolerance. An insur- rection here, in 1781, had nearly proved folal to the English interests in Hin- dooitan ; in consequence of which, Cheyt Sing, the rajah, was deposed in 1783. Benares is 136 miles w by s of Patna, and 380 wnw of Calcutta. Lon. Sri 10 E, lat. 25 20 N. Benavai-i, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 17 imles N of Lerida. Benttvente, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Esla, 35 miles ssw of Leon. Benavente, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, on the river Soro, near its confluence with the Tajo, 30 miles ene of Lisbon. Benbecula, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides between N. and S. Uist, from the last of which it is separated by a natrow channel, nearly dry at low water. It is of a circular form, includ- ing (he inlets of the sea, 9 miles in dia- meter. The soil is sandy and unpro- ductive, but much kelp is made from tiie sea-weed thrown on the coast, Btncooktif a town on the sw part of 67 BEN the island of Sumatra, belonging to tlie Englisli. In 1690, Hie East India Com- pany built the fort, and called it Fort York. In 1693, a great mortality hap- pened here, the governor and council all dying in a short time ; the town standing on a stinking morass, not agreeable to European constitutions. A new fort, called Marlborough Foit, has since been erected, in a more wholesome pait. The adjacent country is mountainous and woody. The chief trade is in pepper. Lon. 102 10 E, lat. 3 49 s. Bsncmvse, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantine, 25 miles sse oi Seteef. Bender, or Tekeii, a town of Eaiopean Turkey, capital of Bessarabia. Here Charles XII. of Sweden resided, after his defeat at Pultowa. The inhabitants are estimated at 11,000. It was taken by the Russians in 1789, but restored in 1790. It is seated on the Dniester, 100 miles E by 6 of Jassy. Lou. 29 24 E, lat. 46 53 N. Bene, a town of Piedmont, dcfendtil by a castle, 7 miles s of Cherasco. Benedetto, St. a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, near the river Po, 15 miles SSE of Mantua. Benedict, a town of Maryland, in Cluarles county, situate on the Patuxent, 16 miles w of Port Tobacco. Beneschow, a town of Bohemia, famous for its manufacture of paper, 24 miles s of Prague. Benhsoeuf, a town of Egypt, noted for its hemp and flax ; seated on the Nile, 50 miles s of Cairo. Benevente, a town of France, in the department of Creuse, 10 miles nnw of Borganeuf. Benevento, a city of Naples, and an archbishop's see, capital of Principato Ulteriore, and of a small duchy of its name, lately belonging to the pope. Be- nevento has suffered greatly by earth- quakes, particularly in 1688, when the archbishop was dug out of the ruins alive. Except Rome, no city in Italy can boast of so many ruins of ancient sculpture as are to be found in this place. It is seated near the confluence of the Sabato and Galoro, 35 miles ne of Na- ples. Lon. 14 47 E, lat. 41 8 N. BenfcM, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, un the rivei 111, 12 miles ssw of Strasburg. Bengal, a country of Hindoostan, 400 miles long- and 300 broad ; bounded on the w by Orissa and Eahar, N by Boo- tan, E by Assam and Cassay, and s by the bay of Bengal, It consists of one wst plain, ofthe most fertile soil, which. BEN in oonunon with otlier parts of Hindoo- stan, annually rentiers two, and, id some parts, even three crops. The principal products are sugar, silk, fruit, pepper, opium, rice, saltpetre, lac, and civet. It is compared to Egypt for fertihty ; the Ganges dividing here into several streams, and, like the Nile, annually overflowing the country, Bengal has been subject, ever since 17G5, to the English East India Company. Calcut- ta is the capital. .Benguela, a kingdom of Africa, in Congo, bounded on the N by Angola, e by Bemba, s by parts unknown, and w Dy tlie Atlantic. The climate is very pernicious to Europeans. The men wear skins about their waist, and beads round their neck ; and are armed with darts headed with iron, and with bows and arrows. The women wear a collar of copper round their neck ; a kind of elolli, made of the bark of a tree, round their Avaist ; and copper rings on their Betiguela, the capital of the kingdom of Benguela, where the Portuguese have a fort. It stasds on the N side of a bay, 3.50 miles s of Loanda. Lon. 12 30 e, lat. 10 30 s. Benin, a kingdom of Guinea, bound- ed on the NE by unknown parts, se by T'iafara and Majombo, and s and w by the gulf of Guinea and Dahomy. I'he country exhibits many beautiful land- scapes ; but the air is noxious, near the coast, on account of the gross vapours IVom the marshes. Oranges and lemons grow en the sides of the roads ; cotton abounds every where ; and the pepper jMTxhiced here is smaller than that of the liidit's. Among the animals are elephants in great number, tigers, leopards, stags, wild boars, civet and mountain cats, horses, liares, and hairy sheep ; a vast number of serpents and other reptiles ; and the j)rincipal birds are paroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and ostriches. The dress of the natives is neat. The rich wear white calico or cotton petti- coats, but the upper part of the body is commonly naked. The women use great art in dressing their hair, which they reduce into a variety of forms. The people are skilful in making various sorts of dies ; and they manufacture and export cotton cloths. Polygamy is al- lowed, and the number of wives is li- mited by the state of their circumstances only. Though jealous of each other, they ofl'or their wives to Europeans. Their religion is paganism. Their king IS absolute, and has a great number of petty princes under him. B E S^ Bmin, the ••r.piial of (he R.ingdorti of tJie same naiDe. In the streets, whicli are lung and broad, are many shops fil- led with European merchandise, as well as wiih the commodities of the country. The houses are all built with claj\ and covered with reeds, straw, or hiaves. The royal palace is of vast extent, but neither elegant nor commodious. All maJe slaves heie are foreigners; for the inhabitants caimot be sold for slaves, only they bear the name of the king's slaves. Benin is situate on the river Benin or Formosa, 80 miles from its mouth. Lon. 6 24 e, lat. 6 60 N. Beniseuf, a town of Egypt, with ma- nufactures of carpets and woollen and linen stuffs, seated on the Nile, 60 miles s of Cairo. Benlawers, a mountain of Scotland, in Perthshire, on the e side of Loch Tay. It rises in a conical shape to the height of 4015 feet above the level of the sea. Benlomond, a mountain of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, on the e side of Loch Lomond, rising to the height of 3262 feet above the level of the sea. Its sides, particularly toward the lake, are finely covered with trees, and it produces a number of rare plants. Bennevis, a mountain of Scotland, in Invernessshire, e of Fort William. It is the highest in Great Britain, rising 4370 feet above the level of the sea. On the NE side it presents a precipice, nearly perpendicular, of about 1600 feet iu height. Bennington, a village in Hertfordshire, 4 miles e of Stevenage. Here the Mer- cian kings had a palace ; and the castle, in which a council was held in 860, still remains near the church. Bennington, a town of Vermont, capi- tal of a county of its name. Though the largest and oldest town in the state, ^ the judicial courts are commonly held at Rutland and Windsor alternately. In or near thi's town, colonel Stark gained two battles, on August 16, 1777, which contributed to the subsequent surrender of general Burgoyne's army. Benning- ton is situate at the foot of the Green Mountains, near the sw corner of the state, 30 miles e by n of Albany. Lon. 73 10 w, lat. 43 N. Bensherg, a town of Westphalia, 7 miles E of Mulheim. Bensheim, a town of Germany, 25 miles NNVv of Heidelberg. Bentheim, a town of Westphalia, ca- pital of a county of the same name, with a foi-tified castle. It was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated on tlie Vecht, 32 miles NW of Munster. 6S B E R Baitivflgh'o, a town of Italy, ia tlic K(!!ogiic'so, 10 ipilrs ne of Bolo;;iia. Berar, a provii>ce ot" llic Dcccaii of MiiKloostan, IjouiKlcd on the n by IMal- \va ami Allaiiabad, E by Orissa, s by (^olcoiida, ami w by D(nv!;it:ibad and Candoish. The priiu-ipa! j)ait of if is sn!»;oct to a rajah ; the other to the nizam of ijie Dcecaii. 'J'he raja!)'s couistry cx- Icnds 550 miles from E to \v, ;md, in some j)Iaces, 200 from N to s. Its ca- jiital is Nagpour. Little is known res- pecting- tlie Ulterior ; but Ihat about Nag- pour is fertile and well cultivated. The general appearance cf the country, par- ticularly between Nagponr And Orissa, IS that of a forest, thinly set with villages and towns. Beraim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. It Jias ma- nufactures of fire-arms and earthenware, and is seated on the Misa, IG miles wsw of Prague. Lon. 14 17 e, lat. 49 67 N. Berhice, a Dutch settlement, on a ri- ver of the same name, in Guiana, to the w of Surinam. The land is lov/ and woody, and produces much indigo and cotton. It was taken by the English in 1796, and in 1803. The river enters the Atlantic, in lon. 32 13 w, lat. 6 30 N. Berburg, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, 12 miles ne of Luxem- burg. Berchtolsgaden, a town of the duchy of Salzburg, and the capital of a county of its name. It scnes all the neighbour- hood widi salt; and is seated on the Achcn, 14 miles s of Salzburg. Berdoa, a town of Persia, in Erivan, seated in a fertile plain, 16 miles ese of Gangea. Berdoo. See Biirgii. here Alston, a borough in Devon- shire, but a poor place, seated between ihe Tamar and the Tave, 10 miles N by w of l^lymcuth, and 212 w by s of Lon- aon. Bere Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Wednesday. On AVoodbury-hill, half a mile to the ne, is a circular Ponian camp, inclosed with- in three trenihes. The town is seated on the Bere, near its confluence with the Piddle, 12 miles e by n of Dorches- ter, and 112 svv of London. Bereilly, a city of Hindoostan, capi- tal ©f Rohilla, which was conquered by the nabob of Oude, in 1774. It is 120 miles NNw of Lucknow. Lon, 79 40 e, lat. 28 30 N. Bereloi, a lake of Egypt, between Daniietta and Rosetta, of an oval form, 69 B E R 32 miles Ions;, and 10 broad in Ihc misl*' die. Berg, a duchy of Westphalia, lying along the river Khine, to the s of the ddi'iiV of Cleve, aboni 60 uiiies in Icnglh and from 10 to 22 in breadth. It is full of woods and mountains, but ferlile on the banks of the Rhino, and in the val- lies; and has mines of lead, iron, and coal. Dusseldorf is the eajiitai. Berga, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on the Lobrogat, 18 miles eneoC Solsona. Bergamasco, a province of Italy, bounded by Brescia, the Valteline, and the Milanese. Toward the north it is mountainous and rocky, and has mines of iron; some of the vallios produce much wine and oil ; and in the vicinity of the capital, Bergamo, it is very fer- tile. Bergamo, a city of Italy, capital of Bergamasco, with a citadel. It is famous for its sewing silk ; and its fair, on St. Bartholomew's day, is resorted to by merchants fiom distant parts. It stands on a hiil, between the rivers Brembo «rid Sorio, 30 miles ne of Milan. Lon. 9 47 V, lat. 45 46 N. Bergas, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek archbishop's see, on the river Larissa, 40 miles SE of Adrianople. Lon. 27 40 E,lat. 41 14 n. Bergen, a city and seaport of Norway, capital of a government of the same name, and a bishop's sec, with a castle. It forms a semicircle round a small gull of the sea, and is the most populous town in Norway, containing 19,000 in- liabitants. 6n the land side it is de- fended by mountains, and on the other by several fortifications. All the churches and many of the houses are of stone, but most of the latter are constructed of wood. The castle and cathedral are re- markable edifices. It carri-es on a great trade in skins, fir-wood, tar, and dried fish ; and is 170 miles w by N of Chris- tiania. Lon. 5 46 E, lat. 60 20 N. Bergen, a town of N. Holland, noted for two bloody battles, in 1799, between the English and Russian forces opposed by the Dutch and French, which ter- minated in favour of the former. It is situate among woods, four miles nne of Alcmaer. Bergen, a town of New Jersey, capi- tal of a county of the same name. The inhabitants are mostly descendants from the Dutch settlers. It is surrounded by water, except on the N, and separated by the river Hudson from the city of New York, 3 miles distant. B E R Bergm-i}>-Zoo7n, a town of Dutch Rtubant, rapital of a marquisate of the sanse name. It is a handsome place, and one of the strongest in the Nethcr- Eands, seated partly on a hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which communicates witii Ihe Scheldt by a canal. It has se- veral times been besieged to no purpose ; but was taken by the French, in 1747, and in 1794. In 1814, the English at- tempted to carry this place by storm ; but after forcing a passage into the town their retreat was cut off, when they were nearly all killed or made prisoners. It is 15 miles n of Antwerp, and 22 sw of Breda. Lon. 4 23 e, lat. 51 30 N. Bergerac, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, seated on the Dordogne, 24 miles s b/ w of Peri- gueux. Bergues, a fortified town of France, in the department of Nord, on the river Colme, at the footof a mountain, Smiles s of Dunkirk. Bergzabern, a town of Germany, seat- h\ on the Erlbaeh, G miles ssw of Lan- dau, and 34 SF, of Deux Fonts. Berlihamsted, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Saturday. Roman coins have been often dug up here ; and on the N side are the remains of a castle, the residence of the kings of Mercia. In 697, a parliament was held here, and Ina's laws published. Here William the conqueror swore to his nobility to maintain the laws made by his prede- Jessors. Henry II. kept his court in this town, and granted to it many privileges ; and James I. whose children were nur- sed here, made it a corporation ; but this government was dropped in the civil wars. The church is a handsome Gothic structure. It is seated on the w branch of the river Gadc, and on the Grand Junction canal, 26 miles nw of London. Berkley, a town in Gloucestershire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday. It has a trade in timber, coal, malt, and cheese, which is bene- fited by means of a canal from Glouces- ter. Here is an ancient castle on a ris- ing grourul, in which Edward II. was murdered. Berkley has the honour of giving birth to the justly celebrated Dr. Edward Jenner, the discoverer of the Taccmc inoculation. It is seated on the Little Avon, near its confluence with the Severn, 15 nnles sw of Gloucester, and 114 w of London. Berkley, a town of S. Carolina, in a county of the same name, situate near Cooper river, 15 miles nne of Charles- ton, B E R BerltsMre, a county of Knglaml, bounded on the e by Surry, s by Hamp- shire, w by Wiltshire, and N by Oxford- shire and Buckinghamshire. It is 50 miles long, and from 6 to 25 broad, con- taining 476,160 acres; is divided into 20 hundreds, and 148 parishes; and has 12 market-towns. The number of in- habtantsin 1811 Mas 118,277; audit sends nine members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Thames, Ken net, Lamborn, and Loddon. The e part has much uncultivated land, as Windsor forest and its appendages: the w and middle parts produce grain in great abundance, Reading is the capital. Berlamont, a town of France, in the department of Nord, six miles ese ot Quesnoy. Berleburg, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald, with a castle, seated on the Berlebach, near its confluence with the Eder, 20 miles NW of Marburg. Berlin, a city of Germany, capital of the electorate of Brandenburg, and of the whole Prassian dominions ; one of the largest, best built, and best governed of any in Germany. It is defended partly by walls, partly by palisades, and has 15 gates. The streets are straight, wide, and long ; and its large squares, magnificent palaces, chmches, and other buildings, are scarcely to be equalled. It is 12 miles in circumference; but within this inclosure are numerous gar- dens, and many beautiful houses are let in stories to mechanics. The population in 1803, was 153,128, exclusive of the garrison. The royal palace contains a fine library, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, and the supreme colleges of government. Near the palace stands the magnificent cathedral. Here are also several academies and hospitals, an astronomical observatoiy, a superb arse- nal, and a royal cloth manufacture. Ber- lin has a flourishing tiade, occasioned by its numerous manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, camels hair, hnen, Prus- sian blue, cutlery, and porcelain ; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and embroi- dered works. It is seated on the river Spree, from which there is a canal io the Oder on the e, and another to the Elbe on the w ; that it has a communi- cation by water, both with the Baltic sea and the German ocean. This city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Rus- sians, Austrians, and Saxons, who were obliged to evacuate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after the battle of Jena, the French entered this city, and Buonaparte held a court in the palace. It 13 100 miles n of Dresden, and 185 70 RE R KW of Brcslau. Loii. 13 22 h, ia(. 52 31 N. Berlin, a town of Pciinsylvauia, in York counlj', on the sw side of Coue- wago creek, 13 miles w by N of York, and 41 E by s of Shippensburg-. Bermeo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, on the bay of Biscay, near the cape of Machicaco, 15 miles N of Bilboa. Bermuda Hundred, or City Point, a port of Virginia, in Chesterfield county. The exports fiom this place are cliietly collected at Richmond, 20 miles above it. City Point, from which it is named, is on the s bank of James river, 4 miles ssw of the town. Lon. 77 31 w, lat. 37 ]6n. ' Bermudas, or Sommers Islands, four islands in the Atlantic ocean, 500 miles E of Carolina, and suiTounded by rocks. They were discovered by Juan Bermu- das, a Spaniard, in 1527 ; but not inha- bited till 1609, when sir George Som- mers was cast away upon them ; and they have belonged to Britain ever since. They contain 9000 inhabitants, who carry on some trade with America and the West Indies. The principal one IS called St. George. Bern, the largest of the cantons of Switzerland, being 150 miles long and 75 broad. It i« the most fertile country in Switzerland, and divided into two principal parts, called the German and Roman ; but the last is most commonly called the Pays de Vaud. The religion is Calvinism. Bern, a town of Switzerland, caj)ital of the canton of Bern. Here is a cele- brated academy, and a rich library. It is a stiong place in a peninsula, formed by the river Aar, and estimated to con- tain 13,000 inhabitants. The houses are built of freestone, and pretty miiform, particularly in the principal street ; and there are piazzas on each side, with a walk, raised four feet above the level of Ihe street, very commodious in wet wea- ther. The streets aie traversed by a canal, and the public buildings are mag- nificent. In the arsenal are preserved flie figure and armour of the celebrated AVilliani Tell, in the act of taking aim at the apple on liis sou's head. Bern was taken in 1798, by the French. It IS 70 miles ne of Geneva, Lon. 7 29 E, lat. 4G 62 N. Bernard, Grand, St. a mountain of the i'euniue Alps, on the Irontiers of Piedmont, 15 miles nnw of Aosta. On the summit is a large convent, where the monks erUertain all travellers gratis for three days. Bernard Castle, a town in the county 7\ ' B E R of Duiham, \\ith a snarket on Wednes- day, and manufactures of stockings and cauiblets. It takes its name tiom a cas- tle built by Bernard Baiiol, king of Scotland, who founded an hospital here. It is seated on the river Tees, 24 miles sw of Durham, and 246 nnw of Lon- don. Bernau, a fortified town of Branden- burg, in the Middle mark. The prin- cipal commerce is in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. It is seat- ed on the Pancho, 15 miles nne of Ber- hn. Bernay, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure, seated on the Caraii- tonne, 20 miles sw of Rouen. Bernburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, seated on the Saale, 22 miles sw of Magdeburg. Berncastle, a town of Germany, re- markable for good wine ; seated on the Moselle, 18 miles ne of Treves. Berngries, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Aichstadt, on the Altmuhl, 17 miles ne of Aichstadt, and 28 w of Ratisbon. Bernstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Qels, with a castle, seat- ed on the Weida, 20 miles E of Breslaa. Berre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Rhone, for- merly one of the strongest towns of Provence. It stands on a lake of tlte same name, at the influx of a river, 18 miles wsw of Aix. Berry, a late province of France, bounded on the N by the Qrleanois and Blaisois, e by the Nivemois and Bour- boiinois, s by the Bourbonnois and Marche, and w by Touraine and Poitou It is fertile in corn, fniit, hemp, and flax ; and there is excellent wine in some places. It now forms the two depart- ments of Cher and Indre. Bersello, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denese, with a castle ; seated on the Po, at the influx of the Linza, 10 miles nne of Parma. Berthwro, a town of Italy, m Ro- magna, with a citadel, seated on a hill, 10 miles sse of Fori . Bertrand, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne. It was lately an episcopal see, and is 45 miles s of Auch. Lon. 48 E, lat.. 42 56 N. Bervie, or Inverbervie, a borough of Scotland, in Kincardineshire, at the mouth of the Bervie, which forms a har- bour for small vessels, 12 miles NE of Montrose. Berwick, a borough on the borders of England and Scotland, with a: market B E S Oh Saturday. It Is a county of itself governed by a mayor ; and was once a strong fortress, of great importance when England and Scotland were hos- tile nations, to each of which it alter- nately belonged, or was considered as a district separate from both countries. It now belongs to the bishopric of Dur- ham, and the Enghsh judges hold the assizes here. It is still fortified, and has good barracks for the garrison ; but its castle is now in ruins. It has a good trade in wool, eggs, corn, and salmon ; and has manufactures of sacking, dia- per, linen. musHn, cotton, stockings, carpets, and felts. The number of in- habitants is estimated at 8000. It is seated on the N side of the Tweed, near the sea, 64 miles se of Fdinburg, and 337 N by w of London. Lon. 1 58 w, lat. 55 45 N. Berwick, a town of the district of Maine, in York county, 7 miles NW of York, and 86 N of Boston. Berwick, a town of Pennsylvania, in Y'ork county, at the head of Conewago creek, 13 miles w by s of York, and 45 ESE of Shippensburg. Berwick, North, a borough of Scot- land, in Haddingtonshire, on the frith of Forth, 9 miles N of Haddington, and 22 ENE of Edinburg. Berwickshire, a county of Scotland, sometimes called the Mers ; bounded on the NE by the German ocean, se by the Tweed, s by Roxburgshire, w by Edinburgshire, and nw by Haddington- shire. It is 34 miles long and 1-& broad, and in 1811, contained 30779 inhabi- tants. The s part is a fertile and plea- sant tract; and being a low and flat country, is sometimes called the How [Hollow] of the Mers. The e angle is occupied by Berwick Bounds ; a dis- trict eight miles in compass, governed by English laws. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Leader, Whiteaddcr, and Eye. The capital is Greenlaw, but Dunse is the largest town. Besalu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated near the Fluvia, 14 miles nnw of Gerona. Bemncon, a fortified city of F'rance, and an archiepiscopal see, capital of tlje department of Doubs. It has a citadel, on a high rock, the base of which touches two sides of the Doubs, which here forms a peninsula ; also a univer- sity, an academy of sciences, a literary military society, and a public library in the abbey of St. Yinoent. The tiium- phal arch of Aurel!*an, and other Roman antiquities, aie still to be seen. It j% 72 BET 52 miles e of Dijon, and 208 se of Pa- ris. Lon. 6 3 E, lat. 47 14 N. BesigJieim, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, with two old castles, at the confluence of the Neckar and Ens, 15 miles N by w of Stutgard. Bessarabia, or Budzac, a territory of European Turkey, on the NW coast of the Black sea, between the mouths of the Danube and the Dneisler. On the banks of the last river the Tartar inha- bitants rove from place to place. Their common food is tJie flesh of oxen and horses, cheese, and mares milk. Ben- der is (he capital. Bessay, a town of France, in the de- partment of AUier, eight miles s of Moulins. Besse, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome, 18 miles 8 of Clermont. Bessenay, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, 12 miles w of Lyons. Bestricia, a town of Transylvania, with gold mines in its neighbourhood. It is 85 miles nw of Hermanstadt. Lon. 23 45 E, lat. 47 30 N. Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on the Mandeo, at its entrance into a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles s of Ferrol. Lon. 8 6 w, lat 43 20 N. Betelfaugi, a town of Arabia Felix, famous for the vast quantity of coffee bought and sold in it. It is 25 miles e of the Red sea. Lon. 57 20 E, lat 15 40 N. Bethahara, a town of N. Carolina, in the district of Wachovia, noted for being the firbt settlement of the Moravians, in those parts, begun in 1753. It is 6 miles N of Salem. Bethania, or Bethany, a village at the foot of mount Olivet, on the e side, where Lazarus dwelt, and was raised from the dead ; and where the ascension of our Savioui happened. It is about 2 miles to the E of Jerusalem. Bethlehem, a town of Syria, in Pa- lestine, famous for the birth of Christ, It was once a flourishing town, but now an inconsiderable place. Here is a church erected by the famous Helena, in the form of a cross ; also a chapel, called the Chapel of the Nativity, where they pretend to show the manger in which Christ was laid; another called the Chapel of Joseph ; and a thud of the Holy Innocents. Bethlehem is much visited by pilgrims ; and is seated on a ridge of hills, six miles se of Jerusalem. Lon. 55 25 e, lat. 30 50 N. Btihlehem, a town of Pennsylvania, in B E V Northampton county, situate on the Le- high, a branch of the Delaware. The town being; partly on an eminence, and partly on the lower banks of tlie jMa- nakes (a fine creek) has a pleasant and healthy sitnatioii, and is frequently visit- ed in snnimer by the gentry from dif- ferent parts. It is the piincipal settle- ment in America of the ^loravians, who were iixed here by count Zinzendorf, in 1741. The German language is more in use than the English ; but di^^ue ser- vice is performed in both languages. It is 53 miles nnw of Philadelphia. Lou. 75 8 w, lat. 40 37 N. Bethine, a fortified town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, with a castle. It was taken by the allies, in 1710, and restored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is seated on a rock, by the river Brette, 120 miles n of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 50 45 N. Betley, a town in Stafibrdshire, with a market on Tuesday, 18 miles nnw of Staflford, and 157 of London. Lon. 2 10 w, lat. 53 5 N. BetUs, a town of European lYu-key, formerly the capital of Curdistan. It is now the residence of a bey, who is nei- ther subject to the Turks nor Persians, and has a numerous army of horsemen and infantry. It stands on the Khabur, between two mountains, 150 miles nnw of Altunkupri. Lon. 43 20 e, lat. 37 20 N. Bettiak, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 85 miles nnw of Patna. Betuwe, an island of Holland, in Gel- derland, 40 miles long and 10 broad, formed by the bifurcation of the Rhine above Nimeguen, and by the union of its streams, under different appellations, near Worcum. It was the ancient Ba- tavia, and formerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or Batavians, to the inha- bitants of the Dutch Netherlands. In this island the ancestors of the present race first settled, when they emigrated from Germany. The principal place is Nimeguen. Bevecum, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 10 miles s of Louvain. Beveland, North, and South, two is- lands of Holland, in Zealand, between the E and w branches of the Scheldt. Bevergern, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, on the river Ems, 5 miles nw of Tecklenburg. Beverley, a borough in E. Yorkshire governed by a mayor, Avith a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It has two churches, beside the minster ; and a ikrge market-place, adorned with a Deautiftd cross The chief trade is in B H A malt, oatmeal, and tanned leather, li is famous for being the retirement ot John de Beverley, archbishop of York, who lived here four years, built a m«v nastery, and died in 721. In honour of whom several kings, particularly Athcl- stan, who chose him guardian saint, en- dowed the place with many privileges and immunities. It is seated near ihe river Hull, 28 miles e by s of York, and 183 N of London. Lon. 15 w% lat. 63 52 N. Beverley, a seaport of Massachusets, in Essex county, separated from Salem by a handsome bridge. A cotton ma- nufacture has been established here. It is 22 miles ne of Boston. Lon. 70 50 w, lat. 42 31 N, Beverungen, a town of Westphalia, iti the principality of Paderborn, at the confluence of the Bever and ^^"eser, 24 miles SE of Paderborn. Bevermyck, a town of N. Holland, on the Wyckermcer, which oomrnunicatts with the Wye, 7 miles n of Harlem, and 11 s by w of Alcmaer. Benthen, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship of the same name. It stands near a branch of the Oder, on the fron- tiers of Poland, 45 miles ene of Rati- bor. Lon. 18 53 e, lat. 50 21 n. Beiithen, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Carolath, on the river Oder, 13 miles nw of Glogau. Betvdley, a borough in Worcester- shire, with a market on Saturday, It has a good trade in malt, leather, salt, and iron ware ; and a frcescliooi found- ed by James I. It is seated on the Se- vern, 14 miles N of Worcester, and 129 NW of London. Bewley, a river of Scotland, wliieh rises in the n of Invcrncssshiro, and flowing along the s border of Rossshire, forms the fine estuary on which si and Inverness and Fort St. Geoige, and which terminates in the frith of Mur- ray. At its mouth is the ferry of Kis- sock. Bex, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, noted for its salt rocks, 43 miles sw of Bern. Bexiers, a city of France, in the de- partment of Herault, lately an episcop;!! see. The remains of a circus, and sonic inscriptions, bespeak its ancient gran- deur. It is seated near the Royal canal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Orbre,. 85 miles E by s of Toulouse. Lon. 3 12 E, lat. 43 20 N. Bhartpour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Agra. The British took it by storm, in 1805. It is 3S miles w of Agra. B I D Bhaivanikudal, a town of Hindoostaii, capital of the N part of Coimbetore. It has a ruinous fort, and two very cele- brated temples. Many new houses arc erected, and the place is rapidly in- creasing on a regular plan. It is seated in a fine country, at the confluence of the Bhawani with the Cavcry, 56 miles ENE of Coimbetore, and 100 se of Serin- gapatam. Lon. 77 47 E, lat. 11 26 N. Biafara, a country of Guinea, to the SE of Benin, of which little is known ; but is said to have a capital of the same name, on the river Camerones, M'hich enters the Atlantic in lon. 11 30 e, lat. 3 28 N. Biar, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its principal riches consist in honey, ce- lebrated for its whiteness and solidity, which is not affected by weather. It is six miles e of Villena, Biherach, a town of Suabia, with a manufacture of fustians, seated in a fer- tile valley, on the Reuss, 20 miles ssw of Ulm. Bihersherg, a town of Upper Hun- gary, 15 miles n of Presburg. Bihra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, much frequented on account of its mineral spring. It is nine miles s of Querfnrt. Bicester, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Friday, 11 miles nne of Ox- ford, and 54 w by N of London. Bichaneer, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of a circar, in the country of Agi- mere. It is 42 miles w of Nagore. Lon. 74 E, lat. 27 12 N. Bidacht, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated on the Bidouse, 12 miles E of Bayonne. Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which rises ill the Pyrenees, and enters the bay of Biscay, at Fontarabia. This river was a long time, a subject of dispute be- tween France and Spain, but it is now common between the two nations ; the duties paid by those who pass from Spain to France belonging to the latter^ and by those who pass the contrary way to the former. Bidburg, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, 30 miles NNE of Luxemburg, Biddeford, a seaport of England, in Devonshire, governed by a mayor, wiUi a market on Tuesday. It has a trade in coal, culm, timber, and oak bark, also in the herring and Newfoundland fish- eries. A great quantity of Welsh lime- stone is burned here ; and there is a large pottery. It is seated on the I'or- rjfJge, IG miles s by w of Ilfracomb, and B I G 201 w of London. Loii. 4 12 w, lat. 5 4 N. Biddeford, a seaport of the district of Maine, in York county. The county courts are sometimes held here. It is situate on the s^acoast, at the mouth of the Saco, 14 miles ssw of Portlanil Lon. 70 35 w, lat. 43 26 N. Biddenore. See Nagara. Bidzigiir, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, with a fort on a steep and lofty rock, 60 miles s of Benares. Bieez, a town of Poland, in Cracowia, remarkable for its mines of vitriol ; seat- ed on the Wcscloke, 50 miles se of Cra- cow. Biel, or Bienne, a town of Switzer- land, capital of a small territory, lately subject to the bishop of Basel. It stancb near a lake of the same name, on tho river Suss, 17 miles nw of Bern. Lon. 7 18 E, lat. 46 56 N. Bielu, a town of Piedmont, near the river Cerva, 24 miles w of Vercelli. Bielfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the countjf of Ravensljerg. The linen made and bleached here is much esteemed. It is 18 miles N of Lipstadt. Bielgorod, a town of Russia, in the government of Kursk, and an archbi- shop's see, 80 miles ssw of Kursk. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 50 30 N. Bielgorod, or Aherman, a strong town of European Turkey, in Bessarabia, on the coast of the Black sea, at the mouth of the Dneister, 70 miles sse of Bender Lon, 31 15 E, lat. 46 8 N. Bieloi, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Smolensk, 60 miles ne of Smolensk. Bielazersk, a town of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, on the s side of the lake Bielo, 210 miles ne of No- vogorod. Lon. 37 60 e, lat. 59 40 N, Biehh, a town of Poland, capital of Polachia, seated on the Biala, one of the sources of the Narew, 130 miles ENE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 39 E, lat. 6 ■ 40 N. Biervliet, a town of the Netherlands in Flanders, situate on the W. Scheldt, and on a small island of its name, 20 miles NNw of Ghent. Biggar, a town of Scotland, in La- nerkshire, with the ruins of a collegiate church, 10 miles se of Carnwath. Biggleswade, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Ivel, 10 miles ese of Bedford, and 45 NNW of London. Bigorre, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Armagnac e by Commingps, w by Beam, and s by the Pyrenees. See Pyrenees Upj7ep\ 74 B I L BigiAa, a kiiigdoui ou the w coast of Africa, Avatered by tlic Rio Grande. The raintal is of the same name, seated on the liver, 100 miles from its raoutli. Lon. 13 50 w, lat. 11 12 n. Bihatz, a town of Hungary, in Croa- tia, seated on an isle formed by the ri- ver Uiuia, 65 miles se of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 44 51 N. Bilbva, a city and seaport of Spain, capital of Biscay. The upper pait is built mostly of wood, and has narrow sti-eets, wliich terminate in a great square ; the lower part is of freestone and brick, w ith tine broad streets. The liouses are rather high, and fully inha- bited. The principal exports are wool, oil, chesnuts, sword-blades, and other manufactures in iron and steel. It is seated in a fertile countiy, on the Ibai- cabal, which forms a good harbour near the bay of Biscay, 50 miles w of St. Se- bastian, and 180 N of Madiid. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 43 33 N. BiMeston, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the river Breton, 12 miles se of Bury, and 63 NE of London. Bihdulgerid, a countiy of Barbary, bounded on the N by Tunis, e by Tri- poli, s by Guergula, and w by Tuggurt. The air is hot and unhealthy. The countiy is mountainous and sandy, pro- ducing little sustenance, except dates, which are exchanged with the neigh- bouring countries for wheat. The in- habitants are deemed lew^d, treacherous, thievish, and cruel. They are a mix- ture of ancient Africans and wild Arabs; the former li\ing in towns, and the latter in tents. Bilin, a to^vn of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Leitmeritz, near a mountain of its name, 17 miles w of Leitmeritz. Bilitz, a town of Moravia, with a castle, and considerable manufacture of cloth ; situate on the Biala, on the vf'rge of Poland, 18 miles ene of Tes- fheii. Billericay, a town in Essex, with a market on Tuesday, seated on a hill, 9 miles sw of Chelmsford, and 23 E of London. Billesdon, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Friday, 8 miles N of Leicester, and 93 n by w of London. Billom, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome, seated on an eminence, 15 miles ese of Clermont. Bilmah, a vast burning desert of Af- nca, between Fezzan and Bornou, which caravans are ten days passing. BUsah, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, capital of a circar, noted fox 76 B I O producing excellent tobacco. It is 120 miles E of Oojain. Lon. 77 53 e, lat. 23 30 N, Bihen, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege. Near it is Munt- ster Bilsen, a celebrated temporal fouri- dation and abbey for noble ladies. It is situate on the Demer, 17 miles nnw of Liege. Bilstein, a toivn of Germany, in Wesl- phaha, situate on a mountain, 24 miles SSE of Arensburg. Bilston, a large village in Stafford- shire, two miles se of Wolverhampton. It has a navigable canal, communicat- ing with the Staffordshire and Worces- tershire canals and several great rivers. Near it are large mines of coal, iron- stone, &c. also furnaces, forges, and slit- ting- mills ; and manufactures of japan- ned and enamelled goods. Bimini, one of the Bali;una islands, near the channel of Bahama, eight miles long and nearly as much broad. It has a good harbour. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 25 On. Bhnlepatam, a town of Hindoostai\ in Golconda, seated ou the bay of Ben- gal, 12 miles N of Visagapatam. Binaros, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated near the Mediterranean, at the mouth of a river, which forms a small harboiu-, seven miles N by e of Peniscola, and 23 s of Tortosa. Binbrook, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Wednesday, 30 miles NE of Lincoln, and 157 n of London. Binch, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, in Hainault, ou the river Hayc, 9 miles E of Mons. Binchestei; a village in the county of Durham, on the river Were, near Dur- ham, By several inscriptions and mo- numents, it appears to have been the Roman Vinovium; and many Roman coins have been dug up here. Bingazi, a town of Barbary, in Bar- ca, \vith a harbour for small vessels, 35 miles sw of Tolometa. Bingen, a town of Germany, seated at the confluence of the Nahe with the Rhine, 15 miles w by s of Mentz. Bingenhem, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 16 miles nne of Frankfort. Bingham, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Thursday, 9 miles e of Nottingham, and 124 n by w of Lon- don. Bingley, a lownin W.Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Aire, 14 miles se of Skipton, and 202 NNW of London. Biohio the largest river of Chili wbsth B I R tiscs m the Andes, runs through veins of gold and fields of sarsaparilla, and, passing the city of Conception, enters the Pacific ocean in lat. 36 56 s. It is the boundary between the Spaniards and their Indian enemies, which obliges them to keep strong ganisons on it. Biornehurg, a town of Sweden, in Finland, near the mouth of the Kune, in the gulf of Bothnia, 75 miles n of Abo. Lon. 22 5 e, lat. 61 42 N. Bir, or Beer, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, in Diarbeck, with a castle. It stands on the Euphrates, near a high \nountain, in a fruitful countiy, 60 miles Me of Aleppo. Birhoom, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 66 miles wsw of Moorshedabad, and 115 nnw of Calcutta. Birkenfeld, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; seated near the river Nahe, 25 miles ese of Treves. Birmah, an extensive empire in Asia, (o the s of the bay of Bengal ; contain- ing the kingdoms of Birmah, Cassay, Aracan, and Pegu, and all the w coast of Siam. The kingdom of Birmah, fre- quently called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital, has Pegu on the s, and occupies both sides of the river Ir- rawaddy to the frontiers of Assam on the N ; on the w it has Aracan and Cas- say, and on the e China and Upper Si- am. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by the king of Pegu, who carried the Birman monarch prisoner to Pegu, and caused him to be murdered there in 1754. But Alompra, a Birman of low distinction, who was continued by the conqueror as chief at Monchabon, a small place to the N of Ava, revolted against the Peguese, got possession of Ava in 1753, and after continued battles, with various success, became the con- queror of Pegu, in 1757. This deliverer of his country continued in a state of warfare to his death, in 1760; and his «uccesso)s have since added the other countries, which now form the Birman eftipire. The climate of Birmah is very salubrious; the seasons being regular, and the extremes of heat and cold sel- dom experienced. The soil is remark- ably fertile, producing rice, sugar-canes, tobacco, indigo, cotton, and all the tro- l)ical fruits in perfection; and on the banks of the Irrawaddy, which runs s through the whole country, is produced l)urc amber, and the finest teak timber in the world. The kingdom of Birmah abo\inds in minerals ; it has mines of f,old, silver, rubies, a!id sapphires; and Bfibrds amoUiysIs, garnets, chrysolites, jaapcr, load-stone, and Biarble. 'I'hc ge- B I R neral disposition of the Birmans is strik- ingly contrasted with that of the natives of Hindoostan, thou(^*. .separated only by a iiafrow ndgc; of mountains, in se- veral places admitting of an easy inter- course. The Birmans are a lively in- quisitive race, active, irascible, and im- patient ; but the character of their Ben- gal neighbours is known to be the re- verse. The passion of jealousy, Avhich prompts most eastern nations to immure their women, and surround them with guards, seems to have httle influence on the minds of the Binnans ; for their wives and daughters have as free intercour.se with the other sex as the rules of Euro- pean society admit. The Binnans are extremely fond both of poetry and mu- sic. Their rehgion is, in fact, that of the Hindoos, though they are not vota- ries of Brama, but sectaries of Boodh. Their system of jurisprudence is distin- guished above any other Hindoo com- mentary for perspicuity and good sense. The emperor of Birmah is a despotic monarch ; and, like the sovereign of China, acknowledges no equal. The prevailing characteristic of the Birman court is pride. There are no hereditary dignities or employments in the govern- ment ; for all honours and offices, on the demise of the possessor, revert to the crown. The caj)ital of the kingdom, and metiopolis of the empire, is Um- merapoora. Birmingham, a town inWarwickshire, with a market on Thursday. It is a place of great antiquity, and stands on the side of a hill, forming nearly a half- moon. The lower part is lilled with workshops and warehouses, and consists chiefly of old buildings. The upper part contains many new and regular streets, and a handsome square. It has two churches; one in the lower part of the town, which, though lately cased with brick, is a vciy ancient building, with a lof(y spire ; the other, a grand modern structure, having a square stone tower, with a cupola and turret : it has also two chapels, several meeting-houses, a large school endowed by Edward VI. an ele- gant theatre, and the completcst set of baths in the kingdom. The hardware manufactures of Birmingham have been noted for a consideral)le period ; but of late years, by great additions to its trade from a vast variety of articles, such as metal, buttons, buckles, plated goods, japanned and paper ware, &:c. it has risen greatly in population; and in 1811, contained upward of 70,600 inha- bitants. It is plentifully supplied with coal by means of a canal to \^'edlleR- 70 B I S liury; ami it has a oomnuiiiication with the Ci rami Tniiik lioni the IVent to the Severn, by a branch passing by ^Vol~ verhainpton. The Birmingham goods arc exported in great quantities to foreign countries, where, in point of cheapness and show united, they are unrivalled. See Sohu. Birmingham is 18 miles nw of Coventry, and 109 of London. Lon. 1 50 w, lat* 52 30 N. Birr, a town of Ireland, in King's county, near the borders of Tipperary, 34 miles ne of Limerick,, and 34 nnw of Kilkenny. Birse, a town of Scotland, in Aber- deenshire, seated on the Dee, 28 miles w of Aberdeen. ■ Birtleif, a village in the county of Durham', 10 miles N of Durham, uoted for a valuable sr.lt spring, and au ex- icnsive manufacture of salt. Bin-iesca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 13 miles N of Burgos. Birza, a town of Poland, in Samogi- ha, 42 miles se of INIittau. BUaccia, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore, 15 miles ne of Conza. Biscara, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantinaand the chief place of.the district of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 120 miles ssw of Constantina. Lon. 5 12 w, lat. 33 35 N. Biscay, a province of Spain, 97 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the n by the bay of Biscay, e by Upper Na- varre, s by Old Castile, and w by Astu- rias. It contains three divisions ; Bis- cay Proper, Guipuscoa, and Alaba. This province is a kind of republic, in the hands of the nobility, under the pro- tection of the crown. Here are neither garrisons, custom-houses, stamps, nor excise ; and of all the royal taxes, none are knowTi but the donativo, or gratui- tous donation. Biscay receives by mere condescension a corregidor and a com- missary of marines ; but does not per- mit any order of the Spanish govern- ment to be executedwithout the sanction of the province. It produces apples, oranges, and citrons ; and has also wood for building ships, and mines of iron and lead. The Biscayans are stout, brave, and choleric to a proverb ; and the low- est labourer deems himself a gentleman. They speak the ancient Cantabrian lan- guage, which has no affinity with any other in Europe. Bilboa is the capital. Biscay, Bay of, an extensive bay of the Atlantic, between Cape Ortegal, in Ion. 7 35 w, iat. 43 48 N, and the isle of Ushant, in lon. 5 w, lat 48 30 N. Bitcay, New, a provance nf Mexico, aotfd for its silver mines. It has New 77 r> I s Mexico on the n, and Zacalccas on ll)f? s ; and the Rio de las Nassas runs through a great part of it. Bischofslieim, a to« n of Frauconia, in the duchy of Wurtzburg, seated on the Tauber, 20 miles ssw of AV\irtzburg. — Another, seated on the Rhom, 44 miles N by E of Wurtzburg. Bischofslack, a town of Germany, in Carniola, with a good trade in linen and worsted, 17 miles w by N of Laubaeh. Bischofstoerda, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, seated on the Weiseritz, 18 miles e of Dresden. Bischofsuerder, a town of Prussia, in the province of Oberland, on the river Oss, 28 miles ne of Culm. Bischofzell, a town of Switzerland, iu Thurgau, with a castle ; seated at the confluence of the Sitter and Thur, 12 miles s of Constance. Bischiveiler, a town of France, in the department of LoAver Riiine, with a for- tress, 14 miles w by n of Haguenau. Biseglia, a town of N aples, in Terra di Bari, on a hill, near the gulf of Venice, six miles E of Trani Biserta, a seaport of the kingdom of Tunis, in a country abounding in corn, fruit, oil, cotton, and other valuable pro- ductions. It stands on a canal, which communicates with a gulf of the Medi- terranean, 37 miles Nvv of Tunis. Lon. 9 46 E. lat. 37 10 N. Bishop Auckland, and for other places with the same prefix, see Auckland, &c Bishops-castle, a borough in Shrop- shire, with a market on Friday, much frequented by the Welsh. It is seated near the river Clun, 8 miles e of Mont- gomery, and 159 WNW of London. Bisignano, a tow u of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, with a castle : seated on a hill, near the river Boccona, 16 miles N of Cosenza. Bisley, a village in Gloucestershire, three miles se of Stroud. It has a large church, standing on an eminence, and a manufacture of broad cloth. Bisnagur, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Sanore. It was the ca- pital of the ancient kingdom of Narsin- ga, and formerly a large city. It is seat- ed on the river Nigouden, 28 miles sse of Sanore, and 105 N by w of Chittol- droog. Lon. 76 e, lat. 15 20 N. Bisnee, a town of Bootan, capital of a district on the borders of Bengal and Assam. It is 50 miles ENKofRangii- mutty, and 130 se of Tassasudoii. Lon. 90 45 e, lat. 26 27 N. Bissagos, a cluster of islands, eu tho w coast of Africa. The largest, called B issago, is 80 miles in circuit, inhabsi- B L A td by Portuguese and Negros, and well cultivated. Its n end is opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande. Lon. 16 10 w, lat. 10 68 N. Bissunpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a circar in Bengal, 74 miles NW of Calcutta. Bistricz, a town of Transylvania, on the river Bistricz, 142 miles ne of Colos- war. Lon. 25 3 e, lat. 47 33 N. Bitche, a fortified town of France, in the department of Moselle, with a castle on a rock. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Schwelb, 30 miles N by w of Strasburg. Lon. 7 44 e, lat. 49 5 N. Bitetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Ban, 11 miles ssw of Bari. Bitonio, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 miles wsw of Bari. Bitschen. See Pitschen. Bitterfeld, a town of the kingdom of Saxony, seated on the Mulda, 14 miles s of Dessau. Black Forest, a forest of Germany, in the w part of the circle of Suabia. It is part of the ancient Hyrcinian forest. Black Sea, the ancient Euxine, an in- land sea, or large lake, partly m Europe, and partly in Asia. It lies between 33 and 44 e lon. and 42 4G n lat. Bluckbank, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, seven miles s of Ar- magh. BlacTihurn, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday. Here are two churches, several meeting-houses, a grammar school founded by queen Eli- zabeth, and a vast trade in cotton, cali- cos, &c. The number of inhabitants is about 14,000. It is seated on a rivulet, and near the Leeds and Liverpool ca- nal, 12 miles E of Preston, and 203 nnw of London. Blackheath, a village in Kent, on the s side of Greenwich, at the NW point of a lofty plain of the same name. On the heath and its borders are many beauti- ful villas ; also Mordeu college, founded by sir John Morden, for decayed mer- chants. In the side of the ascent from London to this village is a cavern con- sisting of seven large rooms, wMch com- municate by arched avenues ; the sides and roofs of rocks of chalk ; and it has a well of clear water, 27 feet deep. On Blackheath plain, the famous Tyler mustered his 100,000 men. Blackmore, a village in Essex, on the river Can, five miles n of Brentwood. Near the church, at a spot called Jeri- cho, formerly stood a priory, afterward converted by Henry VIII. into a house for occasional retirement ; and here his^ B L A natural son, John Hem^ Filzroy M'at born. It is now an elegant house. Blackness-castle, a fort of Scotland, in^, Linlithgowshire, built on a kind of pe- ninsula on the frith of Forth, nine miles NE of Linlithgow. It consists of four bastions, and is one of the forts which, by the articles of union, are to be kept in repair. Blackpool, a village in Lancashire, 3 miles w of Poulton, much resorted for sea-bathing. Blacktvater, a river of Ireland, wliich flows through the counties of Cork and Waterford into Youghal bay. Blackivater, a river in Essex, which flows by Bradfield, Braintree, Coggeshal, Kelvedon, and Maiden, and then enters the estuary, to which it gives the name of Blackwater bay. Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises in the hills in the n p£U"t of Wig- tonshire, and after a winding course of 24 miles enters Wigton bay. Several islands are formed in its bed, which are famous for the resort of eagles. Bladenshurg, a town of Maryland, in George county, on the e side of the Po- tomac, 9 miles from its mouth, at Wash- ington, and 38 sw of Baltimore. Blmn, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire, 22 miles nnw of Nantes. Blair Athol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a castle, the seat of the duke of Athol, 36 miles nnw of Perth. Blair Gowrie, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with a manor house, built in the form of a castle, 22 miles nne of Perth. Blasois, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Beauce, e by Or- leanois, s by Berry, and w by Touraine. It now forms the department of Loire and Cher. Blaison, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire, eight miles SE of Angers. Blamont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze, 12 miles e of Luneville. Blanc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the Creuse, 35 miles e of Poiters. Blanco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 miles NE of Port St. Julien. Lob. 64 42 w, lat. 47 20 s. Blanco, a cape of Pera, 120 miles sw of GuayaquilLon. 83 w, lat. 3 45 .s. Blanco, a cape on the w coast of Af- rica, 180 miles n of the river Senegal. Lon. 17 10 w, lat. 20 66 N. BUindford, a corporate town in Dor- setshire, with a market on Saturday. In 78 B L E 1731, almost all (he town was burnt down ; but it was soon rebuilt, and a neat to\Mihall of Portland stone on co- lumns, in wliich is a pump, was erected in remembrance of tliat dire disaster, and provision against the like. It has a considerable manufacture of thread and shirt buttons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the downs, 18 miles ne of Dorchester, and 103 w by s of London. Blsndford, a town of IMassachusets, in Hampshire countj', 25 miles sw of Northampton, and 116 w by s of Bos- ton. Blandford, a town of "Slrginia, in Prince George coimty. It has a large trade in tobacco, and is situate on the E branch of the Appamattox, four miles NE of Petersburg. Blanes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near tlie mouth of the Tordera, 20 miles s of Giromie. Blankenberg, a town and fort of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the Qerman ocean, 8 miles ne of Ostend. BlankeiAerg; a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12 miles e of Bonn. Blankenbnrg, a town of Lower Sax- ony, capital of a principality of the same name. The castle stands on a craggy mountain, and is one of the finest build- ings of the kind in Germany. It is 30 miles se of Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 11 10 », lat. 51 51 N. Blaregiiies. See Malplaquet, Blaubeiiren, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made here. It is seated at the confluence of the Ach with the Blau, 11 miles w of Ulm. Blaye, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Gironde. It has a good citadel, and a fort on an island in the Gironde, which is here 3800 yards wide. Its trade consists in the wines of the ad- jacent country. Its harbour is much frequented, and the ships which go to Bourdeaux are obliged to leave their gims here. It is 17 miles n of Bour- deaux. Lon. 35 w, lat. 45 7 N. Blekingeii, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, on the coast of the Baltic. It is 90 miles long and 21 broad ; and, though mountainous, is one of the most agreeable comitries in the kingdom. The principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona. Blenheim, a village of Suabia, seated on the Danube, three miles NEof Hoch- stet. It is memorable for the signal victory over the French and Bavarians, 7tf ' B L Y Sained August 2, 1704, by the duke of larlborough. The Aiistrians were de- feated by tlie French near this place in 1800. Biers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, on the river Cher, IS miles e by s of Tours. Blessington, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, seated on a ris- ing ground, near the Liifey, 14 miles ssw of Dublin. Bletchingty, a borough in SuiTy, which has no market ; seated on a hill, four miles e of Ryegate, and 21 s of London. Block Island, an island of the state of Rhode Island, lying 21 miles ssw of Newport, and in Newport county. It is 46 miles in length, and 38 in its ex- treme breadth, and famous for cattle, sheep, butter, aud cheese. The s part of it is in lat. 41 8 n. Blockzyl, a town of Holland, in Ove- lyssel, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the Aa, on the Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour, eight miles NW of Steenwick. Lon. 5 39 e, lat. 52 44 N. Blois, a city of France, capital of the department of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal see. The cathedral is a large structure, seated on an eminence at one extremity of the city, and on an- other eminence at the other end is a magnificent castle. In this castle was born the good Lewis XII ; and here, in 1588, Henry III caused the duke of Guise, and his brother tlie cardinal, to be assassiniited. Here are some fine fountains, supplied by an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by the Romans. The principal commerce is in wine and brandy ; and the chief ma- nufactures are serges aud ticken. It is seated on the Loire, 37 miles ene of Tours, and 100 ssw of Paris. Lon. I 20 e, lat. 47 35 N. Bhniez, a town of Poland, in Maso- via, 20 miles w of Warsaw. JBlore, a village in Staffordshire, 10 miles N of Utoxeter. Its heath is fa- mous for a battle between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which Nevil earl of Salisbury, for York, with 600 men only, defeated lord Aud ley with 10,000. The latter was killed, and on the spot is erected a stone cross to his memory. Bluehill, a town of the district of Maine, in Hancock country, on Union river, 13 miles e of Castine. Blyth, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Thursday. Here are some remains of a castle and priory. II BOD s 23 Kij'es NN'* of Newark, and 151 N by vv of LonUoa. Blytk, a village in Northumberland, St the motith of the Blyth, 14 miles nne of Newcastle. It has a quay, and ex- ports much coal and salt. Boad, a town of Hindoostan, in Oris- sa, on the river Mahanudda65 miles SSE of-Surabiilpour, and 115 w of Cattack. Bohhio, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, on the river Trebia, 25 miles SE of Pavia. Bobenhmisen, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with a castle, seated on the Gorsbrcntz, three miles se of Frankfort. Boher, a river of Germany, which rises in Silesia, on the borders of Bohe- mia, flows N by Lowenburg, Buntzlau, and Sagan, and joins the Oder below Ciossen. Bobersherg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, and duchy of Crossen; scaled on the side of a hill, by the river Bobcr, five miles s of Crossen. Boca del Drago, a channel between the island of Trinidad and Cumana in I'erra Firma. See Trinidad. Bochetta, a chain of mountains, in the territory of Genoa, over which is the road into Lombardy. On the highest mountain is a strong pass that will hard- ly admit three men to go abreast ; and this is, properly, the Bochetta. It is the key of Genoa, and was forced by the French in 1796, and by the Aus- trians in 1800. Bochnia, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Cracow, with large salt mines, 20 miles ese of Cracow. Boc/toh, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, on the river Aa, 42 miles w of Munster. Bocken/ieim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Hildeshcim, on the river Nette, 13 miles ssE of Hilde- shcim. Booking, a large village in Essex, ad- joining to Braintree. Its church is spa- cious ; and here is a great manufacture of bays. Bockum, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, 26 miles se of Wesel. Boden See, See Constance, Ijxke of. Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. The summer assizes are held here. It has some manufactures of serge, and a trade in wool and yarn. The church is the largest in the county, and the remains of an episcopal palace and a priory are still to be seen. It is 32 miles ne of Falmouth, and 235 w 80 BOH by s of London, Lon, 4 40 w, lat. K) 32 N. Bodon, a fortified town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an arch- bishop's see ; seated on the Danube, 36 miles w of Widdin. Lon. 23 54 E, lat, 44 10 N. BodrocTiy or Bodrog, a town of Hui>- gary, on the river Danube, 100 miles se of Buda. Bodrun, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the N side of the gulf of Scalanova, 18 miles s of Smyrna. An- other, on the site of the ancient Hali- carnassus, on the N side of the gulf of Stanchio, 45 miles w by s of Melassa. Boeschot, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the river Nethe, 12 mile* NE of Mechlin. Bog, a river whicli rises on the S border of Volhynia, in Poland, flows through Podolia and Budzac Tartary, and enters the Black sea, between Oc- zakow and the river Dnifeper. Bogdoi, a country of Tartary, situate to the N of China. It is of great extent and populous, and subject to the Chi« nese. Boglio, or Beuil, a town o-f Savoy, situate on the Tinea, 21 miles nnw of Nice. Bogliponr, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of a circar in Bengal ; seated on the Ganges, 112 miles ne of Moorshe- dabad. Lon. 87 5 e, lat. 25 15 N. Bognor, a village in Sussex, 7 miles s of Chichesterlt is an improving place, and much frequented in summer for sea- bathing. Bohemia, a kingdom of Europe, above 400 miles long, and 300 broad, sur- rounded on every side with natural ran^ parts of woods and mountains ; bound- ed on the E by Poland and Hungary . on the N by Lusatia and Upper Saxony ; on the w by Franeonia and Bavaria ; and on the s by Austria. It is one of the most elevated countries of Europe ; for no rivers enter into it, though many have their source there ; the chief of which are the Elbe, the Oder, the Vis- tula, and the Morava. It is fertile in corn, salTron, hops, and pasture. 'J'he air is cold and unwholesome ; and they have more ej)idemical diseases tban in the neighbouring couutrits. There are mines of silver, cojiper, lead, tin, and some veins of gold, besides (liiiinoiids and other precious sloiics. Bohemia was formerly an elective govciiimtiit, till Ferdinand 1. declared it iieiediliu} in the house of Austria, by a coHrlii.siuu of the diet in 1547. The domiuiou u! B O K file king of Bohemia fornicrly conipre- bended all Silesia, Moravia, and Bohe- mia Proper, The kingdom is divided into 16 cireles, and tJie population is estimated at 3,137,495. Tlieir customs and diversions are the same as in Ger- man}'. The proper language is a dia- lect of the Sclavonian, but they gene- ral!}' speak German and high Dutch. The capital is Prague. Bohnisch, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmeritz, 22 miles ene of Leutmeritz. Bohniisch Aiche, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Buntzlau, 20 niilcs N of Jung Buntzlau. Bohmisch Brod, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaurzim, 14 miles ese of Prague. Bo/tol, one of the Pliilippine islands, to the N of Mindanao. Lon. 121 5 e, lat. 10 \. Bojador, a cape on the w coast of Africa, doubled by the Portriguese in 1433. Lon. 14 27 w, lat. 26 12 N. Boiano, a town of Naples, in the Molisc, at the foot of the Apennines, near the river Tilenio. In 1803 it suf- fered greatly by an earthquake, and most of tlie inhabitants Avese destroyed, It is 45 miles nxe of Naples. I^on. 14 25 E, lat. 41 30 N. Boi$ le Due, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, capital of a district of the same aame, which contains also the towns of Helmont and Eyndhoven. It has a castle named Papen-briel ; and a little to the s are two forts, called Isabella and St. Antony. It was taken by the French in 1794. It is situate among morasses, on the river Dommel, where it receives the Aa, 22 miles e by N of Breda, and 45 ssE of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 24 e, lat. 51 45 N. Boiscommun, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, 25 miles ne of Orleans. Boitzeiiburg, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in Mecklenbmg, at the conflu- ence of the Boitze with the Elbe, 30 miles sw of Schwerin. Boitzenburg, a town of Brandenburg, m the Ucker mark, 10 miles w of Prenslow. Bokhara, a city of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia. It stands on a rising ground, surrounded by a slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on the s side of the- river Sodg. The houses are low, and mostly built of mud ; but the caravan- saries and. mosques, which are numer- ous, are all of brick. The bazars, or market-places, have been stately build- ings ; but the greatest part of them are SI b o L now in ruins. Flere is also a sfetcly building for the education of the priests. Great numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this place ; and the trade with Russia and Persia is considerable. In 1220, Bokhar-i was taken by Jenghis Khan, \\itli a numerous arn3y,Avlio burnt the city and demolished the castle ; but afier the city had remained in ruins some years he at length ordered it to be rebuilt. It is 138 miles w by s of Sa- marcand. Lon. 62 56 e, lat. .39 4 N. Bokharia, or Bucharia, a country of Usbec Tartary, bounded on the n by I'urkestan, e by Cashgur, s by Hin- doostan and Persia, and w by Chorasaa and Charasm. It is fertile in corn and fruit, and the best cultivated of any part of Tartary. The inhabitants are in ge- neral tawny, with black hair, but some are white and well made. They are cleanly in tlieir food, which often con- sists of minced meat ; and tea is the ge- neral drink. They are not warlike, but use the boAV, lance, and sabre Saroar- cand is the capital. Bokharia, Little. See Cashgur. Bolabo/a, one of the Society islands, in the Pacific ocean, four leagues nw of Otaha. Lon. 151 52 w, lat. 16 32 s. Bolcheresk, a town of Kamtskatka, on the river Bolchoireka, 22 miles from its mouth, in the sea of Okotsk. Lon. 156 37 e, lat. 52 54 N. Boliiigbi'oke, a town in Lincolnshire, with a maiket on Tuesday, it is the birthplace of Henry IV., and has a mar- nufacture of earthen ware. It stands at the source of a river which runs into the Witham, 29 miles e of Lincoln, and 133 N by e of London. Bolkowitz, a town of Silesia, 12 miles s of Glogau. Bologna, a city of Italy, capital of the Bolognese, and an archbishop's see. It is about 5 miles m circumference, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. It has long been distinguished as a school of science; the university being one of the most ancient and celebrated in Europe. An academy of arts and sciences was founded in 1712, and contributed great- ly to that fame which the city has ac- quired. As a school of painting, it is immortalized by the number of masters it has produced. There are here 169 churches, and these, as well as the nu- merous mansions of the nobles, are most inunificently fuTiishad with their best productions. Nor has the exertions of art been confined to the sphere of painting. The city exhibits some of the finest monuments of architecture ; such as the palace of Capraria, the B O L nuuble fountain in the Place-del-Cfi- gante, and, in fact, almost every build- iiig of any note. The academy of arts and sciences is a building of great mag- nificence, and the public theatre one o the largest and most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. Petronius is the larg- est in Bologna, but is more remarkable for its pavement, where Cassini drew his meridian hne, 180 feet long. The trade of Bologna is very considerable, being situated in a fertile country, and having an easy conveyance of its pro- duce by a canal to the Po. The exube- rance of the adjacent country enables the inhabitants to furnish all Europe with the greatest delicacies in confec- tionary, distilled waters, essences, &c. oil, wine, flax, hemp, and silk, also fur- nish abundant sources of trade and em- ployment. The Reno, which passes by the city, turns no less than 400 mills for silk-works. It is situated at the foot of the Apennines, 22 miles SE of Modena, and 175 NW of Rome. Lon. 11 21 e, lat. 44 30N. Bolognese, a province of Italy, bound- ed On the N by the Ferrarese, w by Mo- dena, s by Tuscany, and e by Romagna. It is watered by many small rivers, and produces all sorts of grain and fruit, par- ticularly rich muscadine grapes. Some miles before the entrance into Bologna, the country seems one continued gar- den. The vineyards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mul- berry-trees; the vines hanging in fes- toons, from one tree to another. There are also mines of alum and iron. Bo- logna is the capital. Bolsena, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, on a lake of its name, 18 miles NNW of Viterbo. Bolsover, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Friday. It has a spacious castle, on the brow of a hill ; and is no- ted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes. It is hix miles e of Chesterfield, and 145 NNW of London. Bolswaert, a town of Holland, in Vi iesland, near the Zuydcr Zee, 10 miles N of Sloten. Bolton, a populous town in Lanca- shire, with a market on Monday. It Las a canal to Manchester, and manu- factures of fustians, counterpanes, dimi- ties, calicos, and muslins. It is 11 miles NW of Manchester, and 197 NNW of London. Bolton, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county, noted for its fine limestone, 18 miles ne of Worcester, and 34 w of Boston. liolzeno, or Botzen, a town of C-^^- &2 BON many, in Tyrol, capital of tne district of Etschland, with a castle. It is cele- brated for its excellent wine, and has four noted annual fairs, frequented bj great numbers of Germans, Swiss, and Italians, It stands on ihe nver Eisack, surrounded by mountains, 22 miles sw of Brixen. Lon. 11 15 e, lat. 46 32 N. Bomal, a town of the Netherlands, iu Luxemburg, on the river Ourt, 20 miles s of Liege. Bombay, an island on the w coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan, seven miles in length, and 20 in circumference. It came to the English by the marriage of Charles II. with Catharine of Portugal ; and is one of the three presidencies of the English East India Company, by which their oriental territories arc go- verned. It contains a strong and capa- cious fortress, a city, dockyard, and ma- rine arsenal. Here the finest merGliant ships are built, and all of teak, supplied from the neighbouring countries, which IS more durable than the best Englisli oak. The ground is in general barren, and good water scarce ; but it has abun- dance of cocoa-nuts. The inhabitants are of several nations, and very numer- ous. It is 150 miles s of Surat. Lon. 72 38 E, lat. 18 57 N. Bomene, a seaport of Holland, in Zea- land, on the N shore of the islai.d of Schowen, 3 miles E of Browershaven. Bommel, a town of S. Holland, in the isleof Overslacke, seven miles w of Wil- liamstadt. u Bammel, a strong town of Holland, in Gelderland, in the island of Bommel- wert, on the river Waal, 21 miles s bv E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 13 e, lat. 51 50 N. Bommelwert, an island of Holland, formed by the junctions of the Waal and Maese. It lies in the province of Gel- derland, except a small district at the w end, which belongs to S. Holland. It is 15 miles in length, from Lowestein to Fort St. Andrew, and is not more than four in the broadest part. It was taken by the French, in' 1672, and again in 1794. Bona, a seaport of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantina. Near it are the the ruins of the ancient Hippo Regius. It has a trade in ctrn, oil, wax, and wool, and is 270 miles e of Algiers. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 36 52 N. Bonair, a fertile island near the N coast of Terra Firma, to the e of Cura- coa. It is 60 miles in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on the bw side. Lon. 68 18 w, lat. 12 10 N. Bonaventura, a bay, harbour, and fort of New Granada, in the province of Po* BOO payatu It is the staple port of 'the pro- vince, and 90 miles w of Cali. Lon. 75 18 w, lat. 3 20 N. Bonavisia, one of the Cape Verd is- lands, so called from its beautiful ap- pearance to the first discoverers, in 1450 ; but it is now become barren, through the extreme idleness of tlie inhabitants. Lon. 22 47 w, lat. 16 6 N. Bonavista, a cape on the E side of the island of Newfoundland, Lon. 52 32 w lat. 48 15 N. Bondorf, a town of Suabia, capital of a county which joins the Brisgau. It is 28 miles nnw of Zurich. Boness, or Borrowstonnes, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgowshhe, with a safe and commodious harbour on the frith of Forth. It has a considerable trade in slrip-building and coal, and extensive manufactures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 miles n of Linlithgow. Bonifacio, a fortified seaport of Corsi- ca, with a good harbour, and a coral fishery. It stands on a small peninsula, at the s extremity of the island, 37 miles s of Ajaccio. Lon. 9 20 E, lat 41 25 N. Bonn, a city of Germany, in the teni- tory of Cologne. It has a flourishing university, four parish churches, and se- veral religious foundations. It was taken by the duke of Marlborough, in 1703, and by the French, in 1794. It is seated on the Rhine, 14 miles s by E of Cologne. Lou, 7 9 E, lat. 50 40 N. Bonnetable, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, 15 miles ne of Mons. Bonneval, a town of France, in the de- partment of Euro and Loire, seated on the Loire, 8 miles N of Chateaudun. Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capita] of Faucigny, seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a mountain, called the Mole, 20 miles SE of Geneva, Lon. 6 18 E, lat. 46 4 N. Bonthain, a seaport of the island of Celebes, on the ne part of a large bay, where ships may lie in security during both the monsoons. The town has a palisadoed fort, and stands on the s side of a small but deep river. Lon, 117 28 e, lat. 5 11s. Bontory, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Braclow, 22 miles e of Brac- low. Sony, a town of the island of Celebes, capital of a kingdom of the same name, on the s coast. The people are called Bonginese, or Buggesses, and are the most powerful nation of the island. The tpwn stands on the NW side of Bony bay, called also Buggess bay, wliich \& B O II lai'ge, but full of rocks and shoalis. Yaxu 120 36 e, lat. 2 60 s, BoogAoogc, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the country of Cutch, 140 miles SE of Tatta, and 230 w by n of Ameda- bad. Lon, 69 2 e, lat. 23 16 n. Booneton, a town of New Jersey, in Sussex county, 12 miles ese of Newton. Bomisborough, a town of the United States, in Kentucky, seated on Red ri- ver, which runs into the Kentucky, 38 miles ESE of Lexington. Boosnah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 98 miles ne of Calcutta. Bootan, a mountainous country of Hindoostan Proper, and a feudatory province of Thibet. It abounds in moun- tains covered with verdia-e, and rich with abundant forest trees ; there is scarcely a mountain whose base is not washed by some ton-ent, and many of the loftiest bear populous village"*, amid orchards and plantations, on their sim- mits and on their sides. The southern- most ridge of the Bootan mountains rises near a mile and a Jialf above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal diat-ince of only 16 miles ; and from the summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains below as on an extensive ocean. The Booteeas are much fairer and more robust than their neighbours the Ben- galees, with broader faces and higher cheek-bones : their hair is invariably black, and cut short ; their eyes small and black, with long pointed corners ; and their skins remarkably smooth. The houses are built on props, though the country is hilly, and ascended by a lad- der : the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for holding stores, and accommo- dating hogs, cows, and other animals. The capital is Tassasudon. Bopaltol, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, 98 miles e by s of Ougein. Bopjingen, a town of Suabia, on the river Eger, 19 miles nw of Donawert. Boppart, a town of Germany, seated at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 8 miles s of Coblentz. Borch, a town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Elbe, 14 miles ne of Magdeburg. Borchloen, a town of the Netherlands, in the territoiy of Liege, 16 miles nw of Liege. BordetUown, a town of New Jersey, in Burlington county, on the w side of the Delaware, six miles below Trenton, and 23 ne of Philadelphia. Borg, a town of Denmark, the chief place in the island of Femern, with a fort, on Femern sound. Lon. 115k, {at. 64 35 N. 13 B O R Bii'^go, a lown of Sweden, in Nyhiiisl, ayui a bishop's see ; seated near the giiSf of J "inland, on a river iiavio;abIe for small vessels. 24 miles ene of Hclsiiifors. Borgqforte, a town of Italy, in the Maiituan, on tlie river Po, at (lie influx of the Oglia, 10 miles s of Mantua. Borgo St. Donino, a town ot Italy, in the diichy of Placenza, seated an the Stironc, 18 miles sw of Placenza. Borgo dl St. Sepolero, a tow^i of Tus- cany, in the Floreutino, with a fort, seated near the source of the Tiber, 12 miles NE of Arezzo. Bcrja, a town of Spain, in Arragon, in a fruitful sj)ot, near Mount Cayo, 42 miles WNW of Saragossa. Borja, a town of Peru, in the audi- ence of Quito, situate on the head waters of the river Amazon, 300 miles e by N of Paita. Lon. 76 36 w, lat 4 15 s. Boriqiien, an island in the W. Indies, near Porto Rico. It is uninhabited, tliongh fertile, and the water good. Here is a great number of land crabs, vhence some call it Crab Island. Lon. 66 w, lat. 18 On. Borkelo, a strong town of Plolland, in the county of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the subject of two wars; one in 1665i, against the bishop of Mun- stcr, and the other with France, in 1672. It is seated on the river Borkel, 15 miles ENE of Zutphen. Borlien, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Mnnster, with a collegi- ate chitich, seated on the Aa, 38 miles «v of Munstcr. Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capi- tal of a county of its name, on the con- Sines of Tyrol. About a mile from the town are medicinal baths. It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the ri- ver lYedolso, uear its confluence with the Adda, 40 miles se of Coire. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 46 17 N. Borna, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a manufacture of stufls ; seated neat the river Pleysse, 13 miles ESE of Leipsic. Borneo, an island of Asia, in the In- dian ocean, discovered by the Portu- guese in 1521. It is of an oval figure, 900 miles long, and 600 broad. It is si- tuated under the equator, which nearly divides it ; yet the air is not so exces- sively hot as might be expected, being frequently refreslied with showers and cool breezes. Towards the interior the country is mountainous, but the coast for many hundred miles is a dead flat. In the monsoon, from April to Septem- ber, the wind is westerly, and the rains are constant and heavy, attended w>asturage and corn, and furnish agrccal)le places of resort in summer to parties of pleasure. In tiie neighbour- hood of Boston, tliP first hostilities com- menced, in 1775, between the colonists a«d the troops of the mother country, who evacuated the town in March 177G. }i IS 252 miles ne of New York. Lon. T» Oy w. lat. 42 22 N. Bosiuortli, Marlict, a town in Leices- lershire, witli a market on Wednesday. In its vicinity was fought the famous battle between Kichard III. and the earl of Ridnnond, afterward Ilcnry VII. in which l!ic former lost iiis crown and life. It is seated on a hil!, 13 miles \v ©f Leicester, and 106 nnw of London. B O T Botany Bay, a bay of New South Wales, discovered by Cook in 1770 and so called from the gicat quantity of herbs found on the shore. Tlie promon- tories whicli form its entrance are named Cape Banks and Point Solan- der. It was originally fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great Britain, which, in the sequel, took place at Port Jackson, 13 miles further to the N. Lon. 151 21 E, lat. 34 s. Botany Island, a small island in the Pacific ocean, to the se of New Cale- donia. Lon. 167 17 E, lat. 22 27 s. Botesdale, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, seated in a valley, 15 miles ne of Bury, and 86 of London. Bothnia, East, a province of SwedcHj in Finland, on the e side of the gulf of Botfmia, between the provinces of Kimi and Finland Proper and Russia. It is 300 miles in length, and from 90 to ?20 in breg,dth. On the seacoast, and toward the s, the land is low and marshy , and the summers are often so cold as to destroy great part of the crops. The inhabitants are thinly spread over this large space, the cattle small, and bears numerous. The principal exports are timber, butter, whale oil, pitch, and tar. This province is sometimes called Caja- nia, and the capital is Cajancburg. Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden, in Nordland, on the w coast of the gulf of Bothnia. It is 230 miles in length, between the seacoast and Swedish Lap- land, and from 25 to 50 in breadth. The soil is tolerably fertile, but sudden frosts in July often destroy the crops ; and it has mines of copper and iron, and numerous forests. The chief arti- cles of commerce arc the skins of foxes, ermins, bears, wolves, reindeer, otters, &c. The capital is Uma. Bothnia, Gulf of , a sea or large gulfj branching n from the Baltic, at the isle of Aland, and bounded on the vv, n, and E by the dominions of Sweden. On its coasts are many small islands. Botley, a village in Hampshire, six miles E of Soutliami)ton, on the river Haniblc, noted for a considerable trade in flour. Bolleiford, a village in Leicestershire, on the confines of Notlinghamshire and Lincolnshire, seven miles w by N of Crantham, Near it, on a lofly emi- nence, is Belvoir castle, the ancient scat of the dukes of Rutland. In the church are several handsome nionuments uf that noble family ; and many Roman anti(|uitics have been found in th<9 neighbourhood. B O U Sotu-ttr, a town of Suabia, in the kiug- ck)ni of ^^^irtembur^, on a river of its name, 15 miles sse of Hailbron. JBotzeu. See Bolzano. Bova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 20 miles SE of Reggio. Bouchain, a fortified town of France, \n the department of Nord, divided into two parts by the Scheldt. It was taken by the allies in 1711, under the duke of Marlborough, but retaken the year fol- lowing; and was invested by the Aus- trians in 1793, but soon relieved. It is 9 miles w of Valenciennes. BoHchart, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, situate on an island in the river Vienne, 15 miles ssw of Tours. Boucliemain, a town of France, in the department of Mayeune and Loire, 4 miles s of Angers. Bouclans, a town of France, iu the department of Doubs, eight miles E of Besaucon. Boudry, a town of Swisserland, in the county of Neufchatel, four miles sw of Neufchatel. Bmelles, a town of France, in the department of Somme, six miles wsw of Amiens. Boiiillon, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, vnth a castle, on an almost inaccessible rock. The French took it in 1676, when Lewis XIV. gave it to the duke of Bouillon. In 1794 this town was taken by storm, by ge- neral Beaulieu, after defeating a consi- derable body of French republicans, and given up to pillage. It is seated near the river Semoy, six miles nne of Sedan, and 46 w by n of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 49 46 N. Boidlli/, a town of France, in the department of Aube, seven miles s of Tioyes. Bovignes, a town of the Netherlands, in Narnur, ou the river Meuse, 10 miles s of Nanuir. Bovino, a town of Naples, in Capita- na1a, seated at the foot of the Apen- lijises, 15 miles NE of Eenevento. Bimlaj/, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle, 13 miles ne of Mctz. Bonlvgne, a seaport of France, in the department of Pas de Calais. It is di- vidi-d into two towns, the Upper and the Jjovver; the former is strongly fortified; but the latter is merely surrounded with walls. The port has for a long time been so shallow that no ships of liinden could enter it. But owing to some recent improvements, it is repre- sented to hold ten feet at low water ; 87 B O U and a large bason has lately been con- structed to contain 17 feet. The har- bour IS protected by a mole, to which verj strong fortifications have been added. Under Bonaparte Boulogne has been made a royal \)ort, and no mer- chant vessel, privateers, nor even prizes are admitted, unless loaded with ord- nance or mililary stores; being the principal depot of the armaments which he intended for the invasion of Britain. It is seated on the river Sienne, where it falls into the English Channel, 14 miles sw of Calais. Lon. 14 2 e, lat. 50 44 N. Bourhon, an island in the Indian ocean, 60 miles long and 45 broad, ly- ing 300 miles e of Madagascar. It has not a safe harbour, but there are many good roads for shipping. On the se is a volcano. It is a fertile island ; produc- ing, in particular, excellent tobacco. The French settled here in 1672, and have some considerable towns; and here tlieir India ships touch for refresh- ments. The chief town is St Denys. Lon. 55 20 e, lat. 20.52s. Bourbon, a town of Kentucky, chief of a county of the same name. It stands on a point of land formed by two of the s branches of the Licking, 20 miles ene of Lexington. Bourbon Lancy, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, ce- lebrated for its hot mineral waters, and a large marble pavement, called the Great Bath, which is a work of the Romans. It is 28 miles sw of Autun. Bourbon VArchambaud, a town of France, in the department of AUier, celebrated for its hot baths, and for giving name to the family of the late king of France. It is situate near the river Alier, 15 miles w of Moulins. Bourbonne les Bains, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, famous for its hot baths, 18 miles ENE of Langres. Bourbonnois, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Nivernois and Beiry, w by Berry and Marche, s by Auvergne, and e by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in corn, fruit, pas- tare, wood, game, and wine, it now forms the department of Allien Bourbourg, a town of France, in the department of Nord, seated near the river Aa, and on a canal that commu- nicates with Calais and Dunkirk, 10 miles sw of Dunkirk. Bourdeaux, an ancient, large, and rich town of France, in the department of Gironde. It is built in the form of a bow, of which the Garonne is the string. The town has 12 gates ; and the publie E O U piljfices are noble, and the streets regii lar and handsome. The castle, called the Trumpet, is situated at the entrance of the quay, and the river runs round its walls. Alost of the great streets lead to the quay. The quays are four miles in length, and the river is considerably broader than the I'hames at London bridge. On the opposite side, a range of hills, covered with woods, vineyards, churches, and villas, extending beyond the view. Almost in the centre of the toAvn a tine equestrian statue in bronze, was erected to Louis XV. in 1743. The beauty of the Garonne, and the fer- tility of the adjoining country, were pro- bably the causes which induced th« Romans to lay the foundation of this city. The ruins of a very large amphi- theatre yet remain, constructed under tJie emperor Gallienus. During the ir- ruptions of the barbarous nations, and particularly in those which the Normans repeatedly made, Bourdeaux was ra- vaged, burnt, and almost entirely de- stroyed. But when Henry II. of Eng- land, united it to liis dominions by his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, he made it a principal object of his policy to rebuild and restore it to its ancient iKstre. Edward, the Black Prince, brought his royal captive, John king of France, to this city, after the battle of Poictiers in 1356 ; and held his court and residence here during eleven years. His exalted character, his uninterrupted series of good fortune, his victories, his modesty, his affability, and his munifi- cence, drew strangers to Bourdoaux from every part of Europe. Here his son Richard II. was born. Bourdeaux contains upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, and is one of the first cities in France for magnitude, riches, and beauty. The cathedral, and the churches belonging to the late religious orders, the Domini- cans and Chartreux, are much admired. According to the present religious esta- blishment of France, Bourdeaux is the seat of an archbishop. The town has an university, and au academy of arts and sciences ; and a considerable trade, particularly in wine and brandy. In March 1812, Botirdeaux was entered by the English, after the battle of Orphes, but evacuated oa tiic restoration of the Bourbons. It lies 87 miles s of Ro- chelle, and 326 sw of Paris. Lon. 30 w, lat. 44 50 N. Boardines, a town of the Netherlands, In Namur, 5 miles nw of Huy. Bourg, a city of France, capital of the department of A in. Near it is the inagsiificeat church and monastery of B O U the Augustins. The principal com- merce is in corn, horses, cattle, and white leather. It stands in a marshy but fertile country, on the river Res- sousse, .36 miles ne of Lyosi, and 233 SSE of Paris. Lon. 5 19 e, lat. 46 11 N. Bourg, a town of France, in the de partment of Gironde, witli a tide har- bour on the Dorgogne, near the point of land formed by the junction of that river with the Garonne. It has a great trade in wine, and is 15 miles N by e of Bourdeaux. Bourg, a town of Guiana, in the island of Cayenne. Lon. 52 50 w, lat, 5 2 N. Bonrganeuf, a town of France, in the department of Creuse. Here is a lofty tower, faced with stones cut diamond- wise, erected by Zisim, brother of Ba- jazet II. emperor of the Turks, when he was obliged to exile himself, alter the loss of a decisive battle. Bourganeuf is seated on the Taurion, 20 miles ne of Limoges. Bourges, a city of France, capital of the department of Cher, and an arcki- episcopal see, ^vith a university, founded by Lewis XI. the Nero of France, who was born here. In extent it is one o the greatest cities in France, but the in- habitants hardly exceed 20,000. The principal manufactures are cloth, wool- len stuffs, and stockings ; but the trad© is inconsiderable. It is seated at the conflux of the Anion and Yevre, 25 miles NW of Nevers, and 125 s of Paris. Lon. 2 24 E, lat. 47 5 N. Bourget, a town of Savoy, on a lake of the same name, near the Rhone, six miles N of Chambeny. Bourgneiif, a seaport of France, in the department of Lower Loire. Tl\e chief trade is in salt, made from the ad- jacent salt-marshes. It stands on a bay to which it gives name, between the isle of Noirmoutier and t^ie continent, 20 miles sw of Nantes. Lon. 2 3 w, lat. 47 4 N. Bourgueil, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, 22 miles w of Tours. Bourmont, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marnc, on a steep mountain, 20 miles e by n of Chau- mont. Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a navi- gable canal to Boston, and is seated at the source of a rivulet that runs to Si)alding, 35 miles s of Lincoln, and 97 N of London. Bouro, one of the Molucca islands, between Celebes and Ceram, 90 railcs BOX long and 30 broad. Some mountains iu it aic extremely high and the sea on one side is nncommonly deep. It pro- duces nutmegs and cloves, cocoa and banana trees, and many vegetables in- troduced by the Dutcli. The chief town is of the same name, also called Cajeli, from the bay on which it is seat- ed. Lon. 127 25 E, lat. 3 30 s. Bonrthes, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, 12 miles SE of Boulogne. Boussac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creuse, with a caslle on a rock, 25 miles ke of Gueret. Bouton, one of tlie JMolucoa islands, in the Indian ocean, 12 miles se of Ce- lebes. Lou. 153 30 E, lat. 5 s. Boiizonville, a town of France, in the department of Moselle, on the liver Nied, 27 miles ne of Metz. Bow, a town in Devonsliire, with a market on Tluusday ; seated at the source of a river, which flows into the Taw, 14 miles nw of Exeter, and 188 w by s of London. Bew, a village in Middlesex, 2 miles ene of London. It has many mills, manufactures, and distilleries, on the river Lea, over which is a bridge, said to be the first stone one built in Eng- land, and that from its arches it receiv- ed the name of Bow. Bow, an island iu the Pacific ocean, about 30 miles in circumference. Len. 141 lOw, lat. 18 23 s. Bonnes, a village in Westmorland, on the E side of Windermere-water, 9 miles w by n of Kendal. It is a great mart for fish and charcoal, and the rhief place for trading and pleasure boats ascd iu navigating the lake. Bouness, a village in Cumberland, at tiie w cud of the Picts wall, on Solway frith, 13 miles w by N of Carlisle. It was a Roman station, called Blatum Bulgium ; and hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. Boxherg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rliine, with an ancient ciistle on an eminence ; seated on the Tauber, 13 miles w of jMergentheim. Boxford, a village iu Sufi'olk, 5 miles from Sadbuiy. It Iras a great trade in malt, and a manufacture for dressing sheep and deer skins in oil. Boxley, a village in Kent, four miles N of Maidstone, famous for an abbey, founded in 1146, some remains of which atill exist. In this abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to the city of Lon- don, empowering them to elect a mayor. BoxteJ, a town of the Netherlands, m BRA in Brabant, seated on the river B«mmc!, and furnished with sluices. Here the British and Dutch troops, under the duke of York, were defeated by the French in 1794. It is eight miles s or Bois le Due. Boxiimde, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, seated on the Este, which flows into the Elbe, 12 miles sw of Hamburg. Boyle, a borongh of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon. Here are the ruins of an abbey, near tlic lake Key, and manufactures of linen and yarn, j t is sealed on the river Boyle, 23 miles n of Roscommon, Boijne, a river of Ireland, which rises in the n part of the county of Kildare, crosses the county of Meath, and enters the Irish channel below Diogheda. In this river and on its banks James 11. wns defeated by Wiiliain III. in 1690. Bozolo, a town of Italy, in the IVL-in- tuan, seated on the Oglio, 15 miles sw of Mantua. Braan, a river of Scotland, in Perth- shire, which descends from the hills e of Lock Tay, and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon this river is a grand scene, at a place called the Rumbling-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, the river is preci- pitated in a fall of near 50 feet. Brahant, a territory of the Nether- lands, bounded on the n by Holland and Gelderland, e by Liege, s by Na- mur, and w by Hainanlt, i landers, asid Zealand. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Meuse, Dommel, Nethe, and Dyle. Tlie northern part belongs to Holland, under the denomination oi Dutch Brabant ; and Bois le Due anti Middleburg are the capitals. 'Tim southern part is denominated Anslriari Brabant, of which Antwerp and Brus- sels are the chief towns. Bracciano, a town of Italy, in the pa • trimony of St. Peter, celebrated for some warm baths in its vicinity. It i.s situate on a lake of the same name, 12 miles Nw of Rome. Braccigliano, a town of Naples, in Principato ^Citeriore, seven miles nnw of Salerno. Brachley, a borough in Northamjj- tonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday. It contains two churches, and had formerly a college, now a freeschool. It is seated on the Ouse, 18 miles ssw of Norihaaipfon, and 63 NW of London. Bractaw, a strong town of Poland, capital of the Palatinate of its name, iu BRA Podolia. It stands on the river Bog, 85 miles E of Kaminieck. Lon. 28 36 e, lat. 48 50 N. Bradjield, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday, seated on the river Blackwater, 16 miles n of Chelmsford, and 44 nne of London. Bradford, a town in "Vt^iltshire, with a market on Monday, It is the centre of the greatest fabric of superfine cloths in England, and is eminent for the nicest mixtures. It stands on the side of a rocky hill, on the Avon, 10 miles n by w of A^^arminster, and 100 w of Lon- don. Bradford, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. It has a canal, which is a branch from the Leeds and Liverpool. The manufactures are tammies, calamancos, woollen cloths, wool-cards, combs, and leather boxes ; and in the vicinity is a capital iron foun- dery. It is 9 miles w of Leeds, and 196 NNW of London. Bradford, a town of Massachusets, in Essex county, where some vessels are built, and shoes made for exportation. It is situate on the Merrimac, opposite Haverhill, 10 miles w of Newbury Port. Brading, a corporate town of Hamp- shire, near the e angle of the Isle of Wight, at the head jf a large haven, which admits small vessels to the quay at high water. It is six miles e of New- port, and eight s of Portsmouth. Braga, a city of Portugal, capital of Entre Douero e Minho, and the see of an archbishop, primate of Portugal. It contains four churches, beside the ca- thedral, and eight convents. There are some ruins of an amphitheatre, and an- aqueduct. It is seated in a fertile coun- try, on the Cavado, 180 miles N of Lis- bon. Lon. 8 29 w, lat. 41 42 N. Braganza, a city of Portugal, in Tra ios Moutes. It is divided into the old and the new town : the former is on an eminence, surrounded by double walls, now in ruins ; and the latter is on a plain, at the foot of a mountain, defended by a fort. It is seated on the Fervauza, 32 miles wnw of Miranda, and 88 ne of Oporto. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 42 2 N. Braila, a town of European Turkey, m ^^alachia, with a castle ; seated on the Danube, 110 miles se of Tergovisto. Brailoiv, a town of Poland, in Podo- lia. on the river Bog, 30 miles nw of Braciaw. Brain le Comte, a town of the Nether- lands, in Hainault, 16 miles ssw of Brussels. Braintree, a town in Essex, with a Eiarkct on Wednesday It has a cou- B R A sideraJjle niauufactuie of bays, and is joined on the N by the extensive village of Bocking. It is seated on the livei Blackwater, 11 miles n by e of Chelms- ford, and 40 ne of London. Braintree, a town of Massachusets, in Norfolk county, seated on a bay, eight miles s by E of Boston. Brakel, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, on the rivulet Brught, 16 miles E of Paderborn. Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the country of the Grisons, which separates the valley of Munster from the county of Bormio. It is supposed to be the same which Tacitus mentions undei the name of Juga Rhaetica. Bramant, a town of Savoy, on the river Are, 20 miles e of St. Jean do Maurienne. Bramher, a borough in Sussex, which is now without either market or fair. It is seated on the Adur, adjoining to the s of Steyning, 61 miles s by w of Lon- don,' Brampton, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Tuesday, On the top of a high hill is a fortified trench, called the Mote, It is seated on the river Ir- thing, 9 miles ene of Carlisle, and 311 NNW of London. Bramstedt, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstcin, near which is a medicinal spring. It is seated on the Bram, 21 miles N of Hamburg. Branaw, a town of Bohemia, with a manufacture of coloured cloth, 11 miles NW of Glatz. Branealeone, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 9 miles se of Bova. Brancaster, a village in Norfolk, four miles w by N of Burnham. It was the ancient Branodunum, a considerable Roman city, and has now a considera- ble trade in malt. Brandeis, a town of Bohemia, on the river Elbe, 10 miles ne of Prague. Brandenburg, a marquisate of Ger- many, in the circle of Upper Saxony ■ bounded on the w by Luneburg, n by Pomerania and Mecklenburg, e by Po- land, and s by Silesia, Lusatia, Saxony Proper, and Magdeburg. It is divided into five parts : the Old mark, the mark of Pregnitz, the Middle, Ucker, and New mark ; and then* chief towns are Stendal, Perleberg, Brandenburg, Pren- zlo, and Custrin. The principal rivers are the Elbe, Havel, Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The coujitry is in general sandy, and the soil meagre ; but, it produces some corn, and abounds in wood, wool, iron, flax, hemp, hops, and tobae<;o. Tlie greatest part of the in- 90 BRA habitants are Lutherans ; but the papists are tolerated. Berlin is tlie eapital. Brandenburg, a city of Geimany, ca- pital of tlje Middle niaik of Branden- burg. It is divided into the old and new town, by the river Havcl, which separates tiie fort Irom both. Some French refugees, having settled here, introduced their manufactures, and ren- dered it a prosperous place. It is 32 miles w by s of Berlin. Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 52 27 N. Bratideiiburg, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, surround- ed by walls. The streets are wide and straight, the chuich of St. Mary is a large structure, and the townhouse is worthy of notice. It is situate on tJie Tollensee, 72 miles n of Berlin. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 53 34 N. Bi-amlenhurg, a town of E. Prussia, with an ancient castle, at the se end of the Frische Half, 13 miles svv of Ko- nigsbcrg. Brandon, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. It stands on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a ferry a mile below for conveying goods to and from the isle of Ely. It has a great tiade in corn, malt, coal, timber, &c. and in the vicinity are extensive r^ibbit warrens. It is 15 miles N by w of Bury, and 78 nne of London. Branford, a town of Connecticut, in Ncwhavcn county, Avhich has many iron works in its neighbourhood. It stands on a river of the same name, which runs into Long Island sound, 10 miles E of XcwliaA'cn, and 40 s by w of Hartford. Bran^lui, a town of Transylvania, on the river JMerish, 36 miles s of Weissem- burg Brosil, a large country of South Ame- rica, being the easternmost part of that continent. It is bounded on the w by Paraguay and Amazonia; and on the SE and N by the Atlantic ocean; being about 1560 miles in length, and 1000 in breadth. It was discovered by Alvares (.'alral, a Portuguese, in 1500, and has since lemained under the dominion of Portugal, giving the title of prince to the heir-apparent of that kingdom. The Portuguese have divided the coast into the provinces of Paria, Maragnano, Si- ara, Rio Grande, Pareiba, Tamarica, Fernambucca, Seregippe, Bahia, Porto Seguro, Esperito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Angra, St. Vincent, and Del Rey. In so vast a tract of land, it cannot be ima- gined that the climate will be found at all equal, or the seasons uniforn The northern provinces are subject i o heavy rains, variable winds, tornadoer storwA. 91 BRA and the utmost fury of the e-leinents ; while the southerly regions aie blessed with all the comforts which a fine fertile soil and temperate climate can afford. In some of the provinces the heat of the climate favours the generation of a va- riety of poisonous reptiles ; some of Mhich, as the liboya, or roebuck snake, are said to extend to the length of 30 feet, and to be two or three yards in circumference. The rattle-snake, and other reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an enormous size ; and the serpent called ihibaloka is affirmed to be 7 yards long, and half a yard in circum- ference, possessed too of a poison in stantaneously fatal to the human race. Here also are scorpions, ant-bears, ty- gers, porcupines, janonveras, and an animal called tapirassou, which is ihe production of a bull and an ass, having a great resemblance to both. No coun- try on earth affords a greater number of beautiful birds or greater variety of the most exquisite fruits ; the chief commo- dities are Brazil wood, ebony, dying woods, ambergris, rosin, balsams, indi- go, sweet-meats, sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, beautiful pebbles, crystal, emeralds, jasper, and other precious stones; in all which the Portuguese carry on an amazing trade. More sugar is brought from this country than from all other parts of the w^orld. The gold and diamond mines were first opened in 1681 ; and have since yielded above five millions sterling annually, of which sum a fifth belonged to the crown. The largest diamond in the world was sent from Brasil to the king of Portugal. It weighed 1680 carats, or 12 ounces and a half; and has been valued at 66,787,5001. The revenue arising to the crown from this colony, was estimated at tAvo mil- lions sterling in gold, exclusive of the duties on the exports of the coun- try. The natives who inhabit the inland parts, live almost in a state of nature ; they are copper-coloured, §o naked, cohabit indiscriminately, and have no signs of religion; they are strong, lively, and gay, and subject to few diseases. The Portuguese settle- ments were governed by a viceroy, who resided at St. Sebastian ; but in conse- quence of the French seizing upon Por- tugal, in the year 1808, tjhe Royal fa- mily, and most of the nobility, left that kingdom, and embarked for this coun- try, under convoy of an English fleet, and established their couLit at the city of Rio Janeiro. Brculaw, a city of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wilua, on the k side of a BRA lake which communicates with the Dvvina, 76 miles nne of Wihia. Lon. 26 48 E, lat. 55 46 N. Brassa, one of the Shetland islands. Between this and the principal island, called Mainland, is the noted Erassa Sonad, where 1000 sail may at once fh)d commodious mooring-. Brassinv, or Crmistadt, a strong town tit Transylvania, on the river Burezel, 50 miles e by N. of Hermanstpdt. Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 49 35 N. Brass Town, a town of Tennessee, si- tuate near the sovnce of the Hiwasse, afcout 100 miles s of Knoxville, Two iniJcs s of this town is the Enchanted Mountain, much famed for the curiosi- ties found on its rocks, which consist of isiiipressions resembling the tracks of tiirkios, bears, horses, and human be- ings, as perfect as they could be made on snow or sand. Bratilehorongh, a town of Vermont, isi Vi'indham county, situate on the Con- necticut, 28 miles e of Bennington, and 70 WNW of Boston. Brava, a republic on the southern ex- tremity of the kingdom of Magadoxa, atid the only one in Africa. It was founded by seven Arabian brethren, who J'ed hither from the t^'ranny of Lacah, a petty monarch of Arabia. Finding a most delightful situation between two rivers, near their continence into the Indian ocean, they built the city of Brava, which is now large and populous, and the greatest mart on all the coast. Its merchants arc rich, carrying on an extensive trade in gold, silver, elephants teetSi, ambcrgrise, silk, cotton, and other stud's. Tlie republic is under the pw)- tection of the king of Portugal, for which they pay a tribute of about 201. Hnnuallv. The city of Brava lies in lon. 43 25 E^lat 1 20 N. Brava, one of the Caj>e Verd islands, 12 nft'les wsw of Fucgo, and inhabited ny the Portuguese. The lasd is high and mountainous, but fertile ; and horses, beeves, asses, and hogs arc numerous. It lias three harbours, but Porto Ferreoon the s side is the best for large ships. Lon. 24 .39 w, lat. 14 52 N. Branhacli, a town of Germany, in the Weslerwald, wit!) a castle, seated on the Rhine, 8 miles w by s of Nassau. Bravian, a I'oitificd town of Bavaria, formerly the residence of tlie elector. In 1742, it was taken by the Austrlans; and, in 1779, by the peace of Tcschen, \\i\i town and its district m ere ceded to Auslria. In 1805, it was captured by the French and Bavarians It is scal-cA B R E on the river Inn, 28 miles sw of PasHan. Lon. 13 E, lat. 48 14 N. Braunfeh, capital of the county of Solms. Here is a magnificent palace, the seat of the prince of Sohns-Braun- fels; and near it is the decayed castle of Solms. It is seated near (he Lahn, 10 miles w by s of Wetzlar. Lon. 8 28 E, lat. 50 30 N. Braunsburg, a town of W. Prusssia, in Ermeland. It has an academy for catholics, established in 1783 ; and is seated on the Passarge, near its entrance into the Frische Haffe, 18 miles ne of Elbing. Lon. 19 58 e, lat. 54 30 n. Braimston, a village in Northampton- shire, four miles nw of Daventry, on the confines of Warwickshire. Here com mences the Grand Junction canal to the Thames, which, with the Oxford and Coventry canals, render it the centrical place of inland navigation to the four principal seaports of England. Bray, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Wicklow, seated on the river Bray, near St. George's channel, 10 miles s of Dublin. Bray, a village in Berkshire, one mile s of Maidenhead. It is famous in song for its vicar, who was twice a papist and twice a protestaat, in four successive reigns, and when taxed with being a turncoat, said, he always kept to his principle, ' to live and die viear of Bray.' Brazza, an island in the gulf of Ve- nice, near the coast of Dalmatia, 30 miles long, and 10 broad The soil is stony, but it produces much excellent wine, and this article, with fire-wood and sheep, form the chief trade. It has a town of the same name. Lon. 17 35 e, lat. 43 50 N. Brechin, a borough of Scotland, in Angusshire, anciently a bishop's see and the county-town. The cathedral is partly ruinous, but one of its aisles serves for the parish church. Adjoining to this is a curious antique round tower, which tapers from the bottom, and is very slender in proportion to its height. Here is a manufacture of linen and cot- ton, and a considerabk tannery. It is sealed on the S. Esk, 8 miles w of Montrose, and 12 f.nf. of Forfar. BrecJiTioch, or Brecon, a borough of Wales, capital of Breckn®cksiiire, with a nsarkot on Wednesday and Friday. It is an aticient place, as api)cars by the Romans coins that are often cUigupi and its once magnincciit caslic is now an iiisigtiificaiit ruin. It contains three churches, one of which is colh'giate; 02 15 R E «ii(l in that part of the town called the Watton is a line arsenal. It h;is a g:ood trade in clothing. To the k of the (own is a considerable lake, well stored with fish, M hence rinis a rivulet into the Wye. It is seated at the conthicnce of the Hon- dey with the Usk, 34 miles NW of Mon- mouth, and 171 w by n of London. Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 51 54 N. BrecJiunchshire, a conuty of "Wales, bounded on the e by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, s by Glamorganshire, w by Carmarthenshire and Cardigan- shire, and N by Radnorshire. It is 38 miles long, and 28 broad, containing 512,000 acres, is divided into six hun- dreds, and 62 parishes ; and has four piarket-towns. The number of inhabi- tants in 1811, was 37,750 ; and it sends two members to parliament. It is full of mountains, some of which are exceed- ingly high,- particularly Monuchdenny Iiill, not far from Brecknock ; but there jire large fertile plains and vallies, which yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. The s part abounds with coal and iron. Its principal rivers are the Wye and Usk. Breda, a fortified city of Dutch Bra- bant, surrounded on all sides by water and morasses. The great church is a noble structure, with a lofty spire. In IG25, the Spaniards, after a memorable siege of 10 mouths, reduced this city ; but, in 1637, the prince of Orange re- took it. In 1793, it suiTcndered to the French, after a siege of only three days, iiut was retaken soon after. It is seat- ed on the river Merk, 25 miles nne of Antwerp, and 60 s of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 51 37 N. Bredon, a considerable village in Lei- cestershire, five miles nne of Ashby de la Zouch, seated at the base of a high limestone rock, on the summit of which the church stands, and commands very extensive views. Bredstedt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, 21 miles wnw of Sleswick. Breeds Hill, an eminence on the N side of Charleston, in Massachusets, ce- lebrated for the stand made by the Ame- ricans against the British troops, at the commencement of hostilities with the mother country. This action, usually called the battle of Bunkers Hill (ano- ther hill near it) happened on the 17th of June, 1775. Bregeiitz, a town of Germany, in Ty- rol, with a castle on an eminence ; seat- ed at the mouth of a river of its name, on the E end of the lake of Constance, six miles se of Lindau. n R E Brnluir, (he most mountainous of the Scilly islands, 30 miles w of the Lauds- end. Lon. 6 47 w, lat. 50 2 N. Brc/tna, a town of the duchy of Sax ony, eight miles ne of Halle. Brema, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, near the confluence of the Sessia with the Po, on the frontiers of Mont- serrat, 28 miles w of Pavia. Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying between the Weser and the Elbe ; the former of which separates it from Oldenburg, and the other from Holstein. The country is fertile and populous, but in winter is subject to inundations. It formerly be- longed to the Swedes, but was sold to the elector of Hanover, in 1719. Stad is the seat of regency. Bremen, a free city of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of the same name. The Weser divides it into the old and new town, both of which are fortified : the former is the largest, and in it stands the cathedral. It has a harbour, nine miles below the town, and carries on an extensive trade. In 1 757, it was taken by the French, who were driven out in 1758, by the Hanoverians. It is 22 miles E of Oldenburg, and 62 wnw of Zell, Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 53 5 n. Bremenvord, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, defended by a castle. The chancery of the duchy is kept here. It stands near the Oste, 32 miles N by E of Bremen. Brenigarten, a town of Sw itzerland, in the free lower baiUwics, between the cantons of Zurich and Eern. The inha- bitants deal chiefly in paper ; and it is seated on the Reuss, 10 miles w of Zurich. Breno, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, seated on the Oglio, 36 miles n of Brescia. Brenta, a river which rises in the prin- cipality of Trent, passes by Bassano and Padua, and enters the gulf of Venice, a little s of Venice. Brentford, a town in Middlesex, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Thames, into which, at the w end of the town, enters the Grand Junction canal, and a rivulet called the Brent. Here the freeholders of Middlesex elect the knights of the shire. It is a lon^j^ town, divided into old and new Brent- ford, which last contains the chui ch and market place. It is seven miles w of London, Brentwood, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday, seated on an emi- nence, 11 miles wsw of Chelmsford, and 18 ENE of London. B R E Sresciano, a province of ItsUy, bound- ed on t!ie s by Mantua and the Cremo- nesc, w by Bergamasco, n by the coun- try of the Grisons, and e by the princi- ])aUty of Trent, the Veronese, and Man- tua. It is watered by several small rivers, alld fertile in wine, oil, and maize, with excellent pasturages, and some mines of copper and iron. Brescia is the capital. Brescia, a city of Italy, capital of Bresciano, ami a bishop's see. It is well fortified, and has a good citadel, which stjitids on a rock. The cathedral and tlie palace are adorned with beautiful paintings, and in the former is shewn the standard of Constantine. Here are several flourishing manufactures, and its fire-arms are particularly celebrated. This city has been taken and retaken several times, by the Austrians and French, It is seated on the Garza, 42 miles Nw of Mantua. Lon, 19 5 e,. lat. 45 31 N, Bresello, a town of Italy, in the Mo- dencse, on the river Po, 27 miles nw of Modena, Breslau, a beautiful city, capital of Silesia, and a bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of the Ola with the Oder, the first of which runs through several of the streets, and forms two island^. It s surrounded by walls, strengthened by ramparts and other works ; has a great ti-ade in linen, leather, Hungarian wines, &c. and contains 60,000 inhabitants. The public squares are spacious, the streets tolerably wide, and the houses lofty. The royal palace was obtained by the Jesuits, where they founded a university, in 1702. The tvvo principal chinches belong to the protestants ; near one of which is a college. This city be- came subject to the king of Prussia in 1741, It was taken by the Austrians, in 1757, but regained the same year. It was for some time besieged by the French, and surrendered to them in Ja- nuary, 1807, and again in 1813, It is 112 miles ne of Prague, and 165 N of Vienna. Lon, 17 9 E, lat. 51 3 N. • . Bresle, a river of France, which di- vides the department of Lower Seine from that Somme, and enters the Eng- lish channel at Treport. Bresse, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Burgundy and Franche Compte, e by Savoy, s by the Viennois, and w by the Lyonnois. It now forms the department of Ain. Bressnire, a town of France, in the department of Two Sevres, with a col- lege, 35 miles NW of Poitiers. Brest, a seaport of France, in the de- pRrtmcnt of FinisteiTe, with a cftst^iM) B R f a craggy rock by the seaside. Tlie har- bour, one of the best in the kingdom, has a narrow and difficult entrance, and both sides well fortified. The streets are naiTow. crooked, and steep. The quay is above a mile in length. The arsenal was built by Louis XIV. whose succes- sor established a marine academy ; and it has every accommodation for the na- vy. The English attempted in vain to take this place, in 1694. It is 30 mdes se of Morlaix, and 325 N of Paris. Lon. 4 26 w, lat. 48 23 N, Bretagnr;: or Britmiy, a late province of France, 150 miles long and 112 broad- It is a peninsula, united on the e to Maine, Anjou, and Poitou. The air is temperate, and it has large forests. It now forms the departments of Finisterre, Cotes du Nord, Ille and Vilaine, Lower Loire, and Morbihan, Breteuil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, 14 miles nne of Beau- 'vais, and 18 s of Amiens. Breteuil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure, seated on the Iton, 15 miles sw of Evreux. Breton, Cape, an island of N. Ameiica, separated from Nova Scotia by a strait called Canso. It is 1 10 miles in length, and from 20 to 80 in breadth. It is a mountainous country, subject to fogs througliont the year, and covered with snow in the winter. In 1745, it was ta- ken from the French by the English. There is an excellent cod fishery on the coast. The capital is Louisburg. Bnften, a town of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, 20 miles s of Heidelberg. Brevord, a strong town of Holland, in the county of Zutphen, with a castle, situate in a morass, 24 miles se of Zut- phen. Brewers, a toVra of the district of Maine, in Washington county, seated at the mouth of the Scoodick, in Passa- maquoddy bay, 25 miles nne of Ma- chiaS. Lonj 67 35 w, lat. 44 58 N. Bretvington, Fort, in the state of New York, at. the w end of Lake Oneida, 24 miles SE of Port Oswego, and 45 w of Fort Stanwix. Breivood, a town inStaifofdshire, with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles s by w of Stafford, and 129 nw of London. Brey, a town of the Nctiierlands, in the territory of Liege, on the river Ncer, 14 miles N of Maestricht. Briancon, a town of France, in the department of Upper Alps, witli a castle on a craggy rock, and other fortifica- tions. In its nciglibourhood manna is grathcred from a sort of pine tree. It has 94 B R I t, liRrtdsrane churcli, and a noble bridge over the Diuance, 20 miles n of Em- brun. Lon. G 32 e, lat. 44 62 n. Briancminet, a fortress of Savoy, near the town of INIonstiers, situate on a rock inaccessible every way, except by tlic side of a river, where it is ascended by two or three hnudred steps. The com mon passage from Savoy to Italy is by this fortress. Briare, a to^vn of France, in the de- partment of Loiret, seated on the Loire, and has a canal between that river and the Seine. It is 40 miles ksb of Or- leans, Bridgend, a town of Wales, in Gla- morganshue, with a market on Satur- day, and a woollen manufacture ; seat- ed on the Ogmore, seven miles w by N of Cowbridge, and 181 w of London. Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire, with a market on Saturday. It has two churches, and a freeschool that sends and maintains 18 scholars at the uni- versity of Oxford. It was formerly for- tified with walls, and had a castle, now in ruins. Here are manufactures of cloth, stockings, and iron tools ; and the trade both by land and water is considerable. It is seated on the Se- vern, 23 miles SE of Shrewsbury, and 139 NW of London. Lon. 2 28 w, lat. 62 36 N. Bridgetown, the capital of the island of Barbadoes, situate in the inmost part of Carlisle bay, which is large enough to contain 600 ships, but the bottom is foul, and apt to cut the cables. This city was burnt down in 1688 ; and suf- fered also greatly by fires in 1756, 1766, and 1767. Before these fires it con- tamed 1500 houses; and it has since been rebuilt. The streets are broad, the houses high, the wharfs and quays convenient, and tlie forts strong. The church is as large as some cathedrals. Here also is a freeschool, an hospital, and a college ; the latter erected by the society for propagating the gospel, pur- suant to the will of colonel Codrington, who endowed it with 20001. a year. The toAvn had scarcely risen from the calamities already mentioned, when it was torn from its foundation by a hurri- cane in 1780, in which many of the in- habitants perished. It is scarcely yet restored to its former splendour. Lon. 69 50 w, lat. 13 5 N. Bridgetown, the capital of Cumber- land county, in New Jersey. The coun- ty court is held in it quarterly. It is situated on Cohanzy-creek, 54 miles s of Philadf Iphia. Lon. 2 e, lat. 39 29m. 96 B R I IlriJgtftvwti, a town of Maryland, in Queen Ann county, on the w side o« Tuckahoe creek, 8 miles e of Centre- ville, and 65 ssw of Philadelphia. Bridgewater, a town of Massachusets, in Pljmouth county. In and near it large quantities of hardware, nails, &c. are manufactured. It is five miles nne of Raynham, and 30 s by E of Boston. Bridgewater, a borough in Somerset- shire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Thursday and Saturday. It is seated on the Parret, over which is a stone bridge, and near it vessels of 100 tons burden may ride. It has a large handsome church, and carries on a con- siderable coasting trade. The summer assizes are held here every other year. Ill the wars between Charles I. and the parliament, tlie forces of the latter re- duced great part of tlie town to ashes ; and the castle was then so far demo- lished, that few vestiges of it are now observable. It is eight miles s of the Bristol channel, 31 ssw of Bristol, and 138 w by s of London. Lon. 3 w, lat, 51 8N. Bridlington, or Burlington, a seaport in East Yorkshire, with a market on Sa- turday. The harbour is commodious, and defended by two strong piers. Its mineral waters, and accommodations for seabathing, draw much company in sum- mer ; and its trade is considerable. It is seated on a creek near Flamborough- head, 40 miles ene of York, and 206 N of London. Lon. 10 w, lat. 64 8 N. Bridport, a borough in Dorsetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed between the rivers Brit and Bride, and has a liarbour that will contain about forty small vessels. The market is remarkable for hemp ; and here are large manufactures of canvas, small cordage, and nets. It is 12 miles w of Dorchester, and 135 w by s of London. Brieg, a fortified town of Silesia, ca- pital of a principality of the same name, with a Lutheran cathedral, and several other churches for protestants and ca- tholics. Here is a manufacture of cloth It was taken by the Prussians in 1741, and its ancient castle burned down dur- ing the siege. It is seated on the Oder 25 miles se of Breslau. Lon. 17 37 e, lat. 50 49 N. Briel, or Brill, a fortified seaport of South Holland, capital of the island of Voorn. The Dutch took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which was the foun- dation of their republic. It is seated at the mouth of the Maese, 20 miles wsw of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 1b, \&t tl 48 N, B K I Brientz, a town of Swisserland, in Ihe canton of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its neighbourhood. It is sitT.- ate on a lake of the same name (nine tclWp.s long and three broad) 42 miles se of Bern. Srietzen. See Wriezen. Brieux, St. a town of France, capital of the department of Cotes du Nord, and a bishop's see, with a small harbour. It is seated among hills, near the Eng- lish channel, 60 miles NW of Reniies. Lon. 2 43 w, lat. 48 31 N. Briey, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle, near the river Manse, 12 miles nw of Metz. Brig. See Glandfordbridge. Brigldhelmstun, or Brighton, a town on the coast of Sussex, with a market on Thursday. It has no harbour, and only small vessels can approach the shore. It was formerly inhabited chief- ly by fishermen; but having become a i\vsbionat)le pliice of resort for sea-bath- ing, it ha-s been greatly enlarged by many handsome houses, wilL public rooms, hot and cold baths, a theatre, &c. The prince of Wales has here an ele- gant pavilion and superb stables ; and adjoiiiing is a chapel royal. The church stands on a hill above the town ; and to the w of it is a chalybeate spring much frequented. There are also several meeting-houses, a Romish ciiapel, and a synagogue. Here Charles II. embark- ed for Fraiice in 1651, after the battle of Worcester. It is 8 miles sw of Lewes, and 66 s of London. Lon. 6 w, lat. 50 60 N. Brignoles, a town of France, in the department ot Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated among mountains, in a pleasant country, 20 miles nne of Toulon, Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade in avooI. Here gene- ral Stanhope and an English array were taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated un the Tajuna, 43 miles ne of Madrid. Brilon, a town of the duch}' of West- phalia, on the river Mone, 27 miles e by s of Arensberg. Brindisi, a city of Naples, in Otranto, and an archbishop's see, with a fortress. The trade is trilling, and the air un- healthy; but both are improving by cleansing the harbour and draining the marshy places. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 32 miles e of Tarento. Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 40 45 n. Brinn. See Brunn. Brioude, a town oPFrance, in the de- partment of Upper Loire. Near it « ?^ B R I amall town called Church Sri large ships, with a smaller one above the influx of the Frome. At the mouth of the Avon are several dock-yards, and a very extensive floating dock. The city has 18 churches beside the cathe- dral, a guildhall, a customhouse, and an exchange. In 1811 the numler of inhabitants was 76,433. Bristol is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. Here are no less than 15 glass-houses ; and the sugar-refinery is one of its pnncipal manufactures. The Hot Well, about a mile below the *own, on the side of the Avon, is nmcb 96 B R I reM)rtcd to : it is of great purity, and has obtained a big:h reputation in con- sumptive cases. In St. Vincent Rock, above tliis well, are found tbose native crystals, so well known under tbe name of Bristol stones. Beside tliis well, tbere is a cold spring, wbich gushes out of a rock on tbe side of a river, and su]j- plies tbe cold bath. The city walls Lave been demolished long- ago ; and there is only one gate now standing. Here are used sledges instead of carts, because the vaults and common scwf is would be injured by them. Bristol is 13 miles wnw of Bath, 34 ssw of Glou- cester, and 114 w of Loudon. Lon. 2 36 w, lat. 51 27 N. Bristol, a seaport of Rhode Island, rhief town of a county of the same name. It has a commodious and safe harbour ; and is seated in a rich soil, noted for garden-stufi", on the e side of Bristol bay, 13 miles N of Newport, and 24 ssE of Providence. Lon. 71 14 w, lat. 41 40 N. Bristol, a town of Pennsylvania, in Bucks count}', seated on the Delaware, 21 miles sse of Newtown, and 20 ne of Philadelphia. Sntain, or Great Britain, the most considerable of all the European islands, extending 550 miles fl'om n to s, and 290 from E to w. It lies to the N of France, from which it is separated by the English channel. Its ancient name was Albion, which, in process of time, gave way to that of Britain, by which it was known to Julius Caesar. The general division of the island is into Scotland, England, and Wales. Britain, New, a country of North Ame- rica, comprehending all the tiact N of Canada, commonly called the Esqui- maux comitry, including Labrador, and New North and South Wales. It is subject to Great Britain ; and lies be- tween 50 and 70 n lat. and 50 and 100 w lon. There are innumerable lakes and morasses, which are covered Avith ice and snow a great part of the year. The principal settlements belong to the Eng- lish Hudson Bay Company. See Esqui- maux, Hudson Bay, and Labrador. Britain, New, an island in the South Pacific ocean, to the e of New Guinea, explored by Dampier, who sailed thiough the t-trait which separates it from New Guinea ; and captain Car- teret, in 1767, sailed through a channel, which divides it on the ne from a long island, called New Ireland. New Bri- tain lies in lon. 152 20 e, and lat. 4 s. The shores of both islands are rockj', tbe inland parts high and mountainous, 97 B R O but covered with tiees of varims kiiuU, among which are the nutmeg, the coct)fy nut, and different kinds of palm. The inhabitants arc black, and woolly-hetid- cd, like negroes, but have not their flat noses and thick lips. Britany. See Bretagne. Brive, a to^^^l of France, in the de- partment of Correze, w ith manufactures of silk handkerchiefs, muslins, gauzes, £cc. It is seated on tlie Correze, oppo- site ilie influx of Ihe Ytzcre, in a de- lightful valley, 12 miles sw of Tulle. Brixen, a principality of Germany, lately a bishopric, in the e part of Ty- rol. It is exhemcly mountainous, but produces excellent wine. Brixen, a town of Germany, capita? of the principality of Brixen. Beside the cathedral, there are one parochiai and six other churches. It was taken by tlie French in 1796, and again in 1797. It is scaled on the Eysach, at the influx of ihe Rientz, 38 miles s by b of Inspruc. Lon. 11 48 e, lat. 46 41 N. Brixham, a small seaport in Devon- shire, on tlie w side of Torbay, cele- brated for its fishery. A quay has been built for the purpose of supplying ship? Avith water. The prince of (3range, af- terward William III. landed here in 1688. It is 4 miles ne of Dartmouth, and 201 w by s of London. Brizen, or Britzen, a town of Bran-« denburg, in the Middle mark, on tlie Adah, 18 miles ne of Wittenberg. Broadsiairs, a village in Kent, on the seashore, two miles n of Ramsgate. It has a small pier, with a harbour for light vessels ; and is a fashionable re- sort for sea-bathing, more retired thaa Ramsgate. Brod, or Brodt, a strong town of Scla- vonia, on the river Save, where the em- peror gained a victory over the I'urks in 1688. It is 45 miles sw of Esseok. Lou. 18 30 E, lat. 45 10 n. Brod, a town of Moravia, on tlie frontiers of Hungary, 10 miles ese of Hradisch. Brod, Bohmisoh. See Bolimisch. Brod, Teutsch, a town of Bohemia, on the river Sazawa, 20 miles s by e of Czazlau. Brodera, a town and fortress of Hin* doostan, in Guzerat, celebrated for its linens, indigo, and lace. It is 62 miles SSE of Amedabad. Lon. 73 He, lat. 22 15N. Brodziac, a town of Lithuania, on the river Berezina, 100 miles s of Po- lotsk. Lon. 28 5 e, lat. 54 8 N. Broek, a town of Westphalia, in th^ duchy of Berg, capital of a county oi us H E R O nunie ; seated on the Roer, 11 miles N of Dusseldorp. Broek, a village of North Holland, 6 miles from Amsterdam. It is one of the most singular and pictmesquc places ill the ^vorld. The stieets are paved in /nosaic work with variegated bricks ; sitnd no carriages ever enter them. The houses are painted on the outside, and each has a terrace and garden to the street, inclosed by a low railing ; the garden adorned with china vases and shell-work, with borders composed of minute particles of glass, of different co- lours. Behind the houses are meadows, full of cattle, in which the inhabitants carry on a great trade. Uroken Bay, a bay of New South Wales-, 18 miles n of Port Jackson. It is formed by the mouth of a great river called the Hawkesbury, and is a good harbour. Lon. 151 27 e, lat. 33 34 s. Bromley, a town in Kent, with a market on Thursday. IJcre is a col- lege for 20 poor clergymen's widows ; and near the town is a palace of the bisliops of Rochester, where there is a chalybeate spring. Bromley is seated on the Ravensbourn, 10 miles s by e of London. Bromley, a town in Staflbrdshire, witli a market on Monday. It was former- ly called Abbots-Bromley, and after- ward Paget-Bromley, being given to lord Paget at the dissolution of the ab- bies. It is 7 miles e of Stafford, and 129 Nw of London. Brampton, a village in Kent, situate on an easy ascent from Chatham, and containing fine barracks for the mili- tary of that garrison. Bromsgrove, a corporate town in Worcestershire, with a market on Tues- day. Here are manufactures of sheet- ing, nails, and needles ; and a gram- mar school, founded by Edward VI. It is seated on the Salwarp, 15 mines nne of Worchester, and 116 nw of London. Bromyard, a town in Herefordshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 miles NE of Hereford, and 125 wnw of Lon- don. Bronno, or Bronni, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, where the French de- feated the Austrians in 1800. It is 10 miles SE of Pavia. Bronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 28 miles w of Taormina. Brookjield, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county. Here are iron ore, and large quantities of stone which yield copperas. It is seated on the B R O QuaboJig, 17 miles w by s of Wor- cester. BrooMaven, a town of New York, iu Suffolk county. Long island, 60 miles k of New York. Broolilyn, a town of New York, in Kings county, at the w end of Long island, near East river, which separates it from the city of New York. Brooklyn, a town of Massachusets, in Norfolk county, separated from Boston on the E by a narrow bay. Large quan- tities of fruits and vegetables are pro- duced here for the Boston market. Broom, Lock, a great salt lake, or arm of the sea, on the w coast of Scot- laud, in Rossshire. It contains several good harbours, has long been noted for excellent henings, and is esteemed one of the best fishing stations on the coast. Brora, a river of Scotland, in Suthcr- iandshire, which issues from a lake of the same name, and forms several cas- cades in its course to the town of Brora, where it enters the sea. Brora, a tovtn of Scotland, on the se ocast of Sutherlandshire, with a small har!)our at the mouth of the Brora, 14 miles NE of Dornoch. Broseley, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Wednesday. Here are many coal and iron mines, considerable iron-works, and a manufacture of to- bacco pipes. It is seated near the Se- vern, 6 miles nnw of Bridgenorth, and 146 NW of London. Brotlierton, a village in West York- shire, one mile n of Ferrybridge, where Thomas de Brotherton, son of Edward I. was born. It has a trade in lime. Brocage, a town of France, in the depai-tment of Lower Charente. It has considerable salt- wo xs, and stands near a bay of the sea, 17 miles s of Rochelle. Brouca, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, on the gulf of Catania, 15 miles s of Catania. Brmigh, a town in Westmoreland, with a market on Thursday. Near it is a cotton spinning manufacture, at the foot of a moiiutain. It is eight miles ESE of Appleby, and 261 nnw of Lon- don. Browershaven, a seaport of Holland, on the N side of the island of Schoneu, 9 miles sw of Helvoetsluys. Lon. 3 50 E. lat. 51 38 N. Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fayette county. The trade to Ken- tucky renders it a flourishing place and many boats are built here. Tbe vicinity abounds with monuments u. 98 B R U Indian antiquity. It is seated on the Monongaliela, at the mouth of Redstone creek, 30 miles sse of Pittsburg. JBrsesc. See Brzesc. Bruclisal, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, it has a large saitwork, and is seated on the river Satz, *ive uiUes se of Pliilipsbmg. BrucJi, a to^vn of Saxon}', 25 miles n liy w of Wittenberg. Sruck, a town of Austria, on the river Leyta, 20 miles ese of Yienna. Uruch, or Broiig, a town of Switzer- land, in Argau, vnth a college ; seated on the river Aar, 22 miles se of Basel. BrucJi, or Priick, a town of Bavaria, nn the river Ammer, 12 miles w of Mu- nich.— Another, in the Palatinate, 22 miles NNE of Ratisbon. JBruck, or Pi'iick^ a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of a circle of its name. It stands on the river Mnehr, 24 miles NNW of Gratz, and 82 sw of Vienna. Lon. 1.5 8 E, lat. 47 27 N. Brue, a river in Somersetshire, which rises in Selwood forest, on the borders of Wiltsliire, and flows through the county, by Bruton and Glastohbmy, into Bridgewater bay. Brug, a town of Switzerland, in the Vallais, seated on the Rhone, .39 miles E of Sion. Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in Flanders. It was once a great trading town ; but, in the 16th century, the civil wars drove the trade tirst to Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. The inhabi- tants are estimated at 20,000, but it is not populous in proportion to its extent. Its situation still commands some trade, tor it has canals to Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, Nieuport, Furnes, Ypres, and Dunkirk, Bruges has been often taken. It is 14 miles E of Ostend. Lon. 3 10 e, lat. 51 12 N. Brugge, a town of Lower Saxony, m the })rincipality of Hildesheim, on the river Leyne, 12 miles svv of Hildesheim. Bruggeii, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers ; seated on the Schwalm, 6 miles NE of Ruremonde. Brugneto, a town of the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Apennines, 35 miles ESE of Genoa. Briimau, a tov/n of Moravia, in tlie circle of Hradisch, on the frontiers of Hungary, 2G miles E of Hradisch. Brunn, or BiHnn, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg, built on an emi- renee ; and has manufactures of cloth, velvet, and plush. The Prussians be- sieged it in 1742 ; but were obliged to 09 B R U raise the siege It is seated at the con* lluence of the Zwittau and Schwartz, 33 miles sw of Olmutz. Lon, 16 38 E, lat. 49 13 N. Brimnen, a town of Switzerland, in- the canton of Schweitz. Heie the can- tons of Lri, Schweitz, and Uiiderwalden tbnned the alliance which was the foun- dation of the republic of Switzerland. It is ocated on the Waldsta^dter See, two miles sw of SchM'citz. Brimshuttle, a town of Germany, in Holstein, near tiie mouth of the Elbe, 13 miles nw of Gluckstadt. Brnnsicick, a duchy of Germany, m the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N by liuneburg, w by Westphalia, s by Hesse, and e by Anhalt, Ilalbor- stadt, and Magdeburg. It contains many mines, several medicinal springs, large forests, and plenty of the necessa- ries of life. The principal rivers are the Weser, Ocker, and Leyne. It is divid- ed into four duchies and two counties. Brunswick, a fortified city of Lower Saxony, and the chief town in the du- chy of Brunswick, with a citadel. It has 10 Lutheran churches, a rich monastery of St. Blaise, and about 22,000 inhabi- tants. This town is famoiis ibr a kind of strong beer, called Mum, which is exported even to Asia. It is seated on the Ocker, seven miles n by e of Wol- fenbuttle, and 68 s of Luueburg. Lon. 10 47 E, lat 52 16 N. Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Georgia, chief town of Glyiui county, with a safe harbour, capable of contain- ing a immerous fleet of men of war It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of Turtle river, in St. Simon sound, 60 miles ssw of Savanna. Lon. 81 w, lat 31 10 N. Brunswick, a city of New Jersey, in Middlesex county. Its situation is low, but many houses are now built on a pleasant hi!!, which rises at the back of the town. It has a considerable inland trade; and, over the I'aritan, one of the most elegant bridges in America. Queen's college was in this city, but is now extinct as a place of instruction. Brunswick is 60 miles ne of Philadel- phia. Lon. 75 w, lat. 40 20 N. Brunswick, New, a British province in N. America, separated from that of Nova Scotia, in 1784. It is bounded on the w by New England, n by Canada, E by the gulf of St. Lawrence, and s by Nova Scotia and tlie bay of Fundy. At the conclusion of the American war, the emigration of loyalists to this province was very great. The river St. John opens a vast extent of fine country, most B R Z of which is settled and under inif-rove- meiit. The upland is in general well M'ooded, and the lofty pines afford a con- siderable supply of masts for the roy-al navy. The chief place is the city of St. John, but the seat of goveniment is at Frederictowii. Bi-msels, a fortified city of the Nether- lands, the capital of Brabant, and the seat of the governor of the Austrian Low Countries, it has many magnificent squares, public buildings, walks, and fountains. The Hotel de Ville, in the grand raarket-place, i.s a remarkable structure : the turret is 361 feet in height, and on tlie top is tlie figure of St. Mi- chael, of copper gilt, 17 feet high, which turns with the wind. Here is a kind of nunnery, called the Beguinage, Avhich i.s like a little town, and surrounded by a wall and a ditch; the women educated here are allowed to leave it when they choose to marry. Brussels is celebrated for its fine lace, camblets, and tapestry; and contains 80,000 inhabitants. It has a communication with the Scheldt by a canal, 20 miles long It was bombard- ed by marshal Villeroy, in 1695, by which 14 churches, and 40GO houses were destroyed. It has been several times taken since. It is seated partly on an eminence, and partly on the river 8enne, 25 miles s of Antwerp, and 14S N by E of Paris. Lon. 4 IS E, lat. 50 51 N. Brnton, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are ma- nufactures of silk and hosiery ; a free- school, founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately almshouse, consisting of the ru- ins of a priory. It is seated on the river Brue, 12 miles se of Wells, and 100 w of London. Bruyeres, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 11 miles ene of Epinal. Bryamhridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, seated on the Shan- non, eight miles n of Limerick. Brzesc, a fortified town of Lithuania, capital of Polensia, or the palatinate of Brzesc, v> ith a castle on a rock. Here is a large synagogue, resorted to by Jews from all parts of Europe. It is seated on. the river Bug, 90 miles s by w of Grodno. Lon. 24 6 E, lat. 52 4 n. Brzexc, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It is sur- rounded by a wall, and seated in a mar- shy plain, 95 miles wnw of Warsaw. Lon. 18 30 E, lat. 52 40 N. Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with manufactures of B U C lace, fire-arms, and hardware, 24 m'le« WNV/ of Saatz. — Another, in the circle of Prachin, 18 miles WNW of Fisek. Bua, an is:Iand in the gulf of Venice, on tlie coast of Dalnialia, called like- wise Partridge island, because frequent- ed by those birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of I'raon. Buarcos, a town of Portugal, in Feira, on tlie seacoast, at the mouth of the Mondego, 27 roiles s of A\eira. Buccari, or Buchari, a seaport of Mor- lachia, on the ne part of the gulf of Ve- nice, declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce with the East Indies. It is 12 miles e of Tiuuie. Lor» 14 26 E, lat. 45 17 N. Budiannes, the most e;!stern promoB tory of Scotland, to the e of Peterhead in Aberdeenshire, in Ion. 1 34 w, lat. 57 27 N. Near this promontory are the Eullers of Buchan, and other stupen- dous rocks and precipices, much admi- red for the awful grandeur they exhi- bited. Bacliaria. See Bokliaria. Buchaii, a town of Suabia, with a nun nery, seated on a small lake, called Feyder See, 25 miles s'.v of Ulm Buchmt, a town of Bohemia, m the circle of Saatz, 26 rai'es sw of Saatz. Bficholz, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, seated on the Dahme, 23 miles SSE of Berlin. Buchorest, a strong city of European Turkey, capital of Walachia, where the hospodar commonly resides. The pa- triarchal church is large, adjoining to the palace of the archbishop; and in a square, near the centre of the town, is the great church of St. George, the pa- tron saint of Walachia. The inhabi- tants are estimated at 60,000. It is seat- ed on the Domboriza, 35 miles sse of Tergovist, and 200 N I>y w of Adriano- ple. Lon. 26 8 e, lat. 44 57 N. Biichorn, a town of Suabia, seated oa the lake of Constance, 18 miles ene of Constance. Biickden, a village in Huntingdon- shire, 5 miles sw of Huntingder. 'I'iie most general manufacture is bone-lace and paper. Buclders-hard, a village in Hampshire, on Beaulicu liver, 9 miles ssw of Sou- thampton. The inhabitants are princi- pally employed in ship-building , and many frigates h?.Ae been built here. Uncla, or Offen, the capital of Lower Hungary, situate on the side of a hill, on the w side of the Danube, over which is a bridge of boats to Pest. The inha- bitants are estimated at 25,000. The churches and public buildings are hand- some. In the adjacent country areviiie- >ards, which produce excellent wine; and hot baths that were in good order, with magnificent rooms, while the Turks Jiad possession of this place. The Turks took it in 1529, and it .vas afterward be- .sieged several time*; by the Geimans to no purpose, till 1686, when it was taken. It is 94 miles lse of Fresburg, and 200 NNW of Eeigrade. Lon.' 19 5 e, lat. 47 30 N. Budelich, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves; seated ontheTraen, 12 miles ene of Treves. Budei'ich. or Burick, a town of Ger- many, in the duchy of Cleves ; seated on the Rhine, 22 miles SE of Cleves. Bndin, a town of Bohemia, in the cif- 101 B U E cle of Rakonitz, with a castle, 9 miles s by w of Leutmeritz. Bxidingen, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with a castle ; situate on the Sambach, 25 miles ENEof Trankfort. Budissen. See Bautzen. Budoa, a strong seaport of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see. It sustained a siege by the Turks, in 1G86, and is 30 miles SE of Ragusa. Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 42 30 N. Budrio, a town of Italy, in the Bo- lognese, eight miles e of Bologna. Bndtveis, a fortified town of Bohemia in the circle of Bechin, and lately a bi- shop's see. In the environs are mines of gold and silver. It is seated on the Muldau, 75 miles s by w of Prague. Lon. 14 25 e, lat. 49 2 N. Biutzac. See Bessarabia. Biig, a river of Poland, which rises in the palatinate of Lemburg, flows N to Brzesc, crosses Polachia into Masovia, and enters the Vistula above Wisch- Biieii Ayre. See Bonair. Buenos Ayres, a city and seaport, the capital of Paraguay, the seat of a vice- royalty, and a bishop's see, A great part of the treasures and merchandise of Peru and Chili arc brought here, which are exported to Spain. It was founded by Mendosa, in 1535, but afterward abandoned ; and in 1544, another colony of the Spaniards came here, who left it also ; but it was rebuilt in 1582, and in- habited by Spaniards and the native Americans. It has an elegant cathe- dral, a small Indian church, two mona- steries, five convents, a college, a beau- tiful square, and about 70,000 inhabi- tants. The trade is carried on with the provinces of Peru by means of carts drawn by oxeU; which travel together in caravans. I'he country aiound is quite open and level, furnishing every species of American and European productions , butthe must extraoriinary circumstance is the propagation of cattle, which have multiplied so immeuseiy that ail are ir common, and a great many are killed merely for their hides. In 1806, Bue- nos Ayres was surrendered to the Eng- lish, under major-general (now lord) Beresford ; but was retaken by the Spa- nish forces about two months aiter- wards, when the general and his army- were made prisoners of war. In July, 1807, the English again made an attack on this place, with 10,000 men, but without success. It is seated on the Plata, 220 miles from the ocean, though the river there is 21 miles in breadth. Lon. 68 31 w, lat. 34 35 s. BUN Bvgia, a seaport of Algiers, in the province of Constantiiia, at the month, of the Major, on a bay of the Mediter- ranean. It has a strong castle, but sir Edward Spragge destro3ed several Al- gerine men of war under its walls in 1671. The harbour is safer and more capacious than that of Algiers, but its entrance is equally dangerous. The principal trade is in instruments of agri- culture, made of iron, obtained from mountains near the town. It is 90 miles E of Algiers. Lou. 5 28 e, lat. 30 49 N. Fivgie, a town of Egypt, situate on the w shore of the Red Sea, almost oppo- site to Ziden, the port town of Mecca, and about 110 miles w of it. Lon, 36 6e, lat. 22 15 n. Builth, or Bualt, a town of Wales, in Brecknockshire, with a market on Monday and Saturday. Here was an ancient castle, whofee keep, its last re- mains, was burnt down in 1690. In this neighbourhood the Welch made their last stand for independence, and was defeated by Edward I. in 1283. Builth has a manufacture of stockings. It is seated on the Wye, over which is a bridge into Radnorshire, 12 miles N of Brecknock, and 173 w by N of London. Suis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Drome, 40 miles e of Orange, and 65 sse of Valence. Buitrago, a fortified town of Spain, in New Castile, celebrated for the wool collected in its environs. It is seated on the Lozoya, 40 miles N of Madrid. Bulac, a "town of Egypt, on the Nile, two miles w of Cairo, and the port of that city. On the N side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are cut every year, to convey the waters of the Nile, by a canal, to Cairo. Bulam, an island on the w coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Gambia. The soil is good ; and a settlement of free blacks was formed here in 1792, by the English, but the natives of the con- tinent would not permit it to continue. Lon. 16 30W, lat. 13 On. Bulgaria, a province of European Turkey, bounded on the N by Wala- ehia and Bessarbia, e by the Black sea, s by Romtmia and Macedonia, and w by Servia. It is mountainous, but fertile in the intervening vallies. Soffa is the capital. Bulneas. See Bowiiess. Bunaioe, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire, on the E side of Loch Etive, at the influx of the river Awe. Here is an iron foundery, a valuable salmon fishery, and a bay that affords BUR safie anchorage in any wind. It js 15 miles ENE of Oban. Bundelcund, or Bundela, a circar of Hindoostan, in the province of Allaha- bad, inhabited by a tribe of Rajpoots. It is a mountainous tract, and contains the celebrated diamond mines of Panna, with sojne strong fortresses. Chatter- pour is the capital. Bungay, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Waveiiay, wliich is navigable hence to Yarmouth. It has two churches, and the ruins of a nunnery and a castle. It is 36 miles N by e of Ipswich, and 106 NE of Loudon. Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, in the island of Ximo, The king of this country was converted to Cluistianity, and sent a solemn embassy to the pope in 1583. The capital is Fumay. Lon. 132 E, lat. 32 40 N. Buniva, a mountain of Greece, be- tween Janua and Livadia, extending to the gulf of Zeiton. The ancient name was jEta ; and it is famous for the pass of Thennopylct! (so called from the hot baths in the neighbourhood) where Leo- nidas, and his 300 Spartans, resisted for three days the whole Persian army. Blinkers Hill. See Breeds Hiil. Buntiiigford, a town in Hertfordshire, with a maiket on Monday, 31 miles n by E of London. Buntwala, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, which has a great inland trade ; situate near the Netrawari, 10 miles e of Mangalore. Buntzlau, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Jauer. It has a manu- facture of brown pottery with gold and silver flowers ; and is seated on th« Bober, 23 miles w by N of LigJiit;:. Bu?itzlau, Alt, a town of Bohemia seated on the Elbe, 16 miles ssw of'Jung Buntzlau. Buntzlau, Jung, a town of Eoliemia, capital of the circle of Bimtzlau It was a royal town nnder Rodolphus II, and is seated on the Iser, 28 miles nne of Prague. Lon. 15 e, lat. 50 22 N. Buragrag, a river of the kingdom of Fez, which enters the Atlantic ocean, at Sallee. Burdwan, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of a district in Bengal, seated on the Dnmmooda, 57 miles Nw of Cal- cutta. Lon. 87 56 e, lat. 23 20 N. Burello, or Civita Biirella, a town of Naples, in Abruzxo Citeriore, 20 miles s of Lanciano. Buren, a town of Holland, in Gelder- land, with a fortified castle, 22 miles w of Nimeguejj. 102 BUR Buren, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, seated on tlie Alme, 10 miles s of Paderborn. Buren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Aar, six miles sw of Soleure. Btoford, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are ma- nufactmes of saddles, dnssels, and rugs. It is seated on the Windrush, 17 miles w by N of Oxford, and 72 w of London. Burg, a town of Holland, in the county of Zutphen, seated on the Old Yssel, 18 miles E of Nimeguen. Burg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Ihle, 12 miles nne of Magdebmg. Burg, a tow n of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, with manufactures of gun-barrels and woollen stufis ; seated on tlie Wipper, 18 miles se of Dussel- dorf. Burgas, a town of European Turkey, n Romania, on the w coast of the Black sea, 116 miles nnw of Constantinople. Lon. 27 20 e, lat. 42 31 N. Burgau, a town of Suabia, with a castle which gives name to a marqui- sate, ceded to Bavaria in 1805. It is seated on the Mindel, six miles e of Guntzburg (the capital) and 22 wnw of Augsburg. Burgdoyf, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, with a caslle, seat- ed on an eminence, on the river Em- men, eight miles ne of Bern. Burgdoif, a town of Lower Saxony, in Lunebiug, with a castle, on the river Awe, 15 miles s of Zell. Burgh, a village in CumberlRud, tive miles WNW of Carlisle. Near it is a column, erected to denote tlie spot where Edward I. died, when preparing for an expedition against Scotland. Burghaun, a town of Germany, in the principality of Fulda, on the river Haun, 8 miles nne of Fnlda. Burglengenfel, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg, 16 miles Nw of Ratisbun. Burgos, a city of Spain, capital of Old Castile, and an archbishop's see. It has an antique castle, once the abode of the kings of Castile; and the cathe- dral is one of the most magnificent Go- thic fabrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings, and fountains, are fine. In 1812, the allied army, under lord (now duke of) Wellington, entered Burgos, after the battle of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near three months, during which they made seve- ral attempts to carry it by assault, but in rain ; and the allies were ultimately 103 BUR obliged to raise the siege and retire into Portugal. It is seated partly on a moun- tain, and partly on the river Aranzon, 95 miles e by s of Leon, and 117 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 42 28 N. Burgu, or Berdoa, a territory of Za- hara, in the desert of Lybia, 1o the s of Augila and e of Fezzan. The capital is of the same name, 250 miles ssw of Augila, and 430 sse of Mourzook. Lon. 21 40e, lat. 26 ION. Burgundy, a late pro\ince of France, 112 miles long and 75 broad; bound- ed on tlie E by Franche Compte, w by Bourbonnois and Nivernois, s by Lyo- nois, and N by Champagne. It is fer- tile in corn, fruits, and excellent wines , and is now formed into the three de- partments of Cote d'Or, Saone, and Loire, and Yonne. Burhanpour, a town of Hindoosian, capital of Candeish, and, at one period, of the Deccan also. It has a great trade in fine cotton for veils, sha^\ Is, &c. In the war with the Miihratlas in 1803 it sun-enderedt and Ar- gyle. This shire sends a member to parliament alternately with Caithness- shire. See Bute, &c. Butrinto, a seaport of European Tur- key, in Albania, and a bishop's see ; seated on the canal of Corfu, at the en- trance of the gulf of Venice, 30 miles s of Chimaera. Lon, 20 9 e, lat. 39 49 N. Buttertnere, a lake in Cumberland, eight miles sw of Keswick. It is two miles long, and nearly half a mile broad. On the w side it is terminated by a mountain, called, from its ferru- ginous colour, the Red Pike ; a strip of cultivated ground adorns the e shore ; at the N end is the village of Butter mere ; and a groi'p of houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on the s extre- mity, under an amphitheatre of moun- tainous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to a vast height, flanked by two conical mountains, Fleetwith on the E, and Scarf on the w side. Nu- merous mountain tonents form never- failing cataracts that thunder and foam down the rocks, and form the lake l>elow. This lake is called the Upper Lake ; and, near a mile from it, to the NE is the Lower Lake, called ah^o Cro- mack-water. The river Cocker flows through both these lakes to Cocker mouth. Butterwortli, a large village in Lan- cashire, two miles e of Rochdale, which partakes in the trade and manufactures of th^it town. Button Bay, the n part of Hudson bay, through which attempts have been made to discover a nw passage to China. It is so called from sir Thomas Button, who here lost his ship, and came back in a sloop built in the coun- tiy. It lies between 60 and 66 n lat. Buttstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 miles w of Naumburg. Butzhach, a town of Germany, iu Wetteravia, seated in a marsiiy but fer- tile plain, 10 miles s of Giessen. Butzoiv, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, seated on the Warna, 17 miles sw of Rostock. Buxadewar, a strong fort of the coun- try of Eootan, at the entrance of the mountains from Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock, 20 miles n of Chicha- cotta. .v., Buxar, a town and fort of Hindoo- stan, in Bahar, on the right bank of the Ganges, 72 miles w of Patna. Buxtehude, a town of Lower Saxony, CAB in the duchy of Bremen, on the river Este, 18 miles se of Stade. Buxton, a village in Derbyshire, at the entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells that rise near the source of the river Wye ; and they are deemed one of the seven wonders of the Peak. Their waters, noted in the time of the Romans, are hot and sulphureous ; and much company resort to them in the summer. The building for the bath was erected by George, earl of Shrewsbury ; and here Mary, queen of Scotland, was for some time. The duke of Devonshire has erected a beautiful building in the form of a crescent, under which are piazzas and shops, A mile hence is another of the Avonders, called Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The entrance is low and narrow, but it presently opens to a cave of considerable height, and 696 feet long, with a roof resembUng a Gothic cathedral. It contains many stalactitious concretions, and several curious representations both of art and nature, produced by the petrifying wa- ter continually dropping from the rock. Buxton is 32 miles Nw of Derby, and 160 NNW of London. Bychow, a town of Lithuania, on the Dnieper, 180 miles ssw of Wilna. Lon. 30 E, lat. 53 38 N. Byron Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered by commodore Byron in 1765. It is low, full of wood, and very populous. The natives are tall, well-proportioned, and clean; and their countenance expressive of a surprising mixture of intrepidity and cheerfulness. Lon. 173 46 e, lat. 1 18 s. C t^ Words that sometimes hegin iviik C, and are notfomid under that letter, may he sought for under the letter K. Caaden, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, on the river Eger, nine miles svv of Commotau. Caa7ia. a it>wn of Egypt. Cabeca de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a castle, 12 miles sw of Portalegro. Cabenda, a seaport of Africa, in Con- go, subject to Portugal, 100 miles se of Loango. Lon. 12 2 e, lat. 4 6 s. Cabet, or Gabes, a to^r'n of the king- dom of Tunis, near a g^ulf of the same name, 170 miles s of Tunis. Luu. 10 65 E, lat. 33 40 K. C A C Cahinpoint, a town of Virginia, in Sur- ry county, on Upper Chipoak creek, near James river, 26 miles ese of Pe- tersburg. Cabra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with six convents, and a col'lege for the study of philosophy and divinity. It is situate at the foot of a mountain, near the source of a^iver of the same name, 25 miles se of Cordova. Cahra, a town of the kingdom of Tom- buctoo. It is a place of great trade, seated on the Niger, and serves as a port to the capital, 10 miles se ofToinbuctoc. Cabrera, an island in the Mediterra- nean, seven miles s of Majorca. It luts a large harbour, on the N side, defended by a castle. Lon. 2 55 e, lat. 39 8 N Cabul, a euuntry of Asia, bounded on the w by Persia, n by the Hindoo-ko, e by Cashmere, and s by Candahar. It was anciently a province of Persia, af- terward it was annexed to the Mogu empire till 1739, when it was restored to Persia by Nadir Shah, The country is highly diversified; consisting of moun- tains covered with snow, hills of mode- rate height, rich plains, stately forests, and innumerable streams. It produces every article necessary for human life, with the most delicate fruits and flow- ers. It is sometimes called Zabuhstan, from Zabul, osie of the names of Ghizni, which was the ancient capital of tire country, Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the dominions of the sul- tan of the Afghans, seated near the foot of the Kindoo-ko, on the river Attock. It carries on a considerable trade, and is considered as the gate of India toward Tartary. In 1739, Nadir Shah took it by storm, and piandered it of great trea- sures. It is 170 miles ne of Candahar. Lon, 68 35 E, lat, 34 30 N. Cacaca, a town of the kingdom oJf Fez, with a fort upon a rock 16 miles s of Mehlla Cacella, a town of Portugal, on the SE coast of Algarva, six miles e by N of Ta- vira, and eight wsw of Castro Marim. Caceres, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura, seated on the Sabrot, 22 miles se of Alcantara. Caceres, a town of the island of Lu- conia, capital of the province of Cama- rinos, and a bishop's see, Lon. 124 E, lat. 14 33 N. Cachan, or Cashan, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, which has a considerable trade in silks, silver and gold brocades, and porcelain. Here are many Chris- tians, and Guebres, or worshippers of 106 CAD fire. It is seated in a vast plain, 65 miles N bv w of Ispahan. Lou. 61 55 e, lat. 33 20 N. Cacliao, or KecJia, the capital of the kingdom of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 Louses, whose walls are of mud, and tlie roofs covered with thatch; a few are built with brick, and roofed mth pan- tiles. The principal streets aie very w'de, and paved with small stones. The king has three palaces here, such as tlicy are ; and near them are stables for his horses and elephants. The house of the English factoiy is the best in the city; and the factories pmchase silks and lackered ware, as in China. It is seated on the river Hoti, 80 miles from the gulf of Tonquin. Lon. 105 He, lat. 21 10 N. Cacheo, a town of the kingdom of Cumbo, seated on the river Cacheo, or St. Domingo, 50 miles from its mouth. It is subject to the Portuguese, who have three forts, and cany on a great trade in wax and slaves. Lon. 14 55 e, lat. 12 6 N. Cachoeiro, a town of Brasil, in the go- vernment of All Saints Bay. It is the mart for the northern gold mines, and stands on a small river, 42 miles Nw of St. Salvador. Cacongo, a tovra of the kingdom of Lcango, seated near the mouth of a ri- ver, 40 miles sse of Loango. Cacorla, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, on the rivulet Vega, between two mountains, 15 miles ese of Ubeda. Cadenac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot, on the river Lot, 27 miles ENE of Cahors. Cadenel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Rhone, 28 miles SE of Avignon. Coder Idris, a mountain of Wales, in Merionethshire, to the s of Dolgelly. The perpendicular height is estimated to be 2850 feet above the level of the sea ; and on it are several lakes, abound- ng in fish. i'adiar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 28 miles SE of Granada. Cadillac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, with a castle, seated on the Garonne, 15 miles se of Bourdeaux. Cadiz, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour. It is seated on the isle of Leon, at its NW extremity, and the bay formed by it IS 12 miles long and six broad. The s side is inaccessible by sea, because it is edged with craggy rocks ; and two forts, the Puntal and Matagorda, command the passage into the harbour. Cadiz u 107 C A E a very ancient place, being built by the Phoenicians : it was aftenvard a Roman town; and there are still several remams of Roman antiquities. This port is the centre of the Spanish commerce to the W. Indies and America. There are li- nen manufactures in the neighbourhood, but that of salt is the chief bran'h of in- dustry. Cadiz was taken by the Eng- lish in 1596 ; but being attempted again in 1702, they had not the like success. It was the seat of the Spanish govern- ment; and the Cortes held their sittings here for a long time, while the nation were stmggling for their independence against the French. Soon after the go- vernment was settled, the French laid siege to the city, which they continued for more than two years, but was at length obliged to raise the siege, in con- sequence of the battle of Salamanca. It is 45 miles w of Gibraltar, and 90 w by s of Malaga. Lon. 6 IG w, lat. 36 32 n. Cadora, a town of Italy, capital of tlie distiict of Cadorina, and the birth-place of Titian, the painter. It is seated on the Piave, 15 miles n of Belluno. Lon. 12 E, lat. 46 28 N. Cadorino, a district of Italy, bounded on the E by Friuli, s and w by the Bel- hmese, and N by the princii)Hlity of Brixen. It is a mountainous country, and the chief town is Cadora. Cadsand, or Cassand, an island of Hol- land, on the N coast of Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheldt. The land is fer- tile, and the inhabitants make a large quantity of excellent cheese. The chief town is Cassandria. Caen, a city of France, capital of the department of Calvados. It has a cele- brated university, and a casiio with four towers, built by the English. I'be ab- bey of St. Stephen was founded by Wil- liam the conqueror, who was buried in it. The river Orne runs through the city, to which the tide brings up large vessels. It is 65 miles w by s of Rouen, and 125 w of Paris. Lon. 22 w, lat. 49 11 N. Caerleon, a town of Monmouthshire, •with a market on I'hursday. Many Roman antiquities have been fomrd here, and it has the ruins of a castle. It is seated on the Usk, 19 miles sw of Monmouth, and 140 w by N of London. Caermarthenshire, a county of South Wales, 48 miles long, and 25 broad. It is bounded on the s by Bristol channei, on the w by Pembrokeshire, on the N by Cardiganshire ; and on the e by Breck- nockshire and Glamorganshire. The air is wholesome, and the soil less rocky and mountainous thau ia most ethei ""■ C A E othei parts of Wales, and consequently it is propoiticnally more fertile both in corn and pasture. It has also plenty of wood, and is well supplied with coal and lime-stone. The principal rivers are the Towy, Colhy, and Tave; of which the first aoounds with excellent salmon. It contains 228,000 acres; is divided into eight hundreds, and 145 parishes ; and has six market towns. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 77,217. It abounds witb ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near Caermarthen, towards the E, may be seen t!ie ruins of Kastelk, Karrey, and several vast caverns, sup- *)0sed to liave been copper mines of the Uomans. Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs and flows twice in 24 hours. The county and city send each a mem- ber to parliament. Caermarthen, a borough of Wales, ca- pital of Caermarthensliirc, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated qn the Towy, over which is a stone bridge, to which small vessels may come up. It was fortified with a wall and a castle, now in rums ; and on the E side of the town, near the river, are the remains of a monastic building of considerable extent. Caermarthen js a county of itself, governed by a mayor. There are iron and tin mines in the neighbourhood. It is 24 miles se of Cardigan, and 220 vv by N of London. Lon. 4 23 w, hit. 92 12 n. Caernarvonshire, a county cf N.Wales, bounded on the N and vv by the sea, on the s by Menonethshire, and on the e divided from Denbighshire by the river Conway. It is about 50 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. It contains 3 10,000 acres ; is divided into seven hundreds, and 68 parishes ; has one city and five maiket towns; and sends two members to parliament. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 49,336. The principal rivers are the Conway and Seint. This county being the most rugged district of N. Wales, may be truly called the Bri- tish Alps. Its central part is occupied by the famed Snowdon ; and the pros- pects around are rude and savage in the highest degree ; but not without a mix- ture of beauty, when the dimensions of the vales admit the varieties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in the valleys on the side next Ireland is pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great num- bers of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on the mountains ; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, abound with variety of fish. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these mountains, as TclU' OS lead ; and_ quantities^of stone, C A F excellent for hones, are dug near Snow- don ; to the dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway below forms a pleas- ing contrast. The chief manufacture is woollen cloth. Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales, capital of Caernarvonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated '^n a strait of the sea, called Menai, near its entrance into Caernarvon bay, and carries on a considerable trade with Ire- land, and the principal English ports. It has a celebrated castle, built by Ed- ward I. in which his son, Edward II. the first prince of Wales was born. Caernarvon is governed by the constable of the castle,'\vlio is always mayor. Here are salt water baths, and elegant hot and cold baths, which are much fre- quented during the season. It is seven miles sw of Bangor, and 244 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 4 20 w, lat. 5.S 8 N. Caerphilly, a town of Wales, m Gla- morganshire, with a market on Thurs- day. The ruins of its celebrated castle more resemble that of a city than a sin- gle edifice. It is seated between the Taafe and Rnmney, 7 miles n of Cardiff, and 160 w of London. Caerwcnt, a village in Monmoulhsliire, four miles sw of Chepstow. It is the Yenta Silurum of the Romans, once crowded with palaces and temples; but now the buildings within its ruined walls are oidy a church and a few scattered houses, the rest of the area being laid out in fields and oreliards, where a tcs- selated pavement, and numerous otiier antiquities have been discovered. Caerwys, a town of Wales, in Flint- shire, with a market on Tuesday, five miles w cf Flint, and 212 N\v of Lon- don. Caffa, or Theochsia, the largest town of the Crimea, with an excellent road and harbour. It was taken, in 1266, by the Genoese, who made it one of tiie most flourishing towns in Asia. It was taken from them by the Venetians, ia 1297, but soon recovered ; however, in 1474, the Tartars, assisted by the Turks, finally expelled them. It was the last post in the Crimea of which the Genoese retained the sovereignty. Cafla was the Theodosia of the ancients ; a name which has been restored to it since the Russians became possessed of the Cri- mea. It contains about 20,000 iii'.iabi- tants, and is constantly well garrisoned. The trade consists in wax, furs, lamb- skins, leather, horses, and female slaves; most of the latter are brought from Cir- cassia, and are here sold at from 4 to 800 pounds each, in proportion to their 109 C A F ebarms. Caffa is seated on a bay of the Black sea, at the foot of some hfgh nioiintaius, 65 miles e by n of Symphe- ropol, and 130 se of Precop. Lon. 35 20 £, lat. 45 N. Caffii, Strait of, the ancient Cimme- rian IJosphorns, a strait that forms the comniuriication between tlie Bh\ck sea and the sea of Asoph, and a separation between Europe and Asia. Caffrai-ia, a country of Africa, extend- ing; along Ihe Indian ocean to tire month of the Great Tish river, in lat. 30 30 s; by this river it is divided from the coun- try of the Hottentots, and the otlier boundaries are not ascertained. The Cafl-res are tal! and well proportioned ; and, in general, evince great courage in attacking lions and other beasts of prej. Their skin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivory, and their ej es large. The clothing of both sexes is the same, con- sisting entirely of the hides of oxen, which arc as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of difl'crcnt animals tied round their thighs; pieces of brass in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms ; they are adorned also with the hair of lions, and feathers fastened on their heads, with many other fantastical or- naments. They are fund of dogs ; and have great pride in their cattle, which pay the most perfect obedience to (heir voice. Their exercise :3 hnnting, fight- ing, or dancing. They are expert in throwing lances, and, in time of war, use sliields made of the hides of oxen. The" women are employed in the culti- vation of their gardens and corn. They raise several vegetables, which are not indigenous to the counti-y, as tobacco, water-melons, kidney-beans, and hemp. Their huts are higher and more commo- dious than those of the Hottentots, and their lands more fertile , but their oxen, and almost all their animals, are much smaller. Industry is the leading trait in the character of the Caffres, who are distinguished from then' neighbours to the s, by their fondness for agriculture. They have a high opinion of the Su- preme Being, and of his power ; they believe in a future state of rewards and punishment; but think that the world had no beginning, and will be everlast- ing. They have no sacred ceremonies, and consequently no priests ; but they have H kind of conjurors whom they greatly revere. They are governed by an hereditary king, whose power is very limited ; but, being permitted to take as uiany wives as he pleases, he has a lar- ger portion of lands to ctdtivate, and a ^cater number of cattle to tend and 109 C A I feed. The distance of ihs diflFereiit hordes makes it necessary that thay should have inferior chiefs, who are &\y- pointed by the king. Cagliari, a fortified city and seaport of Sardinia, capital of the island, and an archbishop's see, with a university and a castle. Here are five churches, beside the cathedral, three of which are colle- giate. It stands on the s part of the is- land, at the bottom of a gulf of its name, which forms a large and secure harbour. Lon. 9 26 e, lat. 39 20 N. Cagnste, Canete, or Gnarco, a town of Peru, capital of a district of the same name, extending about 24 leagues along the seacoast. it is situate wear the sea, 80 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 76 16 w, lat. 13 10 s. Cahors, a city of Fiance, capital of the department of Lot, and a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on a peninsula, made by the ri\ er Lot, and built partlj' on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple. The town lias a manufacture of fine cloths and ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine. It was taken by assault, in 1580, by Henry IV. by means of petards, which were first employed here, in one of the suburbs are the remains of a Roman amphithea- tre. Cahors is 70 miles n of Toulouse, and 287 s of Paris. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 44 27 N. Cajaiieburg, a town of Sweden, capi- tal of E. Bothnia, situate on a lake where the river Pytia forms a tremen- dous cascade. It contains but few in- habitants, and is 350 miles nne of Abo. Lon. 27 45 E, lat. 64 13 N. Cajazzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, situate on a hill, by the river Volturno^ 22 miles ne of Naples. Caicos, a cluster of islands in the W. Indies, to the N of St. Domingo, which take their name from the principal one, Lon. 71 30 w, lat. 21 40 n. Cai-fong, a city of China, capital of the province of Ho-nan. It is situate on a plain, six miles Com the river Hoan- ho, \\ hich is higher than the plain, and kept in by raised dikes that extend above 90 miles. When ti:e city was besieged by the rebels, in 1642, they cat the dikes of the river, which drowned 300,000 of the inhabitants. Some of the ruins still remain, which show that its present state is far inferior to its former magnificence.. Its jurisdiction compre- hends four cities of the second clasSj and 30 of the third. It is 350 miles ssw bi Peking. Lon. 114 28 E, lat. 34 53 N. CAR ' Caifa, a seaport of Syria, iii Palestine, defended by wall and a citadel. It stands on the s side of the bay of Acre, eight miles sw of Acre. Caiman, three small islands of the West Indies, to the Nw of Jamaica, be- tween 81 and 86 w Ion. The inhabi- tants of Jamaica come hither to catch tortoises. Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, betAveen tlie counties of Banff and Mur- ray. It rises in a conical form 1750 feet above the level of a small lake near its base, which is the source of the Avon, and 40.50 feet above the level of the sea; its sides clothed with firs, and its top generally covered with snow. It is fa- mous for beautifid rock-crystals, much esteemed by lapidaries. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city, capital of Egypt. It consists of three towns, about a mile apart; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the port termed Bulac. The population is estimated at 300,000. Old Cairo is now reduced to a small place. New Cairo is a mile from the river, and seven miles in circumference. The streets are narrow ; and the finest houses are built round a court, in Avhich they make the best appearance, having few or no windows next the street. The castle stands on a steep rock, and is surrounded by thick walls, on which are strong towers. Joseph's Well, made by a vizier of that name, about the year 1100, is the most curious part of the castle : \i is sunk in the rock 280 feet deep and 40 in circumference, with a staucase carried round ; and a machine, turned by oxen, raises the water (which conies from the Nile) into a reservoir, whence it is again raised by a similar machine. There are many other reser- voirs for water ; and numerous bazars, where each trade has its allotted quar- ter. There are several public bagnios, very handsome within, and used as places of refreshment and diversion, especially for the women, who go there twice a week ; but the wives of great men have baths at home. The women have greater liberty here than in any part of the Turkish empire ; and on Friday a mosque without the walls is frequented by them as a pilgrimage of pleasure. I'he Calish, a canal which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city, is 20 feet broad, and has houses on each side of it. As soon as the water begins to rise, they close the mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark, to show the time when this and all other canals in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done with great solemnity. C A L There are not less than 300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which ]>re- sent a very picturesque appearance. It was a place of very great trade before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope; and is still the centre of that of eastern Africa. I'he chief manufactures are sugar, sal ammoniac, glass lamps, salt- petre, gunpowder, red and yellow lea- ther, and linen made of the fine Egyi>- tian flax. This city was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in 1798, and retaken by the British in 1801. It stands on the right bank of the Nile, 100 miles s of its mouth. Lon. 31 18 e, lat. 30 3 N. Cairoan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, and next to the city of Tunis for trade and number of inhabitants. It is situate near a sandy desert, where are found many vestiges of former magni- ficence, and on the river Magrida, 60 miles s by e of Tunis. Lon. 10 26 E, lat. 36 5 N. Caistor, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday. Near it are the remains of a monastery, and many Ro- man vestiges. It is 12 miles sw of Grimsby, and 156 N of London. Caithnessshire, the most northerly county of Scotland, 35 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Pent laud frith, E and se by the German ocean, and w by Sutherlandshire. The s angle is occupied by mountains ; and a vast ridge of hills forms the sw bound- ary, ending in a promontory called the Ord of Caithness, which runs out into the sea. The rest of the county may be deemed an immense morass, interspersed with some fraitful spots, producing oats and barley, and others affording pasture for sheep and black cattle. Its other chief products are butter, cheese, yarn, skins, feathers, and kelp. It sends a member to parliament alternately with Buteshire. English is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the highlands the Gaelic prevails. Wick is the capital. Caket, a town of Persia, near Mount Caucasus. Its trade consists chiefly m silk. Lon. 46 15 E, lat. 33 N. Calabar, a town of the kingdom of Benin, capital of a coimtry of the same name. The Dutch have a factory here.. It is 140 miles sse of Benin. Lon. 7 15 e, lat. 3 40 N. Calabria, a country of Naples, divided into the provinces of Calabria Citeriore and Calabria Ultcriore, or Hither and Further Calabria. The first is bounded on the s by Calabria Ulteriore, N by Basilicata, and vv and e ''y the Mediter- ranean. Cosenza is the capital. Cala« 110 C A L bria Ulteriore is washetl by the Medi- terranean on the s, e, and w, and bound- ed by Calabria Citeriore on the N. Ca- tanzaro is tlie capital. This coimtry abounds in excellent fruit, corn, wine, oil, nilk, cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part of Calabria Ulterioie, as well as of Sicily, was destroyed by one of the most terrible earthquakes on record: beside the destniction of many towns, villajfcs, auil farms, above 40,000 people perished by this calamity. Culahorra, an episcopal town of Spain, in Old Castile, on the side of a liill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 miles e of Burgus. Lon. 2 7 w, lat. 42 12 N. Calais, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, with a cita- del. It was taken by Edward III. of Enrfland, in 1347, after a siege of more than 1 1 months, which has given rise to some historical as well as dramatic fic- tion. In 15-57, it was retaken by the duke of Guise. It was bombarded by the English in 1696, without receiving much injury. The fortificatious are good ; but its greatest strength is its situation among the marshes, which may be ovei-flowed at the approach of an enemy. In time of peace there arc packet boats, which go twice a week be- tween Dover and Calais. It is 21 miles ESE of Dover, and 1.52 N by w of Paris. Lon. 1 51 E, lat. 50 58 N. Calais, St. a town of France, in the department of Sarte, 24 miles ese of Mans. Calamata, a town of European Tur- key, in the Morea, on the river Spinarza, 36 miles wsw of Misitra. Calamianes, a cluster of islands, the most westerlj' of the Philippines, and to the N of Borneo. They are 17 in num- ber, and mouutainous ; but produce great quantities of wax, honey, and edi- ble birdnests. The principal island^ is Paragoa. Calaiajiid, a city of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle on a rock. It stands at the foot of a hill, on the river Xalon, at the influx of the Xiloca, 37 miles sw of Sai agofisa. Lou. 1 33 w, lat. 41 28 N. Calataxilteta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 50 miles nw of Lentini. Calatrava, a town of Spain, in New Castile, the chief place of the military order of the knights of Calatrava. It is seated near the Guadiana, 90 miles s of Madrid. Lou. 3 10 w, lat. 39 4 N. Calbe, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Saale, 16 miles s by e of Magdeburg. Cal'oen, a town of Brandenburg, in ill C A L the Old mark, Avith a castle, seven miles sw of Stendel. Calherga, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, formerly a vast city, and the residence of the sovereigns of the Dec- can, It is 85 miles w by N of Hydra- bad, and 110 E of Visiapour. Lon. 77 20 E, lat. 17 25 N. Calcar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleve ; seated near the Rhine, 8 miles SE of Cleve. Calcinato, a town of Italy, in Kresci- ano, where a victory was gained over the Austrians, by the French, in 1706 It is 8 miles se of Brescia. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, and the seat of the governor-general of the British dominions in the East Indies, is situated on the river Hoogly, the wes- tern arm of the Ganges, about 100 miles from the sea. It is a modern citj', built on the site of a village called Govind- pour. The English first obtained the Mogul's permission to settle in this place in 1690; and Calcutta is now become a large and populous city, being supposed to contain at least 500,000 inhabitants. The part inhabited by the English is elegantly built ; but the greatest part is built after the general fashion of the cities^of India. Their streets are ex- ceedingly confined, narrow, and crook- ed, with a vast number of ponds, reser- voirs, and gardens, interspersed. A few of them are paved with brick. The houses are built, some with brick, others with mud, and a still greater number with bamboos and mats ; all which difl'ercnt kinds of fabrics, inter- mixed, form a very uncouth appear- ance ; and are very readily destroyed by fire. The brick houses are seldom above two stories high, with flat and terraced roofs ; those of mud and bam- boos are only one story, and are co- vered with thatch. The English quar- ter is entirely composed of brick build- ings. The line of houses, that stirround two sides of the esplanade of the fort is magnificent; they are all on a large scale, and detached from one another, from the necessity of having la free cir- culation of air in a climate so extreme- ly hot. The approach to the houses is generally by a flight of steps, Avith great projecting porticos, or surrounded by colonnades and arcades, which give them much the appearance of Grecian temples. Within these 35 years Cal- cvitta has been greatly improved, both in appearance and in the salubrity of its air; the streets have been prope*ly drained, and the ponds filled; tliereby C A L renjoving a vast surface of stagnant wa- ter, the exhalations of which were par- ticularly hurtful. The expense attend- ing it was supposed to amount to two millions sterling. Calcutta is the em- porium of Bengal. Its flourishing state is in a great measure owing to the un- limited toleration of all religions ; the Pagans being sulfcred to carry their idols in procession, the Mahommedans not being discountenanced, and the Roman Catholics being allowed a church. The mixture of European and Asiatic man- ners, that may be observed in Calcutta, is curious: coaches, phaetons, single- horse chaises, with the palanquins and hackeries of the natives, the passing ce- remonies of the Hindoos, and the diifer- ent appearances of the fakirs, form a sight more novel and extraordinary, per- haps, than any city in the world can pre- sent. The Ganges is navigable up to the town for the largest ships that visit India. The exports are considerable in salt, sugar, rice, opium, silks, muslins, calicos, &c. Cnloutta is the seat of the governor-general and council of Bengal, who have a control over the presiden- cres of Madras, Bombay, and Bencoo- len. Here is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which justice is dis- pensed, according to the laws of Eng- land, by a chief justice and three puisne judges. In 1756, it was attacked by tlie soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000 horse and foot, and 400 elephants, when the besieged were forced to aban- don their posts, and retreat into the fort; on which the enemy's troops entered the town, and plundered it for 24 hours. An order was then given for attacking the fort, the garrison of which defend- ed themselves bravely for some time ; but many of them being killed and wounded, and their ammunition almost exhausted, they were at last obliged to surrender ; and were all, to the number of 146, crammed into the Black Hole prison, a dungeon about 18 feet .square ; from whence only 23 came out alive in the morning. The rest were all suflb- cated from want of air. Calcutta, how- ever, was retaken the next year ; and, after the victory of Plassey, the inhuman aoubah was deposed, and put to death by his successor. Immediately after this victory, the erection of Fort Wilham commenced, which is superior to any for- tress in India. In 1801, a noble college was founded here, in which are pro- fessors of EngUsh, Mahometan, and Hin- doo laws, history, &c. Calcutta is 1030 miles NNE of Madras. Lon. 88 28 E, kl. 32 35 M. C A L Calihs, a town of Spain, ir Cata.onIa, famous for its hot baths, and seated amid mountains, almost covered with olives, 15 miles n of Barcelona. Caldecoty a village in Monmouthshire, seated in a plain, tive miles sw of Chep- stow, and noted for the massive remains of its castle. Calder^ a river which rises on the w borders of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aire. It is navigable the greater part of its course. Caldohhirg, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach, with a cas- tle, 18 miles ne of Anspach. Caledonia, a seaport of Tena Firma, on the NE coast of the isthmus of Da- rien, founded by some Scotch families in 1699, but has long been in the hands of the Spaniards. It is 150 miles se of Porto Bello. Lon. 77 66 w, lat. 8 30 N. Caledonia, New, an island in the Pa- cific ocean, discovered by Cook, in 1774. It is 260 miles from Nw to se, and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strong, ac- tive, and well made ; their hair is black and much frizzled, but not woolly ; their beards are crisp and thick ; they besmear their faces with black pigment • and their only covering is a wrapper, made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves. Their houses are circular like a bee- hive ; formed of small spars and reeds, covered with long coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry grass. They depo- sit their dead in the ground, and deco- rate the grave of their chiefs with spears, darts, paddles, &c. They are of a pacific disposition, and their women chaster than those of the more eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with some art and industry, but subsist chiefly on roots and fxsh. Plantains and sugar- canes are not plentiful, bread-fruit is scarce, and cocoa-nut trees are but thinly planted ; but yams and taras are in great abundance. The cape at the s end, called Queen Charlotte Foreland, is in lon. 167 12 e, lat. 22 15 s. Calenherg, a principality of Lower Saxony, \\ Inch constitutes a part of the duchy of Brunswick. It is divided into two parts, and the principal towns are Hanover and Gottingen. It takes its name from an ancient castle, now in ruins, seated on the Leine, 17 miles s of Hanover. Calhuco, a town on the coast of Chili. inhabited by Spaniards, Mestees, and Indians, 180 miles s of Valdivia. Lon. 73 37 w, lat. 42 40 s. Call, a city of New Granada, in the province of Popayan, in a valley of the 112 CAT. iame name, on the river Cauca. The {governor, of the province generally re- sides here. It is 90 miles e of Bona- veiitura, and 200 w of St. Fe. Lou. 77 5w, lat. 3 15 N. Calicut, a city of Hiiidoostan, capital oftlie province of Malabar. It was the first Indian port visited by European slupj)ing; being- discovered by the Por- tuguese, ill 1498. Here is a manufac- ture of plain cotton goods; and much salt is made liy the natu! al evaporation of the sea water. Tlie principal exports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, ginger, and tumeric. It is seated at the ■inouth of a river, IIC miles sw of Serin- fapatam, and 130 ^SE of Mangalore. .on. 75 52 E, lat. 11 12 N. California, a peninsula of North Ame- rica, in the Pacific ocean, separated from tlie w coast of America by the Ver- million sea, or gulf of California ; ex- tending N\v from Cape St. Lucar, imder the tropic of Capricorn, to lat. 33 N. It Mas discovered by Cortes, in 1536 ; and is said to have been visited by sir Francis Drake, in 1578. Toward the close of the 17th cculurj, the Jesuits formed se- veral settlements here, and endeavour- ed to govern the natives with the same policy and authority tliat they exercised in then- missions in Paraguay. Tliey seem studiously to have depreciated the climate and soil ,)f the country ; l)ut on their expulsion from the Spanish domi- nions, the court appointed don Joseph Galvcz to visit this peninsula. His ac- count of the country was favomable ; he found the pearl lisheiy on its coast to be valuable, and he discovered mines of gold of a very promising appearance. Divers nations or tribes inhabit the country, without acknowledging any chief. Each father is a prince over his ov,n family ; but his power ceases when the chikhen are able to proxdde for themselves. Each tribe, nevertheless, has persons appointed, who call assem- blies to divide the productions of the earth, regulate the fisheries, and march at their head when engaged in war. Want of provision obliges them often to change their abode ; and in severe tvinters lliey retire into caves. A girdle and piece of Unen round the body, some ornaments for the head, and a chain of pearls, ser-re them for dress and finery. Those who live toward the north, where they have no pearls, dress their heads with shells. The women commonly wear a kind of long robe, made of leaves of palms; though some wear nothing but a girdle. The soil is in many places excellent ; and it is reported that vine-ii 13 C A L grow naturally in the mounfainp., and that the Jesuits, when they resided here, made abundance of wine, in taste ap- proaching to that of Madeira. The cliief town is St. Juan. Calitoor, a fortress of the island of Ceylon, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 28 miles s of Columbo. Calix, a town of Sweden, in Wc^t Bothnia, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the gulf of Eotli- nia, 22 miles w of Tornea. Callali, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of i\Iascara, which has a consi-- derable trade, and the greatest maikct for carpets in the country. It is 40 miles E of Oran. Callander, a town of Scotland, ia Perthshire, with a considerable manu- facture of muslin ; seated on the river Teath, 30 miles wsw of Perth. Calltto, a seaport of I'eru, witli the best harbour on the coast, and a large and safe roadstead defended by the islands Callao and St Laurence. In the port every commodity is to be pro- cured that vessels may be in need of. The town was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, in 1746. It is seated on a river of the same name, five, miles w of Lima, of which it is the port Lon. 76 68 w, lat. 12 2 s. Calle, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantina, where the French have a factory established for a corsj fishery', and trade for grain, wool, leather, and wax. It stands on a rock, almost surrounded by the_sea, 36 miles e of Bona. Callen, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, 10 miles sw of Kilkenny. Calliance, a town of Hlndoostan, ki DoM'latabad ; the houses built of rose wood, and covered with thatch. It is seated near the Kakr.An, 74 miles \v of Beder, and 160 sse of Auruogabac. Callington, a borough in Cornwrill, with a market on Wednesday, and a manufacture of cloth ; sikiate on the Lynher, 12 miles s of Launccston, and 216 w by s of London. Callonui, a town of Peru, celebrated for its silver mines, 70 miles n by e of Arequipa, and 170 s of Cusco. Calmar, a strong seaport of Sweden, capital of Smoland, and a bishop's see. It is celebrated as the place where the deputies of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, were appoiiited to assemble for the election of a king, according to the Union of Cahiiar. On an eminence, half a mile from the town, is the ancient cas-tie, now converted into a distillery. C A M The chief exports are planks, alum, and beinp. It is seated near the Baltic, 190 miles ssw of Stockholm, Lon. 16 22 e, Ut 66 41 N. CcdmiMa, an island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Asia, seven miles Nw of Stanchio, Lon. 26 46 E, lat. '.i6 56 N. Calne, a borough in Wiltshire, with a market on Tuesday. The chief ma- nufactme is cloth, and in the vicinity are many fuliing and corn mills. It is seated on a river of the same name, 25 miles E of Eristol, and 88 w of London, Caitura, a town on the w coast of Ceylon, with a fort. A great quantity of arrack is made here, and other ma- nufactures carried on. It stands at the mouth of a large branch of the Mu- liwaddy, 28 miles s by E of Columbo. Lon. 79 56 e, lat. 6 44 N. Calvados, a department of France, in- eluding part of the late province of Nor- mandy, It is so called from a ridge of r^cks of the same name, near the coast of what was heretofore called Normandy, extending 12 miles in length. Caen is the capital. Calvi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 8 miles n of Capua. Calvi, a town of Coreica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the same name, with a stiong fortress and a good har- bour. It v/as laken by the English in 1794. It is 38 miles wsw of Bastia. Calw, a town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemburg, with a porcelain manufacture, and a great trade in stuffs. It is 20 miles sw of Stutgard. Cam, a river which rises in Hertford- shire, flows by Cambridge into the isle of Ely, and there joins the Ouse, to which river it is navigable from Cam- bridge. Cainana, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction ; situate on a river of the same name, near the Pacific ocean, 70 miles w of Arequipa. Cainaran, an island of Arabia, in the Red sea, where there is a fishery for white coral and pearl oysters. Lon, 42 22 E, lat. 15 6 N. Camarct, a tOAvn of France, in the de- partment of Finisterre, In an expedi- tion against Brest, in 1694, the Er.glish landed here, and lost a great nuuiber of men. It stands on a bay of the same name, 8 miles s of Brest. Camargue, an island, or cluster of islands, of France, in the mouths of (he Rhone, separated by canals, and forti- fied. The whole contains 80 square miles ; the kind is fej-tile, but the air is unwholesome. Camhai, the southerumost province of Abyssinia, inhabited by a people callsd Seb-a-adia,who are a mixtxne of Pagans, Christians, and Mahometans. It is abinidant in fruits. Camhay, a considerable city of Hiii- doostan, in the province of Guzerat. It stands on a gulf of the same name; and was the Camanes of Ptolemy. Here are three bazars, and four public cis- terns, capal^Ie of supplying the whole town with water in times of the greatest drought. Its products and manufac- tures are considerable; for the country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk ; and cornelian and agate stones aie found in its riveis. The inhabitants arc noted for embroidery. It is 50 miles s of Amedabad, of which it is the port. Lon. 72 34 E, lat. 22 17 n. Camherg, a town of Germany, in the county of Nassau, situate on a hill, 17 miles E bj' s of Nassau. Cambodia, or Camhoja, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by Laos, e by Cochinchina and Ciampa, s by the China sea, and w by Siam, It is divided by the river Mecon, or Cambodia, which annually overflows the country in the rainy season, between June and Octo- ber. Its productions are much the same with those usually found between the tropics ; and that peculiar substance styled gamboge, or rather Camboja gum, yielding a fine yellow tint. Though a country rich by nature, the inhabitants are few ; and their religion is idolatry. The men are in general well made, with long hair, and of a yellow complexion ; their dress is a long and large robe : the dress of the women is shorter and closer ; they are handsome, but immodest. They manufacture very fine cloth, and theif needlework is much esteemed. Cambodia, or L£vek, the capital of the kingdom of Cambodia, seated on the river Mecon, or Cambodia, 230 miles from its mouth. Lon. 104 50 E, lat. 13 On. Cambray, a fortified city of France capital of the department of Nord. I. has a citadel and fort. The chief ma- nufactures are cambric, lace, soap, and leather. It is seated on the Scheldt, 102 miles nne of Paris. Lon. 3 14 e, iat. 50 11 N. Cambresis, a late province of France, 25 miles in length ; bounded on the N and E by Hainault, s by Picardy, and w liy Artois. It is now included in the department of Nord. Cambridge, the capital of Cambridge- shire, and seat of a celebrated univer- sity. It is a borough, governed by a mayor, who, on entering upon his office 114 CAM f tkes an oath to aiaintain the privileges of tlie uiiiversit)'. The to\\aihall and shirchouse are the only buildings of note tliat do not belong to the iiniversit}'. The count} gaol is the gatehouse of an an- cient eastle, built by William the con- queror. It has a market on Wednesday and Satiuday ; and in the market-place, which consists of two spacious oblong squares, united together, is Hobson con- duit, which is constantly running. Here are 14 parish churches, three dissenting meeting-houses, and a synagogue. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 11,000. The trade consists chieily in •lil, iron, and corn. The universitj* is supposed to have been founded during the heptarchy. It contiuns 12 colleges, and four halls, which have equal privi- leges with the colleges. The colleges are, Peterhouse, Corpus Christi, or Be- "aet, Gonville and Caius, Kings, Queens, Jesus, Christ, St. John, Magdalen, Tri- nity, Emanuel, and Sidney-Sussex. The halls are Clare, Pembroke, Trinity, and Catherine. Of the colleges, Peterliouse ia the most ancient, being founded in 1267. Kings college is the noblest foundation ni Europe, and tlic chapel one of the finest pieces of Gothic ar- chitecture in the world. The library, chapel. Sec. of Trinity college justly place it in the first rank. The other structures belonging to the universily are the senate-house, which, with St, Marj's churcli, the schools, the univer- sity librarj', and other buildings, form a noble square. Here is also a botanical garden, and a general hos^iital, called Addenbrooke, from the name of tlie founder. In a field two miles ne of the town, and under the jurisdiction of the university, is held one of the greatest annual fairs in Europe, called Stour- bridge or Sturbich Fair : it commences on the 7th of September, continues a fortnight, and is visited by merchants, traders, &c, from distant parts of the kingdom, Cambridge is seated on the river Cam, 17 miles s of Ely, and 51 N by E of Loudon, Lon, 4 E, lat. .52 12 N, Cambridge, a toAvn of Massachusets, in Middlesex county, with a handsome court-house, and a seminaiy, called Har- ward University. The town is connect- ed by an elegant bridge with Boston, from which it is four miles w. Cambridge, a fortified town of S. Ca- rolina, capital of the distiict of Ninety- six, Near this place the British troops were defeated by the Americans in 1781. It is 60 miles w by N of Columbia, and lis CAM 160 NW.of Charleston. Lon. SI dO A> lat. 33 60 N t Cambridge, a town of Maryland, chief of Dorchester comity, situate on the Choptank, 13 miles from its mouth in Chesapeak bay, and 65 s of Elkton. Lon. 76 20 w, lat. 38 48 N, Cambridgeshire, a county of England, 60 miles long, and 25 broad ; bounded on the Nvv by Lincolnshire, ne by Nor- folk, E by SuiTolk, s by Essex and Hert- fordshire, and w by the counties of Huntingdon, Bedford, and Northamp- ton, It contains 500,000 acres ; is di- A idcd into 15 hundreds, and 64 parishes ; lias a city, a university, and eight mar- ket towns ; and sends six members to parliament. In 1811, the number of in- habitants was 101,109, The principal rivers are the Ouse,Nen, and Cam. The southern and eastern parts are pleasant and healthy; but the northern part, called the isle of Ely, is low aud fenny, tiom tlie confluence of many riyers. All the waters of the middle part of Eng- land, which do not flow into the Thames or the Trent, run into these fens ; and in the latter part of the year, they are sometimes overllowed by water, or ap- pear covered with fogs. See Bedford Level. Cambnlla, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, surrounded by a wall, and seated near the sea, 14 miles w by s of Tarra- gona. Camden, a district of'S. Carolina, com- prehending the counties of Fairfield, Richland, Clarend£)n, Claremont, Ker- shaw, Salem, and Lancaster. It pro- duces corn, tobacco, and cotton. Camden, a town of S. Carolina, in Ker- shaw county, capital of Camden district. It was the scene of two battles in the American war; one in 1780, between lord Coniwallis and general Gates, and the other in 1781, between lord Rawdon and general Greene. It stands on the river W^ateree, or Catawba, by means of which the inhabitants cany on a trade with the back country. It is 35 miles NE of Columbia. Lon. 80 54 w, lat. 34 12 N. Camden, a town of the district of Maine, in Lincoln county, on the w side of Penobscot bay, 36 miles enk of Wis- casset. Louc 69 20 w, lat. 44 10 N. Camel, a river in Cornwall, which rises two miles n of Camelford, flows s almost to Bodmin, and then nw to Padstow, where it enters the Bristol channel. Its banks were the scenes of some bloody battles between the Britons and Saxons Camelford, a borough in Cornwall C A U gofemed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. A great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and its neighbour- hood. It is seated on the Camel, 14 miles w of Lauuceston, and 228 w by s of London Camerino, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Chiento, 37 miles svv of Anco- na. Lon. 13 E, lat. 43 15 N. Camin, a seaport of Further Pomera- nia, and once a bishop's see, which was securalized at the peace of Westphalia; but it still has a fine cathedral and a chapter. Its navigation and commerce are very extensive, and it has a great trade in beer. It stands on the Diwe- now, or E month of the Oder, opposite the isle of Wollin, 25 miles n of Stettin. Lon. 14 52 E, lat. 63 54 N. Caminha, a town of Portugal, in En- tre Douero e Minho, with a fort ; seat- ed at the mouth of the Minho, 12 miles N of Viana. Campagna, or Campania, a town of Naples, in Prmcipato C'iteriore, 40 miles SE of Naples. Campagna di Roma, anciently Latium, a province of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical State, extending CO miles se along the Mediterranean, to the frontiers of Na- ples. Formerly the best peopled and best cultivated spot in the world, few villages, little cultivation, and scarcely any inhabitants are now to be seen ; no- thing, in short, but the scattered ruins of temples and tombs, which present the ideas of a country depopulated by pes- tilence. Rome is the capital. Campbeliou, a borougli and seaport of Scoiland, in Argjleshire, situate on a bay, toward the s extremity of the pe- ninsula of Cantyre. It has a consider- able trade in the distillation of whisky, beside being the general rendezvous of the fishing vessels ''hat annually visit the w coast. It is 65 miles ssw of Inverary. Lon. 5 32 w, lat. 53 28 N. Campden, a corporate town in Glou- cestershire, with a market on Wednes- day, 22 miles ne of Gloucester, and 90 WNw of London. Campeachy, a town of Mexico, in the peninsula of Jucatan, on the w coast of the bay of Camj)eachy, defended by strong forts. The port is large but shal- low, and has a good dock. It is noted for logwood, which, however, does not grow very near it. It was taken by the English, in 1659 , by the buccaneers iu 1678; and by the freebooters of St. Do- fuiugo, in 1685, who burnt it, and blew CAN up the citadel. Lon. 91 30 w, lat. 19 35 N Campcn, a town of Holland, in Over- yssel, with a citadel, and a port almost choaked up. It is seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Znydcr Zee, eight miles vvNW of Zwoll. Camperdowii, a seaport of Holland, near the Texcl, famous for the signal victory obtained by admiral lord vis* count Duncan, off its coast, over the Dutch fleet, on the 11th October, 1797.i Campo Basso, a town of Naples, in the Molise. In 1805, it suffered greatly by an earthquake, and most of the inhabi- tants were destroyed. It iias a consv- derable trade in articles of cutlery, ana is 12 miles s of Molise. Campo Formic, a town of Italy, in Friuli, where a treaty of peace was con- cluded between the Austrians and French, iu 1797. It is two miles sw of Udiua. Campo 3Iayor, a fortified town of Por- tugal, in Alentejo, 14 miles N by e of Elvas. Campo St. Pietro, a town and castle of Italy, in the Paduano, on the river Menson, 12 miles N of Padua. Campoli, a town of Naples, in Abruzz» Ulteriore, 23 miles N by E of Aquila. Cumpredon, a town of Spain, in Cata Ionia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 45 miles N of Barce- lona. Lon 2 16 w, lat. 44 n? Campsie, a village of Scotland, on the s confines of Stirlingshire, 9 miles N of Glasgow. It has some extensive print- fields, and other maiuifactures Canaan, a town of the district of Mifiine in Lincoln county, situate on the Keu- nebcck, 60 miles n of Wiscasset. Canaan, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield county, situate on the Housa- tonic, 30 miles Nw of Hartford. Canada, a large country of N. Ame- rica, bounded on the n by New Britain, E by the gulf of St. Lawrence, s by New Brunswick and the United States, anu w by unknown lands. It was discovered by John and Sebiistian Cabot, father and son, in 1497 ; and was settled by the French, in 1608 The sunnuer here is very hot, and winters continues for six months very severe ; but the sudden transitions from heat to cold, so com- mon in the United States, are notknowa in Canada, and the seasons are more regular. The uncultivated parts are a continued wood, in which arc many kinds of trees unknown in Europe ; but the land that is cleared is fertile, ami the progress of vegetation so rapid, that 116 CAN what sowed in May is reaped m Au- gust. Of all the animals, the beaver is the most useful and curious. Canada turpentine is greatly esteemed for its balsamic qualities. This country abounds witli coal, and near Quebec is a fine lead mine. The different tiibes of Indians, or original natives, in Canada, are almost innumerable ; but they have been ob- served to decrease in population where the Europeans are most numerous, ow- ing chiefly to their immoderate use of spirituous liquors. A remarkable eartli- quake happened here in 1663, which overwhelmed a chain of mountains, above 300 miles long, and changed their immense tract mto a plain. Canada was conquered by the English, in 1759, and confirmed to them by the French at the peace of 1763. Soon after the declaration of wai-, by the United States, against Great Britain, in 1S12, the Ame- rican government thought to have avail- ed themselves of the opportunity which then offered of reducing this couutr}% diiring the employment of the greater part of the British army, in the war on the continent of Europe. To effect this, no exertions on their part was spared ; and upwards of 30,000 men entered Ca- nada at different points, but were obli- ged 1o retire with great loss and dis- grace, notv.'ithstanding the vast inferi- ority of numbers that were opposed to them. In 1791, this country was divi- ded into two provinces, Upper and Low- er Canada, of which York and Quebec are the chief towns. Cunajohary, a town of New York, in Montgomery county. Its vicinity abounds with apple-trees, fiom which it makes cider of an escellent quality. It stands on a creek of the same name, on Mohawk river, 25 miles ne of Coopers- town, and 56 wnw of Albany. Cattal, Duke of Bridgewater's, in Eng- land, the first grand work of the kind in the kingdom, begun in 1758. It commences at Worsley, seven miles from Manchester, where, at the foot of a mountain, composed of coal, a basin is tut, contaimng a great body of water, which serves as a reservoir to the navi- gation. The canal mns under a hill from this basiii, near three quarters of a mile, to the coal works. At Barton bridge, three miles fiom the basin, is an aqueduct, which, for upward of 200 yards, conveys the canal across the na- vigable river Irwell. There are three arches over this river ; the middle one so wide and lofty that the largest barges can pass through with masts and sails standing. At Lonford bridge, tke canal 117 CAN turns to the right, and crossing the Mer« sey, passes near Altringham, Dunham, Grapenhall, and Kaulton, into the tide way of the Mersey, at Runcorn Gap, where barges can come into the canal from Liverjiool at low water. This na- vigation is more than 29 miles in length. Canal, Grand, or Imperial, in China, a stupendous work, which extend from N to s upAvard of 2000 miles. In its course it cuts at right angles several rivers from the w, the smaller streams of which terminating in it aflbrd a con- stant supply of water; and the three great rivers, tlie Eu-ho to the north, the Hohan-ho about the middle, and the Kian-ku toward the south, intersecting the caiial, cany the superfluous water to the sea. Many difliculties must have arisen in accommodating the general level of the canal to the several levels of the feeding streams ; for it has been found necessary in many places, to cut to the depth of 60 or 70 feet below the surface ; and in others, to raise mounds of earth upon lakes, swamps, and mar- shy grounds, of such a length and mag- nitude, that nothing short of the absolute command over multitudes could have accomplished an undertaking, whose immensity is only exceeded by the great wall. These gigantic embank- ments are carried through lakes of se- veral miles in diameter, between which, the water is kept to a height considera- bly above that of the lake ; and in such situations this enormous aqueduct some- times glides along at the rate of three miles an hour. Few parts of it are le- vel : in some places it has little or no current ; in others it sets to the N and s alternately at the rate of one, two, or three miles an hour. This balancing of the level is effected by flood-gates thrown across at certain distances to elevate or depress the height of the water a few inches, as appears necessary, and by sluices on the sides of the embankments, through which the superfluous water is let out into the lakes and swamps. The flood-gates are simply planks sliding in grooves that are cut into the sides of two stone piers, which in these plac«s contract the canal to the width of about 30 feet ; and at each is a guard-house, with soldiers to draw up and let down the planks as occasion requires. From the Hohan-ho to the Kian-ku, the coun- try abounds in lakes and marshy ground, and the canal is carried in souse parts 20 feet above the level of the country, 200 feet in width. There is not a lock, nor, except the flood-gates, a single iii* terrupliou to tlie whole navigation' CAN Canal, Grand Junction, in EnglanJ, a work that joins several other canals in the centre of the country, which thence form a communication between the ri- vers Thames, Severn, Mersey, and Trent, and, consequently, an inland navigation to the four principal seaports, London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull. This ca- nal commences at Braunston, on the \v borders of Northamptonshire, passes by Daventry to Stony Stratford, in Buck- inghamshire, thence on the confines of Bedfordshire, vv of Leigliton Buzzard, to Tring, Beikhanisted, and Rickmans- v/orth, in Hertfordshire, and through Middlesex by Uxbridge to Brentford, where it enters the Thames, 12 miles by that river above London. Its length is apward of 90 miles. Canal, Grand Trunk, in England, a ^vork that forms a communication be- tween the livers Mersey and Trent, and, in course, between the Irish sea and the German ocean. Its length is 92 miles, from the duke of Bridgewater's canal at Preston on the Hill, in Cheshire, to Wildon-ferry, in Derbyshire, where it communicates with the Trent. Tlie canal is carried over the river Dove, in an aqueduct of 23 arches, and over the Trent by an aqueduct of six arches. At Preston on the Hill, it passes under ground 1241 yards ; at Barton and in the neighbourhood it has two subterra- neous passages ; and at Harecastle-hill, in Staffordshire, it is conveyed under ground 2880 yards. From the neigh- bourhood of StaiTord, a branch is made from this canal, to run near Wolver- hampton, and to join the Severn near Bewdley: from this again other branches cross Warwickshire to Braunston, where commences the Grand Junction canal to the Thames at Brentford. Catial, Great, in Scotland, a work that forms a junction between the Forth and Clyde. Its length is 35 miles, from the inilux of the Canon, at Grangemouth, to the junction with the Clyde, 6 miles above Dumbarton. In the course of this navigation, the vessels are raised to the height of" 165 feet above the level of the sea, and passing afterward upon the summit of the country, for 18 miles, they then descend into the river Clyde, and thence have free access to the Atlantic ocean. I'his canal is car- ried over 36 rivers and rivulets, and two great roads, by 38 aqueducts of hewn stone. In some places it passes through mossy ground, and in others through solid rock. The road from Edinburgh to Glasgow passes under it near Fal- kirk, and over it, by means of a draw- C A N bridge, six miles from Glasgow. In tlio course of this inland navigation are ma- ny striking scenes ; particularly the r^ mantic situation of the stupendous aqueduct over tlie Kelvin, near Glas- gow, 420 feet in length, carrying a great artificial river over a natural one, where large vessels sail at tlie height of 65 feet above the bed of the river below. I'he utility of this communicalion between the German and Atlantic oceans, to (he commerce of Great Britain and Ireland, in their trade to Norwaj', Sweden, and the Baltic, must be strikingly evident; as it shortens the nautical distance in some instances 800, and in others 1000 miles. Canal Royal, or Canal of Langtiedoc, in France, a work that effects an inland communication between the Mediterra- nean and Atlantic. From the port of Cette, in the Mediterranean, it crosses the lake of Thau ; and, below Toulouse, is conveyed by three sluices into the Garonne. At St. Ferreol, near Revel, between two rocky hills, is a grand ba- sin, about 1000 feet in diameter, into which the river Laudot is leceived ; and hence three large cocks of cast brass open and discharge the water, which then goes under tlie name of the river Laudot, and continues its course to the canal called Rigole de la Plaiue. Thence it is conveyed to another reser- voir near Naurouse, out of which it is conveyed by sluices, both to the Medi- terranean and Atlantic, as the canal re* quires it ; this being the highest point between the two seas. Near Eeaiers are eight sluices, which form a regular and grand cascade, 936 feet long, and 66 feet high, by vdiich vessels cross the river Orb, and continue their voyage on the canal. Above it, between Bcziers ane Capestan, is the Mal-Pas, where the canal is conve3fcd, for the length of 720 feet, under a mounlain. At Adge is a round sluice, with three openings^, three different depths of the water meet- ing here ; and the gates are so contrived, that vessels may pass through by open- ing which sluice the master pleases. The canal has 37 aqueducts, and its length from Toulouse to Reziers, where it joins the river Orb, is 152 miles. • - Canandaqua, a town of New York, chief of Ontario county, situate on the N end of a lake of the same name, at its outlet into Conandaqua creek, which runs E into Seneca river. The lake is 20 miles long and three broad. T-he town stands on a pleasant slope from the lake, 90 miles ese of Niagara, and 130 w by N of Coopcrstowii. 118 CAN Cttntimre, a town of Hindooslan, in Malal)ar, defended by a fortress, with otlier works after the European fashion, and the head quarters of the province. Here are several verj' good houses, and tlie trade is flourishing. It is seated on a small bay, one of the best on the coast, 56 miles miles nnw of Calicut. Lou- 75 30 E, lat. 11 53 N. Caiiari, a province on (he w coast of Hindoostan, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, on whose defeat and death, in 1799, it came into the hands of the Brilish. It is ISO miles in length, be- tween the Concan and Malabar, and from 30 to 80 in breadth. Tlie soil is fertile; and it produces abundance of rice, betel-nuts, and wild nutmegs. The principal port is Man'alore, Canaria, or Grand Canary, the princi- pal of the Canary islands, 40 miles long and 20 broad. The water is plentiful and good, and it has abundance of trees, herbs, and delicious fruits. Here are two wheat harvests, in February and May ; and the corn makes bread as white as snow. The chief town is Ca- nary. Canaries, or Canary Islands, anciently called the Fortunate Islands, are thir- teen in number, lying in the N. Atlantic ocean, near the continent of Africa. Seven of them are considerable, namely, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Teneriff, Cana- ria, Forteventura, and Lancerota ; the other six are very small, Graciosa, Roc- ca, AUegranza, St. Clare, Inferno, and Lobos. They belong to the Spaniards, and produce corn, sugar-canes, and ex- cellent wine. Canary, or Palmas, the capital of the island of Canaria, and a bishop's see, witli a castle on a hill. It is the resi- dence of the governor and sovereign council of the Canaries, and a tribunal tf the inquisition. A great quantity of ugar is made here ; and the wine called Sack has hence been often termed Ca- nary. It is three miles in circumference. Lon. 15 42 w, lat 28 4 N. Cancale, a town of France, in the de- partment of lUe and Vilaine, seated on a bay of its name, and celebrated for oysters. The English landed here in 1758, and proceeded by land to burn the ships at St. Malo. It is 9 miles e of St. Malo, and 40 nnw of Rennes. Candahar, a country of Asia, between the river Indus and Persia, bounded on the N by Cabul, e by Lahore, SE by Moultan, and w by Persia. The domi- nions of the sultan of this country ex- tend westward to the neigUbourliood of 119 CAN the city ofTershish; including; Cabiil, Peishore, Ghiani, Gani, Segestan, and Chorasan ; a tract not 'ess than 650 miles in length, its breadth unknown ; and, on the c side of the Indus, he pos- sesses the territory of Cashmere, and some districts N of the city of Attock. These countries are all called by the general name of tlie Country of the Ab- dalli. Ahmed Abdalla, the founder of this kingdom, was onginally the chief of an Afghan tribe, named Abdal (whence the najye Abdalli) who was stript of his country by Nadir Shah, in 1739. On the death of Nadir, he sud dculy appeared among his former suit jects, and erected a considerable king- dom in the eastern part of Persia, add- ing to it most of the provinces to the w of the Indus, which had been ceded by the great mogul to N adir Shah, together witli Cashmere, on the e of that river. See Afghanistan. Candahar, a city and the capital of the country of the same name. It is sur- rounded by walls and ditches, and has a considerable trade. While the Per- sian and Mogul empires were each en- tire, it was the frontier fortress toward Persia. It is seated on the river Har- mend, which divides it in two parts, 145 miles ssw of Cabul. Lon. 67 15 e, lat» 33 On. Candeish, a province of the Dcccan of Hindoostan, subject to the Poonah Mahrattas ; bounded on the N by Mal- wa, E by Berar, s by Dowlatabad, and w by Baglana. The soil is fertile, though mountainous, and produces abundance of cotton. Biuharipour is the caj)ital. Candes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, at the confluence of the Vienne with the Loire, 30 miles wsw of I'ours. Candia, an island in the Mediterra- nean, fonn''~-ly Crete, lying to the s of the Archipelago. It is 180 miles long, and 50 broad, and pervaded by a cliaia of mountains. The soil is fertile ; and it abounds in fine cattle, sheep, swin«j, poultry, and game. The chief products are corn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and ho- ney. It was taken by the Turks, in 1669, after a war of 25 years. It was at- tempted to be retaken by the Venetians, in 1692, without efiect. Mount Ida, so famous in history, is in the middle of this island. Candia, the capital of the island of the same name, and the see of a Greek arch- bishop. Though populous formerly, lit- tle of it remains beside the walls and the market-place J and the harbour is C A N now fit for nothing but bouts. It is seat- i?d on the N side of the islnm!, 500 inilcs gsw of Constantinople. Lon. 25 18 e, lat. 35 19 N. Candlemas Isles, two islands in the Southern ocean, near Sandwich Land. Lon. 27 13 w, lat. 57 10 s. Candy, a large kingdom of Asia, in Ceylon. It contains about a quarter of the island, and is encompassed with high mountains, covered with thick fo- rests, through which the roads aisd paths are nanow and difficult. It occu{>ies the middle part of the island, and no where extends to the sea-coast, except about 10 miles on the eastern shore ; it is therefore but little known. It is full of hills, from whence rivulets proceed, which abound in fish ; but as they run among the rocks, they are not tit for boats : the inhabitants are however very dexterous in turning them to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulse, and hemp. The air is subject to heavy fogs and dews at night, succeeded by ex- cessively hot and sultry weather by day; rain and thunder are also frequent and violent. The inhabitants use fire-arms and bows and arrows for weapons of offence. The king is absolute ; and he is clothed in all the state and splendour of other Asiatic princes ; but with the peculiar distinction of a crown, which he flatters himself no other monarch is entitled to wear. See Ceylon. Candy, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Ceylon. It was often burnt by the Portuguese, when they were masters of these coasts. It is more regularly built than most In- dian towns. The principal street is about two miles long, and very broad ; and though the houses in general have but one story, they appear to have two, from the number of steps ruunnig up sidewise and close to the wall of the house, so that the door is at least the height of a story from the street. This manner of building is to avoid the mis- chiefs which the elephant-fights, cele- brated in this great street for his ma- jesty's amusement, would otherwise do to the houses. Many lesser streets branch out on both sides the main street, but of no great length. The king's pa- lace terminates the upper end of tlje great street; it is a square of immense extent, built of a kind of cement, per- fectly white, with stone gateways. Can- dy was entered by the British troops, February 20, 1803, the king and prin- cipal inhabitants having previously fled ; but from the perfidy of the Candians, andtlie unhealthiness of Ihc (limata *o CAN Europeans, they capitulated to evjtcu- ale it on June 23, and on the third day after were all massacred. The town is seated near the centre of the island, on the top of a steep hill, 90 miles E by N^of Columbo. Lon. 80 52 e, lat. 7 15 N. Canea, a strong town of the island ol Candia, with a good harbour. The environs are adosned with olive-trees, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, border- ed M'ilh myrtle and laurel roses. It was taken by the Turks, in 1645, after a defence of two months, in which the victors lost 25,000 men. It is seat- ed on the N coast of the island, 63 miles w by N of Candia. Lon. 24 7 e, lat. 35 27 N. Canete. See Cagnete. C'aneto, a town of Italy, iri the Man tnan, several times taken and retaken by the French and Austrians. It is seated on the Oglio, 20 miles w of Man- tua. Canga, a town of the kingdom of Congo, on the river Zaire, 280 miles NE of St. Salvador. Lon. 17 10 e, lat. 2 10 s. Cangiano, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, 40 miles e by s of Sa- lerno. Cangoxima, a strong seaport of Japan, on the most southern verge of the isle of Ximo, with a commodions harboui'. At the entrance of the haven is a light- house, on a lofty rock ; and at the foot of the rock is a conveniei.i road for shipping. Here are large and sumptu- ous magazines, belonging to the em- peror, s'ome of which are proof against fire. Lon. 132 15 e, lat. 32 10 N. Caniaderago, a narrow lake of New York, in Otsego couuly, six miles w t>f Lake Otsego, and nine miles long. A stream called Oaks Creek isisues from it, and flows into the Susquehanna, five miles bejow Otsego. The best cheese in the state is made on this creek. Caiiina, a town of European 'I'uikey, in Albania, near the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 8 miles N of Valoua. Canischa, a strong town of Lower Hungary. It was taken, in 1600, by the Turks, who held it till 1690, when it was taken by the Austrians, after a blockade of two years, and ceded to the emperor by the peace of Carlowitz. It is 85 miles ssw of Raab. Lon. 17 1^ E, lat. 46 30 N. Cauna, one of the TIel)rides of Sco< land, sw of the isle of Skye. It is four miles long and one broad ; th(! high parts producing excellent pasture for cattle, and the low is tolerably fertile. Here are many basaltic colunnis. On 120 CAN the SE side of Caniia is Sand island, se- parated by a narrow channel ; and be- tween them is a well frequented har- bour. Lou. 6 38 w, lat, 57 13 n. Cano. See Ghana. Canobia, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, on the lake Maggiore, 35 miles NNW of Milan. Canoge, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro\dnce of Agra. It is said to have been the capital of all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus, who fought against Alexander ; and that in the 6th centmy it contained 30,000 shops, in which betel-nut wa* sold. It is now leduced to the size of a mid- dling town, and seated on the CaHni, near its conflux with the Ganges, 110 nriles E by s of Agra. Lon. 80 13 E, lat. 27 3 N. Canotisburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in Washington county, on the w branch of Chartier creek, four miles above Mor- ganza, and 15 ssw of Pittsburg. Canosa, a town of Naples, in Tena di Bari, wliich stands on part of the site cf the ancient Canusium, one of the most magnificent cities of Italy. Be- tAveen Canosa and the river Ofanto are still some traces of the ancient town of Canna?, in the plain of wliich was fought the celebrated battle between Hannibal and the Romans, Avherein the latter lost 45,000 men. Canosa is four miles vv by N of Trani. Canoul, a town of Hindoostan, in Gol- gonda, capital of a circar of the same name, 110 miles ssw of Hydrabad. Lon. 78 7 e, lat. 15 48 N. Canmirgue, a town of France, in the department of Lozere, with a trade in cattle and woollen stuffs ; seated near the Lot, 13 miles sw of Mende. Canso, a seaport of Nova Scotia, on a strait which separates Nova Scotia from Cape Breton. Near the town is a fine fishery for cod. Lon. 60 55 w, at. 45 20 N. Constadt, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, with a manu- facture of printed cottons. In the neighbourhood are some medicinal springs. It is seated on the Neckar, 3 miles ne of Stutgard. Cantal, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Auvergne. It is so called from a moun- tain, near the centre of the department, whose summit is always covered with snow. The capital is St. Flour. Cantazaro, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, near the sea, 26 miles sw of St. Severino. CeaOerhtry, a city in Kent, capital of 121 CAN the county, and the see of an arcli- bishop, who is primate of all EngJasul. It was the Durovernura of the Romans, and founded before the Clirislian era. The cathedral, a large structure, was once famous for the shrine of Thomas Becket, a turbulent priest, Avho was murdered here in 1170, and afterwards made a saint. In this cathedral are in- terred Heniy IV. and Edward the Black Prince. The city has hkewise 14 parish churches ; the remains of many Roman antiquities ; and an ancient castle, with walls and a deep ditch ; and a grammar- school founded by Henry VIII. It i» a county of itself, governed by a mayor ; possesses a share of the silk and cotton manufactures ; and is noted for excel- lent brawn. The adjacent country pro- duces abundance of hops. It has a market on Wednesday and Saturday, and is seated on the river Stour, 55 miles ESE of London. Lon. 1 5 e, lat. 51 18 N. Canth, a town of Silesia, on the rivei Weistritz, 15 miles sw of Breslau. Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the At- lantic ocean, on the coast of Morocco. Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 32 49 N. Canton, a city and seaport of China, capital of the province of Quang-tong, seated on one of the finest rivers in the empire. It consists of three towns, di- vided by high walls, but so conjoined as to form almost a regular square. I'he streets are long and straight, paved with flag-stones, and adorned with tri- umphal arches. The houses are only a ground floor, built of earth, and co- vered with tiles. The better class ol people are carried about in chairs ; but the common sort walk barefooted and bareheaded. They have manufactures of their own, especially of silk stufi's ' and their goods are carried by porters, for they have no waggons. At the cu4 of every street is a barrier, which is shut every evening, as well as the gates of the city. The river is covered with barks, which have apartments in thein for families, where many reside and have no other habitation. The number ol in- habitants is supposed to be 1,500,000. The immense quantity of money which foreign vessels bring to this city, draws hither a crowd of merchants fiom al the provinces ; that its warehouses con- tain the rarest productions of the soil, and the most valuable of the Chinese manufactures. It is 1100 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 113 2 e, lat. 23 8 n. Cantyre, a peninsula of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 35 miles long and 7 broad, connected on the n by an isthmus, CAP scarce a mile broad, to the mourjtainoiis district of Knapdale. To the s the pe- ninsula terminates in a great promon- tory, surrounded by a group of danger- ous rocks, called the Mull of Cantyre, on which is a lighthouse. Tlie soil, in general, is fertile ; and the only town of consequence is Campbelton. Cany, a town of France, in the dc- paitment of Lower Seine, situate in a coujilry which produces great quan- tities of corn and flax, 26 miles nw of Rouen. Caorlo, a small island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Friuli. It has a town of the same name, 20 miles 6W of Aquileia, Lon. 12 30 e, lat. 45 Capacio, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, 20 miles se of Sa- lerno. Cape Breton, ^ec Breton, Cape; and other Capes, in like manner, see under their respective names. Capelle, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, 10 miles ne of Guiese. Capestan, a town of France, in the department of Herault, near the river Aude and the canal of Languedoc, six miles w of Beziers. Capistano, a town of Naples, in Ca- abria Ulteriore, 20 miles ne of Squil- lace. Capitanuta, a province of Naples, bounded on the N by the gulf of Venice, E by Terra di Ean, s by Basilicata and Principato Ulteriore, and w by Molise and Abruzzo. It is a level countiy, without trees ; has a sandy soil, and a hot hair ; but the land near the rivers IS fertile in pastures. Lucera is the ca- pital. Capo Fino, a barren lock in the ter- ritory of Genoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near it is a port of the same name, 13 miles ese of Genoa. Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 44 20 N. Capo d'Istria, a town of Italy, capital of Istria, and a bishop's*see. It stands on a small island in the gulf of Triest, connected with the continent by a cause- way, which is defended by a castle. The principal revenue consists in wine and salt. It is eight miles s of Triest. Lon. 14 E, lat. 45 40 n. Cappel, a town of Denmark, m the dudiy of Sleswick, on the e coast, 16 miles NE of Sleswick. Capraja, an isle in the Mediterranean, to the NE of Corsica, 15 miles in cir- cumference. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour,[defendcd by a v!sssi\G. Lon, 9 66 e, lat. 43 6 n.' CAR Capri, an island in the Moditen anean, at the entrance of the gulf of Naples, nearly opix>site Sorento. It is five miles long and two broad, with steep shores, accessible oidy in two places ; and was the retreat of the emperor Tiberius,who here spent the last ten years of his life in luxurious debauchery. A vast quan- tity of quails come here every year ; and the tenth of what are caught, forms a gieat part of the revenue of the bishop, who is hence called the Bishop of Quails. Capri, the capital of the island of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It was once a delightful place embellished with magnificent works, which were demolished after the death of Tiberius. It is 27 miles ssw of Na- ples. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 40 32 N. Capua, a strong city of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel. It is 2 miles from the ancient Capua, and was built out of its ruins. No citj^ in Italy, except Piome, contains a greater number of ancient inscriptions. In 1803 it suffer- ed much by an earthquake, and a num- ber of cavalry were biuicd inider the rains of their barracks. It stands at the foot of a mountain, on the river Vol- turno, 20 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 7 N. Cara, a river of Russia, which issues from the N extremity of the Ural moun- tains, and flows into the gulf of Karskoi, in the Arctic ocean; forming the ooun- dary between Europe and Asia, for the space of about 140 miles. Caracatay, a large country of Asia, extending from the great wall of China to the country of the Mouguls ; bound- ed on the w by the Imaus, and on the e by the sea and China. Caraceas, a province of Terra Firraa, bounded on the N by the gulf of Mex- ico, E by Cumana, s i)y iSew Granada, and w by Venezuela. The best cocoa- nuts, next to those of Guatimala, are produced in the rich plains of this pro- vince. I'he other products are cotton, cofl'ee, indigo, sugar, and tobacco. Leon de Caraceas is the capital. Caramania, a ]irovince of Asiatic Tur- key, to the E of Natolia. It compre- hends the ancient Pamphilia, and a great part ofCilicia, Pisidia, and Cap- padocia. It contains several lakes, which abound with lish, and furnish great quantities of salt. Cogni is the capital. Caramanta, a district of Terra Firma, included in tlie s part of the province of Carthagena ; bounded ou the w by Da- 122 CAR lien, s by Popayan, and e by New Gra- nada. It is a valley surrounded by high nioiuitainsj and there are waters ^^'llellce the natives get salt. The capital, of the same name, is seated on the Cauca, 240 miles NNE of Popayau. Lou. 75 15 w, lat.5 18 N. Carstigas, a town of Peru, capital of a district which contain valuable silver mines, and feeds a gieat number of cat- tle. It is 45 miles w of Fotcsi. Carara, a to\^n of Itah", in the princi- pality of INIassa, celebrated for its quar- ries of marble of various colours. It is 6 miles nne of Massa. Carasui, a lake of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, 55 miles in circumference, containing several islands. It is formed by a branch of the Danube, not far from its entrance into the Black sea. Caravaya, a tow n of Peni, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name. It is 160 miles SE of Cusco, Lou. 69 36 w, lat 14 40 s. Carcassone, a city of France, capital of the department of Aude, and a bi- shop's see. It is divided into the upper and lower town by the Aude, over which is a slonc bridge. In the upper town, called the citj , are a strong cas- tle and the cathedral. The lower town is square, regularl}" built, and kept veiy neat, by means of an aqueduct, which brings the water of the Aude to difi'cr- ent fountains. Here are manufactures of all sorts of cloth. It is 35 miles w of Narbonne, and 50 se of Toulouse. Lon. 2 25 E, lat, 43 14 N, CarcuUa, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, chieflj' inhabited by shopkeep- ers. In an open temple here is the image of a naked man, 38 feet in height by 10 in thickness, made of one piece of granite. Much rice, ginger, tm-me- ric, and betel-nut is raised in the vici- nity. It is seated between two lakes, r»r tanks, which give source to two ri- vers, 26 miles n by e of IMangalore, Cardiff, a borough of Wales, capital of Glamorganshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on the Taafe, and has a considerable trade with Bristol, for vessels of small burden may come to the bridge. Its csstle was an elegant Gothic structm-e, but has lately undergone a motley re- pair. The town was formerly encom- passed by a wall, and vestiges of its four gates yet remain. The constable of the castle is the chief magistrate, who is called mayoi ; and here the assizes for the county are held. Near the town are some iron works, and a canal, tx- 123 ' CAR tending 25 miles, to the great iron works at Merthyr Tidvil, In the castle died Robert duke of Normandj^, eldest son of WiUiam the Conqueror, after having been blinded, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henry I. Cardiff is 42 n}ilcs s of Brecknock, and 160 w of London. Lon. 3 12 w, lat. 51 28 N, Cardigan, a borough of "N'S^ales, the county-town of Cardiganshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday, The walls and easlie are gone to ruiu. It is governed by a mayor, and situate on the Tyvj , near a bay to which it gives name, 33 miles ne of St, David, and 240 WNW of London, Lon, 4 38 w, lat. 52 10 N. Cardiganshire, a county of Wales, 42 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on tlie N by Merionelh shire and Montgo- meryshire, E by Radnorshire and Breck- nockshire, s by Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, and w hy Cardigan bay. It contains 500,000 acres; is divided into five hundreds, and 77 parishes ; and has six market (owns. The number of iuhabitaiils in 1811 was 50,260; and it sends two members to parliament. To the s and w are plains fruitful in corn ; but the N and e parts are a continued ridge of mountains: yet, in the worst parts, there are pastnres in which are bred flocks of sheep and herds of cattle. Near the rivers are great numbers of otters; and in tiie valleys are several lakes. The mountains abound with veins of lead and silver ore ; and the mines have been worked several times to great advantage. The principal ri- vers are the Tyvy, Rydal, and Istwith. Cardona, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, with a castle. Near it is a moun- tain of solid rock salt, of which are made vases, snulf boxes, and trinkets ; and there are vineyards that produce excel- lent wine. It is seated on the Carde- nero, 36 miles nw of Barcelona. Carelia, or Russian Finland. See Wihurg. Carentan, a town of France, in the department of Manche, with an ancient castle, 8 miles from the sea, and 21 w of Bayeux, Cares, or Kareis, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, situate on Mount Atlios, 17 miles se of Salonica. Carew, a village of Wales, four miles E by N of Pembroke, noted for the noble and extensive remains of its cas- tle, situate on a gentle swell above au arm of Milford haven. Carfagnano. See ilasiel Ntumo di Carfagnano, CAR Cat-.uix, a town of France, in the de- partment of Finisterre, on the river Yer, IJ) miles s of Morlaix. Carham, a village in Northumberland, five miles e of Kelso. Near it a battle was fought between the English and Danes, in which 11 bishops and two English counts were slain, besi<:le a great number of soldiers. Here likewise was a battle between the Enghsh and Scots, in 1018, in which the latter were victo- rious. In 1370, sir John Lilburne was defeated near this place, and taken pri- soner by the Scots. Cariati. a town of Naples, in Calabria Citenore, near the gulf of Taranto, 25 miles N of St. Severino. Carihhean Sea, that part of the At- lantic ocean Ijing between Cuba, St. Domingo, and Porto Rico on the n, and T'erra Firma on the s. Caribbe Islands, the most eastern islands of the West Indies, divided into Windward and Leeward islands. See Indies, West. Carical, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, where the French Jiad a settle- ment, which was taken by the British in 1760. It stands at the mouth of a branch of the Cavery, eight miles s of Tranguebar. Carignan, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes. It was for- merly called Ivoix, and belonged to Luxembxirg ; but was ceded to Louis XIV. who changed the name. It is seated on the Cliiers, eight miles ese of Sedan. Carignan, a town of Piedmont, in a district of the same name, Avith a castle, seated ou the river Po, 12 miles s by w of Turin. Cariman Java, a cluster of islands to tke Nof Java, at tJie principal of which ships touch for refreshment, in their voyage to Borneo. Lon. 110 12 e, lat. 6 56 s. Carinacou, the chief of the Granadilla islands, in the West Indies, 16 niiles NNE of Granada. It produces much cotton, and has a good harbour. Lon. 61 22 w, lat. 12 28 N. Carinola, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, seated near Mount Massico, 25 miles nw of Naples. Carinthia, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Austria ; bounded on the N by Austria, e by Stiria, s by Carniola and Friuli, and w by Tyrol and Salz- burg, It is mountainous and woody, but yields good pasturage, and abounds in excellent iron and lead. Clageufurt is the capita!. Carisbrook, a village in Hampshire, CAR one mile s of Newport, in the Isle of Wight, remarkable for its castle and church, which are both very ancient. The church had once a convent of monks annexed, part of which is now a farm-house, still retaining the name of the priory. The castle stands on an eminence, and was the prison of Charles I. in 1647, before he was delivered to the parliament forces. It is now the seat of tire governor of the Isle of Wight, and has a strong garrison. Caristo, or Castel Rosso, an episcopal town of Greece, at the s extremity of the island of Negropont. Lou. 24 35 e, lat. 38 4n. Carlentini, See Lentini. Curlingford, a borough and seaport of Ireland, in the county of Lowth, with a castle on a rock, It is noted for excel- lent oysters, and seated on Carlingford bay, 21 miles n of Drogheda. Lon. 6 w, lat. 54 11 N. Carlinwark, a village of Scotland, at the N corner of a lake ofits name, seven miles NE of Kirkcudbright, with a con- siderable manufacture of cotton. Carlisle, a city and the capital of Cumberland, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. It is walled round, and situate above a rich tract of mea- dows, bordering the Eden, Petteril, and Caude, which here unite their streams. The gates of this city are called the Enghsh, Irish, and Scotch ; and it has a castle at the nw angle, by which the Picts wall passes. The cathedral is a stately structure, formerly very spacious, but the nave was destroyed in the civil wars ; beside this there are two other churches, and several meeting-houses. It is governed by a mayor, and contains about 12,000 inhabitants. Carlisle has considerable manufactures of coarse li- nens, cottons, calicos, mushns, whips, and fishhooks. In 1645 it surrendered, througli famine, to the parliamentary forces, after a blockade of eight months. It was taken by the rebels in 174.5, but retaken by the duke of Cumberland. It is 60 miles s of Edinburgh, and 301 NNW of Loudon. Lon. 2 53 w, lat. 54 46 N. Carlisle, a town of Pennsylvania, ca pital of Cumberland county, with a college, and iour edifices for public worship. It is situate near a creek of the Susquehanna, 100 miles w by N of Philadelphia. Lon. 77 SO w, lat. 40 ION. Carlobago, a town of Morlachia, at the foot of a craggy rock, near the channel that separates tlic island of Pago fiom the continent. The commerco 12A CAR lons'sts chiefly of wood. It is 46 m3e« »K of BuGcari. Lon. 15 13 e, lat. 44 Carlos, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, on the river St. Juan, 6b miles e by s of the town St. Juan. Lon. 83 45 w, lat. HON. Carlos, St. a town on the N side of the island of Cuba, 62 miles e of Ha- vannah. Carlotia, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, built in 1769, for German and Ita- lian emigrants, 15 miles s of Cordova. Carloiv, or Catherlongh, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 28 miles long and eight broad ; bounded on the E b) Wicklow and Wexford, w by QHiccn's county and Kilkenny, and N by Kildare. It is divided into 50 pa- rishes, contains about 50,000 inhabitants, anil sends three members to parliament. The chief rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. fc Carlow, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of the same name, seated on the river Barrows The castle is a fine ruin, overhanging the river, and its ancient name was Catherlagh. It is 16 miles NE of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 14 w, lat. 52 48 N. Carlowitz, a tow^n of Sclavonia, where a peace was concluded between the Turks and Germans, in 1669 It is seat- ed on the Danube, 38 miles \w of Bel- grade. Carlsbad, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, celebrated for its hot bat lis, discovered by emperor Charles IV. as he was hunting. It is seated on the Topel, near its confluence with the Egra, 24 miles ene of Egra. Carlsburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, on the river Geeste, at the mouth of the Weser, 30 miles N by w of Bremen. Lon. 8 45 e, lat. 53 32 N. Carlzburg, a city of Transylvania. See Weissenburg, ■ ' ■ Carlscroim, or Carlicroon, a city and seaport of Sweden, in Blekingen. It was founded in 1680, by Charles XI. who removed the fleet from Stockholm to this place, on account of its centrical Htuation, and the superiority of its har- bour, the entrance of which is defended by two strong forts. The greatest part of the town is built of wood, and stands upon a small rocky island, which rises gently in a bay of the Baltic. The sub- urbs extend over another small rock, and along the mole, close to the basin where the fleet is moored ; and are for- tified, toward the land, by a stone wall, it.cre arc excellent docks for the repair- 125 CAR iog and building of ships, founderies fo cannon, and manufaclurcs of gunpow- der, ropes, sails, &c. The inhabitants ' are estimated at 18,000. It is 220 nnles ssw of Stockholm. Lon, 15 26 e, lat. 56 7 N. Carlshavcn, a town of Sweden, in Ble- kingen, with a woollen manufacture, a forge for copper, an E it communicates by means of a wooden bridge with a large suburb, built on an island, which com- municates with the continent by another bridge. It was taken by the Enghsh in 1685, and by the French in 1697, who found a great booty : but admiral Ver- non, in 1741, though he had taken the ^rts, was obliged to abandon the siege. Lon. 75 43 w, lat. 10 25 N. Cartmel, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It has a spacious old church, with a curious tower, being a square within a square, the upper part set diagonally within the lower. It is seated among tiie hills called Cartmel Fells, not far from tlie sea, 14 miles n by w of Lancaster, and 254 nnw of London. Carnru, or Caroor, a town of Hindoo- stan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in which is a large temple. Much sugar-cane is raised in the vicinity. It is seated on the Ama- rawati, eight miles above its confluence with the Cavery, and 37 NE of Darapo- ram. * Carwar, a town of Hindoosfan, in the province of Cawara, and a British settle- ment. It is seated near the mouth of the Aliga, 50 miles ssE of Goa. Lon. 74 14 E, lat. 14 52 N. Casac, or Cazac, a country in the do- minions of Persia, on the frontiers of Armenia, governed byprinccsof iisown, nominally subject to Persia. The inha- bitants are descended from the Cossacs, and represented as a rude and barbar- ous people. Casac, or Cazac Lora, is the name of the capita!. Casagrande, a town of New Mexico, in the n part of New Navarre. Here is an immense edifice, supposed to have been built by the ancient Mexicans for a fortress: it consists of three floors, with a terrace above them ; and the en- trance is at the second floor, that a sca- ling-ladder was necessary. Lon. 113 23 w, lat. 33 40 N. Casal, a town of Piedmont, lately the capital of Montserrat, and a bishop's see. Its castle, citadel, and all its fortifications liave been demolished. It is seated on the river Po, 37 miles ne of Turin. Lon. 8 27 e, lat. 45 18 N. Casal Maggiore, a town of Italy, in CAS the duchy of Milan, on the river Po, SO miles ese of Cremona. Casal Nuova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore. An earthquake hap- pened here in 1783, by which upwards of 4000 inhabitants lost their lives. It stands near the sea, 11 miles N by w of Oppido. , Cashin, or Caswin, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, where several of the kings of Persia have resided. Nadir Shah built a palace here, inclosed by a wall a mile and a half in circumference ; and the town is surrounded by another four miles in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is seated in a sandy plain, 280 miles N by w of Ispahan. Lou. 51 10 e, lat. 36 8 N. Cascais, a town of Portugal, in Estie- madura, at the mouth of the Tajo, 17 miles w of Lisbon, Caschau. See Cassoviu. Casco Bay, a bay of Massachusets, in the district of Maine, between Cape Elisabeth and Cape Small Point. It is 25 miles wide, and interspersed with small islands. Lon. 69 30 w, lat. 44 40 N. Caserta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. Here is a magnificent royal palace ; and a grand modern aqueduct, which furnishes a great part of the city of Naples with water. Most of the buildings were greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1803. It is 15 miles n of Naples. Cashan. See Cachan. Cashel, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of I'ipperary, and an arch- bishop's see. It had formerly a wall ; and part of two gates are still remaining. The cathedral is supposed to have been the first stone edifice in Ireland. A synod was held here by Henry I, in 1168, by which the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him. It is 30 mdes wsw of Kilkenny. Lon. 8 10 w, lat. 52 26 N. Cashgiir, or Little BokJiaria, a coun- try of Usbec Tartarj^ which commences on the N and ne of Cashmere, in Ilin- doostan (from which it is separated by the Himmaleh mountains) and ex- tends to 40 N lat. Great part of it is a sandy desert ; the other parts are popu Ions and fertile. Here are mines of gold and silver, which the natives do not work, because they are employed wholly in feeding cattle. 1'he musk- animals are found in this country. It likewise produces diamonds and several other precious stones. Ireken is the capital. Cathcrur, a city of Usbec Tartary, for 12S CAS merfy the capital of the coiintn of (hn same name. It has a good trade villi the neighbouring- countries, and stands at the foot of the Himmaleh mountains, 11 miles s of Ireken. Lon. 73 25 k, lat. 41 30 N. Cashmere, a province of Hiudoostan, subject to the king of Candahar, or sul- tan of the Afghans ; bounded on the w by the Indus, n by JMount Hiinmaleii, and K and s by Laliore. It is ati eleva- ted valley, 90 miles long and 50 broad, surrounded by steep mountains, which tower above the regions of snow. Tiie periodical rains, v\ijicii almost deluge the rest of India, are shut out of Cash- mere by the height of the mountains, so »hat only hght showers fall here : but these are sufliciently abundant to feed some hundreds of cascades, which are precipitated into the valley. The soil is the richest that can be conceived, and its productions those of the temperate zone. Numerous streams, from all quarters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Cheluni, a large navigablo river; and many small lakes are spread over the face, some of which contain float- ing islands. But the country is sub- ject to earthquakes ; and, to guard against the most terrible effects, ail the houses are built of wood. Among other curious manufactures of Cash- mere is that of shawls; and the deli- cate wool of which the finest are made is the product of a species of goat of this country, or of the adjoining Tibet. Here are bred a species of sheep, called Hundoo, which are employed in car- rying burdens. The Cashmereans are stout and well made ; but their features often coarse and broad: even the wo- men are of a deep brown complexion ; but they are gay and lively, and fond of parties of pleasure on their beautiful lakes. They have a language of their own, said to be anterior to that of the Sanscrit ; and a religion too, it is thought different from that of the Hindoos, The superstition of the inhabitants has nml- tiplied tlie places of worship of Maha- deo, Beschan, and Brama. All Cash- mere is holy land, and miraculous foun- tains abound. Cashmere, a city of Hindoostan, capi- tal of the province or valley of Cash- mere. Here are many fountains, reser- voirs, and temples. The streets are narrow and dirty. The houses, many of them two and three stories high, are sUghtly built of brick and mortar, with a large intermjjtture of timber ; and on the roofs is laid a covering of fine earth, which is planted with a variety of flowers 129 CAS This city is without walls, and seated on both sides of the Chelum, 285 miles E by s of Cabul. Lon. 73 11 e, lat. 33 49 N. Caspe, a town of Spain, in Arragon, where Ferdinand IV. was elected king of Arragon. It stands at the conflu- ence of the Guadaloupe and Ebro, 35 miles s of Balbaslro, and 44 se of Sara- gossa. Caspian Sea, a great lake of Asia ; bounded on the n by the country of the Kalmucs, e by a tribe of the Turcomans, s by Persia, and w by Georgia and Cir- cassia. It is 680 miles in length, from Giuief to Medshetisar, and in no pait more than 260 in breadth. On account of frequent shoals, it is not navigable for vessels drawing more than 10 feet water, tiiough in some parts a line of 450 fathoms will not reach the bottom. It has strong currents, and the water is salt. I'lie fishery is a nuisery for sailors. The UraUan Cossaes enjoy the right of fishing on the coast 47 miles on each side of the river Ural ; and the inhabi- tants of Astracan have an exclusive pri- vilege on the remaining shores belong- ing to Russia. The roes of the sturgeon and beluga supply large quantities of caviare ; and the fish, which are chiefly salted and dried, form a cousiderabls article of consumption in the Russian empire. Porpoises and seals are also caught in great numbers. Cassanclria, a town of Holland, on the sw side of the island of Cadsand, at the mouth of the Zwin, three miles N of Sluys. Cassano, a town of lialy, in the Mi- lanese, with a castle. Here prince Eu- gene, in 170.5, was checked in attempt- ing to force the passage of the Adda; and in 1799 the French were defeated by the Austrians. It is seated on the Adda, 15 miles N2. of Milan. Cassano, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, 24 miles Nw of Kossano, and 50 ese of Folicastro. Cussay, or Mechley, a country of Asia, bounded on the w by Bengal, N by Assam, e and se by Birmah, and sW by Aracau. The inhabitants are called Mugguloos, a tribe of rude mountain- eers little known. It is now subject to the Birmans. Munnypour is the ca- pital. Cofsel, a city of Germany, capital ot Lower Hesse. It is divided into the Old Town, Lower New Town, and Up- per New Town ; the former town are chiefly built in the ancient style, but the last is very regular and handsome. The iuhabitftnts are estimated at 25,000, and CAS they have mamifactures of linen, cloth, hats, porcelain, &c. Here is a colletfe, founded by t!ie landgiave in 1709. The castle, or palace, the gardens, the arse- nal, the foundery, and the cabinet of curiosities, deserve tlie attention of tra- vellers. It was taken by the French in 1760, and restored at the peace in 1763. It is seated on the Fiilda, 40 miles se of Faderboni. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 51 19 N. Cassel, a strong town in Germany, situate on the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with M'hich it has a communication l)y a bridge of boats. It was taken by the French in 1792, and retaken by the Prussians in 1793. Cassel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, with a fortified cas- tle. It stands on a mountain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and the German icean, though 60 miles distant, it is 10 miles ne of St. Omer. Cassina, an extensive empire in Ne- grolaud, to the w of Eornou. It re- sembles'Bornou m climate, soil, and na- tural productions, and in the colour, genius, religion, and government of the people. The rains, indeed, are less vio- lent ; and its monkies and^parrots (but seldom seen in Bornou) are numerous, and of various species. A thousand towns and villages are said to be in- cluded in this empire. Casshui, the capital of the empire of the same name. The chief trade is in sena, gold dust, slaves, cotton cloths, goat skins, ox and buifalo hides, and civet It is 7.50 miles wsw of Bornou. Lon, 11 35 E, lat. 15 40 N. Cassis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Kiione, with a small port on the Mediterranean, 9 miles ssE of Marseilles. Cassovia, or 'Caschau, a strong town of Hungary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the river Horat, 85 njiles ^ by N of Schemnitz. Lon. 20 55 e, lat. 48 40 N-. Castafrncla, a town of Piedmont, on the river Po, 8 miles s of Turin Castmnena, or KaMamoni, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, formerly a large city, but now much reduced in 3ize and magnificence. It is 240 miles E of Constantinople. Lon. 34 22 e, lat. 44 42 N. Castel a Mare, a town of NapJcs, in Principato Citeriore, where the ships of the royal navy are built. It stands on the site of the ancient Stabia, at the foot of a woody mountain, on the bay of Naples, 15 miles s e of Naples. Castel a Mare, a town of Sicily, in CAS Val di Mazara, on a bay on the N coasit, 30 miles w by s of Palermo. Castel Arragonese, a fortified seaport of Sardinia, and a bishop's see. It was the first place taken in this island, at the end of the thirteenth century, by the Arragonese, whence its name ; but in 1767, the king ordered it to be called Castel Sardo. It stands on the Nw coast, 20 miles ne of Sassari, Lon. 9 1 e, lat. 40 56 N. Castel Baldo, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, on the river Adige, 40 miles sw of Padua. Castel Branco, a strong town of Por- tugal, in Beira, with a castle and two churches. In 1762, it was taken by the Spaniards. It is 62 miles se of Coira- bra. Lon. 7 22 w, lat. 39 52 N. Castel de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 8 miles ne of Portalegre. Castel Folit, a town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, on an eminence near the river Fulvia. 15 miles w of Gerona. Castel Franco, a town of Italy, in IVevisano, 12 miles w of Treviso. Castel GondoJfo, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near the lake Al- bano. Near this place is the villa Bar- barini, where are the ruins of an im- mense palace, built by emperor Domi- tian. It is 10 miles s by e of Rome. Castel Jaloux, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, with a considerable trade in wine, honey, and cattle ; seated on the Avance, 20 miles E by s of Bazas, and 32 w by n of A gen. Castel Nuovo, a town of Dalmatia, on the gulf of Cataro, 12 miles n by w of Cataro. Castel Nuova, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, seated on a hill, IS miles ssw of Termini. Castel Nuovo di Carjagnana, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, with a strong fort ; seated in tJie valley of Carfagnana, on the river Serchio, 18 miles N of Lucca, and 37 sswofModena Castel Rodrigu, a tovvn ot Portugal in Beira, 11 miles N of Pinhel. Castel Rosso, an island in the Medi- terranean, near the coast of Caramania, 90 miles E of Rhodes. It is two miles long, and has a secure road and har- bour. Lon. 29 21 e, lat. 36 7 N. Castel Sarasin, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, 30 miles WNW of Toulouse. Castel Vetere, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 33 miles s of Sqiiil lace. Castel Vetrano, a town of Sicily, in Vai di Mazara. Here is a palace, lu 130 CAS wliich is a considerable 'collection ' of old armour. It is eight miles e by N of Mazara. Castclaim, a town of Germany," in the county of Sponlieim, 23 miles ssw of Coblentz. Castellaiie, a town of France, in tlie department of Lower Alps. Near it is a salt spring-, from wliieh the water is- sues in such abundance as to turn a mill at the very source. It is seated on the Verdon, in a hill}" countrj', 20 miles SE of Digne. Cftstetlanetta, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otrauto, 19 miles WNw of Ta- ranto. Castellara, a town of Italy, in the Mantnan, six miles ne of Mantua. Castelinu, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, at the mouth of a river, in the gulf of Rosas, eight miles w by s of Rosas. Castelnaudary , a town of France, in the department of Aude, on an emi- nence, at the foot of which is the grand basin of the Canal Royal. It is 15 miles w of Careassone. Caster, a town of Germany, in the du- chy of Julicrs, seated on the river Erst, nine miles e of Juliers. Cattigleno, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, on a lake of the same name, which, communicates with the sea, and produces much salt. It is 12 miley s by E of Massa. Castiglione, a fortified town of Italy, in the jNlantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the Auslriaus, in 1701 ; and the French defeated them near it, in 1700, and again in 1796. It is 20 miles Nvv of Mantua. Lon. 10 32 e, lat. 45 23 N. Castile, the principal and most opu- lent of the kingdoms into which Spain was formerly divided. It now forms the two provinces of Old and New Cas- tile ; the former having been recovered from the ]\Ioors some time before the latter. Castile, Old, a j:rovince of Spain, 190 miles long and 1 10 broad ; bounded on the s by New Castile, e by Arragon and Navarre, N by Biscay and Asturias, and w by Leon. Burgos is the capital, Castile, New, or Toledo, a province of Spain, 200 miles long and 180 broad; bounded on the N by Old Castile, e by Arragon and Valencia, s by Murcia and Andalusia, and w by Estremadura. It 1) divided into three parts ; Argaria to the N, Maucha to the s, and Sierra to the £. Madrid is the capital. Caslillon, a t jwn of France, in the de- 131 CAS partment of Gironde, seated oh the Dor- dogne, 25 miles e of Bomdcaux, Castine, a seaport of the district of Maine, chief town of Hancock county, situate on Penobscot bay, 65 miles wsw of Machias. Lon. 69 w, lat. 44 26 n. Castle Carjj, a town in Somersetshire, witli a market on Tuesday, 12 miles se of Wells, and 113 w by s of London. Castle Rising, a borougli in Noifolk, governed by a mayor. The market is now disused, its harbour choaked np, and the castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins. It is seven miles ne of Lynn, and 103 nne of London. Castlehar, a town of Ireland, the most considerable in the county of Mayo. It has a great linen trade, and is 42 miles N by w of Galway. Lon. 9 44 w, lat. £3 46 N. Castlecomer, a town of Ireland, in the county of (Kilkenny, situate near ex- tensive coal-mines, 10 miles N of KiU kenny. Castledermot, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildarc, seven miles se of Athy. Castlehaven, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, with a castle, situate on a bay to which it gives name, eight miles ne of Baltimore. Castleton, a village in the peak of Derbyshire, five miles N ofTideswclJ. It is situate at the foot of a rock above 250 feet high, on which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to William Peve- rel, natui at son of the conqueror. Three of the seven wonders of the peak are in its neighbourhood ; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and Elden Hole. The first is a cavern in the rock above-mention- ed, whose arched entrance is 42 feet high, and 120 wide, which becomes nar- rower as it [sroceeds, and the roof ^de- scends to within two feet of the surface of a brook ; this being passed over, an- other large cavern succeeds, with seve- ral high openings in the roof, which de- scends again to a second brook ; after which is a third cavern, called Roger Rain's House, because of the perpetual dropping : the length of the whole ca- vern is 617 yards. Mam Tor, a mile w of the village, is a mountain, 1300 feet above the level of the valley, on the top and sides of which is a camp, supposed to be Roman: it overtops the whole Peak countr^y ; and the vulgar story is, that this hill is continually crumbling, without being diminished. Elden Hole, a mile s of Mam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or chasm in a limestone rock, the depth of which is unfathomable, its sides* CAS being so very shelving and irregular : it has b«en plumbed from 192 to 295 yards, 70 of which seemed to be in water. Castletown, the capital of the isle of Man, near the s coast, with a rocky and shallow harbour, which checks its com- merce, and renders it inferior to Doug- "■as in most respects. In the centre of the town, on a high rock, is Castle Ru- shen, a magnificent pile, built of tree- stone, in 960, by Gnttred, a prince of the Danish line, who lies buried in the edifice. It is occupied by t!ie governor of the island, and on one side of it are the chancery oiSces, and good barracks. Near the town is a fine quarry of black marble, whence the steps to St. Paul's church, in London, were taken. Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 53 55 N- Castres, a city of France, capital of the department of Tarn, and lately an episcopal see. In the reign of Lewis XIII. it was a kind of proleslant repub- lic ; but in 1G29, its fortifications were demolished. It is the birthplace of Rapin Thoyias and M. Dacier, has a good trade, and contains 100,000 inha- bitants. In the vicinity turkois stones have been found. It is seated in a fine valley, on the Agout, 36 miles v. of Tou- louse, and 73 SSE of Cahors. Lon. 2 14 £, lat. 43 36 N. Castries, Bay of, a bay on the NE coast of Chinese Tartary, in the strait of Saghalien, visited by Perouse. Lon. 142 Te, lat. 51 29 N. Castro, a town of Italj', in Ihe patri- mony of St. Peter, capital of a duchy of its name. It is 56 miles Nw of Rome. Lot). 11 54 E, lat. 42 23 N. Castro, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, six miles ssw of Otranto. Castro, a town of Chili, capital of the island of Chloe, with a castle, which commands the harbour. It is 1 80 miles s of Valdivia. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 42 4 s. Castro, the ancient Mytilene, a sea- port and capital of the island of Mete iin, with two harbours, one of which iffiU admit large vessels. There are two castles, the one ancient, the other mo- dern, in each of which is a Turkish go- vernor and commander. Considerable vestiges still remain of its former gran- deur and magnificence. The chief trade is ship-building. It i§ 30 miles sw of Adramiti. Lou. 26 39 e, lat, 39 14 N. Castro de Uriales, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a castle and an arsenal, on the seacoast, 22 miles nw of Bilboa. Castro Guiavanni, a town of Sicily, in Va! di Demoiia. It was the ancient Eaiia, famous fur the worship of Ceres CAT and Proserpine. It is 40 miles w of Cft. tana. Castro Marim, a strong town of Por- tugal, in Algarve, seated near the mouth of the Guadiana, 15 miles ene of Ta- vira, and 62 s by E of Beja. Lon. 7 20 w, lat. 37 12 N, Castro Reale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 15 miles w of Messina. Castro Verde, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, on the Corbes, 18 miles ssw of Beja. Castro Vireg^m, a town of Peru, in the province of Guamang^, noted for good tobacco and fine wool. It is 125 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 74 45 w, lat. 12 50 s. Castrop, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, seven miles w of Dort- mund. Castropol, a town of Spain, in Astu- rias, 14 miles ne of Mondoncdo. Cat Island. See Guaitaliami. Catabatv, a town of S. Carolina, be- longing to the Catabaws, the only In- dian nation in that state. It is seated on the river Catabaw, or Wateree, oil the boundary line between N. and S. Carolina, 18 miles s of Charlotte. Catalonia, a province of Spain, 140 miles long and 110 broad; bounded on the N by the Pyrenees, E and s by the Pvlediterranean, and w by Arragon and Valencia. It is full of mountains, co- vered with forest and fruit-trees; a- bounds in wine, corn, and pulse ; has quarries of marble, and mines of lead, iron, and coal. Barcelona is the capi- tal. Catania, a city of Sicily, in Val di Noto, and a bishop's see, witli a univer- sity, the only one in the island. The church is the largest in Sicily ; and tlie principal streets are wide, and well pa- ved with lava. Here is a magnificent convent, and a beautiful museum of na- tural history and antiques; also large remains of a Roman amphitheatre, and many monumeiits of ancient splendour. By an eruption of Etna, in 1669, it was almost totally destroyed; and, in 1693, it was entirely swallowed up by an earthquake, which buried 18,000 people in the ruins. It is seated on a gulf of its name, at the mouth of the Indicelle, 52 miles sw of Messina. Lon. 15 9 E, lat. 37 36 N. Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital o Calabria Ulteriore, and the see of a bi- shop. The chief manufacture is silks o various kinds, and these, with corn and oil, are the principal articles of trade. It is seated on a mountain, near the gulf 1.32 CAT of Squillace, 42 miles SE of Cosenza. Lon. 16 48 e, lat. 39 \. Cataro, a town of Dalinatia, with a castle, seated on a gulf of its uame,wliich forms two extensive and secure har- bours. The town is built at the extre- mity of the inner basin, surrounded by rocks, and strongly fortified. It is 24 miles s of Scutari. Lon. 19 15 e, lat. 42 12 N. Cataicess)/, or HugJieshurg; a town of Peunsjlvania, in Northumberland coun- t}', situate at the mouth of Catawessy creek, on l!:e e branch of the Susque- hanna, "25 miles ene of Suubury, and 100 N\v of Philadelphia. Cateau. See Chateau Chanibresis. Categat, a gulf of the German ocean, between Sweden and Denmark, through which the Baltic sea is entered by three straits, called the Somid, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. Catharinburg, a town of Siberia, ca- pital of a province of the same name, in the government of Tobolsk. The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its vicinity, and above 100 founderies, chiefly for copper and iron. It is seated near the source of the Iset, 310 miles wsw of To- bolsk. Lon. 61 25 e, lat. 56 45 N. Catharinenslaf, a government of' the Russian empire, divided into two pro- vinces, namely, Catharinenslaf, which moludes New Russia ; and the late go- vernment of Asoph, and Taurida, which includes the Crimea. Catharinenslaf, a town of Russia, ca- pital of a government of the same name. It was built by the late empress Catha- rine, and is seated near the confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, 178 miles NE of Cherson. Lou. 35 15 e, lat. 47 23 N. Catharine, St. the principal island on the coast of the s part of Basil, with a harbour defended by several forts. It is 27 miles long, but not more than six broad. Lon. 49 17 w, lat. 27 35 s. Catheriough. See Carloiv. Catmandu, a city of Hindoostau, ca- pital of Napaiil, and once the capital of an independent kingdom. It has a royal palace, several grand temples, and 18,000 houses. It stands on the w side of the river Napaul, 175 miles N of Pat- na, and 445 e of Delhi. Lon. 85 16 E, lat. 28 10 N. Catoche, Cape, the NE promontory of Jucatan, where the English advcntmers from Jamaica first attempted to cut log- wood. Lon. 86 30 w, lat. 22 10 N. Catrine, a village of Scotland, 14 miles E of Ayr, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourishing cotton manufacture. 133 C A U Cattack, a city of Hiudoostan, capitaJ of Orissa, and a post of consequence, being on the only road between Bengal and the Northern Circars. It is sur- rounded by walls, and stands on an is- land in the Mahanada, 220 miles sw of Calcutta. Lon. 86 1 e, lat. 20 31 n, Cattaio, a town of Italy, in the Padu- an, iive miles s of Padua. Catterich, a village in W. Yorkshire, near Richmond. It has a bridge over the river Swale, and a Roman highway crossed the river here, on the banks of which are the foundations of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast height. Catwijck, fa village of S. Holland, oil the German ocean, near which the river Rhine is lost in the sands. It is 6 miles N by w of Leyden. CatzenaUeiibogen, a town and castle of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, which gives name to a county. The town has an iron-mine near it, and is 10 miles ne of St. Goar. Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, at the foot of Mount Mateli- an, three miles w of Salerno. Cavaillon, a town of France, in the department of Vaucluse ; seated on the Durance, 20 miles se of Avignon. Cavaleri, an island in the Archipelago, between the svv point of the island of Negropont and the continent of Greece. Lon. 24 17 E, lat. 38 7 N. Cavan, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster, 47 miles long and 23 broad ; bounded on the w by Leitrim, N by Fermanagh and Mouaghan, e by the latter county and Louth, and s Ijy Long- ford, W. Meath, and E. ?*Ieath. It sends two members to parliament, is dJTided into 30 parishes, and contains about 84,000 inhabitants. The linen manu- facture is carried on here to a great ex- tent. Cavan, a borougli of Ireland, capital of the county of Cavan, 60 miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 54 52 N. Caub, a toAvn of Germany, with a cit- adel ; seated on the Rhine, two miles N by e of Bacharach. Caucasia, a government of Asiatic Russia, divided into the two provinces of Astracan and Caucasia. The pro- vince of Caucasia comprises the Cuban, and all that district to the E and s, now in the possession of Russia, between the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the Black sea and the Caspian, extending as far as the confines of Georgia. Caucasus, a chain of mouutams, the highest in Asia, extending from the mouth of the Cuban, in the Black sea, to the mouth of the Kur, in the Caspiau C A X TJjijir tops are always covered with snow ; and tiic lower parts abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, giun, hogs, and horned cattle. The Caucasian mountains are inhabited by seven dis- tinct nations, each speaking a difl'erent language : namely, the Turcomans, the Abkahs, the Circassians, the Ossi, the Kisti, the Lesgius, and the Georgians. Caudebec, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, 18 miles Nvv of Rouen. CaudhuUii, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Goinibetore. It is the fiist place of any note above the Gauts, and a principal thoroughfare between the country below and that above those mountains. The inhabitants are chiefly traders. It is 60 miles SE of Seringa- jjatam. Caveripatnam, a town of Hmdoostan, in the Carnatic, seated on the Pennar, 80 miles wsw of Arcot. Caverij, a considerable river of Hin- doostan, which rises among the western Gauts, flows l)y Seringapatam, Bhawa- nikudal, and Tritchiiiopoly, and enters the bay of Bengal, by a wide delta of mouths, which enibraccs the province of Tanjore. Cavete, a seaport on the w coast of the island of Luconia. See Manilla, Cavg/inawago, a town of the United States, in Montgomery county, New York, situated s of the river Mohawk, 30 miles w by n of Schenectady, and 206 NNW of New York. Canginary, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 30 miles nvv of Dacca, and 146 NE of Calcutta. Laviana, an island of S.America, at the mouth of the river Amazon, 90 miles in circumference, and of a triangular form, with its base to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line, in Ion. 60 20 w. Caune, a town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn, 20 miles ene of Cas- tres. Cauteres, a village of France, in the department of Upper Pyrenees, noted for its mineral water, IB miles sw of Bagneres. Cawood, a village in E. Yorkshire, on the river Ouse, 12 miles s of York. Here are the ruins of a very ancient castle, a manufacture for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the river. Caxamarca, a town of Pern, capital of a territory of its name. Heie the Spa- nish general, Pizarro, in 1632, perfidi- ously seized the inca, Atahualpha, and the next year, after a inock trial, caused himto be publicly executed. It fs 70 C E D nnles ne of Tfuxillo. I^n. 78 20 w lat. 7 32 s. Caxton, a town in Cambridgeshire with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles w by s of Cambridge, and 49 N of London. Cayulioga, a river of the state of Ohio, which runs N into Ltike Erie, in Ion. 82 20 w, and has an Indian town of the same name on its banks. It is deep enough to receive large sloops from the lake ; and is navigable for boats to its source, whence there is only a portage of one mile to the Tuscarawa branch of the Muskingum, which is also navigable, and runs s into the Oliio, at Marietta. Cayamba, a town of Peru, in the pro- vince of Quito, 30 miles ne of Quito. Cayenne, a rich town and island on the coast of Guiana, capital of the French settlements there, bounded on the w by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The island is about 60 miles in circum- ference, separated from the continent by a very narrow channel. The surface is low and marshy, and covered with for- ests. Cayenne pepper, sugar, coffee, and the singularly elastic gum called Caoutchous, are the principal commo- dities. The French settled here in 1625, but left it in 1654, and it was succes- sively in the possession of the English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by the French, in 1677. Lon. 53 15 w, lat. 4 56 N. Cayley, a town of Brasil, in the go- vernment of Para, near the mouth of the Cataypera, 105 miles ne of Para. Lon. 48 12 w, lat. 66 s. Cayuga, a lake of New York, in Onandago county, 35 miles long, and two broad. It lies nine miles e of Se- neca lake, and empties, at its n end, into Seneca river. Cayuga, a town of New York, in Onandago county, on the e side of a lake of the same name, 60 miles ssw of Oswego. Lon. 76 48 w, lat. 42 30 N. Cazimir, a town of Little Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula, 80 miles e of Zarnaw. Lon. 22 3 E. lat. 51 N. Cedar Creek, a water of James river, in Virginia, in the county of Rock- bridge ; remarkable for its natural bridge, on the ascent of a hill, which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The fissure at the bridge is 250 feet deep, 45 wide at the bottom, and 90 at the top. This hridge gives name to the county, and affords a connuudious passage over a valley, which cannot be crossed else- where for a considerable distance. Cellar Point, a seaport of Maryland, 134 C E L in Charles count)'. The exports are chiefly tobacco and maize. If is seat- ed on the Potomac, .12 miles below Port Tobacco, and 40 s by e of Wash- ington. Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore, at the foot of the Apen- nines, 20 miles nne of Conza. Cefalonia, an island in the ISIeditcr- ranean, on the coast of Livadia, op- posite the gulf of Lepauto. It is 40 miles long and fiom 10 to 20 broad, fertile in oil and muscadine wine. It forms a part of the republic of Seven Islands. The capital is of the same name, on tlie se coast. Lon. 20 56 E, -at. 38 12 N. Cefahi, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Deraona, and a bishop's see, with a castle ; seated on a promontoiy, 40 miles E by s of Palermo. Lon. 13 58 E, lat. 38 15 N. Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near a lake of the same name, 30 miles in circumference. It is 15 miles s of Aquila. Celebes, or 3Iacassar, an island in the ludian ocean, to the E of Borneo. It is 560 miles from N to s, but divided mto various portions by large bays, so that the breadth is commonly not above 60 miles. The e side of the island is sometimes called Celebes, and the w Macassar; but in general the former name is given to the whole island. It lies under the Mne ; but the heat is mo- derated by the n winds, and the rains, which constantly fall five days before and after the full moon, and during the two months that the sun is nearly ver- tical. The products are maize, rice, sago, cocoa-nuts, pompions, black pepper, callivances or beans, melons, plantains, mangoes, oranges, lemons, pines, &c. There are also numerous poisonous trees and plants; and with the juice of the notorious upas, the na- tives often poison their lances and ar- rows. It is well stocked with horses, buffalos, cattle, deer, sheep, goats, hogs, cats, and monkeys. Cotton glows in great abundance. In the middle of the island are mountains, almost inac- cessible, in which are quarries of ex- cellent stone and marble, and mines of gold, copper, and tin. The natives are Mahometans, consisting of several na- tions or tribes, and the best soldiers in these parts. They are short and thick set, have a flattish face, but not thick lips, and their colour is of a reddish yellow : their manners are not graceful ; and they are revengeful and jealous. The Dutch have some settlements on 135 C E R the coasts, of which tlie chief is M;>. caasar. Cell, or 3Iarien Celle, a town of Sli- ria, with a celebrated abbey, seated on the Saltza, 17 miles nne of Brack. Ceneda, a town of Italy, in Trcvisano, 18 miles N of Treviso. Cents, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Savoy, which is a noted passage to Turin. Centreville, a town of Maryland, chief of Queen Ann county, 18 miles s of Chester, and 95 ssw of Phila- delphia. Ceram, an island, one of the Moluc- cas, 180 miles long and 50 broad. It is mountainous and woody; and the sago tree forms a considerable ariiclc of export. It is subject to the sultan of Bachian. Alone the coast the Dufeh have had influence and jiewer to de- stroy the clove trees. Lon. 127 to 130 E, lat. 3 s. Cerdagna, a country on the Pyrenees, partly in Spain, in the province of Ca- talonia, and partly in France, in tJie department of Eastern Pyrenees. Puy- ceida is the capital of the Spanish part, and Mont Louis of the French. Cere, St. a town of France, in the department of Lot, 37 miles ne of Ca- hors, and 75 sse of Liraoges. Cerenza, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, seated on a rock, 10 miles N by w of Severiuo. Ceret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eagiern Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridge of one arch over the Tet. Here the comrtiissioners of France and Spain met, in 1660, to settle the limits of the two kingdonss. In 1794, the French defeated tiie Spaniards near this town. It is 14 miles v/sw of Per- pignan. Cerignola, a town of Naples, in Ca- pitanata, celebrated by Horace for its excellent bread. Near this town is the ancient Salapia, the lulns of which are still called Salpc. It is 20 miles s of Manfrcdonia. Cerigo, an island in the Mediterranean sea, to the s of the Morea, formerly known by the name of Cythera. It is 45 miles in circumference, full of moun- tains, and forms part of the republic of Seven Islands. It has a town of the same name, with a castle on a sliarp rock, and a small haibour. Lon. 22 44 E, lat. 36 14 N. Cerilly, a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier, 7 miles w of MouMns, and 11 s of Bourges. Cerines, a seaport of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a castle on an C E V iammnsc rock. The chief exports are barley, silk, cotton, oil and carob beans. It is 20 miles Nw of Nicosia, Lon. 32 65 E, lat. 35 45 N. Cerne Abbey, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on \^^ednesday. It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the side of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180 feet in height, holding a club in his right hand, and extending the other. Here was formerly a state- ly abbey, and part of its remains is now converted into a house and barn. It is seated on the river Cerne, seven miles NN'w of Dorchester, and 120 w by s of London. Cernetz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons,witli a mineral spring ; seated on the river Inn, 24 miles se of Coire. Cerrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di Laroro, with a cathedral and collegiate church, Smiles nne of Telesa. Certosa, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, with a celebrated Carthusian mo- nastery, 5 miles n of Pavia. Cervera, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, with a university, 34 miles n by w of Tarragona. Another, on the borders of France and tlie Mediterranean, eight miles N ot Roses. Cervia, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated near the gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut to admit sea water, from which much salt is made. It is 10 miles SE of Ravenna. Cervinara, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato TJlteriore, 12 miles sw of Bene- vento. Cesena, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated on the Savio, 18 miles s by e of Ravenna. Cesenatico, a seaport of Italy, in Ro- magna. In 1800, tlie inhabitants having arrested a messenger with dispatches, the English set fire to the moles of the harbour, and destroyed 16 vessels. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 16 miles SE of Ravenna. Cessierix, a town of France, in the department of Isere, 27 miles ese of Lyon. Cette, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Ilerault, seated at the place where the canal of Languedoc ternn- nates in the Mediterranean sea, 18 miles ssw of Montpellier. Lon. 3 42 e, lat. 43 24 N. Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was taken by the French in 1796, and retaken by the Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on the Tanaro, 8 miles SE of Mondovi. Cevennes, a late territory of France, in C E Y the province of Languedoc, It b a mountainous country, and now forme the department of Card. Ceiita, a seaport of the kingdom «>f Fez, and a bishop's see. It belongs to Spain, and is seated on the strait of Gibraltar, 140 miles NNw of Fez. Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 35 50 N. Ceylon, a large island in the East Indies, a1>out 250 miles long, and 200 broad. It al)Ounds in trees and shrubs, valued both on account of their timber, and the gums and spices they produce. The island abounds with high hills, be- tween which the soil is a fat red earth , and the valleys are extremely pleasant, having a clear rivulet running througl ahnost every one of them. The e coast is bald and rocky, and the N part is every where indented with inlets of the sea. The woods and mountains com- pletely surround the dominions of the king of Candy, and are a natural bar- rier against his foreign enemies. The most lofty range of mountains divide the island nearly into two parts, and terminate comj)letely the efl'ects of the monsoons, which set in periodically from opposite sides of them. I'he seasons are more regulated by the monsoons than the course of the sun; for the coolest season is during the summer sol- stice, while the western monsoon pre- vails. Spring commences in October, and the hottest season is from January to the beginning of April. The climate, on the coast, is more temperate than on the continent of Hindoostan; but in the interior of the country the heat is many degrees greater, ajid the climate often extremely sultry and unhealthy. The finest fruits grow in vast plenty, but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple, which in shape resembles the quarter of an apple cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and a continued ridge along the outer edges ; and is of a beautiful orange colour. Pepper, gin- ger, and cardamons, are produced in Ceyloii ; with five kinds of rice which ripen one after another. It also abounds with topazes, garnets, rubies, and other precious stones ; besides ores of copper, iron, &c. and veins of black crystal . Common deer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous; but the horned cattle are both very small and scarce, six ot them weighing altogether only 714 lbs. and one of these only 70 11). Yet the island produces the lai-gest and best elephants in the world ; but the woods are infested by tygers. They abound also with snakes of a monstrous size, one of which has been known to destroy a 136 C E Y ty^er, and devour him at one meal. Spiders, centipedes, and seorpions, also grow to an enormous size. Here the maulis, or creeping leaf, is met with ; which is supposed to he a species of, jjrasshopper, having; even' member of common insects, tliough in shape and appearance it greatly resembles a leaf: it is of a green colour. I'he sea coasts abound with fish. One of the most re- markable trees in Ceylon is the tallipot, M hich grows straight and tall, and is as big as the mast of a ship : the leaves are so large as to cover 15 men ; when dried, thej are round, and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a piece of the leaf on their head when they travel, to shade them from the sun ; and they are so tough that they are not easily torn. Every soldier eames one, and it serves for his tent. The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes of jjcople, the Cin- galese and the Vaddahs. The latter are still m the rudest stage of social life ; they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hollows of the monntains ; hunting their sole employment, and pro- viding for the day their only care. Some of them acknowledge the authority of the king of Candy ; and exchange with the Cingalese elephants' teeth and deer flesh, for arrows, cloth, Sec. but this prac- tice is not general, for two-thirds of them hold no communication with the Cinga- lese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers. They worship a particular god ; and their religious doctrine seems to consist of some indistinct notions of the fimdamcntal principles of the Bra- mimcal faith. In some places they have erected temples ; but for the most part they perform worship at an altar constructed of bamboos, under the shade of .a banyan-tiee. The Cingalese are the subjects of the king of Candy, and appear to have been, beyond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, instructed in ail the arts of civil life, nearly in as high a degree as the nations of the neigh- bouring continent. They are pagans ; and, though they acknowledge a su- preme God, they woiship only the infe- rior deities, among which they reckon the sun and moon. In their temples are images, well executed, tliough their figures are monstrous ; some are of sil- ver, copper, kc. The difierent sorts of gods have various priests, who have alL some privileges. Their houses are small and low, with walls made of hurdles, smoothly covered with clay, and the roofs thatched. They have no chim- nsya, and their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with two copper basins, 137 C H A and two or three stools ; uoiie but ths king being allowed to sit in a chair Their food is generally rice, and their common drink is watei% which they pour into their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through the spout, never touch- ing it with their lips. There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which umst be very ancient, for they are not under- stood by any of the present inhabitants. The Portuguese were the first Euro- peans who settled on this island ; but the Dutch soon drove them away, and established themselves on all the princi pal places along the coast. In 1796, Columbo, the Dutch capital, surrender- ed to the English, who continue pos- sessed of all the settlements on the coasts, the principal of which are Co- lumbo and Trincomale. Chabtais, a fertile province of Savoy, bounded on the N by the lake of Ge- neva, E by Vallais, s by Faueigny, and w by tlie Genevois. Thonon is th« capital. Chablis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent white wine. It is 12 miles H by N of Auxerre. Chacapoyas, a town of Peru, in the province of Truxillo, capital of a dis- trict lying E of the Andes, It is seated on a liver, 160 miles nne of Truxillo. Lon 77 30 w, lat. 6 20 s. C/tagaiiig, a city of Eirmah, with a small fort. It is the principal empo- rium for cotton, which is brought iiom all parts of the country, and embarked here for the China market. Here also is the only mauufacture of marble idols, whence the Avhole Eirman empire is supplied ; none being allowed to be made in any other place. It is situate opposite Ava, the deserted capital, on the N side of the Irrawaddy, which here turns N and parts it from Ummerapoora, the present capital. Chagre, a town and fort of Terra Firma, in tlie province of Daricn, at the mouth of a river of its name, totne sw of Porto Bello. The fort was taken by admiral Vernon in 1740. Lon. 80 17 w, lat. 9 10 N. Chais Dieu, a town of France, in ths department of Upper Loire, with a ce- lebrated Benedictine abbey, 12 miles e of Brioude. Chaleur Bay, a vast inlet on the w side of the gulf of St. Lawrence, pene- trating a great many leagues between Lower Canada and New Brunswick. It receives several nvers, the principal of which is the Ristigouche, at its head Along the coast are numerous intiabi* C H A tuuts, whose occupation is fishing and ship-building. Chalfurd, ayillagc in Gloucestershire, two miles SE of Stroud. It stands on the Stroud canal, and has a considerable manufacture of broad cloth. Challans, a town of France, in the department of Vendee, 21 miles N of Sables d'Olonne. Chalons snr Marne, a city of France, capital of the department of Marne, and lately an episcopal see. It con- tains 16,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in shalloons and other woollen stutFs. Here is an academy of the sci'^nces, arts, and belles-lettres. Chalons is seated on the rivers Marne, Man, and Nau, 95 miles e of Paris. Lon. 4 21 E, lat. 48 57 n. Chalons sur Saone, a city of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, and lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of iron for Lyon and St. Etienne, and of the wines for exportation. Here are various indica- tions of Roman magnificence, j)arti- cularly the ruins of an amphitheatre. The city contains the old town, the new town, and the suburb of St. Lawrence. In the first is the court of justice, and the cathedral. Ciialons is seated on the Saone, 33 miles e by s of Autun. Lon. 4 61 E, lat. 46 47 N. Chains, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, with a castle. Richard L of England, while preparing to besiege this place, received a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow, which proved mortal. It is 15 miles wsw of Limoges. Cham, a tov/n of Bavaria, seated on the river Cham, at its confluence with the Regen, 27 miles ne of Satisbon. Chamber sburg, a town of Pennsylva- nia, chief of Franklin county, with two presbyterian chujclies, situate in a hilly country, 30 miles sw of Carlisle. Lon. 77 41 w, lat. 39 50 N. Chamhery, the capital of Savoy, with a castle, and a ducal palace. It is for- tified by walls and ditches, and water- ed by many streams, which run through several of the streets. There are piazzas under most of the houses, where peo- ple may walk dry in the worst weather. It has large and handsome suburbs ; and in the neighbourhood are some baths, much frequented in summer. In 1742, the Spanicuds made themselves masters of this capital, but it was restored by the peace of 1748. It was taken in 1792 by the French, who were disi)OS- Bessed of it in 1799, but regained it in 1800 It is seated at the conflux of the C H A Lesse and Orbane, 27 miles n e of Grr- noble, and 85 nw of Turin. Lon. 6 60 E, lat. 45 33 N. Chambh/, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river Chambly, or Sorel, issuing from Lake Champlain. It was taken by the Americans in 1775, and retaken by the English in 1776. It is 15 miles e of Montreal ; and a little higher on the same river is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier garrison. diamond, St. a town of France, in the department of Rhone with a castle on the river Giez, 17 miles s of Lyon. Champagne, a late province of France, 162 miles long and 112 broad; bound- ed on the N by Hainaidt and Luxem- burg, E by Lorrain and Franche Comte, s by Burgundy, and w by the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms the departments of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper Marne. Champlain, a lake of North America, which divides the N part of the state of New York from that of Vermont. It is 90 miles long, and 18 in its broadest part ; the mean width is about six miles, and its depth is sufficient for the largest vessel. It contains many islands, the principal of which, called North Hero, is 24 miles long, and from two to four wide. It receives the waters of Lake Geoige from the ssw, and sends its own waters a n course, through Chambly river, into the St. Lawrence. The land on its borders, and on the banks of its rivers, is good. In 1777, a naval en- gagement was fought on this lake, be- tween the British under general Carl- ton, and the Americans under general Arnold, in which the latter were totally defeated. Champlain, a town of New York, in Clinton county, situate on Lake Cham- plain, near its N exuemity, 80 miles N of Crown Point. Champlemy, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, near the source of the Nievre, 25 miles nne of Nc- vers. Chancla, a town of Hindoostan, m Berar, seated on a branch of the God- avery, 78 miles s of Nagpour. Lon. 79 54 E, lat. 20 2 N. Chandere€, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of a district in the Malwa country, near the river Betwha. It is the resi- dence of a rajah, and 170 miles s of Agra. Lon, 78 43 e, lat. 24 48 N. Chandeimagore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal. It was the principal French settlement in the East Indies, and had a strong fort, which was destroyed by the English in 1767 ; and in 1793, they 138 C H A again dispossessed tlie Frencli of this settleincut. It is seated ou the w side of the Hoogly, 15 miles n of Calcutta. Chandor, a town of Hiiidoostan, in the coiiutry of Baglana, taken b}' the English in 180-1. It is 90 miles wnw of Amungabad. Lou. 74 38 e, lat. 20 8 N. Cliandrag'uti, a town of Ilindoostan, in Mysore, with a fort ou a higlj peaked hill. The \ieuiity produces sandal wood of a good quality'. It is seated near the Yarada, on the confines of the fiountry, 42 miles N of Nagara. Chang-hai, a town of China, in tlie pro\ince of Kiaug-uan. In this town, and the yillages depeudent on it, are more than 200,00U weavers of cotton cloth. It is IS miles SE of Soug- kiang. Chanmannivg, a city of Tibet, wliich has been the residence of the grand lama. It is 130 miles w of Lassa Lon. 89 45 E, lat. 31 N. Clianonry. See Fortrose. Chan-si, a province of Cluna, and one of the smallest in the empire, bordering on the Great Wall. It contains 55,268 squai-e miles, witli 27,000,000 inhabi- tants. The climate is salubrious and agreeable, and the soil generally fer- tile, tliough the country is full of moun- tains. Some of these are rough, wWA, and uninhabited ; but others are cidti- vated with the greatest care from top to bottom. They abound with coal,which the inhabitants pound, and make into cakes with water; a kind of fuel princi- pally used for healing their stoves,which are constructed with biick ; and iu tiie form of small beds, so that the people sleep upon them. The counti-y abounds with musk, porphjTj', marble, lapis la- znli, and jasper, of various colours; and iron mines, as well as salt-pits and crys- tal, are very common. Here are 5 cities of the first class, and 85 of the se- cond and third. The capital is Tai- youen-fou. Chantilly, a town of France, in the department of Oise, celebrated for a great pottery ; also for a fine forest and maguificent hunting-seat. It is 17 miles N by E of Paris. Chan-tong, a province of China, on the eastern coast. It contains 6 cities of the first class, and 1 14 of the second and third ; beside which there are along the coast several forts and villages of considerable note ou account of their commerce, and a number of small islands, the greater part of which have very convenient harboms. Tliis pro- vince has large manufactures of silk, 139 C H A and a kind of stuffs peculiar to {his part of China. It is traversed by the imperial canal. The capital is Tsi- nau. Chao-ldng, a city of China, in the pro- vnicc of Tche-kiang, which has eight cities of the thii'd rank under its juris- diction. It is 730 miles s by k of Pe- king. Lou. 120 38 E, lat. 30 10 n. Chao-tcheo, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong, situate be- tween two navigable rivers, and cele- brated for a monastery of Ihe bronzes iu its neighbourhood. It is 140 miles n of Canton. Lon. 113 10 e, lat. 25 N. Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a city of Tibet, seated on the southern head of the Gauges, 90 miles westward from the lake Mansaroar, whence that branch is supposed to take its rise. It is 160 miles NNE of Sirinagur. Lou. 79 22 e, lat. 33 10 N. Chapel Hill, a town of North Cano- lina, in Orange couuty, with a univer- sity established by Ihe state ; seated ou an eminence, 20 miles nw of Ralegh, Chapel in le Frith, a town iu Derby- shire, with a market on Thursday ; seat- ed on the confines of the Peak, 17 miles SE of Manchester, and 167 nnw of London. Charabon, a seaport on the N coast of Java, in a country that produces much rice, sugar, cotice, pepper, cot- ton, Sec. which the Dutch purchase at a low rate. It is 130 miles e of IJata- via, Lon. 109 4 e, lat. 6 5 s. Charasm, a fertile country of Usbce Tai-tary, bounded on the n by Tiuke- stan, E by Bokharia, s by Chorasan, ami w by the Caspian sea. Jt is divided among several Tartarian princes, of whom one takes the title of khan, with a degree of pre-eminence over the rest. Khiva is the capital, and the usual resi- dence of the khan in winter, but dur ing the summer, he generally encamps on the banks of the river Amu. Charbofough, a village in Dorsetshire, six miles sse of Biandford. In the grounds of a gentleman's seat here, is the house where the plan of the glorious revolution of 1688 was concerted. Charcas, an audience of Peru, includ- ing several provinces, iu which are the finest silver mines in the world. Plata is the capital. See Potosi. Chard, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Monday. It stands pre- eminent over all the country between the two seas ; and has a copious stream, which might be easily conducted in a direction opposite tHiat wliich it now C H A takes. It is 12 miles sse of Taunton, and 139 w by s of London. Charente, a department of France, in- chiding the late province of Angoumois. It is named from a river, which rises in Liniosin, and runs by Angoulesme and Saintes ini Saturday. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near its confluence with the Severn, and ves- sels of 700 tons come up to the bridge. It was surrounded by a wall, traces of which are observable ; and on a perpen- dicular rock are the remains of a large castle. Here was also a priory, part of which is converted into a church. The tide rises here from 30 to 60 feet, and in 1768, it flowed 70 feet, to the great da- mage of the bridge. The principal ex- ports are timber, bark, iron, and cider. It is 18 miles n of Bristol, and 135 w of London. Lon. 2 36 w, lat. 51 53 N. CHE ' Cher, a department of France, includ- ing part of the iate province of Berry. It receives its name from a river which rises in Auverj^ne, and flows into the Loire, below Tours. Bourges is the capital. Cherasco, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a fertile territory of the same namcv with a strong citadel. It is seat- ed on a mountain, at the confluence of the Sturia with the Tanaro, 24 miles SE of Turin. Lon. 7 58 E,lat. 44 46 N. Cheraiv, a district of S. Carolina, com- prehending the counties of Darlington, Chesterfield, and Marlborough. I'he capital is Greenville. Cherburg, a seaport of France, in the department of Manche, with an Augus- tine abbey. Here was a seafight be- tween the English and Fiencli, in 1G92, when the latter were beat, and upward of 20 of their men of war burnt, near Cape la Hogue. The English landed here in 1758, took the town, with the ships in the basin, demolished the forti- fications, and ruined the works for im- proving the harbour. These works were resumed on a stupendous scale, by Lewis XVI. ; but their progress was interrupted b}^ the revolution. Cherburg is 60 miles Nw of Caen.j Lon. 1 37 w, lat. 49 39 N. Cheroniso, a town of European Tur- key, on the NE coast of the island of Ne- gropont, 25 miles e of Negropont Cheroy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, 10 miles w of Sens. Cherry Valley, a town of New York, in Oswego county, at the head of a creek of its name, 18 miles sofCana- johary, and 25 w by n of Albany. Cherso, an island in the gulf of Ve- nice, between the coasts of Istria and Croatia. On the s it is separated from Gsero by a very narrow channel, and the tvpo islands are united by a bridge. The soil is stony ; but it abounds in cat- tle, wme, oil, and honey. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour. Lon. 14 45 e, lat. 45 10 N. Cherson, the capital of New Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, erftcted by Catharine II. on the N bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles below the in- flux of the Ingulec. The church and many of the houses are built of stone ; and the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. Here is a dock, from which se- veral men of war and merchant ships have been launched ; but owing to some sand banks in the river, the naval esta- blishment has been transferred hence to Nicolaycf. In 1787, the empress made a triamphant journey to *'»•« r,i»- C H E pital, and here met empeior Josfcph II. At this place, in 1790, the philanthropio Howard fell a victim to bis iadcfatigabla humanity ; and a monument was erect- ed to his memory by tho Russian admi- ral. Cherson is 50 miles e of Eczakow. Lon. 31 26 e, lat. 46 37 N. Chertsey, a town in Surry, with a market on Wednesday. Here was for- merly an abbey, of which only a part of the walls now remain ; it was the first burial place of Henry VI. who was af- terward removed to Windsor. It is seated near the Thames, over which is a handsome bridge, 20 miles w by s of London, C/iescqjeak, the largest and safest bay in the United States. Its entrance is between Cape Charles in Maryland and Cape Henry in Virginia, 12 miles wide. It extends 270 miles to the N, is from 10 to 40 miles broad, and generally 9 fathoms deep ; containing several islands and many commodious harbours. It receives the Susquehanna, Potomac Rappahannoc, York, and James rivers which are all large and navigable. Chesham, a town in Buckinghamshire with a market on Wednesday, and ma- nufactures of lace and wooden ware It stands in a vale, 27 miles nvv of Lon don. ' Cliesltire, a county palatine of Eng land, bounded on the N by Lancashire NE by Yorkshire, e by Derbyshire, SB by Staflord shire, s by Shropshire, w by Denbighshire and Flintshire, and Nw by the Irish sea, into which projects a pe- ninsula, 13 miles long and six broad, formed by the mouths of the Mersey and the Dee. This county extends 33 miles from n to s, and 42 from e to vv, without including the peninsula just mentioned on the w, or a narrow tract of land, which stretches between Lau- cashire and Derbyshire, to Yorkshire, on the NE. It contains 676,0000 acres ; is divided into seven hundreds, and 86 parishes; has one city and 12 market towns ; and sends four members to par- liament. In 1811, the number of inha- bitants was 227,031. The principal ri- vers are the Mersey, Weever, and Dee ; and it has several small lakes. It is rich in pasture and corn land ; but there are several heaths, upon whidi horses and sheep feed, among which are the extensive forests of Macclesfield and Delamere. The country is generally level ; the highest hills in it are about Frodsham ; and its extensive pastures feed a great number of cows, from whose milk is made excellent cheese, of which vast quantities are sent to London, 144 CHE Brieiol, York, Scotland, Ireland, Sec. Tliis countiT is likewise famous for its salt spring's at Naraptwicli, ]\Iiddlcwich, Noitl.vich, and Winslbrd; and, at Nortliv ich, there are vast pits of solid salt rock. Chester; a city and the capital of Che- shire, and a bishop's see, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is go\f"rucd by a mayor ; and the walls are nearly two miles in circumference, in ■which are four gates, toward the four cardinal points. It has a strong castle (in Avhich is the sliire hall) and 10 chnrches, beside the cathedral. The main streets ha\e a sort of covered por- tico nniuiuj^ out from house to house, which are called rows, and aiford a shel- tered walk for the foot passengers. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 16,140. It has a constant communica- tion with Ireland ; Chester has a small share of foreign trade, a manufacture of gloves, a considerable tiaflSc of shop goods into North Wales, and two an- nual fairs the most noted in England, especially for the sale of Irish linen. It ih 38 miles sw of Manchester, and 180 Mv of London. Lon, 3 3 w, lat. 53 12 N. Cliester, a town of New Hampshire, in Rockingham county, situate on a lake, which sends its waters into tJie Merrimac, 16 miles w of Exeter, and 34 w by s of Portsmouth. Chester, a town of Maryland, capital of Kent count}', with a college, incor- porated in 1782. It is seated on a river of the same name, 15 miles from its mouth in Chesapeak bay, and 80 sw of I'hiJadelphia. See Annapolis. Chester, a town of Pennsylvania, ca- pital ol Delaware county, seated on the Delaware, 15 miles sw of Phila- delphia. Chester, a town of South Carohna, chief of Chester county, seated on Broad river, 60 miles nw of Columbia. Chester le Street, a village in the countj' of Durham, on the w side of (he river Wear, six miles N of Dmham. The church is collegifite, and was for- merly the see of a bishop, till removed, with the body of St. Cuthbert, to Dur- ham. Roman coins are still found here. Chester, West, a town of New York, chief of a county of the same name, 15 miles NE of New York. Chester, West, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of Chester county, 25 miles w by s of Philadelphia. Chesterfield, a town in Derbyshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on 145 CHI Saturday. It has a church witli a r«v uiarkable cinvcd spire, and a freeschool founded by queen Elisabeth. Here are manufactures of stockings, carpets, and browji earthen ware ; also iron fonnde- rles, the ore and coal for the supply of which are dug in the vicinity. Large quantities of lead are sent hence, by a canal to the Trcnt^ which it j6ins below Gainsborough, Chesteriield is seated on a hill, betweeu the rivulets Ibber and Rother, 24 miles N of Derby, and 160 NNw of London, Lon. 1 27 w, lat, ^ 18 N, Chesterfield, a town of New Hamp- shire, in Cheshire county, on the e bank ofthe Connecticut, 2.5 miles s of Charles ton, and 72 w by s of Exeter. Cheviot Hills, a ridge of mountains in England, which run fi-om n to s through Northumberland and Cumber- land, famous for its free chaee, formerly much used by the English and Scots gently. These hills are now chiefly wild and open sheep-walks ; goats also are fed among them, and some of tlie finest cattle in the kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border. Near these many an obstinate battle has been fought be- tween the Enghsh and Scots, before the two kingdoms were united ; among which may be numbered the encounter between the earls Percy and DoUf^las, celebrated in the ancient ballad called Chevy Chace. Chevire, a tor"» of France, in the de- partment of the Maine and Loire, five miles NW of Bauge. Clievet's, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente, 18 mile e of An- goulesme. Chevrense, a town of France, in the department of the Seine and Oise, eight miles sw of Versailles, Chiametlan, a town of Mexico, in the audience of Guadalajara, and the ca- pital of a maritime province of the sarnw name, which is feitile, and contains many silver mines. On the coast are a cluster of small islands. The town is seated on a river of its name, 150 miles NW of Guadalajara. Lon. 105 45 w, lat. 22 40 N. Chiapa, an inland province of Mexico It has no mines of silver or gold, but abounds in wood, aromatic gums, bal- sams, cocoa, corn, &c. and its horses are in high estimation. Chiapa dos JEsjmgnols, or Ciudad ReuL a city of Mexico, in the province of Chiapa, and a bishop's see. It lias several monasteries and an elegant ca- thedral. The chief trade is in cocoa, cotton, and ccchineal. It is 50 msies C H I ssw of Vilia Hermosa. Loii, 94 35 w, lat. 17 N. Chiapa dos Indios, a large town of 3lexico, ill the province of Chiapa, containing 20,000 inhabitants, chiefly IndiaiM, who are rich, and raise a great deal of sugar. It is seated on the river Tabases, 30 miles w by n of Chiapa dos Espagnols. Chiarenza, a town of European Tur- key, in the Morea, on the river Sillus, near the Mediten-anean, 95 miles w by s of Corintii. Lon, 21 2S e, lat. 37 40 N. Chiari, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where the Austrians defeated the French^ in 1701. It is 15 miles nne of Crema. CIdaromonte, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, seated on a mountain, 25 miles w of Syracuse. Chiavenna, a tov/n of Switzerland, ca- pital of a country of its narnc, subject to the Grisons. It is a trading place, especially in wine and delicate fiTiits, being the principal comniuuication be- tween the Milanese and Germany. The governor's palace and the churches are magnificent; and the inhabitants are Roman catholics. Here are the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on the summit of a rock ; and close to the toYv^n is a rock of asbestos. It is seated between high ridges of mountains, near a small lake of its name, 38 miles s of Coire. Lon. 9 27 e, lat. 46 15 N. Chicasmos, a nation of American In- dians settled on the head branches of the Tombeckbe, Mobile, and Yazoo ri- vers, in the nw corner of Georgia. They have seven towns, the central one of which is in Ion. 89 43 w, lat. 34 23 N. Chichacotta, a fortified town of Boo- tan, on the s frontier, frequently taken and relinquished by the British India troops, in the war with the Booteeas in 1772. It is 84 miles s by e of Tassa- sudon. Lon. 89 35 e, lat. 26 35 N. Chichester', a city and the capital of Sussex, and a county of itself, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednes- day and Satmday. It is a bishop's see, and has seven churches beside the ca- thedral. I'he city is walled round, and had formeily four gates. It e?:ports corn, malt, &c. has some foreign com- merce, and a manufacture of needles. 'J'he haven affords fine lobsters. It is seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its entrance into an arm of the English channel, 61 miles sw of liondon. Lon. 48 w, lat. 50 50 N. Chidefa a town of European Tiukey, c e T in the Morea, near the gulfof Coron.l4 miles w of Colocythia. Chievuee, a lake of Bavaria, 35 miles in circumference. In the midst of it are two islands ; on one of them is a cou- vent of Benedictine nuns, and on the other an Augustine monastery. It lies 22 miles WNW of Salzburg. Chieri, a town of Piedmont, sur-, rounded by an ancient wall, in which are six gates. It has four grand squares, many churches and religious houses, and considerable manufactures of cloth and silk. It is 7 miles e of Turin. Cliieti. See Civita di Chieti. Chigwell, a village in Essex, 10 mile3 NE ot London. It is noted for a free- school, founded by archbishop Harsnett, who had been vicar of this place, ami lies buried in the church. Chili, a large coimtry of South Ame- rica, on the coast of the Pacific ocean, discovered by Diego d'Almagro in 1525. The mountainous part of it is possessed by the Puelches, Araucos, and other tribes of its original inhabitants, who are still formidable neighbours to the Spaniards. That part of Chili, there fore, which may be properly deemed a Spanish province, is a narrow district, extending along the coast, from the de- sert of Atakamas to the island of Chiloe, above 900 miles. Though bordering on the torrid zone, it never feels the extre- mity of heat, being screened on the e by the Andes, and refreshed from the w by cooling sea-breezes. The fertility of the soil corresponds with the benignity of the climate, and is wonderfully ac- commodated to European productions. The most valuable of these, corn, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, as if they had been native in the countiy. Here all the fruits imported from Einope attain to full maturity ; and the animals not only multiply, but improve. The horn- ed cattle are of larger size than those of Spain ; and its horses excel in beau- ty and spirit the famous Andalusiau race, from which they sprung. Nature, too, has enriched Chili with valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. Yet, in all this extent of country there are not above 80,000 white inhabitants, and 240,000 blacks and people of a mixed race. St Jago is the capital. Chilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hin- dcostan, which bounds the five Circars on the N. It lies on the coast of the bay of Bengal, and seems the effect of the breach of the sea over a flat sandy surface, whose elevation was something above the level of the country within. It communicates with the sea by a very 146 CHI MBTTow but deep openiDg, and is shal- low witliin. It is 40 miles long and 14 broad, with a narrow slip of gioiind be- tween it and the sea. It contains many inhabited islands. On the n\v it is bounded by a ridge of moinitains, a continuation of tliat wiiicli extends from the ]Mahanuddy to the Godavery river, and shuts up the Circars toward tlie continent. Chilian, or Chilan, a town of Chili, capital of a district. It is chiefly in- habited by Indians, and 76 miles ne of Conception. Chilleh-os, a town of Portngal, in Es- tianiadura, 13 miles N\v of Lisbon. CIdllivothe, the capital of the state of Ohio, though at present only a small place, seated on the w bank of the Scioto, 130 miles ne of Frankfort, and 180 sw of Pittsbmg. Lon. 83 8 w, laf. 39 14 N. Chillon, a toA^ n of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, near the lake of Ge- neva. On a rock in the lake is an an- cient castle, which has lately been used as a state prison. It is 5 miles ese of Vevay. Chiloe, an island on the coast of Chili, 125 milts long and 17 broad. It pro- duces all necessary refieshments and provisions, except wine ; and much am- bergrise is found here. The principal town is Castio. Chiltern, a chain of chalky hills in England, passing fiom e to w through the middle of Buckinghamshire, and covered, in various parts, with w oods. This district belongs to the ero\va, and for time immemorial has had the no- minal oiBce of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, by the acceptance of which a commoner vacates liis seat in parlia- ment Chimay, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord. Near it are mines of iron, with founderies and forges. Jt is seated on the Blanche, 20 miles ene of Cambray. Chimera, a town of European Tiukey, in Albania, with a fort, seated on a rock, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 24 miles s of Velona. China, an extensive countiy in Asia, between 98 and 123 e lon. and 21 and 42 N lat. It is 1330 miles from N to s, and 1030 from E to w; bounded on the E by the Yellow and the China sea, s by the latter sea and the kingdoms of Tonquin, Laos, and Birmah, w by Ti- oet, and n by Tartary, from which it is separated by a great w'all. This stu- pendous wall exceeds every thing of isuman art and industry that is read of 147 C H I in history; -and is said to have been bnilt about the year 1160, to prevent the fietiuent incursions of tlie Monguls It extends along a hilly surface 1500 miles in length ; the breadth, in many parts, is upwards of 15 feet at the top ; and it is flanked with towers at the dis- tance of 300 feet : the materials of which the whole is composed are so close and solid, that it is yet almost er.tire. China is divided into 15 provinces, which are Pe-tchc-li, Kiang-nan, Kiang-si, Fo- kieu, Tche-kiang, Hou-quang, Ho-nan, Chan-tong, Chan-si, Chen-si, Se-tchuen, Quang-toug, Quang-si, Yun-nan, and Koei-tcheou, These provinces contain 4402 walled cities, divided into classes, the civil and the military ; the civil class containing 2045, and the military 2357. The civil class is again divided into three other classes ; the first are called fou, the second tcheou, and the third sliien. According to the statement of the population of China, delivered to lord Macartney, in 1793, by a Chinese mandarin, the nunjber of inhabitants was not less than 333,000,000 ; but from the calculations in NeuhotF's travels the population is about 230,000,000. The climate and soil are various, as the dif- ferent provinces are nearer to, or remote from, the s ; severe cold being felt at Peking, while the southern provinces are exposed to excessive heat. Here are several large lakes ; the principal of them are the Po-yang, in Kiang-si, 250 miles in circumference ; the Tong-ting, in Hou-quang, above 200 miles in cir- cumference ; the Tai, part of which extends into Kiang-nan ; the Hcng-tse, and the Kao-yeou, in the province of Kiang-nan. I'he chief rivers are the Kian-ku and the Hoan-ho ; beside which there is an infinitude of great and small rivers, and fine canals, one of which, called the Grand Canal, surpas- ses any thing of the kind in the world. By Ihis canal, and some rivers, there is a communication by water between Pe- king and Canton, the two extremes of the empire, except the interruption of a day's journey, by a mountain in the pro- vince of Kiang-si. This inland naviga- tion, upwaids of 1400 miles, is eiTected from Peking by passing down the Pei- ho to the influx of the Eu-ho, then up that river to the entrance of the giand canal, and along that canal to the Kian- kn : then up that river into the Poyang lake, and thence up the river that runs through Kiang-si ; then over the moun- tain before-mentioned, and down the river of Canton. I'he manufactures of China embrace almost every ailicle of C H I industry ; but the most noted are por- celain, silk, cotton., and paper The internal commerce of the country is im- mense, bat tlie external trade is miini- portant ; the chiei' export is that of tea, vihich is sent to England. In several of the provinces, 1lie land yields two crops a year ; yet, thowgh the husband- man cultivates it with such care as not to lose the smallest portion of gronnd, the country has been often desolated by famine. One great cause of the scar- city of grain is the prodigious consump- tion occasioned by the composition of wines, and of a spirituous httle called rack. The nnnicrous mountaros of China (which are chiefly in the N and vv parts) contain mines of iron, tutenag, copper, quicksilver, gold, and silver : but those of gold and silver are little worked, that the people may attend to the more useful labours of agriculture. Quarries of marble, cost, lapis lazuli, jasper, reck crystals, granite, and a kind of sonorous stones of which mnsical in- struiiicnts are composed, arc abundant; and here is potter's earth of such vari- ous and superior kinds, that the fine por- celain of China is unrivalled. Beside the fruits peculiar to the country, it pro- duces the greater part of those of Eu- rope ; but (excepting the grapes and pomegranates) they are much inferior. Oranges were first brought us from China. Here are also lemons, citrons, the tse-tse, a kind of fig peculiar to China ; the li-tchi, of the size of a date, its stone covered with a soft juicy pulp, of an exquisite taste, but dangerous Vi'hen eaten to excess; the long-jen, or dragonseye, its pulp white, tart, and juicy, not so agreeable to the taste, but more wholesome than the li-tchi. The Chinese excel in the art of managing kltchengardens, and have a number of vegetables unknown to us. They cul- tivate even the bottom of their waters ; the beds of then- lakes, ponds, and revu- lets, producing crops unknown to us, particularly of the pitsi, or water chest- nut, the fruit of which (found in a cover formed by its root) is exceedingly whole- some, and of a very delicate taste. Among the trees peculiar to China is the tallow tree, the fruit of which is white, of the size of a small walnut, and the pulp has the properties of tal- fow ; the wax-tree, producing a kind of white wax almost equal to that made by bees; the tsi-chu, or varnish- tree, which produces the admirable Chinese varnisli ; the tie~ly mou, or iron wood, the wood of which is so hard and heavy tliat it Sink."? in water, and tlie anchors of C H f the Chinese ships are made of it ; the camphire-tree ; the banibco reeds,w!iich grow to the height and size of a large tree, and beside being used as natural pipes to convey water, are employed for numberless other purposes ; the lea- plant, &c. with cotton, betel, and to- bacco; the flowering shrubs, flowers, herbs, and medicinal plants, are too nu- merous to be recited. In the mountains and forests are wild animals of every species ; but that valuable quadruped, the muskdeer, IS peculiarto this country. Of its birds, the most beautiful in China, and, perhaps, in the world, is the kin- hi, or golden fowl. The complexion of the Chinese is a sort of tawny, and they have large foreheads, small eyes, short noses, large ears, long- beards, and black hair; and those are Vnoiight to be the most handsome who arc the most bulky. The women affect a gr-^at deal of mo- desty, and are remarkable for their little feet. The men endeavour to make a pompous appearance when they go abroad ; and jet their houses are meaa and low, consi&ting only of a ground floor. Their towns are so much alike, that those who know one are acquaint- ed with all. Learning, with the arts and sciences in general, is much cuK'- vated in this country. Their writing is very particular; for every letter is a word, and consequently they have as many letters, or characters, as words in their language. Their religion is pa- ganism. They allow polygamy, and keep their wives pretty close. Euriais are not permitted in cities or towns, and tlieir sepulchres are commonly on barren hills and mountains. They pre- tend to have a great veneration for their ancestors ; and some keep images of them in their houses, to whi^n they pay a sort of adoration. They have laws which regulate the civilities and cere- monious salutations they pay to each other, for which reason they always ap- pear to be extremely good-natured; and yet they are as deceitful as any people in the world. The government is absolute, and the emperor has the privilege of naming his successor ; but the chief mandarin has permission to tell him of his faults. He looks upon his subjects as his children, and pro- fesses to govern them with paternal af- fection. Their empire is very ancient, and they pretend that it existed many thousand years before Noah's flood : it is generally alloAved to have commenced 2500 years before the birth of Christ. The Chinese empire now includes Ti- bet, the greatest part of Tartary, Cortr-, 148 C H I aud ntimeroHS islands on the s and E coasts of Cliiiia, llic inincipal of AvJiich are Lieii-kicu, Formosa, and Hainan. The annual Rovcnuos of the crown, ac- cording to sir George Staunton, are said to be 66,000,0001. sterling: ; and the army in the pav of China, including Tartais, amount tol,000,000 infantry and 800,000 cavalry. Peking is the capital. Chinca, a seaport of Peru, seated on a river, in a valley of its name, 90miles s of Lima. Lon. 76 15 w, lat. 13 10 s. ChincliiUa, a town of Spain, in Blur- cia, 37 miles w of Almauza, and 67 KNW of ^lurcia. Chin-chi. See Quin-nong. Chinon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indie and Loire, wifli a stiong castle, in which Henry II, of England expired. Chinon is the birth- place of Rabelais and of Quillet. It is seated on the Vienne, 10 miles N of Richelieu, and 150 SAVof Paris. Chinrayapatana, a town of Hindoo- stan, in Tilysore, with a fort well built of stone, 37 miles N by w of Seringa- patam. Chinsura, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, with a fortress ; seated on the Hoogly, 17 miles n of Calcutta. Chini/, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, on the river Semoy, 40 miles w by N of Luxemburg. C/iiourlic, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, the see of a Greek bishop, seated on a river of the same name, 47 miles wnw of Constantinople. CItiozzo, a town and island of Italy, in the gulf of Venice. Much sail is made here. The town is built on piles, and has a harbour, defended by a fort, 18 miles s of Venice. Chipioiia, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, situate on a rock near the sea, five miles wsw of St. Lucar de Bara- meda. CMppenham, a borough in Wiltshue, with a market on Saturday, and a ma- nufactme of line woollen cloth. It is seated on the Avon, over which is a bridge, 21 miles e of Bristol, and 93 w of London. t'hirequi, a town of Mexico, in Ve- fagua, on a river of the same name, 12 miles N of its mouth, in the Pacific ocean, and 130 w of St. J ago. Lon. 83 28 w, lat. 8 30 N. Chirk, a village of Wales, in Den- bighshue, on the top of a hill, near Wrexham. It had formerly two cas- tles, one of which seems to have been a Jiiagnificent structure. Chisme, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, JQ Natolia, on the strait that parts the 149 C II I continent from the isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cysus, was celebrated for the great victory wliich the Romans gained here over the ilect of Antiocluis, in 191 B.C., and has been disfiriguislied by the destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Russians in 1770. It is 40 miles w of Smyrna, Lon. 20 16 e, lat. 38 24 N. Chiswick, a village in Middlesex, on the Thames, five unles w by ,s of Lon- don. Here is a celebrated villa of the duke of Devonshire ; and in the church'- yard is a monvunent of Hogarth. Cliitpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzcrat, celebrated for its manufac- ture of chintzes, 60 miles nne of Ame- dabad. CMtro, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the bay of Salonichi. Here the mother, wife, and son of Alex- ander were murdered by Cassander. It is 36 miles sse of Edessa. Chitteldroog, or Chaltrakal, a strong fort and town of Hindoostan, capital of the NE district of Mysore. The plain of Chitteldroog is ten miles long and four broad, surrounded by rocky hills, on one of which stands the fort. The town formerly occupied a gicat portion of the plain, and is still a considerable place, but now confined entirely within the walls, which are near the foot of the rock. Hyder, wlio obtained pos- session of this place by treachery, sti-engthened the walls ; and other works have been since added as to render it totally impregnable against any neigh- bouring power. Since the final defeat of Tippoo, in 1799, it belongs to the rajah of Mysore ; and the English keep a garrison here. It is 48 miles Nw of Sera, and 117 N by w of Seringapatani. Lon. 76 26 e, lat. 14 6 N. Chittigong, a province of Asia, lying; between the bay of Bengal and Anacan. It was conquered from Arracan by A«- rungzebe, in 1666, and now belong to the English East India Company. Isla- mabad is the chief town. Chittoor, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 28 miles nw of Arcot, and 70 w of Madras. Cliivtts, or CJnvazzo, a fortified town of Piedmont, on the river Po, 12 miles NNE of Turin. Chiusa, a strong town of Italy, in the Veronese, on the river Adige, m a nar- row pass, 14 miles nnw of Verona. Chiusi, a town of Tuscany, in th's Siennese, on the river Chiano, 35 miles SE of Sienna. CMntaj a, or Kidajah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of Natolia Propei^ C H R -Heie ate several mosques, and three Armenian churches ; and in llie vicinity are some warm baths. It stands at the foot of a momitain, near the river Piir- sak. 75 miles SE of Bursa. Lou. 30 47 E, lat. 39 16 N. Chmielnik, a town of Poland, m Po- doha, on an island formed by tlie river Bog, 80 miles ne of Kaminieck. Lon. 27 60 E, lat. 49 44 N. Choczim, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, surpounded by walls. It was taken by the Russians and Aus- Irians in 1788, but restored at the sub- sequent peace. It is seated on the Dniester, 110 miles NNvr of Jassy. Lon. 26 25 w, lat. 48 46 N. Choiseul, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne, 12 miles ne of Langrcs. Chollet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle, 27 miles ssw of Angers. Chohn, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Pskov, on the river Lovat, 180 miles s of Petersburg. Lon. 31 14 E, lat. 57 5 N. Chonad, an episcopal town of Hun- gary, seated on the Maros, 25 miles e oi Segediru Chorasan, or Korasan, a province of Persia ; bounded on the n by Charasm and the country of the Usbec Tartars, e by Bukharia and Candahar, s by Sege- stan, and w by Mezanderan and the Caspian sea. It is about 4£0 miles in length, and 420 in breadth. The capital is Masched. Charges, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Alps, 10 miles e of «ap. Charley, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Tuesday, and considerable manufactures of cotton. In the neigh- bourhood are quarries of ashler, flag, and millstone ; and mines of coal, lead, and alum. It is seated near the Liver- pool and Leeds and the Lancaster ca- nals, six miles sse of Preston, and 208 Nw of London. Choule, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, with a harbour for small vessels, which is fortified. It be- longs to Portugal, and is 24 miles s of Bombay. Christhvag, a town of W. Prussia, with a castle on a hill, situate on the Sorge, 15 miles sE of Marienburg. r Christchurch, a borough in Hampshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Monday, and a considerable trade in knit silk stockings and watch-strings. Here are the remains of a castle and a priory; and the church is a large »vA C H R interestnig structure. It is seated on the Avon, opposite the influx of the Stour, 25 miles s of Salisbury, and 100 s\v of London. Christiana, a town of Delaware, in Newcastle county. It stands on a na- vigable creek of its name, and is the greatest cari-jing place between the na- vigable waters of the Delaware and Chesapeak, which are here only 13 miles asunder. It is four miles svv of New- castle. Christianhurg, a town of Virginia, chief of Montgomery county, situate on the w side of the Allegany mountains, near a branch of the Kannaway, 170 miles wsw of Richmond. Lon. 80 60 vv, lat. 37 5 N. Christianhurg, a fort of Guinea, on the Gold coast, subject to the Danes. Lou. 1 55 E, lat. 4 10 N. Christianfeld, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, built by a society of Moravians, under the protection of Christian VII. All articles manufac- tured here are of excellent quality. It is eight miles n of Hadersleben. Christiania, the capital of Norway, and an episcopal see, in the government of Aggerhuys; situate at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a semicircu- lar bend along the shore of the bay of Biorning, which forms the N extremity of the gulf of Christiania. It is divided into the city, the suburbs of Waterlandt, Peterwigen, and Fierdiugen, the fortress of Aggerhuys, and the old town of Op- sloe. The city was rebuilt in its present situation by Christian IV. after a plan designed by himself. The streets are carried at right angles to each other, and uniformly 40 feet broad. It covers a considerable extent of ground, but has not more than 10,000 inhabitants. The castle of Aggurhuys is built on a rocky eminence oi: the w side of the bay, at a small distance from the city. Opsloe was the site of the old city, burnt in 1624: it contains the episcopal palace. Christiania has an excellent harbour, and its principal exports are tar, soap, iron, copper, deals, and alum. It is 30 miles from the open 'sea, and 290 N by w of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 60 E, lat. 69 50 N. Christianople, a strong seaport of Swe- den, in Blekingen, seated on the Baltic, 13 miles ne of Carlscrona. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 66 26 N. Christiansand, a seaport of Norway, in the government of Bergen, and capital of a province of the same name, which is famous for iron mines. It is seated at the mouth of the Torrisdals, opposite 160 C H R the isle of Fleckcreii, 110 miles ese of Stavaiigcr, and 120 ssw of Christiania. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 58 25 N, Cliristianstadt, a fortified town of Swe- den, in Elekingen, built by Christian IV. of Demnark, when the comitry was in the power of that crown. The chief trade is in ahini, pitch, and tar; and it has uiaunfactures of cloth and silken stuifs. The town is seated in a marshy plain, on the river Helge-a, which is navigable only for small erafl, 57 miles w b)' s of Carlscroua. Lou. 14 10 e, lat. 56 25N. Cltristiansund, a town of Norway, in the island of Fossen, witli a commodious liar'jonr and wharf The chief trade is in timber. It is 36 miles Nw of Dron- thcini. Christina, St. the principal of the islands called Marquesas. See Ma7-- quesas. Christincham, a town of Sweden, in Werraeland, at tlie E end of the lake "N^'enner, 30 miles se of Carlstadt. Christinestadt, a seaport of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, at the mouth of a river, on the gulf of Bothnia, 155 miles n by w of Abo. Lon. 21 28 e, lat. 62 40 N. Christmas Island, an island in the Pa- cific ocean, so named bj' Cook, who first landed here on Chrislmas-day, 1777. It is 45 miles in circumference, uninhabit- ed, and destitute of fresh water; but lias abundance of fine turtle. Lon. 157 30 w, lat. 1 59 N. CJiristmas Smind, a bay on the s coast of r? na del Fues^o, so named by Cook, who passed here the 25th of December, 1774. The country is barren, and the refreshments to be got here arc chiefly wild fowl. Lou. 70 3 w, lat. 55 22 s. Christopke de Laguna, St. the capital of the island of Icnerific. Here the courts of justice are held, and the go- vernor has a palace, but he commonly resides at St. Cruz. It stands on an eminence, in au extensive fertile plain, and has several fountains supplied with ■water from the neighbouring heights by an aqueduct. The lake, from which it has been supposed to take its name, is now a very inconsiderable piece of wa- ter. Lon. 16 18 w, lat. 28 29 N. Christopher, St. or St. Kitts, one of the Leeward islands in the W. Indies, 60 miles w of Antigua. It was formerly inhabited by the French and English ; but, in 1713, it Avas ceded to the latter. It is 15 miles long and four broad, with high mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow. Between the mountains are dreadful rocks, horrid precipices, and thick woods ; and in the sw parts, 151 C H U hot sulphurous springs at the fluot of them. The produce is chiefly sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and the tropical fruits. It was taken by the French, in 1782, but restored the next year. Bas- seterre is the capital. CJiristorf, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Boleslau, six miles sse from Krottau. Chroberg, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Saudomirz, 52 miles w of Sandomirz. Chriidim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which is remarkable for a great number of fish- ponds, and an excellent breed of horses. It stands on the river Chrudimka, 46 miles ESE of Prague. Lon. 15 42 e, lat. 49 53 N. Chucuito, a town of Peru, in the dio- cese of Paz, on the v/ side of Lake Ti- ticaca, called also the Lake ofChucuito, 130 miles nw of Paz. Lon, 70 26 w, lat. 16 20 s. Chudleigh, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Satiuday. The neighbour- hood is famous for cider, and for a stu- pendous rock of bluish limestone, called Chudleigh marble, in which is a large cavern. This town was almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1807. It is seated near the Teign, miles sw of Exeter, and 1 85 w by s of London. Clinganseriai, a town of Hiudoostan, in the province of Cabul, on a river of the same name, 80 miles e of Cabul. Lon. 70 S E, lat. 34 55 n. Chuhotsldja, a province of Siberia, and the most easterly of the dominions of Russia. It extends from 156 to 197 E lon. and from 63 to 73 N lat. Chumleigh, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the river Taw, 21 miles nw of Exeter, and 194 w by s of London. Chunar, a fortress of Hiudoostan, i"" Allahabad, built on a rock, fortiticfi all round by a Avail and toweis. It wa." unsuccessfully attempted by the English in 1764; but in 1772, it was ceded to them by the nabob of Oude. It is seat- ed on the right bank of the Ganges, 15 miles s of Benares, and 140 w by s of Patna. Lon. 83 10 t\ hit. 25 10 N. Chunaub, a river of Asia, the chief of the five eastern branches of the Indus. It rises in the Tibetian mountains, runs through Cashmere and Lahore, and joins the Indus 20 miles below Moultan. This river is the Acesines of Alexander. Chmt-te, a city of CAina, in Pe-tcehli, with nine cities of the third rank uu- der its jurisdiction. It is 200 milos nnw of Peking. Lon. 114 20 e, lat. 37 6 n.^ C f N (Jfinprah, a town of Hiiidoostan, m Bahar, on the left bank of the Ganges, 28 miles vvNW of Patna. Clmr. See Coire. Cruch Streilon, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Thursday, 14 miles, s of Shrewsbury, and 158 wnw of Lon- don. Chusan, an island on the e coast of China, with a town called I'in^-liai, and a much frequented harbour, Lon. 124 E, lat. 30 N, Chuqiiisaca. See Plata. Chusistan, See Kusistan. Ciampa, or Tsiampa, a small kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by Cochin- china, SE by the China sea, w and Nw by Cambodia. It is more elevated than Cambodia, but not so fertile; having tracts of sand intersected with rocks. The productions are cotton, indigo, and bad silk ; and the inhabitants are much jmployed in fishing. Feneri is the ca- pita!. Cicacole, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of one of the Northern Circars. It is 150 miles ne of Rajamundry, and 308 ENE of Hydrabad. Lon. 84 8 e, lat. 18 10 N. Ciclut, a frontier town of Dalmatia, on a rocky hill on the w bank of the Na- renta. It was taken from the Turks, by the Venetians, in 1694, and is six miles sw of Nareuta. Lon. 18 22 e, lat. 43 29 N. alley, a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of a circle of the same name. It has a considerable trade in merchandise going to and from Vienna and Trieste ; and is seated on the Saan, where it re- ceives the Koding, and becomes navi- gable, 58 miles s by w of Gratz. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 46 21 N. Cimhrisham, a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen, 24 miles s of Christianstadt. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 56 40 N, Cinaloa, a province and town of New Navarre, on the gulf of California. The aborgincs in this province are ro- bust and warlike, and were with diffi- culty brought to submit to the Spaniards about tlie year 1771. This province produces abundance of maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, and abounds in the richest gold mines. The town is seated on a river of the same name. Lon. 109 35 w, lat. 26 15 N. 'Cincinnati, the largest town of the state of Ohio, and the capital of Hamil- ton county. It stands on the Ohio ; and two miles higher up, opposite the mouth of Licking river, is Fort Washing- ton. Cincinnati has two edifices for public worship, and is the cmpoMHn* of C ! R the trade of the state. In the vicinity many relics of great antiquity have been found. It is 82 miles nne of Frankfort and 160 w by s of Marietta. Lon. 14 42 w, lat. 39 6 N. Cinefi, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma- zara, in the neighbourhood of which ex- cellent manna is collected. It is 20 miles w of Palermo. Ciney, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, 17 miles se of Namur, and 37 sw of Liege. Cinque Mars, a toAvn of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, 10 miles NW of Tours. Cinque Ports, certain ports on the s coast of England, opposite France, so called on account of their being five ir. number, when their first charter was granted by William I. in 1077. These were Dover, Hastings, Hithe, Romney, and Sandwich ; to which were afterward added Winctielsea, Seaford, and Rye. That king appointed a constable of Do- ver castle (who is now called Lord War- den of the Cinque Ports) and invested him with the command of these ports, whose inhabitants had considerable pri- vileges and immunities, for which they were to supply the government with 57 ships, at 40 days notice, and to pay their crews during 15 days. At that period, the opulent traders of London were styled barons; a privilege that was enjoyed likewise by the merchants of these ports, whose representatives, to this day, are styled Barons of the Cinque Potts. Cinque Villas, a town of Portugal, iu Beira, six miles ne of Almeida. Cinti'a, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, situate between the mountains of Cintra, on the n side of the entrance of the Tajo. Here was a palace built by the Moors, which was destroyed by an earthquake, in 1655, and rebuilt by ting Joseph. It is 13 miles nw of Lis- bon . Ciotat, a seaport of France, in tlie de- partment of Mo!itl}s of the Rhone, de- fended by a strong fort. It is famous for muscadine wine, and seated on the bay of Laquee, 14 miles se of Marseilles. Lon. 5 41 E, lat 43 12 N. Circars, five provinces of the Deccan of Hindoostan, on the bay of Bengal. They were originally denominated Nor- thern from their position in respect to the Carnatie. Of these Circars, GuU' toor belongs to the nizam of the Deccan ; and Condapilly, Eiiore, Rajamundry, and Cicacole, are in the possession of the English. The last four extend from the n bank of the river Kistna to 152 C I R the lake Chilka ; forming a narrow slip of country 350 miles long-, and from 26 to 75 broad, bounded by mountains and extensive forests on the side opposite the sea. I'lie English eirears had been ced- ed to the French, by the nizam of the Dcccan, in 1753; but they were con- quered by the English, in 1759. Circassia, a country of Asia, bounded on the N by the river Don, on the e by the Caspian sea and the mouths of the Volga, oa the s by Mount Caucasus and the Black sea, and on the w by part of tlie Black sea and the lake of Asoph. It was formerly governed by several prin- ces ; but is now almost wholly subject to Russia, and included in the govern- ment of Caucasus. It contains the dis- tricts of Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beslen, Temirgoi, Abasech, Bseduch, Hatukai, and Bshaui. Erom the extent of this country, and the extraordinary courage, and military genius of its inha- bitants, it might become independent and very formidable, were they unit- ed under one chief. But they are a nation of mountaineers, who are di- vided into many different and hostile tribes ; and want that spirit of unity ne- cessary to make their power effectual. The Cabardians are the most powerful race, and their superiority has introdu- ced a general imitation of their manners among their neighbours, so that from a description of these, an idea may be formed of all the rest. Tliey are divided into three classes, the princes, the us- dens, or nobles, and the vassals, or peo- ple. The people are divided into cer- tain portions, who are each governed by a princely family ; the eldest of whom is ••onsidered as chief, and the judge, pro- tector, and father of the vassals. His person is sacred ; but he cannot be a Jamlholder : His property is nothing more than his arms, horses, slaves ; and what tribute he can occasionally exact from foreign powers. In times of peace \hey are with difficulty distinguished from tlieir subjects, their dress and food being the same, and their houses little better. The usdens are chosen by the princes from among the people; and are their officers, the executors of the law, and ministers of the legislature. Both the usdens and the people are pro- prietors cf land. There does not appear to be any written law : The people are governed by a kind of common law, founded on a collection of ancient usa- ges. /They have few manufactures ; and tiicir tillage produces scarcely sufficient for their own subsistence. The princi- pal articles of cpmmerce are sheep and 1S3 C I T horses, particularly the latter, which sell at a high price, being much esteemed. The balance of trade, would, however, be considerably against them, were it not for the slaves they make in their predatory excursions. They have no monej', and all their commerce is car- ried on by exchange. They almost uni versally subsist by robbery, being train ed to it from their very cradle. This disposition naturally produces a bold ad- venturous spirit : They are expert horse- men, and able warriors, being in general stout and well made. Their women are famed for their beauty ; and chiefly sup- ply the seraglios of Persia and Turkey, Those that are thus sold, are, however, chiefly slaves, or their descendants. They sell for from 201. to 1001. accord- ing to their beauty. The women parti- cipate in the general character of the nation, taking pride in the courage of their husbands ; and loading them with reproaches when defeated. They are kept extremely close ; and the greatest reserve subsists between the married pairs: Their habitations are usually two huts, one for the husband, and the re- ception of strangers ; and the other for the wife and family. The Circassians were formerly Christians , but, for want of instruction and written laws, they content themselves with a bare profes- sion of being Christians or Mahometans. They have no letters of their own ; and those who wisli to write their language are obliged to make use of Arabian cha- racters. Cirella, a town of Naples, in Calabna Citeriore, near the sea, 12 miles SE q( Scala. Cirencester, a borough in Gloucester- shire, with a market on Monday and Friday. The ruins of the walls are yet visible ; it had also a castle and an ab- bey, and here the Roman roads crossed each other. It is one of the greatest marts in England for wool ; and has a manufacture of curriers knives, highly valued. It is seated on the Churim, 18 miles SE of Gloucester, and 89 w of London. Lon. 1 38 w, lat. 51 43 N. Cirie, a town of Piednsiont, seated on the Doria,, near the foot of th« Alps, 8 miles NNw of Turin. Cirknitz. See Czirnitz. Cismar, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 17 miles N of Travemunde. Cittadella, a seaport and the capital of Minorca, surrounded by walls and bastions, with a good harbour on the w side of the island. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 39 68 N. I V CXtta Leon, and a bishop's see, seated on the river Aguada. It was taken by the French in 1810, and retaken by the English in 1811 ; 50 miles sw of Sala- manca. Lon. 6 25 w, lat. 40 63 N. Civita Castellana, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated on a high rock, at the foot of which is a river that flows into the Tiber, 25 miles N of Rome. Civita della Pieve, a town of Italy, in Perugino, 23 miles wsw of Perugia. Civita di Chieti, a city of Naples, ca- pital of Abruzzo Citeriore, and an arch- bishop's see. It contains four churches and nine convents, and is situate on a mountain, near the river Pescara, 28 miles E of Aquilla, and 96 N of Naples. Lon. 14 22 e, lat. 42 24 N. Civita di Friuli, a town of Italy, in Friuli, seated on the Natisoaa, 10 miles t of Udina C L A Civita di Penna, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near the river SaHno, 25 miles ne of Aquila. Civita Ducale, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, on the river Veliiio, 10 miles w of Aquila. Civita Mandonia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near which are the ruins of the famous city of Sibaris. It is seated on the gulf of Tarento, at the influx of the Crati, 31 miles n by e of Cosenza. Civita Vecchia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with an arsenal. The chief exports are puzzolana, and a superior kind of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope's gallics are stationed, and it is a free port. It was taken by the French in 1798, and retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is 35 miles Nw of Rome. Lon. 11 46 e, lat. 42 5n. Civitella, a town of Naples, in Otran- to, 5 mile n of Taranto. Civray, See Sivray. Clachnunnan, a borough of Scotland, and the county-town of Clackinaiinaii- shire, with a harbour formed by the Devon, at its conflux wdth the Forth, On the top of a hill is a square tower, which derives its name from the illus- trious Robert Bruce, whose great sword and casque are here preserved. It is 27 miles wnw of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 38 w, lat. 56 5 N. Clackmannanshire, a county of Scot- land, bounded on the s and sw by the Forth, and on all other sides by Perth- shire. It is eight miles long and five broad ; produces good corn and jjas- ture, and plenty of coal and salt. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 12,010. This shire, with Kinross, sends one member to pai liament. Ckickman- iian is the county-town, but Alloa is the largest. Clagenfurt, a town of Germany, ca- pital of Carinthia. It has a strong wall, and contains six churches and three convents. Here is a manufacture of > cloth, and a considerable one of while p lead. This town was taken by the '^ French in 1797. It stands on the river Glan, 140 miles sw of Vienna. Lon, 14 7 E, lat. 46 41 N. Clair, St. a lake of North America, between the lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference. It receives the waters of the lakes Superior, Michi- gan, and Huron, and discharges them, through the strait called Detroit, into the lake Erie. Clairac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot and Garoune. Com C L A and tobacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and brandy made here. It IS seated in a valley, on the river Dort, 13 miles Nw of Agen. Clamecii, a town of France, in the department of Nievre. Eefore the late revolution, the chapel of an hospital in the suburb was the provision for the bishop of Bethlehem, who Vtas fiKod here in 1180, after the Christians had been driven from the Holy Land. Cla- mecy is seated at the confluence of the Buevrou with the Youne, 35 miles NNE of Nevers. Lon. 3 36 e, lat. 47 28 N. Claphajn, a village in SmTj', 3 miles ssw of London, noted for many hand- some Aillas, wliich chiefly surround a beautiful common. Clara, St. a small island of Peru, in the bay of Guayaquil, 70 miles sw of Guayaquil. Lon. 82 20 w, lat. 2 20 s. Clare, a town in Suflblk, with a mar- ket on I'uesday. It is famous for the great men who have borne the title of earl and duke of it. Lionel, third son of Edward III. becoming possessed of tine honour of Clare, by marriage, was created duke of Clarence ; and that title has ever since belonged to a branch of the royal family. Here are the ruins of a castle ; also oT a priory, the house of which is now occupied by a farmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare has a manufacture of bays, aud is seated near the Stour, 15 miles s of Bury St. Ed- mund, and 56 NE of London. Clare, a county of Ireland, in the province of Muuster, 55 miles long and 38 broad; bounded on the w by the Atlantic, N by Galway, and E and s by the Shannon, Mhich separates it from Tipperaiy, Limerick, and KciTy. It is divided into 79 parishes, has two mar- ket-tOY'tis, and sends three members to parliantent. I'he inhabitants are about 96,000. It breeds more horses than any other county in Ireland, beside a great number of cattle and sheep. En- nis is the capital. Claremont, a town of New Hamp- shire, in Cheshire countj^, situate on Surgar river, at its conflux with the Connecticut, 90 miles wnw of Ports- mouth. Clarendon, a village in Wiltshire, three miles e of Salisbury. Here was once a royal palace, in which the parlia- ment was several times convened ; the first time by Henry II. in 1164, who enacted the laws called the Constitu- tions of Clarendon, by which the power of the clergy was restrained. Clantza, a town of European Turkey, 155 CLE in Janna, at the mouth of the Pence, in the gulf of Salonica, 26 miles e of Larissa. ClarJu'shwg, a town of Virginia, chief of Harrison county, situate on the Mo- iiagohchi, 40 miles sw of Morgan-town. Lou. 80 40 w, lat. 39 15 N. Clarhsville, a town of Tennessee, chief of Robertson county, situate on Cumberland river, at the influx of Red river, 45 miles Nw of Nashville. Lon. 87 27 w, lat. 36 28 N. Claude, St. a town of France, in the department of Jura. It owes its erigia to a celebrated abbey, which was secu- larized in 1742. The cathedral is ex- tremely elegant; and here are many public fountains with large basins. It is seated between three high mountains, on the river Lison, 35 miles nw of Ge- neva. Lon, 6 18 E, lat. 46 24 n. Claverac, a town of New York, in Columbia county, seated in a large plain, near a. creek of its name, two miles e of Hudson. Clavo, a town of the island of Corsica, 8 miles ese of Ajaccio. Clausen, a town of Germany, in Ty- rol, with a castle. I'he adjacent coun- try produces a fine red wine. It stands near the river Eisack, eight miles sw of Brizen. Cla'isen, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, 5 miles s of Wittick. Clausenhurg; or Coloswar, a town oJ Transylvania, where the states of tlie province generally assemble. Ou one of the gates is an inscription in honoiu* of Trajan. It is seated on the Samos, 60 miles nnw of Hcrmansladt. Lon. 23 20 E, lat. 46 55 N. Clamthal, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick. Here is a mint for coining money ; and near it are some rich silver mines. It stands in the Hartz mountains, 14 miles ssw oi Goslar. Clausz, a town of Germany, m Aus- tria, 17 miles ssw of Steyr. Clausznitz, a town of Germany, m Upjjcr Saxony, and circle of Erzge- burg, 14 miles SSE of Freyberg. Clay, a village in Norfolk, seated on an arm of the sea, four miles nnw of Holt. It has some large salt-works. Clear, Cape, the southern promontory of a little island called Clare, on the s of Ireland, Lon. 9 50 w, lat. 51 15 N. Clehucz, a town of European Tur- key, in the province of Dalmatia, 11 miles SSE of Mostar. Cleburg, or Kleburg, a town of Ger- many, iu the cii'cle of Upper Rhine, CLE with a castle, 28 mi^cs ssw of Deux Ponts. Cieohury, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the river Rea, 28 miles SSE of Shrewsbury, and 137 Nw of London. Clerac, or Clairac, a town of Frauce, in the department of Lot and Garonne, on the river Lot, 10 miles nw of Agen. Clerke Ides, two islands near the en- trance of Beering strait, between the coasts of Kamtschatka and North Ame- rica. They were seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in honour of captain Clerke, his second in command. They nere both inhabited, and not unknown to the Russians. Lon. 169 30 w, lat. 63 15 N. Clermont, a city of France, capital of the department of Puy de Dome, and a bishop's see. It is seated on a emi- nence, and sometimes called Clermont Fenand, since the town of Montferrand, about a mile distance to the ne, was uni- ted under the name of a suburb. The cathedral, public squares, and walks are very fine ; but the streets are narrow, and the houses built of stones of a gloomy hue. In the neighbourhood are some mineral springs ; and that of the suburb St. Allyre has formed a natural bridge over the brook into which it falls, so that carriages can pass over. Cler- mont is the birthplace of the celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures of rat- teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is 86 miles s of Nevers. Lon. 3 5 e, lat. 45 47 N. Clermont, a town of France, in the department of Herault, with manufac- tures of cloth and hats ; seated on an eminence near the Logue, 10 miles ssE of Lodeve, and 24 w of Montpellier. Clermo7it, a town of France, in (he department of Meuse, on an eminence by the river Ayr, 12 miles w by s of Terdun. Clermont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, on an eminence near the Bresche, 37 miles n of Paris. Clermont, a town of New York, in Columbia county, 15 miles s of Hudson, and 117 N of New York. Clery, a town of France in the de- partment of Lairet, once famous for the pilgrimages to our lady of Clery. Here is the tomb of tliat monster Lewis XI. who appears in white marble, as the saint and the patiiot king. It is nine miles ssw of Orleans. Cleve, a duchy of Westphalia, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine countiy, variegated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villages ; and tU« C L O chief rivers* are the Rhine, Lippe, and Roer. The capital is Wesel. Cleve, a city of Germany, and the capital of the duchy of Cleve. It is seated on the eastern side of three hills, two miles w of the Rhine ; and has a castle, built in the time of Julius Caesar. It is 70 miles nnw of Cologne. Lon. 6 12 E, lat. 51 48 N. Cliff, a town in Northamptonshire, with a market on Tuesday, 30 miles ne of Northampton, and 88 nnw of Lon- don. Clifton, a village in Gloucestershire, seated on a hill, near Bristol. It ia much visited by the gentiy on account of its romantic scenery and the hot well in its neighbourhood, upon the Lower Avon, at the foot of St. Vincent rock. Clissa, a fort of Dalmatia, taken fiom the Turks by the Venetians, in 1684, It is seated on a craggy mountain, 6 miles N of Spalatto. Clisson, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Lone, on tlie liver Sevre, 12 miles s of Nantes. Clitheroe, a borough in Lancashire, with a market on Satxirday. Here are the remains of an ancient castle, several extensive cotton manufactures, and a trade in lime. It is seated near Peudil hill and tJie river Kibble, 22 miles SE of Lancaster, and 217 NNw of London. Clogher, a town of Ireland, in Tyrone, and a bishop's see. It was almost laid waste by a fire in 1610, and is now much smaller than formerly. It is 20 miles w of Armagh. Clonakilty, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a bay of its name, 28 miles sw of Cork. Clonfert, a town of Ireland, in t'he county of Galway, and a bishop's see, united with Kilmacduagh. The cathe- dral serves as a parish church. It is 43 miles E of Galway. Lon. 8 26 w, lat. 63 ION. Clonmel, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Tippcrary, with a consider- able woollen trade ; seated on the river Sure, 13 miles sse of Cashel. Clonmines, a borough of Ireland, in the country of Wexford, at the liead of Baunow bay, 16 miles wNw of Wex- ford. Cloppenhurg, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of JMunster, 32 miles NE of Lingen. Closter Neuhnrg, a town of Austria, with an Augustine convent of regular canons. It has a yard for ship-building, and is seated on the Danube, 7 miles NNW of Vienna. Closter Seven, a town of Lf iser Sak- C A tiny, ill the duchy of Bremen, memora- ble for a convention entered into be- ttreen the duke of Cumberland, and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the Frencii armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down their arms and were dispersed. It is 19 miles s of Stade. Cloud, St. a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, with a magnificent palace : seated on the Seine, 8 miles w of Paris. Clovelli/, a Tillage in Devonshiie, three miies enf of Hartland. It is built on the side of a steep rock, to w hich the houses seem fixed like pigeon-huts ; ,and it has a good pier in the Biistol channel. Cloye, in Clois, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loir, five miles sw of Chateandun. Ctoijne, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Cork, and a bishop's see, 16 miles E of Cork. Chmdert, a town and fortress of S. Holland, near an arm of the sea, called Hollands Diep. In 1793, it was taken b}' the French, who were obliged to evacuate it soon after; but it surren- dered to them in 1795. It is nine miles SE of Williamstadt. Cluny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, with a late famous Benedictine abbey, seated on the Grosne, 13 miles nw of Macon. Cliise, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on the Arve, 22 miles SE of Ge- Heva. Clu:yd, a river of Wales, which rises in the middle of Denbighshire, runs through a fertile valley of the same name, and having entered Flintshire, flows into the Irish sea, 6 miles btlow St. Asaph. Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises in the s part of Lanerkshire, passes by Lanerk, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and Port Glasgow to Gree- nock, w here it enters an arm of the sea, called the Frith of Clyde. This river runs, for several miles, between high rocks, and in its course forms several cataracts. At Glasgow it becomes na- vigable, and six miles below that city it IS joined by the Great Canal from the Forth. Clytheness, a cape of Scotland, on the SE coast of the county of Caithness. Lon. 3 3 w, lat. 68 16 n. Coanzo, a river of Africa, which rises in the interior parts, crosses the king- doms of Matamba and Angola, and en- ters the Atlantic in lat. 9 20 s. Coast Castle, Cape, the principal set- tleruetit of the EngUsh on the coast oC 157 c o c Guinea, with a strong citadel. It i^ 10 miles ENE of St. George del Mina. Lon 1 E, lat. 5 N. Cobhe, the capital of the territory «^ Darfoor, in Zahara, situate on the bor- ders of Nubia, 150 miles wsw of Sennar, and 500 se of Mathan. Lon. 28 8 e, lat. 14 11 N. Cobham, a village in Suny, on the ri- ver JMole, seven miles sw of Kingston. It has several handsome villas, two me- dicinal springs, and a manufacture of iron and copper. Cobi, a desart part of Tartary, called Cliamo by the Chinese ; bounded on the N by the country of tlie Kalkas, e by the Moguls and Chinese Tartary, s by Chi- na, and w by Cainmc Tartary. Cobija, a town of Peru, in the audi- ence of Charcas, with a good harbour for vessels carrying the metal from the neighbounng mines. It is 250 miles sof Arica. Lon. 34 44 w, lat. 22 20 s. Coblsntz, a strong city of Germany, ia the circle of Lower lihinc, sitiiate at the conflux of tiie Rhine and the Mo- selle ; with a bridf.e of boats over the former, and a stone-bridge over the lat- ter. In the time of the Rouians it w as the station of the first legion, and after them the residence of the successors of Charlemagne. It contains three large churches, two of which are collegiate, a college, eight convents, &c. It is me- morable for having been the chief ren- dezvous of the French emigrant princea at the commencement of the revolution. It was taken by the French in 1794. It is 36 miles nw of Mentz, and 54 NE of Treves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 50 24 N. Coblentz, a town of Switzerland, in the district of Baden, at the conflux of the Aar and the Rhine. It is 10 miles NNw of Baden. Cobre,El, a town of the island of Cu- ba, 10 miles w of St. Jago. Cnburg, a town of Upj^er Saxony, ca- pital of a principality of the same name, with a college, a fort, and a castle. Here are manufactures of porcelain, and also of petrified wood, w ith which the coun- try abounds. It is seated on the Itclj, 22 miles n by e of Bamberg. Lon. 1 . 12 E, lat. 50 17 N. Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a strong castle for state prisoners ; seated among mountains, on the river Eresma, 22 miles nw of Segovia. Cochabamba, a town of Peru, capita of a rich province of the same name, ia the audience of Charcas. It is 110 miles NNW of Plata. Lon. 67 25 w, lat, 18 s. fhcheim, a town of Germany, icate c o c on the Moselle, 25 miles sw of Go- bi enfz. Cockerel, a town of France, in the department of the Eure; noted for a victory fj^ained by Oueschlin over tlic kino: of Navarre, in 1664. It is 7 miles H of Evreux. Cochin, a province on the w coast of the peninsula of Hindoostaii, lying be- lAveen those of Malabar andTravancore, 80 miles in length, by 70 in breadth. It is governed by a rajah, who is tributary to the English. Cochin, a fortified seaport of Hindoo- stan, in the pro vine of the same name. It was a Dutch settlement, but taken by the English, in 1795. It is 120 miles S by E of Calicut. Lon. 76 5 e, lat. 9 66 N. CocMnchina, a kingdom of Asia, boun- ded on the E by the China sea, n by Tonquin, w by Laos and Cambodia, and s by Ciampa. The climate is heal- thy, the summer heat being tempered by regular breezes from the sea. Septem- ber, October, and November is the rainy season, when the low lands are sudden- ly overflowed by torrents of water from the mountains: the inundations happen generally once a fortnight, and continue three or four days. In the three follow- ing months there are frequent rains, brought by cold northerly winds, which distinguish this country with a winter different from any other in the east. The inundations render the land fiuit- fiil, many parts producing three crops of grain in the year. Gold is almost taken pure from the mines, and there are rich silver mines. The counti-y is intersected by rivers, which are well calculated for promoting inland com- merce, yet not large enough to admit vessels of great burden ; but there are commodious harbours on the coast, par- ticularly that of Turon. The aborgines of Cochinchina are called Moys, and they inhabit the chain of mountains which separate it from Cambodia. To these strong holds they were driven, about the beginning of the 15th centu- ^Yf '^y the present possessors of the country. They are a savage people, very black, and in features resemble the Caffres. The present inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived from the same stock as the Chinese ; their reli- gion is also the same, and most of their manners and customs. They are a courteous, affable, inoffensive race, ra- ther inclined to indolence. The women are by far the most active sex, and mer- cbants often employ them as their fai"- C O G tors and brokers. The cities and fowixh have gates at the end of each street, which are shut every night. The houses are mostly of bamboo, covered with rushes or the straw of rice, and stand in groves of oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. Here is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yams, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and melons ; also ivojy, musk, Jioney, and silk : and the edible birds-nests, esteemed a luxury in China, are chiefly found in this country ; they are as white as snow, formed by a spe- cies of swallows from some unknowu viscous substance, and great numbers are exported. The capital is Hue. Cocker, a river which rises in the s of Cumberland, flows through the lakes of Buttermere,Cromack-water,and Lowes- water, and joins tlie Derwent, below Cockermouth. Cochermonth, a borough in Cumber- land, with a market on Monday. It stands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which is a handsome church, and on the other the remains of a stately castle. It has manufactures of shal- loons, coarse linen and woollen cloths, leather, and hats. It is 36 miles sw of Carlisle, and 305 nnw of Loudon. Lon* 3 15 w, lat. 54 32 N, Coconato, a town of Piedmont, the birthplace of Columbus, 20 miles e of Turin. Cod, Cape, on the s side of Boston bay, in the state of Massachusets. Lon. 70 14 w, lat. 42 4 N. Codogno, a town of Italy, in the Lo- desan, near the confluence of the Adda with the Po, 12 miles SSE of Lodi. Codomudi, a town of Hiadoostan, in Coimbetore, seated near the Cavery, a little above the influx of the Noyelar, 23 miles SSE of Bhawanikudal. Coesfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, near the source of the Burkel, 18 miles W at Munster. Coevorden, a fortified town of Holland, in Overyssel, and one of the strongest places in the whole country. It stands in a morass, on the river Aa, 33 miles s by E of Groningen. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 62 42 N. Coggeshal, a town in Essex, with a market on Saturday, and a manufacture of bays ; seated on the river Blackwater, seven miles w of Colchester, and 44 ene of London. ^Cognac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente, with a castle, where Francis I. was born. It is eel«fc- 158 C O I braled for excellent brandy, and seated ©n the Charente, 17 miles w of Angou- esme. ■ Co^ie, a town of Piedmont, in a val- ley, and on a river of the same name. The mountains which sunound it are rich in mines of iron and copper. It is six miles s of Aosta. Cogni, or Konieh, a city of Asiatic Turkc)', capital of Caramauia, and the see of a Greek archbishop. The walls have 108 square towers at forty paces distant from each other ; and it has two large suburbs, into one of which the ca- ravans and strangers retire. It is a place of great trade, and seated in a countrj^ abounding in corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle, 260 miles sE of Constanti- nople. Lon. 33 30 E, lat. 37 30 N. Coimhetore, a province of the penin- sula of Hindoostan, lying s of Mysore, to which it was lately subject, but ceded to the English on the final defeat of Tip- poo in 1799. It is 110 miles long and 70 broad ; and is divided by the river Noyclar into two districts. North and South, of which Ehawaiiikudal and Da- raporamare the chief towns. Coimbeture, a to\\'n of Hindoostan, the ancient capital of the province of the same name. It was taken by general Meadows in 1790, and retaken in 1791 by Tippoo, who soon after destroyed the fort. It contains 2000 houses, an ex- tensive mud palace, and a tolerable mosque, built by Tippoo, who some- times resided here ; but it has no large temple. The palace now sei"ves as a bar- rack for a regiment of British cavalry. The chief manufactures are muslins, and cotton cloths; and these, with cotton wool and thread, tobacco, sugar, and betel-leaf are the principal articles of trade. It is 100 miles s by e of Serin- gapatam. Lon. 77 6 e, lat. 11 n. Coimbra, a city of Portugal, capital of Eeira, and a bishop's see, with a ce- lebrated university. I'he cathedral is magnificeut, beside which there are nine churches, and eight convents. It stands on a mountain, on the river Mondego, 100 miles ne of Lisbon. Lon. 8 20 w, lat. 40 25 N. Coire, or Chur, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Grisons, and a bishop's see. It is surrounded by an- cient brick walls, with square and round towers, and divided into two parts, the least of which is of the catho- lic religion, and the greatest of the pro- testant. The French surprised and de- feated the Austiian anny at this place in 1799. It is seated between two mountains^ on the river Plessur, near 109 COL the Rhine, 25 miles tSE of Giari$. Lon, 9 32 E, lat. 46 48 N. Cokenhmisen, a strong town of Russia, in the government of Livonia, on the river Dwina, 50 miles se of Rigu. Co-liing, a city of China, of the first tank, in the province of Yu-nan, 1160 miles ssvv of Peking. Lon. 100 2 E. lat. 26 35 N. Col, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, lying to the Nw of that of Midi. It is 15 miles long and above two broad. The surface is rocky, but it produces some corn and pasture, and has several small lakes replenished wilii fish. Colar, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, with a large mud foit, and the re- mains of a hill-fort. It is the birthplace of Hydcr Aiy, who erected here a hand- some mausoleum for his father ; and near it is a mosque, and a college of Mussclman pricsls. The chief manu- factures are cotton cloths and muslins. It is 40 miles ene of Bangalore, and 140 w of Madras. Lon. 78 9 E, lat. 13 9n. Colbene, a town of Tripoli, on the sw part of the gulf of Sidra, 90 miles SSE of Messurata. Colberg, a forlified seaport of Further Pomeraiiia. It has a collegiate church, good linen manufactures, and consi- derable salt-works. The Russians laia siege to this town in l758 and 1760, without success ; but it surrendered to them after a long siege in 1761, and was restored at the subsequent peace. It is seated at the mouth of the Pcrsant on the Baltic, 60 miles ne of Sicttin. Lon. 16 36 k, lat. 54 9 N. Colchester, a borough of F.ssex, go- verned by a mayor, with a luiuket on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on an eminence on the Coin, which is navigable to a place called Hythe,wliere the customliouse is situate. The town was surrounded by a wall, now demo- lished ; and to the e are the remains of an old castle. Here were formerly 16 churches, but now only 12 are used ; and most of them were damaged in 1648, when the town surrendered to the army of the j)arliament, after a memor able siege. The town is famous for oysters and eringo-roots, and has a largo mamifacture of baize. In 1811 the number of inhabitants was 12,544. It is 22 miles sw of Ipswich, and 51 tNE of London. Lon. 58 e, lat. 51 53 N. Colchester, a town of Virginia, in Fair- fax county, on Ocquoquam creek, three miles from its conflux with the Potomac, and 16 sw of Alexandria. Colchester, a town of Connecticut, in COL. New liOndon county, 20 miles Nw of New Loudon. Colchester, a to'.vn of Vermont, in Ghittenden countj% on a bay of Lake Champlain, at the iiifliix of the Onion, 14 miles N by e of Burlington. Celditig, a town of Denmark, m Jut- land, formerly the residence of many Danish kings, who adorned it with se- veral edifices. The harbour is choked up, and its commerce nearly annihi- lated. It is seated on the Thueths, near its entrance into a bay of the Lit- tle Belt, 30 miles en E of Ripen. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 55 33 N. Coldingham, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick, anciently noted fer a nunnery, built by Edgar, king of Scotland. Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her chastity, gave name to the neighbouring promon- tory called St. Abb Head. It is nine miles NNw of Berwick. (McUtz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misuia, witli manufactures of linen and stull's, seated on the Mulda, 22 miles se of Leipsie. Coldstream, a town of Scotland, in the county of Berwick. Here general Monk first raised the Coldstream regi- ment of guards, with which he marched into England to restore Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge, 13 miles sw of Ber- wick. Coleagara, a town of Hindoostau, in the province of Coirabctore. It has two large temples, and is a considerable mart for the traders between Seringa- patam and the country below the east- ern Gauts. It 34 miles se of Serin- gapatam. Colehrook Dale, a village in Shrop- shire, on the banks of the Severn, two miles N by e of Broseley. It stands in a wniding vale, between two vast hills, which are covered with hanging woods. Here are many kilns for burning lime- stone ; the most considerable iron- works in England ; a bridge, over the Severn, constructed of cast iron ; a spring of fossil tar, or petroleum ; and a work for obtaining a similar kind of tar, from the condensed smoke of coal. Colenet, Cape, a cape of the island of New Caledonia, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 164 56 e, lat. 20 30 s. Colerain, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry. It has a cele- brated manufacture of linen, and is seat- ed on the river Bann, 25 miles ne of Londonderry. Colerain, a townoftJic state of Geor- pR, in Camden C/Ounty. A treatv was COL concluded here, in 1796, between tJie United States and the Creek Indians. It is seated on St, Mary river, 35 mile w by N of the port of St. Mary, and Idi^i s by E of Louisville. ColesJnll, a town in Warwickshire, "with a market on Wednesday, seated on a hill, by the river Cole, 10 miles e o{ Birmingham, and 105 Nw of London. Co/ford, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tuesday, five miles ESE of Monmouth, and 124 w by Nof London. Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the WNW of Mull, 13 miles long and 3 broad. Tlie greatest part is covered with heath, and abounds with rabbits ; and many black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a strong square-built structure, and still in toler- able repair. Colle, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the river Elza, 10 miles nnw of Sienna. Colleda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, on the Unstrut, 19 miles N by w of Weimar. Collioure, a town of France, in th® department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a castle. It was taken by the Spaniarda in 1793, but retaken the next year. It has a small port on the Mediterranean, 16 miles sse of Perpignan. Collon, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth county, with a stocking manu- factory, and an extensive bleachfield, 29 miles from Dublin. Collnmpton, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, and k con- siderable trade in v/oollen cloth. It is seated on the river Culm, 12 miles NNE of Exeter, and 160 w of London. Colmar, a town of France, capital of the department of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111, 42 miles s by v/ of Strasburg. Lon. 7 22 e, lat. 48 5 N. Colmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein, 5 miles se of Gluckstadt. Colmars, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Alps, 20 miles ene of Digne. Colmitz, a town of Austiia, 4 miles ssw. of Drossendorf. Coimogorod, a town of Russia, oa an island in the Dwina, 30 miles 6E of Archangel. Lon. 39 42 e, lat. 64 14 N. Coin, a river which rises near Claie in Suffolk, passes by Halstead and Col- chester in Essex, and enters the Gor- man ocean, at the k end of Mersey 160 COL island. In the inlets nnd pools at the month of this river are bred the famons Colchester oysters. There are several small rivers of the same name in Eng- land. Cohibrooh, a town in Biickiugham- shire, seated on the river Coin, 17 miles vv of Loudon. Colne, a town in Lancashire, witli a market on Wednesday', and a trade in shalloons, calamancos, tammies, cali-» cos, and dimities. It is seated on a hill, near- the Leeds' canal, 36 miles se of Lancaster, and 218 nnw of London. Colocythia. a town of European Tnr- ke}', in the IMorea, on the w side of a bay to Avhich it gives name, 36 miles !» of jMisitra. Lon. 22 24 E, lat. 36 38 N. Colocza, a town of Hungary, on the Danube, and an archbishop's see, 57 miles s of Buda. Lon. 18 29 e, lat. 46 38 N. Cologna, a town of Italy, in the Pa- duan, 26 miles w of Padua. Cologne, a late archbishopric and electorate of Germany, in the circle of Lower Khinc ; bounded on the N by the duchy of Cleve and Gelderland, e by the duchy of Berg, s by the arch- bishopric of Treves, and vv by the duchy of Juliers. Cologne, a fortified city of Germany, with a university. It contains 10 colle- giate and 19 parochial churches, and many other religious foundations ; all of which are famous for their fine paint- ings, .their treasures, or their relicts. Cologne is the birthplace of the great Rubens ; and was once celebrated for its commerce, which is now dwindled to the manufacture of a few ribands, stockings, and some tobacco. It owes its decay to persecution ; to the expul- sion of the Jews in 1485, and of the pro- testants in 1618. Two-thirds of this city have since fallen into ruins, and streets and squares are converted into kitchengardens and vineyards. It is seated on the Rhine, 17 miles e of Ju- liers. Lon. 6 55 E, lat. 50 55 N. Colognoli, a town of Italy, in Tus- cany, 6 miles E of Leghorn. Colokitia, or Kolohitia, a town of Eu- ropean Turkey, on the southern coast of the Morea, in a gulf to which it gives name, 25 miles sse of Misitra. Lon. 22 50 E, lat. 36 47 N. Colomay, a iowa of Poland, in the palatinate of Red Russia, on the river Pruth, 5 miles ne of Halicz. Lon. 25 40 E, lat. 48 41 N. Colomhey aux belles Femmes, a town of France, in the department of the 161 COL Meurte, and chief place of p. canton in the district of Veselize, 15 miles sw of Nancy. Colomhier, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Saone, and chief place of a canton in the district of Vesoul, 4 miles ne of VesquI, and 10 w of Lure. Colomiers, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, 18 miles SE ofMeaux, and 40 e of Paris. Coloiigodu, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, \vith considerable manufac- tures of cotton ; seated at the foot of mountains on the s, 27 miles sw of Co- imbetore, and .53 E by s of Paniany. Colonna, a town of Italy, in Campag- na di Roma, 18 miles e of Rome. Colonsa, a fertile island of Scotland, to the w of Jura, It is separated on the s fEom that of Oronsa, by a narrow channel, which being dry at low water, they may be considered as one island, about 12 miles long and 2 broad. Coloor, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of Guntoor, near which is a diamond mine. It is situate on the s side of the Kislnah, 13 miles Nw of Condavir. Colorno, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, seated near the Po, 10 miles N of Parma. Coloswar. See Clausenhurg. Cohteruwrth, a village in Lincoln- shire, on the Witham, eight miles s of Grantham, celebrated for being the birth-place of the famous sir Isaac Newton. Columh, Si. a town in Cornwall, with a market on Thursday, seated on a hill, 26 miles NNw of Penryn, and 249 wsw of London. Columbia, a river in the nw part of North America, whose source is un- known. Some of its head waters nearly communicate with those of the Missouri and in 1805 it was entered, where 860 yards wide, by captains Lewis and Clarke, who passed down it to the Pa-< cific ocean, into a bay of which it en^ ters, by a mouth above three miles wide^ in lon. 123 26 w, lat. 46 19 N. See Missouri. The Spaniards claim tiie discovery of this river, and call it En- trada de Ceta, after the commander of the vessel, who is said, to be the first discoverer, but it was not entered by him. Columbia, a territory of the United States of America, the seat of the fede- ral city. See Washington. Colutnbia, a city of South Carolina, capital of Kershaw county, and the seat ef government of the state ; but a branch M of c?icli of tiio public otRccs are retain- ed ill Charleston. It is situate on the ^oiigaree, just below the conflux of the Saluda and Broad rivers, 110 miles nnw of Charleston and 170 sw of Ralegli. L«n. 81 10 w, lat. 33 58 N. Columbia, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, situate on the Sus- quehanna, at Wright's ferry, 12 miles w of Lancaster, and 70 w by N of Phila- delphia, Columbia^ a town of the district of Maine, in Washington county, situate an Pleasant river, near the Atlantic, 15 miles wsvi? of Machias. * Columbo, the British capital of Ceylon. It was built in 1638 by the Portuguese, who, in 1658, were expelled by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the English in 1796. The fort, upward of a mile in circumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsula, and is strong both by nature and art. The town is built more in the European style than ahy other gamson in India, and nearly divided into four equal quarters by two principal streets, to which smaller ones run parallel, with connecting lanes be- tween them. The natives live in the old town, without the walls of the new. The inhabitants amount to above 300,000. Here is a school for the propagation of the Christian religion, and a botanical garden. Columbo is the chief place for the staple trade of the island. The articles exported are cinnamon, pepper, arrack, and coya rope, or cordage ; also cocoa-nuts and oil, wax, honey, cardamoiis, coral, ivory, fruit, &;c. Columbo is situate in a rich district on the w coast, toward the s part of the island. Lon. 79 49 E, lat. 7 4 N. Columna, a town of Russia-, in the go- vernment of Moscow, and an arch- bishop's see, 50 miles SE of Moscow. Ijon. 38 26 e, lat. 55 5 N. Coluri, an island of Greece, formerly called Salamis, near the coast of Livadia, seven miles \png and two broad. The principal town is of the same name, on the s side, with an excellent harbour, 17 miles w by s of Athens. Lon. 23 45 e, lat. 38 N. Cobjton, a town of Devonshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax, 17 miles E of Exeter, and 171 w by s of Ijondon. Com, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, with several beautiful mosques, and Si'>me grand sepulchres. The trade is considerable ; and the chief articles are friut both fresh and dry, the best soa4> in COM Persia, excellent sword blades, whits p jrcelain, silks, and velvets. It is seat- ed near the foot of a mountain, and on a river in a fine plain, 110 miles nne of Ispahan. Lon. 51 20 e, lat. 34 30 N. Comachio, a town of Italj-, in the Fei- rarese, seated in a lake of the same name, lying between two moutris of the river Po, 27 miles ese of Ferrara. Comana. See Cumana. Coma7iagotta, a town of Terra Finna, 10 miles w of Cumana. Come Martin, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on an inlet of the Bristol channel, sur- rounded by Icdes of iron and lead, the produce from which is shipped for Wales and Bristol. It is six miles e of Ilfra- comb, and 202 w of London. Comhum, a town of liindoostan, in the country of Cuddapa, 66 miles N of Cuddapa. Combamet, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 68 miles e of Hydrabad. Comillah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, and chief place of the country of I'ipera. It is seated on a river that flows \v into the Burrampooter, 58 miles ese of Dacca, and 188 ene of Calcutta. Lon. 91 20 e, lat. 23 25 N. Commendo, or Comniam, a kingdom of Guinea, on the Gold coast, fonnerly a part of the kingdom of Fetu. The ua- tives are of a warlike disposition, and so numerous, that the king is said to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital, where the king resides, is called Grand Commendo or Guflfo ; four miles to the s of which, on the seacoast, is Little Commendo, where the English and Dutch have forts. Lon. 34 e, lat. 4 54 N. Commercy, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, w ith a castle, seat- ed on the Meuse, 16 miles e of Bar Ic Due. Commotau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz. Its alum pits, and the great quantities of fioiit and vegetables raised here, are the principal part of its trade. It is 58 miles nw of Prague. Lon. 13 30 e, lat. 50 27 N. Como, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, and a bishop's see. It is surround- ed by a wall, backed by a conical emi- nence, on which are the ruins of a castle. The cathedral is a handsome edifice of white marble, hewn from the neigh- bouring quarries. The inhabitants have manufactiues of cotton and silk, and carry on some trade with the Grisons. Pliny was born here ; and, in his I^et- ters, speaks of the dcliglitful scenery of iis eavirons. It stands at the sw end CON of the lake of Conio, 18 miles Nof Mi- lan, and 80 ne of Turin. Lon. 9 7 e, lat. 45 44 N. Como, LaJte of, a lake of (Italy, in the Milanese, 30 miles in length, but not above 6 wide in any part. Toward tlie s it divides into two brauehes ; at the end of one stands the towii of Como, and at tlie other Lecco. The river Adda rims s through this lake, by Lecco. Comora Islands, five islands in the In- dian ocean, between the coast of Zau- guebar, and the N part of the island of Madagascar. They are called Hinzuan, Mayotta, IVfohilia, Angezeia, and Co- mora. See Hiiiziuin. Comorin, Cape, the most southern point of Hindoostan. Lon. 78 5 E, lat. 7 66n. Comorn, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a territoiy of the same name. In 1783, it w as nearly destroyed by an earthquake. It is seated on the Dan- ube, in the isle of Schut, 55 miles ese of Presburg. Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 47 46 N. Compiegiie, a town of France, in the department of Oise. Here is a palace, in which the kings of France often resid- ed. The INIaid of Orleans was taken prisoner here in 1430. It is seated near an extensive forest, on the river Oise, 45 miles NE of Paris, Lon. 2 50 e, lat. 49 25 N. Compostella, or St. Jago de Compostella, a city of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an archbishop's see, with a university. The public squares and the churches are magnificent ; and it has a great number of couTcnts for both sexes. It is pretended that the body of St. James, the patron of Spain, w^as buried here ; and pilgrims visit his wooden image, •which stands on the great altar of tiie cathedral. From this city the military order of St. Jago had its origin. It is seated in a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra and Ulla, 155 miles w by N of Leon. Lon. 8 27 w, lat. 42 52 N. Compostella, a town of Mexico, in Guadalajara, capital of the district of Xalisco. There are several mines of silver in its neighbourhood. It is 110 miles w of Guadalajara. Lon. 105 42 w, lat. 21 15 N. Concan, a loAV tract of country, on the w coast of the Deccan of IJindoostan. From this tract rises abruptly that stu- pendous wall of momitains called the Gauts. It is subject to the Mahrattas, and lies between 15 and 20 N lat. Concatfiean, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre, with a castle ; 163 CON seated on a small inlet of tbe se^ 16 miles SE of Quimper. Conception, a seaport of Chili, in the Pacific ocean, and a bishop's see. The old city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1751, aud part of its ruins are visible, on the SE side of the bay, near the town of Talcaguana. The new city is nine miles from the site of the old one, on the river Biobio, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. The bay of Conception is one of the most commodious harbours in the world, and sheltered from all winds but the north. The city is of great extent, and seated in the most fer- tile part of Chili, 230 miles N of Valdivia. Lon. 72 40 w, lat. 36 43 s. Conception, a seaport of Mexico, in the province of Veragua ; seated near the Caribbean sea, on the river Veragua., 33 miles nnw of St. Jago. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 8 48 N. Concohella, a town of Guinea, in An- ziko, the residence of a prince ; seated on the river Zaire, and borders of Congo, 150 miles sw of Monsol. Lon. 15 54 E, lat. 2 5 s. Concord, a town of New Hampshire, in Rockingham count}', seated on the MeiTimac, over which is a handsome bridge, 64 miles WNVV of Portsmouth, and 58 sw of Hanover. Concord, a town of Massaclmsefs, in Middlesex county, with a handsome court-house, and three bridges over the river Concord. This town was the seat of the provincial congress in 1774, and the spot where the first opposition was made to the British troops in 1774. It is 18 miles NNw of Boston. Concordia, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denese, on the river Sechia, 5 miles w of Mirandola. Concordia, a town of Italy, in Frmli, 28 miles ssw of Udina. Condanore, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 24 miles e of Adoni. Conclapilly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of the five Circars. It is situate near the bay of Bengal, 80 miles SSE of Rajamundry. Lon. 80 30 e, lat, 16 37 N. Condapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 20 miles s by w of Hydra- bad. Condavir, a town of Hindoostan, and the principal post of Guntoor, one of the five Circars. It is strongly situate on a mountain, 30 miles sw of Condapilly, and 65 NNE of Ongole. Lon. 80 19 w, lat. 16 22 N Conde, a strong town of France, in the department of Nord, with a fortress. It C O N Burrendered to the allies, after enduiiag the n£?ours of famine, in 1793 ; but was retaken in 1794. Conde is seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the Haisne, 7 miles N by E of Valenciennes, and 26 SE of Lisle, Conde, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, seated on the Ne- reau, 28 miles ssw of Caen. Condecedv, a cape of N. America, in Jncatan, 100 miles w of Mcrida. Lon. 91 27 w, lat. 20 50 N. Coiulesuyas, a town of Pern, capital of R district, in which is gathered a species of wild cochineal that forms a great ar- ticle of trade. It is 85 miles nnw of Arequipa, Condom, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, seated on the Baise, 26 miles nnw of Auch. Lon. 24 e, lat. 13 57 N. Condore, a fertile island in the China sea, near the coast of Cambodia, nine miles long, and two where broadest ; and s surrounded by several islets. Bufla- os, hogs, vegetables, and water are to oe had here. The English had a settle- ment here in 1702; but the factors fal- ling out with the natives, most of them were murdered, and the rest driven thence in 1795. It has a spacious bay on the E side. Lon. 107 20 e, lat. 840 n. Condrieu, a town of France, in the department of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine , seated near the Rhone, 18 miles s of Lyons. Conjlatis, a town of Savoy, near the confluence of the Isere and Doron, 18 miles E of Chamberry. Conjlans, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Saone, 12 miles n of Vesoul. Confolens, a town of France, in the department of Charente, on the river Yienne, .30 miles ne of Angoulcsme. Cong, a village of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Mayo, 24 miles s of Castlebar. It was formerly the residence of the kings >f Connaught ; and the ruins of several churches and religious houses are yet visible. Congleton, a town m Cheshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Saturday It has manufactures of lea- tiier and cotton, and a large silk mill. It stands on the river Dean, seven miles s of Macclesfield, and 161 NW of Lon- don. Congo, a country on the w coast of Africa, Ixitween 4 and 15 degrees of s lat. containing the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola, Matamba, and Bengu- ela. It was discovered by the Portu- guese in 1481 and is bounded on the C O N N by Guinea, e by parts unksiow?!. s by Bemba, and w by the Aikiutic. it is sometimes called LoAvcr Guinea ; and the Portuguese have many settlements on the coast, as well as in the inland country, lliere are many desert places within land, in whioh are elephants, ti- gers, leopards, monkies, and monstrous serpents ; but near the coast the soil is more fertile ; and there are fruits of ma- ny kinds, beside palm-trees, from which wine and oil are made. The greatest part of the inhabitants go almost naked ; they worship the sun, moon, stars, and animals of dififerent kinds ; but the Por- tuguese have made many converts , they are skilful in weaving cotton cloth ; and trade in slaves, ivory, cassia, and tama- rinds. Congo, properly so called, is only 150 miles broad along the coast, but is 370 inland. From March to Sep- tember is called the winter season, when it rains almost every day ; and the sum- mer is from October to March, when the weather is very hot. The principal ri- vers are the Zaire and Coauza. The ca- pital is St. Salvador. Coiigon, a town of Persia, in Farsistan It is a market for pearls, brought from Bahrin, and is seated on a river, which flows into the Persian gulf, 110 miles s of Shiras. Lon. 52 30 e, lat. 27 56 \. Coni, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of its name, with a strong citat'.el. Its trade is considera- ble, being the repository for all the mer- chandise from Turin and Nice, which is intended for Lombardy, Switzerland, and Germany. It is so strong by na- ture and art, that though frequently be- sieged by the French, they never could take it. In 1796, it was delivered up to the French, after their victory at Mon- dovi, as a hostage for the performance of a treaty; and it surrendered to the Austrians in 1799. It is seated on a rock, at the contluence of the Gresise and Sfure, 35 miles s of Tmin. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 44 24 N. - Conjeverani, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic. The streets are tolerably wide; and on each side is a row of co- coa-nut trees. The inhabitants are most of them Braniins belonging to two large temples ; there is also a small mosque of very neat workmanship. It is seated near the Palcar, 24 miles E of Areot, and 44 wsw of Madras. Conil, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a bay to which it gives name. The inhabitants are much engaged in fishing, especially for tunnies; and beautiful crystallized sulphur is found here. I is 18 miles SSE of Cadiz. 164 CON Cfftth^sccJi, a town of Suabia, capital of a comity of the same uame, 20 miles N of Constance. Cmiing-tGn, a village in Huntingdon- shire, near Stilton. It has the ruins of a castle ; and is seated at the head of the river \^ liich forms Ugraere, Brick- mere, and Whittlesea-mere. Conisberg. See Kongsbeyg: Conishroiigh, a village in W. York- shire, five miles sw of Doncaster. It was formerly a place of note, and has large remains of an ancient castle. Coniston-mere, a lake in Lancashire, six miles long and nearly one I)road. Near the head of it, on the Nw side, is the village of Coniston, three miles w by s of Hawkshead. ConiMuglit, a province of Ireland, 130 miles long and 84 broad ; bounded on the E by Leinster and Munster, s by the latter province, w and N by the Atlantic, and NE of Ulster. It contains the conn- tics of Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Ros- common, and Sligo. The chief town is Galway. Connecticut, one of the United States of America, 82 miles long and 57 broad ; bounded on the n by Massachusets, e by Rhode Island, w by New York, and s by the Sound, which divides it from Long Island. This country is the most populous, in proportion to its extent, of any of the United States, and produces the necessaries and conveniences of life iji abundance. Its principal rivers ri- vers are the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames. It contains the counties of Hartford, Newhaven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Litchfield, Mid- dlesex, and Tolland. Hartford and Newhaven are the chief towns. CoiDiecticid, a river of New England, which rises in a swamp ou the n confines of Vermont and New Hampshire, and taking a southerly direction, rans into Long Island sound. Between Walpole and Westminster are the great falls, over which is a bridge, 160 feet in length. From its source to its mouth it is up- ward of 300 miles ; and is navigable for large vessels up to Hartford. Connor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, and, united to Down, is a bishop's see. It is six miles n of Antrim. Conquet, a town of France, in the de- partment of FinisteiTe, with a good har- bour and road. It is 12 miles w of Brest. Cotisiglione, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 19 miles s of Palermo. Coiistadt, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Oels, 23 miles ne of Bjveg 165 CON Constance, a fortified city of SuabiJ^ seated on the s side of the Rliinc, bo tween the upper and lower lakes of Con- stance. Though once flourishing in commerce, and celebrated in history, it now scarcely contains 4000 inliabitants. Constance is famous for a council, in 1514, which caused John Huss and Je- rome of Prague to be burnt : and like- wise condemned the doctrine of Wick- liffe, and ordered his bones to be burned 40 years after he was dead. It is 35 miles NE of Zurich. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 47 38 N. Constance, Lake of, the most consider- able lake of Switzerland, which it sepa- rates from Suabia, that part excepted where the city of Constance is seated on its s side. It is divided into three parts. The upper and largest part is called Bo- den See ; the middle part is named Bod- mer See ; and the lower part Unter See, Zcller See, or the lake of Zell. The upper lake is 37 miles long, and 15 in its greatest breadth. Through this lake tJie Rhine flows, and then enters the Zeller See, which is 16 miles long, and 10 in its greatest breadth. Like all the lakes in Switzerland, this is deeper in summer than in winter ; which is owing to the first melting of the snow from the adjacent mountains. Constantina, a town of Spain, in An- dalusia, with a castle on a mountain, 40 miles NE of Seville. Ccrnstantina, the eastern province of the kingdom of Algiers, atnd the largest and richest of the four. The greatest part along the coast is mountainous. In the mountains dwell free Arabian and Moorish tribes, of whom the Cabyls are deemed the most turbulent and cruel. As these free mountaineers possess a superfluity of oil, soap, dried figs, and timber ; the government of Algiers,which stands in need of these articles, is obliged in many things to show indulgence to those tribes. See Zaab, Constantina, a city of the kingdom of Algiers, capital of the province of the same name. It is seated at the top of a steep rock, and there is no way to it but by steps cat out of the rock. The usual way of punishing criminals here is to throw them down the cliff. Here are many Roman antiquities, particu- larly a triumphal arch. Next to Algiers, this city is the most populous in the kingdom. It is 190 miles e by s of Al- giers. Lon. 6 24 e, lat. 36 24 N. Constantinople, one of the largest cities in Europe, and the capital of the Tur- kish empire. It is of a triangular form ; •^jf» I seated between the Black sea and CON ♦he Airhipciiigo, ou a neck of land tliat advances toward Natolia, from which it is separated by a strait a mile iu breadth. The sea of Marmora washes its walls on the s and a gulf of the strait of Con- stantinople does the same on the NE. It was anciently called Byzantium, but the name was changed by Constantine the great, who made it the seat of the Roman empire in the east. It was ta- ken, in 1453, by the Turks, who have kept possession of it ever since. The grand signior's palace, called the Sera- glio, is on the seaside, surrounded by wails flanked with towers, and separated from the city by canals. It stands ou the site of ancieut Byzantium, the e point of the present city, and is three miles in circumference, consisting of an assemblage of palaces and apartments placed by the side of one another, with- out symmetry and without order. The principal entrance of this palace is of marble, and is called Capi, that is, the Port (or gate) a name used frequently to express the court, or the empire. The castle of Seven Towers is a state prison, and stands near the sea of Marmora, at the w point of the city from the seraglio ; and at the nw point, without the walls, is the imperial palace of Aijub, with a village of the same name. The num- ber of houses in Constantinople is pro- digious ; but, in general, they are mean, and all of them constructed of wood, and the roofs covered with hollow tiles. I'he public edifices alone are built in masomy in a very solid manner. The streets are narrow, badly paved, and dirty ; and the people are infested with the plague almost every year. The in- habitants, who are said to amount to 620,000, are half Turks, two thirds of Ihc other half Greeks or Armenians, and the rest Jews. Here are a great num- ber of ancient monuments still remain- ing ; particularly the superb temple of St. Sophia, built in the sixth century, which is converted into a mosque, and will contain 100,000 persons convenient- ly. Between the two mosques of sul- tan Solyman and Bajazet is the old se- raglio, in which are shut up the wives of the deceased sultans, and also such women as have displeased the grand signior. The bazars, or bezesteins, are large square buildings, covered with domes, supported by arcad-es, and con- lain all sorts of goods, which are there exposed to sale. There is a market for slaves of both sexes ; and the Jews are the principal merchants, who bring them here to be sold. A great number of girls arc brougli^ from llungarv '^rc 'ce, CON Candia, Circassia, Mingrelia, and Geor- gia, for the service of the Turks, who generally buy them for their seraglios. The great square, near the mosque of sultan Bajazet, is the place for public diversions. The gulf on the ne of the city is the harbour, which runs up from the point of the seraglio to the village ot Aijub, about four miles iu length and half a mile where broadest. Aijub may be reckoned one of the suburbs, and has a mosque, in which is the tomb of sultan Othmau, tlie founder of the em- pire. The suburbs of Galata and Pera are on the other side of the harbour. The former extends along the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly occupied by luerchauts ; and adjoining it, on the E, is a cannon foundery, called Topha- ua. Pera stands behind these on an eminence, and is the place where the foreign ambassadors reside. In this part there are several houses where Eu- ropean sailors, Greeks, and even Turks, go to drink and intoxicate themselves, notwithstanding the severity of the go- vernment in this respect. I'he circum- ference of this city is 14 miles, and 24 with the suburbs included ; and as they are built on ground which rises gradu- ally, there is a view of the whole town from the sea. The city is surrounded by walls of freestone, here and there mixed with bricks, and flanked by 250 towers. There are 22 gates ; six on the land-side, and the rest toward the har- bour and sea. The palaces, mosques, bagnios, and caravanseras, are many of them nsaguificent. Constantino}) I'js is 112 miles ese of Adrianople, 300 e of Salonichi, and 700 SE of Yieuna. Lon. 28 35 E, lat. 41 1 N. Constantinople, Strait of, anciently the Thracian Bosphorus, and forming the communication between the Proiiontis, or sea of Marmora, and the Euxine or Black sea. It is 20 miles long, and a mile and a quarter where broadest ; and forms the separation here between Eu- rope and Asia. At its entrance on the w side is situate Constantinople, and on the other, Scutari. Both its banks are lined with villages, whore are seen some very handsome houses, almost entirely built of wood, and variously painted: those belonging to Ihe 'I'urks are in white or red ; those of tiie Greeks, Ar- menians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown, for they are not allowed to em ploy the colours of the mussidinans. At its termination in the Black sea are two forls, opposite each other, to defend the passage. Constantituiw, a town of Polaiul, lu 1££ coo Podofia, on the river Bog;, eight miles B\v oFChiuieliiik, and 72 NE of Kami- nicck. Coiistantinow, a town of Poland, in Voiliinia, on the river Scliicza, 110 miles SE of Lucko. Lon. 27 20 e, lat.49 58 N. Coiaessa, a seajwrt of European Tur- kej', in jMacedouia, on a gulf of its name, at the influx of the Strinion, GO miles E by n of Salouichi, and 246 w of Constantinople. Lon. 24 8 e, lat. 40 62 N. Contres, a town of France, in the de- parfnieut of Loir and Cher, 10 miles se of Biois. Contif, a town of France, in the de- jiartment of Somme, seated on the Seille, 14 miles ssw of Amiens. Coiivei'sano, a town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Bari, 12 miles se of Bari. Cimmiy, a river of Wales, which flows through a fertile vale of the same name, along the whole eastern border of Car- narvonshire, and enters the Irish sea at Abercouwaj'. Conza, a town of Naples, in Priuci- ])ato Ulteriore, and an archbishop's see. It was so greatly ruined by an earth- quake in 1694, that the place where the cathedral stood is hardly known. Its principal commerce is in marble. It is 52 miles e of Naples. Lon. 15 35 e, lat. 40 50 N. Cook Inlet, an extensive arm of the sea, on the N\v coast of America, dis- covered, in 1778, by captain Cook, who traced it 70 leagues from its entrance, in lon. 152 w. It was further explored, in 1794, by captain Vancouver, who found its termination to be in lon, 148 43 w, lat. 61 29 n. Cook Strait, a strait dividing the two islands of which New Zealand is com- posed : it is about fom- or five leagues broad. Cooperstown, a town of New York, chief of Otsego county, situate at the s\v end and the outlet of lake Otsego, 12 miles nw of Cherry Valley, and 73 v.^ by N of Albany. Lon. 74 58 w, lat, 42 44 N. Coot, an island in the Archipelago, 56 miles N w of Rhodes, subject to the Turks. Lon. 27 44 e, lat. 37 1 N. Coos Bei/har, a town of Ilindoostan, in Bengal. Its district, on the confines of Bootan, exhibits a melancholy proof of two facts frequently united ; the great facility of obtaining food, and the wretched indigence of the lower order of inhabitants. It is situate on the Toorsha, 160 miles nne of Moorsheda- bad. Lon. 89 34 E, lat. 26 18 N. 167 COP Coosawatchie, a town of Sovvth Caro- lina, in Beaufort district. The courts lormerly held at Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the CoosaM , over which is a bridge, 20 miles nw of Beaufort, and 60 wsw of Charleston. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, " built on a morass, and surrounded with several small lakes. It was first found- ed by some wandering fishernjen, in tlie 12th century, and is now accounted the best built city of the north. The streets are well paved, with a foot-way on each side. The greatest part of the build- ings are of brick, and a few of free- stone; the houses of the nobility are in general splendid, and built in the Itahan style. The harbour is capable of con- taining 500 sail, and is always crowded with ships ; and the streets are intersec- ted by broad canals, which bring the merchandise close to the warehouses on the quays. Copenhagen contains fouj royal palaces; 19 church; a great num- ber of public buildings ; and a uni^er- sity ; and, in 1799, 83,618 inhabitants. The palace called Christiansburg, built by Christian VI., but burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile of building, of hewn stone, the wings and stabics of brick, stuccoed. The hospital of 'War' low is large and convenient, containing 330 beds, occupied by as many j)oor. The church is so placed, that service may be heard by those who are con- fined to tlieir bed. The exchange is a large Gothic building ; vessels are brought very near it by means of ca- nals; aiid iiere the merchants assem- ble. The new royal market is the largest square in the city, and almost entirely composed of stately buildings ; as, the academy of painting and sculp- ture, the theatre, the great hotel, mc ar- tillery house, &c, and in the centre is a marble equestrian statue of Christian Y, In the N suburbs is a large obelisk of reddish stone, erected in 1793 by tho city, to the honour of Christian VII., on his abolishing vassalage ; and around its pedestal are four female figures of white marble. 'I'he citadel is a regular fortification, with five bastions, a double ditch full of water, and several advanced works. This city owes its present beauty to the fire of 1728, which de- stroyed 5 churches and 67 streets, hav- ing been rebuilt in a better style. The new part of the town, raised by the late king, Frederic V., is extremely beauti- ful. It consists of an octagon, contain- ing 4 uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and of foiu- broad streets leading to it, in opposite directions. 1 n C O Q the middle of the area stands an eques- trian statue of Frederic V. in bronze, as large as life, which is justly admired. The round tower built by Christian IV., and designed for an observatory, is a singular structure, not having a single step in it, though very lofty ; its ascent is by a spiral road near 14 feet wide, and one of their kings has drove in his car- riages up and down it. In 1807, the British government, anticipating the de- signs of the French on the fleet and na- val stores in the harbour of Copenhagen, sent a fleet of 17 ships of the line, with frigates, &c. and a considerable army, to take possession of the island of Zea- land, Copenhagen, &c. which the Danes opposed, and the city was iiombarded for three days, till 18 Danish ships of the line, 15 frigates, 6 brigs, and 25 gun- boats, with all the naval stores in the arsenal of Copenhagen, were delivered up by capitulation, to admiral Gambler and lord Oathcart. Copenhagen is five miles in circumference, seated on the e shore of the isle of Zealand, 340 miles sw of Stockholm, and 500 ne of Lon- don. Lon, 12 36 E, !at. 55 41 N. See Amak, Copiapo, a seaport of Chili, capital of a jurisdiction, abounding in mines of gold, iron, copper, sulphur, tin, and lead. The town stands on the s side of a river of the same name, at its en- trance in(o the Pacific ocean, 490 miles N by E of Valparayso. Lon. 70 50 w, lat. 26 50 s. Copilowatz, a town of European Tur- key, in Bulgaria. Lon. 36 35 e, lat. 46 40 N. Coporia, a town of Russia, in Ingria, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 60 miles w of Petersburg. Coppenhritge, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Spigelberg, 10 miles e by N of Hamcliii. Coppet, a town of Switzerland, with a castle, on the lake of Geneva, 10 miles N of Geneva. Coquet, a river of England, which rises on the borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of Northumbeilasid, and en- ters the German ocean, at Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a small island of the same name. Coquimbo, or Serena, a seaport of Chili, near the mouth of a river of the same name, and the capittd of a jurisdic- tion, rich in corn, and mines of gold and silver. The streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges, olives, &c. always green. It is 260 miles N by E of Valparayso. Lou. 71 19 w, la^ ?y 52 s. COR Corah, a town of Hindoostan, m Al- lahabad, on a river that flows into the Jumna, 98 miles nw of Allahabad. Lon 80 45 E, lat. 26 7 N. Corhach, a town of Germany, capita/ of the county of Waldeck. It is divid- ed into the old and new tov/n, and near it, on a mountain, is the castle of Eisen- berg. The Hanoverians were defeated here by the French in 1760. It is seat- ed on the Itter, 22 miles w of CasseL Lon. 9 1 E, lat. 51 16 N. Corbeck, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 3 miles s of Louvain. Corbeil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, seated on the Seine, at the influx of the Juine, 17 miles s of Paris. Corbie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey,seated on the Somme, 10 miles e of Amiens. Corbiei-cs, a town of Switzerland, in tlie canton of Friburg, 10 miles 8 of Friburg. Corby, a town in Lincolnsliire, with a market on Thursday, 13 miles n of Stamford, and 102 n by w of London. Cordilleras. See Andes. Cordova, an episcopal town of Spain, in Andalusia, known to the Romans bj the name of Corduba. The circumfer- ence is large, but there are many or- chards and gardens within the walls. The palaces, churches, and religious houses are superb, particularly the ca- thedral, which was a mosque, when the Moors possessed the town, and still re- tains the name of Mezquita. The square, called the Plaza Major, is sur- rounded by fine houses, under which are piazzas. 1'he trade consists in wine, silk, and leather; but is not so considerable as formerly. In the neigh- bourhood are a vast number of orange and lemon trees; and here are the best horses in Spain. Cordova is seated on the Guadalquiver, over which is a fine old bridge, 80 miles ne of Seville, and 190 ssw of iMaJrid. Lon. 4 34 w, lat. 37 52 N. Cordova, a town of Mexico, in Tlas- cala, and a bishop's see. Here are ujj- ward of thirty sugar mills. It is seat- ed on a river, which flows into the gulf of Mexico, 80 miles ese of Puebla de los Angelos. Lon. 98 15 w, lat. 19 10 N. Cordova, an episcopal town of Tucu- man, with some monasteries, and a con- vent. It has a great trade with Buenos Ayres, and sends cotton cloth to Potosi. It is 260 miles s of St. Jago del Ester». Lou. 65 16 w, lat. 32 10 s. 163 COR Cotra, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on he N by Chinese Taitary, on the e by the sea of Japan, on the s by a narrow sea, which separates it from the Japa- nese islands, and on the w by the Yel- low sea, which separates it from China It is a peninsula, being every where sur- rounded by the sea, except towards the N. It is governed by a king, tributary to the emperor of China, and is divided into eight provinces, Hien-kiug, Ping- ngan, Hoang-liai, Kiang-yuen, King- ki, Tchu-sin, King-chan, and Tchuen- 80, which contain 33 cities of the first, 63 of the second, and 70 of the third rank. The towns aie exceedingly po- pulous, and the inhabitants follow near- ly the same customs, and are of the same religion as the Chinese. The country abounds in corn and rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of which de- lights in water, and the other, wliich is the better sort, is cultivated on dry ground, like corn. There are mines of gold and silver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries on the coast. The Coreans are well made, ingenious, brave, and tractable. They are fond of danc- ing and music, and show great aptness for acquiring the sciences, which they apply to with ardour. Men of learning Are distinguished from other people by two plumes of feathers, which they Avear in their caps. Their women are less confined than those in China, and have the liberty of appearing in company with the other sex. In China, parents often marry children without their con- sent, but in Corea they choose for them- selves. They never bury their dead till three years after their decease ; but keep them in coffins for that time. Corea extends from n to s about 500 miles, and about 200 broad from e to w. King-kitao is the capital. Coife Castle, a borough in Dorset- shire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated in a peninsula called the Isle Df Purbeck, on a river, between two hills, on one of m hich stands the castle, formerly a place of great importance, and where king Edward the martjr was stabbed at the instigation of his mother-in-law. It has a large church, which is a royal peculiar, not liable to any episcopal jurisdiction. Great quan- tities of fine clay and stone are ship- ped here. The town is governed by a mayor, and every alderman that has served the office has the title of baron. It is 21 miles e of Dorchester, and 116 w by s of London. Lon. 2 4 w, lat. 60 36 N. Cotfu, an island in the Mediterranean, 169 COR near the coast of Albania. Here i* made a great quantity of salt ; and it abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. The capital is of the same name, on the e coast, with a handsome metropolitan church of the Greeks, a strong castle, and a good harbour, Lon. 19 50 E, lat. 39 36 N, Corga, a country of Hindoostan, situ- ate among the western Gauts, between Canara and Mysore. It is governed by a rajah, and the inhabitants are a divi- sion of the Nayrs. Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estremadura, seated on the Alagon, 120 miles wsw of Madrid. Lon. 6 16 w^ lat. 39 56 N. Corinth, or Corantho, a town of Eu- ropean Turkey, in the Morea, and a Greek archbishop's see, with a castle. It was one of the most important cities in Greece, on account of its situation on the isthmus into the Morea ; its castle on the top of an almost inaccessible rock; its harbours on the gulfs of Le- panto and Engia ; its riches, and its ar- chitects, sculptors, and painters. It once belonged to the Venetians, but the Turks became masters of it in 1715. It is now greatly decayed ; for the houses are not contiguous, but inter- mixed with fields and gardens, which make it look like a village. It is 60 miles w of Athens. Lon. 22 64 e, lat. 38 3n. Corinth, Isthmus of, in the JVIorea, a neck of land which joins the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the gulf of Lepanto 1o ihat of Engia. The nar- rowest part of it is six miles over; and on a mount here, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the Isthmian games. There are still tlie ruins of a town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres-^ and Bacchus, Julius Caesar, Caligul% and Nero, in vain attempted to cut a channel through the isthmus ; they therefore built a wall across it, called Hexamilium, because it was six miles in length. This was demolished by Amurath II., rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a second time by Maho- met II. Corita, a town of Spain, in Leon, 23 miles E of Salamanca. Cork, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munster, 80 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the w by Kerry and the Atlantic, N by Limerick, E by Waterford, and s by St. George chan nel. It sends eight members to parlia- ment, is divided into 232 parishes, and has about 416,000 iuhabitimts. ^ It is COR ▼sry fertile, and has two considerable rivers, the Blackwater and Lee. Cork, a city and borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Cork, and a bishop's see united with Ross. It stands on the river Lee, where it has a com- modious harbour, defended by a stjong Ibrt on an island. Its stately cathedral was built, between 1725 and 1735, by the produce of a duty on coal. The in- habitants arc estimated at near 100,000. Cork surpasses all the towns in Ireland for trade, except Dublin. The exports consist chiefly of beef, pork, hides, tal- low, and butter. It was taken by the earl of ^larlborough in 1690. It is 14 miles from St. George channel, and 124 sw of Dublin, Lon. 8 28 w, lat. 61 54 N. Corlin, a town of Further Pomerania, with a castle. It has considerable wool- len manufactures, and is seated on tlie Persant, 10 miles se of Colberg. Cormantin, a town of Guinea, on the Gold coast, large and populous. Here the Dutch have a fort, which Avas taken by the English in 1665. Lon. 15 w, lat. 5 30 N. Coi-mery, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, with a Benedictine .abbey ; seated on the Indre, 8 miles se of Tours. Coma, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi, seated on the Tigris, near its conflux with the Euphrates, 35 miles WNw of Bassora. Corneto, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St, Peter, seated on the Marta, 3 miles e of the sea, and 10 N of Civita Vecchia. Cornhill, a town of the county of Durham, in Norhamshire, seated near the Tweed, over which it has a large bridge to Coldstream, in Scotland. It is 12 miles svv of Berwick, and 333 nnw of London. Cornigliano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 15 miles e of Milan. Cornwall, a county which forms the .sw extremity of England ; bounded on the E by Devonshire, s by the English channel, and Nw by St. George's chan- nel. Its length from e to w is 80 miles ; Us breadth, next to Devonshire, is 48, but it soon contracts, and at Falmouth docs not exceed 14; it then spreads a little to tlic s and sw, and terminates in two points, one of which is called the Lizard, and the other the Lands-end. In contaius 758,000 acres ; is divided into nine hundreds, and 161 parishes and has 37 market-towns. The num- ber of inhabitants in 1811 was 216,667, and it sends 44 members to parliament. COR The vicinity of the sea exempts it from hard frosts, and snow never lies long on the ground. The soil is not very fruit- ful, especially in the centre on the hilly parts; the valleys yield plenty of grass, and the lands near the sea produce corn. It has plenty of sea-herbs, and some other plants peculiar to its insular situation. The principal rivers are the Tamar and Camel. It derives its chief importance from its minerals. The mines of tin and copper are numerous,-^ and in general very rich in ore ; and there are some of lead. With the me- taUine ores are intermixed large quan- tities of mundic and arsenic. Many sorts of stones are also found here,^ particularly moorstone, which is used both in buildings and for millstones: when polished it appears more beauti- ful than any of the marble kind. In many cavernous parts of the rocks are found transparent crystals, called Corn- ish diamonds. The king's eldest son is born duke of Cornwall, aud derives a revenue, not only from lands apper- taining to the duchy, but from the mines of tin and copper. Launceston is the capital. Co7-nwaUis, a town on the w coast of Nova Scotia, 42 miles nw of Halifax Lon. 64 15 w, lat. 45 10 N. Coro. See Venezuela. Coromandel, Coast of, the eastern coast of the peninsula of Hindoostan, extending between 10 and 16 N lat. 1'here is not a port for large ships on the whole coast, which is an even, low, sandy country. Madras is the princi- pal town. Coro7i, a seaport of European Tur- key, in the Morea, seated on the w side of a bay to which it gives name, IS miles E of Modon. Lon. 21 46 e, lat. 36 55 N. Coronation, Cape, a cape of the isUnr of'New Caledonia, in the Pacific ocean Lon. 167 8 E, lat. 22 5 s. Corregio, a town of Italy, in the Mo- donese, with a eastle, nine miles nne of Rcggio. Correze, a department of France, containing the late provision of Ltmosin, It takes its name tiom a river, which runs into the Vezere, after having wa- tered Tulles and Brives. Tulles is the capital. Corrientes, a town of Paraguay, with a fort, seated on the e side of the Pa- rana, at the influx of the river Para- guay, 490 miles N of Bueiros Ayrcs. Lon. 59 w, lat. 27 30 s. Cor sham, a town in Wiltshire, witli a market on Wednesday, and a consi- 170 n o R dt'itible woollen maunfacfjue. It it iiiiio miles EXt: of Butli, and 97 w of JjOndon. Corsica, an island in the Mediterra- nean, separated IVoni that of Sardinia, on the s, by the strait of Eonitaeio. It is 150 miles from x to s, and from 40 1o 50 in breadth. It was known to the aneient Greeks by the names of Callista and Cyrnus, and to the Romans by its present apjiellation. On the eoast are many excellent harbonrs. It is monn- tainons, bnt frnitfnl valleys arc inter- spersed ; and it has some fine lakes and rivers. In the earliest times it has been famous for its swarms of bees, and pro- dnces vast quantities of honey, which, however, is reckoned bitter, on account of the box and yew with which the conntr)' abounds. The mountains are rich in lead, iron, copper, and silver; and there are also mines of alum and saltpetre. The granite of Corsica is nearly equal to the oriental ; jjorphy- ries, jasper, talc, amianthes, emeralds, and otiier precious stones, are found scattered in the mountains ; and the s coast abounds with beautiful coral. This island was, for some centuries, under the dominion of the Genoese, whose tyranny was such, that tlie Cor- sicans were almost in a perpetual state of insurrection. In 1736, a German ad- venturer, Theodore baron Newhoff, brouglit some assistance to them, and, on his assurances of more powerful aid, they elected him king; but, as he could not substantiate his promises, he was obliged to leave the island. He went to England, was thrown into the Fleet prison, released by an act of insolvency (after having registered his kingdom of Corsica for the l)enefit of his creditors) and suffered to die in extreme indi- gence. The Genoese, tired of the con- test, sold the sovereignty to France, in 1767 ; and the celebrated Paoli, who had been elected to the chief com- mand, in 1755, was obliged to abandon the island in 1769. After the French revolution, in 1789, Corsica was ad- mitted as an eiglity-third department of France, at the j)articular request of a deputation, of which Paoli was at the head. In consequence of some events which followed the revolution of 1792, Paoli revolted ; the French, by the assistance of the English, were expell- ed from the island ; and Corsica, in 1794, was declared annexed to the crown of Great Britain. In 1796, how- ever, the English found it expedient to evacuate the island, of which the French immediately took possession, and again 171 COS tinited it to France, dividing it into two departments, Golo and Ijian\one, of which Bastia and Ajaccio are the chief towns. > Corfoer, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, on a peninsula, in the Great Belt, with a good harbom- for light vessels. It is defended by a cita- del, Avhieh serves also as a magazine for corn; and is 54 miles wsw of Copen- hagen. Lon. 11 12 E, hit. 55 12 n. Corte, a town of Corsica, situate in the centreof the island, on the side and foot of a rock, at the confluence of the Tayignano and Restonica. On the point of a rock, rising above the rest, is the castle, to which there is but one Minding passage, that will admit only two persons abreast. While the island Avas in the possession of the Englisli, Corte was made the scat of the viceroy ; and it has been enlarged and fortified by the French. It is 27 miles ne of Ajaccio, and 40 sw of Bastia. Lon. 8 62E,lat.42 6n. Cortemiglia, a toAvn of Piedmont, in IMontfenat, situate on the Bermida, 16 miles E of Cherasco. Cortana, a fortified town of I'uscany and a bishop's see, with a famous aca- demy. It stands on a mountain, on the frontiers of the Ecclesiastical State, 32 miles e of Sienna. Lon. 11 52 w, lat. 43 20 N. Corveif, a town and small principality of Westphalia, with a celebrated ai)bey ; situate on the W^eser, 27 miles e by n of Paderborn. Lon. 9 34 E, lat. 51 46 N. Corunna, a seaport of Spain, in Ga- licia, with a large and safe harbour, called the Groyne, defended by two castles. The town is of a circulai form; but the poverty of the surround ing country affords few resources for trade. It is 20 miles sw of Ferrol, and 35 N by E of Compostella. Lon. 8 19 w, lat. 43 23 N. Corvo,ihQ smallest and most northerly island of the Azores, so called from the abundance of crows found upOn it. The inhabitants cultivate wheat and feed hogs. Lon. 31 6 w, lat. 39 42 N. Corgvrekan, a dangerous whirlpool oft the w coast of Scotland, between the isle of Scarba and the N point of that of Jura. It is so named from a young Danish prince, who perished in thik place: its vorlex extends above a mile in circuit. Coseir, a town of Egypt, on the Tied sea, and tlie chief place of trade across that sea, between this country and Arabia. It is 280 miles s by £ of Sue& Lon, 33 50 E, lat. 26 8 E. COS Cosenztt, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria Citeriore, and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. The environs produce abundance of corn, fniit, oil, wine, and silk. It is situate on several small hills, at the foot of the Apennines and by the river Crati, 155 miles se of Naples. Lon. 16 20 e, lat. 39 20 N. Coslin, a town of Further Pomerania, which has good woollen manufactures, excellent fisheries, and fine cattle. It is seated on the Nesebach, 18 miles e of Colberg. Cosne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nicvre. Anchors for ships are forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves are much esteemed. It is seated on the Loire, at the influx of the Noain, 34 miles N by w of Nevers, and 100 s by E of Paris. Cospour, a town of the kingdom of Assam, 276 miles e of Patna. Lon. 92 67 E, lat. 24 56 N. Cossacs, a people inhabiting the con- fines of Poland, Russia, 1'artary, and Turkey. They are divided into tjie Kosakki-sa-Parovi,theKosakki-Donski, and the Uralian Cossacs. The men are large and well made, have blue eyes, brown hair, and aqueline noses ; the wo- men are handsome, well shaped, and complaisant to strangers. The Uralian Cossacs dwell in villages, along the banks of the Ural, and their chief town is Uralsk. The country which the Ko- sakki-sa-Parovi inhabit, is called the Ukraine ; and their towns are built of wood, after the manner of the Russians. Tlie Kosakki-Donski dwell on both sides of the Don ; are under the protec- tion of Russia, and profess the same re- ligion. See V kraiiie, and Uralian Cos- sacs. Cossivihuzar, a river of Hindoostan, in Bengal, the most western arm of the Ganges, from which it separates 35 miles below Rajemal. It passes by Moorshe- dabad, Cossimbazar, Sec. to Nuddea, where it is joined by the Jellinghy, ano- ther arm of the Ganges, and their unit- ed streams form the Hoogly. Cossimbazar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal. It has been at ail times the residence of the different European fac- tors ; this being the centre of their trade. It is seated on the river of the same name, by which it is surrounded, seven miles s of Moorshedabad, and 105 N of Calcutta. Cossimcotta, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of Cicacole, on a river that flows into the bay of Bengal, 74 miles »w of Cicacole. Lon. 83 7 e, lat. 17 42 N. Costipcmr, a town and fortress of Hin- C O V doostan, in Delhi, on the ne border of the province, 100 miles ene of Delhi. Lon. 79 18 E, lat. 29 14 N. Costa Rica, a province of Mexico^ bounded on the ne by the gulf of Mex- ico, sw by the Pacific ocean, NW by Ni- caragua, and SE by Veragua. It has rich mines of gold and silver, but in other respects is mountainous and bar- ren. Cartage is the capital. Costainitza, a town of Croatia, on the river Udda, and borders of Bosnia, .57 miles ESE of Carlstadt. Lon. 17 8 e, lat 45 20 N. Coswick, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, with a castle, situate on the Elbe, 10 miles w by N of Wittenburg. Cothus, a town and district of Lower Lusatia. The castle stands on an emi- nence on the E side of the town. Here are a great number of French piotes- tants, who have introduced their manu- factures ; and it is noted for excellent beer, pitch, and flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60 miles e by s of Witten- burg. Lon. 14 24 E, lat. 6146 N. Cote d'Or, a department of France, which has its name from a mountain, situate to the s of Dijon, It contains part of the late province of Burgundy. Dijon is the capital. Cotes du Nord, a department of France, so named from its northern ma- ritime position. It contains part of the late province of Bretagne. St. Brieux is the capital Coteswold, a long tract of high ground in the e part of Gloucestershire. It af- fords in many places a fine short grass for the feed of sheep ; and others are devoted to the growth of corn. The sides of this long range are beautiful as they sink into the vale, from the hills of Stinchcomb and Nibley in the s, to that of Brcdoii in the N, which has been ce- lebrated in ancient rhyme. Cothen, a town of Upper Saxony, ca- pital of the principality of Anhalt-Co- then, with a castle. It is 12 miles sw of Dessau. Lon. 12 9 e, lat. 51 48 N. Cotignac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, on the river Argeus, 33 miles nne of Toulon. Cotignola, a fortified town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, 25 miles SSE of Ferrara. Cotrone. See Crotona. Coucy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, on the river Oise, 9 miles N of Soissons. Coventry, a city in Warwickshire, which, united to Litchfield, is a bishop's see. Its market is on Friday. It is a eounty of itself, governed by a mayor 172 c o u and has throe parish-churches, one of wliich. St. Michael, is said to have the most ijeaiiliftil stcei)Ie in Kiiropc, The houses being mostly old, with stories projecting over each other, make a mean appearance. 'I'he nnniher of inhabi- tants in ISIl, was 17,923. 'J'his town was surrounded witli strong walls, which were tince miles in circumference, and 2G towers, which were demolished by order of King Charles II. in 1GG2. A ])arliament was held here in the reign of Henry IV. called Parliawenlnm Indoc- tuvi, or the unlearned parliament, be- cause the lawyers were excluded. Lco- fric, earl of Alercia, who was lord of the ])lace about 1040, is said to have loaded the inhabitants with heavy taxes, on acountofsome provocation be had re- ceived from them ; and that being im- portuned by liis lad}, Godiva, to remit tlicm, he consented, upon condition tliat she woidd ride naked through the town, which condition she accejjted and performed ; for, being possessed of a long, IJowing head of hair, she contrived to disposed of her tresses so as to pre- serve her decency ; and at the same time enjoined the citizens, on pain of death, not to look out as she passed. The curiosity of a poortaylor, however, jircvailed over his fears, and he ventu- red to lake a single |tee|), but was struck blind, and was ever after called Peeping 'Jam. This improbable story is annu- ally commemorated by the citizens of Coventry with great splendour, and a female, closely habited in fine linen of a jlesli colour, rides through the town, at- tended by a very numerous and elegant procession. The w indow through w liicli the taylor is said to have gratified his curiosity is still shewn, with his efiigy, always new dressed for the occasion, in it. The principal article of manufac- ture is that of silk ribands ; but some gauzes, camblets, and lastings, are also made. It has a communication with the Stafibrdshire Grand Trunk, by a ca- nal to Fradley ; and by another canal, which joins the Oxford canal at Braiin- ston, it has a communication with the Thames. Coventry is 15 miles nne of Warwick, and 91 Nw of London. Lon. 1 30 w, lat. 52 24 N. Coveriponnn, a town and foitress of Hindoostan, in Mysore, on the right bank of the Cavery, 60 miles se of My- sore. Lon. 77 38 e, lat. 11 51 n. Coulan, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Travancore, with a good harbour, and a navigable river. It stands on a penin- sula, 60 miles nw of Travancore. Lon. 7C 34 E, lat 8 51 N 173 COW Covil/iam, a town of PortHgai, in Kel ra. It has a manufacture ofwooiScC cloth, and is 18 miles sw of Guarda, Covoerden. See Coevordcn. Conrlaiid, a duchy of Kurope ; bound- ed on the w and n by the Baltic, e by Livonia, and s by Poland. It is divided into Coinland Proper and Scmigaliia, and is 250 miles long and 40 broad. The country swells into gentle hills, and in fertile in corn, hemp, and ilax. It is mostly open ; but in some parts there are forests of pine and fir, and groves of oak. It was lormerly a feudatory pro- vince of Poland, but was annexed to the dominions of Russia, in 1795 by an act of the states. Mittau is the capital. Conrseraiis, -A late province of Trance, lying along the river Satat, and now forming, with Foix, the department of Arriege. Conrtray, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its trade and manufactures of table linen and woollen cloths. It is .seated on both sides the river Lis, 12 miles e of Ypres. Coutcaices, a seai)ort of France, capital of the department of Manche, and a bishop's see, with a fine cathedral. It is 37 miles sw of Bayeux, and 185 w of Paris. Lon. 1 27 e, lat. 49 3 n. Coutras, a town of France, in the de- partment of Girunde, at the conflux of the Ille and Dronne, 25 miles ne of Bourdeaux. Cowbridge, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is called by the Welsh, Pont-saen, from the stojie bridge over the river, whicii soon after enters the Bristol channel. Near it are the re- mains of Llanbithian castle, of which a massive gateway is now converted into a barn ; and about a mile distant, on a lofty hill, are the ruins of Penline castle. Cowbridgc is 12 miles w of CardiUaud 173 of London. Coices, a seaport of Hampshire, in the i.sle of Wight, on the w side of the mouth of the Medina or Covves. On the opposite site is the village of EastCowes, and at each place is a fort built by Heniy VIII. for the security of the is- land and road. Cowes has an excellent Jiarbour, which is much fre(piented by ships to repair damages sustained at sea, and to water ; and also a good trado in provisions, &c. for the use of the ship- ping. During tlie summer it is much frequented for the purpose of sea-bath- ing; and here are a number of genteel lodging-houses, and an assembly room. A mail packet sails from this place every day at noon for Southampton. It is 12 C R A miles s by E of Southampton, 12 wsw of Portsmouth, and 86 s\v of London. Lon. J 17 vv, lat. 50 46 N. Coylmi. See Quilon. Cowldurga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a strong hill fort. It is STirrounded by hills and forests, and stands 12 miles s of Nagara. Cozumel, an island on the e coast of Jucatan, where Cortes landed, and re- freshed his troops, before he attempted the conquest of Mexico. It abounds with fruit, pulse, cattle, and fowls. The original natives possess this island, but are subject to Spain. Lon. 87 19 w, lat. 19 40 N. Ci'ab Island. See Boriquen. Cracatoa, the southernmost of a clus- tei of islands in the entrance of the strait ofSunda. It consists of elevated land, gradually rising on all sides from the sea, and is covered with trees, except a few spots, which have been cleared by the natives for the purpose of forming rice fields; and its coial reefs afford small turtles in abundance. The inhabitants are not considerable ; and their chief, like those of the other islands in the strait, is subject to the king of Bantam. Lon. 105 56 e, lat. 8 6 s. Cracoiv, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a university. It was formerly the capital of Poland, where the kings were elected and crowned, and nearly in the centre of the Polish dominions ; but, since the partition of Poland, it is become a frontier town, and belongs to Austria. On a rock near the Vistula is the ancient royal palace, surrounded by brick Avails and old tow- ers, which form a kind of citadel. Ad- joining is tlie cathedral, witlun the walls of the citadel, in which most of the sove- reigns of Poland are interred. Though the city and suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, they scarcely contain 24,000 inhabitants. The great square is spa- cious and well built, and many of the streets are broad and handsome : but almost every building bears the mark of ruined grandeur. This devastation was begun by the Swedes in 1702, when it was taken by Charles XII.; but it has since experienced greater calamities, having been taken and i-etaken by the Russians and the confederates. When the general insurrection broke out, in 1794, against the Prussian and Russian usurpers of the Polish territory, Kosci- usko, the chief of the patriotic insur- gents, expelled the Russian garrison from this city, on the 24th of March, 1794; bit h'lving marched, in the ae- C R E quel, to the protection of Warsaw, Cra- cow surrendered to the Prussians, on tSie 15th of June. It is seated on the Vis- tula, 130 miles ssw of Warsaw. Loji. 9 50 E, lat. 49 59 n. Crail, a borough of Scotland, in Fife- shire, seated on the frith of Forth, seven miles SE of St. Andrew, Crainhurg, a town of Germany, in Carniola, with a castle, on the rive Save, 18 miles NW of Laubach. Cramond, a village of Scotland, tliree'7 miles NW of Edinburg, at the month of the Amend, in the frith of Forth. It has a commodious harbour, and consi- derable iron-works. Cranbourn, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Wednesday. It stands near a fine chase, which extends almost to Salisbury, 38 miles ne of Dorchester, and 93 w of London. Cranbrook, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday. Here is a free grammar-school, and a free Avriting- school for poor children, the former en- dowed by queen Elizabeth. It is 13 miles s of Maidstone, and 49 SE of Lon- don. Cranganore, a town and fort of Hin-' doostan, on the coast of Cochin. It was taken from the Portuguese in 1662, by the Dutch, who sold it in 1789 to the rajah of Travancore. It is seated at the mouth of a river, 30 miles N by w of Co- chin. Lon. 75 58 E, lat, 10 23-^. Cransac, a village of France, in the department of Aveiion, celebrated for its mineral waters, 15 miles Nvv of Rhodez. Craon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne, near the river Oudon, 17 miles s by w of Laval, Crato, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a priory belonging to the order of Malta, 14 miles of w of Portalegre, Crauford. a village in Kent, on the river Cray, two miles w by N Dartford, Here are some calico printing grounds, and a manufacture of iron hoops. Crediton, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, and a consider- able manufacture of serges. The church is a noble structure, and was formerly a cathedral. The town was almost all destroyed by fire in 1769. It is seated between two hills, 12 miles NW of Exe- ter, and 180 w by N of London. Crec, a river of Scotland, which rises in the northern i)arts of the counties of Wigton and Kirkcudbright, forms i\vd boundary between them, and cwttors the head of Wigton bay. Creek or Mmkogee Indians, the moat numerous tribe «f ' ndiaris of any wilMa 174 C R E tht fimits of llio United Stales. They inhabit the middle parts of Georgia, and tlieir principal towns are in Ion. 86 30 w, lat^ 32 N. Their country abounds with creeks and rivulets, and hence they derive their name. Creetoun, or Fernjtown, a small port of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here several sloops are constantly em- ployed in the coasting trade. It stands on Wigton bay, near the influx of the Cree, 12 miles w by N of Kirkcudbright. Cregliiigen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Auspach, on the Tau- ber, 22 miles s of Wurtzburg, and 30 Nw of Auspach. Creil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, on the river Oise, five miles E of Senlis. Creilsheim, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach, on the river , Jaxt, 22 miles sw of Anspach. Crema, a fortified town of Italy, capi- tal of Cremasco, aud a bishop's see. It is well built and populous, and seated on the Serio, 30 miles s of Bergamo. Lon. 9 50 E. lat. 45 25 N. Cremasco, a small territory of Italy, in the s part of the province ot Bergamas- co. It is nearly surrounded by the du- tliy of jMiian, aud fertile in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema is the capital. Cremiu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Isere, at the foot of a moun- tain, near the Rhone, 20 miles ne of Vi- enne. Cremnitz, a town of Upper Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 miles N of Schemnitz. Crenwna, a city of Italy, capital of the Cremonese, and a bishop's see, with a castle and a university. The streets are broad and straight, adorned with some small squares, a few palaces, 40 parish churches, and 43 convents of both sexes. It stands in a delightful plain, watered by the Oglio, about a quarter of a mile from the Po, over which is a bridge of boats, defended by a fort. A canal pas- ses through the town, and forms a com- munication between the two rivers. Cremona has been several times taken. It is 30 miles nw of Parma. Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 45 8 N. Cremonese, a territory of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, bounded on the e by Mantua, N by Bresciano, w by Cremas- co, and s by Parma. It is fertile in wine and fruits. Cremona is the capital. Cremsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle and a convent, seated on the river Marsch, 18 miles sse of Olmutz. Crssceidino, a fortified towa of Pied- 155 C R I mont, on the river Po, 20 miles ne of Turin. Crespy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, 17 miles s of ConV" piegne, ^Cresm/, or Crec>/, a village of France, in the department of Somme, celebrated for the victory over the French, gained by Edward HI. in 1346. It is 32 miles NW of Amiens. Crest, a town of France, in the de- partment of Drome, on the river Drome 16 miles sse of Valence. Crevecoeur, a town of France, in the department of Nord, on the Scheldt, 5 miles s of Cambray. Crevecoeur, a town and fort of S. Hol- land, at the conflux of the Dommel with the Maese, four miles nw of Bois le Due. Creveldt, a town of Germany, in the territory of Cologne. Near this place the French were defeated by the Hano- verians, in 1758. It is 32 miles nnw of Cologne. Creuse, a department of France, so named from a river, which crosses it and ilows into the Vienne. It contains the late province of Marche. Guerat is the capital. Creusen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth, seven miles e of Bayreuth. Crentzburg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Brieg, with a castle. It has a great trade in honey, wax, leather, and flax ; and is seated on the Brinmtz^ 35 miles e by N of Brieg. Creutznach, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in wine, salt, corn, wool, and tobacco. On Dec. 2, 1795, this town was taken three times ; first by the French, then by the Austrians, and again by the for- mer. It is seate-d on the Nahe, 25 miles sw.'of Mentz. Crewkerne, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, and manu- factures of stockings, canvas, and dow- lass. It is seated near a branch of the Parret, 25 miles s of Wells, and 132 wsw of London. Cricheith, a town of Wales, in Cacr- marthenshire, with a market on Wed- nesday, IS miles ssE of Caermarthen, and 134 nw of London. Crichhowell, a town of AVales, io Brecknockshire, with a market ot Thiu-sday. Near it are the ruins of aft ancient castle. It is seated on the Usk, 10 miles se of Brecknock, and 167 w by N of London. Cvicklade, a borough in WiltsSrire, C R I with a market on Saturday, seated near the Thames, and the Stroud canal, 25 mUes w by s of Oxford, and S4 vi by N of London. Crieff^, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire, wiih manufacliires of paper and thin linen ; seated on the Erne, 18 miles w of'Perth, dim, a town of tiie Crimea, supposed to be on the site of an ancient city that once gave its name ofCrim Tartary, or Crimea, to the whole peninsula of the Taurida ; after ha'ving', under the name of Cimmerinm, been the capital of a fa- mous peoj)le who - duce corn, &g. The tracts of level land are neither numerous nor extcn- CUM give, being chiefly confined to the bor- ders of the rivers and toward the n coast. Tliere are mines of coal, lead, copper, Iron, lapis calaminaris, and wad, or black-lead ; the latter are near bor- rowdale, and almost peculiar to this county. The principal manufactures are cotton and canvas, and there are some iron works. Skiddaw, Saddle- back, and Cross-fell, are the principal mountains. The chief rivers are the Eden and Derwent ; and its celebrated lakes are Derweut-water. Eassenth- vvaite-water, Butterniere, Croniack-wa- ter, Lowes-water, Uils-water, ¥v^ast- water, Ennerdale-water, and Leathes- %vater. Carlisle is the capital. Cumberland, a river of the United States, which issues from the Cumber- Jai?d mountains, on the borders of Vir- ginia, flows sw through Kentucky into the state of Tennessee, where it passes by Nashville ; it then takes a Nw course, re-enters Kentucky, and joins the Ohio Rbout 12 miles above the influx of the Tennessee. Cumberland, a town and fort of New Brunswick, in a county of the same name, in which are coal mines. The fort is situate at the head of the bay of Fundy, on the E side of its northern branch. Lon. 64 10 w, lat. 45 45 N. Cumherland, a town of Maryland, chief of Allegany county ; situate on the N branch of the Potomac, 95 miles wnw of Washington. Lon. 78 46 w, lat. 39 36 N. Cumherland, an island on the coast of Georgia, the most southern territory of the United States on the Atlantic ocean. It is 15 miles long and 2 broad. Oppo- site its s extremity is the island Amelia, and between them is the entrance of St. Mary river, Cumbo, a kingdom on the w coast of Africa, s of the river Gambia. The Portuguese have a settlement at Ca- chfco. Cimibray, Great and Little, two islands of Scotland, at the entrance of ^e frith of Clyde, to the se of the isle of Bute. The former is six miles in circumference, has excellent freestone quarries, and the n-iins of a cathedral dedicated to St. Colnmba. The latter lies a little to the s of the other, and on it is a lighthouse. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 55 45 N. Cumiana, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles sw of Turin. Cumly, a fort and town of Hindoos- tan, in Canara, seated between two ri- vers, at their entrance into a salt water lake, which is separated ft-orn the sea by a spit of sand. On the opposite side of the s river, is the town of Kanyapura, to which it was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 15 miles s by E of Man- galore. Cupar, a ]>orough of Scotland, ca- pital of Fifeshire. Here are manufac- tures of coarse linens, and a consider- able tannery. It is seated in a rich val- ley, on the N side of the Eden, eight miles w by s of St. Andrew, and 30 NNE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 55 w, lat. 56 16 N. Cvpar, a town of Scotland, in An- gusshire, with a considerable linen ma- luifacture and a tannery. It is seated on the Isia, 12 miles nw of Dundee, and 13 nne of Perth. Curacao, an island in the Caribbean sea, near the coast of Terra Firma, 35 miles long and 12 broad, subject to the Dutch. It produces sugar, tobacco, and salt; has numerous warehouses, always full of the commodities of Eu- rope and the east ; and carries on a great trade, whether in peace or in war. In 1800, some French having settled on part of the island, and becoming at va- riance with tlie Dutch, the latter sur- rendered tiie island to a single British frigate. It was restored to the Dutch by the peace of 1802, and taken from them by a British squadron in 1807, and again restored by the peace of 1814. The principal town is St. Peter, at the NE extremity of the island. Lon. 69 15 w, lat. 12 22 N. Curdistan, a country lying partly in Armenia and partly in Persia, along the eastern bank of the river Tigris, and comprehending great part of ancient Assyria. The inhabitants are not sub- ject cither to the Turks or Persians. Some live in towns and villages, and others rove from place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, and being rob- bers like them. Their religion is partly Christianity and partly Mahometanisra. Altunkupri is the capital. Curia Maria, an island on the coast of Arabia Felix, epposite the mouth of the river Prim. Lon. 55 25 e, lat. 17 On. Curisch Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, lying along the Baltic, 70 miles in length. It is wide toward the s, but narrow to the N, where it communicates with the Baltic, at Memel. Currah, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, on the right bank of tlie Ganges, 36 miles nw of Allahabad. Currucdea, a town of Hindoostan, ia -j ISO m CUT Bengal, on the river Adji, 190 miles Nw of Calcutta. Lou. 86 20 e, lat 24 25 N. Cui-niepour, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, seated in a mouiitainous dis- trict, 127 miles NW of Moorshedabad. Lon. 86 42 E, lat. 25 8 n. Curupa, a town of Brasil, in the go- vernment of Para, seated on the estuary of the Amazon, 250 miles w of Para. Lon. 53 10 w, lat. 1 50 s. Curzola, an island in the gulf of Ve- nice, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 26 miles long. It abounds in wood, proper for building ships, and produces good wine. At the e end is a fortified town of the same name, with a good harbour. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 43 6 N. Cusco, a city of Peru, and a bishop's see, formerly the capital of the incas. The Spaniards, under Pizarro, took possession of it in 1534. On a moun- tain contiguous to the N part of the city are the rains of a fort and palace of the incas, the stones of which are of an enormous magnitude. Cusco is built in a square form, in the middle of which is the best market in all America : four large streets which are perfectly straight, terminate in the square. It contains 9 churches, beside the cathedral, which is a noble structure. The number of in- habitants is about 20,000, of which three-fourths are original Americans, Streams of water, run through the town, which are a great conveniency in a country where it seldom rains. It is 350 miles e by s of Lima. Lon. 71 47 w, lat. 13 s. Crishai, a river of North Carolina, which runs into Albemarle sound. Cusset, a town of France, in the de- partment of AlUer, 37 miles s by e of Moulins. Custrin, a fortified town of Branden- burg, capital of the New mark, with a castle. In 1760, it was bombarded and almost destroyed by the Russians ; and in 1806 it was taken by the French. It is seated afnid morasses, at the conflux of the Warta with the Oder, 46 miles e by N of Berlin. Cutais, the chief town of Imeritia. The remains of the cathedral seem to prove that it was once a considerable dace. It is seated on tlie Riona, 120 miles w by N of Tefllis Lon. 43 e, 'at. 42 25 N. Ciitay Malalawadi, a town of Hin- doostan, in Mysore, with a large mud fort, 27 miles w of SerJngapatam. C'ldcJi, a county of Hindoostan, go- verned by a rajah, and situate on the SEof Sindy; the e branch of the Indus 181 C Z A separating the two countries. It ex- tends along the N coast of the gulf of Cutch, and is separated from Guzerat by the river Puddar. It abounds with hills, woods, and sandy wilds. The ca- pital is Booge-booge. Cux/i&ven, a seaport of Lower Sax- ony, in tlie duchy of Bremen, at the mouth of the Elbe. Here are only a few hovels and a windmill: but it is the port for tlie English packets to Hamburgh; and passengers, while on shore, are accommodated at Ritzen- buttle, which is half a mile distant. Cuxhaven is 60 miles NW of Hamburgh. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 53 60 N. Cuyck, a town of Dutch Brabant, in a small territory of the same name, six miles ESE of Grave. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterra- nean, near the coast of Syria. It was taken by the Turks from the Venetians in 1570. It is 160 miles in length, and 70 at its greatest breadth ; pervaded by a chain of mountains, the highest of which is called Olympus. The soil is an excellent fertile clay ; and, if the na- tives were industrious, they might make it a paradise; for the mountains are co- vered with hyacinths, auemonies, and other beautiful flowers. The chief pro- ducts are oranges, silk, cotton, wine, turpentine, and timber. There is one archbishop and three bishops. The priests are extremely ignorant, and they submit to the most servile employment to get money. Nicosia is the capital. Cyr, St, a village of France, two miles from Versailles, celebrated for an abbey founded by madame de Main- tenon, who was the abbess till her death in 1719. Czarlakow, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kaminiec, 34 miles wNw of Kaminiec. Czarnhai, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Podolia, 60 miles nne of Kaminiec. Czarnewezyce, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Brzesc ; 10 miles NNE of Brzesc. Czaslau, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. The church has the highest tower of Bohe- mia. Near this place the king of Prus- sia gained a victory over tlie Austrians in 1742. It is seated on the Crudenka, 40 miles ese of Prague. Lon. 15 24 E, lat. 49 SO N-. Czatza, a town of Hu'igary, on the river Kussutsha, 104 miles nne of Vi- enna, and 48 n of Cremnitz. Czazin, a tov/a of Croatia, 20 miks ssw of Novi. DAB Czenstochoiv, or Czestochow, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracovia, on the Warta ; near which there is a celebrated convent, fortified and garri- soned. It sustained a siege against the Swedes, in 1657, and near it a battle was fought in 1665, between the royal army of Poland, and Lubomirski, to the disadvantage of the former. It is 50 miles NNw of Cracow. Czercossi, a town of Russia, in the Ukraine, with a castle, sealed near the Dnieper, 85 miles se of Kiow. Lon. 32 6 E, lat. 49 N. Czernetz, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, near the Danube, 110 miles w of Buchorest, Lon. 29 44 e, lat. 41 23 N. Czerniliou, a town of Russia, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Dezna, 70 miles N by E of Kiow, Lon, 31 53 e, lat. 51 29 N, Czersko, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Masovia, seated on the Vis- tula, 30 miles ssE of Warsaw. Czerweniza, a town of Upper Hun- gary, famous for mines of opal, a noble gem not yet discovered in any other region of the globe. It is 15 miles N of Cassovia. Czirnitz, a town of Carniola, remark- able for its lake, which produces grass and corn every year. The lake is sur- ounded by mountains, and in dry sea- sons is from 20 to 25 miles in circumfer- ence ; but when full it is 40 miles round, and contains severa-1 islands, on the largest of which is a village. When the water subsides, buckAvheat is sown on the dry parts, and becomes ready for the sickle in six weeks; and the pasturage is not hurt by the water if it does not stay too long. The town is situate on the Nw part of the lake, 20 miles s by w of Laubach. Czongrodt, a town of Hungary, at the conflux of the I'eisse and Keres, 13 miles N of Segediu. Czornov;, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Brzesc, 18 miles ssw of Brzesc, D Daalhausen, a town of Westphalia, in the bishojuic of Padcrburn, nine miles NNE of Warburg, Daher, a town of Hither Pomerania, in a circle of its name, 16 miles nne of Stargard. Dabo, or Dachsperc, a town of France^ in the department of the Meurtc; situ ated on the mountains of Vosges, near the source of tlie Sarre. It is 7 miles ssw of Savern. Dabul, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, with a trade in pepper and salt ; seated at the mouth of a river, 75 miles s by e of Bombay, Lon. 72 53 E, lat. 17 50 N. Dacca, a city of Hindoostan, in Ben- gal, to the E of the principal stream of the Ganges, b'lt on a branch which com- municates with the Burrampooter. It was once the capital of Bengal, and de- fended by a strong fortress, the remains of wliich appear. It has a vas't trade in muslins, and manufactures the most de- licate ones, so much sought after in Eu- ' rope, from the cotton produced in the province. The country round Dacca lies low, and is always covered with ver- dure during the dry months. It is 150 miles NE of Calcutta, Lon, 90 32 e, lat. 23 42 N. Dachau, a town of Germany, where , the elector has a palace ; seated on a hill, near the river Amber, 10 miles nnw of Munich, Dachsbach, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth, 22 miles ,s of Bamberg. DacJistein, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, with a pa- lace ; situate on the Breuch, eight miles w of Strasburg, Dafar, or Dofar, a seaport of Arabia Felix, governed by a shieck, who is a sovereign prince. It is seated on a bay of the same name, on the se coast. Lon. 54 10 E, lat. 17 20 N. Dagestan, a province of Asia, bounded on the E by the Caspian sea, w by the mountains of Caucasus, N by Circassia and s by Schirvan. It is inhabited by Tartars, and subject to Russia. Tarku is the capital. Dago, or Dagito, an island in the Bal- tic, on the coast of Livonia, seven miles N of t!ic isle of Oesel, It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two castles, cal- led Dagerwort and Padcn. Lon. 2256 E, lat. 68 44 N. Dagsbury, a town of Delaware, in Sussex county, on a branch of Indian river, which enters the ocean to the s of Delaware bay. It is 50 miles s by E of Dover. Dald, the finest river of Sweden, which flows through Dalecarlia and on the s confines of Gestricia, and enters the gulf of Bothnia, to the E of Gesle. Near Escarleby, not far from its mouth, it forms a celebrated cataract, little ia.' £erior to that of the Rhine at Lauffeu. 182 DAL Dahomy, a kingdom of Guinea, to the N of Whidah, supposed to reach 180 miles inland, though no European lias penetrated above half the distance. l"he country is fertile, yielding a plentiful supply of farinaceous vegetables and tropical fruits ; also indigo, cotton, su- gar-cane, tobacco, palm oil, and a vari- ety of spices. The religion of Dahomy consists of a jumble of superstitious ce- remonies, of which it is impossible to convey any satisfactory idea. The go- vernment is perhaps the most perfect despotism in the world ; for the policy admits of no intermediate degree of su- bordination between king and slave, at least in the royal presence, where the prime minister prostrates himself with as much abject submission as the mean- est subject. The king maintains a con- siderable standing army, commanded by an agaow, or general, and other subor- dinate oflicers, who must hold them- selves in readiness to take the field, at the command of the sovereign. On ex- traordinary occasions, all the males able to bear arms are obliged to repair to the general's standard ; every caboceer marching at the head of his own people. Sometimes the king takes the field at the head of his troops ; and on very great emergencies, at the head of his women. In the different royal palaces, in Dahomy, are immured not less than 3000 women; seveial hundreds of whom are trained to arms, under a female ge- neral, and other ofEccrs. The general character of the Dahomans is marked by a mixture of ferocity and politeness: the former appears in the treatment of their enemies ; the latter they possess far above the African nations with whom Europeans have hitherto had any inter- course. The capita], Aboray, stands in Ion. 2 5 E, lat. 8 5 N. Dalaca, or Daliala, an island in the Red sea, near the coast of Abyssinia, 40 miles long and six broad. It is fertile, populous, and remarkable for a pearl fishery. The inhabitants are blacks, and gieat enemies to the Mahometans. Lon. 40 10 E, lat. 15 44 N. Dalagoa. See Delagoa. Dalbeattie, a village of Scotland, 12 miles E by N of Kirkcudbright. It stands near the mouth of the Orr, in Solway frith, and has a convenient harbour for small vessels. Dalhy, a. village of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, seven miles nnw of Irvine. It has a cotton manufacture, and near it are valuable coal mines, and a strong sulphureous spring. DaJeburg, a town of Sweden^ capital ig3 DAM of Dalia, situate on the sw side of Lake Wenner, GO miles n by e of Gotheburg, Lon. 11 59 E, lat. 58 35 N. , Dalecaalia, a provmce of Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, between Nordland and the mountains of No-way. It is 270 miles long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The principal productions are wood, corn, and hemp ; and it contains many mountains, in which are mines of silver, copper, and iron. The capiial ia Fahlun. Balem, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Liraburg, capital of a ter- ritory of the same name, seated on the Bervine, 15 miles Nw of Limburg. DaJen, a town of Germany, in the du- chy of Juliers ; situate on the Eervine, 15 miles nnw of Juliers. Dalia, a province of Sweden, in Goth- land, to the w of Wermeland and Lake AYenner. It is 85 miles long and 40 broad. The n part is full of mountains, forests, and lakes ; but to the s it pro- duces corn sufficient for the inhabitants. Cattle, fish, butter, and cheese are the chief articles. The capital is Daleburg. Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in Edin- burghshire, with a great market on Thursday for corn and oatmeal. Here is Dalkeith house, the magnificent seal of the diike of Buccleugh. It is seated on a strip of laud between the N. and S. Esk, six miles se of Edinburg. Dalmatia, a country of Europe, for- merly a kingdom; bounded on the NE by Bosnia and Servia, se by Albania, sw by the gulf of Venice and nw by Croatia. It is divided into Venetian, Turkish, Ragusan, and Hungarian Dal- matia; and the capitals are Spalatro, Herzegovina, Ragusa, and Segna. See Blorlaclda. Dalston, a village in Cumberland, six miles s by w of Carlisle, It stands on the Caldew, and has various branches of the cotton manufacture. Dalton, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. Here are the re- mahis of an ancient castle, alid near it are the magnificent ruins of Furness ab- bey. It is seated in a champaign coun- try, not far from the sea, six miles sw of Ulverston, and 265 nnw of London. Dumanhur, a town of Egypt, near the canal of Alexandria, 32 miles ese of Alexandria. Damar, a town of Arabia Felix, in Yemen, with a university, 60 miles s by E of Sana. Damascus, or Sham, a city of Syria, capital of a Turkish pachalic, and the see of a Greek archbishop. The form iis an exact square, each side being a D A M mile and a half long ; and is supposed to contain 180,000 inhabitants, among- wFiom arc great numbers of Christians and Jews. It had three walls, now al- most entirely ruined ; and of the several suburbs which it formerly had, there re- main« only one, which extends three miles in length. Several streams flow across the fertile plain of Damascus, which water all the gardens, supply the public fountains, and rre carried into every house. The houses are built of wood, with their fronts inward, where there is a court ; in the streets there are only walls to be seen, but the insides are richly adorned. The most remark- able buildings are the caravansaries, which consist of long galleries support- ed by marble pillars, and surrounding a large square couit. The castle is like a little town, having its own streets and houses ; and the famous Damascus steel was kept here in a magazine. The mosques, of which there are about 200, are extremely handsome edifices, the most stately of which was a Christian church. One street runs across the city and suburbs in a direct line, on each side of which are shops, Avhere all sorts of rich merchandise are sold. Several manufactures are carried on here, among which that of sabres and knives has been most famous. Damascus is 270 miles ssw of Diarbek, a"nd 130 nne of Jerusa- lem. Damauv, a seaport of Hindoostan, in the country of Baglana, at the entrance of the gulf of Cambay. Aurungzebe be- sieged it, about the middle of the 17th {!entury, with an army of 40,000 men ; but the garrison sallying out on a part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, Bo terrified those animals by their fire- arms, that they turned on their masters, and trampled to death half his army. It is subject to the Portuguese, and 60 miles s of Surat. Lon. 72 47 E, lat. 20 18 N. Damgartin, a town of Hither Pome- rania, with a castle, seated on the Reek- nils, 18 miles w ofStralsund. Damietta, a town of Egypt, and a Greek archbishop's see, witii a good har- bour, at one of the eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several squares, vari- ous grand mosques, and public batlis faced with marble. The rice mezelaoui, the finest of Egypt, is cultivated in the ttcighbouriug plains. Here are likewise Indian stufl's, silks, sal ammoniac, wheat, kc. The Christians of Aleppo and Da- luattcus carry on the principal trade ; the Furks being indolent, and contenting (hcmaeives with occasional extortions. D A N It is 90 miles nne of Cairo, Lon. 31 42 E, lat. 31 26 N. Damm, a town of Further Pomerania, which has a considerable trade m steel manufactures. It is seated on the Oder, eight miles ese of Stettin. Damme, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, seated on the canal between Sluys and Bruges, five miles n by e of Bruges. Damme, a town of Holland, in Gro- niugen, seated on the Damster, 14 miles NE of Groningen. Danhury, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield county, with two churches. This town, with a large quantity of mi- litary stores, was burnt by the British in 1777. It is 20 miles nnw of Fairfield, and 65 NNE of New York. Danhury, a village in Essex, five miles E of Chelmsford, and 16 w of the s.ea. It stands on the highest ground in the county, and the spire of the church serves as a seamark. Dancali, a country in the e part of Abyssinia. The soil is unproductive , and its chief riches consist in fossil salt and honey. It is governed by a prince nominally tributary to the negus, or em- peror of Abyssinia. Bailur is the prin- cipal town. Dangala, See Dongola. Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pacific ocean, seen by Byron, in 1765, but so surrounded by rocks and break- ers, tha+ it was unsafe to land. The commodore supposed them to be the is- lands seen by Quiros, in the beginning of the 17th century, and named Solo- mon Islands. Lon. 169 28 w, lat. 10 15 s. Danmiyaka, a town of Hindoostan, iu the province of Coimbetore, with a large fort, seated on the Bhawari, a little above the influx of the Mayar, 33 miles N of Coimbetore, and 42 w of Bhawanikudal. Damiehirg, a town of Lowei- Saxony, in the duchy of Luneburg, capital of a district of the same name ; seated on the Jetze, near tiie Elbe, 30 miles e by s ol Luiieburg, Lon, 11 18 e, lat. 53 10 N, Dantzic, one of the richest cities of Furope, the capital of W. Prussia. It is encompassed by a wall, and fortifica- tions of great extent. The inhabitants are estimated at 100,000. It has a very good harbour, and wants nothing but depth. The houses are of six or seven stories ; and the granaries have still more, to which the ships lie close, and take in their lading. Here are twelve Lutheran churches ; two for Calvinists, and one for Roman catholics; and a college provided with very learned pro- '■«ss')'s It cynics on a great trade, par- 184 D A II licularly in corn, tallow, leather, wool timber, and naval stores. In 1709, up- ward of 24,000 persons died of the plague. It was a free hanseatic town, under the protection of Poland ; but, in 1793, it submitted to the king- of Prus- sia, who forcibly usurped the sovereign- ty, in a second partition of the Polish dominions. In 1807, it sinrendered to the French, after a siege of fbur months ; and by the treaty of Tilsit, it was restor- ed to its former independence, under the protection of Prussia and Saxony. Dautzick was besieged bj' the allies in 1812,; and after a gallant resistance, sunendered to them on the 1st of Jan. 1814. By the treaty of Paris it again reverted to the king of Prussia. It is seated on the w branch of the Vistula, near its entrance into the Baltic, 85 miles wsw of Konigsberg, and 170 Nw of Warsaw. Lon. 1 8 38 E, lat. 54 21 N. Danube, the largest river in Europe, railed Ister by the ancients. It rises at Donaueschingcu, in Suabia, and tlows NE by Ulm ; then e through Bavaria and Austria, by Ratisbon, Passau, Ens, and Vienna : it then enters Hungary, and rnns se by Presburg, Buda, and Bel- grade ; after which it divides Bulgaria from Walachia, Moldavia, and Bessara- bia, discharging itself by five channels into the Black sea. It begins to be na- vigable for boats at Ulm, and is so deep between Buda and Belgrade, that the Turks and Germans have had ships of war upon it ; yet it is not navigable to the Black sea, on account of the cata- racts. From its source to the Black sea, it traverses a course of above 1300 miles. Danville, a town of Kentucky, in Mercer county, situate in a fertile plain, 35 miles ssw of Lexington, and 70 se of Liouisviile. Darahgerd, or Darab-guierd, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, said to have been founded by Darius. It is large, but not populous ; and near it salt is found of various colours, white, black, red, and gTeen. A considerable manufacture of glass is carried on here. It stands 100 miles ESE of Shiras. Lon. 54 56 E, lat. 28 56 N. Darah, or Dras, a country of Barba- ry ; bounded on the n by Sus, e by Ta- ilet, s by Zabara, and vv by the Atlan- tic. A river of the same name tlows through it, which enters the Atlantic on the s side of Cape Nou. The principal produce is indigo and dates. The inha- bitants are Arabs and Mahometans ; and souse of the districts of the counti'y are dependent on Morocco. Ido D A R Darapcram, a town of Hindoo"it«J3, capital of the s part of Coimbctore. It has a large mud fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton and tobacco are cultivated in the vicinity, and the garden and rice grounds are consider- able. It is seated near the Amarawati, 42 miles ese of Coimbetore, and 106 w of Tanjore. Lon. 77 40 e, lat. 10 47 N. Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary, built by the Turks in 1686, and taken by the Austrians the next year. It is seated near the Drave, at the end of the bridge of Esseck, 8 miles s of Barany. Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey the one, called Sestos, seated in Roma- nia; the other, called Abydos, in Nato- lia. They command the sw entrance of the strait of Gallipoli. At the latter, the cargoes of all ships sailing from Con- stantinople are stretched. Lon. 26 26 E, lat. 40 10 N. Darempour, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 98 miles ese of Seringapatam. Lon. 78 24 e, lat. 12 6 N. Darfoor, a kingdom of Africa, on the borders of Nubia ayd Negroland, go- verned b}^ a chief who calls himself sul- tan, and assumes the most extravagant titles. The wild animals are the lion, leopard, hyaena, wolf and buffalo. The domestic animals are camels, goats, sheep, and horned cattle. Considerable quantities of grain of different sorts are raised, and after the tropical rains the fertility is sudden and great. The peo- ple are very barbarous ; consisting of na- tive tribes, of a deep black complexion and woolly hair, though with features different from those of the Negros, and of Arabs of various tribes. Polygamy is not only established, but the intercourse of the sexes is totally destitute of decen- cy. The most severe labours of the field are left to the women ; and the houses, which are of clay covered with thin boards, are chiefly built by them. Salt is the general medium of commerce here, as gold dust is in many other places of Africa. Caravans travel be- tween this counti-y and Egypt. Cobbe is the capital. Darien, or Terra Firma Proper, a province of Terra Firma, lying- on the coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and particularly distinguished by the name of the Isthmus of Darien, and, by some writers, the Isthmus of Panama. It extends, in the form of a crescent, round the bay of Panama; being bound- ed on the N by the gulf of Mexico, E by the river and gulf of Darieii, s by Po- payan and the Pacific ocean, and w by D A R m, an island of Hindoostan, making the s point of Guzerat, at the entrance of the gulf of Cambay, three miles long and one broad. On it is a fortified town of the same name, built of freestone and marble; and it contains some fine churches, erected by the Portuguese, about the time they took possession of the island in 1515. The trade of the town, once so important, is almost en- tirely removed to Surat. It is 180 miles w by s of Surat, and 200 NW of Bombay. Lon. 70 5 E, lat. 20 45 N. Dixan, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, seated on the top of a conical hill, and inhabited by Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is stealing children, and carrying them to a market at Masuah, whence they are sent to Arabia or In- dia. It is 34 miles s of Masuah. Dixmude, a fortified town of the Ne- therlands, in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheese and butter. It is seat- ed on the Yper, 13 miles n of Ypres. Dizier, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, sealed on the Marne, 13 miles nne of Joinville. Dnieper, anciently the Boristhenes, a iarge river of Russia, which rises in the government of Smolensko, and Uowing in a southerly direction, enters the Black sea, between Cherson and Oczakow. Through its whole course, of above 800 miles, its navigation is only once inter- rupted by a series of cataracts, which begin below the influx of the Samara, and continue for above 40 miles ; but these may be passed in spring by loaded barks. Dniester, a river, the ancient Tyras, which rises in Galicia, in Austrian Po- Jand, and flows to Chockzim, dividing Podolia from Moldavia; it then sepa- rates Bessarbia from the Russiau go- ■ifernment of Catharinenslaf, and having D O L watwed Bender, enters the Black sea, at Akerman. Dobelin, a town of Courland, 20 miles sw of Mittau. Dohrzin, a town of Poland, in the palatinate ot Ploczko, seated on a rock, near the Vistula, fourteen miles Nw of Ploczko. Docknm, a town of Holland, in West Friesland, near the mouth of the river Ee, 10 miles ne of Lewarden, Dodbrooh, a town in Devonshire, vdth a market every third Wednesday, and noted as being the first place where white ale was brewed. It stands on a rivulet, by vvhich it is parted from Kingsb ridge, 208 miles wsw of Lon- don. Doel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 7 miles nw of Antwerp, Doeshurg, a town of Holland, in Gel- derland. It has been often taken ; and the reduction of it, in 1586, was flje first exploit of the English forces sent by queen Elisabeth to the assistance of the Dutch. It is seated on the Yssel, 10 miles ssw of Zutphen. Dofar. See Dafar. Dogadv, a province of Italy, in the duchy of Venice, in which is the capital. It is bounded on the e by the gulf of Venice, s by Polesino, w by Paduano, and N by Trevisano. It coiuprehends many small islands near it, called the Lagunes of Venice. Dol, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ille and Vilaine, situate in a morass, 5 miles from the sea, and 21 SE of St. Malo. Dolce Aqua, a town of Piedmont, with a castle, seated on the Nervia, five miles N of Vintimiglia. Dolciguo, a town of European Tur- key, in Albania, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, and a citadel. It is seated on the Drino, 40 miles se of Scutari. Lon. 19 34 E, lat. 42 12 N. Dole, a town of France, in the de- partment of Jura, on the river Doubs, 25 miles wsw of Besancon. Dolgelly, a town of Wales, in Merio- nethshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a manufacture of coarse woollen clolh, undied, called webbing. It isi seated on the river Avon, at the foot of the mountain Cader Idris, 12 miles se of Harleigh, and 212 NW of London. Dollar t Bay, a bay or lake sepaiating East Friesland, in Germany, from Gro- ningen, in Holland. It was formed by an inundation of the sea in 1277, when 33 villages are .said to have been tiC" stroyed. 196 DOM DmnazHze, a tow n of BoLemia, in the circle of Piisen, on tlie rivulet Cadbiizz, 17 niiks s of Piisen. Domhaca, a small island near tlie eoast of Birmah, ia the bay of Bengal. Lon. 94 35 e, lat. 17 32 N. Domhroivaz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lemberg, 60 miles sw of Leniberg. Domfront, a town of Fraaice, in the department of Orne, seated on a crag:gy rock, by the river Vareuue, 35 niiies NW of Aleucon. Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, one of the richest islands in the West Indies, 400 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It was discovered by Columbus, in 1492, and is surrounded by craggy rocks and dangerous shoals. The heat to the N and SE would be insupportable for six months of the jear, if not qualified by the easterly \%inds, and frequent rains ; but the latter soon spoil the flesh, bread, and fruits. It has a great many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and crys- tal. The Spaniards had possession of the whole island for 120 years ; in tlie first fifteen of which they reduced at least a million of inhabitants to 60,000. They were afterward forced to divide the island with the French, who had the vf part ; and the Spaniards retained the E, which is the most extensive and fruitful. This joint possession con- tinued till 1795, when the Spaniards ceded their part to the French. Since the revolution in France this island has been subject to great calamities. In 1791 an insurrection began in the French plantations, and in a short time not less than 100,000 blacks were in arms ; the manufactures and planta- tions appeared as one general conflagra- tion, and the plains and mountains were covered with carnage and blood. An African by birth, named Toussaint, w'as afterward invested with the com- mand of the blacks and mulattos. In "•602 the French sent an additional force, and after several encounters the negro chief was induced to accept of apparently favourable terms; but soon after he was pei-fidiously seized, and sent in irons to France, where he pe- rished in a dungeon. Two other black chiefs, Dessalines and Christophe, saved themselves by flight ; the natives again flew to arms; and the French troops fell victims to the climate. Dessalines succeeded to the authority of Toussaint, and in 1804 caused himself to be pro- claimed emperor of Hayti, the ancient name of the island. In 1806 the chiefs 197 ^ DOM begun to war against each other, and the black emperor was killed. Chris- tophe was elected chief in his place, and is now engaged in a state of Avaifare Avith another chief, named Petion ; but now that the peace of Europe is re- established, it is very probable the French will endeavour to restore their authority again in the island. St. Do- mingo lies between Jamaica to the w, and Porto Rico to the e. Domingo, St. the capital of the E part of the island of St. Domingo, and an archbishop's see. The cathedral is a superb structure. It is seated on a navigable river, and had formerly a har- bour, which i« now choaked up vni\i sand. Though its trade has been long extinct, it was in a respectable condi- tion while it continued in the hands of the Spaniards. The city itself is large, well built of stone, and defended by batteries. Lon. 70 10 w, lat. 18 20 n. Dominica, one of the Windward Ca- ribbee islands in the West Indies. It lies about halt-way between Guada- loupe and Martinico, and is 28 miles long and 13 broad. It was taken by the English in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. Tlie French took it Ai 1778, but restored it in 1783. It suffered great damage by a tremendous hurricane in 1806. The soil is thin, and betier adapted to the rearing of coffee than sugar ; but the sides of the hills bear the iinest trees in the West Indies, and the island is well supplied with rivulets. The capital is Charlotte-town. Dominica, the largest of the islands of the Pacific ocean, called the Marque- sas. Lon. 139 2 w, lat. 9 41 s. Domino, St. one of the Tremiti islands, in the gulf of Venice, 15 miles from the coast of Naples. Domitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin,wilh a fort, seat- ed at the confluence of the Elve and Elbe, 25 miles s of Schwerjn. Dommel, a river of Dutch Brabant, which receives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows into the Meuse. Domo d'OssoIa, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a castle, seated on the Tosa, 20 miles n of Varallo. Dompaire, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 10 miles WNW of Epinal. Domremy, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, the birthplace of the celebrated Joan of Arc, the Maid ef Orleans. It is seated on the Meuse, 6 miles N of Neufchateau. DON Dommllers, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, 14 miles n of Verdun, Dcm, a river of Russia, which sepa- rates the SE part of Europe from Asia, It issues from the lake St, John, in the government of Tula, and flows into the sea of Asoph. This river has so many windings, and such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, except in the spring, on the melting of the snows ; and flat-bottomed boats only, except in the same season, can pass into tlie sea of Asoph. Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in the w part of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie-water at Inverary, passes by Kintore, and enters the German ocean, at Old Aberdeen, Don, a river in Yorkshire, which rises on the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penistone, Sheflield, Rotherham, Don- caster, and Thorn, and joins the Ouse near its termination in the Humber. Donaglmdee, a small seaport of Ire- land, in the county of Down, 20 miles wsw of Port Patrick, in Scotland, be- tween which two places are regular packet-boats. At the entrance of the harbour is a lighthouse, which with that at Port Patrick renders the passage con- venient in the darkest night. It is 15 miles E by n of Belfast. Donaneschingen, or Doneschingen, a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furstenburg. It is the chief residence ef the prince ; in the court-yard of whose palace are some springs, collect- ed ill a reservoir about 30 feet square, which has the honour of being called the head of the Danube. It is 13 miles NNw of Schaffhausen. Donawert, a strong town of Bavaria, seated on the Danube, at the influx of the Wernitz, 25 miles N by w of Augs- burg. Doncaster, a town in West Yorkshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, It had a castle, now in ruins ; is large and well built, and has a ma- nufacture of stockings, waistcoats, and gloves. It is seated on the river Don, 37 miles s of York, and 158 N by w of London Lon. 1 12 w, lat. 53 33 N. Doncherry, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, seated on the Meuse, 3 miles w of Sedan. Donegal, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 68 miles long and 44 broad ; boundea on the w and N by the ocean, e by Londonderry and Tyrone, and s by Fermanagh and the bay of Do- negal. It contair^s about 140,000 inha- hi^auts, is «Iivided into 42 parishes, and DOR sends two members to parliament. It is, in generaJ, a champaign country, has extensive linen manufactures, and abounds with harbours. Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital df a county of the same name, seated on the bay of Donegal, 10 aiiles N of Bally- shannon, and 111 .aivv of Dublin. Lon. 7 47 w, lat. 54 42 N. Doneraile, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful variegated marble. It is situ- ate on the Awbeg, 19 miles nw of Cork, and 113 sw of Dubhn. Dongola, or Dungala, a town of Nu- bia, capital of a province of the same name. It contains 10,000 houses of wood, and is seated on the Nile, among mountains, 500 miles n by w of Sennar. Lon, 32 5 E, lat, 19 25 N. Do7ijon, a town of France, in the de- partment of AIlier,24 miles se of Mou- lins, Donnington, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. Much hemp is cultivated in the neighbour- hood. It is eight miles wsw of Boston, and 106 n of London. Donzy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, 22 miles n of Ne- vers. Deoab, a fertile tract of Hindoostan, between the Ganges and Jumna, near the approximation of those two rivers The principal part of it is subject to the nabob of Oude. Doon, a river of Scotland, which issues froifl a lake of the same name in Ayr- shire, and enters the frith of Clyde, two miles s of Ayr. Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the side of a mountain, 28 miles s of Sana. Dorat, A town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Vieane, seated on the Abran, near its junction willi the Sevre, 25 miles N of Limoges. Dorchester, a borough and the ca- pital of Dorsetshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on AVednesday and Saturday. It was formerly much larger, and the ruins of the walls are still to be seen in some places. It has three churches ; and a fine terrace- walk, planted with trees, almost sur- rounds the town, which has no manu- factures, but is famous for excellent ale. A little to the s is a Roman amphi- theatre, constructed of calk and turf, supposed to be the most perfect in the kingdom. One mile to the sw is Maiden castle, another work of the Ro- mans ; there arc tliree ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole DOR area is 115 acres, Dorchester is seated ou the river Frcme, 53 miles E of Exe- tej, and 120 w by s of liondon. Lon. 2 26 w, lat. 50 43 N. Dorchester, a town iu Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till 1086, when A^llliaui the conqueror translated it to Lincoln ; and it had five churches, though now but one, which was the cathedral. It is seated on the Tame, 10 miles se of Oxford, and 49 wnw of London. Dorchester, a town of Massachusets, in Norfolk county, with manufactures of paper, chocolate, snuff, leather, and shoes. It is 2 miles s of Boston. Dordogiie, a department of France, which includes the late province of Pe- rigord. It receives its name from a river, which rises in the mountains of Auvergne, and joins the Garonne, near Bourdeaux. The capital is Pcrigucux. Dorestro, See Silistria. Dorkiiig, a town in Surry, with a market on Thursday, and a great trade in lime, flour, and fine poultry. It is seated near the river Mole, 11 miles Eof Guildford, and 23 ssw of London. Dorn, a village in a detached part of Worcestershire, three miles se of Cam- den in Gloucestershire. The Roman fossway runs through it, and abundance of coin, both Roman and British, have been found here. Dornburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Weimar, with a castle ; situate on a hill, by the river Saale, 14 miles e of Weimar. Dornoch, a borough of Scotland, ca- pital of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry to Tain. It is a small place, and half in ruins, but was for- merly the residence of the bishops of Caithness, and part of the cathedral is kept up as the parish church. It is 40 miles NE of Inverness. liOn, 3 48 vv, lat. 57 52 N. Doj-pt, or Dorpat, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga, with a uni- versity ; seated on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero and Pepas, 60 miles s of Narva. Lon. 27 52 e, lat. 58 18 N. Dorsetshire, a county of England, 50 miles long and 35 broad ; bounded on the N bj' Somersetsliire and Wiltshire, £ t)y Hampshire, s by the English chan- nel, and w by Devonshire and Somer- setshire. It contains nearly 775,000 acres ; is divided into 34 hundreds, and 24S parishes ; and has 24 market-towns, 199 D O U The nimiber of inhabitants in 1811 was 124,693 ; and it sends 20 members to parliament. The soil is generally rich and fertile, though in some parts very sandy ; the northern part, which is divided by a range of chalk hills from the southern, aflbrds good pasturage for cattle ; while the southern part chiefly consist of fine downs, and feeds incredi- ble numbers of sheep. The chalk hills, which run through every county from the SE part of the kingdom thus far, terminate at the further extremity of this ; but on the coast, chalk cliffs ex- tend beyond it into Devonshire, 10 miles w of Lyme. From the Hamp- shire border to the ijeighbourhood of Blandford a heathy common extends, which causes an exception to the ge- neral character of fertility which this county merits; but the rich vales to the svvf make ample amends. The prin- cipal rivers are the Stour and Frome. Here is plenty of poultry of all sorts, swans,w oodcocks, pheasants, partridges, fieldfercs, ike. The products are corn, wool, hemp, fine stone, and some mar- ble. This county is distinguished for its woollen manufactures, and its fine ale and beer. Dorchester is the capi- tal. See Portland and Purbech. Dorsten, a fortified town of West- phalia, in the county of Recklinghau- sen, seated on the Lippe, 15 miles e by N of Wesel. Dort, or Dordrecht, a town of Sontli Holland, on an island formed by the Meuse,whicli is here called the Merwe. It is famous for a protestant synod held in 1618, which condemned the teats of Armenius. Here are several Lutheran and Calvinist chmches, a fine council- house, an excellent academy, and the mint of South Holland. It has a good harbour, and a great trade in corn, wine, and timber ; of the latter immense rafts are floated hither from Andernach, iu Germany. Its natural situation is such, that it has never been taken by an ene- my ; but it surrendered to the French in 1795. It is 10 miles se of Rotter- dam. Lon. 4 45 e, lat. 61 51 N. Dortmund, a strong town of West- phalia, in the county of Marck. It was lately imperial, and is seated ou the Emster, 15 miles svv of Ham. Lon. 7 28 e, lat. 5 31 N. Dotehom, a town of Holland, iu Gek derland, with a foundery for bombs and cannon-balls; seated on the Yssel, 10 miles SE of Doesburg. Dmiarnenez, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre, seated on a bay of the same name, at the entraiic^i D O V of the Efiglish channel, eight miles Nvv of Quimper. Douay, a city of France, capital of the department of Nord, with a fine arsenal, a foundery for cannon, a mili- tary school, a citadel, and three famous colleges. It was taken by the duke of Marlborough in 1710, and retaken by the French, in 1712, after the suspension of arms. It is seated on the Scarpe, whence there is a canal to the Deule, 15 miles Nw of Cambray. Lon. 3 5 e, lat. 50 22 N. Douhs, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Franche Comte. It is so named from a river which flows into the Saone, be- low Verdun. Besancon is the capital. Done, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayeune and Loire, with a considerable maimfactnre of druggets and tammies. Near it is a vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid rock. It is 9 miles sw of Saumur. Dove, a river in Derbyshire, which rises in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county from Staffordshire, and joins the Trent, 4 miles below Burton. Dover, a seaport in Kent, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. It is situate be- tween two high cliffs, and on that £ from the town is an ancient eastle, in which there are barracks for 3000 men. The town is also defended by several batteries. It was once walled round, and had ten gates, but there nov/ re- main only three, and those much out of repair ; also seven churches, which are now reduced to two in the town and one in the castle. The immbcr of inha- bitants is about 16,000. It was former- ly deemed the key of the island, and is the principal of the cinque ports. It is the station of the packet-boats that, in time of peace, pass between Dover and Calais, from which it is distant only 21 miles. The harbour is made by a gap in the cliffs, which are of a great height ; and hence, in fine weather, is a prospect of the coast of France. Dover is 15 miles SE of Canterbury and 72 of Lon- don. Lon. 1 IS E, lat. 51 8 N. Dover, the capital of the state of De- laware, in Kent county. The chief trade is in corn and floor. It stands on Jones creek, four miles from its mouth, in Delaware bay, and 66 ssw of Phila- delphia. Lon. 75 34 w, lat. 39 10 N. Dover, a town of New Hampshire, chief of Stafford county, situate on the Cochees, four miles above its junction with the Pascata, and 14 nw of Ports- mouth. DOW Douero, or Dottro, a river which rises in Spain, in the mountains of Urbion, on the E borders of Old Castile, and flows w through that province and Leon to the NE point of Portugal ; it then turns s, and having separated Leon from Tra los Montes, again takes a w course, crossing Portugal to Oporto, where it enters the Atlantic ocean. Douglas, a town of Scotland, in La- nerkshire, on a river of the same name, which joins the Clyde, above Lanerk Here is Douglas castle, for ages the re- sidence of the second family in Scot- land. A modern building has been erected on the same site, in imitation of the ancient castle. It is 37 miles w of Edinburgh. Douglas, a seaport of the isle of Man, nearly at the same distance from the English, Scotch, and Irish shores, with the best harbour in the island, which renders it the principal mart of trade. Packet-boats sail regularly from here to Whitehaven and Liverpool. Near the mouth of the harbour is an ancient forte Lon. 4 28 w, lat. 54 5 n. Douglas, Cape, a promontory, on the w coast of America, the w point of the entrance of Cook Inlet. Its summit forms two very high mountains. Lon. 153 30 w, lat. 58 56 N. Doulaiiicourt, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, 10 miles sw of Joinville. Doulens, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, with two citadels ; seated on the Autie, 15 miles n of Amiens. Doune, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire, with the ruin of a huge square castle, whose tower is yet full 80 feet in height. Here is a manufacture of pis- tols ; also an extensive work called the Adelphi cotton-mill. It is seated on the Teith, eight miles nw of Stirling, and 32 sw of Pertli. Dourdan, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, with a manufacture of silk and worsted stock- ings ; seated on the Orge, 25 miles sw of Paris. Dowlatabad, formerly called Amed- nagur, a province of the Deccan of Hin- doostan ; bounded on the n by Candcish and Malway, w by the Gauts, s by Vi- siapour and Golconda, and e by Bcrar. Aurungabad is the capital. Dowlatabad, a large fortress of Hin- doostan, which gives name to the pro- vince. It is built on a rock, almost per- pcndicidar on every side, and rising 420 feet above the plain. It is 10 miles nw oit' Aiuiuigabad. 300 D R A Dnnrn, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 42 miles long and 34 broad; bounded on the E by the Irish sea, w by Armagh, N\v by Antrim, and s by Carliugford bay and the ocean. It is divided into 72 parishes, sends 4 members to parliament, and contains about 205,000 inhabitants. It is in ge- neral fertile ; has numerous bleach- greens ; and in the rough parts many horses are bred. The chief rivers are the Lagan and Ncmtj'. Doiin, or Doun Patrick, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Down, and a bishop's see united with Connor. It is seated on the river Nevr- ry, 7 miles w of Strangford bay, and 74 NE of DubUn. Lon. 5 42 w, lat. 54 29n. • • Doivnham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, seated on the side of a hill, by the river Ouse. It has a great trade in butter, which is sent up in boats to Cambridge, and thence con- veyed in waggons to London, under the name of Cambridge butter. It is 11 miles s of Lynn, and 86 N by E of Lon- don. Downs, a famous road for shipping, on the E coast of Kent, between the North and South Foreland. See God- win Sands. Downton, a borough in Wiltshire, which has now no market, seated on the Avon, six miles se of Salisbury, and 88 wsw of London. • Draahurg, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, on the river Drave, 12 miles E of Lavamund. Drachenfels, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Cologne, with a citadel, 7 miles nnw of Liutz. Dracut, a town of Massachusets, in Middlesex county, on the N bank of the Merrimac, at Patucket- falls, 28 m.iles 8w of Exeter, and 30 nnw of Boston. Dradate, a town of Nubia, with a harbour on the Red sea, and wells of good water in the vicinity. It is 36 miles NNW of Suakem. Dragnignan, a town of France, in the department of Var, 10 miles Nw of Frcjns. Dramhurg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, seated on the Drage, 15 miles E by N of New Stargard. Dras. See Darah, Drave, a river whicli rises in Germany, '^t Innicben in Tyrol, flows through Ca- rinthia and Stiria, then along the con- fines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, passing by Esseck, and a little after joins the Danube. Drayton, a town in Shropshire, \vilh 201 D R E a market on Wednesday, seatetl on the river Tern, 17 miles ne of Shrewsbury, and 151 nw of London. Drentelburg, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, 18 miles nnw of Cassel. Dresden, a city of Germany, and the capital of Saxony, It is divided by the Elbe into the old and new town, which are united by a grand bridge, and sur- rounded by strong fortifications. It has a castle, an academy of painting and sculpture, and a magnificent church for the Roman catholics. The houses are built of freestone, almost all of the same height ; and though the palaces are few, it is deemed the handsomest city in Ger- many. The palaces of Holland and Ja- pan arc full of curiosities from that country and China; and the picture gal- lery may claim precedence over every individual gallery in Italy. The city and suburbs are estimated to contain 50,000 inhabitants, near 5000 of whom are catholics, and there are about 800 Jews. Here are manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewellerj^ porcelain, pa- per-hangings, and wind-instruments of nuisic. It was taken by the king of Prussia in 1745, and again in 1756, but retaken in 1759 ; and it was bombarded by him in 1760, for nine days, when he was obliged to raise the siege. Dresden is rendered memorable for its neigh- bourhood being the principal theatre of operations between the allied and French armies, during the greater part of the year 1813. The Russian and Prussian troops having entered it in the month of March was obliged to quit it in May after the battle of Lutzen ; and Buona- parte afterwards held his head-quarters here for a long time. On the 26th and 27th of August of the same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong, under prince Schwartzenburg, attempted to carry the town by assault; but Buonaparte hav- ing arrived from Silesia, with his guards, the night before the attack, repulsed them with great loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners. It was at this time, the celebrated general Moreau, received a mortal wound, while in conversation with the emperor of Russia. The allies, in consequence of this disaster, imme- diately commenced their retreat into Bohemia; and the French, being too eager to profit of their success, had sent general Vaudamme with about 30,000 men, into the mountains of that country to cut off their retreat. But on their arrival near Culm, they were assailed on all sides ; and after a furious conflict, the whole army was nearly destroyed, and the commander with the wlwle of his DUO atalfweire made prisoners. Soon after the battle of Leipsic, Dresden surren- dered to the allies, with a garrison of about 25,000 men. It is 80 miles nnw of Prague. Lon. 13 50 e, lat. 51 6 N. Dreiix, a town of France, in the de- partment of E'ire and Loir, with a con- siderable raa'jufacture of cloth for the army. It is seated on the river Blaise, at the foot of a mountain, 48 miles w by s of Paris. Lon. 1 21 e, lat. 48 44 N. Driesen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, on the river Warta, 20 miles E of Landsberg. Driffield, a town in E. Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday, and a consider- able trade in corn, by a canal to the ri- ver Hull. It is 28 miles e by N of York, and 196 N of London. Drinaward, a town of European Tur- key, in Scrvia, on a small island formed by the Drino, on the confines of Bosnia. Drino, a river of European Turke}', which has its source on the e frontiers of Albania, and runs into the bay of Drino, in the gulf of Venice. Drino, a seaport of European Turke}'^, in Albania, on a bay of the same name, m the gulf of Venice, 80 miles ese of Ragusa. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 42 48 N. Drissa, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Polotsk, at the conflux of the Drissa with the Dwina, 20 miles WNw of Polotsk, and 272 s of Peters- burgh. Dristra. See Silistria. Drittey, a town of Germany, in Car- niola, 10 miles ese of Stein. Drivasto, a town of European Tur- key, in Albania, 20 miles ne of Dul- cigno. DrogTieda, a seaport and borough of Ireland, chief town of the county of Louth. It is a strong place, has an ex- cellent harbour, and carries on an extensive commerce, particularly in corn and strong sheeting. It is seated on the Boyne, five miles w of the Irish sea, and 23 N of Dublin, Lon. 6 22 w, lat. 53 43 N. Drcitwich, a borough in Worcester- sliire, with a market on Friday. Here are famous salt springs, from which is made much fine white salt. It is seated on the Salwarp, seven miles NNE of Worcester, and 116 wnw of London, Drome, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Dauphiny. It is so called from a river, which crosses it, and joins the Rhone below Valence, the capital of the de- partment. Dromore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, and the see of a bishop. DUB The cathedral is small, but the palaue is handsome and convenient. It is seated on the Laggan, 15 miles sw of Belfast, and 17 e of Armagh. Lon. 6 8 E, lat. 54 25 N. Di-onero, a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the Alps, on the river Macra, 14 miles ssw of Saluzzo. Dronfield, a town in Derbyshire which had a market on Thursday, but, from its vicinity to Chesterfield and Sheffield, is now disused. I'wo miles from it are the ruins of Beauchief ab- bey. It is six miles n of Chesterfield, and 156 nnw of London. Drontheim, a city of Norway, capital of a government of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour. It was the residence of the ancient kings of Norway. Of the cathedral, the choir alone remains. The inhabitants, esti- mated at 8000, have some commerce in Avood, fish, tallow, aud copper. It is al- most surrounded by the sea and the river Piddct; and is 270 miles nw of Bergen. Lon. 10 22 e, lat. 03 26 N. Drosendorf, a town of Austria, with an ancient castle, seated on the Teya, 10 miles n of Horn. Drossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, 14 miles SE of Custrin. Drumbote, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, eight miles w of Dundalk. Drusenheim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Motter, near the Rhine, five miles SE of Haguenau. DriLses, a people of Syria, on the mountains of Libanus and Antilibanus, and to the e as far as Balbec. Their language is the Arabic; and they aj)>-, pear to have little religion of any kind, but pray inditferently in Christian chur- ches or Turkish mosques. They are warlike, inured to labour, are great ene- mies to the Turks, and have their parti- cular princes, called Emus. Bairout is their capital. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, "n a a county of the same name, and an arcli- bishop's see, with a university. Its form is that of a square, two miles and a half in extent on each side, and it contains about 26,000 houses, whose inhabitants are estimated at 200,000. Dublin being the metropolis of a large and fruitful country, the seat of government and of literature, and the chief depot of inland and foreign trade^ contains numerous public establishments, not only the pride of Ireland, but excelled by few cities in Europe. Its streets have been lately improved in regard both to convenience i 202 D U C tmd embellishment; and tbere are se- veral magnificent squares, the largest of which is St. Stephen-green, nearly a mile in circuit. It lias a cathedral and a collegiate church, 18 parish churches, 8 chapels, 16 Koman catholic chapels, numerous meeting-houses for dissenters of various denominations, four foreign churches, and a synagogue. Among the principal public buildings are the castle (the residence of the viceroy) the na- tional bank, Trinity college, the hall of justice, the royal exchange, the cus- tom-house, the royal hospital of Kil- mainham for invalids, the linen-hall, the barracks, the tollsell, or town-house, and Essex-bridge and Sarah-bridge, two of the six bridges over the Liffey. The hospitals and other charitable institu- tions are nuunerous; and it has t^vo theatres. The Phenix park, at the w end of the town, is a royal iiiclosure, seven miles in circuit ; and, beside the Hibernian school, is adorned with the villa of the viceroy, the seat of the prin- cipal secretary, and a few others ; also a salute battery of 22 pieces of cannon, and the ammunition magazine, a strong fortification. An observatory is ei-;i«'>ak tobacco, and sleep ; and they E G Y are ignorant, ptoiiil, hauglily, and ridi- ciiloiisly viiin. Rtti tlie Coplsare an in- genious peo])le, and liave great skill in business. From Mareli to iVovemlier, the heat, to an Knropean, is almost in- supportable; but the other months are more tem[)erate The s winds, uhich occur at intervals from February till the end of May, are by the natives called poisonous winds, or the hot winds ottlie deserts : they are of such exlieme heat and aridity, that no animated body ex- posed to it can withstand its fatal inlhi- ence; and for the three days that it ge- nerally lasts, the streets are deserted. The sands are so subtile that they pe- netrate into the closets, chests, and ca- binets, whicli, with the hot winds, are probably the cause of sore eyes being so very common here. It rains very seldom inEg-ypt; but that waul is fu ly sup- plied by the annual inunciation of the Nile. When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then the corn is harrowed into it, and in the foi- lownig March there is usually a plenti- ful harvest But some lands are never fallow, and yield three harvests annu- ally ; |)articularly in Lower Eji^yj)t, where sowing- and reaping are going on incessantly, wherever the water of the river can be obtained. The rice fields are supplied with water from canals and reservoirs. There is no place in the world better furnished with corn, flesh, fish, sugar, fruils, and all sorts of gar- denstulf; and in Jjowcr Egypt oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and plantains, arc produced in great plenty. Lentils form a con.siderable article of food to the inhabitants of Upper Egypt, who rarely enjoy the luxury ofrice ; and onions, remarkably mild and of the jm- rtst while, continue to be a favourite diet among all classes. The animals of Egypt are tigers, hyenas,an1elo|)es, apes, Ulack-cattle, fine horses, large asses, cro- codiles, the hijjpopotamus, the cam^lion, the cera.stes, or horned viper, and a kind of rat called ichneumon ; eagles, hawks, pelicans, waterfowls of all kinds, and the ibi.*', which resembles a duck, and was deified by the ancient Egyptians, on account of its destroying serpents and noxious insects. The pyramids of Egypt, formerly accounted one of the seven wonders of the world, are all built on rocky and sandy plains ; the largest is 500 feet in per})endicular height, and takes uj) eleven acres of ground. IJere are also caverns, containing mummies, or embalmed dead bodies, which are found in roifins set upright in ni«^hes of Hie walls, and have continued there at E I S least 4000 ycar^. TIk- principal city is Cairo. E/iiiig-en, a town of Suabia, near which the Anstrians were defeated by the French, in 1805. It is seated on tiie Danube, 12 miles sw ofllm. Eliingen, a town of Suabia, scafed on the Neekar, opposite Kotenberg, (j miles w by s of Tubingen. Elirenhreitslein, a fortress of Gei ma- ny, in the circle of Lower llliinc, on the river Rhine, o[>posilc Coblentz. It stands on the sunniiit of a stupendoiis rock, not less than 800 leet al)ove the level of the river, and is deemed lo be impregnable. It has a communication Avith Coblentz by a snbteiraneous pas- sage, cut out of the solid rock, and i» plentifully supplied with water from a well 280 feet deep. In the vale of Eli- renbreitstein is an old palace, which be- longed to the elector of Treves. This foitress surrendered, through famine, to the French, in 1799, after a blockade of above 20 months. Ehrenfels, a fortress of Bavaria, in the duchy of Neuburg, wiiich gives name to a lordship. It is 13 miles N.v of Katisbon. Eichfcldt, a territory of Lower Sax- ony, surrounded by Brunswick, Thurin gia, and Hesse. It jModnces nnieh flax and tobacco. Heiligeustadt is the ca- pital. Eil, Loch. See Li/mJte, Loch. Eilenhurg, a town of lJpj)er Saxony, in Misnia, situate on the Mulda, 12 miles NE of Leipsick. Limeo, one of the Sociely isles, in the Pacific ocean, lying 12 miles w of Ota- lieite. The products of the two islands^ and the manners of the people, are much the same, Eimeo has steep rug- ged hills, running in difierent direelions, leaving large valleys, and gpntly rising ground about their sides. The hiils, thongli rocky, are generally covere of the same name, with a celebrated college. The duke resides in a castle within the town ; and there is anotlier on a moun- tain out of it, called AVartburg, whieli, in 1521, was for some time the as)lnm of Luther, it is seated on tin? iNcs.se, E L B at ie churclics of St. Andrew and St. Ann are the siipeih buriai-piaccs of the ancient coiuUs ulMaiisfckl. Eisleben contains many biewen.^, and derives much pro- fit from the iieijj,h!iounnt;: iron mines. It fs 28 miles nnw of Nauinburg. Lon. 11 47 F, lat. 51 32 N. E'issft'Jd, a town of Ujipcr Saxony, in Thurinj^ia, Avith a castle. It has manu- factures of indigo and vitriol, a«d stands on the Wena, near its source, 7 miles E of Hildburghausen. Ekunos, a town of Sweden, in N3'- land, on a bay in the gulf of Finland,50 miles SE of Abo. Elba, an island in tlic Mediterranean sea, between Italy and the island of Corsica, and sei)arated from Tuscany by *he channel of Pionibino. It was know a .0 the Greeks by the name of ^thalia, and to the Homans by that of Ilva. The form of llie island is very irregular, the length from k tow is about 14 miles, and the greatest breadth, which is at the w end, is between eight and nine miles; and contains a population of 13,700 souls. The whole island presents numerous mountains, separated by dieep vaUies, and some plains of considerable extent; the south-west part is the most elevated, and are composed of black and white granite, susceptible of a fine polish. Elba has been renowned for its mines of iron and loadstone, for a period beyond the reach of history. Aristotle speaks of tliein as oj)ened I'rom time immemo- rial ; it has also quarries of fine marble. On the NE part, is the mountain, or mine of iion ore, which sujiplies most of the forges of Italy. Tlie tower of Voltorajo stands on this mountain, on a shaggy rock. The view from this tower is won- derfully fine every way, as the eye over- looks the whole island, that of Corsica, many scattered islets, the channel of Pi- ombino, and a great range of continent. On the E side of the mountain, stands Ilio, a village inhabited by miners. Un- der it breaks out the only rivulet in El- oa which does not run above a mile be- fore it falls into the sea; but the water gushes out of the rock in such a,h\io- 213 E L B dance, that it turns 17 mills in that short course. The soil of Elba is very narrow, with scanty room for enltivalion, and few places level eiionfih for coi n, |>ro- ducing little more than six months pro- visions for its inhabitants ; but the island is so situated, that it caji, in spite of » blockading fleet, be always supplied with provisions, and the garrison with rein- forcements. The wine is good, if made with care and properly kept; the fruit of its standard trees are excellent, though not in great plenty ; orange and lemon trees thrive very well in the sheltered vallies and narrow pbiins near the sea. There are several springs of excellent water in the island ; and the climate is much milder than the adjacent conti- nent, for it produces many fruits and l)lants that cannot stand the Tuscan winters. Among the animals and birds, are wild boars, hedge-hogs, partridges, quails, canary-birds, nightingales, orto- lans, &c. It has no rivers ; but there are a number of rivulets. This island was held, with Piombino, by the Appi- ani, as a fief of the empire, till Charles V. thought proper to transfer it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, that he might rescue it and the adjacent eoasts from the Turks and French. Before the French revolution, it was subject to the prince of Piombino, except Porto Ferrajo, and Porlo Longone, the former belonging to the duke of Tuscany, and the latter to the king of Naples : but in 1801, the French became posgcssed of the whole island. In consequence of the late po- litical events in Europe, this island has attracted a considerable degree of in- terest, on account of Napoleon Bona- parte, emperor of the French, having chosen it for his future residence. By the treaty concluded with him in April, 1814, which was guaranteed by all the Powers of Europe, the full sovereignty of the island is vested in him, as his sole property, during the remainder of his life ; and to form a separate principality. On the 4th of May following, he landed with his suite, at Porto Ferrajo, the ca- pital of the island. Lon. IG 15 e, lat. 42 50 N. Elbfissano, a town of European Tur- key, in Albania, 45 miles se of Durazzo. Elbe, a river of G ermany, which rises in the Giant mountains between Bohe- mia and Silesia ; flows by Koningsgratz, Leutmeritz, Dresden, Dessau, Meissen, Wittemberg, Magdeburg, Hamburgh, and Gluckstadt, and enters the German ocean at Cuxhaven. It is navigable for ships to Hamburgh, which is 70 miles t'lom the sea, a course of navigation E L G leuger than Uiat of any other river in Europe Etberton, a town of the state of Geor- g;ia, chief of Elbert county, 25 miles Nw of Petersburg. Lon. 82 35 w, lat. 33 55 N. Elberton, a town of the state of Georgia, in Effingham county, seat- ed on the Ageechee, 18 miles \i of Ebenezer. Elbeuf, a town of F'rance, in the de- partment of Lower Seine. It has a ma- nufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 miles s of Rouen, and 65 nw of Paris. Elbing, a strong town of W. Prussia, in the palatinate of Marienburg, with a considerable trade in butter, cheese, and corn. It is seated on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the Frische Half, 30 miles ese of Dantzif. Lon. 19 30 E, lat. 54 18 N. Elbogen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a citadel ; seated on a mountain, by the river Egra, 10 miles NE of Egra. Elburg, a town of Holland, in Gelder- land, on the e coast of the 2uider Zee, 10 miles ne of Hardcrwick. Elclie, a town of Spain, in Valencia, - 10 miles wsw of v^licant. Elepliatita, an island on the w coast of Hindoostan, five miles from Bombay. -It contains one of the most inexplicable antiquities in the world. The figure of an elephant, of the natural size, cut coarsely in stone, appears on the land- mg-place, near the tbot of a mountain. An easy slope then leads to a subterra- nean temple, hewn out of the solid rock, 80 feet long and 40 broad, the roof sup- ported by rows of pillars ten feet high. At the further end are three gigantic figures, which were mutilated by the absurd zeal of the Portuguese, when tnis island was in their possession. Ele- phanta was ceded to the English by the Mahrattas. Eleuths, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the NW of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered, in 1759, by the emperDt of China. See Kalmucs. Elfsburg, a town of Sweden, in "West Gothland, with a strong castle near the sea, four miles sw of Gotheburg. Elgin, a borougli of Scotland, capital of'Murrayshire, and formerly the see of a bishop. Here are many large old buildings over piazzas. Its cathedral was one of the most magnificent struc- tures in Scotland ; of which its ruins are a suJTicient proof Two miles to the ne, on the banks of a lake, is the palace of ELL ie, formerly the resicience of the bishop, of which some rooms are still pretty entire. Elgin stands on the Los. sie, five miles from its port at Lossie- mouth, where there is a tolerable har- bour, whence much corn is exported. It is 38 miles ene of Inverness, and 163 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 6 w, lat. 57 37 N. Elginshire. See Miirraysliire. Elinge, a village of Hampshire, at the head of Southampton bay, 5 miles w of Southampton. Here are docks for building and repairing sliips, and store- houses for merchandise and corn, in which last it canies on a considerable trade. Elizabeth Islands, small islands near the coast of Massachusets, bearing nw of Marthas Vineyard, and belonging to Dukes county. Thoy are about 16 in number; the chief of which are Na- shawn, Pasqui, Nashawenna, Pinequese, and Chatahunk. Nashawn, the largest, supports a considerable number of cat- tle and sheep, and is famous for excel- lent cheese and wool. It is two miles from the continent, and the N point six miles wsw of Falmouth. Lon. 70 38 w lat. 41 34 N. Elizabethtoivn, a town of New Jersey, in Essex county, with a handsome p\es- byterian church, an episcopal chiirch, and an academj^ It is situate on a creek of Newark bay, 10 miles jSw of Newark, and 40 ne of Trenton. Elizabethtoivn, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Bladen county, 36 miles s by w of Fayettcville, and 48 NW of Wilming- ton. Elizahethtovm, or Hagarstotvn, a town of Maryland, chief of Washington coun- ty. It has a considerable trade with the western country, and the neighbour- hood produces the finest Oroonoko to- bacco. It is situate in a valley, 70 miles WNW of Baltimore, and 80 nnw of Wash- ington. Elkton, a town of Maryland, chief o Cecil county, with a considerable trade, particularly in wheat. It is situate at the conflux of the head branches of tli« Elk, 13 miles from its mouth in Chesa- peak bay, and 47 sw of Philadelphia. Lon. 76 20 w, lat. 39 40 N. Elleholm, a town of Sweden, in Blck- ingen, seated on the Baltic, 10 miles w of Carlcscroon. Ellesmere, a town in Sliropshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a considerable trade in malt. It has a canal from Shrewsbury, which passes hence, by Wrexham and Chester, to the estuary of, «14 ELS tfi€ Mersey. l"he town is seated on a lax^v mere, 16 miles nnw ofSliieAvsbuiy, and 178 N\v of London. E/hcfipaiir, a tow n of Hindoostan, in Berar, capital of a ciicar of the same name, snhject to the nizam of the Dec- can. It Avas fornicily the capital of Berar, and is 144 miles ne of Aurunga- bad. Lon. 78 5 E, lat. 21 12 N, Ellore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of the Circars, on the baj' of Bengal. It is 32 miles N of jMasnlipa- tam. Lon. 81 15 e, lat. 16 43 n. Elma, a town of Rnssia, in the govern- ment of Archangel, on' a river of the ame nam;, near its conflux with the Petchora, 210 miles E of Mezen. Lon. 52 35 E, lat. 65 20 n. E/nw, Fort, St. a fortress of France, in the department of Eastern P3Tenecs. It was taken bj the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next year. It stands on the river Tct, five miles n of Co- lioure. EInhogen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a territoi-y in the circle of Saatz, with a castle on a rock, by the river Egra, 38 miles wsw of Saatz. Lon. 12 50 e, lat. 50 ION. Elne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eastern Pyrenees. It suf- fered greatly in the civil wars during the reign of Lewis XI. and is eight miles s by E of Feipignan. • Elm-a, a lown of Hindoostan, in Dow- lafabad, celebrated for its pagados, cut out of the natural rock. It is 15 miles N of Auiungabad. Elphin, a town of Ireland^ in the connty of llosGommon, and the see of a bisiiop, 16 miles n of Roscommon. Elrich, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of the county of Ho- henslein. It stands on the river Zorge, 12 miles nnw of Nordhauseu. Lon. 10 43 u, lat. 51 38 n. ElshiJbnrg: See Helsinburg, Elsinore, a town of Denmark, seated on the Sound, in the isle of Zealand, It is the most commercial place in Den- Dsark, next to Copenhagen, being the residence of a considerable number of foreign merchants, and the consuls of the principal nations trading to the Bal- tic. A little to the e is the fortress of C)onborg, which guards the Sound. E\ery vessel, as it passes, pays a toil at Elsinore, in retuin for which, the crown takes the charge of constructing light- houses, and erecting signals to mark the shoals and rocks, from the Categat lo tlie entrance into the Baltic. Elsinore oas no harbour, but a good and safe road, 215 E M B and is 22 mites n of Copenhagen. Lea 12 35 E, lat. 56 N. Sec Cronborg. Ehstetli, a town of Westphalia, at the conflux of the Hunt with the Wcser, 13 miles ene of Oldenburg. Elsterwerda, a town and castle of Up- per Saxony, in Misnia, on the river El- ster, 24 miles N by w ol" Dresden. Ehhmn, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on ]\londay. Here arc the remains of a palace, in which Edward II. often resided, and his son, John of Elthara, was born : it is now in j)art converted into a farm-house, and the stately hall forms the barn. It is 8 miles s of Lon- don. Elviis, a strong frontier town of Por- tugal, in Alentejo, and a bishop's see, with a castle. Here is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough for the town for six months. The water is brought by a Moorish aqueduct, three miles in length, which, in some places, is supported by several stories of arches. On the side of it is a forest of olive-trees, three miles in length, among which are walks and fine fountains. Elvas was bombarded by the French in 1706. A royal academy for young gentlemen was founded here in 1733, It is 38 miles ene of Evora, and 118 E of Lisbon. Lon, 6 66 w, lat. 38 49 N. Elumngen, a town of Suabia, witli a castle, on a mountain ; seated on the Jaxt, 14 miles n\v of Nordlingcn. Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, and a bishop's see, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Ouse (which is navi- gable hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract, called the Isle of Ely. The spring as- sizes are held here. It is a coimty of it- self, including the teiritory around it, and has a distinct civil and criminal ju- risdiction, of which the bishop is the head. It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean place. It is 17 miles N of Cambridge, and 67 n by e of Lon- don. Lon. 9 E, lat. 62 24 n. Ely, a town of Scotland, on the se coast of Fifeshire, with a good harboui; but only little trade, 11 miles s of St, Andrew. Elze, a town of Lt.wer Saxony, m the principality of Hildesheim, seated on the Leina, 10 miles gw of Hildesheim. Emholy, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, and a Greek archbishop s see. It is the ancient Amphipolis; and is somelinu's called Christopolis. It is seated on the Stromona, 40 miles ne of Salonichi. I^on. 23 65 e, lat. 40 59 N. Embruu, a city of I'rance, in the de- partment of Upper Alps. It has a for- E N D -rcss LiiiU by l/ouiy XIV. and h seated ©ti acrjiggy rock, near the river Durance, J 7 milus !.•: of Gap. Lon. G 29 E, lat. 44 34 x. E/nden, a strong lown of WesfpliaMa, capital of E. rriesland. It has a good hai ijonr and a safe road, at the mouth of the Ems ; and considerable Jiianufac- tures of stockings, soap, leather, and cotton. Tlie greatest part of the inha- bitanl.s arc Calvinists, and there are some Lutherans, papists, and Jews, It was a free port under the protection of the United Provinces, but in 1744, tiiey sohl their right to tiie king of Prussia. It is 28 miles ene of Groningen, and 47 wnw of Oldenl>urg. Lou. 7 8 E, lat. 63 20 N. EmmeniUngen, a town of Suabia, in Erisgau, and chief town in the niarqni- sa'ie of Koclibeig, seated on the river Ens, 10 mi!es n by w of Friburg. Emmerich, a strong town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleve. It has a consi- derable trade wit!i Holland, and is seat- ed on the Rhine, 22 miles N\v of Wesel. Emuvy, or Hiainen, an island of Chi- na, lying OiVthe coast of the province of Eokien. It lias a port so extensive, that it can contain tliousands of vessels ; and so deep, that the largest ships may lie close to the shore without danger. It was formciiy much frequented by Euro- jjcan vessek ; but now all the trade is carried on at Canton. This island is particularly celebrated on account of (he magnificence of its principal pagod, de- dicated to their god Fo. Lon. 116 27 E, lat. 24 3 E. Empoli, a town of Tuscany, seated on the Aruo, 17 miles sw of Florence. Ems, a river of Westphalia, which rises in the territory ofPaderborn, and Hows, at Enidcn, into the Dollart, a bay of the German ocean. Ems, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, near which are some baths impregnated with sulphur. It is 10 miles s of Bre- gcnz. Enclunjsen, a town of N. Holland, on the Zuider Zee. It was once a nourish- ing place; but its harbour being now obslrueted by sand, it has lost its for- mer consequence. It was taken by the English in 1799. It is 27 miles ne of Amsterdam. Endeavour Strait, a strait of the S. Paeidc ocean, which separates New Ouiuea from New Holland. It received i(s name from caplaiu ( 'ot)k, who ex- plored il in 1770. Its length is 10 leagues, aiid its hreadth abolitfive, except at the "M-: cjitiance, where it is coiih acted to lOfsS thaa two miles, by the islands called {'•<\uf.() of V» elks lKlanf sheep are variously distin- guished, either for unconmion size, goodness of flesh, and plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of its parks, which are originally a foreign breed, are supe- rior in beauty of skin, and delicacy of flesh, to those of most countries. Even the S'jveral kinds of dogs have been trained to degiees of courage, strength, and sagacity, rarely to be met with else- where. The improvement in the vege- table products of this island is not less striking than in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almost all the variety of vegetable food which its woods could boa.st. To other countries, and to the eflorts of cul- ture, it is indebted f(;r corn, esculent roots, and plants, and all its garden fruits. The rivers attd seas of England are stocked with a great variety of fish, wliich yield a plcntiinl article of provi- sion to all ranks of peo[)le. The maim- factnres and cotnmerce of this country are vast, extensive, and various: in the woollen, linen, cotton, and hardware manufactures in particular, it has long maintained a pre-eminence; nor must the recent one of elegant earthenware be omitted ; and though nature has de- nied it the rich fruits of other countiies yet the manufacture, if it may be so called, of home-made wiiies, in imitation of the foreign, has been brought to an unconmion degree of perfection. 'J'hti English manufactures have been lately estimated at the annual value of 63,000,0001. ; and supposed to employ 1,585,000 people; of which sum the woollen manufacture is stated to pro- duce about 15,000.0001; the leather 10,000,0001; the iron, tin, and lead, 10,000,0001 ; and the cotton 9,000,0001. The government of England is a limited monarchy ; the legislative power resid- ing in the king, lords, and commons; and the executive in the king, the great ofticers of state, the judges, and the iu- fi-uoif gradations of magistracy. The E N G army, during the late war, was supposfed to exceed 170,000, with 30,000 t'eiici- bles, and 80,000 militia But the great rampart and supreme glory of England consist in her Navj', which in size, strength, and number of ships, far ex- ceeds any thing on record in the history of the world. This, indeed, must be apparent to everyone who examines the list of ships and vessels into which the British naval force is divided, according to one of which, at the conclusion of the war, there were 256 ships of the line, 39 of 40 from to 50 gnus. 257 frigates, 16 tire-ships, 219 brigs, 33 cutters, 103 schooners or luggers, and making a to- tal of 1113 ships and vessels of war, ex- clusive of the hired armed vessels,which are chiefly employed, in protecting the coasting trade. From this immense fleet, the number of seamen amounts to 120,000, a number which no other coun- try, ancient or modern, could have sup- pHed. The civil divisiou of the country is into six circuits, and 40 counties: these last are subdivided into wapen- takes or hundreds, and parishes. In each of the circuits, for the most part, two of the judges administer justice twice a year. They are, 1. The Home Circuit, which contains the counties of Hertford, Essex, Kent, Su)ry, and Sus- sex. 2. The Norfolk, containing Buck- ingham, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cam- bridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk. 3. The Oxford, containing Oxford, Berks, Glou- cester, Worcester, Monmouth, Here- ford, Salop, and Stafford. 4. The Mid- land, containing Warwick, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, Lincoln, Rutland, and Northampton. 5. The Northern, containing York, Durham, Northum- berland, Lancaster, AVcstmoreland, and Cumberland. 6. The Western, con- taining Hants, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. Two other coun- ties, Middlesex and Chester, are not in- eluded in any circuit. The established religion, as contained in the Articles of the Church of England, is Calvinism ; but these articles are interpreted, by the clergy in general, according to the more Jiberal principles of Arminius ; and all other religions are tolerated. The ec- clesiastical division of England is into iwo archbishoprics, called the provinces of Canterbury and York. That of Can- terbury contains the dioceses of London, Winchester, Bath and Wells, Bristol, Chichester, Ely, Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Litchfield and Coventry, Lin- coln, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Salisbury, and Worcester, beside the four Welsh bishoprics of St. E N N David, Bangor, Landaff, and St. Asaph^ The province of York contains the dio- ceses of Durham, Chester, and Carlisle, and that of Sodor and Man. Every pre- late of the sees enumerated, that of Sodor and Man excepted, has a seat in the house of lords. London is the ca- pita], and the metropolis also of the whole British empire. England, New, a country of North America, bounded on the n by Canada, E by New Brunswick and the Atlantic, s by that ocean, and w by New Y'ork. It is the most populous part of the Uni- ted States, and the inhabitants are most- ly descended from the natives of Eng- land. It contains the states of Ver- mont, New Hampshire, Massachusets, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Enkioping, a town of Sweden, in Up- land, on the N side of Lake Maeler, 21 miles sw of Upsal. Enner dale-water, a lake in Cumber- land, seven miles e of Whitehaven. It is two miles and a half in length, and nearly three quarters of a mile in breadth ; surrounded, except at the w end, with wild and craggy heights, which are almost impassable. It aflords a variety of mountain, sylvan, and j)astoral scenes. The river Eden luas through it. Ennis, or Clare, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Clare. It is large and populous, has a considerable trade, and stands on the Fergus, which is navigable for large boats from the Shannon. About two miles from it is also a small village called Clare. FInuis is 20 miles Nw of Limerick, and 112 sw of DubUn. Lon. 9 22 w, lat. 6? 44 N. Enniscorthy, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, with a manu- facture of coarse woollen cloth, and some iron-works. It is situate on the Slaney, close under Vinegar-hill, 10 miles N of Wexford, and 27 ne of Wa- terford. Enniskillen, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Fermanagh, It is seated on an island in Lough Erne, where that lake is contracted for abotit six miles to the width of an ordinary ri- ver, and has a strong fort, it being a pass of great importance between the N and s of Ireland. In 1595, it made an obstinate defence against the army of queen Elisabeth, and again in 1680, against James 11. It is 80 miles nw of Dublin. Lon. 6 50 w, lat. 54 25 N, Etmisteage, a borough oi" Ireland, ii* the county of Kilkenny, seated on ike Noire, 13 miles se of Kilkenny. 218 E P H Eno, or JEnos, a town of Euroiican Turkey, in Romania, and a Greek arch- bishop's see ; seated near a |g:nlf of the Archipelago, at the influx of the Ma- rissa, 90 miles s bv w of Adrianople. Lon, 26 15 E, lat. 40 46 N. Ens, a town of Austria, on a river of the same name, at its conflux with the Danube, 12 miles ese of Lintz. Entene, a iowii of Egjpt, on the e side of the Nile. Here are considerable ruins of the ancient Antinoe. It is 120 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 30 54 e, lat. 28 5 V EnsisJieim, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, 10 miles s of Colmar. EmJiirken, a town of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 15 miles sw of Cologne. Enstojf, a town of the palatinate of Bavaria, 22 miles x of Ratisbon. Entlibnch, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucern, 14 miles wsw of Lucern. Entre Douero e 3IinIio, a province of Portugal, lying on the seacoast be- tween the rivers Douero and Minho, and bounded on the e by Tra los Mon- ies. It is very populous, and distin- gnislied by its well-conducted agricul- ture. Braga is the capital. Entzerstoij', a town of Austria, with a castle surrounded by walls and ditches, on the left bank of the Danube, 10 miles ESE of Vienna. Eperies, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of the county of Saros, celebra- ted for its mines of salt. It is seated on the Tatza, 20 miles ne of Cassovia. Lon. 21 13 E, lat. 48 50 N. Epemay, a town of France, in the department of Marne. It v, as taken by Henry IV. in 1592, when marshal Biron sf as killed while the king's hand was on liis shoulder. The wines produced in its neighbourhood are excellent. It is 17 miles Nvv of Chalons. Epemon, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, 15 miles NNE of Chartrcs. Ephesus, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, anciently one of the most splendid cities of Asia Minor, and the most frequented emporium of that con- tinent. Of its formcir splendour there is nothing to be seen but heaps of marble, overturned walls, columns, ca- pitals, and pieces of statues. The for- tress, Avhich is upon an eminence, seems to have been the work of the Greek em- perors ; and also the aqueduct, part of ■••ft'hich is yet standing, supported bypil- 21i» ERE lars of fine marble. The eastern gate has tlirce basso-relievos, taken from some ancient monuments : that in tlie middle was constructed by the Romans. The most remarkable structure was the Temple of Diana, deemed one of the seven wonders of the work!, and which the primitive Cluistians had converted into a church ; but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is not easy to find the groundplot. Ephesus is seated near the mouth of the Cayster, which for- merly afforded a good harbour for ships, but is now almost choaked up with sand. The present inhabitants are only Greek peasants, who live in extreme wretchedness and insensibility. It is 30 miles sse of Smyrna. Lon. 27 S2 E, lat. 38 8 N. Ephrata, or Tmiherstown, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, and the principal settlement of a sect called Tunkers [Dippers], m^o are of Ger- man extraction, and first appeared in America in 1719. It is 22 miles n of Lancaster. Epiez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loirct, 18 miles w by n of Orleans. Epinal, a town of France, capital of the department of Vosges. It is famous for its paper-mills, and seated on the river Moselle, near the mountains of the Vosges, 35 miles SE of Nancy. Lon, 6 31 E, lat. 48 8 N, Epping, a town in Essex, M'ith a mar- ket on FridaJ^ It is famous for excel- lent butter, and seated at the N end of a forest of the same name, 17 miles nne of London. Eppiiigen, a town of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, . seated on the Elsats, 20 miles ene of Philips- burg. Epsom, a town in Surry, which has, from the number of opulent people residing in and near it, a daily market. It is celebrated for its mineral waters and salts ; and on its neighbouring downs are annual horseraces. It is 15 miles ssw of London. Epworth, a town in Lincolnshire, in the isle of Axhoiro, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of sacking. John Wesley, the founder of the Ar- menian sect of methodists, was born here. It is 11 miles N of Gainsborough, and 160 nnw of London. Erhach, a town of Franconia, capi- tal of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is 22 miles w by s of Wer- theim, and 35 sse of Frankfort. Erekli, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, ua Natolia, on a bay of the Blac^ sc« E R I 140 miles tNE of Ijur.^a. Lou. 32 S'j E, lat. 40 50 N. Ei-eldi, aiscicnily Hciaclra, a lown of Em opeasi Turkey, in Romania, in wliitli aiG .A\ a castle, on the lake of Biel, 10 miles sw of Bid. Erlangen, a town of Franeonia, with a university and a palace. It is divided into the old and new town; and t!ie latter is one of tlie handsomest towns ill Germany. The principal manufac- tures are hats, gloves, and stockinjjs. It is seated on the Kegnitz, 12 miles N of Nuremberg. Lon. 11 2 li, lat 49 -3B N. 220 ESC Enie, a river of S^•o^alld,^vIlicIJ issues Voiu a lake of the same nainf, in Perlli- sliiie, Hows liy Cricll, and joins ihc 'i ay, a little bclo'.v Abcnietliy. Erne, a livt-r of Irtiam), Avhith issues fiuui a small lake on the n border of the county of Lou';ford, ilows n througli that of Cavan, and nw through Fer- managh into Donegal bay. In tlic lat- ter county it forms a lake, called Lough Erue, oO miles in length, containing several islands; and on one in the mid- dle part, where the lake is very narrow, stands the town of Enniskillen. Eniee, a town of France, in the de- partment of JVIayenne, on a river of the same name, 15 miles nnw of Lav,! I. JEroilu, or Eroad, a town of Uindoo- stan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a Urge mud fort. Much coarse cotton cloth is made here and in the vicinity. It is seated on a canal from the Bhawani, and near the Cavery, y miles s of Bhawanikudal. Erromango, one of the New He- brides in the Pacific ocean, 70 miles in circumference, with low shores. (Jn the w side is a promontory that sepa- rates two bays, and cajjtain Cook, tioiu the treacherous beliaviour of the inha- bitants, named it 'i'raitors'liead. Lon. 169 19 E, lat. IS 47 s. Ei-vy, a tow n of France, in the de- partment of Aube, 17 miles s by w of Troyes. Ei-zenim, the capital of Turkish Ar- menia, with Armenian and Greek epis- copal sees. It is surrounded by d(iuble walls, defended by square towers, and estimated to contain 25,000 inhabitants. The 'I'urks are all jairisaries ; but most of them are tradesmen, and receive no pay. The Armenians have two churches, the Greeks but one , tiie latter are mostly brasicrs, and live in tlie suburbs. A great trade is carrie«l on in furs, Per- sian silks, cottons, calicos, and drugs. This city is a Ihoroiigidaie, and a rest- ing place, for the cara\ ans to the East Indies. It is situate between tlie two sources of the Euphrates, at the foot of a chain of mountains, 104 miles se of Trebisond. Lon. 41 .36 e, lat. 39 57 N. Escalana, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 14 miles nne of Sagovia. Escalana, a town of Spam, in New Caslilc, surrounded by vi alls, it is situ- ate on an eminence, in a fertile countrj', near the Albrcche, 20 miles nw of To- ledo, and 32 sw of Madrid. Esc/iweg-en, a town and castle of Ger- many, in ihe landgravate of Hesse Cas- 8el, seated on the VVeiia, 25 miles i.sE of Cj;6sel. 22 i F. S K Esan-iai, a village of Spaiai, in New Castile, seated on the Guan of two streams called North and South Esk. They almost encircle tiie townof Dalkeith, passing on each side of the eminence on which it stands, and unite a little below the town Tiie river en- ters the frith of Forth, at IVlusselburg. Esk, Nurth and South, two rivers of Scotland, in Angiisshire, which descend from the hills called the Braes of An- gus. The former divides the county from Kincardineshire for several miles, and reaches the ocean, a little to the n of Moulrose : the latter, after tiaversing the whole breadth of the county, enters the bay on the w of the same town. Eskisltehr, a town of Asiatic Tur- key, ia Natolia, on the river Sakaria, SO ESQ nsiles ese of Bursa. Lon. 31 18 e, lat. SO 48 N. Esue, Asna, or Esiiay, a town of Egypt, supposed to be the ancient La- topolis. Here is an ancient temple,with walls on tlircc sides, and in the front 24 columns, well preserved: within it are three stories of hieroglypliics, of men about tlrree feet high ; and the ceiling is adorned with animals, painted in beautiful colours. On the n side of the two is another temple ; richly carved with hieroglyphics and crocodiles, ixc. and a mile to tlie s is tlie monastery of St. Helen, which contains many magni- ficent tombs. Esnc stands on the Nile, 300 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 31 40 E, lat. 24 46 N. Esopus. See Kingston. Espidion, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14 miles nne of Rhodcz. Esposenda, a seaport of Portugal, in Entre Doucro e Minho, at the mouth of the Cavado, 22 miles N of Oporto. Lon. 8 21 w, lat. 41 32 N. Esquimaux, a people of North Ame- rica, chiefly inhabiting Labrador. They have no fixed abode, but rove from place to place, and sometimes come as far as Newfoundland. They are of a different race from the other native Americans ; for the other tribes have no beards, but these have them so thick and large, that it is difficult to discover any feature of their faces : they are likewise the only savages that eat tlieir food in a raw state. They are of a middling- stature, generally robust, lusty, and of a brown colour. Their head is large, and their face round and flat ; they have thick lips, a flat nose, long black hair, large shoulders, and uucommonly small feet. They are always well clothed, for there is nothing to be seen but part of their faces and their hands. They have a sort of shirtj made of the guts of fish, with a coat of bear or bird skins, and a cap on their head. The}' have likewise breeches made of skins, with the hair within, and covered with furs without ; also two pair of boots, one over another, of the same sort of skins. In summer, they have nothing to cover them in the night ; and in winter, the} lodge in tents made of liides, or in caves. The dress of the women is nearly the same as that of the men. They are very supersti- tious, and have some sort of sacrifices : they acknowledge two invisible essen- ces ; the one, as the origin of good ; the other, to whom they pay the most hom- age, as the origin of every species of evil. Their cliief employment is hunting a«i'i E b S fishing, They are very covetous ; au pay so little regard to private properly as to take every advantage of bodily, strength to rob tlieir neighbours, not only of their goods, but their wives. In other respects they are the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be found on the borders of Hudson bay ; for let their affronts and losses be ever so great, they never seek any other revenge than that of wrestling, which consists in hauling each other about by the hair of the head ; they ai e seldom known either to strike or kick each other. As for murder, which is so common among all the tribes of southern Indians, it is sel doni heard of among them. A mur- derer is shunned and detested by all the tribe, and is forsaken even by his rela- tions and former friends. The women perform the most laborious offices ; they pitch the tents, carry or haul burdens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the victuals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the wives and daughters are never served, till all the males ha^e taken what they think proper. Esquimaux Hay, a bay on the s coast of Labrador. Lou. 57 50 w, lat. 51 30 N, Esquimaux Islands, a cluster of small I islands in the gulf of St. Lawrence, near the s coast of Labradou. Essek, or Eszek, a trading town of Sclavonia, with a strong castle. It has a wooden bridge over the Drave and the marshes, 8 miles in length and 80 feet in breadth, with towers at a quarter of a mile distant from each other. It is a difficult pass, and several battles have been fought here between the Turks and Germans. Essek was taken from the I'urks in 1687, since which time it has continued ill the hands of the house of Austria. It is seated on the river Drave, 100 miles WNW of Belgrade, and 136 s of Buda Lon. 19 16 E, lat. 45 30 N. Essen, a town of Westphaha, in the duchy of Eerg. Here are several ca- thoUc churches and convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans. It is eight miles e of Duysburg. Essens, a town of Westphalia, in East Friesland, near the German ocean, 20 miles NNE of Emden. Essequebo, See Issequibo. Essex, a county of England, 54 miles long and 48 broad ; bounded on the N by Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, e by the Germaii ocean, & by Kent, and w by Hertfordshire and Middlesex. It contains 1,240,000 acres; is divided into 19 hundreds, and 415 pailshes; has 27 222 EST market towns ; and sends eight mem- bers to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 252,473. It possesses a variety of soil and face of country. The sw part is occupied principally by the two forests of Epping and Hainaiilt ; and is noted for its butter, which takes the name of Epping butter. The N\v part, from Saflron- Walden to Cambridge, is famous for fiie growth of saffron ; and for a kind of triple crop of coriander, canaway, and teazle, which are all sown together, but come to maturity at differeut pe- riods. The middle part is a fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities ef surface, and sprinkled with woods. The part bordering on the Thames and the sea consists chiefly of marsliy grounds, which afford excellent pastur- age, yet aiG deemed unwJiolesome and aguish. The principal rivers ai'e the Thames, Blackwater, Coin, Chelmer, Stcur, Crouch, and Roding. Beside vast quantities of corn of all kinds, abundance of calves are sent to the London market ; also wild fowls and oysters. The chief manufacture is baize and stuflFs. Chelmsford is the county tomi. Esslingai, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg. Here are several convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans. It has three ex- tensive suburbs, and its district yields ^ood Neckar wine. It is seated on the Neokar, 8 miles SE of Stutgard. Estain, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse, 12 miles ene of Verdun. Estakar, a town of Persia, in Farsis tan, capital of a district of the same name. Near it are the magnificent ruins of ancien. ^ersepolis. It is 50 miles NE of Shiras. Lon. 63 40 E, lat. 30 5n. Estavayer, a town and baliwic of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle ; seated on the lake of Neufchatel, 13 miles w of Fviburg. Estella, an episcopal town of Spain, in Navane, with a castle and a univer- sity ; seated on the Ega 15 miles w of Pamplona. Lon. 2 2 vv, lat. 42 38 N. Estepa, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with an ancient castle on a moun- tain, 18 miles s of Ecija, and 58 e of Seville. Ettepmia, a town of Spain, in Grana- da, near the coast, 20 miles wsw of Marbella. Esterabcd. See Asterabad. Esthonia, or Revel, a goverjiraent of the Kiissifui eiripTiP, bounded on the w 223 ETA by the Baltic, N by the gulf of Finland, t by Ingiia, and s by Livonia. After having been long an object of bloody contention between the Russians, Poles, and Swedes, it was confirmed to the lat- ter by the peace of Oliva in 1660 ; but it was subdued by Peter the great iu 1710, and finally ceded to Russia in 1721. Revel is the capital. Esthivaite-ivater, a lake in Lancashire between Hawkshead and Windermere- water. It is two miles and a half long, and half a mile broad, intersected by a peninsula from each side, jutting far into the lake. On the banks are vil- lages and scattered houses, pleasantly situate luider woods, and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all height- ened by the strong background of rocky mountains. No char is found in this lake, though it is connected with Win- dermcre-water. Estremadura, a province of Spain, 175 miles long and 100 broad ; bound- ed on the N by Leon, e by Old and New Castile, s by Andalusia, and w by Portugal. It abounds with corn, wine, and frnits ; but the air is bad for fo- reigners, on account of the excessive heat. Cattle and fine wool are the chief articles of trade ; and great herds of black swine are fed on the hills, which are covered with oaks. Badajoz is the capital. Estremadura, a province of Portugal, 150 miles long and from 25 to 75 broad ; bounded on the N by Beira, e and s by Alentejo, and w by the Atlantic Ocean. It abounds with excellent wine, oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oranges were first planted that were brought from China, and which arc known by the name of China oranges. Lisbon is the capital. Estremoz, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, and one of the strongest in the kingdom, being surrounded by ten bastions. An earthen ware is made here, greatly esteemed for its beauty and fine smell ; and in the vicinity are quarries of beautiful marble. It is 18 miles w of Elvas, and 100 E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 38 47 N. Eszek, or Eszeg. See Esseh. Etampes, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, seated on the river Loet or Etampes, 15 miles E of Chartres. Staples, a town of France, in tiie department of Pas de Calais, situate on the English channel, near the mouth of the river Canche, 13 miles s of Bou- 'ogne. Etaija, a town of Hmdoostan, in the E IT j/irovmre of Agra, situate on t]ie left bank of the .Innina, which is heifi 60 feet liigli. Oi! ilie toi>, near the liver, are Ihe remains o!" a fort. It is 62 miles SE of Agra. Lou. 79 16 E, lat. 26 45 N. Etlnopia, a name Ijy which a vast re- gion of Africa has been distinguished by some geographers, who have divided it inlo Upper and Lower Ethiopia. The first includes Nnbia, Abyssinia, and part of Guinea; the second all the t'Gunlries s of the equinoctial line, as (.ongo, Mouumugi, Monomotapa, &c. Etienne, St. a town of France, in the rteparlment of Loire. Beside the ma- nufactures of arms, hardware, and cut- lery (the most considerable in Trance) the weaving of ribbands^ forms a consi- flerable article of commerce. Coal is found in the neighbourhood, and also a soft stone fit for grindstones. It is 20 miles sii of Montbrison, and 32 s\v of Lyon. Lon, 4 24 e, lat. 45 25 N. Etive, Loch, a navigable inlet of the sea, on the w coast of Scotland, in Ar- g-yleshirc. It is 20 miles in length, but of very unequal breadth ; and its banks are indented with creeks, which aii'ord safe anchorage. About seven miles from the entrance it contracts into a narrow channel, called Connel, wlicre a ridge of rocks occasion, at particular times of the tide, a violent current. About two miles below is the ancient castle of Dunstaffnage. E' a. See JEtna. Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, seated on the Thames, over which is a bridge to Windsor. It is famous for a school and college, founded by Henry VI. ; and Kings college in Cambridge admits no other students for fellows but what have been brought up here. It is 22 nnies w of London. Etruria, a village in Stallbrdshire, near Newcastle. It is the principal seat of the potteries in this county, and here the most elegant vases and other articles are made. Josiah Wedgewood was the founder, who died here in 1795. Ettenlieim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Baden. Near it is the Bene- dictine convent of Ettennmnster. It is 15 miles N of Triburg. Ettlingen, a town of Snabia, in the du(-hy of Baden, on the river Albo, four miles ssw of Duilach. JSji, a town of Trance, in the depart- ment of liOwer Seines with a strong castle, and a harbour for small vessels lit Trci»ort. The principal trade is i>^ E V O serges mid lace. It is seated on the ri- ver Ercsle, near the English channel, 15 miles NE of Dieppe. Evansliam. a townof Virgisiia, chief of Wythe county, situalc Oii Kcedy creek, which runs into the Kanhaway, 210 miles M'sw of Richmond. Lon. 81 20 w, lat. 36 66 N. Evaux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creuse, near which is a mineral spring and baths. It is 25 miles E of Gucret. Everdiiig. See Efferding. Everfeld, a town of Wc.stjilialia, in t!ic duchy of Berg, near the ii\er Wip- per, 18 miles E of Dusscldorf. Evcrsherg, a town and castle of the duchy of Westphalia, on a mountain near the river Koer, 10 miles vvsw of Brilion. Eve-nham, a borough in ^^'^orcester- sliire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Monday, and a niauulacture of stockings. Here arc three churches, and it had formerly an abbey, of which some remains are still visible. A rc- maikabie battle was fought here in 12G5, between prince jj]d\\ard, after- ward Edward I., and Simon do Mont- ford, earl of Leicester, in which the earl and most of his adherents were slain. Evesham is seated in a fertile vale, on a gradual ascent from the Ave::, ^4 miles SE of Worcester, and 100 nw ot Lon- don. Enfemia, St. a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore, on a gulf of tiie Medi- terranean, to which it gives names, 27 miles s by e of Cosenza. Evian, a town of the territory of Ge- neva, resorted to in the summer for its mineral waters; seated on the s side of the lake of Geneva, 22 miles ne of Ge- neva. Enle, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Kauraim, with a gold mine, 11 miles s by E of Prague. Evoli, a town of Najdes, in Princi- pato Citcriore, 15 miles ese of Salerno. Evora, a fortified city of Portugal, capital of Alentejo, and a bishoji's see, with a university. Some remains of the ancient Roman Avail are visible; part of a temple of Diana, of which there are seven entire pillars standing, is now converted into butciicrs' slian^ bles ; and the famous aquedtict built by Scrlorius still conveys a noble stieam of water to the city. Evora is seated in a jdeasant country, surrounded on all sides by mountains, 65 miles e by s of Lisbon. Lon. 7 50 w, lat. 38 28 N. Eiioramonte, a town of Portugal, in Alentdo, situate on a rock, eight miles 224 ^■J^i. /^£ In iSa. -ii<^l iD ■>'^" ^/ a^ \AX i.i-i » ir^o 'M/'^ RH-F^ T«f» 1 '^ "^-^/I^^ v.l>^ tank- fJiiA xw<^ 9^^ ^1 '^ifr-.f ^'■"..r/a *<»* ""fttinii ^'«. ~^jCf^%%<; -gSP v3 ^ ^-fe^^ / ^:/ Ojf Gai^. T-z -^- ' Or ^^ngjfistj/ fe omLonAoi i ^ Lonygaa t .?/ from London jt G.of Sidra A UMOPE rJiOM THE SSST a \j, AUTttORITIE S EUR ^sw (if Rsticmoz, ami 23 nnk of En-ho. or Pircioiis-iTVcr, a river of China, in Pc-lche-li, \vlm;li flows ne into Ihe Pei-ho, at Tien-sing. Much grain is convoyed by t1)is river for Pe- king, and it is also rmportaiit for its connection with the N extremity of the Crand canal. Eupatoria, or Koslof, a town of Rus- sia, in tlie government of Tanrida, situ- ate on the w side of a salt lake, and near the Black sea, €8 miles s by w of Pre- cop. Lon. 33 16 e, lat. 45 12 N. I Eupen. See Oepen. I Euplnntes, the })rinci})al rircrof l"Sir- key in Asia, Avhicii has its rise near Er- zerum, in Armenia, from two sourees that lie to the eastward, on iiigh nroun- lains ccnered with snow almost the year Foiind. The j>fain of Erzerum is inclo- sed between these two line sti earns, which, when united, arc called the Eu- phrates, or the Prat. After this junction, it begins to be navigable for boats; but lie channel is so rocky, that the naviga- tion is not safe. It first divides Arme- nia fiom Natolia, then Syria from Diar- beck; after whicii it runs through Irak- Arabi, and receives the Tigris on the confines of tlie Persian province of Ku- sistan ; it then flows l)y Bassora, and 35 miles bck)w entei-s the gnJf of Persia. It is also the ne bouadary of the great de- sert of Arabia. Eure, a department of France, whicli includes part of the late province of N'Ormandj'. It is so named from a river, which rises i« the forest of Logny, in the dcpaitment of Euie and Loir, and cros- ses this department to its conflux with the Seine, above Pont d'Arche. Evreux IS the capitaL Enre and Loir, a department of France, so called from two rivers by which it is watered. It contains the late province of Beauce, antl its capital is Chartres. Evreux, a town of France, capital of ikw department of Eure, and a bishop's see. Tlte cathedral is a handsome struc- ture. The trade consists in corn, linen, and woollen cloth ; and it has manufac- tures of cotton velvets and tick. It is seated on the Iton,25 miles s of Roueji, and 65 Nw of Paris. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 40 2n. EUROPE, one of the four grand di- visions of the world ; bounded on the V by the Frozen ocean, e by Asia, s by the Mediterranean sea, and w by the Atlantic ocean. From Cape St. Vincent to the mouth of tlic Cana, it is near 3,400 miles in lougth ; and liom Ca^ie 225 EUR Mafflpan in the IMorea to iha Norfli Cape in La])Iand, above 2,300 in brcMdUf It is entirely Mitliin the temporate zone, f^xeept a small part of Norway and Rus- sia; so that there is neither the exces- sive heat, uor the iiisu])portablc cold, of the other j)arfs of the eoiitinent. It is nnich more populous, and better culti- vated, tiian citlier Asia or Africa ; is ful- ler of villages, towns, and cities ; and the buildings are stronger, more elegant and commodious. The inhabitants, es- timated at 150 millions, art all M'hites, and for the most part nuiel) better made tlian the Africans, or even the Asiatics. Although Euro]* is the smallest quarter of the world in number of scpiare miles, yet it may be considered as tlie princi- pal in everything relating to man in so- ciety ; mildness of air, fertility of soil, wiience are prodiicjcd all the necessaries, and nK)st of the luxuries of life ; for the beautj', strength, courage, and Avisdoni of its inhabitants; the excellence of its government, laws, and religion. In arts and sciences, wliich had their birth in in Asia and Africa, the Europeans have long excelled; besides the invention anj imj)iovenient of numberless useful and ingenious arts, particxdarly that of navi- gation, on which the intercourse with foreign nations and all the advantages of commerce depend, may be entirely ascribed to their ingenuity and industr}^ Europe contains Norway, Hweden, Den- mark, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Gejniany, Prussia, Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Switzerland, and part of Russia and Turkey, beside; se- veral islands in the Mediterranean, and other seas. The huiguages are the Ita- lian, French, Sj)anish, and Portuguese, which are- dialects of the Latin ; the German, Flemisii, Dutch, Swedisli, Da- nish, and English, derived from tiie old Teutonic ; the Sclavonian, which pre- vails, mixed with otiiers, in Poland, Russia, Bohemia, and a great part of Turkey; the Celtic, of wliich there are dialects in Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Brclagne in France, Biscay in Spain, and Lapland ; the mo- dern Greek, and several others. The principal rivers aie, the Danube, Dnie- ster, Dnieper, Vistula, Volga, Dwina, Bog, Don, Scheldt, Rhine, Ibllbe, Oder, Po, Rhone, S^ine, Loire, Garonne, Douero, Tagua, Ebro, Thames, and Se- vern. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Gf nova, Lausanue,Wenner, Ladogo, and Onega. The chief moun- tains are the Alps, Appennines, and Py- renees. The prevailing religion is the '^Ihiistian, divided into the Greek, U«k Q EXE niisli, aiid prolestant churches. There aie also Jews in every country, and JVIahomelanism is the established reli- gion of the Turks, EurviUe a town of France, in the department of tTpper Marne, five miles SE ef St. Dizier. Eusldrchen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 23 miles sE of Juliers. JEustatia, St. one of the least of the Leeward Islands, in the W. Indies, 10 miles NW of St. Christopher. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf, whose top is hollow, yet for its size, it is the mostYaluable of all the Caribbees. Tobacco is cultivated on its sides, to the very summit ; and hogs, kids, rabbits, and all kinds of poultry are in great abundance. It has a town of the same name, with a good fort. It was taken by the English, in 1781, but soon after retaken by the French, and restored to the Dutch, in 1783. Lon. 63 10 w, lat. 17 29 N. Eidam, a small island of the W. In- dies, near the e coast of Porto Rico. Lon. 64 41 w, lat. 18 18 N. Entin, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, near the side of a lake, 20 miles NNW of Lubec, Euzet, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Gard, and chief place of a canton, in the district of Uzes, nine miles wNvv of Uzes. Ewell, a town in Surry, with a mar- ket on Thursday, six miles w of Croy- don, and 13 ssw of London. Ex, a river which rises in the forest of Exmoor, in Sonieisetshire, and leav- ing that county, below Dulverton, runs through Devonshire, by Tiverton, Exe- ter, and Topsham, whence it forms an estuary to the English channel, at Ex- mouth. Exeter, a city and the capital of De- vonshire, on the river Ex, with a market on Wednesday and Friday. It was for- merly the seat of the W. Saxon kings, who resided in the castle, called Rouge- mont, from the colour of the hill on which it is built. It was encompassed by walls, and had four gates, two of which are now pulled down. With its •suburbs it contains 19 cburches, beside the cathedral, which is a magnificent fabric. It is governed by a mayor, has 13 companies of tradesmen, and in 1811, contained 18,896 inhabitants. Ships of burden formerly came up lo the city ; but its port is now at Topsham, 5 miles below, whence there is a canal by whieh vessels of 150 tons come up to a good quay, formed near the city walls. It has E Y L a considerable manufacture of series and other woollen goods, a larjxe cotton manufacture, and an extensive foreign and domestic commerce. It is 78 miles sw of Bristol, and 172 w by s of London. Lon. 3 34 w, lat. 50 44 N. Exeter, a town of New Hampshire, in Rockingham county, with a good har- bour, on Exeter river, a branch of the Piscataqua. It has several manufac- tures, and the saddlery business is car- ried on to a great extent. Some vessels are built here, t!ie river being capable of floating down those of 500 tons. The public edifices are two congiegational churches, a celebrated academy, and a court-house. It is 15 miles sw of Ports- mouth, and 54 N of Boston, Exeter, a town of N. Carolina, in New Hanover county, on the ne branch of Cape Fear river, 30 miles n of Wil- mington. Exidenil, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, 20 miles ne of Perigueux, and 32 s of Limoges. Exilles, a strong town of Piedmont, with a fortified castle on a mountain, which guards one of the passes into the coxmtry. It is seated on the river Doire, 37 miles WNW of Turin. Exmouth, a village in Devonshire, on the E side of the mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles sse of Exeter. It is much fre- quented for the benefit of sea-bathing. Eyhenscliitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Znaim, on the river Ollawa, 12 miles sw of Brunn. Eyder, a river and canal that sepa- rates Germany from Denmark. The river rises in Holstein, and flows w by Rcndsburg, Fredericstadt, and Tonnin- gen into the German ocean. The canal passes E from Rendsburg to a bay of the Baltic, a little N of Kiel. These jointly afford a safe inland navigation across the countr}', between the Baltic sea and German ocean. Eye, a borough in Suffolk, with market on Saturday. Here are the ruins of a castle and a Benedictine abbey. The women are employed in making bonelace. It is 20 miles N of Ipswich, and 89 NE of London. Eyemouth, a town of Scotland, in Ber- wickshire, with a harbour for vessels of small burden, and a trade iu corn and meal. It is seated at the month of the E3'e, 8 miles N by w off Berwick. Eylan, Dutch, a town ot Prussia, in the province of Oberland, at the s end of a lake, 47 miles e by N of Culm, and 90 psw of Konigsberg. Eylan, Prussian, a town of Prussia, in the province of Natangcn. On Febru- 226 F A I nry 8, IS07, a most bloody battle wns foHijht here between llic I'reneh and Ifussians, \vIuoIi teriniiiatcd in favour of tJie former. It is 24 miles s by e ofKo- liigsberir. Eiimoiitiers, a town of France, in tlie department of Upper Yienne, with a considerable trade in skins, leathei-, and ras^s ; seated on the Vienne, 20 miles n of Limo2:es. Ei/ndhovai, a to\ni ot Dnieh Brabant, at tlie conflux of the Eynds with the Domme'l, 13 miles se of Bois le Due. Eyicanowitz, a town of JMoravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 23 miles ssw of OInuitz. Ezagen, a rich and ancient town in the kingdom of Fez, 60 miles s of Te- tuan. Ezel, an island of Russia, in the Bal- tic sea, of a triangular form, about eight miles in circumference. Lon. 40 e, lat. 58 20 N. Ezy, a town of France, in the depart- ment of tlie Eure, 15 miles se of Ev- xeux Faah&rg, a seaport town of Denmark, on the s coast of the island of Funen, in a flat but fertile countiy. The principal trade is in provisions. It is 17 miles s of Oldensee. Lon. 10 16 e, lat. 65 12 N. Fahriano, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona, famous for its ex- cellent paper. It is 25 miles ne of Fo- ligno. Faenz, a city of Italy, in Romagna, and a bishop's see, with an old fortress. The cathedral stands in the great square, and has a steeple five stories high, with balustrades. In 1796, it was taken by the French ; and afterw ard taken by the troops of the pope. In 1797, the pope's t» oops were defeated and expelled. Fa- enza is famous for fine earthenware. It is seated on the Amona, 20 miles wsw of Ravenna. FaJihm, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalecarlia. Near it is a large copper- mine, deemed the most ancient in Eu- rope ; also a manufacture of green and blue vitriol. It is situate in the midst of rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and Warpen, 110 miles nw of Stockholm. Lon. 15 50 w, lat. 60 40 n. Faifo, a town of CocLinchina, and a place of great trade ; situate on a river that flows into the bay of Turon, 30 miles SE of Turon. Fairfald, a seaport of Connecticut, 227 F A L chief town of a county of tlie same name. It was burnt by a party of to- ries and British in 1777. It is situate on Mill Run, near its entrance into Long Island sound, 64 miles NE of New York. Lon. 73 30 w, lat. 41 12 N. FairfiehU a village in Lancashire, 4 miles E of Manchester. It is a settle- ment of the sect of Moravians, who have a large chapel, with an organ, &jc. The men prosecute various branches of the cotton business, and the women execute tambour and fine ncedlev/ork. Fairford, a town of Gloucestershire, with a market on I'hursday. The clnnch was founded in 1493, by John Tame, a merchant of London, purpose- ly for the reception of some glass, taken by one of his vessels, in a ship going to Rome : it has 28 windows, beautifully painted with subjects chiefly scri))tural, designed by the famous Albert iJurer. It is seated near the Coin, 25 miles se of Gloucester, and 80 w by N of Lon- don. Fair Isle, a small island in the North- ern ocean, between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both which its high towering rocks are visible. On the e side, the duke of Medina Sidonia, ad- miral of the Spaiiish armada, was wreck- ed in 1588. Fairley, a village of Scotland, on the coast of Ayrshire, 12 miles nw of Irvine. It has a small harbour ; and the strait in the frith of Clyde, formed by the coast and the Cumbray isles, is called Fairley Road. Faisans, an island m the river Bidas* soa,which separates France from Spain. It is also called the Isle of Conference, because Lewis XIV. andPhilip IV. here swore to observe the peace of the Py- renees, m 1660, after 24 conferences between theii ministers. It is consider- ed as a neutral plate, and situate be- tween Andaye and Fontarabia. Faketiham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Thursday, situate on a hill, by the river Yare, 20 miles nw of Nor- wich, and 113 nne of London, Falaise, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, with a castle, and ooe of the finest towers in France. It is the birthplace of William the con- queror, and has a good trade in serges, linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante, 20 miles se of Caen, and 115 w of Paris. Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flow* by Granipound and Tregony to Fal- mouth, \t-here it forms a fine haven in the English channel. Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, in the F A L circle of Saalz, witlj manufactures of alum, sulplun-, and vitriol; seated on the river Egra, 12 miles n of Egra. Falhenherg, a town of Sweden, in Haliaud, at the nioutli of the Athran, on the Categat, 17 miles Nw of Halm- r;tadt. Falkenherg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage, 32 miles e by N of New Stargard. Falkenherg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppeln, with a castle, 14 miles s by E of Brieg. Falkenstein, a town of Germany, in a county of the same name. It stands a little to the N of Wiflwciler, 24 miles w by s of Worms. Falkirk, a populous town of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, famous for its trysts, held thrice a year ; at which 60,000 head of black-cattle have been sold at one tryst, beside a great number of sheep and horses. It is seated near the Car- ron and the Great canal, 12 miles se of Stirling. Falkland, a town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, with some linen manufactures. Here are the ruins of a royal palace, some apartments of which are still inha- bited. It is 20 miles n of Edinburgh. Falkland Islands, two large islands, surrounded by a great number of smaller, lying in the Atlantic ocean, to the e of the strait of Magellan. The smaller of the two large islands lies e of the other, from which it is separated by a channel called Falkland Sound. These islands were probably seen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed the discoverer of them, in 1592. They were visited by sir Ri- chard Hawkins, iu 1694 ; and in 1765, commodore Byron made a settlement here ; but in 1770, the Spaniards forci- bly dispossessed the English : this aifair was settled by a convention, and the English regained possession ; but in 1774, it was abandoned, and the islands ceded to Spain. Falkoping, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 56 miles e of Uddevalla. It is memorable for a battle fought in 1388, between Margaret, queen of Denmark, and Albert, king of Sweden, when the latter was defeated and taken prisoner with his son. Falmouth, a seaport in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Thursdaj'. It has a noble and extensive liaibour, communicating with a number of navigable creeks, and its entrance is defended by the castles of St. Mawes and Pendennis. It is a town of great traffic, much improved by its being the FAN station of the packets to the s ofEurops and America. It stands o*: "uv I'alc, at its entrance into the English channel, 10 miles s of Truro, and 260 wsw of London. Lon. 5 2 w, lat. 50 8 N. Falmouth, a seaport of Massachusets, in Barnstable county. In 1775, this town was burned by the British. It is situate on the w side of a small bay, 70 miles SSE of Boston. Lon. 70 32 w, lat. 41 36 N. Falmouth, a town of the island of Ja- maica, on the N coast, and on the s side of Martha Brae harbour. Lon. 77 33 w, lat. 18 31 N. Falmouth, a town of the island of An. tigua, on the s coast, w ith a fortified harbour. Lon. 62 w, lat 16 55 N. False Bay, a bay between the Cape of Good Hope and Cape False, frequent- ed during the prevalence of the nw winds in May, Lon. 18 53 e, lat. 34 10 s. False, Cape, a promontory e of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 s. Falster, a fertile island of Denmark, 60 miles in circumference, near the en- trance of the Baltic, between the islands of Zealand, Mona, and Laland. Nykop- ing is the capital. Falsterbo, a town of Sweden, in Scho- nen, chiefly known for a lighthouse and its herring fishery, 22 miles s*w of Lund. Lon. 12 48 E, lat. 55 22 N. Famagusta, a town in the island of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with a harbour, defended by two forts. It was taken by the Turks, in 1570, after a siege of 10 months, when they flayed the Venetian governor alive, and mur- dered the inhabitants, though they sur- rendered on honourable terms. It is 62 miles NE of Nicosia. Lon. 35 55 e, lat. 35 10 N. Famars, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord; near wiiich the French were defeated by the allies ip 1793. It is three miles s of Valen- ciennes. Fanano, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denese, 25 miles s of Modena. Fanjeaux, a town of France, in the department of Aude, 14 miles w of Car- cassone. Fano, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, and a bishoi)'s see. Here are an ancient triumphal arch, handsome churches, and fine palaces. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 18 miles E of Urbino. Fantin, a kingdom of Guinea, on the Gold coast, where the English and Dutch have forts. Its palm-wine it 92fi FAR imirh l»o(*cr auJ stronger llian that on other parts of (ho coast. The villages jtre miniiioTis, and tlic capital is of the same n^mic, about 12 miles up the coun- try. Tlie luigiish fort calleil Annemabo is at the mouth of a river. Lou. 10 E, lat. 5 5 N. JFiioita. See Fvue. Faouet, a toAvn of France, in the de- partment of i\IorbiIian, 21 miles N by w of Orient. Fareham, a town in Hampshire, with a market on AVednesdaj'. Sloops and smaller vessels are built liere, and it has a considerable trade in coal, corn, can- \as, and ropes. It is seated at the NW point of Portsmouth harbour, five miles . Favognana, an island, 15 miles in com- pass, on the w side of Sicily, with a fort and a good harbour. Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 38 16 N. Fauquemont. See Valkenhurg, Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western islands, which suffered greatly by an earthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa do Horta. Fayence, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, celebrated for its ma- nufacture of earthen ware. It stands near the river Biason, 10 miles w of Grassc. Fayette, a district of N. Carolina, com- prehending the counties of Moore, Cumberland, Sampson, Richmond, Ro- beson, and Anson. Fayetteville, a town of N. Carolina, in Cumberland county, capital of the di*- trict of li'ayette. Its trade with Wit mingtou is very considerable, to which F E L it BfiKis tobacco, wheat, hemp, cotton, luinbor, staves, naval stores, &c. and has retjiius of European and Indian goods. It is situate on the Nw branch of Cape Fear river, 50 miles s bj' w of Ralegh, and 90 Nw of Wilmington. Fayoiim, or Fhmi, a town of Egypt, capital of a pi-ovince of the same name. It has a trade in flax, linen, tnats, rai- sins, and figs ; and is seated on a canal, which communicates with the Nile, 49 miles ssw of Cairo. Lon. 30 39 e, hit. 29 27 N. Fe, St. a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Granada, near the river Xenil, six miles w by N of Granada. Fe, St. a city of Paraguay, in the pro- vince of Buenos Ayres. The environs abound in silk, corn, wine, fruit, game, and cattle. It is seated on the Parana, at tlie influx of the Salado, 240 miles NNw of Buenos Ayies. Lon. 61 10 w, lat. 31 30 s. Fe, St. the capital of New Mexico, and a bishop's see, with a fortress. The environs are rich, and it stands on a river, which 57 miles below enters the Rio del Norte. Lon. 108 48 w, lat. 36 SON. Fe de Bogota, St. the capital of New Granada, and an archbishop's see, with a university. It is the scat of a vice- royalty, the jurisdiction of which in- cludes the whole of Terra Firma and the audience of Quito in Peru. The coun- try abounds in corn and fruit, and in the mountains are mines of silver and gold. It is 450 miles ne of Quito, Lon. 73 30 w, lat. 4 6 N. Fear, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, where there is a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear river. This river is formed by two branches, called the NW and NE branches, which unite above Wilmington ; and it enters the AMantic below Brunswick. Lon. 7745 ^, lat. 33 40 N. Fecamp, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, with a trade in linen, serges, lace, leather, and hats ; seated near the English channel, 24 miles NE of Havre de Grace. Feira, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10 miles se of Oporto, and 30 n by e of Aveiro. Feldkirch, a town of Germany, in Ty- rol, capital of a county oft he same name. It is seated on the river 111, near its en- trance into the Rhine, 19 miles s of Bre- genz, Lon. 9 43 e, lat. 47 10 N. Feldsbnrg, a town and castle of Aus- tria, with a tine palace, seated on the Teya, 18 miles f of Laab F E R Fdlciida, one of the Lipari hianrlK, in the Mediterranean. 28 miles w of Ijipari. Felix, St. an island in the Pacific ocean, NNW of Juan Fernandez. Lon. 8G w, lat. 26 s. Felletin, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry. It is 20 miles ssw of Evaux, and 21 sse of Gueret. Bellin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the river Peniau, 62 miles se of Re- vel, Felsherg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, with an ancient castle on a rock, 12 miles s of Cassel. Feltri, a town of Italy, capital of Fel- triuo, and a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on the Asona, 30 miles nw of Treviso. Lon. 1 1 55 e, lat. 46 3 n. Feltrino, a district of Italy, Ij'ing be- tween Belunese, Trevisano, Vicentino, and the principality of Trent. It abounds in mountains, in which are iron mines. Feltri is the only place of note. Femetii, a fertile island of Denmark, in the Baltic, ten miles long and five broad, separated from the coast of Hol- stein by a narrow channel, called the Fcmern Sound. Borg is the chief town. Fenesiraiige, a town of France, in tlie department of Mexute, on the river Sarte, 40 miles e by N of Nancy. Fencstrelle, a town and fort of Pied- mont, seated on the Cluson, 18 miles w of Turin. Ferabad, a town of Persia, capital of the province of Mazanderan. The en- ■vlrons produce sugar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, about 16,000, are prin- cipally descendants of Georgians and Armenians. It is seated among the mountafins which bound the Caspian sea to the s, 12 miles from that sea, and 280 n of Ispahan. Lon. 63 21 E, lat. 35 54 n. Fercala, or Fnrcula, a town of the kingdom of Tafilet, and the principal place of a district. It is 50 miles w of Sugulmessa Lon. 4 30 w, lat. 31 40 N. Fere, a town of France, in the de- partmsTit of Aisne, famous for its pow- der mill and school of artillery. Near it is the castle of St. Gobin, in which is a manufacture of fine plate-glass. Fere is seated at the conflux of the Serre and Oise, 20 miles N of Soisons, and 75 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 49 29 N. Fertntino, or Fiorento, a town of Italy, in Cainpagna di Roma, 3 miles,"? of Aiatri. F E R Fertile, a To/, a fscnport of Spain, in Gabci.i, on a bay'of the Allanlic. Its harbour IS one of Ihe best in Europe, ami bere the Spanish squadrons frequently ren- dezvous in time of war. The town is siurouiided on three sides by the sea, and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 the English made an unsuccessful attempt on this place. It is 20 miles NE of Corunna, and 65 w of Rivades. Lon. 8 4 w, lat. 43 28 N. Fcrryhridge, a large village in West Yorkshire, on the s side of the Aire, over which is a noble bridge, 21 miles s by w of York, and 174 N by w of London. Fern/port, a Tillage of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the frith of Tay, fonr n)iles below Dundee, and nine NNwof St. An- drew. It has a considerable manufac- ture of brown linens ; and a ferry over the Tay, well frequented before the bridge at Perth was built. ) Ferrytoicn, See Creetoum. Ferte sur Auhe, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, seated on the Aube, 22 miles w by s of Chau- mont, and 33 ese of Troyes. Ferte Alaise, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, 23 miles s of Paris. Ferte Bernard, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, seated on ihe Huisne, 23 miles ne of Mans. Fesfcnberg, a town of Silesia, in tlie principality of Ocls, 14 miles NW of Wartenburg. Fethard, a boiough of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 8 miles SE ol' Ca- shel, and 86 ssw of DubUn. Fethard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, on the w side of Bannow bay, 14 miles s by E of New Koss. Feversham, a town in Kent, on a creek of the Medway, much frequented by small vessels. It is a member of the port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The church is in the form of a cross, and the interior well worthy of obser- vation ; and here is a free grammar- school founded by queen Elisabeth. It has a market- on Wednesday and Sa- turday ; is famous for the best oysters for laying in stews ; and has several gun- poAvdcr mills in its neighbourhood. Here are the remains of a stately abbey, built by king Stephen, who was interred in it, with his queen and son. James II. embarked here in disguise, after the success of the prince of Orange ; but the vessel was detained by the ])opuIace, and the king conveyed back to LomioH, FEZ Feversham is 9 miles w of Cantcrfmry, and 47 E by s of London. Fcur*, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire, seated on the Loir^ 13 mites ene of Montbrison. Feystritz, a town and castle of Ger- many, in Stiria, on a ri^er of tlie same name, 17 miles nne of Cillcy. Fez, a kingdom of Barbary, 125 milts in length and breadth ; bounded on the w by the Atlantic,. N by the Mediterra- nean, E by Algiers, and s by Morocco and Tafilet. It is divided into nine pro- vinces, and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The country is full of moun^ tains, particularly to the w and s, where Mount Atlas lies ; but it is populous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, "-ai- sins, honey, wax, cotton, flax, pitcli^ and corn in abundance. The inhabi- tants breed camels, beeves, sheep, and the finest horses in Barbary. Fez, the capital of the kingdom o^ Fez, and one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fea Old Fez is the most considerable, and contains about 80,000 inhabitants. New Fez is principally inhabited by Jews^ who trade with the Moors, notwith- standing the contempt with which they are treated by them. The palaces are magnificent ; and there are numerous mosques, one of which, calletT Carubin^ is one of the finest edifices in the empire. The houses are built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic woik : those of brick are ornamented with glazing and colours like Dutch tiles, and the wood-work and ceilings are carved, painted, and guilt. The roofs are fiat ; and every house has a court, in which is a sqiiare marble basin. Here are two colleges for students, finely built of marble and adorned with paintings. The hospitals and public baths are nu- merous, many of which are stately structures. All the trades live in a se- parate part of the city ; and the ex- change, full of all sorts of rich mer- chandise, is as large as a small town* The gardens are full of all kinds of fra- grant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are clothed like the Turks ; and, though more polished than their coun- trymen, arc vain, superstitious, and in- tolerant. The saints, whom they pre- tend to have been buried in the eity, serve them for a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Christians ; and an order from the emperor is necessary to gain admission, Arabic is better 232 FEZ spoken here flian in other parts of tlie empire; and the nch Moors send their children to the schools at Fez, where they gain more instruction tlian they could du elsewhere. Fez is the centre «f the trade of this empire ; and hence caravans go to INIccca, carrying ready- made garments, leather, indigo, cochi- neal, and ostriches feathers, for which they bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other caravans go to Tom- buctoo, and the river Niger. They tiavel over such dry barren deserts, that every other camel carries water. Their commodities are salt, cowries, wrought silk, British cloth, and the woollen ma- nufactures of Barbary. Fez is seated in a valley, watered by a river, and sur- rounded by mountains, 160 miles ssw of Gibraltar, and 240 ne of Morocco. Lon. 4 45 w, hit. 33 40 N. Fezzan, a kingdom of Zahara, having Tripoli on the n, and Cassina on the s. It is an extensive plain, encompassed by mountains, except to the w; and to ll^e influence of these heights it may be owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no rain is ever known. Though the character of the surface (which, in general, is a light sand) and the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility, yet the springs are so abundant, that few regions in the N of Afiica exhibit a richer vegetation. The greatest length of the cultivated part is about 300 miles from N to s, and 200 from e to w. From wells of 10 or 15 feet deep, with which every garden and field is furnish- ed, the husbandman waters the produc- tions of his land ; among these are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot, pome- granate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions or calabash, carrots, cucum- bers, onions, and garlic. Among the tame animals are the sheep, cow, goat, camel, ass, and a species of the do- mestic fowl of Europe. The wild ani- mals are the ostrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A multitude of nox- ious animals infest the coimtry ; adders, snakes, scorpions, and toads, swarm in the fields, gardens, and houses ; the air is crowded with mosquitos; and per- sons of evei-y rank are over-run with Termin. The heat of the climate in summer is intense, and the s wind is scarcely supportable even by the na- tives; and in winter a penetrating N wind prevails, which drives to the fire even tlie natives of a northern country. Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up the sand and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to the atmosphere. The towns arc chiefly inhabited by husband- 233 F I E men and sheplierds; for though they also contain merchants and artificers, yet agriculture and pasturage are the princijjal occupations. The houses are built of clay, with a flat roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a deep swarthy complexion ; their hair a short curly black, their lips thick, their noses flat and broad, and their skin emitted a fetid eftluvia ; they apj tall, and well-shaped, but weakly, in- dolent, and inactive. Their dress is similar to that of the Moors of Bar- bary. In their common intercourse, all distinctions of rank seem forgotten ; the shereef (or governor) and the lowest ple- beian, the rich and the poor, the master and the servant, converse familiarly, and eat and drink together. Generous and hospitable, let his fare be scanty or abundant, the Fezzaner is desiious that others should partake of it ; and if twen- ty persons were unexpectedly to visit his dwelling, they must all participate as far as it will go. When they settle their money transactions, they squat upon the ground, and having levelled a spot with their bands, make dots as they reckon : if they are wrong, they smooth the spot again, and repeat tbe calcula- tion. Gold dust constitutes the chief medium of payment; and value in that medium is always expressed by weight. In religion, they are rigid, but not into- lerant Mahometans. The government is monaichical ; and its powers are ad- ministered with such a temperate hand, that the people are ardently attached to their sovereign. Mourzouk is the capital, FianOy a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, on the Tiber, Id miles N of Rome. Fianona, a town of Istria, on the sw coast, 17 miles n of Pola. Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, noted for fine muscadine wine ; seated on a mountam near lake Bolsena, 12 miles nw of Vi- terbo. Ficherulolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, seated onthePo, 12 miles w of Ferrara. Fichtelherg, a moimtain in Franconia, one of the hit,hest mountains in Ger- many. It extends from near Bareuth to Eger in Bohemia, about 16 miles, and is covered with pines and other trees. Fielewier, an island near the w coast of Norway, 22 miles long and 4 broad, with a town of the same name, 48 miles WNW of Dfonihcim, IjOH. 10 40 E, iat 63 44 N. F I N Fierauzuolo, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, 10 miles se of Piacenza. Fiezoli, a town of Tuscany, in the Florentino, 5 miles ne of I'lorence. Fifeshire, a county of Scotland, 50 miles long and 16 in its greatest breadth ; hounded on the n by the frith of Tay, E by the ocean, s by the fnth of Forth, and w by the counties of Perth, Kin- ross, and Clackmannan. It is divided into 63 parishes, and the number of in- habitants in 1811 was 101,272. It is watered by several streams, but none deserve the name of rivers except the Eden and Leven. The soil is fertile ; •t abounds in cattle, coul, iron, lime, and Becstone ; and has many flourishing Uianufactures. The number of "towns is almost unparalleled in an equal tract of coast ; for from Culross to Crail, about 50 miles, is one continiied cbain «)f towns and villages, Cupar is the county town. Figari, a town of Corsica, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 22 miles WNvv of Bonifacio. Figaruolo, an island in the gulf of '\''enice, near the coast of Istria. Lon. 13 47 E, lat. 45 IS N. Figeac, a town of France, in the de- partm'snt of Lot, with a Benedictine ab- bey ; seated on the Selle, 22 miles E of Cahcis. Figldg, a town of Barbary, in Bile- dulcgerid. The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the merchants of Mo- rocco and Fez, and with the negroes. It is 240 miles ese of Mequinez. Lon. 1 5 w, lat. 32 20 N. Figueras, or St. Fernando de Figueras, a strong and important fortress of Spain, jn Catalonia. It surrendered to the French in 1794, without firing a shot. It is 10 miles nvv of Roses. Figuero dos Vinhos, a town of Portu- gal, in Estrcmadura, celebrated for its wine ; seated among mountains, near tlie river Zizere, 22 miles n of Tomar. Fillek, a town of Hungary, in the county of Novigrad, seated on the Ipol, 20 mil-es WNw of Agiia. Finale, a seaport of Genoa, with a strong citadel, two forts, and a castle. It was the capital of a marquisate, and annexed to the duchy of Milan in 1602, but sold to the Genoese in 1713. In 1746, it was taken by the king of Sardi- nia, and restored in 1748. It is 30 miles s'N of Genoa. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 44 14 N. Finale, a town of Italy, in the Mode- ncse, on an island formed by the river Panaro, 22 miles ne of Modena. Fvncasile, a town of ^'^irginia, chief of F I R Botcourl county, 36 miles sw of Lex- ing-ton, and 140 w of Richmond. Findhorn, a ra4}id river of Scotland, which rises in Invernessshire, crosses Nairnshire and the Nw corner of Mur- rayshire, and forms a bay of its name, which opens into the frith of Murray, at the village of Findhorn, 3 miles below Forres, of which it is the port. Finisterre, Cape, the "most Mestern cape of Spain. It was thought, by the ancients, to have no country beyond it, and therefore they gave it a name which signifies the Lands-end. Lon. 9 17 w, lat. 43 54 N. Finisterre, a department of France, which includes part o-f the late province of Bretagne. It is the most westerly J. art of France, and bounded on three sides by the sea. Quimper is the ca- pital. Finland, one of the five general divi- sions of Sweden ; boandcd on the n by Swedish Lapland, E by Wiburg', s by the gulf of Finland, and w by that of Bothi.ia. It contains the provinces of linland Proper, East Bothnia, Tavast- land, Nyland, and Savolax, and a part of Kexholm. In 1808 this division was invaded by Russia; and the Swedes, after various battles, were necessitated to give up the whole country by a con- vention. Finland Proper, a province of Swe- den, in the sw part of the division of Finland, having the gulf of Finland on the s, and that of Bothnia on the w. It is 160 miles long and 90 broad, and the soil fertile, with several fine lakes and rivers. On part of the coast is a rich pearl fishery ; and the principal com- merce is in corn, cattle, talc, linen, and yam stockings. Abo is the capital. Finland, Russian. Sec Wiburg. Finmark, the w part of Danish Lap- land, in the government of Wardhus. Finoiv, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and Havel are imited It is 28 miles nw of Custrin. J'lorarfa, a town of Asiatic Turkcj', in Natolia, and a bishop's see, on the gulf of Satalia, 25 miles sw of Satalia. Fiorenzo. See Ferentino. Fiorenzo, St. a seaport of Corsica, de- fended by walls and a tower. It was taken by the English and Corsicans, from the French, in 1794. It is 7 miles w of Bastia. Firosepour, a town of Hindoostan, in MouJtan, seated on the Setlege, at the influx of the Bcyali, 20 miles w of Debalpour, a»d 150 e by n of Monl tan. 204 FLA Fi$h River, Great, a mcr t>f AtVica, which rises in the unknown interior regions, divicJes CatiVaria from the consi- trv of the Hotteutos, and cntcis the Indian ocean, in Ion. 28 22 E, lat. 33 2i s. Fisher-Rou\ a town of Scotland, four miles E of Edinburg;h, on the w side of the Esk, opposite Musselbiugh, to w iiich it is connected by a bndu:e. Fisher- Island, in Long- Island sound, opposite to Stoningion harbour in Con- necticut It is 10 miles long and 2 broad, w ith a fertile soil, and is annexed - 235 F L O mit is a lighthouse, 5 miles ene of Bur- lington. Lon. He, lat. 54 8 N. Flanders, a country of the Nether- lands, 60 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the N by the German oeean and Holland, E bj' Erabant, s by Hai- nault and Artois, and w by Artois and the German ocean. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Lys, and Denders. It is a level country, fertile in grain and pastures, and very populous. The chief manufactures are beautiful table linen and fine lace. It was divided into Dutch, Austrian, and French Flanders : the latter was comprehended in the depart nient of Nord, on the new division of France, in 1791. The other two were af- terwards annexed to tliat country, and called the departments of Lys and Scheldt; but on the Bourbons re-as- cending the throne of France, they were restored. Flatbush, a town of New York, chief of King's county, Long Island. The Americans were defeated near this place by the British in 1776. It is situate amid garden-groiaids, five miles s by e of New York. Flattery, Cape, on the w coast of N. America, discovered by Cook, in 1778; and so named, because he was disap- pointed at not finding a harbour. Lon. 124 57 w, lat. 48 25 N. Flavipiy, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, with a Bene- dictine abbey ; seated on a mountain, by the river Ozertiiu, 27 miles wnw of Dijon. Flecke, a to^fjs of France, in the de- partment of Sai tc. Here was a noble college, built by Henry IV ; the centre is now converted into a tow'uhouse, and one of the wings rebuilt as a seminary for youth. It is seated on the river Loire, 22 miles ssw of Mans. Lon. 3 w, lat, 47 39 N. Fleckeroe^ or Flecheren, an island in the North sea, near the coast of Norwaj'. Between the islanti and the continent is a most excellent harbour, defended by a fortiess. Lon. 8 18 e, lat. 68 4 N. Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirk- cudbrightshire,which issues from a small lake of the same name, and enters Wig- ton bay, below Gatehouse. On its w side are the vestiges of a camp, a drui- dical circle, and a vitrified fort. FlensJnirg, a seaport of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbour on a bay of the Baltic. It is a place of great commerce, 15 miles nnw of Sleswick. Lon. 9 47 E, lat. 54 52 N. Fleurance, a town of France, io the F L I fiC])aitnimit of Gcrs, on I'le river Gcrs, 3 miles N of A nth. Fleurus, a viiiui^e of tlie Nctlicrlauds, ill Naujur, si\ miles ne of Charloroy. HciP, in 1690, a. victory was gained by the French over the allies; and in 1794, the Anstriaiis were defeated in a gene- ral attack of the French posts. Fiie, or Vliehnd, an island on tlic coast of Holland, at the middle of the entrance of tlie Zuider Zee. Flint, a river of the state of Georgia, which rises in the country of the Creek Indians, runs sw, and joining llie Cata- hoHchee, at its entrance into E.Florida, forms the Apalehicola. Fi'mt, a borough of Wales, m Flint- shire, which gives name to the country, though now a small place. It lias the countj-gaol, but the assizes are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a royal castle, in which Richard II. took shelter on arriving from Ireland ; but on leaving it he was delivered into the liands of his rival, afterward Henry IV. : it stands on a rock close to the sea, and is governed by a constable, w ho is also mayor of the town. Flint has no market, but is well frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on the estuary of the Dee, 12 miles WNW of Chester, and 206 Nw of London. Lon. 3 2 w, lat, 53 16 N. Flintshire, a county of Wales, 29 miles in length and 12 wlicre broadest ; bounded on the N I)y the Irish sea, ne and E by the river Dee, a\ Inch divides it from Cheshire, and s and sw by Den- bighshire. A detached part of Flint- shire extends on the e side of the Dee, about nine miles, between Cheshire and Shropshire. It contains 160,000 acres ; is divided into five hundreds, and 28 parishes ; has one city, one borough, and three market towns; and sends two members to parliament. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 46,518. A lofty range of mountains rises on the w, and forms a bold frontier. The valleys are fertile, and contain coal and fiec- stone ; the hills are generally barren on the surface, but abound in lead, cala- mine, and limestone. The detached part is mostly a level country. The principal trade is mining and smelting. It produces good butter, cheese, and honey, of which last the natives make a wholesome beverage called Metheglin. The i)rincipal rivers are the Clywd, Wheeler, Dee, Sevion, Elwy, and Al- len. Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both by nature and art. It stands «n a peninsula formed by (he ]!^i)ro, and the side where the river docs not pass is / F L E covered by mountains, and defended bj a castle. It is 23 miles N of Tortosa. Floddon, a village in Northumberland, five miles nnw of Woolcr. Near this ])lace a battle was fought between the Enghsh and Scots, in 1513, in AvhicU James IV. was killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000 men. Florae, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lozere, 13 miles s of Mcii- de, and 23 NW of Alais, Florence, a celebrated city of Italy, capital of Tuscany, and an archbishop's sec, with a citadel, and a university. It was first founded by the soldiers of Syl- la, cmbellislied and enlarged by the tri- umvirs ; destroyed by Totila, and re- built by Charlemagne. The circum- ference is about six miles, and the for- tifications consist only in a wall and a ditch, with two or three forts which command a part of the town. It is di- vided into two unequal parts, by the river Arno, over which are four hand- some bridges. The quays, the buildings on each side, and the bridges, render the part through which the river runs by far the finest ; but every part is full of wonders in tiie arts of painting, statu- ary, and architecture. The inhabitants are estimated at 80,000 ; and the envi- rons are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of the Florentine merchants, for- merly, were men of great wealth ; and one of them, in the middle of the 15th century, built that noble fabric, which, from the name of its founder, is still called the Palazzo Fitti. It was after- ward purchased by the Medici family, who made some enlargements; and it thence became the residence of the grand dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo Vecchio, or old palace, contains a room 172 feet long and 70 wide, for public entertainments. The beauties and riches of these palaces, in all that is masterly in architecture, literature, and the arts, especially those of painting and sculi>- ture, have been often described; but before they w^ere plundered by the French, in 1800, all description fell short of their contents. The celebrated Ve- nus of Medici, the standard of taste in female beauty and proportion, stood in a room called the Tribune; but with other masterpieces ox sculpture, has been carried away to Paris. 1'here are other rooms, whose contents are indi- cated by the names they bear ; as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural history, medals, j)ortraits, porcelain, an- tiquities, &c. Beside the Medicean li- brary, begun by Julius de Medici, and greatly augmented by duke Cosmo I. 236 FLO there are several other copious libraries, especially tliose in the two Eeiudictine and Carmelite convenls. The I'lureii- tJHe Academy and the Acadeniia della Criisca were mstitntcd to einieh the li- terature aud improve the language of Tuscany ; the latter is so named because it rejects like br-an all Mords not purely Tuscan. The catliedral, the churches, and other public buildings, contain paintings and sculptures by the first masters in Italy; and the cliapel of Lo- renzo is, periiaps, the most e\i>cnsive habitation that ever was reared for the dead, being inerusted with precious stones, and adorned by the workman- ship of the best modern sculptors. The manufactures of Florence' arc chicily silks, satins, gold and silver stuffs, and damask tablecloths ; nnd it has a consi- derable trade in fruits and excellent wines. Florence is 45 miles s of Bo- logna, and 125 NW of Rome. Lon. 113 E, lat. 43 46 N. Florent, St. a town of France, ia the department of Mayenne and Loire, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Loire, 20 miles wsw of Angers. Floreiitin, St. a town of France, in the department of Yonne, at the con- flux of the Armance and Armancon, 15 miles ne of Auxerre, and 80 se of Paris. Florenlino, one of the three provinces of Tuscany ; bounded on the w by the republic of Lucca and the Modenese, n by the Apennines, e by the duchy of Urbino, and s by the Sienncse. It is well watered, and verj' fertile. Flo- rence is tlife capital. Flores, an island of the E. Indies, 180 miles long and 45 broad, lying to the E of that of Cumbava. On the s side, near the e end, is a town named Laran- tuca. Lon. 121 56 E, lat. 8 20 s. Flores, a fertile island, one of the Azores, so called from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lagens is the most populous town, but St. Cruz is the capital. Lon. 31 w, lat. 39 34 N. Florida, a country of N. America, 600 miles long and 130 broad : bounded on the N by Georgia, e by the Atlantic ocean, s by the gulf of Mexico, and w by the Mississippi. It is divided into East and West Florida; St. Augustin the capital of the former, and Pcnsacola of the latter. The countiy about St. Augustin is the most unfruiffiii; yet, even here, two crops of maize are an- anally produced : the banks of the rivers are ofa superior quality, and well adapt- ed to the culture of rice and corn, 'J'he interior countr)', which is hilly, abounds 237 FOG with wood of almost every kind ; parti- cularly white and red oak, pine, hiccory, cypress, red and white codar. The in- tervals I>etwecn the hilly parts produce spontaneously the fruits common to Georgia and the Carolinas; and the whole country is valuable, in a particu- lar manner, for its extensive ranges for cattle. Florida was discovered by Se- bastian Cabot, in 1497. Having often changed masters, belonging alternately to the French and Spaniards, it was ced- ed by the latter to the English in 1763 ; in whose hands it continued till 1781, when it was taken by the S])aiiiards, and ceded to them in 1783. Floue, St. a city of I'rancc, capital of the department of Canlal, and a bistiop s see. Good knives are made here, and it has a considerable trade in corn. It is seated on a mountain, 53 miles s of Clermont. Lon. 3 6 e, lat. 45 2 n. Flusliing, a strong seapoit ©f Dutch Zealand, in the island of Walchcren, on the N side of the Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it defends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal runs through the town, m hich is deep enough to admit loaded vessels. The stadlhoiise is a superb building, after the n)odel of that of Amsterdam. Flushing has a great foreign trade. It is four miles ssw of Middleburg. Lon. 3 34 e, lat. 51 26 N. Flushing, a town of New ^'ork, in Queen's county. Long Island, situate ou the s side of Hell-gate, seven miles e by N of New York. Fochabers, a town of Scotland, be- longing to Murrayshire, though seated on the e side of the river Spey. It is eight miles e by s of Elgin, and 22 w of lianfl-. Fochia, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, Mith a castle. The Vene- tians beat the Turkish fleet near this place, in 1650. It is seated on the gulf of Smyrna, at the influx of the Jlcrmus, 28 miles NW of Smyrna. Lon. 26 39 e, lat 38 44 N. Faduar, a town of Hungary, seated on the Danube, opposite Colocza. Fogaras, a town and castle ofTraiv sylvania, on the river Alauta, oO miles NE of Hermanstadt. Foggia, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata. It is a staple for corn and wool, and seated near the Cerbero, 20 miles sw of Manfredonia. FogJia, a river of Italy, which rises on the confines of Tuscany, crosses the du- chy of Uibino, and enters the gulf of Venice, at Pcsaro. Focli.art of Alsace to the most wcslorn point of Bretagne, which piovisH'o, it miist.lje observed, extends alvove 100 miles further into the ocean tlian any other part of tlie country. At the decline of the Roman empire, this coiuitry, then called Gaul, was in- vaded by the Franks, (a people who in- iiabitcd the borders of the Rhine) and entirely subdued by them, under the conduct of their leader, or king, Clovis, Their kings were always of the same family, that of Clovis. The kingly go- vernment of France continued from Clovis, who established himself at Sois- sons, in the j'ear 486, till Hugh Capet obtained the crown in 987 ; and whose descendants are now on the throne. There is no country of Europe more beautiful, or more agreeable to live in Hian France ; tiie air in general is pure aaid wholesome, and the change of sea- sons is less inconvenient than in almost a«y other. It is not subject to such se- vere coh! as Germany, nor to the vio- lent heat of Italy and Spain. In the soulheni parts the winters are indeed sliaip, but of siiort duration. The sea- soiis are more regular than in England. The soil, diversified by mountains and plains, is watered by a great number of large and small rivers, which serve at once to fertilize the country, and con- vey merchandise from one extremity of the nation to the other, Tlie industry of the inhabitants, joined to its natural advantages, render it one of the most fertile countries in Europe. It abounds in corn, legumes, fruit, wines, oil, pas- ture, hemp, and flax, sulKeient for its own inhabitants, and much to spare. Here are mines of iron, lead, and cop- pos"; tlierc are likewise some of silver and gold, but the last are not. rich enough to defray the expences of working. The oiiief productions of France are wines, as Cliampagne, Burgundy, claret, &c. brandy, vinegar, fruit, such as prunes and pruuelloes, dried grapes, pears, ap' p!e;s, oranges, and olives; corn, salt, lienip, iiax, silk, resin, oil, soap, cork, kid-skins, perfumes, drugs, &c. The Oianufactures are silks, such as lustrings, modes, brocades, velvets, i iu Paris, and suircn- dciovl liinisclf 1o his people. Tiie na- tional assembly now proceeded to the most cxtrnordinary measures : t!iey ai)o- lished nobility, and the whole fcndal system ; confiscated tiie possessions of tlje elerg-y, rendering them dependent on % public allowance ; and suppressed ■all the religious houses, l"he monarchy itself, divested of its formidable prero- gatives, became one of the most limited in Einope. In October, in consequence of a dreadful riot at Versailles, the king, the royal famil}', and tlie national assem- bly, renroved to Paris. The king was no«', in fact, a state prisoner, treated with the formalities appendant to royal- ty, but watched in all his motions. I'rom this situation he attempted to escape, in Juijc 1791, with the queen, his sister, the dauphin, and his daugh- ter ; but they were arrested at Va- rcnnes, and conducted back to Paris. Such, l-.owever, was then the modera- tion of the popular party, that the na- tional assembly admitted the king's apo- logetical explanation of his conduct, and even declared his person inviolable. Tiiis was one of the articles of the new constitution, whiclithey completed soon after, and it was accepted by tiie king ia September, when a new national as- sembly was elected. In April 1792, the king went to the national assembly, and jiioposed to them to declare war against the knig of Hungary and Bohemia. AVar was accordingly declared; but tlie king was suspected of acliiig in con- ceit with the enemy, and with the emi- giant princes, wJio were in arms against their country. In August, the mayor of Paris appeared before tlie national assembly, and demanded tlie deposition of the king. Before they could deli- Derate on this demand, a dreadful insur- rection ensued ; the Thuilleries (the »oyal residence) was attacked ; the Swiss guards were massacred ; and the king and royal family took refuge in the national assembly. That body in- stantly decreed the suspension of ro}-- alty, and the convocation of a national convention. The king and his family were conveyed to the Temple, and there kept in close confinement. I'he con- vention met on the 21st of September, and instantly decreed the formation of a republic. In December, they de- creed, that the king should "be tried be- fore tliem. The trial accordingly took place ; and this tribunal (notwithstand- Hg the constitution had decreed his person inviolable) condemned the un- 243 F 11 A fortunate monarch, who waa bchcadti!, in the Place de hx Kevolution, lately the Place do Louis XV., on the 21st of Ja- nuary 1793. All Europe cxelaiujed against the injustice aiui cruelty of this proceeding. Powers, hitherto neutral, were eager to take part in the war; and the new republic, in addition to the aims of Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, and the empire, had to encounter the combi- nation of Great Britain, Spain, and Hol- land. The queen did not long survive her consort: being tried and condenm- cd by the revolutionary tribunal, she was executed in the same place, on the IGth of October. Her fate was a pre- lude to that of the king's sister, who was also beheaded in the same place, on the 10th of May 1794. The dauphin and his sister remained in confinement ; where the former ijecame diseased with swellings, and he died on tlieStli of June 1795 : the princess was taken the De- cember following to a place, near Basil, on the confines of Germany, where she was exchanged for some French depu- ties, who had been some time prisoners to the emperor. Various factions suc- cessively seized the holm of government, and, in their turn, were overtin own ; the prisons were crowded in every part of the republic ; the scatFolds streamed, al- most incessantly, %vith blood ; and many of the most popular patriots, and of those who had voted for the death of the kiiig, perished on the scaffold, or in exile and misery ; while insurrections, proscrip- tions, and massacres, became, in a man- ner, only common occurrences. By the conclusion, however, of the year 1794, this reign of despotism and terror gave place to a more moderate system : and although, at one period, the shutting up of churches, and the formation of a new calendar (by which tlae year was divided into decades instead of weeks) indicated open hostility to tlie christian religion; the convention found it ne- cessary, at last, to conform so far to the prejudices of the people as to declare publicly their acknowledgment of a Sh- preme Being, and of the immortality of the soul, and to permit again the exer- cise of religions worship ; abolishing, however, all clerical disfiiictions, and leaving the whole mainienancc of the ministers to the benevolence of tlie j)eO" pie. With respect to the war, it may be sufficient to state, in general, that after four campaigns, in which great re- verses of fortune were experienced, the French nation before the conclusion of 1795, were in the entire possession of Savoy, and of the Austrian and DiUch F R A Netherlands ; and had made such pro- gress in Holland, Spain, Italy and Ger- many, as to procure a peace with Prus- sia and Spain, and form an alliance M'ith Holland. Their commerce, however, was ruined ; and their finances were supported by a vast emission of com- pulsive paper currency, and by plunder and confiscation : their armies neverthe- less fought with ardour, and in 1796, Milder general Bonaparte, subdued the '*4iole of Lombard)' ; and, after the cap- tiue of Mantua, penetrated through the Tyrol, and threatened the city of Vien- na, that the emperor commenced a ne- gotiation for peace. In the mean time, the French turned their arms against Venice, which government they revolu- fioiiized ; and at the conclusion of the treaty of peace with the emperor of Germany, signed at Campo Formio, Oct. 17, 1797, they ceded the city anjl vith the conquest of Prussia, and the brilliant victory which he had gained over Rus- sia at Friedland, he formed the design of seizing the government of Spain, and transferring the crown from the Bour- bons to his own family. Having found a pretext for drawing 16,000 of Lerbest troops and sending them out of the country, he marched an army of 80,000 men to depose the king, and place his own brother Joseph on the throne, in wliich he succeeded. In the following year, however, Austria once more took the field against France. Numerous battles were fought during the months of April and May,with incredible slaugh- ter and various success on each side J but on the Gth of July, after a whole day spent in manoeuvring, a general en- gagement took place, m which Bo- naparte outgeneralled the archduke Charles, and gained a complete victory. This was the famous battle ofWagram, at which the French took 20,000 pri- soners. An armistice was concluded on the 12th of July, and a definitive treaty was also signed and ratified in the month of October follovting. Soon after his return to Paris, Bonaparte, by a for- mal act of separation, repudiated his em- press Josephine, and .married Maria 346' F R A Louisa, the archduchess of Austria whom he espoused with great pomp on the 1st of April, 1810. This event ap- peared to consolidate his power, and to fix his throne on an immoveable basis; and except the war in Spain, the conti- nent of Europe was at peace till towards the month of June, 1812, at which time the French emperor once more inarched his army to the north-east of Europe, to attack the emperor of Russia's domi- nions, who had given him some cause of offence. Passing through Poland, he entered the Russian territory ; defeated the armies of the latter at Mohilow and Smolensko; and after the dreadful battle of Borodino, entered the city of Mos- cow on the 14th of September, with an intention of there fixing his winter quar- ters. But his career was now drawing towards a close. The houses of Moscow being constructed almost entirely of Avood, the governor of the town, Ros- topchin, formed the desperate resolution of setting the city on fire, which was so completely carried into effect, at the in- stant the French army had taken pos- session of it, that they were foiled in their last resource, and compelled to at- tempt their retreat, at the moment they considered themselves securely en- trenched for the winter. In this crisis of his affairs, the first object of the French emperor, was to offer terms of peace to the Russians, Avhich were rejected ; he next proposed an armistice, which was also refused ; and on the 19th of Octo- ber, began his retreat from Moscow. .But before tLe arrival of the French, army, however, at Smolensko, the frost had so keenly set in, that it was almost impossible to proceed; and their loss, in the course of a few days, was so great in men and horses, that the army was reduced to a mere wreck. On ar- riving at, Smorgonie, a small town near Wilna, on the 5th of December, Bona- parte gave the command of the army to Murat, and immediately departed for Paris, It has been supposed that the loss of the French, in this memorable campaign, was not less than 400,000 men. The remainder of the winter was spent by the hostile powers in vigorous preparations for the campaign of 1813 ; and notwithstanding the almost entire destruction of his army in the calami- tous retreat from Moscow, the French emperor was the first to take the field in the spring of the year. After the bat- tles of Lutzen and Bautzen, however, it was soon seen that Russia, although now strengthened by Prussia, was by n© means a match for JFrance, without more pu wcjIm! asf-.jstancc. Auslria, into whose Laiids tlie balance of Europe was IhrowiJ.iiow stept forth to offer her me- tliatioii (o the contending jjowers ; but l/ndinj;- all her eiforts unavailing, after a ftuitlcss negotiation of six weeks, at i^ngih joined the allies on the 11th of August A number of sanguinary en- j^agemcnts soon after took place between jtie opposing armies with a variety of siccess, till the month of October, when Bavaria having declared for the com- mon cause, and the allies had collected all their forces together, they determin- ed to hazard a general battle, which was fought in the neighbourhood of Leipsic, on the 16th and 18th of the same montli. The result of this battle was the capture of the French rear- guard on the following morning, and the n-trcat of the French army across the Ehiiie. The allied army immedi- ately invaded France ; and though the issue of the contest there ap- peared doubtful for a short time, yet the allies, by a skilful manoeuvre, at length succeeded in arriving before the gates of Paris, on the 30th of March, 18M-, and wliich was entered by tlie con- federated sovereigns on the next day. As soon as the sovereigns had entered Paris, thoy declared their intention was not to make any peace with Buosia- parte ; but recommended to the French, in the mean time, to form a provisional govern-mcnt ; and in a few days after, got the senate to pass a vote declaring the dynasty of Napoleon Buojiaparte at <>n end. In this posture of affairs, Bao- Jiapartc, w'lose sway had extended over «<•!! the states of Europe, Great Eritain *-xcc}itcJ, for years, consented to ahdi- i'ate ilie thrones of Fi-ance and Italy, aoth in his own right and that of his f ostcrity, and to retire upon a pension of 4,500,000 francs, to tlie island of Elba, 'J'hc provisional government, at the sug- gestion of the allies, now restored the ajjcicnt iamily of the Bourbons, and made a tender of the sovereignty to the cidest brother of Louis XVI., who ac- cepted tlie offer, and ascended the .hroue of France, Avith the title of J;ouisXVlIl. A definitive treaty was «ooa after signed at Paris by all the ^/lowers of Europe, on tlie 30th of Jiuie, We have been thus far diifnse in the his- tory of France, as being intimately con- nected with the present political situa- tion of Europe, and foniiiug one of the most interesting and wojiderfnl epochas in history. The French nation, afier shedding rivers of blood, and stiil'ering the greatest calamities for the aboliiicni F R A of royalty, has now returned to the point from which it set out. The Roman catholic rehgion is re-established in France, and the ecclesiastical division of the country is into 10 archbishoprics and 50 bishoprics ; the protestant reli- gion is also tolerated. As the ancient order of things is now restored, it is ne- cessary to notice the former geograplii- cal state of the country. France was divided into 83 departments, nearly equal in extent, instead of the ancient military provinces ; and these depart- ments were subdi\dded into districts, cantons, and municipalities. The names of the departments are Ain, Aisne, At lier, Alps Upper, Alps Lower, Ardeche Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Avei» ron, Calvados, Cantal, Charente, Cha- rcnte Lower, Cher, Corrcze, Cote d'Or, Cotes du Noi'd,Creuse,Dordogne,Doubs, Drome, Eure, Einc and Loir, Finisterre, Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde, Herault, Indre, Indre and Loire, Isere, Ille and Vilaine, Jura, Landes, Loir and Cher, Loire, Loire Upper, Loire Lower, Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere, Maycnue, Mayenne and Loire, Manche, Marne,Marne Upper,Meurthe, Mouse, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Nievre, Oise, Orne, Paris, Pas da Ca- lais, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Lower, PjTences Eastern, Rhine Upper, Khine Lower, Rhone, Rhone (Mouths of the), Saone Upper, Saone and Loire, Sarte, Seine and Oise, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne, Sevres (Two), Sorame, Tarn, Var, Vendee, Vicnne, Vienne Upper, Vosges, and Yonne. All the counti'ies which the ambition of" the government had annex- ed to its former territory are restored, except that part which now constitutes the departments of Mont Blanc and Vaucluse. The number of departments, therefore, are now 85, all of whom ap- pear in this work; and the account » liie late provinces are still retained The population of the whole is estimated at 29,000,000. Paris is the metropolis. France, Isle of, a late province of France, so called, because it was bound- ed by the rivers Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It now forms tho four departments of Oise, Seine and Oise, Seine and Marne, and Paris. France, Isle of, or Manrithts, an island in tiie Indian ocean, 400 miles e of Ma- dagascar. It was discovered by tho Portnguese ; but the fust who settled here were the Dutcls, in 1598. They called it Mauritius, in honour of prince Manrice, their stadtholder ; but, on their acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope, 246 F R A Ihoy descried it ; and it coulinucd un- settled till the Freiuh landed here in 1720, aixl gave it the name of one of tlie finest provinces in France. It is 160 tnilcs in ciron inference. The climate is hcalti)}- ; Init the soil not very fertile. There are many mountains, some of which are so high, that their tops are covered with snow: they produce the best ebony in the world. The valleys are well watered with rivers, and are made very productive by cultivation, of which indigo is the principal object. The town and harbour, called Port Louis, are strongly fortified; but in the burricaiie months the harbour cannot af- |t)rd shelter for more than eight vessels. Here are large storehouses, and every thing necessary for the equipment of fleets This island was taken by the British, in ISIO, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. Lon. 57 28 E, lat. 20 10 s. Franche Compte, a late province of France, bounded on the n by Lorrain, E by Alsace and Switzerland, w by Burgundy, and s by Bressc. It is 125 miles long and 80 broad, and 'abounds in corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper, and lead. It«now forms the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. .. Franchemont, a town of the Nether- lands, in the territory of Liege, 12 miles SE of Liege, Franciade. See Denys, St. Francis, St. a river of Brasil, which nnis XE and then se till it enters the Atlantic in lat. 11 20 s. It has a num- ter of towns and settlements, chiefly on its head waters. Francisco, St. a seaport of New Al- bion, capital of ajurisdictionof its name, with a citadel. Lon. 122 8 w, lat. 38 18 N. Francois, Cape, a city and seaport, capital of the w part of Hispaniola. Before the dreadful commotions that msued after the French revolution, it contained 8000 inhabitants, whites, peo- ple of colour, and slaves; but in 1793, the negros, supported by the mulattos, entered the town and massacred all the white people. It stands on the n side of the island, 160 miles nw of St. Do- mingo. Lon. 72 18 w, lat. 19 46 N. Franconia, a circle of Germany, bounded on the N by Upper Saxony, e by Bohemia and the palatinate of Bava- ria, s by Suabia, and w by the circles of the Bhine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; but the borders are full of woods and barren mountains. The Franks, who conquered France, 247 F R A came from this province, and gave their name to tliat country. Franeker, a town of Holland, in Frieslsiid, with a castle and a universi- t}^ The public buildings and palaces are magnificent, and it has two naviga- ble canals. It is nine mile w of Lew- arden. Frankenau, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, 26 miles sw of Casscl. Franhenherg, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, with a considerable ma- nufacture of woollen stulFs, seven miles NNE of Chemnitz. Frankenhal, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It has rich manufactures of stuffs, silks, cloths, &c. and a canal to the river Rhine. It was taken by the French in 1793, and retaken by the allies in 1794. It is seat- ed two miles w of the Rliine, and seven s of Worms. Frankcnhavsen, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Thuringia, with some extensive salt-works ; situate on a branch of the Wipper, 26 miles N of Erfurt. Frankenstein, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 9 miles se of Kayserslautern. Franlienstein, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Munsterberg, on the river Bautze, 12 miles wsw of Munsterbetg. Franlifort, the capital of the state of Kentucky, and in Franklin county. It is regularly laid out, and stands on the right bank of the Kentucky, 60 miles from its conflux with the Ohio, 82 ssw of Cincinnati, and 430 w by s of AVash- ington. Lon. 85 10 w, lat. 38 10 N. Franlifort, a town of Virginia, capital of Pendleton county, situate on the s branch of the Potomac, 140 miles nw of Richmond. Franlifort on the Maine, a fortified city of Germany, in Wetteravia, on the confines of Franconia. It is divided by the river Maine into two parts, which communicates by means of a stone bridge ; the larger part, on the N side, is called Frankfort, and the smaller Sachsenhausen. It contains several pa- laces and courts belonging to princes and counts ; and here the king of tho Romans is elected and crowned. The chief structure is the tovvnhouse, in which is preserved the golden bull, the origin of the fundamental laws of the emj)ire. All religions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain restrictions ; butLutheranismisthe established faith; though the principal church is in the possession of the Roman catholics. The Jews live together in a long narrow street, separated from the other citjiers F R A by a high wall. Frankfort is one of the most commercial places in Europe, and has two great fairs every year. It was taken, in 1759, by the French, who eva- cuated it in 1763 ; and it has been seve- ral times taken and retaken by the French and Austrians, in the late wars. It is 18 miles ene of Mentz, and 350 WNW of Vienna. Lon. 8 32 e, lat. 60 7n. Francfort on the Oder, a town of Bran- denburg, in the Middle mark, with a fa- mous university and a noble academy. It has three great fairs, and the exclu- sive right of navigation up the Oder to Breslau. Here are two suburbs, called Lebus and Guben, and a bridge over the Oder. In 1759, it was taken by the Russians and Austrians, and in 1806, it fell into the hands of the French. It is 45 miles e by s of Berlin, and 72 s of Stettin. Lon. 14 29 e, lat. 52 23 N. FrankUmd Islands, a cluster of islands in the Pacific ocean, on the ne coast of New Holland. Lon. 146 e, lat. 17 12 s. FranltUn, Fort, a fort of Pennsylvania, in Allegany county, erected in 1787 on the Allegany, at the influx of French creek, 70 miles n of Pittsburg. Lon. 80 4w, lat. 41 25 N. Frascati, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, seated on the side of a woody mountain. It is a bishop's see, always possessed by one of the six eld- est cardinals ; and in its neighbourhood are some of the most magnificent villas in Italy. I'he ancient city of Tusculum is supposed to have stood above Frasca- ti ; and between the ruins and the town, it is generally believed, was the Tuscu- lum of Cicero, where some Greek monks in the 11th century, built a convent on the ruins of his house. Frascati is 12 miles se of Rome. Fraserhurg, a town of Scotland, in Abcrdeens'iire, with a small but excel- lent harbour, and a manufacture of linen yarn. It is seated on the German ocean, a little s of the poiut of Kinnaird Head, and 38 miles N of Aberdeen. Lon. 1 47 w, lat. 57 28 N. FrauenJjurg, a town of W. Prussia, in tiie palatinate of Alarienburg, on the Frisch Half, 14 miles ne of Elbing. I Frauenfeld, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Thurgau, with a good castle. It is seated on an emi- nence, by the river Murg, 19 miles ne of Zurich. Lon. 8 52 w, lat. 47 33 N. Franenstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, on the river Boberisch, 20 miles ssw of Dresden. Fraustadt, a town of Poland, in the F R E palatinate of Posen, which has a great trade in wool and oxen. Near this town a battle was gained by the Swedes over the Saxons, jn 1706. It stands on the frontiers of Silesia, 20 miles NW of Glo- gau, and 55 ssw of Posen. Fredehurg, a town of Westphalia, on the river Wenne,, 23 miles sse of Areus- berg. Frederica, a town of the state of Georgia, in Glynn county, and on tlie w side of St. Simon island, with a safe and commodious harbour, 64 miles sw Of Savanna, Lon. 8056 w, lat. 31 6 N. Fredericshurg, a town of Further Po- merania, 23 miles N of Stargard, and 33 ssw of Colberg. Fredericshurg, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, with a castle and pa- lace, 15 miles nw of Copenhagen, Fredericshurg, a town of Virginia, ca- pital of Spotsylvania ccyunty, and a place of considerable trade. It is situate on the s side of the Rappahannoo, 50 miles ssw of Alexandria. Lon. 77 40 w, lat. 38 12 N. Fredericshurg, a Danish fort, on the Gold-coast of Guinea, near Cape Three- points, 62 miles wsw of Cape Coast Castle. Lon. 1 5 w, lat. 4 30 N, Frederics/tall, a seaport of Norway, in the province of Aggcrhuys, situate at the mouth of the river Tiste, in a bay called the Swinesund. The harbour is safe and commodious; but the large quantity of saw-dust brought down the river, from the different saw- mills, occa- sions an annual expence to clear it away. On the summit of a rock, which over- hangs the town, stands the hitherto im- pregnable fortress of Fredericstein ; at the siege of which, in 1718, Charles XII. of Sweden was killed by a musket-ball. It is 31 miles se of Christiana. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 59 12 N. Fredericsltam, a town and fortress of Russia, in Carelia. It is neatly bnilt, the streets going off like radii from a centre. Here, in 1783, an interview wa3 held between the empress of Russia and the king of Sweden. It is seated near the gulf of Finland, 68 miles wsw of Wiburg. Lon 28 18 e, lat. 60 36 N. Fredericstadi, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggcrhuys, and the most regular fortress in this part of Norway It has a considerable trade in deal tim- ber, and is seated on the Glommo, 26 miles w of Fredericsl.all. Fredericstadi, a town of Denmark, in S.Jutland, seated at the conflux of the Tren with the .Eyder, 17 miles sw of Sleswick, Fredei-ictown, a town of Maryland, 248 F R E capital "of Frederic county, witli four edifices for public worship. It has a considerable trade with the back coun- try, and is situate near the Monocacy, 47 miles w by N of Baltimore. Lon. 77 36 w, lat. 39 26 N. Frederictoicn. the capital of New Brunswick, on the river St. John, which is thus far navigable for sloops, 90 miles above the city of St. John. Lon. 66 30 w, lat. 46 20 N. Freehold, or STonmouth, a town of New Jersey, chief of Monmouth county. Here in 1778, general Washington at- tacked sir Henry Clinton ou his retreat from Philadelphia, and the latter lost 300 men. It is 20 miles s by E of Bruns- wick, and 30 e of Trenton. FreepoH. a town of the district of Main, in Cumberland county, situate at the head of Casco bay, 10 miles ne of Portland. Freetown, a seaport of Guinea, capi- tal of the colony of Sierra Leone. The harbour has three wharfs, and is pro- tected by a batterj'. It stands on the s side of the river Sierra Leone, near its entrance into the Atlantic ocean. Lon. 12 56 w, lat. 8 30 N. Frehel, a cape of France, in the de- partment of Cotes du Nord, 13 miles w of St. Malo. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 48 41 N. Frejus, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var. By the Romans it was called Forum Julii ; and had then a port on the Mediterranean, from which it is now two miles. It is the birthplace of that great Roman general and philo- sopher Agricola; and near it some fine remains of antiquity are still visible. It is seated near the river Argens, in a mo- rass, 40 miles ne of Toulon. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 43 26 N. Frenay le Vicomie, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, nine miles ssw of Alencon. Freudenberg, a town of Franconia, on the river Maine, three miles w of Wer- theim. Freudenberg, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Hoya, 13 miles s by w of Bremen. '• Freudenstadt, a strong town of Suabia, in tlje Black Forest, built to defend the passage into that forest. In 1796, it was taken by the French. It is 23 miles ssE of Baden. Freudenthal, a town of Silesia, in the principjiUty of Troppau, celebrated for its breed of horses, and manufacture of fine linen ; seated near the Mohra, 24 miles w of Troppau. Freyberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle. In the envurous F R I are mines of copper, tin, lead, and silver, which employ a great number of work- men. Here is the usual burying-place of the princes of the house of Saxony. It is situate on a branch of the Muldau, 15 miles sw of Dresden. Lon. 13 22 w, lat. 50 56 N. Freyberg, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 16 miles sw ofTes- chen, and 48 e of Olmutz. » Freyburg, a town of Silesia, near the river Polsnitz, 7 miles NW of Schweid- nitz. Freyenstein, a town of Brandenburg, in the mark of Pregnitz, on the frontiers of Mecklenburg, 22 miles ne of Perle- berg Freyenwalde, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, near which are mi- neral springs and extensive alum works. It is seated on the Oder, 36 miles ne of Berlin. Freysingen, a town of Bavaria, capital of a principality of the same name. The cathedral and palace are beautiful struc- tures. It was taken by the French in 1796. It is seated on a mountain, near the Isei, 20 miles nne of Munich. Lon. 11 50 e, lat. 48 21 n. Freystadt, a town of Hungary, with a castle, seated on the Waag, opposite Leopoldstadt. Freystadt, a town of Moravia, in the principality of Teschen, with a castle, on the river Elsa, eight miles. nnw of Teschen. Freystat, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, with an ancient castle, 14 miles ne of Sagan. /• Freystat, a town of Austria, which has a great trade in worsted, 17 miles n of Ens. Friburg, one of the cantons of Swit- zerland, surrounded on all sides by the canton of Bern It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures; and the cheese made in this caiaton is deemed the best in Switzerland. The inhabitants are papists. Friburg, a fortified town of Switzer- land, capital of the canton of the same name. It is seated in a mountainous county, on the river Sanen,which diVides it into two parts; that on the w side standing on plain ground, and the other among rocks and hills. The public buildings, especially the cathedral, are very handsome ; and the bishop of Lau- sanne resides here. Three miles from this town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, said to be the work of one man, with his servant, who performed it in 25 years. Friburg was taken by the French in 1798. It is IS miles sw F R I of Bern, uml 30 ne of Lausanne. Lon. 7 15 E, lat. 46 43 N. Friliurg, a town of Suabia, capital of Brisf;aii. The steeple of its great church is the finest in Germany ; and here is a university, a college formerly belonj^ing to the Jesuits, and several convents. The inhabitants arc famous for polishing crystal and precious stones. It has been often taken. It is seated on the Triser, 63 miles s by vv of Baden. Lon. 7 68 F, lat. 48 3 N. Frihirg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Tliuringia, with a castle on a moun- tain, situate on the Unstrut, 6 miles nnw of Naumburg". Fricenti, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Ulteriore, near the river Tripalto, 20 miles SE of Benevento. Frideck, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Tescheu, on the river Oder, 12 miles s by w of Teschcn. Fridivgen, a town of Suabia, ou the Danube, 20 miles sw of Ulm. Friedherg, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia. It is seated on a moun- taiH, by the river Usbacli, 16 miles N by E of Frankfort. Friedherg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, situate on the Lechfeld, 6 miles e of Augsburg, and 30 Nw of Munich. Friedherg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnitz. A little N of the town a battle was gained by the king of Prussia, over the Austrians, in 1745. It is seven miles nw of Schweidnitz. Friedherg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, on the river Pink and frontiers of Hungary, 33 miles ne of Gratz. Friedburg, a town of Westphalia, in East Fricsland, with a castle, 26 miles e of Emden. Friedland, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppelen, on the river Steina, 12 miles e of Neisse. Friedland, a tow^n of Lower Saxony, m Mecklenburg, seated in a swampy country, on the frontiers of Pomerania, IG miles ssw of Anclani. Friedland, a town of Bohemia, on the confines of Lusatia, 7 miles ese of Zittau. Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the Frencli, under Bonaparte, gained a complete victorv over the Russians, June 14, 1807. It is seated on the Alia, 28 miles se of Konigsberg. \ Friendly Islands, a group of islands in the South Pacific ocean, so named by Cook, in 1773, ou account of the friend- ship that appeared to subsist among the Inhabitants, and their courteous beha- viour to strangers. Tasman, a Dutch F R 1 navigator, first touched here in 1G43, and gave the names of New Amster- dam, Rotterdam, and Midilleburg, to three of the princi])al islands. Cook ex- plored the whole cluster, which he found to consist of more than 20 islands, the principal of which arc Tongataboo, or Amsterdam ; Eaoowc, or Middleburg ; Annamoqka, or Rotterdam; IIap 48 e, lat. 60 34 N.- i Fulham, a village in Middlesex, four miles w by s of London, seated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge to Putney. It has been the demesne of the bishops of London ever since the conquest : here they have a palace ; and in tlie churchyard are the touibs of se- veral of the prelates. Fullan, a country in the interior part of Africa, vv of the kingdom of Cassina. Its boundaries have not been ascertain- ed, nor has the face of the country been described. The dress of the natives re- sembles the plaids of the Scotch High- landers. Fulrieh, a town and castle of Moravia, on the frontiers of Silesia, 26 miles ene of Prerau. Frmchal, the capital of Madeira, situ- ate round a bay, on the gentle ascent of some hills, in form of an amphitheatre. An old castle which commands the Toad, stands on the top of a steep black rock, called the Loo Rock, surrounded by the sea at high water ; there are also three other forts, and several batteries. The streets are narrow and dirty, though streams of water run through them. The houses are built of freestone, or of bricks ; but they are dark, and only a few of the best are provided with glass windows ; all the others have a kind of lattice-work in their stead, which hangs on hinges. The beams and roof of the cathedral are of cedar; but the chief curiosity here is a chamber in the Fran- ciscan convent, the walls and cielingof which are covered with human skulls and thigh bones, said to be the relics of holy men who have died on the island. The town contains about 11,000 inhabi- tants. Lon. 17 6 E, lat. 32 38 N. Fundi/, a bay of N. America, between New England and Nova Scotia, remark- able for its tides, which rise from the height of 30 to 60 feet, and tlow rapidly. It extends about 200 miles in a ne di- rection ; and with Vert bay, which pushes into the land in a sw direction from Northumberland strait, forms an isthmus of only 12 miles wide, which unites Nova Scotia (o New Brunswick. Fiinen, an island of Denmark, 150 miles in circumference; separated from Jutland by a strait, called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, by the Great Belt. It is fertile in pasture and grain, and exports to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and peas. Odensce is the capital. Funfkirchen, or Five Churches, an epis- copal town of Hungary, situate in a fer- F Y A tile country, between the Drave and the Danube, 85 miles ssw of Buda. Lon. 18 13 E, lat. 46 12 N. Fnorli, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 21 miles sse of Solomona. Fiirnes, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, seated near theGerraan ocean, on the canal from Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the barrier towns ; but, in 1781, emperor Joseph II. expelled the^ Dutch garrison. It was taken by the French, in 1793, and is 12 miles e of Dunkirk. Furruckabdd, a town of Hindoostan, in the territory of Rohilcund, capital of a small district, about 30 miles in length, on the right bank of the Ganges, which belongs to a chief of the Patan Rohilla tribe. It is seated on the Ganges, 70 miles E of Agra, and 76 nw of Lucknow. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 27 28 N. Fustenan, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburg, 13 miles sw of Quakenburg. Furstenbcrg, a principality of Suabia, between the Black Forest and the prin- cipality of Constance. In this state the river Danube takes its rise. Furstenheig, a town of Suabia, in the principality of the same name, with an ancient castle on a mountain, near the Danube, 17 miles s by w of RothweU. Lon. 8 35 E, lat, 47 63 N. Furstenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Lusatia, on the river Oder, 11 miles s by E of Frankfort. Fio'stenbei'g, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on the river Havel, 10 miles s of Strelitz. Furstenfeld, a town of Germany, in Stiria, with a castle, on the river Auft- nitz, 39 miles s of Gratz. Furstenwald, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, seated on the Spree, 32 miles ese of Berlin. Furstenwerder, a town of Branden- burg, in the Ucker mark, 12 miles nw of Prenzlo. Furth, a town and castle of Lower Bavaria, on the river Cham, 10 miles NE of Cham. Furth, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach, seated on the Rednitz, five miles nw of Nuremburg^. Futtipour, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, 34 miles ese of Corah, and 66 NW of Allahabad. Fyal, one of the Azores, or Westeui islands. It is well cultivated, and has abundance of chesnuts, beeches, myr- tles, and aspens. The cottages of the common people arc built of clay, thatch- ed with straw ; and arc small, but clean- 262 G A E ly and cool. The most considerable place is called Villa de Hoita. Lou. 28 36 w, lat. 38 32 N. Fyne, Loch, in Scotland, an inlet of the Atlantic, in Argylesliire, nearly 40 miles in length. It receives and returns a tide on each side of the i&le of Arran, which is opposite its entiaiice. It is indented with bays ; and in the herring season is the resort of numerous fishing- vessels. Fyzahad, a city of Hindoostan, in the territory of Oude, of which it was once the capital. Here are the remains of a vast building, the palace of the late na- bob Sujah ul Dowlah. The city is po- pulous ; but since the removal of the court of Oude to Lucknow, it has de- clined in wealth. It is seated on the Gogra, 70 miles e of Lucknow. Lon. 82 26 E, lat. 26 46 N. G ' Gaarde, a town of Norway, in the diocese of Aggerhuus, 56 miles nvv of Christiana. Gabala, a town of Arabia Felix, 64 miles NNE of Aden. Gabaret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, seated on the -Selisse, 16 miles w of Condom, Gabel, a fortified town of Boliemia, which commands the pass into Lusatia. It is 8 miles s of Zittau. Gabes, or Gabs. See Cubes. Gabion, a village of France, in the department of Herault, nine miles Nw of Beziers. It has a mineral spring; and near it is a rock from which issues petroleum. Gabin, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Rava, 50 miles nw of War- saw. Lon. 19 45 e, lat 52 26 N. Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded on the N by Majombo, e by Anziko, s by Loango, and w by the Atlantic. It has a river of the same narn^^, which enters the Atlantic a little N of the equinoctial hue. The chief town is Sette. Gadebusch, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg, near which the Swedes defeated the Danes and Saxons in 1712. It is 16 miles nnw of Schwerin. ; Gademis, a town of Barbary, in Bile- dulgerid, capital of a country of the same name. It is 170 miles sw of Tri- poli. Lon. 10 40 E, lat. 30 40 N. Gaeta, a strong town of Naples, in Terra di Layoro, with a fort, a citadel, 2^3 G A L and a harbour. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707, by the Spaniards in 1734, and by the French in 1806. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the gulf of Gaeta, 30 miles nw of Capua, Lon. 13 47 e, lat. 51 30 n Gago, a town of Negroland, capita, of a country of the same name, which abounds in rice, corn, and mines of gold. It is 300 miles sse of Tombuctoo. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 11 ION. Gaildorf, a town of Franconia, in the lordship of Limburg, witli a castle, near the river Koeher, 13 miles w of Elvvangen. Gaillac, a town of France, m the de- partment of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is seated on the Tarn, which is here navigable, 10 miles sw of Alby. Ga'dlon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure, witli a magnificent palace, belonging to the archbishop of Eouen. It is 11 miles ne of Eureux, and 22 sse of Rouen. Gainsborough, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesdaj^, seated on the Trent, over which is a handsome stone bridge. It is a river-port of some consiequencc, being accessible to vessels of sufficient size to navigate the sea ; and serves as a place of export and im- port for the N part of the country, and for Nottinghamshire. It is 17 miles nw of Lincoln, and 149 N by w of London. Lon. 36 e, lat. 53 28 N. Gairloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the w coast of Rossshire, which gives name to a tract of land near it. The fishing of cod, and other white fish, is here very considerable. Galacz, or Galasi, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Moldavia. In 1790, it was taken by the Russians, after a bloody battle. It is seated on a lake, near the conflux of the Pruth with the Danube, 55 miles w of Ismael, and 120 ssw of Bender. Lon, 28 24 e, lat. 45 24 N. Galashiels, a town of Scotland, in Sel- kirkshire, with a manufacture of wool- len cloth, known by the name of Gala- shiels Gray, It is seated on the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, 5 miles N of Selkirk. Galaso, a river of Naples, in Otranto, which rises near Oria, and runs into Uie gulf of Tarento. Galfally, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 23 miles se of Limerick. Galicia, a country in the sw part of Poland, which extends 320 miles from e to w, and 290 in breadth. It coia- prises Little Poland, the greatest part of GAL Red Russia, and a slip of Podolia to the w of Use liver Eog. This toriitory was f(jrcil)!y seized by the Austrians in 1772 and 1795, and incorporated into the Aiisii ian dominions, under the appella- tion of liie kingdom of Galicia and Lo- It is mue miles nw of Kirk cudbright. 266 G E A daedtead, a town in the county of Durham, seated on the Tync, over which is a handsome bridge to Newcastle, It appears like a subinb to Newcastle, and is celebrated for its grindstones, which are exported to all parts of the woild. It is 13 miles n of Durham, and 269 N by w of London. Gatton, a borough in Surry, wliicli BOW has neither market nor fair. It is two miles ne of Ryegate, and 19 s by w of Londou. Gandens, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, seated u the Garonne, 13 miles ene of St. Bertrand. Gai*j, a town of the territory of Ge- noa, an important frontie-i' place toward Montserrat and the Milanese ; seated on the Lcmo, 19 miles nw of Genoa. Gaur, or Zonf, a city of Usbec Tarta- ry, capital of the province of Gaur ; seat- ed on the river Zouf, 120 miles s by w of Balk. Lon. 64 40 w, lat, 35 5 n. Gaukama, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, of great note among tlje Bra- mins, for a celebrated image of Siva, and many ancient inscriptions on stone. It enjoys some commerce, and stands in a well cultivated plain, near the mouth of a river, 72 miles nnw of Kundapura, Gauts, stupendous mountains of Hin- doostan, extending along the e and w coasts of the peninsula. Tht vv ridge, called by the natives the mountains of Sukhieu, extends from cape Comorin to the river Tapty, at the distance of from 40 to 70 miles from the shore ; except a gap, opposite Paniany, about 16 miles in. breadth, chiefly occupied by a forest. They rise abruptly from the low coun- try, supporting, in the nature of a ter- race, a vast extent of fertile and popu- lous plains, which are so elevated as lo render the air cool and pleasaiit. Gaut, according to the oiiginal import of the word, signifies a pass through or over mountains ; and, by an extended sense, is applied to the mountains themselves. Gaza, a town of Syria, in Palestine, two miles from the Mediterranean, with a harbour and a castle. It is now very small ; but from the appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place. Here are manufactures of cot- ton ; but the principal commerce is fur- nished by the caravans between Egypt and Syria. It stands in a fertile coun- try, 50 miles sw of Jerusalem. Lon. 34 45 E, lat. 31 28 N. Gearon, or Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are produced. It is 80 267 GEM miles s by E of Shiras. Lon, 51 17 E, lat. 28 15 N, Gefie, a seaport of Sweden, capital of Gestricia, seated on an arm of the gulf of Bothnia, which divides the town, and forms two island. The exports are principally iron, pitch, tar, and planks. It is 90 miles nnw of Stockholm. Lon. 17 20 E, lat. 60 40 N. Geliol, a town of Chinese Tartary, with a large palace, and a magnificent temple of Eudha. Here the emperor of China received the British embassy in 1793. It is 136 miles n of Peking. Gcldci'land, one of the provinces of Holland, and the largest of them all. It lies between the Zuider Zee, the pro- vinces of Holland, Utrecht, and Over- ysscl, the principality of Munstcr, the duchy of Cleve, and Dutch Brabant; and is divided into three quarters or coun- ties, called Nimeguen, Arnheim, and Zutphen, from the principal towns. It is fertile in fruit and corn ; and, in many parts, abounds in wood. Gelderland, Upper, a territory of the Netherlands, lying in detached parts, on both sides the river Meuse, di- vided into Austrian, Dutch, and Prus- sian Gelderland. The Austrian part in- cludesRuremonde,and its dependencies; the Dutch comprehends the lordships of Velno and Stcvenswert; and the Prus- sian contains the capital, Gelders, and its district, which is reckoned as a part of the circle of Westphalia. Geldeis, a town of the Netherlands, and tlio capital of Prussian Geldeiiand. Here is a palace, the residence of the former dukes. It was taken in 1702, by the king of Prussia; and in 1713, the town an*l its district was cedsisi by France to that prince, in exchange for the principality of Orange. In 1757, it surrendered to the French, who restor- ed it in 1764, after demolishing the for- tifications ; and in 1794, it again sur- rendered to them. It is 20 miles sse of Cleve. Lon. 6 16 e, lat. 51 31 N. ? Gelnhausen, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with a castle, seated on the Kintzig, 18 mile.? ne of Hanau. Gemblours, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with an ancient abbey, seated on the Orneau, 22 miles se of Brussels. Geminiano, St. a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino, seated on a mountain, in which is a mine of vitriol, 25 miles ssw of Florence. Gemona, a town of Italy, in Friuli, near the river Tagliamento, 20 mile^ WNW of Friuli. GEN Gamund, a town of Suabia, seated on jhe Rems, 30 miles nnw of Ulm. Gemund, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Julieis; seated on the Roer, 24 miles sw of Cologne. Gemand, a town of Germany, in Ca- rinthia, with manufactnres of iron and steel. 16 miles nw of Villach. Gemnnden, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, on the river Maine, 22 miles n of Wurtzburg. Gemunden, a town of Austria, famous fi)r its salt-works; seated at the N end of a lake of tlie same name, on the river Traun, the outlet of the lake, 20 miles ssw of Lintz. Genap, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated on the Dyle, 15 miles se of Brussels. Genessee, a river of the United States, wliicli rises oil the N border of Pennsyl- vania, and runs nne through the state of New York into Lake Ontario. It has three falls, which fmnish excellent mill- seats ; and on its borders are the Genes- see flats, 20 miles long and four broad, the soil rich and clear of trees. Geneva, a town of New York, in Onondago county, situate on the nw corner of Seneca lake, 24 miles sse of Canandaqua, and 106 vv of Coopers- town. Geneva, a fortified city, capital of a territory of the same name, surrounded by the duchy of Savoy, of which it was formerly a part, and the see of a bishop, now resident at Annecy. In 1584, Ge- neva concluded an alliance with Zurich and Bern, by which it was an associate of Switzerland. During the greater part »f the 18th century, there were frequent contests between the aristocratic and tlie popular parties; and the years 1768, 1782, 1789, and 1794, were distinguish- ed by gieat revolutions. The last was eficclcd entirely by the influence of the French ; and not long after, this city and its tenitory was made a department of France, under the name of Leman; but in 1814, after the expulsion of the French, it was annexed to Switzerland. Geneva, which stands partly on a plain at the w end of the lake, and partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly built. It has a good arsenal, and a university founded in 1368. The houses are lofty ; and many in the trading part of the city have arcades of wood, which are raised even to the upper stories. The inhabi- tants, estimated at 26,000, carry on a great trade, and among others the watch-making business is particularly ilourisbiug Geneva is 40 miles ne of GEN Chambery, and 135 nw of Turin. Loa 6 E, lat. 46 12 N. Geneva, Lake of, a large expanse of water, between Savoy and Switzerland, in a valley, which separates the Alps from Mount Jura. Its length, from the city of Geneva to Villeiieuve, is 54 miles ; and the breadth, in the widest part, is 12, The water near Geneva is shallow ; in other parts the depth is va- rious; the greatest, yet found by sound- ing, is 160 fathoms. The river Rhone runs through it from the e to the w ex- tremity. Gengenhach, a town of Sua!>ia. in Bris- gau, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated OH a rivulet of the same name, which flows into the Kiutzig, 20 miles n of Fri- burg. Gengoux de Royal, St. a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, celebrated for its excellent wine ; seated at the foot of a mountain, 17 miles sw of Chalons. Genies, St. a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, 24 miles ne of llhodez. Genlis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, 12 miles s of St. Quentin. Genoa, a republic of Italy, extending along that part of the Mediterranean called the gulf of Genoa, 160 miles; but the breadth is only from 8 to 12 miles. Where it is not boiuided by the sea, it is bordered from w to E by Pied- mont, Milan, Parma, and Tuscany. It is populous, well cultivated, and fertile near the sea ; but the inner pM-ts are mountainous, and barren in several places. The corn grown is insuflicient for its own consumption ; but there are abundance of excellent fruits and vege- tables : and its mulberry and olive tjees are innumerable. Genoa, a city and seaport, capital of the republic of the same name, and au archbishoij's see. It is six miles in cir- cumference, built like an amphitheatre, and full of marble churches and palaces; whence it has the name of Genoa the Proud. On the hvnd side it is defended by a double fortification ; and the har- bour is protected by two forts, one of which has its top formed of strong glass, and is illuminated at night by 35 great lamps. The inhabitants are computed at 100,000. It has manul\ictures of velvets, damasks, gold and silver tissues, and pa})er; and the banking business is a very profitable article of commerce. Here are the public storehouses, from which the inhabitants are obliged to 258 GEO |H» .base wuie, oil, bread, and wood ; and oidv the priiicipa! iiicrchants are sliowcd, upoti |>:'-3i!ig" a sum of uiuney, to procure llicse articles abroad. The streets are kept clean, but many of them are uajrow and uneven. The harbour is very considerable, and has a mole 560 paces ia Ipiigth, 13 in breadth, and 15 feet above the level of the water. Ge- noa was taken, in 1740, by the Austri- ans, whose oppression of thr inhabitants was such, that the latter suddenly rose and expelled tlicir conq«erors,who agai-ri besieged the city, the next year, but without elicct. In 179S, tlie French be- came masters of this city. In 1800, it sustained a siege by a British fleet and Austrian army till literally starved, and was evacuated by capitulation ; but soon afterward it was again delivered up to the French, on their victory at Marengo. Early in 1814, it was taken by the British, under lord Bentick. Ge- noa is 62 miles SE of Turin, and 120 WNw of Florence, Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 44 26 N. Ge/itiah, a town of the kingdom of Assam, 370 miles e of Patna, Lou. 92 10 E, lat. 26 10 s. Geo7-ge, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, in Invernessshire, which has several handsome streets of barracks. It is seated on the point of a peninsula, run- ning into the Murray Frith, and com- pletely commands the entrance into the harbour of Inverness. It is 10 miles ne of Inverness. George, Fort, St. See Bladras. George, Lake, in the state of New York, lies to the sw of Lake Charap- laiu, and is 35 miles long, bat is narrow. The adjacent country is mountainous ; but the valleys are tolerably good. Tlie remains of Fort George are at the s end of the lake, and of the fort of Ticondc- rago at the N end, at its outlet into Lake Charaplain. George, St. the capital of the island of Granada, tormerly called P'ort-royal, which name the fort still retains. It is situate on the w coast, not far from the s end of the island, and has a safe and commodious harbour. Lon. 61 45 w lat. 1150 N. George, St. one of the Azores, which produces much wlieat. In 1808, a \ol- cano broke out here, which destroyed the town of Ursulina, several farming- houses, &c. The chief town is Vellas. Lon. 28 w, lat. 38 39 N. George, St. an island of the United States, in the strait of St. Mary, which forms the communication between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. 259 GEO George, Si. a small island iii the gulf of Venice, to the s of Veuice, to wiiioli it is subject. Here is a Benedictine monastery, whose church is one of the finest in Italy. Geoi'ge. St. the largest of the Bermu- das islands. It is in the form of a hook, about 40 miles in lenglii, but seldom two in breadth. It lias a town of the same name, containing 500 houses built of freestone, which is the capital of all the islands. Lon. 63 35 w, lat. 32 45 n. George, St. an island in the gulf of Mexico, opposite the mouth of the Appalaehicola. Lon. 84 50 w, lat. 29 30 N. George del Mina, St. a fert of Guinea, on the Gold coast, and the principal set- tlement of the Dutch in those parts. The town under it, called by the na- tives Oddena, is very long, and pretty broad. The houses are built of stone, which is uncommon, for in other places they arc composed only of clay and wood. It is 10 miles wsw of Ccipe Coast Castle. Lon. 8 w, lat. 4 5G K. George Key, St. a small island in the bay ot'Honduras, on the E coast of Ju- catan. It is likewise called Casiiia, or Cayo Casigo. By a convention iu 1786, the English logwood-cutters were permitted, under certain restrictions, to occupy this island. Lon. 88 35 w, lat. 17 40 n". Georgetown, a seaport of S. Carolina, capital of a district oi" the same name. The public buildings are three churches, a court-house, and an academy. It stands near the juiiction of a number ot rivers, which here form a broad stream called Winyaw bay, 12 miles from the sea, and 65 N by e of Charleston. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 33 20 N. Georgetoicn, a town of Delaware, chief of Sussex county, IG miles wsvv of Lewes, and 103 s by w of Philadel- phia. Georgetown, a town of Maryland, ia Kent county, seated on the Sassafras, 9 miles from ils mouth in Chcsapeak bay, and 65 sv/ of Phdadclphia. Georgetown, a town of RIaryland, iu the territory of Columbia, with a col- lege, for the promotion of geiijerai liie- rature, founded by tlie Bonian catho- lics. It is .situate on the Folomac, and on the w side of Rock creek, which se- panites it iiom Washington, four miles WNW of the capital, and 46 sw of Balti more. Georgetovm, a town of the district of Main, and the oldest in Lincoln county. It is the spot where the English first at- tempted to colonize New Ejigland, iii GEO 1607, and stands near the mouth of the Kennebec, 15 miles s by w of Wiscas- set.l Georgeloum, a town of the state of Georgia, in Ogietliorpe county, situate on the OgeechCj 24 miles nnw of Louis- ville. Georgia, a counfry of Asia, called by the Persians Gurdistan, and by the Turks Gurtshi. It is one of the seven Caucasian nations, in the countries be- tween the Black sea and the Caspian, and comprehends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is bounded on the N by Circassia, e by Daghcstan and Schir- van, s by ArmcHia, and w by Cuban, or the new Russian government of Cau- casia. It is divided into nine provinces. (){' these, five form what is commonly called tjje kingdom of Georgia; and four the kingdom or principality qf Jme- riiia. The last reigning prince ceded this country to Russia on his death, which happened in 1800. The hills of Geojgia are covered with forests of oak, ash, beech, chesiuits, walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing perfectly wild, but pioducing vast quantities of grapes, bom which much wine and brandy are made. Cotton grows spon- taneously, as well as the finest European fruit-trees. Rice, wheat, millet, hemp, and flax, are raised on the plains, almost without culture. The valleys afford the finest pasturage, the rivers are full offish, the mountains abound in minerals, and the climate is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, being fed by mountain torrents, are always either too rapid or too shal- low for the purposes of navigation. The Georgians are Christians of the Greek comimuiion, and appear to have received their name fi'om their attachment to St. George, the tutelary saint of these countries. Their dress nearly resembles thai of the Cossacs ; but men of rank fiequeiitly wear the habit of Persia. They usually die their hair, beards, and nails with red. The women employ the same colour to stain tlie palms of their hands. On their head they wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair falls on their forehead ; behind, it is braided into several tresses : their eyebrows are painted with black, in such a manner as to form one entire iinc, and the face is coated with white and red. They are celebrated for their beauty : but their air and manners are extremely voluptu- ous. The Georgians have great skill in the use of the bow, and are deemed excellent soldiers: but the men have no virtue, except courage ; fathers sell their children, and sometimes tiicir GEO wives. Both sexes are addicted fo' drunkenness, and are particularly fond of brandy. The other inhabitants of Georgia are Tartars,Ossi,andArmenians. These last are found all over Georgia, sometimes mixed with the natives, and sometimes in villages of their own. They speak among themselves their own lan- guage, but all understand and can talk the Georgian. Beside these there are a considerable number of Jews, some hav- ing villages of their own, and others mixed with the Georgian, Armenian, and Tartar inhabitants, but never with the Ossi. The Christians of the coun- try in part follow the rites of the Arme- nian, and in part that of the Greek church; and they are represented as the most tractable Christians in the east. Tefflis is the capital. See Ime~ ritia. Georgia, the most southern of the United States of America, 600 miles long and 250 broad ; boinided on the E by the Atlantic, s by East and West Florida, w by the JNIississippi, and n by Noll til and South Carolina. It is divid- ed into 24 counties, namely, Camden, Glyn, Liberty, Chatham, Eryan, M'ln- tosh, Effingham, Scriven, Burke, Rich- mond, Wilkes, Washington, Greene, Franklin, Montgomery, Hancock, Ogle- thorpe, Elberte, Lincoln,Warren, Jeffer- son, Jackson, Bullock, and Columbia. The principal rivers are the Savanna, Ogeecbee, Alataniaha, Turtle river, Lit- tle Sitilla, Great Sitilla, Crooked river, St. Mary, and Apalachicola. The win- ters m Georgia are very mild and plea- sant; snow is seldom or never seen. The soil and its fertility are various, ac- cording to situation and different im- provements. By culture are produced rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, sago, maize, potatoes, oranges, figs, pomegranates, &c. Rice, at present, is the staple com- modity ; but great attention begins to be paid to the raising of cotton. The whole coast of Georgia is bordered with islands, the principal of which are Skid- away, Wassaw, Ossahaw, St. Catharine, Sapclo, Frederiea, Jekyl, Cumberland, and Amelia. The capital of this state is Louisville. Georgia, or South Georgia, an island in the Pacific ocean, visited by Cook in 1775. It is 64 miles long, and 30 in its greatest breadth. It seems to abound \^ ith bays and harbours, which tlie vast quantities of ice render inaccessible the greatest part of the year. Two rocky islands are situate at the N end ; one of which, from the person who discovered it, war. named Willis Island ; the other 230 G E R received the name of Bird Island, from tlie innumerable flocks of birds that were seen near it. Here are perpendicular ice clifls, of considerable height, like those at Spitzbergen ; from m liich pieces were continually breaking off and float- ing out to sea. The valleys were cover- ed with snow ; and the only vegetation observed was bladed grass, wild burnet, and a plant, like moss, which sprung from the rocks. Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on t-hc whole coast. A promontory at its SE end, named Queen Charlotte Cape, is iu Ion. 36 11 w, lat. 64 32 s. Georgia, Gulf of , a gulf of the North pTicific ocean, between the continent of North America and Quadra and Van- couver island ; about 120 miles in length, from N to s, but t-he breadth varies in its different parts from 6 to 20 miles. It contains several clusters of islands, and bianches off into a great number of canals, most of which were examined by captain Vancouver and his oflicers. Gei-a, a town of Upper Saxony, iu Voigtland. It has a castle about a mile from the town, on a mountain in a \rood, and is called Osterstein. Here is a considerable manufacture of fine stuffs ; and its great trade and hand- some houses have procured it the name of Little Leipsic. It is seated on the Elster, 32 miles ssw of Leipsic. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 50 55 N. Geraii, a town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt, 10 miles wnw of Darm- stadt. Gerheroy, a town of France, in the department of Oise, 12 miles nw of Beauvois. Gerbeviller, a town of France, in the department of Meurlhe, seated on the A gen, 5 miles s of Luneville. Gerbi, an island in the Mediterranean, in the coast of Tripoli. It bears much uarley; and has large quantities of figs, ohves, and grapes, which, when dried, form the principal trade. Lon. 11 20 E, lat. 33 56 N. Gerhstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county of Mansfeld, 7 miles n e of Mansfeld. Gerdaven, a town of Prussia, defend- ed by two castles, and seated on the Omet, near a considerable lake, 50 miles SE of Konigsberg. Germain, St. a town of France, in Ihe department of Seine and Oise, with a magnificent palace, in which Louis XIV. was born. Here James II. found an asylum, when he fled to France. It 261 G E R is seated on the Seine, near a fine forest^ 10 miles nw of Paris. Germain, St. a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. It was once the largest town in the county, and a bishop's see, but now consists chiefly of fishermen's cot- tages. What remains of the cathe- dral is used as the parish-church ; and near it is the priory. It stands near the sea, 10 miles w of Plymouth, and 328 w by s of London. Germain, St. a town of France, in the department of Loire, celebrated for its excellent wine, 18 miles s of Roanne. Germano, St. a town of Piedmont, on the river Naviglio, nhie miles w of Ver- celli. Germano, St. a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, at the foot of Monte Cassino, 17 miles sse of Sora. Gei'manton, a corporate town of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia county. Here is the principal congregation of the Mennonists, who have been settled in this state since 1692. Stockings, of cotton, thread, and worsted, are manu- factured here to a great extent. This town is famous for a battle fought in it on October 4, 1777. It is 7 miles N of Philadelphia. Germanton, a town of North Carolina, chief of Stokes county, situate near a branch of the Dan, 70 miles w by n of Hillsborough. < Germanton, New, a town of New Jer- sey, in Hunterdon county, 28 miles nw of Brunswick, Germany, a country of Europe, 600 miles in length, and 500 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Hungary and Po- land, N by the Baltic sea and Denmark, why the Netherlands and France, and s by Switzerland and Italy. It contains a great many sovereign princes, who are independent of each other,; and lately there was a number of imperial towns, which were so many little re- publics; but the whole ol" them formed a great confederacy, governed by poli- tical laws, at the head of which was an emperor, whose power in the collective body, or diet, was not directive but ex- ecutive. The western Roman empire, which had terminated in the year 475, in the person of Augustulus, the last Roman emperor, and which was suc- ceeded by the reign of the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the Lombards, was re- vived by Charlemagne, king of France, on Christmas day, in the year 800. This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo 111. crowned him emperor, m Si. G E R Pftlcr's cTiitrch; tinil Niccphorus, -who ■ft'us then cinpcror of ll'.e east, cohsonted to Ih'rs coiouafidn. After the death of Charlemagne, ami of Lewis !e Debon- uaire, his sort and anccessor, the empire was divided between the four sons of the latter. LoUinrio, the first, was em- peror ; Pepin was king of Aquitaine ; Lewis, kin§ of Germany ; and Charles leChauve, king of France. This parti- tion was the source of incessant feuds. I'lie French kept the empire under eight emperors, till the year 912, when Lewis III., the last prince of the line of Charlemagne, died without issue male. Conrad, count of Franconia, the son-in- law of Lewis, was then elected emperor. Ilius the empire went to the Germans, and Ijecame elective ; for it liad been liereditary under the French emperors. The emperor was chosenby the princes, Ihe lords, and the deputies of cities, till the year 1239, when the number of the electors was reduced to seven ; one more was added in 1649, and another in 1G92 : these nine electors continued to the year 1798, w hen, in consequence of the alterations made in the constitu- tioa of the empire, under the influence of France and Russia, they became ten in number; namely, the elector and archbishop of Katisbon, the elector and "king of Bohemia (the then emperor) the elector of Bavaria, the elector of Sax- ony, the elector of Brandenburg (king of Prussia) the elector of Hanover (king of England) the elector of Wurtzburg (late grand duke of Tuscany) the elector of Wirtemburg, the elector of Baden, and the elector of Hesse. Rodolphus, count of Hapsburg, was elected emperor in 1273. He is t!;e head of the house «f Austria, which is descended from the same stock as the house of Lojrain, re- luiited to it in the person of Francis I., father of the two late emperors, Josepli and Leopold. On the death of Charles Vl. of Austria, in 1740, ail emperor was chosen from the house of Bavaria, by the name of Charles VII. On the death of this prince, in 1745, the abovcmen- tioncd Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, was elected emperor ; whose grandson, Francis II., enjoyed the dignity of em- peror of Germany till 1806, when he formally resigned the title and office. At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the jircrogatives of the emperor were very considerable ; but, in 1437, they were reduced to fhe right of conferring a!! dignities and titles, except the privi- lege of being a state of the cmjm-e ; of arantiiig dispensations with respect to tlic age of majority ; of creelmg cities, G E R and conferring the privilege of coining money; of calling the meetings of tbe diet, and presiding in them. But, after all. there w as not a foot of land annex- ed to this title ; for, ever since the reign of Charles IV., the emperors depended entirely on their hereditary dominions, as the only source of their power, and even of their subsistence. To prevent the calamities of a contested election, a king of the Romans was often chosea in the lifetime of the emperor, on wh9.se death he sueeceded to the imperial dig- nify of course. The e/nperor (always elected and crow^ned at Frankfort on the Maine) assumed the title of au- gust, and pretended to be successor to the emperors of Ron>e. Although he was chief of the empire, the supreme authority resided in the diet, which was composed of three colleges; the college of electors, the college of princes, and the college of imperial towns. The diet had the power of making peace or war, of settling genera' impositions, and ol regulating ail the important affairs of the etnpire; but the decisions had not the force of law till the emperor gave his consent. When a war was deter- mined on, every prince contributed his quota of men and money, as valued in the matriculation roll ; though as au elector or prince he might espouse a dif- ferent side from that of the diet. All the sovereigns of Germany have an ab- solute authority in their own dominions, and can lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliances, provided tliey did not preju- dice the empire. They determine all civil causes definitely, unless in some particular cascs^ in which an appeal may be made. These appeals were to two courts, called the Imperial Chamber, si, Wetzlar; and the Aulic Council, at Vieama. The three principal rehgions are, the Roman catholic, the Lutheran, and the Cavinists; but Christiaiis of all denominations are tolerated, and fh'T« is a multitude of Jews in all the great towns. The principal rivers of Ger- many are the Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Weser, Maine, and Oder. Germany is divided into nine circles, namely, Aus- tria, Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, Westphalia, and Up- per and Lower Saxony : each of these includes several other states ; and Bohe* mia, Moravia, Lusatia, and Silesia ara not comprised in the ten circles. Gcr-i many lately contained si.x archbishop- rics and thirty-eight bishoprics ; but this hierarchy was thrown into cojifusion by the secularizations in 1798, and is not yet restored to order: the archbish(ip dt 262 G E R Ratishon is primate and mclropolilan of all Germany ; the see of Mentz hav- ing been inovetl to Ratisbon. No coun- try bas uiulerjjODe such a variety ©f cliaui;;es for the last 20 years as Ger- many ; and as new kiug;s and princes have been created by Bonaparte, and their territories enlarged at the expence of Austria and Russia, it is impossible to ghe an exact account of the division of the dilicrent states of which it is formed, as further changes are now in contemp- lation. At present this account must be considered as what Germany was previous to the year 1806; after which time, in consequence of the formation of the Confedoration of the Rhine, the emperor Irancis II., resigneo his office as emperor of Germany, which dissolved that ancient constitution. But as that confederation may now be considered as abolished, there is every reason to presume the empire will be re-cstabhsh- ed, tiiough liie form of the constitution may be somewhat altered. No people apply themselves more closely to their studies than the Germans; and the Hg- fcrew is no where so generally learnt, or better understood. Printing is most extensively encouraged ; every man of letters is an author: they multiply books without number ; thousands of supposi- tions and disputations are annually pub- lished, with which they overstock the fairs of Frankfort and Leipsic; for no man can be a graduate in the universi- ties who has not published one disputa- tion at least. I'he language of Ger- many is a dialect of the Teutonic, which succeeded that called the Celtic. The population is estimated at 30,000,000. Vienna is the principal city. Germs, a town of Austria, 22 miles wsw of Horn. Gernsheitn, a town of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, with a cas- tle ; seated on the Rhine, 10 miles sw of Darmstadt. ■ Geroiia, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see; seated on the Ter, 20 miles from its entrance into the Mediterranean, and 66 NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 40 e, lat. 42 5 n. Gets, a department of France, which includes the late provinces of Gascony and Arraagnac. It has its name from a river that waters Auch and Lectoure, and runs into the Garonne, above Agen. Auch is the capital. Gersaii, a town of Switzerland, on the lake of Schweitz, at the foot of the Rigi, 12 miles sw of Schweitz. Gei-irudenburg, a fortified town of South Hollaad, with a good harbour and 263 G H A salmon fishery on a large lake, CRlIf^i} Bies Bosch. It has been often taken, the last time by the French in 1795. It is 8 miles N by E of Breda. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 51 44 N. Gerumenha, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a strong castle ; seated on a hill, near the river Guadiana, 1-8 miles below Badajoz. Geseke, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Westphalia, seated on tlic Weyck, 11 miles wsw of Paderborn. Gessenay. See Saneu. Gestricia, a province of Sweden, the s part of Nordland, between Dalec-arlia on the w and tlie gulf of Bothnia on the E. It is 100 miles long and 60 broad, diversified by forests, rocks, hills, ami dales, lakes, and rivers ; and there are, numerous aiines and forges. Gefle is the capital. Gettysburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in York county, situate at the head of Rock creek, one of the sources of tlie Monococy, 30 miles w by s of York. Gevaudan, a late territory of France, . in Languedoc, bounded on the N by Auvergne, w by Rouergue, s by the Cevennes, and E by Vivarez. It now forms the department of Lozcre. Gex, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ain, noted for excellent cheese; seated at the foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone, the lake of Ge- neva, and Switzerland, 10 miles nw of Geneva. Geyss, a town of Germany, in the principality of Fulda, seated on the Ulster, 17 miles ne of Fulda. Gezan, or Ghezan, a seaport of Ara- bia Felix, which has a considerable tradij in semia and coffee ; seated on the Red sea, 90 miles nw of Loheia. Lon. 42 15 E, lat. 16 25 N. Gezira, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbek, on an island formed by the Tigris, 70 miles nw of Monsul. Lon. 40 50 E, lat. 36 36 N. Gezula, a province of Morocco, which is very productive, and contains mines of iron and copper. The inhabitants are numerous, and considered as the most ancient people of Africa : they live in tents, and are so independent that they are rather the allies than the subjects of the emperor of Morocco. Ghana, or Cano, a city of Negroland, capital of a country of the same name, governed by a sidtan. It stands on the s side of a large lake, at its outlet, which separates the city into two parts, and soon after joins the river Niger, which is here called Neel il Abeed, «»r Nile of the Negros. It is 130 miles R G H I by s of Cassina, Loa. 13 25 E, lat. 16 15 N. Gkanara, a city of Negroland, capital of the country of Wangara. The ar- ticles of trade are gold, senna, and slaves. It stands on a branch of the Ni- ger, 280 miles se of Cassina. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 13 20 N. Ghent, or Gand, a city of the Nether- lands, lately the capital of Austrian Flanders, now the capital of the depart- ment of Scheldt, and a bishop's see. It contains 58,000 inhabitants ; but is not populous in proportion to its extent. The city is cut by many canals, which divide it into 26 isles, and over the ca- nals are 300 bridges. It has also two navigable canals ; the one to Sas van Ghent, the other to Bruges and Ostend. Here are several linen and woollen ma- nufactures, and it has a great trade in corn. The cathedral of St. Buvon, and the abbey of St. Peter, are magnificent edifices ; in which, as also in the churches, are some capital paintings by the best masters. Charles V. was born here ; but the inhabitants have no rea- son to respect his meniorj' ; for he re- peatedly loaded them with heavy exac- tions, and built a citadel to awe tliem. Here, in 1576, was concluded the fa- mous treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent, the first commencement of the separation of seven provinces from the seventeen which then formed the Ne- therlands. Ghent has been often taken and retaken in the late wars. It is seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the Lis, Lieve, and Moeze, 26 miles Nw of Brasseis. Lon. 3 44 E, lat. 51 3 N. Gfiergong, a city and the capital of the kingdom of Assam. It is fenced with bamboos, and has four gates construct- ed of stone and earth. The rajah, or king-, has a splendid palace, surrounded by a ditch full of water. It is seated on the.Degoo, near its conflux with the Burrampooter, 400 miles ne of Calcutta. Lon. 93 36 E, lat. 26 25 N. Gheriah, a seaport ot Hindoostan, on tijG coast of Concan. It was the capital of Angria, a famous piratical prince, whose fort here was taken, and his whole fleet destroyed, in 1756, by the Enghsh and Mflhrattas. It is 165 miles s by E of Bon)bay. Lon. 73 8 e, lat. 16 45 n. Gldddore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on the confines of Bahar, 84 m^les SE of Patna. G/iilan. a province of Persia, on the w side of the Caspian sea ; supposed to be the Hyrcania of the ancients. On the '" side are high i^ountains, which G I B are covered with many sorts of trees, and in the highest parts of them an? deer, bears, wolves, leopards, and tiger* It produces abundance of silk, oil, wine rice, tobacco, and excellent fruit. The inhabitants are brave ; and the women are accounted extremely handsome. This province was ceded to Russia, by a treaty concluded at Petersburg in 172<^ but not possessed by Russia till 1780. Resht is the capital. Ghilan, St. a town of France, in the department of Nord, seated on the Haina, 5 miles vv of Mons. Ghizni, or Gazna, a town of the coun- try of Cabul, once the capital of a power- ful empire of the same name. It i? called the second Medina, from the great number of illustrious persons who have been interred here. It is 54 miles s of Cabul. Lon. 68 20 e, lat. 38 40 n. Ghourbond, a town of the country of Cabul, 42 miles Nw of Cabul. Gibello, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, on the river Po, 16 miles nw of Parma. Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, near a mountain of the same name, formerly called Calpe,which,with Abyla, on the opposite shore of Africa, were called the Pillars of Hercules. Tarick, a general of the Moors, built a fortress here, which he called Gibel-Tarick, that is. Mount Tarick. Since that time a town has been built at the foot of this rock, which is strongly fortified. It can be approached only by a narrow pas- sage between the mountain and the sea, across which the Spaniards have drawn a line, and fortified it, to prevent the gar- rison Jrom having any communication with the country. The rock abounds in partridges ; and on the e side, amid the broken precipices, is a stratum of bones, belonging to various animals, enchased in a reddish calcareous stone. Gibral- tar w as taken from the Moors in 1462 ; and in 1704 it fell into the hands of the English. The Spaniards attempted to retake it Ihe following year; and they besieged it again, in 1727, with as little success. It sustained a siege from July 1779 to February 1783, when the siege was finally raised, on advice being re- ceived that the preliminaries of peace were signed ; but it may be considered as terminated on September 13, 1782, on the failure of a grand attack made by the Spaniaids, whose floating batteries ■were destroyed by red-hot shot, from the garrison. The immber and strength of the military works, and the vast galle- ries opened in the calcareous rock, ex- cite admiration; and the fortress, in the 264 G I L opinion of most engineeis, is absolutely iii.prcgnablc. The garrison here is cooped up in a very narrow compass, and in a war with Spain has no provi- sions but what are brought from Bar- bary and England. The strait of Gib- raltar is 24 miles long and 15 broad, and a strong current always runs through it fiom the Atlantic to the Me- diterranean, Gibraltar is 25 miles N of Ceuta, and 45 se of Cadiz. Lou. 5 22 w, lat. 36 6 N. Gibraltar, a town of Terra Firma, in Venezuela, defended by some fortifica- tions. The air is uuheallhful in the rainy season, tluit the merchants and planters generally retire at that time to Maracaybo. The envircas produce the best eocoa in the proviuce, and an ex- cellent kind of tobacco. It stands on the SE coast of the lake Maracaybo, 120 miles ssE of Maracaybo. Lou. 70 45 w, lat. 8 45 N. Giengen, a town of Suabia, on the river Brentz, 18 miles nne of Ulm. Gmizor, a town of Barbary, in Tri- polij 10 miles s of Tripoli. Gierace, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, seated on a mountain, near tke sea, 32 miles exe of Reggio. Giessen, a fortified town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, with a citadel and a universit)'. In 1759 it was taken by the French, and it surrendered to them in 1796, but was soon after taken by the Austriaus. It is seated on the Lahn,)16 miles wsw of Marburg. Lon. 8 43 E, lat. 50 35 N. Giga, a small island, one of the He- brides, lying on the w coast of the pen- insula of Cantyre, and included in Ar- gjleshire. The inhabitants export corn, meal, and kelp. Giglio, a small island on the coast of Tuscany, with a castle, 15 miles wsw of Orbitello. Gigiiac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault, on the river He- rault, 14 miles w of Montpellier. Gijum. See Amu. Crijon, or Gyon, a seaport of Spain, in Asturias, with an ancient castle ; seated on the bay of Biscay, 24 miles ne of Oviedo. Lon. 5 36 w, lat. 43 34 N. Gilles, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee, on the river Vie, near its mouth, 16 miles nnw of Sables d'Olonne. CHlolo, an island, the largest of the Moluccas. It is 130 miles from n to s, but is intersected by several large bays, Ikat the breadth of any limb seldom ex- ceeds 40 miles. The shores are in ge- neral low, and the interior rises in high 365 G I R peaks. It does not produce any fine spices, but has a groat deal of rice, and abounds with oxen, buffalos, goats, deer, and wild hogs The sultans of Ternate and Tidore share this island betwecu them. The natives are in- dustrious, particularly in weaving. One of the chief towns is Tatany, on a small promontory of the eastern limb, and only accessible by ladders. Lon. 129 e, lat. 24 N. Gimont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gors, 12 miles e of Auch. Giiigee, a town of Hindoostau, in the Carnatic, strong both by nature and art, being seated on a mountain, whose top is divided into three points, on each of which is a castle. In 1750, it was ta- ken by the French, It is 38 miles nw of Pondicherry. Lon. 79 35 E, lat. 12 15 N. Giorgiev, a town of European Turkey, in AValachia, near which the Russians gained a great victory over the Turks, in 1771. It is seated on the Danube, 4o miles sw of Buchorest. Giovenazzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a castle. It has high houses and towers, built of polished stone with flat roofs, which give it a sin- gular appearance. It is seated near the sea, 10 miles nw of Bari. Girest, a town of Persia, in Kerman, with a trade in wheat and dates, 100 miles E by N of Gombron. Girge, a town of Egypt, capital of the Said, and residence of the bey of Up- per Egypt. It is about three miles in cicumference, and contains several mosques, bazars, and squares, but no marble buildings, or remains of ancient structures. It stands near the left bank of the Nile, 130 miles nnw of Esne, and 240 s of Cairo. Lon. 31 52 e, lat. 26 30 N. Girgenti, an episcopal town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a castle. It is part of the ancient Agrigentum, and in the vicinity are numerous remains of temples, &e. It stands on a hill, near the river St. Blaise, 60 miles s of Paler- mo. Lon. 13 26 E, lat. 37 24 N. Gironde, a river of France, formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogne, 12 miles n of Bourdeaux,which runs into the bay of Biscay after a nnw course of about 45 miles. At its mouth is a fa- mous tower and lighthouse, called Cor- douan, situate on a rock in the sea, 60 miles nnw of Bourdeaux. Lon. 1 9 w, lat. 45 36 n. Gironde, a department of France, which includes part of the late province of Guienne. It lies on both sides of G L A (fje Garonne, aiul has its name from the lov.cr pait of that river, which is called the Gironde. Eourdeaux is the capital. Girmis, St. a town of France, in tlie department of Arriege, on the Satat, 4 miles s by e of St. Lizier. Girvnn, a tov/n of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, at the month of the river Girvan, which forms a tolerable harbour. The mhabitauts are chiefly weavers of cot- ton and woollen cloths. It is 16 miles ssw of Ayr. Gishorovgh, a town in N. Yorkshiie, with a market on Monday, It is cele- brated for being the first place where alum was made, as it was formerly for its fine abbey. It is 22 miles Nw of Whitby, and 247 N by w of London. Gisors, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure, seated on the Ept, 28 miles SE of Rouen. GitscMn, a town of France, Avhicli suffered greatly during the long war of tlie Swedes in Germany. It is 22 miles NW of Koningsgratz. Givet, a fortified town of Bohemia, in the department of Ardennes, divided by the I\Ieusc into two parts, Givet Saint Hiiaire and Givet Notre Dame, the former situate at the foot of a moun- tain close by Charlemont, and the other on the opposite side of the river. It is 20 miles ne of Rocroy. Giula, a strong town of Upper Hun- gary, on the frontiers of Transylvania and the river Keresblan, SO miles sw of Great Waradin. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 46 40 N. r Giula Nnova, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, near the gulf of Ve- nice, 13 miles n of Atii. 5 Giuliani, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a craggy rock, 12 miles NNE of Xacca. Giustandel, a town of European Tur- key, in Macedonia, and a Greek arch- bishop's see, seated near Lake Ochrida, «30 miles se of Durazzo. liOn. 20 36 e, lat. 41 40 N. Gizeh, a fortified town of Egypt, with a palace, several mosques, a cannon foundery, and a manufacture of coarse earthen pots and tiles, A few miles to the SE are the largest pyramids in the country. Gizeh was laken from the French by the British in 1801. It stands on the left bank of the Nile, nearly op- posite Cairo. Gladhach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, with a Benedictine ab- bey. It has manufactures of fine strong linen, and is seated on the Ncrs, 16 miles K of Juliers. G L A Gladenhtch, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, 12 miles n of G lessen. Glammis, a town of Scotland, in An- gussshire, with manufactures of yam and linen cloth. Near it, on the banl" of the Dean, is Glammis-castle, a largt edifice, in w^hich Malcolm II, was mur- dered. It is 4 miles sw of Forfar. Glamorganshire, a county of Wales, 48 miles long and 26 broad ; bouiidoital of Gloucestershire, with a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and seated on the E side of the Severn, where, by two streams, it makes the isle of Alney. It was fortified with a wall, which Charles II. after the restoration, ordered to be demolished. The four principal streets have their junction in tlie centre of the town. It once contained eleven churches, but now has only five, beside the catliedial, in which is a large clois- G I. U ter, a whispering gallery, and the tombs of Robert, duke of Normandy, and Ed- ward II. It has five hospitals, two free- schools, and a large county gaol. Great quantities of pins are made here; and there are 12 incorporated trading com- panies. Ships come up by the Severn to the bridge ; but the navigation being circuitous and diflScult, a canal is made hence to Berkeley, at the head of which is a basin, lit for the reception of 100 vessels. The city and neighbourhood contains many remains of abbeys ; and those of Lantony abbey, in the s suburb, are converted into outhouses belonging to adjacent farms. Gloucester is 24 miles NE of Bristol, and 104 w by N ©f London. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 51 50 N. Gloucester, a seaport of Massachusets, in Essex county, and on the peninsula of Cape Ann, which forms the N side of Massachusets bay. The harbour is ac- cessible for large ships, and defended by a battery and citadel. It is one of the most considerable fishing-towns in the United States, and 16 miles ne of Sa- lem. Lon. 70 40 w, lat. 42 36 N. Gloucester, a town of Virginia, chief of a fertile county of the same name. It stands ou a point of land on the N side of the mouth of York river, 17 miles ne of York-town, and 70 E by s of Rich- mond. Gloucester, New, a town of the district of Maine, in Cumberland county, 27 miles N of Portland. Gloucestershire, a county of England, 60 miles long and 26 broad ; bounded on the w by Herefordshire and Mon- mouthshire, N by Worcestershire, e by Warwickshire and Oxfordshire, and s by "Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It contain^ 800,000 acres ; is divided into 27 hundreds, and 280 parishes ; has two cities and 25 market-towns ; and sends 10 members to parliament. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 285,514. The air is sharp iu the e, or hilly part, called the Coteswold ; but very mild in the rich vale that occupies the centre, through which the river Severn flows. The w part,whiGhis the smallest district, is varied by hill and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The staple commodities of the county are its woollens and cheese. Its principal ri- vers are the Severn, Warwickshire, Avon, Lower Avon, Wye, Thames, Coin, and Lech. Gluckstadt, a seaport of Lower Sax- ony, capital of the duchy of Holstein, witii a strong castle. It has a consider able foreign trade, the principal bramclt of which is the whale fishery. It is 368 G O A eated on the Elbe, neai in nio;ith, 28 jQiJes N\v of Hamburg'. Lon. 9 28 e, at, 53 61 N. Gnesen, or Gnesna, the capital of Great Poland, and an archbishop's sec, whose prelate was primate of Poland. The cathedral contains a vast treasure of costly vessels and vestments ; and its gates, of Corinthian brass curiously wrought, belonged formerly to a Greek monastery in Taurica Chersonesus. It was the first town built in the kingdom, and formerly more considerable than at present. It is 90 miles n by e of Eres- iau, and 125 w by n of Warsaw. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 52 28 N. I Goa, a city of Hindoostan, in the Con- can, and the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India. It stands on the N side of an island, 22 miles long and six broad formed bytheriverMandova,whicIi is capable of receiving the largest ships. The viceroy's palace is a noble build- ing, at a small distance from the river. Here are a great number of handsome churches and convents, and a stately Iiospifal. The houses are large, and make a fine appearance, but are poorly fiunished. The market-place takes up an acre of ground ; and in the shops about it may be had the produce of Eu- rope, China, Bengal, and other coun- tries. The inhabitants are contented with greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, is flieir principal diet, though thej^ have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is the Roman catholic, and the clergy are numerous and illiterate. Only one of the churches has glass windows; for they make use of clear oyster-shells in- stead of glass, and all their fine houses have the same, Goa has few manufac- tures or productions, the best trade be- ing in arrack, which is distilled from the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The har- bour is defended by several forts and batteries. It is 250 miles s by e of Bom- bay, Lon. 73 45 e, lat. 15 31 N. Gealpara, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, where the Europeans have factors, who caiTy on a great trade with Assam, Bootan, Tibet, &c. It stands on the left bank of the Burrumpooter, SS miles e of Rangamatty, Goar, St. a fortified town of Germa- ny, and the capital of the lower county of Catzenellenbogen. It is seated on the Rhine, imder the stupendous rock and castle of Rheinfels, with which it surrendered to the French, in 1794. It has a considerable trade in wines and bides, and is 17 miles se of Coblentz, GoarsJiamen, St. a town of Gennany, 269 GOD •n the circle of Upper Rhine, and lowcT county of Catzenellenbogen, On a mountain near it is a strong castle called Catze, It is seated on the Rhine, op- posite Rheinfels, 10 miles sw of Nassau, Goave, Grand, a town of St. Domingo, near the seacoast. The environs con- tain plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, and cotton. It is 10 miles ssw of Leo- gone Goave, Petit, a seaport of St. Domin- go, and the staple to which the traders in Grand Goave and other places send their commodities. It is 20 miles sw of Leogane. Gohhi, a country of Africa, on tha coast of the Atlantic, between the coun- try of Camma and Cape Lopez Gonsnl- vo. The chief town is situated about a day's journey from the sea. The prin- cipal trade of the inhabitants consists in elephants and ivory. Gobcien, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 18 miles se of Philipsburg. Lon. 3 56 e, lat. 51 39 n. Gobin, St. See Fere. Goc/i, a town of Germany, in the du- chy of Cleve; seated on the Niers, eight miles s of Cleve. Goclisheim, or Gocltcn, a town of Sua- bia, lately belonging to Wurteniberg ; but ceded to Bavaria in 1802, 16 miles s of Heidelberg, and 24 NNW of Stut- gardt. Gociano, a town of Sardinia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle, seated on the Thurso, 25 miles e of Algher. Godalming, a town in Surrj% with a market on Saturday, and manufactrjres of stockings and coarse woollen cloths. It is seated on the Wey, where it di- vides into several streams, four niilcs sw of Guildford and 34 of London, Godavery, a river of Hindoostan, which has its source in the Sukhien mountains, 70 miles to the ne of Bom bay. In the upper part of its course it is esteemed a sacred river by the Hin- doos, who call it Gonga, a terra for a river in general. After crossing Dow- latabad and Golconda, from w to E, it turns to the se, and receiving the Bain about 90 miles above the sea, divides into two principal channels at Raja- mundry; and, these subdividing again, form altogether several tide harlK)urs, for vessels of moderate burden, at its difiercnt mouths in the bay of Bengal. Its course is estimated to be above 700 miles; and extensive forests of teak timber border on its banks, within the mountains, Goderville, a town of France, in the G n deparinienl of Lower Seine, nine miles KK of Moiitiviliicrs. Godivg; a town of Moravia, with a fine castle, seated on a Ijraiich of the Marclie, 38 miles SE of Einiin. Gcdmanchester, a cor]>orate town in Iluiitisigdonsliire, parted from Hunting- don by the river Onse. It is seated in a rich fertile soii, whicli yields great plenty of corn. When James I. came tkrongh it from Scotland, the inhabitants xnct iiim with 70 ploughs, drawn by as many teams of horses; for wlsich novel sight he granted tlicm a charter. Here is a school called The free grammar- Bchool of queen Elizabeth, It is 69 Ijniles N by w of London. Godra, a town of Hindoostan, in Gu- zcr.-it, 55 miles e of Amcdabad. Godwin Sands, sandbanks off the E coast of Kent, in England, between the N. and S. EorcFand. They run parallel with the coast for 10 miles, at about se- «en miles distant, and add to the secu- rity of the capacious road, the Downs. These sands occupy the space that was formerly a large tract of ground be- loMging to Godwin, earl of Kent, father of kiiig Harold ; and which being after- ward given to the monastery of St. Au- gustin, at Canterbury, the abbot neg- lecting to keep in repair the wall that defended it from the sea, the whole tract was drowned in the year 1100, leaving these sands, upon which many ships have been wrecked. Goes, or Ter Goes, a strong town of Holland, in Zealand, capital of the is- land of Sc Beveland. It has a consider- able trade, particularly in salt and corn. The great church was burnt down in 1648, and another was built which is a handsome structure. It communicates with the Scheldt by a canal, and is 20 miles E of Middleburg. Lon, 3 50 E, Jat. 51 33 N. Gogard, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, 23 miles nnw of Linkioping. Gogo, a town of Hindoostan, in Gu- gerat, with a good tide harbour, at the mouth of a river, in the gulf of Cambay, 100 miles ssw of Amedabad. Lon. 71 63 E, lat. 21 45 N. Gogra, or Soorjcw, a river which is- sues from Lake Lankee in I'ibct, and forcing its way through Mount Him- maleh, pervades tlie province ofOude, in Hindoostan, where it takes a SE di- rection, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah, in the province of Ba- har. • Gohud, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of a circar of the same name, in the G O L province of Agra, 63 miles ssk of Agr ■ Lon. 78 44 u.'lat. 2G24 N. Gitiio, a town of jtaiy, in the Man tuan, seated on the river JMincio, be- tween the lake ofMaulua and that of Garda, 15 miles Nw of Alaiitua. Golconda, a country of the Deccan of Hindoostan, between the lower parts of the rivers Kistna and Godaveiy, and the principal part of Dowiatabad. It was formerly called Teliingana, or I'il- ling, and is subject to the ulzam of the Deccan, The king of Golcoadu, at one time, maintained in his pay above 500,000 soldiers; but in 1667 the reign- ing prince became tributary to Auretig- zelje. The kings had vast rcvenuee^ arising from the properties of lauds, cus- toms of merchandises and provisions, but chiefly from the diamond mines ; for Golconda may be called l!ie country of diamonds. Those who were allow- ed to work towards ^Masulipatan, i>aid a pagoda cveiy hour they worked, whe- ther they found diamonds or not. The chief mines are in the Carnatic, and in several places near Visiai)ouv ; 6000 men were continually at work, who daily found near 3 pounds weight of these pre- cious sloncs; and nobody dug there but for the king. Winter begins here in June with rain and thunder. The thuii- deris of short continuance ; but the rains pour down, with furious storiHs of wind, till the iiuddlc of July, wiih some inter- vals of fine weather. In August, Sep- tember, and October, great rains fall again, and swell the rivers to a dunger- ous degree of dei;1h and rapidity. '1 hese rains render the land exceedingly fer- tile, especially in fruits. Vines are in great plenty ; and of the grapes, whicli are ripe in Jaiuiary, they make white wine. They have yearly two crops of rice, and several other kinds of graia. Ilydrabad is the capital. Golconda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the country of the same name, six miles wNw of Hydrabad, and joined to that city by a wall of communication. It occupies the summit of a conical iiill, and is deemed impregnable. In 1687, this fortress was besieged by Aureng- zebe, but being unable to succeed, he corrupted the governor, who surrender- ed against tiie will of his sovereign. The kitig of Golconda oflercd lo pay a tribute of 3,700,000 rupees, and become his vassal; but f'-e conqueror refused, and entered the place in triumph. Gold Const, a maritime comitry ©f Guinea, where the Europeans have se- veral torts and scttlGrnciits, It is about 273 G O M SSO miles in lengtli froni w fo e, be- tween the rivers Ancobar ami Volta; and includes several dislricts, in which are two or three towns or villages, lying on the seashore. Seven of the districts are dignilied with the title of kingdoms, though they contain but a small extent of land along the coast. The natives are generally very rich, as they carry on a great trade with the Europeans for gold ; and many of them are employed in fishing, and cultivating rice, which grows in incredible quantities. This they exchange with others for maize, yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhabitants go naked; and those who are best clothed have only some vards of stuff wrapped about their mid- dle. Goldberg; a town of Silesia, in the principality of Lignitz. It has manu- factures of woollen and linen, and is seated at the foot of a mountain, on tho river Katzbach, 11 miles sw of Lig- nitz. Golden Island, a small island at the entrance of the gulf of Darien, where the Scots attempted to make a settle- ment in 1698. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 9 n. Goldingen, a town of the duchy of Comland, with a castle, formerly the residence of the dukes. It is seated on the Wela, 60 miles w of Mittau. Lon. 22 21 E, lat. 56 48 N. Goldsborongh, a seaport of the district of Maine, in Hancock county, situate on an inlet of the sea, 47 miles e of Cas- tine. Lon. 6820 w, lat. 44 28 N. Goletta, a fortress of Tunis, on a nar- row channel between the fake of Tunis and the sea. In 1636, it was taken by Charles V. when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and kept by the Spaniards till 1574, when it was taken from them by Selim II. It is 25 miles n of Tunis. GoUing, a town of Germany, in the duchy ot Salzburg, 14 miles SSE of Salz- burg. Golnow, a town of Hither Pomerania, seated on the Una, 11 miles ne of Stet- tin. Golo, a new department of France, including the N part of Corsica. It has its name from a river, which rises near the centre of the island, and runs into the sea, 12 miles s of Bastia, the chief town. GoIpJiiiigton, a town of the state of Georgia, chief of Washington county, situate near the head of the Ogecchee, 37 miles wsw of Aug-usta, and 50 nnw of Louisville. Gombrwi, or Gambron, a seaport of •2/1 G O N Persia, in Laristan, called by the natives Eender Abassi, 'llie best houses are built of brick, tlat at the top, with a square trjrret: but the common people have ^uts, made with the boughs of palm-trees, and covered with leaves. It was formerly much frequented by peo- ple of several nations. The adjacent soil is barren, but provisions brought fiom other countries are plentiful. It is seated on a bay of the strait of Ormus, 160 miles E of Lar. Lon. 56 10 E, lat. 27 18 N. Gomera, one of tlie Canary islands, be- tween Ferro and Tenerifl",- 20 miles long and 10 broad. Here is corn suflicient to support the inhabitants, a sugar work, and great plenty of wine and fi uils. It has a town c-f the same nanae, with an excellent harbour, where the Spanish ships often take in refreshments. Lon. 17 8 w, lat. 28 6 N. Gommei-n, a town of Upper Saxony, with a castle, situate near the Elbe, eight miles SE of Magdeburg. Goms, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, 33 miles e of Sion. Gonaives, a seaport of the island of St. Domingo, with an excellent harbour. Here is a medicinal spring, with baths and accommodations for visitors. It is 30 miles SE of St. Nicholas. Lon. 72 26 e, lat. 19 36 N, Gonave, an island in the W. Indies, near the w coast of St. Domingo, 34 miles long and three broad. At its SE corner, separated by a channel three miles wide, is Little Gonave, an isle about two miles each way. Lon. 72 45 w, lat. 18 54 N. Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, situate on a hill of considcraSjie height. The palace of the neguz, or king, is at the w end, flanked with square towers. The houses are chiefly of clay ; the roofs thatched in the form of cones. The in- habitants are estimated at 40,000. They have no shops; but carry on their trade in a large square, where they expose their merchandise upon mats. Gold and rock salt are the only money used: each bar of salt is a foot in length, and they break off as much as they agree for in the purchase of small v.'ares. There are about 100 churches, and the patri- arch depends on that of Alexandria. It is 180 miles sE of Seunar. Lon. 37 33 E, lat. 12 34 N. Gondegama, or Gondlacomma, a river of Hindoostan, which rises near Coni- bam, forms the nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the n, and enters the bay of Eengal at Mootapiily. GOO Gondet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Loire, 10 miles s of Le Puy. Gondon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Pyrenees, 7 miles SE of Tarbes. Gondorf, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, four miles ene of Munster Maitifeid. Gondrecoiirt, a town of France, in the department of Meusc, seated on the Or- ney, 20 miles s of St. Michael. Gondreville, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe, with a castle, and a magnificent hospital. It stands on a hill, on the river Mosclie, 8 miles w of Nancy. Gonesse, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, seated on tlie CroukI, 10 miles ne of Paris. Gonfooda. See Gunfuda. Gonga, a town of European Turkey, in Romania, seated near the sea of Mar- mora, 37 miles ne of Gallipoli. Lon. 37 31 E, iat. 40 53 N. Gonjah, a kingdom of Africa, between the coast of Guinea on the s, and Toni- buctoo on the n. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 miles w by s of Cassina. Lon. 6 10 w, Iat. 13 20 N. Good Hope, Cape of, the southern ex- tremity of Africa, discovered by the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Di- az, in 14.93, who gave it the name of Caho Tormentoso, from the boisterous weather which he met with near it ; but Emanuel, king of Portugal, on the re- turn of Diaz, changed its name to that of Cape of Good Hope, from the hope he entertained of finding a passage be- yond it to India ; and in this he was not deceived, for Vasco de Gama, having doubled this cape on the 20th Novem- ber, 1497, proceeded to Inelia, and land- ed at Calicat, on the 22d of May, 1498. The Cape of Good Hope was first touch- ed at by the Dutch in 1600, and 1650, they established a settlement at this place, of which they held undisturbed j.ossGssion for near 150 years. Here is a neat town called Cape-town, rising in the midst of a desert, surrounded by black and dreary mountains. To the SE of the town are sonic vineyards, which yield llie famous wine called Coustantia. 'I'he store-houses of tlic Dutch E. India Company are siluale next tlic wafer, and the jirivate buildings lie beywud them, on a gentle ascent to- ward tlie moinilains. 'J"he castle, or principal fort, which commands Mic road, is on the e side ; and another strong fort, called An)sterdam Fort, is on the w side, 'i'he streets are broad and re- G O O gular ; and the houses, in general, are built of stone, and white-washed. Here are two churches ; one for the Calvinists, the established religion, the other for the Lutherans. The slaves are lodged and boarded in a spacious house, where they are likewise kept at work : these slaves, a few Hottentots excepted, were all originally brought from the E. In- dies, and princii)ally from Malacca. An. other great building serves as an hospi. tal for the sailors belonging to the Dutch E. India ships which toucl) here: it is situate close to the Company's gar- dens, to which the convalescents have free access. The inhabitants, though stout and athletic, have not all that phlegm about them which is the cha- racteristic of the Dutch in general. The ladies are lively, goodnatured, familiar, and gay. The heavj' draught-work here is chiefly performed by oxen, which are brought to an uncommon de- gree of docility and usefulness. The inhabitants, in general, travel in a kind of covered waggons, drawn by oxen, which better suit the roughness of the country than more elegarzt vehicles; but soi,Tie of the principal people keep coaches, which are drawn by horses. The nioTUitains behind Cape-town are, the Table Mountain, ^which is tliehigk- est ; the Sugar-loaf, so named from its form ; the Lion's Head, Charles Mount, and James Mount, or the Lion's Rump. I'rom these mountains descend several rivulets which flow into the cliflcrent bays, as Table Bay, False Bay,&c. The view from the Table mountain is very extensive ; and along the valleys and ri- vulets, among these monntains, are a great number of plantations. This fine Dutch colony snrrendered by capitula- tion to tiie British in 1795, but restored in 1802, by the treaty of Amiens. It again sujTcndcred to the British, in 1806; and MOW forms part of their dominions. Cape-town stands on the w side of Ta- ble-bay, in lon. 18 23 e, Iat. 33 56 s. See Hottenlots, Country of the. Goomty, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the Rohiila country, flows se by Lucknow and Jionjwur, and enters tlie Gauges, a little below Benares. Guoracpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Oude, 65 miles e of Fy- zabad. Lon. 83 35 E, Iat. 26 45 N. ". Goolij, a town and fortress of Hin- doostan. capita! of a district of the same name, on the N side of the I'cmiar, for- merly subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded to the nizam o-f the Deccaii in 1796. It is 46 miles ssw of Canoul Lon. 77 48 E, Iat. 15 15 N. 272 G O R Gvppingm, a town of Suabia, In the kingdom of AVirtcmburg, with a caslle, avoollen nianutUctnic,and a celebrated medicinal spnno;. It stands on the ri- vulet Vils, 22 miles se of Stutgard. Goragnt, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 94 miles ne of Moorshcdabad, Lon. 89 22 E, hit. 25 14 N. Gorcum, a town of Son.h Holland, which has a considerable trade in corn, cheese, and butter. It is seated on the Linghe, at its junction with the Wahal, 12 miles E of Dort, and 38 s of Am- sterdam. Go7-e Islsnd, an island in the Pacific ocean, so named by captain Cook, who discovered it in 1778. It is 30 miles long, and appeared to be barren and uninhabited. Cape Upright the se extremity, is in lon. 172 50 w, luL 60 SON. Goree, a small island of Africa, near Cape Yerd, of great importance on ac- count of its good trade, and defended by two forts. The French surrendered it to the British in 1800 ; it vias retaken in January 1804, by the French ; and they were compelled to smrender it again in March following. Lon. 17 25 w, lat. 14 40 N. Goree, a town of Holland, capital of jin island of the same name, at the southern mouth of the Maese. It is 12 miles ssw of Briel. Lon, 4 20 e, lat. 51 44 N. Gorey. See Neichorough. Gorg-oiia, a small island of Italy, 16 miles from the coast of Tuscany, near which large quantities of anchovies are taken. Lon. 10 e, lat. 43 22 N. Gorgmia, an island in the Pacific ocean, IS miles from the coast of Po- payan. It is high land, very woody, and about 10 miles in circumference. Lon. 77 50 w, lat. 3 6 N. Goritz, or Goritia, a town of Ger- nianj-, in Caruiola, capital of a county of its name, with a castle. Here are considerable manufactures of leather, and the environs produce wine, fruit, corn, and silk. In 1797, it was taken by the French. It stands on the Li- sonzo, on the frontiers of Friiili, 12 miles NE of Palraa, and 40 w of Laubach. Lon. 13 38 e, lat. 46 5 N. Gorkah, the capital of a country of the same name, in Asia, on the borders of Napaul, 35 miles Nw of Catmandu, and 200 N ^i Lenares. Lon. 84 36 e, lat. 28 25 N. Gorlitz, a strong town of Upper Lu- satia, with a celebrated academy. The inhabitants are above 12,000, and carry an a considerable trade in linen and 'J73 GOT woollen cloth. It is seated on tl«» Neissa, 58 miles e by N of Dresdeu Lon. 15 He, lat. 51 9 N. GorzJce, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duthy of Magdeburg, 24 miles e by N of Magdeburg. Goschntz, a town of Silesia, with a caslle, 14 miles N of Oels. Goshen, a town of New York, chic! of Orange county, 56 miles N of the city of New York. Goshen, a town of Connecticut, in Lichfield county, famous for excellent cheese, 7 miles nnw of Lichfield. Goslar, a city of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Brunswick. It derives its principal subsistence from the neigh- bouring iron mines, manufactures of brass and copper, and brewing. Here the art of making gunpowder is said to have been discovered by a monk. It is seated on the river Gosc, at the foot of a mountain, called Rammelsberg, 28 miles s of Brunsvdok. Lon, 10 31 e, lat. 51 57 N. Gosport, a fortified town in Hamp- shire, on the w side of the haibour of Portsmouth, over which is a ferry. It has a market on Saturday, and a con- siderable trade, especially in times of war, from its contiguity to the naval arsenal at Portsmouth. Here are seve- ral breweries, an extensive iron foun- dery, and a royal hospital, called Haslai Hospital, for the sick and wounded of the royal navy. It is 15 miles se of Southampton, and 73 sw of London. Gossiveinstein, or Gossmanstein, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bam- berg, on the Putlach, 20 miles ese of Bamberg. Goitynen, or GosUivin, a town of Po- land, in the palatinate of Rava, with a f^astle on a rock, 36 miles n e of Rava. liSiVu 20 40 E, lat. 51 54 N. Gotha, a town of Upper Saxony, ca- pital of a duchy of the same name, iu Thuringia. It is the residence of the duke of Saxe-Gotha, whose palace con- tains a fine librar}-, and a rich cabinet of coins. Near it is the ducal observa- tory of Seeberge, the most beautiful and useful in Germany. Gotha has a fouud- ery for cannon, a porcelain manufac- ture, and a considerable trade in wool- lens, wood, and beer. It is seated on the Leine, 16 miles w by s of Erfurt. Lon. 10 48 E, lat. 50 51 N. G&tha, a river of Sweden, which it- sues from the sw extremity of Lake Wenner, flows by lYoihatta (where it forms a cataract) and Bahus, and entois the North sea at Gotheburg, Gotfiard, St. a celebrated mountain ol GOT Switzerland, in the canton of Uri. It is 9075 feet above the sea, and 22 miles s of Altorf. 'I'hoiigh not the highest mountain, it is deemed the principal summit of the Helvetian Alps ; for in its vicinity rise the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss, and Rhine, which flow hence in every direction. Gothebwg, or Gothenhorg, a city of Sweden, capital of West Gothland, seat- ed at the moutk of the Gotha, which forms an excellent harbour ; the best situate for foreign trade of any in the kingdom, as it lies on the Categat. Here is a considerable herring fishery ; and a great trade in salt, iron, and fir- planks ; and from this port the Swedish East India ships take their departure. TJie inhabitants are computed at 20,000. Its environs present a uniform scene of barren rocks, on the sides of which part of the suburbs are built. The interior of the city resembles in some respects the towns of Holland, having canals wifh rows of trees along their margin. In 1802 nearly a fourth part of the city was consumed by a fire. It is 180 miles sw of Orebro. Lon. 11 39 e, lat. 57 42 N. Gothland, one of the five general di- visions of Sweden ; bounded on the N by Sweden Proper, E and s by the Bal- tic, and w by the Sound, the German ocean, and Norway. This eountiy is inhabited by a nation, celebrated for their excursions and invasions of other countries, which had its origin from the Getae, or Tartars of the Crimea. The Goths had kings of their own till 1132, when they were united to Sweden. It includes nine provinces and the isles of Gothland and CEland. Gothland, an island of Sweden, in the Bailie, 70 miles from N to s, and 25 iu its greatest breadth. From its form and situation it has obtained the name uf ilie Eye of the Baltic. The soil is fertile, and remarkable for an excellent breed of sheep. Here are fine woods of oak and pine, quarries of excellent stone, and very good limestone. Wisby is the capital. Gothland, East, a province of Sweden, in the division of Gothland, between tlie Bailie on the e, and lake Wetter on the w, 80 miles long and 70 broad. The soil is fertile, and produces abund- ance of ail sorts of grain. It has fine orchards, pastures, lakes, and rivers, forests of oak and birch, iron-mines, and quarries of stone and marble. The diief town is Nordkoping. Gothland, West, a province of Sweden, in the division of Gothland, between G O U the *akes Wetter and Wenner, 30 miles long and from 25 to 70 broad. The soil and produce are similar to East Gothland. The chief town is Gothe- burg. Gottesburg, a town of Silesia, where great quantities of worsted stockings are knit, 16 miles sw of Schweidmtz. Gettingen, a city of Lower Saxony, iii the duchy of Brunswick. Her* George II. of Great Britain founded a university, which has acquired a very distinguished reputation ; and it con- tains one of the most capital libraries in Europe. Tliere are also many other literary institutions, and a commandery of the Teutonic order. The woollen manufactures are the principal support of the inhabitants. It is seated on the Leiue, 58 miles s of Hanover. Lon. 9 53 E, lat. 51 32 n. Gottingen, New, a town of the state of Georgia, in Burke county, on the w bank of the Savanna, 18 miles e of WaynesboroHgh . Gottleube, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, on a river of the same name, 18 miles sse of Dresden. Gottorp, a town of Denmark, fn the duchy of Slcswick. Here is an old pa- lace, formerly the ducal residence, from which the ducal line, formed by Ad©J- phns, son of Frederic I., was denomi- nated Holstein-Gottorp, which still sub- sists in the person of the emperor of Russia. Gottorp is seated at the bot- tom of an arm of the sea, called the Sley, 4 miles wsw of Sleswick. Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 54 36 N. Gottschee, a town of Germany, m Carniola, with a castle, 17 miles nne of Fiume. Govan, a town of Scotland, in Ren- frewshire, near the river Clyde, five miles w of Glasgow, and six e by s of Renfrew. Gmida, or Tergeuw, a strong town of South Holland, celebrated for its no- ble church, and painted glass windows, supposed to be the finest in Europe Great quantities of yarn and tow are made here, also good cheese and to- bacco-pipes. It is seated on the YsseJ, at the influx of the Gouw, 10 miles me of Rotterdam. Governolo, a town of Italy, in Ae Mantuan, seated on the JMincio, 12 miles SE of Mantua. Goura, or Gnra, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Masovia, on the Vis- tula, 14 miles sE of Warsaw. Gouraincourt, a town of France, m the department of Meusc, 15 miles ne of Verdun. 274 G R A Crtntrdon, a town of France, in tiie department of Lot, 25 miles N of Ca- nors. Gouniay, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, seated on the Epte, 24 miles e of Rouen. Gonrock, a town of Scotland, ni Ren- frewshire, on a bay of tlie fritli of Clyde, rto miles w of Gjeenock. Gozi, or Gezes, an island in the Me- diterranean, the ancient Clanda, under wiiich St. Paul sailed on his voyage to Rom€. It is 24 miles from the sw coast of Candia, and vessels often put in here for water and provisions. Lou. 23 46 E, lat. 34 50 N. Goto, a fortified island of the Medi- terranean, five miles nw of Malta, and belonging to the knights of that island. It is eight miles long and four broad, and more equally fertile than Malta. Grabow, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenbmg, with a cas- le, seated on the Elda, 24 miles s by of Schwerin. Ch-acias a Dios, a town of Mexico, in jlie province of Honduras, 100 miles w >y s of Valladohd. Lon. 89 40 w, lat 14 30 N. Graciosa, one of the Azores, 10 miles ong and eight broad. Its produce is wheat, Aviue, butter, and cheese. The principal place is Plata. Lon. 27 58 w, lat. 39 2 N. Gradisca,a fortified town of Sclavonia, on the frontiers of Croatia, seated on the Save, 20 miles sw of Posega. Lon. 18 39 E, lat. 45 21 N. Gradisca, a strong town of Friuli, on the confines of Carinthia, capital of a county united with Goritz, and a bi- shop's see. It is seated on the Lisonzo, six miles sw of Goritz. Lon. 13 32 e, lat. 46 2 N. ' Grudo, a town of Italy, in a small island of the same name, on the coast of friuli, 50 miles e by n of Venice. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 45 46 n. Grain Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, extending along the Atlantic about 300 miles between the Siena Leone country on the w and the Ivory coast on the e. The productions are peas, beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, dates, and palm wine ; but the chief article is the abundance of Guinea pep- per, or grains of paradise, which draws a jreat interior and export trade. Cows, I-gs, sheep, and goats are numerous. ae. Portuguese had formerly the whole commerce of this coast, but it has long teen chiefly in the hands of the English and Dutch. Graitz, or Ch-eitz, a town of Upper 276 G R A Saxony, in Voigtland, with a caSile on a rocky mountain, and another in the town. It lias manufactures of stuff, and is situate on the Elster, belweeu mountains and woods, 10 miles n of Plauen. Gramat, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 22 miles nne of Cahors. Grammont, a town of Flanders, seat- ed on both sides of the Dender, 18 miles NE of Tour nay. Grampian Hills, a chain of hills in Scotland, which extends, in a ne direc- tion, from the mountain Benlomond, in Dumbartonshire, through the coun- ties of Perth, Angus, and Kincardine, to Aberdeen ; and thence, in a nw direc- tion, through the counties of Aberdeen, BaniF, Murray, and on the borders of Inverness. They take their name from a single hill, the Mons Grampius of Ta- citus, where Galgacus waited the ap- proach of Agricola, and where the bat- tle was fought so fatal to the brave Ca- ledonians. Gramjiound, a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market oa Saturday, and a manufactnre of gloves ; seated on the Fal, 40 miles sw of Laun^ ceston, and 244 w by s of London. Gran, a town of Lower Hungary, and an archbishop's see ; seated near the conflux of the Gran with the Danube, 60 miles ese of Presburg. Lon. 18 16 , E, lat. 47 46 N. Gran, a seaport of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Bahrin, at the nw end of the gulf of Persia, and on the borders of Irac Arabi, 40 miles s of Bassora. liOn. 47 45 E, lat. 29 56 N. Granada. See Grenada. Granadillas, or Granadines, a cluster of islands in the West Indies, dependent on Grenada, and situate between that island and St. Vincent. They are up- wards of 20 in number, most of them fertile, and capable of producing cot- ton, coffee, indigo, and sugar. The most considerable is Carinacou. Granard, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Longford, 16 miles ene of Longford, Granhy, a small town of South Caro- lina, seated on the Congarce, on the con- trary side to Columbia, about a mile be- low that city. It is noted fa a curious bridge, whose centra arch is 100 feet wide, to give passage for large trees which are broaglrt down by the floods. Grandmont, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne. Near it wis a celebrated abbey, suppressed in 1769 after the death of the then pro- G R A fessed members. It is 15 miles NNE of liimoges. Grandpre, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, seated on the Ayre, 32 miles e of Rlieims, Grangemouth, a village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, at the junction of the Great Canal with the river Carron, four miles ne of Falkirk. Upwards of 40,000 tons are annually entered here, belonging either to the foreign or coast- ing trade. Gransee, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 30 miles nnw of Ber- lin. Granson, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, with a castle. It stands on the lake of Neufchatel, 16 miles wsw of Neufchatel. Grantham, a borough in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. The church is an elegant structure, with a very lofty spire. A canal passes hence to the Trent, at Nottingham. Grantham is seated on the Wit ham, 20 miles s by w of Lincoln, and 110 n by w of London. Lon. 36 w, lat. 52 59 N. Granville, a town of France, in the department of Manche, seated on tlie English channel, partly on a rock, and partly ©n a plain, 15 miles s by w of Coutances. Graslitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, famous for its manufac- ture of brass, 15 miles nw of Elbogen. Grasmere-water, a small lake of Westmorland, to the w of Ambleside^ Its margin is hollowed into small bays, with bold eminences ; some of rock, some of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure of the lake. A low promon- tory projects far into the water ; and on it stands a white village. Grason, an island in the gulf of Both- nia, near the coast of Sweden, 15 miles long and 2 broad. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 60 12 N. Graase, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, and lately a bishop's see. It has a trade in dry fruit, oil, per- fa«ies, and tanned leather, and is seat- ed on an eminence, 14 miles wNwofAn- tibes, and 21 w by s of Nice. Gfaite, a town of France, in the de- pajtmeut of Aube, on the river Othicu, at the foot of a mountain 18 miles SE of Carcassonne. Gratz, a fortified town of Germany, capital of Lower Stiria^ and a bishop's see. Here are many palaces, a univer- sity, and a fine arsenal. The castle fttands on a rock, and is a strong place. G R A Gratz IS seated on the w side c tt«j Muer, over which is a bridge to an ex- tensive suburb. The inhabitants are estimated at 35,000. In 1797, it was taken by tlie French. It is 88 miles ssw of Vienna. Lou. 15 26 e, lat, 47 4 N. Grave, a strong town of Dutch Bra- bant, on the left bank of the Macse, beyond which there is a fort. It has been often taken. It is 8 miles ssw of Nimeguen, '- Gravedona, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, on the nw side of the lake of Como, 28 miles N of Como. Gravelines, a strong seaport of France, in the department of Nord, seated at the mouth of the Aa, defended by Fort Philip, 12 miles e of Calais, Lon. 2 8 e, lat. 50 69 N. Gravenau, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Passau, on the river Sag, 16 miles N of Passau. Gravenmachererit See Grevenmach*' ren. Gravenwert, a town of Bavaria, in the upper palatimate, 17 miles N of Am- berg. Gravesande, a town of South Hollana, where the ancient counts of Holland re- sided. It is about 4 miles from the sea, and 6 w by s of Delft. Gravesend, a town in Kent, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It stands on the I'hames, and is I'^e common landing-place for seamen and strangers in their passage to London ; and here all outward bound vessejs stop to be examined by the custom-house of- ficers, and to receive their clearances. A great part of it was burnt down, with the church, in 1727 : the latter was re- built as one of the 50 new churches. It is called the corporation of Gravesend and Milton, these two places being uni- ted under the government of a mayor. The latter place is a miln e of the other, and has a blockhouse over agaijist Til bury fort. They were incorporated by queen Elisabeth ; but, long belbre, Kich- ard II. had granted them the exclusive privilege of conveying passengers to London in boats. Gravesend is famous for asparagus ; and tlie chief employ- ment of the labouring people is the spin- ning of hemp, to make nets and ropes. It is 22 miles ese of London. Gravina, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 32 miles sw of Bari. Graulhet, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, 12 miles nw o. Castres. Gray, a town of France, in the depart 276 G R E ment of Upper Saone. It has a trade in iron, aiid is seated on the Saoiie, 25 miles NE of Dijon. Gray, a town of the district of Maine, in Cumberland county, 15 miles N by w of Poitland. Grays Thnrroch, a town in Essex, ■with a market on Thursday, seated on the Thames, 24 miles e of Loudon. Grebetistein, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, on the river Hesse, 10 miles NNw of Cassel. Greece, the ancient name of that part of Turkey in Europe which contains Macedonia, Albania, Jauna, Livadia, the Morea, tlie Archipelago, and Can- dia. V Green, a town of the district of Maine, in Lincoln county, situate on the An- droscoggin, 39 miles N of Portland. Green, a river of Kentucky, which rises in Mercer county, and flows w and N into the Ohio, where its mouth is 200 yards wide. It is navigable ^50 miles ; and near it are a number of salt springs, and three ponds of bitumen. Vast quantities of nitre are found in the caves on ils banks ; and many of the settlers make gunpowder. Greenland,an extensive region stretch- ing towards the north pole, which, whether continental or insular, is re- garded as belonging to North America. This country was discovered in the tenth century by the Norwegians, wlio plant- ed a colony on the eastern coast ; and the intercourse between this colony and Denmark was continued till the begin- ning of the fifteenth century : m that century, by the gradual increase of the arctic ice, the colony became complete- ly imprisoned by the frozen ocean ; while on the w a range of mountains and plains, covered with perpetual ice, precluded all access. This settlement contained several churches and monas- teries, and is said to have extended about 200 miles in the se extremity. In more recent times the western coast was chiefly explored by Davis, and other English navigators; but tlaere was no attempt to settle a colony. In 1721, a Norwegian clergyman, named Egede, proceeded to this dreary country, where he continued till 1736, preaching to the natives ; and bis benevolent example has been since followed by several mis- sionaries. The country is said to be inhabited as far as 76 N lat. but the Da- nish and Moravian settlements are chiefly in the sw extremity. The short siunmer is very warm, but foggy ; and the northern lights diversify the gloom of winter, which is very severe, Erora 5*77 G R E them we learn, that the nw coast of Greenland is separated from America by a narrow strait ; that the natives o| the two countries have some intercourse; and that the Esquimaux of America per- fectly resemble the Greenlanders in their aspect, dress, mode of living, and language. The quadrupeds are deer, bears, foxes, hares, and some dogs re- sembling wolves. Cape Farewell, the sw point, is in Ion. 42 42 w, lat. 59 38 N. Greenlaw, a town of Scotland, capital of Berwickshire, though a small place Here are the remains of two religious houses. It is seated on the Blackadder. eight miles sw of Dunse, and 36 se of Edinburgh. Greenock, a seaport of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with a small fort for the defence of the harbour. Here are several dry docks, and the building and rigging of ships is much followed ; but the manu- factures are small, compared with the size of the town. It has a ^reat trade ; and the fisheries, particularly for her- rings, and the Newfoundland fishery, are carried on to a great extent. Ih 1801 the number of inhabitants was 17,458. It is 24 miles w by n of Glas- gow. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 55 66 N. Greenshorough, a town of the state of Georgia, chief of Green county, 60 miles NNW of Louiisville. Lon. 82 35 w, lat.' 33 15 N. Greenshurg, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of Westmorland county. It has a trade in floar, and is seated on a hill, 30 miles e by s of Pittsburg. Lon. 79 45 w, lat. 40 8 N. Greensted, a village in Essex, one mile w of Ongar, remarkable for its little church (built prior to the Conquest) the walls of which are formed of the trunks of trees. Greenville, a town of South Carolina, in Darlington county, capital of Cheraw district. It is situate on the w side of Great Pedee river, 85 miles n e of Co- lumbia. Lon. 79 65 w, lat. 34 30 N. Gi-eenville, a town of North Carolina, chief of Pitt county, with a seminary called Pitt Academy. It is seated on the river Tar, 25 miles se of Tar borough, and 75 e by s of Ralegh. Greenville, a town of Tennessee, ib Greene county. Five miles s by vv ot it is Greenville college. It is seated on the Nolachucky, 65 miles e of Knox- ville. Gi-eenville, a town and fort of the state of Ohio. The fort was built by general Wayne, who here concluded a G R E treaty of peace with the Indian nations in 1795. It is seated on the Nw branch of tlie Groat Miami, 70 miles n by w of Cincinnati, Lon. 85 5 w, lat. 39 68 N. Greemvich, a town in Kent, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is famous for an hospital for decayed seamen, thought to be the finest strnc- ture of the kind in the world ; and for an observatory built by Charles II. on the summit of a hill, called Flamstead ,'iiil, from the great astronomer of that name, who was here the first astronomer royal; atd tlie English compute the longitude from the meridian of this place. Here was once a toyal palace, in whif^h Edward VI. died, and queen Ma- ry and queen Elizabeth were born : it has been long pulled down, and on part of its site now stands the house belong- ing to the ranger of the park. Here is a college, called the Duke of Norfolk College, for the maintenance of 20 de- cayed housekeepers ; and another called Queen Elizabeth CoIJege. In 1779, the chapel of the hospital, the dining-hall, and eight wards were destroyed by fire ; but the whole was soon rebuilt. Green- wich contains about 16,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the Thames, five miles se of London. Lon. 0, lat. 51 29 N. Greenwich, it. seaport of Rhode Island, chief town in Kent county. It is noted for making good cider, carries on the fisheries to advantage, and sends some vessels to the AV. Indies. It stands on the NW part of Narraganset bay, 16 miles s of Providence. Lon. 71 20 w, lat. 41 35 N. Greenwich, a town of New Jersey, in Cumberland county, on the nw bank of Cohanzy creek, three miles from its mouth in Delaware bay, and 15 se of Salem. Greiffen, a town of Switzerland, on a small lake of its name, nine miles ese of Zurich. Greiffenherg, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, on the river Sernitz, 13 miles ssE of Prenzlo, and 48 nne of Berlin. Greiffenherg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Jaucr, with a fortress on a mountain. It is celebrated for its li- nen manufactures, and seated on the Queiss, 28 miles wsw of Lignitz. Greiffenherg, a town of Further Po- merania, on the river Rega, 16 miles E of Camin. Greiff'enhagen, a town of Further Po- merania, on the river Oder, 12 miles s of Stettin. Greifswalde. See Gripswald, G RE Grein, a town of Austria, on (Ite Da* nube, 28 miles e of Ijintz. Greitz. Sec Graitz. Grenada, a province (fornierly'a king- dom) of Spain, sometimes called Upprt Andalusia. It is 175 miles long and 75 broad ; bounded on the w and N by An- dalusia, E by Murcia and the Mediter- ranean, and s by llie same sea. Though a mountainous country, the soil is good ; but it has not been well cultivated since the Moors were expelled in 1492. How- ever, it produces corn, wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, honey, wax, and mulberry-trees, which feed a great number of silkworms. The forests pro- duce gall-nuts, palm-trees, and oaks. Grenada, a city of Spain, capital of the province of Grenada, and an arch- bishop's see. It is built on four hills, and divided into four i»rts, in one of which is the large church, containing the tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella, who look this place frotn the Moors in 1492. In another is the palace of the kings of Spain, and an ancient palace of the Moorish kings, with so many rooms, that it is like a labyrinth. lu tlie third is the university ; the fourth has nothing considerable; but all the public buildings are magnificent ; and the ea- thedral and convents contain excellent pictures by Spanish masters. The walls and gates, and the aqueducts are mostly destroyed ; and its trade is feebly car- ried on, without encouragement or pro- tection. The iidiabitants are not more than 80,000, and half of them are law- yers, ecclesiastics, and mendicants. It is seated on the Xenil, near the influx of the Oro. 70 miles se of Cordova. Lon. 3 38 w, lat. 37 8 N. Grenada, an island in the W. Indies, the last of the Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues nw of Tobago. It is 20 miles long and 13 broad, finely wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar, to- bacco, and indigo. It was taken from the French in 1702, confirmed to the English in 1763, taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the English in 1783. In 1795, the French landed some troops, and caused an insurrection in this island, which was not finally quel- led till June 1796. St. George is the capital. Grenada, a city of Mexico, in the pro- vince of Nicaragua. It was taken twice by the French buccaneers, and pillaged. The inhabitants carry on a great trade by means of the hike Nicagura, on which it is seated, 60 miles se of Leon de Nicagura. Lon. 86 36 w, lat. 12 5 N. Grenada, New, an extensive country ?78 G R I ;n S. America, denominated by the Spa- niards tlie now kingdom of Grenda. It is bounded on the w by the Pacific ocean, N by Terra Firraa, s by Peru, and E by a country whicli stretclies along the banks of the Oroonoko, and is little known. New Grenada was con- quered by the Spaniards in 1536. It is so far elevated above the level of the sea, that, though it approaches almost to the equator, the climate is remarka- bly temjicrate. Tiie fertility of its val- leys is jiot inferior to that of the richest districts in America; and its higher grounds yield gold and precious stones of various kinds. Its towns are popu- lous and nourishing ; and the capital is St. Fe de Bagota. Grenade, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, 17 miles Nw of Toulouse. Grciwble, a city of France, capital of the de|)artment of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fortified castle. The leather and gloves that are made here are high- ly esteemed. It is seated on the Isere, oTer M'hich are two bridges to pass into ♦hat part called Perriere, a large street on the side of the river. It is 27 miles s of Chamberry. Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 45 12 N. Wretna-Green, a village of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, near the mouth of the Esk, and on the borders of Cumberland. It has been long famous for the clande- stine marriages of fugitive lovers from England, which are chiefly performed by an ilUterate and drunken tobacconist ; and it is estimated that he joins together about 60 couples annually, receiving on an average, 15 guineas for each. It is eight miles n of Carlisle. Grevenhroich, a town of Germany, in the duehj' of Juliers ; seated on the -^ver Erst, 10 miles ene of Juliers. Grevenmaclieren, a town of the Ne- therlands, in Luxemburg, on the river Aloselle, in a country producing excel- lent wine, 14 miles ene of Luxemburg. Greiissen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, on the river Helbe, 15 miles V of Erfurt. Grimand, a town of France, in the oepartment of Var, 12 miles sw of FreJHS. GHmhergen, a town of the Nether- ands, in Brabant, with an abbey and a castle, six miles n of Brussels. Grimnut, a town of Upper Saxony, in MisHia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, and flarmel ; seated on the Mul- da, 14 miles SE of Leipsic. Grimmen, a tewn of Hither Pomera- nia, 14 miles s of Stralsund.- 279 G R O Giimsby, a borough in Lincolnshire governed by a mayor, with a market op Wednesday. It has a large church, like a cathedral, and a good trade in coal and salt. The harbour, at the mouth of the Humber, has been improved. It is 35 miles ne of Lincoln, and 168 N of London. Grinaw, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Glaris, on the river Linth, at its entrance into the lake of Zurich, 14 miles NNw of Glaris. Grindenvjatd, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, seated among mountains, at the foot of a celebrated glacier, 25 miles se of Thun. Grindmi, a village in that part of Dur- ham, called Norhamshire, six miles sw of Berwick. To the s of it, at a place called Grindon Rigg, are four upright stone pillars, funeral monuments of the chieftains slain in a famous victory gained here over the Scots, in 1558, by the earl of Northumberland and his brother. Gritistead, East, a borough in Sussex, with a market on Thursday. Here is Sackville college, a large stone building founded by the duke of Dorset, in 1616, for 24 aged persons of both sexes. It is seated on a hill, 20 miles N of Lewes, and 29 s of London. Gripswald, a strong town of Hither Pomerania, with a good harbour, and a university. It is seated on the river Rik, which is navigable to the Baltic, 14 miles w of Wolgast. Lon. 13 38 e, lat. 54 4 N. Grisons, a new canton of Switzerland, bounded on the s by Milan and Venice, E and N by Tyrol, and w by the can- tons of Glaris, Uri, and Tessin. It in- cludes the Valtehne, and the counties of Chiavenna and Bormio. The coun- try was formerly divided into three leagues, namely, the Grey League, the League of God's House, and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions ; each of them had a distinct internal goyernment, and they were connected as one republic by an annual diet held alternately at the towns of Coire, Ilantz, and Davos. But, in 1803, the constitution was changed by the French, and the country made an additional canton of Switzerland. The inhabitants, amounting to about 250,000, are partly Calvinists and partly catho- lics; but the former are most numer- ous. The principal subsistence of the peasantry is by breeding oxen, most of whieh are sent to Milan. The capitai is Coire. Grodno, the principal town, though not the capKal, of Ijithuania. It has G R O fJie appeal ance of a decayed town ; con- taining a mixture of wretched hovels, falling houses, and ruined palaces, with magnificent gatieways, remains of its an- cient spleadour. A few habitations in good repair make the contrast more striking. Here is a college and physic garden. In the new palace, built by Augustus III. the diets were sometimes held ; particularly the last, in 1793, ■which was compelled, at the point of the bayonet, to consent to the second partition of Poland ; and here, in 1795, Stanislaus III. formally resigned his crown. Grodno is now subject to Rus- sia. It is seated partly in a plain, on the river Niemen, and partly on a moun- tain, 140 miles ne ot Warsaw. Lon. 24 »5 E, lat. 53 28 N. Grohnde a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick. Near it is a monument of stone, erected in memo- ry of a battle fought here in 1421. It is seated on the Weser, nine miles s of Hamelin. Groll, a strong town of Holland, in Gelderland. A duty is collected here on all merchandise passing through it for Germany. It is seated on the Slin- ghe, 23 miles e by s of Zutphen. Grotiingen, one of the provinces of Holland, bounded on the e by E. Fries- land, w by Friesland, N by the German ocean, and s by Overyssel. It is divid- ed into two parts, called Groningen and Omelands. The excellency of this country consists in pastures, which feed a great number of large horses, Groningen, a city of Holland, capital of the province of the same name, with a citadel and a university. It is seated on the rivers Hunes and Aa, and has a communication, by a canal, with a bay of the German ocean, at the distance of 10 miles. The inhabitants are comput- ed at 20,000. It is 90 miles ne of Am- sterdam. Lon. 6 35 e, lat. 63 12 N. Grossa, an isla .d in the gulf of Ve- nice, near the coast of Dalinatia, 25 miles long and two broad. Lon, 15 7 F, lat. 44 18 N. Grossetto, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, with a castle, situate near tLe sea, 30 miles sw of Sienna. Grosshayn, or Hayn, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with manufactures of cotton and woollen cloths, seated on the Roder, 8 miles n of Meissen. Grotgau, a town o.f Silesia, capital of £ circle of its name. I'hc forests round this town are the joint property of all the inhabitants. It is 19 miles nne o.f Ncisse. Lou. 17 28 E, lat. 50 38 N. Grotkuu, a town of Servia, where the G U A Turks defeated the Germans in 17391 It is !5 miles s of Belgrade. Groion, a to^vn of Connecticut, in New London county, five miles w of New London city. On the bank of the Thames, opposite the city, is fort Grif- wald, memorable for being stormed, in 1781, by Benedict Arnold, after he had become a traitor to his country. The town was burnt at the same time. Groyne, See Corunna, Grubenhngen, a town and castle of Lower Saxony, which gives name to a principality, in the duchy of Brunswick. The castle is now in ruins. It is seven miles ssw of Einbeck, the capital of the principality. Grmiberg, a town of Germany, ia Upper Hesse, where the kings of the Merovingian race and Charlemagne held their court. It is 10 imiles a of Giescn, Gninberg, a town of Silesia, in the principahty ofGlogau, surrounded with vineyards. Here is a manufacture of cloth, and a great trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It is 30 miles Nw of Glo^ gau. Grunde, a town of Lower Saxony, ia the duchy of Eruuswick, and in the mountains of Hartz, four miles w of Clausthal, j Grunhayn, a town of Up[)er Saxony, in Misnia, with a trade in copper and lead, 16 miles s by w of Chemnitz. Grumngen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halberstadt, on the river Bode, seven miles ene of Hal- berstadt, Gruuingeri, a town and bailiwic of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle, on an elevated rock, 10 miles SE of Zurich, Gnvnstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 22 miles NNW of Spire, and 28 s of Mcntz, Griiyives, a town and bailiwic of Switzcihind, in the canton of Friburg, with a castle on a hill. It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 miles sw of Friburg. Gryfe, a river of Scolland, which rises in the sw angle oi" Renfrewshire, runs over several precipices into the lower country, and after receiving the Black Cart and White Cart, enters the Clyde, al)Out a mile bcdow Renfrew, GaadaUijara, or New Ga/icm, one of the three audiences of Mexico, bounded OH the N by New Mexico, e and s by the audienee of Mexico, and w by the gulf af Caliloriiia and tiie Pacific ocean, extending 800 miles in length, and 500 m breadth. It is divided into tlie pio- a&o G U A Tincfs of Guadalajara Proper, Zacate- cas, New Biscaj", Cinaloa, Ciiliacan, Chametlan, and Xalisco. It is celebra- ted for its ferliiily, and the richness of its silver mines. Guadalajara, a citj' of IMexico, capi- tal of the province and audience of Gua- dalajara, and a bishop's see. It con- tains eight squares, two colleges, and several convents. It is situate on the i3aranja,217 miles wnw ofMexico. Lon. 104 w, lat. 21 15 N. Guadalajara, a town of Spain, in New Castile, vviiich has a manufacture of brojid cloth. It is seated on the Herares, 30 milrs ne of Madrid. Gttadalaviar, a river of S-pain, whicli rises on the confines of Arragon, crosses the province of Valencia, and enters the ftlediterranean, below Valencia. Guadaloiipe, a town of Spain, in Es- Iremadura, with a celebrated convent ; seated on a rivulet of the same name, 34 miles e by N of Truxillo. . Guadaloiipe, one of the Leeward Ca- libbee islands in the W. Indies, be- tween Antigua and Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a strait, call- ed the Salt River. At this place the land on each side is not above four miles broad, and by this strait the sea on the Nw communicates with that on the SE. The sw part is GO miles long and 24 broad ; and the ne part is much the same. The soil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the sea, by rivu- lets which fall from the mountains. On this island is a volcano, called the Mountain of Suljjhur; and on its e side are two mouths, which open into a pit oi sulphur: the blacks who sell brim- stone fetch it from this pit. The French settled on this island in 1G32. it was taken by the English in 1759, but re- stored in 1763 ; again taken by the Eng- lish in 1794, but evacuated the next year. The English again took it in 1808 ; and in order to allure the Swedes into the late coalition against France, gave them this island. It was, however, by the consent of Sweden, restored to France, in 1814. Basseterre is the ca- pital. Giiadal quiver, a river of Sp^in, which rises in the s part of New Castile, flows through Andalusia, by Baeza, Cordova, acd Seville, and enters the bay of Cadiz. Guadarama, a town of Spain, in Old Castile. It has a great trade in cheese, and is seated on the Guadarama, 25 miles NW of Madrid. Guadiana, a river which rises in New Castile, in Spain, crosses Estremadura, iato Portugal, and separating Algarve 381 G U A from Andalusia, enters the bay cf €»• diz. Gnadix, a town of Spain, in Grenada, and a bishop's see. It contains three parishes and six convents, and is situate in a rich country, on a river of the same name, 36 miles ene of Grenada. Lon. 3 w, lat. 37 28 N. Gaadramiro, a town of Spain, in Leon, 33 miles wsw of Salamanca. Guoldo, a town of Italy, in Ancona, which was almost destroyed by an earth- quake, in 1751. It is eight miles Nwof Nocera. Guam, the chief of the Ijadrone is- lands, in the Pacific ocean, 100 miles in circumference. The Spaniards have a garrison here ; but the inhabitants are almost all natives of the country, and reputed to be skilful in building boats. It abounds with excellent fruit, and has several good harbours. Umata is the capital. Lon. 143 15 e, lat. 13 10 N. Guamanga, a city of Peru, capital of a province of the same name, and a bi- shop's sea, with a lnliversitJ^ It is fa- mous for sweetmeats ; and near it are mines of gold, silver, iron, sulphur, and quicksilver. It is 180 miles ese of Li- ma. Lon. 74 5 w, lat. 13 20 s. Gaanahami, or Cat Island, one of the Bahama islands, the first land of Ameri- ca, discovered by Columbus, in 1491, and named by him St. Salvador. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 24 20N. Guaniico, a town of Peru, capital of a fruitful district of the same name. Seve- ral kinds of sweetmeats and jellies are made here, and sent to other provinces. It is 172 miles nne of Lima. Lon. 75 25 w, lat. 9 55 s. Guauzayelica, a town of Peru, in the province of Guamanga, famous for its rich mine of quicksilver, 36 miles nw of Guamanga, and 160 ese of Lima. Guara, a town of Peru, near which are many remains of the edifices of the iticas. It is seated near the mouth of the river Guara, 100 miles NNwof Lima. Lon. 77 w, late 10 58 s. Guarco. See Cagncte. Guarda, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see. It is strong by na- ture and art, and has a stately cathe- dral, 138 miles ne of Lisbon. Lon, 637 w, lat. 40 22 N. Gua7'dafui, See Gardefan. Guardamar, a seaport of Spain, in Va- lencia, at the mouth of the Seguara. The chief trade consists in the exporta- tion of salt. It is 17 miles ssw ofxili- cant. Lon. 18 w, lat. 38 7 N. Guardia Alferes, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 22 miles ne of Molise. G U A Gttdfdia Girando, a town of Naples, ia the Molise, 22 miles Nvv of Molise. Guarmoy, a town of Porn, with a har- bour, 170 miles nnw of Lima. Lon. 77 43 w, lat. 10 15 s. Gnastalla, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a small duchy, included in that of Parma, with an ancient decayed castle. It is seated near the river Po, 14 miles ne of Parma. Guasteca. See Panuco. Guasto, or Vasto, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Ve- nice, 15 miles SE of Lanciano. Gmitimala,oi\G of the three audiences of Mexico, bounded on the NW by the audience of Mexico, ne by the gulf of lilexico, SE by the isthmus of Darien, and sw by the Pacific ocean. It is 750 miles long and 450 broad, and subdivi- ded into the provinces of Guatimala Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Nicara- gua, Costa Bica, and Veragua. The indigo of this country is superior in quality to that of any other in Ame- rica, and is cultivated to a considerable extent. Giuitimala, a city of Mexico, capital of the audience and province of Guati- timala, and a bishop's see, with a uni- versity. It stands not far from the site of St. Jago de Guatamala, the former capital, which Avas totally destroyed, in 1773, by an earthquake, when 80,000 persons perished. Guatimala is 600 miles sw of Mexico. Lon. 92 22 w, lat. 13 40 N. Guaxaca, a province of Mexico, boun- ded by the gulf of Mexico on the N, and By the Pacific ocean on the s. It is fer- tile in wheat, maize, cochineal, and cas- sia ; and contains mines of gold, silver, and ci-j'stal. Guaxaca, or Antequera, a town of Mex- ico, capital of the province of Guaxaca, and a bishop's see. It exports excel- lent wood, perfumes, and chocolate ; and has a nobie cathedral and several rich convents. It is seated on the Alvarado, 160 miles e of Acapuico. Lon. 98 30 w, lat. 17 25 N. Guayaquil, a city and seaport of Pe- ru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the audience of Quito. It is defended by three strong forts, and situ- ate on the river Guyaquil, near its en- trance into the bay of Guyaquil. This place is famous for a shelllish, called turbine, no larger than a nut, which pro- duces a purple reckoned to exceed all others in the world ; and with it the threads of cotton, ribands, laces, &c. are d>cd. The commerce of this citv is GUI considerable. It is 140 miles ssw ot Quito. Lon. 79 46 w, lat. 2 s. Guayra, a fortified town of Terra Fir- ma, in Caraccas, and the port of Leon de Caraccas. The trade is considerable, though the harbour is only a roadstead, secured by a mole. It is 12 miles nnw of Leon de Caraccas. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 10 23 N. Guben, a town of Lusatia, capital of a circle of its name, which yields great quantities of excellent red wine. It is seated on the Lubbe, near its conflux with the Neissa, 24 miles ne of Cotbus. Lon. 14 52 e, lat. 51 68 N. Gubi, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore. It is a small place, but has a con- siderable trade in the produce of the country for 30 miles round, and is also an intermediate mart for the goods pas- sing through the peninsula. It is 38 miles ssE of Sera, and 40 w by n of Bangalore. Gubio, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, 32 miles s of Urbino. Giuleusberg, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, 10 miles ssw of Casstl. Guerande, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, with a considerable trade in salt. It is three miles from the Atlantic, and 40 V' by .n of Nantes. Guerche, a town of France, in the de- partment of II le and \'ilaine, 20 miles ESE of Remies. Gueret, a town of France, capital ot the department of Creuse. It is seated on the Gartarnpe, 35 miles NE of Limoe- ges, and 170 s of Paris. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 46 10 N. "— Guergela, a town of Barbarj', in Biie- dulgerid, 100 miles ssw of "Tuggurt. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 31 15 N. Guernsey, an island oif the N coast of France, subject to England. It is of a round form, 36 miles in circumference, and naturally strong, being surrounded by high rocks. 'I'he soil is verdant, though hilly; and is remarkable for its small breed of cattle. The inhabitants are estimated at 15,000. The island was formerly a part of Normandy, and is still governed by the Norman laws. Port St. Pierre is the only town. Lon. 2 47 w, lat. 49 30 N. Guetu, or Hucta, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 52 miles e by s of Madrid. Lon. 2 54 w, lat. 40 20 N. Guevetlan. See Soconnsco. Gitglingen, a to»vn of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtembcrg, situate on th«j Zaber, 18 miles n of Stutgard. Guiana, a country of S. America, oil 282 G U I the coast of Uie Atlantic, between the rivers Oroonoko and Amazon, and to tlie N of Amazonia. The Portngucse possess the part adjoining- the river Ama- zon ; the French, the small colony of Cayenne; the Dutch, Surinam, Ber- bice, Demcrara, aud Issequibo ; and the Spaniards, the part next the Oroonoko. The greatest heat takes place in Octo- ber, and continues to March: this is succeeded by violent uninterrupted rain till June, when parching heat again takes place till July, which is again fol- lowed by incessant rain till October. Dutch Guiana is every where level, and so low, that, during the rainy seasons, it is usually covered with water near two feet in height. This renders the soil so rich, that, on the sarface, for 12 inches in depth, it is a stratum of per- fect manure, and, as such, has been transported to Barbadoes. The interior parts of the country are inhabited by blacks, who have different languages and customs ; and some of them build their houses on trees, to be secure from the inundations of the rivers. Sec Ca- yenne, &c. Guienne, a late province of France, 160 miles long and 85 broad, on the sw coast, of which Eourdeaux was the ca- pital. It now forms the departments of Gironde, and I^ot and Garonne. Guildford, a borough in Surry, go- verned by a mayor, with a Hiarket on Sa- turday. It is seated on the Wey, on the side of a hill, and had a castle and a palace, now in ruins ; here is also part of a monastery, which is still occupied. The summer assizes are alternately held liere and at Croydon ; but the election of members for the county is always held here. It is a well-built town, with two churches, and an elegant town hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and the trade in timber and corn is con- siderable. It is 23 miles wsw of Croy- don, and 29 sw of London. Lon. 29 w, lat. 51 15 N. Chdldfurd, a town of Connecticut, in Newhaven county, situate on a bay in Lon^ Island sound, 15 miles e by s of Newhaven. Guillestre, a town and castle of France, in the department of Upper Alps, nine miles ne of Embrun. Gmmaraens, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, which has for- merly been the residence of its kings. It is divided into the old and new town, the former situate on an eminence, sur- rounded by walls. Here is a manufac- ture of linen in high estimation. I'he public buildings are magnificent, and 283 G U I the collegiate church is said to be found- ed on the rnins of a temple of Ceres. It is 10 miles SE of Braga. Lon. 8 21 w, lat. 41 35 N. Guinea, a Urge region of Africa, of which little is known except the Coast. It lies in the Torrid Zone, between 14 w and 20 E lon. and is divided inio Up- per and Lower Guinea. The first com- prehends Sierra Leone, the Grain-coast, the Tooth-coast, the Gold-coast, the Slave-coast (which includes Whidah, Dahomy, and Ardrah) Benin, Biafara, Majombo, Gabon, and Anziko. Lower Guinea is conunonly called Congo. It is very unheallhy for Europeans. The natives in general go almost naked, and there seems to bo little religion or honesty among tlicm. The commodi- ties purchased here, arc gum-scneca, at Senegal; rice and maize, on the Grain- coast ; elephant's teeth, on the Tooth- coast; the greatest plenty of gold, on the Gold-coast ; and all, in general, sup- ply slaves, a trade which commenced in 1517, but abandoned by the English in 1S07. There are many little states, whose chiefs are often at war with each other, when the people taken, on both sides, are sold for slaves ; and it is not imcommon for the nearest of kin to sell each other. The English, Dutch, Por- tuguese, Danes, and French, have fac- tories upon this coast. Guinea, New, or Papua, an island of the South Pacific ocean, to the N of New Holland, from which it is separated by Endeavour strait. It is next in size to New Holland, extending se from the equator to 12 s lat., and from 131 to 153 E lon., a length of more than 1200 miles, by a medial breadth of perhaps 300 ; but the coasts of the eastern pan are far from being completely investi- gated. The northern part is said to have been discovered by the ■'Spaniards, in 1528, who had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice islands. The coasts are generally lofty ; and in the interior, mountain lises above mountain ; bnt the whole appears covered with such luxuriance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceived. The cocoa, sago, bread-fruit, and plantain-tree, be- side most of the trees, shrubs, and plants, common to the islands in the Soutli Pa- cific ocean, are found here in great per- fection. This island is the chosen re- sidence of the singular birds of para- dise, which breed here during the wet monsoon, and in the dry migrate in flocks westward, to the smaller islands, particularly Arroo. Here are also ele- gant pairots ; and pigeons that ahiiost GUN equal a turkey iu size. Tlie inhabitants of the northern part are called Papons ; whence the name of the country. They seem to have the true Malay complex- ion and features ; but in general of horrible appearance, and great ferocity. Their language and habitations resem- ble those of Borneo, Sec. on the west. The women seem the most industrious in making mats, and pots of clay, which they afterward burn with dry grass or brushwood ; and they even wield the ax, while the men are indolent, or en- gaged in the chace of wild hogs. Iu tlie interior is a race called Haraforas, who live iu trees, which they ascend by a notched pole, drawing it after thcra to prevent surprise. On this extensive territory, so favoured by nature, there is no European settlement. The chief commerce is with the Chinese, from whom they purchase instruments and utensils. Their returns are ambergris, tortoise shell, small pearls, birds of pa- radise, and other birds, which the Pa- puans dry with great skill. Some slaves aie also exported, jirobably captives taken in intestine wars. Gaingamp, a town of France, in the department of Cotes da Nord, seated on theTrieu, 13 miles s ofTreguier. Guise, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, with a castle, seated on the Oise, 25 miles E of St. Quintin, and 95 NE of Paris. Guislain, S(. a town of the Nether- lands, in Hainault, seated in marshy land, on the river Haine, six miles w of Mons. Gujimat, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 60 miles n by w of Lahore. Gulpaigan, a town of Persia, in Irak Agemi, 45 miles w by s of Cachan. Gumhirmen, a town of Prussia, capital oflhe Lithuanian department. It has manufactures of clolh, and is seated on the Pissa, 75 miles k by s of Konigs- berg. Lon. 22 40 e, lat. 64 34 N. Gmideljingen, a town of Bavaria, situ- ate on the Erenz, near the Daimbe, 17 m^et]icrlands, in the territory of Liege, with a castle, seated on the Meuse, three miles N ol Liege. Heriuru, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on the Vedawati, Qd miles WNW of Sera, Herkemer, a town of New York,' chief of a county of the same name, si- tuate on the N side of Mohawk river 20 miles se of Whitestown, and 80 wnw of Albany. Hermansladl, a strong city, capital of Transylvania, and a bishop's see. It has a large church, binlt by Maria Theresa, with a globe and steeple not easily described. In tiie great square is the house of tlie governor, in the beat HER German style, containing many good pictures. It is seated on the Ceben, 230 niilos ese of Buda. Lon, 24 66 t, lat. 45 43 N. Hermbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 17 miles s of Juliers. Hermstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principalitj' of Wolau, on the riYer Bartch, 10 miles Nw of Trachen- Lcrg. Henigi-und, a town of Upper Hun- gary, seated among mountains, with rich mines of copper, 28 miles n by e of Schemnitz. Ilenihiith, a village in Lusatia, six miles N N w of Zittaa. It was founded in 1722, by some persecuted Moravian brethren iu the fields belonging to count Zinzendorf, who they considered as their bishop and father; and they were for some time called Hernhuthers, as this place continued their principal nursery. Heniosand, a seaport of Sweden, in Angermania, situate on an island in the gulf of Bothnia, which is joined to the continent by a bridge. It was for- merly a staple town, and has still a cOYisiderable trade in linen. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it was burned by the Russians. It is 240 miles n by w of Stockholm. Lon. 17 53 E, lat. 62 38 N. Ilerrieden, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Aichstat, with a col- legiate church, situate on the Altmuhl, 5 miles sw of Anspach. ' flersbriick, a town of Franconia, in the territory of Nuremberg, noted for excellent hops and strong beer. It is seated on tl>e Pregnitz, 16 miles e of Nuremberg. Hertford, a town of North Carolina, chief of Gates county, on the w side of the Perquimons, a water of Albermarle sound, 18 miles nne of Edeuton, and 28 ESE of Wynton. Hertford, or Hartford, a borough and the capital of Hertfordshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on the Lea, which is navigable for barges, as it was once for ships. In 879, the Danes erected two forts here, for the security of their ships; but Alfred turned the course of the river, so that their vessels were left on dry ground. Edward, the eldest son of Alfred, built a castle here, which has been often a royal residence. The town is governed by a mayor, and bad formerly five churches, but now only two. Here is a fine hospital be- longing to Christ's hospital in London ; also a noble shire hall, and a large coun- ty gaol. About a aiile to the £ is a ba- 299 H E S sin of water called Chadwell, which is the head spring of the New River. Hert- ford is 21 miles N of London. Lon. 1 E, laL 51 50 N. Hertfordshire, a county of England, 36 miles long and 28 broad ; bounded on the NW by Eedfordshiie, n by Cam- bridgeshire, E by Essex, s by Middlesex, and w by Buckinghamshne. It con- tains 302,080 acres ; is divided into 8 hundreds, and 170 parishes, has 19 mar- ket towns ; and sends 6 members to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 111,654. The n part is hilly, forming a scattered part of the chalky ridge, which extends across the kingdom in this direction. A number of clear streams take their rise from this side. Hint stones are scattered in great profusion over the face of this country ; and beds of chalk are frequently to be met with. The soil, however, Avith the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat and barley, which come to as great perfection here as in any part of the kingdom. The w part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil, and under excellent cultivation. Tlie principal rivers are, the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one called the New River. Hertzherg, a town of Lowxr Saxony, in the principality of Grubenhagen, with manufactures of arms and iron tools ; seated near the Hartz mountain, 17 miles ssw of Goslar. Hertzberg, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with a trade in saltpetre, wool, and cloths ; seated on the Elster, 14 miles NNE of Torgau. Herve, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Limburg, 9 miles WNW of Limburg. Herzgovina, a fortified town of Tur- kish Dalmatia, caipital of a duchy of the same name, and the residence of a Tur- kish governor. It is 80 miles ssw of Belgrade. Hesdin, a strong town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, seat- ed on the Canehe, 12 miles se of Mon- treuil. Hesse, a country of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; bounded on the N by the principality of Paderborn and duchy of Brunswick, e by Thu- ringia, s by Fulda and Wetteravia, and w by the Westerwald, the duchy of Westphalia, and coun^ of Waldeck. It is divided into Upper and Lower Hesse ; the latter, which is the northern part, lies on the rivers Werra, Fulda, S jhwalm, Diemcl, and Weser, and 'u subject to Hesse-Cassel; and the fci- H I £ nier, or southern part, lies on the Lahn, and belongs principally to Ilessa-Darm- stadt- These are tlie two principal branches ot the house of Hesse, and each of them has the title of landgrave. This country is surrounded by woods and mountains, in which are mines of iron and copper. In the middle are fiue plains, fertile in corn and pastures; and there is plenty of honey and all sorts of fruit. Hops are likewise cultivated, which serve to make excellent beer ; and Ijirch-trees are very common, from the sap of which a deal of Avine is made. Heukelum, or Hoekelun, a town of S. Holland, seated on the Linghe, 5 miles NE of Goreum. Heusden, a strong town of South Hol- land, seated on the Meuse, with a cas- tle. It was taken by the French in 1795; and is eight miles Nw of Bois le Due. Hexham, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Tuesday, and a trade in tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It had formerly a famous abbey, some parts of which yet remain. Near this place, in 1463, was fought a battle, be- tween the houses of York and Lan- caster, in which the latter was defeated. Hexham is seated on the river Tync, 22 miles w of Newcastle, and 285 nnw of London, Heydenheim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirteniburg, with a castle, on the rivej Brcnz, 16 miles nne of Ulm. Heydingsfeld, a town of Franconia, on the river Maine, three miles s of Wurtzburg. Heymertsen, a town of France, in the department of Roer, lately of Ger- many, in the electorate of Cologne ; situate on the Erift, 11 miles s of Co- logne. Heytsbury, a boroxigh in Wiltshire, which has now no market, seated on the Willy, 20 miles wnw of Sahsbury, and 92 w by s of London. Hiamen. J^ee Emoiiy. Hidelsheim, a town of Germany, in the territory of '^I'reves. It has a ibrtitied castle and convent, and is seated on the Eifi'el, 38 miles N of Treves. ' ' Hides, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, seated near the Medi- terranean sea; but its harbour being choaked up, it is now much decayed. It is 12 miles e ofj'unlon. Hieres, a cluster of islands in the Me- diterranean, on the coast of France, op- posite tl)c town of Hieres. The four princirial ones are called ForqueroUos, HIM Porteros, Bagueau, and Titan, Which last is the largest. Between these islands and the continent is the road of Hieres, which is so capacious and excellent that it Iras afiorded shelter for large squadrons. It is defended by three forts. Hiero. See Ferro. Higham Ferrers, a borough in North- amptonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins ; and is seated on an ascent, on the river Nen, 25 miles ese of Coventry, and 65 nnw of London. Highgate, a village in Middlesex, seated on a hill, four miles N by w oi London. Here lord chief baron Chol- mondely built a frecschool in 1562, which was enlarged, in 1570, by Sandys, bishop of London, who also added a chapel. Highworth, a town m Wiltshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday ; seated on a hill, in a rich plain, 36 miles N of Salisbury, and 77 w of London. Higuey, a city on the E part of the island of St. JDomingo, formerly 6i some iinportance, but now greatly de- cayed. It is situate near the mouth o. a river, 90 miles e by N of St. Do- mingo. Hilhurghausen, a town of Uppei: Saxony, in the principality of Coburg. It is subject to the duke of Saxe-Hil burghausen, who has a palace here, an*' seated on the Werra, 18 miles nnw o Coburg. Hildcsheim, a city of LoM'er Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name. It was lately an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided into tiie old and new town, and seated on the Irneste, 17 miles ssE of Hanover. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 52 9 N. Hilshorotigh, an inland district of N. Carolina, comprehending the counties of (Jranville, Pearson, Caswell, Orange, Wake Chatham, and Randolph. HUliorough, a town of North Caro- lina, in Orange county, capital of the district of its name. It stands on the N side of tl.c Eno, which unites with the Little and Flat River, and tbrms the Neus, 17 miles below the town. It is 35 miles Nw of Ralegh.- Lon. 79 15 w, lat. 36 2 N. ■ Hihborongh, a, borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, with a manufac- ture of muslins. It is 16 miles nw of Down, and 20 sw of Belfast. Ilimmalch, a (;hain of mountains in Asia, which extends from Cabul along 300 H I N die N of Hindoostan, and is llie £;one- ral boundary ot'Tibet? ihiowgh the whole extent from the Ganges to tlie river Testa; inclosing between it and Hin- doostan, a tract of country from 100 to 180 miles in breadth, divided into a number of small states, which are un- derstood to be either tributaries, or feu- datories of Tibet ; such as Sirinagur, Napaul, &c. This ridge is precisely that designed by the ancients, under the names of Imaus and the Indian Caucasus, The natives call it Hindoo- ko (the Indian mountains) as well as Himmaleh; which last is a Sanscrit word, signifj-ing snowy ; its summit being covered with snow. HiiicMnlrook Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 168 38 E, lat. 17 25 s. Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Monday. It has a large church, with a lofty spire ; and had formerly a castle and walls, tiaces of which are still to be seen. Here is a considerable manufac- ture of common stockings. It is seat- ed on an eminence, 12 miles sw of Lei- cester, and 99 nnw of London. Hindelopen, a town of Holland, in Friesland, seated on the Zuider Zee, 21 miles ssw of Levvarden, Hindia, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of. a country of the same name, in Candeish ; situate on the Nerbudda, 90 miles nne of Burhampour. Lon. 77 10 E, lat. 22 35 n. Hinlopen, Cape, a cape of North Ame- rica, on the s side of the mouth of the Delaware. Lon. 75 2 w, lat. 38 47 N. Hindon, a borougli in Wiltshire, with a market of Thursday, 20 miles w of Salisbury, and 97 w by s of London. Hindoo-ko. See Himmaleh. Hindoostan, or India, a region of Asia, which comprises all the countries be- tween the mountains of Tartary and Tibet on the N, Bootan, Assam, and the bay of Bengal on the e, the Indian «cean on the s, and the same ocean and Persia on the w. But tliis country must be considered under the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper, the Deccan, and the Peninsula. Hin- doostan Proper includes the provinces of Bengal, Baha'r, and all tliose that lie to the north of the river Nerbudda ; the principal of whi<:h are Agiraere, Agra, Allahabad, Cashmere, Delhi, Guzerat, Lahore, Malwa, Monltan, Oude, Ro- bilcund, Sindy. The Deccan has been extended to the whole region s of Hindoostan Proper ; but in its most 301 H I N restricted sense, it means only the conn- tries situate between Hindoostan Pro- per and the river Kistua; these are Can- deish, Dowlatabad, Bcrar, Orissa, the Circars, the chief part of Golconda, Vi- siapour, and Concan. Tlie tract s of these, or the river Kistna, is generally called the Peninsula ; although its form docs not authorize that appellation : it includes a small part of Golconda, Mysore, and the Carnatic,with Madura, and other smaller districts ; the w coast being called that of Malabar, and the E that of Coromandel. The principal rivers of this extensive region are the Ganges, Burrampootcr, Indus, Jumnia, Pudda, Nerbudda, 1'a])ty, Godavery, Kistna, Pennar, andCauvery. The chief mountains are those of Himmaleh ami the Gauts. To give an idea of the modern revolutions in the em])ire of Hindoostan, it is proper to obseive, that from a pure Hindoo government, it be- came, at last, a Mahometan state, and continued to be so, under various dy- nasties, till the beginuing of the IStli century. The first irruption of the Mahometans was in the year 1000. From this period the provinces of Hin- doostan were held rather as tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of the same empire ; and the conquest of the Deccan, in particular, was for ages an object of considerable importance to the emperors. In 1389, the Mogul Tar- tars, under the conduct of Tinnir, or TamcrlaBC, invaded liindoostan ; but the conquest of the country was not ef- fected till 1525, by sultan Baber, one of his descendants, who, from this circum- stance, was the founder of the Mongnl dynasty ; and hence Hindoostan has been called the Mongul Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. The illus- trious Acbar, his son, failed in his at tack upon the Deccan; an attempt in which many of his successors were equal- ly unfortunate, and Avhich tended, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolu- tion of the empire. In 1615, emperor Jehanguire, his son, received sirThomas Roe, as the first English ambassador * and the Portuguese had, by this time acquired considerable settlements in Bengal and Guzerat. In the reign of his grandson Aurungzebe, which lasted from IGGO to 1707, the empire attained its full extent ; his authority reached from 10 to 35 degrees in lat. and nearly as much in lon. and his revenue exceed- ed 32,000,0001. sterling. But iu the course of 50 years after his death, a suc- cession of weak princes and wicked mi- nisters reduced this astonishing empire. H I N iu very narrow limits, and deprived it of ali its power and splendour. In con- sequence of the intrigues of the nizam of the Dcccan, Nadir Shah, the Persian usurper, nivaded Hindoostan, in 1738. The weak emperor Blahomed Shah, threw himself on the clemency of the invader, who entered Delhi, and de- manded thirty millions sterling by way of ransom. Nadir, afterward, evacuat- ed Delhi, and left the nizam in jjosses- sion of the whole remaining power of the empire, which he sacrificed to his own views in the Deccan, where he established an independent kingdom. Mahomed Shah died in 1747, having Been the Carnatic and Bengal become likewise independent, under their re- spective nabobs ; an independent state too formed by the Roliillas (a tribe from the mountains between India and Persia) on the E of the Ganges, within 80 miles of Delhi; and the kingdom of Canda- har erected by Abdalla, one of the ge- nerals of Nadir Shah. Ahmed Shah, the son of Mahomed, succeeded; in whose reign the entire division of the empire took place ; nothing remaining to the house of Tamerlane but the cit)' and small territory of Delhi. The last imperial army was defeated by the Ko- hillas, in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo fiibe, founded a state in Agfa ; Oude was seized by Mahomed Kooli ; and the Mahrattas, beside their ancient do- mains in the Deccan, obtained great part of Malwa, Guzerat, Kerar, and Orissa. The Mongul empire was now become nearly nominal ; and the empe- rors, from this period, must be regarded as of no political consequence, other- wise than as their names and persons were made use of, by different parties, to promote their own views ; for the name and person of the emperor retains a considerable degree of veneration among the bulk of the people in Hin- doostan. Ahmed was deposed in 1753, and his successor was deposed and mur- dered in 1760. He was succeeded, however, by his son Shah Ahlum, who was alternately dependent on the con- tending powers, and more jjarlicuijirly u[)on the English, who obtained from him a grant of the provinces of Benoril, Eahar, Orissa, and the Circars. This prince died in 1806, and was succeeded by his second son, Ackbcr Shah. Hin- doostan now consists of five principal fctates, which hold as tributaries, or feu- datories, some numerous inferior states. These five states are, the British, the Poonah Mahrattas, the Bcrar Mahrat- tas, thej uizam of the Deccan, and the H I N Sieks ; for, whatever verbal distincticns may be made, a compulsive allis^nce is at least a dependent, if not a tributary situation. The British possessions are Bengal, Bahar, Benares, the Circars, the Jaghire, Bombay, Salsette, the dis- trict of Midnapour in Orissa, and some others in Mysore. The allies of the British, who may be considered as de- pendent upon them, are the nabobs of Oude and the Carnatic, and the rajahs of Mysore, Travancore, and Tanjore. For the other principal stales, see their respective names; and for an account of some inferior independent states, see Bundelcund, Ballogistan, Jats, Rohil. cund, &,c. The inhabitants of Hindoo- stan are computed at abont 10.000,000 Mahometans, and 100,000,000 Hindoo.«i. The Mahometans, or Mussulmans, whom the English improperly call Moors, are represented to be of a de- testable character. The Hindoos, or Gentoos, are of a black complexion; their hair is long, their person straight and elegant, and their countenance open and pleasant. They differ mate- rially from all other nations, by being divided mto tribes or casts. The four principal tribes are the Bramins, Sol- diers, Labourers, and Mechanics ; and these art subdivided into a multiplicity of inferior distinctions. There are Bra- mins of various degrees of excellence, who have the care of religion allotted to them, and are held sacred by the rest; some of these acknowledge the errors that have crept into their religion, own one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multitude, but insist upon the necessity of working upon the weak- nesses of the vulgar ; yet the generaHty of them are as ignorant as the laity. Such as are not engaged ia worldly pur- suits are a very superstitious, innocent people, who promote charity as much as they can, both to man and beast but those wlio engage in the world a. generally the worst of all the Gentoos; for, persuaded that the waters of the Ganges will purify them from their sins, and being exempt from the utmost ri- gour of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo governments) they run into much greater excesses. The Soldiers are commonly called Rajah-poots; that is, descended from rajahs. They are much more robust than the rest, have a great share of courage, and a nice sense of military honour, wliicli consists, among them, in fidelity to those they serve. Fighting is their profession; they readily enter into the service of aay that will pay them, and will follow 302 H I N wheierer he leads ; buf, slioukl tliejr leader fall in the battle, their cause is at an end, and they run oft' the tield, with- i»ut any stain of their reputation. The English E. India Company have many battalions of them in Iheir service : they are called Sepoys, and ate clothed and disciplined in the F«'ropcan manner. The Labourers include farmers, and all who cultivate the land. The j\Iccha- nics include merchants, bankers, and all who follow any trade: these again are subdivided into each profession. Be- side these, are the Hallachorcs, who cannot be called a tribe, being rather the refuse of all the tribes. They are a set of unhappy wretches, who perform all the vilest officers of life, bury the dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. All the different tribes are kept distinct from each other by insur- mountable barriers : they are forbidden to intermarrj^ to cohabit, to eat with each ether, or even to drink out of the same vessel with one of another tribe, livery deviation from these points sub- jects them to be rejected by tkeir tribe, renders them polluted for ever, and obliges them, from that instant, to herd with the Hallachores. The members of each cast adhere invariably to the pro- fession of their forefathers : from gene- ration to generation the same families have followed, and still continne to fol- low, one aniform manner of life. To this may be ascribed that high degree of perfection conspicuous in many of the Indian manufactures; and also that stic- king peculiarity in the state of Hindoo- stan, the permanence of its institutions, and the immutability in the manners of the inhabitants. Hence it is, that the Hindoos admit no converts, nor are tliemselves ever converted, whatever the Roman missionaries may pretend. The Hallachores may be here excepted, who are glad to be admitted into any so- ciety where they are treated as fellow creatures. The Hindoos vie with the Chinese, in respect to the antiquity of their nation ; and the doctrine of trans- migration is one of their distinguishing tenets. Their institutions of religion form a complete system of superstition, upheld by every thing which can excite the reverence of the people. The tem- ples consecrated to their deities are mag- nificent; their religious ceremonies splendid; and the absolute dominion which the Bramins have obtained over the minds of the people is supported by the command of the immense revenues, with which the liberality of princes, and 303 H I N tlie zeal of pilgrims and devotees have cnricliod tlieir pagodas. The dominion of religion extends to a liiousand parti- culars, which, in other countries, are go- verned by the civil laws, or by taste, custom, and fashion. Their dress, their food, the common intercourses of life, their marriages, and professions, are all under the jniisdietion of religion. The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfect buiter) milk, vegetables, and oriental spices. The warrior cast may eat of the flesh of goats, sheepj and poultry. Other superior casts may eat poultry and fish ; bnt the inferior casts arc proliibited from eating flesh or fish of any kind. Their greatest luxury consists in the use of the richest spiceries and perfumes, of which the great people are very lavish. They esteem milk the purest of food, because they think it partakes of some of the properties of the nectar of their gods, and because they esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity. Their man- ners are gentle. Their happiness con- sists in the solaces of domestic life ; and they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indispensable duty ia every man, who does not entirely sepa- rate himself from the world, from a prin- ciple of devotion. Their religion permits them to have several wives, but they seldom have more than one; and their wives are distinguished by a decency of demeanour, a solicitude in their families, and a fidelity to their vows, which might do honour to human nature in the most civilized countries. The custom of wo- men burning themselves in the fire with the corpse of their husbands is still i)rac- tised in Hindoostan. The code ofGen- too laws, with their sacred books, the Veidam and the Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit language, which is very co- pious and nervous, although the style of their best authors is wondci fully concise^ Hindoostan, toward the n, is pretty tem- perate, but hot toward the s ; and it rains almost constantly for three months in the year. Its jiroducts are diamonds and other precious stones, silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and su- gar; and the chief manufactures are muslins and calicos. But these and va- rious other particulars will be fouird un- der the different names of its provinces, cities, towns, mountains, and rivers, de- scribed in this work. Hiiigham, a town of M assachusets, in Suffolk county, with two churches, seated on a small bay, 19 miles SE of Boston. H I N HingJtftm, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles sw of Norwich, and 99 ne of London. Hing-hoit, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity ftirnishes abundance of rice, li- chi, and silk. It is seated on a bay, op- posite the N part of the island of For- mosa, 460 miles s of Nan-king. Lon. 119 30 E, lat. 25 28N. Hintergersdof, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, eight miles e of Frey- i*urg. Hinzuan, or Joanna, one of the Co- mora islands, between the N end of Ma- dagascar and the continent of Africa. It is about 30 miles long and 15 broad ; and the coasts are chiefly in the hands of Arabians, who have driven the origi- nal natives to the interior and moun- tainous parts. Though not the largest, 't is the principal of the Comora islands, for it exacts tribute from all the others. The cattle are a kind of buffalos, which are delicious eating ; and there are sheep and hogs. The town of Joanna, where the king resides, is on the e side, close to the sea, at the foot of a very high hill, and contains about 200 houses. The better kind of houses are built of stone, within a court yard, have a por- tico to shield them from the sun, and one long lofty room to receive guests ; the other apartments being sacred to the women. The original natives occu- py the hills, and are generally at war with the Arabian interlopers. They get their supplies of arms and ammunition from ships that touch here; and it is customary for all to make presents of arms and powder to the prince when he pays a visit on board, which he does to every one. When any ship touches here, ii is surrounded by canoes, and the deck is crowded by natives of all ranks, from the high-born chief to the half-naked slave. They have a regular form of go- vernment, and exercise the Mahometan ••eligion ; both being introduced by the Arabs. I'he colour of these two races of men is ver^' different : the Arabs have not so deep a tinge as the others, being of a copper complexion, with better fea- tures, and a more animated counte- nance. They consider a black streak under the eyes as ornamental, and this they make every day, with a brush dipt in a kind of ointment. The custom ef chewing the betel nut prevails here, as »n most of the eastern countries. Their religion licenses a plurality of wives, and likewise concubines, of whom they are extremely jealous, and never allow any H I T man io see them. The men are very temperate and abstemious, and attend the mosques three or four times a day. In general they appear to be a well-dis- posed people, and honest in their deal- ings, though there are among them, as in all other nations, some vitiously inclin- ed ; and theft is much practised by the lower class, notwithstanding the punish- ment of it is amputation of both hands. The climate promotes vegetables to such a degree as requires little toil, but that little is denied ; so that, beyond oranges, bananas, pineapples, cocoa-nuts, yams, and purslain (all growing spontaneously) few vegetables are met with. The face of the country is picturesque and pleas- ing : lofty mountains, clotiied to the ve- r}' summits ; deep and rugged valleys, adorned by frequent cataracts, cascades, woods, rocks, and rivulets ; and groves extending over the plains to the very edge of the sea. Lon. 44 48 e, lat. 12 14 s. Hio, a town of Sweden, in "W. Goth- laud, seated on the lake Wetter, 145 miles SAV of Stockholm. Lon. 14 e, lat. 57 53 N. Hiorring, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, Similes nnw of Alburg. Hirchherg, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Jauer, famous for its mi- neral baths. In the neighbourhood are extensive bleaching-grounds, and next to Breslau it is the most considerable trading town in Silesia. It is seated on the Bober, 20 miles sw of Jauer. Lon. 15 54 E, lat. 60 48 N. Hhschfeldy a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, capital of a principality of the same name, depending on a fa- mous abbey, which was secularized in favour of the house of Hesse-Cassel. It is seated on the Fulda, 35 miles s by e of Cassel. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 50 50 N. Hirschorn, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, with a castle ; seated on the Neckar, eight miles e of Heidelberg. Hirscholm, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a castle, 12 miles N of Copenhagen. Hispaniola. See Domingo, St. Hissar, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Delhi, seated near the river Sursoory, 112 miles wnw of Delhi. Lon. 75 40 E, lat. 29 5 N. Hit, a town of Syria, near which is a spring of uaptha and bitumen. It stands on a river of the same name, which soon after joins the Euphrates, 100 miles w by s of Bagdad. Hitchin, tx town in Hertfordshire, with 304 . HOC » nrarket on Tuesday, and a great trade in malt, 15 miles nnw of Hertford, and 34 Nw of London. Hithe, or Hi/the, a borongli in Kent, >\itli a market on Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, governed by a mayor, and has a small fort. Near it are the remains of Saltwood castle, now turned into a farm-house, barns, &,c. Hithe had formerly four parishes, hut now only one ; and the harbour is ciioak- ed up. It is 10 miles wsu of Dover, and 68 se of London. Hoai-khig, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Ho nan, 320 miles sw of Peking. Lon, 112 34 e, hit. 35 6 N, Hoeti-tigan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is seated in a niaish, and inclosed by a triple Mall. The suburbs extend to tlic distance of a league ou each side of a canal, and form, at their extremity, a kind of port on the Hoan-lio. It is 415 miles ssE of Peking. Lon. 118 47 e, lat. 53 30 N. Hoang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Hou-quang; seated on the Kian-ku, 585 miles s of Peking. Lou. 114 27 f, lat- 38 30 n. Hoan-lio, a large river of Asia, also called the Yellow River, from the quan- tity of clay which it devolves. Its sources are two lakes situate among the mountains of that part of I'artary known by the name of Kokonor, in about 35 N lat. It pur-sues a ne direc- tion to about 42 N lat. and after rnniiing due E it suddenly bends s, penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel to its .source ; and then it pursues an easterly direction till it enters the Eastern ocean, 100 miles to the n of the mouth of the Kian kn. The length of its course is estimated at 2000 miles. At 70 miles from the sea, where it is crossed by the great canal, the breadth is little more than a mile ; but it is so rapid and shal- low as to be scarcely navigable. Hodibcrg, an ancient castle of Suabia, in Brisgau, which gives uaflie to a mar- qnisate, annexed to the niargravate of Badeu-Durlaclj. It is situate on a mountain, two miles ne of Emmendin- gen, which is the principal town. Iloc/istat, a town and castle of Bava- ria, famous fbi a signal victory gained ticai- it by tlic duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the English call the battle of Blenheim, from a village three miles sw of tliis place. It is seated on the Danube, 17 miles wsw ofDonawert. Hochstat, a town and castle of Fran- coiiia, in the principality of Bamberg, •SO.'i H O H on the river Aisch, 23 miles ssw of Bamberg. HsddesJon, a town in Hertfordshire, M ith a market on Thursday, seated near the river Lea, four miles se of Hertford, and 17 N by E of London. Hodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a harbour for small vessels, ou tho Red sea, 90 miles nnw of Mocha. Lon. 43 30 E, lat. 14 10 N. Hiwi-tcheon, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan, famous for its tea, varnish, and japan- ned work, 625 miles s of Peking. Lon. 118 5 E, lat. 29 57 N. Hoei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province ofQuang-ton, 1010 miles s of Peking. Lou. 113 58 E, lat. 23 1 N. Hoelielun. Sec HeiiJielnm, Hoff, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Ba>reuth, with manu- factures of cotton, linen, and fine paper. The adjacent country has quarries of excellent marble. It stands on the Saale, .32 miles NNE of Bayreuth. Hqff, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Oimutz, with a great trade in wool, 23 miles ne of Oimutz. Hague. Cape la, the NW point of Nor- mandy, nearvvhich admiral Kouke burnt 13 French men of war, in 1092. Lon, 1 52 w, lat. 49 45 N. Hohcnberg, an ancient castle of Suabia, in a county of its name, situate near the source of the >ieckar, 10 miles se of Rotlnvcil. Holtodinden, a town of Bavaria, near which the French gained a great victory over the Austrians in 1800. It is 22 miles E of Munich. Holienlolie, or llolach, a principality of Franconia, w of the margravate of Ans- pach, abounding in wine, corn, wood, and cattle. The castle of its ancient counts stood close by the village of Bo- lach, near Uffenheim. The chief town is Ohringen. Hohenmaut, a town of Bohemia, on the river Meyta, 13 miles e of Chrudim, Hohenstein, an ancient castle of Up- per Saxony, in Thusingia, which gives name to a count}). It is situate on a mountain, at the foot of which is the village of Neustadt, live miles nne of Nordhausen. Hohentweil, a fortress of Suavia, sur- rounded by the county of Nellenburg. Its fortifications were destroyed by the French in 1800. It stands oh a moun- tain, nine miles ene of Schati hausen. HolienzoUern, a town of Suabia, in a principality of the same name, with a castle on a mountain, the seat of ilie H O L ancient counts of Holienzollern. It Is seated on a branch of the Neckar, 16 miles s by w o.f Tubingen. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 48 28 N. Hohnstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, on the river Mulda, 1 1 miles NE of Zwickau. Ho-kien, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-tcheli, situ- ate between two rivers, 85 miles s of Peking. Lon. 116 23 e, lat. 38 40 n. Hola, a town of Iceland, and a bi- shop's see, at the moulh of a river, on the N coast. Lon. 19 20 w, lat. 65 40 K. Holbeaoh, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday, 12 miles s by E of Boston, and 109 N by e of London. Holbeck, a seaport of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, witii a good har- bour, from which great quantities of corn are annually exported. It is 30 miles w of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 44 e, lat. 65 42 N. Holdswortlty, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, seated be- tween two branches of the Tamar, 43 miles w by N of Exeter and 214 w by s of London. Holland, or Dutch Netherlands, a country of Europe, extending 150 miles from N to s and 100 from w to E ; bounded on the w and N by the German ocean, e by Westphalia, and s by Liege and JSrabant, or Belgium. It consists of seven provinces, namely, Holland, Gelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, and Groningen ; and what is called the Land of the Generality, or Dutch Brabant. They are styled the United Provinces of the Netherlands. This country was a part of that inhabited by the ancient Batavi : it is usually called Holland, from the name of the principal province ; which signifies a hollow, or low country; The pi'incipal rivers aue the Rhine, Meuse, Dommel, Waal, Yssel, Scheldt, and Vetcht. Holland atr'ords a striking proof, that persevering industry is ca- pable of conquering every disadvantage of climate and situation. The air and water are nearly equally bad ; the soil produces naturally scarcely any thing but turf ; and the possession of Ihis very soil is disputed by the ocean, which, ris- ing considerably above the level of the land, is prevented from overflowing it, only by expensive dikes. Yet the la- bours of the Dutch have rendered this seemingly insignificant territory one of the richest spots in Europe, with re- spect to population and property. In H O L other countries, possessed of a variety of natural productions, it is not surprising to find manufactures employed in aug- menting the riches of the soil ; but to see, in a country like Holland, larger woollen manufactures where there are scarce any flocks ; numberless artists employed in metals where there is not a mine ; thousands of saw-mills wherer there is scarce a forest ; an immense quantity of corn exported from a coun- try where tliere is not agriculture sulli- cient to support one half of its inhabi tants, is what nuist strike every atten- tive observer with admiration. Among the most valuable natural productions of the country may be reckoned its ex- cellent cattle ; and large quantities of madder are exported, chiefly cultivated in Zealand. The Dutch were formerly in possession of the coasting trade and freight of almost all other trading na- tions. They were also the bankers for all Europe. But these advantages di not continue to be so lucrative, when the other European nations began to open their eyes so far as to employ their own shipping in their trade, and to esta- blish banks of their own. Notwith- standing these deductions, the Dutch trade was still immense; in conse- quence of their vast opulence, they still regulated the exchange for all Europe ; and their country was, as it were, the universal warehouse of the commodi- ties of every quarter of the globe. The commerce of this country, however, ex- perienced a woeful decline, after its connection widi France. Among the monopolies of their East India Com- pany, the spice trade is the most valu- able ; comprehending cloves, mace, nut- megs, and cinnamon. Their Asiatic possessions are the coasts of the island of Java, the capital of which is Batavia, the seat of the governor general of all their East India settlements; some set- tlements on the coasts of Sumatra, Ma labar, and Coromaudel ; the greatest part of the Moluccas or Spice Islands ; and settlements of factories in the island of Celebes, at Surat and Petra, and in the gulf of Persia. In Africa, the Dutch had the Cape of Good Hope, with seve ral forts and factories in Guinea ; in the West Indies, St. Eustatia, Saba, and Curacoa ; and in South America, the colonies of Issequibo, Deraerary, Suri- nam, and Berbice. But they h;ne lost several of these in tiie late war. Jn Holland the inland trade is greatly faci- litated by canals, which pass in every direction, and equal the' roads in other countries. By these canals and iho son H O L Rhnte, tlie inland trade with Germany is very consitderable ; and the most re- markable t'eatiire consists in the vast floats of timber, wiiich arrive at Dort from Auderuach, and other places on the Rhine. A great quantity of corn is also obtained by this inland trade, and the other branches of traflic arc imnier- ous ; that the Rhine may be said to sup- ply Holland with insular advantages, secure from the dcstnictive inroads of maritime war. The chief njannfacturcs are linen, pottery, painted tiles, tobacco- pijies, refined salt, snulf, leather, wax, tAl, sugar, starch, paper, beside some of woollen, cotion, and silk. From the jear 1579 to 1795, the Seven United l^rovinces must be considered as one political body, united for the jircserva- tion of the whole. In coiiscfjuence of the Union (see Netlierlands) the Seven Provincesguaraiiteed eacli other's rights; they made war and peace, levied taxes, &e. in their joint capacity ; but as to internal government, each pro\ ince was independent. They sent deputies (cho- sen out of the provincial states) to the genera! assembly, called the states-ge- neral, which was invested with the su- preme legislative power of the confede- ration. At the head of this government there has usually been a prince stadt- holder, who exercised a considerable part of the executive power. After the death of William II. (the fourth stadt- holder) in 16G7, this office was abolished by the states ; but, in 1672, when Lewis XIV. invaded Holland, the popular commotions compelled them to repeal the edict ; to invest William III., prince of Orange, with the office, and to de- clare it hereditary. On his death, in 1702, it was again abolished ; but, in 1745, some popular commotions com- pelled the states to restore the rank to W'ilham IV., and again to declare it hereditary in his family. In 1787 a civil war commenced, and the stadtholiler, William V., was deprived of the office of captain general ; but he was restor- ed, the same year, by the interference of Great Britain and Prussia. When Hol- land, however, ^A■as rapidly overrun by the French, in Jamiary 1795, the stiidt- hoider and his family were compelled to leave the country ; and a convention was assembled to frame a constitution for the Seven Provinces and Dutch Bra- bant. The first plan they presented Was rejected by the primary assemblies; another was drawn up, which was ac- cepted ; and, in imitation of France, the country was declared the Batavian Re- public one and iadivisible, governed by 307 H O L a directoi7 of twelve members. The country was also divided into eight de- partments, which had names taken from rivers ; but, in 1801, they were changed to the names of the seven provinces and Erabant. In 1806, Holland was erect- ed into a kingdom, by Napoleon Bona- parte, in favour of his brother Louis but, after reigning several years, he re- signed, in consequence of his not being disposed to favom the views of Napo- leon, in the commercial regulations of the country. Soon after Louis's resig- nation, the whole of Holland was di- vided into departments, and annexed to the French enjpire. In November, 1813, after the celebrated battle of Leip- sic, and the consequent retreat of the French army out of Germany, a counter revolution took place throughout the whole country in favour of the jirince of Orange; the French were expelled; and a deputation was sent off to Eng- land to invite the prince over, which was accepted. The prince, accordingly, soqn after set out, and arrived at the Hague, in the beginning of December, amidst the acclamations of the people; and, by ttie treaty of Paris, France has not only acknowledged his independ- ence, but consented to an increase territory. The Calvinist religion i& established iu Holland ; but most other Christian sects, and the Jews, aie toler- ated. Amsterdam is the capital; but the seat of government is at Hague. Hoilund, the most considerable of tlic provinces of the Dutch Netherlands, bounded on tlie s by Dutch Erabant and Zealand, w and N by the German ocean, and E by the Zuider Zee, Utrecht, and Gckleiland. It is divided into South and North Holland ; which last is called West Friesland, to distin- guish it from Friesland, on the k side of the Zuider Zee. The Ye, or Wye, a small bay, which is an extension of the Zuider Zee, separates S. Holland from N. Holland. This province is not above 180 miles in circumference; but is so populous, that no country in Europe, of such a small extent, can equal it. The land is almost every where lower than the sea; and the water is kept out by dikes. It is crossed by the Rhine and Meusc, by several small rivers, and by a great number of canals, which aie tra- velled on day and night, at a small ex- pence. I'he pastures are so rich, that it has plenty of cattle, butter, and cheese, and the seas and rivers abouiid with fish. It has considerable linen and woollen manufactures, and numerous docks for the building of ships. Tha H O L French effected, by the aid of a severe frost, the entire conquest of this province in January 1795. Amsterdam is the capital. Holland, a strong town of Prussia, in Oberland, near the river Weeske, 14 miles ssE of Eibing. Holland, New, the largest known land that does not bear the name of a continent. It extends from 109 to 153 E Ion., and from 11 to 39 s lat., or 2730 miles from w to e, and 1960 from N to s. AVhen this vast island was first dis- covered is uncertain. In the beginning of the 17th century, the n and w coasts were traced by the Dutch ; and what was deemed, till lately, the s extremity, was discovered by Tasman, in 1642. Captain Cook, in 1770, explored the e and NE from 38 s, and ascertained its separation from New Guinea ; and, in 1773, captain Furneaux, by connecting Tasman's discoveries with Cook's, com- pleted the circuit. But the supposed s extremity, which Tasman distinguished by the name of "Van Diemen Land, was found, in 1798, to be an island, separa- ted from New Holland by a channel 40 leagues wide, named from the discover- er, Bass Strait. Different parts of the coast have been called by the names of the discoverers, &c. The eastern coast, called New South Wales, was taken possession of in his majesty's name by captain Cook, and now forms a part of the British dominions. See Wales, New South. Hollodale, a river in Scotland, in Su- therlandshire, which rises in the motni- tains on the borders of Caithnessshire, and flows N into a bay of the North sea, forming, for several miles, in the latter part of its course, the boundary between the two countries. Holm, a town in Cumberland, some- times called Holm-Abbey, from an ab- bey that formerly stood here. It is seated near the mouth of the Waver, 12 miles N of Cockermouth, and 310 NNW of London. Holstebroe, a town in Denmark, in N. Jutland, situate on a shallow river which runs into the North sea. The principal trade is in corn, oxen, and horses. It is 24 miles w of Wiburg, and 68 N of Ripen. Holstein, a duchy of Lower Saxony, subject to the king of Denmark. It is 100 miles long and 60 broad ; bouuded on the N by Sleswick, E by the Baltic and the duchy of Saxe-Lawenburg, s by the duchies of Bremen and Lune- biirg, and w by the German ocean. It is a fruitful country, and well seated for H O L trade ; having some considerable har* hours, particularly those of Hamburg, Lubec, and Kiel ; and from the latter is a canal to the Eider, at Rensburg, by which there is a free navigation from the Baltic to the German ocean. The religion of the country is Luthen^n. Holston, a river of the United States, which rises in the Allegany mountains, in Virginia, and flows ssw into the state of Tennessee, where it takes a more westerly course to Knoxville, and 35 miles below that town is joined by the Clinch, when their united waters take the name of Tenesse. The whole course is about 200 miles, and it is na^ vigable for boats of 25 tons upwards of 100 miles. On its banks are several iron works ; and the adjacent country abounds with iron ore, and has sundry lead mines. Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday, and an excellent free- school founded by sir John Gresham. It is 21 miles wnw of Norwich, and 1 19 NE of London. Holten, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, 11 miles s&e of Wesel. Holy Island, an island on the coast of the detached part of Durham, in Islai'd- shire, eight miles SE of Berwick. It is three miles long and two broad ; the soil rocky and full of stones ; and at low water accessible by horses and car- riages. It has a town called Kilo, and a castle on a high rock, under which is a commodious harbour, defended by a blockhouse. On this island are con- siderable remains of a stately monastery, called Lindisfarne, of which the cele- brated St Cuthbert was prior 12 years ; and here was anciently a bishop's see, removed, with the body of St. Cuthbert, first to Chester lo Street, and afterwards to Durham. Holyhead, a seaport and cape of Wales, ill the isle of Anglesea. It is the most usual place of embarkation for Dublin, being the station of the packet- boats to and from that city, (fistant about 20 leagues. In the neighbour- hood is a large vein of white fullers earth, and another of yellow. On Salt islands, which forms one side of the har- bour is a capital lighthouse ; and on the isle of Skerries, nine miles to the n is another. Holyhead is 88 miles w by N of Chester, and 277 Nw of London Lon. 4 40 w, lat. 63 23 N. Holywell, a town of Wales, in Fiint- .shire, with a market on Friday From its vicinity to the mines, it is become the most flourtsning town in the county, 30S HON It takes its Hame from the famous well of St. W init'red, concerning wliich so many fal)los and superstitions notions have prevailed. It is a copious stream, bursting out of tlio ground with great impetuosity, at the foot of a hill. Be- side the cold bath, celebrated for won- derful cures, formed at the spring-liead, and covered with a beautiful shrine, it is now applied to the pui-pose of turning several mills for the working of copper, making brass wire, paper, and snulf, and spinning cotton. It is 10 miles e of St. Asaph, and 208 ne of Loudon. Lon. 3 21 w, lat. 54 13 N. Holzapfel, a town of \yestphana, ca- pital of a county of the same name. It is situate on the Lahn, at the foot of a mountain, on which is the tower of an ancient castle, the original seat of the princes of Nassau, four miles ne of Nassau. Holzmwulen, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Wolfenbuttle, seat- ed at the confiux of the Holz with the Weser, 28 miles nw of Gottingen. Homburg, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with a castle, and a glass manufacture, eight miles n of Frank- fort. Homburg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, with an iron fbrge and a glass manufacture, 20 miles s of Cassel. Homburg, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, 48 miles SE of Dus- seldorf. Hamburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Pents; seated on a mountain, five miles n of Deux Fonts. Ho-nan, a province of China, bound- ed on the N by the provinces of Pe-tche- li and Chan-si, e by Kiang-si and Chan- tong, s by Hou-quang, and w by Chen- si. As every thing that can contribute to render a country delightful is found in this province, the Chinese call it Tong-hoa, The middle Flower; being situate almost ia the centre of China. Beside Cai-fong, its capital, it contains seven cities of the first class, and 102 of the second and third. Ho-nan, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of Ho-nan, 360 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 112 9 e, lat. 34 44 N. Honawera, or Onore, a town of Hin- doostan, in Canara, sealed on an inlet of the sea, which s])reads into a lake, and includes a number of islands. It was formerly a place of great commerce, but demolished by Tippoo after he had recovered it by the treaty of Mangalore. Here is now a custom-house, and a few shops, also some merchants, who live 309 H O O scattered near the banks of the lake, and sell rice, pepper, cocoa, and betel- nuts, &c. to the trading vessels tha* come from Goa, Rajapura, and Bombay It is 50 miles n by w of Kundapura, and 84 ssE of Goa. Hondtschoote, a town of France, in the department of Nord, seven miles SE of Dunkirk. Honduras, a province of Mexico, 490 miles long and 150 broad ; bounded on tlie N by a bay of its name, e by the At- lantic, s by Nicaragua, and w by Gua- timala and Vera Paz. The country consists of mountains, valleys, and plains, watered by numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly fertile. The vineyards bear thrice a year, and the soil in many parts yields three crops of maize ; other productions are wheat, peas, cotton, wool, logwood, with excellent pastures, honey, wax, and provisions of all kinds. The bay of Honduras lies w of the Ca- ribbean sea, between this province and the peninsula of Jucatan; and on its coasts great quantities of logwood are cut, chiefly by the English, who once possessed the ne part of the province, called the Mosquito Shore. Honduras was formerly one of the most populous countries in America, but at present, though so fertile, is almost a desert. The capital is Valladolid. Honjleur, a seaport of France, in the department of Calvados. The harbour is very capacious, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its principjil trade is in lace. It is eight miles n of Pout I'Fveque, and 110 NW of Paris. IjOU. 15 e, Jat. 49 24 N. HonitJK, a borough in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It lias a church half a mik from the town, and a chapel within it ; also a manufacture of broad lace. A fire happened here in 1747, which consumed three-fourths of the town; and another, in 17G5, de- stroyed nearly 1 80 buildings. It is seat- ed on the river Otter, 16 miles e of Ex- eter, and 151 w by s of London. Hoogly, a river of Hindoostan, form- ed by the two westernmost brancaes of the Gauges, named the Cossimbazar and Jellinghy, which unite at Nuddea. It flows by Hoogly, Chiiisura, Chan- deruagore, and Calcutta, to the bay of Bengal, and is the only branch of the Ganges that is commonly navigated by ships. Hoogly, a city of Hindoostan, in Ben- gal, now nearly in ruins, but possesses many vestiges of former greatness. In the beginning of the 18th century, it was the great mart of the export trada H O R of Bengal to Europe. It is scaftd on the river Hoo^Iy, 25 uiilcs N of Cal- cutta. Heogstrateti, a town of the Nether- lands, in Brabant, 15 miles N of He- rentals, Iloraidan, a town of Persia, in the province of Farsistan, 76 mil6 N of Loiuh)!]. Hornseij, a town in E. Yoiksliirc, with HOT a market on iMonday. Near it is a mere, two miles long and one broad, famous for its pike and eels. Hornscy is 40 miles E of York, and 190 n of London. Horsens, « seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with manufactures of woollen goods, and a considerable trade. It is seated at the end of a bay, which opens into the Cafegat, 20 miles ssw of 4rhu- sen. Lon. 9 40 e, lat. 55 57 N. Horsham, a borough in Sussex with a market on Saturday, noted for fine poiiKry. Here is the county gaol, and the spring assizes are held here. It is seated on the Arun, 36 miles s by w of London. Lon. 12 w, lat. 51 8 N. Horstmar, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, with a cas- tle, and a collegiate church ; seated on an eminence, 23 miles NW of Munster. Hottentots, Country of the, a large re- gion in the s extremity of Africa, ex- tending N by w, from the Cape of Good Hope, bej ond the mouth of Orange ri- ver, and from that cape, in an ene di- rection, to tlie mouth of the Great Fish river, which parts i+ from Caffraria. It lies between the tropic of Capricorn and 35 s lat, and is bounded on the w, s, and E by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indian oceans, and on the N by regions very little, if at all, explored. The Hot- tentots are as tail as most Europeans, but arc moie slender ; and the charac- teristic mark of this nation is, the small- ness of their hands and feet, compared with tlie other parts of their body. Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, re- sembling that of an European who has the jaundice in a high degree. There are not such thick lips among the Hot- tentots as among their neighbours the Ncgros, the Caffres, and the Mozam- biques: and their mouth is of the mid- dling size, with the finest set of teeth imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair, more woolly, if possible, than that of the Negros. With respect to shape, carriage, and every moiion, their whole appearance indicates health and content. Not only the men, but the women also are clothed with sheep- skins; the wool being worn outward in summer, and inward in winter. They wear one skin over their shoulders, the ends of it crossing each other before, and leaving their neck bare ; another is fastened round their middle, and reaches down to their knees. They besmear their bodies all over with fat, in which a liltlc soot is mixed ; and they are like- wise perfumed with a rank and aroma- tic powder of herbs. They are excel' 31Q HOT lent swimmers and divers, and practise bathing several times in the day. TLe women braid or plait tlieir hair as an ad- ditional elegance, and adorn themselves with necklaces of shells. They seldom content themselves with one covering, but almost always have two, and very often three. The outermost is the largest, finest, and most showy, and frequently adorned with glass beads strung in dif- ferent figures. Both the men and wo- men generally go bareheaded, and sel- dom wear any shoes. Neither their ears nor nose are adorned with any pendent ornaments ; but the nose is sometimes marked with a black streak of soot, or with a large spot of red lead; of which latter, on high da3s, they likewise put a little on their cheeks. Both sexes wear rings on their arms and legs, chiefly made of thick leather straps, cut in a circular sha|)e; but ringsof iron, copper, or brass, of the size of a goose-quill, are considered more genteel. Girls are not allowed to use any rings till they are marriageable. Their habitations are adapted to their wandering pastoral life. The}' are merely huts, resembling a round beehive, from 18 to 24 feet in di- ameter, and so low that a middle-sized man cannot stand upright in them. But neither the lowness of the hut, nor that of the door, which is barely three feet high, can be considered as any inconve- nience to a Hottentot, who finds no dif- ficulty in stooping and crawling on all- fours, and who is more inclined to lie down than stand. The fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or lie round it in a circle. Tlic low door is the only place that admits the light, and the only outlet that is left for the smoke. The order of these huts in a craal, or clan, is most frequently in the form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by which means a kind of yard is formed, where tfae cattle are kept at night. Such are the Hottentots in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1778, lieute- nant Paterson visited a Hottentot vil- lage in Little Nimiqua Land, in the Nw part of the counti^: it consisted of 19 huts and about 150 inhabitants. The ensign of authority, worn by their chief, was a cane with a brass top, given to him by the Dutch E, India Comf>any. The Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with music and dancing : their visitors, in return, treated them with to- bacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their mu- sic was produced from flutes, made of the bark of trees, of different sizes. The men form themselves into a circle, with 311 HOT tbeir flutes; and the women danes round them. Among other tribes of Hottentots are the Bosjesmans, who in- habit the mountains in the interior paa of the country, ne of the Cape, and ar enemies to the pastoral life: they liv by hunting and plunder, and never keep any animal alive for the space of one night. On this account they render themselves odious to the planters, and are pursued and exterminated like wild beasts ; or made slaves of when taken alive. Their weapons are poisoned ar- rows, shot from a small bow ; and they will hit a mark, with a tolerable degree of certainty, at the distance of 100 paces. Their habitations are not more agreea- ble than their manners and maxims; bushes and clefts in rocks serve them by turns tor dwelUngs. Many of these sa- vages are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with the skin of any sort of animal, great or small, from the shoulder downward as far as it will reach, wearing it till it falls off' in rags. Being ignorant of agriculture they wan- der over hills and dales, after certain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw ; also caterpillars, termite^ locusts, grashoppers, snakes, and spi- ders. Another tribe of Hottentots, near the mouth of Orange river, were ob- served by lieutenant Paterson, in his journey to the nw in 1799. Their huts were loftier, and thatched with grass ; and were furnished with stools made of the back-bones of the grampus. Their mode of living is in the highest degree wretched, and they are apparently the most dirty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress is composed of the skins of seals and jackals, the flesh of which they eat. When a grampus is cast ashore, they remove their huts to the place, and subsist upon it as long as any part re- mains. They smear their skin with the oil, the odour of which is so powerful, that their approach may be perceived some time before they appear in view. They carry their water in the shells of ostriches eggs, and the bladders of seals, which they shoot with arrows. To the N of the country of the Bosjesmans, and on the banks of Orange river, are ano- ther tribe called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank higher than any of the other Hottentots known in the s of Afri- ca. Their features are of a superior cast ; they are more cleanly in their ap- pearance, and neater in their dress and domestic utensils; their huts are also constructed with greater care, and with a view of beiHg more durable. They seem to be a mixed breed, between th« HOT Hoifrnfot and CafTre. They appear to have no knowledg^e of agriculture, but arc particularly attentive to their horned cattle, sheep, and goats, which they train in habits of strict subordination and command. With respect to tl)e Hottentots, in general, none of them ap- pear to have any religion, nor do tiiey appear willing to receive any instruction. All of them, however, have the firmest opinion of the power of magic; whence it might be inferred that they believe in an evil being; but they pay no reUgious worship to him, though from this source they derive all the evils that happen ; and among these, they reckon cold, rain, and thunder. They seem to have some idea of a future state, as they reproach their friends, M'hen dead, with leaving them so soon ; and admonish them to behave henceforth more properly. The country possessed by the Dutch is con- siderable; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, n to lat. 30, and E to the Great Fish river, about 650 miles in length, and 230 in breadth. The whole is naturally barren and mountainous ; but tlie industrious Dutch overcame all natural difficulties, and it produces not only a sufficiency of all the necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also for Ihe refreshment of all the European sliips that toucii at the Cape. The year is considered as divided into two sea- sons, which is termed monsoons: the wet monsoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the dry one, or siimmer, in September. Among the quadrupeds of this country are antelopes, which go in large herds ; bnffalos : camelopardilises ; the gemsboch, a species of antelope, which has remarkaliiy long sharp horns, and, when attacked by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are very destructive to sheep; elephants; elks; hyenas; the koedo, an animal ra- ther larger than a deer, of a mouse co- lour, M'ith three white stripes over the back, and the male having very large twisted horns; lions ; jackals; tigers ; the quacha, a species of zebra, but more tractable ; rhinoceroses; horses ; domes- tic horned cattle; common sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered with liair instead of wool. The hippopota- mus, or river-horse, is frequently seen here. Among the birds are vultures; ostriches, whose eggs are excellent food ; and the loxia, a sj)ecies of gregarious bird : these latter build their curious nest in the mimosa tree, where they form a kind o" thatched hoHse, with a regular street of nests on both sides, at HOW about two mches distance from each other, and containing under its roof se- veral hundred birds. Among the insects are a species of termites, which do no injury to wood as in the E. Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they impede the progress of vegetation. The black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous kinds. Houat, an island of France, between that of Belleisle and the continent. It is 10 miles in circumference, and de- fended by a fort. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 47 26 N. Houdain, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, six miles s of Bethune. Houcltxn, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, 21 miles w of Versailles. Houmloiv, a town in Middlesex, with a market on Thursday, situate on the edi^e of a heath of the same name, on which are some gunpowder mills, 10 miles w by s of London. Hou-quan^y a province of China, which occupies nearly the centre of the em- pire, and is divided into two parts, the N and s, by the river Kian-ku. It is a flat, open country, watered by lakes, canals, and rivers ; and has plenty of wild fowl asid cattle. The soil is re- markably fertile ; gold is found in the sands of the rivers; and there is such a variety of all sorts of commodities, that it is called by the Chinese, the store- house of the empire. It contains 15 cities of the first class, and 114 of the second and third, Vout-chang is the capital. Hourn, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the w coast of Scotland, in Inverness- shire, extending 20 miles inland from the sound of Skye. Hostssa, a town of Negroland, capital of a countiy of the same name, extend- ing along the N side of the Niger. It is 200 miles e of Tombuctoo. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 16 10 N. Hon-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class, in the province of 'I'che-kiang. The quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incredible, and it is the chief place for making writing pencils. It stands near a large lake, called Tai, 110 miles se of Nan-king. Lon. 12016 E lat. 30 65 N. Howden, a town in E. Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It gives name to a small district called Howdenshire. The bishops of Durham had formerly a palace here, but what remains of it is U'.vw occupied as a farm-house. Here 313 HUD is a larg^e church, like a cathedral, pari of which is in ruins. It is seated near the Oiise, 20 uiiles ssE of York, and 179 N by w cf London. Howe, Cape, the piomontory at tlie se end of New Holland. Lon. 150 2 e, lat. 37 32 s. Hiixter, a town of Westpnalia, in the tenitory of Corvey, seated on the We- ser. 23 miles e by N of Paderborn. Hoy, one of the Orkney islands, situ- ate between the island of Pomona and the N coast of Caithnessshire. It is 10 miles lon^ and three broad. Here is a stupendous rock, called the Beary ; and on the w coast is a great conic hill, called Hoy Head, which is a seamark. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 58 46 N. Hoya, a town of Wcstplialia, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Weser, 37 miles nw of Hanover. Lon. 9 20 e, lat. 62 47 N. Hoyer, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, celebrated for its oyster-fishery, four miles w of Tonderen. Hoyerswerda, a town and castle of Lusatia, on the river Elster, 17 miles KNw of Bautzen. Hoym, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, seated on the Godel, at its junction with the Seike, seven miles e of Qued- linhurg. Hradisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, which pro- duces excellent wine. It is a frontier fortress toward Hungary, and stands on an island in the river Moraw, 30 miles SSE ©f Olmutz. Lon. 17 30 E, lat. 49 7n. Hiiaheine, one of the Society islands, in the Pacific ocean, 30 leagues from Otaheite. It is 21 miles in compass, and has a commodious harbour, called O wharre liay, on the w coast. Lon. 151 8 w, lat. 1G44 s. Hubert, St. a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, with a celebrated abbey, seated in the forest of Ardennes, on the rivulet Homme, 14 miles w of Bas- togue. Hubertsberg, Ktowvi of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a magnificent hunting- seat, built by Augustus III. then elec- toral prince. It is 22 miles e of Ijcip- sic. HuddersjieUl, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday. Here is a large circular hall, in which narrow and broad cloths, serges, kerseymeres, &c. manufactured in the town and neigh- bourhood, are weekly exposed to sale. It stands on the Colne, three miles from the Calder, from which it has a canal to 813 HUD Ashton-under-Line. It is 42 miles sw of York, 25 ne of Manchester, and 189 NNVV of London. Hudson, a river of the United States, which passes its whole course of 250 miles in the state of New York. It ri.ses between the lakes Ontario and Cham- plain, flows s by Lansenburg, Albany, and Hudson, and enters the Atlantis ocean at New York. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, and for sloops to Albany. Hudson, a city of New York, in Co- lumbia county. The streets are spa- cious, and cross each other at right an- gles ; and the houses are supplied with water brought in pipes from a spring two miles distant. I'he trade is consi- derable, and vessels of the largest size can unload here. It is seated on an eminence, on the e side of Hudson river, 30 miles s of Albany, and 120 N of New York. Lon. 73 56 vV, lat. 42 16 n. Hudson Bay, a bay of N. America, ly- ing between 51 and 69 n latitude, dis- covered in 1610 by captain Henry Hud- son. This intrepid mariner, in search- ing after a nw passage to the Pacific ocean, discovered three straits, through which he hoped to find out a new way to Asia. Other attempts toward a dis- covery of that passage have been since made, but without effect. The entrance of this bay, from the ocean, is between Resolution Isle on the N, and the La- brador coast on the s, forming the e ex- tremity of the strait, distinguished by the name of its great discoverer. This bay communicates on the N, by two straits, with Bassin bay ; on the E side it is bordered by Labrador, on the sw by New S. Wales, and on the w by New N. Wales. These countries, included under the name of New Britain, abound with animals whose skins and furs are far superior in qwality to those found in less northerly regions. The natives are called Esquimaux, and northern Indi- ans; and are materially different from ail the southern tribes. In 1670, a charter was granted to a coni])any for the exclusive trade to this bay. This com- pany possess three forts, on the s coast of Jaraes bay, by which name the s part of Hudson bay is distinguished; these factories are called Kupert, Moose, and Albany, but the former has been aban- doned. On the w side of Hudson bay, up Hayes river, is a factory called Flam- borough : and to the N of this is York Fort and Prince of Wales Fort. In De- cember. 1770, Mr. Hearne, in the ser- vice of the Hudson Bay Company, set out from Prince of Wales Fort to ex- HUG plore a river, that the Esquimaux, who came to the company's factories to trade, had brought to their knowledge ; and "which, on account of much copper be- ing found near it, had obtained the name of Copper-mine River. Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he came in sight of the Arctic ocean, finding it encumbered with shoals and a bar at its moutli, which is in Ion. 119 w, lat. 72 N. In 17S9, Mr. Mackenzie, another officer of the company, explored the country still more to the westward ; and entering a river (now called after his name) which is the outlet of the Slave-lake, he traced it to its mouth in the Arctic ocean, where it forms a wide estuary in Ion. 135 vv, lat. 71 N. Hudivickswald, a seaport of Sweden, the chief town of Hclsingia, with a good harbour, on the gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on an advantageous trade in timber, flax, linen, butter, fish, &c. It is 185 miles N by w of Stock- holm. Lon. 17 46 e, lat. 62 6 N, Hue, or Huefo, the capital of Cochin- china, with a royal palace. The inha- bitants blacken their teeth, thinking it a shame to have them white, hke dogs. It is seated in a beautiful plain, and di- vided into two pai is by a large river, 30 miles from its mouth, in the China sea. Lon. 107 25 E, lat. 16 25n. Haelm, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, on the coast of the Atlantic, between the monlhs of the Odiel and Tinto, 53 miles w of Seville. Hmn, an island in the Baltic, three miles from the coast of Sweden, and 9 SSE of Elsinore. It is six miles in cir- euniference, and was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes, in 1658. It has one scat- tered village ; and here was the obser- vatory of tiie celebrated Tycho Brahe. See Uranihnrg. Iluesca, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on the Issuela, 35 miles ne of Saragossa. Lon. 25 w, lat. 42 8 N. Huescar, a town of Spain, in Grena- da, with a castle, 42 miles ne of Gua- dix. Huessen, a town of Holland, ia Gel- derkmd, seated on the Rhine, seven miles NE of Nimeguen. Hueta. See Gueta. Hnetitiberg, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, 20 miles nne of Clagenfurt. Hiiffingen, a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furstenburg, four miles NNw of Furstenburg. Hit^hsshurg. Sec Catawess^. U U M HultscJiin, a town of Silesia, near the river Oppa, 13 miles E of Troppau. Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a bo- rough and seaport in E. Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It was built by Edward I. who called it Kingston, and is seated on the w side of the river Hull (over which is a modern stone bridge) near its entrance into the Humber. It is a county of itself, go- verned by a mayor, and has two parish churches. In 1811, the number of in- habitants was 26,792. It is fortified, and was the fust town that shut its gates against Charles I. The commerce of this place is considerable, and it is deem- ed (he fourth port in the kingdom. Be- side its communication with the York- shire rivers and canals, it has access also to the Trent, and all its branches ; that it has the impoii; and export trade of many of the northern and midland coun- ties. The foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it has traffic with the sou- thern parts of Europe, and with Ame- rica. More ships are sent henee to Greenland than from any other port that of London excepted. The har- bour is artificial; and here are docks for building and repairing ships. Among the public buildings are the Trinity- house, for the relief of seamen and their widows, an armoury, a naval storehouse, a customhouse, and an exchange. Hull is 37 miles se of York, and 170 N of London. Lon. 18 w, lat. 53 45 N. Hulledypura, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, seated in a plain of rice- ground, to the E of a considerable creek, which runs n from the entrance into Honawera lake, 54 miles N by w of Kundapura. Hulpen, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 10 miles se of Brussels, Hulst, a town of the Netherlands, in Dutch Flanders, strong by its situation and fortifications. It was shamefully surrendered to the French in 1747, and taken by them in 1794. It is seated on a plain, which may be over- flowed, and on a canal that communi- cates with the Scheldt, 15 miles wnw of Antwerp. Humber, a river formed by the junc- tion of the Trent and Ouse. It is a large estuary, which divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and enters the Ger- man ocean, at Spurn Head. Hummelstoton, a town of Pennsylva- nia, in Dauphinc county, on the s side of the Swetara, which runs into the Sus- quehanna, 10 miles e by N of Harris-' burg, and 110 n of Washington. 314 HUN HifmnUxn, a small island in the Indi- en ocean, 1G miles s of Mindanao. Lou. 125 12 E, lat. 5 27 N. Hu7idsmarcli, a town of German j', in Stiria, near the ii\er Muehr, 17 miles w by s of Judenburg. Hunefeld, a town of German}', in the principalit)' of Fulda, with a collegiate chnrch, 10 miles \ of Fulda. Hmigary, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N by Poland and Sile- sia, w by Moravia, Austria, Stiria, s by Sclavonia and Scrvia, and e by "Wala- chia and Transylvania. It is divided into Upper and Lower Hungary ; and to these may be added the Bannat of Teraeswar, incorp^irated into the king- dom of Hungary, in 1778. Hungary formcrh' included Transylvania, Scla- vonia, Dalmatia, Servia, and VA^alachia. The principal rivers are, the Danube, Save, Drave, Trcsse, ]\Iaros, Raab, and "Waag. The air is unhealthy, occasion- ed by the lakes and bogs; but it abounds in all the iieccss-aries of life, and the wine, especially that called Tockay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, sil- ver, copper, and iron ; and also of opal, at Czerweniza, w hich gem is peculiar to this country. There is such plenty of game, that hunting is allowed to all. The inhabitants are well shaped, gene- rous, and brave, but haughty and re- vengeful ; and are estimated at seven millions. The trade principally consists iji cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, and wine ; and these are almost V holly scut to the Austrian provinces. The kingdom of Hungary can easily raise an araiy of 100,000 men. The horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Heydiikes. Almost all the towns of Hungary have two names, the one German and the other Hungarian ; and the lang-uage is a dialect of the Sclavo- nian. The government is hereditary in the house of Austria, and the establish- ed religion is popery, though there are a great number of protestants. No coun- try in the world is better supplied with mineral waters and baths ; and those of Buda, when the Turks were in posses- sion of it, were reckoned the finest in Europe. Buda is the capital of Lower Hungary, and Presburg of the Upper. Hungerford, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Wednesday, and a good trade by its canal navigation. John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, granted it a charter by the gift of a brass bugle horn, which is blown annually for the inhabi- tants to »kct the constable, who is the chief ofiicer. It is seated on the Ken- H U N net, 22 miles ssw of Abingdon, and €4 w of London. " Hnniiigtien, a fortified town of France, In the department ofUpper Rhine, seat- ed on the Rhine, two miles N of Basel, and 14 E of Altkirch. Hunmanhy, a town in E. Yorksliire, with a market on Tuesday, 34 miles ne of York, and 209 N of London. Huntingdon, a tow n of New York, in Suffolk county. Long Island, situate on a bay, in the soujid, 38 miles e by N of New York. Huntingdon, a town of Pennsylvania^ capital of a moinitainous county of the same name, which abounds with lime- stone, iron, and lead. It is situate on the Juniatta, at the mouth of Standing Stone creek, 23 miles wsw of Lewis- town Lon. 78 15 w, lat. 40 22 N. Huntingdon, a borough and the capi- tal of Huntingdonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, and a great trade in corn. It was once a large place, said to have had 15 churches, which are now reduced to two; and there arc the cemetries of two other pa- rislies, in one of which is an ancient stee- ple. On an eminence near the town stood a castle, erected by Edward the elder." Huntingdon is the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell. It is seated on a ris- ing ground, on the river Ouse, ovejr which is a stone bridge toGodmanches- tcr, 16 miles VVNW of Cambridge, and 59 N by w of London. Lon. 5 w, lat. 52 17 N. Huntingdonshire, a county of England^ 25 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the NW and N by Northamptonshire, E by Cambridgeshire, and sw by Bed- fordshire. It contains 240,000 acres ; is divided into four hundreds, and 79 pa- rishes ; and has six market-towns. The number of inhabitants in 1811, was 42,208, and it sends four members to parliament. The princij)al rivers are the Ouse and Nen. The se part con- sists of beautiful meadows. The middle and western parts are fertile in corn, and sprinkled with woods ; and the up- land part was anciently a forest, peculi- arly adapted for hunting. Tiie ne part consist of fens, which join those of Ely ; but they are drained, so as to afford rich pasturage, and even large crops of corn. In the midst of them are some shallow pools, abounding with fish ; and a lake six miles long and three broad, called Whittlcsea-mere. The chief commodi- ties are corn, malt, and cheese ; and it fattens abundance of cattle. Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Ab the richest country in the uorid for JAP giiJd ; tliere are also rich silver mines, Mid fine copper is the main source of tiio wealth of many provinces. It pro- duces a gieat deal of rice, which is reaped in September; and millet, wheat, and barley, which are cro])j)cd in May. Cedars are common, and so large that they are proper for the masts of ships and columns for temples. I'he rocks and most barren places produce a va- riety of fruits, plants, and roots. The woods and forests, and long ridges of mountains, with which the country is intersected, produce good pasturage, and are stocked with deer, oxen, buiia- los, hogs, and a few horses ; but there are no sheep nor goats. Here are large qaanlifics of fine porcelain, silk, and skins, as also red peals, which are not in less esteem that the winte. The Ja- panese are of a yellowish complexion all over; their heads are in general large, their necks short, and their hair black, thick, and shining, from the use they make of oils ; their eyes are small, of a dark brown colour, and sunk deep in the head, and the eyelids form in the great angle of the eye a deep furrow, which discriminates them from other nations ; their eyebrows are also placed somewhat higher ; and their nOses, thougii not fiat, are thick and short. They are naturally ingenious, and have a h.appy memory ; but their manners are di;iTnetrically opposite to those of the Europeans. They are so just in their dealings, that one may absolutely depend on their word ; and, contrary to tlie Chinese, disdain to take advantage of those they deal with. Their common drinks are all hot ; they uncover the feet out of respect, are fond of black teeth, and get on horseback on the left side. Their houses are of wood, colour- ed white, and never exceed two stories in height; and the interior is divided into apartments at pleasure, by move- able partitions sliding in grooves. They have neither tables, beds, nor chairs ; but sit and lie on carpets and mats, the meal being served apart to each in a basin of porcelain, or on a square salver of japanned wood. Their food consists almost entirely offish, fowl, eggs, and vegetables. The dress consists of trow- sers, and a loose robe of silk or cotton, fastened by a girdle ; the numljer being increased according to the coldness of the weather : stockings arc not used ; and the shoes are commonly of rice straw. The men shave the head from the brow to the nape, and the hair on the sides is turned up and fastened at the crown, whi(h forms the common JAP covering of the head ; but conical hats made of grass are worn on journeys. They have a language so peculiar, that it is understood by no other nation. The sciences are highly esteemed among them ; and they have several schools at different places, in which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric, poetry, his- tory and astronomy. Some of tlieir arts and manufactures even surpass those of Europe. They treat the women with great severity, and punish adultery with death ; yet a man may take as many wives as he pleases. The Japanese are naturally good soldiers, and skilful at shooting with a bow : however, as they inhabit islands, they are seldom at war with their neighbours. They formerly carried on a trade with the neighbouring countries; but now all communication is forbidden, except with the Chinese and Dutch ; and with them only at the port of Nangasaki. The merchandise brought by the Dutch are spices, sugar, lincii, and woollen cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdashery wares; for which they receive gold, silver, copper, rice, tea, fine porcelain, cabinets, and otlier japanned and lackered wares. The Japanese are as fabulous as the Chinese in the antiquity of their empire ; but the certain period begins with the hereditary succession of the ecclesiasti- cal emperors, from the year 660 before the Christian epoch. Their emperor was called dairo ; but in the minority of one of them, in 1150, when they had civil wars, one ofthe competitors for the crown assumed the ecclesiastical go- vernment, retaining the same title ; while the other, who ruled in civil affairs, was called cubo. From that time the dairo has only been at the head of reli- gious matters, while the cubo or secu- lar emperor bears an absolute dominion over all civil and military affairs. The former still lives in great state and gran- deur at Miaco ; and the latter pays him a kind of homage, as if he acted only as his deputy or viceroy ; but, in leality, the cubo is now the real monarch of Japan, and the dairo oidy his high priest. The religion of the country is paganism ; but there are two different sects. There was once a great number of Christians in dilTerent parts ofthe empire; but, in 1638, they underwent great persecu- tions, insomuch that they were all ex- tirpated. The capital of the ercpire is Jedo. Japara, a seaport on the N coast ol the island of Java, with a good harbour. It was the capital of a considerable kingdom, till the Dutch made tliem- 320 J A S »ehes masters of it; and now tlieyhave a colon V lierc, and a considerable trade. It is 253 miles e by s of Balavia. Lon. 110 45 it, lat. 6 20 8. Jaquemel, a town of St. Dominjio, on a bay of its name, on the s coast, 33 miles ssw of Port au Prince. Jargeau, atoun of France, in t!ie de- partment of Loiret. It was taken by the English i:i 1438, and retaken by Joan of Are the next year. It is seat- ed near the Loire, 10 miles ese of Or- leans. Jarisherg, a town of Norway, capital of a district abounding in mines, in the diocese of Aggerhuys, five miles n of Tonsberg. Jarnac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente. Near this place the duke of Anjou, afterward Henry III., obtained a victory over the Hngucnots, in 1569. It is seated on the Charente, 20 miles w of Angoulesme. Jaromitz, a town of Boliemia, seated on the Elbe, nine miles N of Konigin- gratz. Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, celebrated for abundance of palm-trees and their excellent fruit It is 95 miles s by E of Shiras, Lon. 53 10 k, lat. 28 16 N. JarosJau, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, M'ith a strong citadel. A battle was gained here by the Swedes, in 1656, after which they took the town It is included in the kingdom of Gaiicia, and seated on the Saine, 55 miles w of Lem- berg. Lon. 22 43 e, lat. 50 4 N. Jaroslanl, a government of Russia, formerly a province of the government of Moscow. It is 160 miles in length, and from 30 to 110 in breadth. The capital is of the same name, and a large commercial place, with nnmerons ma- nufactures; seated on the Wolga, 145 miles NNE of Moscow. Lon. 39 50 e, lat. 57 35 N. Jasenitz, a town of Hither Pomerania, seated on the Oder, eight miles n of Stettin. Jasque, a town of Persia, in the pro- \lnce of Mecran, which gives name to a Gape in the gulf of Ormus. Lon. 57 4 E, lat. 25 40 N. Jaasy, a city of European Turkey, ca- pital of Moldavia, and an archbishop's see. In 1753, it was destroyed by fire ; but is now a well fortified place, de- fended by a castle. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000. It has been seve- ral times taken in the wars between the Turks and the Russians or Austrians. It s seated on the Pruth, 170 miles 321 J A V NNE of Buchorest. Lon. 27 30 r, \&t 47 8 N. Java, an island of the E. Indies, lyin^ to the s of Borneo, a'ul separated at its w end from Sumatra, by the strait of Suiuia. It is sometimes called Great Java, to distinguish it from Bali, by some named Little Java ; and is 420 miles in lengtli, and of various breadth, extending from 105 to 118 "=: lon. and G to 8 s lat. The land is low, and in some places marshy, near the shore, which renders the air unlicaUht'id ; but it rises in a gradual slope toward the interior of the country, admitting in its ascent every variety of siination and verdure. The N coast has a great many commo- dious creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, with many little islands near the shore. In former times it had as many petty kings as there were large towns; but now it has two kiugjloms only, one un- der the king of Mataram, and the other under the king of Bantam. The Java- nese live chiefly on vegetable food, and use no fermented liquors. They are a barbarous, proud, and fierce people ; of a brown complexion, short coal-blacic hair, large cheeks, small eyes, and large eyebrows. The men are very robust and strong limbed; but the women are small. The men wear a piece of calico wrajjt two or three times round tiieir middle ; and the women wear them lioKi their armpits down to their knees ; but all other parts are bare. Tlie men have two or three wives, and several concu- bines, according to their circumstiftiecs. Those that live near the sea-side are ge- nerally Mahometaws ; but within land they are Gcntoos, fibsfaiuing from tlesh of all kinds. This island has very high mountains, particularly the Pepper mountain on the s side ; it has likewise impassable forests and wildernesses; but to the N, between Batavia and Ban- tam, is a very populous country, full of rice-fields, and plenty of salt and pej)- per, beside most sorts of fruits proper to the climate. Here also is plenty of Logs, beeves, and sheep, ^^ ith other tame ani- mals; and likewise fowl, both wild and tame, ia great abundance. In the woods are large tigers, rhinoceroses, and ether wild beasts; and in the rivers arc cro- codiles. The serene season is from May till November; and then the rains begin, which lay the low grounds underwater, kill the insects, and continue till May. In March mey begin to sow, and in July the sugar and rice begin to ripen ; but September and October are the best mouths for all so;ts c>f iruits Jaya has ICE a rner tvhicii rises in Die mountains, and, dividing itself into many branches, waters the ctrcumjacent country : these afterward re-unite, and pass through Batavia, dividing it into two parts. The whole coast of this island is mostly under the douiinion of the Dutch; and, beside the native Javanese, it is in- Ijabited by Chinese, Malayan, Amboy- nese, Topasses, Bugasscs, Timoreans, and many other people, brought from distant countries by the Dutch, In 1740, the Dutch pretewded that the Chi- nese were going to make an insurrec- tion, and upon that account disarmed them ; and yet, alter that, they barbar- ously massacred them, to the number of 20,000 men, women, and children, and seized their effects. Java suiTcndered to the British in 1812, and is at present in their possession. Batavia is the ca- pital. Jauer, a town of Siiesia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a citadel, and a large square, surrounded by piazzas. It is seated in a fine country, on the rivulet Jauer, 35 miles w by s of Breslau. Lon. 16 23 e, lat. 51 2 N. Jaulnais, a town of France, in the department of Vienne, six miles n of Poitiers. Jaxtberg, a town and castle of Fran- conia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, on the river Jaxt, 10 miles se of Mer- gentheim. Ibiza. See Ivica. Iburg;, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburg, 13 miles s by E of Osnaburg. Iceland, an island to the w of Norway, 260 miles in length and 150 in breadth, lying between 63 and 65 N lat. For two months togetlier the sun never sets ; and in the winter it never rises for the same space, at least not entirely. The island is mountainous, stony, and barren ; but in some places there are excellent pastures. The chief rivers are in the e part; the SkaUanda, Oxarfird, and Bruna, all flowing from s to n. Some are white with lime, others smell of sulphur. The highest mountains, clothed with perpetual snow, are called Yokuls; and of these Snafial, hanging over the sea on the sw coast, is esteem- ed the highest, being computed at 6860 feet Mount Hecla is the most noted mountain, about 6000 feet in height, ^nd is a volcano ; but there are several other volcanos, and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were so dread- fal and multiplied, that it was feared the island would fall to pieces: the I D A eruptions were the most tremendous of any recorded in history ; and from Mount Shapton Gluver issued a torrent of lava, which flowed for six weeks, and ran a distance of 60 miles to the sea, in a breadth of nearly 12 miles. The in- habitants are estimated at 50,000. Their houses are at a distance from each other, and many of them deep in the ground ; but they are all miserable huts, covered with skins. Many of the inhabitants profess Christianity ; but those that live at a distance are pagans. They are mostly clothed Mi(h the skins of beasts. The Danes trade with the natives for hides, tallow, trainoil, whale- bone, and seahorses' teeth, which are as good as ivory. Iceland, whicli was considered by the ancients as the Ultima Thule, or the extremity of the world, and by us as scarcely habitable, once abounded in learning and science, at a time when great part of Europe was involved in darkness. 'I'heir language was the old Gothic or I'eutouic, the ver- nacular tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians, before it branched into the sevei al dialects since spoken by the natives of these three kingdoms. Ichterhausen, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in the principality of Gotha, 12 miles ESE of Gotha. Icolmkill, or lona, a famous little island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, near the sw point of the isle of Mull. It is only 3 miles long, and produces beautiful white marble. Here are the ruins of an august nunnery, monastery, and cathedral, said to have been found- ed by St. Columba, about the year 735 ; also a small chapel, dedicated to St. Oran, containing many marble tomb- stones of the great lords of the isles ; and adjoining it is a cemetery, in which many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of monastic and druidical edifices can be traced ; and many places are point- ed out, noted for particular acts of St. Columba. This island was the retreat of learning, during the Gothic ignorance which pervaded Europe, after the over- throw of the Roman empire, and the seminary whence issued those pious monks, and laymen, who again revived learning, and propagated Christianity through many kingdoms of Europe. This place, formerly so religious, has now divine service performed only foui times in the year. The enly village is Sodor. Lon. 6. 20 w, lat. 65 23 ii". Ida, a lofty and pointed mountain, in the middle of the island of Candia, famous in ancient times as being the 322 JED pl»ce on which Jupiter wtis brought up, and where there was a temple dedicated to Cybeie. Ida, a mouutain of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, famous in ancient fable, for the judgment of Paris, and for being the resort of the gods during the Tro- jan Avar. It is 140 miles to the w of Olympus. Idan/ia a Neuvs, a town of Portugal, in Beira, three miles s\v of Idauha a Vella. Idanlia a Vella, a town of Portugal, m Beira. The French took it by as- sault in 1704. It is seated on the Pon- sul, 25 miles e of Castel Branco. Lou. 6 14 w, lat. 39 39 n. Idria, a iown of Germany, in Car- uiola, celebrated for its rich quicksilver luines. It is seated amid mountains, on the river Idria, 20 miles ene of Gorz. Idstein, a town of Germany, in Wet- teravia, with a castle, the residence of a branch of the house of Nassau, 22 miles sw of Wetzlar. Jean, St. a town of France, in the de- partment orMoselle, seated on the Sare, 12 miles w of Deux Pouts. Jean d'Angely, St. a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, with a late fine Benedictine abbey. It was taken from the Huguenots in 1621, by Lewis XIIJ., who demolished the fortifications. It is famous for its brandy, and seated on the Bontonue, 15 miles ne of Saintes, and 32 se of Rochells. Jean de Losne, St. a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, seated on the Saone, 15 miles sse of Dijon. Jean de Luz, St. a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, the last next Spain, with a harbour. It owes its opulence to the cod and wliale fishery, and is seated on a small river, near the bay of Biscay, 12 miles sw of Bayonne. Lon. 1 40 w, lat. 43 25 N. Jean de Mawienne, St. a town of Sa- voy, capital of the county of Maurienue, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the river Arc, 25 miles ene of Grenoble. Lon. 6 20 E, lat. 45 17 N. Jean Pied de Port, St. a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, defended by a citadel, upon an eminence, at the entrance of those passages, or defiles, in the Pyrenees, which, in this country, are called Ports. It is seated on the river Nive, 20 miles SSE or Bayonne, and 30 ne of Pampe- luna. Jed, a river of Scotland, in Roxburg- uliire, whioh rises on the borders of 323 J E II England, and joins the TcvJot, a little below Jedburg. On its banks are se- veral large caverns, which were the hidmg places of ancient bor»ler-war- riors. Jedhurg, a borough of Scotland, ca- pital of Roxburgshire. Here is the ruin of a fine abbey, part of which has been made the parish cimrch. I'he woollen manufacture has lately revived here, and the vicinity is noted for its orchards. It is situate on the Jed, near it coniiux with tlie Teviot, 42 niiles SE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 28 w, lat. 55 32 N. Jedo, the capital of the empire of Japan, situate on the se side of Niphon, the largest of the Japanese islands. The city has neither walls nor ramparts, \ nine miles in length and six in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 inliabitants. Thf . houses are built of earth, and boarded on the outside, to prevent the rain from destroying the walls. In every street is an iron gate, which is shut up in the night, and a kind of customhouse, or magazine, for merchandise. A fire happened in 1658, which, in the space of 48 hours, burnt down 100,000 houses and tlie emperor's palace ; but the whole is rebuilt. The imperial palac is surrounded by walls a-nd ditches witl*. drawbridges, forming of itself a con • siderable town, in^the middle of the city. Where the emperor resides are three towers, nine stories high, eacli covered with plates of gold ; and the hall of audience is supported by pillars of massy gold. Near the palace are several others, where the relations of the emperor live. The empress has a palace of her own, and there are 20 small onesfor the concubines. Besides all the vassal kings have each a palace in the city, with a handsome garden. The houses of the common class are nothing but ground floor, the rooms parted by folding screens ; so that th«y can be made larger or smaller at plea- sure. Jedo is seated in a plain at the head of a fine bay, and a river which passes through it supplies several canals Lon. 139 30 E, lat. 36 10 N. Jefferson, a town of Virginia, on the N side of Roanoke river, 19 miles below the Oeconeachey islands. Jegni-kevi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 24 miles nnw from Deg nizlu. Jegnipangola, a town of Europeaa Turkey, in Bulgaria, 70 miles ese o. Diistra. Jehud, or Joud, mountains in the Nw part of Hindooslan, extending east- I E L ward from Attock to Behnbur. They are part of the territor}' of tlie moun- taineers called Gickers, Gehkcrs, or Kakares. Jekyl, a small island of North Ame- rica, on the coast of Georgia, s of the island of St. Simon, Jellasore, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, seated on the Subanreeka, 50 miles s by w of Midnapour. Jellinghy, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on the right bank of the Ganges, where a branch separates from the main stream, and is called the Jellinghy river. It is 25 miles e by s of Moor- shedabad. Jemarrow, a kingdom of Africa, on the s side of the Gambia, about 120 miles from the sea. The inhabitants are chiefly Mahometans. Jena, a strong town of Upper Sax- ony, in Thuringia, with a castle and a celebrated university. Near this place, in 1806, there was a general action between the French and Prussians, in which the latter were defeated witii immense loss. It is seated on the Saale, 10 miles ssE of Weimar. Lon. 11 34 E, hit. .50 55 N. Jenisa. See Yenisei. Jeniskoi. See Yeniseisk. Jenitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt-Dessau, si- tuate on the Muldau, two miles ne of Dessau. Jenitza, a town of Euiopean Turkey, in Macedonia, situate on a lake which communicates with the gulf of Saloni- chi, by a canal 12 miles long. It is 24 miles wNw of Salonichi. Jeremie. a town and cape on the N side of the southern peninsula of the island of St Domingo. The two is situate on an eminence, in a fertile soil, particularly excellent for the culture of coffee, 5 miles w of St. Domingo. Lon. 74 14 w, lat. 18 42 N. Jericho, a town of Syria, in Palestine, once a famous city. It is now called Hertibi by the Arabs, and contains only a few wretched huts, where some beg- garly Aralis reside. It is five miles w of the river Jordan, and 20 e by N of Jcrnsalem. Jericho, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe, 32 miles nne of Magde- burif. Jermah, a town of t?;e kingdom of Fezzan, distinguished by the luunerouS herds of sheep and goats that feed around it, and by many majestic ruins, that exhibit to tke inhabitants of its clay-built cottages vestiges of greatness J E R to which they are perfectly indilFerent It is 60 miles se of Mourzeok. Jersey, an island in the English chan- nel, 18 miles from the coast of Nor- mandy in France, and 84 s of Portland in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the English ; but is still governed by the ancient Norman laws. It is 30 nules in circumference, and difficult of accc's, on account of the rocks, sands, and forts erected for its defence. It pro- duces excellent butter and honey, and the s part of the island is nearly cover- ed with apple-trees for cider. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 20,000, of whom 3000 bear arms. In 1781, a body of French troops landed on this island, surprised the lieutenant- governor, made him prisoner, and com- pelled him to sign a capitulation ; but major Pierson, the commander of the English troops, refusing to abide by this forced capitulation, attacked the French, and compelled them to sur- render prisoners of war; but he was killed in the moment of victory. See Helier, St. Jersey, New, one of the United States of America, 161 miles long and 52 broad ; bounded on the e by Hud- son river and the Atlantic ocean, s by Delaware bay and river, w by Pennsyl- vania, and N by a line drawn from the mouth of Maliakkamac river in lat. 41 24 to a point in Hudson river in lat 41. It is divided into 13 counties ; namely, Cape Mary, Cumberland, Salem, Glou- cester, Burlington, Hunterdon, Sussex, Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, Monmouth, Somerset, and Morris; the last two are mountainous, ami one-fourth of the others are sandy and barren. The hilly country feeds great quantities of cattle ; the barren parts produce little else bwt shrub-oaks and yellow pines ; and the sandy lands yield an immense quantity of bog iron ore, which is w orked up to great advantage in the nnnierous iron- works in this state: the sod in othei parts is fertile, producing plenty of corn, and fruits of all kinds connnou to the climate. The principal rivers are, be- side the boundary ones, the Hackinsac, Passaick, and Rariton. TheTrenlon is the capital. Jerusalem, an ancient and famous town of Asia, formerly capital of Judca, after David had con(|ucred the Jcbusites. It was taken by Nebucliadnezzar in tl.e 11th year of Zedekiah, when the Jews were led captive to Babylon. It was aftcrMards Taken by the Romans, and destroyed together with the temple, 7o years after the birth of Christ, after siihr- 324 J E S tniniitg one of the most remarkable sieges in history. The emperor Adrian built a new city, near its ruins. It was taken by tlic Persians in G14, and by the Saracens in 636. In 1099, it was retaken by the Crusaders, who founded a new kingdom, which lasted SS years, under nine kings. Saladin, kingofEgyptand Syria, got possession of it in 1187. Tlie Turks, w ho drove away the Saracens in 1217, have kept possession of it ever since, and call it Heleods, that is, the • Holy City. It is now inhabited by Tifrks, Aiabs, Jew, and CIvristians. It stands on A higii rock, with steep ascents on every side except to the N. It is almost surrounded with valleys encompassed ■with monntaiiis, so that it seems to stand in the middle of an am|)hitheatre. It is about three miles in circumference, and includes Mount Calvary, which was formerly without the walls. On this hill is erected a large structure, with around nave, which has no light but what comes through t!ie top, like the Pantheon at Rome. 'J'his is called the church of the holy sepulchre : at the entrance, on the right hand, is that place where the body of our Saviour was laid. The table on which he w as said to have been laid at first, is two feet and a half high from the pavement, and is now covered with while marble, because its visitors were for .all carrying away a small bit. The chapel is cutout of the rock, and lamps are kept constantly burning in it. The whole is covered with white marble, both within and without ; and on the outside there are 10 fine columns of the same. It is covered with a platform, the middle of which is exactly above the three holes, and forms a small dome, six feet in height, covered with lead, and supported by 12 columns of por- phry, placed by pairs on the platform, and forming six arches, which have three lamps under each. Before the gate of the sepulchre is a silver lamp, so large, that two men cannot fathom it. On Good Fridav', all the parts of our Savi- our's passion are solemnized in this church. The Christian pilgrims flock here from various parts, and the inhabi- tants accommodate them with lodging and provisions, which is their chief bu- siness ; and a bashaw, with a guard of janissaries always resides here to pro- tect them from the insults of the Arabs. Jerusalem was taken by the French un- der Bonaparte, in Feb. 1799. It is 112 miles sw of Damascus, and 45 from the Mediterranean sea. Loh. 35 26 E, lat. 31 50 N. Jesi, a town of Italy, in Anconia, scat- J t N ed on a mountain, near the river Flume- sins, 15 miles wsvv of Ancona, Jessiilmere, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Agimcre, and circar of Bickaneer, 70 miles w by n of Bicka- neer. Jesso, a large island, lying between those of Niphon and Saghalien. It ia of a triangular form, 350 miles in length, and from SO to 220 in breadtii ; the nar- row part is in the s, toward Niphon. It is full of woods; and the natives, who live by fishing and hunting, are strongs, robust, savage, and slovenly, when com- pared to the Japanese. Here are some Japanese colonies, and the island is ge- nerally deemed subject to Japan; but it may be rather considered as a foreign conquest than as a part of the civilized empire. The s point is in ion. 142 30 w, lat. 40 50 N. Jevei-, a town of Westphalia, in E. Friesland, capital of a territory of his name, 28 miles ne of Embdcn. If, an island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of France, the most eastern ot the three before the harbour of Mar- seilles, and well fortified. Ighu, a fortified town of Moravia capital of a circle of the same name with two convents and a college. Good cloth is manufactured here, and the commerce in corn and hemp is consi- derable. It is seated on the Igla, 40 miles WNW of Brinn. Lon. 15 32 E, lat. 49 28 N. Iglesias, a town of the island of Sar- dinia, and a bishop's see, 37 miles wsw of Cagliari. Lon. 8 39 E, lat. 39 18 N. Ihoj\ See Johore, Jidda, a seaport of Arabia Felix, on the Red sea, in the sheriffate of Mecca. A very considerable trade is carried on here, this city being a mart between Egypt and India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed further than this port, and those: from India are not suffered to advance to Suez. The English are par- ticularly favoured in the trade of this pl^ce, as they pay ©nly eight per cent, dues of custoiK, while all others, even the subjects of the swltan, pay ten; and they are suffered to discharge this in goods, while all others must produce money. Jidda has no fresh water, and is situate in a barren sandy district, 34 miles wsw of Mecca, of which it is the port. Lon. 39 22 e, lat. 21 29 N. ' Jinhah, a town of Negioland, capital of an island so called, which is formed by t«wo branches of the Niger that sepa- rate at leaving the lake Dibbie, and unite agana about 15 miles from Tom- buctoo. The town is a resting place for I L C traders between Tonibuctoo and the western parts of the coiustry. It stands on the w branch of the Niger, 80 miles svv of Tombiictoo. Lon. 16 e, hit. 16 4 N. Jionpotir, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of a circar of ihe same name, in Allahabad. It is seated on the Goomty; and not far from the conflux of that ri- ver with the Gauges is the fort of Jion- pour, on a high bank commanding the bridge over the Goomty. This place Avas at one time the seat of an empire ; and sultan Shirki, built the great raus- jud, orniausolcum, which is still remain- ing. The stone bridge over the Goom- ty consists of 16 pointed arches; and on the top of it are many little shops on bolh sides. It was built in 1567, and has hitherto withstood the force of ihe stream, which, in the time of the rains, frequently flows over the bridge ; and in 1774, a brigade of the British army pas- sed over it in boats. Jionpour is 48 miles Nw of Benares, Lon. 82 55 E, lat. 25 45N. Ikery, a town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, formerly the capital of a principa- lity. The last rajah tied in 1789, fur fear Tippoo should compel him to be- come a Mussulman, and soon after pro- cured a friendly Nair to shoot him dead. It was of a great size, surrounded by three concentric walls; but the court being removed to Nagara, the inhabi- tants willingly followed, and devastation succeeded. Ruins, and a large temple in good repair, are all that remains. It is 24 miles n of Nagara. Ila. See Isla. Ilak, or Jalak, a town of Nubia, on tlie Nile, supposed by some to be the ancient Meroe. Lou. 34 30 e, lat. 18 48 N. Ilaiiz, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, capital of the Grey League. It is partly surrounded by walls, and seated on the Rhine, 23 'ifkiires sw of Coire. Ilchester, or Tvelchester, a borough in Somersetshire, with a market on Wed- nesdaj^ It is of great antiquity, and once had 16 churches, but now only one, at the w end of which is an octa- gonal tower, supposed to be built with Ronian materials. Here are also vari- ous reli(;s of monastic antiquities. It is the birthplace of the celebrated Roger liacon. The election of the county members is held here, and here also is the couiity gaol. It is seated on the Ivcl, 16 miles s by w of Wells, and 122 w !)y s of London. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 60 56 .N I L M Udefonso, St. a town of Spain, in New Castile, noted for a magnificent summer palace, built by Philip V. ', and for a large manufacture of glass, belonging to the crown. It is seated on the CogoUu do, five miles n of Uzeda. Ildcfonso, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Guaxaca, seated on a moun- tain, 70 miles ene of Guaxaca. Lon. 97 30 w, lat. 17 5 N. Ildertov, a village in Northumber- land, ibur miles s of Wooler. On a hill near it is a semicircular encampment, defended by two high rampiers of earth, and a deep fo; se, with an iinier circle of stones, which appear unceraented. The area is about 100 yards diameter, and contains many remains of buildings. Ilfracomh, a seaport in Devonshire, governed by a mayor, wish a market on Satindaj'. It has a spacious natural bnsii!, with a good pier and quay, pro- jecting into the Bristol channel. This port employs a number of brigs and sloops, ciiietiy in carrying ore from Corn- wail, coal from Wales, and corn from Bristol; also a number of fishing skiflFs, V, hich take soles, turbots, &c. for the Bristol market. It is 49 miles nnw of Exeter, and 202 w of London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 51 14 N. lUieos, a province of Brasil, s of that of All Saints Eay. Its chief town, of the same name, is seated at the mouth of the river Ilhcos, 130 miles ssw of St. Siilvador. Lon. 40 15 w, lat. 14 55 s. Ilkuch, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Cracow, remarkable for its sil- ver aiid lead mines. It is seated in a barren country, at the foot of several mountains, 15 miles Nw of Cracow. Ille, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Teck, 10 miles se of Pcrpignan. Ille and Vilaine, a department of France, containing part of the late pro- vince of Bretague. It takes its nama from two rivers, Vvhich unite at Renne^ tiie capital of the department. Illcr, a river of German^', which rises in Tyrol, runs N through Suabia, by Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirchberg, and joins the Danube near Ulm. Illescas, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 miles ssw of Madrid, and 15 NNE of Toledo. Illinois, a river of the United States, in the territory of Indiana. It is form- ed by the junction of several streams near the s end of Lake Michigan, and taking a sw course of 250 miles, enters the Missippi, 30 miles above the influx of the Missouri. 1/m, a town of Upper Saxony, iu the 326 I M E npper county of Scliwartzbiirg, on the river Ilm, 13 miles \w of Rudelstadt, and 14 s by e of Erfurt. Ilmen, a lake of Russia, in the govern- ment of Novogorod, 48 miles long, and from 12 to 18 broad. Near it stands the city of NoYogorod. This lake commu- nicates with that of Ladoga, by the river Volkhof. Ihnenau, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county of Henneberg. Near it is a mineral spring, also a copper and silver mine. It is seated neai the source of the Ilm, 17 miles ese of Smalkalden. / Ilminster, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, and a ma- nufacture of narrow cloths. Here is a handsome church, with a glazed tower, and a freeschool founded by Edward VI. It is seated among hills, near the river Ille, 26 miles sw of Wells, and 136 w by s of London. Ihley, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated between two hills, 1 4 miles Nw of Reading, and 54 w of London. list, a town of Holland, in Friesland, seated on thcWeymer, 12 miles s of Lewarden. Ustrop, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 27 miles sse of Gotheburg. Iltefi, a town of Lower Saxony, in the jirincipality of Luneburg, 16 miles ssw of Zell. Iltzhofen, a town of Suabia, in the territory of Halle, eight miles Ne of Halle. Imbro, an island in the Archipelago, about 20 miles in circumference. It is mountainous and woody, with plenty of game. Lon. 25 44 e, lat. 40 10 N. Imeritia, a country of Asia, lying e of the Black sea ; bounded on the s by Turkey, w by Mingrelia, N by Ossetia, and E by Georgia, of which it is, pro- perly speaking, a part. The revenues of the czar arise from a contribution of the peasants in wine, grain, and cattle, and from the tiibute of the neighbouring princes; and among the extraordinary sources of revenue, confiscations have a considerable share. The late sovereign, the czar Solomon, having forbidden the scandalous tratfic of the noblemen in their peasants, offended the Turks so much, that he was driven from his throne, and compelled to live like a wild man, for \6 years, in the woods and ca- verns of the mountains, till the Rus- sians reinstated him in his dominions. The prince has no regular troops, but can collect an undisciplined army of 6000 men ; nor has be any artillery. The 327 I N D inhabitants,estimated at 20,000 feinilies, are scattered over the coinitry in small hamlets. They send yearly considera- ble quantities of wine to the neighbour- ing parts of Georgia, in leathern bags, carried by horses : but they are without manufactures, very poor and miserable, and cnielly oppressed by their landlords. The Imeritians are of the Greek reli- gion. Their patriarch, who is generally of the royal family, can seldom read or write ; and the inferior clergy are not better instructed. Their churches are scarcely to be distinguished from com- mon cottages, but by a paper cross over the principal door, and some paintings of the virgin and the saints. Cutais is the capital. Immenstadt, a town of Suabia, in the county of Koingsegg, situate on a small river which soon after joins thelller, 12 miles s of Kempten. Imola, an episcopal town of Italy, in Romagna, with a strong citadel. It is surrounded by walls, towers, and ditch- es ; contains 16 churches, and 17 con- vents ; and is seated on the Santerno, 13 miles w by s of Ravenna, and 45 NNE of Florence. Lon. 11 45 e, lat. 44 28 N. Inclihrayoch, a small island of Scot- land, in Forfarshire, within the mouth of the S. Esk, near Montrose. It is late- ly become of importance from its two bridges ; one of stone, which communi- cates with the southern shore, the other a draw-bridge, which connects the is- land with Montrose. It has also a large and convenient dry dock. Inchcolm, a small island of Scotland, in the frith of Forth, near the village of Aberdour, on the coast of Fife. Here is the ruin of a famous monastery, found- ed by Alexander I. in consequence of his escape, when driven on this island in a tempest, and from the hospitable treat- ment he received from a hermit, /Mc/ig-a»Tie, a small island of Scotland, nearly in the middle of the passage over the Forth, at Queensferry, in Lin ith- gowshire. In 1799, its fortilicalions were repaired, and four 24-pounders mounted on them. Inchkeith, a small island of Scotland, in the frith of Forth, lying midway be- tween the ports of Leith and Kingiiorn. Here is a ruinous fort. InchmamocTi, a small island of Scot- ' land, on the sw side of the Bute. The ruins of a chapel dedicated to St. Mar- nock are still to be seen ; and on the w side are vast strata of coral and shells. Indal, a town of Sweden, in Medei* I N D pa(!ia, on a river of tlio same name, ncfir its eiil ranee iiilo llie gulf of Bothnia, 23 miles N by w of Suniliswald, Indapour, Sec hidrapmir. Iiulen Hotim, a (own of Chinese Tar- f'ary, eapital of Ihe Manlehcw Tartars, Aviierc they began to establish their eni- ])nG over China. It is 420 miles knl of Peking. Lon. 12436 e, lat. 41 46 N. hiditi, an extensive region in Asia, lying between CG and 93 e lon. and 7 and 35 N lat. Under tliis name, the Enropeans have inclnded all t!ic conn- tries which lies of Tartary, and extend from the eastern frontiers of Persia to the eastern coasts of China. Ent the name of India can be applied, with pro- priety, to that conntry only which is dis- tingnished both in Asia and Europe by tlie name of Hindoostan. 'I'he coun- tries 1o the E of the river Eurampoofer (namely Aracan, Assam, Birmah, Cam- bodia, Cochinchina, Laos, Malacca, Pe- gu, Siani, and Tonqnin) which some geographers have distinguished by the name of India beyond the Ganges, are .10 more to be considered as belonging to India, than the bordering countries ofTi bet, Tartary, and Persia. See Hin- doostan. Indiana, a territory of N. America, belonging to the United States, bound- ed on the N by the Illinois, which parts it from Michagan, e by the Great Mi- ami, which divides it from the state of Ohio, s by the river Ohio, which sepa- rates it from Kentucky, and w by the Mississippi, which parts it from Louisi- ana, The other principal rivers are the Chippaway and i^^abasli. This coun- try, upward of 600 miles square, con- tains much fine land ; but tha white in- habitants are at present few, Indimis, the original natives of the two vast continents of North and South America, Of the manners of the N. American Indians, the reader may have a general idea, by an account of those who inhabit the countries to the e of the ?»iississipi)i. I'hesc consist of 28 diil'erent nations; the principal of which are the Cherokees, the Chicasaws, the Choctaws, the Creeks, the Delawaies, the Six Nations, the Shawanese, the Hnrons, the Illinois, &.c. Allowing about 700 to a nation or tribe, they will contain in all 20,000 people. These In- dians take a great deal of pains to dar- ken their complcxion,by anointing them- selves with grease, and lying in the sun. They also paint their faces, breasts, and shoiilders, of various colours, but gene- rally red ; and their features are neat, especially those of tho women. They I N D are of a middle stature, their limbs clean and straight, and scarcely any crooKcd or deformed person is to be found among them. In many parts of their bodies they tatoo themselves or prick in gun- powder in very iiretty figures. Some shave, or pluck tlic hairolF their heads, except a patch about the mowii, which is ornamented with beautiful feathers, beads, wampum, and such like baubles; and except the head and cye-brow.s, they pluck the hair with great diligence, from all parts of the body. Their cars are paired and stretched in a thong down to their shoulders. They are wound round with wire to expand them, and adorned w ith silver jicn-dants, rings, and bells, -which they likewise wear in their noses. Sonic of them will have a large feather through tlie cartilage of tho nose ; and those who can alford it, wear a collar ot" wampum, a silver breastplate, and bracelets on the arms and wrists. A bit of cloth about the middle, a shirt of the English make, on which they be- stow innumerable broaches to adorn it, a sort of cloth boot and mockason.s, which are shoes of a make peculiar to the Indians, ornamented wltJi porcupine quills, with a blanket or watch-coat thrown over all, complete their dress at home ; but when they go on expeditions, they leave their trinkets behind, and mere necessaries serve them. There is little diilercnce between the dress of the men and women, excepting that a short petticoat, and the hair, which is exceeding black, and long, clubbed be- hind, distinguish some of the latter. They are such expert marksmen, that they will kill birds Hying, fishes swim- ming, and wild beasts runnii^. They are very intelligent, quick of apprehen- sion, sudden in execution, subtle in bu- siness, exquisite in invention, and in- dustrious in action. They are of a very gentle and amiable disposition to those they think their friends, but as implaca- ble towards enemies; their revenge be- ing only comi)leted in their entire de- struction. Tliey arc very hardy, bear- ing heat, cold, hunger, and thirst, in a surprising maimer; and yet no people arc more addicted to excess in eating and drinking, when it is in their power. The follies they commit, when inebri- ated, arc entirely laid to the liquor, and no one will revenge an injury (murder excepted) received from one who is no more himself. Among the Indians all men arc ecpial, personal qualifications being most esteemed. No distinction of birth, no rank, renders any man ca- pable of doing prejudice to the rights of 328 I N D j)rt?jite persons; and there is no pro- eminence from merit, which bcjjets piide, ami makes others too sensible of their own infcrioritj'. There is, thns, more delicacy of sentiment in the Indi- ans than amoiia: ns, and abuitdautly more probity, with far less ceremony, or eqnivocai compliments. Their public conferences shew them to be men of genins ; and they have in a high degree the talent of natural or xnistudied elo- quence. They live, dispersed in small villages, either in the woods, or on the banks of rivers, where they have little plautatioiis of Indian corn and roots, not enough to supply their families half a year ; but they subsist the remainder of it by hunting, fisiiing, and fowling, and the fruits of the earth, which grow spon- taneously, and in great plenty. Their huts are generally built of small logs, and covered with bark, each one hav- ing a chimney, and a door, on which they place a padlock. One of their towns, called Old Chelicothe, is built in form cf a Kentucky station, that is, a parallelogram, or long square ; and some of their houses are shingled. A long council-house extends the whole length of the town, where the chiefs of the na- tion frequently meet and consult of all matters of iniportance. Some huts are built by setting up a frame on forks, and placing bark against it ; others of reeds, and sunounded with clay. The fire is in the middle of the wigwam, and the smoke passes through a little hole. They join reeds together, bj cords run througli them, which serve them for ta- bles and beds. They mostly lie upon skins of wild beasts, and sit on the ground. They have brass kettles and pots to boil their food. Gourds or cala- bashes, cut asunder, serve them for pails, cups, and dishes. The accounts of tra- vellers, concerning their religion, are various. All agree that they acknow- ledge one Supreme God. They adore the great Spirit, and believe tJiat his care is extended over them ; and, that " he puts good into their hearts." They also believe in a future state; that after death they shall be removed to their friends, who have gone before them to paradise. The Wyandotts, near De- troit, and some others, have embraced the Roman faith, introduced among them by rviissionaries. The Shawanese, Cherokees, Chikasaws, and some others, are little concerned about religion. They have their festivals, and other re- joicing days, on which they sing and dance in a ring, taking hands, having so ]ainted and disguised themselves, 329 I N D that it is diflicult to know any of them ; and, after enjoying this diversion for a while, they retire to the place where they have prepared a feast offish, flesh, fowls, and fruits ; to which all are in- vited, and entertained with their coun- try songs. They believe that there is great virtue in feasts for the sick. Tor tliis puiposc a young buck must be kil- led and boiled, the friends and near neighbours of the patient invited; and having first thrown tobacco on the fire, and covered it close up, they all sit down in a ring, and raise a lamentable cry. They then uncover the fire, and kindle it up ; and the head of the buck is first sent about, every one taking a bit, and giving a loud croak, in imitation of crows. They afterwards proceed to eat all the buck, making a harmonious, melancholy song; in which their music is particularly excellent. As they ap- proach their towns, when some of their people are lost in war, Ihey make great lamentations for their dead ; and their cries of woe are answered by those within. They bear their deceased friends long in remembrance, often visit their graves, and even deck out their putrid remains with their best skins and other finery. Some nations abhor adul- tery, do not approve of a plurality of wives, and are not guilty of theft ; but there are other tribes thai are not so scrupulous. Among the Chikasaws, a husband may cut off the nose of his wife, if guilty of adultery ; but men are allowed greater liberty. This nation despises a thief. Among the Cherokees, they cut off the nose and ears of an adul- tress ; afterward her husband gives her a discharge.- Their form of marriage is short : the man, before witnesses, gives the bride a deer's foot, and she, in re- turn, presents him with an ear of corn, as emblems of their several duties. The women are very slaves, in many instan- ces, to the men ; in others, they are up- on an equal footing, deliberaling in the public assemblies, and, in private life, enjoying the privilege of declaring their affection, or paying their addresses to those they love. I'hey are charged with being revengeful ; but this revenge is seldom executed, but in cases of mur- der and adultery ; and, indeed, the mmv derer isrgenerally delivered up to the friends of the deceased to do as they please. When one kills another, the deceased's friends kill him, and so they continue avenging one another's death until much blood is shed; and at last the quarrel is ended by mutual presents. Sometimes a ch5ef,wlien offended, breaks I N D ofFwith a party, settles at some distance, and then commences hostilities against his own people. When they take cap- tives in war, they are exceedingly cruel, treating the unhappy prisoners in such a maimer, that death would be prefer- able to life. They afterwards give them plenty of food, Joad them with burdens, and when they arrive at their towns they must run the gauntlet. In this, they exercise so much cruelty, that one would think it impossible they should survive their sufferings. - Many are kil- led ; but if one outlives this trial, he is adopted into a family as a son, and treat- ed with paternal kindness ; and if he avoids their suspicion of going away, lie is allowed the sasne privileges as their own people. But sometimes their pri- soners are destined to be tortured to death, in order to satiate the revenge of their conquerors. While their lot is in suspence, the prisoners themselves ap- pear altogether unconcerned about what may befal them. They talk, they eat, tliey sleep, as if there were no danger impending: when the fatal sentence is intimated to them, they receive it with an unaltered countenance, raise their death-song, and prepare to suffer like men. The victors assemble as to a so- lemn festival, resolved to put the forti- tude of the captives to the utmost proof. A scene ensues, the l)are description of which is enough to chill the heart with horror. The prisoners are tied naked to a stake, but so' as to be at liberty to move round it. All present, men, wo- men, and children, fall upon them with knives and other instruments ; and such is their cruel ingenuity in torturing, that, by avoiding to touch the vital part, they often prolong the scene of anguish for several days. In spite of all their suf- ferings, the victims continue to chftunt their death song with a firm voice, they boast of their own exploits, they insult their tormentors for their want of skill to avenge tiie death of their friends and relations, they warn them of the ven- geance that awaits them on account of what they are now doing, and excite their ferocity by the most provoking re- proaches and tlneats. To display un- daunted fortitude in such dreadful situ- ations, is the noblest triumph of a w ar- rior ; to avoid the trial by a voluntary death, or to shrink under it, is deemed cowaidly and infamous. If anyone be- tray symptoms of timidity, his tormen- tors olten dispatch him at once, with cuntemj)t, as unworthy of being treated like a man. Animated by those ideas, thej endure without a groan, what it I N D seems almost impossible that lmman.na^ ture should sustain. Weary at length with contending with men whose con- stancy they cannot vanquish, some chief puts a period to their sufferings, by dis- patching them with his dagger or his club. The people of South America gratify their revenge in a manner some- what diS'erent, but with the same unre- lenting rancour. Their prisoners, after meeting at their first entrance with the same rough reception as among the N. AmerieanSj are not only exempt from injury, but treated with the greatest ap- parent kindness, feasted, and caressed. Eut, by a refinement of cruelty, while they seem studious to attach their cap- tives to life, their doom is irrevocably fixed. On an appointed day the victo- rious tribe assemblies, the prisoner is brought forth with great solemnity, he meets his lot with undaunted firmness, and is dispatched by a single blow. The moment he falls, the women seize the body, and dress it for the feast. They besmear their children with the blood, in order to kindle ii! their bosoms a ha- tred of their enemies', and all join in feeding upon the llesh with amazing- greediness and exultatio3i» Wherever this practice prevails, captives never escape death ; but they are not tortured with the same cruelty as among iiihos which are kss accustomed to sucii hor- rid feasts. Tne Indians of South Ame- rica iiiimediately under the Spanish go- vernment, althtugh the most depressed order of men in the country which be- longed to their ancestors, are now far from being treated with that rigour and cruelty which was laid to the charge of the first conquerors of that continent. They are no longer considerc'd as slaves ; on the contrary, they are reputed as freemen, and entitled to the privileges of subjects. A certain tax, or tribute, is indeed imposed upou them, and certain services required, but these are all un- der the due regulation of policy and hu- manity. The Indians v»'ho live in the principal tcowns, are entirely subject to the Spanish laws and magistrates ; but in their own villages, they are governed by caziqvics, some of whom are the de- scendants of their ancient lords: others are named by the Spanish viceroys. These regulate the petty afl'airs of the people under them, according to max- ims of justice transmitted to them by tradition fioni their ancestors. For the farther relief of men so much exposed to oppression, the Spanish court has ap- pointed an olficer in every district, with the title of Protector of the Indians^ 32a /.o,uhn.JiM,\,l,rJ.I/m/> /SU. ii'V.Teff^ju. dtap^idr . Lm^m J'„Mi../t,t/. //,ii/?.lil.O. hi) Trei/^.IUr/ifap.ruie . I N D whose duty is to assert the rights of the Indiaus, aud to set bounds to the en- croachments and exactions of his coun- trymen. Provision too is made by va- rious laws, that hospitals should be founded in every new settlement, for the reception of Indians, Such liospitals have accordingly been erected, both for ihe india:ent, and infirm, in Lima, Cuz- co, and Mexico, wliere the Indians are treated with tenderness and humanitj'. Major General Anthony A^ yue put an end to the destructive war with the North American Indians by a treaty of peace and friendship concluded at Greenville, August 3, 1725; which was ratified by the president of the United States, Dec. 22, 1795. Little is yet known of the Indians in the interior parts of North America. In 1792, Mr. Stewart, said to be in the employ of the British court, returned from 4 years tra- vels through the liitlierto unexplored re- gions to the westward. Taking his course wsw from the posts ou the lakes, he penetrated to the head of the Mis- souri, and from thence due w, to within 600 miles of the shores of the Pacific ocean. Beyond the Missouri, Mr. Stew- art met with many powerful nations, in general hospitable and courteous. The Indian nations he visited westward, ap- peared to be a polished aud civilized people, having towns regularly built, and being in a state of society not far removed from that of the Europeans, and only wanting tire use of iron and st-eel to be perfectly so. They are al- ways clad in skins, cut in an elegant manner, aud in many respects prefer- able to the garments in use among the •whites. Adjacent to these nations is a vast ridge of raoimtains, which may be called the Alleghany of the western parts of America, and serves as a bar- rier against the too frequent incursions of the coast Indians, wlio ejitertain s. mortal antipathy to the nations and tribes inhabiting the country eastward of the mountains. Indies, East, the name given by Euro- peans to that vast tract of country in Asia, which is situated to the s of Tar- tary, between Persia and China, as well as to a great number of islands in the Indian ocean, extending from the penin- sul-a of Hindoostan as far e as New Guinea, and from the bay of Bengal and the Chrna sea as far s as New Hol- land. The most western of them are the Maldives, and the most eastern th-e Moluccas ; between which are several very large ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; beside 331 I N D many others of considerable importauco as to riches, though much interior ia extent. Indies, West, the name given to a great number of islands in the Atlantic ocean,which extend across the entrance of the gulf of ]\Jexico, from tiie nw ex- tremity of the Bahama islands, off the coast of Florida, to the island of Toba- go, 120 miles fiom the coast of Terra Eirma. Cuba is the most western, and Barbadoes the most eastern of these islands. "When Columbus discovered them in 1492, he considered them as part of those vast regions in Asia com- prehended under the general name o*" India, to reach which, by a w course across the Atlantic, had been the grand object of his voyage ; and this opinion was so general, that Ferdinand and Isa- bella, king and queen of Castile, in their ratification of an agreement granted to Columbus, upon his return, gave them the name of Indies. Even after the error which gave rise to this opinion was detected, and the position of the New World, was ascertained, the name has remained, and the appellation of West Indies is given by all the people of Europe to these islands, and that of Indians to the inhabitants, not only of these islands, but of the continent of America. They are likewise called the Caribbee Islands, from the aborigines of the country ; and the sea in which they lie is called the Caribbean Sea, By the French they are called the Antilles ; and nautical men distinguish them, from the different courses taken by ships, into the Leeward and Windward Islands, which see. The name of Caribbee should properly be confined to the smaller islands, lying between Porto Rico and 1'obago. Thv^ , were inha- bited by the Caribs, a iiorce race of men, nowise resembling their timid neighbours in tke laiger islands. Co- lumbus was a witness to their intrepid valour ; and the same character they h-ave maintained invariably in ail subse- quent contests with the Europeans, The British islands are Jamaica, Barba- dos, St. Christopher, Antigua, Anega- da, Nevis, l\Iontserrat, Barbuda, An- guilla, Dominica, St. Vincent, Granada, the Bahama Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, St. Lucia, and part of the Virgin Islands. Cuba, Porto Kico, and Margarita, be- long to the Spaniards. The French have Guadaloupe, Marigaiante, Desea- da, Hispaniola, and Martiuico. The Dutch have St. Eustatia, Curacao, Saba, aud St. Martin. The Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and part of the Vir- I N G gin Islands. And llie Swedes, St. Bar- tholomew. Lidore, a town of Hindoostan, in tlie province of Malwa, capital of one of the Poonah Maliratta chiefs. It is seat- ed on a river, that flows into the Ner- buddah, 28 miles ssE of Ougein. Lon. 76 11 E, lat. 22 56 N. Indrapour, a seaport on the w coast of Snmatra, capital of a kingdom of the same name. Here the Dutch have a factor}', for the pxirchase of pepper. It is 160 miles nw of Bencoolen. Lon. 100 45 E, lat. 1 56 s, Indre, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Berry. It has its name from a river, which rises in this department, flows into that of Indre and Loire, and joins the Loire, four miles below the influx of the Cher. Chateauroux is the capital. Indre and Loire, a department of France, including the late province of Touraine. Tours is the capital. Indus, or Sinde, a great liver of Hin- doostan, formed of about ten principal stieams, which descend from the Per- sian and Tibetian niountains. From the city of Attock to Moultan, or to the influx of the Chunaub, it is commonly named the river of Attock. Below the city of Moultan, it proceeds in a s direction, through the province of that name, and that of Sindy ; and enters the Arabian sea, by an extended delta of several mouths, Nw of the gulf of Cutch. See Tatta. On the E of the Indus is a great sandy desert, extending near 500 miles in length, and from 60 to 150 in breadth. Ingehingen, a town of Franconia, in the* principality of Hohenlohe, seated on the Kocher, 20 miles saw of Mer- gentheim. Ingelheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine ; seated on an eminence, on the river Salva, 10 miles wsw of Mentz. Ingleborough, one of the highest mountains of England, in Yorkshire, eight miles nnw of Settle. It is 3987 feet above the level of the sea. The top is a circular plain, near a mile in circumference, containing the ruins of an old wall, &c. from which some ima- gine it has been a Roman station. Its sides are steep and rocky, and contain several pits and dreadful chasms, but may be ascended without danger. Its limestone base, which nearly extends to those, of Whernside and Pennygant, is perforated in every direction with long caverns. In^leion, a village in West Yorkshire I N G 10 miles WNW of Settle. It has a cot- ton mill, and stands at the bases of Whernside and Ingleborough, amid the natural curiosities of those mountains. Ingling, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle, six miles e of Thionville. Ingohtadt, a town of Bavaria, with % famous university, and a fine church. It is one of the strongest places in Ger- many, surrounded by a morass. The houses are built of stone, and the streets are large. It was taken by the Ans- trians in 1742, and bombarded by the French in 1796. It is seated on the Danube, 9 miles E of Neuburg, and 45 N by w of Munich. Lon. 11 22 e, lat. 48 46 N. Ingraham Islands, seven in number, in the Pacific ocean ; discovered in 1791, by captain Ingraham, of Boston, in Mas- saehusets ; and named Washington, Adams, Lincoln, Federal, Franklin, Hancock, and Knox. They lie from 35 to 50 leagues nnw" of the Marquesas, in lon. 140 and 141 w, lat. 9 s. They appear generally to be diversified with hills and valleys, and to be well wooded. Most, if not all of them, are inhabited, and the people resemble those of the Marquesas. Ingrande, a town of France, in the department of Maycnne and Loire, si- tuate on the Loire, 15 miles wsw of Angers. Ingre, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Loiret, 4 miles nw of Orleans. Ingria, a province of the Russian em- pire, which now forms the government of St. Petersburgh. It is bounded on the N by the river Neva and the gulf of Finland, on the e and s by the govern- ment of Novogorod, and on the w by that of Livonia. It is about 130 miles long, and 60 broad. The Czar Peter the Great wrested it from the Swedes, and it was confirmed to them by thu treaty of Nystadt in 1721. At this time, the inhabitants of the flat country were a Finnisii people, but diiJbrent from the Finns of Carelia as to their language and manners. They were called Ischorki, and Ischortzi, from the river Ischora, m Inch runs into the Neva. In- gria did not retain its ancient Swedish privileges ; on the contrary, Peter made a present of one part of the Ischortzi to certain Russian nobles ; who, on their side, were obliged to people the less cultivated cantons of Ingria, with co- lonies of Russians from their estates ; and thence it is, that we often see a vil- lage of Russians surrounded by villages .135 I N N of Finns. These Ischorfzi have long "oUoweil agiieultme. 'Jlieir eeononiy s an ill chosen mean between that of the Russians and that of the Finns. They assemble in small villages of five or ten farms in each, and livq miser- ably iu small dirty huts. Their inclina- tion to idlenss and drinking, leads them often to sell their stock, and even the corn they liave saved for sowing the fields. 'I'hey are thus reduced to the most deplorable indigence, and in this state they behold their cattle die of hun- ger and cold witli the most perfect indif- ference ; such are the effects of despo- ti.sm. Some of them, however, imitate the Russian villagers, who are better managers, being more at their case, and in better eircunistances. The Ingrian women adoin their aprons with glass beads and little shells. Before the Rus- sians conquered this country, the Ingri- ans had Lutheran preachers for every canton ; but numbers of them have since conformed to the Greek faith. They are full of absurd notions and Pagan su- perstitious, which they mix v.iththe ce- remonials of their church, and are said to consider their figures ot saints as idols to be adored, carrying them into the woods in iirocession, and there paying them a formal worship. They pretend also to calculate nativities and tell for- tunes. The dead are buried by the priest of the profession to which they ,i)elong ; and these superstitious people return to the grave under cover of the night, and, having taken up the sod, de- posit eatables for their departed friend, which they renew during a fortnight or three w eeks. Dogs and other animals easily scratch up tiiese victuals and de- vour them, w bile the simple people that placed them there, are willing to believe they were consumed by the deceased. Their general opinion is, that they con- tinue to live in the subterranean world in the same manner that they did on the surface of the earth, and tliat the grave is little more than a change of habita- tion ; for whicli reason they bury their money, that they may have it to use in the other worid. The country abounds with various wild animals, particularly lein-deer. Ijig-jiski. See Kisii. JnishannoH, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, with a considerable linen manufacture ; seated on the Ban- don, 7 miles nw of Kinsale. Inn, a river which rises in Switzer- land, in the canton of Grisons, flows ne through Tyrol, by Inspruck and Kuf- stein, and continuing its course in Ba- 333 I N V varia, passes by Wasscburg hiid Bran- nan, and joins the Damdje at Passau. Innaconda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the Guntoor circar, situate on a hill, 46 miles NW of Ongole. Innichen, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, situate among mountains, at the source of the Drave, 29 miles e of Brixen. Iiiou'Ioczaw, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Wladislaw, 24 miles w by N of Wladislaw. IiiscJi, a town of Scotland, in Aber- deenshire, 26 miles wNW of Aberdeen. Inspruck, a fortified town of Germany, capital of Tyrol, with a strong castle. It was formerly the place where the archdukes of Austria resided ; and here iu 1672, emperor Leoj)old 1. founded a nniversify, which, in 1782, was changed into a lyceum. The principal manufac- tures are gloves, silk and woollen stuffs, and all kinds of glass wares. Inspruck. w as entered by the French in 1805. It is seated iu a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, 60 miles s of Munich. Lon. 11 32 E, lat. 47 17 N. Insterhnrg, a town of Lithuania, with a trade in corn and beer ; seated on the Pregel, opposite tlie influx of the luster, 45 miles e of Konigsbcrg. Interlnchen, a town of Swifzerhuid, capital of a baiiiwie of the same name, in the canton of Bern. It is sealed betweeji the lakes of Brientz and 'i'hun, 28 miles ssw of Lucern, and 32 sk of Bern. Inveraray, a borough of Scotland, and the counf3-town of Argyleshire, situate on the NW side of Loch Fyne, at the influx of the Aray. It has some manufactures and a trade in wool, tim- ber, and oak bark ; but its chief sup- port is fr(>m the herring fishery. Near the town is Inveraray castle, tlie seat < if the duke of Argyle ; and in the neigli- bourhood is a considera1)le iron-work. It is ,33 miles nw of Dumbarton, and 88 WNW of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 54 w, lat. 66 15 N. Inverbei'vie. See Hervie. Invergordon, a village of Scotland, in Rossshirc, at the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, eight miles sse of Tain. It has a good harbour, and a regular ferry over the frith to the town of Cromarty. Inverhei thing, a borough and sca]>ort of Scotland, iu Fifeshire, which has a considerable trade in coal and salt. Be- fore the entrance of the luubour is a baj', v.'hich affords safe anchorage for ships of any burden in all winds. The harbour itself is commodious, and has two quays. It is situate on tlic M I N V side of the frith of Forth, 18 miles WNw of Edinburgh. Lou. 3 12 w, iat. 55 57 N. Inverleitlien, a village of Scotland, on the river I'weed, at the influx of the Leilhen, five miles e of Peebles. Here is an extensive woollen manufacture ; and near it is a famous sulphurous spring. Inverness, a borough of Scotland, capital of a coimty of the same name, situate on botii sides the river Ness, near its entrance into tlie frith of Mur- ray. It has a commodious harbour, a good salmon fishery, a large manufac- ture of ropes and canvas, several tan- works, and a considerable trade. Here are six incorporated trades; and the number of inhabitants in 1811 was 10,757. On an eminence are the ruins of the old tastle, demolished by the rebels in 17-16; and over the Ness is a bridge of seven arches. Near tliis town, on CuHoden healh, the duke of Cumberland gained a decisive victory over the rebels in 1746. To the \y of the town is the hill of Craig Phatric, on tlie summit of which are the extensive remains of a vi- trified fort, so called from the marks of fusion whicli the cement and stones ex- hibit. Inverness is 66 miles ne of Fort Wilham, and 116 nnw of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 57 w, Iat. 57 31 n. Invernessshire, the most extensive county of Scotland ; bounded on the n by Rossshirc, e by the counties of Nairne, Murray, and Aberdeen, s by those of Perth and Argyle, and w by the Atlantic ocean. It also includes several of Ihe Hebrides. Independent of the islands, it is 80 miles long and 60 broad ; and is divided into 31 parishes, which, in 1811, contained 78,336 inha- bitants. The N part is mountainous and barren; the s part is also moun- tainous, and supposed to be the most •■levated ground in Scotland. This county has several considerable lakes, and is divided, in a manner, into two equal parts, by those of Ness, Oich, Lochy, and Linnhe ; through which is DOW cutting the Caledonian canal, to unite the eastern and western oceans. 1'he extensive plains which surround the lakes are, in general, fertile ; the high groiurds feed many sheep and black cattle, the rearing and selling of which is the chieftradeof the inhabitants ; and numerous herds of goats are found in every district. The mountains and forests are inhabited by immense num- bers of red and roe deer ; the alpine and common hare, and other game, are also abundant. Limestone, iron-ore, and J O H some traces of different minerals have been found in this country, with beauti- ful rock crystals of various tints ; but no mines have been worked hitherto with much success. The principal rivers are the Spey and Beauley. Inverngie, a village of Scotland, on the E coast of Aberdeenshire, at the month of the Ugie, one mile n of Peter- head. It has an extensive bleach-field, and a considerable brewery. Near it are the ruins of Inverugie castle. Inverury, a borough of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, on tlic river Don, just above the influx of the Ury, 15 miles WNW of Aberdeen. Joachmisthal, a town of Eohemia, in the circle of Saatz, noted for its mines and a manufacture of lace, 15 miles N by E of Elbogen, JoacIiimstJtal, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, 31 miles nne o* Berlin. Joanna. See Hinznan. JocJigrim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, situate on an eminence, near the Rhine, nine miles SE of Landau. Joliangeorgenstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its mines and a considerable nianufactare of lace, 18 miles ssE of Zwickau. Johannesburg, a town of East Prussia,, with a citadel, seated on the river Pych, near the lake Spirding, 95 miles se of Konigsberg. Lon. 22 39 e^ Iat. 53 16 N. John, St. one of the Philippine islands, e of Mindanao. Lon. 126 32 e, Iat. 9 30 N. John, St. one of the Virgin islands, in the West Indies, belonging to the Danes. It is 12 miles in circumference, and has a town and spacious harbour. Lon. 65 10 w, Iat. 18 10 N. John, St. or Prince Edward, an island in the s partof thegulf of St. Lawrence, having New Brunswick on the w, Nova Scotia on the s, and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams. In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the English. The capital is Char- lotte town. John, St. a river which rises in the NW part of the district of Main, flows NE into New Brunswick, where it soon takes a sse course, and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of St. John. It is navigable 60 miles for sloops of 50 tons, and about 200 for boats ; and affords a common and near route from the pro- vince of New Brunswick to Quebec, J&hn, St. a city of New Brunswick, JON situate at the mouth of the river St.John, in the bay of Fundy. Lou. 65 15 w, lat. 46 13 N. John, St. the chief town of Newfound- land, situate on the e side of the island. It has a good harbour, entirely land- locked, and defended by several forts, in one of wliich the governor of the island resides. Lon. 52 26 w, lat. 47 32 N. John, St. the capital of Antigua. It is one of the most regular towns in the West Indies, and has the most commo- dious harbour in the Leeward islands. Lon. 62 9 w, lat. 17 4 N. John, St. a tow n and fort of Lower Canada, on the \v bank of Sonel liver, at the N end of Lake Champlain. In 1796, it was made the sole port of entry and clearance for all goods imported from the United States into Canada. It is 20 miles e by s of Montreal, and 110 N by E of Crown Point. Lon. 73 20 w, lat. 45 25 N. John d'Aa-e, St. See Acre. Johnshaven, a village of Scotland, in Kincardineshire, with a harbour for small vessels, four miles ssw of Ben'ie. It was formerly a great fishing town, but is now more noted for an extensive manufacture of canvas. Johnston, a town of New York, chief of Montgomery county, on the N bank of Mohawk river, 24 miles WNW of Schenectady. Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, extending near a mile on the river St. Lawrence. It is 50 miles ne of Kings- town, and 100 sw of Montreal. Lon. 75 10 w, lat. 44 42 N. Johnstown, St. a borough of Ireland, m the county of Donegal, on the river Foyle, five miles ssw of Londonderry. Johor, or Jor, a t©v\ai ©f the penin- sula of Malaya, capital of a kingdom of the same name. It was destroyed by the Portuguese in 1603, but has been rebuilt, and is seated near the s coast, 150 miles se of Malacca. Lon. 103 30 E, lat. 1 35 N. Jsigny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, surrounded by thick walls, and seated near the Yonnc, 17 miles SSE of Sens, Joinville, an ancient town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, si- tuated on the Marne, 25 miles sw of Bar-le-Duc, and 125 se of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 20 N. Joluesr, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 7 miles NE of Motril. Jona. See Icolmkill. Jenesboroiigh, a town of Tennessee, capital of the distiict of Washington, S3& J o u seated near the foot of the Iron niotm* tains, 86 miles e l)y n of KnoxvUle. Lon. 82 40 w, lat. 36 & n. JonJioping, a town of Sweden, in Smoland, and the scat of justice for Gothland. It has a strong citadel, and a manufacture of arms. The houses are chiefly of wood ; and on the roof is spread layers of birch bark, covered with turf or moss, many of tliciu pro- duchig herhagc, and some ornamented with flowers. It is seated near the s end of the lake Wetter, 80 miles wnw of Calmar, Lon. 14 46 e, lat. 57 12 N. Jooflpour, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of a circar of the same name, in the province of Agimcre ; sealed near a branch of tlie Pudda, lOU miles wsw of Agimere. Lon. 73 48 e, lat. 26 8 N. Jordan, a river of Syria, which rises in Mount Libauus, and flows s through the lake of Tiberias, to the Dead sea. Jorjan, or Korgan, a town of Persia, in Chorasan, capital of a dislrict of its name, bordering on the Caspian sea. It is 60 miles e by n of Asferahad, and 120 w of Mesehcd. Lon. 56 5 e, lat. 35 66 N. Jorhau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, where great quanlitie* of beer are brewed. On a inouutain by the town is the magnificent castle of Rothcnhaus, and near it are celebrated alum-works. It is 5 miles N of Gora- motau. Josselin, a town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihau, 25 miles nne of Vannes. Josslioka, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate ofSandomirz, 76 miles ssw of Sandomirz. Jouare, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, 10 miles SE ofMeaux, and 35 e of Paris. Joud. See Jehud. Joue, a town of France, in tlie de- partment of Indre and Loire, 3 miles s of Tours. J- eign commerce, and sends ships to Greenland. Vessels of large burden are obliged to stop at some distance below the town. It is the birlhplace of cardi- nal Wolsey ; and is seated on the Or- well, 26 miles ,SE of Bury St. Edmund, and G9 ne of London. Lon. 1 16 e, lat. 62 8 N. Ipswich, a town of Massachusets, in Essex county, seated on both sides of a river of its name, over which is a stone bridge. Though it has a barred har- bour, and shoals in (he river, some ves- sels trade to the W. Indies. Large quantities of silk and tliread lace arc manufactured here. The judicial courts for the country are held here once a year. It stands near the mouth of the I R E irver, 25 miles nne of Boston . Lon. 70 65 w, lat. 42 40 N, Irabaity. See Irrawaddy. Irae-Agemi, a province of Persia bounded on the w by Irac-Arabi and Kusistan, n by Aderbeitzan and Ghilan, E by Couchestan, and s by Farsistan Ispahan is the capital. Irac-Ai-abi (the ancient Chaldea) a province of Turkey in Asia; bounded on the w by the desert of Arabia, n by Curdistan and Diarbeck, e by Irac-Age- mi and Kusistan, and s by tiio gulf of Persia and Arabia. It is watered by the Euphrates and Tigris; and is almost ail under (lie dominion of the Turks. Bag- dad is the capital. Irehy, a town n\ Cumberland, with a market on 'I'hursday, seated in a vailey, at the source of the Ellen, 10 miles nb of Cockermouth, and 303 nnw of Lou- don. Ireland, a large island of Europe, \y- ing to the w of (hat of Great Britain. It is 280 miles in length, and 160 iu breadth ; bounded on the E by St. George's channel and the Irish sea, which separate it from England and Wales; on the NE by a chaiusel, called the NorOi Channel, 34 miles broad, which separates it from Scotland; and on every other side by the ocean. It contains about 19,436,000 acres, and the population is upward of .5,000,000. Ireland is divided into four provinces ; namely, Ulster to tlie N, Leiiister (o the E, Munster to the s, and Connnught to the w ; ai)d these are subdivided into 32 counties. Ulster contains (he coundes of Down^ Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Antrim, Londonderry, Tyroiuie, Fer- managh, and Donegal : Leinster has those of Dublin, Louth, Wicklow, Wcx- foid, Longfoid, East .Mcath, West Mcath, King's county, Queen's county, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Carlow: Mun- ster includes Clare, Cork, Kerry, Lime- rick, 'I'ipperary, and Waterford: and Connaught has Leitrim, Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo, and Galway. The climate . of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more Immid than in England. In ge- neral, it is a level country, well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the soil, in most parts, is very good and fertile ; even in those places where the bogs and morasses have been drained, there is good meadowground. It produces corn, hemp, and flax, in great plenty; and there are so many cattle, that beef and butter are exported to foreign parts; and not only the English, but other ships, frequently come to be victualled here, 'i'he other commodities are hides, wool, 330 ? R E tA]lo>r, wood, salt, lioncj% nnd wax. The principal manufaclure is (liie linen cloth, which IS brought to great pcifrctiou, and the trade in it is -v er}' great, 'i'his conn- try is well situate for foreign traJc on account of its many secure and commo- dious bays and Iiarbours. lis principal rivers are the Shannon, Foylc, Liflcy, Boye, Sure, Barrow, Blackwatcr, and Lee. The laws of Ireland diflcr but little from those of England ; and the established religion is the same; but the majority of the people are Roman ca- tholics, and yet retain their nominal bishops and dignitaries. The ecclesias- tical districts are four archbishoprics and eighteen bishoprics; the former arc Ar- magh, Dublin, Cashcl, and Tuam ; the latter are Dromorc, Down, and Connor, Londonderry, Raphoe, Clogher, Kil- more and Ardagh, Meath, Kildare, Ferns and Leighlin, Ossory, Waterford and Lismore, Cloyne, Cork, and Ross, Li- merick, Ardfert and Aghadoe, Killaloe and Kilfenora, Clonfert and Kilmac- duagh, Elphiu, and Killala and Achou- ry. Formerh', this kitigdom had a par- liament, which was subordinate to that of Great Britain; but, in 1800, it was deemed expedient for l!ic welfare of Ireland that it should be united to Great Britain. The two parliauiciits passed acts for that jiurpose, and the two king- doms, at the commciiccment of 1801, were styled the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland : and 32 peers (four of them bish()[)s) and 100 commoners of Ireland, are elected to re- present that country in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well as the council, are appointed, from time to time, by the king. The country peo- ple in Ireland, uncorrupted by com- merce, are remarkably hospitable, and very warm in all tiioir affctlions. The stranger, who has dwelt in a conuiiercial city, aud been long inured to that general neglect of ihe pious offices of humanity, which the incessant pursuit of gain pro- duces, on passing through their country, is surprised at the earnestness they ma- nifeat in serving him, or in helping him on his way : he is also astoiiished on ob- serving how these simple peojile re<;kon upon a similar disposition, as a thing of course, in the country about : *' I am sorry I cannot go with you now, but when you get to the house beyond, why Air. Such-a-one will send a boy with you, ml you are after crossing the bog, and then you will soon be at the village ; and why, if you cannot stay all night vith them, they will some of them go ?W7 ? R K with you." Such are the unane<'ted re- plies the traveller meets with in this hos- pitable land ; and eren in the towns, formality and etiquetle, are often so lust in hearty salutations, and a familial manner of address, that the strangci soon feels himself at home, and ima- gines the people about him ail relations. It is a most grievous circumstance, tliac this amiable people should sometimes be provoked to rise upon those who are over them, when, unhajjpily giving a loose to their revenge, tliey sometimes commit such violent acts, as to induce those who do not know their provoca- tions, to think they are wantonly barbar- ous, instead of barbarously avengeful. The condition of the connnou people has been always very wretched : they Merc so poor, and it was so hard for them to get a livelihood, that they fre- quently went into other countries to seek their fortunes ; and, particularly, great nunibers went over to the jilantations in America. Their diet consists chiefly of coarse bread, potatoes, and butter- milk ; the favourite liquor is usque- baugh, an ardent distillation fiom corn ; and the rural cottage is a wretched hovel of mud. 'i'iie manners of the superior classes differ little from those, of the same rank in England; but the gentry are more addicted to hunting and other robust exercises, than to literature and the arts. That part of the iiihubi- trtnts, called the Wild Irish, were for- merly as savage as the native Ameri- cans; and, like them, lived in hut.s, making a fire in the middle of them, but it is to be hojied, that all the rude and barbarous customs, as well as every other trace of wretchedness and degra- dation, will vanish in time, and such measures be taken as shall remove all restrictions on their trade and com nierce, and admit them to an equal share of all the advantages enjoye.. by the empire of which they make a part. Dublin 14 the capital. Ireland, New. See Britain, New. Irjab, a town of the country of Cabul, seated near a westcrtj branch of the In- dus, 110 miles ssw of Cabul. Lon. 68 25 E, lat.33 20 n. Irislituwn. See Kilkenny. Irken, or Irldeti. See Yarlian, Irkutsk, the largest and least populous government of the Russian empire, com- prising all the E part of Siberia, from the Northern ocean to the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, and from the boun- daries of the government of Tobolsk to the Eastern ocean. This large territory was g-radually conquered aad appro- Z I s c priated by tbe Russians in their Jcsul* iory esGHrsions fi oni Tobolsk. It is di- vided into the four provinces of Irkutsk, Nertchinsk, Yakutsk, and Okotsh. Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of the government of tlic same name, and the see of a bishop. It is a place of considerable commerce, the caravans passing throngh it which trade to China, and being the seat of supreme jurisdic- tion over eastern Siberia. There are several churclies and other edifices of stone, and the wooden houses are large and convenient. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000. It stands on the river Angara, near the lake Bailkal, DOO miles ESE of Tobolsk. Lou. 104 68 e, lat. 52 4 N. Iroquois. See Lawrence, St. Irrawaddy, or IrabaUi/, a considerable river of Asia, which rises iu Tibet, {lows E through the kingdom of Birmah and Pegu, and enters the bay of Bengal by several mouths. On its banks are pro- duced great quantities of the finest teak timber, so much esteemed in ship-buiid- ing. i'he principal market for this va- luable timber is Rangoon, at the most eastern mouth ofthisrivei. Irtysh, a river of Siberia, which is- sues irom the lake Saisan, in Chinese Tartary, runs nw between the two coun^ tries above 300 miles, then flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, below which it joins the Oby. Irvine, a river of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, which passes by Newmills and Kilmarnock to the town of Irvine, be- low which it enters the frith of Clyde. Ii-vine, a borough of Scotland, in Ayrshire. The chief trade is the ex- porting of coal to Ireland. Here is a dock-yard, a large tan-«ork, and ma- nufactures of carpets, muslins, silks, huvns, &;c. It is seated near the mouth of the river Irvine, 10 miles n of Ayr, and 24 sw of Glasgow. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 65 39 N. Irwell, a river in Lancashire, which rises above Bolton, flows thence to Manches-ter, and joins the Mersey, be- low Flixton. Isabella, a town on the N coast of Hispaniola, founded by Christopher Columbus in 1493. Lon. 71 2 w, lat. 19 55 N. Ischia, an island of Naples, 15 miles in circuit, lying three miles off the coast of TeiTa di Lavoro. It is mountainous; but abounds in minerals, sulphur, fruits, and excellent wine. Fresh water is scarce, and the rain is collected in cis- terns ; but the air is healthy, and there I S L are several hot baths, on which account it is much resorted to by invalids. Ischia, an episcopal city of Naples, capital of the island of its name, with a strong fort. It stands upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a bridge, and is like a pyiaraid of houses piled one upon another. At the end of the bridge, next the city, are iron gates, which open into a subterranean passage, through which the city is entered Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 40 41 N. Isenhurg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, which gives name to a county. It is seated on the rivulet Iser, 48 miles nw of Frank- fort. Iseo, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on the SE side of a lake of the same name 10 miles nw of Brescia. Iser, a river of Germany, which rises on the confines of Tyrol and Bavaria, passes by Munich and Landschut, and joins the Damibe, between Stiaubing- and F«assau. Isere, a department of France, in- cluding- part of the late province ot Dauphiny. It is so named from a river, which rises in Savoy, crosses this de- partment by Grenoble, Moirans, and St. Marcelhn, and joins the Rhone, above Valence. Genoble is the capital. IserloJm, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, with manufactores of iron, tin, velvets, silks, and stuCFs. It is 40 miles e by N of Dusseldorf. Isernia, a town of Naples, in the Mo- lise, at the foot of the Apennines. In 1805 it was destroyed by an earthquake, and upward of 1500 persons perished. It is 12 miles w of Molise. Isigny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, 15 miles w by N of Bayeux. Isis. See Thames. Isla, or Ila, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the sw of Jura, from which it is scpar.ited by a narrow channel, called the Sound of Isla. It is 21 miles long, and 15 broad. Ontha E side the surface is hilly, and covered with heath, but the greater part of the island is flat, and, where uncultivated, covered with a fine green sward. la the centre of the island is Loch Finla- g-an, about three miles in circuit, with an islet of the same name in the middle, where the great lord of the isles re- sided ; but the palaces and offices are now in ruins. Isla has mines of iron, lead, copper, emery, quicksilver, and black-lead; with immense stores of limestone, marl, coral, and shell-sAnd, 33S I S INI for manure. Much flax is raised here, a great number of cattle fed, and a lareje quantity of whisky distilled. The principal Tillage is Bowniore, which has a convenient harbour and qna3\ Lon. 5 68 w, I at. 55 45 N. Islamabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, capital of the country of Chitti- gong ; situate on the Currumfully, near its entrance into tlie bay of Bengal, 220 miles E of Calcutta. Lon. 91 55 e, lat. 22 22 N. Islands, Bay ef, a bay of New Zea- land, at the N extremily of the most northern of the two islands that go un- der that name. In 1772, M. Diifresne IMarion, with two Frcnck sloops, put into this bay, and with 28 of his crew, were murdered by the natives. Isle Adam, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, seat- ed on the Oise, 20 miles n by vv of Paris. Isle of Beeves, an island in the bay of Campeachy, 17 miles long and 8 broad. It is fertile, and abounds in cattle and fi-uits. Itle Bouchard, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, sur- rounded by the Vienne, 21 miles ssw of Tours. Isle Dieu, a small island of France, 14 miles from the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the EngUsh in 1795, but soon after evacuated. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 46 45 N. Isle de France. See France, Isle of. Isle Jourduin, a town of France, in the department of Gers, seated on an island in llie river Save, eight miles n of Lombez. Isleworth, a village in Middlesex, seated on the Thames, nine miles w of London. Here are many elegant villas ; and near it is Sion-house, the magni- ficent seat of the duke of Northumber- and. Islington, a large village in Mid- dlesex, N of London, to w hich it is now contiguous. The New River is re- ceived at the sw end of it, into a large reservoir, whence its water is conveyed, in pipes, to all parts of the metropolis. Near this is a spring of chalybeate wa- ter, called New Tunbridge Wells. To the E of the town, is a manufacture of white lead. Ismail, a strong town of European Turkey, in Bessarbia. The Russians took it by storm in 1790; and it is said, that the long siege, and the capture, did not cost them less than 20,000 men. The brave garrison merited the highest honours, but they were massacred by 339 I S P the Russians; and the city was aban- doned to the fury of the bnita! soldiery. Ismail is seated on the n side of the Danube, 140 nules s by w of Bender, Lon. 29 30 e, lat. 45 11 N, Ismid, or Is-Nihmid, a town of Asia- tie Turkey, su]>posed to have been the ancient Nicomedia, the capital of Bi- thiiiia. It is situate ou a bay of the sea of ]\Iarmora, 45 miles Est of Con- stantinople. Lon. 29 47 E, lat, 40 37 N. Is7iio, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is the ancient Nice, famous for the first general council held here in 325. Nothing remains of its ancient s})lendoui but an aqueduct. The Jews inhabit the greater part of it ; and silk forms the principal article of trade. It is seated in a country fertile in corn and wine, GO miles SE of Constai-itinople. Lou. 30 9 E, lat. 40 13 N. Isny, a town of Suabia, with an ab- bey, called St. George, whose abbot was a state of the empire. It is seated on tlie Isny, 18 miles ne of Lindau. Isordskick, or Krotzlia, a town of Ser- via, 14 miles se of Belgrade. Ispahan, a celebrated city of Asia, capital of Persia, situated in a province of Irac-Agemi, and thought by some to be the finest city in the East. It stands in the middle of a plain, surrounded ou all sides by mountains at 8 miles dis- tance, which rise gradually in tlie form of an amphitheatre. There is no river except a small one called Sandorist, which supplies almost all the housea with water, and over which are several fine bridges. It is nearly of an oval form, and is 20 miles in circumfereMce, with well built houses and flat roofs, on which they walk, eat, and lie, in the sxnn- mer time, for the sake of the cool air. There are a great number of magnifi- cent palaces ; that of the king is two miles and a half in circumference. There are 160 mosques.lSOO large cara- vanseras, above 260 public baths, a vast number of cofl'ee-houses, and very fine streets, in which are canals, planted ou each side with trees. The streets are not paved, but are generally clean, on account of the dryness of the air; for it seldom rains or snows here. The inhabitants are computed at above 1,000,000: but the intestine broils and civil wars, with which this kingdom has been almost tcni to pieces, have greatly depopulated the principal towns. There are three large suburbs ; that called Juisa is inhabited by Armenians, Hasca- bath by Georgians, and Kebmbath by I T A fsgans. Though it is at a distance from the sea, it carries on a great trade, the people of several nations resorting there for tlie sake of traffic. It is 265 miles NE of Bassorah, 300 s of the Caspian sea, and 1400 SF, of Constantinople. LGn.52 65e, lat.23 25 N. Issel. See Yssel. Issengeaux, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, 17 miles ne of Piiy. Isseqniho, or Esseqveho, a settlement of the Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the same name, and contiguous to that of Demerara. The river is 20 miles wide at its mouth, and more than 300 in length. See Demei-ara. Issouditn, a town of France, in the department of Jndre, with a castle. Its trade is in wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings. It is seated on the 1'heols, 17 miles sw of Bourges, and 135 s of Paris. Is sur Title, a vown of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, seated on the Tille, 12 miles n of Dijon. Istepa, a town of Mexico, in the pro- \ince of Culiacan, 40 miles e by s of Culiacan. fstria, a part of ancient lUyria, a pe- ninsula of Italy, between the bay of Trieste and theQuarnaro isles, bounded by Friuli on the w, and Carnioia on the N, being 200 miles in circumference. The air is unwholC'Some, especially near the coast ; but the soil produces plenty of wine, oil, and pastures. There are also quarries of fine marble. But the chief riches of the country consists in its vast and valuable forests. One part of it belonged formerly to the Venetians ; bat the whole was ceded to the emperor, by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805, and again transferred to Bonaparte, in 1809. In 1814, however, it was re-conquered by the Anstrians, and is at present in their possession. The inhabitants are chiefly occupied in agriculture, rearing bees, fishing, and the manufacture of silk, leather, tallow, and salt. Capo d'Istria, is the capital. Italy,, one of the finest and most ce- lebrated countries of Europe ; bounded on the NNw and ne by France, Switzer- land, the country of the Orisons, and Germany ; on the e by the gulf of Ve- nice ; and on the s and w by the Medi- terranean ; its figure bearing some resem- Islance to that of a boot. Its length from Aosla, at the foot of the Alps, in Mount Blanc, Savoy, to the utmost verge of Calabria, in Naples, is about 600 miles ; bst its breadth is very unequal, in some places near 400 miles, in others not I T A above 25 or 30. It was formerly the seat of the Roman empire, and, after- wards, of that more astonishing usurpa- tion, the dominion of the pope. In the middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that of Naples held the two extremes, and the Ecclesiastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre. In more modern times the northern part became divided into a great number of states ; and pre- vious to the alterations made by the late French government, the whole country was divided in the following manner. Between the confines of France and Switzerland, on the w and n were the continental dominions of the king of Sardinia, namely. Savoy, Nice, PiecJ mont, part of the Milanese, and One- glia. To the ne are the territories of Venice, which are enumerated under that article. South of these, were the dominions of the emperor of Germany, namely, part of the Milanese and the Mantuan ; and s of the latter is the Mo- denese, which belonged to the duke of Modena. West of the Modenese is the duchy of Parma, whose sovereign is now of the family of Bonaparte ; to the swof which lay the republic of Genoa; and SE of Genoa, that of Lucca. Hence ex- tends, along the coast of the IMediterra- nean, the grand duchy of Tuscany. The pope's territories lies ne and e of Tus- cany, between the gulf of Venice and the Mediterranean ; and all s of this is the kingdom of Naples. Of the present unsettled state of this country a brief account must be given. Part of Savoy and Nice have been lately annexed to France. By the treaty of Campo For- mio, in 1797, the Venetian territories to the e and n of the river Adige were ce- ded to Austria; and the remainder of the Venetian states, with the duchies of Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of Massa, and the three le- gations of Ferrara, Bologna, and Ro- magna in the pope's dominions, were erected into a government by the French, and called the Cisalpine Re- public. This republic was overturned in 1799, but restored after the battle of Marengo, in 1800; and in 1802, it re- ceived a new constitution, under the name of the Italian Republic, and Bo- naparte, then first consul of France, was elected president. In 1805, the Italian republic was erected into a kingdom, and the emperor of France assumed the title of King of Italy. In December fol- lowing, the Austrian part of the Vene- tian states were added to its territories, by the treaty of Presburg. The king- dom was divided into departments, Rud 340 I T A tH« city of Milan was the capital. But the impoilaut changes that have lately taken place in Europe, have again de- ranged the political situation of this country. Tlie kingdom of Italy has been overturned ; and although a pant of its territories has been restored to its former possessors, yet the greater part has been provisionally occupied by Aus- trian troops, till a detinitire arrangement takes place at ihc approaching congress at Vienna. The air of Italy is very dif- ferent, according to the dili'creut situa- tions of the coiuitrics it contains: in those on the m: side of the Apennines, it is more temperaie; but on the s\v it is very warm ; in CampagMo di Roma, and the Fcriarese, it is said to be un- wholesome, from the lands not being duly cultivated, nor the marshes drain- ed ; but in the otiier parts it is generally pure, dry, and healthy. The prineij)al rivers are the Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, ftud Yar ; and there are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracciano, and Celano. The soil, in general, is very fertile. It produces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe ; excellent silk in abundance ; corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in other countries ; oran- ges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, al- monds, raisins, sugar, figs, peaches, apri- cots, pears, apples, filberts, chesnuts, &c. Most of these fruits were at first imported by the Romans from AsiaJMi- uor, Greece, Africa, and Syria, and were not the natural products of the soil. This country also yields good pasture, and abounds with cattle, sheej), goats, bulfalos, wild boars, mules, and horses. The forests are well stored with game ; and the mountains have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster, jasper, porphry, Sec. but also gold and silver, with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, shrubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal arti- cles of exportation ; and great sums of money are expended by travellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosities, re- Jic3, antiquities, &c. No country has produced better politicians, historians, poets, musicians, painters, and sculp- tors; that is, since the revival of the arts and sciences, exclusive of those of an- cient times. The Italians are generally well proportioned ; but of their com- plexion they cannot boast. With res- pect to dress they follow the fashions of the countries on which they border, or to which they are subject. They are very affable, courteous, ingenious, so- 34 1 J U A b*!r, and ready-witted ; but extrcniely jealous, vindictive, lascivious, ceremo- nious, and superstitious. In their dis- position they are a medium between the Eretich and Spaniards ; neither so gay and volatile as the one, nor so grave and solemn as the other. Their fondijcss for greens, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to their eentcntment and satisfaction; -and an Italian gentle- man or peasant can be luxurious at a very small expense. The women affect yellow hair, as did formerly the Roman ladies and courtezans, and use paints and washes, botii for their hands andfnrc. Masquerades, gaming, horse-races with- out riders, and conversations or assem- blies, are the chief diversions of the Ita- lians, excepting religious exhibitions, iii which they are pompous beyond all other nations. There are forty-one arch- bishoprics in Italy, but the bishoprics are too indefinite and arbitrary to be de- pended on; the pope creating or sup- pressing them as he pleases, Theestab- lislied religion is the Roman catholic ; but all sects live unmolested, provided no gross insalt is offered to their wor- ship. Their language, a corruption ol the Latin, is remarkable for its smooth- ness, and is said to be si>oken in its greatest purity at Florence. Further jiarticulars of this country will be found under the- names of its particular divi- sions, as Naples, &c. Itamarca. See Tamarica. Itchen, or Aire, a river in Hamj)shire, which rises near Ahcsford, flows by Winchester, and enters the bay of Sou- thampton, at the town of that name. Ilzeftoe, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, with a fortress. A duty is ex- acted here from all ships coming up the Sloer, on which river it is seated, 12 miles NNE of Gluckstadt, and 33 Nw of Hamburg. Juan, St. or Desaguadero, a river of Mexico, which is the outlet of the lake Nicaragua. It flows, from the sk cor- ner of the lake, in an easterly direction, between the provinces of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, into the Caribbean sea. Juan, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, situate at the head of the river St. Juan, 110 miles E of Nicaragua. Lon. 84 46 w, lat. 1 1 15 N. Juan, St. the capital of California, situate on the w coast, 100 miles nnv^ of Cape St. Lucar. Lon. 113 w, lat. 26 15 N, Juan de la Frontera, St. a town of Chili. Its territory contains mines gt gold, and a kind of almonds th.tt ax9 J U D very delicate. It is seated near the lake Gnanacho, on the e side of the Andes, 150 miles n of Mendoza. Lon. 70 15 w lat 32 6 s. Tuan de Fnca, Strait of, a large bay or gulf of the Pacific ocean, on the w coast of N. America. The entrance is in lon. 124 55 w, lat. 48 25 n. Jumi de Porto Rica, St. the capital of the island of Forto Rico, with a good harbour, defended by several forts. It is a bishop's sec, well built, and better inhabited than most of the Spanish toM'ns. It was taken by sir Francis Drake, and afterward by the earl ofCum- berland, who was forced to abandon it from losing most of his men by sickness. In 1616, the Dutch took and plundered this city, but could not retain it. It stands on a ])eninsula, on the N coast of the island. Lon. GG 45 w, lat. 18 29 n. Juan de Ullnia, St. a small island in the gulf of Mexico. See Vera Cruz. Juan Femandes, an island in the Pa- cific ocean, 38 leagues eastward of tlie island of Massafnero, and 380 w of the continent. It is supposed to have been inhabited by a Spaniard, whose name it retains ; but is more remarkable for hav- ing been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, whose life and adventures furnished De Foe with the ground-work of that admirable novel, Eobinson Crusoe. The island is about 40 miles in circumference, and at a dis- tance appears like a naked rock ; but tlsere are intersecting vallies covered with wood, and a great number of goats on the sides of every hill. In 1766, a settlement was made by the Spaniards, on the N and highest part of this island, at Cumberland bay, which is defended by batteries. The town is situate in a feie valley, between two high hills, and pvery house has a garden, with arbours shaded with vines, Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 33 40 s. Ivangorod. See Narva. Ivanitz, a town of Croatia, on the ri- ver Lonia, 42 miles ne of Carlstadt. Lon. IG 14 E, lat. 46 5 N. Jidio, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, v. ith a capital of the same Jiarac, subject to the Portuguese Lon. 43 20 E, lat. 50 N. Jucatan. a province of new Spain. Judenhirg, a town of Germany, capi- ta] of Upper Stiria, with a handsome castle. The public buildings, with the square, are magnificent. This town was t;i!cen by the French, in 1797. It is stated on the Muer, 40 miles w of Gratz. Loo. 14 24 E, lat. 47 10 n. Judoigne, a town of the Netherlands, 342 J U M in Brabant, near wliicli are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is sealed on the river Gete, 13 milles sse of Louvain. , Ivelchester. See Ilchester. Ives, St. a borough in Cornwall, go. verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on a bay of the same name, which being unsiife, is frequented by fishermen only. Here is a good grammar-school, found- ed by Charles I. It is eight miles ne of Penzance, and 277 w by s of London. Ives, St. a town in Huntingdonshire, with a market on Monday; seated on the river Ouse, six miles ne of Hunting- do!i, and 59 n by w of London, Ivica, an island of the Mediterranean, 66 miles sw of Majorca. It is about GO miles in circumference, and mountain- ous; but fertile in corn and fruits. A great quantity of salt is made here, highly esteemed for its whiteness. The capital, of the same name, which stands on the s side of the island, is little more than a fortress, and has a good harbour. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 38 62 N. Ivingho, a toM n in Buckinghamshire, with a market on Friday, and manufac- tures of bonelace. It is six miles sw of Dunstable, and 33 Nw of London. Julfar, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Oman, situate on a bay of the gulf of Persia, 100 miles nw of Oman. Lon. 60 14 E, lat. 25 65 N. Julien, St. a toviu of France, in tlie department of Jura, 18 miles s by w of Loiis le Saunier. Jolieii de Sault, St. a town of France, in the department of Yonne, seated be- tween two mountains, covered with vines, near the river Jonne, six miles NW of Joigny. Juliers, a fortified city of Germany, and capital of a duchy of its name. It was taken by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Roer, 22 miles w of Co- logne. Lon. 6 24 e, lat. 60 65 N. Jidiushurg, a town of Silesia, with a castle, four miles n of Oels. Jumella, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Murcia, 22 miles sw of Murcia. Jumiege, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, with a late celebrated Benedictine abbey ; seate«l on the Seine, 12 suiles sw of Rouen. Jttmmoo, or Jujnho, a town ofHin- doostan, in the country of Lahore. It is a place of considerable trade, situate on the Rawee, 80 miles ne of Lahore. Lou. 73 40 E, lat. 31 52 N. Jumna, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in tlje mountainsofSirinagur, flows SE by Delhi and Agra, and joini the Ganges, at ^Allahabad. I V R Juna^o', a to\yii and fortresis of Hin- doostan, in Guzerat, 170 miles s\v of Amedabad. Lon, 69 53 E, lat. 21 48 N. Jimien, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, on the ri- ver "N'^ienne, 15 miles w of Limoges. Jiinkscilan, an island in the Indian oeean, near the sw coast of Siara, 60 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad. The soil is Inxnriant, and it has a con- siderable trade in ivory and tin. The principal town, of the same name, is si- tuate on the N part of the island, and has a harbonr capable of receiving ves- sels of a moderate size. Lon. 98 e, lat. 8 10 N. Ivoix. See Carignan. Jura, one of the western isles of Scotland, ne of the island of Islay, on the coast of Argyleshire. It is 1 miles long, and seven broad. Some parts of the southern and western sides are fer- tile; and there are only three moun- tains on tlie whole island. These are of a eonic form, of a stupendous height, and are called the Paps of Jura. The rest of the island is flat, and generally covered with heath. A few wild roes are still seen here. J7tra, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Tranche Comte. It contains mines of iron of a superior qualit5% mines of cop- per and lead, and many quanies of black marble, jasper, and alabaster. It takes its name from Mount Jura. Lons le Sauuier is the capital. Jitra, Mount, a chain of mountains which begii's in the canton of Zurich, in Switzerland, extends along the Rhine, into the canton of Soleure and the prin- cipaUty of Neuchatel, branches out to- ward the Pays de Vaud, separates that country from France, and continues be- yond the frontiers of the Genevois as far as the Rhone. In the Pays de Vaud, this chain forms many elevated alleys; particularly one on the to-p of jiat part called Mount Joux, which is watered [by two picturesque lakes, the largest called Joux, and the other Bre- net. Ivrea, a city of Piedmont, and a bi- shop's see, with a fort, citadel, and cas- tle. The cathedral is said to have been anciently a temple of Apollo; beside which there are four other churches, and several religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, between two hills, 20 miles N of Turin, and 32 e by N of Susa. Lon. 7 48 e, lat. 45 22 N. Ivjy, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure, with a late Benedictiiae 343 I Z I abbey; seated on the Eure, ICmiTes «5 of Evreux. Ivry, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, 9 miles se of Arnay le Due. Jussey, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Saone, situate on the Amance, 15 miles NW of Vesoul, and 22 E of Langres. Jmsy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, five miles s of Aux- erre. Justin, St. a town of France, in the department of Landes, 27 miles w of Condom. Justingen, a town of Suabia, capital of a lordship, 16 miles nne of Buchau. Juterbock, a town of Saxony Proper, situate on the Angerbach, 12 miles ne of Wittenberg. Juthia, See Siam. Jutland, a large peninsula, which makes the principal part of the kingdom of Denmark. It is bounded on the se by the duchy of Holstein ; and on the other sides by the German ocean and the Baltic. It is about 180 miles in length fiiom N to s, and 50 in breadth from E to w. The air is very cold but wholesome, and the soil is fertile in corn and pastures, which feed a great num- ber of horses and beeves, which are sent to Germany, Holland, &c. This was anciently called Cimbrica Chersonesus ; and is supposed to be the country whence the Anglo-Saxons came that conquered England. It is divided into two parts, called N and S. Jutland ; the latter being the duchy of Sleswick. Ixwooth, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday, seven miles ne of Bury St. Edmund, and 77 nne of Lon- don, Jyepour, a town of Hindoostan, in Agra, capital of the territory of Jyena- gur. It is a place of great wealth, be- ing the staple for goods that are brought from the neighbouring provinces. It is 120 miles w by s of Agra. Lon. 76 34 E, lat. 26 56 N. Izere, St. a town of France, in the department of Ateuou, six miles Nw of St. Afrique. Izeron, a town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone, 10 miles sw of Lyons. Iziginsk, a town of Siberia, in the province of Okotsk, defended by lofty pahsades, and wooden bastions provided with cannon and military stores. The commerce consists of furs and the skioi of raindeer. It is seated on the Izig'o, 15 miles from its mouth, and 520 MR K A L of Okot»k. Lon. 160 10 e, lat. 63 40 K. Izquintevango, a town of Mexico, in the province of Chiapa. Ilie country about it produces cotton and a g^reat number of pineapples. It is 100 miles SE of Chiapa. Lon. 93 45 w, lat. IG ION. Kaats' Bann, a town of New York, on the w bank of Hudson's river, seven miles s of Raat's Kill, and 11 ne by N of Esopus. Kadhema, a seaport of Arabia, in the provnice of Balirin. The inhabitants arc chiefly employed in the pearl fishery. Jt is sealed on a bay of the gulf of Per- sia, 1 70 miles N by w of Lachsa. Lon. 47 36 E, lat. 28 40 N. Kalda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a castle on a hill ; seat- ed on the Saale, 30 miles s\v of Naum- burg'. Kain, See Kin. Kairvan, a cily of Tunis, the second in the kingdom for trade and popula- tion. It has the most magnificent mosque in Earbary, and is 60 miles SSE of Tunis. Lon 10 25 e, lal. 35 40 n. Kaisarieh, or Kcdsurijah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, the ca- pital of a sangiacat. It was the ancient Cesarea ofCapadoehia. It is five miles in circumference, surrounded by walls, and defended by a castle ; and is divid- ed inlo 180 quarters, in each of which is a mosque or chapel. The principal trade is in Morocco leather. It is situ- ate at the foot of a mountain, always capped with snow, 130 miles ene of Ci>gn:. Lon. 36 25 e, lat. 38 60 N. Kidiet, a town of the country of Geor- gia, in the province of ils name, which comprehends a part of the ancient Ibe- ria. It is situate near Mount Caucasus, 45 miies nne of Tcflis, and 120 Nw of Derbend. Kalau, a town of Lusatia, which has a great trade in wool, 11 miles SE of Luckau. Kidhat, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Oman, on a river of the same name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 80 miles se of Mascat. Kalis, a town of Erandenburg, in the New mark, near the frontiers ot Poland, 37 miles E of Stargard. Kedisch, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It is fcCiited on the river Prosna, surroiuided K A L by morasses and walls, 40 miles s of Gnesen. Lon. 18 5 w, lat. 52 N, Kalhas, a tribe of the Mongul Tar tars, in Chinese Tartary. They inhabit the country N of the Mongul Tartars, ]noperIy so called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of the Eluths ; and is near 300 leagues in extent from E to w. They live in tents, on the banks of their numerous rivers, the principal one called Kalka Pira. They adore a lama of the second order, who is held in such veneration, that bonzes from China, Hindoostan, Pegu, &c. come to pay their devotions at his residence in Iben Pira. Kcdiinghurg, a seaport of Denmark in the isle of Zealand, seated on an inlet of the Great Belt, with the best harbour, next to Copenhagen, on the island. It is 55 miles w by N of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 He, lat. 55 47 n. Kalmucs, a nation of Tartars, inha- biting that part of the Russian govern- ment of Caucasia, which lies between the Volga and the Ural, toward the Caspian sea. They all live in tents, and remove from place to place in quest of pasturage for their numerous cattle, consisting of horses, camels, cows, and sheep. They neither sow nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that they live without bread, or any sort of vege- table ; and, in winter, their cattle fare like tlie wild beasts. Their food is flesh (especially that of horses) fish, wild fo^^ 1, and venison ; and they have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ; but mare's milk is the most esteemed, and fiom it they make a strong spirit, to which they aie partial. They are di- vided into a number of hordes or clans, each under their own particular khan, and all acknowledge the authority of one principal khan, who is called Or- chicurtikhau, or the king of kings, and derives his pedigree from the great -Ta- merlane. All of them, however, have submitted to the government of Russia, or live under its protection. They are pagans, and beheve in the transmigra- tion of souls. In person they are of a low stature, and bow-legged, occasion- ed by their being so continually on horseback, or sitting with their legs below thern. Their faces are broad and flat, with a flat nose and little black eyes, distant from each other like the Chinese. They arc of an olivo colour, and their faces full of wrinkles, with very little beard ; they shave their heads, leaving only a tuft of hair on the crown. The better sort wear coats of stufl" or silk, with a wide surcoal of 344 K A M sheep-skins, and a cap of the same. Their only weapons were the cimeter, lance, and bow and arrow; bnt tiiey now use fire-arms. In winter tliey are obliged to cross the river, and live on the bare plains of Astracan, Avhcrc tlieir only firing is the dried dung of the cat- tle, and the cattle themselves starving on the scanty produce of a desert. Here they remain till spring, when their for- rner habitation on the e side of tlie river, is overflowed, for near a month, by the melting of the snow, and their country appears one continued sea over- grown with trees. AVhen the water subsides, they swim their loaded camels and cattle over the river, where the in- tervening islands make the passage easi- est. When they go upon an expedition, everyone takes a slieep with him for his provision, and three horses, which he rides alternately; and when any one of them fails, they kill it and divide the flesh, putting pieces of it under their saddle, and after riding some time upon it, they eat it without further prepara- tion. Their kibbets, or tents, are round, with a fire in the middle, and a hole at the top to let out the smoke, on which is a krine that can be turned against tlie wind; they are capable of being enlarged or contracted at pleasure ; the sides being made of wicker-work, and the cross sticks jointed for folding to- gether or extending ; and they are co- vered over with tliick felt, more or less according as the season is cold or warm. Kalmnnz, a tOAvn of Bavaria, in the inincipality of Neuburg, at the conflux of the Nab with tlie Vilz, 12 miles nnw of Ratisbon. Kalnich, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Braclaw, 16 miles ese of Braclaw. Kaluga, government of the Russian empire, formerly a province in the go- vernment of Moscow. Its principal town, of the same name, is seated on the Occa, 100 miles ssw of Moscow. Lon. 71 34 E, lat. 64 28 N. Kamakura, an island of Japan, three miles in circumference, lying on tiie s coast of Niphon. It is a place of exile for state prisoners ; and the coast is so steep, that they are lifted up by cranes. Kamalia, a town of Negroland, in the country of Mandingo. The inha- bitants are partly pagans, and partly Mahometans, and have manufactures of cotton, leather, and iron. It is 210 miles WNW of Kong. Lon. 6 w, lat. 12 ION 345 K A M Kamlxtia, a ridge of mountains in Tibet, between the lake Palte and the river Buriampooter. Kamenitz, a town of Bohemia, in th» circle of Bechin, 27 miles e by n of Bc« chin. Kaminieck, a strong town of Poland capital of Podolia, and a bishop's see, with a castle. When the Russians seiz- ed part of the Polish territories in 1793, tliis fortress held out a long time, but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle is seated on a craggy rock, 8u miles w of Braclaw, and 100 se of Lemburg. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 48 68 N. Katimitz, a town of Bohemia, in tlia circle of Leitmeritz, with a manutkc- ture of stockings, 21 miles nne of Leit- meritz. Kamtsclmtka. a peninsula on the eastern coast of Asia, extending from 52 to 61 N lat. the longitude of its extre mity to the s being 166 45 e. The isthmus joining it to the continent on the N lies between the gulf of Olutorsh and Penshink ; and its extrei-nity to the s is Cape Lopatka. Its greatest breadth is 236 computed miles, being from the mouth of the river Tigril to that of the river Kamtschatka ; and toward each extremity it gradually becomes narrow- er. On the N it is bounded by the country of the Koriacs ; by the North Pacific ocean to the s and e ; and by the sea of Okotsk to the w. A chain of high mountains from N to s extends the whole length of the peninsula, and almost equally divides it ; whence seve- ral rivers rise, and take their course into the Pacific ocean, and the sea of Okotsk. Stunted trees are thinly scattered over the whole face of the country, whose bottoms are mossy, with a mixture of low heath; the whole resembling New- foundland in a most striking degree. This disadvantage of soil, however, is not universal; for some parts produce tolerably good hay. The severity of the climate, is in proportion to the ste- rility of the soil. Four months, com- mencing at midsummer, may be consi- dered as forming their spring, summer, and autumn, the reat of the year is all dreary winter. I'hey have great quan- tities of wholesome vegetables in a wild state, such as chervil, garlic, onions, an- gelica, and wild celery, with some excel- lent turnips, and turnip radishes, upon a few spots of ground in the valleys ; and this is the utmost extent of their garden cultivation. They have a variety of wild berries, which are gathered at pro- ner seasons, and preserved by mashing KAN them into a thick jam. These consti- tute a considerable part of the winter provisions, serving as a general sauce to their dried fish, which are the staple article of food among the inhabitants, who caimot derive any considerable part of their sustenance either from agricul- ture or cattle. They, however, obtain some from their forests, particularly Ihe bear. The people of Kamtschatka may be said to consist of three sorts, Ihe Kamtschadales, the Russians, and Cos- sacks, ajid a mixture produced by their intermarriages. The habitations of the natives consist of three difterent kinds, which they call jourts, balagans, and fog-houses. They inhabit the first in winter, and tlie second in summer ; in the third, introduced by the Russians, only the wealthy people reside. The external appearance of a jourt resem- bles a round, squat hillock ; a hole serv- ing for a chimney, window, and door, is left in the centre, and t!ie inhabitants go Ui and out by the assistance of a long pole, having notches deep enough to afford a little security for the toe. The upper garment of the Kanitschadales resembles a waggoner's frock; if for summer wear, it is made of nankeen ; if intended for winter, it is made of a skin, Iiaving one side tanned, and the hair preserved on tliC other, which is worn innermost ; a close jacket of nan- keen, or other cotton stuff, is the next under this; and, beneath that, a shirt made of thin Persian silk, of any colour. They wear long breeches, and boots, made of skins, v/ith the h:iir innermost. They have also a fur cap, with two traps, that are usually tied up close to the head, but are let to fall round the should- ers in rough weather. They are subject to the Russians, and their trade consists iu fur and skins. Kamtscliatlioi , Niznei, a town of Si- beria, capital of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, arsenal, and barracks. It is seated on the n side of the river Kamt- schatka, 20 miles from its mouth. JLon. 161 50 E, lat. 5G 30 n. Kamtschalhoi, Verchni, a town of Si- beria, in Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 miles sw of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. Kandegheri, a town of Ilindoostan, in the Carnatic. In 1599 it was the capital of a kingdom, called Narsinga, Ihe residence of a Hindoo king, whose dominions extended over I'aujore and Madura ; and in 1640, a descendant of that prince, who reigned here, pertnit- ted the English to form a settlement at K A S Madras. It is 70 miles nw of Madraf , Lon. 79 24 E, lat. 13 46 N. Kanem, a town of the empire of Bor- nou, in a province of the same name, whore are bjed multitudes of cattle and horses. It is seated on the Gazel, 150 miles NNw of Eornou. Kmiiow, a strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiow, seated near the Dnieper, 62 miles s by e of Kiow, and 100 NE of Braclaw. Kanisca, a strong town of Lower Hungary, capital of the county of Sala- war ; seated on the Drave, 100 miles s by E of Vienna. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 46 55 N. Kan-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. Its district contains 12 cities of the third class ; and the soil produces a great number of trees, whence distils a fine varnish, which is reckoned the best in China. It is seated on the Kan-kiang, 840 miles s of Peking. Lon. 115 2 e, lat. 25 52 N. Kao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quang- tong. In its vicinity is found a kind of marble, that represents, naturally, rivers, mountains, landscapes, and trees : it is cut into leaves, and made into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou stands on a navigable river, 36 miles from the sea, and 1130 ssw of Peking. Lon. 145 36 E, lat. 21 40 N. Kaposwar, a fort of Lower Hungary, on the river Kapos, which washes its walls. It is 55 miles w of Tolna. Lon. 18 13 E, lat, 46 31 N. Karaidssar. See Aphiom. Karasuhazar, a town of the Crimea, noted for its noI)le antique bath, and an ancient manufacture of leather from the skins of Tauric goats. It is situate on the Karasu, in a dehghtful valley, 34 miles w of Caffa. Karek, or Garali, an island in the NE part of the gulf of Persia, five miles long and two broad ; where ships bound for Bassora generally call for pilots. Lon. 50 28 fe, lat. 29 15 N. Karlehy, Gamla, a seaport of Swe- den, in JlASi Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship-bwildiug; seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karleby, 90 miles n by e of Christmestadt. Lou, 22 20 E, lat. 63 .56 N. Karhhy, Ny, a town of Sweden, in East Botlniia, on the river Lappojock, six miles from the sea, and 20 s of Gamla Karleby. Kasan, a country of the Russian em* 340 KAY pire, lying on both sides of the Volgav It was loniierly an indepemlent king- dom, belonging lo tlic Kalmucs, to whom the dukes of ^Moscow, witli other petty principahtics of Russia, wore tri- butary. But, in 1562, Ivan Bassilowitz II. conquered Kasan, which now forms the three Russian governments of Ka- san, Simbirsk, and I'cnza. Kasan, a city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It has a strong stone fort, several churches, almost all of them built with stone, and eleven con- vents ; and there are several suburbs, one of them inhabited by Tartars. At one end of the city is a manufactme of cloth for the ainiy. It is seated on the rivulet Kasauka, where it enters the Volga, 420 miles e of Moscow. Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55 44 N. Kataha, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a citadel; situate in a fertile coun- try, near a river w hich runs into the sea at Aden, 75 miles N of Aden. Lou. 44 39 E, lat. 13 54 N. Katif, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Bahrin. It is built of rock salt, and stands on the gulf of Persia, 95 miles N of Lachsa. Lon. 48 38 E, lat. 27 40 N Kauga, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the empire of Bor- nou. It is seated on a large lake, 280 miles s by E of Eornou. Lon. 23 30 E, lat. 15 50 N. Kaukehan, a town of Arabia, in Ye- men, situate on a mountain, almost in- accessible, 20 miles w of Sana. Kannitz, a town and castle of Mora- via, situate on a mountain, on the river Igla, 11 miles ssw of Brinn. Kaurzim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which pro- duces much timber. It stands on a river which runs into the Elbe, 26 miles ESE of Prague. Kaye Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, near the w coast of North Ame- rica, 30 miles long and 4 broad, disco- vered by Cook in 1778. Its ne point is a naked rock, considerably elevated ; and the other parts of it abound in small valleys, filled with pine-trees, but of no extraordinary growth. Lon. 144 48 w, lat. 59 56 N. Kayesersherg, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, five miles NW of Col mar. Kaysersech, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves, 12 miles w of Cob- lentz. Kuyserglautern, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. In 347 K E L 1793 it way taken by the FrcncJi, who the year following, were surjuiscd in their infrenchuicnts nearit, by the Aus- trians, and defeated. It is seated on the Lauter, 28 miles sw of Worms. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 49 27 N. Kayserstuhl, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden,, with a castle, seated on the Rhine, eight miles se of Zurzach. Kayserswert, a town of Cermanj', in the tenitory of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, seven miles nnw of Dussel- dorf. Kazimiers, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin, Aviih a castle, situ- ate on a hill, on the Vistula, 30 miles wsw of Lublin. Kazi-oon, a town of Persia, in Farsis- tan, of considerable extent, but many parts of it are in ruins, it is 70 miles wsw of Shiras. Kecho. See Cachao. Kedleston, a village in Derbyshire^ three miles nnw of Derby ; noted for its medicinal spring much resorted to in summer, and the most elegant seat of the earl of Scarsdale. Keene, a town of New Hampshire, in Cheshire county, 25 miles s by e of Charleston, and 95 w by s of Ports- mouth. Keff, or Keffts, a town of the king- dom of Tunis, with a citadel ; situate on the side of a hill, with a plentiful source of water, 70 miles wsw of Tu- nis. Kejil, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi, 14 miles s of Helleh ; cele- brated for the tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, which is annually visited by a number of Jews. Kehl, a strong fortress of Suabia, seat- ed on the Rhine, over w hich is a bridge to Strasburg ; it is an important pass be- tween France and Germany. It was taken by the French in June 1796 ; re- taken by the Austrians on Septembei 18 following ; but the French regained possession of it the same day. Keighley, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, and ma- nufactures of woollen cloths, cottons, and 1 indseys. It stands near the river Aire, 12 miles N of Halifax, and 206 N by w of London. Keith, a town of Scotland, in BanfT- shire, with manufactures of flax, 12 miles ssw ^ of CuUen, and 42 nw of Aberdeen. Kelbra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, near the river Helm, 10 miles S of Stolberg. Kelheim, a town and castle of Baya* KEN TJa, with a IVsuciscau convent, a consi- derable brewery, and extensive maga- zines of salt. It is situale at the con- flux of the Altrauhl and Danube, 10 miles ssw of Ratisbon Kvlls, a borough of Ireland, in East Meath, on the river Blackwater, 12 miles N by vv of Trim. Kelso, a town of Scotland, in Rox- biirgshire, with a bridge over the Tweed, below the influx of the Teviot. Tlie abbey, magnificent ruins of which still remain, was founded by David I. Here are manufactures of carpeting, flannels, leather, linen, and shoes. It is 10 miles NNE of Jedburg, and 20 sw of Ber- wick. ■>- Kemi, oT Kiemi. See Kimi. Kemmoo, a town of Negroland, capi- tal of a country, lying to the w of Bam- bara. It is 340 miles w of Sego. Lon. 7 46 w, lat. 14 15 N. Kempten, a town of Suabia, with a late princely abbey of the Benedictine order. It has a great trade in linen, and is seated on tiie Iller,45 miles s by w of Augsburg. Keu, a river in Westmorland, wliicb flows by Kendal, and enters the sandy wash of Lancashire, called Morcambe Bay. It has a cataract near its month, which obstructs the navigation. Ken, a river of Scotland, which rises in the nvv part of Kirkcudbrightshire, Sows to New Galloway, thence ex- pands into a lake, four miles long and one broad, and then joins the river Dee. Kendul, a town in Westmorland, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Ken, over l\'hicii are two stone bridges, and one of wood leading to the castle, which is wow iu ruins. It has a spacious church, and a freeschool endowed with some exhibitions to Queen's college in Ox- ford. Here are manufactures of coarse woollen, woven and knit stockings, cottons, leather, fish-hooks, wool-cards, and gunpowder. It has seven trading companies, who have each a hall ; and its trade is very considerable, notwith- standing the disadvantage of its river for water carriage. It is 46 miles s of Carlisle, and 262 nnw of London. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 54 15 N. Kenilworth, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Wednesday. Here ■was a famous castle, the remains of which form one of the most picturesque objects in the kingdoni. It is five miles N of Warwick, and 95 Nw of London. Kenmare, a town of Ireland, in (be KEN county of Kerry, at the hea3 of a river or bay of the same name, 26 miles SSE of Tralee. Kennet, a river of England, which rises among the chalky hills in Wilt- shire, and flows to Newbury, in Berk- shire, where it becomes navigable : it ia then augmented by the Larnborn, and runs to Reading, below which it enters the Thames. • Kensington, a village in Middlesex, one mile w of London. Here is aro^al palace, formerly a seat of the lord chan- cellor Finch, and purchased of that nobleman by William HI. The gar- dens have since been considerably aug- mented, by upward of 350 acres taken from Hyde-park ; and they are now a fashionable promenade. Kent, a county of England, 58 miles long and 36 broad ; bounded on the n by the Thames and the German ocean, e by the same ocean, SE and s by the En glish channel and Sussex, and w by Sur- ry. It contains 935,600 acres ; is divid- ed into five lathes, subdivided into 61 small hundreds, and 408 parishes ; has 2 cities, and 2y market towns ; and sends 18 members to parliament. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 373,095. In the soil and face of the country there is a great diversity. I'he banks of the Thames are low and marshy, but back- ed by a range of chalky eminences, sometimes rising to a moderate height. This kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barrenness, extends to the ne extre- mity of the county, and thence round to Dover, exhibiting its nature in the lofty white cliffs, which here bound the island, and produce that striking appearance at sea which gave it the name of Albion. The s part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat and woody tract, of a clayey soil, and fertile. The midland and western districts are a mixture of hill and vale, arable and pasture, equal in pleasant- ness to any part of England. This county produces, beside the usual ob- jects of agriculture, large quantities of hops ; fruit of various kinds, especially cherries and apples, of which there are large orchards for the London markets ; madder for dying; timber in the vvoody parts ; and birch twigs for brooms, which form no inconsiderable article of trade for the metropolis. The country inland from Dover, consisting chiefly of open downs, is excellent for the feeding of sheep ; and many bullocks are fattened to an extraordinary size in Romney Marsh. The principal rivers, beside the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, aud Roi'-cr. The cities of Kent r»48 KEN •re Canterbury and Rochester, but Maidstone is the coinity-town. Kentaiff'e, a ridge of mountains, in the % part of Tibet, bordering on Hindoos- tan. On the w side of this ridge are the two heads of the Ganges, and from its e side issues the Bnrrainpooter. KetUuch/, one of the United States of America, i350 miles long and from 30 to 190 broad ; bounded on tlie N by the Ohio, E by Virginia, s by Tennessee, and w by the Mississippi and the Ohio. It is divided into 14 counties, Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, Jefferson, Nelson, Madison, Woodford, Mason, Washington, Clark, Scott, Logan, and Franklin. The other principal rivers are the Kentucky, Licking, Green, Cumber- land, and Great Kanliaway. The soil is amazingly fertile in the central part; to the E and w it is mountainous, and the s is principally composed of the Bar- rens, a sterile country destitute of water. Tobacco, hemp, cotton, and the differ- ent grains of Europe, but particularly maize and wheat, are cultivated. The ronntr}', in general, may be considered as well timbered, producing large trees of many kinds: those peculiar to it are the sugar-tre«, which grows in great plenty, and furnishes excellent sugar ; and the honey-Iocust,whicb is surround- ed by large thorny spikes, bearing broad and long pods in form of peas, has a sweet taste, and makes excellent beer. Here are also the coffee-tree, papwa, cucumber, black mulberry, wild cherry, buck-eye, and som? other kinds of trees not common else*vhe;e. There is plen- ty of fine cane, on which the cattle feed : it grows from tlircc to twelve feet liigh, with joints at eight or ten inches distance along the stalk, from which proceed leaves resembling those of the willow. Where no cane grows there is abundance of wild rye, clover, and buf- falo-grass. The mountainous parts pro- duce a great quantity of ginseng. Iron ore and lead are found in abundance; and there are many large caves, some of which extend above a mile under a limestone rock, sujipoitcd b)' curious arches and pillars. I'he waters produce plenty of fish and fowl; and espeGJaUy on the Ohio, the geese and ducks are amazingly numcroHS. The land fowls are turkies : a species of grouse, whicli the inhabitants call pheasants ; and quails, to which they give the name of part-ridges. Serpents are not namerous, and such as are to be found in other parts of the continent, except the bull, t-he horned, and the mockason snakes. Among the native animals are deers, 349 K E R bears, wild cats, wolves, beavers, olters, foxes, rabbits, squirrels, racoons, and opossums. Most of the species of the domestic quadrupeds have been intro- duced since the settlements, such as horses, cows, sheej>, and hogs. Frank- fort is the capital. Kentucky, a river in the state of its name, which rises in the Laurel moun- tains, and after a general nw course of 200 miles, enters the Ohio in lat. 38 42 N. It is navigable 150 miles. Its banks may rather be called precipices, for al- most every where, they consist of three or four hundred feet of a solid perpendi- cular limestone rock ; in some parts of a fine white marble, curiously arched, pillared, or blocked up into fine build- ing stones. Kentzingen, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, on the river EIz, 13 miles nnw of Friburg. Kercolaiig, an island in the Indirai ocean, about 80 miles in circumference. The face of the country seems io b:> steep hills and extensive valleys . ;:a every part to be covered with trees :ind verdure, with some pleasant cultivated grounds. The inhabitants are Malays, Lon. 126 30 E, lat. 4 28 N. Kerguelen Lcoid, an island in the Sou- thern ocean, visited by captain Cook, in 1776. For its sterility, it might pro- perly have been called the Island of De- solation; but captain Cook was unwil- ling to rob M. Kerguelen of the honour of its bearing his name. On the ne coast is a good and safe bay, named Christmas Harbour. Lon. 69 4 e, lat. 48 41 s. Kerhut, a town of Curdistan, the ca- pital of a government and residence of a pacha. It is surrounded by walls, and defended by a castle, 135 miles ssE of Betlis. Lon. 44 58 e, lat. 35 48 N. Herman, a province of Persia, lying on the gulf of Persia. The northcin part hi barren, but toward the south the land is fertiSe. Many sheep are bred here, and the inhubitauis drive a great trade in their wo; ' Kerman, or Sirga:i. a (■'ixy of Pcr^: . capital of the province ' <' Kerman. 1* is celebrated for its beau :'V,1 notlen. carpels, and stufl's. It is 120 nnles n by w of Gombron. Lon. 55 15 e, lat. 29 20 N. Kfirperi, a town of Germanj', in tiie duchy of Juiiers. ' It has a collegiate church, and is seated on the Lift, 14 miles SSE of Juiiers. Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 57 miles lung^ and 45 broyd ; bounded on the E bj" tiis K E X eoHnties, of Liiiiciick and Cork, w by the Atlantic ocean, N by the Shannon, which separates it from Thomond, and s by Desmond and the ocean. It is di- vided into 84 parislies, contains about 107,000 inhabitants, and sends four members to parliament Tiie soutliern part is plain, and fertile in corn ; but the greater part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for grazing. Considerable quantities of beef, butter, hides, and tallow, are exported from its excellent harbours. Tralee is the capital. Kertch, a seaport and fortress on the E coast of the Crimea, near the N en- trance of the strait of Caffa. This for- tress, and that of K^^nikal, are of the greatest impoitance, as they command foe passage wisicb for>«s the communi- cation between the sefv of A soph and the Black sea. It is 60 miles KNEof Catfa. Lon. So 24 E, lat. 45 21 N. Keschim, a seajjoit of Arabia Felix, in Iladramaiit, 80 miles e of Shibam. Lon. 60 50 I-:, lat. 15 25 n. Kesh, oi- Sebz, a town of Usbec Tar- tary, in Bokharia, once the ordinary summer residence of Timur, who sur- rounded it with walls, and built a new- palace, in 1379. It is 35 miles s by w of Samarcand. Kessel, a town of the Netherlands, in Prussian Gelderland, with a handsome castle, seated on the Maese, seven miles N of Ruremonde. Kesseldorf, a village of Upper Sax- ony, seven miles w of Dresden, cele- brated for a victory gained by the king of Prussia over the Saxons, in 1745. Kesiiick, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday ; seated in a vale of its name, near the rapid river Greeta. This vale is raueh visited by the admi- rers of nature : here is the lake of Kes- vt^ick, or Derwent-water ; and to the N of this soars the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished in Eng- land. Keswick has manufactures of stuffs, flannels, &c. It is 25 miles nw of Kendal, and 291 nnw of London. Kettering, a town in Northampton- shire, with a market on Friday, and manufactures of tammies, serges, last- ings, &c. It is 12 miles ne of North- ampton, and 74 NW of London. Keiischberg; or Kiade, a town of tap- per Saxony, in Misnia, six miles se of Mersburg. Kew, a village in Surry, seven miles w by s of London. Here is a royal pa- lace, built by his present Majesty ; and a stone bridge over the Thames, lo Brentford. Kexliolm. See Wiburg. K I A KexJiohn, a town of Russia, in th* government of Wiburg, seated on two islands in the river Woxon, which here flows into Lake Ladoga. The houses arc built of wood, but it is well fortified, and has a strong castle. It is 60 miles NE of Wiburg, and 67 N of Petersburg. Lon. 30 25 E, lat. 61 3 N. Keyns/tam, a town in Somersetshire, witii a market on Thursday, and a trade in malt ; seated on the Chew, at its con- flux with the Avon, five miles se of Bristol, and 114 w of London. Khai'kof , or Chai'Iiow, a government of the Russian empire, formerly comprised in the government of Ukrania-SIovod- skaia. Its capital, of the .same name, is seated on the Uda, which flows into the Donetz, 400 miles s by w of Mos- cow. Lon. 85 54 e, lat. 60 10 N. Khiva, the capital of the country of Charasm. It has a strong wail of earth, with three gates, turrets at small dis- tances, and a broad ditch full of water. The houses are low, mostly built with mud, the roofs flat, and coveied with earth. It stands on a rising ground, amid fertile plains, 210 miles nw of Bok- hara. Lou. 59 20 w, lat. 40 50 N. Klium. See Kom. Kia-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Tche-kiang. The streets have beautiful piazzas, that shelter passengers from the sun and rain; and there is scarcely a house M'here they do not breed silkworms. There are many triumphal arches, both in the city and subui bs ; and several marble towers on the sides of a canal to the w of the city. It is 590 miles SSB of Pcki'^g. Lon. 120 14 e, lat. 30 50 N. KiaJita, a town of Siberia, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tartary. It has a considerable fur trade, and is the centre of the Rhs- sian and Chinese commerce. It stands on a small river, near its conflux with the Seienga, 75 miles ssw of Selenginsk. Lon. 106 30 e, lat. 60 20 N. Kiarigari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, chief place of a sangiacat, with a castle on a rock. It is 230 miles E of Bursa. Lon. 34 47 E, lat. 39 66 N. Kiang-nan, a province of China, bounded on the w by Ho-nan and Hou- quang, s by Tche-kiang and Kian-si, E by the gulf of Nan-king, and n by Chan- tong. It is of vast extent, and contains 14 cities of the first rank, and 93 of the second and third, which are very popu- lous, and of the greatest note for ti ade in the empire. It is full of lakes, rivers and canals; and its silks, cottons, jsir panned goods, and paper, are in high 350 K I D esteem. In the citj' of Chanpjii alone tlicre are 200,000 weavers of plain cot- tons and muslins. Nan-king is the ca- pital. Kiang-ning. See Naii-Jm^. Kiang-si, a province of China, bound- ed on the N by Kiang-nan, \v by Hoii- quang, s by Quang-tong, and e by Fo- kien andTche-kiang. The N part con- tains the great Po-yang lake, and some extensive morasses ; the middle and s parts abound in mountains, but there are fine valleys among them. It con- tains 13 cities of the first rank, and 78 of the second and third. The arrack in this province is excellent ; and its porce- lain is the finest and most valuable of tlie empire. Nan-tchang is the capi- tal. Kian-ku, the largest river of Asia. It rises on the n borders of Tibet, flows e to the confines of Tartaiy, then s through Lower Tibet into China, entering the province of Yunnan, where it turns to the E, and crossing the provinces of Se- tchuen, Hou-quang, and Kiang-nan, en- ters the Eastern ocean opposite the is- land of Tsoug-ming, after a course of about 2200 miles. Near its source it is called, by the Eleuths, Porticho or Pot- chow. At the place where the Kian- ku bends to the s, it is on the opposite side of tlie mountains which give rise to the Hoan-ho; and these two great rivers afterward part to the distance of above 1000 miles, yet finally discharge themselves into the same sea at about the distance of 100 miles from each other. Kiburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle, seated on the Theofi", 14 miles ene of Zurich. Kidderminster, a corporate town in Worcestershire, with a market on Thurs- day, and manufactures of carpets, pop- lins, crapes, bombazeens, &c. The Staf- ffmishire and Worcestershire canal pas- ses this place. It is seated on the river Stour, 14 miles se of Bridgenorth, and 126 NW of London. Kidge, a town of Persia, capital of the province of Mecran. It is fortified, and seated on the Nehenk, 630 miles sw of Caadahar. Lon. 63 30 E, lat. 26 15 N. Kidwelly, a town of Wales, in Cacr- marthenshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. It stands on a creek of the Bristol channel, and has a canal to some collieries, whence coal is brought dovni and exported. Here is also an iron foundery, and a tin mill. On the opposite bank of the creek, where the old town formerly stood, are 351 K I L the remanis of a castle. It is eight miles s of Caermarthen, and 22G w by n of London. Kiel, a strong town of Lower Saxony, in Holstcin, with a castle, and a univer- sity. It stands on a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic, and has a commodious harbour for ships of the largest size. It is one of the most commercial places in Holstcin; audits trade is augmented l)y means of the Eydcr canal to Rcnds- burg. Kiel is 37 miles nw of Lubcf", and 46 n by e of Hamburg. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 54 21 N. Kien-niiig, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the conquest of China by t!j^ Tartars, it sustained two sieges, in the last of which it was taken, and all the inhabitants were put to tiie sword. It was afterwards re-established by the Tartars, and is a place of considerable trade. It stands on the river Min-ho, 260 miles se of Nan-king. Lon. 117 2 E, lat. 27 5 N, Kien-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiasig-si, seated in a fertile country, 340 miles ssw of Nan-king, Lon, 116 35 E, lat. 27 35 N, Kieou-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, situate on the Kian-ku, immediately above the intkix of the Poyang-i)ou. It is the rendezvous of all the barks which pass to and from other places in this province, and the provinces of Kiang- nan and Hou-quang. It is 250 miles sw of Nan-king. Lon, 116 e, lat. 29 64 N. Kilharchan, a village of Scotland, on the w side of Loch Winnoch, five miles sw of Renfrew, It is a maniilactunng place, and has extensive bleach fields. Kilbeggan, a borough of Ireland, in W. Meath, seated on the Bosna, 14 miles E of Athlone, and 42 w of Dub- lin, Kilbride, a town of Scotland, in La- narkshire, noted for its cotton manufac- tures, and for being the birthplace of Dr, William Hunter and his brother John, two celebrated anatomists. It is six miles s by e of Glasgow, Kilcalmonil, a town of Scotland, in Argyleshire, and in the peninsula of Cantyre, 17 miles n of Campbelton. Kilda, St. an island of Scotland, ojjs of the Hebrides, 28 miles to the w of North Uist. It is three miles long and two broad, fenced about with one con- tinued perpendicular face of rock, of prodigious height, except at the landing- place, on the se, wheJ'e there is a f- K I L TOW aisd steep passage (o a village on the top of the rock. The surface of the fslaiid is hilly ; beit it f eds many sheep, and produces ])lenly uf barley and po- tatoes. j\Iaiiy of the inhabitants live chiefly by fishing, and latching- wild fowls. In the hitter employment, they are incredibly adventinons ; being let down by a rope from the summit of the precipitous rocks, and tlieu clamber along- their fronts, in search of the eggs and nejts of various birds. St. Kiida is the most westerly island belonging to Great Britain. Lon. 8 23 v.', lat, 57 43 N. Kildare, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lcinster, 37 miles long and 20 broad; bounded on the E by Dui)Iin and Wicklow, w by Kings connty and Queens county, n by East IMeath, and f by Catlierlough. It is divided into 100 parishes, contains about 56,000 in- habitants, and sends two members to parliament. The ])rinc!jiai rivers are tke Lilfey, Barrow, and Boyne. It is a. very fertile and arable country. The capital is of tlie same name ; but the assizes are held alternately at Athy and Naas. Kildare, a borong'!i of Ireland, caj)ital ©f a county of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is chiefly supported by frequent horse-races on wluit is called t\m Curragh, a fine lofty plain, con- taining upwards of 3000 acres, «liich feeds a great number of sheep. It is 27 miles sw of Dublin. Lon. 6 37 w, lat. 53 9 N. Kilfeiiora, a town of Ireland, in 'the county of Clare, and a bishop's see uni- ted to Killaloe. It is a small place, 12 miles Nw of Ennis. Kilgarron, a town of Wales, in Pem- brokeshire, with a market on Wednes- day. Here are the remains of a castle, on a high rock ; and near it are large works for fabricating tin plates. It is seated on the Tyvy, 30 miles n of Pem- broke, and 231 WNW of Loudon. Kilhuni, a town in East Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday, 31 miles liNE of York, and 200 N of London. liilia, a fortified town of European Turkey, in Bessarbia, on an island, at the moniii of the Danube. It was taken by the Russians in 1790, but restored at liie subsequent peace. It is 86 miles sw of Bialogorod, Lon. 28 46 e, lat. 45 22 N. Kilkevny, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lcinster, 40 miles long and 20 broad; bounded on the E by Catlierlough and Wexford, w by Tip- f'zrary, n by Queens county, and s by K I L Waterford, It is divided into 1,27 pa. rishcs, contains about 100,000 inhabi- tants, and sends three membcis to par- liament. 'I'll e surface is in general level^. and tlie soil fertile. Wool is a consi- derable article of trade; and it is par- ticularly noted for its coal, which makes no smoke in burning. The j)rincipal rivers are the Barrow, Snir, and Noie. liillieuni/, a borough of Ireland, ea^ pital of a county of the same name, situate on tlie river Nore, over which are two bridges. Irishtown, on tlie e &ide of (he river, is joined to it, and both together form one of the most pojiulous and commercial towns in Ireland. It once had a bishop ; and the calhedral, which stands in Irishtown, belongs to the bishop of Ossory. The chief ma- nnfactures are coarse woollens and fine blankets. It is 26 miles n of Water-, ford, and 64 sw of Duldin. Lon. 7 32 w, lat. 52 36 n. KiUala, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, and a bishop's see uni- ted with Achonry. It stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to wliich it gives name, 24 miles n of C'astiebar. Lou. 9 42 w, lat. 54 8 N. Killaloe, a town of Iieland, in the county of Clare, and a bishop's see uni- ted with Kilfenora. It is seated on the Shannon, over which is a bridge, 10 miles NNE of Limerick. Killawj Bay, a bay oi Ireland, on the E coast of the island of Arranmore, in the county of Galway. Lon. 9 36 w, lat. 52 44 N. KillariLeij, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, on the side of a cele- brated lake of the same name, 14 miles s.. ofTralee. Killarney, a lake of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough Lean, from its being surrounded by high mountains. It is divided into three jiarts, called the Lower, Middle, and Upper Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is six miles long and three broad. On the side of one of the mountains is O'SuIlivan's cascade, which falls above 70 feet int© the lake with a tremendous roar; and opposite this cascade is the island of Innistallen, Avhieh contains 18 Irish acres. The promontory of Mucruss divides the upper from the lower lake, and ou passing round its extremity into the up])er lake, there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, which prodUeH wonderful echos. I'he upper lake is four lailes long and two broad, and from the mountains descend a number of beautiful cascades. I'he islsuiis iu 36S K 1 L his lake are numerous, and afford hu amazing- variety of picturesque views. The centre lake, which communicates witli the upper, is small in comparison with the other two, and cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores are indented with bays, surrounded by dark groves of trees. The e boundary is formed by the base of Mangerton, down the steep side of which descends a cascade, visible for 150 yards: this fail of water is supplied by a lake, near the summit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch-bowl. Killcullen, a town of Iieland, in the lounty of Kildare, on the river Liffey, ver which is abridge, nine miles tSEof Kildare, and 25 sw of Dublin. Killenaide, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, 10 miles ene of Cashel. Killevan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, eight miles sw of Moiiaghan. KUhngley, a town of Connecticut, in Windham county, situate on the Quinabaug, 18 miles ne of Wind- ham. Killony, a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, six miles s of Sligo. Killough, or Port St. Ann, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, to the N of St. John's point, in the Irish sea, A rock stands in the middle of the entrance of its harbour, covered at half flood. Here is a manufacture of salt. It is six miles sse of Downpatrick. Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 54 14 N. Killyhegs, a borough of Ireland, in the countj" of Donegal, with a spacious harbour on the N side of Donegal bay, 13 miles xw of Rallyshannon. Lon. 8 6 w, lat. 54 40 N. Killylecigh, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, with a linen and thread manufacture. The celebrated lir Hans Sloane was born in this town, t is seated on an arm of Strangford uough, 35 miles ne of Newry. Kilmacduagh, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and a bishop's see united to Clonfert. The ruins of tiie cathedral, a monastery, &c. denote the former consequence of this now wretched place. It is 12 miles N of E/\iiis. Kilmacthomas, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, 12 miles wsw of Waterford. Kilmainhsm, a town of Ireland, in a valley, about half a mile w of Dublin. It has a session-house, a gaol, a found- ling hospital, and an hospital for invalid ioldiers. Here the knights for the coun- 363 K I N ty of Dnblin are elected; and it was the seat of government, before the cas- tle at Dublin was appropriated to that purpose. Kilmallock, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, 18 miles s of Limerick. Kilmarnock, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ayrshire. Beside the parish chiu-ch there arc four other places of worship. It has a manufacture of car- pets, serges, and other woollen goods, and a trade in saddlery, leather, &c Near it are the remains of Dean castle, the seat of the earls of Kilmarnock, in the desolate condition in which it was reduced by fire in 1735. It is seated near the Irvine, 11 miles nne of Ayir, and 20 ssw of Glasgow. Lon. 4 28 w, lat 65 40 N. Kilmaurs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a trade in cutlery, two miles Nw of Kilmarnock. Kilmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan, and, with Armagh, is a bishop's see. It is three miles sw of Cavan. Kilrermy, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, two miles NE of Anstruther. Kilsyth, a town of Scotland, in Stir- lingshire. The vicinity abounds with coal and iron-stone ; of the latter abowt 5000 tons are sent annually to Carron. It is 15 miles sw of Stirling, and 15 ne of Glasgow. Kilwinning, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire. Here are the remains of a magnificent monastery ; the steeple and part of the church are in a good state of repair. The vicinity abounds in limestone and coal. It is seated near the Garnoch, five miles nnwj of Ir- vine. Kimberworth, a village in West York- shire, two miles w of Rotherham, noted for its woollen and linen manufac- factiues. Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdon- shire, with a market on Friday. Here is a castle, the seat of the duke of Man- chester, where queen Catharine, first wife to Henry VHL, died in 1635. It IS eight miles nw of St. Neot, and 63 N by w of London. Kimi, or Kiemi, a town of Sweden, in East Bothnia, on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles e of Tornea. Kiyi, or Kain, a town of Persia, in the province of Chorasan, situate at the foot of a mountain, 60 miles ssw of Herat. Kinbnm, a fortress pf Russia, on the A a K I N s side of llie estuary of the Dnieper. It has been fiequentl}' attacked by the Turks, by land and sea, but M'ithout success. It is 18 miles sse of Oczakow, on tiie opposite side of the Dnieper. Lon. 30 34 E, lat. 46 28 N. Kincardine, a town of Scotland, in Perthsliire,in a district almost surround- ed by Clackmannanshire, with a com- medioHS harbour, and a good road in the frith of Forth. Sliip-bijilding; is car- ried on to a great extent, and the coast- ing and foreign trade is considerable. It is lour miles se of Alloa, and 22 s by w of Perth. Kincardine, a town of Scotland, ki Rossshire, with a small harbour, on the frith of Dornoch, 14 miles vf by n of Tain. Kincardine Oniel, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, seated on the river Dee, 23 miles w by s of Aberdeen. Kincardineshire, or Blearns, a county of Scotland, bounded on the Nw and n by Aberdeenshire, e by the German ocean, and s and sw by Angusshire. Its length along the coast is 30 miles, and 20 is its greatest breadth. It con- tains about 30,000 inhabitants. The NW part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for pasture ; but to the s of the Grampians the surface is in general fertile, 'i'he small village of Kincar- dine, nine miles sw of Stonehaven, was formerly the capital, but Stonehaven is now the county-town, Kinderliook, a town of New York, in Columbia county, on the e side of Hudson river, 13 miles N of the city of Hudson. Kineton. See Kington. King George the Third Sound, a har- bour on the sw coast of New Holland, discovered by captain Vancouver in 1791. It is safe, and easy of access any where between its outer points of en- trance. Bald-head and Mount Gardner, 11 miles distant from eaeh other. Lon. 118 17 E, lat. 35 5 s. Ki7ig George Sound, tlie name given by captain Cook, in 1778, to the bay which he discovered on the w coast of North America, in lon. 126 48 w, and at. 49 33 N. But the natives call it ^ootha ; the name now generally adopt- ed by the English,, It is not situate on the continent, as Cook had reason to suppose, but on an island, to which captain Vancouver, who coasted it in 1792, gave the name of Quadra and Vancouver Island, the former being the name of the Spanish commandant 4in (Iio coast. I'ho woods are composed «J the Canadian pine, white cypress. K I N and two or fliree other sorts cff pine ; aikl in general they are of a large size. About the rocks and borders of the woods were seen some strawberry plants, and raspberry, cuirant, and gooseberry bushes, all in a flourishing state. The principal animals seen here were ra- coons, martens, and squirrels. Birds are far from being numerous, and those that are to be seen are remarkably shy. 1'he stature of the natives is, in general, below the common standard ; but their persons are not proportionably slender, being usually pretty plump, though not muscular. The women are of the same size and form as the men ; nor is it easy to distinguish them, as they possess no natural feminine graces. Their bodies are always covered with red paint ; but their f;ices are ornamented with a va- riety of colours, a black, a bright red, or a white colour. They are docile, courteous, and goodnatured ; but quick in resenting injuries, and, like most other passionate people, as quickly for- getting them. Their weapons are bows and arrows, slings, spears, short trun- cheons of bone, and a small ax, not un- like the common American tomahawk. A rattle and a small whistle are the only instruments of music that were seen among them. Their houses consist of very long broad planks, resting upon the edges of each other, tied, in diflerent parts, with withes of pine bark. Their furniture consists principally of chests and boxes of various sizes, piled upon each other, at the sides and ends of their houses, in which are deposited their garments, and whatever they deem valuable ; they have also square and oblong pails, bowls to eat their food out of, &c. The irregularity and con- fusion of their houses is exceeded by their nastiness and stench : every thing stinks of train oil, fish, and smoke ; and every part is as filthy as can be imagin- ed. In 1786, a few British merchants in the East Indies formed a settlement in this place, to supply the Chinese mar- ket with furs ; but the Spaniards, in 1789, captured two English vessels, and took possession of the settlement. The British ministry made their demand of reparation, and the affair was amicably terminated by a convention. Kin-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, seat- ed on the Kan-kiang, 800 miles s of Peking. Lon. 115 10 e, lat. 27 16 N. Kingiiom, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, nearly opposite Leith. It has two harbours, one below the town, and the other hall 86>i K I N « mile w, at Pettycur, for tlie passage- boats between this place ami Lcitli. The chief niaiiufactnics arc thread stockings, and the spinning of cotton and flax. It is eight miles N by w of Lcith. King's Countif, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinstcr, 3S miles long and 30 broad ; bounded on the n by West jMeji-th, e by Kiidarc, s by Queen's county and Tippcrary, and w by the Shannon, which separates it from Galway and Roscommon. It is divided into 52 parishes, contains about 74,600 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. The principal rivers are the Shannon, Brosua, Boyne, and Bar- row. It is not so well cultivated as some of the other counties, but the soil is tolerably fertile. The capital is Philipstown. Kings LangJey, a village in Hertford- shire, on the river Gade, five miles sw of St. Alban. Here was a royal palace built by Henry III., the ruins of which are to be seen. Richard II. was buried in its monastery, but removed, by Henry v., to Westminster. Khigsh-idge, a town in Devonshire, ■with a market on Satmday, seated at the head of a small inlet of the English channel, called Selcomb river, over which is a bridge to Dodbrook. It is 34 miles s by w of Exeter, and 208 wsw of London. Kingsclere, a town in Hampshire,with a market on Tuesday, and a great trade in malt. It was the residence of some of our Saxon kings. It is nine miles sw of Basingstoke, and 54 w by s of London. Kingscliff, a town in Northampton- shire, with a market on Tuesday, 12 miles w of Peterborough, and 86 N by w of London. Kingstein, a strong fortress of Nor- K'ay. See Fredericstadt. Kingston, a corporate town in Surry, Oft the river Thames, with a market on Saturday. A national council was held here in the year 838, at which Egbert, the first king of all England, and his son Atlielwolf, were present ; and seve- ral of the Saxon monarchs were crown- ed here. This town sent members to parliament in the reigns of Edward II. and III. ; but it ceased afterward, in consequence of a petition from the cor- poration. Queen Elisabeth founded here a freeschooF'; and the spring assizes are held at this place. It has a wooden bridge over the river, and the corpora- tion have a revenue Era" its support. It 365 K 1 N is 10 miles sw'of liOiKion. Lon. 12 w, lat. 51 27 N. Kingston, the capital of" St. Vincent, in the W^est Indies, situate at the head of a bay of the same name, on the sw shore of the island. Lon. 61 15 w, lat. 13 5n. Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, situ- ate on the N side of Port Royal bay. It was built after the great earthquake in 1692 (which destroyed the town of Port Royal) has since continued to increase in size and opulence, and in 1803 w^aa incorporated as a city. It is a place of good trade, being much resorted to by ships coming to load and unioad their cargos. The houses are one story high, many of them with porticos, and every conveniency for a comfortable ha- bitation in tliis climate. The number of white inhabitants in 1778 was 6539, of free people of colour 3280, and of slaves 16,659. lK)n. 76 42 w, lat. 18 3 N. Kingston, or Esopits, a town of New York, chief of Ulster county. It was destroyed by an English fleet in 1777, but has been rebuilt on a regular plan. It stands on Esopus creek, near its en- trance into Hudson river, 86 miles i» of New York. Lou. 74 3 w, lat. 41 54 N. Kingston, a town of North Carolina, chief of Lenoir county, on the N side of the Neus, 40 miles w by n of New- bern, and 50 se of Ralegh. Kingston, a town of South Carolina, in Georgetown district, on the w side of Wakkamaw river, 30 miles nne of Georgetown. Kingston, a town of Upper Canada, on Lake Ontario, at its outlet the river St. Lawrence. It was formerly called Frontinac, and part of the old fort is now standing, the best part of which is the magazine. Here the king's stores are kept and guarded. Vessels from Lower Canada go no further than this place ; and hence to York, Niagara, &c. stores and merchandise are conveyed in boats. It is 150 miles sw of Montreal. Lon. 75 41 w, lat. 44 8 N. Kingston on Hull. See Hidl. Kiiigton, or Kineton, a town in War- wickshire, with a market on Tuesday. King John kept his court in a castle he erected here. It is 10 miles sse of War- wick, and 83 nw of London. King-te-tching, a town of China, in the province of Kiang-si. It is famous for its beautiful porcelain, is computed to contain above a million of inhabitants, and extends four miles aims the banka K IN ot a river, winch l)ere forms a kind of iiarbour. Tliis town wants notliinj^ hut walls to make it a great cit}'. It is 665 riiiles s ot I'cking-. Lon. 116 54 e, lat. 29 25 N. King-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rarik, in the provin(;e of Hoii-qnaiig'. It is divided by a single wall into two parts, one of wliicli belongs to the Ciii- ncse, and the other to the Tartars, of whom the garrison consists. It has a great trade, and stands on the Kian-ku, 620 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. Ill 37 E, lat. 41 6 N. Khiglon, or Kyneton, a town in Here- ferdshircwitl! a market on Wednesday, ft!)d a mannractnre of woollen cloth. It js sealed oi! the Arrow, nndcr Bradnor niountai!), 15 miles Nw of Hereford, and 165 WNw of London. Kin-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tcbe-kiang, on tije banks of a fine river, into which seYeral. little ones rojecting above a mile into the sea, to the N of the town of Fraserburg. Here is a castle, fonr stories high ; and on the top of it is a, lighthouse. Lon. 1 40 w, lat. 57 39 N. Kinnoid, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with the remains of an an- cient castle. The hill of Kinnoul is particularly famous for its fine agates ; it also abounds with many rare plants. The town stands at the foot of the hill, on the river Tay, at the e end of the bridge of Perth. Kinross, a borough of Scotland, capi- tal of Kinrossshire, seated in a plain skrcened on the n by the Ochil hills, and on the river Leven, before it enters Jjoch Leven, It has a manufacture of coarse linens, and is 23 miles nnvv of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 66 7 N. Kinrossshii'e, a county of Scotland, surrounded by the shires of Perth and Fde, and almost circular, about 30 miles in circumference. It is divided into seven parishes, and contains about 7000 inhabitants. The central part is occupied by I^och Leven, and the coun- try around has a rich ajjpearancc. It sontis one member to parliament, alter- ii^itf'iy with the county of Ciackman- K 1 O Kinsale, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is a maritime arsenal, contains 8000 inhabi- tants, and lias an excellent harbour, de- fended by a strong fort. Considerable (juantities of grain are exported from this place. It is seated at the mouth ol" the IJandon, 14 miles s of Cork. Lon. 8 28 w, lat. 51 42 N. Kin-tching, the capital of the island of Lieou-kieou, in the China sea, and of all the islands under that appella- tion. The king's palace, reckoned to be four leagues in circumference, is built on a neighbouring mountain. Kin-tcliing is seated in Cheonli, the a part of the island, Lon. 127 30 e, lat. 26 2n. Kin-toiig, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province ofYunnan. The surrounding country is mountainoH.s, but the vallies yield abundance of rice. It is seated on the Pa-pien, 750 miles w by N of Canton, Lon. 100 40 e, lat, 24 30 N. Kiniore, a borougli of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, on the river Don, 15 miles w by n of Aberdeen. Kintzingen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, with a noble Benedictine convent, seated on the Maine, 10 miles ese of Wurtz- burg. Kin-yang, a city of China, of tlie first rank, in Chen-si, It has always been deemed as a barrier against the incar- sions of the Tartars, and is strongly foi tified. The country around is very fruit- ful. It is 560 miles sw of Peking. Lon, 107 30 E, lat. 36 6 N. Kin-yuen, a city of China, of tlie first rank, in Quang-si. It is seated on a fine river, but surrounded with craggy mountains inhabited by a people almost savage, 310 miles w by n of Canton. Lon. 108 15 E, lat. 24 28 N. Kiof, a town of Poland, in a palati- nate of the same name, and an arch- bishop's see, with a castle. It is the capital of the Russian government of Kiof. and carries on a considerable trade. Here are catacombs of con- siderable extent, dug as would appear, through a mass of hardened clay. It is divided into the old and new town, and seated on the w side of the Dnieper, 180 miles ne of Kaminieck, and 335 E by s of Warsaw, Lon. 30 27 e, lat. 60 27 N. Kiof, or Kioiv, a palatinate of Po- land, in that part of the Ukraine which lies on llie w side of the Dnieper. It « imlaiiis only two diskicls, and several smuii lov. n;-i yc;trceiy wortJjy of notice * 356 KIR its capital, Kiof, bcii>g subject to Russia. Kiof. or Kiow, a government of the Riissiun cnii)irc, being part of the Uk- raine, or Little Russia. It lies on the e side of the Dnieper, althongh Kiof, the capital, is on the w side. It was once a ducIiY, belonging to the great dukes of Russia, and Kiof was their capital. This country was conquered by the Tartars, and came again into the pos- session of the great dukes, but Avas ovenuu and jjosscssed by the Cossacks, under the protection of Poland. In 1664, the natives,discontentcd with John Casmiir, king of Poland, submitted to Hussia, and have ever since remained subject to that empire. This govern- ment contains eleven districts ; and its principal rivers are the Dnieper, Desna, Oster, Udai, Sula, Psol, and Trubcsh. Kio-feon, a city of China, in tiie pro- vince of Chan-tong and district of \ en- tchcou. It is the birthplace of Con- iucins, several monuments to whoso meiriory are still to be seen here. Kioge, or Koge, a seaport of Den- mark, in the isle of Zealand. The English defeated the Danes here, and took the town in 1807. It is 18 miles sw of Copenhagen. Lon. Ir2 15 e, hit. 55 30 N. Kiophig; a town of Sweden, in "W^er- meland, seated on a 5.mall stream, that at a little distance enters the lake Mac- ler, 10 miles w of Stroemsholm. Kippen, a town of Scotland, in Stir- lingshire, seated near the Forth, nine miles w of Stirling. Kirby Lonsdale, a town in Westmor- land, with a market on Thursday, seat- ed on the Loyne, over weich is an an- cient stone bridge, 10 miles SE of Ken- dal, and 252 Nw of London. Kirby Moor side, K town in North York- shire, with a )narket on Wednesday, seated on the edge of the moors, near he river Dow, 28 miles N of York, and 224 N by w of London. Kirby Stephen, a town in Westmorc- and, with a market on Monday, and a manufacture of stockings; seated on the river Eden, nine miles sse of Appleby, and 266 nnw of London. Kirclibach, a town of Germany, in Stiria, 14 miles se of Gratz. Kirchberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 28 miles ssw of ("oblentz. Kirchberg, a town ot Suabia, capital of a bnrgravateof the same name; seat- ed on the licr, nine miles s of Ulm. Kirchberg, a town of Frauconia, in the principality of Hohcniohe, with a »o7 K I R castle on a hill, by the river Jaxt, 12 miles ssw of Rotenbuig. Kirchhayn, a town of Lusatia, on the river Eobcr, 18 miles s of Luckau. Kirchhayn, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, situate on the Wohra, s:ix^ miles E of Marburg. Kirchheim, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 15 miles w of Worms. Kh-chheim, a town of Snabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, on the river Lauter, 16 miles sE of Stutgaidt. Kirdorf, a town of Germany, in Up' per Hesse, 11 miles e of Marburg. Kirin, one of the three provinces of Eastern Tartary, bounded on the NW by the province of Tcitcicar, N by the river Saghalien, E by the sea of Jaj)an, s by Corea and Leaotong, and w by Wes- tern Tartary. This country, which is extremely cold, from the number of fo- rests by which it is covered, is thinly inhabited. The valuable plant ginseng grows here; and the emperor of China seii.'.is hillier the criminals banished by tiic laws. Kn-in, a city of Eastern Tartary, ca- pital <(f the province of Kirin, and the icsidcncc of a Mandshur general, who is invested with the aufiiority of a vice- roy. It is situate on the river Songari, which is here called Kiria, 540 miles ENE of J\'king. Lon. 127 20 E, lat. 4? 20 N. Kirkcaldy, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a good harbour, on the frith of Forth. Here are a dockyard for small vessels, and manufactures of checks, ticking, cotton, and leather. It is 11 miles N of Leith. Kirkcudbright, a borough and seaport of Scotland, capital of the county of its name, with a castle. The harbour will admit ships of any burden to come up to the town, and yet it has no consider- able trade or manufacture. It is seat- ed at the mouth of the Dee, 25 miles sw of Dumfries. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 64 54 N. Kirkcudbrightshire, or East Galloway, a county of Scotland^ 45 miles long and 30 broad; bounded o"ii the NW by Ayr- shire, NE by Duoifriesshire, e and s by Solway Frith and the Idsh sea, and w by Wigtonshire. It is divided into 28 parishes, and sends one member to par- liament. It contains about 32,000 in- habitants, 'i'lic northern parts are' mountainous, and uncultivated; but there is some fertile land on the sides of the rivers, and it feeds a great number of cattle and slicep. The chief rivers are the Dee, Kenj^ and Orr. K I E IliiMam, a town in Lancasliire, will) amarket oil Tues4 LAD raind^eis, bears, tigers, bufTalos, uoIvefl> foxes, bcHvers, otters, lynxes, martens, squirrels, ermines, wild cats, and hares. The feathered kinds are j^eese, bustards, dncks, jiartridoes, and ail kinds of wild fowls. The lislies arc whales, morses, seals, cod, and a while fish preferable to licrriujis ; and in the rivers and fresh w a- ters are pike, perch, carp, and tront. lu summer, tliere is here, as in other cold places, a variety in the coionr of (he several animals; bnt when that sea- son is over, vvliich continnes only for three months, they all assume the liverj^ of winter, and every sort of beasts, and most of the fowls, are of the colour of the snow. Sec New Britaiii, Esqui- maux, and Hudson Bay. Laccadives, a group of small islands, in the Indian sea, lying w of the coast of Malabar. They are thirty-two iu lumilier ; and their chief trafllc is the produce of Ihe cocoa palm, such as oil, cables, and corda2:e ; and in dried fisii. These are sent to the continent of India, whence they get rice, &c. in return; and also to Mascat.in large boats, which bring back dates and colice. Calpeny, one of the largest, lies most to the s and E ; and its s extremity is 170 miles w of Cochin. Lon. 73 32E, lat, 10 N. Lncedogiia. See Cedospia. Laclisa, a city of Arabia, capital of the i)rovince of Bahrin. It is well built, ami seated on the Aftan, which flows into a considerable bay of the gulf of Persia, opposite the isle of Bahrin. Lon. 48 40 K, lat. 26 20 N. Ladenhnrg, a town of Germany, fn the late ])a!atinate of the Rhine, seated on the Necker, eight miles nw of Hei- dell)crg Ladng-a, a lake of Russia, between the gulf of Finland and the lake Onega. It is 140 miles long and 80 broad, and esteemed to be the largest lake in Eu- rope. It has many quicksands, which, being moved from place to place by tht, fre(|ncnt storms, has often proved fatal to the flat-bottomed vessels of the Rus- Mans, Tliis induced Peter the great to cut A canal 67 miles in length, from the SE extremity of this lake to the river Meva, by which it has communication w ith the gulf of Finland. Ladoga, New, a town of Russia, in tiie government of Petersburg, seated on the Volkhof, between the lake and canal of Lagoda. Old Ladoga, an in- considerable place, is higher up the Volkhof. New Ladogo is 66 miles e of Petersburg. Lon. 31 42 E, lat. 60 K. LmlrGnes, or MariiiK Islands, i^ands 3(i5 L A H of the Pacific ocean. They are eleven hi number, exclusive of the small islets and rocks, lying in 140 e lon. and be- tween 11 and 22 N lat. They were discovered by Magellan, in 1521. He touched first at ihe island of Guam, where the natives stole some of bis goods, which caused him to name these islands the Ladrones, or Isbmds of Thieves. Beside the other fruits na- tural to the soil and cliniatc, here is the bread-fruit tree in abundance. The names of the principal islands are Say- pan, Tinian, Guam, and Rora. Lagnnsco, a town of Piedmont, 24 miles s of Turin. Lagni/, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, with a late famous Benedictine abbey ; seated on the Marne, 15 miles e of Paris. Lagos, a seaport of Portugal, in AI- garva, with a castle. Here the English fieets bound to the Mediterranean usual- ly take in fresh water. Oflthe cape near this town, in 1759, admiral Boscawen defeated a French Heet. It is 120 miles SSE of Lisbon, Lon. 8 36 w, lat. 37 14 N. Laguna, the capital of Teneriff. See Christophe de Laguna, St. Lagunes of Venice, the marshes or lakes in Italy, on which Venice is seat- ed. They communicate with the sea, and are the secuiity of the city. There are about 60 islands in these Lagunes, which together make a bishop's see. Emano is the most considerable, next to those on which Venice stands. Lahn, a river of Germany, which rises in Hessc-Cassel, and llows by Mar- burg, Wetzlar, and Nassau in the Rhine, above Cobientz. La/in, a town of Silesia, in the princi- pality of Janer, near which is the castle ofLahnhaus. It is seated on the Bo- ber, 10 miles nnw of Hirschberg. I^ahohn^ a seaport of Sweden, in Hal- land, with a castle; seated on the Laga, near its entrance into the Categat, 12 miles SSE of Halmstadt. Lon. 12 66 E, lat. 56 31 N. Lahore, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on the w by Candahar, N by Cashmere, E by Sirinagur, and Delhi, and s by Moultan. It is often called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers. It is extensive and fertile ; afiording, in addition to all the necessaiies of life, wine, sugar, and cotton wood. In the tract between the Indus and theChelum are salt mines, which afford pieces of rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, Sec. See Panjab. Lahore, a city of Hindoostan, c?,|)iUL LAM of a province of the same name, and of the country of the Seiks. It was the residence of the Mahometan conquerors of Hindoostan, before they had esta- blished themselves in the central parts of the county ; and owes its modern improvements to Humaioon, the fatlier of Acbar, who made it his residence during a part of his troublesome reign. The city and its suburbs form a cir- cumference of seven miles. It is sur- rounded by walls of brick, and adorned with beautiful edifices and gardens. Here are manufactures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds, and of very curi- ous carpets. It is situate on the s bank of the Rauvee, 210 miles s of Cashmere, and 290 Nw of Delhi. Lon. 72 48 e, lat. 31 1 N. Lahr, a town of Suabia, in the Bris- gau, on the river Schutter, 19 miles n of Friburg. Laino, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near a river of the same name, 19 miles wnw of Cassano. Lai-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chang- tong, with a convenient harbour on the Yellow sea. It stands on a promontory, 255 miles SE of Peking. Lon, 119 46 E, lat. 37 9 N. Lalancl, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, lying w of Falster, from which it is separated by a narrow chan- nel. It is fertile in corn, with which it supplies Copenhagen. Naxkow is the capital. Lalang, an island, near the N coast of the island of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. Lon, 99 20 e, lat. 1 45 n. Lambach, a town of Austria, 24 miles SSw of Lintz. Lamhalle, a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, with a good Jrade in cattle, linen, and parch- ment, 11 miles ESE of St. Brieux. Lambayeqne, a town on the coast of Peru, with upwards of 30,000 inhabit- ants, the generality of whom are poor Spaniards, Mulattos, and Indians. It is 110 miles nnw of Truxillo, Lon. 79 35 w, lat. 6 45 s. Lumbesc, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone, 9 miles N of Aix. jMmheth, a village in Surry, on the river Thames, opposite AYestminster. Here the arciil)islio]) of Cauterl)ury has an ancient palace. By the vast increase of buildings, Lambeth is now joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of the three bridges. Here are a ma- nufacture of artificial stone, extensive works for vinegar and home-made wine. LAM a patent shot manufacture, and numer ous timber yards, supplied with grea stores of foreign timber. Lamhourn, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Friday, seated on a river of the same name, 15 miles sw of Abing- don, and 65 w of London. Lamego, a city of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel, two cathedral churches, and four con- vents. Here the states assembled to confirm the election of Alfonzo Henri- quez, the first king of Portugal, and enacted the fundamental laws, now for- gotten. It is seated on the Douero, 50 miles E of Oporto. Lon. 7 30 w, lat, 41 12 N. Lamermuir, a mountainous ridge ia Scotland, which divides the county of Berwick from that of Haddington for above 20 miles, and terminates on the w at Soutra hill, which is elevated 1000 feet above the sea level. These hills are bleak and barren, aflbrding but scanty pasture for sheep. Lamlasli, a town of Scotland, on the SE coast of the isle of Arran, on a bay of its name, whicli forms one of the safest harbours in the universe, for ves- sels of any size. It is sheltered from the sea by a lofty islet, two miles long, called Holy Isle. Lou. 4 55 w, lat. 55 33 N. Lamo, an island of Africa, on thy coast of Zanguebar, tributary to the Portuguese. Its capital, of the same name, is well fortified. Lon. 40 24 F, lat. 2 s. Lampa, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction, in the bishopric of Ciisco. The country is in some parts very fer- tile, others unproductive ; but silver mines are abundant. It is 130 miles s by w of Cusco. Lon. 72 w, lat. 14 56 s. Lampedosa, an island in the Mediter- ranean, between the coast of Tunis and the island of Malta. It is 12 miles in circumference, pleasant and fertile, but not inhabited ; and has a good harbour, where ships water. Lon. 12 24 e, lat. 35 40 N. Lampon, a town of Sumatra, capital of a district belonging to the king of Bantam. The Dutch have a resident here. It is situate on a bay of the same name, in the strait of Sunda, 180 miles SE of Bencoolen. Lon. 104 15 E, lat. 5 40 N. Lampsaco, a town of Asiatic Turkey in Natolia, celebrated for its wine ; seat- ed on the sea of Marmora, 6 miles froiu the Dardanelles. Lamyjvhige, a town of L<)wcrSaX' 266 LAN ony, in the principalify of Ilildoisheini, situate at tlie source of the rivulet Lame, 17 miles s of Hildersheim. Lanark, a borous:h of Scotland, and the county-town of Lanarkshire. Since the introduction of the cotton manufac- ture, many new houses have been built. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Clyde, 22 miles se of Glasgow, and 30 sw of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 43 w, lat 55 42 N. Lanarkshire, a county of Scotland, 48 miles long" and 30 broad ; bounded on the N by Dumbartonshire, e by tlie counties of Stirling-, Linlithgow, Edin- burg'h, and Peebles, s by Dumfriesshire, and w by the shires of Ayr and Ren- frew. It is divided into 41 parishes, and the number of inhabitants in 1811 was 191,752. It sends one member to par- liament. The river Clyde runs through the whole extent of the county, divid- ing it into two nearly equal parts ; the southern part a mountainous district, generally called Clydesdale. It abounds in lead, iron, and coal. Lancashire, a county of England, bounded on the n by Cumberland and Westmoreland, e by Yorkshire, s by Cheshire, and w by the Irish sea. It is 74 miles from n to s (including a de- tached hundred on the nw, called Fur- ness, which is separated from the rest by a creek, at the head of Morecambe bay) and its greatest breadth is 44 miles. It contains 1,155,840 acres ; is divided into 6 hundreds, and 63 parishes ; has 27 market towns ; and sends 14 mem- bers to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 828,309. It is a countj-palatine, under the title of the Duchy of Lancaster ; the onlv duchy of England (that of Cornwall excepted) which is not merely titular. This coun- ty comprises a variety of soil and face of country ; but upon the whole, is one of those which are the least favoured by nature. The hundred of Furness is a wild and rugged region, stored with quantities of iron ore and slate, and co- vered with a growth of underwood,which is cut in succession, and made into char- coal. The E part, between the Ribble and the Mersey, comprising the ancient forests of Wyresdale and Bowland, is mountainous and generally barren ; but the s part of the tract between these two rivers is flat, quite from tlie sea to the commencement of the ridge called Blackstonedge, which separates the county from Yorkshire. Much of this is a fertile country, though occasionally deformed by black turf bogs, here called raosses, some of which are of large ex- S67 LAN tent, and impassable in wet seasons. In the NE part of this division are some lofty hills, the most noted of which is Pendle hill. The remaining part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. Lan- cashire is little adapted for a corn coun try, but is singularly fitted for the growth of potatoes. Among its pro- ducts is a species of coal, called caunel, {■AT exceeding all other, not only in making a clear fire, but for being capa- ble of being manufactured into candle- sticks, cups, stiindishcs, snuff-boxes, &c. As SI eonnnercial and manufacturing county, it is sujierior to any other in the kingdom. Its principal manufac- tures are linen, silk, and cotton goods fustians and counterpanes, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, hats, canvas, sack- ing, pins, iron goods, plate-glass, &c. Of the commerce of this county, it may suffice to observe, that Liverpool is the second port in the kingdom. The principal rivers arc the Mersey, Irwell, Kibble, Loyne, Levern, Wyre, Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, and Ken ; and it has two considerable lakes, Win- ander-mere and Coniston-mere. It has also numerous canals, and the honour of exhibiting the first regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by the duke of Bridgewater in 1758. Lancaster, a borough and the capital of Lancashire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed on the Loyne, or Lune, which forma a port for vessels of moderate burden, and over it are two stone bridges Along the river side is a fine quay, also yards for ship-building ; and a canal, from Kendal, winds round the e part of the town, which is conveyed over the river by an aqueduct of five arches, each of seventy feet span. The church is a fine structure, on the side of a hill, on the summit of which is a noble cas- tle, serving both as the shire-house afid the county-gaol. Here are also a neat chapel, several meeting-houses, and an exchange. On the top of the castle is a square tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair, whence there is an extensive prospect. Five miles from this place is Dunald-mill-hole, a cave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and passes two miles under ground before it appears again : some of its vaults are so high, that they resemble the roof of a church, and in other parts so low, that they can be passed only by creeping on the hands and feet. Lan- caster caiTies on a considerable trade, especially to the West Indies ; is noted for the inaking of mahogany cabinet N VI srtf ; and has manufactures of canvas atid coarse linens. It is 66 miles s of Carlisle, and 240 nnw of London. Lon. 2 66 w, l;it. 54 4 N. Lancaster, a borough of Pennsylvania, capita! of a county of the same tin me. Beside six churches, and other public buildings, it contains a college, founded in 1787, called Franklin College. Here are manufactures of guns and other hardware. It is seated near Conestogo creek, which runs into the Susquehan- na, 58 miles w by n of Philadelphia. Lon. 76 32 w, I at. 40 2 N. Lancaster, a town of the state of Ohio, capital of Fairfield county, seated on the Hockhockiug, 50 miles w of Ma- ristfa. Lancaster, a town of Massacliusets, in Worcester county. In its vicinity is a quarry of excellent stones for tombs, and the best slates for houses. It is si- tuate on a branch of the Nashua, which runs into the Merrimac, 14 miles N by e of Worcester, and 35 vvnw of Boston. Lancerota, one of the Canary isles, 30 miles long and 10 broad. It is very high, and has a good harbour at the NE end. Lon. 13 2G vv, lat, 29 14 n. Lanciano, a town of Naples, in Abmz- zoCiteriore, and an archbishop's see. It is famous for two great annual fairs, and seated on the Feltrino, 100 miles n by E of Naples. Lon. 14 50 e, lat. 42 18 N. Landau, a strong town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine. It was formerly imperial, but ceded to the French in 1680; after which it was for- tified by Louis XIV. In 1702, it was taken by the Austrians, and the next vear was retaken by flic French. It surrendered to the allies in 1704, and belonged to the empire till 1713, when it again fell into the hands of theFrencli, to whom it was ceded, with its district, in 1714, by the treaty of Eaden. In 1793, it was attacked by the Austrians and Prussians, without success. It is seated on the Queich, 20 miles wsw of Spire, and 43 nne of Strasburg. Lon. 8 7 E, lat. 49 12 N. Landau, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, and county of Waldeck, nine miles ne of Corbach. Landau, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, seated on the Rnhme, 13 miles ene of Gottingen. Landau, a town of Bavaria, situate on an eminence, on the Iser, 16 miles sse of Straubingen. Landen, a town of the Netherlands, in Braban<, famous for a bloody battle f ained by the French over the allies, in LAN 1693 ; and for a battle in 1793, in which the Austrians defeated the French. It is seated on the Eecke, 18 miles ese of Louvain. Landernau, a town of France, in tlie department of Finisterre, seated on the Elhorn, 20 miles ne of Brest. Landeron, a town of Switzerland, in the principality of Neuchatel, situate at the SAV extremity of the lake of Bienne, seven miles ne of Neuchatel. Landes, a department of France, in eluding the late territory of Marsan. It takes its name from a district, heretofore called Landes, extending along the coast of the bay of Biscay. It is a barren sandy country, covered with fern, pines, and the holm-tree, of the bark of which corks are made. Mont de Marsan is tlie capital. Landrecy, a strong town of France, in the department of Nord. It was be- sieged in vain by prince Eugene, in 1712. It was taken by the allies in 1794, afteJ a severe bombardment ; but shortly af- ter the garrison surrendered to the French. It is seated on the Sambre, 18 miles e by s of Cambray, and 19 s by e of Valenciennes. Landriano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 11 miles sse of Milan. Landsherg, a town of Frandenburg, in the New mark, with a considerable trade in cloths and wool. In 1758, it was ta- ken by the Ru.'«ians. It is seated on the Warta, 23 miles ne of Custrin. Landsherg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, on the frontiers of Suabia, near the river Lech, 20 miles s of Augsburg. Landscrmi, a fortified seaport of Swe- den, in Schonen, seated on an island, near the Sound, with a good harbour between the continent and a small is- land. It is 20 miles Nw of Lnnd, and 21 NNE of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 61 e, lat. 55 53 N. Landscron, a town and fort of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, 24 miles s of Cracow. Landscron, a fort of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, seated on an eminence, on the borders of Switzer- land, five miles sw of Basel, i Lands-end, a promontory in Cornwall, and the most westerly point of Great Britain. It is a vast aggregate of moor- stone, and on the outermost rocks at low water are to be seen veins of lead and copper. Lon. 5 42 w, lat. 50 4 N.> Landshut, a town of Bavaria, with a palace, a collegiate church, andabeao- tiful convent. Upon an adjoining moun- tain is the ancient castle of 1'rausnitsfc It is seated on an island in the river Iser, 368 L A N 36 miles ke of Mmiieli. Loii. 12 11 e, lat. 48 30 v. Landshnt, a tov.n of Silesia, in the principality of Scliweidnitz. It has a flomishing linen trade, and is sealed on the Eober. 22 niflcs sw of Schweidnitz. Landshnt, a town of Moravia, seated on the IMorau, on the confines of Hun- gary and Austria, 36 miles se of Brunn. Landstraas, or Landtrost, a town of Germanj , in Carniola, with a castle and a Cistercian convent, situate on an is- land in the river Gurk, 30 miles s by w ofCilley. Laneshorovgli, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Longford, situate on the Shannon, seven miles sw of Long- ford, and 15 N of Athlone. Lunganico, the ancient Olympia, a town of European Turkey, in the Mo- rea, situate on the small river Carbon, the ancient Alpheus. It was once a city of great note, near which the fa- mous Olympian games were celebrated; and here was a fine temple of Jupiter Olympus, with a celebrated image of that god, 50 cubits high, which was rec- koned one of the seven wonders of the ■wond. It is now an inconsiderable placf, 32 miles sse of Chiarenza, and 60 sw of Corinth. Langeac, a town ot France, in the de- partment of Upper Loire, seated near the Allicr, among moiuitains, 12 miles s by E of lirioud. Langeais, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, seated on the Loire, 12 miles w of Tours. Langeland, an island of Denmark, in the s part of the Great Belt. It is 33 miles long, but scarcely five broad, and produces plenty of corn. The principal town is Rudkioping. Langenherg, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Hohenlohe, with a castle ; seated on the Jaxt, 13 miles s »f Mergentheira. Langensalza, a town of Upper Sax- ony, capital of Thuringia, with a castle, a college, and two churches. The en- virons are pleasant, and it has norated for a battle fought under its walls, between the French and allies, in March, 1814. It is seated on a mountain, 77 miles ne of Paris. Lon. 3 43 e, iat. 49 34 N. Laos, a kingdom of Asia, hounded on the N by China, e by 'j'onqnin and Co- chinchina, s by Cambodia, and w by J3irmah. It is surrounded by monn- tains, covered with forests; but the country is in genera! flat, and the soil fertile, l)eing watered i>y numerous ri- vulets from the mountains, and a nura- hev of canals from the Mecon, whicii flows from n to s, through the whole re- gion. It abounds in rice, fruit, honey, wax, and cotton ; and the principal drugs are benjamin and lac. Gold and silver are found in certain places of (he river; and it has misiesofiron, lead, and tin. The inhabitants are well made, ro- bust, of an olive complexion, and mild disposition ; but very supeistitious, and much addicted to women. I'heir prin- cipal occupation is tilling the ground and fishing ; for they pay no attention to arts and sciences. The king is abso- lute, and shows himself but twice a 3'ear: he has a large revenue from ele- phants teeth found in his dominions. The religion, language, and manners are much the same as in Siam. Lan- jan is the capital, or, according to some, Langione. Lapela, a towu of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, seated on the Minho, 13 miles e by N of Valenza. Lapland, the most northerly country of Europe, encompassed by the Frozen ocean on the ne and w, and divided aaitng llie three northern pt)wers, Den- L A F mark, Sweden, and Russia. It extemis from 04 to 71 N Iat. and from 15 to 40 w loii. being about 600 miles in length, and 500 in bread tli. Norwegian Lap- hind, belonging to Denmark, and called Finmark, is about 280 miles in length, and 170 in breadth, including, accord- ing to a treaty agreed on in' 1750, all that tract of country of w hich the rivers flow into the Frozen ocean ; while Swe- dish Lapland includes that of wliich the rivers fall into the Gulf of Bothnia. KuRsian Lapland, separated from Nor- wegian Lapland by the Paes, lies at the NE extremity, and makes part of the government of Archangel. The country is very mountainous. The principal ri- vers are, the Tornea, which issues from a lake of the same name, and, after a course of 300 miles falls into the Gulf of Eot!)nia ; the Tana, and the Alten, both of which fall into«the Frozen ocean. Of tlie innnerous lakes in Lapland, the chief are Hernasi)astaer, or the Great Lake, '^i'oruea, Lulea, and Enara in Russian Lapland. Metals and minerals are found in abundance : gold has been found at Suappavara ; copper, iron, lead, zinc, and plumbago, are found in various places; and in the s of Swedish Lapland several mines are wrought. Among the other internal productions of tliis country are limestone, marble, gypsum, rock-crystal, jasper, amethysts, and garnets. In Lapland the winter is extremely severe ; in the most northern parts, iiom the 2011] of Nor. to the 10th of January, the sun remains below the ho) izon ; and the whole country is co- vered v\ ilh snow and ice from the begin- jiing of Sept. to tlie nsiddle of March. On the other hand, in summer, the sun continues two months above the hori- zon ; and in the valleys and plains the heat is excessive, favouring the produc- tion of numerous insects, particularly musquitoes, which greatly infest the in- habitants. With the exception of a few spots in the s, the whole country is an immense wilderness, where agriculture is entirely unknown. Some considera- ble tracts are overgrovyn with moss, which forms the principal food of tlie rein-deer. The trees are fir,! birch, ■ larch, and small beech, which form vast though not thick forests. The animals of this country are much the same as those of Norway ; but the rein-deer may more properly be said to belong to LajH land. The singular usefulness of this animal in a great measure recompenses the Laplander for the privation of the other comforts of life. The lein-decr in summer live upon leaves and grass, and 370 LAP {n winter upon moss, wliich they dig up from under tlie snow ; yet upon such scanty fare tliey will perform a journey of inconceivable length. The animal is fixed with ven' simple harness, to a kind of sledge, shaped like a small boat, in which the traveller, well secured from cold, is laced down ; and, taking the reins, Avhich are fastened to the horns of the animal, in one hand, and a kind of bludgeon in the other to keep the carriage clear of ice and snow, he sets out, and continues the journey with in- credible speed, the animals choosing the road and directing theii- course with ve- ry little trouble to the traveller. Their milk and cheese are nutritive and plea- sant ; their flesh is well tasted food, whether fresh or dried ; their skin forms excellent clothing both for the bed and body; and their intestines and tendons supply their masters with thread and cordage. The ])OpuIation of this exten- sive region is estimated at only 40,000. The Laplanders are rather lower in sta- ture than the more southern Europeans, The man is of a swarty and dark com- plexion ; his hair is black and short, his mouth wide, and his cheeks hollow, with a longish pointed chin. The wo- men are in general well made, complai- sant, chaste, and extremely nervous. In their manner of life the Laplanders are divided into Jishers and mountaineers. The former, in summer, make their ha- bitations on th. brink or in the neigh- bourhood of some lake from which they draw their subsistence ; and in winter in the woods; living by fishing and hunt- ing. The latter seek their support upon the mountains and their environs, pos- sessing herds of rein-deer more or less numerous. They are excellent and very industrious herdsmen, and are rich com- pared with the Lapland fishers: some of them, besides 600 or even 1000 rein- deer, have often silver in money or plate. There are few, however, of either tribe but have some rein-deer. They are ac- tive and expert in the chace ; and the introduction of fire-arms among them, has almost abolished the use of the bow and arrow. Besides looking after the rein-deer, the fishery, and tlie chace, the men employ themselves in making ca- noes, sledges, harness for the rein-deer, cups, bowls, &c. &c. The employment of the women consists in making nets for the fishery, drying the fish and meat, milking the rein-deer, making cheese, and tanning hides. They live in huts in the form of tents, covered with briars, bark, turf, coarse cloth, felt, or the old skins of rein-deer, and Uir door is of felt, 371 LAP made like two curtains which open asun- der. Their household furniture consists of iron or copper kettles, wooden cups, bowls, spoons, and sometimes tin or even silver basons ; besides the implements of fishing and hunting. To save the trouble of carrying about with them such a number of articles, they have little huts built at certain distances in the forests. In these huts, placed upon the trunk of a tree cut off about six feet from the ground, they keep their goods and provisions : and although left open, they are never plundered. Whenever they are inclined to eat, the head of a family spreads a caipet on the ground ; and the men and women squat round this mat which is covered with dishes. Be- fore and after the meal they make a short prayer, and as soon as they have done eating, each gives the other his hand. In their dress they use no kind of linen. The men wear close breeches, reaching down to their shoes, which ard made of uutanned skin, pointed and turned up before. Their doublet is made to fit their shape, and open at the breast^ and over it they wear a close coat witk narrow sleeves, the skirts of which reach down to the knees, and are fastened round them by a leathern girdle, orna- mented with plates of tin or brass. To this girdle they tie their knives, instru- ments for making fire, pipes, and other smoking apparatus. Their clothes are made of fur, leather, or cloth. Their caps are edged with fur, pointed at top, and the four seams adorned with lists of a different colour from that of the cap. The dress of the women is almost the same as that of the men ; but that their girdle is differently ornamented; their close coat has a collar which comes somewhat higher up than that of the men ; and a few other ornamental pe- culiarities. A young man is not per- mitted to marry till he be able to take and kill a rein-deer. On the day of the nuptials the bride appears dressed in her gala habit, with this difference, that whereas her head is close covered at other times, her hair is now left to flow loose upon her shoulders, and she wears a bandeau of different coloured stuffs, and sometimes a fillet. The nuptials are celebrated in a frugal manner, and without show. Such of the guests as are invited, and are of sufficient ability to do it, make the bride a present of money, rein-deer, cr something towards a stock. All the Swedish and Norwe- gian, as well as the greatest number ol the Russian LaplaHders, bear the name of Christians; but their religion is full L A R ofsupersf Etioii, and a cuniponrid of Chris- tian and Pagan cereniomfs. '^i'heir lan- guage has an affinity fo the Fiiiiiish, but greatiy intenviixed with others. I'hey trade witJl the Swedes and Norwegians, whom they supply with the siiins and fnrs of quadrupeds ; sssch as ermines, sables, martens, squirrels, foxes of va- rious colonrs, bears, lynxes, and wolves; and from whom they purchase in return, meal, cioth, spirituous liquors, tobacco, and various utensils. Lar, a town of Persia, capital of La- ristan, with n castie on a rock, and a palace. Tise Jews reside in a quarter by Iheiiiselves, and cany on a great trade in silk. It is situate between mountains, in a sandy soil, 160 miles w of Gombron. Lon. 63 40 E, lat. 27 20 N. Laracha, or Laraish, a strong town in the kingdom of Fez, with a castle and a good harbour. Here are magazines fbrthe refitting of vessels, but no docks for building. it is seated near the mouth of the Lueos, 46 miles s by vv of Tangier. I^on. 6 6 w, lat. 36 8 N. Laredo, a town of Spain, iii Biscay, with a good harbour, on the bay of Bis- cay, 30 miles WNW of Eilboa. Lai-genticre, a town of France, in the dcpaitrneut of Ardeche, 18 miles sw of Privas. Largo, a town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, on a bay of its name, at the open- ing of the frith of Foith, which is a safe roadstead for ships of all descriptions. The town has a manufacture of linen and checks. It is nine miles ssw of St, Andrew, Largs, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, with a small harbour on the fnlh of Clyde. It is memorable for the de- feat of the Norwegians, in their last in- va.sion of this country, in 1263. It is 15 miles Nw of Irvine, Larino, a town of Naples, in the Mo- ise, 25 miles ene of Molise. Larissa, a town of European Turkey, capital of Janna, and a Greek archbi- shop's see, with a palace, and some handsome mosques. It was famous as the residence of Achilles, and retains its ancient name. The inhabitants, esti- mated at 25,000, carry on a large trade. It is seated on tne Peneus, 75 miles s by w of Salonlca. Lon. 22 47 e, lat, 39 48 N. Laristan\ a province of Persia, which lies N of the gulf of Persia, It abounds ni oranges, lemons, and very large ta- marinds. Lar is the capital. Lame, a town of Ireland, in the t.«uuty of Antrim, at the mouth of a L A T ri\er Oi the same nam«?, *fE of An trim, Larry Bundar, a town of Hindoostan, on the N branch of the Indus, called the Pitty, which is capable of receiving ships of 200 tons burden, it is 56 miles w by s of Tatta, Lon. 66 42 E, lat. 24 43 N, I^arta. See Aria. Larvigen, or Laurwigen, a seaport of Norway, capital of a county of the same name. It is a place of considerable trade, and its iron works are esteemed among the most valuable in Norway. It stands at the conilux of two rivers near tiie sea, 55 mdes ssw of Christ tiania. Lon. JO 15 e, lat. 59 3 N. Lasnebourg, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc, at the tbot of Mount Cenis, the passage of which is the principal support of the inhabitants. The sun is hidden from the iniiabitants of this tow n, by the mountains, during two ui( nlhs in the year. It is 20 miles nnw of Susa. Lassu, or Lahassa, a city and the ca- pital of Tibet, It is not large, but the houses are of stone, s]iacious and lofty. Seven miles on the e side of the city is the mountain of Putala, on the summit of which is the palace of the grand la- ma, the high priest and sovereign of Ti- bet, Lassa is seated on a spacious plain, on a river that flows s into the Sanpoo, 680 nne of Calcutta. Loo. 91 30 n, lat. 30 34 N. Laisaii, a town of Hither Pomerania, on a lake of the same name, formed by the river Peene, six miles sse of AVoI- gast. Lassay, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne, 12 miles ene of Mayenne. Lastres, a town of Spain in Asturias, near a cape of the same name, on the bay of Bisc ly 35 miles ene of Oviedo, Latacunga, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the audience of Quito, It was nearly de- s-troyed by an earthquake in 1098, and most of the inhabitants buried in the ruins. The streets are broad and straight ; the houses only one story high, and arched, built with a kind of j>unice, which abounds in the neighbourhood. Great quantities of pork are salted here; and its vicinity is noted for making fine red earthen ware. It is 50 miles s of Quito. Lon, 78 20 w, lat, 1 20 s. Latalda, the ancient Laodicea, a sea- port of Syria, and a bishop's see. It has beautiful remains of antiquity, and a considerable trade, especially in tubat>' CO, though the harbour is become Uh, asf2 L A U i hallow fi>r iargG vessels. It stands on the s siilcofa small peninsula, 75 luiles 8w of Aleppo. Loi). 34 30 e, hit. 35 40 N. Laval, a city of France, capital of the department of jMayenne, with two castles. Linen of all kinds and quali- ties is manufactured here ; and the neighbouring quarries produce gree« marble, or black, veined with white. It is seated on the Mayenne, 45 miles w of ftlans. Lon. 45 w, lat. 48 5 N, Lavamnnd, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 miles E of Clagenfurt. Laubach, a town of Germany, in Wet- twavia, with a castle, 10 miles e by s of Giesen. Laubach, or Laybacli, a strong town of Germany, capital of Carniola. The castle, called the Old Fort, stands on a mountain, and is now used only for a j)rison. It has manufactures of silk, leather, and excellent cloth ; and is seated on a river of the same name, 38 miles SE of Clagenfurt. Lon. 14 35 e, lat. 46 11 N. Lauban, a walled town of Lusatia, on the frontiers of Silesia. It has a good trade in cloth, yarn, and linen, and is seated on the Quiess, 14 miles ese of Gorlitz. LancJistadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a celebrated bath, six miles wNw of Merseburg. Lauda, a town and castle of Franco- nia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, on the river Tauber, 22 miles sw of Wurtz- burg. Laiuler, a borough of Scotland, in Ber- wickshire. I'he castle, originally built by Edward I. as a fortress, is now the seat of the earl of Lauderdale. It is seated on the river Lauder, 21 miles SE jf Ediiibuigh. Laveld, or Lqfeld, a village of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, four miles w of Maestricht. A battle was gained here by the French, in 1747, over the allies commanded by the duke of Cumberland. Lavello, a town of Naples, in Basili- cata, six miles n of Venosa. Lanetihurg, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the same name. There is only oiie wing left of the an- cient castle where the dukes resided. Great quantities of merchandise are sent hence to Lnhec, by means of the St'jckenitz. It siaads on the Elbe ai'd Stccker.itz., .35 ingles f.se of Hamburgh. Lon. 10 50 F, lat. 53 22 e. Lattenburg, a town of Further Po- merania, capital of a territory of the 373 LAI] same name. It stands on the Leba, near the Ealtic, 37 miles w by N of Dantzic. Lon. 17 48 e, lat. 54 27 n. Lavenliam, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Tuesday, and manufactures of hempen cloth, and woollen yarn. It is seated on a branch of the Bret, 12 miles s by e of Bury St. Edmuiul, and 61 NE of London. Lauenstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. It has mines of tin and iron, and stands on the Moglitz, 17 miles s of Dresden. Lavenza, a town of Italy, in the principality of Massa, with a citadel ; seated at the mouth of the Lavenza, ou the gulf of Genoa, six miles wNw of Massa. Lauffhi, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, with a line castle, seated on the Salza, 10 miles nnw oi Salzburg. Lauffen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Basel, near the river Birs, 12 miles ssw of Basel. Laiiffen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton ef Zurich, with a castle. Here is a celebrated cataract of the Rhine ; the perpendicular height ol ' which is about 60 feet, and the breadth 300. It is 3 miles s by w of Schanff- hausen. Lttuffenburg, a strong city of Suabia, one of the four Forest-towns, Avith a castle. It is seated on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the beauty of the scenery. It is 15 miles b by N of Basel. Lon. 8 2 e, lat. 47 35 N. Laiigliton, a village in West York- shire, on a high hill, six miles ese of Rotherham, It is noted for its church, whose curious town and spire are seen at the distance of 60 miles. Lauivgen, a town of Bavaria, in the territory of Neubcrg, seated on the Danube, three miles w of Dillingen. Lavmgton, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Wednesday, 20 miles nw of Salisbury, and 90 w by s of London. Lavis, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, at the conflux of the Lavis with the Adige, 7 miles n of Trent. Lannceslon, a borough and the capi- tal of Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It had a strong castle, now in ruins, but tha tower serves as a })rison ; and a little v,iihoutti'e to*. II stands the old prio- ry "i'he spring assizes are held here, the summer assizes at Eodinin. Hef« is a freeschool tbundcd by queen Elisa- bsth. It is seated on the side of & hill L A U uear the river Tamar, 28 miles n of Plymouth, and 214 w by s of London, Lon. 4 21 w, lat. 60 38 N. Launy, a town of Bohemia, near the river Eger, 12 miles ene of Saaz. Lavoro, Terra di, a province of Na- ples, 63 miles long and 35 broad ; bounded on the w by Camj)agna di Roma, N by Abruzzo Ulteriore and Citeriore, e by the Molise and Princi- pato Ulteriore, and s by Principato Ci- teriore. It is proper for tillage, whence it took its name ; and is fertile in ex- cellent wines and fruits. There are also mineral springs, and mines of sul- phur. Naples is the capital. Laupen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, at the conflux of the Sannen and Sense, six miles sw of Bern. Lauringen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, on the r/ver Laur, 11 miles ne of Schwein- fuit. Lmirvig, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggarhuus, 55 miles s of Christiania. Lausanne, a town of Switzerland, ca- pital of the eanton of Pays de Vaud, and a bishop's see, with a famous college. It stands on a very uneven tract of land, formed by three small hills ; and the lofty parts afford the most sublime views in nature. The church, the townhouse, and other public buildings, are magnificent. It is 30 miles ne of Geneva, and 42 sw of Bern. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 46 31 N. Launtenburg, a town of West Prussia, in the palatinate of Culm, 60 miles e by s of Culm. Launtcrhach, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, noted for excellent tin-mines, 9 miles ssw of Carlsbad. Launterbach, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, with a trade in linen and woollen cloths ; seated on the Vogels- berg, 15 miles wNw of Fulda. Lauterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, six miles s of Interlachen. It is seated in a romantic valley of the same name, celebrated for its cataract, called Staubbach, which rushes down a precipice 930 feet high with such impetuosity, as to resolve itself into a fine spray, which, viewed in some situations, resembles a cloud of dust. Lauterburg, a town of France, in ations, between the Black sea and the Caspian. Their country is indiflerent- ly called by the Georgians, Lesguistan and Daghestan. It is bounded on the E and s by Persia and the Caspian, sw and w by Georgia, the Ossi, and Kisti, and N by the Kisti and Tartar tribes. It is divided into a variety of districts, generally independent, and governed by chiefs elected by the people. The Lesguis are supposed to be descended from the tribes of mouutuiueers, Unowu to ancient geographers under the name of LesgaB or Ligyes. The strength of their country, which is a region of mountains, whose passes are knovvu LEU only to themselves, has probably, «t all times, se-cured them from foreign inva- sion. They subsist by raising cattle, and by predatory expeditions into the countries of their more wealthy neigh- bours. In their persons and dress, and genera! habits of life, as far as these are known to us, they greatly resemble the Circassians, Lesina, an island in the gulf of Ve- nice, on the coast of Dalmatia, 48 miles long and 8 broad. It contains great quantities of different kinds of marble. The })rincipal productions are wine, oil, figs, almonds, oranges, saffron, aloes, honey, and wool ; but salt-nsb is the chief article of commerce, 'i'he capital is of the same name, and has a good harbour, 20 miles s of Spaiatro. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 43 33 n. Lesina, a town of Naples, in Capita- nala, on a lake of the same name, 29 miles NW of Manfredouia. Leskeard, a borough in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, Avith a market on Saturday. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins, is one of the coinage towns for tin, and has manufactures of leather and yarn. It is 31 miles ene of Truro, and 225 Vi' by s of London. Lon. 4 42 w, Jat. 60 27 N. Lesko, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Lemberg, or kingdom ofGali- cia, 68 miles sw of Lemberg. Lesparre, a town of France, in the de- partmewt of Gironde, near which are found transparent pebbles, known by the name of Medoc stones. It is 40 miles NNW of Bourdeaux. Lessines, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainauit, famous for its linen manu- facture, seated on the Dender, 28 mile* sw of Brussels. Lestwithiel, a borough in Cornwall, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday, Here is a woollen manufac- ture; and it is one of the tin coinnge towns. Near it, on the edge of a hili, is Lestormal castle, formerly the resi- dence of the dukes of CornwaU. Lest- withiel is 22 miles ne of I'ruro, and 236 w by s of London. Lettere, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citeriore, seated at the foot of a mountain, 12 miles nw of Salerno. Levant. This word j)roperly signi- fies the East; but it is generally used, when speaking of trade, for Turkey in Asia; comprehending Natoliu, S3ria, tiie islands of Cyprus, Caudia, ivc. The Levant Sea means the E part ©f the i\ie- diterranean Sea. Lenbits, a town of Silesia, in the pnis- cipality of Wolau, with a oeiobratod CiJ> 380 LEU tertian abbey ; sea'teil on the OdtT, 10 miles sw of Wolaii, Leiicate, a town of France, in tlie dc- parfuient of Ande, situate near the Me- diterranean, on the N side of a lake of its name, 18 uiiies s of Narbonne. Levch, or Leiik, a town of Switzerland, in the Tallais, ranch frequented on ac- count of its hot mineral springs. It is seated on an eminence near the Rhone, 15 miles ese of Sion. Leuchienhnrg, a town of Bavaria, in a landgravate of the same name ; seated on a mountain, near the river Psreimbt, 38 miles nne of Ratisbon. Lou. 12 18 B, lat. 49 35 N, Lfvelf. See Cambodia. Leven, a river in Lancashire, which issues from the s extremity of Windcr- mere-water, and flows into Morecambe bay. Leven, a river of Scotland, in Dum- bartonshire, which issues from Loch Lomond, and enters the estuary of the Clyde, beiow Dumbarton. Leven, a river of Scotland, which rises in the county of Kinross, flows by flie town of that name and through Loch Leven, and crosses Fifeshire to the town of Leven, where it enters Largo bay. Leven, a town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, with a good harbour, and some share in the coasting and Baltic trade. It stands on tlie w side of Largo ba}', at the influx of the river Leven, seven miles NE of Dysart. Leven, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Kinrossbhire, 10 miles in circumference, and somewhat of a circular form. It has four small islands, on one of which is a ruinous castle, where Mary queen of Scots was confined by the confede- rate lords, after she had separated from Bothwell ; and on another, named St. Serf's isle, is the ruin of a priory. On the E side of the lake, near its outlet, stands the ruinous monastery of Port- luuak. Levenzo. See Mgades, Levrotix, a town of France, in the department of Indre, 11 miles N of Cha- teauroux, and 35 sw of Bourges. Leuse, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, seated on the Dender, 14 miles NW of Mons. Leutkircli, a town of Suabia, with two suburbs, and a good linen trade. It is seated ou the Eschach, which runs into the I Her, 22 miles ne of Liudau, and 38 8 of Ulm. Leutmeritz, or Leitmerilz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same oame, and lately a bishop's see. The 2m. L E W circle is such a delightful country that it is calU'd the Ilohemian Paradise ; it produce? excellent wine, and contains warm baths, tin-mines, and pvecious stones. The town is well built and po- pulous, and seated on the Elbf ,30 miles NW of Prague. Lon. 14 17 e, lat. 50 32 N. Lenfmischel, or Leitomischel, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ot Chrudim, with a castle on a raountani, 20 milea ESE of Chrudim. Leiitsch, a town of Germany, in Car- niola, 8 miles sse of Idria. Lewarden, a strong town of Holland, capita! of Friesland. The buildings, as well public as private, are magnificent. It has several canals in the streets, which are a great assistance to its trade ; they being continued to the sea, and to the most considerable towns in the pro- vince. It is seated on the river Ee, 32 miles w of Groningen. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 53 13 N. Leweiitz, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Gran, and on a river of the same name, Avhere the Turks were defeated in 1664. It is 25 miles ne of Gr-an. Lewes, a bGronp;h in Sussex, with a market on Saturday, It contains four parish churches ; and adjoining are the villages of Southover and Clitf, each with a parish church. The latter place is parted from Lewes by the river Ouse, which is navigable here for barges ; and in the former are considerable remains of a celebrated monastery. Lewes was formerly surrounded by walls, vestiges of which are still visible; and on the summit of a hill are the remains of an ancient castle. The summer assizes are held here. Near this town was fought a battle in 1263, when Henry III. and his son (afterward Edward I.) were made prisoners by the earl of Leicester. Lewes is situate at the edge of the South Downs, 30 miles e of Chichester, an4 49 s of Ijondon. Lon. 2 E, lat. 60 55 N. Lewes, a town of Delaware, in Sussex county, situate on Lewes creek, five miles from its mouth in Chesapeak bay, and 16 NNE of Georgetown. Lewis, the largest, and the most northern, of the Western islands of Scot- land. It is about 60 miles in length, and of considerable breadth toward the middle and north end. It lies 20 miles NNw of the isle of Skye, and is greatly intersected by arms of the sea, by which it may be said to be divided into five peninsulas. The southern part, vrhicb is connected by a narrow isthmus, ui L E X called Tfairis. The cotiiiirv, in ge- neral, is wild, bleak, nearly inincii of wood, aud liitle fitted for cisltivatiou: tlie hiils are covered with Iiealh, which ailbrds shelter for various sorts of game. Th« CfO}js are oats, hip,"g, and potatoes ; !4nd there are mao^ beeves and sheep. The lakes and streams aiiound with sal- mon, largo red Irout, ike. and there are good fisheries on t!ie w coast, whicli is anauaiiy visited by millions of herrinj^s. There are several suiaii viilaj^es, but btornaway is tlie only town, 'i'he pro- montory at the N extrensily of the island is called the Butt of Lev\ is. Lon. G 32 E, iat. 68 S3 N. Lewishurg, a town of Pennsylvania, in Northumberland county, on the w branch of the Snsquehauua, 17 jniles NNW of NorlhiiU!l>erland. Lbwisburg, a town of Virginia, chief of Greenbiier county, on (he n side of Greenbrier river, 190 miles vvNvv of Richmond, Lon. 81 15 w, Iat. 38 10 N. LewisiGic7i, a town of Pennsylvania chief of Miiihii county, seated on the Juniatta, 150 miles wnw of I'hiladel- jjliia. Lon. 78 13 w, Iat. 40 35 N. Lexington, a town of Kentucky, chief of Fayette county, and formerly the capital of the state. It has four edifices for public worship, a university, and a large court-hous*'. The trade is consi- derable. ^i ear this town are to be seen carious sepulchres, full of human skele- tons, which are fabricated in a method totally ditierent from that now prac- tised by the Indians. In the neighbour- hood also are the remains of two ancient fortifications, with ditches aud bastions ; one containing about six acres of land, and the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen vessels have also been ploughed sip near Lexington ; a manufacture with which the Indians were never ac- quainted. These, with the fortifications and the sepulchres, have been urged as an argument, that this country was for- merly inhabited by a people further ad- vanced in the arts of life than the pre- sent Indians. Lexington stands in a fine tract of country, on the head wa- ters of Elkhorn river, 24 miles ESE of Frankfort, the present capital. Lon, 84 65 w, Iat. 38 5 N. Lexington, a town of Virginia, chief of Rocklnidge county, situate near the N branch of James river, 120 miles vv by N of Hichmond. Lon. 79 50 w, Iat. 37 55 N. Lexi'iigtoii, a town of Massachusets, m lUiddlcscx county, celebrated for bejii^ the ])iace where hostilities coni- L I B meiioed bfftwecn the British troops and the Americans, in 1775. It is 10 miles M w of Boston. Leyden, a city of South Holland, seat- ed on the ancient bed of the Rlune,which here almost expires in a number of small channels. It is surrounded by a brick Avail, with eight gates ; and is famous for the long siege it sustained in 1574, against the Spaniards, during which 6000 of the inhabitants died of famine and pestilence. In honour of this siege a university was founded in 1575, cele- brated for its colleges, medicinal gar- den, anatonsical theatre, astronomical observatory, and valuable library. The principal church is a superb structure , and the old castle, townhouse, custom- house, and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here are excellent manufac- tures of cloth, serge, and cambric ; and the vicinity produces the best Dutch butter and cheese. It stands on 60 islands, and has 145 bridges, the great- est part built (jf freestone. The inha- bitants arc estimated at 50,000. In 1807, the university was almost destroy- ed by the catastrojihe of a vessel loaded with gunpowder blowing up. Leyden is Jour miles v. of the German ocean, and 20 sw of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E, Iat. 52 8 N. Leypa, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Lentmcritz, seated on the Pu- bietz, 23 miles ene of Lcutmeritz. Leyta, one of the Philippine islands, about 40 leagues in length, and 95 in circumference. Its soil, on the E side, is very fertile: but there are high moun- tains that intersect it nearly in the mid- dle from E to w, and occasion so great an alteration in the climate, that, when the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the otliers sow; and they have two plentiful harvests in the year, to which the rivers descending from the mountains not a little contribute. The island contains 9000 inhabitants, who pay tribute to the .Spaniards, in rice, wax, aud (juilts. It has a town of the same name, on the N coast, Lou. 124 16 E, Iat. 11 20 N. Liamone, a new department of France, including the s part of Corsica. It has its name from a river which runs into the sea, 10 miles n of Ajazzo, the chief town. Liam-po. SeeNi7ig-po, Libanus, or Lebanon, the name of mountains of Turkey in Asia, between Syria and Palestine, extending from the Mediterranean sea as far as Arabia. The summits of these mountains are always covered with snow; but below 883 L I C 9tc vei-v IruilJiil valleys, Titey ^orc formerly tamosis for ctilar-trees ; but now scarcelyany remain. Geographers distingiiisli them into Lihaniis and x'^nti- Lihaniis: latter lies on tlio s side of the valley, rising near the rniiis of 8idon, and terminates at others in Arabia, in lat. 34. They are separated fiom each other at an equal distance throughout, and form a country, called by the au- cjents Coelosyria. Libatta, a town of Guinea, in tlie country of Gabon, seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 miles Nw of Sette Lon. b 54 E, lat. 58 s. Libau, a town of Courland, on the Baltic, Avith a harbour for small ships. The chief articles of commerce are hemp and linseed. It is seated on a peninsula, 50 miles n of Memel, and 80 w of Mittau. Lon. 21 25 e, lat 56 30 N. Liberty, a to^ii of Kentucky, in Ma- son county, with a ship-yard, seated on the Ohio, a mile above Limestone, and five miles nne of the town of Wash- ington. Liberty, a town of Virginia, chief of Bedford county, 15 miles w by N of Ne^\ London. Liberty, West, a town of Virginia, chief of Oliio county, situate at the bead of Short creek, six miles from the Ohio, and 12 sw of Pittsburg. Libnurne, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, at the conflux of the Iller with the Dordogne, 20 miles ENE of Bourdeaux. Lichfield. See Litchfield. Lichfield, a town of Connecticut, chief of a county of the same name, situate on an elevated plan, 32 miles w of Hartford, and 42 nnw ©f New- baveu. Lichstall, or Lichtallen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Basel, seated on the Ergetz, seven miles se of Basel. LicJitenau, a town of Westphalia, in tne principality of Paderborn, 8 miles SSE of Paderborn. Lichtenan, a town of Germany, in Lower Hesse, 12 miles se of Cassel. Lichtenau, a town of Franconia, in the territory of Nuremberg, with a for- tress on the P.czel, 6 miles e of Anspach, a.'irt 17 svv of Nuremberg. Lichtenberg, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth. In the neighbourhood arc metlicinal springs, quarries of marble, and mines of cop- per and iron. It is seated on the Selb- iiilz, 18 niik'3 ne of Culmbaclu 3b3 L I E Lichtenfeh, a town of Franconia, in the pnnc!pa!i(y of Bamberg.with a great trade in timber; seated on the Maine, 15 miles ne of Bamberg. Lichiensteig, a town of Switzerland, capital of the county of 'i'ockenburg, seated on the Tliur, 27 miles ese of Zurich. Lon. 9 5 e, lat, 47 16 N. Lichtenstein, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, with a castle on a moun- tain, 6 miles NE of Zwickau. Lichtenvord, a town and castle of Holland, in Gelderland, 17 miles ESE of Zntphcn. Licola, a lake in the kingdom of Naples, formerly famous for excellent fish; but, in 1538, an earthquake hai> peued, which changed one part of it into a mountain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was anciently known by the name Lucrino, or the Lucrine Lake. Lida, a town and castle of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wilna, 56 miles sof Wilna. Lon. 25 34 E, lat. 53 50 N. Liddel, a river of Scotland, in Rox- burghshire, and the only one in the county that flows southward. It forms the boundary with England, for five miles, till it enters the Esk, from Durn- fiiesshire, three miles above Longtown in Cumberland. Lidfard, a village in Devonshire, on the river Lid, 7 miles n of Tavistock. It was once a borough, with a castle ; and its parish may now compare for lands and liberties w ith any in the king- >.tom, the whole forest of Dartmoor being in the \eY^G of it. The bridge is throv.i over .i part of the river that is pen. betn een two high rocks ; and near t is a Cre cataract, Lidkoping, a town of Sweden, in West Gothland, on the s side of the lake AVenner, at the mouth of the Lida, 80 miles NE of Gotheburg. Liebenwald, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, near which the Fi- now canal begms, that unites the rivers Oder, Finow, and Havel. It is sealed on the Havel, 25 miles n of Berlin, Liebenwerda, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with a castle, seated on the Elster, 24 miles nnw of Dresden. Liebenzell, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, near which is the bath of Zell. It is 17 miles w by N of Stutgard. Lieberose, a town of Lusatia, with a castle, seated on the Spreewald, 20 miles w of Guben. Liebstadt, a town of West Prussia, with a castle, 45 miles e by s of Marieit- burg. L I F Liege, a large, ancient, and tlrong city of Germany, lately the capita! of a bishopric of its name. Here the river Meiise is divided into tliree branches, and after passing tiiroiij^h the city, un- der several bridges, nrn'te agsio. Liege 15 four miles in circumference, and has 16 gates: it has also 10 large suburbs, in which and the city are a great num- ber of cliurches and religions houses. The magnificent cathedral contains ma- ny relics ; and the other pnblic struc- tures are the castie, the ])alace, the council-house, the town-house, and the arsenal: here is also a famous unive.*- sjty, and a convent of nuns. At ihis place is made a great quantity of fire- arms and nails, also cloth, leather, glass, ice. In 1734, a fire happened here, which consumed the bishop's palace, ■with all the furniture and writings. In 1789, the inhabitants complained of the oppression of their bisliop, and insisted npon a charter of privileges ; but the bishop not complying, they had recourse to arms: these commotions continued till 1791, M'hen the Austrians entered Liege, restored tlje old magistracy that had been expelled, and reinstated the bishop. In 1792, the French took the city, and cfi'ected another revolution ; they were driven thence in 1793, but entered it again, in 1794; and it was af- terwards annexed to France. In 1814, however, Liege, with its district, was delivered up to the allied forces. It is 60 miles wsw of Cologne. Lon. 6 35 E, lat, 50 38 N. Liege, a territory of the Netherlands, lately a bishopric, bounded on the N by Brabant and Upper Gcldcriand, E by Limburg and Jeliers, s b}' Luxemburg and the Ardennes, aiul w by Hainault, Namin-, and Braiiatit. it is finitful in corn and fruits, and contains mines of iron, Ictid, and coal, beside quarries of marble. Linn-tchecn, a city of China, of the first \Hi\k, in the province of Qnang- fong. its territories border on the king- dom of Tonqnin, from which it is sepa- rated by inaccessible mountains. It is seated on the Lien-kiang, which forms a convenient harbour for barks, 325 miles wsw of Canton. Lon. 108 40 E, lat. 21 40 N. L?en-hieu, or Leoo-keoo, the general name of 36 islands lying between For- mosa and Japan. 'J hey form a king- dom, the inhabitants of which are civi- lized, and of a mild, gay, affable, and lempcrate disposition. Each island haa a j)ai (icular name ; the principal one, :?siJled Li&ii-kii>ii, is 126 miles long a»iQ L I G 28 broad, but tlie others are inconsidCT" able. The chief products arc sulphnrf copper, tin, with shells, and mother o. pearl. The king is tributary to China Kintching, the capital, in the SE part o Lieu-kieu, is in ion. 127 30 E, lat. 26 2 N. Liere, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, which has a great trade in cattle; seated at the junction of thfe Great and Little Netlie, 10 miles SE of Antwerp. Liesse, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, famous for an image of the virgin Siary, to which a great number of pilgrims used to resort. It is six miles e of Laon, Liffey, a river of Ireland, which riSe* in the county ofWicklow,runs w thence into Kildare, where it has a cataract near Leixsiip, and then turning ne pas-^ ses tlirougli the county of Dublin, an^ by the city of that name, below which it enters the Irish sea. Lijford, a borough of Ireland, in th*5 county of Doiiegal, situate on theFoyle, 28 miles ne of Donegal. Ligne, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, on the river Dender, 12 miles NW of Mons. LigneroUes, a town of France, in the department of Ailier, four miles s of Montluzon, Lignieres, a town of F'rance, in the department of Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24 miles ssvv of Bourges. Lignitz, a fortified town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name. The castle is surrounded by a distinct moat and wall ; and the coun- cil-house, with its public library, is a stately edifice. The Lutherans have two chinches. The papists have the collegiate church, to which adjoins the superb burial chapel of the princes of Lignitz and Brieg; they have also 8 magnificent college and other religious foundations. Here is a spacious aca- demy, founded by Joseph I. for the in- struction of young gentlemen, of both religions, in military exercises. Lignitz has a considerable trade in cloth and madder, and stands at the conflux ot the Katzbach and Schwartzwasser, 32 miles s of Glogau. Lon. 16 16 e, lat. 61 II N. Ligny, a town of France, in the de^ partment of Meuse, with a castle, and a collegiate church ; seated on the Or- ney, eight miles SE of Bar le Due. Ligor, a seaport of the peninsula of Malaya, capital of a kingdom of the same name. The Dutch have a factory L I M here for tin, riix?, and peppor. It is seated on tlie ne coast, 150 2iii!es N of Qneda. Lon. 99 25 k, lat. 8 20 N. Lig'ueil, a low n of France, in the de- partment ofludrc and Loire, 23 miles ssE of Tonrs, LiJienthal, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, on the river Warp, 10 miles nne of Ercmen. LiHe. See Lisle. lAlkrs, a town of France, in tiie de- partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Navez, 17 miles n\v of Arras. Lillo, a fort of the Netherlands, in Braba.nt, on the e side of the Scheldt, kine miles nnw of Antwerp. It was ta- nen, in 1793, by the French, who soon After evacuated it; but tliey retook it in 1794. Lima, the principal audience of Peru ; bounded on the n by the audience of Quito, E by the Andes, s by the audi- ence of Charcas, aud w by the Pacific ocean. Lima, the capital of Peru, and an archbishop's see, with a university'. In 1534, PizaiTo, marching through the country, was stnick with the beauty of tJie extensive valley of Rimac ; and tliere, on a river of the same name, at the distance of six miles from Callao, he founded a city, and gave it the name of Ciudad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings. This Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but is better known to foreigners by that of Lima, a corruption of the appellation of the valley in which it is seated. Lima is four miles long and two broad, and surrounded by brick walls, with ramparts and bastions. The sti'eets are handsome and straight: the houses are generally only one story high, aud the roofs covered with coarse linen cloth, or only with reeds, because it never rains here ; but the rich inhabit- ants cover theirs with fine mats, or beautiful cotton cloths ; and there are trees planted round them to keep off the heat of the sun. What the houses want in height they have in length and depth; for some of them are 200 feet long, and proportionally broad, so that they have 10 or 12 large apartments on the ground floor. The river forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the houses, and serve to water the gardens, &c. The churches and cojivents are ex- tremely rich ; and many images of the saints are of gold, adorned with jewels. Here are several courts, ai> that of the viceroy, of the archbishop, of the inqui- sition, of the crusado, and of the wills. Lima is the general staple of Peru ; for all the provinces remit hither their pro- 3S5 L X M ducts and :nttnufkcture^ and aio sup' plied hence with the necessary commo- dities. The wealth of the provinces is principally embarked on the fleet, which, flt the time of the galleons, sails from Callao (the port of Lima) to Panama but its commerce with the other parts of N, and S. America is very considerable. Earthquakes are frequsjit, and some have done the city much damage; pai- ticularly that in 1746, by which it was almost destroyed. The inhabitants, es- timated at 60,000, are rich and very de- bauched ; yet are extremely supersti- tious, and have a strong belief in the power of charms. Lima is 860 miles s by E of Quito. Lon. 76 49 w, lat. 12 1 s. Limale, a town of the Netlierlands, in Brabant, seated on the Dyle, 13 miles SE of Brussels. Limavady. See Newtoicn Limavady. Limhurg, a province of the Nether- lands, 42 miles long and 30 broad • bounded on the N by the duchy of Ju- liers, E by that duchy and the tenitory of I'reves, and s and w by the territory of Liege. It has good arable ground, abounds in a fine breed of cattle, and contains mines of iron and lead. Limhurg, a town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of that name, with a castle built of marble. Here is a manufacture of woollen cloths, and it is famous for excellent cheese. Near it are many quarries of different kinds of marble, and good mines of calamine and coal. Limburg was taken by the allies in 1703, and ceded to Austria by tlie treaty of Baden, but the fortifica- tions were destroyed. The French took possession of it in 1793; but in 1814, they delivered it up to the allies. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Weze, 20 miles E of Liege, Lon. 6 3 E* lat. 50 38 N. Limhurg, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves, with a fine cathe- dral. I'he Austrians defeated the French on the heights near this place, in 1796. It is seated on the Lahn, 26 miles Nw of Frankfort. Limx, a town ia Dorsetshire. See Lyme Regis. Limekilns, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on the coast of the Forth. !♦ is fatnous for great lime-works, has -. good tide harbour for small vessels, an^ is four miles sw of Dumfermline. Limerick, a county of Irejand, in the province of Munster, 48 miles long aud 23 broad ; bounded on the N by Tippe- rary and Clare, from which last it is sepa- rated by the Shannon, w by Kerry, s by Cc L I M Cork, aiul E by Tipjierary. It is divided into 125 parishes, contains about 170,000 inhabitants, and sends three members to parliament. It is a fertile country, thouo^h tlie w pai is are mountainous. Limerick^ a city of Ireland, capital of the cosmty of Limerick, and gcneraiiy considered as tlie metropolis of the j)ro- vince of Munster. It was formerly well fortified, and reckoned the second city in the kingdom, but at present has lost its rank ; not because it tlouriKhcs less, but because Cork tloiirishes more. Li- merick is a county of itself, and a bi- shop's see with Ardfert and Aghadoe united. It stands partly on an island in the Shannon, and is divided into the npper and lower town, united by a state- iy bridge. The inhabitants are esti- mated at upward of 40,000, and it has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The linen, woollen, and paper manufac- tures are carried on to a great esteut; and the export of psovisions is consider- able. Eeside the cathedral and other churches, here are many hosjjiials, and some handsome public structures. King William was obliged to raise (he siege of this city in 1G90; but, in 1691, the garrison surrendered on a very honour- able capitulation, li is 40 miles sse of Galwa}', and 04 wsw of Dublin. Lon. 8.54 w, 1 at. 62 42 N. Limestone, or Mai/sville, a town of Kentucky, in Mason county, at the mouth of Limestone creek, on the s side of the Ohio. This is the usual landing-place for people coming down in boats, who mean to settle in the up- per parts of the state ; and here the champaign country on the eastern side of the river begins. It is four miles n by E of the town of Washington, and 500 by the river below Pitts!)urg. Limeuil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, on the river Dor- dogne, 20 miles s of P(;rigaeux. Limmat,'d town of Switzerland, form- ed by the junction of the Mat and the Linth ; the former issuing from the Nw extremity of the lake Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from the s. The Lim- mat flows NW, passes through the lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aar, be- low Baden. Limne, or Limpne, a village in Kent, three miles sw of Hithe. It was for- merly a port, til! choked up by the sands, and its castle is now converted into a farmhouse. Though now a poor place, it has the horn and mace, and other to- kens left of its ancient grandeur. The Roman road from Canlcrbuiy, cvlled Stantstreet, ended here. L I N Limoges, a city of France, capital tA the department of Upper Vienne, and s bishop's see. It is a trading place, and the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It is seated on the Vienne, 50 miles ne of Periguenx, and 110 e of Bourdeaux. Loi!. i'2Ge, lat. 45 50 N. Limosin, a late piovince of France, bounded on the n by Marche, e by Au- vergne, s by Quercy, and w by Perigord and Angoumois. It has forests of chest- nut trees, and contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and iron ; but the principal trade consists in cattle and horses. It now forms the department of Upper Vi- enne. Limonx, a town of France, in the de. jjartnient of Aude, with a manufacture of cloth ; seated on the Aude, 37 miles w by s of Narbonne, and 60 se of Tou- louse. Lincoln, a town of Kentucky, in Mercer county, on the e side of Dick river, a branch of the Kentucky, 12 miles SE of Danville. Lincoln, a city and the capital of Lin- colnshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the side of a steep hill, and on the river Withani, which here divides into three streams. It had formerly 60 churches, now reduced to 11, beside the cathedral ; and is a bishop's see, the largest diocese in England. The num- ber of inhabitants, in 1811, was 88G1. The cathedral stands on the brow of the hill, and is admired for its rich and light architecture. The ruins of the castle are venerable pieces of aiitiquity : and the ruins of religious houses are so nu- merous, that the very barns, stables, ike, arc built with arched doors and windows. Newport Gate, on the n side of the city, still remains, and is one of the noblest remnants of Roman architecture left in Britain. Upon the plain, without this gate, was fought the famous battle be- tween the partizans of empress Maud and king Stephen, in which that prince was defeated and taken prisoner. The great bell of the cathedral, called 2\m of Lincoln, required 15 able men tonng it, but has lately been forbidden to be used, in consequence of the decay of the tower in which it hangs. Lincoln is a county of itself, governed by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool, which are sent by the Witham. Here is a small manufacture of camlets. It is 32 miles NE of Nottingham, and 131 N of Loudon. Lon. 25 w, lat. 63 15 N. Lincolnshire, a county of England, 77 miles long and 45 broad; bounded oa 3842 L I N the N by the Humber, which divides it from Yorkshire, e by the Geniiaii ocean, *E by the Wash and Norfolk, s by Cani- brida;eshire and Norlhamplonshirc, s\v by Rntlandshire, and w by the counties ef Leicester and Xottingnam. It con- tains 1,783,680 acres; is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parislics; has one city and 31 market towns; and se4ids 12 members to parliament. In 1811, the luimbcr of inhal»itan(s was 2:37,891. Tlie coast is flat, and at l-^w water may be seen the snbmarine rt.ics of a forest, which is a great natnral enriosity. The principal rivers are the Hnniber, Trent, Witham, Welland, and Aneholni. This county is divided into three districts, called Holland, Kesleven, and Lindsej. The air is varions. The soil, iji many places, is very rich ; tlie inland part pro- dncing corn in greal plenty, and the lens, coleseed, and very rich pastures; whence their breed of cattle is larger than that of any oliicr county of Eng- land, except Somersetshire ; their horses are also excellent, and very large ; tlieir hunting hounds and hares arc particu- larly noted for their extreme swiftness ; and their sliecp are not only of the lar- gest breed, but are clothed with a long thick wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse woollen manufac- tnres. In the n\v part, the rivers Trent, Dune, and Idle, form an island, called Axholm, which is a rich tract, and pro- duces much tiax. To the ne is a large tract of healthy land, called the Wolds, in which great flocks of sheep are bred. Lincolntawn, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Lincoln county, 33 miles e by s of Morgantown, and 35 w of Salis- bury. Lindau, a city of Suabia, with a cas- tle and wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French took possession of this city in 1796; and it became subject to Ba- varia in 1805. It is a trading place, seated on an island of the lake of Con- stance, joined to the mainland by a long bridge, 22 miles ESE of Constance, ahd 75 sw of Augsburg. Lorn 9 41 e, lat. 47 32 N. Lindau, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt- Zerbst, five miles n of Zerbst. Lindau, or Lendow, a town of Bran- denburg, in the Middle mark, five miles nb; of Ruppin. Lindeness. See Naze. Lindenfels, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 14 miles nne of Manheim. Liiidirfarne. See Holy Island. Lingen, a town of Westphalia, in the 387 LIN principality of Mnnster, capital of tt county of its name. Here are churches for all the three principal religions, and a celebrated Calvinist academy. It was formerly fortified, but is now barely sur- rounded by a ditch ; and a little to the N of it is a passage over the Ems, called the Lingen Ferry. It is seated on the Ems, 48 miles nnw of Mnnster. Lon. 7 25E, lat. 52 32 n. Lin-keang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. It is thinly inhabited ; but is of some note, on account of one of its villages being the general mart for all the drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on the Yu-ho, 410 miles N by e of Canton. Lon. 115 e, lat. 27 58 N. Liuhoping, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, and a bishop's see. It is de- fended by a castle, and stands on the river Steng, near the lake Roxen, 26 miles w of Nordkoping. Linlithgow, a borough of Scotland, car jjital of Linlithgowshire, seated on a ris- ing ground, overlooking a lake at its k end. Tlic chief manufacture is leather and shoes; the woollen trade and bleach- ing business are also carried on. Here the kings of Scotland had one of theii noblest palaces, now in ruins; but the room is still shown in which Mary, queen of Scots was born, Linlithgow is 17 miles vv of Ediuburg. Lon. 3 33 w, lat. 66 N. Linlithgowshire, or West Lothian, a county of Scotland, 20 miles long and 12 broad ; bounded on the N by the frith of Forth, SE by Edinburgshire, sw by Lanarkshire, and Nw by Stirlingshire. It is divided into 13 parishes, and con- tains about 20,000. The surface is finely diversified with hill and dale; and (he chief rivers are the Avon and Araond. It is fertile in corn and pasture, arjd produces coal, iron, limestone, and lead. Linnhe, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the w coast of Scotland, which separates the counties of Argyle and Inverness. It extends in a ne direction from the sound of Mull to Fort William, where it takes a westerly direction, and acquires the name of Loch Eil. Another branch, in an easterly direction, is called Loch Leven. This lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains ; the island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in it are interspersed several smaller ones. Linnich, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers ; seated on the river Roer, five miles nnw of Juliers. Linosa, an island in the Mediterra- neaii, on the coast of Tunis, near that of Lampedosa. It is 12 miles- in cir- LIP cuwtfertiice. Loii. 13 30 E, !a(. SO 60 N. Lhiselles, a village of nnw A Ploczko. Lipourec, a town of Poland, in th* palatinate of Cracow, 22 miles w o. Cracow. Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which flows w by Paderborn, Lippstadt, Ham, and Dorsten, and joins the Rhine above T^^csel. Lijjpehne, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, 26 miles N of Custrin. Lippspring, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, near the source of the Lippe, six miles n of Pa- derborn. Lippstadt, a strong town of Westpha- lia, capital of the county of Lippe, In 1632, a bloody battle was fought here between the Swedes and the Ausfrians, in which the king of Sweden and the Austrian general were bolli killed. In 1757, it was taken by the French, who kept possession of it eleven months. It canies on a good trade in timber for building vessels on the Khine, and stands on the river Lippe, 18 miles w of Pader- born. Lon. 8 28 E, lat. 51 41 N. Liqiie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, 12 miles \v of St. Omer. Liqueo, Liquieux, or Likeo Islands. See Lieou-liieou. Lis, a river which rises in France, in the department of Pas de Calais, flows by Aire, St. Venant, and Armentieres, into Flanders, v.here it passes by Menin, Courtray, and Deynse, and joins the Scheldt, at Ghent. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, and the see of a patriarch and an archbisiiop, witli a university, and a tribunal of the inquisition. It is seated on the N side of the Tajo, 10 miles from its mouth, and built in the form of an amphithea- tre, on seven hills, not broad, but six miles in length. The city is walled round, and it has so increased by de- grees, particularly toward the west, that the old walls now divide the two dioceses ; the E part tnider the arclu bishop, and the w under the patriarch. The harbour will contain 1*!)00 ships in the greatest safety, the entrance of which is defended by two forts ; and before the entrance to the city is the fort of Belem. Near this is a grand aqueduct, between two hills, which conveys water to a great reservoir at one of the extremities of Lisbon. lu the middle of the city, on one of the hills, is a citadel, which commands tlie whole place. The cathedral, on an- other eminence, is ancient and gloomy; but the riches of the Portuguese have 388 L I S rendered it magnificent. It is dedica- ted to St. Tincent, Avlio suffered martyr- dom near the cape which bears his name. The royal palace fronts the river ; it is large and magnificent, and contains a library, collected at vast expence by John V. In 1706, pope Clement XT. consecrated a chapel in this palace, as a patriarchal church, and granted it a chapter. It is singularly magnificent, and here the patriarch, Avho is generally a cardinal, officiates with more pomp than the pope himself. Lhsbon was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, but lias been handsomely rebuilt. It contains many beautiful edifices, 40 parish churches. 50 convents of both sexes, and about 200,000 inhabitants. There are public walks, two theatres, and a circus for the bull-feasts. Tlie trade is very considerable, and many foreign merchants, both catholic and protestant, reside here ; this city being the grand magazine of all goods brought from Brasil and other colonies belong- ing to Portugal. In December 1807, this city was entered by the French, who retained possession till August 1808, when they evacuated it after the battle of Vimiera, in which they were defeated by the British. It is 178 miles w by n of Seville, and 255 s by w of Madrid. Lon. 9 5w, lat. 38 42 n. Lisburn, a borougli of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, with manufactures of linen cloth, muslin, and cambric. It is seated on the Laggan, eight miles sw of Belfast. Liscu, or Lisca Bianca, one of the Lipari islands, three miles swof Strom- boli. It is a small desert spot. Lisieux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, and lately an episcopal see. It has a good trade, particularly in linen cloth, and is seat- .ed on the Tonque, 12 miles from the sea, and 40 sw of Rouen. Lon. 14 E, lat. 49 9 N. Lisle, a strong city of France, in the department of Nord, and one of the most commercial towns in France. The inhabitants arc computed to be 60,000. Its citadel is supposed to be the strong- est in Europe, next to that of Turin. The streets and squares are adorned with noble buildings, particularly the Great Square and the Little Square ; and among the public structures are the exchange, a magazine of vast extent, and A general hospital. Here are ma- uuftictures of ail sorts; but the principal trade is in camlets. Lisle was taken by the allies, after three months siege, ia 1708; but was restored by the treaty of 389 L ! T Utrecht, in 1713, in consideraliou of the demolition of ll-c fbrlificalions of Dun- kirk. In 1792, it siisiaiiicd a severe bombardment IVom Ihc Austriuns. It is seated in a rich and marshy soil, on the Deule, 14 miles w of Tournay, and 130 N of Paris. Lon. 3 4 f, lat. 50 38 N. Lismore, one of the Hebiides of Scotland, at the entrance of Loch Mull, oh the coast of Argyleshire. It is a fertile island, nine miles long and two broad, and was anciently the re- sidence of the bishop of Argyle. A great part of the cathedral remains, and the chancel is used as the parish church. Lismore, a Irorcrogh of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, and a bishop's see united to Waterford. The cathedral is spacious and handsome, but the town is now a small place. It stan-ds on the Blackwater, 26 miles NE of Cork, and 31 Wsw of Waterford. Lisotizo, a river which rises in the duchy of Carniola, passes by Goiz and Gradisca, crosses Friuli, between Monte Falcone and Aquiela, and enters tho gulf of Venice. Lissa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia. Here is a fishery of pilchards and anchovies, and it produces excellent wine. It is 70 miles w of Ragusa. Lon. 17 E, lat. 42 .52 N. Lissa, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Posnan. In 1707, it was laid waste by the Russians ; but it has been rebuilt, wilh great improvement, and carries on a great trade. It is 50 miles w of Kalisch, Lon. 16 50 e, lat. 62 N. Lissa, a village of Silesia, on the Weistritz, six miles N\v of Breslau, ce- lebrated for a great victory gained by the Prussians over the Austrians, in 1757. Litchfield, a city of Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It is a county of itself, and united with Coventry, forms an episcopal see. It has three parish churches, beside the ca- thedral, which is a beautiful structure, and walled in like a castle. Litchfield is the birthplace of two celebrated co- temporaries, Samuel Johnson and Da- vid Garrick. It is seated on both sides of a small river, which soon afterward joins tho Trent, 14 miles se of Staflord, and 118 nw of London. Lon. 1 44 w, lat. .52 41 N. Lithay, a town of Germany, in Car- niola, on the river Save, 16 milea e of Laubach. Lithvauia, a country of ,Euroi>e, for LI V merlj governed by its grand dukes, but, hi 1569, united to Poland, under one elective king. It is 300 miles long and 250 broad ; bounded on the s by Volhinia, w by Little Poland, Polachia, Prussia, and Samogitia, n by Courlaad and Russia, and e by Russia. The prin- cipal rivers are the Dnieper, Dwina, Nieman, Pripeez, and Bug. It is a flat country, fertile in corn ; and produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of wool ; also excellent little horses, which are never shod, their hoofs being very liard. There are vast forests, in which are bears, wolves, elks, wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, wild cats, £cc. and eagles and vultures are very common. In the forests, large pieces of yellow amber are frequently dug up. The country swarms with Jews, who, though numerous in every part of Poland, seem to have fixed their head quarters in this duchy ; and this, perhaps, is tlie only country in Europe wliere Jews cultivate the ground. The peasants are in a state of the most abject vassalage. The nobility are nu- merous, some exceedmgly rich, but the greater part indigent and poor ; and those wiio are in low circumstances serve the richer sort as pages, valets, treasurers, &c. In 1772, empress Ca- tharine compelled the Poles to cede to her all that part of Lithuania bordering upon Russia, and including at least one third of the country. 1'his was erected into the two governments of Polotsk and Mohilef. In 1793, in conjunction with the king of Prussia, she efiected another partition of Poland, in consequence of wliich she extended her dominion over almost the whole of Lithuania. The capital is Wilna. Litiz, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, and a settlement of the Moravians, 8 miles N of Lancaster, and GQ w by N of Philadelphia. Litschau, a town and castle of Austria, on the frontiers of Bohemia, 23 miles Nvv of Horn. Littmi, a town of Moravia, in the cir- cle of Olmutz, on the river March, nine miles NNw of Olmutz. Livadia, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the n by Janna, e by the Archipelago, s by the Morea, and w by the Mediterranean. It includes ancient Greece properly so called, and its capital is Atlicns. Livadia, a town of European Tur- key, in the province of its name, with a castle. It has a trade in wool, corn, and rice, and is seated on the gulf of J^panto, 68 miles n\v of Athens. Lon. 23 20 E, bit. 38 42 n. L I V Livenza, a river of Italy, hi the ter- ritory of Venice, which runs on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and enters the gulf of Venice, between the mouth of the Piava and the town of Caorlo. Liverpool, a borough and seaport d' England, in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. It had but one church, which was a chapel of ease to Walton (a village three miles off) till the year 1699, when an act passed to make the town a distinct parish, and erect a new church ; since which time it has been gradually advancing in population and trade. The number of the inhabitants in 1773 was 34,407, in 1790 it was 66,732, in 1801 77,653, and in 1811 no less than 94,376. Its rise and increase was principally owing to the salt-works : and it is now become, with respect to population and commerce, the second port in the kingdom. It is seated on the river Mersey, and has an harbour, formed with great labour and exponce, here being eight wet docks, secured by large flood-gates, bound by keys, a mile and a half in length, where 1000 ves- sels, or 20,000 tons of shipping, may lie in the greatest safety. The trade of Li- verpool is general ; but the principal branch is the African and West Indian trade. The American, Baltic, and Por- tugal commerce is also very great, as well as that of Ireland ; many sliips are gent to the Greenland whale-fishery ; the coasting trade employs a great num- ber of vessels ; and many good ships are built here. By the late inland iia- vigation, Liverpool has communication with the rivers Dee, Ribble, OusG,Trent, Humber, Severn, and Thames. Its principal manufactures are fine porce- lain, earthen ware, watches, and stock- ings, some glass, iron, salt, and cop- peras works, many roperies, and upwards of fifty breweries. The exchange is a " handsome modern edifice of stone with piazzas for the merchants ; and over it is the town-hall. There is also a hand- some exchange, a custom-house, an assembly room, an elegant theatre, a, library, and a borough gaol on Mr. Ho- ward's plan. Beside the two parochial churches, there aie ten other churches for the established religion; also Ro- man Catholic chapels, and dissenting' meeting-houses. To enumerate the asylums for the wretched and unfortu- nate of every description and denomi- nation, would far cxceetl our boiuids. Liverpool is 48 miles s of Laucasloi, and 202 Nw of Loudon. Lou. 3 w, jat, 53 22 N I L L A * Liverpool, a town of Nova Srolia, in Qiieeu's county, with a harbour at the nioiifh of a river of its name, 58 miles sv of Halifax, Lou, 64 15 w, lat. 44 10 N. Liviugstan, a town of New York, in Columbia county, on the e side of the Hudson, at the influx of a river of its name, 11 miles s of Hudson. Livonia, a province of Russia, which, with that of Esthonia, has been recipro- cally claimed and possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and, for move than two centuries, has been a per- petual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from the Swedes by Peter the great, was confirmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt, in 1721, and now forms the government of Riga, or l^ivonia. It is 250 miles long- and 150 broad ; hounded on the N by the government of Eslhonia, li by that of Pskof, s by that of Polotsk and that of Poland, and w by the gulf of Livonia. The land is so fertile in cori!, that it is called the granary of Ihe North ; and it would produce a great deal more, if it were not so full of lakes and forests. In the forests arc wolves, bears, elks, reindeer, stags, and hares. The domestic animals are numerous ; but the sheep bear very bad wool. I'he principal articles of export are flax, hemp, honey, wax, leather, skins, and potash. The capital is Riga. Livoiiio. See Leghorn. Lizard, a peninsula on the s coast of Cornwall, and the most southern point of land in England. On it are two lighthouses, and the Lizard Point is in Ion. 5 1 1 w, lat. 49 58 N. Lizier, St. a toM n of France, in the department of Arriege. Here is a cha- pel, which has been famous for the re- .sort of pilgrims. It is seated on the Sa- tat, 50 miles se of Auch. Lon. I 9 e, At. 43 N. Llanarth, a town of Wales, in Car- diganshire, with a market on Tuesday, 15 JMiles E by N of Cardigan, and 223 w by N of London. Llanheder, a corporate town of Wales, in Cardiganshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a considerable traffic in horses, cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and raw hides. It is seated on the Tyvy, over which is a bridge into Caerraarthenshire, 23 miles e of Car- digan, and 211 w by N of London. Llmulaif, a city of Wales, in Glamor- ganshire, being an episcopal see. but it is a small place, and has no market. The cathedral is singular in not haviug a cross ailc. It is seated on the river 391 L L A Taafle, two miles wnw of Cardiff, and 1G3 w of London. LJnndihmivr, \\ town of Wales, in Caeruiarliiensliire, with a market or Tuesday, and a nuuHil'acture of flannel Near it are the piclures<|ue remains of Dinevaur castle. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river 1 owy, 13 miles E of Caermarlhen, and 205 w by N of Ijondon. Llandovery, a town of Wales, iu Caermarlhenshire, Avith a market on Friday. It has the remains of a castle, and is seated near the Towy, 26 mi>e« ENE of Caermarthen, and 191 w by n of London. Llauelly, a town of Wales, iu Caer- marUienshire, with a considerable trade in coal ; seated on a creek of the Bristol eiiaiuicl, 13 miles sss of Caermarthen, and 222 w by N of London. Llrnif>//lin,n corporate town of Wales, in jNionlgoiueryshne, with a market on Tuesday; sealed in a flat, among hills, near the river Cane, 15 miles n by w of Montgomery, and 186 Nw '>f London. Llangadoc, a town of Wales, in Cacr- martheiishire, with a market on Thurs- day, 18 miles e by N of Caermarthen and 195 w by N of London. Llangollen, a lown of Wales, in Denbighshire, with a market on Satur- day. Near it, on a steep mountain, are the remains of Castle Dinas, once a strong place ; and about tvA o miles dis- tant is Valle Crucis, an abbey now one of the finest pieces of antiquity re- maining in Wales. The town stands on the Dee, over which is a beautiful ancient bridge, 11 miles ssw of Wrex- ham, and 192 Nw of London. Llunrwst, a town of Wales, in Den- bighshire, with a market on Tuesday. Here are two churches, and the town is the centre of the business of the vale of Conway. It is seated on the Con- way, over which is a bridge into Car- narvonshire, 15 miles wsw of Denbigh, and 226 Nw of London. Llanstepimn, a village of Wales, 10 miles ssw of Caermarthen, near the mouth of the 'i'owy ; noted for the re- mains of its castle on the summit of a bold hill, whose base is washed by the sea. Llantrissent, a corporate town of Wales, in G iamorgaiishire, with a mar- ket on Friday. It had a castle, which is nearly desfiojed. Jt is 12 miles ww of Cardiff, arid 171 w of Lor.uon.t Llanydlues, a town of Wales, in riloniaonier^shire, wiili a market on Saturday tieaied on the Severn, near its I- O A source, 18 miles sw of Montgomery, and 188 WNw of London. Llaughm~n, a town of Wales, in Caer- marthenshire, with a market on Satur- day. It stands at the mouth of the Towy, where, on a low rock, are the ruins of an ancient castle ; and on the ether side the river are the remains of that of Llanstcphan. Llaugharn is 12 miles sw of Caermarthen, and 245 w by N of London. Llerena, a town of Spain, in Estre- madura, 53 miles e of Cordova, and 54 IB of Seville. Lo, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of Manche, with a citadel, and manufactures of serges, shalloons, ribbons, and gold and silver lace ; seat- ed on the Vire, 12 miles e of Coutances, and 125 w by N of Paris. Loanda, a town of Congo, capital of Angola, and a bishop's see, with a fort. It stands on the Atlantic, and has a good harbour formed by the island of Loanda, 18 miles in length, lying a little off the coast. The town is large and handsome, considering the country, containing 3000 houses, built of stone, and covered with tiles. Beside these, there are a vast number of huts made of straw and caith. It belongs to the Portuguese, and is 260 miles ssw of St. Salvador. Lon. 13 16 e, lat. 8 40 8. Loang-o, a kingdom of Congo, bound- ed on the N by Gabon, e and s by Congo Proper, and w by the Atlantic. The land is so fruitful, that it yields three crops of millet in a year; and there are a great number of trees, whence palm-wine is drawn. The wo- nien cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest. 'I'he iuliabitants are Wack, well-made, mild, and tractable. Loango, the capital of the kingdom of the same name, with a harbour, at the mouth of the Quilla. The streets are wide, and lined with palm-trees, bana- nas, and bacavas. The houses are ob- long, and have only a ground floor ; se- parated from eaeh other, and fenced round with a hedge of palm-twigs, canes, or bulrushes. In the centre of tlie city is a large square, fronting the royaLpa- lace, which forms another square, a mile and a half in compass, surrounded by a palisado of stately palm-trees. The principal trade consists in elephant's teeth, palm-cloth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and slaves. It is 230 miles vvnw of St. Salvador. Lon. 11 45 e, lat. 4 15 s. Loano, or Lovatio, a town of the ter- ritory of Genoa near the sea, six miles 8?W of Finale, LOG Lobau, a town of West Prus^o, wUh a castle, where the bishop of Culm re- sides, 58 miles e by N of Culm. Lohau, a town of Lusatia, which has a trade in gray, striped, and white linens, 13 miles w of Gorlitz. Lobenstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voiptland, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a castle. Great quantities of cloth, stufi's, and yarn, are made here. It is seated on the Lera- nitz, 22 miles nne of Culmbach. Lon. 11 52 E, lat. 50 21 n. Loboa, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura, seated on the Guadiana, 22 miles E of Badajoz. Lobstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 10 miles sse of Leipsic. Loburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Magdeburg, 22 mileg E of Magdeburg. Locana, a town of Piedmont seated in a fine valley, on the river Oreo, 25 miles s of Aosta. Locarno, a town of Italy, capital of a bailiwic, lately belonging to the Swiss, It contains three convents, and a small Franciscan monastery, on a rock over- hanging the valley, and commanding a view of the lake Magiore. Locarno was once situate on the lake, and had a port capable of receiving large barks ; at present it stands at the distance of a quarter of a mile, which is owing to the accumulation of sand brought down by the torrent Magia. It is 56 miles N by vv of Milan. Lon. 8 31 e, lat. 46 10 N. Locco, a town of Naj^les, in Abruzzo Citeriore, situate on the I-e5cara,10 miles N of Sclmona. Lockem, a town of Holland, in Gel- derland, seated on the Borkel, 10 miles E of Zutphen. Locher Moss, a morass of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, 12 miles long and three broad, extending down by Dumfries to Solway Frith, Here oak, fir birch, and hazel trees, also anchors, pieces of ves- sels, &('. have been dug up. Laches, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indie and Loire, with a strong castle on a rock. In the colle- giate church is the tomb of the cele- brated Agnes Sorcl, mistress of Charles VII., to whose patriotic exhortations that monarch owed almost all i.:t slory. Loches is seated on the Indre, near a forest, 15 miles s of Amboise, and 20 Bu. of Tours. Lochmaben, a boiough of Scttland, n Dumfriesshire, with a manufacture of coarse linen • seated on tliew sice of th8 Annan, 10 miics t^t; of DunilVifs. 3U2 L O D Lochrida, or Ocrida, a town of Euro pean Turkey, in Albania, and a Greek Richbishop's see. It is well fortified, and seated on a bill, near a lake of its name, 62 miles SE of Durazzo. Lion. 20 40 E, lat. 41 40 N, Loclda, a seaport of Sweden, in East Eothnia, seated on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 90 miles s of Tornea. Lon 24 16 E, lat. 64 20 N. Lochivinnoch, a town of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, on a small lake of the same name, from which issues the river Black Cart. It has a considerable ma- nufacture of cotton, and is six miles sw of Paisley. Lochy, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the sw part of Invernessshire, 14 miles long, and from one to two broad. From the Nw the waters of Loch Arkek descend into this lake. Out of it flows the river Lochy, which, about a mile below, receives the Spean, and their united stream enters Loch Eil, at Fort William, Lochartsburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in Luzerne county, situate on the point formed by the confluence of the Tioga MJih the Susquehanna, 60 miles nnw of Wilkesbarre. Lockenitz, a town and castle of Bran- denburg, in the Ucker mark, on the river Rando, 20 miles ne of Prenzlo. Lockerby, a town of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, with a trade in linen and woollen cloth ; seated near the Annan^ 12 miles e by n of Dumfries. Lode, a town of Switzerland, in an elevated valley of the same name, in the principality of Neufchatel, famous for watchmakers, laceweavers, goldsmiths, cutlers, and enamellers. It is 9 miles NW of Neufchatel. Loddon, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday, 8 miles se of Nor- wich, and 112 ne of London, Lodesan, a district of Italy, in the Duchy of Milan. It is very fertile and . populous, and its cheeses are in high esteem. Lodi is the capital. Lodeve, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault. Here are manit factures of hats and of cloth for tfie army. It is seated on the Logne, 30 miles w by N of Montpelier. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 43 43 N. Lodi, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, capital of the Lodesan, and a bishop's sec, with a fortress. It has manufac- tures of porcelain, and the Parmesan cheese made here is esteemed the best of its kind. The French defeated the Austrians at this place, in 1796 ; in 1799 the former were totally defeated by the 393 L O I Russians ; but the French regained possession in 1800. It is seated on tlie Adda, 18 miles se of Milan. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 15 N, Lodomeria. See Galicia. Loffingen, a town of Suabia, witli a medicinal bath, six miles wsw of For- stenberg. Lofita, a town of Sweden, in the province of Upland, with a hammer- mill, eight forges, and a smelting fur- nace. These works were destroyed by the Russians, in 1719, but have since been again erected. It is 32 miles n of Upsal. Logicrait, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, noted for its distillation of whisky, seated on tlie Tummel, 22 miles NNW of Perth. Logrono, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Ebro, in a coun- try abounding with excellent fruits and good wines, 62 miles e of Burgos, and 155 NNE of Madrid. Lon. 2 20 w, lat 42 22 N. Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the coast of the Red sea. It has a great trade in coffee, brought from the neighbouring hills ; and another hill af- fords a considerable quantity of mineral salt. It has no harbour, and the small- est vessels are obliged to anchor at n great distance from the town. It is 180 miles NNW of Mocha. Lon. 42 56 e, lat. 15 42 N, Loja. See Loxa. Loir and Cher, a department of France, including the late province of Elaisois. It takes its name from the rivers Loir and Cher ; the first of which joins the Sarte, above Angers ; and the last runs into the Loire, 10 miles below Tours. Blois is the capital. Loire, the principal river of Frunce, which rises in the mountains of the Ce- vennes, in Languedoc. It begins to be navigable at Roainie, passes by Ncv*;rSi, Orleans, Blois, Tours, Saumur, and Nantes, and enters the liay of Biscay, at Painboeuf. Loire, a department of Fiance, con- taining the late province of Forez. It has its name from the river Loire,which flows N through its whole length. Mout- brison is the capital. Loire, Lotver, a department of Fiance, containing part of the ia(e province of Bretagne. It has its name from the river Loire, which crosses it, and then enters the bay of Bi.^cay, K.ajites is liie capital. Loire, Upper, a de][.artmeist of France, late the province of'Velay. It takes its name fronj the river Loire, whick L O N rises near its s boundary. Puy is the ca])ital. Loiret, a department of France, late the province of Orleanois. It has its name from a small river that runs into the Loirfi. Orleans is the capital. Loitz, a town of Hither l^onicianis, with a castle, seated on the Peenc, 12 miles svv of Gripswaid. Loldoiig, a town and fortress of Hin- doostan, on the ne border of the pio- vince of Delhi, and on the river Patte- reah, eight miles above its conflux with the Ganges, and 100 NNE of Delhi. Lon, 78 38 E, lat. 29 47 N. Lomhardy, a part of Ital)', which com- prehended almost all the ancient Cisal- pine Gaul. See Italy. Lombez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers. It is seated on the Save, 23 miles se of Auch, and 27 sw of Ton louse. Lomhock, an island of the E. Indies, between Bali and Cumbava, 40 miles long and 20 broad. It is chiefly inha- bited by Gentoos, and on the e side is a town called Bally, Lon. 116 10 e, lat. 8 36 s Lomond, Ben. See Beiilomond, Lomond, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, 20 miles long and from one to seven wide. It contains 33 is- lands ; several of which are inhabited, and adorned with antique ruins, con- cealed among ancient yews; and others rise into high rocky cliifs, the habitation of the osprey. On the e side is the lof- ty mountain Benlomond ; and the river Lcven issues from its s extremity. Lonato, a town of Italy, in the Bres- ciano, 12 miles ese of Brescia. Loncarty, a town of Scotland, in Perth- shire, signalized by the great victory ob- tained by the Scots over the Danes, in 970. It has extensive bleaching grounds, and is seated near the Tay, five miles n ef Perth. London, the metropolis of Great Bri- tain, one of the largest and most opu- lent cities in the world, mentioned by Tacilus, as a considerable commercial place in the reign of the Roman emper- CT Nero. In its most extensive view, as the metropolis, it consists of the City, properly so called, the city of Wesniin- ster, which was once a mile from Lon- don, and the borough of Soutliwaik ; beside the suburbs in Middlesex and Surry, within what are called Ihe bills ot mortality. London and Westminster are situated in Middlesex, on the n: side of the river Thames. Souilnvark is si- inated on tiie opjmsite ban.k, in Snuy. The extent of the whole, from Lji^lc- L O N honse and Deptford to MilbaTtk and Vauxhall, is above seven miles ; but the greatest breadth does not exceed three. Among the public buildings, St. Paul's cathedral is iiie most conspicuous. It is 2292 feet in circumference, and 365 in height to the top of the cross. It is inlerior to none in Europe, except St. looter's at Rome. It is now destined to be Ihe receptacle of the monuments of such illustrious men, ay may do honour to their country by their talents and tiicir virtues: several are already erect- ed ; the fnst, for that great philanthro- pist, Mr. John Howard. Westminster Abbey is a grand specimen of Gothic, architecture, said to have been founded by Sebert, king of the East Saxons, in 610. Here most of the English sove- reigns have been crowned, and many of them interred. It contains also a great number of morumients of kings, states- men, heroes, poets, and persons distin- guished by genius, learning, and science. The chapel of Hemy VII. adjoining, Leland calls The Wonder of the World. St, Stephen's, Walbrook, is a small church of exquisite beauty, the master- piece of Sir Christopher Wren. Bow Church, in Cheapside, St. Bride's, iu Fleet-street, St. Dunstan's, in the East, and St. Martin's, in (he Fields, are, with several others, distinguished for fine architecture. The parish churches, in the bills of mortality, anjount to 146 ; namely, 97 within the walls, 16 without the w alls, 23 out-parishes in Middlesex and Surry, and 10 in the city and liber- ties of Westniiuster. B( side these churches, is one belonging to tne Tem- ple, a celebrated seat of law. It was founded by tiie Knights Templars, in the reign of Kcnry II. upon the model of that of llie Holy Sepulchre, at Jerusa- lem. There arc likewise a gre it niim- ber of chapels for the established church, foreign protcstant churches, Roman ca- tholic chapels, meetings for dissenters of all pcrsnasi^>ns, and three synagogues for the Jews. The royal palace of Si. James is an ancient building, on the X side of a small park : it is mean in ex- tcinal appeaiance, but the apartments are said to be the best calculated for re- gal parade of any in Europe. The roy- al town residence is a house at the w side of St. James' park, built by the duke of Buckingham, and purchased by tlie king in 1761, when it received the appellation of the Queen's Palace, but is still frequently called Buckingham Bouse. Carlton House, the lesideuce of the priiice o! '^Vales, (now regent.) lo the e of St. Jan:cs' palace, is •», s.iucly 391 L O N building, on wliich vast sums have been expended. The Banqueting House, at Whitehall, begun in 1619, is only a small part of the vast plan of a palace, intended to be worthy of the residence of the British monarchs, but left incom- plete. Beside the royal palaces, there are many fine houses of tlie princes of the blood, and of the nobility and gen- try. The Tower of London is very an- cient, but the founder is uncertain. It is surrounded by a m all, and partly by a deep ditch, Avhicli inclose several stceets, besides the Tower, properly so called : it contains the great artillery, a maga- zine of small arms for 60,000 men, and the large horse armoury, among wliich are 15 figures of kings on horseback. Here are the jewels and ornaments of the crown, as well as the other regalia; the mint for coining of money, and the menagerie for foreign birds and beasts. It is under the command of a constable and lieutenant. The bridges are a great ornament to the metropolis. The most ancient, London bridge, was begun in 1176, and finished in 1209. The length of it is 915 feet. The number of arches was 19, of unequal dimensions, and de- formed by houses on each side, M'hich overhung in a terrific manner. These were removed in 1756, when the upper part of the bridge assumed a modern appearance ; but the sterlings remain, though they so contract the space be- tween the piers, as to occasion, at the ebb of tide, a fall of five feet, or a num- ber of temporary cataracts, which have occasioned the loss of many lives. West- minster bridge, one of the finest in the world, was built by Labeyle, a native of Switzerland. The first stone was laid in 1739, the last in 1747 ; but on account of the smking of one of the piers, the opening of the bridge was retarded till 1750. The whole is of Portland stone, except the spandrels of the arches, which are of Purbeck. It is 1223 feet in length. It has 13 large, and two small semicircular arches ; the centre arch is 76 feet wide ; the other arches, on each side, decreasing in width four feet. Blackfriar's bridge, built by Mylne, was completed in 1768. Its length is 995 feet; the breadth of the caniage-way 28, and of the foot-paths seven feet each. It consists of nine el- liptical arches, the centre one of which is 100 feet wide ; and both this, and the arch on each side, are wider than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. This no- ble structure is built of Portland stone. Among the other pubhc buildings, which can merely be enumerated here, are L O N Westminster Hall, containmg the su- preme courts of justice ; and adjoining to which are the houses of lords and commons; tiie Guild-hall of the city; the Sessions House; the Horse Guards, the Treasury, and the Admiralty, at Whitehall; the noble collection of pub- lic oflices which form that magnificent structure called Somerset Place ; the British Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the Bank of England ; the Excise Of- fice ; the East India House ; the South Sea House; the Mansion House, for the lord mayor; and the Monument, in connnemoration of the great fire in 1666r I'he inns of court for the study of the law ; the colleges, learned societies, and public seminaries ; the halls of the dif- ferent trading companies; the noble hos- jjitals and other charitable institutions ; the public places of diversion; with its fine squares and streets, are all too nu- merous to be here particidarly mention ed. The Adelphi Terrace is the admi- ration of foreigners, for the noble view which it affords of the river, the bridges, and other public buildings, and of the fine lulls beyond Lambeth and South- wark. Such, on a cursory view of it, is the metropolis of Great Britain, to the extent and opulence of which many causes have contributed. The broad stream of the Thames flowing between London and Southwark, continually agitated by a brisk currewt, or a rapid tide, brings constant supplies of fresh air, which no buildings can intercept. The country around, especially on the London side, is nearly open to some dis- tance ; whence, by the action; of the sun and wind on a gravelly soil, it is kept tolerably dry in all seasons, and'aifords no lodgment for stagnant air or water The cleanliness of London, as well as its supply of water, is greatly aided by its situation oh the banks of the Thames ; and the New River, with many good springs within the city itself,- further contributes to the abundance of that necessary element. All these are ad- vantages with respect to health, in which this metropolis is exceeded by few. Ita situation, with regard to the circum- stance ot navigation, is equally well chosen; had it been})laced lower on the Thames, it would have been aimoyed by the marshes ; had it been higher, it would not have been accessible, as at present, to ships of large burden. It now possesses every advantage that can be derived from a sea-port, and, at the same time, by means of its noble river, enjoys a very extensive communicatioH with the internal parts of the country, L u N which supply it with necessanes, and In return receive from it such commodities as they require. It contains several large wet docks, particularly those call- ed the West India and East India^ Wapping, and Commercial docks, dry docks for repairing, and slips for biiild- ing of ships, besides the king's yards at Deptford, for building men of war. London therefore unites in itself all the beuefits arising from navigation and commerce, with those of a metropolis at v,i^hich all the public business of a great nation is transacted; and is thus both the mercantile and political head of these kingdoms. It is also the s«at of many considerable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to itself, as administer- ing to the demands of studied splendour, and refined luxury ; others in which it participates with the manufacturing towns in general, with this difference, that only the finer and more costly of their works are performed heie. The most important of its peculiar manufac- tures is the silk weaving established in Spitalfields by refugees IVora France. A variety of works in gold, silver, and jewellery, the engraving of prints, the making of optical and mathematical instruments, are likewise principallj- ex- ecuted here, and some of them in greater perfection than in any other country. The porter-brewery, a business of very great extent, is also chiefly carried on in London. To its port (lately much improved in various respects) are like- wise confined some branches of foreign commerce, as the vast East India trade, and those to Turkey and Hudson's bay. Thus London has risen to its pre- sent rank of the first city in Europe with respect to opulence and the num- ber of inhabitants. By the enumeration in 1811, the residents in London, West- minster, and Soulhwark, and all the out-parishes, were 1,009,546. London IS a bishop's see, and sends four mem- bers to parliament. The city is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an al- derman; and from the aldermen the lord mayor is annually chosen. Tliere aie likewise 236 common-councilraen, a recorder, a common-serjeant, two she- riffs (who are also sherifl's of Middlesex) a chamberlain, a town-clerk, a city re- membrancer, a water-bailiff, and many inferior officers. Westminster is go- verned by a high steward, who is gene- rally a nobleman, chosen by the dean and chapter, and he has an under stew- ard who officiaies for him. Next to him is the high bailiff, chosen also by the dean and chapter, whose power reaam- L O N bles that of a sheriff". The suburbs are under the jurisdiction of magistrates, and those of Middlesex, beside the county-ballon Clerkenwell Creen, have an office in Eow-street, long distin- guished for public spirit and activitj', and seven other public offices. South- wark was long independent of London, but Edward III. granted it to the city. It was then called the village of Soutli- wark ; and afterward named the baili- wic. In the reign of Edward VI. it was formed info a twcisty-si\th ward, by the name of Eiidge Ward Without. On the death of the alderman of this ward, he is succeeded i)y the next in seniority, to whatever ward he may belong ; this ward being considered as a sinecure, and consequently the most proper for " the father of the city." The city has likewise a high baiiiff and steward here. To enumerate ail tlje events by winch this great capital has been distinguished, would greatly exceed our limits; we shall only mention, therefore, the great plague, in 16G5, which cut off 68,596 people, and the dreadful contlagration, in 16G6, by which the cathedral and many other churches, with 13,200 houses, were destroyed. London is 210 mile* NNW of Paris, and 300 ese of Dublin. Lon. 5 w, hit. 51 31 N. London, New, a seaport of Connect!" cut, capital of New London county, with the best harbour in the state, de- fended by two forts. A considerable part of the town was burnt by Benedict Arnold, in 1781, but has been rebuilt. It has a considerable trade to the W. Indies, and is seated on the Thames, near its entrance into Long Island sound, 54 miles e by N of Newhaven. Lon. 72 10 w, hit. 41 25 N. Lcmdou, New, a town of Virginia, chief of Bedford county, 110 miles w by s of Richmond. Lon. 79 45 w, lat. 37 20 N. Loiuhmlerry, a county of Ireland, ia the province of Ulster, 32 miles loJig and 3Q broad ; bounded on tlu; \v by DoiJiega!, N by the ocean, s and sw by Tyrone, and f, by Aistrinj. It contains about 125,000 inhabitants, is di\ided in- to 31 j)arishcs, and seiKis four raembert to parliament. It is a fi uilful cliampaign country ; and the greater part of it was given by James I. to an incorporated company of London ixjcrehants. The linen manufacture (lourishcH through every part of the county Londonderry, a city and seaport «J Ireland, capital of a comity of the. same name, and a bishop's set;. It is snr- rvuiidcd by walls, i'ld celebrated for a 3P& L O N long Me^c it siisfajiicd a2;alnsf Jnmcs II. in 1689. TIic principal commerce is wkli Amciioa and llie West Indies, It cont.-iins 10,000 inhabitants, and is seat- ed on the river Foylc, over which is a wooden bridge, 1068 feet in !cns:;th, — Londonderry is four miles s of Loiig;h Foyle, and 104 NW of Dublin. Lon. 75 w, Int. 55 4 y. Lonrhtithrnf, a town of New Hamp- shire, in Rockingham county, with a manufacture of linen cloth and tlucad, seated near the head of Beaver ri\er, Mhicli runs into the !Mcrrimac, 38 miles SSW of Portsmouth. Long, Loch, an arm of the sea in Scot- land, which, from tlie fritli of Clyde, ex- tends 20 miles N between tlie counties of Dumbarton and Ar£,yle. It is from one to two miles in breadtli ; and near tlie m.iddle, on the Aro:yle side, it sends off a small branch called Loch Goil. Lons: Ishnd, an island of the state of New York, separated from Connecticut, by Long Island sound. It extends from the city of New York e 140 miles, but is not more than 10 broad on a me- dium ; and is divided into three coun- ties, King's, Queen's, and Suti'olk. — Hence are exported to the West Indies, &c. whale oil, pitch, pine-boards, horses, cattle, flax-seed, beef, &e. The pro- dace of tlie middle and wcstcni parts of the island, particularly corn, is carried to New York. Long Island Sound, a kind of strait in North America, from three to 25 miles broad, and 140 long, extending the whole length of Long Island, and diviil- ing it from Connecticut. It coraniu- nicates with the Atlantic at both ends of the island. Long Lake. See Rain Lake. Langara, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, 20 miles wnw of St. Sa- verio. Longford, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 25 miles long, and 16 broad ; bounded on the Nw by Lci- trim,-N E by Cavan, and s f. by W. Meath, and w by the river Shannon, which parts it by Roscommon. It is divided into 24 parishes, contains 60,000 inha- bitants, and sends two members to par- liament. It is a fertile and pleasant country, in general fiat, but toward the N mountainous. Longford, a borough of Ireland, capi- tal of a county of the same name. — Much linen is manufactured in the town and neighbourhood, and great quantities of flax sent to other parts. It is seated on the Cammin, 70 miles wNw of Dub- lin. Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 63 48 N. 397 LOR Lonforgan, a town of Scotland 'ii (he SF. corner of Perthshire, on the Frith (» Tay, four miles w by s of Dundee. Loiig-nnn, a city of China of the fi'sl rank, in the pro\ince of Se-tclmcn. Its district contains .several forts, fornicrly of great use to j)rcvcnt the invasions o( the Tartars. It stands on the river Mouqua, 710 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 194 18 I,, lat. 32 22 N. Longnor, a town of Stanoidshirc, with a market on Tuesday, seated near the river Do^c, 31 miles n by h of Stallbrd, and 161 NNw of London. Longlouii, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Thursday, and manu- factures ofmuslin ; seated on the Fi-sk, 12 miles \' of Cajlisie, and 307 NNW ot London. io?ij^7tei'(7/e, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, 23 miles n of Rouen. Longnion, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle. Here is a consi- derable iron forge and cannon foundcry. It is 10 miles sw of Longwy, ai\d. 36 Nw of Met z. Long7fy, a toA\n of France, in the de- partment of Moselle, with a castle. It is divided into the old and new town, the latter of which is fortified. It was taken by the Austrians in 1792, but re- taken two months after. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Chiers, 36 miles NNW of Metz, and 160 enk of Paris. Lon 6 44 e, lat. 49 32 N. Lons le Sunnier, a town of France, ca- pital of the department of Jura, with a late abbey of noble Bernardines. It derives its name from the salt springs in its vicinity, and is seated on the Solvan, 30 miles ssw of Dole. Lon. 5 30 e, lat. 46 37N. Loo, a town of ITolland, in Gelder- land, with a fi^ne palace, 18 miles N of Amhcira. Looe, Easf and West, two decayed bo- rouglis in Cornwall, scjjarated by creek, over Which is a narrow ston bridge. They are supported chiefly by the pilchard fishery, and send together as many members to j)arliament as I^on- don. The market, held at East Looe, is on Saturday. They are 16 miles v of Plymouth, and 231 w by s of Lon- don. Louliout, Cape, a cape of North Caro- lina, s of Cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound. Lon. 76 48 w, lat. 34 ^ N. Looz, a town of the Netherlands, ii. the territory of Liege, 17 miles vi by & of Maestricht i. O R Lopatka, Cape, the s extremity of Kamtschatka. Lou. lo6 45 e, lat. 51 N. See Kuriles. Lopo Gonsahe, Cape, a long and nar- row peninsula on the coast of Guinea, low, fiat, and covered with trees. It af- fords a good harbour, and near tiie cape is a village, where provisions are plenti- ful. Lon. 8 30 K, lat. 45 s. Lnra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the river Guadalqiiiver, 28 miles nne of Seville. Lora, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county of Ilohcnsteiu, 18 miles nne of Mulhausen. Lorhis^, a town ofllje kingdom of Tu- nis, with a castle, and fine remains of antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fertile in corn, 150 miles sw of Tunis. Lon. 9 E, lat. 35 35 N, Lorca, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated on an eminence, near the river Guadalantin, 50 miles w ot Carthagena. Lord Howe's Group, an extensive group of islands, in the South Pacific ocean, thickly covered with wood, among which the cocoa-nut is very distinguish- able. The natives are of a dark copper colour ; their hair tied in a knot on the back of the head ; and they seem to have some method of taking off the beard, for they appear as clean shaved. They have an ornament, consisting of a num- ber of fringes, like an artificial beard, which they fasten between the nose and the month, and close under the nose. — To that beard hangs a row of teeth, which gives them the appearance of having a mouth lower than their natural one. They have holes run through the sides of their nose into the passage, into which, as well as through the septum, thej thrust pieces of reed or bone. — Their arms and thighs are tattooed in the manner described by Captain Cook, of some of the natives of the islands he visited in these seas ; and some are painted with red and white streaks. — riiey wear a wrapper round their mid- dle. Lon. from 159 14, to 159 37 E, lat. 530 s. Lord Howb Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered in 1788 by lieutenant King. Many excellent tur- tle have been caught here on a sandy beach ; and it abounds with a variety of birds, which were so unaccustomed to be disturbed, that the seamen ivcnt near enough to knock them down with a stick. At its end are two high moun- tains, nearly ])erpendicular front the sea, tliG soiH!icri!i!)ost named Mount Gower. About 14 miles to the s is a remarkable rock, named liairs Pyramid, which had LOT much the appearance of a steeple at a distance. The island is three miles and a half long, and veiy narrow. Lon. 159 E, lat. 31 36 N, Loredo, a town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo seated on the Adige, 20 miles E of Rovigo. Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the marquisate of Anconia, and a bi- pho[>'s see. Tlie cathedral contains the Casa Santa, or Holy House, in which it 15 pretended the virgin Mary lived at Nazareth. According to the legend, it was carried by angels from Galilee into Dalinatia, and thence to the place where it now stands. This house, ot chapel, is 31 feet long, 15 broad, and 18 high ; the inner part very old, but cased' with marble on the outside. The fa- mous lady of Loretto, who holds the in- fant Jesus in her arms, stands upon the principal altar, in a nich of silver: this statue is of cedar wood, three feet high but her face can hardly be seen, on ac count of the numerous gold and silver lamps around her. She is clothed with cloth of gold, set oif with jewels ; and the little Jesus is covered with a shirt, holds a globe in his band, and is adorn- ed with rich jewels. Great numbers frequently go on pilgrimage to Loretto, and every pilgrim, after having perform ed his devotion, makes the Virgin a pre- sent ; that the treasury of this chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitaats of this town subsist principally by agriculture and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers, tailors, and sellers of chap- lets. Loretto was taken by the French in 1796, who retained possession of it till 1799. It is seated on a mountain, three miles from the gulph of Venice, 12 SE of Ancona, and 112 ne of Rome. — Lon. 13 38 e, lat, 43 27 n. Lorgues, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, seated on the Argens, 16 miles w of Frejus. Lorrach, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, six miles ne of Basel, and 30 « of Friburg. Lorrain, a late province of France, 100 miles long, and 75 broad ; bounded on the N by Luxemburg and Treves, e by Alsace and Deux-Ponts, s by Franche Compte, and w by Champagne and Bar. It abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, he^ip, llax, and rajje-seed. There are fine meadows and large forests, with mines of iron, silver, and copper, anrl salt-pits. The principal rivers arc the Maese, Moselle, Seille, Mcurtc, and Sare. Thw province now forms the de- partments of Meurte, Moselle, and Vo^-- ges. 39« L O U LcssU'moulh, a town of Sooflanil, n Aliinviirsiiire, at the uiontli of the iiv^i Lossic, Jive miles ne oF Elgin, of \vl)ich it is the port The liarbour w ill receive vessels of SO tous, and hence mnch corn is exported. Lot, a river of France, which rises in Ihe department of Lozerc, passes by Mcnde, Callors, and Agen, anil enlers the Garonne. It begins to be navigable at Cahors. Lot, a department of France, includ- ing the late province of Qncrcj. It takes its name from the river Lot. Ca- hors is tlie ca|)ital._" Lot and Garonne, a department of France, including- j.art of the late pro- vince of Gniennc. It is so called from twori^ers. Agen is the capital. Lothian, a district of Scotland, now divided into East, Mid, and West Lo- thian, 01' Hnddmgtonsliire, Ediiiiurgh- iliirc, and Liulit/iguivsJiire. Lotziit, a lo« n of Prussia, v^ith a cas- tle, situate on a canal which joins the Angerburg and Leventiu lakes, 78 miles SE of Konigsberg. Loudeac, a tow n of France, in the de- partment of Cotes du \oid, with an iron forge, and a manufacture of thread, 20 miles s of St. Brieux. Loudun, a (own of France, in tlie de- partment of Yienne, 30 miles Nw of Poi- tiers, and 155 sw of Paris. Loughborough, a town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Thursday. It 5ias a large church, with a handsome tower, and four meeting-houses. The chief manufactures are wool-combing and hosiery ; and it has a trade in coal, &c. by means of a canal from the Trent. It is seated near the Soar, 1 8 miles N of Leicester, and 109 nnw of London. Loitgrea, a town of Ireland, in the county of Gahvay, near a lake of the same name, 15 miles sw of Gahvay. Louhans, a town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, situate in a kind of island between the rivers Seil- Ics, Salle, and Soinan, 18 miles se of Chalons. Lovigiumo, a town of Naples, in Otran- to, 12 miles ssw of Brindisi, Louis, Fort, or Fort Vaidjcin, a town and foi-tress of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, built by Louis XIV. on an island foiined by the Rhine. In 1793, it was taken by the Austrians, who were obliged to evacuate it soon after. It is 12 miles li of Haguenau, and 18 nne of Strasburg. Louis, St. an island of Africa, at the rriouth olthe rivei- Senegal, with a fort, built by the Ficnth. It was taken in LOU I7C1S by the EiigHsij, and cedtd lo them in 17G3. In the Aiiieriean war, it was taken liy the French, and ke])t by (hcni alier the ])eace of 1 783. It is flat, sand\, and barren. Lon. 16 15 w, lat. 16 n. Louis, St. a seaport and fortress of St. Domingo, on the sw coast, at the head of a bay of its name. The exports are colftc, cotton, and indigo. The fortress was demolished by Adnnral Knowles in 1747, but since rebuilt. It is 48 miles wsw of Leogane. Lon, 73 16 w, lat. 18 19 N. Louis, St. a town of Louisiana, on the river i^Iississippi, 14 miles below the in- llnx of the Missouri. The environs arc rich in garden grounds. It is 650 miles N of New Orleans. Lon. 90 18 w, lat 39 18 N. Louis de Marannan, St. or St. Phillip, a seaport of Brasil, capital of the pro- vince of JMarannan, and a bisiiop's see, with a strong casllc. It stands on the E side of the river Mearim, near tlie At- lantic ocean. Lon. 45 15 w, lat 2 25 s. Louisa, a town of Sweden, in Fin- land, with a fortress, on a bay of the gulf of Finland, 60 miles ENEof Hel- singfors. Lonisburg, tlie capital of the island of Cape llrelon, with a citadel, and an ex- cellent harbour, near four leagues in cir- cumference. It was taken by the En- glish in 1745, restored to the French in s748, taken by the English in 1758, and ceded to them in 17G3. Lon. 59 55 w, lat. 45 54 N. Lonisburg, a town of North Carolina, chief of Franklin county, situate on the river Tar, 30 miles n by e of Ralegh.-— Lon. 78 40 w, lat. 36 3 N. Louisiana, a country of North Ameri- ca, estimated to extend 1200 miles in length, and 640 in breadth ; bounded on the E by the Mississippi, s by the gulf of Mexico, w by New Mexico, and run- ning indefinitely N. It is agreeably si- tnate between the extremes of heat and cold ; the climate varying as it extends ' toward the N. The timber is as fine as any in the world ; and the quantities of oak, ash, mulbeiry, walnut, cherry, cy- pres, and cedar, are astonishing. The neighbourhood of the Mississippi fur- nishes the richest fruits in great variety. The soil is particularly adapte» LUC Lucaya Islands. See litihama. Lxwca, a republic of Italy, lying on the E coast of the gulf of Genoa. It is 20 miles long and 10 broad ; and pro- duces plenty of cattle, wine, oil, silk, wool, and chestnuts : the oil, in parti- cular, is in high esteem. The common people usually eat chestnuts instead of bread; and they are the most indus- trious of any in Italy, for no spot of ground is neglected. The government ■was aristocratic ; but in the recent revo- lutions of Italy this state adopted a con- sular constitution, under the protection of France. ! Lncca, a city of Italy, capital of the republic of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It is nearly three miles in circumference, regularly for- tified, and contains 40,000 inhabitants. The state palace is a large building, and includes the arsenal. Here are con- siderable manufactures of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Lucca was en- tered by the French in 1796, evacuated in 1799, and re-entered in 1800. It is seated in a fruitful plain, near the river Serchio, 10 miles ne of Pisa, and 37 w of Florence. Lon. 10 35 e, lat. 43 50 N. Luce, a spacious bay on the s coast of Scotland, in Wigtonshire, lying e of the promontory called the Midi of Gal- loway. The river Luce enters its ne extremity, at the town of Glenluce. Luceinsteig, St. a narrow pass from the country of the Orisons into Ger- many, defended by a fort, 3 miles, n of Meyenfield ; which was taken by General Massena, on the 6th of March 1799. Lucena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 36 miles sse of Cordova, and 42 wnw of Granada. Lucei-a, a city of Naples, capital of the province of Capitanata, and a bishop's see. The town is small, but populous, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 75 miles ne of Naples. Lon. 15 34 e, lat. 41 28 N. Lucern, one of the cantons of Swit- zerland, 30 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the e by the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all the other sides by the canton of Bern. The air is mild, and the soil un- commonly fertile. Freedom and open- ness of manners characterize the inha- bitants, who are Roman catholics, and computed at 100,000. The govern- ment was aristocratical, with a certain mixture of democracy. Lucern, the capital of the canton of the same name, in Switzerland. It is divided iiito two parts by a branch of LUC the Reufs, which here enters the lake of Lucern. It has no manufactures of consequence, and little commerce ; the merchants being principally engaged in the commission business, upon goods passing between Italy and Germany, over Mount St. Gothard and the WaldstEedter See. In the cathedral is an organ of an extraordinary size; the centre pipe is 40 feet in length. Lu- cern is 30 miles sw of Zurich, and 35 K of Bern. Lon. 8 14 e, lat. 47 N. Lucern, Lake of. See Waldstcedtc/ See. Lucerna, a town of Piedmont, in a valley of its name, 15 miles sw of Turin. Luchowice, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Novogrodeck, 14 miles SSE of Novogrodeck Lucia, St. one of the Windward Caribbee islands, 27 miles long and 12 broad. It consists of plains well water- ed with rivulets, and hills furnished with timber; and has several good bays, and commodious harbours. By the peace of 1763, this island was allotted to " France. In 1803, it was taken by the English, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1 814. There are two high mountains, by which this island may be known at a considerable dis- tance. Its N end is 21 miles s of Mar- tinico. Lon. 60 51 w, lat. 14 N. Lucia, St. one of the Cape Verd islands, to the w of that of St. Nicholas. Lon. 24 32 w, lat. 16 45 N. Lucia, St. a town of Paraquay, in the province of Plata, on a river of the same name, at its conflux with the Pa- rana, 340 miles n by w of Buenos Ayres. Lon. 60 54 w, lat. 29 30 s. Lucia, St. a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 15 miles w of Messina. Luciana, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, 8 miles wNw of Ecija. Luciano, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 19 miles w of Cindad Real. Lucito, a town of Naples, in the Mo- lisG, 11 miles ne of Molise. Luckau, the capital of Lower Lusa- tia. The inhabitants, many of whom are Vandals, subsist by brewing and handicraft businesses. It is seated in a swampy country, on the rivulet Geila, 28 miles wnw of Cotbus. Lon. 13 46 E, lat. 51 52 N, Luckenwald, a town of Brandenbai^ in the Middle mark, capital of a circle of its name; seated on the Nute, 23 miles s of Potsdam. LiicJifbrd, a town of England, in Dor- setshire, w of Holme, on the river Liicklbrd, which falls into the Frome, 402 LUC knd ftiriuti the w boundaries vsw of Trent. Maeseyk, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 miles ssw of Rurcraonde. Maeslandsluyt, a town of South Hol- land, near the mouth of the Meuse, 10 miles w of Rotterdam. Maestricht, a city of the Netherlands, about 4 miles in circumference, seated on the Meuse, opposite Wyck, with which it communicates by a stone bridge. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 18,000. It has fine long sti^eets, many churches and convents, a college formerly belonging to the Jesuits, a council-house with its library, and manufactures of cloth and fire-arms. Near it is the lofty mountain of St. Peter, with a fortress ; and a stone quarrj', with such a number of sub- terranean passages as to be capable of containing 40,000 persons. The other fortifications and tho situation of Maes- tricht are such, that it is deemed one of the strongest places in Europe. This city revolted from Spain in 1570, and was retaken by the prince of Parma in 1579. In 1632, the prince of Orange reduced it after a memorable siege, and it was confiirmerly reckoned a part of Africa, but now be- longs to Europe. It was anciently lit- tle else than a barren rock ; but such quantities of soil have been brought from Africa, til at it is now become a fertile island. I'he sow, however, but little 410 3»I A L torn, because lliej' can puioliase it cheap ill Sicily ; but tboy CTihivatc large quantities of lemon, coltoti-tiees, and Tines, \^hioh produrc excellent A\ine. — The number of inhabitants is said to be about 90,000, who speak Aral-.ic aiid Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, tliG emperor, Charles V, gave this island to the grand master of the order of St. [olin of Jerusalem. It was attacked by the Tmks in 156(3, who were obliged to abandon the enterprize with tlie loss of 30,000 men. The kniglits of jMalta for- merly consisted of eight nations : but cow they are only seven, the English aving forsaken them. They were bliged to suppress all pirates, and were t perpetual war with the Turks and otlicr Mahometans, and all andera vow of celibacy and chastity. Malta is ex- tremely w ell fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size, are.all cut out of the solid rock, and extend many miles. The island was taken by General Bonaparte in the outset of his expedition to Egypt, on the 12th June 1798, when he found in it 1200 cannons, 200,000 lb. of powder, 2 ships of the line, a frigate, 4 galleys, and 40,000 muskets : besides an immense treasure collected by supei stition ; and 4600 Turkish prisoners, whom he set at liberty. It was soon afterwards taken by the British, but at the piece of Amiens it was stipulated that it should be restored to the knights. The Bri- tish, however, retained possession, and the war recommenced between the two nations ; but, by the treaty of Paris, in 1814, this island has been guaranteed to Great Britain. Valette is the capital. It is about 60 miles s of Sicily, and 200 E of Tmiis in Africa. Maiton, JSew, a borough in North Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are three churches, and some con- siderable remains of a monastery. It is seated on the Derwent, over which is a tone bridge to the village of Old Mal- <5n, 18 miles ne of York, and 213 n by w of London. Malva, or Mallooiha, a river of Earba- ry, which has its rise in the desert, and flows N into the Mediterranean, sepa- rating the kingdoms of Algiers and Fez. Thirteen miles from its mouth are three uninhabited islands, between which coasting vessels lie in safety. Malvasia, a small island of European Turkey, on the e coast of the Morea, celebrated for its rich wine, called Malm- sey. The capital is Napoli di Malva- sia. Malvern, Great and Little, two villa- ges in Worcestershire. The former is MAN eight mihs w by s of Worcester, and had once an abbey, of which uotliinigre- niains but the gateway of the abbey, and the nave of the church, now paro- chial. The latter is seated in a cavity of the Malvern hills, throe miles from Great Malvern. Ifemy VII. his queen, and his two f ons, were so delighted with this place, that they adorned the church Mith painted glass windows, part of which remain, though in a nuililaled state. Between Great and Little Mal- vern are two noted chalybeate springs, one of them called the Holy Well. , Malvern Hills, a range of hills in the ?, sw of Worcestershire, extending from ^ N to s about seven miles, and dividing this part of the county from Ileieford- shire. The highest point is 1313 feet above the surface of the Severn, and they appear to be of limestone and quartz. On the summit of one of these hills, are the immense works of the He- refordshire Beacon, one of the strongest hill fortresses in this island : its construc- tion is ascribed to the Britons, as a place of permanent security for a whole dis- trict, with all their possessions, in case of any sudden emergency. Malung, a town of Sweden, in the province of Dalecarlia, 65 miles w of Fahlun. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 60 30 N. Malwa, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on the w by Guzerat, N by Agimere, e by Allahabad and Orissa, and s by Candeish. It is one of the most extensive, elevated, and diversified tracts in Hindoostan, and divided among the chiefs of the Poonah Mahrattas. — Ougein and Indore are the principal towns. Malzieu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lozere, 20 miles nnw of Mende. Mamars, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sarte, seated on the Dive, 14 miles w of Bellesme. Man, an island in the Irish sea, 30 miles long and 12 broad. It contains 17 parishes; and the chief towns are Castletown, Douglas, Peel, and Ram- say. The air is healthy, and the soil produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mix- ture of English, Scots, and Irish. They have a bishop, called the bishop of So- dor and Man ; but he has no seat in the British parliament. The commodities of this island are wool, hides, butter, tal- low, black marble, slate, limestone, lead, and iron. Some manufactures of coarse hats, cotton goods, and linen cloth, are carried on in different parts ; but its pri'icipal trad» arises from the herring E E 41? M A N flslicry. The duke of Athol -was lonl of this island, the sovern^i.ty of which he sold, in 17G5, lo the crown. It is 37 liilKs s of Scotiaiid, 37 N of Wales, 30 w o?' Ei!y,!a!>d, and 47 li of Ireland. Maii.aa)\ a sma'i island in tlie Indian ocean, on the K\v side of Ccjion. From Ihis island a reef of rocks luns over to the continent of Kindoostau, called Adam's Bridge, which can only be pas- sed by boats The sea to the s of this, between the continent and the ishvud of Ceylon, is called the guifof Manaar. — The Portuguese got possession of the island of Manaar in I.5G0; the Dutch took it from them in 1658 ; and tlie En- glish took it from the Dutch in 1795. — Lon. 79 30 e, lat. 9 n. ManacJda, or Magnisa, the ancient Magnesia, a city ofMatoIia Proper, and a bishop's sec, with a castle. It was formerly the capital of the Ottoman em- pire, and is sealed at the foot of a moun- tain, on the river Sarabat, 22 miles n of Smyrna. Lon. 27 6 e, lat. 3S 45 n. Munapar, a town of liindoostan, in the country of Tinevellcy, situate on a point of land projecting into the gulf of AJanaar, 40 miles se of Paiamcotla. Maiibed, a town of Persia, in the pro- vnice of Irak, 150 miles ese of Ispa- han. Manlona, the capital of the kingdom of Sabia, situate on the scacoast, 60 miles s of Sofala. Lon. 35 39 E, lat. 21 15 s. Mancester, a village in Warwickshire, near Atherstone and the river Anker. — It was a Roman station on the Wat- ling-street, and here several coins have been dug up. 3Iu7icha, a territory of Spain, in New Gastile, between the river Guadiana and Andalusia. It is nearly surrounded by mountains, producing antimony, vermi- lion, and mercury. The country is an immense plain, intersected by ridges of low hills and rocks ; not an inclosure of any kind, except mud walls «bout the villages, nor scarcely a tree to be seen ; but it is well cultivated in corn and vines. The mhabitants are affable, and great lovers of music and dancing ; and it was here that Cervantes made his liero, Don Quixotte, perform his chief exploits. The capital is Ciudad Real. Manche, a department of France, in- cluding the w part of the late province of Normandy. It is almost surrounded by the English cannel. Coutauces is the capital. Manchester, a large town in Lanca- shire, with a market on Tuesday and Salurdviy, seated between the rivers Irk IM A N and Irwell, and a jdace of gicat antiqan ty, though neither a coiporation nor % borough. It has long been noted for various branches of the linen, silk, and cotton manulkcturcs, and is nowprinci- j)ally conspicuous as the centre of the cotton trade. The labours of a very pojiiilous neighbourhood are collected at AJanclicster, whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, l^ull, &c. Those consi.st of a great vaviety of cotton and mixed goods, lilted for all sorts of mar- kets, both at home and abroad, spread- ing over a great part of Europe, Ameri- ca, and the coast of Guinea. The manu- factures of tapes and olher small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are also car ried on at Manchester; from which va- rious sources of wealth it has attained greater opoulence than almost any of the trading towns in England. Its chief ornaments are the college, the excharge the collegiate church, another large church, and a spacious market-place. — The churches and chapels of the esta- blishment are 12 in number, with as many places of worship for different sects of dissenters. In respect to popu- lation it ranks next to London, and iu ] 81 1 contained 98,673 inhabitants. By the Irwell it lias a communication with the Mersey, and all the late various ex- tensions of inland navigation. It is 36 miles E by N of Liverpool, and 182 nnw of London. Lon. 2 10 w, lat. 53 27 N. Manchester, a town of Vermont, in Bennington county, situate on Batten river, which flows into tlie Hudson, above Saratoga. It is 22 miles N of Bennington, and 35 s of Rutland. Manciet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, 17 miles sw of Con- doiii. Mandal, a town of Norwaj', capital of a province in the government of Bergen ; seated near the mouth of a river of the same name, 60 miles wsw of Christian- sand. Lon, 7 42 e, lat. 58 2 n. Mandingo, a county in the West part of Negroland, at the sources of the rivers Niger and Senegal. Not only the inha- bitants of this state, but the bulk of the people in many other districts in the wes- tern part of Africa, are called Mandin- gos, probably from having originally emigrated from this country. The Man- dingos, in general, are of a mild, socia- ble, and obliging disposition: the men are above the middle size, well-shaped, strong, and capable of enduring great labour; the women are good-natured, sprightly, and agreeable. The dress of both sexes is composed of cotton cloth, of their own manufacture ; tbat of tbc 418 Man men is a loose frock, with drawers tfiat reach half way down the legs, and a white cap on their heads, and they wear sandals on their feet. The women's dress consists of two pieces of cloth, about six feet long and three wide ; one of tliese is put round the waist, and bangs down to the ancles ; the other is thrown negligently over the bosom and shoulders. See Kamalia. Mandshurs, or Manshem, a branch of the Mongu! Tartars, whose ancestors conquered China in the thirteenth cen- tury, but were expelled by the Chinese in 1368. They inhabit the three pro- vinces of Eastern Tarlary, and letain the customs they brought from China. Manfredonia, a seaport of Naples, in Capitanata, and an archbishop's see, with a castle and a good harbour. All sorts of vegetables are in abundance, and most of the corn exported from the province is shipped here. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 30 miles ene of Lu- cera. Lon. 16 12 e, lat. 41 36 n. Mangalm-e, a town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of Canara. It is seated between the two arms of a tine lake of salt w a- ler,each of which receives a river from the Gauts ; but the bar at the entrance into this harbour will not admit vessels drawing more than ten feet. I'he town is built along the sides of the penin-sula, in the elevated center of which is the re- mains of a fort, which the late Sultan Tippoo ordered to be demolished. It is a place of great trade, and tlie princi- pal exports are rice, betel-nut, black- pepper, sandal-wood (from the country above the Gauts) cinnamon, and tume- ric. In this town a treaty of peace was signed between Tippoo and the English, in 1784. It is 130 miles nnw of Calicut, and 190 sse of Goa. Lon. 75 4 e, lat. 12 60 N. Matigeea, an island in the Pacific ocean, five leagues in cireuniferenee. In the interior parts it I'ises into susall hills, and captain Cook represents it as a fine island ; but did not find a landing place. Some of the inhabitants came on board, and they seemed to resemble those of Otaheite, in the beauty of their persons and general disposition. Lou. 168 16 w, lat. 21 27 s. Manheim, a strong city of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, al- most surrounded by the Neckar and the Rhine. 1 he streets are all straight, in- tersecting each other at right angles ; and it has three noble gates, adorned with basso-relievos. The palace is a magnificent structure, with a cabinet of uatiu-al curiosities, and a galieiy of pic- M A N tiires. The inhabitants are computed at 24,000. Manheim has been fi-equent- ly taken and re-taken by the French and Austrians in the late wars. In 1802, it was ceded to the Margrave of Baden. It is 17 miles n of Spire, and 42 s of I' rankfort. Lon. 8 34 e, 49 29 N. Maniea, an inland kingdom in the SB part of Africa, bounded on the N by Mocaranga, E by Sofala and Sabia, and s and w by unknown regions. It is said to abound with mines of gold, and has a river and capital of the same name ; 4 but it is little known to the Europeans. ^ Blimickdurg, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Berar, five miles SE of Chanda. 3Iamlla, the capital of the island of Luconia, as well of the other Philippine islands, and ilie see of an arclibishop, w ho is commonly the Spanish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by the caslle of St. PhiHp. The number of christian inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the public structures are built of wood, on account of the fre- quent earthquakes, by one of which in 1617, a mountain was levelled ; and in 162-5, a third part of the city was over- thrown by another, when 3000 persons pcriKhed in the ruins. This city is seat- ed near the lake Bahia, on the e side of a bay, on the sw coast. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues in diameter, and great part of it land-locked ; but the port peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies nine miles to the sw, and is the usual station of the ships^ employed in the Acapulco trade ; for an account of which see Luconia. This city abounds witii convents ; and there is also an inquisi- tion. On account of tlie pure and mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most healthy of all the European settle- ments in the East. In 1762, the En- glish took this city by storm, and hu- manely suffered the archbishop to ran- som it for about a million sterling ; but great part of the ransom never v? as paid. Lon. 120 52 E, lat. 14 36 N. Mamiingtree, a town in Essex, with a market on Tuesday. The principal im- ports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It is seated on a branch of the Stour, cal- led Manuingtree-w&ter, 11 miles w ol Harwich, and 60 ene of Loudon. Manosque, a town of France, in the department of Lower Alps, with a castle; seated on the Durance, 26 miles ne of Aix. Man}mrry, a town and fort of Hin- doostan, in the country of Dooab, 64 miles c of Agra. M .4 N, Blanresa, a town of Spain, in Cataio- tiia, with a castle and sevf^ial convents; seated at the conflux of the Cardonero ivith the Lobbrcgat, 15 miics SE of Car- dona, and 20 Nw of Barcelona. Mans, a city of France, capital of the ilcpartment of Sarte, and the see of a bishop. It was formerly very populous ; but the inhabitants now scarcely amount to 12,000. It has excellent poultry, and its wax and stuffs are famous. It is seated on a high hill, on the Sarte, near its conflux with the Huisne, 20 miles s of Alencon, and 75 w by N of Orleans. Lon, 9 E, lat. 48 N. iJfansaroar, a lake of Tibet, from which the southernmost head of the Ganges is supposed to issue. It is 115 miles in circumference, and lies about 79 e lon. and 34 n lat. Mansfeld, a town of Upper Saxony, in a county of its name, with a decayed castle on a high rock, eight miles nnw of Eisleben. Mansfield, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Thursday, a trade in corn and malt, and a manufacture of stockings. It is seated on the edge of the forest of Sherwood, 14 miles n of Nottingham, and 138 N by w of Lon- don. Mansilla, a town of Spain, in Leon, 14 miles ssE of Leon. Mansora, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated near the mouth of the Guir, CO miles w of Mequinez. Mansoura, a town of Egypt, which has a considerable trade in rice and sal- ammoniac. Here are likewise vast chicken ovens. It is seated on the E side of the Nile, 24 miles ssw of Dami- Gtta, and 60 N of Cairo. Mantaca. See 3Iataca. Mantes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, with a bridge over the Seine, the great arch of which is 120 feet wide. The wines of its vicinity are famoas. It is 31 miles KW of Paris. Mantua, or Mantiian, a duchy of Italy, lying along the river Po, which divides it into two parts. It is bounded on the w by the Cremonese, n by the Vero- nese, E by the Ferrarese, and s by the duchies of Reggio, Modena, and Mi- randola. It is 50 miles long and 30 broad, and fruitful in corn, pastures, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. Charles IV. duke of Mantua, having taken part with the French, in the dispute relating to the succession of Spain, was put un- der the ban of the empire, and died in 1708. Having no heirs, the house of Austria kept possession of the Ma,ntuan MAR till 1800, when the French obtained t, after the battle of Marengo; but the Austrians obtained possession of it again in 1814. 3Iantua, a city of Italy, capital of the duchy "of the same name, and an arch- bishop's see. It is seated on an island in the middle of a lake, 20 miles in cir- cui^iference and two broad, formed by the Mincio ; and so very strong by situ- ation as well as by art, that it is one of the most considerable fortresses in Eu- rope. The only way into this city is by means of two moles or bridge-S, each of which is defended by a fort and other works. In the heat of summer, when the lake is low, the air becomes noxious, and the better sort of the inhabitants leave the city for some time. The cita del is partly free from this inconvern- ence, and in it is always kept a strong garrison. The streets are in general broad and straight, and the houses hand- some. In the cathedral are paintings by the most celebrated masters ; the church of St. Anthony is famous for re- lics ; and the Franciscan church is one of the most elegant of that order in Ita- ly. Here are many other churches, nu- merous convents, a synagogue for the Jews, who live in a distinct quarter, a university, the ancient ducal palace, with its gallery of paintings, &c. It was greatly noted for its silks, and silk ma- nufactures, which are now much de- cayed, and the inhabitants reduced to about 12,000. Virgil was born at a vil- lage near this city. Mantua surren- dered to the French, in 1797, after a siege of eight months; and it was at- tacked by the Austrian and Russian army, in 1799, to which it surrendered after a short siege. In 1800, after the battle of Marengo, the French again ob- tained possession of it ; but they deli- vered it up to the Austrians, in 1814. It is 35 miles ne of Parma, and 90 ese of Milan. Lon. 10 50 e, lat. 45 10 N. Maouna, one of the Navigators islands, in the Pacific ocean. Here, in 1787, Perouse met with his first fatal acci- dent ; captain Langle, Lemanou the na- turalist, and nine sailors being massa- cred by the natives. Lon. 169 w, lat. 14 19 s. Maracaylo, a lake of Terra Firma, in the provitkce of Venezuela. It is 90 miles long and 60 where broadest, with a circumference of 240 ; and is naviga- ble for vessels of 30 tons. It communi- cates with the gulf of Venezuela by a strait, which is defended by strong forts, and has several Spanish towns seated ou its borders. M A R Maraaviho, a. city of Toiia Firma, in fise province of Venezuela. It carries on a great trade in skins, chocolate, and finetol)acco; and ships are bnilt here, which go to all parts of America, and even to Spain. It was taken by the Frcndi bnecaneers in 16G6 and 1678. It is seated on the outlet of the lake of its name, 60 miles wsw of Venezuela. Lon. 70 50 E, lat. 10 30 N, Maragal, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Aderbeitzan, 52 miles s ofTau- ris. Lon. 47 52 e, lat. 37 36 N. Marannan, a northern province of Brasil, which comprehends a fertile po- pulous island, of the same name, 112 miles in circumference. The French settled here in 1612; but they were soon expelled by the Portuguese. St. Louis de Marannan is the chief town. Maranoji. See Amazon. Marano, a fortified seaport of Italy, in Frinli, seated on the gulf of Venice, 27 miles s by e of Udina. Lon. 13 5 e, lat. 45 52 N. Mttrans, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, with a considerable tiade in salt, malt, corn, and meal. It is situate on the Sevre, in the midst of salt marshes, 12 miles nne of Rochelle, and 21 w ofNiort. Mai ant, or Amarant, a town of Per- sia, in the province of Adirbeitzan, con- taining 2500 houses, each with a garden, situate near a ri\cr, and watered by ca- nals. Cochineal is found in the neigh- bourhood, The inhabitants say that Noah was buried here. It is 50 miles N of Tauris. Lon. 47 46 E, lat. 39 7 N. Marasa, a town of Negroland, in "W^angara, on the N side of the Niger, 160 miles ne of Ghanara. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 15 50 N. Marasch, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, capital of a sangiacate, and the see ot a bishop. It is 180 miles E by s of Cogni. Lon. 37 25 E, lat. 37 Marathon, a village of European Tur- key, in Liyadia, formerly a city, 10 miles NNE of Athens. It is famous for the vic- tory oJjtaiued by Miltiades with 10,000 Athenians, over 500,000 Persians, who lost above 100,000 men. Maravi, a lake in the SE part of Afri- ca, known to extend N 300 miles in length, and probably much more ; the breadth about 30 miles. At its s extre- mity, is a town of the same name. Lon, 33 !0 E, lat. 13 10 s. Marawar, a country of Hindoostan, in the Caniatic, to the s of Tanjore, about 60 miles long and 40 broad. The 421 MAR cheif places are Ramanad and Tripa' tore, Marawina, a river of Guiana, which separates Surinam from the French co- lony of Cayenne. It is noted for a cu- rious pebble, known by the name of the Marawina diamond ; w Inch, when polished, is often set in rings, &c. It enters the Atlantic in lon. 53 48 w, lat. 5 58 N. Marazion, or Market Jew, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Thursday, seated on a creek of Mount bay, four miles E of Penzance, and 278 w by s of London. Marhach, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, seated on the Neckar, nine miles nne of Stutgard. Marhella, a town of Spain, iu Anda- lusia, seated at the mouth of the Kio Verde, with a harbour, defended by a castle, 28 miles sw of Malaga. Marblehcad, a town of Massachusets, in Essex county, with a harbour pro- tected by a sea wall, and defended by a battery and citadel. It stands on a neck of land, in Massachusets bay, 19 miles NE of Boston. Lon. 70 36 w, lat. 42 36 N. Marburg, a strong town of Germany capital of Upper Hesse. It has a forti- fied castle on the top of a mountain, a university, and an academy. The church of St. Elizabeth is a fine edifice, and near it is the house of the Teutonic order, in which the commander over the canton of Hesse resides. Klarburg was taken by the French in 1757, but it surrendered to the allies in 1769 ; and in 1760, it was taken again by the French. It is seated on the Lahn, 47 miles sw of Cassel. Lon. 8 50 e, lat. 60 48 N. Marcellin, St. a town of France, m the department of Isere, seated on the Isere, at the foot of a hill, in a country that produces excellent wine, 30 miles sse of Vienne. March^ a town in Cambridgeshire, with a market on Friday. In 1730, three urns full of burnt bones and som- small Roman coins were dug up near this place. It is seated on the Nen, in the middle of the isle of Ely, 26 miles NNW of Cambridge, and 81 N of Lon- don. Marchburg, or Blahrburg, a town a^ Germany, in Stiria, capital of a circle of its name, with two castles. In its vici- nity are good vineyards, and it is seated on the IJrave, 36 miles sse of Gralz, Lon. 15 38 e, lat. 46 38 N. Marchdorf, % town of Suabia, in the RI A R teiiitorv nf Constance, 12 miles NK of Consiance. Marclie^ a late province of France, bounded on the N by Berry, E by Au- vcrj^ne, w by Angonmois, and s by Li- mosin. It is 55 miles in length, and 25 in bread miles N of Cosenza. Marcou, St. two small islands in the £nglish channel, near the coast of France, seven miles SE of Cape la Hogue. Mardihe, a \illage of France, in the department of Nord, seated on a canal, *o which it gives name, four miles w by S of Dunkirk. Mareb, a town of Arabia, capita] of a district, in the province of Yemen. It is 100 miles se of Sanaa. Lon. 47 30 E, lat. 15 44 N. Maree, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Rossshire, 18 miles long, and, in some parts, four broad. It contains many small islands, and abounds with salmon, char, and trout, Marengo, a village of Italy, in th© Milanese, 3 miles se of x^lexandria. It is famous for a decisive victory gained over the Austrians, June 14, 1800, by which the French again became con- querors of Italy. M A R Marewnes, a town of France, in the departmeui of Lower Claarente, remark- able for the green -finned oysters found near the coast, and the salt it sends te other places. It is 32 miles Nw of Saintes, and 270 sw of Paris. Maretimo, an island in the Mediter- ranean, on the w coast of Sicily, 12 miles m circumference. It has a castle, wilh a few farm-houses, and produces much honey. Lon. 12 35 e, lat. 38 5 n. Margaret's Islands, in the North Pa- cific ocean, were discovered by caj)tair» James Magee, in the ship Margaret, of Boston, in his vovage from Karntschcit- ka, in 1780. Lon. 141 12 e, lat. 24 40 N. Margarita, an island near 'I'erra Firma, 40 miles long and 15 broad, dis- covered by Columbus in 1498. "Ihe continual verdure renders it pleasant ; but it has no fresh water. It was taken in 1626 by the Dutch, who demolished the castle ; since which time it has been in a manner abandoned by the Spani- ards. The present inhabitants are mu- laMos, and the original natives. Lon. 64 10 w, lat 11 10 N. Margate, a town in Kent, in the isle ofThanet, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. It stands on the side of a hill, has a stone pier, and is a member of the port of Dover. It has a great resort of company for sea-bathing, and the buildings for their accommoda- tion are numerous and handsome. Great quantities of corn are exported necce, and there are regular passage boats to and from London. It is 17 miles EWE of Canterbury, and 71 e by s of London. Lon. 1 22 e, lat. 51 24 N. Margozza, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, near a small lake of its name, 40 miles NW of Milan. Maria, St. an island in the Indian ocean, near the e side of Madagascai. It is 45 miles long and seven broad, well watered, and surrounded by rocks. The air is extremely moist, for it rains almost every day. It produces rice, sn- gar-canes, legumes, pineapples, tobac- co, &c. and on the coasts are found white coral and ambergrise. The inha- bitants call it Ibrahim. Lon. 50 20 e, lat. 17 s. Maria, St. the most southern island of the Azores, which produces plenty of wheat, and has about 5000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same name. Lon. 25 9 w, lat. 36 57 N. Maria, St. a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a small castle. It was taken by th*; English and Dutch in 1702; and 423 M A R ii seated oil the Guadelela a1 the mouth of which is a tower aud a battery, 18 iiiih's N of Cadiz. rtlaria, St, a town of Terra Firma Fro|)er, iu the audience of Panama, built by the Spaniards after lliey liad discovered the gold mines that are near it, and soon after taken by tlie EngUsh. It is seated at the bottom of the gulf of St. Michael, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lou. 78 12 w, lat. 76 43 N. Maria, St, a town of Congo, capital of the kingdom of Matamba. It stands on a river that flows into the Coanzo, 310 miles e of Loauda. Lou. 18 E, lat. 8 50 s. Mariagalante, one of the Leeward Caribbee islands, belonging to the Freuch. It extends 16 miles from N to s, and four from E to w. On the e shore are lofty perpendicular rocks ; and about half its surface is barren mountains. It is indifferently watered, but produces tobacco, cotton, coffee, aud sugar. It was taken by a British frigate in 1808. The s end is 30 miles N by E of Dominica. Lon. 61 12 w, lat. 15 52 N. Marian Islatich: See Ladrone. Maricello, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 6 miles nw of Gravina. Blarie aux Mines, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, divided into two parts by the river Leber. It is famous for its silver mines, and 25 miles NW of New Brisach. Marienbnrg, a strong town of West Prussia, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It is seated on the e branch of the Vistula, 24 miles se of Dantzic. Lon. 19 8 E, lat. 54 9 n. Marietiburg, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, near which are mines of silver, iron, vitriol, and sulphur. It has manufactures of fine lace, and a medicinal bath, and is 15 miles sse of Chemnitz. Marienburg, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, 12 miles n of Rocroy. Marienstadt, a town of Sweden, in West Gothland, seated on the lake Wenner, 3^ miles SE ofCarlstadt, and 162 sw of Stockholm. Lon. 14 25 e, lat. 58 28 N. Marienwerder, the capital of West Prussia, with a spacious palace, built in the old Gothic taste. The cathedral is the largest church in the kingdom of Prussia, being 320 feet long ; and by its strong breastworks seems to have foi- nierly served as a fortress. In 170i), Peter the great, and Frederic I. of U A R Pi -issin, had an interview at ll.is pface It is stated near the Vistula, 94 miles s\A of Konigsberg. Lon. 18 52 e, lat 53 50. N. Manager, a seaport of Denmark, in the diocese of Arhusen. The chief trade is in stone and lime. It stands on the s side of a gulf, which commu- nicates with the Categat, 36 miles n by w of Arhusen. Lon. 9 35 e, lat. of? 42 N. 3Ia}-iestadt, a town of Sweden in West Gothland, on the lake Wenner, 70 miles sw of Orebro. Marietta, a town of the state of Ohio, situate on the Muskingum, at its con- flux with the Ohio. Here is a church, court-liouse, and public academy. The town is laid out iu spacious streets ani squares. The C^ampus Martins is an elevated square, founded by the Ohio Company in 1718; the foitilication is all of hewn timber, of superior excel- lence, 30 feet above the high banks of the Muskingum, and 159 yards distant from that river, with a natural glacis in front. Marietta is a commercial place, and has a dock-yard on the Muskin- gum. In its vicinity was discovered in 18U6, a beautiful tes^selated pavement, a large human skeleton, and other curious antiques. It is 80 miles E of Chilli- cothe, and 240 w by N of AVashington. Lon. 81 44 w, lat. 39 18 N. Marignauo, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Lambro, 10 miles SE of Milan. Marina, a town of Italy, in Campag- na di Koma, 10 miles ese of Rome. Marino, St. a strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, capital of a small republic, under the protection of the pope. It is seated on a mountain, 17 miles nw of Urbino. Lon. 12 33 e, lat. 43 54 N Marissa, or Maritz, a river of Euro- pean Turkey, which rises in the nw part of Romania, and flows by Philipo- poli, Adrianople, and Eno, into the Archipelago. Mark, a territory of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, bounded on the N by the principality of Munster, e by the duchy of Westphalia, and s and vv by that of Berg. Ham is the capital. Mark, St. a seaport on the w side of St. Domingo. The houses are built of freestone, which is abundant in the neighbouring country. It was taken by the English and royalists in 1794, and is 58 miles Nw of Port au-Prince. Lon. 72 40 vv,lat. 19 20 N. Market Jew. See Marazion. ,M(irlborovgk, a borough in Wiltshire, M A R goveined bv a mayoi with a market on Saturday. In 1267, a parliament was held in the castle, which enacted seve- ral laws, called the Statutes of Marie- bridge. Of the walls and ditch of this castle there are still some remains ; and it has Deen a Roman station. The town contains two churches, and is seated on the Keenet, 26 miles N of Salisbury, and 74 w of London. Marlborough, g, town of Massachusets, in Middlesex county, with a manufac- ture of Spanish brown, from a kind of loam found m the neighbourhood. It 19 25 miles w by s of Boston. Marlborough, Fort, an English fac- ■*ory, on the w coast of the island of Su- matra, 3 miles e of Bencoolen. Marlborough, Lower, a town of Ma- lyland, in Calvert county, on the e side of the Patuxent, 24 miles se of Washington. Marlborough, Upper, a town of Ma- ryland, chief of Prince George county, situate on the Hatavisit, a principal branch of the Patuxent, 15 miles e of Washington. Marlow, a borough in Buckingham- shire, with a market on Saturday, and a manufacture of black silk-lace. Here is a royal military college for cadets. It is seated near the Thames, over which is a bridge into Berkshire, 17 miles s of Aylesbury, and 31 w of Lon- don. Marly, a village of France, four miles N of Versailles. Here is a palace, noted for its fine gardens and water-works, there being a machine on the Seine, which not only supplies them with water, but also those of Versailles. Marmande, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, which has a great trade in corn, wine, and brandy. It is seated on the Garonne, 40 miles se of Bourdeaux. Lon. 15 E, lat. 44 20 N. Marmora, or White Sea, the ancient Propontis, an inland se« between Eu- rope and Asia, which communicates with the Archipelago by the strait of Callipoli, and with the Black sea by the strait of Constantinople. It is 120 miles in length and 50 in breadth. Marmora, an island in the sea of Mar- mora, 30 miles in circumference, with a town of the same name, Lon. 27 34 E, lat. 40 28 N. Marmora, a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore, 16 miles w of St. Ste- verino. Marne, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Cham- pagne. It takes its name from a river MAR, which risds ncAx Langres, and flowing Nw joins the Seine, a little above Paris. Rheims is the archiepiscopal see, but Chalons is the capital. Marne, Upper, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Champagne. Chaumont is the capital. Maro, a town of Italy, in the princi- pality of Oneglia, seated in a valley, 8 miles NW of Oneglia. "" Marogna, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, and a Greek archbi- shop's see ; seated near the Mediterra- nean, 70 miles sw of Adrianople. Lon, 25 41 E, lat. 40 59 N. Marquartstein, a town of Bavaria, with an ancient castle, seated near th^ river Acha, 22 miles w of Salzburg. Marquesas, five islands in the Pacific ocean, named St. Christina, Magdalena, St. Dominica, St. Pedro, and Hood. The first four were discovered by Qui- ros in 1595, the last by Cook in 1774. St. Dominica is much tlie largest, about 48 miles in circuit. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, lay some lime at St. Christina, in lon. 139 9 vv, and lat. 9 55 s. It is high and steep, but has many valleys, which widen toward the sea, and are covered with fine forests lo the summits of the interior mountains. The products of these islands are bread- fruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, scarlet beans, paper-mulberries (of the bark of which their cloth is made) ca- suarinas, with other tropical plants and trees, and hogs and fowls. The Mar- quesans are well made, strong and ac- tive ; of a tawny complexion, but look almost black, by being punctured over the whole body. Some of the women are nearly as iair as Europeans, and among them tatooing is not so comaion. Their drink is water only, cocoa-nuts being rather scarce. Their language, manners, customs, &c. very much re- semble those of the Society islands. Marsal, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurte, with considerable salt-works ; seattni on the Selle, in a marsh of difficult access, 17 miles ese of Nancy. Marsala, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, built on the ruins of the an • cient Lilybaeum, at the most western part of the island, 63 miles wsw of Pa- lermo. Lon. 12 29 e, lat. 38 4 N. Marsanne, a town of France, in the department of Drome, 8 miles nne of Montelimar. Marsaquiver, a strong seaport of Al- giers, in the province of Mascara, be- lonpng to the Spaniards, who took t 424 MAR in 1732. It is seated on a rock, near a bay of the Mediterrauean, tliree milts from Oran. Mnrsch. See Moraic. Marsden, a village ia West York- shire, near the source of the Colne, 7 miles sw of HnddersCeld. Here are some extensive cotton mills, and the Huddersfield canal passes this place. Marseilles, a flourishing sea-port of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone. The inhabitants are computed at 90,000, It was so cele- brated in the time of the Romans, that Cicero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny called it the Mistress of Edu- cation. It is situated on the Mediter- ranean, at the upper end of a gulf in which are many small islands ; and is lartly on the declivity of a hill, and tartly in a plain It is divided into the Old Town and the New. The first ap- pears like an amphitheatre to the ves- sels which enter the port ; but the houses are mean, and the streets dirty, narrow, and steep. In this part is the principal church built by the Goths, on the ruins of the temple of Diana. The New Town is, in every respect, a per- fect contrast to the city, with which it has a communication by one of the Ouest streets imaginable. The other streets and squares, as well as the pub- lic buildings in general, are very ele- gant. With respect to commerce, Mar- seilles has been eminent since the days of antiquity ; and is now sometimes called Europe in Miniature, on account of the variety of dresses and languages. The port is a basin of an oval form, 5480 feet long, by 960 broad at its wid- est part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of wa- ter. In the environs of Marseilles are near 5000 little country boxes of the citizens, called Bastides. In 1649 the plague raged with great violence in Mar- seilles, and with still greater iu 1720, when it carried off 50,000 of the inha- bitants. The late Lord Gardcustone mentions, that Marseilles was a little republic within itself, that the citizens elected their own magistrates, and that the exj)eiice of a law-suit never ex- ceeded twopence-halfpenny, which sum was lodged by each party with the clerks of court, at the commencement of eveuy process ; after which no farther expence was incurred. Marseilles is 15 miles s of Aix, 13 Nw of Toulon, and ;i62 s by E of Paris. Lon. 5 27 E, lat. i3 18 N. Marthfield, a town in Gloucestershire, flith a market on Tuesday, seated on 426 MAR the Coteswold hills, 11 miles b of Bris- tol, and 103 w of London. Marsico Nuovo, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 21 miles nne of Polic astro. Marsico Vecchio, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,near the river Acre, 23 miles N E of Policastro. Marsilly, a town of France in the department of Marne, 10 miles s of Suzanne. Marstrand, a rocky island of Sweden, iu the Catcgat, lying nw of the mouth of tlie Gotha. It is two miles in cir- cumference ; and, on account of its strength, is called the Gibraltar of Sweden. The town stands on the e side, and the harbour is secure and commodious, but of ditficult entrance. The inhabitants subsist chiefly by the herring fishery, by the number of ships which in bad weather take refuge in the harbour, and by a contraband trado It is 23 miles nw of Gotheborg. Lon 11 30 E, lat. 57 50 n. Marta, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter ; seated on a river of the same name, where it issues from the lake Eolfena, 10 miles E of Castro. Martabau, a city of Pegu, capital of a province of the same name, fertile iu rice, fruits, and wines of all kinds. It w as a rich trading place before the king of Birmah conquered the country, who caused a number of vessels to be sunk at the month of the harbour, so that it is now only to be entered by small vessels. I'he chief trade is in earthen ware and fish. It is seated on the bay of Bengal, at the mouth of the Thaluan, 120 miles sE of Pegu. Lon. 97 56 E, lat. 16 30 N. Martago, a town of Spain, in Leon, 10 miles sse of Ciudad Rodrigo. Martapura. See Metapura. Martel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot, seated near the Dor- dogne, 18 miles e of Sarlat, .Martha, St. a province of Terra Firma, bounded on the n by the Carib- bean sea, E by Venezuela, s by New Granada, and w by Carthagena. It is a mountainous country, and the land very high. It abounds with fruits pro- per to the climate, and there are niiucs of gold and precious stones, and sy|i- works. Here the famous ridge of mountains begin, called the Andef, which run s tho whole lengUi of South America. Martha, St. the capital of a proviuc* of the same name, in Terra Finna, and a bishop's see. The harboui is sur- MAR founded by high mountains. It was once flourishing^ and populous, but has much deoiined since the Spanish fleets BO longer touch here. The Itouses are built of canes, and covered mostly with palineto leaves. It has been frequently pillag-ed and ruined by the English, the Dutch, and the buccaneers. It is seat- ed on one of the mouths of the Mada- Jpna, 100 miles w by s of Rio de la Hache. Lon. 74 4 w, lat. 11 27 n. Marthas Vineyard, an island near the s coast of Massachuscts, a little to the w of Nantucket. It is 21 miles long and six broad ; and with Chabaquiddic, Nomans isle, and Elisabeth isles, con- stitute Dukes county. The inhabitants subsist by agriculture and fishing, in ■which they have great success. Ed- garton is the chief town. Marthalen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, seated near the Rhine, 6 miles s of Scaffhausen. Martigao, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 22 miles ne of Coimbra. Martigues, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone; seated near a lake, 12 miles long and 5 broad, which produces excellent salt, 20 miles Nw of Marseilles., Martin, Cape, a promontory of Va- lencia, in Spain, which separates the gnlf of Valencia from that rX AJicant. Lon. 36 E, lat. 38 54 n. Martin, St. a town of Frnrce, in the isle of Re, with a harbour and strong citadel, 12 miles wnw of i.ochelle. Lon. 1 20 w, lat. 46 13 n. Martin, St. one of the Leeward Ca- ribbee islands, in the West Indies, 44 miles in circumference. It has neither b rbour nor river, but several salt-pits, a-jid its tobacco, the chief commodity cultivated, is reckoned the best in the Caribbee islands. It has been long joint- ly possessed by the French and Dutch. The w end is five miles s of Anguilla. Lon. 63 16 w, lat. 18 4 n. Martinach, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, on the river Dranse, 12 miles Bw nf Sion. Martinito, one of the Windward Ca- ribbee islands, 60 miles long and 30 broad. It belongs to the French. There are high mountains covered with trees, several rivers, and n)aiiy fertile valleys, yet they will neither bear wheat nor vines; but the former is not much wanted, for the natives i)refer cassava to wheat bread. It produces sugar, cot- ton, ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pi- mento, plantains, and other tropical fruits; but sugar is the |)riiicipal ccm- aiodity, of which a considerablf? quan- M A R fity is exjtorted annually The island is extremely populous ; and it has seve- ral safe and commodious harbours, well fortified. It suffered great damage by a tremendous hinricane in 1806. Fort- royal is the capital. Martivsharg, a town of Virginia, ca- pital of Berkeley count}', with two churches, situate in a fertile countrj% 10 nnlos WNW of Shephcrdstown, and 22 NE of Winchester. Martinsville, a town of Virginia, chief of Henry county, 26 miles s by w of Rocky Mount, and 66 w of Halifax. Martinville, a town of North Carolina, capital of Guildford county. Near this place, in 1781, lord Cornwallis defeat* ed general Greene. It is seated oa Buffalo creek, a branch of Haw river, 45 miles w by N of Hillsborough, and 50 NE of Salisbury. Martock, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, seven miles s of Somerton, and 130 w by s of Lon- don. Martorano, a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Citeriore, 8 miles from the sea, and 15 s of Cosenza. Martorel, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, at the conflux of the Noya and Lobragal, 18 miles nw of Barcelona. Martos, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a fortress on a rock, 10 miles w of Jacn. Maru, a town of Persia, in Chorasan, celebrated for its salt works ; situate on the Morga, 150 miles ene of Meschcd, and 190 nne of Herat. Marvao, a town of Portugal, in Alen-- tejo, 8 miles NE of Portalegre. Marvejols, a town of France in the department of Lozere, seated on the Co- lange, 10 miles nw of Mende. Marville, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, seated on the Oshein, 3 miles N of Jamctz. Mary, St. a small seaport of the state of Georgia, in Camden county, at the mouth of St. Mary river, 70 miles s by w of Newport. Lon. 81 52 w, lat. 30 43 N. Mary River, St. a river of the state of Georgia, navigable for vessels of considerable burden for 90 miles. Its banks allord immense quantities of fine timber suited to the West India markets. It rises in the Okefonoke swamp, and thence forms the soullieru boundary of the United States to the ocean, which it enters at the town of St. Mary, be- tween the points of Amelia and Cum- berland isluiids. Mary Strait, St. a strait in North America, which forms the communicsk« 426 M A S don between Lake Superior and L^fce Huron. It is about 60 miles long, con- taining a variety of islands ; and at the upper end is a rapid, wliich, by careful pilots, can be descended m ithout dan- ger. At the foot of the rapid, on the v side, is a factory belonging to a compa- ny at Montreal, consisting of store- houses, a saw-mill, and a bateau-yard. Maryborough, a borough of Ireland, capital of Queen's county, not large, but considerable for its woollen manufac- tures. It is 17 miles s of Philipstown. Lon. 7 w, lat. 53 2 n. Maryland, one of the United States of America, 134 miles long, and 110 broad ; bounded on the n by Pennsylvania, e by the state of Delaware and the Atlantic ocean, and on the s and w by Virginia. It is divided into 19 counties, 11 of ■which are on the western, and eight on the eastern shore of the Chesapeak : those on the w side are Hartford, Balti- more, Ann Arundel, Frederic, Allegany, Washington, Montgomery, Prince George, Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary ; those on the e, Cecil, Kent, Queen Ann, Caroline, Talbot, Somerset, Dorchester, and Worcester. Wheat and tobacco are the staple commodities of this state, which, in most respects, resembles Vir- ginia. Anapolis is the capital, but Eal- timore is tlie mart of trade. Maryport, atown in Cumberland, with a market on Friday, and a good harbour. In 1750, it was only a poor fishing town ; but it has now upwards of 3000 inhal)i- tants, who employ many vessels, from 50 to 250 tons burden, in the coal or coast- ing trade. Here are two ship-yards and a cotton manufacture, and close by is the Roman station, Virosidum, where s-'teral altars and statues have been dug np, Maryport is situate at the mouth of the Ellen, in the Irish sea, 27 miles sw of Carlisle, and 297 NNw of London. Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 54 35 N Marza Siroco, a srulf on the SE side of the isle of Malta. "The Turks landed here in 1565, when they wenttobesiege Valptta. It is now defended by three forts, two at the entrance of the gulf, and one at the point of land that ad- vances into the middle of it. Marzilla, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Navarre, near the river Arra- gon, 30 miles s of Pamplona. Mas d'Ageiiois, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, on the rivei Garonne, 24 miles Nw of Agen, and 50 SE of Rourdeaux. 3Ias d'Atil, a town of France, in the department of A rriegc, with a benedic- 1.1 A S tine abbey : seated on the rivulet Rise, eight miles sw of Pamiers. Masafuero, an island in the Pacifio ocean, 80 miles w of Juan Fernandez. It is high and mountainous, but lowest to the N, and at a distance appears lik*^ one hill or rock. It is of a triangulat form, about 25 miles in circumference, and uninhabited, except by numerous seals and goats. There is also plenty of wood, but difficult to be got oif, as the heavy surf allows of no good land- ing place. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 33 40 s. Mashate, one of the PhiUppine islands, almost in the centre of them. It is 80 miles in circumference, and the natives are tributary to the Spaniards. Lon 122 25 E, lat. 11 36n. Mashrough, a village in West York- shire, on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Rotherham. Here are consi- derable iron works, where all sorts of hammered and cast iron goods are made, from the most trifling article to a large cannon, of which great quantities are exported. Mascara, the western province of tlie kingdom of Algiers, 370 miles long and 130 broad. It is dry, barren, and moun- tainous, except on the N side, where there are plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. The s parts are inhabit- ed by independent wandering tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. Mascara, the capital of the province of ihe same name, in the kingdom of Algiers, w ith a strong castle, in which the bey resides. In 1732 it was an in- considerable place; but is now the only one in the kingdom, which, under (he domination of the Turks, perceptibly increases in prosperity and extent. It is not so large as Tremesan, but sur- passes if in beauty, having a great num- ber of good houses and newly erected mosques. It stands in the eeiitie of y that ote^n and Massachusets bay. MAS It is divided iuto 12 counties ; namely, Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Middlesex, Hampshire, Worcester, Plyinouth,Earn- stable, Dukes, Nantucket, Bristol, and Rerkshire. There are five other coun- ties in the district of Maine, w hich dis- triet belongs to Massachusets. This slate is well watered by a niunber of small rivers, and produces plenty of maize, w heat, flax, hemp, copper, and iron. Nails have been made here in such quantities, as to prevent, in a great measure, the importation of them from Great Britain. There is a machine for cutting nails at Newbury jtorl, invented by Mr. Jacob Perkins, which will turB out 200,000 nails in a day. These nails are said to have a decided superiority over those of English manufacture, and are sold 20 per cent, che-aper. I'here are duck manufactories at Boston, Sa- lem, Haverhill, and Springfield ; and manufactures of cotton and woollens have been attempted with various .suc- cess at Beverley, Worcester, Boston and Newbury. There are upAvards of 20 paper-mills, which make more than 70,000 reams of writing, printing, and and wrapping paper annually. There are many other manufactories for cotton and wool cards, playing cards, shoes, lace, wire, &c. 'I'here are several snuff, oil, chocolate, and powder mills in dif- ferent parts of the state, and a number of iron-works and slitting mills, besides other mills, in common use for sawing timber, grinding grain, and fulling cloth. There were in 1792, 62 distilleries erri- ployed in distilling from foreign mate- rials; 1,900,000 gallons have been dis- tilled in one year. There are indeed few articles necessary to the comfort and convenience of life, that are not ma- nufactured in this state. 'I'his common- wealth is remai kabl-e for its literary, hu- mane, and other societies. The militia is composed of all the able-bodied white male citizeiis liom 18 1o 45 years of age, and in 1792, consisted of 82 regiments of infantry, 12 squadrons of cavalry, and 36 cornpatiics of artillery, forming toge- ther, a body of about 50,000 iufajitrv, 2000 cavahy, Hud 1500 artillery. This state, iiiciuding the district of Maine, owns more than three times as iwany tons of sliipping as any other of the states, and more than one third jiart of the whole of that belongs to the United States. Boslon is the eaj>iial. Mcissac/insets Bmj, a ba^i of North Ame- jica, which spreads eastward ofBoston, and is comjfreheJidcd between Cape Ann on the n, and Cnpe Cod on the s. It is so named, as well as the whole ; ^428 M A i stale of !\rrtSs;uhiisots, iVoni a tiil>e f>f liuliiiiis uJllu' same iiuiue, Ihal loiiiieily lived ro;ind tliis bay. 3I(issi:f'ra, a tow ii of Naples, in Terra d'Otiaiito, 16 niilea Nw oi Taraulo. Slassanivio, a town of ConE;o, in An- gola, cajiitai of a province of its name; seated on the Coans^o, 140 miles tsF. of Laondii. Lon. 14 30 K, lat. 9 40 s. Massapa, a town of i\Ioeaiano;a, near which are ricli mines ofgoid. The Por- tuguese are settled heie. II is seated on a n\ er, 300 miles nw of Sofala. Lon. SI 55 K, lat. 18 5 s. Macserano, a town of Piedmont, 40 miles NNK of Tnrin. Masseuhe, a town of France, in the department of Gers, 14 miles s of Audi. Masso, a town of Ftnther Ponierania, with a castle, 10 miles N of New Star- gard. Masna/i, a toAvn of Abyssinia, situate on an island on the coast of the P?ed Sea, with an excellent harbour, distri- buted into tinee divisions. Thehonses, in general, are built of poles and bent grass, as in the towns in Arabia ; and a few are of stone, some of tliera two stories iiigh. Lon. 39 36 E, lat. 15 35 N. I Masvaiix, a town of France, in the de- I partnieut of Upper Rhine, 10 miles n of Befort. Masniipatam, a city and seaport of Hiiidoostan, in the circar of Condapilly. It is a place of considerable trade for chintzes and painted linens, and seated j near one of the mouths of the Kistna, 73 miles sw of Rajamundry. Lou. 81 15 E. lat. 16 10 N. 1 3Iata, a tow n of Spain, in Valencia. Near it is a lake of the same name, not- j ed for the immense quantity of salt that Iit produces. I'he town stands on the sea- coast, 28 miles ssw of Alicant. ^1 Mataca, or Mantaca, a commodious j! bay on the n coast of the island of Cu- [i La, 35 miles e of Havanna, Lon. 81 1& li «', lat. 23 12 N. I Matala, a town and cape on the s coast I of the island of Candia, 30 niiics ,<■ of [ Candia, Lon. 24 51 e, lat. 34 46 N. Matamha, a kingdom of Africa, in ! Congo, bounded on the N by Congo Pro- per, E by parts unknown, s by Bemba and Benguela, and why Angola. The chief town is St. Maria. Mutan, cr Mactan, one of the Philip- pine islands, on the E side of Zebw. It ■ IS a small one, but noted for being the place where Magellan Mas killed, in 1521, after he had conquered the isle of I - " Matcpan, Cape, the most southern I 429 M A T promontory of the Morea, between the f nlfof Coron and that '^f Colochina — Lon. 22 40 E, lat. 36 25 N. Mataram, a town of the island of Ja- va, capital of a kingdom. It is strong by situation, and seated in a fertile and populous country, surroujided by moun- tains. Lon. Ill 55 E, lat. 7 15 s. Mataro, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, celebrated for its glass works, and the best red wine made in the province. It is .seated on the Mediterranean, 17 miles NE of Barcelona. Maicotvitz, a stronp; town of Upper Hungary, in the county of ^^cepus, seat- ed on a mountain, 185 miles x\e of Presi- bnrg. Matera, a town of Naples, in I'erra d'Otranto, the see of an archi)isliop. It is seated on the Canapro, 45 miles wNw of Taranto. Lon. 16 34 E, lat. 40 50 N. Materea. See Heliopolis. Muthan, a town of the empire of Boi- nou, with a royal palace, forming a kind of citadel; situate on a small river, 100 miles sw of Bornou. 3IatIock, a village in Derbyshire, si- tuate on the Derwent, four miles N of Wirksworth. It is an extensive strag- gling place, built in a romantic style, on the steep side of a mountain ; and near the bridge are two chalybeate springs. A little to the s is Matlock bath, fa- mous for its warm baths, which are much frequented from April to October. There are good accommodations for the company who resort to the baths. Near the westein bank of the river is a petri- fying spring ; and the poorer inhabitants are S!i[)ported by the sale of petrifac tions, spars, Sec. Matclieeiz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Ma.sovia, memprable for a great victory obtained by the Russians over the Poles in 1794. It is 32 miles E of Warsaw. 3Iattheo, St. a town of Spain, in Va- lencia, lOmilcs fiom the Mediterranean, and 58 nne of Valencia. Matthew, St. an island in the Atlantic, 420 miles s by w of Cape Palmas, on the coast of Guinea It was planted by the Portuguese, but is now deserted. Lon. 8 10 w, lat. 1 24 s. Matthew, St. a small Island in t!ic Indian ocean. Lon. 123 61 E, lat. 52 3 s. Mattsee, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, 12 miles k of Salz- burg. Matumay, a seaport in the island of Jeso, capital of a province of the same name, tributary to Japan. Lon. 138 56 E, lat. 42 N. M A U Matura, a seaport of Ceylon, willi a small fort. The country ronnd is ex- ceeding wild, and abounds in elephants, which are here principally caught for exportation. It is situate on a river, nearly at the soutlimost point of the is- land, 25 miles ese of Galle Lon. 80 28 E, lat. 5 63 N. Mtttura, a town orHindoostan,in the province of Agra, 22 miles Nfc of Agra, and 70 SSE of Delhi. Mauhal, a town of the country of Can- (laliar, 70 miles nnf, of Candahar. Maubege, a fortified town of France, m the department of Nord. In 1793, the Austrians formed the blockade of {his place, but were soon driven from their position. It is seated on the Sam- *brc, 15 miles s of Mons, and 22 f.se of Valenciennes. Mauldah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, situate on a river that commu- nicates with the Ganges. It arose out of the ruins of Gour, which are in its neighbourhood ; and is a place of trade, particularly in silk, 170 miles N of Cal- cutta. Lon. 88 16 E, lat. 25 3 n. Mauleon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee, \pith an ancient castle on a rock. It is seated near the river Oint, 62 miles ne of Rochelle, and 62 Nw of Poitiers. Mauleon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees, 20 miles wsw of Pau. Mauleon, c town of France, in the department -^f Upper Pyrenees, 28 miles SEofTarbes. Maura, St. an island of the Mediter- ranean, about 50 miles in circuit, which forms part of the republic of Seven Is- lands. It lies near the coast of Albania, 16 miles n of the island of Cephalonia. Lon. 20 46 e, lat. 38 40 N. Mauriac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cantal, famous for excel- lent horses ; seated near the Dordogne, 29 miles e of Tulle, and 38 wnw of St. Flour. Maurice, St. a town cf Switzerland, in the Valais. It guards the entrance into the Lower Valais, from Bern ; and is situate on the Rhone, between two high mountains, 16 miles nw of Mar- tijjny. Mauritius. See France, Isle of. Maurua, one of the Society islands, in the Pacific ocean, 14 miles w of Bola- bola. Lon. 152 32 w, lat. 16 25 s. Mautern, a town of Austria, on the s side of the Danube, opposite Stein, with which it is connected by a long wooden bridge. It is 11 miles N by w of St. Pohen. M A Y Maws, St. a borough in Cornwall, which has no church, chapel, nor mar- ket. Henry VIII. built a castle here, opposite Pendennis castle, for the better security of Falmouth. It is seated on the E side of Falmouth haven, 12 miles ssw of Grampound, and 262 w by s oi London. Maxen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for a victory obtain- ed by the Auslrians over the Prussians, in 1759, when 20,000 Prussians surren- dered themselves prisoners of war. It is 10 miles s of Dresden. Maxiniin, St a town of France, in the department of Var, seated on the Argens, 21 miles n of Toulon. May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth of the frith of Forth, with a lighthouse, six miles SE of Anstruther, which is the nearest part of the coast. May, Cape, a cape of N, America, on the N side of the mouth of the Delaware. Lon. 75 4 w, lat. 39 N. Mayamba, or Majumba, a town t>f tlie kingdom of Loango, capital of a district of the same name. The chief trade is in logwood. It stands at the mouth of the Banna, 110 miles nw of Loango. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 3 20 s. Maybole, a town of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, with a manufacture of blankets ; seated on an eminence, surrounded by hills, eight miles s of Ayr. Mayi-n, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves, with a castle and a collegiate church ; seated on the Nette^ 20 miles w by N of Coblentz. Mayence. See Mentz. Mayenne, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of JMaine. It takes its name from a river, which flows s, by the cities of Mayenne and Laval, to that of Angers, where it receives the Sarte, and soon after joins the Loire. Laval is the capital. Mayenne, a city of France, in the de- partment of the same name, with a cas- tle on a rock. It is seated on the river Mayenne, 45 miles wNw of Mans. Lon. 43 w, lat. 48 18 N. Mayenne and Loire, a department of France, which includes the late pro- vince of Anjou. It has its name from two rivers. Angers is the capital. Maynooth, a town of Ireland, in tho county of Kildare. Here is a royal col lege for students intended for the Ro- mish church ; and a college for lay stu- dents of the same persuasion. It is 13 miles w of Dublin. Mayo, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 62 miles long and 62 broad; bounded ou the E by 430 M E A Roscommon, s i>y Galway, w and n by Uip All.intio, n»id \e bySlisro. It is di- ^k\e*\ wiio fiS parishes, contains about I4(i.{»00 iiihrtbitniils, .and sends two mcmlx-rs to parliamoiit. The w coast is nio!Hird islands, 17 miles in cironinference. The NF, end is low, and the land rises s;railnaliy lill it arrives at a volcanic monnfain, to the sw of which is irregular ground, soon followed by a high disorderly peak nnich more lofty than the volcanic cone. The soil in general is barren, and water -carce; but there are plenty of beeves, goats, and asses; as also some corn, yams, potatoes, plantains, figs, and wa- ter-melons. The chief commodity is salt, with which man}' English ships are freighted in the summer time. Pinosa IS the principal town. Lon. 23 5 w, lat. 15 10 N. Mayorga, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, near the Atlantic, 15 miles 6W of Leiria, and 51 N of Lisbon. Maysville. See Limestone. Mayicnr. See Oudipour. Mazaffran, a river of the kingdom of Algiers, which runs into the Mediterra- nean, 30 miles w of Algiers. At its en- trance into the sea it is a considerable river, and little inferior to Shellif. Mazagwi, a strong town of the king- dom of Morocco, near the Atlantic, 8 miles w of Azamor, and 120 N of Mo- rocco. Lon, 8 15 w, lat. 33 12 N. Mazanderan, a province of Persia, bounded on the N by the Caspian sea, vv by Ghilan, s by Irac Agemi, and E by Astiabad. It is a fertile country, and the mountains on its s boundary are co- vered with timber trees. Ferabad is the capital. Mazara, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, and a bishop's see. It has a capacious harbour, and is built on the ruins of the ancient Sesinuntum, 50 miles sw of Palermo. Lon. 12 30 e, lat. 37 53 N. Maziera, or aceira, an island in the Arabian sea, on the coast of Oman, 50 miles long and from four to eight broad. Lon. 59 30 e, lat. 20 30 N. Meadia, a town of Hungary, in tiie bannat of Temeswar. It was taken by the Turks in 1738 and 1789, and is 13 miles N of Orsova. 431 M E r Mecw, a small islitnd, one of the Mn' Liccas, in the Indian ocean, with a good harbour. Lon. 127 5 e, lat. 1 V2 n. Meaims. See Kincardinesliire, Meath, or £/ist Meath, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lcinstcr, 3S miles long and 35 broad ; bounded on the N by Cavan and Loutii, e by tlio Irish sea and county of Dublin, s by that county and Kildare,and vv by West Meath. It is divided into 147 jtarishes, contains about 112,400 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. It formerly contained several .smsill bislio- pri(^s, which were gradually united info one see, and received ihe name of JVIealh in the 12(li century. There is no calhe' dral,and the episcoj)al ]>alace is atAid- braccan, a village nc:ir Navan. The soil of ]\.leath is various, but generally rich, producing abundance of corn, and feeding numerous sheep and cattle. Trim is the capital. Meath, West, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 33 miles long and 24 broad; bounded on the N by Ca- van, NE and E by East Meath, s by Kings county, w by Koscommon, from which it is separated by the Shannon, and Nw by Longford. It is divided into 62 parishes, contains about 70,000 in- habitants, and sends three members to parliament. It is very fertile in pastu- rage and corn, and has several small lakes and rivers. Mullengar is the coun- ty town. Memix, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, and a bishop's see. It is large and populous; and the market-place is a peninsula, con- tiguous to the town, which was formerly well fortified ; and, in 1421, stood a siege of three months against the English. It is seated on the Marne, 25 mdes NE of Paris. Lon. 2 53 e, lat. 48 68 N. Mecca, a city of Arabia Deserta, fa mous for being the birthplace of Maho met. It is seated in a barren valley, sur- rounded by many little hilb, consisting of a blackish rock. The buildings are very mean, and its sup|)ort is the great resort of pilgrims at a certain season of the year; for, at other times, the shoi)S are scarcely open. On the top of one of 433, M E D tile coiHifry, on the river Gnadiana, 24 miles t by s of ISIerida. Medelpadia, a province of Sweden, in Nordiand, on the s,idf of Bothnia. It is 70 miles long and 45 broad, very monn- tainnijs and woody, but interspersed with lakes, rivers, and fertile valleys. Suudswald is the capital. Medenblicit, a seaport of N. Holland, with an old castle and good harbonn The chief commerce is in timber brought from Norway and Sweden ; and the vi- cuiity is remarkable for its rich pastures, Mcdenblick was taken by the English in 1799. It is seated at the entrance into the Zuyder Zee, 28 m41es ne of Am- sterdam. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 52 46 N. Medford, a town of Massachusets, in Middlesex county, noted for its distille- ries and brick-works. It stands on the Mystic, three miles from its mouth, and four N of Boston. Median. See Madian. Medina, a town of Arabia Deserta, celebrated for being the burial-place of Mahomet. It is a small, poor place, but walled round, and has a large mosque. In one corner of the mosque is a place 14 paces square, with great windows, and brass gates ; and in the middle is the tomb of Mahomet, inclos- ed with rich curtains, and lighted by a great number of lamps. Medina is call- ed the City of the Prophet, because here lie was protected by the inhabitants when he fled from Mecca; and here he was first invested with regal power. The time of his death was in 637 ; but the Mahometan epoch begins in 622, from the time of his flight. It is seated on a sandj' plain, abounding in palm- trees, 200 miles NW of Mecca. Lon. 39 33 E, lat. 24 20 N. Medina, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura, seated at the foot of a mountain, 25 miles WNW of Lerena, aiid 46 sse of Badajoz. Medina ddCampo, a town of Spain, in Leon, seated in a country abounding with corn and wine, 23 miles ssw of Valladolid, and 48 e of Salamanca. Medina del Rioesco, a town of Spain, in Leon, seated near the Sequillo, 21 miles NW of Valladolid, and 56 sse of Leon. Medina Sidonia, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle, 24 miles SE of Cadiz, and 60 s of Seville. Mediterranean, a sea between Asia, Africa, and Europe, communicating with the Atlantic ocean by the strait of Gi- braltar, and with the Black sea by the strait of Galipoli, the sea of Marmora, and the strait of Coastantinople. It is 433 Ff M E I of vei7 great extent, hvA has no tfde^ and a constant current sets in from the Atlantic through the strait of Gibraltar. It contains many islands, several of them large, as Majorca, Corsica, Sardi- nia, Sicily, Candia, and Cyprus. The eastern part of it, bordering on Asia, is sometimes called the Levant Sea. Lon. 6 w to 72 E, lat. 31 to 44 N. Mednihi, a town of Poland, in the province of Samogitia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Warwitz 40 miles e of Merael. Medtcay, a river of England, which rises in Ashdown forest, in Sussex ; en tering Kent, it flows by Tunbridge to Maidstone, and is navigable thence to Rochester; below which, at Chatham, it is a station for the royal navy. Di- viding into two branches, the western one enters the Thames, between th^ isles of Grain and Shepey, and is defended by the fort at Sheerness. The eastern branch, called the East Swale, passes by Queeuborough and Milton, and en- ters the German ocean, below Fever- sham. Medwi, a town of Sweden, in East Cfothland, much frequented on account of its waters, which are vitriolic and sul- phureous. The lodging houses form one street of uniform wooden buildings paint- ed red. It stands near the lake Wet- ter, tliree miles from Wadsteua. Meelah, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantina, surrounded by gardens producing abundance of herbs and excellent fruit, particularly pome- granates. It is 14 miles NW of Constan- tina. Megara, a town of European Turkey, in Livadia, formerly very large, but now inconsiderable. It has some fine re~ mains of antiquity, and is 20 miles w of Athens. Megen, a town of Dutch Brabant, seated on the Meuse, 16 railea wsw of Nimeguen. Megna. See Burrampooter. Meimn, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cher. Here are the ruins of a castle built by Charles VII. as a place of retirement; and here he starved himself, in the dread of being poisoned by his son, afterward Lewis XI. It is seated on the Yevre, 10 miles Nw of Bourges. 31ehim sur Loire, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, seated on the Loire, 10 miles sw of Orleans. Meinau, an island in the middle lake of Constance, one mile*in length, which produces excellent wine. It is fire miles NW of Constanae. MEL Meinwtgen, a town of Upper Saxony, HI 1 liuringia, capital of Ihe county of Henacbcrg, with a fine castle. It is situate amid mountains, en the river Wena, 16 miles NW of Hiidbiughausen, and 23 s of Golha. Lon. 10 43 e, hit. 60 38 N. Meissen, or Misnia, a margravate of Germany, in the circle of Upper Sax- onj, 100 miles long and 80 broad; bounded on the N by the duchy of Sax- ony, E by Lusatia, s by Bohemia, and w by Francouia and Thuringia, It is a fine country, producing corn, wine, me- tals, and all the conveniences of life. Meissen, a town of Upper Saxony, ca- pital of a margravate of the same name, with a castle, in which is a famous ma- nufacture of porcelain. The cathedral has a lofty steeple, and it is the burial place of the Saxon princes to the year L539. The bridge over the Elbe, burn- ed down by the Prussians in 1757, has been replaced by another of a very handsome construction. Meissen is seated on tiic rivulet Meisse, at its junc- tion witli the Elbe, 12 miics nnw of Dresden. Ijon. 13 31 e, lal. 51 11 N. Meissciilieim, a town of Germany, in the late duchy of Deux Fonts; situate on the €ilaii, 34 miles N by E of Deux J^onls, and 44 e of Treves. Mciassrt, a lovt'n of Asiatic Tiukey, in Natolia, situate on a fertile plain, near a mountain abounding in white marble. It was anciently a city, adorned with many public buildings, especially tem- ples ; and Is now a large place, but the houses are mean. It is 90 miles sse of Smyrna. Uo!i. 27 50 E, lat. 27 15 N. Melazzo. See Milazzo. Melbourn, a village in Derbyshire. 8 miles s by e of Derby. Here are the vestiges of an ancient castle ; and it has a manufacture of worsted stockings. Melck, a town of Austria, with a Be- nedictine abbey on a high rock, near the Danube, 10 miles wof St. Polten. Mtlcomb Regit, a town in Dorsetshire, united to Weymouth as a port, as a cor- poration, and as a market-town, but is a distinct borough. It is seated on the N side of an arm of the sea, and joined to V/eymouth by a timber bridge, which /las a drawbridge in the middle, to ad- mit the passage of ships into the wes- tern part of the harbour. Melcomb has good streets and yards for merchandise, and is 127 irJles wsw of London. See Weymouth. Meldela, a town of Italy, in Romagna, eight miles sw of Ravenna, Meldert, a lowti of the Neiherlands, in Brabant, 10 miles se of Li)'-- ain. M E L BleUhrf, a town of Lower Saxcny, in Holstein, seated near the mouth of the Myla, 22 miles nnw of Glucksladt. Meklrum, a tuwn of Scotland, in Aber- deenshire, 17 miles nnw of Aberdeen. Melfi, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, with a castle on a rock, 20 miles nnw of Acerenza. Melgaza, a town of Portugal, in En- tre Douero e Minho, with a strong cas- tle ; seated on the Minho, 27 miles N by E of Braga. Melida, an island of Dalraatia, in the gulf of Venice, and in the republic of Ragusa. It is 30 miles in length, and aboiuuls in oranges, citrons, wine, and fish. It has a Benedictine abbey, six villages, and several harbours. Melilla, a town of the kingdom of Fez, on the coast of the MediterranGan, It was taken in 149G, by the Spaniards, who built a citadel ; but it was restored to the Moors. It is 1 15 miles ne of Fez. Lon. 2 57 w, lat. 34 58 N. Melinda, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Zanguebar. It produces gold, slaves, elephants teeth, ostriches fea- thers, wax, aloes, sena, and other drugs ; also jilcnty of rice, sugar, cocoa-nuts, and other tropical fruits. Blelinda, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, on the coast of Zangue- bar. Here the Portuguese have 17 churches, nine convents, and warehouses well provided with European goods. It is surrounded by fine gardens, and has a good harbour defended by a fort ; but the entrance is dangerous, on account of the great number of shoals, and rocks underwater. The inhabitants are Chris- tians and Negros, which last have their own king and religion ; and the number of both is said to amount to above 200,000. It is 470 miles sw of IMaga- doxa. Lon. 41 48 e, lat. 2 15 s. Melipilla, a town of Chili, in a juris- diction of the same name, 200 milgs n of Conception. Lon. 71 39 w, lat. 33 28 s. Melita. See Malta. Melitello, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, eight miles w of Leontini. Melitopol, a town of Russia, in the province of Tauris, situate on a1ake, 13 miles from the sea of Asoph, and 108 s of Catharinenslaf. Lon. 83 10 e, lat. 46 22N. Melksham, a town in Wiltshire, witli a market every other Thursday for cat- tle, and a manufacture of broad cloths, 1 1 miles E of Bath, and 96 w of London. 3Ielk, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburg, 15 miles F. by s of OsnabiJi'g'. 434 M E M Melfe, a town of Fiance, in the de- partment of Two Sevres, 12 miles sw of Niort, 3 feller. See Maeler. Melhugen, a tow n of Switzerland, in the bailiwic of Baden, seated on the Renss, five miles, s by w of Baden. Melnick, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bnntziau, with a castle. Its vicinity yields excellent red and white wine, and near it stands the Augustine convent of Schopka. It is seated on the Elbe, opposite the influx of the Mul- dau, 18 miles N of Prague. Meloui, a town of Egypt, seated on the Nile, with a remarkable mosque, three miles s of Ashmunein. Melrichstadt, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Strat,22 miles N by E of Schweon- furt. Melrose, a town of Scotland, in Rox- burgshire, with manufactures of linen and woollen cloth. Near it, on the s side of the Tweed, are the laagnificeirt remains of Af chose abbey, founded by David I; part of which is still used for divine service. Alexander II. is said to be buried under the great altar. Mel- rose is 11 miles nw of Jedburg, and 31 SE of Edinburg. Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Tuesday. The fine cheese, called Stilton, is chiefly made in its neighbourhood. It is seated on the river Eye, 15 miles ne of Leices- ter, and 105 N by w of London. Melun, a city of France, capital of the department of Seine and Marne. It has a trade with Paris in corn, meal, wine, and cheese ; and is seated on the Seine, 25 miles sE of Paris. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 48 30 N. Menibrio, a town of Spain, in Estre- niadura, 21 miles wsw of Alcantara. Memel, a strong town of E. Prussia, with a castle, the finest harbour in the Baltic, and an extensive commerce. It is seated on a river of the same name, at the N extremity of the Curisch Half; and on the ne side of the entrance into the harbour is a lighthouse. It is 76 miles NVE of Konigsberg, and 140 ne of Dantzic. Lon. 21 26 e, lat. 55 46 N. Memmingen, a town of Suabia, de- fended by art, and surrounded by a mo- rass. It has a considerable trade in fine linen, fustian, cotton, paper, salt, and hops. Near this place, in 1795, the French republicans defeated the emi- grants under the prince of Conde; and in 1800, the French defeated the Aus- Irians, and took the town. It is seated 435 MEN in a fertile p\aia, near tlie river Iller, 2S miles s by E of Ulm. Lon. 10 12 E,lat 48 On. Menan, a river of the kingdom of Si- am, which passes by the city of Siam, and enters the gulf of Siam, below Ban- cok. There are several singular fishes in it, and crocodiles; and its fertile shores swarm with monkeys, fire-flies, and moskitos. Mende, a town of France, capital of the department of Lozere, and a bi- shop's see. The fonntains, and one of the steeples of the cathedral, are re- markable. It has manufactures of ser- ges and other woollen stuffs; and is seated on the Lot, 35 miles sw of Puy, and 210 s by e of Paris. Lon. 3 30 e, lat. 44 31 N. Mendip Hills, a lofty tract in the ne of Somersetshire, abounding in coal, ca- lamine, and lead ; the latter said to be of a harder quahty than those of other countries. Copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre, are also found in these hills. At the bottom of a deep ravine, near the village of Eerrington, a cavern was discovered in 1798, in which was a great number of human bones ; many of them were incrusted with a calcareous cement, and a large portion completely incorporated with the solid rock. Mendon, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county, 18 miles ssE of Wor- cester, and 36 sw of Boston. MendozUf a town of Chili, capital of a jurisdiction, which includes the town of St. Juan de la Frontera. It stands on the E side of the Andes, in a plain adorned with gardens, well watered by canals, 100 miles ene of St. Jago. Lon. 70 12 w, lat. 34 s. Mendrah, a province of the kingdom of Fezzan, much of which is a continu- ed level of hard and barren soil ; but the quantity of trona, a species of fossil al- kali, that floats on the surface, or settle! on the banks of its numerous smoking lakes, has given it a higher importance than that of the most fertile districts. It has a town of the same name, 60 miles s of Mouraouk. Mendrisio, a town of Switzerland, ca- pital of a bailiwic, lying between the lakes of Como and Lugano. It contains several convents, and is sever? miles w by N of Como, 3Ienehould, St. a town of Fiance, io the department of Marne, with a cas- tle on a rock. In 1792, the Freuch gave the first check to the progress of the Prussians at this place, which in the end compelled them to a retreat. M E K It '& sentesl in a moirass, on the river AJsne, l)ci«'ecii (wo' rocks, 20 railGSENE uf Chaions. Meiigen, a town of Suabia, in the county of Hohen1>erg, seated on the Danube, 20 miles ese of Rothwell. Mengervighausen, a town and castle of Germany, in the county of Waldeck, 8 miles NE of Coibach, 3Ienin, a town of the Nethcrhmds, in Fiaiiders. It has been often taken ; the last time by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Lis, 8 miles se of Yprcs, and 10 N of Lisle. Menton, a town &f Italy, in the prin- cipality of Monaco, seated near the sea, 6 miles kne of ?*'ionaco. Mentz, a late archbishopric and elec- torate of Germany, in tlie circle of Lower Rhine ; bounded on tiie N by Hesse and Wcttcravia, e by Franconia, s by the palatinate of the Klsine, and w by the electorate of Treves. It pro- duces much corn, hue garden fruits, and abundance of excelknt wines. In 1798, this archbishopric and electorate, then the fu-st state of the empire, was moved to Kalisbon, and ail other bi- .shojjrics were secularized. 3-Ientz, or Blayence, a city of Gei'- inanj', papital of the laic electorate of Mentz, and an archbishop's see. It is well fortified, and deemed to be a bar- rier fortress. The palace, called Mar- tinsburg, is a considerable building, partly ancient and partly modern ; and opposite the mouth of the Maine is a castle, called Favorita, with its fine gardens and waterworks. The univer- sity, founded in 1477, has lately receiv- ed considerable improvements. Of the hospitals, that of St. Rocli is worthy of notice for its printing-ofFice and manu- factures of stijfis and stockings. I'lie city is built in an irregular manner, and plentifully provided with churches. In the cathedral, which is a gloomy fabric, is what they call a treasury, contaiwing a number of clumsy jewels, some relics, and a rich wardrobe of sacerdotal vest- ments. Mentz is one of the towns which claim the invention of printing ; and the growth of the best rhcnish wine is limited to a circle of about five miles round it. The French took this place by surprise in 1792 ; and the next year it stood a long blockade and siege be- fore it surrendered to tlie allies. It was twice re-attacked by the French in 1795, but they were defeated by the Austrians, wlio also relieved it from a blockade of two months, in 1796. They soon after resumed the siege, which conlinued till the signing of the Irtaty of Udiiia, in M E R 1797, when rt was taken possession of by the French. It was delivered i,p to the allies in 1814; and is at inesent garrisoned by Austrian and Prussian troops. Mentz is seated ow the Rhine, just below the influx of the Maine, and on the opposite side is"thc town of Cas- scl, connected with it by a bridge of boats. It is 22 miles wsw of Frankfort, and 70 E by N of Treves. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 49 58 N. Menu/, a town of Egypt, situate in a well-cultivated country near that branch of Nile which flows to Rosetta, 40 miles NNw of Cairo. 3l€nzala, a town of Egypt, situate near a lake of the same name, 60 miles long, separated from the Mediterranean by a narrow slip of land. It is 20 miles sse of Damietta, and 7S nne of Cairo. Lon. 32 2 e, lat. 31 3 N. Mequinenza, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle ; seated at the conilux of the Segra with the Ebro, 58 miles ESE of Saragossa, and 180 ene of Madrid, Blequinez, a city of tiie kingdom of Fez, and a capital of the empire of Morocco, It is seated in a delightful plain, having a serene i«ind clear air ; for which reason the emperor resides in this place in preference to Fez. In the middle of the city, the Jews have a place to themselves, the gates of which are locked every night, and guarded. Close by Meqninez, on the Nw side, is a large Negro tOAvn, which takes up as much ground as the city, but the houses are not so high, nor so well built. The inhabitants are all blacks, or of a dark tawny colour; and hence the emperor recruits the soldiers for his court. The palace stands on the s side, and is guarded by several hundreds of black eunuchs, whose knives and cimitars are covered with wrought silver. The houses of Mequinez are very good, and the streets exceedingly narrow ; but the light comes in at ths back of the houses, where there is a square court, in the middle of which is a fountain, if the house belong to a person of any rank. They are flat at the top ; and the womeii'- who live in the upper apartments, often visit each other from the tops of the houses. Their customs and manners are much the same as those of other Mahometans; but they are much more affable than in tlje southern provinces. Mequinez is 58 miles w of Fez. Lon. 5 J 46 w, lat. 33 40 N. i| Mer, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loir and Cher, 11 miles NNwr of Elois. 436 M E R Meran, a town of GertiMiny, m Tj'iol, of which it was formerly the capital. It has six churches and convents, and stands on the Passer, near its conflux with the Adige, 12 miles nnw of Botzen. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 46 39 N. 3Ierdin, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarhcck, and an archbishop's see, with a castle. The country about it pro- duces a great deal of cotton. It is 45 miles SE of Diarbekar. Lon. 39 59 e, lat. 36 50 N. Mere, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Tuesday, 28 miles w of Salis- biuy, and 100 w by s of London. Merecz, a town of Lithuania, seated at the conflux of the Berezino and Merecz, 30 miles N of Grodno. Merecga, a town of Algiers, in the proA'inee of INIascara, celebrated for its warm baths, 25 miles SE of Shershel, and 60 sw of Algiers. Mergentheim, a town of Franconia, capital of a district spbject to the grand master of the Teutonic order. On the Kitzbcrg, a mountain in its vicinity, is the castle of the Newenhaus, the resi- dence of the grand master. The order of Teutonic knights was instituted on occasion of the crusades in Palestine, in 1190 ; and the grand master has resided here ever since the 16fh century. Mer- gentlicjm is seated on the Tauber, 28 miles ssw of Wurtzbu-ig. Lon. 9 52 E, lat, 49 30 N. Merghen, or Merguen, a city of Eas- tern Tartary, in tiic province of Tcitci- car, seated on the Nouni, 140 miles N by F. of Tcitcioar. Lon. 124 55 e, lat. 49 10 N. Mergtii, a seaport on the vv coast of Siam, witJi an excellent harbour. It was wrested from the Siamese by the Birmans, and is 208 miles sw of Siam. Lon. 98 9 E, lat. 12 12 x. Merida, a strong town of Spain, in listremadura, bnill by the liomans, be- fore the birth of Christ. Here are fine remains of antiquity, particularly a -triumphal arch. It is seated in an ex- tensive fertile plain, on the river Gua- dinna, over which is a noble Roman bridge, 42 miles e of Badajoz. Lou 5 58 w, lat. 38 47 N. Merida, a town of Mexico, caj)ital of the province of Jucatan, and a bishop's see. It is .30 miles s of the gulf of Mexico, and 120 ne of Campeachy. Lon. 89 58 w, lat. 20 45 N. 3Ieridci, a town of New Grenada, seated in a country abounditig with all kinds of fruits, 130 miles ne of Pam- plona. Lon. 71 w, lat. 8 30 N. Met-ionethshire, a county of Wales, 36 437 M E R miles long and 34 broad ; bounded on the N by Caernarvonshire and Den- bighshire, E by the latter county and thai of Montgomerj', s by Cardiganshire, and w by the Irish sea. It contains 500,000 acres ; is divided into 5 hun- dreds, and 37 parishes ; has four market towns ; and sends one member to par- liament. The number of inhabitants, in 1811, was 30,924. The face of this country is varied throughout with a ro- mantic mixture of all the peculiar scenery belonging to a wild and moun- tainous region. The principal rivers are the Dee and Dyfi ; and it has a great mountain, the Cader Idris, one of the highest in Wales. Harleigh is the capital. Meritch, a town and important for' tiess of Hindoostan, in the country of Visiapour. It was taken by Hyder Ally in 1778; and is situate near the N bank of the Kistna, 62 miles sw of Visi- apour. Merh, a river of Dutcii Brabant, which runs n by Breda, afterward turns w, and enters one of the mouths of the river jMeuse, opposite the island of Overslackee, in Holland. Mero, a district of Tewnesse, com- prehending the counties of Grainger Davidson, Sunincr, Robertson, and Montgomery. The chief town is Nash- ville. Mero, a strong town of the kingdom of Pegu, 140 miles sw of Pegu. Lon. 98 3G E, lat. 16 N. Merou, a town of Persia, in Chora- sau, seated iu a fertile eountry, which produces salt, 112 miles sw of Bokhara. Lon. 64 25 e, lat. 37 40 N. Merrimac, a river of i\\e United States, formed by the junction of the Pemigcwasset and Winnipiseogee, in the centre of Ncv/ IIami>Bhire. Its course is s till it enters Massachusets ; it then turns e, and passes into the ocean at Newbury. , It is navigable for vessels of burden 20 miles from its mouth, where it is obstructed by the first rapids, called Mitchell's Eddy, li<(le above Haverhill. Mers. See BerteicksMre. Mershurg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Tiuaingia, lately a bishopric. The most remarkable buildings are the cas- i,le, the calliedral, which stands below it, and the academy. The brewing and exportation of strong beer is the princi- pal employment of the inhabitants. It is seated on the Saale, 10 miles nw of of Leipsic. Mershurg, a town of Snabiss, in Sh-s late bishopric of Constance, with a caff* M E S tie, an excdlent academy for secular clergy, and a Dominican convent. It is seated on the N side of the lake of Constance, six miles ne of Constance. Mersey, a river of England, which nses in the n extremity of the Peak in Derbyshire, receives the Tame, at Stock- port, and lower down, the Irwell; it then passes by Warrington, and receives the Weaver, at Frodsham, where it forms a broad estuary, that contracts on its approach to Liverpool, below which it enters the Irish sea. This river not only affords salmon, but it is visited by annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of a remarkable size and fla- vour, Mersey, an island in Essex, between the mouth of the Coin and the entrance of Blackwater ba|r. It has two parishes, called East and West Mersey, seven miles s of Colchester. Merthyr J'idvil, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a canal to Cardiff, mines of iron and coal, and considera- ble iron works. It is seated on the Taafe, 24 miles nnw of Cardiff, and 176 w of London. Mertoltt, a strong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated near the Guadiano, 60 miles s of Evora, and 100 se of Lis- bon. Lon. 7 37 w, lat. 37 41 N. Merton, a village in Surry, seated on the Wandle, seven miles sw of London. It had a celebrated abbey, where Hen- ry III. in 1236, held a parliament, at which were enacted the Provisions of Merton, the most ancient body of laws after Magna Charta. Nothing remains of this abbey, except the e window of a chapel ; but the walls that surround the premises include about 60 acres. — Upon the site of this abbey are two ca- lico manufactures, and a coppe»-mill. Merville, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 10 miles se of Cassel, and 24 sw of Menin. Mesched, a city of Persia, capital of Chorasan. It is fortified with several towers; and famous for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Kisa, of the family of Ali, to which the Persians pay great de- votion. Here is a manufacture of beau- tiful pottery, and another of skins. Ca- ravans are conlinnally passing through this city from Eoi'^haria, Balk, Canda- har, Hindoostau, and all parts of Per- sia. It is 180 miles e of Astcrabad, and 490 NE of Ispahan. Lou. 58 30 e, lat. 35 56N. Mesched AH, a town of Asiatic Tur- kf^y, irsIvak-Arsbi, near a large lak«?, MET called Rahema, which oommunicateQ with the Euphrates by a canal. It stands on the spot where Ah', the cou- sin, friend, and one of the successors of Mahomet was interred; and his tomb is annually visited by a great number of Persian pilgrims. It is 110 miles s of Bagdad. Lon. 44 50 e, lat. 32 6 N. Meschede, a town of Westphalia, with a collegiate church, on the river Rocr, seven miles se of Arensberg. Meseriscli, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Iglau, 17 miles e oflglau. it/e5cmc/i, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Prerau, 30 miles E by s of Ol- mutz. Meskirch, a town of Suabia, in th© county of Furstenburg, 17 miles n of Uberiingen. Messa, a town of Morocco, on the ri- ver Sus, not far from the Atlantic. — Near it is a mosque, in which are the bones of a whale, which the inhabitants consider as the bones of the whale that swallowed Jonah. It is 165 miles sw of Morocco. Lon. 10 46 w, lat 29 58 N. Messina, a city and seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, with a citadel and several forts. It is five miles in circum- ference, and thg see of an archbishop. — The public buildings and monasteries are numerous and magnificent, and it has four large suburbs. The Iiarbour is one of the safest in the Mediterranean, and has a quay above a mile in length. It has a great trade in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine. In 1780, it suffered much by an earthquake ; ana in 1783, Avas half destroyed by the same calamity; since 'vhich it has been re- built, with elegai?t houses, only two sto- ries high. The nihabitants are estimat- ed at 60,000. It is seated on tlie strait of Messina, which separates Sicily from Calabria, 110 miles e of Palermo. Loo 15 50 e, lat. 38 10 N. M(?5«Vj§-, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Aichstat, 14 miles nne of Aichstat. Mestre, a town of Italy, in the Doga- do, eight miles nw of Venice. Mesnrata, a seaport of Tripoli, and the residence of a governor. Caravans travel hence to Fezzan and other in tcrior parts of Africa, by which they carry on a great trade. It is 100 miles ese of Tripoli. Lon. 15 10 e, lat. 32 ION. Metapura, a town of the isle of Bor- neo, in the kingdom of Banjermassin, 72 miles ne of Banjermassin, and 100 se of Negara. Mettlen, a town of Westphalia, m the 43S M E U principality of Munsler, 19 miles Nw of Mimster. Metflin, or 3IytUene, an island of the Aiclnpelaso, anciently called Lesbos, to the N of Scio, and almost at the en- trance of the g^nlf of Gucstro. It is 40 Fiiles long- and 24 broad, somewhat jnounlainous, and has many hot springs. The soil is very good, and themonntains are cool, beinar covered with wood in many places. It produces good wheat, wine, oil, and the best figs in the Archi- pelago. It is subject to the Turks, and the capital is Castro. 3Icthil, a town of Scotland, in Fifc- shne, with a safe harbour on the frith of Forth,whence much coal is exported. It is 6 miles ne of Dysart. Methven, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with an ancient castle, and manufactures of linen. In 1306, king Robert Bruce was defeated here by the English troops under the earl of Pembroke. It is six miles wNw of Perth. Methwold, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday, 15 miles nw of Thetford, and 84 nne of London. Metling, or Mottling, a strong town of Germany, in Carniola, seated on the Kulp, on the frontiers of Croatia, 13 miles NW of Carlstadt, and 40 se of Laubach. Metro, a river of Italy, which rises on tht frontiers of Tuscany, crosses the du?hy ' f Urbinu, and enters the gulf of Venice, near Fano. Metropoli, aiovrn of the island of Can- dia, .^n the site of the ancient Gortinia, of which many vestiges remain. It is 22 miles ssw of Candia. Metz, a city of France, capital of the department of Moselle, and a bishop's see. It was formerly the capital of the kingdom of Austrasia. The fortifica- tions are excellent, and it has three ci- tadels and noble barracks. The cathe- dral is one of the finest in Europe. The Jews, about 3000, live in a part of the town by themselves, and have a synagogue The sweetmeats made here are in high esteem. It is seated at the conflux of the Moselle and Seille, 25 miles N by w of Nancy, and 190 ne of Paris, Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 49 7 n. Meudon, a village of France, with a magnificent palace, on the Seine, 6 miles SE of Paris. Meulan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the river Seine, over which are two bridges, 20 miles NW of Paris. Mmrs, or Moer$, a town of Germany 4au U E X In (he tciTitory of Cologne. It has a castle, and was formerly a place of strength, but its fortifications were de- stroyed in 1764. it is 17 miles se of Gelders. Meiirte, a department of France, in ■ eluding part of the late province of Lor- rain. It is so called from a river, which rises in the department of Vosgcs, and (lows by Lunevillc and Nancy into the Moselle. Nancy is the capital. Meuse, a river which rises in France, near the village of IVIeuse, in the dc- partment of Upper Manic. It wateis Verdun, Stenay, Sedan, Doncherry, Mezieres, and Charleville ; and en- tering the Netherlands at Givet, it flows to Charlemont, Dinant, Namur, Huy, Liege, Macstiicht, Ruremonde, Venlo, Grave, Battenburg, Ravestcin, Gorcuni (where it receives .the Waal) and Worcum. At Dort it divides into four principal branches, the most north- ern of which is called the Merve. Theso form the islands of Yssclmonde, Voorn, and Overslackcc, and enter the Ger- man ocean below Briel, Hclvoetsluys, and Goree. Meuse, a department of France, in- cluding the late duchy of Bar. It takes its name from the iiver Meuse. Bar le Due is the capital. Mewat, a hilly and woody tract of Hindoostan, lying on the sw of Delhi^ confining the low country, along the w bank of the Jumna, to a comparatively narrow slip, and extending v/estward 130 miles. From n to s it is 90 miles. Its inhabitants, the Mewatti, have been ever characterized as the most savage and brutal, and they are still noted as thieves and robbers. The country con- tains some strong fortresses on steep or inaccessible hills. Mexicano, or Adayes, a river of New Mexico, on the confines of Louisiana, which runs into the gulf of Mexico. Mexico, or New Spain, an extensive country of N. America, bounded on the N by New Mexico, and on the se by the ishnms of Darien, where its breadth is not more than 60 miles; its western coast being washed by the Pacific ocean, and the gulf of Calii'ornia, and its east- ern by the gulf of Mexico and the Ca- ribbean sea. It lies between 83 and IIU w lon. and extends from 7 30 to 30 4U N lat. being 2000 miles long, and in its M'idest part, to the N, above 600 broad. In general, it is a mountainous country, intermixed with many rich valleys* but the highest mountains are near the coast of the Pacific ocean, many of whicj are volcaaos. The eastern shore M E X .s a f>at countiy, full of impenetrable foresis, with bogs and morasses, over- flowed in the rainy season, which is from April to September. Although Mexico is within the torrid zone, the climate is temperate and healthy. No country abounds more with grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables ; many of them peculiar to the country, or, at least, to America. It is celebrated for its mines of gold and silver, and has quarries of jasper, porphyry, and exquisite marble. Cochineal is almost peculiar to this country ; its indigo and cocoa are su- perior to any in America ; and its log- wood has been long an important arti- cle of commerce. Among the quadru- peds are the puma, jaquar, bears, elks, wolves, deer, &c. The puma and ja- guar have been inaccurately denomi- Aated, by European, lions and tigers ; but they possess neither the undaunted courage of the former, not the ravenous cruelty of the latter. The domestic animals of Europe, particularly horned cattle, have multiplied here, almost with incredible rapidity. Numbers of these having been suffered to run wild, now range over the vast plains, in herds of from 30 to 40,000; they are killed merely for the sake of their hides,which are aimually exported, in vast quanti- ties, to Europe. The inhabitants con- sist of native Spaniards ; Creoles, who are descendants of Spaniards ; Mulat- ton, the issue of an European and an African slave ; Metifs, boru of an Eu- ropean and an Indian ; Mestizes, the oflspring of the Metifs ; their descen- dants Terceroens, and Quarteroeus ; after which the fifth generation enjoys all the benefit of Creoles. Mexico is divided into the three audiences of Guadalajara, Mexico, and Guatimala ; subdivided into provinces; the princi- pal of which, in each audience, is Gua- dalajara Proper, Mexico Proper, and Guatimala Proper. The whole coun- iry is governed by a viceroy. Mexico, the capital of the province of Mexico Proper, and of all Mexico. It was a flourishing city before the Spa- niards entered the country, and was seated on several islands, in a salt-water lake, called Tescuco, to which there was no entrance, but by three cause- ways, two miles in length eacli. The circumference of the city, exclusive of the suburbs, was above 10 miles ; and it contained at least 80,000 houscs,with several, largo tesiiples, full of rich idols, and three palaces. Mexico was taken by I'erdinando Cor(ez, in 1521, after a •isgs «f near three usouths. As the M E Y Mexicans defended themselves froa street to street, it was almost ruined, but afterward rebuilt by the Spaniards The streets are straight and so exactlj disposed, that in point of regularity it if the finest city in the world; and the great causeways leading to it, with the want of walls, gates, and artillery, reu der Mexico extremely remarkable. I'he great square in the centre of the city, and the public buildings, are mag- nificent. There are 29 catliedrals and churches, and 22 convents, of the riches of which an idea may be formed from the revenues of the grand calhedrai amounting to 80,0001. a year, of which the archbishop has i5,000l. There i? also a tribunal of the inquisition, a mint, and a university. This city contains above 200,000 inhabitants. The gold smiths here are immensely rich ; and though it has no communication with the sea, by navigable rivers, it carries on a great trade to Europe by St. Juan de Ulhua, and to Asia by Acapulco. This place was overflowed by an inun- dation in 1(329, in which 40,000 persons were drowned. This obliged the Spa- niards to make a great conduit through a mountain, in order to empty the lake ; which being done, part of t!ie town be- came seated on dry land. Mexico is supplied with fresh water !)y an aque- duct three miles long. It is 200 miles ENE of St. Juan de tJlhua, and 250 ne of Acapulca. Lon, 100 40 w, lat 20 4 N. Mexico, New, a large country of N.- America, bounded on the w by the gulf of California, s by Mexico, e by Louisiana, and N by unknown coun- tries, so that its extent cannot be ascer- tained. Great encomiums have been lavished on the fertility of its soil, the richness of its mines, and the variety <»f its valuable products ; and with respect to the favourableness of the climate, it may be sufficient to say, that this coun- try lies within the temperate zone. It is chietly inhabited by the native Ame- ricans, hitherto unsubdued by the Spa- niards. The chief divisions are New Mexico Proper, New Leon, and New Navarre. St. Fe is the capital. Mexico, Gulf of, an immense gulf of North America, lying between the s coast of East Florida, and the ne point of Yucatan. Meyahoun, a city of Pegu, with nu- merous gilded temples and spacious monasteries. Its vicinity is uncom- monly fruitful in rice ; and here are capacious granaries belonging to the king of Biruiah, always kept tilled with 440 M I A j-.faia reidy to be trunsjrortcd to any |>art of tbo empire iu which there hap- pens to be a scarcity. It stretches two miles on the sw bank of the Irrawaddy, and is 86 miles Nw of Pegii. Lon. 95 S E, l:\t. 18 18 X. Mtsjenberg, a iowii of Brandenburg, ill the mark of Prcgnitz, 21 miles ne of Perleberg, and GO nnw of Berlin. 3Ieyenfeld, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisous. It is a kind of staple for floods })assing between Germany and Italy, and is seated on the Rhine, in a pleasant country, fertile iii excellent wine, 15 miles n by e of Coire. Lon. 9 37 E, lat. 46 59 N. Meyrveis, a town of France, in the department of Loziere. 23 miles s of Alende, and 27 w of Alais. Mezana, a town of Naples, in Basili- cata, 17 miles ssw of Tursi. Mezemna, a seaport of Fez, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 80 miles e of Tetuan. Lou. 4 1 w, lat. 35 22 n. Mezen, a town of Russia, capital of a province, in the goverumeut of Arch- angel; seated on a river of the same name, 160 miles ene of Archangel. Lon. 44 58 e, lat. 65 25 N. Mezieres, a town of France, in the department of Ardenues,with a citadel ; seated on an island in the river Meuse, 12 miles w by N of Sedan. Mezin, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot and Garonne, 9 miles NW of Condom. Miaco, the second city of Japan, in the isle of Niphon, with a fortified pa- lace. It is the spiritual capital of the empire, the seat of the imperial mint and principal manufactures, and the cjjief mart of trade ; and the daira's court being literary, all books are printed here. The inhabitants are said to be 600,000. It is seated inland, on a fine plain, 160 miles wsw of Jedo. Lon. 136 10 E, lat. 35 30 n. Miami, Little and Great, two rivers of the state of Ohio, which run s into the Ohio, the former just above Co- lumbia, and the latter 21 miles below Cincinnati. The Little Miami is 60 miles to its source, but generally so shallow as to afford no navig,atioa. T'he Great Miami has a navigation, like the Muskingum, that approaches near the navigable waters of Lake Erie. The country between these two rivers is called the Miamis, and is reckoned among the richest belonging to the United States. Miana, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Aderbeitzan. Here the cele» brated traveUef M. Tlieyoaot died, on 44i M I C his return from Ispahan. It Is 57 uiiles sE of Taufis. Micha, a c«pe of Dalmatia, which advances into the gulf of Venice, near tlie town of Zara. Blichael, St. the most extensive and populous island of the Azores. It is 54 miles long, and from 6 to 15 broad ; and contains nearly 80,000 inhabitants. In a valley on the eastern side are a nnniber of boiling fountains ; also many sulphureous springs, some of a hot, and others of a cold temperature. The principal towns arc Punta del Guda and Villa Franca: the former is the capital of the island. Lon. 25 42 w. lat. 37 47 N. Michael, St. a borough in Cornwall which has neither market nor fair 8 miles sw of St. Columb, and 250 w by s of London. Micliael, St. a town of France, in the department of Meuse, with a fine hos- pital, and the ricii library of a Bene- dictine abbey. It is seated on the Meuse, surrounded by mountains, 20 miles NK of Bar le Due. Michael, St. a tov,n of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, on the river St. Michael, 110 miles Nvv of Leon. Lon. 87 45 w, lat. 12 25 N. Michael, St. a town of Mexico, in the province of Culiacan, seated near the mouth of the Siguatlan, 30 miles ESEof Culiacan. Lon. 107 40 w, lat. 2t 10 N. Michael, St. a city of Tucuman, situ- ate in a fruitful valley, at the foot of s range of rugged mountains, 150 mile. NW of St. Jago del Estero. Lon. 66 4L w, lat. 27 s. Michael de Ibarra, St. a town of Pert in the province of Quito, capital of a ju risdiction of its n;ime. It has u large and elegant church, a college, and seve- ral convents ; and is 70 miles ne of Qui- to. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 25 n. Michael de Piura, St. a town of Peru, in the province of Quito. It was the first Spanish colony in Peru, and is seat- ed near the mouth of the Piura, 325 miles ssw of Quito. Lon, 80 40 \\, lat. 5 10 .s. Michael, Gulf of St. to the E of Pa- nama, that part of the Pacific ocean which was first discovered by the Spa- niards, after their march across the isth- mus of Darien. Michigan, a territory of North Ame- rica, belonging to the United States. It includes the lake of the same na,rac ; and is bounded on the n by lake Supe- rior, E by the lakes Huron, St. Cbic, and £tiie, s by the state of Ohio <.iml I;c M I D diania, and w by the Mississippi, 'llie principal rivers are the Illinois, Ouis- consing, and St. Croix, which flow into shop's see, with a castle. It is divided into four parts, the castle, the town, and two large suburbs. The church is one of the finest in the world, and the Turks have turned it into a mosque, near which is a magnificent hospital. There is a great number of Christians, and so ma- ny Jews, that they have three syna- gogues. It was taken by the Venetians in 1687 ; but the Turks retook it. It is seated on the Vasilipotamo, 90 miles SSE of Lepanto. Lon. 22 36 E, lat 37 16 N. Misnia. See Meissen. Mississippi, a large river of N. Ame- rica, which separates the United States and W. Florida from Louisiana. Its source is unknown, but it has been al- ready traced to three small lakes about lat. 47 N ; and its length thence is about 1600 miles. The tributary streams are numerous, the largest of which are the Missouri from the w, and the Illinois and Ohio from the E. Thte general course of the Mississippi is from N to s, but below the influx of the Ohio it is ex- ceedingly crooked ; and in it are many small islands. The water of this river is clear till it receives the Missouri. It is navigable, without any obstructions, to St. Anthony Falls, in lat. 44 50, where the stream, more than 250 yards wide, falls perpendicularly about 30 feet, and the rapids below, in the space of 300 yards, render the descent consider- ably greater. On both sides the river are salt springs, which produce excellent salt; and the adjacent country is equal in goodness to any in N. America. It enters the gulf of Mexico by four mouths; the principal one, which is the SE pass, at the island of Balaise. Missouri, a large river of Ijouisiana, which is formed by the junction of three streams in lat. 45 23 N, and flows 3016 miles, in a very flexuous esp direction, to the Mississippi, which it joins in lat. 38 40 N, but is there a broader and deeper river, and in fact the principal 440 M 1 T stream. In 1804-6, by diret tioii ol the government of the United States, it was ascended its whole length by captains Lewis and Clarke, Avho gave the names of Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin to the three rivers which form the head of the Missouri ; and they ascended Jef- ferson to its source 106 miles, 80 of which is navigable for canoes. The Missouri is deep and rapid, and receives numerous rivers in its course, many of them of considerable extent. It con- tains many islands and sandbanks, and some rapids; and about2300 miles up are some falls, the first and largest 98 feet, and the whole 363 feet in the space of 17 miles. The chief bend in this river is 30 miles, and its tw o extremes are only a mile apart ; others extend from 12 to 20 miles, and approach with a less distance. The banks, except a sterile district below the falls, are in general rich and beautiful: in some parts are extensive meadows, with hills beyond them covered with trees ; in others, lower down, are long chains of high hills of a dark colour, great quantities ofwhich are washed into the river by rains, and the force of the current, which causes a muddiness that never subsides. If this river be regarded as the chief river that constitutes what is called the Mississip- pi, the Missouri will be above 3800 miles in length. 3Iistassiti, Lake, a lake of New Bri- tain, lying E of the s part of James bay, and surrounded by mountains called the Great Mistassins. It is above 250 miles in circuit, of a very irregular shape, be- ing much intersected by long and nar- row projections of land, and contains several islands. It is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers from the mountains, and its outlet is the river Ru- pert. Mistretta, an episcopal town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 50 miles ese of Pa- lermo, and 64 w of Messina. Mitcham, a village in Surry, seven miles sw of London. It is seated on the Wandle, on which are some snufiF-mills, and calico-printing manufactures. Mitckeldean, a town in Gloucester- shire, with a market on Monday, seated at the N extremity of the forest of Dean, 12 miles w of Gloucester, and 116 w by N of London. Mitchelttown, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. Here is a college for 12 decayed men and as many vvo- men. It is 23 miles ne of Cork, and 26 SSE of Limerick. Mittau, a city and the capital of Cour- land. with a large ducal palace. The 447 M O C waUs ana moats of the town arc de* ca) 5d ; the houses, for the most part, have no particular elegance; and a great many gardens and open places are con- tained within its circuit. Here are two Lutheran churches, a beautiful Calvin- ist church, and a popish church. Jt is seated on the Bolderau, 46 miles e of Goldingen, and 270 nne of Warsaw. Lon. 23 50 e, lat. 56 40 N. Mittelwald. a town of Siberia, in the county of Glatz, seated on the Neisse, near its source, 18 miles s of Glatz. 31ittenwald, a town of Bavaria, in the county of Werdenfels, on the Iser, 12 miles N of Inspruck. Mittenwald, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 16 miles sse of Berlin. Mirterhurg, a town of Istria, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle on a rock, 15 miles w of Fiume, and 30 SE of Trieste. Mobile, a river formed by two main branches, the Alabama and Tombeck- by, in the s part of the state of Georgia. After flowing four miles s it separates into two streams, whicli soon after enter into W. Florida. Tiie river to the \v retains the name of Mobile, that to the E takes t!ic name of Tensaw; both are equally navigable, and tliey run nearly parallel into Mobile bay, which extends 11 leagues s to the gulf of Mexico. Mobile, a city of W. Florida, formerly of considerable importance, but now a small place. It has a regular fortress; and stands at the mouth of a river, and at the head of a bay of the same name, 90 miles vvnw of Pensacola. Lon. 83 18 w, lat. 30 37 N. Mocaranga, or Mocara, a kingdom on the E coast of Africa, mistakenly called Monomotapa, which is the title of the monarch. It is bounded on the n by Monomugi, E by the Mosambique, s by Sofala and Manica, and w by unknown regions. It has several rivers, ofwhich the Zambera is the chief; is fertile in rice, millet, and sugar-canes, which last grow without cultivation ; and the pas- tures feed vast multitudes of cattle, es- pecially of the larger sort, but not any horses. There are a great many os- triches, wild beasts, and elephants ; and several mines of gold and silver. The natives are all black, with woolly hair, and go naked almost as low as the gir- dle, but thence downward are covered with apiece of cloth of various coloiirs. That of the common people is of died cotton; but persons of quality wear In- dian silks, or cotton cmhroidered wiih gold, over which they commonly hu«6 MOD tSie skin of some wild beast, \?ilh the tail hanging behind, and liaihng- on the ground. The men have as many wives as thby choose to take. Their reUgion is paganism ; but they believe in one God who created the world. The Por- tuguese had a settlement here in 1560, but they were ail nmrdered, or forced away. The houses are built of wood, and covered with plaster ; but there are few towns. Madrogan is the ca- pital. Mocamnpour, a town of the country of Napaul, capital of a district of the same name. It is situate on the E side of the Napaul, 48 miles SSE of Catman- du, and 13(j n of Patna. Lou. 85 37 E, Idt. 27 35 N. Mocha, or Moka, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, seated on a small bay of the Red sea, near the strait of Babelmandel. On each of the points of land, which in- close the road, is a fort; but they are wretched strnotures. The town is of a circular form, surrounded by a wall, in whicii are six gates. It carries on a great trade, especially in coffee ; and the inhabitants are estimated at 18,000, without including the Jews, who inha- bit the suburbs. The women, except a small number of the common sort, ne- ver appear in the streets in the daytime, but visit each other in the evening. When they meet any men in the way, they staiiJ close uj) against the wall to let them pass: they have little buskins of morocco leather ; and over their dress (hey wear a large veil of painted calico. The English, from Hiiidoostan, at pre- sent engross almost exclusively the Irade of tnis place, it stands in a bar- ren plain, 140 miles ssw of Sana, and (J30 SSE of Mecca. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 13 1(! N. . Modbury, a town in Devonshire, with a huulveton Thursday, and a manufac- Tine of pliisii ; seated between two hills, 3G nnlcs ssw of Exeter, and 208 wsw of London. Modena, vv Mocknese, a duchy of Ita- ly, 65 miles longhand 35 broad ; bound- ed on the w by Parma, n by Mantua, E by the i'errarese, liolognese, and Tus- cany, and s by the republic of Lucca. It iuciades the duchies of Mirandola and Keggio. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and liuits of dificrent kinds. It also feeds a great number of cattle. Mudena, a ibi tified city of Italy, ca- pital of the Modcncse, and a bishop's see, with a citadel, and a magnificent coUegc. Tlie cathedral, several of the eharelies, I'.nd some of the monasteries, are handsome structures. The ducal M O H palace is richly ftirnished, and containiB fine paintings. The inhabitants, esti- mated at 30,000, are said to make the best masks m all Italy. It is seated be- tween the rivers Secchia and Panaro, 34 miles s by e of Mantua, and 60 nnw of Florence. Lon. 11 12 e, lat. 44 34 N. Modica, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, on the river Accellaro, 10 miles w of Noto. Modon, a strong town of European Turkey, in the Morea, and a bishop's see, with a safe harbour. It is seated on a promontory projecting into the sea of Sapienza, 15 miles w of C©ron. Lon. 21 31 E, lat. 36 53 N. -^ Moers. See Mews. Moeskirch, a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furstenburg, 18 miles M of Constance. Moffat, a town of Scotland, in Dum- friesshire, near the river Annan, encom- passed on all sides, except the s, by hills of different heights. Its delightful situ- ation and its mineral springs attract much company. It is 20 miles N by E of DumtVies. Mfffat Hills, the highest mountains of the s of Scotland, on the N border of Dumfriesshire. Hartfel, the most ele- vated, is 2o00 feet above the level of the sea. They feed numerous flocks of sheep ; and from them descend, in dif- ferent directions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sources are but little dis- tant from each other. Mogador, a toAvn of the kingdom of Morocco, with a harbour for vessels of a middling size. It is surrounded by walls, with batteries, and at high tides is almost encompassed by the sea. The streets are all in straight lines, and con- tain a great number of handsome houses. The port is formed by a channel, be- tween the maitdand and an island above a mile in length. It is 180 miles WNW of Morocco. Lon. 9 35 w, lat. 31 28 if. Mohats, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Buraniwar. Here Louis the last king of Hungary, in 1526, was defeated i)y the Turks under Soliman II. with the loss of 22,000 men, and af- ter the battle suffocated by the fall of his horse in a muddy brook. In 1687, ano- ther battle was fought here, between the Christians, commanded by prince Charles of Lorrain, and the Turks, who were defeated with the loss of 10,000 men, their cannon and baggage. It is seated at. the conflux of the Corasse with the Danube, 23 miles N by E of Esseck. Mohawk River, a river of the state of l\i O I New York, wliioh rises to llic x of Fort Stainvix, pusses by tliiit foit .uid Skc- iiectuily, and eiiters Hudson river, eii;ht miles above Albany. Aboiit two iiiiics above its juuction vvilli tlie Hudson it has a cataract, wbore the stream, 100 yards wide, fails perpcudiculari} about 70 ieet. lilohaicks, a once powerful tribe of Indians, in N. America, liviug on Mo- hawk river. Most of them enjigrated, in 1776, into Canada ; and none now remain in the United States. MoJiila, one of the Comora islands, between the n end of Madagascar and the continent of Africa. The inland parts are mountainous and woody, and there are several villages, whose houses are made of reeds and straw. The pco- ^)Ie are black, with great heads, large lips, flat noses, sharp chins, and strong limbs. Some of the inhabitants are Ma- hometans, who have a few wretched mosques, built of wood and straw with- out, and matted neatly witliin. This island produces plenty of rice, peas, ho- ney, cocoa-nuts, plantains, oranges, le- mons, citrons, pine-apples, cucumbers, tamarinds, and sugar-canes. It has a good road for ships. Lou. 43 50 e, lat. 12 25 s. Mokilef, or Mogilev, a government of the Russian empire, comprising a part of Lithuania, dismembered from Poland in 1772. Mokilef, or Mogilev, a town of Li- thuania, capital of a Russian govern- ment of the same name. By the divi- sion of Poland in 1773, it was ceded to Russia, with its territory, and erected into an archbishopric of the Roman church, with an assistant bishoji. In July, 1812, a severe battle was fought in the neighbourhood of this i>lace, be- tween the French uiidcr Davoiist, and the Russians, under the late prince Ba- grathion. It has a consideiable trade, and is situate on the Dnieper, 340 uiiles ENE of Warsaw, and 364 s of Petcns- burgh. Lon. 30 14 e, lat. 53 52 N. Mohrin, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, 18 miles nnw of Cus- tiin. Mohrungeu, a town of Prussia, in the province of Obcrland, situate on a lake of the same name, which almost sur- rounds it. Here is an old castle, for- merly a convent, belonging to the knights of the Teutonic order, in conse- quence of whose wars the town has fre- qeiently suffered. It is 56 miles .ssw of Konigsberg, and 56 se of Dantzic. Moilah, a town and fort of Arabia Petrea, ou the coast of the Red sea, 130 449 M O ?- miles s of Aoaba, and ISO r;w of Me- dina. Lon. 33 60 E, lat. 27 30 N. 3Ioiraus, a town a Fras'.ce, in the de- partment of Isere, on the i iver Isere, 2€ miles SE of Vienne. Moisaac, a town of France, in the de- partnunt of Lot, with a trade in corn and flour ; seated on the Tarn, near its conflux with the Garonne, 13 miles nw of Montauban. 3Iola di Ban, a town of Naples, in I'erra di Bari, seated on the gulf of A'"enice, 17 miles e of Bari. Mola di Gaeta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, seated near the sea, 3 miles NE of Gaeta. Mold, a tovMi of Wales, in Flintshire, w ith a market on Saturday. The assizes are held here. It is 5 miles s of Flint, and 201 nw of London. Moldavia, a province of Turkey in Europe, 270 miles long, and from 30 to 120 broad; bounded on the N by Po- land, from which it is also divided on the NE by the Dniester, e by New Rus- sia and Bessarbia, se by Bulgaria, from which last it is parted by the Danube, sw by Walachia, and w by Transylva- nia. The other principal rivers are the Pruth and Sereth. 'I'he w \)mi is moun- tainous, and there are some uncultivat- ed deseits ; but it abounds in good pas- tures, which feed a great number of horses, oxen, and sheep ; it also pro- duces corn, pulse, honey, wax, fruits, with plenty of game and fowls. Tiie sovereign, who is styled hospodar, i.s tributary to the grand seignior. The inhabitants are Christians of the Greek church. Jassy is tlie principal town. Mole, a river in Surry, which rises on the borders of Sussex, flows n to Dork- ing, and passing beneath Box Hill, is said to disappear in its vicinity, and to rise again near Lealherhead. Hence it is supposed to derive its name ; but the fact is, that a tract of soft ground, two miles in length, called the Swallows, in very dry seasons absorbs the w aste wa- ter ill caverns on the sides of tiie banks; but not so as to prevent a constant stream from flowing in an open channe'. above ground. The Mole, proceeding from Leatherhead to Cobham, enters the Thames, opposite Hampton CoHrt. Mole, a port of St. Domingo. See Nicholas St. Molfetta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles w by n of Bari. Molieret, a town of Fran»e, in the department of Lot, 11 miles N of Mont- auban, and 16 s of Cahors; Molina, a strong town of Syliin, in MOM New Castile, seated on the Gallo, in a territory abounding in pastures, 50 miles ENE of Signenza. Lou, 1 63 w, lat. 41 10 N. Molise, a county of Naples, iii the form of a triangle, whose sides are 39 miles long, lying between Terra di Lavora, Abruzzo Citeriore,Caj)i(anata, and Prin- cipato Ulteriore. It is a mountainous country, but fertile in corn, wine, saff- ron, and silk. It suSered much damage by an earthquake in 1805, and upwards of 20,000 of the inhabitants perished. Molise, a town of Naples, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is 60 mlJes NNE of Naples. Lon. 14 43 E, lat. 41 36 N. Mullen, a strong town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lauenburg, seated on the Steckeiiitz, 14 miles s of Lubee. Molsheim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, seated on the Brusch, 10 miles w by s of Stras- burg. Moluccas, or Spice Islands, a number bf islands in the Indian ocean, lying e of Celebes. They include those from Mortay in the N to Banda in the s, and from Mysol in the e to Bouro in the w. The other principal ones are Gi- lolo. Coram, Amboyna, Ouby, Ternate, Tidore, Moth', Machian, and Bachian : the last live, lying w of Gilolo, arc the original Moluccas strictly so called ; but the appellation is now extended. Except Gilolo, they produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, but they have oranges, lemons, and other fruits ; and are most remarkable for spices, especi- ally cloves and nutmegs. They have large snakes, and very dangerous land crocodiles. On the shores there are large rocks of coral, of great variety and beauty. The natives are idolaters ; but there are many iMahometans. They were discovered in 1511, by the Portu- guese, who formed some settlements; but the Dutch drove them away, about the year 1607. By a treaty in 1619, the English had one-third of the pro- duce, and the Duteh two-thirds; but m three years after, the latter forged a plot of the English against their lives and Hberties, and put them to death by the most exquisite tortures. The chief settlement of the Dutch is in Am- boyna. Molwiiz, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Brieg, famous for a bat- tie gained by the Prussians over the Aostrians in 1741. It is four miles w of Brieg. Mm^aza, a city on the coast of M O N Zangiiebar. It was seated on a penin* sula, which has been since turned into an island, by entting a canal through the isthmus. It is defended by a strong citadel, has a commodious harbour for large vessels, and carries on a great commerce with the islands and king- doms adjacent. Hence the Portuguese export slaves, gold, ivory, rice, flesh, and other provisions, with which they supply the settlements in Brasil. The king of Melinda, being a Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese gover- nor, took the castle by assault, turned Mahometan, and ^murdered all the Christians, in 1631 ; but, in 1729, the Poituguese became masters of this ter. ritory again. Mombaza is 76 miles ssw of Melinda. Lon, 39 30 E, iat. 3 15 s. Momfiot, a town of Egypt, with ma. nufactures of linens, on the left bank of the Nile, 20 miles nnw of Siout. Mompo, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of Carthagena, on the left bank of the Madalena, 120 miles ssE of Carthagena. Mona, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, to the sw of the isle of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Stege is the chief town. Monaco, a fortified seaport of Italy, capital of a small principality of the same name, between the county of Nice and the territory of Genoa. The har- bour is good, but not deep enough for large vessels; and the principal export is olive oil. Beside the citadel and other fortifications, it is naturally very stjong, being seated on a craggy rock that projects into the sea. It is 12 miles ENE «f Nice. Lon. 7 30 e, lat. 43 44 N. Monaghan, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 32 miles long and 22 broad ; bounded on the N by Tyrone, e by Armagh, SE by Loutli, sw by Cavan, and w by Fermanagh. It is full of woods and bogs, and a third part of it taken up by Lough Erne. It contains 24 parishes, and sends two members to parliament. Monaghan, a borough of Irelatid, capital of a county of the same name. It was fortified with a castle and a fOrt, against the Irish, in the reign of queen Elisabeth. It is 40 miles sw of Belfast, and 60 nnw of Dublin. Lon. 6 49 w, lat. 54 16 N. Monaster, a town of the kingdom 6f Tunis, seated near the sea, 70 miles SE of Tunis. Lon. 11 G e, lat. 36 60 N. Monastervan, a town of lielaud, in the couiity of Kildare, situate; on th* ' 450 M O N BftiTOW, near the grand can:'.!, 19 miles N of Carlow, and 32 sw of Dul)lin. 3IoManc, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, on the river Francoii, 17 miles n of Tarragona, Moncallier, a town of Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the Po, hvc miles SE of Turin. Moncalvo, a town of Piedmont, in Montferrat, sealed on a mountain, 12 miles sw of Casal Moncaoji, a town of Portugal, in Entre Donero e Minho, with a strong castle. The Spaniards iiave often at- tempted to take it, but in vain. It is seated near the Minho, 24 miles n of 13ra2,a. Monchabon, a city of the kingdom of liirmah, wiiich was only a small town in 1752, under the government of Aloni- pra, who soon afterward became the deliverer of his country, and the con- queror of Peru. It is 40 miks N of Unimerapoora. Moncon, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle, G miles s of BalbasLio, *nd 50 NE of Saragossa. Moncoiitom\ a town of France, in nhe department of Cotes du Nord, 12 miles ssb of St. Bricuc. Moncontour, a town of France, in the department of Vienne, 27 miles nw of l^oitiers. Alondego, a river of Portugal, which has its source near Guarda, crosses Beira, by Coimbra, and enters the At- lantic, near a cape of the same name. Moudmwdo, a town of Spain, in Ga- licia, and a bishop's see ; 60 miles NE of Compostella. Lon. 7 10 w, lat. 43 30 N. Mondoubleait, a town of France, in «he department of Loir and Cher, witli A castle, 15 miles NNwof Veudome. Mondovi, a fortified town of Pied- mont, and a bishop's see. Beside the cathedral, it has five churches, a univer- sity, and 12 convents. In 1796, the French gained a victory here over the Austrians, which made them masters of the state of the king of Sardinia. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Elero, 14 miles e of Coni. Lon. 8 3 e, lat. 44 25 N. Mmuhragon, a town of Spain, in Gui- puscoa, near which are some medicinal springs, and a famous mine of excellent iron. Ii is 24 miles ssw of St. Sebas- tian. Mondragon, a town of. France, in the •department of Tarn, 12 miles nnw of Castres. Mondragoue, a town of Naples, in 451 _ M O N Terra di Lavoro, celebrated for its me- dicinal waters, 13 miles nw of Capna» Monfia, an island on the coast of Zanquebar, to the nf, of Qniloa, tribu- tary to Portu"al. Lon. 40 50 e, lat. 7 50 s. Movflaiiguin, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, 27 miles NNE of Agen. Monforte, a town of Spain, in Ga- licia, with a castle, 19 miles nne of Oreuse. Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 17 miles se of Castel Bsanco. M&uforte, a town of i ortugal, in Alen- tejo, 21 miles s of Porlaicgra. Monforts, a towii of Porain, are driven from distant parts to feed on thctn dur- ing the summer. This county also affords mineral treasures, particularly lead ; aud it abounds with slate and lime ; but there is no coal. Its prin- cipal rivers are the Severn, Vyrncw, and Tannat. Mmitguyon, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, 43 miies SSE of Saintes. Montiel, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22 miles w of Alcaraz, and 70 ESE of Calatrava. Montignac, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, 21 miles ese of Perigueux. Montilla, a town of Spain, in Cordova, 18 miles SSE of Cordova. Montjoy, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers. It has a fortified cas- tle on a hill, and is situate among rug- ged rocks, 19 miles s of Juliers. Montivilliers, a town of J>ance, in the department of Lower Seine, 6 miltis N of Havre. Montlieu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, 40 miles SSE of Saintes. Mtmtlouis, a town of France, lo the M O N department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a regular fortress, on a rock at tlie foot ef the Pyrenees, for the protection of the frontiers. It is 40 miles w by s of Per- pignan, and 430 s of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, !at. 42 30 N. Montlucon, a town of France, in the (lepartmenl of Allier,seated on the Cher, 35 miles wsw of Moulins. Mojithwl, a town of France, in the department of Ain, seated on the Se- raine, nine miles se of Trevoux. I Montmarault, a town of France, in the department of Allier, 28 miles sw of Moulins. Montmechj, a town of France, in the dej)artment of Meuse, seated on the Cher, which divides it into the upper and lower town, 21 miles N of Verdun. Montmelian, a town of Savoy, with a castle; taken by the French, in 1705, who demolished the fortifications. It is eight miles se of Chamberry, and 27 ne of Grenoble. Blontmirel, a town of France, in the department of Marne. This place is rendered memorable for two severe bat- tles having been fought in its vicinity on the 12th and 14th of Feb. 1814, between the Russians and Prussians, command- ed by marshal Blucher, and the French, under Bona{)arte, wherein the former Avas defeated with immense loss in kil- led, wounded, and prisoners. It is 40 miles w by s of Ctialons, and 55 E of Paris. BImdmorenaj, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oisc, seat- ed near the Seine, 10 miles N of Paris. Montmorillon, a town of France, in the department of Vienne, seated on the Gartempe, over which is a bridge, 25 miles SE of Poitiers. Montona, a town of Ital}', inlstria, 16 miles ESE of Umago. Movipelier, one of the largest, richest, and most beautiful cities of France, in the department of Hcrault, with a uni- versity, in which is a celebrated school of medicine, and a botanic garden, the first established in Europe. The town- lioiise is remarkable for its halls, which are embellished with fine paintings. The number of inhabitants is comj)uted at 32,000. Its trade consists in silks, blankets, cotton goods, printed calicos, gauzes, hides, liquors luiiversally esteem- ed, &:c. The air is extremely healthy, and a great ninnber of i)ersons flock hi- ther, from all parts, to recover their health. Montpclier is five miles from the Mediterranean, upon a hill near the Lez, a small navigable river, and on the rivulet of Merdanson, A\hich is convey- M O N ed into different parts of the city, hy subterraneous canals. It is 27 miles sw of Nismcs, 47 ne of Narbonne, and 180 s by w of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E, lat. 43 37 N. Monlpemier, a town of France, in the department of Puy do Dome, 20 mile : N't of Clermont. Montreal, a fertile island of Lower Canada, in the river St. La>urence, a* the influx of the Utawas, which is the boundary between Lower and Upper Canada. It is 28 miles long and 10 broad; and was surrendered by the French to the English, in 1760. It has a city of the same name, built on the E side ; and from the river there is a gra- dual ascent to what is calkd the upper town, in which is the cathedral, the En- glish cliurch, and the government-house. In 1806, the inhabitants were estimated at 12,000; but the fortifications and walls of the city being now demohshed, it is rapidly improving in extension. The chief trade is in furs, w hich are sent to England. It is 110 miles n of Crown Point, and 170 sw of Quebec. Lon. 73 11 w, lat. 45 50 N RIontreal, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, with a castle, seated on the Xilcoa, 25 miles nnw of Terruel, and 40 s by e of Calatajud. Montreal, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, and an archbishop's see ; seated on a rivulet, five miles w of Palermo, and 50 ne of Mazara. Mtmtreal, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves ; seated on the Elz, 20 miles vv by n of Coblentz. Montreuil, a strong town of France; in the department of Pas de Calais, seated on a hill, near the mouth of the Canche, 36 miles s of Calais, and 42 WNW of Arras. Montreuil Bellay, a town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Touet, 10 miles S.SW of Saumur. Montrichard, a town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher, with a castle, seated near the Cher, 12 miles SE of Amboise. Montrose, a borough and seaport of Scotland, in Augusshire, at the mouth of the S. Esk, over which is a bridge. See Inclihrayock. A little above the town the river expands into a wide lake, called the Basin, into which the tide ilows, tliat at high water the town is al- most surrounded by the sea. The har- bour is very ccynmodious, and has a dry and wet dock. A great quantity of malt is made here ; and there are consider- able aianufactuics of canvas, ropes, 456 M O O «!ieetiHg, linen, and thread. The sal- mon fisheries on the N. and S. Esk form A vahiable branch of conin>erce. At this place the Pretender landed on the 22d of December, 1715, and embarked on the 14th of February following. JMont- rosc is 2.S miles ne of Dundee. Lon. 2 22 w, lat. 56 41 N. Montsaiijeon, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marue, 15 miles s of Langres. Montserrat, a mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a monastery and chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, resort- ed to by numbers of pilgrims. It is in- habited by monks of several nations, who entertain all that come out of de- votion or curiosity, for three days, gra- tis. This mountain is said to be ten miles in circumference, and 3300 feet above the level of the sea, towering over a hilly country, like a pile of grotto work, or Gothic spires. It is 25 miles Nw of Barcelona. Montserrat, one of the Leeward Car- ribbee islands, discovered by Columbus, and so named by him from its resem- blance to the mountain mentioned in the preceding article. It is about nine miles in length and breadth; and the hills are covered with cedar and other trees. It belongs to the English, and is 30 miles sw of Antigua. Lon. 62 17 w, lat. 16 48 N. , Montzingen, a town of Germany, in the ciicle of Upper Rhine ; seated on the Nahe, 13 miles w by s of Creutz- nach. Monza, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese. It is famous for the treasury of St. John the baptist ; where, among other things, is the iron crown with which the ancient Italian kings were crowned, and afterward the emperors of Germany whenever they were disposed to assert their rights, as kings of Lombardy. Charlemagne was crowned here in 774, after taking Desiderius, king of Lom- bardy prisoner. It is seated on (he Lambro, eight miles ne of Milan. Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, extending from Negroland, through Abyssinia, to the Indian sea. They are higher than those of Atlas. Moorfields, a town of Virginia, chief of Hardy county, situate on the s branch of the Potomac, 45 miles w by s of Win- chester. Lon. 79 20 w, lat. 39 8 N. Moorsliedahad, a city of Hindoostan, the capital of Bengal before the estab- lishment of the Eng'isfa power. It is seated near the western arm of the Gan- ges, 112 miles n of Calcutta. Lon. 88 2? E, lat. 24 15 N. 457 M O R Moose Fort, a settlement of the Hud' son Bay Company, on the s side ol James bay. Lon.80 2 w, lat. 60 34 N. Mootapilhj, a town of Hindoostan, in the Guntoor circar, at the mouth of the Gondegama. Lon. 80 10 e, lat. 15 35 N. Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alentc- io, on the Odivor, 29 miles nw of Evora. Mora, a town of Spain, in Catalonia^ on the Ebro, 18 miles N of Tortosa. Mora, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, 18 miles SE of Toledo. Morant, Point, the most easterly pro- montory of Jamaica. Lon. 75 56 w, lat. 17 56 N. Morat, or Murten, a town of Switzer- land, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, with a castle. It stands on the SE side of a lake of its name, lying pa- rallel with the lake ofNcHchatel, into which it flows by the Broyne. This town sustained a siege against the duke of Burgundy, in 1476, in which his army of 30,000 men were all slain; and their bones arc kept here in a charnel-house. It is 10 miles w by s of Bern, and 10 ne of Friburg. Moratalaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22 miles E of Ciudad Real. Moratalla, a town of Spain, in Mur- cia, 34 miles ssw of Chinchilla. 31orava, a river of Eiuopean Turkey, which rises in Bulgaria, and running through Servia, by Nissa, joins the Da- nube, at Semendria. Moravia, a marquisate of Germany^ bounded on the w by Bohemia, N by Silesia, e by Hungary, and ,s by Austria. It is a mountainous country, yet very fertile and populous, and watered by a great number of rivers and brooks. More corn is grown than the inhabitants consume ; and it produces much hemp and flax. The principal manufactures are cloth, iron, glass, paper, and gun- powder. From this country a sect of Christians, called Moravians, take their name, their doctrines having been first taught here ; but the inhabitant's in ge- neral are Roman catholics. This mar- quisate belongs to the kingdom of Bo- hemia, but has its own form of govc-rn- ment ; and is divided into seven circles, Olmutz, Brunn, Iglau, Znaym, Hra- disch, Prerau, and Teschen, so called from their chief towns. Olmutz is the capital. Moraw, or Martch, a river of Germa- ny, which has its source in the moun- tains between Bohemia and Silesia, crosses Moravia by Olmutz and Hra disch, and receiving the Teya, on t]4 confines of Austria and liungary, sepa M O R rates these two countries as far as the Danube, into which it enters, 15 miles above Presbiirg. It has commonly the latter appellation till it receives the 'J'eya. Morbegno, a town of Switzerland, and capital of a distiict in the Valteline. It is the handsomest and most commercial town in the Valteline, and seated on the Adda, 12 miles SE of Chiavenna, and 30 n of Bergamo. Lon. 9 36 e, lat. 46 8 V. Morbeys, or Ommirahih, a jiver of Barhary, which rises in Mount Atlas, separates the kingdom of Morocco from that of Fez, and enters the Atlantic at Azamor. Murbihan, a department of France, including part of the late province of Bretagnc. Vannes is the capital ofthis department, which takes its name from a bay between that town and the island ofBellisle. Its entrance is narrow; but it extends within, and contains about 30 little islands. Morcmie, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 19 miles sse of Molise. M-orea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsula foraiing the se part of Tur- key, in Europe, to which it is joined by the Isthmus of Corinth, lying between the gulls of Lepanto and Engia. It is 180 miles long, and 130 broad, and di- vided into three provinces. The soil is fertile, except in the middle, where there are many mountains. It is water- ed by several rivers, of which the AI- pheus, Vasili-Potarao, and Stromio, are the chief. It was taken by the Vene- tians from the Turks in 1687, and re-ta- ken in 1715. The sangiack resides at Modon, but the capital is Misitra. Morella, a town of Spain, in Valencia, which was almost destroyed, in 1705, by the army of Philip V. It is seated among high mountains, 32 miles sw of I'orto-so, and 57 nne of Segorbe. Moret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, on the canal of Orleans, near the Seine, 12 miles SSE of Melun. Moreton Hampstead, a town in Devon- shire, with a market on Saturday, and manufactures of woollen cloth and yarn. It has the vestiges of two castles, or forts ; and in the vicinity are a Druidi- cal temple and a cromlech. It is 12 miles wsw of Exeter, and 185 w by s of London. Moretta, a town of Piedmont, on a small river which runs into the Po, 16 miles s of Turin. Morgan, a western district of North Carolina, comprehenv ii of Germany, in Stiria, ou the river Muer, 2a luiles nw of Gratz. Mnerau, a town of Germany, in Stii ia, with a citadel on an eminence, 22 miles W of Judenburg. Mitgeln, New, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, with a castle called Ru?ethal. It is 18 miles w by N of Meissen. Miiffia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the w coast, 40 miles wnw of Com- postella. Muglia, a town of Italj, in Istria, with a castle, and a harbour for barges, 5 miles s e of Trieste. Muglitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, 22 miles nnw of Olmutz. Muhlhei'g, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle, situate on the Elbe, 30 miles nw of Dresden. Muhldoi^, a town of Bavaria, on the K bank of the Inn, 23 miles sse of Laudshut. Mujacar, a seaport of Spain, in Gra- iiada, with a strong castle on a moun- tain; seated on a bay of the Mediterra- nean, 40 miles ne of Ahueria. Lon. 1 55 w, lat 37 7 N. Muirhirk, a town of Scotland, in Ayisbire, with manufactures of iron and coal tar, ou the river Ayr, 26 miles e of Ayr. Muldau, or Moldau, a river of Bo- hemia, which rises on the confines of Bavaria, and flows by Budwies and Prague kito the Elbe, opposite Mel- iiick. Mulhamen. a city of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of a tenitory of its name. It was lately an imperial city, and the inhabitants, about 9000, are Lutherans. Here are some flourish- ing schools, and a conveirt of Augustine nuns. It is seated in a fertile country, on the Unstrut, 17 miles nnw of Gotha. Lon. 10 37 E, lat. 51 10 N. MuUumsen, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, with ma- nufactures of printed linens and oot- 465 M U N tons ; seated on tl)e 111, 24 miles s of Cohnar. MuHvaddi/, a river of f'eylon, winch rises at the toot of a high niounlaiii, called Adam's Peak, about 60 miles ne of Coluinbo, flows westward and enters the sea by several bi anches, 1 he larg<>st of these, called the Mutvval, runs into the sea 3 miles from the fort ofColuai- bo, and is navigable for boats upvvajds of 35 miles. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scot- land, 28 miles in length, and in some places of equal breadth, separated from the main land of Argyleshire by a nar- row passage, called the Sound of Mull. There are many good natural harbours ; and the ruins of several ancient castles are to be seen. I'he soil is, for the most part, rocky and barren ; but the hills abound with springs, and are covered with sheep and cattle; these, with the fishery, and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the articles of commerce. The principal place is Tobermory. Mullengar, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of West Mealh. It holds a grea< wool mart, is a place of good trade, and stands on the river Foyle, 38 miles w of Dublin. Lon. 7 60 w, lat 53 30 N. Mulbma, a river which rises in Mount Atlas, divides the empire of ]^Iorocco from the kingdom of Algiers, and runs into the Mediterranean sea. 3Iulrose, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, seated on a canal cut between the Spree and Oder, 10 mUe.s sw of Frankfort. Mnnchberg, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayreutii, IG miles k of Culmbach, Muncheiiherg, a town of Branden- burg, in the Middle mark, with silk and woollen manufactures, d4 miles e of Berlin. Munda, a town of Spain, in Granada, 30 miles wnw of Malaga. Munden, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy >of Brunswick, situate on the Werra, at the influx of the Fulda. where their united stream forms th.-* Weser. Good millstones are found ir the neighbourhood of the town. In the war of 1766 it was several times in the hands of the French, who did not eva- cuate it till 1762. Tt is 10 miles ne of Cassel, and 13 sw of Gottingen. Munderkingen, a town of Suabia, seat- ed on the Danube nine miles N of Bu- chau. Mundu, a town of Hindoostan, iu the province of Malwa, of which it was Hh IV! U N uiicjejiilv ihe cKiiiUil. St was then 2*i BsHes in circuit, aiu! conisiiicd mHuy nioiuMDCiits of ancient inagnificcncc, but it is fallen much to decay. It o,cn- p'les the top of a large and lofty moun- tain, 46 miles s of Ongein, and 110 NNw of Burhanpour. Loii. 75 47 i', Int. 22 50 N. 3Imiglore, a town of Candahar, in the coiHitry of Cabul, 125 miles \v of Cash- raeie, and 136 e of Cabul. Lon.71 15 E, lat. 34 15 N. Mungullmut, a toAvn of Hindoor.tan, iu Bengal,\vi1h a manufacture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the Duriaii, 20 miles NNE of Run(!;ponr. Munich, a fortified cily, caj)ital of Bavaria, and the finest town in Ger- many. It contains near 60,0;'-0 inliabi- tants. The houses are high, and the streets spacious, with canals in many of them. The palace of the kino: is a stu- pendous structure, magnificently adorn- ed. The cabinet of curiosities, the mu- seum, the library, and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral contains the tomb of one of the emperors, of ]>iack marble, adorned witli statues of i)roni;.". Among the numerous convents, the col- lege formerly belonging- to tlie Jesuits, and the convent of the Theatincs, are most worthy of notice. The large mar- ketplace, in w!)ich is the townhouse, is very beautiful. Here are manufactures of silk, velvet, woollen cloth, and tapes- try Near the city are two other pa- laces, Nymphenburg and Schlcshcim. Munich has often been taken in the wars of Germany ; and in 1796 and 1800, it was taken by the French. It is seated on the Iscr, 33 miles isii of Augsburg, and 62 s by w of Katisbon, Loii. 11 30 n, lat. 48 10 n. Munkats. See Monlgatz. M miner siadt, a town of Franconia, In th^ principality of Wurtzburg, sitn- nte on the Lauer, 13 miles N of Sclivvein- lurt. Mianypour, the capital of the country of Cassay. It was taken ^nd pillaged by the Birmaiis in 1774. It is 210 miles NNw of Ummerapoora, and 410 fi by N of Calcutta. Lon. 94 40 E, lat. 24 30 N. Munsingen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, with a castle, 20 miles w of Ulm. Mnnder, a province of Ireland, 135 miles long and 120 broad ; bounded on the N by Counaught, E by Leinster, and s and w by the Atlantic. It contains the counties of Glare, Tipjjerary, Wa- terford, Cork Limerick, and Kerry. Tlie punc-ipal ^ lace is Cork. M U R Misusitr. a piincipaiity of Germany, in the cncie of WewtptKilia ; bonndipii on ihe \ b} East l'"ricsi!Uid and Olden- burg. F, i>y Osnabnrg Hud the counties of Dicpl'.oitz, Li!igen, 'J'ccklcnburg, Ka- vensSiurg, and Lippe, s i>y the duchy of Yrestphaiia, county of Mink, and duchy of Cieve, iijid w by Holland and the touiity of Eentheim. It contains 1360 ;!(piare miles, and is divided into the Ujiper and lower principality, 1'he diief rivers are the Ems, Lippe, Veoht, and Berkel. The country is level, with some agreeable heights, but no moun- tains; and it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heaths tiiat feed much cattle, and good (juarrics of stone. 3Innsler, a considerable city, capital of the priiicipality of the same name, and of all Westj)haiia. It is environed with double ditches and ramparts, and had also a strong citaAlel, which was demolished in 1765, and replaced by a magnificent palace. The cathedral, the library of the chapter, and many an- tiquities are worthy of notice. In 1535, a tailor, called John of liCydcn, king of the anabaptists, made himself master o/ the city; but it was retaken in 16S(J after 14 months siege, and this fanatiif was tortured to death with redlio*. p'licers. Tiie famous treaty, called th3 treaty of Westphalia, a^ as concludeii. here in 1648, which ended the religious wars of 30 years continuance. In the war of 1756 this city sustained several sieges, and was taken in 1759. It is seated on t!ie Aa, 50 miles ene of ^Vesel, and 52 wNw of Faderborn. Lon. 7 49 e, lat. 51 55 N. Munstei; a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, 12 miles nnw of Lucerne. Munstei; a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, 15 miles n of Bormio. Mimster, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Rhine, 9 miles wsvr of Colmar. Minister Eyffel, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 16 ssw of Co- logne. Munster Meinfeld, a town of Ger- many, in the late electorate of Treves, 12 miles sw of Coblentz. Munsterlerg, a town of Silesia, capi* tal of a principality of the same name, rich in grain, tlax, hemp, and hops. It is seated on the Olilau, 13 miles nw of Neisse Lon. 17 3 e, lat. 60 31 N. Munzenberg, a town of Germany, in Wettcravin, with an ancient castle, % miles s of Giesscn. Mnr (le Barrez, a town of France, in 466 M U R Hit drpartineii< of Av«iron, 32 hhIos n by E of Rhodez. Murano, a town of Italy, on an island of the same name, one of the largest of the Lagimes of Venice. Here the fa- mous Ycnefiaa looking-glasses are made. It is 3 miles n by e of Venice. Miirat, a town of Trance, in the de- partment of Cantal, seated on the Alaignon, near its source. 12 miles Nw of St. Flour. Murcia. a province, fornierlj- a king- dom of Spain, bounded on the N by New Castile, E by Valencia, w by Andalusia and Granada, and s by the INIediter- ranean. It is 63 miles long and 58 broad ; and the principal river is Se- gara. The soil is dry, and it produces little corn or wine ; but there is plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, al- monds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and su- gar. It has also a great deal of silk. The vale of Murcia is celebrated for the variety and richness of its culture. Murcia, a citj of Spain, capital of a province of the same name, and a bi- shop's see. It has a lofty cathedral, and the stairs of its steeple may be ascended in a coach. The inhabitants arc computed at 60,000. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are t!ie best fruits in Spain. It is seated on the Scgura, over which is a bridge, 27 miles N of Carthagcna, and 212 se of Madrid. Lou. 1 16 w, lat. 37 58 N. Mitrfi eesboi'ovgh, a town of N. Caro- lina, chief of Gates county, situate on the Mehenin, 30 miles e by N of Hali- fax, and 40 nnw of Edentoti. Murhard, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, with a Bene- dictine abbey, seated on the river Mur, eight miles s of Halle. Mnro, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, seated at the foot of the Apennines, 12 miles SE of Conza. Muros, a town of Spain, in GaUcia, at the mouth of the Tambro, 29 miles w by s of Compostella. Murray Frith, a considerable inlet of the sea, on the coast of Scotland, be- tween Tarbetness in Rossshire on the n, and Brough Head in Murrayshire on the s. It extends in a sw direction as far as Inverness, and thence w to the town of Beaulie, where it receives the river of that name. Murrayshire, or Elginshire, a county of Scotland, 60 miles in length, and 20 along the coast ; bounded on the n by the frith of Murray, e by Banffshire, sby Invernessshire, and w by that county and Nairnshire. It is divided into ^18 paiishes • and the number uf iuhaJiitauts 4ir M T C 10 ttbout 30,000. I'he s jiert lis moun- tainous, and occupied by forests; buft the greatest part is rich, and produces wheat, barley, oats, and flax. The chie.. rivers are the Spey, Findhorn, and Los- sie. The county town is Elgin. 3Turten. See Morat Musa, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, surrounded by walls, 18 miles e of Mtw cha. Musha, a town of Lusatia, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a cas- tle, seated on the Neisse, 25 miles nnw ofGorlitz. Muski>is:um, a river of the state of Ohio, wfllich runs s into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it is 280 yards wide. It is navigable by large barges, 110 miles from iis mouth, and by small boats 46 miles further, to the lake at its head, whence, by a short portage, a commu- nication is opened to Lake Erie. See Cayahaga. Muso, a town of Terra Firma, in New Grenada, on the Madalena, 70 miles NNW of St. Fe de Bogota. Musselburg, a seaport of Scotland, in Edinburgshire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which is a bridge to the sub- urb of F'isherrow. It enjoys many pri- vileges, and has seven incorporated trades. It is five miles e of Edinburg. Miatagam, or Mustygannim, a seaport of Algiers, in the province ofMascata, with a castle, 140 miles wsw of the city of Algiers. Lon. 30 e, lat. 36 20 n. Musuela, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, situate on the Guadalquiver, se- ven miles ne of Jaen, and 50 N of Gre- nada. Mjiteodu, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, noted for its manufacture of the glass that is used for making the rings which are worn on the wrists of the native women. It is 34 miles w of Sera. Mutschen, a town of Upper Saxonj-, in Misnia. In the neighbourhood is fijund a kind of chrystals, called Muts- chen diamonds. It is 20 miles e of Leipsic. Muyden, a fortified town of &. Hol- 'land, on the Zuyder Zee, at the influx of the Vecht, six miles esr of Amster- dam. Myconi, an island of the Archipelago, 30 miles in circumference. The soil is dry, and the mountains are of great height. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rabbits, and wheatears; also excellent grapes and tigs. Almost all the inhabitants are Greeks. Water is Yeiy scarce in sum- mer ; but in the town is a hxife woi5. M Y S the only otie in the island. 'J'lie iKtibonr is open, and deep eiiongh f'orllie ifun-nst ships to ride secure tio)n the N wind. Lon. 25 21 E, lat. 37 38 n. Mysol, an island, the most eastern of the Moluccas, of a triangular form, with a bold shore. The villages are built in the water upon posts; and there are forests visited by the birds of paradise, which are caught in great numbers. Lon. 130 E, lat. 2 s. Mysore, a country in the peninsula of Hindoostan, lying between liie w and E ridges of the 'Gauts. It extends from 11 30 to 16 N lat. and in the N part from 74 55 to 78 35 w lon. but diminish- ing thence as it approaches the s till it ends in a point. The n side is extremely irregular and indented, and the middle part branches out above a degree beyond that to the e. The country is in gene- ral dry, rugged, mountainous, and bar- ren ; but there are several rivers and mountain torrents, which by artificial means serve to water rice-grounds, gar- dens, &c. In the forests are many ele- phants, and tigers are common. Oxen, buflFalos, and goats are numerous, and in the ne part many sheep are bred ; but horses and asses are few. The chief products are ri<;e, cotton, pepper, cocoa and betel-nut, sugar-cane, butter, and oil. The whole of this country, with some other territories to the N and E, and the provinces of Coimbetore, Malabar, and Canara, were subdued by Hyder Ally, a Mussulman, who usurped the throne of Mysore, in 1759, and made Seringapatam his capital. He was suc- ceeded by Tippoo Sultaun, who conti- nued his father's jstate of warfare. On the termination of a war in 1792, Tip- poo agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees, and to cede one half of his dominions to the English and their allies, the Mah- rattas, and the nizam of the Deccan. In 1799, a new war taking place, his capital was taken by the English, on the 4th of May, and himself killed in the as- sault. A partition of his remaining ter- ritories took place ; and on the 30th of June following, Kistua Rajah was pla- ced by the English on the niusnud of of his fathers, at Mysore, and that town remade the capital of his present coun- try. He being only five years old, colo- nel Close w,us appointed to be resident with the rajah of Mysore ; and the nor- thern fortresses of T Jagara, Chitteldroog, Sera, and Nandidroog were garrisoned by the Englisli, for which (lie rHJah is to pay seven lacks of star pay;i)iias yearly. The island of Seriiigapaiam was retaiu- c miles \v by N of Atiock, and 120 s of Cabui. jSagera, a town of .Spain, in Old Cas- tile, with a fort, three miles jjw of Cala- horra, and 138 N of Madrid. JSagolil, a town of Suabia, in the kii;g- doin of \\ irtemburg, wilii a ruined 4(i9 NAM castle, situate on a river of the sama name, 15 miles vv of 'J'libingen. Nagore, a city of Hindco.stan, in the country of Agimere, 50 miles nw of Agimere. Lon. 74 4H i:, lat. 27 9 N. Nagpour, a city of HindoosicUi, ciipi- tal of that part of Berar which is subject to a chief of the Eastern jMahrattas, — It is extensive and ])opulous, but mean- ly built ; and, excepting a small citadel, is open and defenceless. It is cijO miles w by s of Calcutta. Lon. 79 46 E, lat. 21 9 N. NiigifOaiija, a town of Hungary, and one ot the royal free towns. The gold and silver mines are of great produce, and money is coined here. It is 30 miles NE of Zatmar. Lon. 22 54 e, lat 48 10 N. ]\a/ie, a river of Germany, which rises above Birkeufeld, flows thence by Ober- stein. Kirn, Montzinger, Soberiiheiin, and Cruetziiaeh, and enters the Rhine, at Bingen. Najera, a town of Spain, in Old Ca.s- tile, 35 miles w of Calahona, and 4/ li of Burgos. Nairn, a borough of Scotland, the county-town of Nairnshire, with a small harbour. It is seated at the mouth of the Mairn, on the Murray Firth, 15 miles NE of Inverness, and 120 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 6 w, hit. 67 38 N. Nairnshire, a county of Seotiancj^ 15 miles long and 10 broad ; bounded on the N l.y the Murraj' Frith, and inclosed on every side by the counties of Inver- ness and Murray. It is divided into four parishes, and sends one member to parliament alternately with Cromarty. 'J'he s part is mountainous, but toward the N it is level, and the soil abundantly fertile. Naksivan, a town of Persian Armenia, capital of a province of the same name. It was formerly a large city, but ruined by Abbas I. who removed the inhabi- tants into the interior ])arts of Persia. Here are now some considerable bazars, caravansaries, public baths, and other public buildings. It is 90 miles SE of Erivan, and 260 E of Erzerum. Lon. 45 30 E, lat. 38 40 N. Namslau, a town of Silesia in the prin- cipaUty of Breslau, with a ca.stle, situate among morasses, on tlie river We^dii, 22 miles ESE of Breslau. Nanmr, a county, and one of tlie ten catholic provinces, of the Ncth<;iiaiids, 30 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded o;i the N by Brabant, and on all tke other sides by tlie territory of Liege and a small part of Kainault. it is pretty NAN ferhle ; has several forests, maiMc quar- ries. Hiul mines of iron, lead, and coal. I'lie rivers iVleuse and Sanibre divide it into three paits, nearly of equal extent. Namur, a city of the Netherlands, ca- pital of the county of Naniu*, and a bishop's see. It has a castle m tJie middle of the town, on a craggy rock, and several forts. The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. Fire-arms, swords, knives, and many other kinds of cutlery, are made here. This city was ceded to the house of Austria by the peace of Utrecht. In 1715, it was allowed to be garrisoned by Dutch troops, as one of the barrier tow^ns of the United Pro- vinces ; in 1746, it was taken by the French, but restored in 1748. In 1781, emperor Joseph expelled the Dutch f!;arrison. In 1792, it was again taken by the French, who were compelled to 'jvacuase it the following year, but they iregained possession of it in 1794. The j'rench, however, delivered it up to the Allies in 1814, and it is at present gar- lisoned by Dutch troops. It is seated belween two mountains, at the conflu- ence of the Maese and Sambre, 24 miles wsvv of Liege, and 32 se of Brussels. — I-,on. 4 46 E, lat. 50 29 N. /V«.eJds. The inhabitants are all N A N Greeks, and their trade is in onions, waxf and honey. The ruins of the temple o'l Apollo are yet to be seen, and con sis chiefly of marble colunms. Lon. 26 Itj E, lat. 36 15 N. Nangasttki, a city of Japan, in the island of Ximo, with a good harbour, and the only one in the empire in which foreign ships are permitted to anchor. — The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the Chinese and Dutch. The lat- ter are never suffered to com.e into the city, unless when their ships arrive, and then they deliver up their guns and sails, as pledges of their good behaviour. — Lon. 128 46 e, lat. 32 32 n. Nangis, a town of France, in the de- partrnent of Seine and Mcrne. 12 niildL w of Provins, and 14 E of Melun. Nan-hang, a city of China, of liie first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the lake Po-yang, 637 miles s of Pe- king. Lon. 113 58 e, lat. 39 33 N. Nankhig, a city of China, caj)ital of the province of Kiangan. It is the lar- gest in China, being 17 miles in circum- ference, and about three miles distant from the great river Yang-tse-Chiang, trom which canals are cut, so large, that vessels may enter the town. It was formerly the imperial city, w hence it is called Nanking, which signifies southern court ; but since the six grand tribunals have been removed to Pekin, it is called Kiang-nan, in all public acts, 'j'he ^lace is greatly fallen from its ancieiit splendour; for it had a magnificent pa- lace which is quite destroyed, as well as many ancient monuments; and a liiird part of the city itself is desolate. 'I'he streets are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and on each side arc shops- neatly furnished. The public buildings are mean, except a few temples, tluj city gates, and a tower of porcelain 200 feet high. They have several manufac- tures in silk and wood. The number of inhabitants is said to be 1,000,000, vvitii- out comprehending the garrison oi 40,000 men. Here the physicians have their principal academy. The inhabitants were formerly estimated at 2,000,000, the city being above 30 miles in circum- ference. It is situated on the Kiam, 500 miles ssE of Pekin. Lon. 119 25 E, lat. 32 46 N. Nan-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. It stands among plantations of sugar-cane, near the source of the Kan-kiang, and the foot of the mountain Me-lin, 200 miles NE of Canton, and 9000 ssw of Pekin. Lon. 113 38 e, lat. 24 48 N. NoH-ning, a city of China, of the first X A N ras:k, in l!ie province of (rrn;iiip:-si, 1145 miles ssw of Pekin. Lon. 107 45 e, !at. 22 41 N. Nau-tc/iang; a city ofCliina, capital of the province of Kiang-si. It has no Iraile hut that of porcelain, vhich is made in tho vicinity of Jaa-tc!ieon. The eonntry is so much cnltivated, that the paslnrcs are barely sulHcient for (he Hocks. It is seated on tlie Kan-kiang, which ilows hence into the lake Foyang-, G95 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 115 30 e, iat. 28 36 N. Naiiien. a city of France, capital of the department of Lower Loire, and a bishop's see, with a nniversity. It was Vnicrly the residence of tlie nukes of Brctagne, m iio built a strong castle on the side of the river, which still exists. 'J"he catliedral contains the tombs of the ancient dukes: boade vviiich there is a collegiate church, and eleven parish churches. I'he bridges over the Loire, in which are some islands, are almost a league in length. The suburbs exceed the ciiy in extent. A great (juantity of salt is made in the territory of Nantes, both at the bay of Bonrgneuf, and in the salt niarshes of Guerande and Croi- sic. Large vessels can come no higher than Port Lauisai, which is 12 miles from Nantes. I'lie inhabitants are com- puted at 60,000. It was here that Hen- ry iV. promulgated the famous edict, in iSDb in favoiw of iheprotestants, which 'was revoked in 1685, by Lewis XIV. Nantes is 68 miles s hy e of Rennes, and 217 sw of Paris. Lon. 133 vv, Iat. 47 13 N. Aantiia, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ant, with manufactures of gauzes, taffetas, chintzes, nankeen, and stockings; situate on a lake of the same name, 18 miles l of Bourg. Nu)itiiii:et, an island and connty of '.lie state of Massachnsets, \\hich lies to \he s of Ca])e Cod. It is 15 miles long Ud 11 broad, including Sandy Point, which makes a tine road for shij)s. A considerable whale fishery is carried oi? heie; and there are several spermaceti works, and a duck manufacture. It has only one town, now called Nantuck- et, but lately Sherburne, which is 93 miles SE of Boston. Lon. 70 30 w, Iat. 41 20 N, Ncciiwich, a town in Cheshire, with a ntarkel on Saturday. Here are salt . jiiigs, from wiiicii are made great qi-anluies of wiiiie salt; also u nianu- fiicture of cotion and shoes. The pjui- cipHi dairies of Chesliire aie a!)ont liiis tovru, and ii has a tonsiderabie Irfide in I'iieese. It is seated on tiic Weaver, 47 i N A t» and by fl;e Chester canal, which hefc forms a broad basin, 26 miles SE of Ches- ter, and 164 Nw of London. Nan-yaug; a city of Cliina, of the first rank, in the province ofHo-nan, seated on a small river, and surrounded by mountains, 160 miles s of Ho-nan. Nan-i/oiig; a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quantong, seat- ed on the Pei-kiang, near its source, 170 miles NNE of Canton. Napaul, a country of Asia, bounded on the s by Bahar, w by Oude and B.O- hilcund, nw by Sirinagur, ne by tho mountains of Hinimaleh, w liich separate it from Tibet, and e by Bootan. It is tributary to Tibet ; and Catniandu is the caj)ital. Naples, a kingdom compreJsending' the s part of Italy, bounded on the Nvv by the Ecclesiastical State, ne by tlio gulf of Venice, and every where else by the Mediterranean. It is 300 miles in'' length, by 100 in breadth, and divided into twelve provinces ; namely, lerra di Lavoro (the ancient Campajiia Felix) Principalo Citcriore and Ult<;r!ore, jVJo- lise, Basilicata, Calabria Citcriore and Ulteriore, Abruzzo Citcriore and Ulteriore, Capitannta, 'i'erra di P>an, and Terra d'Otranto ; the last three forming the ancient Apulia, now called Pugiia on the e side of the kingdom After many revolutions, the Normans became musters of this country, in the eleventh century ; and the sovereigns were called counts, Ihcn dukes, and af- terward kings of Pugiia. In 1282, Pe- ter III. king of Airagon, caused all the Normans in the island of Siciiy to be massacred; and this massacre was cal- led the Sicilian Vespers. After this, Pugiia was joined to Sicily; and hence the sovereigns took the title of King- oi the Two Sicilies. It has also been cal- led the kingdom of Naples, from lis ca- ])iy prince Lngeiic, and ceded to the einjieror bj the licaly of i5asiad» in 171-i. Lt was NAP reryvtred, lionfivcr, by tlic Spaniards in 1734 ; ami the third ton of the king of Spain became king of Naples and Si- cily. The king of Naples joined the coalition which was formed against the I'reuch republic ; but the rapid and un- jtarellelcd successes of the latter, re- duced him first to request an armistice, and on the 25th of October, 1797, to en- ter into a disgraceful treaty of peace. Bnt after the celebrated battle of the Nile, the enmity of this court to the French again began to revive; their warlike measures were, however, ill concerted; their forces were completely routed, and the king exiled from his kingdom. By the successes of Swarrow, the king was restored; but in 1805, on account of liis receiving some Russian and English troops into his dominions, the French again took possession of the country; and bestowed the crown on Joseph Bonaparte, on whose head it re- mained till 1808, when he was made king of Spain, and the kingdom was given to prince Murat, the brother-in- law of Napoleon Bonaparte, who has still possession of the throne. The is- land of Sicily, however, is at present «le- tached from Naples, and retained by king Ferdinand, who is to have an in- demnity for Naples, on the continent. The climate is extremely hot, especially in July, August, and September; and is said to be one of the most inconstant and unfavourable to valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains every day for six «r seven weeks together; but the most disagreeable part of the climate is the sirocc, or SE wind, which is very com- mon in May, and extremely relaxing. In winter there is seldom any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The country abounds with grain, the finest Iruits and vegetables, rice, flax, oil, wine, saflron, and manna; and affords alum, vitriol, sulphur, rock crystal, marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk. Be- side the manufactures noticed in the account of the city of Naples, waist- coats, caps, stockings, and gloves are also made of the hair or filaments of a shellfish, which are warmer than those of wool, and of a beautiful glossy green. The principal mountains are the Apen- nines, which traverse this country from N to s, branching ont to the two extre- ^nities; and the celebrated volcano, /iiount Vesuvius. The rivers are nu- merous, but inconsiderable ; the chief arc the Carigliano and Yolturno. One of the greatest inconveniences lo which this kingdom is exjMJsed is earthquakes. The eslahlishcd icligioii is the Rinnan N A P catholic, and the clergy and convent!, under the old government, possessed two-thirds of the whole kingdom ; but protestauts and Jews are allowed to set- tle here. The inhabitants of this coun- try have, at all times borne but an in- different character among other nations ; gluttony is here a predominant vice, while instances of ebriety are compara- tively rare. In the female sex, the pas- sion for finery is almost superior to any other ; and tliough chastity is not the characteristic virtue of the country, yet a Neapolitan woman would, for the most part, prefer a present to a lover. That furious jealousy, for which the nation was once so remarkable, is now greath abated. The breach of the conjugal vow sometimes occasions quarrels and assassinations among people of inferior rank; and, in the metropolis, assassina- tions are often perpetrated from mnch less cogent motives. Naples, an ancient, large, rich, and trading city of Ital}', one of the finest in the world, capital of the kingdom of the same name, with a university. It is si- tuated at the bottom of a bay; and ia built in the form of a vilst amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to the sea. Al- though the style of architecture is infe- rior to what prevails at Rome, and it cannot vie with that city in the number of palaces, or in the magnificence of the public buildings, the private houses, in general, are better built, and the streets are broader and better paved. No street in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples; nor can any of them be compared with the beautiful streets which lie open to the bay, and here the excessive heat of the sun is often tem- pered with the sea-breezes and gales wafting the perfumes of the Camijagna Felice. The houses, in general, are five or six stories high, and flat at the top, on which are placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit-trees in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agreeable eP feet. On the mountain St. Elmo, in most pleasant situation, is a convent of Carthusians, on which much expense has been lavished, to render the build- ing, the apartments, and the gardens, equal to the situation. Naples is admi- rably situated for commerce, and has ail the necessaries and luxuries of life in great profusion; and yet trade is but in a languishing condition. The chief at tides manufactured here are silk stock- ings, soap, snulf-boxes of tortoise-shell, or of the lava of Mount Vesuvius ; tables, and ornamental furniture, of marble. They are thought to embroider here 472 NAP better thiwi sm France ; and tlicir mmxR- roni is preferred to that of any part of Italy. They excel also in liquors and confections; partienlarly in one kind of confection, called diabolonis, of a very hot and stimulating: nature, and which is sold at a very hig;h prico. The num- ber of inhabitants is computed at ."50,000, which is very probable; for, though Najiles is not onc-lhird of the size of London, yet many of the streets here arc more crowded that! (hs Strand ; and a great proportion of the poorest sort are oblijjed to spend llie nis:ht in thrm, as well as the day, for want of ha- bitations. There is not a city in the woild, perhaps, with the same number of inliabitanls, in which so few contri- bute to the wealth of the community, by useful and productive labour; the num- ber of priests, monks, fiddlers, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and lazzaronis or va- gabonds, is immense ; and the last alone are computed at above 30,000. The nobility are excessively fond of splen- dour and shosv, as appears by the bril- liancy of ihcir equipages, the number of their attendants, the richness of their dress, and the grandeur of their titles. The king, it is said, counts 100 persons with the title of prince, and still a greater number with that of duke, among his subjects. Six or seven of these have estates from 10 to 13,0001. a-year ; and a considerable number have possessions to about half that amount ; while the annual revenue of many is not above 10001. or 20001. The inferior nobility are much poorer; many counts and marquisses not having above 3001. or 4001. a-ycar, of a paternal estate, many still les.s, and not a few enjoy the title, without any estate whatever. Although the churches and convents of Naples are not to be compared with those of Rome in point of architecture, they surpass them in rich jewels, and in the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, vessels, and other ornaments. The cathedral is a grand Gothic edifice ; and of all the palaces, that of the king is not only the most magnificent, but in the best style of architecture. The harbour, which is spacious, is protected by a mole. The bay of Naples is one of the finest in the world, being almost of a circular figure, about 30 miles in diameter, shut out Irom the Mediterranean by the island of Caprea, and three parts of it shelter- ed by a circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was taken by the French in Ja- nuary, 1799, but retaken by the British Meet under Lord Nelson, in June follow- (Ji;^, In lfe06, it was again taken pos- 49B N A R session of by the French, under Ma*. sena, and soon afterwards Josepii Bona- parte was here crowned king of Naples. In 1803, the city suffered much damage by an earthquake. Naples is 110 miles SE of Rome, 104 ne of Palermo, 217 sk of Florence, and 300 s by e of Venice. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 14 55 N. Napoli di Malvasia, a seaport of Eu- roi>€an I'urkey, in the Morea, capital of the island of Malvasia. It has a fine harbour, defended by a good citadel ; and a long wooden bridge, which joins it to the mainland. It gives name to that excellent wine, called Malmsey; and was the ancient Epidaurus, famed for the temple of jEsculapius. It ill seated on a rock, at the entrance of tin, bay of Napoli de Romania, 38 miles SE of Misitra. Lou. 22 58 E, lat. 36 53 N. Napoli de Romania, a seaport of Eil- jopeaii Turkey, in the Morea, and an archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula, at the head of a bay of the same name. It is inhabited by 00,000 Greeks, beside people of different nations; and has a large harbour, with a narrow entrance defended by a ciladel. 'J'his town was taken by the Turks, in 1715. It is 20 miles ssvv of Corinth. Lon. 22 44 E, lat. 37 44 N. ISara, a town of Jaj)an, in the island of Niphoii, with a magnilicent castle, 26 miles \ \v of Moacow. Narasiiigliripin-a, a town of liindoos- tan, in Mysore, « i*li two considerable tcm|)lcs. It is well built, and stands in a fertile country, on the Caveiy, imme- diately below the influx of the Kapini, 20 m i I e s i: s e o f M y so re . Narberth, a (own of Wales, in Pem- brokeshire, with a market on Wednes- day, seated on a hill, 12 miles ne of Pembroke, and 242 w by N of Ijondon. Narbonne, a city of France, in the de- partment of Aude. Before the revolu- tion of 1789, it was an archiepiscopal see. In the time of the Romans, it was the capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbonensis; and here emperor Marcus Aurelius was born. Some Ro- man inscriptions, in different parts of the city, are still visible ; and the canal from the river Aude, through the city, to the Mediterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is famous for its honey, and the cathedral is remarkable for its noble choir. It is five miles from the Medi- terranean, and 80 ese of Toulouse. Loa. 3 E, lat. 43 11 N. Narborovgh, an island in the Pacifio ocean, on the coast of Chili, where sir John Narborough reliesiied bis nien N A R whcii sont to the South sea, in the reign of Charles 11. Lon. 74 35 w, lat. 45 Nardo, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 22 miles w by N of Otranto. Narenza, a town of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see; seated on a river of the same nan^e, 42 miles nnw of Ragusa. Narim, a toAVii of Siljeria, in I'le go- vernment of To!)olsk, surronmled by pailisades and wooden towers. Theen- vnons abound with foxes, ermines, and sables. It is seated at the eonflnx of the Ket with tiie Oby, 400 miles f by N of Tobolsk. Lon. 81 15 e, lat. 59 10 N. Nartialla, a town of Hindoostan, in the provinee of Berar, 33 miles wnw of Ellielipour, and 72 E of Burhanponr. 3farni, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, Here are the ruins of a marble bridge, built by Augustus ; and also of an aqueduct (hat brought water from a spring at the distance of 15 miles. It is seated on the Nera, 20 miles ssw of Spoleto, and 40 n of Home. Nareva, a river of Russia, which is- sues from theiake Peipus, flows to Nar- va, and enters the gulf of Finland, eight miles below that town. It has two ca- taracts, pompousl}^ described by travel- lers ; but they are far inferior to that of the Rhine, at Lauflcn. Narragansei Bay, in N. America, makes up from sto n between the main- land, in the state of Rhode Island. It embosoms many fruitful and beautiful islands, the principal of«luth arc Rhode, Canonicut, Prudence, Patience, Hope, Dyers, and Hog islands. This capacious bay affords j)lenty of lobsters. Narraguagiis,-A town of the district of Maine, in Washington county, situate on a bay of the same name, 16 miles ne of Goldsborough. f Narsitigapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the territory of Cattack, near the coast of the bay of Bengal, 44 nrjiles s of ^attack. Narva, a strong town of Russia, in Iiigria, or the government of Petersburg. 1'lie houses are built of brick stuccoed white; and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Russian town. In the suburbs, called Ivangorod, are the stupendous remains of an ancient foi tress, built by Ivan Rasilowitz ths pseat, wliich impend over the steep Laiiks of the Narova. In 1700, Charles XU. of Sweden, obtained a victory here over Peter the g.eat. Five years after, the cziir took the town by assault; and, l>_v his own personal exertions, saved it fiosn pillage and massacre. The prin- cipui exports are hemp, flax, tijiiber. N A T and corn. It is situate on the Narova, eight miles from its mouth, and 90 wsw of Petersburg. Lon. 27 52 b, lat, 59 18 N. NdJ-wa, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Agra, seated near the Siade, 115 miles s of Agra. L(tn, 78 17 t, 'at. 25 40 N. Nascct, a seaport of Peru, in the audi- ence of Lima, It has a good liaiijoar and stands in a territory fertile in wine and sugar, 220 miles sse of Lima. Loo* 75 10 w, lat. 14 45 s. JSaseby, a village in Northamptonshire, 12 miles nnw of Northampton ; famous for the decisive victoiy gained by the? army of the parliament over that of Charles L in 1G45. Nashville, a town of Tennessee, ih Davidson county, capital of'the district ofMero. It is seated on Cumberland river, 170 miles w of Knoxville. Lon. 86 50 w, lat. 36 2 N. Nassau, a princely county of Germa> 113^, in the Westerwald ; bounded on the N by the duchy of Westphalia, e by the county of Solmes, shy the territory of Mentz, and w by that of Treves. It contains minesof iion, copper, andlcfid , and the soil is fertile in some places, but the surface is for the most part M'oody and mountair.ous. The houss of Nassau is divided into many branches, whieh have their distinctive titles from tiie principal towns in the several dis- tricts. Nassau, a town of Germany, in the Wosterwald, and county of Nassau- Dietz, on the river Lahn. Oj)posite the town, on the other side of the river, and on a high mountain, formerly stood Nas sauberg, a place of great antiquity, and the original seat of tlie Nassau family. Nassau is 32 miles w\w of Iiankfort. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 50 16 N. Nassan,i\n island in the Indian ocean, on the w side of the island of Sumatrtt, about 120 miles in circumference. The inhabitants arc dissimilar from their neighbours ; for they approach the ami- able simplicity of manners and personal appearance of the Otaheitans, while their colour is like that of the Malays. It abounds with forests, and presents an enchanting verdure. Lon. 99 40 u, lat. 2 50 s. Nassuck, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Guzerat, 95 miles ssw of Surat. Lon. 73 49 E, lat. 19 50 K. Nastadt, a town of Germany, in tk circle of Ujjper Rhine, 38 miles w by 5 of Frankfort. Nata, a seajiort of Terra Firma, in the government of Panama, seuted in & 474 NAN feilile onimtry, on tiie h&j of Panuma, 68 miles sw of Panama. Lon. 81 5 w, lat. 8 86 N. Natal, a country on the SE coast of Afiica, lying ne of the Cape ot Good Hope, inhabited by a tribe of Caffres. It is about 500 miles in length, and near Jhe middle is a river and bay of the same name. Lon. 31 30 e, lat. 29 s. Natchez, a town of the state of Geor- gia, with a strong fort. It has a trade in cotton, grown in its vicinity, and is seated on the Mississippi, 520 miles w of Savanna. Lon. 91 39 w, lat. 31 34 N. NatcJiitoches, a river of Louisiana, called also the Red river, which runs into tlie Mississippi, in lat. 30 55 N. Natividad, a seaport of Mexico, in the province of Guadalajara, on a bay of the Pacific ocean, 150 miles sw of Guadalajara. Lon. 105 53 w, lat. 19 48 N. Natalia, a country formerly called Asia Minor. It is the most western part of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the K' by the Black sea, e by Caramania, s by the Mediterranean, and w by the Ar- eliipelago and the sea of Marmora. The soil is generally fertile, producing fruits of various kinds, corn, tobacco, cotton, and silk. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from w to e, and watered by a great number of rivers. Kiutaja is the capital. Nattam, a town and fortress of Hin- doostau, in the country of Madura, 18 miles N of Madura, and 45 ssw of Tri- chinopoly. Nattore, a town of Hindoostan, in T]engal,' 47 miles ene of Moorsheda- biid. Navan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Meath, seated at the conflux of the Blackwater with the Boyne, 25 miles Nw of Dublin. Navarin, a seaport of European Tur- key, on the w coast of the Morea, with a large harbour defended by two forts. Tu 1770, it was taken by the Russians. It IS seated on a hill, 10 miles n by E of Motion, and 17 wnw of Coron. Lon. 21 34 E, lat. 37 2 N. Navarre, a kingdom of Europe, lying between France and Spain, and divided info the Up[)er and Lower. The Up- oer belongs to Spain, and is 75 miles mtg and 60 broad. Though a moun- ainous country, abounding in game iid uon mines, some valleys produce ,.uod corn and excellent wine. It is ivided into live districts, whose chief jwns are Pamplona, Estella, Tudela. 476 N A V Olila, and St. Guesca. Lower Navairr« beJongs to France, and is now the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees. It is se- parated from Spanish Navarre by the Pyrenees, and is a mountainous, barren country, 20 miles long and 12 broad. From this country the king of France takes his title of king of Navarre. See Palais, St, Navarre, New, a province of New Mexico, bounded on the n by a coun- try unknown, e by New Mexico Proper and New Biscay, s by Culiacan, and w" by the gulf of California. This coun- try was discovered by the Spaniards in 1552. The natives are robust and war- like, and were with difficulty brougli/ to submission : they make use of bovvii with poisoned arrows, clubs of red wood, and bucklers. The chief Spanish town is Cinaloa. Navarreins, a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, seated on the Gave d'Oleron, 26 miles se of Eayoinie. Naue7i, a town of Brandenburg, in the I\liddle mark, 18 miles wnw of Berlin. Navigator's Islands, a cluster of ten islands in the Pacific ocean, discovtred by Bougainville, and explored by Pe- roiise in 1787. They are called bj the natives Opoun, Jjcone, Fanfoue, Ma- ouna, Ojalava, Calinasse, Tola, Shika, Ossamo, and Ouero. Opoun, the most souihcily and easterly of these islands, hes in lon. 169 7 w, lat. 14 7 s. Ma- ouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be num- bered among the largest and most beau- tiful islands of the South Pacific ocean. They combine tbe advantages of a soil fruitful without culture, and a climate, that lenders clothing unnecessary. The inliaijitants are a strong and lusty race ; scarcely a man to be seen among them less than six feet high, and the women are in proportion. In disposition they are thievish, treacherous, and ferocious. Their villages are situate on creeks, by the seaside, and have no paths between them ; that they pass from one to an- other in their canoes, and thus are al- most constantly on the water. Their canoes, houses, &c. are well construct- ed ; and they arc mucii more advance^i in internal policy than any of the islands in this ocean. See Maouna. Naumberg, a town of Germany, iw Lower Hesse, situate on the Eider, l- miles wsw of Cassel. Naumhiirg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuriugia, capital of a bishopric, luiited to the house of Saxony. It has a small citadel, and t!ie cathedral is »© N A \ tnarkable for its fine altars, paintings, and subterranean chapels. Here are manufactures of stockings and turnery wares, and vineyards that yield an ex- cellent red wine. It is seated on the 8aa!e, 37 miles ene of Erfurt, and 60 w of Dresden. Lon. 12 E, lat. 51 11 N. Navmburg, a town of Silesia, in tlie principality of Sagan, on tl>e river Bober, 14 miles N by w of Sagan, Naumburg, a io^vn of Silesia, in the principality of Janer, on the river Queiss, 37 miles wnw of Jauer. Naxia, or Naxos, an island of tlic Archipelago, 15 miles in lengtli and 50 in circumference. It is the most fertile isSand in all the Archi})elago, and its wine still maintains its former excel- lence. Beside this, its plains abound with orange, olive, lemon, cedar, citi on, pomegranate, fig, and nnitberry-tices. It is inhabited both by decks and Latins, and has a great many \illages ; but the whole island does not contain above 8000 iidiabitants. Tlic highest mountain is Zla, which signifies the Viountain of Jupiter: but there are no antiquities, except some small remains of a temple of Bacchus. 'I'he female dress in this island has something ridi- culous in its appearance. They fix two wings of black velvet behind, to their shoulders ; and wear a heavy stomacher or breast-piece of velvet, covered with embroidery and small pearls. They paint, blacken their eyebrows and eye- iashes,aHd cover their faces with patches, made of a black shining talc, which they find iu the island. Naxia, the capi-tal of tlie isle of the same name, and one of the most Ijean- tiful places in the Archipelago. It has tvvG a'.chiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and the other Latin. Here is no hfU- bour, but the trade is considerable in barley, wine, oil, figs, cotton, silk, flax, cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. h stands on the s side of the island, and is defended by a castle. Lon. 25 32 f, lat. 37 8 .N. Naxhnw, a town of Denmark, ca- pital of the isle of Lakmd, with a har- bour commodious for trade. It is cn- romi)assed by a wall, and 70 miles sw of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 31 e, lut. 54 52 N. Nayakanalmlly, a large scpiarc t-own of Hindoostan, in Mysorc,\vith a citadel in the centre, both strongly for'.idcd with mud walls. In the town a wide street extends all round, and has short lanes on each side. It has a msinMlac- ture of coarse cotton iJoth, and iii lite N E D Ticinity are many palm-gardens 1< i» 34 miles sw of Sei^a. Nazareth, a town of Palestine, f*. mous for being the residence of Christ, in the early part of his life. It is now a small place, where the monks of St. PVancis have a convent, 60 miles nne of Jerusalem. Nazareth, a town of Pennsylvania, in Northampton country, and a settle- ment of the Moravians, 10 miles n of Belhfchem, and 63 N by w of Philadel- phia. Naze, or L'mdeness, the most southern promontory of Norway. Lon. 7 20 F- lat. 57 30 N. Neag-h, Lough, a lake of Ireland, 20 miles long and 15 broad, lying in tho counties of Armagh, Down, Antrim, Londonderry', and Tyrone. The river Bann flows through this lake. Neath, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamorgansiiirc, with a market on Sa- turday ; situate on the river Neath, near the Bristol channel. Tr. the neighbour- hood are iron forges, smelting works for copper, and coal mines ; and on the other side of the river are the extensive remains of an abbey. A great quantity of coal is exported hence in small ves- sels. It is 27 miles sw of Brecknock, and 198 w of London. Neath, a river of Wales, which rises in Brecknockshire, and runs through (rlamorganshire, by the town of Neath, into the Bristol channel. Neb, a river in the isle of Man, which runs into the Irish sea, at Peel castle. Nehio, or Nebbio, a mined city on th© N side of the island of Corsica, one mile from St. Fiorenzo. Nehra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuriiigia, on the Unstrut, 12 miles nnw of Nan m burg. Ncckar, a river of German}', which rises in the county of Ilohcaberg, in Snal)ia, flows by Rothweil, I'nbingca, Lsslingen, ilcilbron, and Heidelberg, and cnlers the Rhine, at Manhcim. Neckareh, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower llhiite, seated on the Ncckar, 20 miles e of Heideli>er,g. Nftchargeniitud, a town of German}', in the circle of Lower Bhinc, seated on the Ncckar .5 miles E of Heidelberg. Neckarsii/m, a town of Suabia, seated at the conilnx of the Ncckar and Snbn, 5 miles N of Hcilbron. Nidru7iia, a town of Algiers, in liie province of Mascara, sinrotnided willi magnificent ruins. It is 50 miles v,nn of Oran. Lon. 38 w, lat. 35 40 N. Nedsjed, an extensive jirovince «'f Arabia; bounded on the N by the dcsprt 473 N E G of Svria, E by Lachsa, s by l!:t(baiiiaiit and Yemen, and w by liedsjuz. 'jhe soil is various, in uuiiiy parts very fertile. The Kedouiiis inhabit a great part of this province ; the remainder is moun- tainous, and contains a great number of towns, ahnost every one of wliich has its own schiech. Aeed/utm, a town in Suffolk, with a njarket on Wednesday, seated on the Orwcii, 10 miles Nw of Ipswich, and 74 Xe of London. Needles, locksin the English channel at the w end of the isle of Wight, so called fiom their height and sharp ex- tremities. Here is a light-house. Lon. 1 33 w, lat. 50 41 N. Neelieehow, one of the Sandwich islands, in the Pacific ocean, five leagues W of Atooi. The e coast is hig-h, and rises abruptly from the sea : the rest of it consists of low ground, excej^t a roiuid blufiheadon the se point. Lou. IGO 15 w, lat. 21 50 N. Neerwinden, a village of the Nether- lauds, in Brabant, a little n by w of Laoden. Hence the two cclcbratt^d battles of Landen are sometimes called by the name of Neerwinden. See Lan- den. Nefta, a town of the kingdom of Tu- nis, 250 miles s by w of Tunis. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 30 N. Negapatam, a city of Hindoostan, in the kingdom of Tanjore, on the coast of Coromandel. It was rirst a colony o.f the Portuguese, but was taken by the Dutch ; and the latter were dispossessed of it by the English in 1782. The port is not extraordinary ; but most of the different nations in India are here settled, and trade, under the jjrotcction of the fort. It is .50 miles k of Tanjore, and 166 s bv w of Madras. Lon. iUoG E, lat. 10 46"n. Negara, a town of the isle of Borneo, capital of the kingdom of BanjermassJn ; situate on the e side of the Banjer, 90 miles N of its mouth, at the town of Bau- jermassin. Lon. 114 e, lat. I 40 s. Negomho, a seaport on the w coast of the isle of Ceylon, -with a fort built by the Portuguese, li was taken in 1640 by the Dutch, who evacuated it to the English in 1796. It is 16 miles n of Columbo. Lon. 79 55 e, lat. 7 20 N. Negrais, an island on the e side of the bay of Bengal, at the mouth of Bassien river, the most western branch of the Irrawaddy, with an excellent harbour. Lon. 94 30 e, lat, 16 n. Negril Point, the most westerly pro- montory of tke island of Jamaica. Lon. 78 23 w, iat. 18 17 N. 477 N E G Nrgro, Cape, a promontory of Africa, on the coast of Benguela, being the most southerly country to which the Europeans usually resort to purchase slaves. Lon. 11 40 li, lat. 16 15 n, ISegroland, or Aigntia, a large coTin- try in the interior of Africa, through which the river Niger flows from w to E. It is called by the Arabs Soudan, a word of similar import to the European appellation, to exi)ress the Land of the Blacks. It extends from lon, 10 w io 27 E, and from lat. 10 to 25 N ; being bounded on the N by Zahara and the mountains which separate it from the states of Earbarj, on the E by Nubia and Abyssinia, on the s by countries unknown and Giiinoa, and w by Gui- nea, FouH, and Zahara Of this vast country little is known more than the names of some of llie towns and great kingdoms of wliich it is composed. — Lome parts, particularly on the river Ni- ger, are said to be exceedingly fertile ; other I'Urts are represented as sandy and desert. Thai it is very {)opuIous, is evi- dent, from tiie groat supply of slaves it affords to the European traders. The principal territory known is Bornou. — The general character of the negroes, who aie the inhabitants of this region, is that of levity; and that they do not suffer tlicir gaiety to be disturbed by events, which, in other countries, are pi oductive of much unhappincss. They i\o not aj)pear to want the feelings ef humanity, nor are tiicy more destitute of sagacity than other people of an ecjuul degiee of education; but as their country supplies them with food by a very slight degree of industry, and the little occasion there is for clothing amid the heat of their climate, they have a general iuibit of seeking present plea- sure, a.id no cure for tiie future. The only necessary of liie that appears to be deficient is sail, which is the more want- ed among them in consequence of their subsisting chiefly on vegetable food ; and it is a proverbial expression of a man's riches to say, that he cats salt to his food. This important article they receive from Zahara by caravans of trailing Arabs. They also receive arms, hardware, glasses, and trinkets, from the vv, by tlie Europeans, and, in the interior, by the caravans of Cairo, Eez- zan, and Morocco. For these they give in return gold, ivory, and slaves. The kind of government that exists among the negro nations is by no means uniform. In many districts the counti j is governed by_a great multitude of in- depeiidciit petty chiefs, who arc cngHged N E I hi frequent wars with each otli^r. In other places, the talents of indivirfiial chieftains have been able to reduce considerable tracts of territory under their dom.nion ;and hence some flourish- ing towns have sprung up. Many of the towns are fortified with ditches and high vi'alls ; the latter, and the houses, being constructed of clay and stone. Domestic slavery prevails in a vciy great degree among all the negro states. — AVhen the tropical rains fail, or aie so deficient that the sun burns up the face of Norfolk, and runs into the Lincoln- shire Wash. It likew ise comnnmicates by several channels, witli the great Ouse. Nenagh, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, with a castle seat- ed on a branch of the Shannon, 19 miles NE of Limeric, and 23 N of Cashel. Neocastro, a town and fort of Euro- pean Turkey, in Romania, where the Turks always keep a good garrison. 11 is seated on the strait of Constantinople, 12 miles n of Constantinople. 47« Kent, St. a to« I) in Kiintiiigot was a prelate of the empire. It is 1.5 miles WNW ofDonawert. Nericia, a province of Sweden, in the di^iiion of Sweden Proper; bound- ed by Sndermania, V»'estmania, Werm- Jand, and West and East Gothland. Orebro is the capital, and the only con- .siderable place. Neronde, a town of France, in the de- partment ef Loire,l8 miles nne of Mont- jrison. Nerondes, a town of France, in the department of Cher, 20 miles ese of Bourges. Nershinsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a province of the same name, but but sometimes called Daouria, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, with a fort. The adjacent country is mountainous, but fields excellent pasture lor cattle ; and ihcrc are some considerable lead and silver mines. Jt is seated at the conflux of the Neicha with the Shilka, 440 miles R of Irkutsk. Lon. 117 34 e, lat. 51 52 N. 479 NET Nesle, a iown of France, in the depnit" ment of Somme, sealed on tlie Lingon, 25 miles ese of Amiens, and 66 N by ij of Paris. Ness, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in In- verness-shire, 22 miles long, and from one to two broad. The de|){h is very considerable; and the high hills on each side j)resent a delightful view of wood, pasture, cultivated lands, and rugged precipices. It is navigated by a king's galley, which supplies the garrison of Fort Augustus, at its s extremity, with stores. Its outlet, at the N extremity, is the river Ness, which runs into Mur- ray Frith, below Inverness. Nestved, a town of Denmark, in th« island of Zealand, on the river Ness, 38 mi'es sw of Copenhagen. Netherlands, or Low Comttries. a coun- try of Europe, anciently called Gallia Belgica, 260 miles in length, and from 100 to 200 in breadth ; bounded on the w and N by the German ocean, e by Germany, and s by France. In the ninth century, the sons of emperor Lewis the pious, having divided the do- minions of their father, who possessed Germany, France, and Italy, a new kingdom was formed, comprehending Germany and France, and a part of the Netherlands. It was called Lotharia, hut did not long subsist ; for it was soon (hvidcd into two : and that seated near the Mediterranean was called the king dom of Bmgundy ; while the other, to the N, had the nameof Austrasia. Nei- ther did this last continue long ; it being divided into 17 provinces, under difle- rent names, exclusive of the territories of Liege and Upper Gelderland ; but they still depended on the empire of Germany, and were called Lower Ger- many. In process of time, the house of Burgundy purchased many of them, and was about to form them, with Burgun- dy, into a kingdom; but Charles the bold, the last duke of Burgundy, bcin^ killed by the Swiss in 1477, his part of the Netherlands devolved on Mary, his only child ; by whose marriage with emperor Maximilian, the Netherlands were an acquisition to the house of Aus- tria. Emperor Charles V, king of Spain, in 1555, abdicated the sovereignty of the Netherlands, and, soon after, the Spa- nish crown, in favour of his son Pbilij). The tyranny of this cruel bigot, Phihp II. who entleavooied to introduce tlse inquisition into the Low Countries, with the barbarities exercised by the duke of Alva, exasperated the people to sucii a degree, that they threw off the Spanish yoke, and under the conduct of W illiam K E T I. piirice of (7raii<^e, foriiKil t!ie taiiHius IfR^ur of t'l!(!k;!it. in liJ'7U, vvliicl' piov- cd the tbiiii(!;!Jii)ii of llir Rt}.i, a town of Penus} Ivania, ca- N I A pital of Bucks county, live miles from th« DelawaisC, and 20 nne of Philadel- phia. Newtown, a town of New Jersey, the seat of justice in Sussex county, 60 miles N of Trenton. Lon. 75 2 w, lat. 41 3 N. Newtown, a town of New York, iu Tioga county, where the judicial courts are held in February. It is situate near Tioga river, 50 miles w by n of Union, and 70 SE of Wilhamsburg. Newtown, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield county, nine miles e by n of Danbury, and 2G nw of Newhaven. Newtown Ardes, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, with a consider- able linen manufacture. It is situate o the northern point of Strangford Lough, eight miles e of Belfast, and 16 N of Downpatrick. Newtown Limavady, a borough of Ire- land, in the county of Londonderry, with a linen manufacture. It stands on the river Roe, near the E side of Lough Foyle, 15 miles ene of Londonderry. Neyland, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of says and bays; seated on the Stour, 16 miles sw of Ipswich, and 57 ne of London. Neyrac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, 18 miles n of Rodez. Neyva, a town of New Grenada, near the Madalena, 130 miles sw of St. Fe de Bogata. Nezin, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Tchernigof, considerable for its fur trade, 28 miles SE of Tcher- nigof. Ngan-chan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koei- tcheou. Its territory is very mountain- ous, and contains several garrisoned forts, to keep in awe the inhabitants, who are independent, and live on the mountains. It is 1000 miles ssw of Pe- king. Lon. 105 32 E, lat. 26 12 N. Ngan-king, a city of China, capital of the w part of the province of Kiang- nan. It is defended by a fort, and seat- ed on the Kian-ku, 576 miles & of Pe- king. Lon. 116 45 E, lat. 30 37 N. Ngan-lo, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Hou-quang. It has a considerable trade, and stands in a vast plain, on the river Han, 175 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 112 3 e, lat 31 14 N. Niagara, ariverofN. America, which forms the communication between the lakes Erie and Ontario, and flows from s to N about 36 miles. At (he head of this river, on ita v/catwu shose, i?? Fort 4^6 N I C Erie ; and IS luiles below this are those remarkable falls, M'hich are reckoned among the greate&i' natural curiosities iu the world. The river is here 740 yards wide. The half mile immediately above the cataracts is a rapid, in which the water falls 58 feet ; it is then thrown, •with astonishing grandeur, down a stu- pendous precipice of 150 feet perpendi- cular, in three distinct and collateral sheets ; and in a rapid that extends 1o the distance of nine miles below, falls nearly as much more. Tlie river then flows in a deep channel till it enters Lake Ontario, at Fort Niagara. Niaga7-a, a town and fort of New York, in Ontaiio county, on the E side of the river Niagara, at its entrance into Lake Ontario, and opjjosite Newark, in Upper Canada. The fort was erected by the French, in 1751 ; and was taken from them in 1759, by Sir William John- son. It is 18 miles below the cataracts, and 80 Nw of Williamsburg. Lon. 78 68 w, lat. 43 4 n. Nias, a small island, near the w coast of the island of Sumatra, remarkable for the beauty of the women, who are purchased as slaves by the Dutch and Portuguese. Lon. 97 li, lat. 40 N. Nibe, a town of Dcwmark, in North Jutland, nine miles wsw of Alburg. Nibiano, a town of Italy, in the du- eliy of Placenza, IC miles sw of Pia- cenza. Niearagtta, a province of Mexico, in the audience of (.iuatimala, bounded on the N by Honduras, e by the Atlantic oceau, SE by Costa Rica, and sw by the Pacific ocean. It is 400 miles from e to w, and 120 fiom n to s. It is well watered by lakes and rivers, and pro- duces plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nicaragua is the capital. Nicaragua, a lake of Mexico, iu the province of the same name, 350 miles in circumference. It is interspersed with fslands, and abounds in fishes, but in- fested with crocodiles. The sw extre- mity is only a few leagues from the Pa- cific ocean, and the s.e end communi- cates with the Atlantic ocean by the river St. Juan. Nicaragua, a city of Mexico, in the province of the same name. It stands at some distance sw of the lake, and near the mouth of a river, in the Pacific ocean, 120 miles sE of Leon de Nicara- gua. Lon. 86 10 w, lat. 11 15 N. 'S'icai-ia, an island of the Archipelago, between Samos and Tina, anciently cal- led icaria. It is 60 rniics m circumfer- 487 N I C ence, and full of rocks. Lon. 26 30 K, lat. 37 40 N. Nicastro, s. town of Naples, in Ca!a« bria Ulteriore, with an ancient castle, 17 miles sse of Cosenza. Nice, a county of Italy, bounded w by the Var, and the Maritime Alps, n by Piedmont, e by Piedmont also, and the territories of Genoa, and s by the Medi- terranean. It was anciently an appen- dage of Provence in IVance, but after- wards belonged to tiie king of Sardinia. It is 36 miles loiig, and 18 broad ; anyw»» nia, near the village of Geesh, in Ion. 36 55 E, lat. 10 59 N. It runs first through the lake Dembea, then makes a circuit towards its source, which it leaves 25 miles lo the e, and enters into Nubia, through which country it makes a cir- cuitous course, and forms some con- siderable cataracts. It then flows al- most directly s through Egypt, till it ar- rives at Caiio ; and a little befcow that city it divides into two great branches, which, with the IMcditerraiican sea, form the island called Delta. The ancients reckoned eleven mouths of the Nile, of which seven were considerable; but now there are only two that are navigable at all times ; and those ate at Rosetto and Damietta. In the middle of this river, between Old Cairo and Gizeh, is seated the island of Rodda, which is almost as long as Old Cairo, and 500 paces in breadth in the middle; and the front of the Mekias takes up all the breadth of ihe southern part. This is the wofk of the Saracens, and derives its name from its use, for it signifies measure. In realily they observe there ever}' day, by means of a graduated column, tile increase or decrease of the waters of the Nile. This river over- flows regularly every year, from the 15th of June lo the 17th of September, when it begins to decrease. The fertility of Egypt depends upon the overflowing of the Nile ; and they reckon it will be a bad year when it is less than 14 cubits, or above 1 B ; but 16 cubits is the proper height. Duiingthe inundation, the lit- tle towns, standing upon eminences, look like so many islands, and they go from one to the other by boais. In Cairo there is a canal called Khalis, which is opened when the water is high enough ; thence it is conveyed into re- servoirs and cisterns, and is afterwards distributed into the fields and gardens, as occasion requires. This inundation of the Nile is caused by the periodical rains which fall every year between the tropics, and more particularly in Abyssi- nia, which is full of high mountains. Nimeguen, a city of Holland, capital of Gelderland, Avith a citadel, an an- cient palace, and several forts. It is also the capital of a county of its natfic, or of the island oi'Bcluwe, the ancient Batavia. The churciies are, in general, handsome structuies ; and the town ■ house is remarkable for its beauty and magnificence. The inhabitants sub.sist chiefly by brewing ale, and their trade with Germany. This city is celchvaif-d in history on acccrant of several treaties N I O of peace concluded here in 1678. It was taken by the French in 1794. It stands on the Waal, 10 miles wnw of Cleve, and 35 ese of Utrecht. Lon. 61 63 E, lat. 61 51 N. Nimptsch, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Brieg, with a castle on an eminence, 16 miles ese of Schweid- nitz. Ninety-six, a district of South Caro- lina, comprehending the counties of Edgefield, Abbeville, Laurens,and New- bury. It produces considerable quan- tities of tobacco. The chief town was formerly of the same name, but is now called Cambridge. Niiig-koue, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufactures of paper, made of a species of reed. Its district is very hillj', but pleasant ; and the sur- rounding mountains, covered with woods, produce excellent medicinal plants. It is seated on a river, which runs into the Kiang-hu, 637 miles s by e of Peking. Lon. 118 25 e, lat. 31 2n. Ning-po, called by the Europeans Liampo, an excellent seaport of China, and a city of the first rank in the pro- vince of Tche-kiang. The silks manu- factured here are much esteemed in fo- reign countries, especially in Japan, where they are exchanged by the Chi- nese for copper, gold, and silver. It is seated on the E coast, opposite Japaii, 660 miles sse of Peking. Lon. 120 ly E, lat. 29 58 N. Niug-uta, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the province of Kirin, and the seat of a considerable trade, particularly in the valuable plant ginseng, which abonnds in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Hurha, 110 miles ne of Kirin. Lon. 124 40 E, lat. 44 30 n. Ninian, St. a town of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, with manufactures of lea- ther, cotton cloth, and nails, two miles 8E of Stirling. Ninove, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, on the river Dendcr, with an abbey, 13 miles w of Brussels. Nio, an island of the Archipelago, to the s of Naxia, anciently called Nos. It is 35 miles in circumference, and fertile in corn, but has very little wood or oil. The regular manners of the in- habitants, who are all Greeks, revives an idea of the simplicity of the primi- tive ages ; and their kind treatment of strangers appears to be the genuine re- mains of ancient Iiosjiitality. LoEa, 25 35 w, hit. 30 43 N. Nion, a town of Swilzcriiuu', canital of a bailiwic on the !:ikc dlGencvn, be- N I T longing to the canton of Bern. It has a manufacture of beautiful porcelain, and is 12 miles n by e of Geneva. Nivns, a town of France, in the de- partment of Drome, at the loot of a chain of mountains, on the river Aigues, with a lofly bridge of one areh, the work of the Romans. Here is a mi- neral spring, called Pontias, and some uianufaetures of soap and woollen cloth. It is 21 miles ese of Moutelimar, and 38 SSE of Valence, Niort, a town of France, capiiai of the department of I'wo Sevres. Here are manufactured drugggets, serges, and other coarse woollen goods ; and its dry sweetmeats are much esteemed. It is seated on the Sevrc Niortoise, 31 miles ENE of Rochcllc, and 46 w sv/ of Poitiers. Lon. 33 w, lat. 46 20 n. Niplwn, the largest island of Japan, 750 miles long and from 60 to 150 broad, containing 56 provinces. It was discovered, in 1542, by the Portuguese, who were east ashore by a tempest. The chief town is Jedo. Nisibin, or Nishin, a town and for- tress of A sialic Turkey, in Diarbeck, now gicady decayed. It is seated in a vast plain, 78 snilcs SE of Diarbekar. Nisida, a srnai! island in the gulf of Naples, very Icrtile, and laid out in slopes and terraces like a large garden. It iias a harbour, called Porto Pavone, 5 miles wsw of Naples. Nis)Hes, a city of France, capital of the deiiarlnieiit of Gard, and lately a bishop's see. Here arc several monu- menls of antiquity, of which the amphi- theatre, bnilt by the Romans, is the principal. There are likewise the ruins of a temple of Diana, and a grand tower. Ilie Maison Quartee, or the square house, is a piece of architecture of the Corinthian order, and one of the finest in the -ivorld. Nine miles to the NE is a lofty Roman aqueduct, called Pont du Gard, which, passing across a valley and the ri\er Gard, serves to convey the spring of Euro, near Uzes, to this city. Nisraes has a citadel, built by Lewis XIV. ; and the chief manufactures are silk stockings and cloth. It is seated lu a plain, abounding in wine and oil, 75 miles NE of Narbonne. Lon. 4 19 E, lat. 43 50 N. Nissa, a strong town of European Turkey, in Servia. It was taken by the IJungarians in 1737, but retaken by the Turks the following year. It is seated on a livcr of the same name, 20 miles E of Precop, and 120 SE of Bel- giiidr. Lou. 22 32 !;, iai. 43 32 N. Nil'i, a river (li'.ScolSiUid, vvi«ifh ti'-A'^t NOG in Ayrshire, gives the name of Niths- dale to that part of Dumfriesshire throug^h which it flows, and a little be- .OT Dumfries enters Sol way Frith. Niiria, a desert of Egypt, 37 miles in length, on the coast of the Mediterra- • nean sea. It had formerly a great num- ber of monasteries, which are now re- duced to four; and it contains some lakes, from which is procured the na- trum of the ancients. Nivelfe, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, with a manufacture of cam- bric^s ; seated on the Thiene, 15 miles s of Brussels. Nivemois, a late province of France, between Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It is pretty fertile, contains mines of iron, and is watered by a great number of rivers, of which the Loire, Allier, and Yonne, are the principal. It now forms the department of Nievre. Nixahour, a town of Persia, in Cho- rasan, 80 miles se ofMesched. Lon. 61 32 E, lat. 35 40 N, Nixapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of Guaxaca, with a nch Do- minican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochi- neal, and sugar. It is 30 miles se of Antequiera. Lon. 97 15 w, lat. 16 42 n. Nixonton, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Pasquotank county, 28 miles ene of Edenton. Nizampatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of Guntoor, at the mouth of the Kistnah, 34 miles sw of Masull- patam. Nizza della Paglia, a town of Pied- mont, in Montserrat, seated on the Bel- bo, 14 miles se of Asti. Noailles, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vienne, six miles ssE of Poitiers. Nonagur, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, capital of a district on the coast of the gulf of Cutch, inhabited by a piratical tribe, called Sangariaus. It IS 190 miles wsw of Amedabad. Lon. 69 30 E, lat. 22 22 N, Nocera, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, seated at the foot of the Apen- nines, 18 miles ne of Spoleto. Nocera delli Pagani, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, eight miles Nw of Salerno. Nogara, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, 21 miles sw of Con- dom, and 27 wnw of Auch. iSogarcot, a town of Hindoostan, in llie province of Napaul, with a cele- inated pagoda, 50 miles ne of Catraan- 'In. Nogeiit h Roiren, a town of France, 4m NOR in the department of Eure and Loir, seated on the Huisne, 35 miles he of Mans. Nogent mr Seine, a town of France, iu tlie department of Aube, seated on the . Seine, 25 miles \w of Troyes. Noir Cape, a promontory at the s ex- tremity of Terra del Fuego. Ijou. 73 3 w, lat. 54 32 s. Nainnouiiei; an island of France, in the bay of Biscay, s of the mouth of the river Loire. It is 12 miles long and three broad, and has good pastures. The English made an unsuccessful attack on it in 1795. The principal town is of the same name, defended by a fort. Lon. 2 10 w, lat. 47 N. Nola, a town of Naples, in Terra rU Lavoro, once a ricii Roman colony, and yet a handsome place. The silk spun jn its ntighbourhood is much esteemed. It is 12 miles ene of Naples. Noli, a town of the territory of Genoa, with a fort and a good harbour, 30 miles sw of Genoa. Lon. 8 41 e, lat. 44 18 N. Nomhre de Dios, a town of Terra Fir- ma, in the province of Darien, 30 miles E of Porto Bello, to which its once flou- rishing trade is now transferred. Nomhre de Dios, a town of Mexic*, the most populous in the province of Zacatecas. It is 170 miles n of Guada- lajara. Lon. 104 15 w, lat. 24 N. Nomeny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurte, on the Seille, 15 miles N of Nancy. Non, Cape, a promontory of the king- dom of Sus, opposite the Canary islands. The Portuguese, in their first attempts to explore the w coast of Africa, long considered this promontory as an impas- sable boundary. This its name imports; but they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Lon. 1 1 50 w, lat. 28 38 n. Nona, a seaport of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see. It was once a splendid city, but is now a mean place, and its harbour not capable of receiving !aig,e vessels. It is almost surrounded bytha sea, seven miles n by w of Zara. Nontron, a town of France, iu the de- partment of Dordogne, 21 miles N of Pe- rigueux, and 30 ssw of Limoges. Noopour, a town of t!indoos1;u}, in Guzerat, .55 miles e of Sural, and 142 w of Burhanpour. Lon. 73 5U n, iat. 21 11 N, Nootka Sound. See King George Sound. Norberg, a town of Sweden, in West- mauland, near which are the best iron mines iu the province. It is 34 niik's N of Stroemsholin. Lon. 16 12 E, laC N o n Norcitt, a town of Italy, iu the duchy of Spoleto, seated among mountains, on the river Fredara, 20 miles sii of Spo- leto. Nord, a department of France, so named from being the most northern in situation. It includes the late French provinces of Hainault, Flanders, and Cambresis. Douay is the the capital. Nordburg, a town of Denmark, at the N extremity of the isle of Alsen, with a castle, nine miles NNvvofSun- derburg. Norden, a seaport of Westphalia, in E. Friesland, and a considerable place of trade, with a good harbour. It is four miles from the German ocean, and 14 N of Emden. Lon. 7 13 e, lat. 63 S2n. Nordgau, See Bavaria, Palatinate of. NoriViausen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with seven Lutheran churches, and a well-built orphan-house. It has a considerable trade in corn, brandy,and rape and linseed oil, with ma- nufactures of marble and alabaster. It is seated on the Zorge, 35 miles nne of Erfurt. Lon. 10 66 e. lat. 51 30 N. Nordheim, a town of Lower Saxony, m the duchy of Brunswick, situate ou *he Rhume, at its conflux with the Lei- na, 10 miles n of Gottingen. Nordfiopiiig, a seaport of Sweden, ca- pital ofE. Gothland. It is 10 miles in cir- cumference, but the houses are scatter- ed, and the inhabitants do not exceed 12,000. The river Motala flows through the town, forms a series of cataracts, and is divided into four principal streams, which encircle several rocky islands, co- vered with buildings ; but at the extre- mity of the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here are manufactures of wool- len cloth, paper, and fire-arms; some «ugar-houses, and a brass foundery. Corn is exported hence in great quan- tities ; and a salmon fishery gives em- ployment and riches to many of the in- habitants. It is 110 miles sw of Stock- holm. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 58 35 N. Nordland, one of the five grand divi- sions of Sweden, bounded on the N by I^apland, u by the gulf of Bothnia, s by Sweden Proper, and w by the same and I^orway. It contains six provinces. Nordlingen, a town of Suabia, fortified in the ancient manner. Here the league of the five western circles of the empire was concluded in 1702. In 1796, it was taken by the French. It is a commer- cial jilace, seated on the Eger, 38 miles NNw of Augsburg. Lou. 10 34 K, lat, 48 60 N. NordnMlittg, a town of Sweden, in NOR Angermauia, near a bay of the g:ulf ol Botisnia, 24 miles sw of Uma, and 70 ne of Hermosand. Nordstrand, an island of Denmark, on the w coast of S. Jutland, 12 miles long and five broad. It has a town called Ham, 28 miles w of Sleswick. Lon. 9 E, lat. 54 40 N. iVor/iy//:, a county of England, 77 miles long and 45 broad; bounded on the N and E by the German oeean, SE and s by Suffolk, and w by Cambridgesliire and Lincolnshire. It contains 1,694,400 acres ; is divided into 32 hundreds, and 660 parishes ; has one city and 32 mar- ket towns; and sends 12 members to parliament. In 1811, the number of in- habitants was 212,000. The products vary according to the soil and situation. The lighter arable lands produce barley iu great plenty; wheat is cultivated in the strongest soils ; and turnips are grown here in great quantiiies : much buck-wheat is also grown in the light soils, and used for feeding swine and poultry. The fenny parts yield great quantities of butter; which is sent to London under the name of Cambridge butter. 1'he sheep are a hardy small breed, much valued for their mutton. Turkeys are reared here to a larger size than elsewhere; rabbits are extremely numerous on the sandy heaths; and there is abundance of game, especially of pheasants. The manufactures of Norfolk are worsted, woollen, and silks, Its principal rivers are the Great Ouse, Nen, Little Ouse, Waveney, Yare, and Bure. Norwich is the capital. Norfolk, a seaport of Virginia, capital of a county of the same name. It was burnt in 1776, by order of the British governor; but is now the most consi- derable commercial town in the state. The chief exports are tobacco, fiaur, corn, staves, and lumber. Here are two churches, and the harbour is large enough to contain 300 ships. The town stands on the E side of Elizabeth nver, near its entrance into the estuary of James river, 108 miles ese of Rich- mond. Lon. 76 30 w, lat. 36 55 N. Norfolk Island, an island in the Paci- fic ocean, lying e of New S. Wales, and settled by a colony of convicts, subor- dinate to that government. It was dis- covered in 1774, by captain Cook, who found it uninhabited, except by birds. It is very hilly, but some of the valleys are tolerably large. Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 12,000 feet high. Tlic whole island is covered by a thick forest, but has not much underwood ; and the principal timber tree is the 482 NOR pine, whit)! is veiy iiscfijl in 1>uildlM<2:, and seoms to be durabic. The soil, when cleared, may be rendered Aery prodncfivc. The spring is perceptible in Angnst; bnt the frees are in a con- stant succession of flowering- and fruit- ing the year round. In sntnnicr liie heat is e\cossi\e ; from I'ebrr.ary to Au- gust may be called the rainy season ; and the winter, from April to July, is very pleasant. The island is supplied with many streams of good water, which abound with very tine eels. The ciitls lonud the coast are 240 feet high, quite perpendienlar ; and anchorage is safe all round the island, on taking the lee side ; but there is no harbour. The settle- ment was made by a detachment from Port Jackson, in 1788, in Sydney bay, on the s side of the island. Lon. 108 12 E, lat. 29 4 s. Norham, a village in the detached part of Durham, called Norhamshire, seated on the Tweed, six miles sw of Berwick. Its castle, on the edge of a rock above the Tweed, has been many times taken and destroyed by the Scots, and as often rebuilt by the English. Norhohn, a tow n of Norway, in the diocese of Christiansand, 16 miles nne of Christiansand. Normandy, a late province of France, bounded on the w by the Atlantic, N by /lie English channel, e by Picardy and the Isle of France, and s by Perche, INIaine, and Bretagne. The Normans, a people of Denmark and Norway, hav- ing entered France under Rollo, Charles the Simple ceded this country to them iti 912, which from that time, was called Normandy. Rollo was the first duke, and held it as a fief of the crown of France, and several of his successors after him, till William, the 7th duke, conquered England, in 1066, from which time it became a province of England, till it was lost in the reign of king John, and re-united to the crown of France. The English, however, still keep pos- session of the islands on the coast, of which Jersey and Guernsey are the principal. It is one of the most fertile provinces in France, and abounds in all things except wine, but that defect is supplied by cider and peiTy. It con- tains iron, copper, and a great number of rivers and harbours. This province now forms the departments of Calva- i!os, Eure, Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine. Norridgewoch, a town of the district of Maine, in Lincoln county, situate on the Kennebeck, tO miles w by N of Ca- luaan. 493 N O R Xojfistoirti, a low u of Pcnnsyivania, capiltti of jMontgoiiif'ry county. It is seiited on the Schuylkill, 12 miles KW of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 24 w, lat. 40 ION. Nortefga, oi Nor Tclge, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Upland. It sufl'ered much from ravages committed by the Russians in 1719. Near it ia a foige for making fire-arms. It is 30 miles \E of Stockholm. Lon. 10 32 E. lat. 50 44 N. North Cape, an enormous rock at thft N end of the island Maggeroe, on the coast of Norway, and the most northern juomoiitory of Europe. Lon. 25 57 e- lat. 71 10 N. North Sea, a name given to that part of the Atlantic ocean, lying to the N of Great Britain and Ireland; and some- times to that part lying e of Great Bri- tain, more generally called the British or German ocean. NorthuUerto'ii, a borough in N. York- shire, with a market on Wednesday. Near this place was fought the cele- brated battle between the English and Scots, called the Battle of the Standard, in 1138. It is seated on a rivulet which a mile below joins the river Wisk, 32 miles NNW of York, and 222 N by w of London. Northampton, a town of Massachu- sets, capital of Hampshire county. It has a considerable inland trade, and is situate on the Connecticut, 100 miles w of Boston. Northampton, a borough and the capi- tal of Northamptonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Nen, which is naviga- ble to Lynn, and was formerly surround- ed by a wall, and had a castle. It was almost entirely de^troyed by fire in 1676, but was soon rebuilt. It has 4 churches, a spacious market-place, a good free- school, and a county infirmary and gaoJ. The principal manufacture is boots an(J shoes, of which many are made for ex- portation. In the meadows below the town, a battle was fought in 1460, be- tween Henry VI. and the Yorkists, in which the former was defeated and made prisoner. Two miles to the s is an an- cient structure, called Queen's Cross, erected by Edward I. in memory of his queen Eleanor. This town is 30 miles SE of Coventry, and 66 NW of Jjondon. Lon. 3 11 w, lat. 52 11 n. Northamptonshire, a county of Eng- land, 6G miles long and 22 where broad- est ; bounded on the s by Buckinghairj- .shire and Oxfordshire, w by the lallei county and Warwickshire, nw bj Lt;»- N O R eestershire and Rutlandshire, n by Lin- colnsliii e, and e by the counties of Cam- bridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford. It contains 617,000 acres; is dir/ded into 20 hundreds, and 336 parishes ; has one city and 11 market towns; and sends nine members to parliament. The num- ber of inhabitants in 1811, was 141,353. In the NE part, near Peterborough, com- mences a fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With this single exception, Northamptonshire is said to contain less waste ground, and more seats of the nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its greatest defect »s a scarcity of fael, which is but scan- lily supplied by its woods ; and though coal is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear rate. This county, how- ever, possesses some considerable re- mains of its old forests, particularly those of Rockingham on the nw, and ofSal- cey and Whittlebury on the s. Its pro- ducts are, m general, the same with tiiose of other farming counties ; but it is peculiarly celebrated for grazing land. Horned cattle, and other animals, are fed to extraordinary size ; and many torses of the large black breed are rear- ed. Woad for the dyers is cultivated «icre ; but the county is not distinguish- ed for manufactures. The principal ri- vers are the Nen and Welland ; beside which it is })artly watered by the Ouse, Learn, Cherwell, and Avon. Northfleet, a village in Kent, seated on the Thames, two miles w of Graves- end. The cluirch is very large, and contains fragments of monuments as ancient as liie fourteenth century. Vast quantities of lime are made here, and ^reat ruimbers of extraneous fossils have been dug up. Nort/deach, a town in Gloucestershire, witli a market on Wednesday, seated near the source of the Lech, 25 miles E of Gloucester, and 81 w by N of Lon- t!on._ Northop, a village of Wales, in Flint- sLire, three miles SE of Flint; noted for ilt, manufactures of coarse earthenware, fire-bricks, 8cc. Northorn, a town of Westphalia, in the comity of Bcntheim, on the river Vecht, 10 miles n of Bentheim. NortJmmherland, the most northern toiinty of England. In theSaxon hep- iirciiy it was a part of the kingdom of jhe Northumbrians, which contained also the counties of York, Lancaster, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmore- Jarid, and received its name from being situate N oftheHumber. It is of a tri- angular form, 64 miles the greatest NOR length, and 60 the greatest breadth; bounded on the e by the German ocean, s by the bishopric of Durham, w by Cumberland and Scotland, and n by the detached part of Durham called Norhamshire and Islandshire. It con- tains 1,157,760 acres; is divided into six wards, and 460 parishes ; and has 10 market towns. The number of inhabi- tants in 1811, was 172,161; and it sends six members to parliament. The soil is various ; the e part fruitful in most sorts of corn, with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers; but the w part i& mostly heathy and mountainous. The SE part abounds with thick seams of coal; and the sw angle Las rich lead mines. Limestone and iron ote abound in various parts. The principal rivers are the Tyne, Coquet, Aln, and Blyth. Alnwick is the county town ; but the largest is Newcastle. Narlhumberland, a town of Pennsylva- nia, in the county of its name, seated in the angle formed by the junction of the w and E branches of the Susquehanna, two miles above Sunbury, and 138 nw of Philadelphia, Northumberland Islands, a chain of islands in the Pacific ocean, near the-NE coast of New Holland. Lon. 152 e, lat. 22 s. Northumberland Strait, the s part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, between the island of St. John and the coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Northwich, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Friday, a cotton manufac- ture, and considerable salt-works. Mines of solid rock salt have been dug here to a great depth, from which immense quantities are raised ; and much of it, in its crude state, is conveyed to Liver- pool to be exported. Northwich is seat- ed on the Dan, at its junction with the Weever, 20 miles ne of Chester, and 174 NW of London. Norton, a town of Massachusets, in Bristol county. A great quantity of nails is made here, and it has a manu- facture of ochre similar to that of Taun- ton. It is 28 miles s of Boston. No7-ton, or Chipping Norton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Wed- nesday. Here is a freeschool founded by Edward VI. and a manufacture of horse-cloths, tilting, &c. It is 12 miles sw of Banbury, and 73 nw of London. Norton Sound, jan inlet of the sea, on the w coast of N. America, discovered by Cook in his last voyage. The en- trance is between Cape Denbigh on the E, and Cape Danby on the w, about 70 miles distance ; both lying in the same 491 NOR latitude, and the latter in Ion. 162 55 w, lat. 64 30 V. Nortvalk, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield county, with two churches, and some iron works. It has a small trade Vo the \Vest Indies, and is situate on an inlet of Long Island sound, 50 miles NE of New York. Lon. 73 47 w, lat. 41 9 N. Norwaif, a kingdom in the n of Eu- lope, the* most westerly part of the an- cient Scandinavia. It is bounded on the w and n by the Northern ocean, e by Swedish Lapland and Sweden, and s by the Categat ; extending from the Naze in lat. 57 30, to the North Cape in lat 71 10. Its breadth, which is very Unequal, is from 40 to 280 miles. It is naturally formed into two divisions, namel}', Northern, and Southern, or proper Norway, separated from each other by the small Swcdisli province of Herudahl. It is divided into ihe four governments of Aggerhuys,Chnstiana, or Christiansand, Berghen, and Dronthcim. From its rocky soil, and northern posi- tion, Norway is not populous in propor- tion to its extent. The niimber of inha- bitants is calculated at 1,000,000, who, like the Swiss mountaineers, are exceed- ingly attached to their country. In Norway, they have a particular code, called the Norway Law, eomjuied by Grieffelfeld, at the command of Christian V. the great legislator of this country. By this law, the palladium of Norway, the peasants are free, except in some aristocratic estates near I'rederickstadt ; and the benefits of this code were visi- ble in the great difference in their ap- pearance, between the free peasants in Norway and the enslaved vassals of Denmark, though both were living un- der the same government. The Nor- wegian peasants possess much spirit and fire in their manner ; are frank, open, and undaunted, yet not insolent; never fawning, yet paying proper respect. Their principal mode of salute is by of- fering their hand ; and when they are given or paid any trifle, the peasants, instead of returning thanks by words, or by a bow, shake hands with great frankness and cordiality. The same eauses which affect the population of Norway, operate likewise on the state of tillage ; for, although in some places vegetation is so quick, that the corn is sown and cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country does not produce suffi- cient corn for its own consumption. It is, how ever, exceedingly rich in pasture, and consequently produces much cattle, 'i'be horses are small, but stioogr, y&y 405 NOR active, and hardy. The fisheries, par- ticularly on the w coast, find employ- ment and wealth for the natives, and supplied the finest sailors for the Danish fleet. The principal fish are salmon, cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil ; and the smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. — The extensive forests of oak and pine produce timber, spars, beams, and planks, beside charcoal,t turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the birch (the bark of which is used as a co- vering for the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but also a kind of wine.— • The general exports are tallow, butter, salt, dried fish, timber, planks, horses, horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prnsk sian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ; the former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea ; but the rivers are in general of a shori* course, except the Glommen. The mountains are numerous, and generally clothed with pines and firs ; the grand Scandinavian chain, which runs from s to N, dividing this kingdom from Swe- den, is known by distinct appellations; the chief are the ridges of Langfial, Do- frafial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild animals are the bear, lynx, wolf, fox and hare ; but the most singular crea- ture is the lemming, or Norwegian mouse, of a reddish colour, and about five inches long. These animals pro- ceed in vast numbers from the ridge of Kolen to the sea, devouring every pro* duct of the soil in their course, and at last seem to devour each other. It was formerly governed by its own hereditar . sovereigns. On the demise of Hasen V. in 1319 without male issue, his grand- son in the female line, Magnus Smek, united in his person the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Maghus was succeeded in the kingdom of Norway by his son Hagen VI. husband of the celebrated Margaret, and athisdeneas«* in 1380, Norway was united to Den- mark by their son Olof V. who dyiujf without issue, Margaret herself wa."i raised to the throne by the unanimous voice of the nation. On her death, it descended with Denmark and Sweden to her nephew Eric. Sweden was af- terward separated from Denmark, by the valour and address of Gustavus Va- sa ; but Norway continued till lately united to Denmark. This country, though a separate kingdom, was ceded by the king^ of Denmark to Sweden, at the treaty of Kiel, in January 1814; but the people not approving of this cea- sJo«, had recourse to arms, in order to N () R resist the entrance of tiie S'.ve«tis!i troops into tlieir country; and the Diet elect- ed Prince Christian, the king of Den- mark's son, who was then governor, to the throne. However, on the conclu- sion of the war with France, the Allied Powers, who had previously promised this country to Sweden, if she would take an active part in the coalition against the French empire, now did all in their ])ower to enforce the cession. For this purpose a considerable body of their troops was marched into the Da- nish territories on the continent, to watch that power, and all the ports of Norway were blockaded by the Swedish and English fleets by sea, while the Swedish army, under the Crown Prince, entered Norway by laud. Amidst such united efi'orts, it was not to be expected the brave Norwegians could |,hold out long ; and, after the capture of Freder- jckstadt, and the passage of the Glom- men by the Swedes, Prince Christian, finding his army nearly surrounded, and a battle inevitaF)!e, saw all their resis- tance was useless : accordingly he of- fered terms, prDposing to resign his crown into the hands of the Diet, who were to bo assembled at Christiana by tlie beginning of October, and the state of the countiy laid before them by Prince Christian, and four Commission- ers from the king of Sweden, wJio were to be allowed to proceed there for tliat purpose. In the mean time, all the Swedish troops were to evacuate Nor- way except one division ; and the ma- jor part of the Norwegian army were to be disbanded. These terms were agreed to, ".md a truce was concluded till the decision of the Diet, Christian is the csipital. Norwich, a city and the capital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see, with a mar- ket on Wednesday, Friday, and Satur- day. It i« surrounded by a wall, now nnieh decayed, and seated on the Yare, which is navigable to Yarmouth. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and although of considerable extent, the poi)ulation in 1 81 1 was only 30,000, for it contains a number of gardens and or- chards within the walls. There are, beside the cathedral, 36 parish churches, two churches for the Flemings, some dissenting- meeting-houses, and a Ro- man catholic chapel. It has a stately caslle, on a hill, which is the shire-house and the county gaol ; also a city and county hospital, a lofty market-house of free-stone, a free school founded by Edward VI. and several charitable foun- dations. Near this city are the ruins of of tha castle of Kett, the taunei, by NOT whose rebellion, in the reign of Edward VI. the city was reduced to a ruinous state. Norwich has manufactures of crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds, which are still considerable^ though somewhat declined, on account of the rivalship of the cotton branches^ It is 43 miles N of IpsAvich, and 108 NE of London. Lon. 1 20 e, lat. 63 40 N. Norwich, a city of Connecticut, in New London county, with three churches. It is in three divisions, namely Chelsea, the Town, and Bean Hill. The executive courts of law are held at this place and New London al- ternately. Here are made paper of aW kinds, stockings, buttons, stone and earthen ware, and all kinds of forge work. It is seated at the head of navi- gation on the Thames, 12 miles n of New London. Lon 72 12 w, lat. 41 34 N. Nossen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, situate on the Freyberg Mul- dau, 18 miles w of Dresden. Notebw'g, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Petersburg, seated on an' island in the lake Ladoga, at the place where the Neva issues. It has a good citadel, and was capital of Ingria, be- fore Petersburg was built. It is 25 miles E of Petersburg. Lon. 31 9 % lat. 59 56 N. Nc;to, a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Noto. It was ruirired by an earth- quake in 1693, and near it another town was built called Noto Nuovo. It is 22 miles sw of Syracuse, Lon. 15 19 e, lat. 36 50 N. Nottingham, a borough and the capi- tal of Nottinghamshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is situate on the side and summit of a rock, into which are cut some small habitations, and nume- rous vaults or cellars. To the w of tlie town, on a rocky eminence, is the cas- tle, a magnificent modern structure, be- longing to the duke of Newcastle, built on the site of an ancient fortress, cele- brated in English history. It is a hand- some town, distinguished by its spacious market-place, and noted for its excel- lent ale. In 1811 it contained 37,256 inhabitants. It is one of the principal seats of the stocking maiuifacture, par- ticularly of the finer kinds, as those of silk and cotton ; and has also a manu- facture of coarse earthen M'are. The malting business is likewise considerable. It has three parish churches, and many meeting-houses for dissenters. In the neighbourhood are many coal pits, 466 NOV wbicfa afford plenty of fuel at liltlc ex- peace. At this town Charles I, set up liis standard, at the commencement of the civil war, which terminated in his destruction. Nottingham is seated on a river, which communicates with the Trent, one mile to the s. It is 16 miles E of Derby, and 124 N by w of London. Lon. 1 2 w, lat. 52 68 N. Nottingham, a town of Marjland, in Prince George county, situate on the Patuxent, 20 miles SE of Washing- ton, Nottingham, a town of New Hamp- shire, in Rockingham county, 14 miles KNw of Exeter. r Nottinghamshire, a county of Eng- land, 48 miles long and 20 broad ; bound- ed on the N by Yorkshire and Lincoln- sliire, E by the latter county, s by Lei- cestershire, and w by Derbyshire. It contains 495,360 acres ; is divided into eight hundreds, and 168 parishes ; and has nine market towns. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 162,900 ; and it sends eight members to parliament. It enjoys such a temperature of soil and climate, as to render it one of the most fertile and pleasant counties in England. The principal rivers are the Trent' and Idle. Almost the whole of the middle and western parts of the country were formerly occupied by the extensive fo- rest t)fShirwood,which is the only royal tisrest N of the Trent; but the wood has in most parts been cleared, and tlie extent of the forest much contracted by enclosures. The chief products of this county are coal, of which there is great plenty ; a kind of stone somewhat like alabaster, but not so hard, which, when burnt, makes a plaster exceedingly hard, and with this the inhabitants generally lay the floors of their upper rooms, in- stead of boarding them : its other com- modities are malt, hops, wool, liquorice, and woad. The manufactures chiefly consists of framework-knitting, glass, and earthen ware. Nova Scotia, a British province of N. America, which formerly, till 1784, in- cluded the province of New Brunswick. It is bounded on the s and se by the Atlantic, e by the gut of Canso, n by Northumberland strait, and Nw by New Brunswick and the bay of Fundy. Its length is 235 miles, from Cape Sable on the sw to Cape Canso on the ne ; its extreme breadth is 88 miles, but the mean of the peninsular part is not more than 45. It has several lakes and a vast number of small rivers." It is a penin- sula, lying SE of New Brunswick, and joined to it by a narrow isthmus, at the 4^7 NOV WE extremity of the bay of Fundy. The French settled here before they made any establishment in Canada, and called it Acadia. The first grant of lands wa^ made to sir WilHam Alexander, by James I. of England, from whom it re- ceived the name of Nova Scotia. Since its first settlement it has more than once changed rulers and proprietors, nor was it confirmed to England till the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. Though situate in a favourable part of the temperate zone, the atmosphere, for a great part of the year, is clouded with a thick fog, which renders it unhealthy ; and for four or five months it is intensely cold. A great part of the country lies in fbrest ; and the soil (except on the banks of the rivers) is thin and barren, Halifax is the capital. Nova Zemhla, an island in the Frozen ocean, separated from the continent oi Russia by the strait of Waigatz. It i;: 600 miles in length, and from 100 to 20C. in breadth. This country was disco- vered by the English in 1553; and it has since been visited by ships attempt- ing to discover a northeast passage. In 1595, a Dutch vessel being cast away on the coast, the crew were obliged to win- ter here, and with great difficulty pre- served their lives. Since that, some Russians have passed a winter without sufiisring so much. The country is re- presented as extremely desolate, pro- ducing no trees, nor any vegetable but moss and some few arctic plants. It is not supposed to have any human inha- bitants. The animals seen there are white bears, white foxes, elks, raindeer, and rabbits. Lon. 52 to 78 e, lat. 70 to 78 N. Novalle, a town of Italy, in the Tre- visano, 10 miles sw of Treviso. Novara, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, [capital of the Nova- rese. It contains 17 churches, beside the cathedral, and is seated on an emi- nence, 26 miles why s of Milan. Novellara, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denese, capital of a small principality, with a castle. It is 17 miles e by n of Parma, and 18 nnw of Modena. Novi, a town of the territory of Genoa, with a strong castle on a mountain. It is the principal deposit for goods goiujf from Genoa to Italy and Germany. Near this place, in 1799, the Austrians and Russians defeated the French, who lost nearly 10,000 men, aud their gene- ral Joubert was killed. It is 25 miles N by w of Genoa. Novi, a fortified town of Croatia, on the right bank of the Unna. In Vl'^ Kk NOV it was taken by the Austrians. It is 52 miles SB of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 53 £, lat. 45 8 N. Novi Bazar, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, seated near the Ores- co, 72 miles w of Nissa, and 103 s of Belgrade. Lon. 21 1 E, lat. 43 35 N. >f. Novigrad, a town of Upper Hun- gary, capital of a county of the same name,with a castle ; seated on a moun- tain, near the Danube, 25 miles n of Buda. - Novigrad, a town of Dalmatia, with a castle ; seated on a lake of the same name, near the gulf of Venice, 17 miles E of Nona, and 25 Nw of Zara. Novigrad, a strong place of European Turkey, in Servia, seated near the Da- nube, 35 miles N of Nissa. Nevogorod, a city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and formerly called Great Novogorod, to distinguisli it from other towns of the same appellation. It was, for a long time, governed by its own dukes ; and Avas, in fact, a republic, under the ju- risdiction of a nominal sovereign. Its territory extended to the N as far as the frontiers of Livonia and Finland ; com- prising great part of the province of Archangel, and a large district beyond the Nw limits of Siberia. It was the great mart of trade between Russia and tlje hanseatic cities, and made the most rapid advances in opulence, and popu- lation. Its power was so great, and its situation so impregnable, as to give rise to a proverb. Who can resist the Gods and Great Novogorod ? But in the 15th century, this independent republic was obliged to submit to Ivan Basilowitz I. grand duke of Russia. It continued, nevertheless, the laigest and most com- mercial city in Russia, and contained at least 400,000 souls. It was first deso- lated, in a manner, by the cruelties of Ivan Basilowitz ll. ; but its splendour was not totally eclipsed until Peter the great built Petersburg, to which he trans- ferred all the commerce of the Baltic that had before centered here. It now contains scarcely 7000 souls; and a vast number of churches and convents stand melancholy monuments of its former magnificence. The town stretches on both sides of the Volkofif, a river of considerable depth and rapidity, which separates it into two divisions ; namely, the Trading Part and the quarter of St. Sophia : in the latter is a cathedral of the same name, in which several princes of .the ducal family of Russia are inter- red. Novogorod is situate near tlie N end of the lake Ilmen, 125 miles SSB N U R of Petersburg. Lon, 31 4!j e, lat. 5d 26 N. Novogorod, Niznei, a city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It has a castle, surrounded by stone walls ; also two cathedrals, 28 parish chuiclies, and five convents. The trade is consider- able, and the shops richly iVirnished with all kinds of foreign and home goods. It is seated at the conflux oi the Occa with the Volga, 280 miles E by N of Moscow. Lon. 46 30 e, lat* 56 34 N. Novogorod, Sever skoi, a town of Rus- sia, capital of a government of the sanjr- name, seated on the Desna, 340 milek sw of Moscow. Lon. 32 40 e, lat. 52 20 N. Novogrodek, a town of Lithuania, ca- pital of a palatinate of the same name, seated on a hill in a vast plain, 80 miles s by e of Wilna. Lon. 26 8 e, Kt. 53 25 N. Novomirgorod, a town of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, 136 miles WNw of Catharinenslaf. Lon. 31 44 E, lat. 48 40 N. Noutra, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Cracow, near which are mines of gokl and silver. It is 30 miles s of Cracow. Noya, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The chief trade is in shipbuilding. It stands at the mouth of the Tambro,^ 15 miles w of Compostella. Noyers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, seated on the Serin, 19 miles ESE of Auxerre. Noyon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise. It gave birth to the famous Calvin ; and was lately an epis- copal see. It is seated near the Oise, 22 miles nw of Soissons, and 60 N by E of Paris. Nozeroy, a town of France in the department of Jura, with a castle, seated on a mountwin, 20 miles se of Salins. Nubia, a country of Africa, bounded on the N by Egypt, e by the Red sea, s by Abyssinia and Darfoor, and w by Bornou. It is about 600 miles in length, and 450 in breadth. The Nile runs through it; on the banks of which it is fruitful, but in other places barren, sandy, and destitute of water. The in- habitants make their bread and drink of a small round seed called doca, or self, which is a kind of millet. Their houses have mud walls, are very low, and co- vered with reeds. The dress of the better sort is a vest without sleeves, and they have no coverings for their heads, 408 N U R legs, and feet. The common people wrap ft piece of linen cloth about them, and the children go quite naked. They are a stupid debauched people, but pro- fess to be Mahometans. The produc- tions of the country are gold, elephant's teeth, civet, and sandal-wood ; and a great many slaves are sent into Egypt. It is divided into several kingdoms, and those best known to the Euiopeans are Sennar and Dongola. Nuez, a town of Sain, in the pro- vince of Leon, on the borders of Portu- gal, 15 miles e of Braganza, and 48 w of Zamora. Nidtz, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, famous for its excellent wines. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 15 miles ssw of Dijon. Nun, or Vied de Nun, a province in the s part of the kingdom of Sus. The emperor of Morocco arrogates to him- self the sovereignty, but his real au- thority is extremely feeble. This de- sert province is inhabited by different tribes of Arabs, whose camps are scat- tered over such interior parts of the country as are capable of cultiv-ation. It has a river of the same nante, which enters the Atlantic on the N Mde of cape Non. Nundydroog, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, capital of a considerable district, in Mysore. It is built on the summit of a mountain, 1700 feet in height, the greater part inaccessible ; but was besieged and taken by the Eng- lish, under lord Cornwallis, in 1793. It is 70 miles n of Seringapatara. Nuneaton, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Saturday, and manu- factures of woollen cloth and ribbons. It was formerly noted for its nunnpry, and is seated on the river Anker, nine miles N by e of Coventry, and 98 nw of London. Nunjinugodu, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a ruinous fort, and a large square temple. It is situate in the fork formed by the junction of the Ka- tindini with the Kapini, 12 miles s by e of Mysore. Nunny, a village in Somersetshire, 3 miles 8w of Frome. Here are the ruins of a strong castle, the shell of which still remains nearly perfect It was burnt by the parliament forces in 1645. Nurenberg, a city of Franconia, capi- hl of a territory of the same name, with a university. It is six miles in circum- ^rence, surrounded by high walls, flank- ed with 365 towers; and through the middle of it flows the river Pegnitz, over 4d9 N Y K which are six stone briilges and i«vcia! of wood. The inhabitanls, estimated at 30,000, are very industrious, and the best workmen in arts : their maps and prints are in high esteem, as well as their musical and mathematical instru- ments; nor are they less curious in clockwork, and in the several manufac- tures of iron, steel, ivory,wood, and ala- baster. The best toys are made liere, which are commonly known in England by the name of Dutch toys. Here is a famous academy tor ])ainting, an anato- mical theatie, and a public library. The ancient castle or palace, is still standing at the extremity of the city ; and the arsenal is one of the best in Germany. The houses are built of freestone, aiid are four or iive stories high. Though the religion is the Lutheran, the church of the Holy Ghost has a variety of re- lics ; as also the imperial crown, scep- tre, &c. the sword of St. Maurice, and the gloves, slippers, and hereditary crown of emperor Rodolph II. In 1807, by tlie treaty of Tilsit, it was given to Bavaria. It is 95 miles n by w of Mu- nich, and 250 wNW of Vienna. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 49 27 N. Nurtingen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, with a hospi- tal, founded in 1481, said to be the rich- est foundation in the kingdom. It is situate on the Neckar, 14 miles SE of Stutgard. Niisserpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a country of the same name, in the province of Sindy. It is situate on the Sinde, 58 miles ne of 1'atta. Lon. 68 22 E, lat. 25 18 N. ' Nuys, a town of Germany, in the arch- bishopric of Cologne. It has a college of Augustine canons, and a trade in coal and deals. It was taken by the French in 1794 ; and is seated on the Erfft, near its conflux with the Rhine, 22 miles nnw of Cologne. Nyhorg, a seaport of Denmark, on the E coast of the isle of Funen. The remains of the old palace, in which Christian II. was born, now serves for a magazine and arsenal. It is seated on a bay of the Great Belt, 10 miles e of Odensee. Lon. 10 40 £, lat. 55 30 N. Nykioping, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with a good harbour, on the gulf of Lymford. It stands on the e side of the island of Mors, which is formed by branches of the gulf, 40 miles w by 8 of Alburg. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 56 62 K. Nykoping, a seaport of Denmark, ea<- pitHl of the isle of f alster, wliich a i(tyt\ O A M palace, and one of the best endowed hospitals in the kingdom. It stands on a narrow channel, opposite the isle of Lakind, 60 miles ssw of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 58 E, lat. 64 60 N. Nykoping, a town of Sweden, capital of Sudermania, with a harbour, and the remains of a strong castle. It is seated on a river of the same name, near the Baltic, 70 miles sw of Stockholm. Lon. 17 27 E, lat. 68 35 N. Nytandf a province of Sweden, in Finland, lying on the gulf of Finland, to the w of Carelia. It is 120 miles long and from 30 to 60 broad ; and is a fertile pleasant country, being better peojjled and cultivated than the neigh- bouring provinces. The chief trade is in corn, cattle, planks, linen, and dried lish. The see of Borgo is in this pro- vince, but Helsingfors is the principal town. Ni/slot, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Wiburg,on the lake Saima. The castle, which stands on a rock in a river, near the town, is stiongly fortified by nature and art. It was taken from the Swedes, in 1714, by the Russians, who restored it at the peace of Nysfadt ; but it was given up to the Russians by the treaty of Abo. It is 60 miles NW of Wiburg. Niftlot, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Livonia, with a castle; 20 miles s by w of Narva. Nystadt, a town of Sweden, in Fin- land Proper, with a commodious har- b(H!r, and a considerable trade in all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 a jie.ice was concluded here, between Russia and Sweden. It is seated on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 55 miles Nw of Abo. Lon. 21 31 e, lat. 61 10 N. Nysted, a town of Denmark, on the 6E coast of the isle of Laland. It car- I ivs on a considerable trade to the nor- thern provinces of Germany, and is 19 miles ESE of Naxkow. O O, or St. Martin, d'O, a town of France, in the department of Orne, 5 miles s of Argentan. Oaliaha, a river of Louisiana, which falls into the Mississippi, from the nw iu lat. 39 10 N, and 7 miles N of Riviere an Beuf. Oalioona, one of the Ingraham isles, which is said to be the northernmost of f} this cluster. It lies about 10 leagues dm O B Y NE of Nooheva. To this islftnd Captain Roberts gave the name of IMassachu- setts. Captain Ingraham had before called it Washington. Ouklmm, the chief town of Rutland- shire, with a market on Saturday. Near the church are the decaying walls of an old castle ; and four silver pennies of the latter Mercian kings were found here in 1749. It is seated in the cen- tre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of Catmose, 28 miles s by e of Notting- ham, and 95 N by w of London. Lon* 46 w, lat. 52 42 N. Oak/iampton, a borough in Devon- shire, governed by a mayor, with ^^ market on Saturday. It has a manu> facture of .serges, and the remains ot' \ castle, dismantled by Henry VIII. It .stands on the river Oak, 24 miles w of Exeter, and 195 w by s of London. Oakingham, See Wokingham. Oaks Creek. See Caniaderago. Oban, a village of Scotland, in Ai- gyleshire, seated three miles to the s of the entrance of Loch Etive. Here i« an excellent harbour, cnpable of con- taining upward of 500 merchantmen, defended from the westerly winds by the island of Kerrera. It is 22 miles Nwof Inverary. Ohduch, a town of Germany, in Stiria, at the conflux of the Achza and Trann, 9 miles se of Judenburg. Obeikirch, a town of Suabia, 15 miles £ of Strasburg, and 50 w by s of Stut- gard. Obemberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seated on the Inn, 12 miles ssw of Passau. Obemdorf, a town of Suabia, in the county of Hohenberg, seated on the Neckar, 8 miles nne of Rothweil. Obtdos, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, Avith a strong castle on a rock, 13 miles e of Peuiche, and 38 nne of Lisbon. Obotlah, a strong town of Persia, in Irac-Agerni, seated on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora. Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in tlic Frozen ocean, about 360 nulcs from N 1o s, and from 45 to 60 in breadth. Near the middle of its e side branches out the gulf ol'Tazowskaia, about 140 miles long and 30 broad. The sw ex- tremity of the gulf of Obskaia, where the river Oby enters it, is in lon. 60 16 E, lat. 66 55 N. Obvinsk, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Perm, situate on the Kama, 60 miles N of Perm. Lon. 56 e, lat. 5b} 44 N. 0%, or Oh, the largest river of Sib«» ODE riii, «inl of the Russian enipii e. It is- mies from tlie lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska, and runs Nw and w, by Kolivan, Narim, and Surgut, till it re- ceives the Irtysh from Tobolsk, when it fkiws N and ne till it enters the gnlf of Obskaia, after a course of 1900 miles. It is navigable almost to its source, and is a large smooth stream, aboujiding in fish. In its course, especially after the influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great number of islands. OcaiuM, a town of Terra Firma, in tlie province of St. Martha, on the Rio de Oro, which flows to the IMadaleiia. It is 240 miles s by e of St. Martha. Lon. 73 26 w, lat. 7 40 N. Ochsetifurt, a town of Tranconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine, 10 miles se of Wurtz- burg. Ochsenhausen, a town of Suabia, near which is a late princely abbey. It is 14 miles s of Ulm, and 40 wsw of Augs- burg. Ocker, a river of Lower Saxony, which rises in the s part of the duchy of Brunswick, flows by Goslar, Wol- fenbuttle, and Brunswick, and joins the Aller, E of Zcll. Ocrida. See Lochrida. Oczakow, or Otchahof, a strong sea- port and fortress of Russia, in the go- vernment of Catharinenslaf. It has been frequently an object of contest between the Turks and the Russians, many thou- Hands uf whom, on both sides, have fal- len in the difierent sieges it has under- gone. It was taken by storm by the Russians, in 1788, and was confirmed to Russia by the subsequent peace. This important place is the key to both the Bog and the Dnieper, rivers of great consequence to this part of the empire. It is sealed near the Black Sea, on the N side of the estuary of the Dnieper, op- posite Kinburn, 50 miles w of Cherson, and 190 N by e of Constantinople. Lon. 30 30 E, lat. 46 35 N. Odclena, a town of Guinea. See George del Mina. Odenbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Fonts; seated on the Glan, 34 miles sw of Mentz. Oileii^ee, a town of Denmark, capital of the isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. It sujjplifcs the greatest part of the army villi all their leather accoutrements, and is particularly famous for g'.cves. 1 1 ei o are also manufactures of cloth, su- gar, and soap. It is situate on a river, six miles from the bay of Stegestrand, and 90 w by s of Copenhagen. Lou. I') 17 p., lat. 55 30 N. 60J O E L Oder, a river of Germany, which has its source in the mountains of Moravia, and flows N to Oderberg ; then passes by Ratibor, Oppeln, Breslau, and (Jlo- gau, i\i Silesia; Crossen, Frankfort, Le- bus, Custrin, and Frinwalt, in Branden- burg ; and Gartz, Stettin, Caniiii, Wol- lin, Usedom, and Wolgast, in I'onieia- nia. Below Stettin it forms a I;ii;i,f lake or bay, called Gross Tlalf, and then en- ters the Baltic sea by three (channels, called Peene, Swiji, and Divvcnow ; be- tween \vhic4i lie the islands of Lscdom and Wollin. Oderberg, a town of Moravia, on the confines of Miksia, with a castle, seated on the Oder, at the influx of the Elsa, IS miles NNW ofTeschen, Oderberg; a toun of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, situate on the Oder, 25 miles Nvr of Cuslrin. Odernhe'nn, a town of Germany, in tlie palatinate of the Rhine; seated on the Seltz, 14 miles s of Menlz. Odernlieim, a town ofGeimany, in the duchy of Deux i^onts; seated on the Glan, near its conflux with the Nahe, 28 miles sw of Mentz. Odessa, a fortified seaport of Russia, in the government of Calhorinenslaf, seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 44 miles w by s of Oczakow. Lou. 29 24 E, lat. 46 28 N. Odei/pour, a town of ITinduoslaii, ea- jiital of Jushpour, in the province of Orissa. It is 60 miles Nt of Knttiin- pour, and 220 NW of Cattack. Lon. 83 22 E, lat. 22 37 N. Odiham, a town in Hanip.shiie, with a market on Saturday. Ilerc arc the remains of an ancient caslle, and of a royal palace, barns, &^c. It is seatad on the Basingstoke canal, 24 miles ne of Winchester, and 42 w Lij s of London. Oehsjeld, a town of Low cr Saxony, in the duchy of Magdcbnrg, seated on the Aller, 22 miles ne of Brunswick. Oederan, a town of Lppcr Saxony, in Misnia, situate near the Flohe, nine miles ENE of Chemnitz. Oeland, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, separated from the coast of Gothland, by a strait 12 miles broad iii the narrowest part. It is 80 miles long, but not more than nine broad. The n part has fine forests, and quarries of ex- cellent freestone; but the s part is more level, and very fertile. Both parts abound in alum mines. Borklioliw is the chief town, seated on the stiait, V2 miles ENE of Calmar. Lon. 16 50 e, lat. 56 48 N. OcU, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a O H E castle. It stauda on the river Oeb, 17 niiles ENE of Breslau. Lon. 17 31 e, lat. 51 12 N. Oelsnitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtland, seated on the Elster, 6 miles s by E of Plauen. - Oepen, or Eupen, a town of the Ne- llierlands, in Limburg, with considera- ble manufactures of cloth ; situate on the Weze, four miles ene of Limburg. Oesel, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of Livonia, at the entrance of the gulf of Riga. It is 74 miles long and 50 broad, defended by two forts, and be- longs to Russia. Arensbnrg is the ^ca- pital. Getting, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn, eight miles nw of Burk- liausen. Oettingen, a town of Suabia, capital of a county of the same name, with a ■well-endowed college. It is seated on the Wirnitz, 12 miles nnw of Donawert, and 28 s of Anspach. Lon. 10 40 e, lat. 48 56 N. Offa's Dike, an entrenchment of En- gland, cast up by Offa, a Saxon king, to defend England from the incursions of the Welsh. It extends through Here- fordshire, Shropshire, Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire, from the Wye to the Dee. Offanto, a river of Naples, which rises in the Apennines, passes by Conza and Monte Verde, separates Capitanata from Basilicata and Terra di Barri, and enters the gulf of Venice, near Barletta. It is the ancient Aufidus. Offen. See Buda. Offenhach, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine and county of Isenberg, seated on the s side of the Maine, live miles e of Frankfort. Orenburg, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, seated on theKintzig, 10 miles 8E of Strasburg. Offida, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona, 26 miles s of Lo- reto. Ogersheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 12 miles N of Spire. Oglio, a river which rises in the prin- cipality of Trent, enteis Italy and flows between the provinces of Bergamasco and Bresciano, through the lake of Ise- ro, to the borders of the Milanese, and turning SE enters the Mantuan, where ft joins the Po, above Bor^oforte. Ogmo, a town of the kingdom of Si- am, scaled at the nl' point of the gulf of Siam, 56 miles SE of Slam. Lon. 101 28 E, lat. 13 33 N. Oheierao, an island in tlie Pacific O H R ocean, 13 miles in circuit. It has no harbour, and is neither so populous nor fertile as the islands to the n of it; yet its manufactures are of a superior kind. The cloth is of a better die, and the spears and clubs are better carved and polished. The people are lusty and well made, and ratiier browner than those of Otaheite. Lon. 150 47 w, lat. 22 27 s, Ohio, a river of N. America, which has its source in the Allegany moun- tains, and is called the Allegany, till its junction with the Monongahela at Pitts- burg, when it first receives the name of Ohio. It bounds the states of Ohio and Kentucky in its whole length ; and thf only disadvantage it has, is a rapid, ju^ below Louisville, one mile and a ha\i long, and about 480 miles from its mouth. In this place the river runs over a rocky bottom, above 1000 yards broad; and when the stream is low, empty boats only can pass, but when high, boats of any burthen may pass in safety. The Ohio carries a great uni- formity of breadth, from 400 to 60d yards, except the last 150 miles, where it is from 800 to 900 yards. After a course of 1188 miles from Pittsburg, m which it receives "many large and small rivers, it enters the Mississippi in lat. 36 58 N. Ohio, one of the United States of America, lying between 38 30 and 42 2 N lat. and 80 18 and 83 53 w lon. It is bounded on the N by the territory of Michigan and Lake Erie, Eby Pennsyl- vania. SE and s by the Ohio, and w by Indiania. This country, affirmed to be the most healthy and fertile spot in America, is divided into five districts ; the North West, Cincinnata, Chilicotha, Marietta, and New Connecticut. Its principal rivers are the Muskingum, Hockhocking, and Sciota, which run into the Ohio, and the Cayahaga, which runs into Lake F'rie. There are no slaves in this state. The largest town, at present, is Marietta, but Chillicotbe is the capital. Ohlau, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Bricg, with a fine castle. Great quantities of tobacco are produ- ced in the neighbourhood. It is situate on the Ohia, 16 miles se of Breslau. Ohrdruf, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a castle, and numer- ous manufactures, eight miles sse of Goth a. Ohringen, a town of Franconia, capi- tal of the principality of Hohenlohe, with an academy. In the vicinity of the town many Roman antiquities have 303 OLD been found since 1741. It stands on the river Ohrn, >vhich divides it into the old and new town, 28 miles ssw cf Mcrgentheini. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 49 11 N. Oich, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in In- vemess-shire, extending four miles from E to w. It contains some little wooded islands ; and its outlet at the N end is the river Oich, which flows by Fort Augustus into the s extremity of Loch Ness. Otre, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with an old castle ; seated at the foot of the Appcuiues, 20 miles ne ^ Tarento. Otse, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of the Isle of France. It takes its name from a river, which has its source in the Ar- dennes, and joins the Seine, below Pcn- toise. Beauvais is the capital. Okotsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a province of the same name, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk. It is seated at the mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the Pa- cific ocean, called the sea of Okotsk, 4JX) miles ese of Yakutsk. Lon. 143 12 E, lat. 59 20 N, Oldenburg, a duchy of German}', in the circle of Westphalia; bounded on the E by the duchy of Bremen, s by the principality of Muaster, w by E Frics- land, and n by the German ocean. It was formerly a county, united with Dd- menhorst, and when the line of its counts became extinct, in 1667, it devolved to the royal family of Denmark. In 1773 it was exchanged by Denmark with the graml duke of Russia, for the district of Kiel in Holstein ; and, in 1777, the em- peror of Germany raised Oldenburg and Delmcnhorst to the rank of a duchy. The iiilialiitants are of the Lutheran re- ligion. Oldenburg, a fortified town of West- phalia, capital of the duchy of its name, with a citadel, in which a governor re- sides. The church of St. Lambert con- tains the tombs of the last counts of Ol- denburg, which are very curious. It is .seated on the Hunta, 22 miles w of-Brc- men. Lon. 8 6 e, lat. 53 7 N. Oldenburg, a town of Lov/er Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 28 miles n of Lubec. Oldensael, a. town of Holland, in Ovcryssel, capital of the country of Twent. It is 30 miles e of Deventer. Oldeshlie, a town of Lower Saxony, in m the duchy of Holstein, seated on the Trave, 17 miles w of Lubec. Old/mm, a town in Lancashire, built oa high ground, on a branch of tlic 503 O L M Medlock and near the Irk, wboM streams carry on the machinery, &c. of numerous manufactures. It is four miles N of Manchester. Oldtown, a town of Maryland, in Al- leghany county, on the N side of the Po- tomac, 14 miles se of Cumberland, and 140 w by N of Baltimore. Olene, a town in Westphalia, with considerable iron-works, on tLe river Bigge, 32 miles s of Arensberg. Oleron, an island of France, five milea from the w coast, opposite the mouth of the Charente. It is 14 miles long and five broad, populous and tertile. This island was formerly in the possession of the crown of England ; and here Ri- chard I. compiled the code of maritime laws, called the Laws of Oleron, which are received by all nations in Europe, as the ground and substruction of all their marine constitutions. Oleron, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, with a castle ; seated on the e side of the island of Oleron, 13 miles wsw of Rochefort. Lon. I 15 w, lat. 45 48 N. Oleron, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Pyrennees, seated on the Gave, 10 miles sw of Pau. Oleslio, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Beltz, 48 miles ese of Beltz. Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, with a citadel, 20 miles e of Lucko. Olinda. See Fernamhuco. Olita, a town of Spain, in Navarre, where their kings formerly resided, but now much reduced. It is seated in a fertile country, 20 miles N of Tudela. Oliva, a seaport of West Prussia, si- tuate on a bay of the gulf of Dantzic. — Here is a celebrated monastery, which contains several tombs of the dukes of Pomerama, and in it a peace was con- cluded in 1660, between the emperor of Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland. It is 10 miles avnw of Dantzic. Lon. 18 32 E, lat. 64 24 n. Olivenca, a town and fortress of Spain, in Estremadura. This place, witli its territory, belonged to Portugal, but was ceded to Spain in 1801. It is 15 miles ssE of Elvas, and 16 ssw of Badajoz. Ollerion, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Friday, seated on the river Maun, 13 miles n\v of Newark, and 137 N by w of London. Olmedo, a town of Spain, in Leon, seated near the Adaja, 25 miles 8 oi Yalladolid. Olmvtz, the capital of Moravia, and an archbishop's sec, w it!i a famous liui- O M B vcrsity, and a strong castle, uicd as a 5tate prison. It is fortified, well built, ami erit'rfly surrounded by tlie river ]Monuj. This city was taken, in 1741, by the kiiip of Prussia ; and in 1768 he attempted it again, but was obliged to raise the siege. The empeiors of Rus- sia and Austria met here in 1805, pre- vious to the battle of Austerlitz. It is 80 miles N by e of Vienna, and 97 s of Jlreslau. Lan. 17 15 E, lat. 49 33 N. Ohiei/, a town in Buckinghamshire, with a market on Monday, andamanu- fseture of bouelace ; seated on the Ouse, 12 miles SE of Northampton, and 55 nnw of London, Olonetz, a government of Russia, in- cluded formerly in tlie government of Novogorod. In this district are mines of copper atid iron. The capital is of the same name, and near it is a mineral «pring and an iron forge* It is situate on the river Olonza, near its entrance into the lake of Ladoga, 100 miles cross the lake, ne of Petersburg. Lon. 34 20 £, lat. 61 26 N. Ohnetz Mmmtaiiis, a chain of moun- t;iiiis in the Nw part of Russia, which jiuis in a direction almost due N for the ftpace of 1000 miles, forming part of the boundary between this country and Sweden, Ohmne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee, 35 miles^w of Fon- %< iiiiy le Comte. Olphefi, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 17 miles ssw of Minister. Oken, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic, in the canton of Soleure ; seated on the Aar, 17 miles ene of So- le i i.e. Oli/mpiis, a. mountain of Asiatic Tur- key, in Natolia, one of the most consi- iit-ra!)k' in all Asia. The ancients sup- |K)seil its top reached the heavens: and from that circumstance placed the resi- df'iKP olthe gods there, and made it the (duif of Jupiter. It is 10 miles to the $!■: of P>iifsa. Omagh, a town (jf Ireland, in the comity of Tyrone, 20 miles ne of Innis- kiiiiiig. <}>}iHu, a province of Arabia Felix, bruiidcd oil lije Nw by the Persian gulf, N f. aiul SE by the ocean, and sw by c\feiisiye deserts. It is possessed by |a jiiinibor i>f petty sovereigns, the most foiisidorabic of whom is the imam of < h«an, or JVlascat. The chief tovo is ajaPt-al. QtnOo, a town of JCgypt, on the right \tutik of the Niic, 2G miles n of Ewie. ONE . Omhrone, a town of Tuscany, in llip Siennese, at the mouth of the river Om^ brone, five miles s of Grossctto. Omegna, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, on tlie NE side of the lake Orta, 25 miles NNw of Novara. Omer, St. a fortified town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais. It owes its name and importance to a saint, who built a grand monastery here in the seventh century. Before the revolu- tion it was a bishop's see. The prin- cipal church, and that cf St. Bertin, are magnificent. About a lea^c from the town is a great morass, in wliich are some floating islands. St. Omar is seated on the Aa, on the side of a hill, eight miles nw of Aire, and 135 N of Paris. Lon. 2 15 e, lat. 50 44 N. Ommeii, a town of Holland, in Overys- sel, seated on the Vecht, 17 miles ne of Deventer. Ommirabili. See Morheys. Omoa, a town of Mexico, in Hondu- ras, with a strong fortress. It was ta- ken by the British, in 1779, by esca- lade ; but the garrison left could not remain long in possession. It is seated on the bay of Honduras, 80 mites nnw of Valladolid. Lon. 88 47 w, lat. 15 40 N. Omsk, a tow n and fortress of Russia,, in the government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of the Om with the Irtysh, 350 miles sE of Tobolsk. Lon. 74 64 E, lat. 54 14 N. Onecote, a village in Staffordshire, eight miles N by E of Cheadle, noted for the rich copper mines in its vici- nity. Omeheow, one of the Sandwich islands in the Pacific ocean, five leagues w of Atooi. Its eastern coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea, but the other parts consist of low ground, ex- cept around bluff head on the sE point. It produces plenty of yams, and of a sweet root called Tec. Lon. 161 w, lat. 21 50 N. Oneg, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Archangel, on the river One- ga, near the White sea, 80 miles ssw of Archangel. Lon. 37 24 E, lat. 63 35 N. Onega, a river and lake of Russia, in the government of Olonetz. The lake is 100 miles long, and 40 broad, and has a communication with the lake liodoga. The river gives its name to a country full of woods, and flows into the White sea. Oueglia, a small principality of Italy, tiurrouaded by the territory of (Jenoa O N T knd the sea. It abounds iu olive-oiI, fmils, and wine. Onegh'a, oj- Oneille, a seaport of Italy, capital of the principality of Oneglia, — ■ Iu 1792, the French took it by storm, and set it on fire in several places. It is sealed at the moutli of the Imperiale, 65 miles sw of Genoa. Lon. 7 67 E, iat. 43 58 N. Oneida, a town of New York, chief of a county of the same name, seated on Oneida creek. 20 miles sw of Fort Stan- wix. Lon. 75 20 w, Iat 43 10 N. See Orwndago. Onezkoe, a lake of Russia, in the go- vernment of Olonetz, 120 miles long, and 40 broad. It contains several islands. Otigar, or Chipping Ongar, a town in Essex, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles w of Chelmsford, and 21 ene of London. Ongole, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, capital of a circar of its name. It is 78 miles ssw of Condapilly, and 166 N by w of Madras. Lon. 79 66 E, Iat. 16 28 N. Onolzhach. See Anspach. Orwndago, or Oneida, a lake of New York, lying between the counties of Onondago and Oneida. It is 20 miles w of Fort Stanwix, and extends west- ward about 20 miles, where its outlet, the river Onondago, runs into lake Ontario, at Oswego. At the n e corner of the lake, is Wood creek, and at the sw corner is Oneida creek ; on their banks live a tribe of Indians, called Oneidas ; and the Onondagos, another tribe, occupy the couuliy s of the lake and river. Onondago Castle, a town of New York, ill Onondago county, formerly the chief town of a tribe of Indians, called Onon- dagos. It is.45 miles sw of Fort Stan- wix, and 47 se of Oswego. Lon. 7336 w, Iat. 42 58 N. Onore. See Honatvera, Onrnst, a small island near the coast tit" Java, at the mouth of the harbour of Batavia. Here the Dutch repair their ships, mid have large warehouses. Ontiiriu, A lake of North America, si- tuate belw ten 75 and 79 w lon. and 43 and 44 N Iat. Its length is 180 miles, and 50 its medium breadth. On its sw part it receives the waters of Lake Erie, (by the river Niagara) and near the se the Onondago river; and on the ne is its outlet, the river Iroquois, or St. Law- rence. It is 500 miles in circumference, and abounds with fish, among which are the Oswego bass, weighing Ihree or four pounds. The i&lands are princi- 505 O P o pally at the eastern end, the chief cf which are Wolf, Amherst, Gage, and Howe. Oodamalh a town of Hindooslan, in Coimbetore, 30 miles sse of Coimbc- tore. OoTbalashka, one of the islands of the Northern Archipelago, visited by Cook in his last voyage. The natives aj*- pearcd to be very peaceable, having been restrained by the Russians, who now keep them in a state of subjection. As the island furnishes them with sub- sistence, so it does, in some measure, with clothing, which is chiefly com- posed of skins. The upper ganneii^ which is made like a waggoner's froclg reaches down to the knees. Besidi this, they wear a waistcoat or two, a pair of breeches, a fur cap, and a pair of boots, tlie legs of which are formed of some kind of strong gut, but the soles and upper leathers are of Russia leather. Fish and other sea animals, birds, roolants, split to the thickness required. Ail sewing is performed by the females, who are siioemakcrs, tailors, and boat- builders. They manufacture mats, and baskets of grass, which are both stroiig and beautilul. There is a neatness and perfection in most of their works, that shows they are not deficient in ingenuity and perseverance. Lon. 166 w, Iat. 53 5 N. Oostborch, a town and fort of the Netherlands, in the isle of Cadsand, four miles NE of Sluys. Oosteriby, a town of Sweden, in the isle of Oeland, 27 niile^ s of Borkholm. Ootampaliam, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in the country of Dindigui, 68 miles sw of Dindigui. Lon. 77 26 E, Iat. 9 43 N. Ootatore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 22 miles NNw of Tanjore, and 80 sw of Pondicheny. OpJieim, a town of Norway, in the province of Bergen, 46 miles nne ot Bergen. Oporto, or Porto, a city and seaport of Portugal, in Entre Donero e Miiiho, and a bishop's see. It is by natun^ »1- lauat impregnable ; and is noted tli its O R A strong' wines, of wliich large quantities are exported to England; whence all red wines from Spain or Portugal are called Port wines. The other chief ex- ports are oranges, lemons, &c. and linen cloth to Erasil. Its commerce greatly increased after the earthquake at Lis- bon, in 1755; before that time the po- pulation was estimated at 20,000, and it is now said to be 60,000. It is seated on the side of a mountain, near the river Douero, which forms an excellent harbour, 147 miles n by e of Lisbon. — Lon 8 22 w, lat. 41 10 n. Oppeln, a strong town of Silesia, ca- pital of a principji-lity of the same name, with a catholic collegiate church. It has a great trade in wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 miles se of Breslau. Lon. 18 E, lat. 50 39 N. Oppenhdin, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. The vicinity produces excellent wine. It is seated on the side of a hill, 12 miles SSE of Mentz. Oppido, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, at the foot of the Appenines, 25 miles NE of Reggio. Oppido, a town of Naples, in Basilica- ta, five miles sse of Acerenza. Oppurg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle, four miles wsw of Neuitadt. Orach, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 miles gw of Belgrade. N Oran, a city and seaport of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, with au excel- lent harbour, almost opposite Carthage- na, in Spain. It was taken by the Spa- niards in 1509, and re-taken in 1708. — In 1732, the Spaniards became masters of it again, and have kept it ever since. In 1790, it was destroyed by an earth- quake, little beside the exterior walls being left standing ; and 2000 persons perished. It has a parish church, three monasteries, a hospital, and a military school ; and is surrounded by forts and batteries. Close to the city is a strong castle, Alcazava, in which the Spanish governor resides. A consif 006 ORE its salt works, 26 miles e of Frank- fort OrbiteJlo, a seaport of Italy, capital of Stadi delli Presidii, with a good harbour protected by several forts. It is seated ou the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Albeg^na, 68 miles s by w of Si- enna. Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 42 28 N. Orbre, a river of France, which rises in the Cevennes, flows by Beziers, and enters the gulf of Lyons, at Serignan. . Or cades. See Orkneys. Orchies, a town of France, in tlie de- partment of Nord, 12 miles sse of Lisle. ' Orchilla, a small island of the Carib- bean sea, 80 miles n of the coast of Ter- ra Firma. Lon. 65 20 e, lat. 12 n. Orchimont, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Luxemburg, situate on the Semoy, 18 miles n of Sedan. Ordingen, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Cologne ; seated near the Rhine, 36 miles nne of Cologne. Orduna, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated in a valley, surrounded by high mountains, 20 miles sw of Bilboa. Orebro, a town of Sweden, capital of Nericia. In the middle of it, on a small island formed by the Swart, stands the castle, formerly a royal residence. It has a considerable trade with Stockholm, across the lakes Hielmar and Maeler, by means of the river and canal of Ar- boga; sending iron, vitriol, and red paint, in particular, to that capital. Ore- bro is seated near the w extremity of the lake Hielmar, 105 miles w by s of Stock- holm. Lon. 15 12 E, lat. 59 30 n. Oregrund, a seaport of Sweden, in Up- land, on the gulf of Bothnia, opposite the small island of Ginson. The chief article exported is iron, from the long celebrated mine of Danamora in its vi- cinity. It is 70 miles N of Stockholm. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 60 21 n. Orel, A government of Russia, once a province of the government of Bielgo- rod. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Occa and Orel, 207 miles ssw of Moscow. Lon. 35 20 e, lat. 53 On. Orellana, a town of Spain, in Estrc- /nadura, 28 miles e of Merida. Orenburg, a town and fortress of Sibe- ria, capital of a province of the same name, in the government of Ufa. It is a place of considerable commerce, and seated on the Ural, 260 miles sse of Ufa. Lon 55 4 e, lat. 51 46 n. Orenss, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and A bishop's sec. Here are some celebra- ted tepid and hot springs. It is seated rt the foot of a mountain, on the river 507 O R I Minho, 47 miles se of Composteihk Lon. 7 48 w, lat. 42 24 k. Orfa, Oitrfa, or Ronah, a town of Asi- atic Turkey, in Diarbeck, said to be the Ur of the Chaldees. The walls are three miles in circumference, defended by square towers, and on a rocky hill io the s is a stately castle. It has a good trade, particularly in carpets and lea- ther ; and has a canal to the Euphrates. The country round is fertile in corn and fruit. It is 83 miles ne of Aleppo, and 100 sw of Diaibekir. Lon. 38 20 e, lat. 36 50 N. Orford, a town of New Hampshire, in Grafton county. It is sitdate on th»' Connecticut, 11 miles nne of Hanover. Orford, a borough in Sufliblk, govern^ ed by a mayor, with a market on Mon- day. Here are the remains of a castle, which, with the church, are a seamark. It is seated near the German ocean, be- tween two channels, 1 8 miles e by n of Ipswich, and 88 ne of London. Orford Ness, a cape of England, on the se coast of Sussex, where a light- house is erected for the direction of ships. Lon. 1 6 e, lat. 52 4 n. Orgaz, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, with a castle, 15 miles s of Toledo. Orgelet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Jura, seated at the source of the Valouse, 30 miles ssw of Salins. Orgiva, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Grenada, 25 miles s of Grenada. Orient, a seaport of France, in the department of Morbihan, seated on a bay, at the mouth of the Scorf. It was built in 1720, by the French E. India Company, who made it the exclusive mart of their commerce. The harbour, which is defended by a citadel, opposite Port Louis on the same bay, can con- tain but a small number of men of war. The English attempted to become mas- ters of it in 1746, but miscarried. It is 24 miles w by n ef Vannes. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 47 44 N. Orihuela, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, and a bishop's see, with a universi- ty, and a citadel built on a rock. Here are made curious snuff-boxes, with the roots of the terebinthus, much esteemed for preserving Spanish snuff. It is seat- ed in a very fertile country, on the Sc- gura, 36 miles n of Carthagena. Los. 1 3 w, lat. 38 8 N. Orissa, a province of the Deccan of Hindoostan, bounded on the n by Ba- har and Bengal, w by Berar, s by Gol- conda, and e by the bay of Bengal. Oristagni, a fortified town of Sardinia, and an arclibishop's see, with a good harbour. It is bat thinly inhabited, ixiA O il K seated on tlic w coast, on a bay of tlie same name, 42 miles NW of Cagliaii. Loii. 8 51 E, lat. 39 53 N. Orheiied, a town of Sweden, in Scllo- nen, 24 miles n of Chiistianstadt. Orkney Islands, or Orkneys, the an- cient Orcades, a cluster of islands to IIjo N of Scotland, from which they are se- parated ljy Feniland Frith. They He l)etweca 57 35 and 49 16 N lat, and are 26 in jiiiniber, of which one greatly ex- ceeds the other in extent. This, like the |)ri!ici))al one of Shetland, is some- times dignified with the appellation of Mainland, but is more frequently called Pommia. Beyond this island, to the ne are seen, among others, Rowsa, Eglisha, and Wcstra, Shappinsha and Eda, Stronsa, Sanda, and N. Ronalsba; and to the s appear Hoy, and S. Ronaldsha, with others of inferior note. The cur- rents and tides which How between these ■elands are rapid and dangerous ; and lear the small isle of Swinna are two .vhirlpools, very dangerous to mariners, especially in calms. The seacoast iwarms with seals and otters, and is vi- ■iited by whales, cod, ling, haddocks, herrings, and other fish; and on the ihores are found large oysters, muscles, cockles, &c. The islands are visited by eagles, falcons, wild geese and dueks in rreat variety, herons, hawks, gulls, &c. Springs of pure water are found in all he mountainous parts of these islands; vnd there are numerous lakes and rivu- lets abounding in fish. The heath, on the mountains, shelters grouse, plovers, sni[)es, &c. but there are no partridges, hares, nor foxes. There are great num- bers of small sheep and black-cattle. The products of the valleys and plains are big and oats, but no other sort of grain. Except juniper, wild myrtle, heath, and a shrub called cyor-hordon, there is scarce a tree or plant to he seen ; but this nakedness cannot have been their former state, as many trunks of )ugc oaks are to be found in all the mosses. The climate of these islands in summer is moist and cold; but in winter there is never much snow, and that lies oidy a short time. Preceding the autumnal equinox, they are visited by dreadful storms of wind, rain, and thunder. For about three weeks in midsummer, they enjoy the rays of the sun almost without intermission ; but for the same space in winter, that luminary hardly rises above the horizon, and is commonly obscured by clouds and mists. Jn this gloomy season, the a!)sence of day is supplied partly by moonlight, and partly by the ladiauce of the Aurora O R L Borcalis, which here gives a light near- ly e(jual to that of a full moon. The coasts afford numerous bays ami har- bours for the fisheries. The chief ex ports are linen and woollen yarn, stock- ings, butter, dried fish, herrings, oil, fea- thers, and skins of various kinds, and kelp. The English language prevails in all these islands, although there are many words in the Norse, or Norwegian, still in use. The inhabitants have the general character of being frugal, sa- gacious, circumspect, religious, and hospitable ; but the common people are mtich addicted to superstition, and though inured to great fatigue, will nei- ther work nor go to sea on particular unlucky days. Orlamunda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Saale, oppo- site the influx of the Orla, 40 miles wsw. ofAltenbnrg. Orlando, a cape on the N coast of Si- cily, 15 miles w by N of Patti. Lon. 15 4 E, lat. 38 14 N. Orleanois, a late province of France, divided by the river Loire into the Up- per and Lower. It is a very plentiful country, and now forms the department of Loiret. Orleans, a city of France, capital of the department of Loiret, and a bishop^s see. it is seated on the Loire, and has a canal thence to the Loing, nearMon- targis. Under the sons of Clovis, it was the capital of a kingdom. In 1428, it stood a memorable siege against the English, which was raised by the cele- brated Joan of Arc, called the Maid of Orleans. It is now considered as one ^ of the largest and most pleasant citiesin France ; and its commerce consists in stockings, sheep-skins, wine, brandy,^ corn, grocery, and particularly sugar, which is brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle. The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious length, and that of Olivet, on the left side of the Loire, has a com- munication with the city by a bridge of nine arches. Near the city is a forest, containing 94,000 acres, planted with oak and other valuable trees. Orleans is 30 miles ne of Blois, and 60 ssw of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E, lat. 47 54 N. Orleans, an island and town of Lower Canada, in the river St. Lawrence, a little to the E of Quebec. Lon. 69 60 w, lat. 47 N. Orleans, New, a city and the caprtal of Louisiana, built in 1720, under the regency of the duke of Orleans. In 1788, seven-eighths of the city were de- stroyed by fire; but it is now rebuilt on a regular plan, and become a plaic of boa O R O considerable importance, both on ac- count of its commerce and population. It is fortified on the sides exposed to the land, and has a canal that passes six miles N to the lakePontchartran, where there is a fort It is seated on the Mis- sissippi, 105 miles from its mouth. Lon. 89 59 w, lat. 29 58 N. Orleiiga, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, situate on the Le- na, 235 miles |n of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 40 E, lat. 56 N. Ormea, a town of Piedmont, on the river Tanaro, 12 miles s of Mondovi.| OitnsMrk, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Tuesday. The church is remarkable for its two steeples, placed contiguous, one a tower and the other a short spire. It is 13 miles N by E of Li- verpool, and 209 nnw of London. Ormut, a small island, in a strait of the same name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, nine miles s of Gombron. In 1505, the Portuguese were permitted to form a settlement here ; and it was afterward frequented by a number of rich merchants. In 1622, the Persians, by the assistance of the English, expel- led the Portuguese, and demolished the buildings. Some time after, the Per- sians rebuilt the fort, and though they could never bring it to be a place of trade as before, it is still the key of the gulf of Persia, on account of the com- modiousness of the harbour. It is al- most deserted ; for it produces nothing but salt, which sometimes is two inches deep upon the surface of the earth. Lon. 56 25 E, lat. 27 20 N. Oniatii, a town of France, in the de- partment of Doubs, seated on the Lou- ^^re, 10 miles se of Besancon. Oriie, a department of France, includ- ing the late province of Perche and part of that of Normandy, It takes its name froai a river, which rises in the depart- ment, and runs into the English chan- nel, eight miles below Caen. The ca- pital is Alencon. Oronoko, a river of Terra Firma, which issues from the small lake Ipava, in lat. 5 5 N, flows E and se to the lake Pari- ma, from which it runs toward the w; but after receiving the Guaviari, it bends N, then NE and e till it enters the Atlan- tic by an extended delta of mouths op- posite the isle of Trinidad ; but the principal one is considerably to the se of that island, in lat. 8 30 N. In this sin- gular winding course, estimated at 1400 miles, it receives many large rivers ; and its chief estuary is so deep and impetu- ous as to stem the most powerful tides. bee Parima, 609 O R T Oronsa, a small fertile island of Scot~ land, one of the Hebrides, to the s of Colonsa, from which it is separated by a naiTow channel that is dry at low wa- ter. Here are the ruins of an abbey, with many sepulchral statues, and some curious ancient sculpture. Oropesa, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on a cape of its name, in the Mediterra- nean, 55 miles ene of Valencia. Lou. 5 e, lat. 40 8 N. Oropesa, in Peru. See Cochahamba. Orr, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcud- brightshire, which issues from a small lake to the e of New Galloway, and flows to Solway Frith, at Dalbeattie. Orsova, a town and fortress of Uppei Hungary, on the confines of Servia, sub- ject to the Turks. It stands on the N side of the Danube, 60 miles se of Te- meswar, and 75 e of Belgrade. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 45 10 N. Orsoy, a town of Germany, in the du- chy of Cleve ; seated on the Rhine, 20 miles SE of Clcve. Orsza, a town of Lithuania, in the pa- latinate of Witepsk, with a castle ; seat- ed on the Dnieper, 36 miles N of Mohi- lef, and 52 s by e of Witepsk. Orta, a town of Italy, in the patrimo- ny of St. Peter, seated near the Tiber, 10 miles e of Vitcrbo. Orta, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, on a lake of the same name, 21 miles NNW of Novara, Ortegal, a cape and castle of Spain^ on the N coast of Galicia, 30 miles NNE of Ferrol. Lon. 7 39 w, hit. 43 46 N. Ottenhcrg-, a town of Germany, iu AVcttcravifi, with a caslle, situate on the Nidder, 17 miles se of Giescn. Ortenburg, a (own and citatkl of Ba- varia, in a county of the same name, seated near the river Vills, 10 miles w of Passau. Ortenburg, ViXoviii of Germany, in Ca- rinthia, on the s bank of the Drave, op- posite the influx of the Liser, 32 mile w of Clagenfurt. Orthes, a, town of France, in the de- partment oi Lower Pyrenees, celebrat- ed for a victory gained here, in 1814, by the allied army, commanded by the mar- quis (now duke of) WeUington, over the French army, under marshal Sonlt. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river Pan, 20 miles NW of Pau. Orton, a town in Westmorland, with a market on Wednesday, 10 miles sw of Appleby, and 276 nnw of London. Ortoim a Mare, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Ve- nice, 13 miles e of Civita di Chieti. O S N Orirand, a town of Upper Saxony, ia Misnia, on the borders of Lusatia, 16 miles NE of Meissen. Orvieto, a fortified town of Italy, in the patTiraony of St. Peter, capital of a territory of the same name, and a bi- shop's see, with a magnificent palace ami a fine Gothic cathedral. It is seated on a craggy rock, near the con- flux of the Paglia and Chiana, 60 miles NNw of Rome. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 42 42 N. Ornro, a town of Peru, capital of a jnrisdiction of the same name, in the audience of Charcas. The country abounds in cattle, and has many gold and silver mines. It is 150 miles nw of Plata. Lon. 68 30 w, lat. 18 10 s. Orweel, a river in Suffolk, which runs SE by Ipswich, and uniting with the Stour, forms the fine harbour of Harwich. Above Ipswich, it is called the Gipping. Osaca, a city of Japan, in the island of Niphon, defended by a magnificent castle. It has a harbour, and is one |of the most commercial places of the em- pire. It stands on the Jedogawa, over which are several bridges of cedar, 34 miles s by w of Miaco. Lon. 136 5 e, lat. 35 5 N. • Oschatz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a college, and some manufactures of cloth ; seated on the Chemnitz, 16 miles Nw of Meissen. Osero, an island in the gulf of Venice, having that of Cherso on the N, to which it is joined by a bridge. The capital is of the same name. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 44 56 N. Osiot. See Stout, Osnia, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tle, and a bishop's see, with a univer- sity. It is almost gone to ruin, and the cathedral and episcopal palace are at Borgo d'Osma, a little to the e. It stands on the Douero, 48 miles se of Burgos, and 112 ene of Madrid. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 41 50 N. Osnahurg, or Osnabruck, a principality of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, between the territories of Munster, Ra- vensberg, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Die- pholtz, and Minden. It is 40 miles long and 20 broad ; produces much corn and flax, and plenty of turf, coal, and marble. The most beneficial ma- nufacture is a coarse kind of linen, which is exported to distant parts. Osnahurg, a fortified town of West- phalia, capital of the principality of the same name, with a castle and a univer- sity. It is celebrated for a treaty of peace concluded between Germany and 610 O S T Sweden, in 1648, in favour of tiie pr{»« testant religion. The catholics and protestants have each two churches; and the magistrates are Lutherans. It is seated on tb« Hase, 25 miles n by e of Munster. Lon, 7 54 E, lat 68 18 N. Osorno, a town of Chili, seated o^ Rio Bueno, in a territory where there are mines of gold, 80 miles s of Valdi- via. Lon. 73 20 w, lat. 40 58 s. Osrushna, a town of Western Tar- tary, in Turkestan, capital of a province of the same name. It is 80 miles nnb of Samarcand, and 260 s of Taraz. Lon. 66 20 E, lat. 40 40 N. f Ossetioy the country of the Ossi, oi Osseti, one of the seven Caucasian na- tions, between the Black sea and the Caspian ; bounded on the N by Great Cabarda, e by the Lesguis Tartars, and s and w by Imeritia. It contains 19 districts, of which one is subject to Ime- ritia, and the others to Georgia. These districts are of very unequal size ; some containing only five, and others 50, vil- lages, each of which comprise from 20 to 100 families. Their language has some analogy with that of the Persian. I'heir history is entirely unknown. The Circassians and ^Tartars call them Kusha. Ossory, the western division of Queen's county, in Ireland. It gives name to a bishopric, but the cathedral is now at Irishtown, in the county of Kilkenny. Ossuna, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, with a university. It was formerly strong, but less by its ramparts than by a fountain in the middle of the town, which furnishes the inhabitants with water, while the country for eight miles round is totally deprived of that neces- sary article. It is 50 miles ene of Se- ville. Lon. 5 8 w, lat, 37 22 N. Ostalric, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia. It has a strong castle, taken by the French, and demolished in 1695. It is seated on the Tordera, 28 miles ne of Barcelona. Ostend, a fortified seaport of tlie Ne- therlands, in Flanders, seated among a number of canals, and almost surround- ed by two of the largest of them, into which ships of great burden may enter with the tide. It is famous for the long siege it sustained against the Spa- niards, from July 1601 to September 1604, when it surrendered by an ho- nourable capitulation. On the death o^ Charles II. of Spain, the French seized Ostend ; but, in 1706, after the battle of llamilies, it was retakeji by the allies. o s w It was again taken by the French in 1745, but restored in 1748. In the war of 1756, the French garrisoned this town for the empress queen, Maria The- resa. In 1792, the French once more took Osteud, which they evacuated in 1793, and repossessed in 1794. In 1798, the Enghsh landed a body of troops here, wlio destroyed the works of the Bruges canal; but the wind shiftino- be- fore they could re-embark, they were under the necessity of surrendering to the French, Ostend is 10 miles w of Bruges, and 22 ne of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 56 E,"lat. 51 14 N. Osterhofen, a town of Lower Bavaria, seated on the Danube, 20 miles wNwof Passan. Osterode, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Grubenhagcn. Here is a manufacture of woollen stuffs; also a magazine for corn, which is de- livered out to the miners of Harz forest, at a fixed price. It is seated on the Saal, 18 miles kne of Gottingen. Osterode, a town of West Prussia,with a castle, situate on the Dribentz, 46 miles SE of Marienburg. Ottersund, a town of Sweden, capital of Jemptia, seated on the E side of the lake Storsio, 76 miles nw of Sundswald. Lon. 16 10 E,lat. 63 10 N. Otterwick, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halberstadt, with good woollen manufactures ; situate on the Use, 17 miles w by N of Halberstadt. Ostia, a decayed seaport of Italy, in Compagna di Roma, and a bishop's see, held by the cardinal dean, who resides at Veletri. I'he old town was destroyed by the Saracens ; and the new one con- sists only of the cathedral and a few mean houses. It stands near the eastern mouth of the Tiber, which is now so shallow that the harbour is ruined. It IS 12 miles sw of Rome. Ostiglia, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, seated on the Po, 15 miles se of Mantua. Ostinghmisen, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, situate on the Alst, eight miles w of Lipstadt. Ostrog, a town of Poland, in Vol- hynia, near the river Horin, 44 miles NNw of Constantinow. Ostrow, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Masovia, on the river Bug, 75 miles ene of Warsaw. Ostuni, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, seated on a mountain, near the gulf of Venice, 16 miles wnw of Brindici. Oswald, St. a village in Northum- berland, on the Picts wall, four miles Ml OTA N of Hexham. Here Oswald tiefeated tiedwall, a British usurper, who was killed on the first onset ; and here he set up t!ie first cross in the kingdom of Northumberland. Oswego, a town and fort of the state of New York, seated on the se side of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of a river of the same name, more commonly call- ed Onondago. It was taken from the French, in 1756, by the British, who dehvered it up to the United States, in 1796. It is 156 miles wnw of Albany. Lon. 76 16 w, lat. 43 20 N. Osweiczen, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, seated on the Vistula, 35 miles w by s of Cracow. Oswestry, a town in Shropshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday. It had a wall and a cas- tle, long ago demolished ; and has some trade from Wales in flannels. It is 18 miles Nw of Shrewsbury and 179 of London. Oszmiana, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wilna, 32 miles se ef Wilna. Otaha, one of the Society islands, in the Pacific ocean. It lies N of Ulitea; and is divided from it by a strait, which, in the narrowest part, is not more than two miles broad. This island is smaller and more barren than Ulitea, but has two good harbours. Otaheite, an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered in 1767, by captain Wallis, who called it George the Third Island. Captain Cook came hither in 1768, to observe the tiansit of Venus , sailed round the whole island in a boat, and staid three months: it was visited twice afterward by that celebrated na- vigator. It consists of two peninsulas, about 30 leagues in circumference. Great part of it is covered with woods, consisting partly of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees, plantains, ba- nanas, mulberries, sugar-canes, and others peculiar to the climate, particu- larly a kind of pineapple and the dragon- tree. I'he birds most common are two sorts of parroquets, one of a beautiful sapphirine blue, another of a greenish colour, with a few red spots; a king- fisher, of a dark green, with a collar of the same hue round its white throat ; a large cuckoo ; several sorts of pigeons or doves; and a bluish heron. 'I'he only quadrupeds found on the island were hogs, dogs, and rats. The people have mild features, and a jiieasing counte- nance. They are about the oniitsary size of Europeans, of a pale mahogany brown, with y Henry Per- cy, sunianicd Hotspui'; bat the Scots obtained the victory, and the two Pcr- cies were made prisoners. On this battle the ballad of Chevy Chase i« founded. Ottersberg, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Bremen, with a fort, 17 miles NE of Bremen. Ottery, St. Mary, a town in Devon- shire, with a market on Tuesday. It has a large church with two square tow- ers, and manufactures of tlannels, sei- ges, &G. It is seated on the rivulet Ot- ter, 10 miles e of Exeter, and 161 w by s of London. Ottmuchau, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Niesse, with a castle ; seated on the river Niesse, seven miles w by s of Niesse. 512 O U D Oittcfiter, a town of GejinRii)', in the circle of Upper Rhiue, with an ancient castle; seated among mountains, 16 miles NNE of Sarbruck. Ouby, an island, one of the Moluccas, l)ing to the s of Giiolo. It is subject to the sultan of Bacliian, and abounds in clove trees. The Dutch have a small fort ou the w side. Lon. 126 50 e, lat, 130 s. Oude, a province of Hindoostan Pro- per, to the N of that of Allahabad. It ss subject to a nabob, whose dominions lie on both sides of the Ganges, occupy- ing (with the exception of the district of Rampour) all the flat country between tkat river and the northern mountains, as well as the principal part of that fer- tile tract, lying between the Ganges and Jumna, known by the name of Dooab, to v*ithin 40 miles of tlic city of Delhi. Oude and its dependencies are estimat- ed at 360 miles in leugth from e to \v, and in breadth from 150 to 180. The nabob is in alliance with the British ; and a brigade of the Bengal army is con- stantly stationed on its westerii frontier; which answeis tlie purpose of covering Oude as well as Bengal, and of keeping the western states in awe. Tlie capital is Luckuow. Oude, a decayed city of Hindoostan, in the province of Oude, said to have been the capital of a great kingdom 1200 3 ears before the Christian era. It is frequently mentioned in the Mahabe- rat, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, under the name of Adjudiah. But what- ever may have been its former magnifi- cence, no traces of it are left. Oude is considered as a place of sanctity ; and the Hindoos frequently come hither in pilgrimage, from all parts of India. It is seated on the Gogra, nearly adjoining Fyzabad. Oudenard, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, in the middle of which is a fort. Here is a manufacture of very fine linen, and of curious tapestry. This town was besieged by the French, in 1708, but the duke of Marlborough en- tiiely routed their army. In 1745, it was taken by the French, who restored it by the peace of 1748 ; and in 1794, it sunendered to the French. It is seated on both sides the Scheldt, 12 miles s of Ghent, and 27 w of Brussels. Ondenburg, a town of the Nether- lands, in Flanders, eight miles SE of Ostend. Oudenwater, a fortified town of S. Holland, the birthplace of the celebrat- ed James Arminius, seated on the Little V^sel, 10 miles wsw of Utrecht 613 O V I Ondipmir, or Meywiir, a territory of Hindoostan, in the province of Agimere, belonging to the Rajpoots, and lying E of the river Pudda. It consists, in ge- neral, of^mountains, divided by narrow vallies accessible only by narrow passes, and abounds with fortresses. See Cluei- tore. Oudipour, a «town of Hindoostan, ca- pital of the territory of the same name. It is 134 miles ssw of Agimere, and 175 NE of Amedabad. Lon. 74 42 e, Uu 24 42 N, Ouen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a good harbour, 300 miles ssE of Nan-king. Lon. 121 10 e, lat. 28 2 N. Overflackee, an island of South Hol- land, between the mouths of the Meuse. Sommerdyck is the principal town. Overysche, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, seated on the Ysche, six miles NE of Brussels. Overyssel, a province of Holland, bounded on the n by Friesland and Groningen, E by Westphalia, s by the county of Zutphen, and w by tJsat of Arnheim and the Zuyder Zee. It is divided into three districts, called Drent, Salland, and Twent. There are many morasses in this province, and but few inhabitants, in comparison with the rest. Its greatest riches consist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the neighbouring provinces. Deventer is the capital. Oiigein, a city of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, capital of one ot the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is six miles in circumference, surrounded by a strong wall,with round towers. Here are four mosques, several Hindoo tem- ples, and a modern palace. It is seated on the Sippara, which flows into the Chumbul, 150 miles n by w of Burhan- pour. Lon. 75 56 e, lat. 23 26 N. Ovidopol, a town and fort of Russia, in the government of CatherinenslaC In digging the foundation of the fort, in 1795, a curious antique tomb was discovered, supposed to be that of the poet Ovid ; from which circumstance the town had its name. It is seated at the mouth of the Dniester, 60 miles sw of Oczakow. Lon. 30 22 E, lat. 46 10 N. Ovitdo, a town of Spain, capital of As- turias d'Oviedo, and a bishop's see, with a university. Near it are the hot springs of Rivera de Abajo, which bear some resemblance to those of Bath. It is seated at the conflux of the Ove and Deva, which form the Asta, 65 miles NNw of Leon. Lon. 6 53 w, lat. 43 20 1* Ll O W H Ouh, a town of Piedmont, seated in a valley, 12 miles sw of Susa. Oundle, a town in Noiiiianiptonshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on tlie Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 miles ne of Northampton, and 78 n by w of London. Onrem, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, seated on a mountain, 12 miles w of Tomar. Ourfa. See Orfa. Oiiriqne, a town of Portugal, in Alen- fejo, celebrated for a victory, obtained by Alphonso, king of Portugal, over tive Moorish kings, in 1139. The heads of these five kings are the arras of Portugal. It is 26 miles sw of Beja. Oiise, a river in Yorkshire, formed of the Ure and Swale, which rise near each other in the romantic tract called Rich- Biondshire, and unite at Aldborough. It thence takes the name of Ouse, and flows throngli York, where it is naviga- ble for considejable vessels ; and after- ward receiving the Wharf, Derwent, Aire, and Don, it meets the Trent on the borders of Lincolnshire, whejc their united streams form the Huiiiber. Ouse, a river in Sussex, formed of two branches, one of which rises in St. Leo- nard forest, the other in the forest of Worth, and they unite above Lewes. It flows by that town to Newhaven, below which it forms a considerable haven, and enters the English channel. Ouse, Great, a river which rises in Northamptonshire, near Brackley, and flows to Buckingham, Stoney Stratford, Newport Pagnel, Olney, and Bedford, where it is navigable. Thence it pro- ceeds to St. Neot, Huntingdon, St. Ives, Ely, and Lynn, below which it enters the Lincolnshire wash. Ouse, Little, a river wliich rises in the s part of Norfolk, and dividing that county from Sufiolk, as it flows west- ward, becomes navigable at Thetford, and afterward joi^is the Great Ouse. Oiissore, a town and fort of Hindoos- tan, in Mysore, taken by the English in 1792. It is 19 miles se of Bangalore, and 69 ene of Seringapatara. Oifteiro, a town and fortress of Portu- gal, in Tra los Montes, seated on a mountain, nine miles se of Braganza, and 21 nw of Miranda. Owego, a town of New York, in Tio- ga county, on the e branch of the Sus- quehanna, 20 miles w of Union. Owhyhee, the largest and most eastern of the Sandwich islands, in the Pacific ocean. Its length from n to s is 84 miles, and its breadth 70. It is divided iato six distriotSi two of which, on the o X r NE side, are separated by a tnounfain, that rises in three peaks, perpetually cO' vercd with snow, and may be seen at 40 leagues distance. To the N of this mountain, th« coast consists of high and abrupt clifis, down which fall many beautiful cascades ; and the whole coun- try is covered with cocoa-nut and bread- Iruit trees. The peaks of the moun- tain on the NE side appear to be about half a mile high. To thes ofthismourt- tain, the ground is covered with cinders, and in many places has black streaks, which seem to mark the course of a la- va, that has flowed from the mowntain to the shore. The southern promonto- ry looks like the mere dregs of a volca. no. The projecting headland is com- posed of broken and craggy rocks piled irregularly on one another, and termi- nating in sharp points ; yet, amid these ruins, are many patches of rich soU, carefully laid out in plantations. The fields are inclosed by stone fences, and are interspersed with groves of cocoa- nut trees. Here captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim to a sudden resentment of the natives, with whom he unfortunate- ly had a dispute. Lon. 156 w, lat. 19 28 N. Oxford, a town of New York, in Tio- ga county, 45 miles ne of Union. Oxford, the capital of Oxfordshire, and a bishop's see, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated at the conflux of the Cherwcli with the I'hames, and has a canal to Eraunston, in Northamptonshire. The city, with the suburbs, is of a circular form, tiiree miles in circumference, and was ancient- ly surrounded by walls, of which consi- derable remains are yet to be seen ; as also of its extensive castle, the tower of which now serves for a county gaol. In 1811, the number of jjihabitants was 12,931. It has, beside the cathedral, 13 parish-churches, a famous university a noble market place, and a magnifi- cent bridge. The university is general- ly supposed to have been a seminary for learning before the time of Alfred, al- though it owed its revival and conse- quence to his liberal j)atronage. Here are 20 colleges, and five halls, several of which stand in the streets, and give the city an air of magnificence. The col- leges are provided with sufficient reve- nues for uie maintenance of a master, fellow, and students. In the halls the students live, either wholly, or in part at their own expcnce. The colleges are. University, Baliol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazen Nose, Corpus Christi, 514 O X F Christ Chincli, Trinity, St, John Bap- tist, Jesus, A\"aclham, Pembroke, Wor- cester, and Hertford. Of these, the most ancient is University college, foun- ded before the year 872 ; and to Christ Church college, begun by cardinal Wol- sey, and finished by Henry VIII. be- longs the cathedral. The halls are Al- ban, Edmund, St. Mary, New Inn, and St. Mary Magdalen. Among the li- braries in the University, the most dis- tinguished is the Bodleian, founded by sir Thomas Bodley ; those of All Souls college, Christ Church, Queen's, New, St. John, Exeter, and Corpus Christi. Among other public buildings, are the theatre, the Ashmolean museum, the Clarendon printing-house, the Radclifie infirmary, and an observatorj'. Magda- len bridge, beside the beauty of its ar- chitecture, has this singularity, that more than half of it is on dry ground, and the rest covers two small stripes of the Cher- well ; this bridge is 526 feet long. At Oxford, king John, compelled by his barons, summoned a parliament to meet ia 1258 ; the proceedings of which were so disorderly, that it was known after- ward by the name of the Mad Parlia- ment. Charles I. assembled a parlia- ment here, in 1625, in consequence of the plague then raging in London ; and, in 1644, he summoned such of the mem- bers of both houses as were devoted to his interests : these were seceders from the parliament then sitting at Westmin- ster. This city was distinguished for its attachment to that unfortunate king, who here held his court during the whole civil war. Without the town are many ruins of the fortifications erected in that war. Oxfcid is governed by a mayor, dependent on the chancellor and vioe- chancellor of the university ; and sends four members to parliament, two for the university, and two for the city. It is 60 miles s by e of Coventry, and 64 WNw of London. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 61 •46 N. Oxfordshire, a county of England, bounded on the E by Buckinghamshire, w by Gloucestershire, s by Berkshire, and N by Warwickshire and Northamp- tonshire. The extreme length is 48 miles, and breadth 26, but its form is very irregular. It contains 450,000 acres; is divided into 14 hundreds, and 207 parishes; has one city and 12 mar- ket towns; and sends nine membeis to parliament. In 1811, the number of in- habitants was 1 19,191. The soil, though various, is fertile in corn and grass. The spsirt, especially on the borders of Buck- inghai'ishire, is hilly and woody, having 515 P A C a continuation of Chiltern hills running through it. The Nw part is also elevateel(tr(', witii a siniiii PAL fort. In its vicinity was lalely dug up a pot containing Roman silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius. It stands in a well cultivated country, 14 iniies s of Coimbetore, and 37 w of Darapo- ram. Pa/acios, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, 12 miles s of Seville. Palacius, a town of Spain, m ihe province of Leon, 32 miles v/sw of Leon. Palais, a town of France, csjiital of the island of Belleislc. It has a strong citadel, which stood a long siege against the English, in 1761, aud then sttrrcn- dered on honourable terms. It stands on the Nii side, 30 miles ssE of Orieiit, Lon, 3 9 w, lat, 47 19 N, Palais, St. a town and district of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town and district of St, Jean Pied dc Port, forms nearly the whole of the late province of Lower Navaire, St. Palais is seated on the river Eidouse, 15 miles se of Bay- onue. ? n. 1 4 w, lat, 43 21 N, Palamhoaii, or Jialamhnan, a town of Java, '^apital of a kingdom, at the Eciid of the island. Here is plenty of jieppcr, cotfou, rice, maize, fruit, horses, ante- lopes, buli'alos, and oxen. It stands on a bay in ihe strait of Eali, Lon, 114 E, lat. 7 10 s, Palamcotta. See Tinevelhj. Palainy,s, a strong seaport of Spain, m Catalonia, seated on the Medilerraneas;, 58 miles ne of Barcelona. Lon. 3 4 i:, lat. 41 50 N. Palamoiv, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Bahar, 140 miles-ssw of Patna. Lon. 84 25 e, lat. 23 52 N. Palaos. See Peleto Islands, Palatinate of the Rhine, and Bavaria, See R/iine, and Bavaria, Palawan. See Paragon, Palazitola, a town of Itldy, in iht^ Bresciano, seated on theOglio, 20 miles WNW Of Brescia, Palencia, a town of Spain, in I/Con, and a bishop's sec, with five churches, eleven convents, and tw o hospitals. It is seated on the Carrion, 23 miles nne of Valladolid, and 70 SE of Leon. Lon. 4 23 v.\ lat, 41 59 N. Paleno, a town of Naples, in Abruz- zo Citeriore, nine miles ese of Sol- mona. Palenzvela, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Arlanza, a little above the inllux of the Arlauzon, oO miles sw of Burgos, Palermo, a fortified city of ioiiy, in Vai di Mazara, capital of the ishti'.<1, sad an aschbishop's see. It stajids on a ? A I, lia^ of the same name, on Ihe N coa»t, near the extremity of a kind of natural ampliitlieatre, formed by high and rocky mountains. 1'he country be- tween the city and the mountains is one of the ricliest plains in the world ; the whole appearing a raagnilicent garden, filled with fruitful trees, and watered by fountains and rivulets. The inhabitants of Palermo are estimated at 130,000. Two great streets intersect cftch other in the centre of the city, where they form a handsome square, called the Ottangolo, from the centre of which is seen the whole of these noble streets, and the four elegant gates which terminate them, each at the distance of half a mile. The Porto Feliee opens to the Marino, a delightful walk, which has on one side the wall of the city, and on the other the sea ; and in the centre is an elegant kind of temple, frequently made use of as an orchestra. The churches of Palermo are upwards of 300, and many of them very rich and magnificent. The ca- thedral is a large Gothic structure, sup- ported within by 80 columns of orien- tal granite, and divided into a great number of chapels, some of which are extremely rich, particularly that of St. Rosolia, the patroness of Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved in a large box of silver, enriched with pre- cious stones ; and they are considered as the greatest treasures of the city. Here are also found the tombs of several of the ancient Norman kings, and of the emperors Henry VI. and Frederic II. of the finest prophyry. The city is crowded with statues of sovereigns and tutelar saints placed in small courts and squares, upon pedestals of colossal proportion and tasteless form. In the streets women hide their heads in black veils ; a very ancient mode of dress in ihis island. This city has suffered greatly at different periods, by earth- quakes or inundations. The harbour, Uefeuded by two castles, is dangerously open to the sea from the ne ; and, even at tlie anchoring place, sliips are in danger when a westerly wind rushes ihroug!) the valley of Colli between the mountains. About the middle of the eleventh century, the Norman king Ro- ger established silk manufactures in this city, by means of prisoners taken in his war with the Greeks, and they still flourish, though not so lucrative since the manufacture has extended to Italy. One mile from Palermo is a celebrated eursvent of cajtuchins, in which is a ^ault made use of as a receptacle for fhe dead. It consists of four wide p««» sages, eaoh about forty feet in leng tli, with arches along the sides, in which the bodies are set upright, clothed in coarse garments,with their heads, arms, and feet bare. They are prepared for this situation by keeping them six or seven months upon a gridiron, over a slow fire, till all the fat and moisture are consumed. Jn some of the liigher niches they are laid out at full length, and at the top aie children of six or seven years of age. On the floor are handsome trunks, containing the bodies of persons of distinction, the keys of which are kept by the relations. Pa- lermo, in 1799, became the residence dT the court, when the French made them- selves masters of Naples. It is 110 miles w of Messina, and 180 s by w of Naples. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 38 15 N. Palestine, a country of Syria, so called from the Philistines, who inhabited its seacoast. In the scriptures it is styled the Land of Canaan, and the Promised Land : it is also called Judaea, from the patriarch Judah ; and the Holy Land, from its having been the scene of the birth, ministry, and death of JesHS Christ. It is divided from the other parts of Syria on the n, by Mount Libanus, and on the e, by the river Jordan and the Dead sea; Arabia Pe- traea on the s, and the Mediterranean on the w. It is, in general, a fertile country, abounding, where cultivated with corn, wine, oil ; and it might sujr ply the neighbouring country with all these, as it anciently did, were the present inhabitants equally industrious. The parts about Jerusalem, its capital are the most mountainous and rocky ; but they feed numerous herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, wilh excellent wine and oil; and the valleys produce large crops of corn. Palestrina, one of the largest of the Islands called the Lagunes, near Ve- nice. It has a town of the same name, 6 miles s of Venice. Palestrina, anciently Praeneste, an episcopal town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, with the title of a principality. Hefc formerly stood a temple dedicated to S'ortune, the ruins of which may yet be seen. It is 25 miles e by s of Komc. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 41 62 n. Paliano, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, situate on a hill, 20 miles E of Rome. Paligmit, or Palicuud, a foit ot Hindoostan, in Malabar, built by Hy- dcr, on his conquest of that jtrovince, 518 PAL Around it are scattered many villages, which contain a considerable popula- tion anvl i»avc some trade. It stands between two rivulets, near their junc- tion, at the toot of the southern ex- tremitj- of the Gauts, 25 miles wsw of Coimbetore, and 56 E by N of Fa- iiiany. Paligonda, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, with the remains of a fort, in which is a considerable temple. It is seated on the Paliar, 25 miles w of Arcot, PalirtAan, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, on the se coast of the island of Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here, and purchase large quantities of pepper. It stands on the river Palimban, abrut 50 miles from the sea, and 130 ne of Bencooleu. Lon. 103 45 E, lat. 2 56 s. Palk Strait, a strait at the N end of the island of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates that island from the coast of Tanjore in Hindoo- stan. It is celebrated for the extensive pearl fishery which is carried on in it, on both shores, lately by the Dutch, and now by the English. Palliser Islands, a group of islands in the Pacific ocean; the largest about 15 miles long and 10 broad, Lon. 146 30 w, lat. 15 38 s. Palma, one of the Canary islands, to tire N of Ferro. 50 miles in circumfer- ence, and very fertile. It iias a town of the same name, much frequented for its excellent wines, and safe harbour. Lon. 17 60w, lat. 28 37 N. Palma, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, Oil the Xcuii, near its conflux with the Guudiiiquiver, 30 miles sw of Cordova. Palma, a town of Portugal, in Estre- Madnra, on the river Cadoan, 20 miles E of Setuval. Palma, a town of New Granada, 40 miles Nw of St. Fcde Bogota. Pulnui, or Palma Niioca, a strong frontier town of Italy, in Friuli, seated on a canal, which communicates with the I>izonzo, 10 miles se of Udina, and 66 NE of Venice. Lon. 13 15 e, lat. 46 2 N. Palma di Solo, a seaport of Sardinia, on the svv coast, 3fS miles sw of Ca- gliari. Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 39 5 n. Palmni, a river of Mexico, formed by the jui.ction of t!ie Nassas and Sau- ceda, in New Biscay, and thence flows E about 200 miles, between the pro- vinces of Paiiuco and New Leon, into the gulf of Mexico. P A L Palmas, the capital of (he island o! Canaria. See Canary. Palmas, one of the Philippine islands, 16 leagues se of Mindanao. Lon. 127 Oe, lat. 5 33 N. Palmas, Cape, a promontory on the Ivory coast of Guinea. Lon. 5 34 w, lat. 4 26 N. Palmela, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, with a castle on a rock, 8 miles nne of Setuval. Palmerston Isle, an island in ths Pacific ocean, discovered by Cook, iu 1774. It consists of about ten islets, connected by a reef of coral rocks, and lying in a circular direction ; tke prin- cipal one not exceeding a mile in cir- cumference, nor more than three feet above the level of the sea. It abounds with cocoa-nuts, scurvygrass, and the wharra-tree, but has no inhabitants. Lon. 162 57 w, lat. 18 s. Palmyra, or Tadmor, once a mag- nificent city of Syria, originally built by king Solomon, in the midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three sides by a chain of high mountains. On the decline of the Macedonian empire in the east, it became the capital of a principality, under the name of Palmy- ra ; and it declared for the Romans, on Adrian marching his army through Syria to Egypt. The city flourished and increased to the time of Aurelian, when it resisted the Roman power usider queen Zenobia, who held it out a long lime, but was at length taken captive, and led in triumph through the streets of Rome. Soon afterwards the inhabitants massacred the soldiers who had been left in garrison ; which outrage occasioned the return of Aurelius, who, having made himself master of the place, caused all the inhabitants to be destroyed, and gave the pillage of the city to the soldiers. The stupendous ruins of this city were visited, in 1751, by Mr. Wood, who published a splen- did account of them in 1753. The in- habitants then consisted of about forty families, living in mud cottages, erected within the spacious court of a once magnificent temple. Palmyra is 100 miles SE of Aleppo. Lon. 38 60 e, lat, 33 20 N. Palnaud, a district of Hindoostan, belonging to the Carnatic, situate be- tween the river Kistna, and to the w of the Guntoor circar. Timerycotta is the principal place. Paha, a seaport of Spain, in Anda° lusia, with a tolerable harbour; ce4e- bfV,'?tl for being the nlace whenu® P A M CoUuKbuti sailed on hh Srst adventur- ous voyage in 1492. It is seated at tlie month of the Tinto, 50 miles vv by s of Seville. Lon. 6 62 w, hit. 37 10 N. Palos, Cape, a pioniontory of Spain, in Mnrcia, 19 miles e of Cartliagen. Lon. 40 w, lat. 37 37 N. Palotu, a fortified town of Hungary, in the county of Alba Regalis, taken from the Turks, in 1687. It is 40 miles sw of Buda. Lon. 18 e, lat. 47 On. Palotza, a town of Hungary, situate on the Poprat, 54 miles n of Cassovia. Lon. 21 20 E, lat. 47 42 N. Pake, a famous lake of Tibet, Ijing to the sw of Lassa, a!)0!it 12 miles s of the river Sanpoo. It is represented as a wide trench, of about six miles broad, surrounding an island 30 miles long and 20 broad. On the w shore of this island is a monastery, and the seat of the Lamissa Turcepamo, or the Great Regenerate, in whom the Tibe- tians think that a divine spirit is regene- rated, as it is in the Great Lama. The word lama signifies a priest, and lamissa is the feminine. Pamiers, a town of France, in the department of Arriege. In the vicinity is a mineral spring. It is seated on the Arriege, 36 miles s by e of Toulouse. Lon. 1 35 E, lat. 43 6 N. Pamlico Sound, a kind of inland sea, on the coast of North Carolina. It is 100 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad, separated, in its whole length, from the Atlantic, by a beach of sand, hardly a mile wide. It has several inlets ; but that of Ocrecock is the only one that will admit vessels of burden, and it lies ia lat. 35 10 N. . Pampelonne, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, 15 miles n by e of Alby. Pampliega, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 12 miles sw of Burgos. Pamplona, or Pampeluna, a city of Spain, capital of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel, and a university. The squares are hand- some, and adorned with shojjs full of rich merchandise. It was taken by the I'Vench, on their invasion of Spain ; but it siiiTcndered to the allied forces, >n 1813. It is seated on the Arga, 47 niilcs s of Bayaune, and 197 ne of Ma- drid. Lon. 1 42 w, lat. 42 47 N. Pamplona, a town of New Granada, Jfijsuuis lor lis i!>ines of p,()ld, and lui- suer'-iiiM lliicks of sheep. It is 160 miles S=J irv E ol" St. l''c; do iiOgohi. Lon. 71 at? w, lat, 6 30 N. PAN Panagia, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, 14 miles N of Galli- poii. Panama, a city and seaport of Terra Firma Proper, of which it is the capital It stands on a bay of the same name, on the s coast of the isthmus of Darien, and is the seat of a royal audience, and of a bishop, who is primate of Terra Firma. Before the abolition of the trade by the galleons, it was the em- porium for all the merchandise of Chili and Peru, intended for Europe. See Porto Bello. The trade and commerce is still considerable, and in the har- bour is a fine pearl fishery. The city is surrounded by a wall and othel fortifications, and is 60 miles s by \* of Porto Bello, Lon. 80 21 w, lat. 8 49 N. Panaraga, a town of the island of Java, capital of a kingdom, 60 miles E by N of Mataram. Panarucan, a town on the N coast of Java, capital of a kingdom in the e part of the island. The principal commerce is in slaves and long pepper. Lon, 1 13 25 E, lat, 8 0s. Panay, one of the Philippine islands, between those of Paragoa and Negros. It is of a triangular form, 250 miles in circumference, populous and fertile, and watered by a great number of ri- vers and brooks. The chief commo- dity for exportation is rice. Iloila is the capital. Pancras, a village in Middlesex, tvfo miles Nw of London. It has a church dedicated to St. Pancras ; and the churchyard is the principal place of in- terment for the Roman catholics. Here IS a medicinal spring ; also the Veteri- nary College, established in 1791, for the improvement of farrier}'. Pancsova, a town and fortress of Hungary, seated near the Danube, 10 miles ene of Belgrade, Pangasena,one of the Molucca islands, in the East Indies, 45 miles long and 10 broad, lying between Celebes and Bouton. Pango, a town of the kingdom of Congo, capital of a province of the same name. It stands on the river Barbela, 95 miles nne of St. Salvador. Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 4 20 s. Panjah, a country in the nw part of Hindoostan Proper, bemg that watered by the five eastern branches of the In- dus. It was the scene of Alexander's last campaign, and the termination of his conquests. It forms a square of 250 miles, and includes the wIioWj of Ija- hore, and a great part of Mftultoa MO P A O Piroper. l"o the lower part of Moulton it is fiat and marshy, inundated by thfi rains which fail between May and October. Paniain/, a town of Ilindoostan, in ]\Ialabar. It contains above 40 mosques, 500 houses belonging to traders, and 1000 hnts inhabited l)y the lower or- ders of people. The port is frequented by small vessels from dilicrent places on the coast; and nuich rice is exported lienee to tlic norlhcrn i)arts of the pro- vince. It is seated in a s:uidy plain, near the month of a river, .'32 rniles s by t of Calicut. Lon. 75 68 e, lat. IL 47 N. Vannanac:!, a village of Scotland, ni Al)erdeenshire, situate u little below the waterfall, called the Lin of Dee. It is noted for its mineral waters ; and has houses and baths for the aceomrrioda- tion of company. Panniput, a town of Uiudoostan, in the country of Delhi. It is celebrated for a battle, in 1761, between an army of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdallah, sultan of Caudahar, at the head of 150,000 Mahometans, in which the former were totally defeated. Panni- put is situate iu an extensive plain, 72 miles NW of Delhi. Lon. 76 55 e, lat. 20 13 N. Panomi, a town of European Tur- - kej', in Macedonia, 16 miles s of Sa- lonichi. Pantahiria, an island in the Mediter- ranean, between Sicily and the coast of Tunis, 17 miles in circumference. It abounds iu cotton, fruits, and wine, and is subject to the king of Naples. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 53 N. Pantika, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, on the ne coast of the sea of Marmora, 12 miles se of Constanti- uople. Panuco, or Guasteca, a province of Mexico, in the audience of Mexico ; bounded on the e by the gulf of Mex- ico, and w by Meehoacan and New Biscay. The tropic of Cancer divides it into two parts : the s part abounds with provisions, and has some veins of gold and mines of salt ; but the other is poor and barren. Panuco, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of the same name, and a bishojj's see. It is situate near the river Tanijco, 210 miles nne of Mexico. Lon. 9S 50 E, lat. 22 50 n'. Pao-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Hou-quang, B30 miles ssw of Peking. Lou. Ill £, i;it. 27 5 N. Ptio iii'iff, a cifv of China, of the tsr.'st &21 PAR rank, in the province of Se-tehaen, 9n the river Kialing, 700 miles .sw »>f Peking. Lon. 105 35 e, lat. 31 3 N. Paoom, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean, to the s of Malli- collo. Lon. 108 29 w, Int. 16 30 s. Pao-tiiig, a cily of China, of t!ie first rank, the most considera!)!e in tiie province of Pe-tclicli next to Peking. The country aior.iid is pIcasHnt, and fertile as any pint of Ciiii;a. It i:^ 78 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 115 25 E, lat. 38 54 N. Papa, atown of Hiiiigary, in tlic coun- ty of Ve.spriu, 45 niiics w of Euda. Papoul, St. a town of France, in the department of Ande, seated on tha Lcnibe, 13 miles Nw of Carcassone, and 35 SE of Toulouse. Pappenburg; a town of Westphalia, in East Friesland, with two churches, and numerous yards for ship-building. It is seated on a canal, which commu- nicates with the river Ems, 23 miles s of Emden. Pappenheim, a town of Suabia, ca- pital of a county of llie same name, seat- ed on a hill near the Altraal, 11 miles wNw of Aichstadt. Papua. See Guinea, New. Para, a city and fort of Brasll, capi- tal of a government of the same name. The chief business is cultivating tobacco and sugar canes, and gathering cotton which grows wild here. It is seated on the estuary of the Toeantin, 80 miles from the ocean. Lon. 4S. 9^ T/y lat. 1 50 s. Paracels, or Pracels, a vast multitude of small islands and rocks in the China sea, lying ofl' the coast of Cochinchina. They extend 300 miles in length by 60 in breadth, and the intercurrents among them render their navigation dangerous. Paradella, a town of Portugal, in Bei- ra, 12 miles se of Laniego. Paragoa, or Palnivan. the most wes- terly of the Philippine islands, and the largest of the cluster called Calamianes. It is 180 miles long, and from 20 to 40 broad, divided between the king of Borneo and the Spaniards, with some independent natives in the interior parts, who are black, and have no fixed place of abode. The Spaniards have a garri- son at the N end of the island, at a place called Tatay. Lon. 118 45 E, lat. 11 N. Paraguay, a larg-e country of South America, bounded on the N by Amazo- nia, E by Brazil, s by Patagonia, aiid vv by Chih and Peru. It contains six pro- vinces; namely Paraguay Proper, la- rana, Guaria, Urag-jay, 'i'ueurnaii, and PAR La Plata. It has numerous lakes and rirers : of the latter, the three principal arc the Parana, Paragciiay, and Ura- guay ; the united streams of which form the celebrated Rio de hi Pkita. These rivers annually ovcrllow their banks; and on their recess, leave them enrich- ed by a slime, that renders Ihe soil ex- tremely fertile. This vast country is far from bein<^ wholly subdued or plant- ed by the Spaniards; many ])ai1s being- still unknown. The p»rincipal province of which we have any knowledge is I^a Plata, from which tiie wliole country is also called La Plata. This province, Avith all the adjacent p;iits, is one con- tinued plain for several hundred miles; extremely fertile, and producini^ cotton in great abundance, loltacco, and tlie valuable herb called Paraguay, which is peculiar to this country, aiul the infu- sion of which is drank, isi all the S[)a- nish provinces ofSouth America, instead of tea. Hert; aie also a variety of fruits and very rich pastures ; but the country is destitute of woods. Cattle, shecf), horses, and nudes, are in great abun- dance ; of the latter many thousands are annually sent to Peru. In the moun- tains toward Tucunam, the condor, the largest bird of the vulture tribe, is not unfrequent; and the ostrich is found in tJM) wide plains. Several independent tribes of indigenes live in tlic interior, on the Rio Grande ; one of them, called Abipons, are a warlike race, and by a novelty in American manners, chiefly cavalry, securing and taming the wild horses introduced by the Spaniards. In 1615, the Spaniards discovered this country by sailing up Rio de la Plata, and, in 1535, founded the town of Euenos Ayres. In 1580, the Jesuits were admitted into these fertile regions, and in the next centurj^, founded the famous missions of Paraguay; which were a number of colonies, each go- verned by two Jesuits, one of whom was ^ctor, the other his curate ; and, in pro- cess of time, merely by the most won- derful address, they acquired an abso- lute dominion, both spiritual and tem- poral, over the natives. In 1757, Spain exchanged the colonies on the E shore 'jfthe Uraguay, for the Portuguese co- ony of St. Sacrament, which caused that river to become the boundary of the respective possessions of the two crowns. In 1767, the court expelled the Jesuits, and the natives were put upon the same footing with the other Sudians of the Spanish part of South America. Buenos Ayres is the capi- 'al. PAR Paraiba, a province of Brasil, between those of Rio Grande and Tamarica. It abounds in sugar canes, bram-wood, to banco, and cotton. The chief town \> of the same name, and seated on tlis. river Paraiba. The Dutch got ])osses- sion of it, in 1635, and forlided it with a slight rampart; but the Porfnguesa retook it soon after. Lon. 40 53 w. lat. 6 50 s. Paramaribo, the capital of Surinam, in Gniiina, and the cliicf place of the Dutch colonies in South America. It has a small but strong citadel ; and a noble road for shipping, where there arc seldom less than 80 vessels loadi£ig cof- fee, sugar, cotton, and indigo. The streets are straight, and lined witt orange, sliaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, in continual bloom. It surren- dered to Mk English in 1799, and iu 180.3. It is situate on live v. side of tlie river Surinam, 16 miles from its mouth. Lon. 55 25 w, lat. 5 48 N. Parana, a province of Paragna}', so named from a large river, which re- ceives the Paraguay at Corrientes, and afterwards joining the Uraguay, forms the river Plata. Parc/nvitz, a town and castle of Sile- sia, in the ])rincipality of Lignitz, witU a considerable manufacture of cloth ; seated on the Katzbach, 10 miles ne of Lignitz. Pardiihitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudin, with a fortified castle. It has a manufacture of knives and sword blades, and stands on the Elbe, 23 miles E by s of Prague. Lon. 15 41 E, lat, 49 58 N. Parechia. See Paros. Paretiza, a seaport of Isfria, on a pe- ninsula in the gulf of Venice, with a harbour for large vessels. It is 28 miles s by w of Capo d'lstria. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 45 18 N. Paria, or Neio Andalusia, a province of Terra Firma, in the government of Caraccas, lying to the se of Cumana, on the banks of the Oronoko, and iu- cluding the delta of that river. On the N of this province, between Cumana and the island of Trinidad, is a large bay called the Gulf of Paria. Paria, a town of Peru, capital of a district in the audience of Charcas. — Here are some silver mines, and its cheeses are in high esteem, made fr(Nn the nnik both of sheep and cows. It is 140 miles wNw of Plata. Lon. 68 32 w, lat. 18 30 s. Paridrtmg, a strong town of Tibet, on the borders of Bootao, 45 miles WNW of Tassasudon. PAR Parilia, or Sarda, a town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 80 miles se of Truxillo, and 280 Nw of Lima. Lon, 77 50 w, lat. 8 56 s. Parima, a lake of South America, near the borders of Amazonia an(l Gniana, of a square form, 80 miles long and 40 broad. It seems to be a kind of inundation formed by the Oronoko ; for that river enters on the n and issues on the w side of the lake, near its nw angle. From the se of this lake issues the White river, called also tiie Parima, which flows s to the Black River, and thence se to the river Amazon. To the w of this lake, before the main stream of the Oronoko turns to the N, there are two other branches that flow from it to tlie Black river. Hence there are three communications between those two great rivers, the Oronoko and the Amazon. Paris, the capital of France, one of the largest, finest, and most populous cities in Europe. The river Seine, which crosses it, forms two small islands, cal- led Isle du Palais and Isle Notre Dame ; the first is the ancient city of Paris, and had its name from a building Avhich was formerly the residence of the kings, and afterward resigned to the parliament. (Wis has 16 gates, and is 15 miles in ■^arcumference, including the suburbs. That part of it which is called the ville (S situate to the north, the university to Ihc south, and the city in the centre. — The Streets are narrow, and generally without accommodation for foot passen- gers. The houses are built of freestone, many of them seven stories high, and often contain a dlfl'crent family on every floor. The number of inhabitants, by a late official statement, is 546,896. There are nine principal bridges in Paris, but only three of them occupy the whole breadth of the Seine, which is not half 8o large as the Tbames at London. — There are a great number of public Siuntains, and some triumphal arches. Of the squares, the finest is the Place de Louis Quinze, of an octagon form, in which was an equestrian statue, in bronze, of that monarch. This square was the fatal scene of the execution of Lewis XVI. of his consort Marie An- toinette, and of his sister the princess Elisabeth. Beside the cathedral of No- tre Dame, one of the largest in Europe, and which contains 46 chapels, Paris has many fine clmrches. The abbey of St. Genevieve was founded by king Clovis, whose monument is still to be 623 PAR seen hi the church ; it has a library of 24,000 printed books, anti 2000 manu- scripts, also a valuable cabinet of anti- quities and natural curiosities. The ne\y church of St. Genevieve (now called the Pantheon) was destined by the national assembly, in 1791, to receive the rcmaiiss of such great men as had merited well of their country. The university, found- ed by Charles the fat, consists of four faculties; namely, divinity, civil and canon law, physic, and the sciences : its head is the rector, M'ho is always chosen from the faculty of the sciences. The finest college in Paris is that of the Four Nations, called also Mazarin, from the cardinal, its founder. Among the pu!*> lie libraries, that called the Royal holds the first rank, in respect both to the ex- tent of the buildings, and the number of volumes. The royal observatory is built of freestone, and neither iron nor wood has been employed in the erection. 'I'he botanical garden is worthy of its appel- lation of royal. The four principal palaces are the Louvre, the Tuileries^ the Palais Royal, and the Luxemlnirg. In the Louvre is deposited the finest collection of paintings and statues in the world ; the principal of them lately brought from various parts of Italy. — The garden of the Tuileries, in front of the palace and on the banks of the Seine, is the finest public walk in Paris. The p alais royal, in the interior, has been recently embellished with many beautifii! buildings, with shops, colfee- houses, and a garden, which render it like a perpetual fair. The Luxemburg is famous for its gallery, in which are twenty exquisite paintings by Rubens. The Hospital general, which also goes by the name of la Salpalrcria (saltpetre being formerly made here) is a most noble foundation for the female sex ; near 7000 of whouj are here provided for, and live under the insjiection of six- ty sisters. To this incomparable foundation belongs the castle of Bi- ceslre, defended on all sides by u wall, of considerable circuit, which contains within it many large build- ings and several open places ; and here near 4000 persons of the other sex are maintained. The Ilospiial de la Pietio, where poor children are brought up, constitutes also a part of the ilos- ])ital-geaeral. These throe foundations, with the Hotel Dieu, have one commcu fund, amounting to full two mUlions ul livres a year. The Hotel dcs Invahdcs, for the wounded and superannuated sol- diery, built by Lewis XIY. is a mag nv PAR ficent structure ; as is the military school IR the Champ de Mars, founded by Louis XV, The two principal theatres are the Theatre de la Nation and the Italian theatre ; which, in point of ele- gance and convenience, are worthy of the capital of a great nation. TheMon- noie, or mint, is also a nohle building, situate on tliat side of the Seine, oppo- site the Louvre. I'he Samaritan is a beautiful edifice, at the end of the bridge leading to the Louvre, and con- tains an engine for conveying the w ater of the Seine to all the parts of the villa. The Hotel de Ville is an ancient struc- ture ; tliis tribunal stands in the Place de Greve, where all public rejoicings are celebrated, and common malefactors executed. The most interesting of the manufactures of Paris is plate-glass, and tapestries made after the pictures of the greatest masters. In the ef^'irons arc excellent freestone and abundance of gypsum. In the beginning of 1814, Bo- naparte having beat the allies in several engagements, and brought the issue of the war to a state of the greatest anx- iety, at length took the extraordinary resolution of passing into the rear of the allied armies, and in conjunction with the levy-en-masse, to cut off' their com- munications with Germany; but the al- lies having accidentally received timely information of this movement, now resolved to avail themselves of this unexpected opportunity, of marching upon Paris, and taking it by surprise. To cover this movement, they dispatch- ed a body of troops after Bonaparte, in order to watch his motions, while they hastened their march upon the capital, which they entered on the memorable 31st of March, after a severe action fought in the neighbourhood, with the national guards of the city and the corps of marshals Marmont and Morticr the preceding day ; and on the 2d of April a revolution took place, unparalleled in Viistory, an account of which will be found under the article France. Paris now forms, with a small district round it, one of the departments of France. It is 210 miles SSE of London, G25 w of Vienna, and 630 nne of Madiid Lon. 2 20 E, I at, 48 50 N. Paris, a town of Kentucky, chief of liourbon county, situate in a fine plain, watered by a small river, 30 miles u of Frankfort. Parligate, a village in Cheshire, situate on the estuary of tlic Dee, 12 miles tdw of Ciiester. Irjcnee packet-boats frc- «|UPiit!y sail to Ireland. Parma, ;\n ancient, rich, pnifulousand PAR handsome town of Italy, capital of a du- chy of the same name. It has a uni- versity, a magnificent cathedral, and the largest opera-house in Europe, which has seats for 8000 people. The dome, and the church of St. John, are planted by the famous Corregio, who was a na- tive of this place. The other most re- markable places, are the ducal palace, with its gallery and collection of artificial curiosities ; the large Benedictine con- vent, in which 12,000 soldiers were quar- tered in 1724; the Palazzo Giardino, a ducal palace, connected with the town; and the promenade between the town and citadel. Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, carried away a library from this place to Naples, which contained 18,000 volumes, and a very valuable cabinet of curiosities, with a rich collection of me- dals. The inhabitants, about 36,000, trade in silk, and silk stockings. In 1734, a bloody battle was fought here between the Austrians and the French, and Sardinians, in which the former were defeated. Parma is situated on a river of the same name, which divides it into two parts, united by three bridges, 40 miles nw of Modena, and 60 miles SB of Milan. Lon, 10 30 E, lat. 44 50 N. Parma, a duchy of Italy, under which name are included the duchies of Par- ma Proper, Placenza, and Guastalla. It is bounded on the vv and N by the Mila- nese, E by the Modenese, and s by Tus- cany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage ; and there are some inconsiderable mines of copper and silver. The celebrated Parmesan cheese is no lonjcer made in this country, but at Lodi in the Mila- nese, and some other places. By Iho treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied powers, on the 11th of April, 1814, the duchies of Parma, Placenza, and Guastalla, were given to the empress Maria Louisa, and are to descend to her son, who is to take the title of prince of Parma, Parnasstis, or Parnasso, a mountain of European Turkey, in Livadia. It has two heads, one of which was ftimousfor being consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the highest in Greece, and has a fine i'uuntain, supposed to be the ancient Castalia. It is eight miles n of Livadia. Paro, or Porrogong; a town of B(jolan, with a casde, the residence of a gover- nor. It is famous for the maiuilacture of idols, and the forging of swords, dag- gers, and arrows, it stands on the Pat- cbieu, in a fertile valley, 20 miles s by b of Tassisudon. 324 V \ r one of the Cyt Jades, to liie vv ofNaxia. It is 10 miles long: ^H"' eight l>road, mid the soil is well cultivated. The trade consists in wheat, barley, wine, and pnlse, and in calicos. It once produced a great deal of oil, but the Venetian army burnt all the olive-trees. Tins island was anciently dedicated to Eac- chus. on account of its excellent wines ; and li.is been so famous for its marble, that the best carvers wonkl make use of no other. Those excellent statuaries, Phidias and Praxiteles, were natives of this island ; and ti-.e famous Arundelian marbles, at Oxford, were brought from this place. Paros, or Parechia. the cajiital of tlie isle of Paros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the larg;est and most powerful town of the Cyclades; but is greatly decayed. 'J'he walls of the castle are built ol' ancient pieces of marble, and most of the columns are placed long- wise ; some of them that stand upright, suj)port cornices of amazing size. The natives build their houses of marble, wliich they find ready cut to their iiands ; but th.cy take no care to place the pieces in a regular manner; their tields like- wise are inclosed witli friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. 'I'he inhabitants arc so iy.iifirant isow, that itistead of great K( iiiplors and skUful architects, they have nothing but carvers of mortars and sait-ceilars. l-aros is situate on the w coast of the isiand. Lou. 25 44 E, lat. 37 8 N. Parret, a river which rises in the s part of Somersetsliirc, receives the Ivel and Thone, and enters the Bristol chan- nel, at Bridgewater bay. Parramatta. a town or settlement of English convicts in New S Wales. In ]80(), there were 21 4G acres of land in cultivation, or leased for that purpose ; and the soil in most places is reniark- ahly good. Here is a church, couit- house, and gaol. It is seated at the head of the harbour of Port Jackson, 15 milei w i)y n of Sydney. Partenkivch, a town of Bavaria, in the county of Werdeiifels, 20 miles s by e of Weilheim. Partheuay, a town of France, in the departmeiit of 'I'wo Sevres. It has a cousiderabie trade in cattle and corn, and is seated on the Thouc, 21 miles s of Thours, and 28 nnb of Niort. Payloneruig;ix ferry-town of Scotland, iij Fifeshirc, near the niuuth of the frith of Tay, nine miles NNvv of St. An- dre w. Piirii, a tovv'n and fort of Erasil, in tfcs jurisdiciioa of Para; situato on the ^25 i^ A S N iiide of the head of the e«tiiary of tha Amazon, 200 miles from the ocean. Lon. 54 20 w, lat. 1 50 s. PartJs, a mountain of Wales, on the Nw coast of the isle of Anglesey, famous for a copper mine, whitsh is wroughl si- milar to a stone quarry open to day. This mine was not opened till 1708, and the rpiantity of ore is prodigious. I'he |)urest part is exported raw to the smelling works at Swansea and other places: the most Impure is dei)rived of its sulphur on the spot; wiiicii f.ulj)!nir is sublimed, and afterward formed into roils of brimstone. Quantities of nearly pine cop|)er are oljtained from the wa- ters lodged beneath the bed of ore, by the jnterveulioii of iron. A lead ore, rich in silver, is also found in this moun- tain. The smelting and boiling houses are in the valley bcK)Vv, near the sea, and at Amlwich is a commodious haven for vessels employed in the copper and brimstone trade. Pfis, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Pas de Calais, 12 miles sw of Arras. Pas de Calais, a department of France, containiiig tiie late provinces of A rtois and Ronlonnois. Arras is theea!.i!al. Paseiva/k, a town of Hithei' Poniera- nia, near which are some iron woiks. It stands on the Ucker, 28 miles w of Steitin. Piisqiia, a town of Mexico, in tlie pro- vince ofXalisco, 100 miles sswofCom- posteila. Pasquu.ro, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoacan, 24 miles sw «>( Alechoacan. Passage, -A seaport of Spain, in Biscay, between those of Fbntarabia and St. Se- bastian, three miles E of the latter. Passamaquodij, a town of the district of Maine, in Washington county, on \ bay of the same name, 20 miles nne of Maciiias. Passao, Cape, a cape of Peru, in the audience of Quito. Lon. 80 60 w, lat. 30 s. Passaro, Cape, anciently called Pa- chinum, the most southerly point of Si- cily, It has a fort, to protect the coun- try from the incursions of the Barbary corsairs. Off this cape, sir George Byng, in 1735, defeated a Spanish squadron. Lon. 15 22 E, lat. 36 35 N. Passaroivitz, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, where a peace was concluded in 1718, between Charles VL and Achmet III. It is situate near tbft river Morava, 33 miles ese of Bel- grade. Passaruan, a town of the island tA P A T Java, with % trade in cotton and rice, 30 miles vv of Panaiiican. Passaii, a fortified city of Bavaria, ca- pital of aprincipali» celebrated for its honey. It is 15 miles w of Catania. Pathhead, a village of Scotland, in Fifeshire, two miles w of Dysart; long famous for its manufacture of nails, and now including different branches of weaving woollen and linen. Patmos, or Patino, an island of the Archipelago, lying 28 miles s of the isle of Samos. It is 20 miles in circumfer- ence, and one of the most barren in the Archipelago; but is famous for being the place where St. John composed the book of Revelation. A few valleys only are capable of some cultivation ; but it abounds with partridges, rabbits, quails, turtles, pigeons, and snipes. In the midst of the island rises a mountain, terminated by the convent of St. John ; the abbot of which is the prince of the country, and pays a certain tribute to the grand seignior. The hermitage of the Apocalypse is situate on the side of the mountain between the convent and the port of Scala. It leads to the church of the Apocalypse, which is built against a grotto in a rock, pointed out as the asylum of St. John, during his exile at Patmos. The inhabitants are chiefly Greek Christians, sailors or ship-build- ers ; and have some trade in cotton, and stockings of their own manufacture. The women are generally pretty, but they disfigure themselves by the exces- sive use of paint. Lon. 26 24 E, lat. 37 24 N. Palna, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Bahar, seated on the right bank of the Ganges, opposite the influx of the Gunduck, and fortified with a wall and citadel, in the citadel were conHned the prisoners taken in 1764, by Meer Cossim, nabob of Bengal, by whose or- der they were massacred. The build- ings are high, but the streets are narrow. It IS a place of considerable trade, 400 626 PAT miles Nw of CalciiKa. Lon. 85 t, lat. 25 35 N. Patras, a seaport of European Tnr- kej-, in the Morea, and a Greek archbi- shop's sec I'he Jews, who are one- third of the iiihabiiants, have four syna- gogues, and there are several handsome mosques and Greek churches. The principal articles of trade are silk, lea- ther, honey, wax, inanna, pomegra- nates, citro«is, and oranges. It has been taken and retaken several limes; but the Turks are now masters of it. It is seated on tiie side of a hill, near the entrance of the gnlf of Lepanto, 14 niiies sw of Lepanto. Lon. 21 45 e, lat. 38 17 N. Patrio, a t&wn of Naples, in Terra di Lavoio, situate near a lake of the same uame, 13 miles nw of Naples. Patrica, a town of Italy, in Campag- nadi Roma, 13 miles s of Rome. Patrimony of St. Peter, a province of Italy, in the pope's dominions, 43 miles long and 30 broad : bounded on tiie n by Orvietto, e by Umbria and Sabina, s by Campagni di Roma, and sw by the sea. It is said to be so called, because it was inanted by emperor Coustantine, to support a church he had built in ho- nour of St. Peter, and for the use of the pope. The country is fertile in corn and fruit, and produces much alum. Viterbo fs the capital. Patrington, a town in East Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. Here the Roman road from the Picts wall ended. It is seated near the mouth of the Hum- ber, 18 miles ese of Hull, and 188 N of London. Patschkau, a town of Silesia, on the river Neisse, 13 miles w ofNeisse. Patta, an island on the coast of Zan- guebar, 10 miles in circuit, at the mouth of a river of the same name. It is inha- bited chiefly by Arabians, with whom the Europeans and Indians trade for ivory and slaves. Lon. 43 e, lat. 1 56 s. Pattan, a town of the country of Na- paui, containing several temples, and about 24,000 houses, 10 miles ese of Catmandu. Pattensen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Calenberg, 7 miles S by E of Hanovor. Patti, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, and a bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of Patti, 38 miles w of Messina. /,on. 15 22 E, lat. 38 11 n. Pattiary, a town of Hindoostan, in fhe country of Oude, 55 miles nw of Canogue, and 55 ene of Agra. Pattim, a town of Hindoostan, capi- V A U taJ of a cirear of the same name, in the taunt ry ofGuzerat. Il is seated on the Surswutty, 48 n-iiles n of Amedabad. Lon. 72 30 E, lat. 23 45 N. Paiuxent, a navigable river of Mary- land, which flows into thq w side of Chesapeak bay, 30 miles s of Anna- polis. Patzow, a town of Eolieniia, in the circle of Bechin, with a Carmelite coa- veiit and good cloth nianufacturcs, 17 miles E of Tabor. Pan, a town of France, capital of the department of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle where Henry VI. was born. It Avas the ancient residence of the kings of Navarre ; and before the revolution, the capital of Eearn. Here are manu- factures of cloth, linen, Sec. and in the environs are vineyards. It is seated on an eminence, by the river I au,97 miles s of Eourdeaux. Lon. 9 w, lat. 43 .15 N. Pavia, a city of Italy, in tlie duchy of Milan, and a bisho])'s see, with a ce- lebrated university, and a citadel. Re- side the calhcdral.therc are 18 churches, and numerous convents. Tiic chief ai tick's of commerce are corn, hemp, cheese, and wine. It has been often taken. It is seated in a beautiful plain, on the Tesino, near its conflux with the Po, 17 miles s of Milan. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 45 13 N. Paul, St. an island in the Indian ocean. See Amsterdam. Paul, St. a town of Brasil, in the pro- vince of St. Vincent, surrounded by in- accessible mountains and thick forests. It is a kind of independent republic, composed of the banditti of several na- tions, who, however, pay tribute to the Portuguese. Lon. 45 52 w, lat. 23 25 s. Paul, St. a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, 18 mile.s WNw of Arras. Paul, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, 10 miles SE of Limoges. Paul, St. a town of France, in the department of Var, seven miles w of Nice. Paul de Fenoidllede.s, St. a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, 18 miles WNW of Perpig- nan. Paul de Leon, St. a town of France, in the department of Finisterre. seated on a bay of the English channel, 30 miles NE of Brest. Lon. 4 w, lat. 4H 41 N. Paid de Omaguas, St. a town of Ama- zonia, on the s side of the river A maaoa. PAZ Riif) on the borders of Peru. Lon. 69 20 w, lat. 4 10 s. Paul Trois Cfiatemuc, St, a town of France, in the «1ej)artnierit of Drome, on the side of a iiill, l(j miles s of Mon- telimar. Paula, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, 12 miles wnw of Cosenza. Paulograd, a (own of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, 32 miles Eof Catharinenslaf. Lon. 35 54 e, lat. 47 10 N. Pavoasan, the capital of the isle of St. Thomas, on the coast of Guinea, and the see of a bishop, with a fort, and a good harbour. It belongs to Portugal, and lies under the equator, in lon. 8 30 w. Pausa, a, town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtiand, 7 miles nnw of Plauen. Pausilippo, a mountain five miles w of Naples, celebrated for a grotto, which is a passage cut through the mountain near a mile in length, 20 feet in breadth, and 30 in height. People of fashion generally drive through this passage with torches; but the country people find their way by the light which enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced through the mountain, near the middle of the grotlo. On the top of this mountain is the tomb of Virgil ; and its n and E sides are cover- ed with villas and gardens. Pauzk, a town of West Prussia, in Po- mereha, near the w coast of the gulf of Dantzic, 25 miles Nw of Dantzic. Paxil, an island in the Mediterranean sea, a little to the s of that of Corfu, about 1.5 miles in circumference. It produces wine, oil, and almonds. San Nicolois the enly town, and has a good harbour. Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 12 N. Paijerne, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, on the river Broye, 22 miles sw of Bern. Pai/mogo, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, 42 miles N by E of Ayamonte, and 73 NW of Seville. Pays de Vaud, a new canton of Swit- zerland, extending along the lake of Ge- iipva, and rising gradually from the edge of that lake. It is richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows, and chequered with many villages and towns. Lausanne is the capital. Paz, a city of Peru, capital of a pro- vince of its name, in the audience of Charcos, and an archbishop's sec. Be- side the cathedral, it contains four churches, an hospital, a college, and se- veral convents. It is seated at the foot of a raountain, in a valley abounding^ in P E E ^^ine and fruits, 220 miles nw of Plata. Lon. 68 50 w, lat. 17 s. Pazzy, a town of Jmu opean Tnrfcey, in Romania, and a bishop's see, 8 miles .sw of Gallipoli. Peak, a mounlainous district in the NW part of Derbyshire, which abounds in lead, iron, millstones, marble, alabas- ter, coal, and a coarse sort of crystals. It is much visited on account of it.s extraordinary caverns, perforations, and other curiosities. The ' Wonders of the Peak' have been celebrated both in prose and verse ; and they are noticed in this work under the articles Buxton, Castleton^ Chatsworth, and Tideswell. Pearl Islands, islands lying in the baj of Panama. The inhabitants of Pana- ma have plantations on them. Pechlam, a town of Austria, on the right bank of the Danube The river is very wide ; and here the Romans,who called it Praeclara, had a harbour for their navy. It is 14 miles w of St. Polten, and 48 e of Lintz. Pedes, a river of the United States, which rises in North Carolina, and is there called Yadkin river : on entering South Carolina, it takes the name of Pedee, and flows into Wynyaw bay, at Georgetown. Pedena, a town of Italy, in Istria, 25 miles SE of Capo d'Istria. Pedernnra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the sea coast, 33 miles sw of Leiria. Pedir, a town of Sumatra, on the N coast, 40 miles ese of Acheen. Lon. 96 36 E, lat. 5 22 n. Pedraza, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a castle. It is the birth- place of empcior Trajan, and stands on the Cega, near its source, 25 miles ne of Segovia. Pedro, Point, the most northern point of the island of Ceylon, opposite Point Calymore on the continent of Hindoo- stan. Lon. 80 27 e, lat. 9 52 N. Pedro, St. one of the islands in the Pacific ocean, called Marquesas. Lon. 138 51 w, lat. 9 58 s. Peebles, a borough of Scotland, capi- tal of Peebleshire, seated on the Tweed, over which is an elegant bridge. It has manufactures of carpets and serges, and is noted for its excellent beer. On a projecting rock, near the Tweed, stands Nidpath castle; and on an eminence on the E stands Horseburg castle. It is 22 miles s of Edinburgh, Lon. 3 7 w, lat, 55 40 N. Peebleshire, a county of Scotland, 30 528 PEG miies loug; and 12 broad ; bomsded on the N by Edinburghshire, E by S^elkirk- shire, s by Dumfriesshire, and w by Lanarkshire. It is divided into 16 pa- rishes. Its hills (among ^\hich are those of Tweedsmuir) abound witli salu- brious springs, and feed numbers of sheep and cattle. The principal rivers are iho Tweed and Lyne; ihe former runs through the country, and hence the country is sometimes called 1'wee- dale. PeeJisJdU, a town of New York, in West Chester county, on the n side of a creek of its name, five miles from its entrance into Hudson river, and 60 N of Npw York. Peel, a town on the w coast of the Isle of Man, situate on a spacious bay. A the s extremity of the bay is Peel isle, a rock of great magnitude and heig,ht, on the summit of which is a cas- tle, and the cathedral of the isle (much out of repair) dedicated to St, Germain, the first bishop, who lived in the fifth cciitHry. The town is much decayed, and the inhabitants are indolent and poor. It is 16 miles wnw of Douglas. Lon. 4 40 w, lat. 54 13 N. . Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, 24 miles nnvv of Maestricht. Peene, a river of Germany, which rises out of some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows through Hither Pomerania to the ■western branch of the Oder, which is thence called Peene, and runs by Wol- gast into the Baltic sea, atPeenemunde. In the latter part of its course it sepa- rates Hither Pomerania from Further Pomerania. Peenemunde, a town and fort of Fur- ther Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the residence of the governor of the island. It commands the entrance and mouth of the Peene, near which it stands, six miles N by e of Wolgast. Lon. 13 55 e, lat. 54 8 N. Pegau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, situate on the Lister, 10 miles ssw of Leipsic. Pegau, a town of Germany, in Stiria, near which are considerable lead mines. It is seated near the Muer, 9 miles nnw of Gratz. Pegna tie Francia, a town of Spain, in Leon, 27 miles sse of Cindad Ro- drigo. Pednqfiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a palace, and a strong castle. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the Douero, 38 miles ese of Valladolid. Ix>n. 4 Ow, lat. 41 33 N. Pegnafirme, a town of I'ortHjral, iu 529 PEG Estremadiira, at the mouth of the M«n- gola, 36 miles nnw of Lisbon. Pegnafior, a town of Spain, m Astu- rias, seated on the Pravia, 8 miles nw of Oviedo. Pegnaflor, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, 48 miles ne of Seville. Pegnagarcia, a town of Portugal, iu Beira, 36 miles e of Castel Branco. Pegnamacor, a fortified town of Por- tugal, iu Beira, with a castle, 31 miles ENE of Castel Branco. Lon. 6 52 w, lat. 40 6 N. Pegnaranda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 39 miles s by e of Burgos. An- other, 33 miles nnw of Avila. Pegnitz, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayreuth, on a liver of the same name, near its source, 10 miles s of Bayreuth. Pegnon de Velez, a seaport and for- tress of the kingdom of Fez, seated on a rock in the Mediterranean, near the town of Velez. It was built by the Spaniards in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken in 1664. It is 73 miles se of Ceuta. Lon. 4 16 w, lat. 35 12 N. Pegu, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by Birmah, w and s by the bay of Bengal, and e by Siara. It is very fruitful in corn, roots, pulse, and fruits ; and its other products are teak timber, elephants, elephant's teeth, bees- wax, lac, saltpetre, iron, lead, tin, pe- troleum, very fine rubies, small dia- monds, and plenty of lead, of which they make their money. The inhabit- ants are but thinly clad, and the best among them wear neither shoes nor stockings. The women are much fairer than the men, small, but well propor- tioned. If the wife proves false, the husband may sell her for a slave ; and if he go astray, she will give him a dose of poison. There are a vast number of temples in this country, mostly of wood, varnished and gilt. The priests have ground allowed them, which they cultivate for their subsistence: they are called Talapoins, and inculcate charity as the highest virtue ; afiirming that re- ligion to be the best which teaches men to do tlifi most good. They have idols in their temples, in a sitting posture, cross-legged, and with \ery large ears. They have various sorts of music, but the pipe and tabor are esteemed the best. In the low flat part of the cohb- try, which is liable to be overflowed, the houses are built upon stakes, and in time of inundations, the inhabi- tants communicate with each other by boats. Pegu was long an independ- M ni P E K ent Kingdom, and, in 1762, coaquered the kingdom of Birmali ; but Alora- pra, whom the king of Pegu had con- tinued as chief at Monchabon, soon af- terwards revolted, and, in 1757, reduced Pegu to a dependent province on Bir- mah. Pegu, a city of the kingdom of the same name, erected on the site of the former city, which was ruined, in 1757, by the king of Binuah. The ancient city was a quadrangle, each side inea- SMring nearly a mile and a half, and sur- rounded by strong walls and other forti- fications, now in ruins. The present t^ity occupies about one-fourth of the former area. On the n and e sides it b&rders on the old wall, and is fenced round by a stockade. Here is a grand temple, which has been newly embel- lished. The king of Birmah has here a viceroy, who resides in the fort. It is seated on a river of the same name, 300 miles s of Ummerapoora, Lon. 96 11 E, lat. 17 40 N. Pei-ho, or White-river, a river of China, in Pe-tche-li, which passes near Peking, and by the cities of Tong- tdiou and Tien-sing, into the Yellow sea. The tide flows 110 miles, and fre- quently submerges the flat country on its banks. Peina, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Hildesheim, with a palace and a capuchin convent. It is 16 miles w of Brunswick. Peipm, or Tchudskoi, a large lake of Russia, between the. governments of Petersburg and Riga. The river Na- rova issues from this lake, by which it has a communicatiou at Narva, with the gulf of Finland. Peishore, or Piskour, a town of Can- dahar, in the province of Cabul, 55 miles NNW of Attock, and 95 sse of Ca- bul. Peiskretscham, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Oppeln, 30 miles se ofOppelii. Peitz, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark. It has manufactures of cloth and yarn ; and in the neighbour- hood are iron-works. It stands on the Mauksc, which runs into the Spree, 10 miles NNE of Cotbus, and 37 sse of Frankfort. Peking; the capital of the empiie of China, in the province of Pe-tche-li. Its name signifies the Northern Court, to distinguish it from Nan-king, the Southern Court, where the emperor formerly resided. 'liiis capital forms iin oblong square, and is divided into two eiti«s; one inhabited by Cinuese, P E K the other by Tartars. These two cities, exclusive of the suburbs, are nearly 14 miles in circumference. The walls of the city are 28 feet high, 24 thick at the base, and 12 at the top ; and there are spacious towers at 70 feet distance from each other. The gates are high, and well ^arched, supporting buildings of nine stories high; the lowest of which is for the soldiers when they come oif guard : they are nine in number, three in the s wall, and in each of the other sides two. The middle gate, on the s side, opens into the I'artar or imperial city, which is a space within the general inclosure, about a mile from N to s, and three- fourths of a mile from E to w, with a rivulet winding through it. A wall of large red polished bricks, 20 feet high, covered with a roof of tiles painted yellow and varnished, surrounds this space, in which are contained the imperial palace and gardens, the public offices, lodgings for the ministers, tho eunuchs, artificers, and tradesmen be- longing the court. Between the other two gates in the s wall, and the opposite ones on the n side of the city, run two straight streets, each four miles in length, and 120 feet wide. One streei of the same width runs from one of the eastern to the corresponding western gate, but the other is interrupted by the imperial city, round the wails of which it is carried. The other streets branch from tliese main streets at right angles, and are very narrow. The houses have no windows nor openings to the street, except the great shops ; most of thera are poorly built, and have only a grouiid-tloor. It is astonishing to see the concourse of people that are in the main streets, yet not one Chinese wo- man among them, and the confusion occasioned bj' the number of horses, camels, mules, asses,waggons, carts, and chairs; without reckoning the several mobs which gather about the jugglers, ballad-singers, &c. Persons of distinc- tion have always a horseman to go be- fore them and clear the way. All the great streets are guarded by soldiers, who patrole night and day with swords by their sides, and whips in their hands, to chastise those who make any disturb- ance, or take them into custody. The little streets have lattice gates at their entrance into the great streets, which are shut up at night, and guarded by soldiers, who suffer no assemblies in the streets at that time. The emperor's palace and garden occupies two-thirds of the Tartar city, is surrounded by a brick wall, two miles in length, with PEL pavilions at each corner encompassed by galleiies, supported by coluinus: the architecture of ilie stupendous pile of buildings of which the "palace consists, is entirely diifercnt from that of the Eu- ropeans ; and they aie covered with tiles of a shining- beautiful yellow. The tem- ples and the towers of Peking are so numerous, that it is difEcult to count them. Provisions of all kinds are ex- ceeding plentiful, they being, as well as the merchandise, brought from all parts by canals from the rivers, and al- ways crowded with vessels of different sizes : and within the walls are several hundred acres of land under cultiva- tion. An earthquake which happened here, in ITSl, buried above 100,000 persons in the ruins of the houses. The inhabitants are estimated at 2,000,000. A Russian church is established here, with a seminary, in which the students are permitted to reside for the purpose of learning the Chinese language. Since this establishment, many interesting publications have appeared at Peters- burg, relative to the laws, history, and geography of China, translated from the originals published at Peking. This city stands in a fertile plain, 60 miles s of the great wall. Loii. 116 27 E, lat 39 54 N. PelagHisi, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, about eight miles in cir- cumference. Lon. 24 12 e, lat. 39 30 N. Peleg-riuo, a mountain on the N coast Gf-Sicilj% nearly two miles w of Paler- mo. Oil itiis mount is a cavern, in which is the image of St. Rosolio, who is said to have died here : and round the cave of this saint (who is the patroness of Palermo) a church is built, where priests attend, to watch the precious relics, and receive the offerings of the pilgrims. Pelew Islands, or Palaos, a group of islands in the Pacific ocean, lying be- tween 134 and 136 e lon. and 6 and 8 fi lat. Tiiey are encircled ou the vv side by a reef of coral; and the names of some of the principal are Oroolong, Emun?.'. Eralilegue, Artingal, Corooraa, and Pfe'fJev/. They are well covered with trees of various kinds and sizes ; and every part of that called Corooraa ; to whicii P^Iew appeared to be the ca- pital, seemed to bear the marks of in- dustry and good cultivation. Captain Wilson, of the Antelope E. India packet, who was wrecked here in 1783, found tlie natives simple in theii- manners, de- licate in their sentiments, friendly in their disposition, and, in fine, a people thai do honour to the human race. The PEL astonishment which those, who first dis* covered the English, manifested on see- ing their colour, plainly showed, that they had never before seen a white man. They had no idea of the nature of pow- der and shot, and were exceedingly amazed on seeing its effects. Their principal arms consist of bamboo darts, from five to eight feet long, pointed with the wood of the betel-nut tree ; but there are siiort ones for different marks, which are thrown by means of a stick two feet long. The chiefs wear a bone round one of their wrists, in the form of a bracelet, which, being a mark of great honour conferred by the king, is never to be parted with but with life. They are not all of the same degree, as ap- peared from a difference in the bone they wore. Captain Wilson was iuvcsied with the highest order of the bone. W ith respect to property in these islands, a man's house or canoe is considered as his own, as is also the land allotted to him, as long as he occupies and culti- vates it ; but whenever he removes to another place, the ground reverts to the king. The natives make canoes out of the trunks of trees, some large enough to carry 30 men. Yams and cocoa-nuts, being their chief articles of subsistence, are attended with the utmost care ; and the milk of the latter is their common drink. On particular occasions, they add to their ordinary fare certain sweet- meats, and a sweet beverage, obtained by the aid of a syrup, extracted either from the palm-tree or the sugar-cane. The houses are raised about three feet from the ground, the foundation beams being laid on large stones, whence spring the upright supports of their sides, which are crossed by other timbers grooved together, and fastened by wooden pins ; the intermediate space being closely fil- led up with bamboos and palm-tree leaves, plaited together. The tops of the house are covered with bamboos and palm-tree leaves; and the inside is wim- out any division, forming one great room. As to domestic implements, they have little baskets, nicely woven from slips of the plantain-tree, and wooden baskets with covers, neatly carved and inlaid with shells. No one goes abroad without a basket, which usually contains some betel-nut, a comb, knife, and a little twine. The best knives are made of a piece of the large mother-of-pearl oys- ter, ground narrow, and the outward side a little polished. The combs are made of the orange-tree, of which there are a fevv of the Seville kind ; the han- dle and teetli are fastened to the soli'? PEL wood. The fishing-hooks are of toi toise- skell ; and twine, cord, and fishing-nets, are well manufactured from the husks of the cocoa-nut. Of the plantain leaf are formed mats, which serve the peo- ple as beds. They also use a plantain leaf at meals, instead of a plate ; and the shell of a cocoa-uut supi)lies the place of a cup. There arc vessels of a kind of earthen ware,of a reddish brown colour, in which they boil their fish, yams, &c. A bundle of cocoa-nut husks serves them for a broom ; and thick bamboos, with bores five or six inches in diameter, are their buckets or cis- terns. The shell of the tortoise is here remarkably beautiful; and the natives have discovered the art of moulding it into little trays or dishes, and spoons. Some of the great ladies have also bracelets of the same manufacture, and ear-rings inlaid with shells. The Pe- lewans, in genersj, are stout and well mai'e, rather above the middle stature, and of a deep copper colour. Their hair is long, and generally formed into one large loose curl round their heads. The men are entirely naked : but the women wear two little aprons, one before, the other behind. Both sexes are tattowed, have their teeth made black by art, and the cartilage between the nostrils bored, through which they frequently put a sprig or blossom of some p^ant or shrub. The men have the left ear bored, and the women both ; a few of the first wear beads in the perforated ear, the latter either put some leaf through, or an ear- ring of tortoise-shell inlaid. Both sexes are veiy expert at swimming ; and the men are such admirable divers, that they will readily fetch up any thing from the bottom of the sea. Such an opinion had Abba Thulle, the king of the island, en- tertained of the English, that on their departure, he permitted his second son, Lee Boo, to accompany them to Eng- land, where they arrived in 1784. In a few months after, this hopeful youth died of the smallpox, and the E. India Company erected a monument over his grave in Botherhithe church-yard. The directors of the E. India Company, sen- sible that there remained obligations for them to fulfil, equipped two vessels at Bombay, under the command of captain M'Cluc!-, which arrived at these islands in January, 1791. A joyful and afifect- ing interview took place between the English and the Pelewans; and the good Abba Thulle bore the intelligence of the death of Lee Boo with great fortitude. When the presents were landed, con- sisting of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, &c. P E M together with arms, grindstones, shovels* saws, and other utensils, the natives were struck with amazement, and the king himself was for some time at a loss how to express his gratitude. The kingj, in return, made a present of one of the islands to the English, which was taken possession of with the usual formalities. Captain M'Cluer leaving one ship be- hind to superintend the gardens, plan- tations, and live stock, proceeded with the other to Canton; some oi the natives voluntarily accompanying him. He re- turned to Pelew in June ; but thinking his benevolent mission not yet com- pleted, he sailed with both ships to New Guinea and Bencoolen, and returnert again in January, 179.3, with two full cargoes of cattle and stores. During his absence Abba Thulle had died, and his brother had succeeded to the sove- reignty. The munificent gratitude of the E. India Company has been attend- ed with complete success ; the live stock having greatly multiplied, and the rice producing two abundant crops every year. A small trade is now carried on occasionally by the English, between Pelew and China. Pelissane, a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Bhone, 15 miles wnw of Aix. Pellerin, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire, situate on the Loire, with a harbour for small ves- sels, 10 miles N of Nantes, and 23 se of Painbocuf. Pemba, an island in the Indian ocean, near the coast of Zanguebar, about 100 miles in circumference, governed by a king, tributary to the Portuguese. Lon, 41 10 E, hit. 4 50 s. Pemba, a town of the kingdom 6f Congo, capital of a province of the same name. It is seated on the Loze, 90 miles SSE of St. Salvador, Lon. 14 40 E, lat, 6 45 s. Pemhridge, a town in Herefordshire, whose market is now disused. It has a manufacture of woollen cloth, and is seated on the Arrow, seven miles w of Leominster, and 144 wnw of London. Pembroke, a town of Massachusets, in Plymouth county, sit«iate on North river, remarkable for its depth of water, though in some places not more than 50 ^ feet wide. Vessels of 300 tons are built | here, and descend to Massachusets bay, i 18 miles distant. Pembroke is 51 mile* j| SSE of Boston. ' Pembroke, a borough of Wales, capi- tal of Pembrokeshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It stauUs 00 the innermost creek of Mii- 532 PEN fimi-liaven. over which are t\^o bridges, but the harbour is become injured by the rubbish of the neighbouring lime- stone quarries. It is surrounded by a wall with three gates, has a castle on a rock, and three churches. It is 10 miles s by E of Haverfordwest (where the as- sizes of the county are held) and 263 w by N of London. Lon. 4 48 w, lat. 51 43 N. Pemhrokeshire, a county of Wales, 87 miles long and 28 broad ; surrounded on all sides by the sea, except on the e, •where it is bounded by Caermarthen- sliire and Cardiganshire. It contains 335,600 acres ; is divided into seven liundreds, and 145 parishes; has one 3ity and seven market towns, and sends three members to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1811, was 60,615. The rivers are inconsiderable. A great part of the county is plain, and tolerably fertile, consisting of rich mea- dow and arable land. TheXE part alone is mountainous ; w hich, however, yields good pasturage for sheep and cattle. Penang. See Prince of Wales Island. Penautier, a town of France, in the department of Aude, four miles N of Carcassone. Pendennis, a castle in Cornwall, on a hill of the same name, on Falmouth bay. It was built by Henry VIII. for the security of the coast; and on the opposite side of the bay is another called St. Maws. It is a little to the se of Falmouth, the harbour of which it de- fends. Pendleton, a large village in Lanca- shire, two miles nw of Manchester, em- ployed in the trade and manufactures of the various Manchester goods. Peniche, a strong seaport of Portugal, in Estremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel ; seated on a peninsula, 48 miles N by w of Lisbon. Lou, 9 20 w, lat. 39 22 N. Penig, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a manufacture of woollen stuffs, and a pottery; seated on the Mulda, 1 1 miles nw of Chem- nitz. Pemscola, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, seated on a high point of land, sur- rounded on three sides by tlie sea, and of difficult access by land. It is 30 miles s by w of Tortosa, and 80 n\e of Valen- cia. Lon. 024 E, lat. 40 24 N. Penishehr, a town of Candahar, in the country ofCabiil, 46 miles n of Cabul. Penistone, a town in Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the 633 ^ PEN Don, 13 miles ssE of Huddersficid, aud 176 NNW of Loudon. Penkridge, a town in Stafibrdshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the river Penk, six miles s of Stafford, and 129 nw of London. Penkum, a town of Hither Pome- rania, seated on a lake, 15 miles sw of Stettin. Penmaenmawr, a mountain of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, overhanging the sea. It is four miles w by s of Aberconway ; and the road to Holyhead crosses it oq the side of a dreadful precijuce, from which it is defended by a wall. The mountain is 1545 feet above the level of the sea. Pennar, a river of Hiiidoosian, which rises in Mysore, flows by Gooty, Gan- dicotta, Cuddaph, and Vellore, and enters the bay of Bengal, at Gangapat- nam. Pennon de Veles. See Pegnon. Pennsylvania, one of the United States of America, 288 miles long and 166 broad; bounded on the N by New York, E by that province and New Jersey, s by Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, w by the latter and that of Ohio, and NW by Lake Erie, on which it has a consi- derable front, and a good port. It is divided into 23 counties ; namely Phi- ladelphia, Chester, Delaware, Bucks, Montgomery, Berks, Lancaster, Dau- phin, Northampton, Luzerne, York, Cumberland, Northumberland, Frank- lin, Bedford, Huntingdon, Mifflin,West- morland, Somerset, Fayette, Washing- ton, Allegany, and Lycoming. It is well watered by the Delaware, Schuyl- kill, Susquehanna, Monongahela, Alle- gany, and other navigable rivers. Its produce is corn, cattle, potesh, wax, skins, and furs ; and the principal ma- nufactures arc iron, copper, tin, leather, paper, gunpowder, hats, cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Philad.elphia is the capi- tal. Pennygant, one of the highest moun- tains of England, in Yorkshire, seven miles N of Settle, Its summit is 3930 feet above the level of the sea. On its sides are two awful orifices, called Hul- pit and Huntpit holes ; through each of them runs a brook, both of which pass under ground tor about a mile, and cross each other in the bowels of the earth without mixing their waters Penobscot, a bay of the district of Mafne, at the mouth of tlie river Pe- nobscot. It is long and capacious; and its E side is lined with a cluster of small islands. PEN Pennee, a town of Wales, in Glamor- gansliire, with a market on ^'!lursday,^ Here are the ruins of a Norman eastle. Three miles to the N, on a mountain, is & Druidical monument, called Arthur's stone. Penrice is seated on the Bristol channel, 20 miles se of Caermarthen, and 220 w of Loudon„ Penrith, a town in Cumberland, with & market on Tuesday, and manufactmes af checks and fancy waistcoat pieces. Here are the ruins of a castle ; and in the church-yard is a singular monument of antiquity, called the Giant's Grave. ft is seated under a hill, near the river Eamont, 18 miles s of Carlisle, and 280 NNw of London. Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, wilh a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Here are large warehouses for flour and grain, and several good breweries, which supply the shipping at Falmouth ; and it has a great trade in the pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries. It is seated on a creek of Falmouth haven, three miles NAV of Falmouth, and 265 w by s of London. Pensacola, a city of W. Florida, seated on a bay of the gulf of Mexico, which forms a safe and commodious harbour. The entrance into the bay is defended by a small fort and a battery. Lon. 87 14 w, lat. 30 24 N. Pensford, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday, and a ma- nufacture of hats ; seated on the Chew, six miles s by e of Bristol, and 117 w by s of London. Pentland Frith, a strait which divides the Orkney islands from Caithnessshire, in Scotland. It is 20 miles long and 10 broad, and dangerous to those who are not acquainted with its tides and cur- lents ; especially in passing the Pcnt- iind Skerries, a cluster of rocks at the £ end of the frith. On the largest of Aese rocks is a light-house. Lon. 242 w, lat. 5S 35 N. Penza, a government of Russia, for- ftierly a province of Kasau. lis capital, of the same name, is seated on the Sura, where it receives the rivulet Penza, 220 uiiles sw ot Kasan. Lon. 45 38 e, lat. &3 30 N. Penzance, a seaport in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Thursday. It was burnt by the Spa- niards, in 1593, but soon rebuilt, and made oae of the tin-coinage towus. It is seated on a creek of Mount Bay, 10 miles NE of the Lands-end, and 280 w by s of London. Lon. 5 35 w, lat. 50 II v. PER Peqiiigny, a town of Fiance, in fhe department of Somrae ; memorable foi an interview and treaty between Louis XI. of France, and Edward IV. of En- gland, in 1475, on a bridge built for that purpose. It is seated on the river Som- me, 15 miles se of Abbeville. Perak, a seaport of Malaya, capital of a kingdom on the w coast. It is seated on a river of the same name, 180 miles Nw of Malacca. Lon. 100 e, lat. 4 23 N. Peray, St. a town of France, in the department of Ardeche, noted for its wines. It is seated oa the Rhone, op- posite Valence, .32 miles N of Viviers, Perdu, Mount, the highest mountain of the Pyrenees, deemed to be 11,000 feet above the sea. It is of very difHcult ac- cess, as the calcareous rock often as- sumes the form of perpendicular walls, from 100 to 600 feet- in height; and glaciers increase the difficulty. About 2000 feet from the summit is a lake, which throws its waters to the e, into the Spanish valley of Beoussa. Perecog, See Precop. Perga, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles wNW of Arta. Pargamar, a town of European Tup- key, iii Komania, and a bishop's see, 60 miles sw of Adrianople. Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 41 10 N. Pergamo, a town of Asiatic Turkey, iB Natolia, and a bishop's see, with a palace and a castle. It is not so consi- derable as formerly, but has 9 mosques, and occupies an oblong circumference of three miles, at the foot of a mountain. Here parchment w^as invented. It is seated on tiie Germasti, 15 railes from its mouth, and 37 N of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 E, lat, 39 5 N. Peria, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Irac, 90 miles w of Ispahajj. Lon. 51 25 e, lat 32 20 N. Periacj^a. town of France, in the de- partment of Aude, celebrated for its salt works, six miles sw of N'^rbonne. Periapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore. The environs are rich and beautiful. It is 40 miles w by s of Se- ringapatam. Periers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Manche, nine miles N of Coutances. Perigord, a late province of France, 83 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the N by Angoumois and Marche, E by Quercy and Limosin, s by Agenois and Bazodois, and w by Bourdelois, Angoumois, and Saintonge. It abounds 631 PER 10 iron-mines, and how firoms the de- partment of Dordogne. Perigiieitx, a town of France, capital of the department of Dordogne. Here are the ruins of a temple of \'"enus, and an amphitheatre. It is seated on the river Hie, 60 miles sw of Limoges. Lon. 43 E, lat. 45 11 N. Prhida, a town of Hnidoostan, in the province of Dowlatbaad, 188 miles nw of Hydrabad. Lon. 75 50 e, lat. 18 33 N. Perindura, a town of Hindoostan, in tlie proviuce of Coimbetore, 12 miles ssw of Bhawanikudal. Perleberg, a town of Brandenburg, capital of the mark of Pregnitz. It has considerable cloth manufactures, and stands on the Stepenifz, 42 miles wnw of Ruppin. Lon. 12 3 e, lat. 53 8 n. Perm, a government of Russia, for- merly a proviuce of Kasan. It is divided into two provinces, Perm and Cathari- nenburg, the capitals of which are of the same name. Perm, a town of Russia, capital of a government and province of the same name. It is seated on the Kama, at the iutlux of the Zegochekha, 620 miles e by \ of Moscow, and SIO e by s of Pe- tersburg. Lon. 55 10 R, iat. .57 55 n. Permacoil, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnalic, situate on a mountain, 20 miles NNw of Pondicherry. Pernnlla, a town of Hindoostan, in Gnzerat, 38 miles s of Surat. Perncanhuco. See Ferjiamhnco. Pernait, a fortified town of Russia, in Livonia, with a castle; seated near the month of a river of the same name, 95 miles N of Riga. Lon. 24 30 E, lat 58 30 N. Pernes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mouths of the Rhone. It is the birthplace of the celebrated orator Ficchier, bishop of Nismes, and 12 miles E by N of Avignon. Pernes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Clarence, 17 miles nw of Arras. Perno, a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic, 36 miles e of Helsingfors. Peronne, a strong town of France, m the department of Somme. It is called pHcclle, because it has never been taken, though often besieged. The castle was the imprisonment of Charles the simple, who here miserably died ; and in this castle the duke of Burgundy detained Louis XL three days, till he consented to sign a disadvantageous treaty. It is Beated on the Somme, 27 miles sw of 6G5 PER Cambray, and SO e by N of Pa?1s. Loa. 3 2 E, lat. 49 55 N. Perousa, a town and fort of Piedmont, on the river Clusou, six miles NW of Pig- nerol. Perpignan, a fortified town of France, capital of the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a good citadel and a uni- versity. It is seated on the Tet, near the Mediterranean, 95 miles se of Tou- louse. Lon. 2 54 e, lat. 42 42 n. Persaim. See Bassien. Persepolis, anciently the capital of the Persian empire. It was taken by Alex- ander the great, who set it on fire. li» magnificent ruins arc 50 miles ne of Shiras. Pershore, a town in Worcestershire, with a market on Tuesday, and a rnana- facture of stockings. Here are two churches, and that of Holy Cioss con- tains several ancient monuments. It ia seated on the Avon, nine miles ese of Worcester, and 106 wnw of London. Persia, a large kingdom of Asia, con- sisting of several provinces, which, at difiercut times, have had their particular kings. It is bounded on the N by Geor- gia, the Caspian sea, and Usbec Tartary, w by Turkey and Arabia, s by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and the Arabian sea, and e by Hindoostan Proper. It is about 1225 miles in length from e to w, and 000 in breadth from i*. to s. The chief rivers are the Tigris and Amuc. In the N and r parts it is mountainous and cold ; in the middle and se parts, sandy and desart ; and in the s and w, level and very fertile, though for several months very hot. The soil produces the various sorts of pulse and corn. They have cotton in great abundance, and among other domestic animals, camels, buffaloes, and horses. In several places, naptha, a sort of bitumen, rises out of the ground, and they have mines of gold, silver, iron, turkois stones, and salt ; but the first two of these are not worked on account of the scarcity of wood. They have all the various sorts of fruits, excellent wine, and a great number of mulberry trees, with the leaves of which they feed the si!k-vvorms ; like wise dates, pistachio-nuts, and trees which produce manna. They have large flocks of sheep and goats ; the tails ol the former are of a monstrous size Their principal manufactures are silks, silks mixed with cotton, or with camels or goats hair, brocades, gold tissues, gold velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets &c. During almost the whole of last ccntuiy, Persia has been desolated by PER coropefltors for the sovereignty. On the ^ssassiDation of the usurper, Nadir Shah, in 1747, Ahmed Abdalla, one of his ge- nerals, founded the kingdom of Canda- har; to which he annexed the provinces of Korasau and Segestan, in the e part of Persia, and those provinces of Hm- doostan, w of the Indus, that had been ceded bj' the great mogul, in 1737, to Nadir Shah. Kerim Khan, another of Nadir's olficers, obtained the sovereignty of all the southern provinces. He held the seat of government at Shiras; but refused the title of Shah, or king, being satisfied with that of Vakeel, or protec- tor. He was a mild prince, beloved by his subjects, and respected by foreign powers. On his death, in 1779, new competitors for the throne sprung up, and caused another period of slaughter and desolation till the year 1794, when Akau Mahomed Khan became sole mo- narch. The Persians are generally Ma- hometans, of the sect of Ali. Ispahan is the capital. Persia, Gulf of , a sea or inland lake, between Persia and Arabia. The en- trance near Ormus is not above 30 miles over; but within it is from 120 to 250 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to the mouth of the Euphrates is 600 miles. The southern side is particularly cele- brated for its pearl fishery. Perth, a borough of Scotland, capital of Perthshire, with two parish-churches, one of which belonged formerly to a fine abbey. It has been the residence of the sovereigns of Scotland, and the seat of the parliament and of the supreme courts of justice. Near the town are some saline springs, called Pitcaithly Wells, deemed beneficial in scorbutic cases. Perth is seated on the s\v side of the Tay, which is navigable for small vessels, but the largest vessels are obli- ged to unload at Newburg. Over the river is a modern bridge of 10 arches, the most beautiful in Scotland, to the town of Kinnoul. Here are several in- corporated trades, some of which have halls. The salmon fishery is a great ar- ticle of trade ; and it has considerable manuikctures of linen and coiton goods, leather, boots, shoes, and gloves. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 17,000. It is 35' miles n by w of Edin- burg. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 56 24 N. Perth Amhoy, a city and seaport of New Jersey, in Middlesex coimty, seat- ed on a neck of land, between the river Rariton and Arthur KuU sound. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and has one of the best harbours on the continent. It is 35 miles sw of New York, and 74 NE PER of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 «v, lat 40 35 N. Perthes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, six miles ssw of Melun. Perthes, a town of France, in tlie de- partment of Upper Marne, six miles nw of St. Dizier. Perthshire, a county of Scotland, 76 miles long and 68 broad ; bounded on the w by Aigyleshire, N by the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen, e by Angus- shire, SE by the frilh of Tay and the counties of Fife and Kinross, and s by the frith of Forth and the counties of Clackmannan, Stirling, and Dumbarton. It contains 4,068,640 acres, is divided into 68 parishes, and the number of in- habitants in 1811, was 135,093. The country exhibits scenes of rugged and striking magnificence, contrasted with the most beautiful ones of cultivation. The Giampiian mountains cross it from sw to NE, the highest of which is Ben- lawers. The country nw of this ridge is mountainous, and contains several lakes ; but the opposite side, though not free from hills, is niore low and fertile. The principal rivers are the Forth and Tay. Perth is the capital. Pertigi, a town of the island of Sardi- nia, 19 miles SE of Castel Arogonese. Pertnis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vaucluse, near the Du- rance, 11 miles N of Aix, and 38 ese of Avignon. Peru, a country of South America, bounded on the N by Popayan and New Grenada, w by the Pacific ocean, s by Chih, and e by the Andes. It is 1800 miles from N to s, and about 500 from E to w. It never rains in the south parts ; but in the north, where the mountains are not so high, it often rains excessively. There are large fo- rests on the sides of the mountains which advance near the sea ; but none of the trees are like those in Europe. Peru has been long celebrated for its mines of gold and silver, which are the chief or only source of its riches. Not- withstanding the little industry which is employed in working them, and the small help that commerce affords to the miners, 534,000 marks of silver, and 6,038 of gold, were smelted and re- fined in the royal mint at Lima, in 1790; and ^5,162,239 piastres in both materials were coined there. Beside the produce of the mines, the commo- dities exported are sugar, Vienna wood, cotton, Peruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. The fiercest beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaquar, inao- 536 PER eurately called lions and tigers by the Europeans, for tliey possess neither the vuidasnted courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty of the latter. A qiiadruped, called the lama, peculiar to this country, was tamed to domestic purposes by the ancient Peruvians : in ftjrm it bears some resemblance to a camel, but only of a size somewhat larger than a sheep ; and its wool fur- nishes the Peruvians with clothing, its flesh with food. Among the birds, the Biost remarkable is the condor, which is entitled to pre-eminence over the flying tribe, in bulk, strength, and courage. The river Gnyaquil abounds ■*s'ith alligators, and the neighbouring country swarms almost as much with snakes and vipers as that round Porto Bello does with toads. When the Spaniards landed in this country, in 1530, they found it governed by so- vereigns called Incas,who were revered by their subjects as divinities ; and the inhabitants were found to be much more polished than the natives of other parts of America, those of Mexico ex- cepted. These were soon subdued by a few Spaniards, under the command of Francis Pizarro. Peru is inhabited by the Spaniards, the native Americans, and a mixture arising from both, called Mestics. The native Americans, who live among the forests, form as it were so man}' small republics, which are directed by a Spanish priest, and by their governor, assisted by the original natives, who serve as officers. They have no distrust, for they leave the doors of their huts always open, though they have cotton, calabaslies, and a sort of aloes, of which they make thre^A, and several other small matters tb»t they trade with, which might be easiJ stolen. They go naked, and paint their bodies with a red drug, called rocu. The same man is of all trades, for he builds his own hut, constructs his own canoe, and weaves his own cloth ; but if a large house is to be built for com- mon use, every one lends a helping hand Their skin is of a red copper colour; and they have no beard nor hair on any part of their bodies except (heir heads, where it is black, long, and coarse. Those that are not much ex- posed to the weather are of a lighter colour than the rest. The natives who live at Quito seem to be of a diflferent temper ; for they are extremely idle, and so stupid, that they will sit whole days together upon their heels, without stirring or speaking. Their garment is 637 PES a sort of a sack, with holes to put their arms through ; and this is given them by their masters as part of their wagesL The Mestics, though illegitimate, have all the privileges of a Spaniard, and are the persons who carry on all trades ; for the Spaniards think it beneath them to meddle with any thing of this sort : they behave in a more tyrannical man- ner over the real Americans than eveM the Spaniards themselves, insomuch that the governor is obliged to repress their insolence. Peru is divided into three great audiences, which are Quito, Lima, or Reyes, and Charcas ; the whole under the government of a viceroy, whose authority once extended over al' S. America possessed by the Spaniards ' but as some of the countries are abovt; 2000 miles distant from the supreme seat of justice at Lima, the inhabitants were subject to the greatest inconveniences^; to remedy which two new viceroyalties have been established. The first is fixed at St. Fe de Bogota, the capital of New Grenada, and extends over the whole of Terra Firma, and the audience of Quito. In the government of the se- cond, at Buenos Ayres, the capital of Paraguay, are the provinces of Plata, Paraguay, Tucuman, and the juris- dictions of Potoli, St. Cruz de la Sierra, and Mendoza. This fine country is at present in a state of insurrection against Old Spain. Lima is the capital. Perugia, a city of Italy, caj)ital of Perugino, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel and a university. The churches, and many other buildings, public and private, are very handsome. It is seated on a hill, 75 miles n of Home. Lon. 12 20 e, lat. 43 6 n. Perugia, a lake of Italy, eight miles w of the city of its name. It is almost round, five miles in diameter, and in it are three islands. Perugino, a province of Italy, in the pope's dominions, 25 miles long and 24 broad; bounded on the w by Tus- cany, s by the territory of Orvieto, e by the duchies of Spolcto and Ur- bino, and n by the county of Citta di Castello. Tne soil is fertile in corn and good wine. The capital is Pe- rugia. Pesaro, a fortified seaport of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is magnificent, and it has handsome churches, convents, and palaces, with exquisite paintings. The environs are remarkable for pro- ducing oUves and excellent figs. It is seated ou an eminence, at the mouth of PET the Foglja, on the guff of Yenice, 17 miles ENE of Urbiiio. Lon. 13 2 e, lat. 43 52 N. Pescara, a strong town of Naples, in Abriizzo Citeriore. It was taken by the French in 1798, and stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles nne of Civita di Chieti. Peschiera, a strong town of Italy, in the Veronese. It was taken by the French in 1796; and the garrison sur- rendered to the Austiians in 1799. It is seated on the river Mincio, where it proceeds from the lake Garda, 16 miles w of Verona. Peseta, a town of Tuscany, celebrated A)r its fine oil, 27 miles w by n of Flo- rence. Pescina, a town of Naples, in Abruz- zo Ulteriore, near the lake Celano, 20 miles s by E of Aquila. Pesenas, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault, on the river Hc- rault, 12 miles ne of Beziers. Pest, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, with a fortress, a royal palace, and a university, the only one in the kingdom. Here are many Greek merchants, who conduct the Levant trade to Germany and the northern nations. It is seated on the E side of the Danube, opposite Buda, 96 miles ESE of Presburg. Lon. 19 8 e, lat. 47 30 N, Pesti, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citeriore, seated near the magnifi- cent ruins of the ancient Paestura, 20 miles SE of Salerno. Petapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of Guatimala, 25 miles se of Guatimala. Petagml, a province on the n coast of Brasil, between the provinces of Sca- ra and Rio Grande. It contains mines of silver. Pe-tche-li, the principal province of China, bounded on the N by the great '' wall and part of Tartary, E by the Yel- low sea, s by Chang-tong and Ho-nan, and w by the mountains of Chan-si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which have many others under their jurisdiction. Although Pe-tche-li ex- tends no further than the 42d degree N, yet all its rivers are so much frozen during four montlis in the year, that waggons with the heaviest loads may safely pass them. The soil is sandy, and produces very little rice ; but it abounds with all other, kind of grain, and with the greater part of the fruit trees common iu Europe. But what readers thia province the most con- P E T siderable is, that the riches of the who!e empire are brought hither, the southern provinces furnishing it with every thing they produce, that is most un- common and delicious. The inhabit- ants, iu general, are reckoned not so polite, nor so apt to learn the sciences, as those of the southern provinces ; but they are stronger and more warlike, in which they resemble the people who in- habit the northern provinces. Peking is the capital. Peter and Paul, St. or Petropamoslm, a seaport of Russia, in Kamtschatka. The town consists of some log-houses and a few conical huts. Captain Gierke, who succeeded captfiSn Cook, and died at sea, was interred here. It is seated on the e side of Awatska bay. Lon. 158 48 e, lat, 53 1 n. Peterhoreugk, a city in Northamp- tonshire, and a bishop's see, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayot, and has but one church, beside the cathedral, which wa.s for- merly a monastery. The market-place is spacious, and the streets regular. It has a manufacture of stockings, and a trade in corn, coal, and timber. It is seated on the Nen, over which is a bridge into Huntingdonshire, 42 miles NE of Northampton, and 81 N of London. Lon. 4 w, lat. 52 30 N. Petei'head, a seaport of Scotland, in A!)erdeenshire, situate on a peninsula, about a mile s of the mouth of the Ugie. It has two harbours, defended by t«ers; a considerable trade in the fishery, and to the Baltic ; and manu- factures of thread, woollen cloth, arid cotton. Here is a small fort and a battery. A mineral spring, of a power- ful, diuretic qualit}', and the sea-bathing bring a great resort of company, for whose accommodation there is a ball room and many elegant houses. It stands a little to the w of Buchanness, the most eastern promontory of Scot- land, 34 miles ne of Aberdeen. Lon. 1 35 w, lat. 57 27 N. Ptstersburg, a town of New Hamp- shire, in Hillsborough county, 18 miles E of Keene, and 73 w by s of Ports- mouth. Petersburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in York county, 25 miles sw of York, and 58 N of Washington. Petersburg, a town of Virginia, iit Dinwiddle county. It has a consider- able trade, particularly in tobacco and flour, and is seated on the s side of the Appamatox, 25 miles s of Rich- mond. Petersbiirgh. the metropolis of th« 638 PET I Russian empire, in the government of i tke same name, is situated on the river Neva, near tlie gnlf of Finland, and. is built partly upon some islands jn the month of that river, and partly upon the continent. So late as the beginning of the last century, the ground on which Petersl>argh now stands was only a vast morass, occupied bj' a few fishermen's huts. Peter tlie Great first began this city, in 1703. He built a small hut for himself, and some wretched wooden ho- vels. In 1710, the Count Golovkin built the first house of brick, and the next year, the emperor, with his own hand, laid the foundation of a house of the same materials. From these small be- ginnings rose the imperial city of Peters- burgh ; and, in less than 9 years after the wooden hovels were erected, the seat of empire was transferred from Moscow to this place. The streets, in general, are broad and spacious ; and 3 of the principal ones, which meet in a point at the admiralty, aro at least 2 miles in length. Most of them are paved ; but a few are siili suffered to re- main floored with planks ; and, in seve- ral parts of this metropolis, wooden houses, scarcely superior to common cottages, are blended with the public buildings. The brick houses are orna- mented with a white stucco, which has led several travellers to say, that they are built of stone. The mansions of the nobles are vast piles of building, fur- nished with great cost, in the same ele- gant style as at Paris or London, and si- tuated chiefly on the s side of the Neva, either in the admiralty quarter, or in the suburbs of Livonia and Moscow, which are the finest parts of the city. The views upon the banks of the Neva ex- hibit the grandest and most lively scenes imaginable. That river is in many places as broad as the Thames at Lon- don : it is also deep, rapid, and as trans- parent as crystal ; and its banks are lined on each side with a continued range of grand buildings. On the n the fortress, the academy of sciences, and the acade- my of arts, are the most striking objects. On the opposite side are the imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of many Russian nobles, and the Enghsh line, so called because it is mostly occu- pied by English merchants. In the front of these buildings, on the s side, is the quay, which extends three miles, except where it is interrupted by the admiralty ; and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has been embanked, by order cf the late empress, by a wall, parapet, and paveraeatofhewn granite. Petersbui^h, 539 PET although more compact than the other Russian cities, still bears a resemblance to the toAVUS of that country, being built in a very straggling manner. It has been lately inclosed within a rampart, the cir- cumference of which is 14 miles. In it there are no fewer than 35 great church. es, (almost every sect of Christians being tolerated,) and the,, number of inhabit- ants is supposed to be about 300,000. It is said that 3000 one horse sledges are employed for passengers in the streets, in winter. From its low and marshy si- tuation, it is subject to inundations, which have sometimes risen so high, as to threaten the town with a total sub- mersion. The opposite divisions of Pe* tersburgh, situated on each side of tlia Neva, are connected by a bridge ea pontoons, which, on account of the large masses of ice driven down the stream from Lake Ladoga, is usually removed when they first make their appearance'; and, for a few days, till the river is fro- zen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no communication between the oppo- site parts of the town. Among the no- blest ornaments of Petersburgh, is* an equestrian statue of Peter the great, in bronze, erected by Catharine II. in 1782. It is of colossal size, and stands on a huge pedestal of rock, brought there at great expense. Within the walls of the fortress, is the cathedral of 8t. Peter and St. Paul, in which are deposited the re- mains of Peter the great, and of the suc- cessive sovereigns, except Peter li. who was buried at Moscow. Petcrsbusgh h 355 miles Nw of Moscow, 750 ne of Vi- enna, 525 NE of Copenhagen, and 300 NE of Stockholm. Lon. 30 25 E, 69 56 N. Petersdorf, a town of Prussia, in the province of Samland, 24 miles i£ of Ko- nigsberg. Petersfield, a borough in Hampshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Loddon, 18 miles NE of Portsmouth, and 54 sw o London. Petershagen, a town of Westphalia, with a castle, seated on the Weser, 7 miles NNE of Minden. Petersham, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county, on the e branch of Swift river, 28 miles nw of Wor- cester. Petershausen, a town of Suabia, with a Benedictine abbey, and a fort ; seat- ed on the N side of the Rhine, opposite Constance. Peterwardein, a town of Sclavonia, one of the strongest frontier places tlia hous€ of Au^ria has a§aio^t the Turks P E V over whonij ir ". » , prince Eugene here gained a great victory. It is seated oti the Danube, opposite the fortress of Neusatz in Hungary, 60 miles nw of Belgrade. Lon. 20 20 E, lat. 45 18 N. Petherton, South, a town in Somerset- shire, with a market on Tuesday, and a manufacture of dowlas ; seated near the Parret, over which is a bridge, 24 miles ssw of Wells, and 130 w by s of London. Petigliano, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 8 miles w of Castro, and 45 su of Sienna. Petit Guave, a seaport of St. Do- mingo, seated on a bay at the w end of the island. It is 200 miles E of Jamaica. Lon. 72 62 w, lat, 18 27 N. Petoune, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the province of Kirin. It has scarce- ly any inhabitants but Tartar soldiers, and Chinese condemned to exile. It is seated on the Songari, 150 miles n by w of Kirin. Lon. 125 65 e, lat. 45 10 N. Petrella, a town of Naples, in the Alolise, 11 miles e of Molise. Petrella, a town of European Turkej', in Albania, 26 miles SE of Durazzo. Petrikew, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 80 miles sw of Warsaw. Lon. 19 46 E, lat. 51 12 N. Petrina, a strong town of Croatia, seated on the Kulpa, 37 miles E of Carlstadt. Pettapolly, a town of Hindoostan, in the Guutoor circar, on the bay of Ben- gal, 38 miles ssE of Conda>irj and 48 ME of Ongole. Pettaw, a town of Germany, in Stiria, with considerable manufactures ; seated on the Drave, 14 miles SE of March burg. Pettycur, a harbour of Scotland, in Fifcshire, one mile w of Kinghorn, in the frith of Forth, It is the usual land- ing place of passengers from Leith, on the o})posite shore. Pettvorth, a town in Sussex, with a market on Saturday, seated near the Arun, 12 miles ne of Chichester, and 48 sw of London„ Pevensey, a village in Sussex, 14 miles wsw of Hastings, situate on a small fiver which runs into a bay of the Eng- lish channel, called Pevensey Harbour. Here is,an ancient castle, which beloiig- ed to Robert earl of Morton, and said to be the largest and most entire remain of Roman building to be seen in Britain. Pevensey was anciently a famous haven, thougli now it is nearly two miles from llie sea. Here Swain landed iu 1043, P H A when he carried ofif his cousin !Beorn and mnrdered him: and here William the conqueror landed, when he invaded England. Pfajfenhofen, a town of Bavaria, with a Benedictine monastery at a small dis- tance. It is seated on the Ilm, 15 miles s of Ingolstadt. Pfalzel, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves. It has a convent, which was formerly a palace of the kings of the Franks, and is seated on the Moselle, 3 miles ne of Treves. Pfeddersheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine ; seated on the river Prim, 5 miles w of Worms. Pfeffikmi, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, 12 miles > o Zurich. Pfeter, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the same name, near its co..il ^~ with the Danube, 14 miles e by s of Ratisbon. Pforten, a town and lordship ofLusa- tia, 10 miles s of Guben. Pforzheim, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden-Dur'ach, with a castle. It has a trade with Holland in wood, and manufactures of cloth, stuffs, stockings, jeweuery, and watches. It is seated on the Entz, 15 miles e by s of Durlach. Pfreimht, a town of the palatinate of Bavaria, with a castle, seated at the conflux of the Pfreimbt, with the Nab, 10 miles E of Amberg. Pfullendorf, a town of Suabia, seated on the Andalspatch, 22 miles N by E of Constance. Pfullingen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, 8 miles SE of Tubingen. Phalsburg, a fortified town of France, in the department of Mearte, 25 jniles wNw of Strasburg. Phanagora, or Tatnan, a town of Rus» sia, in the province of Caucasus, with a strong fort. The ruins still show that it has formerly been large and magni- ficent. It is seated on a gulf of the Black sea, 70 miles e by N of Cafl'a. Lon. 36 40 e, lat 45 12 N. Pharos, a small island in the Medi- terranean sea, opposite Alexandria, in Egypt, the space between which and the continent forms an extensive har- bour. It has a communication with the continent by a slone causeway and bridge. It formerly had an exceedingly high tower upon it, called the Pharos, and on the top of it were lights for the direction «>f ships. Lon. 31 He, lat. 30 24 N. P/iarsa, anciently Pharsalia, a towo 641 PHI of European Turkey, in Janna, famous for the decisive victory gained by Julius C«sar over Pompey, in 48 B. c. It is an archiepiscopal see, and seated on the Eui|)eus, 10 miles s of Larissa. P/iasis. See Rioni. Philadelphia, a city of AsiaticTnrkej', in Nalolia, seated at tlie foot of the nionutaiii Tin)oIns, in an extensive plain. The Greeks retain its ancient name, but the Turks call it Allahijah. It contains 11,000 inhabitants, among whom are 2000 Christians, \vho have Tour churches, and a Greek archbishop. It is 40 miles ese of Smyrna. Lon. 28 15 E, lat. 38 28 N. • ' Philadelphia, the capital of Pennsyl- vania, and formerly the metropolis of the United Slates of America, situate in the county of its name, on the w bank .of the Delaware, -which is here a mile broad. It was laid out by William Penu, the first proprietary of the pro- vince, in 16S3, and settled by a colony from England ; and was increased by a constant infiux of foreigners to so great a degree, that in less than a century, and in the lifetime of the first person born in it of European parents, it was computed to contain 6000 houses and 40,000 hihabitants, in the city and su- burbs. The population has been con- stantly increasing, and in 1802 it was estimated to contain 70,000 inhabitants. The original plan was an oblong square, on the isthmus between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, one mile from s to N on the former, and two from E to w on the latter. But the Delaware front has been preferred, and the build- ings now occupy a space nearly three miles in length, and in the most extend- ed part do not reach a mile from the Delaware. The streets intersect each other at right angles ; the principal one is Broad-street, 1 13 feet wide, running N and s,which is crossed by High-street, 100 feet wide, extending from river to river ; the other streets, in general, are 60 feet wide: they are all paved, and have broad bricked footways, with pumps on each side at about 100 yards from each other with a lamp on the top. It is governed by a mayor, has 27 places of public worship for Christians of various denominations, and a syna- gogue for the Jew s. The statehouse is a magnificent building ; on the left of which is a city court-house, and on the right a philosophical hall. Here like- wise is a county court-house, a pubhc library, and several other public build- ings. A university was incorporated here in 1791 ; its finids partly given by 541 P H I the stale, and partly taken from the old college. This city was visited by a ma- lignant fever in August 1793, which, in the course of three months, carried off nearly 5000 of the inhabitants. It is 97 miles sw of New York, and 130 ne of Washington, the present metropolis Lon. 75 8 w, lat. 39 67 N. Philip, St. a town of Spain. See Xativa. Philip, St. a town of Brasil. See Louis de Marannon, St. Philip Islands, two islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by captain Hunter in 1791. They are five miles asunder, but almost joined by a sandy spit, which reaches, for about two thirds of the distance, from the eastern- most island to the most westerly, which last is the smallest. They are covered with shrubs, have few tall trees on them, and the land is low. Lon. of the east- ern island 140 3 E, lat. 8 6 s. Philipopoli, a city, of European Tur- key, in Romania, and an archbishop's see. It is of considerable size, bat mean- ly bnilt, and chiefly inhabited by Greeks. It stands on the Marissa, 60 miles Nw of Adrianople. Lon. 24 50 E, lat 42 25 N. Philippeville, a fortified town of France, in the department of Ardennes. It was anciently called Corbigny, and received its present name in honour of Philip II. of Spain. It is 16 miles N of Rocroy. Philippi, a town ot European Turkey, in Macedonia, and an archbishop's see. Near this place, commonly called the Plains of Philippi, Cassius and Brutus were defeated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 b. c. It is greatly de- cayed, but, an amphitheatre and several other monuments of its ancient grandeur remain. It is 60 miles e of Salonica. Lon. 24 18 e, lat. 40 40 N. Philippine, a strong town of the Ne- therlands, in Flanders. It was taken by the French in 1747, and again in 1794; but restored in 1814. It is seat- ed on an arm of the Scheldt, 15 miles N by w of Ghent. Phillippine Islands, a large cluster of islands, said to be one thousand one hundred in number, in the East Indian ocean. They were discovered by Ma- gellan in 1519. The air is very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in rice, and many other useful vegetables and fruits. The trees are always green, and there are ripe fruits all the year. There are many wild beasts and birds, quite un- known in Europe. The inhabitants are not all of one original. They are affa- P I A file, hospitable, and honest, and culti- vate the land with considerable skill. The houses are of bamboo covered with palm leaves, raised on pillars to the height of nine feet. The chief food is rice, cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. The principal of these islands are Manilla, or Luconia, Mindanao, Samar, or Tan- dago, sometimes called Philippina, Mas- bate, Mindoro, Luban, Paragoia, Panay, Leyta, Bohol, Sibu, Zebu, Negro's Is- land, St. John's, and Xolo. They are chiefly subject to the Spaniards. See Liiconia. Philips Norton, a town in Somerset- shire, with a market on Thursday, seven miles s by e of Bath, and 104 w of London. Philipshw'g, a town of New Jersey, m Sussex county, 41 miles NW of Tren- ton. PhHpsburg, a town of New York, in Duchess county, near which is a mine that yields virgin silver. It stands on the E side of Hudson river, 28 miles n by E of New York. PJiilipshurg, a town and fortress of Germany, in the late bishopric of Spire, considered as one of the bulwarks of the empire. The swamps round it add greatly to its strength. It was taken by the French in 1734, when the duke of Berwick was killed at the siege ; but it was restored the year follovving, by the treaty of Vienna. In 1799, it was four times blockaded by the French republi- cans, without success. It now belongs to Baden, and is seated on the Rhine, 17 miles n of Durlach. Philipsttadt, a town of Sweden, in Wermeland, seated i*i a mountainous country, abounding in iron mines, be- tween two lakes, and watered by a ri- vulet. In 1775, it was destroyed by fire, but has been rebuilt. It is 22 miles KE of Carlstadt, and 160 vv by n of Stockholm. Philipstoivn, a borough of Ireland, and the capital of King's county. It is 40 miles w of Dublin. Lon. 7 3 vv, lat. 53 18 N. Piacenza. See Placenza. Pianezza, a town and castle of Pied- mont, seated on the Dora, six miles w of Turin. Pianoza, an island of Italy, off the coast of Tuscany, six miles s of that of Elba. It is level and low, as the name imports. Lon. 10 34 e, lat. 42 46 N. Piave, a river of Italy, which rises on the frontiers of the principality of Brix- en, aiwl flows by Cadore, Belluno, Fel- iti, and through the province of Treviso, P I £ into the gulf of Venice, 16 ftlltes me of Venice. Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, situate almost in the centre of the island, 38 miles WNW of Lentini. Picardy, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Hainault, Artois, and the straight of Dover, e by Cham- paigne, s by the Isle of France, and w by Normandy and the English channel. It now forms the department of Somme. Picightone. See Pizzighetone. Pickering, a town in_N. Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It had a strong castle, now in ruins. It is 26 miles NE of York, and 223 N by w of London. Pickersville, a town of S. Carolina, in Pendleton county, capital of Washing- ton district, 52 miles WNw of Cam* bridge. Pico, one of the Azores, or Western islands. It has a volcanic mountain, called Pico, about 8000 feet in perpen- dicular height from the surface of the sea to the summit of the peak : on its sides are numerous craters, and several of them are now almost concealed by trees. The last eruption of the peak happened in 1718, and destroyed several vineyards. The island is about 80 miles in circnmference, and produces a great deal of wine. Lon. 28 26 vv, lat. 38 29 N. Picton, a small island, between that of St. John and the continent of Nova Scotia, at the e end of Northumberland strait. Lon. 02 15 w, lat. 45 50 n. Picts Wall, in England, a famous barrier against the Picts, of which some smrJl remains are left. It began at the entrance of Solway frith, in Cumber- land, and passing e by Carlisle, was continued across the island to Tyne- mouth. Pidaura, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, the ancient Epidaurus It is situate on the w coast of the gulf ol Engia, 25 miles e of Napoli di Romania. Lon. 23 22 e, lat. 37 40N." Piedmont, a principality of Italy, 160 miles long, and 90 broad ; bounded on the N by Vallais, e by the Milanese, s by the county of Nice and the territory of Genoa, and w by France. It includes the duchy of Montferrat, and contains many high mountains, amonj^ « hich are rich and fruitful valleys, as populous as any part of Italy. In the mountains are rich mines of several kinds, and the for- ests afford a great deal of game. The principal rivers are the Po, Tanaro, Stu- ria, and Doria. This country has & 543 P I L great trade in raw silk ; and, it produces also corn, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs to the king of Sardinia. Turin is the capital. Pienza, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 25 miles se of Sienna. Pierre, St. a small island near New- fouiidland, ceded to the French in 1763, for drying- and curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it by the English n 1793. Lon. 56 w, lat. 46 39 N. Pien-e, St. a town of Martinico, situ- ate on a round bay, on the w coast, 15 miles Nw of Fortroyal. Lon. 01 21 w, lat. 14 44 N. Pierre le Moutier, St. a town of France, in the department of Nievre, 15 miles NW of Moulins, and 150 s of Paris. Pietola, a village of Italy, near Man- tua, the birth-place of Virgil, to whose memory an obelisk was erected iu 1797, by Bonaparte. Pietro, St. an island in the Mediter- ranean, 13 miles long and three broad, near the sw coasts of Sardinia, taken by the French, in 1793, but retaken soon after. Pignerol, or Pignerola, a town of Pi- edmont, seated on the Cluson, 18 miles sw of Turin. Pilgram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, at the source of the Iglan, 28 miles e of Tabor. Pillau, a seaport of Prussia, on the Baltic. The harbour is good, and it is well fortified, being considered as the bulwark and key of the kingdom. Here is a magazine fcr miHtary stores ; and below the gate of the castle is a stone efjncstrian statue of Frederic William the great. I'he streets are broad and straight, and the houses built in the Dotcli taste. It was taken by the French in 1807, and retaken by the Russians in 1813. It is 20 miles w by s of Konigs- berg, of Avhich it is the port Lon. 20 20 E, lat. 54 38 N. Pilnitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in M.snia, with a royal palace ; celebrated for a treaty entered into by the princes of Europe against France, in 1792. It is seven miles se of Dresden. * Pilsen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which is par- ticularly rich in sheep, and noted for ex- cellent cheese. It is fortified, and well built, and seated at the conflux of the Radbuza and Walta, .55 miles sw of Prague. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 49 42 N. Pilsiio, or Pilzow, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, 50 miles 8SW of Sandomir. Pilten, a town of Courland, capital of a fertile district of the same nam@;seat* 543 P I O ed on the river Windau, 12mife»KNW of Goldingcn. Pinclmey, an inland district of S. Ca- rolina, comprehending the counties of York, Chester, Union, and Spartan- burg. Pincneyville, a town of S. Carolina, in Union county, capital of Pinckney district. It is situate on Broad river, at the influx of the Pacolet, 75 miles nw of Columbia. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 34 52 N. Pines, Isle of, an island in the S. Pa- cific ocean, oft' the s end of New Cale- donia, 14 miles in length. It is quite a pointed lull, sloping toward the extre- mities, which are very low ; and on the low land are many tall pine trees. Loiv 167 38 E, lat. 22 38 s. Piney, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aube, 12 miles ENE of Troyes. Ping-hing, or Ping-ynen, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koei-tcheou, 930 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 142 28 e, lat. 26 3S N. Piiig-liang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chen-si ; seated on the river Kin-lio, 550 miles sw of Peking. Lou. 108 25 e, lat. 35 36 N. Pinhel, a stiong town of Portugal, in Beira, capital of a territory of the same name. It is seated on the Coa, 28 miles N by w of Guaida. Lon. 6 40 w, lat. 40 46 N. Pinneherg, a town of Ijower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, capital of a lordship, with a castle. It is seated on the Owe, 15 miles nw of Hamburg, and 16 SE of Gluckstadt. Pinos, an island of the W. Indies, on the s side of Cuba, 25 miles long and 15 broad, mountainous, and covered with pines. Lon. 82 33 w, lat. 22 2 N, Pinsk, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Brzesc. There are many Jews among the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a bishop. The chief ma- nufacture is dressing Russian leather. It is surrounded by morasses, and stands on a river of tiie same name, 95 miles E of Brzesc. Lon. 26 20 e, lat. 52 18 N. Piombiuo, a small principality of Italy, on the coast of Tuscany, to which was annexed the island of Elba, separated by a channel seven miles broad. It had its own prince, under the protection of Naples; but the contineutal part now belongs to Etruria, and the island to N apoleon Bonaparte. Piombino, a seaport of Italy, capital of the principality of the same name. It has a good harbour, defended by a cita- del, and is seated on a peninsula, 40 P I s HiiJcs ssE of Leghorn. Lon, 10 23 E, lat. 4257N. Piperno, a town of Italy, in Campag- j?a di Roma, built out of the ruiiis of the ancient Privernum, and seated on a mountain, nine miles nnw of Terra- cina. Pipley, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, seated on the Subanreeka, not far from its mouth, 53 miles s of Midna- pour. Pirano, a small seaport of Istria, seat- ed on a peninsula, six miles sw of Capo d'Istria. Ptntz, a town of Further Pomerania, seated near tiie lake Maldui, 12 miles s by w of New Stargard. Pirmasens, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux Ponts. Near this place, in 1793, the French were defeated by the Prussians. It is 13 miles e of Deux Ponts. Pima, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for a battle having been fought in its neighbourhood, be- tween the allies and French, in 1813. It has a castle on a mountain, called Sonnenstein, wliichwas almost destroy- ed by the Prussians, in 1756 and 1758, and is now an asylum for invalids, &c. It is a place of considerable trade, situ- ate on the Elbe, 12 miles se of Dres- den. Pita, a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisano, and an archbishop's see, with a famous university, and three forts. The river Arno runs through Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of which is constructed of marble ; and there is a canal hence to Leghorn. This city for- merly contained 100,000 inhabitants, but there are not at present above 22,000, so that grass grows in some of the streets. The manufactures consist of steel, jew- ellery, embroidery, damasks, velvet, taf- feta, and calico. The cathedral is a magnificent structure, and on the right side of the choir is a leaning tower, much noticed by travellers. There are up- ward of 80 more churches, and that of St. Stephen, belonging to an order of knights, is deserving of notice. The other remarkable buildings are the pa- laces of the grand duke and archbishop, the arsenal, the great hospital, and the magnificent exchange, which last is al- most supertluous, as the trade of Pisa is removed to Leghorn, It is seated in a fertile plain, at a small distance from the Mediterranean, 11 miles nne of Leg- born, and 42 w by s of Florence. Lon. 10 23 E, lat. 43 43 n. Pisano, a territory of Tuscany, lying v uf the Florentino, on the Mediterra- P I T nean. It is 47 miles long and 25 broad; abounds in corn, oil, wine, and is well cultivated. Pisa is the capital. Piscaclores. See Pong-liou. Piscataqua, a river of New Hamp- shire, the mouth of which forms the only port in that state, and at its en- trance is a light-house in lon. 70 41 w, lat. 43 4 N. Piscataway, a town of Maryland, in Prince George county, on a creek of its name, which flows w into the Potomac, 14 miles s of Washington. Pisco, a town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, with a good road for ships. It is seated in a country fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, 140 miles ssE of Lima. Lon. 75 55 w, lat. 13 36 s. Pisek, a town of Eohemia, capital of the circle of Prachin. Bohemian dia« monds are found here. It is seated on the Wotawa, near its conflux with the Muldau, 58 miles ssw of Prague. Lou. 14 E, lat. 49 21 N. Pishour. See Peishoi'e. Pistoia, a city of Tuscany, and a bi- shop's see, with a citadel. There are se- veral fine churches, magnificent palaces, and handsome streets; but it is almost deserted, in comparison to what it was formerly. It is seated near the river Stella, 20 miles nw of Florence. Lon. 11 29 E, lat. 43 55 N. Pitcaithly, a village of Scotland, seat- ed in a sequestered vale, five miles s of Perth. It is noted for its mineral wa- ters, which have been long famed in scorbutic complaints, and has good ac- commodations for invalids. Pitha, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, seated on a small island, at the mouth of the Pitha, in the gulf of Both- nia. It js joined to the continent, by a wooden bridge, and is 95 miles nne of Uma. Lon. 20 58 E, lat. 65 15 N. Pitschen, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Brieg, on the frontiers of Poland, 30 miles ne of Brieg. Piitenweem, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vicinity are coal mines and salt works. It is 10 miles s by e of St. Andrew. Pittsburg, }*town of N. Carolina, chief of Chatham county. It is famous for pure air and water, and stands on a ris- ing ground, in a rich and well cultivated country, 16 miles w of Ralegh. Pittsbwg, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of Allegany county, situate on a point of land between the rivers A llega- j ny and Monongahela. It is the staple j of commerce for Philadelphia, with the western couutry, and also for the uup M4 P L A merons establishments fbnncd on the two rivers above meutioued, M'hich here unite and take +he name of Ohio ; and by this river and the jNIississippi, it lias a trade with Louisiana and New Or- leans. Here was Fort Du Quesue, which was al)andoned by the French in 1758, on the approach of general Forbes, and its name changed to Fort Pitt; bnt it is now gone to decay. Fort Fayette, a recent structure, stands on the bank of the Allegany. Here are manufac- tures of glass, nails, hats, and tobacco ; and ship-building is practised to a con- siderable extent. It is 300 miles w by by N of Philadelpliia. Lon. 80 8 vv, lat. 40 22N. Pittsfield, a town ofMassachusets, in Berkshire county, situate in a rich vale, on the Housatonic, 33 miles w of Nor- thampton. PittstowH, a town of New Jersey, in Hunterdon comity, 32 miles N of Tren- ton. Pittstowti, a town of the distiict of Maine, in Lincoln county, situate on Kennebec river, 22 miles n by w of Wis- c asset. Pinra, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name. This was the first Spanish settlement in Peru, and founded in 1531. It is 25 miles SE of Paita. Lon. 80 29 w, lat. 5 15 s. Pizzighetone, a fortified town of Italy, in the Cremonese, with a strong castle, in 'which Francis I. of France was kept prisoner. It was taken by the French, in 1733, again in 1796, and retaken by the Austrians and Russians, in 1799. It is situate on the Adda, 10 miles nw of Cremona. Pizzo, a town in Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, on the gulf of St. Euferaia, 4 miles w by N of Monte Leone. Placentia, a town of Spain, in Estre- madura, and a bishop's see, with a cas- tle. It is seated in a plain, almost sur- rounded by mountains, 50 miles ne of Alcantara, and 110 wsw of Madrid. Lon, 5 55 w, lat. 40 6 N. » Placentia, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the Deva, 25 miles e by s of Bilboa. Placentia, a seaport of Newfoundland, on the E side of a large bay on the s part of the island. The harbour is capacious,, and defended by a fort, called St. Louis. It is 60 miles wsw of St. John. Lon. 53 43 vv, lat. 47 15 N. Placenza, a fortified town of Italy, ca- pital of a duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated university. The cLurchfis, squares, streets, and funn- 545 P L A tains, are. beautiful. The inhabitants, about 30,000, have scarcely any other employment than the manufacture of silk stuffs. At this place, in 174G, the Austrians gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and French. In 1796, the French took possession of Placenza ; were forced to evacuate it in 1799 ; but regained it in 1800. It now belongs to Maria .Louiza, and is of greater extent than Parma, and seated in a well ciiKi- vated country, near the river Po, 38 miles WNw of Parma. Lon. 9 38 e, lat. 45 5 N. See Parma. Plaiiifield, a town of Connecticut, in Windham county, on the e side of the Quinabang, 10 miles ese of Windham. Plan, a town of Bohemia, m the cir- cle of Pilsen, with a castle, 20 miles SE of Egra. Plassey, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, seated in a plain, memorable for a great victory obtained by colonel Clive, in 1757, over the nabob Suraja!» Dowlah. It is 25 miles s of Moorshc- dabad. Plata, or Clmquisaca, a rich and popu- lous city of Peru, capital of the audience of Charcas, and an archbishop's see, with a university. The catliedial a large, and finely adorned with paintings and gildings. It is seated on the Chi- mao, 600 miles se of Cusco, Lon. 6S 34 w, lat, 19 16 s. Plata, or Rio de la Plata, a large river of S.America, formed by thr«^niion ot the great rivers Parana and Uraguay. It was discovered, in 1515, by Juan Di- az de Solis, a Spanish navigator, who was slain by the natives, in endeavour- ing to make a descent in the country. It forms the s boundary of Brasil, and enters the Atlantic between the capes of St. Anthony and St. Mary, the latter in lat. 35 s. It is 150 miles broad at its mouth; at Monte. Video, 60 miles up the river, the land is not to be discerned on either shore, when a vessel is in the middle of the channel ; and at Buenos Ayres, 160 miles higher, the opposite shore is not to be discerned from that city. This river has many islets and shoals, which cause adverse currents, and render its navigation intricate. Plata, a province of Paraguay, on the sw of the river Plata. Buenos Ayres is the capital. See Paraguay and Peru. Plate, a town and castle of Further Pom^rania, on the river Rega, 19 miles E by s of Camin. Flatten, a lake of Hungary, 60 miles to the SE of that of Neusidler. It is 46 miles in length, from three to eight ta breadth aud abuuiids with fish. Nn P L V Platten, a touu of Bohemia, in the cireie of Saatz, on the fiontieis of Mis- nia, 14 miles N of Elnbogeu. Phttshurg, a town oC New York, chief of Cliiifon county, situate on Jake Chaniplain, 50 miles n of Crown Point Plan, a town of Lower Saxonj', in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a cas- tle, seated on a lake of the same name, 20 miles SSE of Gustrow. Plauen, a town of tipper iSaxony, capital of Voigtiaiid, with a castle. It has considerable cotton manufactures, and is seated on the Elster, 80 miles sw of Dresden. Lon. 12 12 e, lat. 60 28 N. Planeti, a town of Ujiper Saxony, in Thuringia, with an ancient castie on a mountain, seated on the Gera, 15 miles s of Erfurt. Plauen, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, on a lake formed by the Havel, from wiiich is a canal to the Elbe. It has a manufacture of porce- lain, and is five uiiics WNW of Branden- burg. Plescof. Sec Pshof. Plesse, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship, wilh a fine castle. It is sur- rounded by vvalis Hanked with towers, and seated on the Vistula, 36 miles ESE of Katibor. Lon. 19 3 e, lat. 4& 67 N. Phttenherg, a town of Westphalia, in tVie county of Mark, with an ancient castle ; situate on the Else and Oester, 28 miles s of Ham. Pleijherg\ a town and castle of Ger- many, in Carinthia, seated on the Feis- tez, at the loot of a mountain, 20 miles E of Clngenfurt. Ploczko, a town of Poland, (Capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula, 75 miles Nw of Warsaw, Lon. 19 29 e, lat. 52 46 N. Ploen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, capital of a principality of the same name. It has a castle on a mouniaiu, and is seated on the N side of a lake, 24 miles nnw of Luhec. Lon. 10 30 e, lat. 54 11 N. Phermel, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, 27 miles ne of Vannes. Plotzkau, a town of Upper Saxony, in tlie principality of Anhalt, with a castle ; seated on the Saale, 10 miles w oi Cothen. Pludeuz, a town of Germany, in Ty-- rol, cajntai of a lordship of its name, ii is seated on a plain, on the river lii, VI miles ssu of icikitch. P L \ Phonstead, a town of Pennsylvania, in Bucks county, seated on Delaware river, 36 miles n of Philadelphia. Pluviers, or Pithiviers, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, 20 miles NNE of Orleans. Plymouth, a borough and seaDort in Devonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. It is seated at the mouth of the Plym, and, next to Portsmouth, is the most considerable haibour in Eng- land for men of war. There are, pro- perly speaking, three harbours, called Catwater, Sutton Pool, and Hamoaze. The first is the month of the Plym, and a commodious harbour for merchant ships, but is seldom entered by .ships of war. The second, liequented by mer- chant ships only, is almost surrounded by the houses of the town, and further secured by an extensive pier. The third is the mouth of the Tamar, and is the harbour for large ships, having moor- ings for 92, and good anchorage for a much greater number. Those harbours unite in a capacious bay. called the Sound ; and their entrances arc defend- ed by a fort on St. Nicholas island, by a citadel nearly opposite to that island, upon a hill which overlooks the town, and by several batteries and block- houses on different points of the har- bom'. See Ply mouth- dock. Near the citadel is the Victualling Office, an ex- tensive range of buildings ; in which are two bakehouses, each containing four ovens, that in one day can bake a suf- ficient quantity of bread for 16,000 men. The fishery for pilchards extends no fur- ilier E than this port, whence great quantities are exported to Italy and other catholic countries. Plymouth contains two parish churches, is govern- ed by a mayor, and carries on a consi- derable foreign and domestic trade. The number of inhabitants in 1811, in- cluding those of Plymouth-dock, was 56,000. It is well supplied with fresh water, first brought here, from a place 7 miles off, by the famous sir Francis Drake. It is 43 miles sw of Exeter, and 216 w by s of London. Lon. 4 7 w, lat. 50 21 K. Plymouth, a seaport of Massachusets, capital of a county of the same name. It is the first settlement in New Eng- land ; and the rock on which their lore- fathers first landed, was conveyed, in 1774, from the shore to a square in the centre of the town. 'i'he principal business of the place is the cod-fishery, in which are employed 2000 tons of shipping, Jt is situate on the s end of 546 P o Plymouth bay, 42 railes sse of Boston. Lon, 70 45 w, lat. 41 58 n, Pli/moiUh, a town of New Hampshire, in Grafton county, situate on the Pe- migewasset, at the mouth of Baker river, 45 miles n of Concord. Plymouth, a town of North Carolina, on the s side of Roanoke river, 4 miles above Albemarle sound, and 23 ssw of Edenton. PlymoiUh-dock, the largest town in Devonshire, situate two miles nw of Plymouth, on an eminence between Stonebouse creek on the e, and Ha- inoaze ob the w. It is of modern date, «nd owes its origin, and rapid increase, to the ^establishment of the dock-yard and naval arsenals along the e bank of Hamoftze. The king's dock-yard is one of the finest in the world, occupying near 72 acres, and having all the con- veniences for building and fitting (nit ships of war : it is separated from the town by a high wall, and both are de- fended by strong fortifications. The governor of Flyn>outh now resides here, in a handsome house overlooking the harbour from a rocky eminence. Near it are 6 squares of barracks ; and about half a mile distant are military hospitals for the sick. I'he town oMitains one church, two chapels (a thkd in the dock-yard) and several meeting-houses. The market-place is kirge, and a mar- ket, though not chartered, is held three times a week. Its trade and popula- tion, in time of war, is very consider- able. Plympton, a borough in Devonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It had once a castle, now in ruins; and is one of the stannary towns for tin. It is seated near the Plym, 7 miles e of Plymouth, and 218 w by s of London. PlyidimmoH, a vast and lofty moun- tain of Wales, partly in Montgomery- shue, and partly in Cardigansliire. The Severn, the Wye, and other rivers, have their source in this mountain. Po, the principal river of Italy ,which has its source at Mount Viso in Pied- mont, IJows through Montferrat, the Milanese, and the Mantuan ; thence on the borders uf the Parmesan, and a part of the M(idenese ; and having entered the Perrarese, it divides at Fichcrulolo, and enters the gulf of Venice by four principal mouths. In its course it re- ceives several rivers, and often overflows ts banks, as most of those rivers de- «cend from the Alps, and are increased by the melting of the snow. It gives name to a new department of Francs, 647 P O I including part of Piedmont, of which the capital is Turin. Po, a river of China, in the province of Kiang-si, which runs into the Po-ynng- hou, a small distance from Jao-tcheon. Pechlington, a town in East York- shire, Avith a market on Saturday, seat- ed on a stream that runs into the Der- w^ent, 14 miles e of York, and 194 n by w of London. Podemiein, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, near the source of the Putlach, 30 miles SE of Bamberg. Pndlacliia, a province of Poland, 88 miles long and 30 broad; bounded on the N by Prussia, E by Lithuania, s by the palatinate of LubUn, and w by that of Masovia. It is also called the palati- nate of Bielsk, from the capital. Podolia, a province in the SE part of Poland, wrested from that country by the empress of Russia, in 1793. The Dniester sej>arates it from Moldavia on the sw ; and the Bog crosses it from the N in a SE direction. It is divided into the palatinates of Podolia and Bracklaw. Kaminieck is the capital of the former, and Bracklaw of the latter. Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the government ttf Moscow, 38 miles s of Moscow. Podor, a fortress of Africa, on the river Senegal, built by the French. It was ceded to the English in 1763, but afterward taken by the Freneh, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1783. Lon, 14 20 w, lat. 17 1 n. Poggio, a town of Tuscany, with a handsome palace, eight miles SE of Florence. Poggiohonzi, a town of Tuscany, with a ruins of a citadel, seated near the Elsa, 20 miles s of Florence. Poggy, an island in the Indian ocean, on the w side of the island of Sumatra^ and separated from the n end of that of Nassau by a narrow channel. It is tri- angular, and about 20 miles in length. Lon. 99 33 e, lat. 2 20 s. Poirino, a town of Piedmont, 14 miles SE of Turin. Poissy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, seated near the forest of St. Germain, 15 miles wv of Paris. Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the department of Vienne, and a bi- shop's see. Its population is not in proportion to its extent ; for it includes a number of gardens and fields within its circuit. It has several Roman auti- quities, particularly an amphithcatr©, partly demolished ; and a triu»iph 27 miles w of Vannes. Lon. 3 18 w, hit. 47 40 iv Port Mahon. Sec Wlinorca. Port Paix, a town on the N coast of St. Domingo, with a good harbonr, tip- posite the island of Tortue. Lon. 73 2 w, lat. 19 58 N. Pitrt Patricli, a seaport of Scotland, in Wigtonshire, confined by the sea ini one side, and on the other l)y ovcrhaiig- ing rocks and hiiis. It is ueariy oppo- site Donaghadee, in Ireland, fjom which P O R it is only 20 miles distant; and a packet boat sails hence for that place every day. The harbour is good ; and has one of the finest quays in Great Britain, with a reflecting light-house. It is 28 miles w of Wigton, and 107 sw of Edin- burg. Lon. 6 3 w, lat. 54 58 n. Port Penn, a town of Delaware, in Newcastle county, with a secure har- bour, opposite Reedy island, in the river Delaware. It is the rendezvous of out- ward bound ships, waiting for a favour- able wind, and 56 miles below Philadel- phia. Port au Prince, a seaport of St. Do- mingo, seated on a bay on the w side of tJ-.e island, of which part it is the capital ni time of peace, and a place of consi- derable trade. It was nearly burnt down, in 1791, by the revolting Negros, and was taken by the English and roy- alists, in 1794. Lon. 72^^10 w, lat. 18 40 N. Port Roteumy. See Shelbnrne. Port Royal, a seaport of Jamaica, once a considerable town, abounding in riches and trade. In 1692, it was de- stroyed by an earthquake, in 1702 by a fire, in 1722 by an inundation of the sea, and in 1744 by a hurricane. After these extraordinary calamities, the custom- house and public offices were removed, and no market suffered to be held here ill future. It now consists of about 200 houses, built on a neck of land wliich juts out several miles into the sea, and is guarded by a strong fort. The har- bour is deep, and 1000 ships may ride Hiereiu, secure from every wind. It is 'iix miles, cross the bay, ssw of Kings- ton. Lon. 76 45 vv, lat. 18 n. Port Royal, a town of Virginia, in Caroline county, with three churches; situate on the Rappahannoc, 22 miles SE of Fredericsburg, and 58 above Ur- baniia. Port Royal, an island on the coast of S. Carolina, separated from the neigh- \»ouring continent by an arm of the sea, called Broad River, which forms tlie most commodious harbour in the state, at the town of Beaufort. Port St. Aim. See Killough. Port St. Julian, a harbour on the e coast of Patagonia, where sliips usually touch that are bound for the Pacilic ocean. Lon. 68 44 w, hit. 4i> 10 s. Port St Mary, a seaport ol" Sprtin, in Andalusia, on the bay of Cadiz, 'i'iie principal trade is in salt. The Engiisli made a descent here in 1702, with a de- sign to besiege Cadiz, but williout suc- cess. It is 10 miles ne of Cadiz. Port stir Saoiw, a town oiFrauce, ai P O R the department of Up[)er Saone, ou the river Saone, eight miles nw of Ve- soul. Po7-t Tobacco, a town of Maryland, chief of Charles county, situate on a creek of its name, which enters the Po- tomac four miles below the town. In its vicinity are the celebrated cold wa- ters of Mount Misery. It is 30 miles s of Washington. Port Vendre, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a small harbour on the Mediterranean, defended by two forts. It was take* by the Spaniards, in 1793, but retaken the next year. It is 25 miles sse of Per- pignan. Portadown, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, with a linen manu- facture ; situate on the river Bann, 16 miles N of Newry. Portalegre, a strong town of Portugal, in Alentcjo, and a bishop's see. It has a manufacture of woollen cloth, and is seated at tlie foot of a high monntain, 30 miles N of Elvas. Portarlington, a borough of Ireland^ partly in Kings and partly in Queens county, seated on the river Barrow, 31 miles N of Kilkenny, and 36 sw ofDu!>- lin. Porlici, a village four miles ese of the city of Najiles, on part of the site of ancient iierciilancum, near mount Ve- suvius. Here is a palace of the king of Naples, enriched with a vast ninnber of fine statues, and other remains of anti- quity, taken out of the ruins of Hercu- lancuni. PortUnid, a peninsuia in Dorsetshire, conrsected with the mainland by a ridge of pebbles, called the Chesll Bank, ex- tending above seven miles up the sw coast. Between this bank and the main- land, is u narrow arm of the sea called the Fleet. Portland Isle is four miles long and two broad, surrounded by in- accessible rocks, except at the landing place, at the Nw end, where there is a strong casTle, called Portland Castle, built by Henry VIII. This peninsula is noted tor its freestone, which is used for building the finest structures, and about ij 9000 tons of it are annually exported. ^ It lies on thesw side of VVej mouth bay, andils s extremity is called Portland point, on which is a light-house. Loii i 2 27 w, lat. 50 31 N. | Portland, the capital of the district ol * Maine, in Cumberland county, with a cajiacious harbour, defended by a fort. a citadel, and a battery. It was almost laid in asiies by the Biitish tlect, in 1775, but has been entirejv rebuilt, and haa 554 P O R flwee churches. It is situate on a pro- montory in Casco bay, with a light-house at the entrance of the harbour, 123 miles NNE of Boston. Lon. 70 30 w, lat. 43 40 N. Portland Islands, a cluster of small is- land in the Pacific ocean. I'hey are low and covered with wood ; and the centre one is in lon. 149 8 E, lat. 2 38 s. Porto, a fortified town of Italy, in the Veronese, seated on the e side of the Adi^e, opposite Legnago, 20 njles ese of Verona. Porto, a small seaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, and the see of a i'ishop, who is generally a cardinal, and dependent only on the pope. It is seat- ed on the w side of the Tiber, 10 miles ftw of Kome. Porto Bella, a seaport of Terra Firma, on the N coast of the isthmus of Darien, nearly opposite Panama ou the s coast. It is a very unhealthy place ; and the country around it swarms with toads and other reptiles in the rainy season. Before the abolition of the trade by the galleons, in 1748, and the introdnction of register ships, this j)lace was the great mart for the rich commerce of Peru and Chili. The town stands close to the sea, i coast of Cuba, with a good Iiarbour Near it are several springs of bitumen Lon. 78 15 w, lat. 21 52 N. Porto Real, a seaport of Spain, in A n dalusia, on the e side of the bay of Ca- diz, seven miles e of Cadiz. Porto Rico, an island of the W. In- dies, 60 miles e of St. Domingo, be- longing to the Spaniards. It is 120 miles long and 40 broad, diversified with woods, valleys, and plains, and watered by springs and rivers, but unhealthy in the rainy seasons. It produces sugar, mm, ginger, cotton, maize, and rice ; and there are so many cattle, that they are often killed for the sake of flie s.kiiis alone. St. Juan de Porto Rico is the capital. Porto Santo, an island in the Atlantic, the least of the Madeiras, 15 miles m P O R circumference. In 1418, a Portuguese ship, coasting along the African shore, was driven out to sea by a sudden squall, and when they all expected to perish, they discovered this island, which, on account of their escape, they named Porto Santo; and hence they descried the island of Madeira. It pro- duces little corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a vast number of rabbits. Its most valuable productions are dragons-blood, honey, and wax. It has no harbour, but good anchorage in the road. Lon. 16 25 w, lat. 32 58 N. Porto Seguro, a province of Brasil, s of that of Ilheos, and n ofSpiritu Santo. If is very fertile. The capital is of the same name, and seated on the top of a fock, at the mouth of a river that flows into the Atlantic. Lon. 40 20 w, lat. 16 40 s. Porto VeccMo, a seaport of Corsica, «eated on a bay on the e coast of the island, 40 miles se of Ajaccio. Lou, 9 10 E, lat. 41 40 N. Porto Venero, a seaport on the coast vf Genoa, at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. It has a good harbour, and is seated on the side of a hill, at the top of which is a fort, 45 miles se of Genoa. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 44 5 N. Poiiree, a town of Scotland, on the E side of the isle of Skye, one of the Hebrides. The inhabitants trade chiefly in black cattle, sheep, and kelp. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered at its mouth by the isle of Kaaza. Lon. 6 16 w, lat. 57 33 N. Portsea, an island between Chiches- ter bay and the harbour of Portsrjdouth, in Hampshire. It is a low tract about 14 miles in circumference, separated fioni the mainland on the n by a creek, over which are two bridges, one for the entrance and the other for the depar- tufe of passengers. At the sw extre- mity of it is situate the town of Port^ fjouth. Portsmouth, a borough and seaport in Hampshire, with a market on Thurs- day and Saturday. It is the most con- siderable haven for men of war, and the most strongly fortified place in England, lis capacious harbour is made by a bay running up between the island of Port- sea, on which the town is situate, asid the opposite peuinsula, having a nanow entrance commanded by the town and forts. Many of the largest ships are always laid up here ; and, in time of war, it is the principal rendezvous of the grand channel fleet. The docks, arsciuds, 5tor€i»ouse», bajracks, ike arc P O R all of capital magnitude, and kept in the most perfect order. The town is governed by a mayor, and entirely sup- ported by the resort of the army and navy. To the s of \\. is the noted road of Spithead, where the men of war an- chor when prepared for actual service. Portsmouth has one spacious church, and two neat chapels ; the latter are in a part of the town called Portsea, built oii what was formerly called Portsmouth Common, and is now become much larger than the parent town. The numher of inhabitants is about 40,UU0, exclusive of the males belonging to the army and navy, Portsmouth is the birthplace of the celebrated philanthro- pist Jonas Hanway. It is 20 miles SSE of Winchester, and 72 sw of London. Lon. 1 6 w, lat, 50 47 N. Portsmouth, the capil al of New Hamp- shire, in Rockingham couuly, with three churches. It is the largest town and the only seaport in the slate, sealed on the Piscataqua, 2 niiles from the ocean. Its harbour is one of the finest on the continent, well defended by nature, both against storms and an eneniy. It is 50 miles n by e of Boston. Lon. 70 42 w, lat. 43 5 n, Portsmouth, a town of Virginia, in Norfolk county, on the w side of Elisa- beth liver, opposite Norfolk ; both which towns constitute but one port of entry. It is 107 miles ese of Richmond. See Norfolk. Portsmouth, a town of the state of Ohio, on the e side of the Sciota, at its confluence with the Ohio. It has a court-house; and is the depot for the merchandise of the settlements of the upper parts of the Sciota. It is 60 miles s of Chillicothe. Lon. S3 8 w, lat, 38 22 N. Portsoy, a seaport of Scotland, in Banifshiie, with manufactures of fine linen and sewing thread. Near it are found a vein of serpentine, called I'ort- soy marble; a species of asl>estos, of a greenish colour,which has been wrought into incombustible cloth ; and a bril- liant kind of granite of a ilesh colour. Portsoy stands on a point of land pro- jecting into Murray Prith, S miles w of Eanif, Portugal, the most western coiinlry on the continent of Europe, about 310 miles ill length, and 160 ia breadth. It is bounded on the w and s by the At- buitic ocean,' and e and N by Spain, Tiiongh Spain and Portugal are in the sainc c'lisiiaie, yet the air of the latter is luuch more temperate than that of thu foiuuT, Oil account of the neighbowr- 556 F O !^ fcaod of ihe sea. Corn is not vcrj jden- tjfui, because the inhabitants cU> not at- tend nujcli to husbandry; for tbis rea- son they import Indian corn from Af- lica, which is made use of by the pea- sants instead of wheat. There is a great number of barren mountains; and yet they have plenty of olives, vine- yards, oranges, lemons, nuts, almonds, %s, and raisins. They have some horn- ed cattle, whose flesh is generally lean and dry. They also make considei able quantities of salt with the sea water, es- pecially in the bay of St. Ubcs, whence a great deal is exported. Their foreign trade consists either of the exportation ©f the produce of their own country, or in the merchandise which they received from their foreign settlements ; such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, hides, Brazil and other woods for dying, and many excellent drugs. They have also gold, silver, with diamonds and other precious stones from America. The horses of Portugal were formerly in great esteem ; but they are now so fond of mules, that horses are scarce. To- wards the frontiers of Spain there are mountains, in which they formerly got gold and silver, and the river Tajo was anciently celebrated by the poets for its golden sands. There are also mines of iron, tin, lead, quarries of marble, and some precious stones. But the Portu- guese are so indolent and luxurious, that they spend all their wealth in the purchase of foreign commodities. The Viomen are addicted to gallantry, which renders their husbands jealous and se- vere. The principal rivers are, the Tajo, the Duero, or Douro, the Gua- diana, the Minho, and the Munda, or Mondego. Portugal is divided into 6 provinces, namely, Estremadura, Beira, Eiitre Minho-e-Duero,Tras losMontes, Alenlejo, and Algarva. The govern- naent is monarchial ; but the royal au- thority of the king is bounded by the fundamental laws of the kingdom; for the sovereign cannot raise any more taxes, than were settled in 1674. The established religion is the Roman Catho- lic ; and there are 3 archbishops and 10 bishops, besides a patriarch, and 3 severe inquisitions. In 1580 there was a fai- lure in the royal line of this kingdom ; and Philip II., king of Spain, subdued tlie country ; but a great revolution took place in 1G4G, and the crown was con- ferred on John Duke of Braganza, (king John IV.) whose descendants still en- joy it. In lb07, in consequence of the I rench invading Portugal, the whole of the royal family embarked in a fleet on 557 POT ihe Tajo, and, on Dec. 1st, sail<;d for Erasil, escorted by four British men of war. A regency was previously ap- pointed, but no attempt was made to resist the French, who soon after en- tered the capital. The French gover- nor, Junot, immediately abolished the regency, and begun to treat the country as a conquest of France. In 1808, the English sent an army to aid the Portu- guese ; and Junot was defeated by sir Arthur Wellesley on the 21st of August at Vimiera. I'his battle was followed by a convention, and all the French forces were sent by sea to their own countr}'. Notwithstanding which, Portu- gal has since been the theatre of several sanguinary cani])aigns, an account of which will be found under the article Spam. Lisbon is the capital, Posadas, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, on the Guadalquivir, 19 miles sw of Cordova. Posata, a town of the island of Sar- dinia, on the E coast, 45 miles ese of Castei Aragonese. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 40 36 N. Posega, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the same name. It was taken from *he Turks by the Austrians, in 1687 ; and is seated near the Orlava, 18 miles NNw of Brod. Posen, a fortified city of Great Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a university, and a castle on an island in the river Warta, The cathedral is magnificent. The suburbs are extensive, and contain many fine buildings. The river Warta frequently inundates the town, but is very beneficial to its trade with Ger- many. In 1716, Posen was garrisoned by Saxons ; but taken by storm and plundered by the Poles. By the parti- lion of Pohmd, in 1773, it became sub- ject to the king of Prussia, and the seat of government of South Prussia. In 1806, this city was entered by a corps of the French army, under marshal Da- voust. It is seated in a pleasant plain, 27 miles w by s of Gnesna. Lon. 17 E, lat. 52 24 N. Posneck, a town «f Upper Saxony, in the principality of Altenburg. It has manufactures of cloth and leather, and is seated on the Gams, near it con- flux with the Orla, eight miles ne of Saalfeld, Possinho, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, 10 miles ne of Santarem. Pvtenza, a town of Naples, in Basill- cata, seated near the source of the Ba- siento, 11 miles s by w of Acerenza. Potomac, a river of the United States, P o u ^ifbich rises in the N\v part of Virginia, and separates that stale fioni Maryland, almost its whole course, till it enters the w side of Chesapeak bay. It is navi- gable near 300 miles. Potosi, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction in the audience of Charcas. Here are the best silver mines in all America, in a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf. Silver was as common in this place as iron is in Europe ; but the mines are now much exhausted, or at least little is got in comparison of what was formerly. The country around is so naked and barren, that the inhabitants get their provisions from the neighbouring provinces. It is seated at the bottom of the mountain of Po- tosi, 260 miles WNw of Arica. Lon. 67 30 w, hit. 19 50 s. Potsdam, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle Mark, situated in an island, 10 miles in circumference,which is form- ed by the rivers Spree and Havel. It is one of the most elegant cities in Europe; the various public buildings display great magnificence and taste. The royal palace is an admirable struc- ture, and the houses near it are almost all built in the Italian style. In the market place is a marble obelisk, 75 feet in height ; and marble statues of the first four kings of Prussia. The garrison church is large, and has a mar- ble |)ulj)it, under which is the tomb of the Great Frederick, his remains are in- closed in a wooden coffin, covered with copper, without any ornament or victo- rious trophies, to recal the memory of his great and heroic actions. On a hill, near the city, is the royal palace of Sans Souci, wliich is only one story high, yet remarkable for it.s grandeur and magni- ficence. The inhabitants of Potsdam have manufactures of silk, velvet, cot- ton, linen, k.c. It was entered without opposition by the French, on the 24th d\' October 1805, soon after the fatal battle of Jena. The French carried away with exultation the sword and fccarf of the immortal Frederick, which he wore during the seven years war. Potsdam is 13 mUes wsw of Berlin. Lon. 13 49 E, lat. 52 52 N. Potton, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles E of Bedford, and 48 N by w of London. Poittgrove, a town of Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill, 17 mile se of Read- ing, and 35 nw of Philadelphia. Pouqhk-ecpsie, a town of New York, capital of Duchess county, with two churcliGs; sifuate on the E side of the liudson, 74 uiilos N of New York. P R A Pougues, & village of France, in Uk department of Nievre, noted tor its fer- ruginous mineral spring, five miles Nw of Nevers. Poulton, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday, seated near the mouth of the Wyre, 18 miles sw of Lancaster, and 233 nnw of London, Pourcayn, St. a town of France, in the department of Allier, seated on the Sioule, 16 miles s by w of Moulins. Poyaiig-hou, a lake of China, in the N part of the province of Kiang-si, form- ed by the confluence of several rivers, which meet here from every point of the compass. It is 250 miles in cir- cumference, and surrounded by a most desolate region. Pozztiulo. See Puzzoli. Prabat, a town of the kingdom of Siam, 100 miles N of Siam. Lon. 101 10 E, lat. 15 40 N. Pracels. See Paracels. Pracliatitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Prachin, 23 miles s by w of Pisek Prachin, a mountain of Bohemia, on which formerly stood a castle of the same name. It gives name to a circle on the w side of the Muldau, of which Pisek is the capital. Prades, a town of France, in the de» partment of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the river Tet, in a fine plain, 22 miles wsw of P^rpignan. Prades, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, near which is a magnificent abbey, where the ancient kings of Arragou were interred. It is 39 miles nw of Barcelona. Praga, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Masovia, seated on the. Vis- tula, opposite Warsaw, of which it is considered as a suburb. Pragilas, a town of Piedmont, seven miles w of Turin, Prague, a fortified city, capital of Bohemia, and lately an archiepiscopal see. It comprehends four towns, the Old, New, and Little Town, and Rad- shin. It is 15 miles in circumference, built upon seven hills ; has about 100 churches and as many palaces ; and contains 80,000 inhabitants. The Muldau runs through the city, separat- ing the Old Town from the New, and over it is a bridge of 18 arches, with a strong tower at each end. The Old Town is very populous ; the houses are liigh, and the streets narrow. In this part is the old palace, where the ancient kings resided ; but the finest ornament is the university, fretjuented by a great auraber of students. Here also is a PR E magiiificout college, foraierly heiong- ins; to the Jesuits, and the Jews have iiie syiia2,ogues. The New Town contains !ive structures, iiantlsome gar- dens, and large streets ; also an arsenal, and a secular foundatio!!, whose abbess was a princess of the empire. The Lit- tle Town, Tvhich is the most ancient part of Prague, has broad streets, and is very jjopuious. Radshin once belonged to the Liitle I'own, but in 1756 it was made the fourth town of Prague: its principal buildings are the royal palace, in which is a hall, 100 ])aces long and 40 broad, without any pillar to support the roof; the cathedral of St. Vei"t, containing the burial-place of the kings and many relics; the chapel of Our Ladv of Loretto; the magnificent ar- chiej>iscopal palace; and the large pa- lace of 'J'schernin. Prague has suf- fered frequen.t devastations by war, which were however soon repaired. The White Mountain, without the gate of Strahow, is celebrated for the vic- tory, in 1620, gained by the Austrians over ]''redcric V. of the Palatinate, whom the Bohemians had chosen for their king. In 1631, Prague was taken by the Saxons; and by the Swedes in 1648. It was taken by storm by the French in 1741; but they were oblig- ed to' leave it in 1742. In 1744, it was taken by the king of Prussia; but he was obliged to abandon it in the same year. It was besieged by the king of Prussia, in 1757, after a great victory, obtained near this city, over the Austiians; but being defeated some time after, he was obliged to raise the siege. It is 75 miles se of Dresden, and 235 Nw of Vienna. Lon. 14 42 e, lat. £0 6n. Prato, a town of Tuscany, with a ci- ^Jel, 10 miles nw of Florence. Prats de Molo, a fortified town of France, in the department of Eastern I'yrenees. It stands ou the Tet, 29 miles sw of Perpignan. Praiisnitz, a town and castle of Si- lesia, in the lordship of Trachenberg. It has a fine church, containing the tombs of the counts of Hatzfeld, and is "miles s ofTrachenberg. Praya. See Porlo Praya. Precop, or Perecop, a town and for- tress of Russia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, and province of Taurida, seated on the isthmus that joins the Cri- mea to the continent. A deep trench, ttiiir miles in length, is cut acioss the isihmus, over which is a bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, called tJ»9 56i> P R E Golden Gate of the Tartars. liOn. 'iH 34 E, lat. 46 Sn. Precopia, a town of European Tur- key, in Servia, on the river Morave, 20 miles w of Nissa. Pregel, a river of East Prussia, m Inch issues from the lake Angerburg, and flowing by Insterbnrg, Wclau, and Ko- nigsberg, enters the eastern extremity of the Frisch Hafl\ Premislau, a town of Polajid, in liie palatinate of Lembnrg, with a strong castle, and a Greek and Latin bisliop's see. It is seated on the river Sana, 60 miles w by s of Lemburg. liOn. 21 E, lat. 49 N. Prenzh, a town of Brandenburg', ca- pital of the Ucker Mark. It contains six churches, and has a considerable trade in corn, tobacco, and cattle It is seated on the lake and river Ucker, - 60 mile nne of Berlin. Lon. 13 57 E, lat, 53 19 N. Prerau, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is seated on the Beczwa, 13 miles se of Olmutz. Lon. 17 29 E, lat. 49 23 N. Presburg; a fortified city, capital of Lower Hungary, with a strong- castle on a hill. It is seated on the Danube, which is here very rapid and about 250 yards in breadth. The inhabitants are estimated at 27,000. Here the states of Hungary hold their assemblies, and in the cathedral the sovereign is crown- ed. In the castle, which is a noble Gothic structure, are deposited the re- galia of Hungary, consisting of the crown and sce{)tre of Stej)hen the first king. The Lutherans have a church here, and an academy. In December 1805, a^treaty of peace was concluded here between Austria 'and France. Presburg is 38 miles e by s of Vienna, and 95 wnw of Buda. Lon. 17 7 e, lat. 48 9 N. Prescot, a town in Lancashire, with a market on I'uesday. Here are manu- factures of watch movements, pinion wire, small files, and coarse earthen ware ; and around it are many coal mines. It is 8 miles e of Liveipool, and 197 nnw of London, Presenzano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro. It appears, by an in- scription, to be the ancient Hiifae. and its territory has the name of Costa Ru- fraria. It is 28 miles n of Naples. Presidii, Stato delli, a small territory of Italy, on the coast of the Siennese, It includes five fortresses, reserved by Spain, when it ceded the territory of yieana io the duke of Tuscany, in 1557^ PRE and in 1735, they were ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies. Their names are, Orbitello, Teiemone, Porto Her- eole, Porto San-Stephano, and Monte Phihppo. The first of them is the ca- pital. Presteign, a town of Wales, in Rad- Borshire, with a market on Saturda}'. It may be deemed the modern capital of the county, for here the assizes are held, and in it is the county goal. The site of its castle is now laid out in pub- lic walks. It is seated near the source of the Lug, in a rich valley, 23 miles NNw of Hereford, 151 nnw of London. Lon. 2 38 w, lat. 52 13 N. Prestima, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 miles N of Coimbra. Presto, a seaport of Denmark, in Zealand, with a good harbour in a bay > of the Baltic, 42 miles ssw of Copen- hagen, Lon. 12 6 E, lat. 55 9 N. Preston, a borough in Lancashire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Here is a court of chancery, and other offices of justice, for the county-palatine of Lancaster. The chief manufactures are the various branches of cotton and muslin. Preston is noted for the deleat of the rebels in 1715,when most of them were made prisoners; also for a kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every twenty years, the last of which was in 1802. It is seated near the river Kib- ble and the Lancaster canal, 21 miles s of Lancaster, and 217 nnw of Loudon. Lon. 2 53 w, lat. 53 46 n. Presionpans, a town of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire, with a safe harbour, called Morison's Haven, on the Frith of Forth, It has manufactures of salt, fitone and earthen ware, and bricks and tiles. At this place the royal army was defeated by the rebels in 1745. It is 8 miles E by N of Edinburgh. Pretsch, a town of Saxony Proper, with a fine castle, seated on the Elbe, 10 miles s of Wittenbreg. Prettin, a town of Saxony Proper, seated on the Elbe, 18 miles s by e of Wittenberg. Prevesa, a town of European Tur- key, in Albania, and a bishop's see. It stands on the ruins of the ancient Nico- polis, built by emperor Augustus, in memory of his victory over Antony. It \yas taken by the Venetians in IG84. It is seated on a mountain, on the gulf of Larta, 70 miles nw of Lepanto. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 39 14 N. Preuilly, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire. Near P R I it are mines of iron ; and it stands ou the Ciaise, 18 miles s of Loches. Preuschmark, a town of Prussia, iu Oberland, defended by a castle, 22 miles s of Elbing, and 75 sw of Konigs- berg. Priaman, a town on the w coast ot th« island of Sumatra,where the-Dutch have a factory. The environs produce but little pepper; but the air is healthy, and it stands on a small river in which gold is found. Lon. 98 e, lat. 10 s. Priboda, a town of Sweden, in tlie province of Smaland, 16 miles ssw of Carlscrona. Priehis., a town of Silesia, in the principality of Sagan, situate on the Neissa, 20 miles sw of Sagan. Primkenun, a town of Silesia, in the liiincipality of G logau.with an iron forge and a manufacture of paper, 18 miles sw of Glogau. Prince Edward Island, in the gulf of St, Lawrence. See John, St. Prince Frederic, a town of Maryland, chief of Calvert county, on the w side of Chesapcak bay, 20 miles ene of Port Tobacco, and 35 SE of Washing- ton. Prince of Wales Cape, the most we»- tein extremity of America, hitherto known, discovered by Cook in 1778. It is on the e side of Beering strait. Lon. 16S 5 w, lat. 65 46 N. Prince of Wales Fort, the most north- ern settlement of the Hudson Bay Com- pany, seated on the w side ol Hudson l3ay, at the mouth of Churchill river. Lon. 94 7 w, lat. 68 47 n. Prince of Wales Island, or Petiang, an island two miles from the w coast of Malacca, 18 miles long and 15 broad, divided longitudinally by a ridge of mountains. The channel to the main- land is a safe road for ships, Tijis island was purchased of the king of Queda by the English East India Com- pany, who formed a settlement here in 1786; and in five years after, George- town, its capital, was established as a seaport. Lon. 98 50 e, lat. 5 36 N. Prince William Henry Island, an island in the Eastern ocean, lying WNW of Tench island. It is pretty high, well wooded, and 70 miles in circuit. The natives are quite naked, and seem to be the same sort of people as those on Tench island. It was discovered by lieutenant Ball, in 1790, and a high mountain in the centre was called Mount Philip. Lon. 140 30 E, lat. 1 32 s. Pkt'nM William Henty J$land, a 560 P R I island in the Pacific ocean,- discovered by captain Wallis, in 17G7. Lon. 141 6 vv, iat. 17 s. Prince William Sound, a gulF on the Nw coast of America, so named by Cook, iu 1778. The men, women, and ♦ihildren, are all clothed in the same manner. Tlieir ordinary dress is a sort of close robe, which sometimes reaches only to the knees, but generally down to the ancles. Tliey are composed of the skins of various animals, and are commoidy worn with tlie hairy side outward. The men often paint their faces of a black colour, and of a bright red, and sometimes of a bluish or leaden hue; but not in any regular figure. The women puncture or stain the chin with black, that comes to a point on each of their cliecks. Their canoes are of two sorts ; the one large and open, the other small and tuvered : the fram- ing consists of slender pieces of wood, and the outside is composed of the skins of seals, or other sea animals, stretched over the wood. Their weapons, and implements for hunting and iishing, arc the same as those used by the Escpii- maux. Our knowledge of the animals of this part of the continent is entirely derived from the skins that were brought by the natives for sale. 'I'hese were I>rincipaily of bears, common and pine martens, sea'Otters, seals, racoons, small ermines, foxes, and the whitish cat or lynx. The birds found here were the halcyon, the great kingfisher, the white- headed eagle, and the humming bird. Few vegetables of any kind were ob- served ; and the trees that chiefly grew about the sound were the Canadian spruce pine. Lon. 147 21 w, Iat. .59 33 N. Princes Island, an island near the w coast of Guinea, 90 miles in circumfer- ence, discovered by the Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and fertile, and has » town on the north part, with a good harbour. Lon. 7 40 e, Iat. 1 40 n. Princes Isl'and, a small island in the Indian ocean, near the w enti ance of the strait of Sunda, It is subject to the king of Bantam, and visited by European ships for wood and water. Lon. 104 30 E, Iat. 6 15 s. Princes Islands, four small islands in the sea of Marmora, near the strait of Constantinople, called Prinkipo, Prote, Kalke, and Antigone. The first is the largest, and has a town containing above 2000 inhabitants. Lon. 28 56 E, Iat. 40 61 N. Primesa Ann, a, town of Maryland, ia Somerset county, situate on Chesa- d61 PRO peak bay, on the e side of Moiwkiu river, 25 miles wsw of Salisbury. Princeton, a town of New Jersey, in Middlesex county. Here was a college called Nassau Hall, which was burnt down in 1802. It is 12 miles \e of Trenton, and 18 sw of Brunswick. Princeton, a town of North Carolina, in Gates county, situate on the Meher- rin, 3 miles above Murfreesborough, and 28 ENE of HaUfax. Principato, a province of Naples, divided into Principato Ulteiiore and Citeriore, that is, the Further and Hither Principato. Principato Cite- riore is bounded on the N by Princi- pato Ulteriore, E by Basilicata, and s and w by the Mediterranean. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad ; the soil fer- tile in wine, corn, oil, and saffron ; and it has a great deal of silk, and several mineral springs. Salerno is the capital. Principato Ulteriore is bounded on the N by the Molise and Terra-di-Lavoro, E by Basilicata and Capitanata, s by Principato Citeriore, and w by the Me- diterranean. It is 37 miles long and 30 broad ; the soil not fertile in corn or wine, but it produces chestnuts, and has excellent pastures. Benevento is the capital. Pris7-endi, a town of European Tur- key, iu Servia, and a bishop's see, with a magnificent church. It is seated on the Drin, 170 miles s of Belgrade. Lon. 21 3 E, Iat. 42 20 N. Pristina, a town of European 'i'ur- key, in Servia, which was pillaged by the Austrians in 1689. It is seated oa the Rusca, 150 miles s by e of Belgrade. Lon. 21 36 E, Iat. 42 43 N. Pritzioalk, a town of Brandenburg, in the mark of Pregnitz, seated on the Domnitz, 13 miles ene of Pcrleberg. Privas, a town of France, capital of the department of Ardeche. It is seat- ed on a hill, near the confluence of three small rivers, 68 miles s of Lyons. Lou. 4 36 E, Iat. 44 45 N. Procida, an island in the gulf of Naples, near that of Ischia, eight miles in circumference, and very fertile, and populous. The capital, of the same name, is a small fortified place, on a high craggy rock, by the seaside. Lon, 14 8 E, Iat. 40 43 N. Prodano, an island in the Mediter ranean, near the w coast of the Morea, formerly called Sphacteria. It is 36 miles ssE of Zante. Lon. 21 24 e, Iat. 37 15 N. Prome, a city of Pegu, capital of a province of the same name. It was fiar- merlv more considerable, and tlie me- Oo PRO tropolis of ilic kingdom, but has ha-n greatly reduced by fieqnent wars. Mucb teak timber is sent hence to Rangooii, It is seated on the Irrav.ady, 120 miles Nw of Pegn. Lon. 95 w, lat. IS 50 N. Prospect, a town of tiie distsict of Maine, in Hancock county, on the w side of Penobscot river, 12 miles nne of Belfast. Prosperous, a village of Ireland, in the county of Kiidare, 16 miies sw of Dublin. It has a considerable manu- facture of cotton. Prostnitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Olrautz, eight miies sSw of Ol- nuitz, Provcwe, a late province of France, 138 piiics long and 100 bioad ; bounded ©n tiie N by Dauphiny, e by the Alps and the river Var, s by the Mediterra- nean, and w by Lauguedoc. In that which was called Upper Provence, the soil is fertilL; in corn and pastmes ; but in Lower Provence, dry and sandj'. It produces, however, wine, oil, figs, al- monds, prunes, and pomegranates, along the scacoast from Toulon to Nice. I'here are orange and citron-trees in the open fields; and many medicinal plants, mineral waters, and mines of several kinds, Provence now forms the depart- ments of Var, Lower Alps, and Mouths of the Rhone. Providence, one of the Bahama islands, and the best of those planted by the En- glish. It was taken by llie Spaniards, in 1782, but retaken thejiextyear. The chief town is Nassau. Lon. 77 20 \v, lat. 25 3 N. Providence, an islaiid in the Atlantic, ■tvhich the bucaniers fortified, but after- ward abandoned. It is 150 miles e of the coast of Nicaragua. Lon. 80 44 w, lat 13 25 N. Providence, a river that rises In the state of Massachusets, and waters the town of Providence, w hence it is navi- gable for ships to Narraganset bay, which it enters on the w side of Rhode island. Providence, the oldest town of the state of Rhode Island, chief of a county of its name, and the semi- capital of the state. It has several manufactures, and ft large foreign and inland trade. Here me six edifices for public worship; a handsome court-house, in which is a li- brary for the use of the town and coun- ty ; and a flourishing seminary, called Rhode Island College. Providence [is seated on both sides of the river of the same name, 30 miles Nw of Newport. Lon. 71 26 w, lat. 41 61 N. Provinceiown, a town of Massachusets, P R U in Rarnslable conuty, situate on the hook of Cape Cod. Its harbour is one of t!ie best in the state, and was the first port entered by the English, in 1620, when they came to settle in New Enjf- laiid. I'he houses are only one storj high, and set upon piles, that the dri-«- iiig sands may pass under them. The inhabilants arc wholly dependant on Boston, and the towiis in the vicinity, for every vegetable production. It is 5f- miles ESE of Boston. - Proviiis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, cele- brated fo! its mineral waters and con- serves of roses. It is seated on the Vou- zie, 30 miies se of Meaux, and 47 SE of Paris. Prucli, See Brucli. Priisa, or Prusia. See i'ursa. Prussia, a large country of Europe ; bounded on the N. by the Baltic, e by Lithuania, Samogitia, and Poland, s by Poland, and w by Brandenburg and Po- mcraiiia; about 500 miies in length, and 100 iu breadth, where it is narrowest. It is a very fertile country, and produces a great deal of llax, hemp, and corn. Tiieie are a great number of domestic animals; and the sea, the rivers, and lakes, supply them with "abundance of fish. Game abounds, and elks, wild- asses, and uri, are i'onud in the forests. These last are of a huge sisc, and have some resemblance to beeves. Their liides are extremely thick and strong, and they sell them to foreigners at a great price. One of the most remarka- ble productiojis of tfiis country is yellow amber, which is found along the sea- coast. Theie are two laige lakes, be- side the rivers A^isluia and Pregel. The iidiabitants arc generally of a good con- stitution, laboiious, and robust. There are a great number of mechanics; but their principal business is husbandry, and feeding of cattle. In the 13th cen~ tury Prussia belonged to the knights of the Teutonic Order. In 1454, that part, since denominated Polish, or West Prus- sia, revolted to Casimir IV. king of Po- land, and was incori)orat«d into the do- minions of the republic. At the same time, the knights were constrained to hold the remaining part, called Ducal or East Prussia, as a fief of the crown of Po- land. In 1525, Albert, the grand mas- ter, betrayed the interests of his frater- nity, and concluded a treaty with Sigis- niund, king of Poland, by which East Prussia was ejected into an hereditary diichy, and given to him as a Polish fief. Having adopted the tenets of Luther, he married a princess of Denmark, and 662 P R U liansmilted lliis rich iiilieniaiiro to his descendaiils; one ol' wlioni, I'lPtlcric- William, was the first duke t!iat throw- off his dependence on Poland, in 1657. It is divided into the German dopart- uient, or that of Koni;;shcrg- ; and t!ie Lithuanian, of v.hich Gnnibinnen is the seat of regency. Tiie foundation of the Piiissian monarchy «as oslabiisiiod hy tlie above rrederic- William, between IG40 and IGSS. Bis son and successor Frederic, in 1701, assumed the title of King of Prussia, which was soon after acknowledged by all the Ciirislian pow- ers, except Poland, which did not ac- knowledge it tiJl 1764. In 1742, Fre- deric II. acquired the duchy of Silesia from the house of Austria ; and by ins wonderful victories and the still more wonderful resonrces by which he re- paired occasional defeats, he became the admiration of the age. In 1772, lie compelled the Poles to ceda to him M'estern Prussia, excepting the cities of Dantzic and Thorn. But he cnltj- vated the arts of peace as well as war, and di-stinguished himself as a poet, phi- losopher, and legislator ; and he laid out large sums in the improvement of the country. He was succeeded by his ne- phew, Frederic William II. in 1786; this prince was also a cultivator of peace, made various wise and salutary legula- tions ; but in 1793, he "forcibly annexed to his kingdom, Da-ntzie and Thorn, with several considerable provinces, which he styled Southern Prussia. He had also a share in the general contest against France, in the early part of the revolution ; but made peace with that country in April, 1795 ; and died at Ber- lin in 1797. His son, Frederic- WilHam III. continued on amicable terms with France, till the dissolution of the Ger- manic body, in 1806, and tiie conse- quent formation of the Confederation of the Rhine, when, thinking himself ag- grieved, he declared war against France. This war was of short duration, but of most disastrous consequences to Prus- sia. By the peace of Tilsit, the whole of the Polish dominions belonging to Prussia, with a few exceptions noticed under the article Poland, were transfer- red to another prince ; and the king of Prussia had further to renounce his right to all the territories, without exception, situated betv/een the Elbe and the Rhine, to those beloisging to Saxony and th« House of Anhait on the right ba'ik of the Elbe; and lastly, to the cir- -ole of Rothus, in Lower Lusatia, which was ceded to Saxony. Thus was Prus- sia reduced to the lowest lank among F U C the poners of FiUrope ; an event solely owing to her acquiescence in the pro- jects and policy of France against Aus- tria, and her absurd system of neutra- lity during those great political contests, by which she hoped to laisc herself to the raiik of the first power in Germany, while she was in fact degraded to a si- tuation among the weakest of the weak. In 1812, the king of Prussia solicited an alliance willi France, and afterwards furnisiicd 20,000 to ca^ry on the war against Russia ; but during the memo- rable retreat of tlse French armies liom that county, and the arrival of the Rus- sians within his territories, he threw o'F his alliance with France, and joined Russia in ti)e war. Prussia now made such extraordinary cflorts to retrieve her lost character, by the magnitude of her armies, and the courage which she maintained in the field, that on tiie con- clusion of the waj-, all the countries which were wrested from her by the treaty of Tilsit, were restored. Berliii is the capital of all Prussia. Pnith, a river that rises in Poland, iu the mountain of Crapach, crosses part of the palatinate of Lemburg, flows through Moldavia, and enters the Da- nube, above Reni, in Bessarbia. Pruym, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves,wi{h a princely abbeys seated on the river Pruym, 30 miles v. by w of Treves. Przesmislia, a town of Poland, in fho palatinate ofLemberg, with a castle, on the river San, 54 miles w by s of Lem- berg. Przeical, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate ofChelm, 36 miles E by N of Chelm. Przibram, a toM'n of Bohemia, in the circle of Beraun, with a silver mine and an iron foundery, near the river Muldaii, 28 miles ssw of Prague. Psliof, or Pleskof, a government of Russia, once a republic, subdued by Ivan Vassilivitch, arid formerly com- prised in the government of Novogorod. Pskcf, or PlesJiof, a town of Russia, capital of a government of the sanie name, and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. It is seated on the river Wciika, at its entrance into the lake Tchudskoi, 80 miles s of Narva, and 150 s by w of Petersbiirg. Lon. 27 53 K, lat. 57 38 N. Puccidoe, a town of IJindoostan, in Bengal, 40 miles nw of Dacca, Puckholi, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore, 86 miles sw o( Cashmere, and 145 nw of Lahore. Lon. 75 5 E, lat 33 45 N, P U L Pudcia, a river of Hiiidoostan, which nses ill the s\v part of Agimere, divides tlie provinces of Ciitch and Guzcrat, and runs into the gulf of Cutcli. Pudoga, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Olonelz, situate on the e coast of the lake of Onezkoe, 108 miles E of Olonetz. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 61 36 N. Puehla, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated near the Atlantic, 29 miles ssw of Compostella. Puehla de los Angelas, a city of Mex- ico, capital of Tlascala, and a bishop's see. The stteets are broad and straight, and the buildings in general of stone, lofty and elegant. In the centre of the city is a large square, adorned on three sides with uniform porticos, where are shops filled with rich commodities, and on the other with the cathedral, which has a beautiful front, and two lofty tow- ers. Beside the cathedral, there are se- veral other churches and convents, well built and finely adorned. A small river runs through the town, and the adjacent valley produces vines and all sorts of European fruits. It is 80 miles ese of Mexico. Lon, 99 22 w, lat. 19 30 n. Puehla Nuova, a town of Mexico, in the province of Veragua, seated near the Pacific ocean, 100 miles w of St. Ja- go. Lon. 83 w, lat. 8 34 n. Puehla de Sanabria, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 45 miles swof Astorga. Puente, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on tlie river Agra, eight miles ssw of Pamplona. h Puerto Bello, Puerto Rico, &c. For all names, which, in the Spanish lan- guage, signify viport, see Poito. Puglia, the ancient Apulia, contain- ing the three provinces of Capitanata, Bari, and Otranto, on the ^e side of the kingdom of Naples. Pidliely, a town of Wales, in Caer- narvonshire, with a market on Wednes- day, seated on an inlet of Cardigan bay, between two rivers, 16 miles s of Caer- narvon, and 243 NW of London. Pulo Condore, see Condore; and so with other islands that have sometimes Pulo [Island] prefixed. Pullicate, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, on the seacoast, and at the S end of a large lake to which it gives name, 23 miles n of Madras. Pultousk, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Masovia. In 1807, a battle was fought here between the French and Russians, in which both sides claimed the victory. It is seated on the Narcw, 30 mJJes n of Warsaw. V U R Puhowa,. a fortified town of t}ie Ukraine, famous for a battle in 1708J between Peter the great and Charles XII. of Sweden, wherein the latter was totally defeated. It is 100 miles sw of Belgorod. Lon. 34 25 E, lat. 49 26 N. Puna, an island in the Pacific ocean, 35 miles long and 12 broad, lying at the entrance of the bay of Guiaquil. It has an Indian town of the same name, on its s side, 115 miles n of Paita. Lon. 81 6 w, lat. 3 17 s. Pun/iete, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, at the conflux of the Zezere with the Tajo, six miles nw of Abrantes Punta del Guda, the capital of St. Mi« chael, one of the Azores, with a strong castle. It is situate on the s side, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. The streets are regular, and of convenient width; and the churches, religious houses, and public edifices may be deemed elegant. There is no harbour in the vicinity of the town, and vessels usually anchor at a distance fiom the shore in an open road. Lon. 25 42 w, lat. 37 47 N. Punto Gallo. See Gallo. Purbeck, Isle of, a rough and heathy tract in Doisetshire, to the s of Poole bay. It is insulated by the sea and ri- vers, and is famous for its stone quarries. The principal of these lie at its eastern extremity, near Swauage, whence the stone is exported. It is of the calcare- ous kind, but distinguished into numer- ous sorts, the finest of which deserve the name of marble, and are used for chimneyi»ieces, hearths, &c. The coar- ser kinds are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pipe clay is dug up in several parts of this island, the finest near Corfe castle, of which much is exported, par- ticularly for the Stafl'ordshire potteries. ' Purchena, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Grenada, 70 miles e of Grena- da. Lon. 2 25 w, lat. 37 19 N. Purfleet, a village in Essex, situate on the Thames, four miles w of Grays- Thurrock. It has extensive lime- works, and a large magazine of gunpowder. Purification, a town of Mexico, in the province of Xalisco, 90 miles s by e of Compostella, Lon. 106 30 w, lat. 19 58 N. Pxirmerend, a strong town of N. Hol- land, 10 miles N by E of Amsterdam, and 12 SE of Alcmacr. Purneah, a town of Hjndoostan, in Bengal, on a river that Hows into the Ganges, 125 miles nnw of Moorsheda- bad. Puryshurg, a town of S. Carolina, in Beaufort district, built by a colony of Swiss, with a view to the culture of silk. M>4 P U Y It is seated on the river Savauna, 20 miles NNW uf the town of Savanna. Lon, 81 5 w, h\t. 32 12 N. Piiscliiavo, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, three miles N from a lake to which it gives name. It h 17 miles wsw of Borniio, and 20 E of Cliia- venna. Putala, or PateU, a monntain of Tibet, near the banks of the Burranipooter, se- ven miles E of Lassa. On its snmmit is the palace of the grand lama, the high priest and sovereign of Tibet, and the ordinary place of his residence. PiUlitz, a town of Brandenburg', in the mark of Pregnitz, with an old castle, 1 1 miles NNE of Perleberg. Putney, a village in Surry, seated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge, four miles wsw of London. It is the birthplace of Thonids Cromwell, earl of Essex, w hose father was a black- smith ; and of Nicholas West, bishop of Ely, his cotemporary, a great statesman, whosa father was a baker. On Putney heath is an obelisk, erected in 1786, in commemoration of Mr. Hartley's inven- tion of fireplates, for securing buildings from fire ; and on its borders are several elegant mansions. Puttan, or Puttan Sumynaut, a town of Hindoostan, capital of thecircar of Put- tan, in Guzerat. It stands near the sea, 95 miles s of Noanagur. Lon. 69 40 e, lat. 21 2 N. Pw/, a city of France, capital of the department of Upper Loire. The prin- cipal church is famous for a prodigious quantity of relics ; and Our Lady of Puy is celebrated in the annals of supersti- tion. The late canons of Puy have had kings and dauphins of France at their head. Puy has manufactures of lace and silk stuffs. It is seated on the moun- tain Anis, near the river Loire, 45 miles NE *>( Mende, and 65 se of Clermont. Lon, 3 58 e, lat, 45 58 N, Puy en Aiijoii, a town of France, in ihe department of Mayenne and Loire, 10 miles ssw of Saumur. Puy de Dome, a department of France, r-ontaining part of the late province of Auvergne. It has its name from a mountain, situate to the w of Clermont, the capital of the department. Puy VEveque, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 16 miles w by n of Cahors. Pny Moitson, a town of France, in Mid department of Lower Alps, 15 miles 8 of Digne. Puy la Roque, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 18 miles SSE of Caliors. d€5 P Y R Pnycerda, a town of Spain, in CataIo> nia, capital of the county of Cerdagna; aurrounded by walls and bastions, and defended by a castle. It was taken by the French in 1794. It stands at the foot of the Pyrenees, near the source of the Segra, 48 miles w by s of Perpig- nan, and 78 N by w of Barcelona. Lon. 1 50 E, lat. 42 36 N. Puylaiirens, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, 28 miles s by w ol Alby. Puozzli, or Pozzvolo, a celebrated, but now inconsiderable city of Italy, on the bay of Naples. Here are the re- mains of the temple of Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of antiquity being diflerent from the Bonasia and Greek temples, and built in the manner of the Asiatics; probably by the Egyp- tian and Asiatic merchants settled at Puzzoli, which was the great emporium of Italy, till tlie Romans built Ostia and Antium. From a heathen temple it is now changed into a christian cathedral; and so much modern work has been ad- ded, that at present only the front of the ancient edifice is visible. Many other remains of temploe, amphitheatres, and other public buildings in this city, afTord convincing proofs of its former magnifi- cence. The ruins of Cicero's villa, near this place, are of such extent, as to give a high idea of the wealth of that great orator. Puzzoli is 10 miles w of Naples. Pyrbaum, a town of the palatinate of Bavaria, capital of a lordship of the same name. It stands on the frontiers of Franconia, 13 miles se of Nuremberg. Pyrenees, mountains wSiich divide France from Spain, and the .Tiost cele- brated in Europe, except tke Alps. They reach from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, about 212 miles in length, and have different names, according to- their different situations. The passages over them are not so diflBcult as those of the Alps. These mountains yield great quantities of timber for ship-building, and abundance of pitch and tar. See Perdu, Mount. Pyrenees, Eastern, a department of France, containing the late province of Eoussillon. Although great part of the country is mountainous, it is fertile ; pro- ducing corn, excellent wine, olives, and oranges; also leather of a superior qua- lity. Perpignan is the capital. Pyrenees, Lower, a department of France, containing the late provinces of Basques and Beam. Pau is the capi- tal. See Navarre, Pyrenees, Upper, a department of France, containing the late province of Q U A Bigoire. Here are excellent horses and good partridges. The valleys are wry fertile ; fiirnishiiig rye, millet, Spanish eorn, and flax. I'he mountains have snincs of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of slate, marble, aiid jasper. Tarlies is the capital. Pyrmont, a town of Westphalia, in a county of the same name, with a fine eitadel. Near it are mineral waters, well kno'vn to all Europe, and often fre- quented by person of the highest rank. It is seated in a delightful valley, betwen high mountains, 38 miles sw of Hano- ver. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 51 57 N. Pyrstein, a town of Bavaria, in the pnncipality of Passau, insulated in Aus- tria, it is 10 miles nvv of Lintz, and 22 K of Passau. Qiusciicnhi-iick, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Osnaburj^', ; seated on the Hase, 30 miles n of Osnaour^". Qimdra and Vancouver Island, an is- land on the NVV coast of America, on the w side of which is Nootka Sound. It was so named by captain Vancouver in compliment to senor Quadra, the Spa- nish commandant at Nootka, It is about 300 miles in length, and 80 in its great- est breadth. Quadrello, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 20 miles ene of Naples. Quang-jnng, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pc-tche-li, 2!2 miles ssE of Peking. Lon. 114 30 E, lat. 36 47 N. Qiimig-si, an inland province in the south of China. It produces plenty of lice, being watered by several large ri- vers. The southern part is a flat coun- try, and well cultivated ; but the northern is full of mountains, covered with trees. It contains mines of all sorts, and parti- cularly a gold mine. They have a par- ticular tree, of whose pi(h they make bread ; and there are little insects which produce white wax. Among other ani- mals, there are porcupines and rhinoce- ros. Quci-ling is the capital. Quan-tong, a province of China, boun- ded on the E by Kiang-si and Fo-kien, on the s by the occfJfi, and on the w by Tonquin. It is diversified by valleys and mountains, and yields two crops of corn in a year. It abounds in gold, jew- els, silk, pearls, sugar, tin, quick-silver, brass, iron, steel, salt-petre, ebony, and several sorts of odoriferous wood ; beside fiTiits of all sorts They have lemons of QUE the S!».e of ?. man's hsdd ; and anather sort whieh grows out at the trunk of the tiee, whose rind is very hard, and con- tains a great number of little cells full of an excellent yellow pulp. They have a prodigious number of ducks, whose eggs they hatch in ovens; and a tree, whose Viood is remarkably hard and heavy, and thence called iron wood. The mountains are covered with a sort of osiers, which creep along the ground, and are so tough, that they make bas- kets, hurdles, mats, and ropes of them Canton is the capital, but the viceroy re- sides at Chao-king. Quangtong, a town on the N borders of the kingdom of Birmah, with a fort^ seated on the Irrawaddy, 150 miles nne of Ummeropoora. Quaritz, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipahty of Glogau, 11 miles wsw cf Glo- gau. Qmrre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne, six miles s of Ava- bon. Quarto, two towns of Naples, in Ca- pitanata, the one six miles w, and the other 12 sw of Salpes. Quarten, a town of Switzerland, near Wallenstadt lake, live miles e of Glaris. Queaux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vieune, 21 railes se of Poi- tiers. Quebec, the capital of Lower Canada, and of all British America, is situated at the continence of the rivers St. Lau- rence and St. Charles, or the Little Ri- ver, about 320 luiles from the sea. It is built on a rock, which is partly of mar- ble and partly of slate ; and is divided into Upper and Lower. Near it is a fine lead mine. At the time it was founded, in 1608, the tide, it is said, reached the foot of the rock ; but since that time this river has sunk so far, that a large spot of ground is left drj'^, and ou this an extensive suburb is built, stylet' the Lower Town, which stands at the foot of a rocky precipice, about 48 feet in height ; and is chiefly inhabited by merchants. The houses in both towns are of stone, strong, and well built. The fortifications are extensive, but ir- regular. The natural situation of tlie town renders its defence easy. If at- tacked by ships from the river, their gims cannot injure the works of the Upper Town, though the ships them- selves would be liable to great injury from the cannon and bombs from these elevated ramparts. The LoAver Town is defended by a platform, flanked with two bastions, which, ;d high water and spriug tides, are ahuost level with the &G0 QUE suiTaee of the war. A little above tlie bastion, to the right, is a hall' bastion, cut out of the rock; a little higher a large battery; and liigher still, a square fort, the most regular of all the fortifica- tions, and in which the governor resides. The passages ^vhicIl form a communica- tion between these rocks aie extremely rugged. The rock which separates t!ie Upper from the Lower Town extends, ■with a bold and steep front, a consider- able distance w along the river St. Law- rence. The liOwer Town is well sup- plied with wat'.r, which is sometimes scarce in the Upper Town. This city vpas erected by the Trench, in 1605 ; the English reduced it, with all Canada, in 1626, but it was restored in 1632; in 1711, it was besieged by the English wilhont success ;\ in 1759, it was again conquered, after a battle memorable for the death of general Wolfe, in the mo- ment of victory, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. In 1775, it was attacked by tlie Americans under gene- ral Montgomery, who was slain, and his army repulsed. It is .330 miles n of Bos- ton. Lon. 70 48 w, lat. 46 55 N. Qneida, a kingdom of Asia, in the pe- ninsula of Malacca. The king is tribu- tary to Siam. I'he principal town is of the same name, lias a harbour, and is 300 miles n of the city of Malacca, Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 5 N. QuecUingberg, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, in the prmcipality of Anhalt, with a castle. The river Bode divides it in(o the old and new town. It has a trade in brand}' and linen, and is 10 miles s by E of Halberstadt. Lou. 11 25 e, lat. 61 60 N. Queen Ann, a town of Maiyland, in Prince George county, situate at the foot of a hill, on the Patuxent, 13 miles sw of Annapolis, and 22 E of Washing- ton. Queen Charlotte Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, six miles long and one broad, discovered by captain Wallis, iu 1767. Lon. 138 4 w, lat. 19 18 s. Queen Cliarlotte Islands, a group of is- lands in the Pacific ocean, explored by captain Carteret, in 1767. There is on- ]y one of any considerable size, which he named Egmont, and is the same which the Spaniards called St. Cruz. It is 60 miles long antl from 20 to 30 broad, woody and mountainous, with luany val- ' lies intermixed. The inhabitants are r«ry nimble, vigorous, and active ; and their weapons are bows and arrows jKiintfd with flint. On the N side is a h.iri)onr named Swallow bay. Lon. 164 3g E, lat. 10 42 s. QUE Quoen Charlotte Souml, a sound at the N extremity of the s island of New Zealand, near Cook strait. Lon. 174 14 E, lat. 41 6 s. Queenborough, a borough in Kent, in the isle of Shepey, governed by a mayor, with a market onMondaj'. It had once a strong castle, the remains of which are still to be seen. The chief employment ol the inhabitants is fishing, and oysters are here in great plenty. It is seated near the mouiii of the Medway, 15 mile.? Nw of Canterbury, and 45 E by s of Loiirics. Near this place, in 1557, Philij) II. of Spain gained a signal victory over the French, and afterward took the town by storm. In men-iory of this, he built the Escurial. The town was re- stored to France in 1559 It is seated on an eminence, on the r'nir Sommc, 21 miles s of Cambray, and 83 N by e of Paris. Lon. 3 29 k, lat. 49 50 n. Quercy, a late province of France, hounded on the N by Limosin, e by llouergue and Anvergnc, s by Languc- doc, and w by Perigord. It is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits. It now forms the department of Lot. Queifutt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a castle. It is {4 miles Nxw of Naumburg. Lon. 11 60 E, lat. 51 23 N. Qnerimba, a cluster of small islands on the coast of Mosambique, fertile in fruits aiid pastures. Thty are inhabi- ted by tlie descendants of Poituguese, and so named from tlie piincipal one. Lon. 41 30 E, lat. 11 40 s. Qiiesnoy, a fortified town of France, in the department of Nord, with an old castle. It was taken by the allies in 1711, and retaken the same year. In 1793, it was taken by the Austrians, and retaken the next year. It is seat- ed hi an extensive plain, on the rivulet Uonelle, nine miles se of Valenciennes, and 123 ne of Paris, Lon. 3 40 e, lat. 60 15 N. Quiberon, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, with a fort, situate at the extremity of a peninsula, to the N of BeUeisle. In 1795, it was taken by some French regiments in the j)ay of Great Britain ; but owing to the desertion and treachery of some of the soldiers, the republicans soon took it by turprise. It was taken by the English »n 1800, but evacuated soon afterwards. It is 17 miles sse of Port Louis. . Quicaro, an island in the Pacific ocean, near the coast of Vcragua, in Mexico, about 20 miles long and 6 broad. Lon. 82 30 w, lat. 7 25 N. Quilimuncy, a seaport of Zanguebar, in the kingdom of JVIelinda. It belongs to the Portuguese, and stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, 26 miles ssw of Meliuda. Lon. 41 40 e, lat. 3 10 s. Quillan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aude, 25 miles ssw of Carcassone. Qiiillcboeiif, a town of France, in tlie department of Eurc, seated on tbe Q U I Seine, 37 lailes w of Rouen, mid 42 nw of Evreaux. Qniloa, a seajjort of Zanguebar, ca- pital of a kingdom of the same name, with a small citadel. This country was first discovered by the Portuguese, in 1498 ; and it produces abundance of rice, millet, fruits, cattle, and poultiy. The inhabitants are Mahometans, part- ly black and partly tawny. Tiie ca- pital is well built, and stands on an island, at the mouth of the river Coavo. Lon. 40 9 E, lat. 8 35 s. Qiiimper, a city of France, capital of the department of Finistcrre, and a bishop's see. It is seated at the con- ilux of the Oder and Benaudet,34 miles SSE of Brest, and 112 w by s of Kennes. Lon. 4 6 w, lat. 47 58 N. Q,uimperle, a town of France, in the department of Finistere, seated on the Isotte, 30 miles ese of Quiniper. Qitincy, a town of Massachusets, in Norfolk county, 10 miles s by e of Boston. Quingey, a town of France, in the department of Doubs, seated on the Louve, 12 miles sw of Besancon. Quin-nong, or Chin-chi, a bay on the coast of Cochinchina, much frequented by the vessels of the country, being an excellent harbour. The entrance is narrow, and ships of burden can only get in at high water. At the head of the harbour is the city of Quin-nong. Lon. 109 15 E, lat. 13 52 N. Qidnson, a town of France, in the department of Lower Alps, 28 miles .ssw of Digne. duintin, a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, seated in a valley, 10 miles ssw of St. Brieuc. Quirpon, an island in the Atlantic ocean, near the N coast of Newfound- land. Lon. 55 22 w, lat. 51 40 N. Quistello, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, famous for an action between the French and Austrians in 1734,whett marshal Broglio was surprised in his bed. It is seated on the Seccia, 16 miles SE of Mantua. Quito, an audience of Peru, in the viceroyalty of New Grenada, lying be- tween two chains of the high mountains called the Andes. It was under the jurisdiction of the viceroy of Peru, un- till the 18th century, when a new vice- royalty was established at St. Fe de Bo- gota, the capital of New Grenada; the jurisdiction of which includes the whole of Qaito and all the provinces of Terra Firma. The lands arc generally welJ cultivated, and there are a great num- ber of towns and villages inbabilcd bjf 6ee E A A flic Spaniards or native Americans : se- veral districts are occupied almost en- tirely by Indians. Every village is adorned with a large square, and a church on one side of it. The streets are generally straight, and in the direc- tion of the four cardinal points; and all the roads are laid out in a line, crossiug each other, that the aspect of the coun- (ly has the appearance of a large gar- den. Although this country is situate 6n both sides the equator, yet it lies so high, and so near the mountains co- vered with snow, that the air is very temperate. There are no noxious ani- mals ; for the tigers and serpents are below in the forests. This is the only province in Spanish America that can be called a manufacturing country. Hats, cotton stuffs, and coarse vvooIleD cloths, are made here in such quantities, as to furnish a considerable article for exportation to other parts of Spanish America. Qnito, the capital of the audience of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a pleasant valley, but on high ground, 9370 feet above the level of the sea. Here are several religious communities, and two colleges, which are a sort of university. Having no mines in its neighbourhood, it is chiefly famous for manufactures of cotton, •aool, and flax. In 1755, it was swal- lowed up by an earthquake, but soon rebuilt. It is 400 miles sw of St. Fe de Bogota. Lon. 77 55 w, lat. 13 s. Qidzawa, a province in the s part of the kingdom of Angola, It is full of mountains, and badly cultivated, but produces abundance of honey, wax, and salt. The inhabitants are warlike, and have not submitted to the Por- tuguese. Qiivizina, a chain of mountains in the kingdom of Fez, 100 miles in length, extending from the desert of Gret to the river Nocor. Quoja, an inland country of Guinea, ijing E of Sierra Leone. Qxtavedo, a town of Italy, 4 miles s of Capo dTstria. JRaab, a town and fortress of Lower Hungar}', capital of Javerin, and a bi- siiop's see. It is a strong frontier bul- wark against the Turks, and seated at ihe conflux of the Raab and Rab- iritz, not far from the Danube, 28 miles 568 11 A l> SSE of Presburg, Lon, 17 45 E, lat. 47 38 N. Baajegur, a town of Ilindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 74 miles ne of Ougcin, and 214 ssw of Agra. Loo, 76 56 E, lat. 24 2 N. Raaza, one of the Hebrides of Scot- land, between the mainland of Ross- shire and the isle of Skye. It is 12 miles long and 4 broad, rising with a gentle ascent from the w side t-o a great height on the E side, which is nearly perpen- dicular. It is famous for its millstone quarries ; and at the NE end stands Bastle Broichin, which is a noted sea- mark. Lon. 6 w, lat. .57 32 N, Rabasteins, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, on the river Tarn, 18 miles ne of Toulouse. Rabat, a seaport of Algiers, in Tre- mesen,with a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome palaces, and is seated at the mouth of the Burigrig, bet'f>eea Fez and Tangier. Lon. 6 28 v' i.3 40 N. Rabenstein, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, on the river Ottava, 21 miles wsw of Rakonitz. Racca, a town of Asiatic Turkey, ill Diarbekir, at the conflux of the Beles with the Euphrates. Near it are the ruins of Old Racca. once a magnificent city. It is 110 miles s by w of Diar- bekir. Lon, 40 10 Ji, lat 36 5 n. Rachore, a city of Hindoostan, in the country of Golconda, capital of a district, subject to the nizam of the Dec- can. It is seated on the s bank of the Kistna, 80 miles svv of Hydrabad. Lon. 78 3 E, lat. 16 22 N. Raconigi, a town of Piedmont, seat- ed in a plain, 18 miles s by w of Turin. Radeberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, near which is a bath, called Augustus bath, discovered in 1717. It is seated on the Roder, 8 miles ene of Dresden. Radeburg, a town of Upper Saxony^ in Misnia, with a castle. It is celebrated for earthen ware, and seated on the Roder, 10 miles n of Dresden. Radicofam, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, seated on a steep hill, 46 miles SE of Sienna. Radimpour, or Radunpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Agimere, situate on the Puddar, 175 miles n of Surat, and 250 sw of Agimere. Lon. 71 48 E, lat, 23 58 N. Radnor, Netv, a borough of Wales, iu Radnorshire, with a market on Thurs day. It is nominally the county town, though a smail place, and the assizes RAG gsfe heM at Pfesteigi}. Thi'ce i5ii!cs E of it is Old Radnor, said to have been the Magoth of Antoninus, but now an insignificant village. New Radnor is seated near the source of the Somergi!, at the foot of a hill, on wliich a caslie formerly stood, 24 miles nw of Here- ford, and 169 wnw of Lon Ion. Lou. 2 46 w, lat. 62 10 N. Radiiorshire, a county of Wales, 30 JsiiJes long and 25 broad; bounded on the E by Sliropshirc and Herefordshire, N by Montgomeryshire, nw by Cardi- ganshire, and sw and s I)y Brecknock- shire. It contains 310,000 acres, is di- vided into G hundreds, and 52 parishes; lias 4 market towns ; and sends 2 mem- bers to parliament. The number of in- habitants in 1811 was 20,900. Its prin- cipal rivers are the Wye and Tend, the former dividing it from Rrecknockshire, and the latter from Shroj)shire. The E and s parts are tolerably level and pro- ductive of corn. The other parts are rude and mountainous ; devoted chiefly to the rearing of cattle and sheep. Rttdom, a town of Poland, in the pa- Jatmate of Saudomir, 60 miles nnw of Sandorair. Radomsli, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 50 miles SE of Siradia. Radstadt, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, near the source of the Ens, 35 miles ese of Sakburg. Lou. 13 26 e, lat. 47 18 N, Ragivolo, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, 19 miles s of Mantua. Raglmid, a village in Monmouthshire, five miles NE of Usk. It is famous for its castle, where Charles I. passed much of his time, and lived in a magnificent style. This castle was the last in Crom- well's time, which surrendered to gene- ral Fairfax. Rngnit, a town of £,ithuania, with a very ancient easlle, in which is a large royal magazine for provisions, &c. It ;s situate on Ihe Niemen, 56 miles ene of Konigsberg. Lon. 21 30 e, lat. 65 30 N. Ragoog-iir, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 116 miles ne of Owdein, and 256 s of Delhi. Lon, 77 30 F, hit. 24 23 N. Magusa, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, near the river Maulo, 18 miles wjiw of Noto. Ragma, a city and seaport of Dal- matia, capital of Raguseu, and an arch- bishop's see. It is two miles in circum- fereace, and strong by situation, hnving an inaccessible mountain on tlie land stde, and a strong; fort on titc gulf of R A L Venice. It has a considerable trade with the Turks, and is 66 miles w of Sculari. Lon. 17 65 e, lat. 42 32 N. Riigusen, a territory of Dalmatia, for- merly a republic, lying along the coast of the gulf of Venice, about 55 miles long and 20 broad. The soil is so bar- ren, that the inhabitants receive the greatest part of their necessaries from the neighbouring islands and Turkish provinces. The Ragusians profess the Roman catholic religion, but the Greek, Armenian and Turkish persuasions are tolerated for conveniency. Ragusa is the capital. Rajammidry, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of the five Circars, The principal riches consists in teak timber. It is seated on the Godavery, 35 miles from its mouth, and 170 sw of Cicacole. Lon. 81 57 e, lat. 17 N. Rajapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Concan, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 6 miles N of Geriah. i?ff;'c'?)i«/,atown of Hindoostan,in Ben- gal, seated on the w bank of the Gau- ges, 68 miles nnw of Moorshedabad. Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated cm the Acha, 12 miles w of Neu- burg. Rain, or Old Rain, a town of Scot- land, in Aberdeenshire, near the river Ury, 23 miles Nw of Aberdeen. Rain Lake, a lake of North America, lying e of Lake of the Woods, and w of Lake Superior. It is nearly 100 miks long, and in no jjart more than 20 wiile. Raisin, Market, a town in Lincohi- shire, with a market on Timrsday, situate near the source of theAneholm, 16 miles NE of Lincoln, and 147 n of London. Rakelshurg, a town of Geimany, in Stiria, which has a considerable trade in wine and iron. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, and situate on an is- land in the river Muer, 36 miles se of Gratz. Lon. 15 58 e, lat. 46 45 N, Rahonitz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. Very good beer is brewed here, and forms the prin- cipal article of trade. It is seated on the Miza, 32 miles w of Prague. Lon. 14 E, lat. 50 5 N. Ralegh, the capital of N. Carolina, in Wake county. It was named after the celebrated sir Walter Ralegh, under whose direction the first settlement in N. America was made at Roanoke islanti. Here is a large and handsome state- house, and several other public build- ings. The remoteness from navigation is its greatest disadvantage, it is95 miles WNW of Newbcrn,thc former cajiital, an«l 670 R A iM 145 %vs\v of Petersburg in Virginia. Lon. 78 52 w, hit. 35 40 N. Rama, or Hanuila, a {own of Pales- tine, Willi many fine ruins of Christian cbiirclies and other biiik]iiigs,\vliich show what it has been tbrmerly. It is 20 miles w by N of Jerusalem. Ramada, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of St. Martha, 100 miles e of St. Martha. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 11 10 \. Ranuigiri, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on the w side of the Ar- kawati, with a strong fort on the oppo- site bank, on a large rocky liill, 50 miles NE of Seringapatam. Ramanad, a town of Hindoostan, in Mazawar, 64 miles se of Madura, and 95 sy w of Tanjore. Lon. 78 56 w, lat. 9 20 N. Rambert, St. a town of France, in the department of Ain, near the river Albe- rine, 24 miles sse of Bourg en Bressc. Rambert, St. a town of France, in the department of Loire, 12 miles se of Montbrison. Ramherwiller, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 30 miles se of Nancy. RamlGiiillet, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise. Here WAS a royal palace, whidi was demolish- ed, in 1783, hy order of the national con- vention. It is 27 miles sw of Paris. Rame Head, a promontory on the s coast of England, the w point of the en- trance into Plymouth sound. On its summit is a church (a seamark) belong- ing to the village of Ramc. Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 50 19 N. Ramery, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aube, ontlie river Aube, 18 miles NE of Troy es. Ramilles, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, memorable for a great vic- tory obtained by the duke of Marlbo- rough, over the French, on Whitsunday, J70{j. It is seated at the source of the Geete, 10 miles n of Namur, and 24 se of Brussels. Ramiseram, an island in tlie gulf of Manara, at the w end of Adams bridge, and separated from Marawar on the continent of Hindoostan, by a narrow «.hannel. It is 30 miles in circuit; con- tains some beautiful trees, a i'cw villages, and a celebrated pagoda. Lon. 79 22 E, lat. 9 18 N. Ramla, a town of Palestine, the an- cient Arimathea, now in a ruinous state. Here is a manufacture of soap, which is sent into all parts of Egypt. It is 18 miles Nw of Jerusalem. Rammekcm, a seaport of Zealand, in 571 R A N tlie isle of Walcheren. It was otse of the towns put into the hands oflhe En- glish, as a security for a loan in the reign of queen Elizabeth. It is fom' miles 8 of Middlcburg. Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 51 29 N. Rammdherg, a^ lofty and extensive mountain of Germany, in that part of the Hartz forest which lies within the principality of Gurbenliagcn. On this mountain are several silver mines ; and at the foot of it is the city of Goslar. Rampour, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi, 32 miles s of Cossipour, and 105 E of Delhi. Ramsay, a town of the isle of Man^ situate on a large bay, on the NE coast. The bay affords good anchorage, but the harbour will only admit small vessels. Near it is a lighthouse ; and the entrance of the town is defended by a fort. It is 15 miles n by e of Douglass. Lon. 4 20 w, lat. 54 18 N. Rfwisey, a town in Huntingdonshire, with a market on Saturday. It had for- merly an extensive abbey, but the ruins of a gateway is all that remains. It is seated in the fens, near the meres of Ramsey and Wittlesey, 12 miles ne ot Huntingdon, and 69 N of London. Ramsey, an island -jn the coast of Wales, separated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow clianncl, called Ramsey Sound. Near it is a group of dangerous rocks, known by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks, frequented in the breed- ing veason by vast multitudes of sea- fowls. The island is two miles long and one and a quarter broad, and four miles w by s of St. David. Lon. 5 20 w, lat. 51 55 N. Ramsgate, a seaport in Kent, in the isle of Thanet, near the Downs, with » market on Wednesday and Saturday. The harbour is nearly circular, and has two tint' stone piers, a dry dock, and a lighthouse. Ramsgate is a member ol the port of Sandwich, and is much fre- quented as a bathing-place. It is 17 miles w by n of Canterbury, and 72 ESE of London. Lon. 1 24 e, lat. 51 20 N. Ramteak^ a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, held sacred to Ram, by the Hin- doos, who have a temple here. It is 18 miles nne of Nagpour. Ranai, one of the Sandwich island.s, in the I'acific ocean, about three leagues w of Mowee. The s i)art is high and craggy ; but the other parts have a bet- ter aspect, and are well inhabited. It produces very few plantaiiis and bread- fruit trees, but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. Loii. 156 61 w, l&X. 20 48 w. RAP Randaktown, a borough of Iicfaiid, in the eonntj' of Antrim, four miles wnw of Antrim. Randeradt, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers ; seated on the river Worm, 10 miles n\v of Juliers. Randers, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near the mouth of the Gude, 25 miles E of Wibnrg. Rangamatty, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a eircar in Bengal. It has a celebrated pagoda, and stands near the ;6urrampooter,on the confines of Assam and Bootan, 170 miles ne of Moorsheda- bad. Lon. 90 8 e, lat. 26 10 n. Rangoon, a seaport of Pegu, and the principal mart for teak timber, in the Birman empire. It was founded by Alompro, kingof Birraah, in 1765; and is the resideace of a governor, mIio lives within the fort. Here is a custom-house built of brick, but the wharfs and dwel- ling-houses are all constructed of wood. In its neighbourhood are numerous con- vents; and two miles n of the town, on a rocky eminence, is a very grand tem- ple, which is a splendid object at the distance of many miles. Rangoon is seated on the most eastern branch of the Irrawaddy (which hence to the sea is called the Rangoon or Syriam rivei) 18 miles N of its mouth, and 60 s of Pcg'a, Lon. 9Q 10 E, lat. 26 48 N. Ranis, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle on a mountain, 10 miles sw of Ncwst^dt. Riinnoch, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the N part of Perthshire, 11 miles in length. It receives the waters of Loch Ericlit, from the N, and communicates with Loch Tumel on the e, and Loch iiidoch on the w. On its s side is a fo- rest of birch and pine. Rantampour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, capital of a eircar of the same name, in the country of Agimere. It is 96 miles e of Agimere, and 105 wsw of Agra. Lon. 76 57 e, lat. 26 36 N. RantzoWy a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, 24 miles n by w of Lubee. Raolconda, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour, near which is a rich diamond mine. It is 20 miles nnw of Solia- pour. Raon VEtape, a town of France, in the department of Meurte, seated at the conflux of the Etape and Meurte, 30 miles SE of Nancy. Rapallo, a town of the territory of Genoa, seated on a bay of the same Danie, 16 miles ese of Genoa. Raphoe % fx)wu of Ireland, in the RAT county of Donegal, and a bishop's seci The cathedral serves as a parish church. It is 11 miles sw of Londonderry, and 21 NE of Donegal. Rapolla, a town of Naples, in Easili- cata, five miles w of Tenosa. Rappahannoc, a town of Virginia, which rises in the mountains, called the Blue Ridge, and flows by Falmouth, Fiedericsburg, Fortroyal, Leeds, Tap- paliannoc, and Urbanna, into Chesa- peak bay. Rapperschw'eil, a town of Switzer- landj in the canton of Zurich, seated on a neck of land that advances into the lake of Zurich, over which is a woodcD bridge, 1 850 feet long. It is 18 miles SE of Zurich, and 20 N\v of Glaris. Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teya, eight miles n by w of Horn. Rai-itan, a river of New Jersey, which runs by Bmnswick and Amboy into Ar- thur Kull sound, and helps to form the £ne harbour of Amboy. Rascia, the eastern divison of Sclavo- nia, watered by the river Rasca, which runs into the JVIoraVe. The inhabitants are called Rascians, Rasehorg, a seaport of Sweden, capi- tal of a canton in Nyla,nd. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, 37 miles SE of Abo. Lon. 23 18 E, lat 60 16 N. Raspenhurg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, near which are some me- dicinal springs, and the ruins of the once celebrated castle of Rasseburg. It is situate on the river Lossa, on the ridge of mountains called Finne, 15 miles nne of Weimar. Rastadt, a town of Suabia, in the mar- gravate of Baden, with a noble castle. In 1714, a treaty was concluded here between the French and Austrians ; and in 1796, the former defeated the latter near this place. It is seated on the Merg, near the Rhine, five miles ne of Baden, and 24 sw of Philipsburg. Rastenburg, a fortified town of East Prussia, with a castle, 46 miles se of Konigsberg. Ratenau, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, seated on the Havel, 15 miles n by w of Brandenburg. Ratibo7', a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a castle. The cathedral and town-house are worthy of notice. It is seated on the Oder, 15 miles ne of Troppau, and 85 SSE of Breslau. Ratingen, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, six miles ne of Dus- seldorf. Ratitbon, a strong city of Bavaria, and the see of an archbishop, transferred 572 R A V from Mentz to this place in 1798. The •bbey of St. Enimcian contains the re- lics of St. Deiiys, avahiable liL)iarv, and a fine collection of malheniatical instru- ments. The town-house is ina2;nificent, and in its hall the general diets of the empire used to meet. The inliabitants, »n g:eneral, are jiroteslants, and about 24,000. Ratisbou has a great trade in salt, for M'hich it is a depot, and sends large quantities of corn and wood to Vi- enna. A great battle was fou{?ht in the neighbourhood of this city, in 1809, be- tween the Austriaus and French, iii which the latter were victorious. It has an ancient bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, and stands on the s side of that river, at the influx of the Regen, 62 miles N by E of Munich, and 195 w by N of Vienna. Lon. 12 6 e, lat. 48 58 n. Ratoath, a borough of L'cland, in the county of Meath, 12 miles e of Tiim, and 12 nw of Dublin. Ratmansdorf, a town of Germany, in Carniola, with a castle, 20 miles s by w of Clagenfurt. Ratolfzell, a strong town of Suabia, 12 miles nw of Constance. Ratsha, or Ratska, a town and fortress of Sclavonia, on the n side of the Save, opposite the influx of the Drin, 30 miles sw of Peterwardein. Rattan. See Rnatan. Rattenherg, a fortified town of (xer- raany, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicinity are copper mines, which also yield some silver. It is situate on the Inn, 2G miles ene of Inspruck, and 44 sw of Salzburg. Ratzeburg, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name, subject to the duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The town is seated on an island, in the midst of a lake, 30 miles in circumference. The buildings are of brick, and almost every house is shaded with a tree. From the lake of Ratzeburg issues the river Wak- nitz, which joins the Trave near Lubec. Ratzeburg is noted for its excellent beer, and is 14 miles s by E of Lubec, and 22 s of Lauenburg. Lon. 10 52 E, lat, 53 43 N. Raudnitz, a town and castle of Bohe- mia, seated on the Elbe, 20 miles n o-f Prague. Ravello, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citeriore, 10 miles w of Salerno, and 25 se of Naples. Ravenglass, a seaport in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It stands on an inlet of the Irish sea, between the Mile and Esk, which; with the Irt, run 573 RED into this inlet, aiicl foiiH a good harbonr; but the 'adjacent country furnishing lit- tle for exportation, its chief trade is in oysters. Two miles from the tower, on the s side of the Esk, are ruins of three miles in circumference, called the City ofBarnscar, of which no historical do- cuments appear to exist. Ravenglass is 16 miles sse of Whitehaven, and 279 NNw of Loudon. Loji. 3 30 w, lat. 54 22 K, Ravenna, a city of Italy, capital of Romagna, and an archbishop's see, with several colleges, a great number of reli- gious houses, and a ruinous citadel. It had a celebrated harbour, but the sej» has gradually wilhdrawn four milei^ from the town. Theodoric, king of the Goths, resided here, and afterward the exarchs of the Greek emperors. The mausoleum of Theodoric is still to be seen, and is covered by a single stone, 28 feet in diameter, and 15 thick. Ra- venna is seated on the river Manto,ne, 37 miles SE of Ferrara, and 162 N of Rome. Lon. 12 5 e, lat. 44 25 n. Ravensberg, a town of Westphalia, ca- pital of a county of its name. It is 15 miles ene of Munster, and 36 sw of Minden. Ravensburg, a town of Suabia, with a considerable trade, particularly in pa- per, and is seated on the Cheuss, 18 miles N of Lindau. Ravestein, a town of Dutch Brabant, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle ; seated on the Meuse, eight miles wsw of Nimeguen. Ravitz, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Posnania, with a considera- ble manufacture of cloth, 24 miles s of Posen. Raumo, a town ofSweden, in Finland, 20 miles s of Biorneburg, and 55 N by w of Abo. Ramclienberg, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, seven miles nne of Mar- burg, and 32 ssw of Cassel. Rauvee, a river of Hindoostan, one of tlie five E branches of the Indus. It rises in Lahore, on the borders of Tibet, flows by the city of Lahore to Toulom- ba, in the country of Moultan, and 28 miles below joins the Chunaub. The Ravee is the Hydraotes of Alexander. Rawa, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated in a morass, and almost surrounded by the river Ra- wa, 55 miles sw of Warsaw. Lon. 19 55 E, lat. 51 51 N. Raynham, a town of Massachissets, in Bristol cotinty, with mrisiufactiiftji «if R E C Iron; scfjtctl iioar the river Tannion, four miles nne of Taunton, and 32 s of Boston. Raypour, a town of HindooslaEi, in Orissa,(30 miles s ofRuttiinpour, and SO w of Surn'ouiponr. Re, an island of France, 16 miles long and four broad, separated from t!ie coast of Lower Charente by tiie strait of Era- ton, above seven miics wide. Tiie pro- ducts are bitter wine, salt, brandy, and the liquor called aniseed. St. Martin is the capital. Reading; a !)orough and the capital of Berkshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Satnrday. It has three churches, and several meeling-houses. The principal manufactures are canvas, blankets, libands, and pins ; and great quantities of malt, flom, and timber are sent hence to London. Here are the ruins of a rich abbey, in which Henry I. was interred. It is seated on the Ken- net, near its confluence with theThanies, 26 miles SSE of Oxford, and 37 w of London. Lon. 52 vv, hit. 51 28 N. Reading; a town of Pennsylvania, ca- })iia! of Berks comity, wilh four edifices lor public vvorsliip, and a large one for the public ofiices. In 1795, the county voted 12,0001. foi- building a bridge over the Schuylkill, on which the town is seated, 64 miles Nw of Philadelphia. Lon. 76 10 w, hit. 40 22 N. limlego, a seaport of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua, with three chur- ches. I'hc chief trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage. It is situate among swamps, on a river of the same name, iipar its mouth, 30 miles wNW of Leon, to which it serves as a harbour. Lon. 87 44 w, lat, 12 42 N. RealviUe, a town of France, in the nt of Lot, eight miles ne of Montau^an, and 20 s of Cahors. Rehnick, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, and a bishop's see, seated on the Aluta, 45 miles sw of Targo- wjsco. Reccan. See Aracan. Reccanati, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona. It has a great fair in September, which continues 15 days ; and is seated on a mountain, near the river Munsono, 14 miles s of Ancona. Reckem, a town of the Netherlands, seated near the Mouse, five miles N of Maestricht. Recklinghausen, a town of German}', in the circle of Lower Rhine, capital of a county of the same name. It has a strong citadel, and is seated on the Lip- jje, 20 miles ssw of M unster. Lon. 7 SQ E. lat. 51 38 N. REE Recuher, a village in Kent, st the motJtii of a small branch of the Stour, eight miles ne of Canterbury. It is the Reguibium of the Romans; and its an- cient church has two spires, which are called by mariners the Two Sisters. Red Head, a cape of Scotland, ia An- gusshire, the s point of Lunan baj'. Here are the ruins of a castle, almost surrounded by the sea. Red Lake, a lake of N. America, ly- ing s of Lake of the Woods. It is 60 miles long and 15 broad, and on the n side is fed by several small rivers. Its outlet is at the SE extremity, in lat. 47 20, and called Red River, which flows into the Mississippi, a little above St. Anthony Falls. Red Sea, a sea celebrated in holj writ. It extends 1300 miles from N to s, dividing Africa from Arabia, and is 200 broad, in the widest part. It is se- parated from the Mediterranean sea on the N, by the isthmus of Suez, and com- municates on the s, by the strait of Ba- belmandel, with the Indian ocean. Redbridge, a village in Hampshire, at the mouth of the Test, three nsiles vv of Southamjjlon. It has a considerable trade in coal, timber, corn, &c. The Andover canal terminates at this place. Redon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ille and Yilaine. It serves as a mart for the commerce of Renncs, and is seated on the Vilaine, 20 miles e of Vannes, and 32 ssw of Remies. Lon. 2 1® vv, lat. 37 48 N. Redondela, a town of Spain, ia Gali- cia, wiih a stron^i: castle. It stand ou Vigo bay, eight miles ne of Vigo. Redonda, a town of Portugal, in Bcira, with a castle, seated oa the Moudego, 17 miles w of Coimbra. Redondo, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, 23 miles sw of Elvas. Redruth, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Tuesday and Friday. It is seated in the very heart of the mining country, 12 miles N by E of Helstone, and 263 w by s of London. Redstone, a town of Pcmisylvania, in Allegany county, situate on the Monon- galia. It has a rope-walk, aiad a manu- facture of paper. It is 30 miles s by e of Pittsburg. Rees, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, seated on the Rhine, 10 miles NW of Wesel. Rees, or Rent, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves. Hard by it on the Rhine, is the Konigstnhl, or Thronns Regalit, a r^imarkable piece of antiquity; consisting of a round vault, buiU of freestone, and resting on nine 574 REG stone pillars, one of wliitli stands in the inidtHc. The vault is cigiity feet in cir- cumference, and lias two stout doors, tliG .isccnt to vhicli is hy twenty eight stone steps. It is tuniisiicd with seven seats, agreeable to the nuniljer of elec- tors at tliat time ; and on this regai chair the electors of Geraianv formerly held consultations relative to the elec- tion of a king and emperor, and other weighty matters of the empire. Rees in seated near the Rliine, five miles s by E of Coblentz. Reetz, a town of Brandenbuig, in the New Mark, IS miles ese of Nev/ Star- gard. Segeii, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the same name, 12 miles nne ofDec- kendorf, and 40 e of Ratisbon. Megensoerg, a town ofSwitzerland, in (be canton of Zvnich, capital of a baili- wic of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on a rock, called the Lagerberg, 10 miles Nw of Zurich. Regenshirg. See Ratisbon. Regenstaxf, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg, on the river Kegen, eight miles n by e of Ratisbon. Regenstein, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halberstadt, six miles s of Halberstadt. Regenswalde, a town of Further Po- merania, with a castle, seated on the Rega, 2-t miles ese ofCamin. Reggio, a seaport of Naples, in Cala- bria tJJteriore, and an archbishop's see. The churches, convents, and many houses, are built of stones from ancient edifices, and numerous inscriptions are to be met with on the walls of them. The environs produce the best silk in Calabria ; and on the coast is found a species of muscle, that yields a kind of wool, of which gloves and stockings are made. Reggio was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1783. It is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 miles ese of Messina, and 95 s by w of Cosenza. Lon. 16 E, lat. 38 4 N. Reggio, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same name, included in that of Modena, and a bishop's see, with a strong citadel. In the cathedr&I are paintings by the greatest nfasters ; and in the square is the statue of Brennus, chief of the Gauls. The principal trade is in silk. It was taken by prince Eu- gene, in 1706, and by the king of Sar- dinia, in 1742. In 1796, the inhabitants were the first Italians that renounced allegiance to their sovereign, and soli- cited the protection of the French. Reggio is the birthplace of the poet Ariosto. It is seated in a fertile coiiu- 575 R E 1 try, on the river Tessone, 15 nsiics NW ]\iodena, and 80 SE of Milan. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 44 43 N, Rcghebil, a town of Negroland, in the country of Wangara, situate on a lake at the influx of a branch of the Niger, 240 miles e by s of Ghauara. Lon. 19 10 E, lat. 13 20 N. liegina, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citcriore, 14 miles N of Cosenza. Regis, St. a town of Lower Canada, situate on the boundary line that sepa- rates Canada from the United States, and on a river of its name, at its junc- tion v.'ith the St. Lawrence, 50 miles sw of JNlontrcal. Lon. 74 10 w, lat 45 N. Regnano, a town of Italy, in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, seated near the Tiber, 17 miles n of Rome. Reichenau, an island of Suabia, in tlie Zeller Zee, or lower lake of Constance, three miles long and one broad. It abounds with vines and other fruit-trees It is four miles w of Constance. Reichenau, a town of Switzei iand, ia the canton of Grisons, seven miles sw of Coire, Reichenbach, a tolvn of Silesia, in the principality of Schweidnitz. It has con- siderable manufactures of linen, canvas, and fustian, and is seated on the rivulet Peil, 10 miles SE of Schweidnitz. Reichenbach, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtland. The inhabitants are i)rin cipally clothiers; and their method of dying, particularly scarlet, is brought to great perfection. It is 10 miles ssw of Zurickau, Reichenberg, a town and castle of Germany, in the county of CatzenelJen- bogen, seated on a mountain, near the Rhine, five miles e of Reinfels. Reichenberg, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Buutzlau. It has a great manufacture of cloth, and is 28 miles N of Jung Buntziac. Reichenfeis, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, 24 miles ne of Clagenfurt. Reichenhall, a town of Bavaria, with a rich salt spring. Some salt is made here ; but, for want of fuel, most of the salt water is carried a distance of 14 miles, by engines and pipes, over the hills to Traunstein. It is seated on the Sala, nine miles sw of Salzburg. Reichshofeii, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, witli a cas- tle, 9 miles N of Haguenau. Reiffeisclieid, a town of Germaiiy. and capital of a county in the duchy ot Juliers. It is seated on the Eiliel, 30 miles ssw of Cologne, and 52 N by w cif I'rcveR. REN Rein, a town of Germany, '» Slina, en the river Save, 25 miles SSK of Ciily. Reiner, a town of Silesia, in the eoun- ty of Glatz, with a mineral spring, and nianufactuces of cloth and paper, 11 wiiles w of Glatz. Reisenburg, a town of PrusMa, in the province of Oberland, 78 miles sw of Konigsberg Remherviller, a town of France, in the department of Vosges, 17 miles nne of Epinal. Remich, a town of the Netherlands, in Lnxemburg, on the Moselle, 20 miles »E of Luxemburg. Remiremont, a town ol" France, in the department of Vosges, 11 miles sse of Epinal. Remo, St. a town of the territory of Genoa, situate in a fruitful valley, with a good harbour, in the Mediterranean, 7 miles E by N of Viutimiglia, and 17 WNw of Oneglia. Remy, St. a town of France, in the department of Mouths of the Rhone. A triumphal arch, and a mausoleum, in the neighbourhood, display the taste of the Augustan age: the lirst is not en- tire; but the second is in the best state of preservation. St. Remy is 10 miles NE of Arlos. Rcrnlshurg, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, on the frontiers of SIcswick, and on the river Eyder. It is composed of three parts, the Old Town, the Sklcusskule, and the New Town; the farmer of which stands on an island formed by the river. The principal manufactures are porcelain, earthen ware, and gold and silver lace ; and its trade in timber, by means of the Eyder canal, is considera- ble. It is 15 miles w of Kiel, and 16 SSE of Sleswick. Lon. 9 63 E, lat. 54 20 N. Renfrew, a borough of Scotland, and the county-town of Renfrewshire. The principal branch of trade is the thread, but many looms are employed in the silk and muslin manufactures. Robert II. had a palace here, of which nothing remains but the exterior ditch. It is seated near the Clyde, to which there is a canal, 11 miles w by n of Glasgow, and 13 e by s of Greenock. Lon. 4 26 w, lat. 56 54 N. Renfrewshire, a county of Scotland, 28 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad ; bounded on the w and N by the frith of Clyde, e by Lanarkshire, and s by Ayrshire. It is divided into 17 parishes, and the number of iniKibilants in 1811 was 92,596. In the N part, toward the bordei-s of the Clyde, the soil is fertile, R E Q but the s part is mountainous, and rather barren. Beside the Clyde, it \» watered by the Gryfe, and the White and Black Cart. 'I'lie largest town is Paisley. Reni, a town of European Turkey, m Bessarbia, seated on the Danube, 136 miles sw of Bender. Retmes, a city of France, capital of the department of Ille and Vilaine, and a bishop's see. It contains eight parish churches, beside the cathedral, and se- veral convents. The streets arc broad and straight; but they were narrow be- fore the fire in 1720, which lasted seven days, and consumed 850 houses. In the great square is the Palace of Justice^ and the Hotel de Ville. It is seated ou the Vilaine, which divides it into two parts, 58 miles N by vv of Nantes, and 190 vvsw of Paris, Lon. 1 42 w, lat. 48 7n. Rens, or Reuse. See Rees. Rentoivn, a village of Scotland, four miles Nw of Dumbarton. Near it is one of the most considerable printfields in Scotland ; also the old mansion of Dakjuliurn, where. Dr. SmoUet was borM, and the lofty column erecled to his memory, on the bank of the Leven. Renty, a town of France, in the de- partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the river Aa, 12 miles sw of Aire, and 50 NW of Arras. Reole, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, seated on the Ga- ronne, 20 miles se of Bourdeaux. Repaille, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mont Blanc, famous for the retreat of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, ip 1440, when he went to enjoy the plea- sures of a country life. It is seated on a river which runs into the lake of Ge- neva, 20 miles ne of Geneva. Repeham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday. It has two churches in one churchyard, and is seated in a valley, 15 miles nw of Nor- wich, and 111 ne of London. Reppen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, 16 miles sse of Cu»- trin. Reptoii, a village in Derbyshire, eight miles ssw of Derby, celebrated as the burial-place of several of the Saxon kings of Mercia, and for several anti- <|uit)cs. Here is a noted freesciiool, which appears to have been the refec- tory of a priory. Requena, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle, and a consider- able manufacture of silks. It was taken by the English in 1706, and retaken by the French the next year. It is seated 67C REV on a hill, on the borders of '^'aloncia, 64 oiilfs ESE of Cueuza. Loii. 1 9 \v, lat. 39 44N. Reslit, a city of Persia, capital of Ghilan. It has a considerahle trade, particularly in silk ; and miich rice gn"ows in the environs. It is seated on a river, six miles from the Caspian sea, and 100 n of Casbin. Lou. 51 30 e, lat. 37 58 N. Resolution Island, an island in the Atlantic ocean, 60 miles long and 20 broad, on the N side of the entrance into Hudson stiait. Lon. 65 w, lat. 61 40 N. Resolution Isle, a small island in the Pacific ocean, 160 leagues E of Otaheite, so called from the ship in which Cook made his second voyage. Lon. 141 15 w, lat. 17 23 s. Retel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardennes. It is seated on a hill, near the river Aisne, '26 miles ne of Rheims. Lon. 4 24 E, lat. 49 32 n. Retford, East, a borough in Not- tinghamshire, with a market on Satur- day, seated on the Idle, 30 miles N by e of Nottingham, and 141 N by w of London. Retliem, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Zell, seated on the Aller, 35 miles nnw of Hanover. Retimo, a seapon of Candia, and a bishop's see, with a citadel, where the pacha resides. It was taken, in 1645, by the Turks, who have kept it ever since. The silk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum, and oil, are preferred to all others. It is seated on the N coast of the island, 42 miles w of Candia. Lon. 24 38 E, lat. 35 20 N. Retz, a town of Bavaria, 28 miles ESE of Amberg. Revel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, near the grand basin of the Canal Royal, 27 miles 6E of Toulouse. Revel, a government of Russia. See Etthonia. Revel, a seaport of Russia, capital of the government of Esthonia, and a bi- shop's see. It is surrounded by l^igh walls and deep ditches, and defended by a castle and good bastions. The houses are well built, and have fine gardens. Here is a college, v.illi four professors ; and in 1733, two churches were allowed to the protestants. It is become a place of great trade, since the Russians obtained possession of it, in 1710; and there are two great fairs, in May and September, frequented by English and Dutch merchants. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, partly m 677 R H A a pleasant plain, and partly on a moun- tain, 160 miles N by e of Riga, and 220 w by s of Petersburgh. Lon. 24 17 E, lat. 59 18 N. Revello, a town of Piedmont, seated near the Po, on the top of a mountain, fortified by nature and art, 3 miles nw of Saluzzo. Revero, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, seated on the Po, opposite Ostig- lia, 20 miles se of Mantua. Revin, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardennes, on the river Meuse, 6 miles e of Rocroy. Revolution Isles, a group of islands in the Pacific oceaa, to the nw of the Marquesas, of which they may he deem- ed a continuation. They were disco- vered in 1791, and the most consider- able are Baux ajid Marchand. The latter is about 15 miles in circuit, an(i was taken possession of, in the name of the French nation, by captain Mar- chand. The natives are of the same colour as those of the Marquesas; and every thing indicates that they are of the same origin. Lon. 140 5 w, lat. 9 21 s. Rens, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a considerable trade in wine, bran- dy, and nuts ; seated in the middle of a most fruitful plain, 17 miles sv/ of Tar- ragona. Reuss, a river of Switzerland, Avhich rises in the lake of Loccndro, on the NW of St. Gothard, flows through the lake of Lucern and the town of that name, and joins the Aar, below Bruck. Reutlingen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. In the town- house is preserved an ancient batterings ram ; and in the vicinity are many paper and powder mills. It is seated on the Echctz, near the Neckar, 17 miles s of Stutgard. Reivah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Allahabad, 57 miles ssw of Allahabad. Rcwari, a town of Hindoostan, capi- tal of a circar in the country of Delhi ; seated on the Sadi, 65 miles svv of Delhi. Lon. 76 52 E, lat. 28 13 N. Rhamunie, a town and fort of Egypt, on the w branch of the Nile, where the canal of Alexandria enters thai river. It is 25 miles above Rosctta, and 68 ESE of Alexandria. Rhayadergwy, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire, with a market on Wed- nesday. It is situate on the Wye, where there was formerly a cataract, which is now destroyed, and a neat bridge erected ; and an eminence near it is the site of an ancient castle, of Pp R H E which no juins remain. In Ihe neigli- boushood are lead and eopper mines. It is 19 miles WNW of Nev^ Kadnor and r?S of London. Rlieda, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 10 miles N of Lipstadt. Rheims, a city of France, in the de- partnjentof Marne, and an archbishop's see. The inhabitants are computed to be 40,000, The ))rincipal church, built before the year 406, is a very beaulifni structnre ; and that of St, Nicaise is re- markable for its fine arcliifectnre. Be- hind the high altar of the church of St, Kemy, the corpse of that archbishop is preserved in a magnificent shrine. The kings of France have been successively crowned at Rheims ; probably, because Clovis, the founder of the French mo- narchy, 'when converted from }>aganism, v/as baptized in the cathedral here, in the year 496. The remains of an am- phitheatre, a castle, and a triumphal arch, are among the ancient monuments of tlie Romans, Rheims is long and Karrow, and the liouses are low. Here are manufactures of flannel, coverlets, and other woollen stuffs. This city was taken and retaken several times, by the French and allied armivjs, in 1814. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by hills that produce excellent wine, on the river Vesse, 62 miles N of Troyes, and 76 NE of Paris. Lon, 4 2 e, I at, 49 16 N. Mhein, a town of Prussia, in Natan- gen, with a large fortified castle ; seated on a lake, 75 miles se of Konigsberg, Lon- 21 38 e, lat 63 48 N, Rheinau, a town of Switzerland, in Thurgau, with an abbey, on an island formed by the Rhine, 5 miles ssw of Schafl'hausen, Kheinbach, or Rhynbach, a town of Germany, in the territory of Cologne, SO miles wsw of Bonn, and 36 nw of Coblentz, RJicinherg, a town of Germany, in the territory of Cologne ; seated near the Rhine, 13 miles e of Gelders, and 48 N by w of Cologne. Rheine, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, seated on the Ems, 18 miles wnw of Osnaburg, Rheinech, a town of Germany, seat- fd on the Riiine, 16 miles nw of Cob- knlz. Rheinech, a town of Franconia, rapi- 19.1 of a county of the same name, with a castle, on tlve river Sinn, 25 miles N by w of Wnrtzburg, Mhzmeck, a town of Switzerland, ca- pitid of the Rheinthal, with a castle. Pt H I seated on the Rhine, 25 miles be of Constance, Rheinfelden, a town of Snabia, the best of the four Forest-towns ; seated on tlie Rhine, over which is a bridge, eight miles E of Basel, Rheinfeh, a strong fortress of Ger- many, in the lower county of Catzenel- Icnbogen. It is one of the most im- portant places on the Rhine, and stands on a stupendous craggy rock, at the foot of which is the fortified town of St. Goar. It was taken by the French in 1794, and is 16 miles s of Coblentz, Rlieinmagen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers; situate on the Rhine, 19 miles nw of Coblentz, Rheinthal, a district of Switzerland, lying along the Rhine. It is a fertile valley, 30 miles long, and from 3 to 8 broad, and produces excellent wine. Rheineck is the capital, Rheinzabern, a town of France, in the department of Low^er Rhine, seated on the Erlbach, 10 miles se of Lan- dau. Rheim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Radegast, 14 miles ese of Lubec. Rhenen, a town of Holland, in Utrecht, seated on the Rhine, 20 miles se of Utrecht. Rhine, a great and remarkable river of Europe, which rises in Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons. It is formed of three streams; the Further Rhine from the head of the valley of Disentis ; the Middle Rhine from the valley of Medelo, an appendage of St. Gothard ; and the Hither or Upper Rhine from the mount Avicula. The first two torrents united is called the Lower Rhine, whieh receives the Upper Rhine at Richenau; and the height is here about 6180 feet above the sea. Flow- ing by Coire, at the distance of a mile, the Rhine here becomes navigable for rafts. It is soon after the boundary be- tween the Rheinthal and a territory of Austria, and passes through the lake of Constance from e tow. Leaving this lake, it becomes the boundary between Switzerland and Suabia, flowing by Schafl'hausen (below which it forms a celebrated cataract) to Basel. At Basel the river turns to the n, and flows thence to Holland; in which course it becomes the barrier between France and Germany, gives 'name to the two German circles of the Upper and Lower Rhine, waters many considerable cities and towns, and receives some large rivers. Below Emmerick. in the duchy of Cleve, it divides into two streamo. 578 R n 1 That wblch bends to the w, ami floM s by Nimcg:uen, is called the Waal, hut loses that uanie on its junction with the Mense, at Worciini. Below Gorciim, it divides into four pviiicipal bianchcs, forming the isles of Yssehnonde, Yoorn, and Overslackee: the most northern branch is called the IVIerwe, and pass- ing by Rotterdam and Schiedam, is joined by the branch from tlie s side of Ysselmoude, and enters the German ocean, below Brie! : the otlier two branches make their exit at Helvoet- sluys and Goree. The other stream which had branched ofl" to the Nw be- low Emmerick, retains its name ; but below Huesscn another branches off to the N, takes the name of Yssel, and en- ters the Zuider Zee, below Campen. The old river proceeds w by Arnheim to Duerstede,when it again divides into two streams: that to the left is called the Leek, and enters the IMerwe above Rotterdam. The branch to the right, which retains its name, passes on to Utrecht, where it divides once more, into tno streams: the smaller one is called the Vecht, which runs n into the Zuider Zee, at Mnyden ; and the other, the remains of the noble Rhine, flows w by Woerden to Leyden, whcie it di- vides into several channels, and after- ward is lost among hills of sand near the village of Catwyck. Rhine, Lower, a circle of Germany. It extended oh both sides the Rhine, from the circle of Suabia, on the s, to that of Westphalia, on the n; contain- ing the late electorates ofMcntz/Freves, and Cologne, the palatinate of the Rhine, the duchy of Westphalia, and the county of Lower Isenburg. Rhine, Lowe}', a department of France, containing the late province of Lower Alsace. Strasburg is the ca- pital. Rhine, Upper, a department of France, containing the late province of Upper Alsace. Col mar is the capital. Rhine, Upper, a circle of Germany. It extended across the Rhine, from the province of Loraine in France, on the s, to the circle of Lower Saxony, on the N, and was nearly intersected by the palatinate of the Rhine, It included the langravate of Hesse, Wetteravia, the counties of Catzenellenbogen and Waldeck ; the imperial town of Frank- fort, the bishoprics of Fulda, Spire, and Worms, and the duchy of Deux Fonts. Rhine, Palatinate of the, a late elec- torate of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine ; bounded on the N by the archbishoprics of Meuta axidTreve% 679 R H O F. by Fi-anoonia, s by Suabia, and w by France. Rhode Island, one of the United States of America, bounded on the N and E by Massachusets, s by the Atlan- tic, and w by Connecticut. These li- mits comprehend what has been called Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tions. It is divided into the counties of Newport, Providence, Washington, Bristol, and Kent. The state is inter- sected in all directions by rivers ; the chief of them are Providence and Taun- ton rivers ; which flows into Narragan- set bay. Iron-ore and limestone are found in great plenty in this state,\vhicb is principallj' a country for pasture. Providence and Newport are the chief towns. Rhode Island, an island of North Ame- rica, in the state of its name. It is 15 miles long and 4 broad, and exceeding- ly fertile. Between 30 and 40,000 sheep are fed here, beside beeves and horses. This island is a noted resort of invalids from the southern climates, being ex- ceedingly pleasant and healthful. At its sw extremity is the town of Nevy- port. Rhodes, an island of the Archipelago, at the entrance of the gulf of Macri, 40 miles long and 15 broad. The soil i» pretty fertile, but badly cultivated. This island is nmch celebrated in an- cient history, having been frequently under the dominion of different mas- ters. The Saracens became possessors of it in 665 ; and, in 1309, it was taken from them by the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, who afterwards took the name of knights of Rhodes. They re- tained it till 1623, when it was taken by the Turks, after an obstinate resist- ance; and the small number of knighti that remained, afterwards removed to Malta. A pacha is tiie governor-gene- ral of the island, who presides over civil justice and military disciivline. Rhodes, the capital of the island of Rhodes, and an archbishop's see. It was anciently nine miles in circumfer- ence, and regarded by Alexander, who deposited his last will here, as the first city in the world ; but the present town occupies only a quarter of the extent of the ancient city. It has a good har- bour, with a narrow entrance between two rocks, on which are two towers to defend the passage. Here, in all proba- bility, stood the famous Colossus, a statue of bronze, 70 cubits high, reckon- ed one of the seven wonders of the world: it was thrown down by ao earthquake; and when the Saraceua R H ¥ became masters of l!ie island, they knocked it to pieces, and sold tbe iViig- ments to a Jew of Edessa, near 900 years after its fall, Rhodes was dceisied an imprcg;aable foitiess, being stir- rounded by triple v/al!s and double ditches, but they arc now in a state of dilapidation. Over one of the gates is still to be seen a stone shield with the cross of the order of the icuights of St. John of Jerusalem. A quadrangidar edifice, whicli has the appearance of a monastery, is now converted info a guard house and arsenal; and in it are large piles of marble bullets, made from the pieces of scul])ture which formerly adorned the city. It is inhabited by Turks and Jews ; for the Christians live in the suburbs, they not being siificred to be within the walls in the night-time. Lon. 28 20 e, lat, 36 27 N. Rhtidez. See Rodez. Rhone, a large river that rises in Swit- . Kerlaiid, in Mount Furca, which source soon joiiis a more considerable stream from an extensive glacier called that of the Rhone. After passing through the vale of Vallais, it runs through the lalce of Geneva, and separating Savoy froin Brcsse, it Cows w to Lyons, then s to Viennc, Tournon, Valence, Viviers, Pont St. Esprit, Avignon, Beaucaire, Taras- con, and Aries, and enters the Mediter- lanean by several months. Rhone, a departnjcjit of France, so named from the river Rhone, which flows on its E border. The Rhone and Loire was originally one departmesit, but separated in 1792. This depart- ment includes the late provinces of Beaujoiois and Lyonois. The capital is Lyons. Rhone, Blovdiis of the, a department of France, ou the coast of the Mediter- ranean, at the influx of the Rhone, con- taining the w part of the late province of Provence. Ais is the capital. Rhonhov.se, a village of Scotland, in Kircudbrightshire, eight miles nnw of Newton Douglas, noted for a great an- nual fair, and a weelcly catlle market from October to January. Rkuden, a town of Westphalia, on the river Monnc, 12 miles sse of Lipstadt. Rhynbech, a town of New York, in Duchess county, on the E side of Hud- son river, opposite Kingstoij, and 18 njjles N of Poughkeepsie. Rhpiherg, or Rhhisberg, a town of Braudesiburg, ju the Middle Mark,with a handsome palace, built by Frederic II. when heredif.ai'y prince. It is seated ou tbe Rhyn, 10 miles N of Ruppin. Rhymy. See Rumney. E I B Rhynow, a town of Brandenburg, \a the Middle Mark, at the conflux of th© Rljyn with the Havel, nine miles SE of , Havelberg. Riazan, a govennneut of Russia, for- merly a province of the government of Moscow. It is fertile in corti, and po- pulous ; and had anciently its own princes. Riazan, a city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and an archbishop's see. Jt was formerly con- siderable for its extent and riches, but was almost ruined by the Tartars, in 1568. It is seated at the conflux of the Trubesh with the Occa, 100 miles SE of Moscov/. Lon. 40 37 E, lat. 54 55 N. Riba de Sella, a small seaport of Spain, in Asturias, on the bay of Biscay, 29 miles E by s of Gijon. Rihadavia, a town of Spain, in Gali- cia, seated at the conflux of the Avla with the Minho, in a territory that pro- duces the best wine in Spain, 15 milei wswcf Orense. Ribadeo, a seaport of Spain, in Gali- cia, with a good harbour, defended by two castles. It is seated on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio de Mirando, 45 miles N by e of Lugo. Lon. 6 47 w, lat. 4.3 38 N. Ribas, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, on the river Xarania, eight miles e of Madrid. Ribble, a river which rises inW. York- shire, runs across Lancashire, and enters the Irish sea, below Preston. Ribeira Grande, the capital of St. Ja- go, the largest of the Cape Verd islands, and a bishop's see. It has a good har- bour, and is seated between two high mountains. Lon. 23 24 w, lat. 14 50 N. Ribemont, a town of Fiance, in the departnaent of Aisne, seated on an emi- nence, near the river Oise, 10 miles w by s of St. Quentio. Riherac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, 17 miles e of Pcrigueux, and 27 sse of Angoulesme. Ribnik, a town of Silesia, in ihe prin- cipality of Ratibor, 20 miles e by n of Rafibor. Ribnik, or Rimnih, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Walachia, and a bi- shop's see. Here, in 1789, the Austrians and Russians gained a great victory over the Turks. It is seated on a river of the same name, GB miles ene of Tergovist. — Another, on the river Alth, 50 miles w by s of Teigovist. Ribnitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, seated or* a bay of the Baltic, near the influx 580 R 1 D of the Rcckenitz, 15 nii'cs ne of Ros- tock. SicJielieii, a town of France, in the department of ludre and Loire, foniided by cardinal Richeiicu in 1637, and seat- ed on 1 he Amable and Vide, 30 miles ssw of Tonrs. liic/mtond. the capital of Virginia, in Henrico county, on the n side of James river, at the I'oot of (he falls. The pub- lic buildings are an episcopal clnncli, a state-honse and court-house. Here is a floatinj;: loll-bridge over the river ; and the falls above (he bridge arc 7 miles in length. Vessels of burden lie at Ciiy Point, 20 miics below, to ^Y!!ich goods from Richmond are sent down in boats. It is 90 miles ssw of Alexandria. Loa. 77 65 w, lat. 37 35 N. Richmonc^ a borough in North York- shire, governed by a mayor, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It was inclosed by a wall.with three gates, now in ruins ; and has a castle, on an inaccessible mount, and two churches. It is the capital of a district called Riehuiondsliirc, which abounds in lead mines, and was former- ly a county of itself. Richmond has a manufacture of woollen stockings, caps, &c. It is seated on the Swale, over which is a bridge, 40 miles nw^ of York. and 230 NNw of London. Lon. 1 35 w, lat. 54 28 N. Richmond, a village in Suny, with a stone bridge over tlie Thames, nine miles wsw of London, it was ancient- ly called Sheen; but Heniy VII. called it Richmond, on account of his having been earl of Richmond in Yorkshire. Here was a jjalace, in which Edw ard III., Henry VII., and queen Elisabeth expired. Richmond is still distinguish- ed by its beautiful royal gardens, which, in summer, are open to the public ; and in these is a noble observatorj'. Here is an extensive royal park, called Richmond, or the New Park ; sur- rounded by a biick wall built by Charles L Rickmaiifworth, a town in Hertford- shire, with a market on Saturday, seat- ed on the Coin, 8 miles sw of St. Alban, and 18wNW of London. Ricla, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the Xalon, 28 miles wsw of Sara- gossa. Ride, a town in Hampshire, on the NE coast of the isle of Wight. It has a daily intercourse by packet-boats with Portsmouth, and sends to that place abundance of butter, eggs, and poultry. It is five miles ssw of Portsmouth, and six ENE of Newport, Ridg/kld, a town of Connecticut, in 5»1 H I N Fairfield county, 14 j^iies Nw of Fair- fie/'d, and 48 NNE of New York. Riedliiigen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtcinl>erg, seated mi the Danube, 15 miles sw of Ulm. Sieiherg, a tow m of Westphalia, capi- tal of a county of lijc same name, with a castle. It is sittsr.tc on the Ems, 17 miles w by N of Padcrborn. Ricii, a town of lialy, in the duchy of Spoleto, and a bishop's see. Beside the cathedral, it contains 3 collegiate and G parisli churches, ar>d £2 convents. It is seated on the river Yclino, near the lake Ricti, 37 miles ne of Rome. Lon. 13 5 E, Sat. 42 23 N. Rietix, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, seated on the Rise, 25 miles ssw of Toulouse. Riez, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Alps, seated in a plain, abounding with wine and fruits, 20 miles ssw of Digne. Riga, a government of Russia. See Livonia. Riga, a strong town of RnsJsia, capi- ta! of the government of Livonia, and next to Petersburgh, the most commer- cial place in the empire. It stands on the river Dwina, 5 miles from its mouth, in a gulf of tiie Baltic, called the Gulf of Riga, or Livonia. The trade is chief- ly carried on by foreign merchants, who arc resident here, and those belonging to an English factory enjoy the greatest share of the commerce. The principal expo}ts are corn, hemp, flax, iron, tiui- ber, masts, leather, and tallow. The population of Riga is estimated at 34,000. Here is a floating wooden bridge, over the Dwina, 2G00 feet long- and 40 broad: in vi inter, when the ice sets in, it is removed; and in spring it is replaced. In 1812, on the approach of the French army, nnder marshal Macdonald, to besiege tliis place, the governor of the town set fire to the su- buibs, which consumed upwards of 2000 houses. Riga is 220 miles ke of Konigsberg, and 310 sw of Petersburgh. Lon. 21 15 E, lat. 56 60 N. Rimini, a town of Italy, in Romag- na, with an old castle, a strong tower, and many remains of antiquity. The sea having receded from this city for some centuries, its harbour now will ad- mit only small vessels. It is scaled in a fertile plain, at the moutli of the 5Iar rechia, on the gulf of Venice, 28 miles SE of Ravenna, and 145 N by e of Rome. Lon. 12 .34 e, lat. 4 4 N. Ringkiojting, a seaport of Denmark, in North Jul land. It has a consider- able trade with Holland and Norway, R I O uiid K .seated on a gulf of the German ocean, 43 miles svv of Wiburg^, and 55 KNW of Ripen. Lon. 8 15 £, lat. 66 S N. Ringlehen, a tov/n of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Eisenach, 6 miles N of Erfurt, and 26 ene of Eisenach. Ringsted, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, Jt was formerly a city ; and in the great chinch are interred se- veral iiings, and other j)ersons of dis- tinction. It is 30 miles sw of Copen- hagen. Ringwood, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a nianufactnre of worsted hose ; and is faraons for its strong beer and ale. It is seated on the Avon, 30 miles sw of Winciiester, and 91 w by s of Lon- don. Rinteln, a sirong town of Westpha- lia, capital of the county of Schauen- burg, with a university. It is seated on the Weser, 12 miles SE of Minden, and 35 wsw of Hanover. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. 62 12 N, Rio Grande, a province in the N part of Brasil, between those of Petagoel and Paraiba. It is watered by a liver of the same name. Rio Grande, a river in the s part of Brasil, whicli runs w into the Fa- lana, being the principal branch of that river. Rio Grande, a river which rises in the Sierra Leone mountains, and flows through the kingdom of Biguba, into the Atlantic. It is navigable for boats 400 miles. Rio de la Hacha, a seaport [of Terra Firma, in the province of Venezuela, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 100 miles e of St. Martha. Lon. 72 34 w, lat. 11 30n. Rio Janeiro, a river of Brasil, which enters the Atlantic ocean, at St. Sebas- tian, the capital of Brasil. At its mouth are several small islands, which render the entrance diificult and dangerous. Oa the E side of it is the fort of Santa « ;ruz ; and on the w thai of St. Jago, together with the capital, Rio Janeiro, one of the licliest pro- vinces of Brasil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a river of the same name. Jt produces cotton, sugar, coifee, cocoa, j)epper, indigo, and tobacco, with abun- dance of fruit and garden-stuff, but no bread-corn; so that the people here liave no wheat-flour but what is brought from Portugal. As a succedanium for bread, there are yams and cassada in pieuty. The riches of the country con- »J3( in its mines of gold, and in precious R I P stones. The latter are found in sncia ])ienty, that a certain quantity only is allowed to be collected in a year, which is sometimes obtained in less than a month. St. Sebastian is the capital. Rio de Miranda, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Astu- rias, separates that province from Gali- cia, and enters the bay of Biscay, at Ri- badeo. Rio del Norte, a considerable river of North America, the source of which is unknown, but it flows from n to s through the wliole country of New Mexico, and enters the gulf of Mexico on the N border of New Leon. Rio de la Plata. See Plata. Riobamha, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction in the audience of Quito. The productions and manufactures of its district are superior to any other in Peru ; and in some parts of it are very rich mines of gold and silver. It is 98 miles s by w of Quito. Lon. 77 20 w, lat. 1 38 s. Riom, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome, seated on a. hill, 8 miles ne of Clermont, and 115 s of Paris, Rioni, a river that rises in the princi- pality of Georgia, forms the s- boun- dary of Mingrelia, and enters the Black sea. Rions, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, seated on the Ga- ronne, 18 miles SE of Bourdeaux. Ripa Transone, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, 8 miles s of Fermo. Ripen, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland, capital of a diocese of the same name, with a castle, two colleges, and a public library. The tombs of several kings of Denmark are in the cathedral, which is a very handsome structure. The harbour is at a small distance, at the mouth of the Gram, in a country which supplies the best beeves in Dcn-« mark. It is 65 miles Nw of Sleswick, and 78 s by vv of Wiburg. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 66 23 N. Ripley, a town in West Yorkshire, witli a market on Monday, seated on the Nyd, 23 miles WNW of York, and 215 N by w of London. Ripon, a borough in West Yorkshire, governed by a mayor, with a market ou Thursday. In its neighbourhood is the celebrated park of Studley, including the venerable remains of Fountain ab- bey. Ripon was once famous for its religious houses, and has now a colle- giate church. Its noted manufacture of spurs has some time declined, but 582 R O A two extensive cotton mills employ a nnniber of hands. The market-place is one of the tinest squares of the kind iti England. It is seafcd on the Ure, 28 miles NNW of York, and 209 nnvv of London. Lon. 1 29 w, lat. 54 1 1 N. Riquier, St. a town of France, in the department of Somme, seated on the Cardon, 24 miles Nw of Amiens. Sishoroi/gli, a town in Buckingham- shire, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles s of Aylesbury, and 37 wnw of London. Ritzenhxittle, a town of Lower Sax- eny, in the duchy of Bremen,w ith a cas- tle; seated half a mile sofCuxhaven, imd 25 miles n of Carlsburg". Riva, a town of Germany, in the principality of Trent, on the river Riva, at its entiance into the lake Garda, 17 miles sw of Trent, Riva, a town of Switzerland, in the Valteline, seated on the N end of the lake Como, eight miles s by w of Chia- venna. Rhadeo. See Ribadeo. Rivalta, a town of Piedmont, situate on the Saugon, 6 miles sw of 'J'urin. Rivalta, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, situate on the Adda, 15 miles e of Milan. Rivaroh, a town of Piedmont, situ- ate on the Oreo, 15 miles n of Turin. Rivesaltes, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the Egly, 8 miles n of Perpignan. Rivoli, a town of Piedmont, with a magnificent castle, 9 miles w of Turin. Rivolo, a town of Italy, in the Vero- Kese, on the lake Garda, 16 miles nw of Verona. Ron, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Douero, 25 miles N by E of Segovia. Roanne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire, seated on the Loire, vhere it begins to be navigable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Ly- ons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, Nan- tes, &e. Roanne is 45 miles WNW of Lyons, and 210 sse of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E, lat. 46 4 N. Roanoke, an island of N. Carolina, on the s side of Albemarle sound. It is fa- mous for being the place where sir Wal- ter Ralegh made the first British settle- ment in N. America. Roanoke, a river of the United States, formed by the junction of the Staunton and Dan, in the s part of Virginia. It is subject to inundations, and, on account of the falls, is navigable for shallops on- ly, about 60 or 70 miles. It eaters, by 683 ROC several mouths, into the sv/ pait of Al- bemarle sound. Rohbeii Island, sometimes called Pen- guin Island, a barren sandy island, near the Cape of Good Hope, at the entrance into False bay. Lon. 1822 e, lat. 3350 s. Robel, a town of Lower Sa?iony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the lake Muritz, 24 miles w of Strelilz. Robin Hood Bay, a bay on the coast of Yorkshire, between Scarborough and Whitby, about one mile broad. Here is a village of fishermen, who supply the city of York, and the adjacent country, with all sorts of fish in their season. Lon. 18 V,', lat. 54 25 N. Roca, Cape, the most western extre- mity of Portugal, and ofEiuope. On its summit is a remarkable monastery, said to be 3000 feet above the sea ; and on the E of the mountain is a summer palace, of Moorish architecture. Here is also a small vineyard, that of Carca- vella, yielding a peculiar grape ; and the environs supply most of the fruits and greens used at Lisbon. This cape is called generally by the English sailors, the Rock of Lisbon. Lon. 9 36 w, lat. 38 42 N. Rocamadour, a town of France, in the department of Lot, 23 miles n of Ca- hors. Rocella, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, near which is a coral fishery, 10 miles ne of Gieracc. Rochdale, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Tuesday, and manufactures of bays, flannels, serges, and other wool- len goods. It has two churches ; and a canal from Manchester passes hence to the Calder navigation, near Halifax. It is seated on the river Roch, at the foot of the Yorkshire hills, 13 miles N by Eof Manchester, and 198 nnw of London. Roche, a fortified town of Savoy, in the Genevois, seated near a large rock, on the river Borne, 12 miles ne of An-, necy. Roche, or Roche en Ardennes, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Luxemburg, with a strong castle, seat- ed on a rock, near the river Ourte, 22 miles s of Liege, and 32 nw of Luxem- burg. Roche Beaucour, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, 23 miles NW of Perigueux. Roche Bernard, a town of France, ia the department of Morbihan, on the ri- ver Vilaine, 22 miles se of Vaimes. Roche Guyon, a tov/n of France, in t&s department of Seine and Oise, on the river Seine, 21 miles vv of ' Poiitoise,, ROC Roche Posnij, a town of Fs rdicc, :ii the department oi' Vieniie. It has a niine- lai spring, and is seated on the Creuse, 32 miles eke of Poitiers. Roche sur Yon, a tovrn of France, in departsneat of Vendee, 20 miles n\v ot Lucon. Rocuecliouart, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vicnne, with a castle on a mountain, 18 miles w of Liimoges. Rochefort, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Luxemburg, with a castle, said to have been built by the Romans. It is situate on the Somme, surrounded by rocks, 60 miles Nw of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 10 e, lat. 60 12 n. Rochefort, a seaport of France, in the department of Lower Charente, with a conimodrous harbour, one of the most fansous in France. It stands on the Charente, 15 miles froJii its month, which is defended by several forts. The streets are broad and straight ; and the houses low, but regular. It has a mag- nificent hospital, the finest hall of ariiis in France, a noble arsenal, a foundery for cannon, and all the other magazines necessary for the construction and equip- ment of ships of war. It is IS miles SSE of Kochello, and 127 sw of Paris. Lon. 58 w, lat.45 50N. Rochefort, a town of France, in ing and Hainault forests, to Barking, below which it joins the Thames. Rodok, a town of Hindoostan, iu the province of Delhi, 60 miles e of Hissar, and 60 wxw of Delhi. Rodusio, a seaport of European Tur- key, in Romania, and a Greek bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, ou the sea of Slarraora, 62 miles w of Constantinople, Lou. 27 37 e, lat. 41 1 N. Rodriguez, jm island in the Indian ocean, l3ing 100 leagues e of Mauritius, and possessed by the French. It is 30 miles long and 12 broad ; the country mountainous, and in many ])arts rocky, though there are others in which the soil is excellent ; hut the best production of the island is the Land turtle, which are in great abundance. On the N side is a bay that affords secure shelter for ships, and ample supplies of wood and w>ater. Lon. 63 Oe, lat. 19 30 s. Roer, a river of Germany, which rises in Westphalia, flows by Arensberg, Schwerle, Werden, and Duysburg, and enters the Rhine at Roerort. Roerort, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, at the conflux of the Bo«r with the Rhine, 17 miles s by e of "S^csel. Roeidx, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, eight miles ne of Mous. RogeisviUe, a town of Tenessee, chief of Hawkins county, on the n side of the Holstan, 50 miles nne of Knoxville. Rogerwick, or Port Baltic, a seaport of Russia, in the province of Revel, seat- ed on a fine bay at the entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 miles wnvv of Revel. Imti. 23 20 e, lat. 69 10 N. Rogonatpour, a town of Hindoostan, ia Bengal, capital" of the circarofPa- 585 R O M chcte. It is 126 nn"Ies Nw of Cafcntta, Lon. 86 47 e, iat. 23 32 n. Rolia, or Roiha. See Orfa. Rohacznw, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Minsk, seated on the Dnieper, near the influx of the Ordrwa, 100 miles sE of Minsk. Rohan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihan, seated on Uie Aonst, 20 miles N of Vannes. Rohilcund, or Rohilla, a territory of Hindoostan Proper, whose inhabitants are called Rohillas. It lies to the e of Delhi, and 1s subject to the nabob of Oude, l)y whom, with the assistance of the British, it was conquered in 1774. Bereilly is the capital. Rekitzan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, with good cloth manu- factures and a trade in iron, seven miles e by N of Pilsen. Rolduc, a town of the Netherlands, in the late-duchy of Limburg, 10 miles svr of Juliers. Rom, an island of Denmark, on the E coast of S. Jutland. It is seven miles long and nearly three broad, and con- tains a few villages. Romagna, a province of Italy, bound- ed on the N by the Ferrarese, e by the gulf of Venice, s by Tuscany and tjrbi- no, and w by the Bolognese and Tusca- ny. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits ; and has also mines, mineral wa- ters, and salt-works, which make its principal revenue. Ravenna is the ca- pital. Romainmotier, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a baili- wic, with a castle ; seated in a narrow valley, through which flows the river Di- az, 11 miles sw of Yverdun, Romani, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Siret, 50 miles wsw of Jassy. Romatda, a province of Turkey, iu Europe, 200 miles long and 130 broad ; bounded on the n by Bulgaria, E by the Black sea, s by the sea of Marmora and the Archipelago, and w by Mace- donia. It was formerly called Thrace, and is the largest of all the Turkish pro- yinoes in Europe. It is fruitful in corn, and has mines of silver, lead, and alum. It is divided into three sangiacates^ or govennnents, the capitals o*" v/hich arc Philipopoli, Gallipoli, and Constanti- nople. Romano, a town of Italy, in Berga- masco, on a river that runs between the Oglio and Serio, 11 miles sse of Ber- gamo. Romans, a town of Franee, in the de- partment of Drome, on the Iserc, 22 II O M miks sw of Genoole, and 30 s of Vi- enne. / Rome, a celebrated city of Italy, iei Campagna di Roma, and the capital of the Pope's doniiuions. It is situate on the Tiber, over which it has four brid- ges. The walls are of brick, in wliich are 15 gates; and its whole circum- ference, including- that part beyond the Tiber and all belonging to the Vatican, is upward of 16 miles. It is computed to contain 170,000 inhabitants, which, though greatly inferior to what it could boast in the days of its ancient power, is considerably more than it could num- ber at some former periods since the fall of the empire. Some of the princi- pal streets are of considerable length, and perfectly straight. That called tlie Corso is the most frequented. The shops on each side are three or four feet higher than the street ; and there is a path for foot passengers, on a level with the shops. The palaces, of which there are several in this street, range in a line with the houses, having no courts before them. The Strada Felice, and the Strada di Porta Pia, are also very long and noble streets. There are no lamps lighted in the streets at night ; and all Rome would be in utter darkness, were it not for the candles which the devotion of individu- als some times places before the statues of the Virgin: these appear glimmering, at vast intervals, like stars in a cloudy night. Rome exhibits a strange mix- ture of magnificent and interesting, and of common and beggarly objects; the former consists of palaces, churches, fountains, and the remains of antiquity ; the latter comprehend all the rest of the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opinion of many, surpasses, in size and magnificence, the finest monuments of ancient architecture. It was begun to be built in 1606, finished in 1621, and is entirely covered bofli wilhin and with- 1 out with marble. Its length is 730 feet, the breadth 520, and the height, from the pavement to the top of the cross, which crowns the cupola, 450, The high altar under the cupola is 90 feet in height, and of extraordinary magnifi- cence. A complete description of this church, and of its statues, basso-relievos, columns, and various other ornaments, would fill volumes. The cathedral of St. John 1 ateran, the Romans say, is- the most ancient of all the churches of Rome, and the mother of all the chur- ches in Cln jstendom. It contains the Scaia Santa, of 28 white marble steps, brought from Jerusalem, by which Christ ss said to have asceiided to the palace ROM of Caiplias. To this church every new pope constantly goes first, in a magnifi- cent })rocession, to take possession of the lioly see. I'he Pantheon is the most perfect of the Roman temples which now remain, and notwithstanding tlie depredations ithas sustained from Goths, Vandals, and popes, is still a beautiful monument of Roman taste, The pa- vilion of the great altar of St. Peter, and the four wreathed pillars of Corin- thian brass which support it, were form- ed out of the spoils of the Pantheon, which, after, 1900 years, has still a pro- bability of outliving its proud capacious rival. The Pantheon, originally erected to the honour of all the gods, is now be- «;ome a christian temple, dedicated to the Virgin, and has obtained, from its cir- cular form, the name of the Rotunda. Its height is 150 feet, and its width near- ly the same. There are no pillars to 'Support the roof, which is constructed in the manner of a cupola ; neither has !t any windows, a sufficiency of hght be- ing admitted through a central opening «n the dome. As the Pantheon is the jiiost entire, the amphitheatre of Vespa- sian is the niQ^t stupendous monument of antiquity in Rome. About one half of the external circuit still remains; from which a pretty exact idea may be termed of the original structure, and by computation it could contain 85,000 spectators. But the antiquities of Rome are too numerous to be minutely de- scribed ; that the ancient Forum, now & cow-market ; the beautiful column of Trajan, &c. must be passed over. The Campidogllo, built by Michael Angelo, is a beautiful structure, standing on the site of the ancient Capitol, so long the centre of the empire of the world. The body of this palace is the residence of the senators of Rome, and the wings are inhabited by the cmiservatores of the ci- ty. The pope has three superb palaces, of which the principal is the Vatican, near St. Peter's church. The library of this palace is the largest and most com- plete in the world ; rich, especially in manuscripts, in all languages, and of all ages. In Rome the connoisseur will meet with innumerable paintings by the greatest masters, and with the finest works of sculpture, &c. Beside the uni- versity, which consists of several noble colleges, there are numerous academies and literary societies. The castle of St. Angelo serves more to keep the city in awe, than to repel any foreign attack. Rome was formerly the metropolis of one of the greatest empires that have ever existed, and may be regarded as R O IM the parent of all the cities, the airince. It is 120 miles w of Mas- kat. Lou. 57 30 e, lat. 23 30 N. Rostock, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, wilh a university, a good harbour, a strong citadel, an arsenal, and tine* churches. It is dividedr into thrc& l)arts, the Old, the New, and the Mid- dle Town, and carries on a large trade. It is seated on the river Warne, 10 miles from its entrance into the lialtic, and 32 ene of Wismar. Lon. 12 20 e, lat. 54 10 N. Rostqf', a town of Russia, in the go- vermnent of Xaroslaf, and an episcopal see. It is seated on the lake Nero, or Rostof, which communicates with the Volga by the river Kotorost, 95 miles NE of Moscow. Lon. 40 25 e, lat. 57 6 N. Rostrenan, a town of France, in the department of Cotes du Nord, 35 miles swof St. Brieuc. Rostrevor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, wilh a considerable salt-work and a pottery ; seated on Carlingford bay, nine miles SE of Newry. Rota, a town and castle, of Spain, in Andalusia, at the entrance of the bay of Cadiz, 9 miles x,\w of Cadiz. Rotas, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Lahore, 85 miles nw of La- hore. Lon. 71 52 e, lat. 32 4 N. Rotas, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Eahar, 108 miles sw of Patna. Rotenherg, a town and fortress of Franconia, capital of a lordship of the same name ; situate on a mountain, 18 miles ne of Nurenberg, and 27 ssw of Eayreulli. Rotenburg, a town of Svi'itzerland, in the canton of Lucern, four miles n of Lucern. Rolenburg, a town of Siiabia, in the cou!ity of Hohenberg, with a castle. Near it is a famous mineral spring. It stands on the Neckar, 6 miles wsvv of Tubingen. Rolenburg, a town of Westplialia, in the duchy of Verden, on the river Wumme, 15 miles n by e of Verden. ROT f, a tuwii of Geruiany, in ihe late bishopric of Spire, 12 miles e ©f Pkilipsburg:. Rotetiburg, a town of Germany, in liower Mf^se, with a palace, belonging to the prince of Hesse-Rhein-fels ; seat- ed on the Fulda, 24 miles SSE of Cassel. Retenfels, a town of Francoriia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Mauie, 13 miles Nw of Wurtz- Jjurg:. ^of/i, atown and castle of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach. It is the birthplace of the celebrated Gess- iier, and stands at the conflux of the Koth with the Rednitz, 18 miles s of Nurenberg. Rothbury, a town in Northumber- land, with a market on Friday ; seated on the Coquet, nine miles sw of Aln- wick, and 302 N by w of London. Rothenherg, a town of Upper Lusa- tia, on the river Neissa, 17 miles N of Gorlitz. Rot/ie7ihirg; a town of Franconia, capital of a territory of the same name. It is surrounded by moats and ram- parls, and stands on a mountain, by the river Tauber, from which it is supplied with water by means of a machine. It has five churches, is 15 miles WNw of Anspach. Lon. 10 IS e, lat. 49 22 N. Rather, a river which rises in Sussex, forms the boundary between that coun- ty and Kent for a shoit space, and en- ters the English channel at Rye. Rotherham, a town in West York- shire,with a market on Monday. It has a large church, and is famous for consi- derable iron-works in its vicinity at Masbrough. It is seated at the conflux of tlie Rother with the Don, 32 miles s of Leeds, and 159 N by w of London, Rothsay, a borough of Scotland, the capital of the isle of Bute. Here is an sncient castle, once a royal palace, which ogives the title of duke to the heir apparent of the crown. It has a considerable trade in the herring fishery, and several cotton works. It is situate on the E side of the island, and has an excellent harbour and pier, 80 miles w by s of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 63 w, lat. 65 48 N. Rathweil, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. Two miles to the s is Rothmunster abbey, where they receive none but noble women, Rothweil is seated on the Neckar, near its soiuee, 27 miles ssw of Tubingen. Lon. 8 37 E, lat. 48 8 N. Rettenmann, a town of Germany, in Sttjia, wiUi a college of regular canons, 20 miles nnw of Judenburg. R O U Rotterdam, a city of South HoHaniT, with one of the finest harbours in the Netherlands. It is the most considera- ble place iii Holland, for the beauty of its buildings, and trade, next to Amster- dam ; and the inhabitants are computed at 50,000. There are so many deep ca- nals, that ships may unload at the very doors of the warehouses. On the E side of the city is a large basin and dork, for the purpose of building and launch- ing vessels employed in the service of the admiralty and the East India Com- pany, This port is more frequented than Amsterdam, because the ice breaks up sooner, and the tide, in two or three hours, will carry a ship into the open sea. The townhouse, the bank, and the arsenal, are magnificent. Some of the houses are built in the old Spanish style, with the gable ends embattled in front; but there is a great number of modern brick houses, which are lofty and spacious, particularly on that mag- nificent quay called the Bomb Tees. On this quay is a handsome Jewish sy- nagogue. I^Erasmus was born in this city, whose statue in bronze stands in an open place, at the head of one of the canal ; and the house in which he was born has an inscription, in front, to his honour. Rotterdam received the French troops, Jan. 23, 1795. It is seated at the influx of the Rotte with the Merwe (the most northern branch of the Meuse) 30 miles ssw of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 29 E, lat. 51 56 N. Rotterdam, one of the Friendly islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Tas- man, in 1643. Lon. 174 30 w, lat. 20 16 s. Ruttingen, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, situate on the Tauber, 17 miles s of Wurtz- burg. Rouen, a city of France, capital of the department of Lower Seine, and an archbishop's see. It stands on the n side of the Seine, and is seven miles in circuit ; and (its six subuibs included) is computed to contain 80,000 inhabit- ants. The streets are narrow an4 crooked, and consist of wooden houses ; notwithstanding which, it is one of the most opulent and commercial places in France. Among the public buildings, the most distinguished are, the great hall of the palace, in which the late parliament of Rouen met, the old cas- tle, and the principal church, ornamen- ted with three towers. Near this church, which is not the only remarkable one, is the public library. In the market- place is a statue of the celcbrat-jd Maid 590 R O X of Orleans, who was burnt here by the English for a witcli. The suburb of St. Sever, situate on the oilier side of tiie Seine, communicates with the city by a bridge of boats, which is made to open, so as to admit the passage of sliips. Rouen is the birthplace of the IwoCor- neilles, and of Fontenelie. It is 50 miles sw of Amiens, and 70 Nw of Paris. Lon. 1 2 E, lat. 49 26 K. Koveredo, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, seated near the Adige, at the foot of a mountain, on the river Lens, over which is a bridge, defended by a strong citadel. It has a very consider- able trade in silk, and a great quantity of tobacco is raised here. The Aus- trians were defeated near this place, in 1796, by the French, who took pos- session of the town ; but they were obliged to abandon it soon afterwards. It is 13 miles s of Trent. Lon. 10 65 E, lat. 45 50 N. Ronergue, a late province of France, 75 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the E by the Cevennes and Gevau dan, w by Quercy, n by the same and Auvergne, and s by Languedoc. It is not very fertile, but feeds a number of cattle, and has mines of copper, iron, aIum,vitriol, and sulphur. It now forms the department of Avciron. Rexiah, or Roilia. See Orfa. Rovig-no, a seaport of Istria, with two good harbours, and quarries of fine stone. It is seated on a peninsula in the gulf of Venice, 36 miles s of Capo dTs- tria. Lon, 13 58 E, lat. 45 11 N. Rovig-o, a town of Italy, capital of Polesino di Rovigo, and the residence of the bishop of Adria, to the decline of which town it owes its increase. It is seated on the Adige, 37 miles sw of Venice. Lon. 12 14 e, lat. 45 38 N. Roum, a name applied to a part of Asiatic Turkey, extending from the Mediterranean to the Black sea, be- tween Caramania on the w, and Diar- bekir and Armenia on the E, and in- cluding the sangiacates of Sivas, Ada- na, and Marasch. Rousselart, a town of the Nether- lands, in Flanders, seated on the Man- del, 10 miles ne of Ypres. RomsilloH, a late province of France, 50 miles long and 25 broad ; bounded on the w by Berdagna, n by Lower Languedoc, e by the Mediterranean, and s by Catalonia, from which it is se- j)arated by the Pyrenees. See Pyre- nees, Eastern. RoxburgsJiire, a county of Scotland, nomeiinies ^called Teviotdale ; bounded 5'Ji R U D on the N by Berwickshire, E and s by Northumberland and Cumberland, and w by the shires of Dumfries and Sel- kirk. It is of an irregular figure, and the greatest extent, in every direction, is about 30 miles. It is divided into 31 parishes, and the number of inhabitants in 1811 was 37,230. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Teviot, and Lid- del. The face of the country exhibits a rough apj)carance of mosses, hills, and mountains, inter-spersed with nar- row valleys, well watered, and fertile in corn. The hills feed great numbers of sheep and cattle. This county had its name from the once magnificent ci(^ and castle of Roxburg, situate bctweeiv the Teviot and the Tweed, nearly op- posite Kelso : of the city few traces are now evident; and the castle, near the mouth of the Teviot, is entirely a ruin. At this castle, in 1460, James II. of Scotland lost his life, by the bursting of a cannon. About two miles from the castle, on the banks of the Teviot, is a village called Roxburg. The present capital of the county is Jedburg. Royan, a town of France, in the Me- partment of Lower Charente. It was fortified by the Huguenots, and so vi- gorously defended against Lewis XIII. in 1622, that he was obliged to with- draw his troops; but he afterwards avenged this disgrace, by demolishing it so entirely, that the present place is merely the suburbs of the former. It is seated at the mouth of the Garonne, 18 miles swof Saintes. Roye, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, 26 miles se of Amiens. Royston, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Wednesday. Part of the town extends into Cambridgeshire. Lender the market-place is a kind of subterranean cript, dug out of the solid chalk, supposed to be of Saxon con struction. It is 14 miles s of Cam- bridge, and 37 N of London. Ritdaw, a town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Samland, formerly fortified with a castle, now in ruins. This place is remarkable for the victory obtained by the knights of the Teutonic Order, in 1370, over Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania ; in memory of which a stone pillar was erected, which is still remain- ing. It is 12 miles nnw of Konigs- berg. RudelstaiU, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of the Upper county of Schwartzburg, with a fine castle ou a mouutain. It has inanu* R U M factures of flannel and sfulTs, and is seated on the Saal, 22 miles SE of Er- furt. Lon. 11 50 E, Ifit. 50 44 N. Kudelstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principaiily of Schweidnilz, with a mine-office and copper-works, seated on the Bober, 16 miles w of Scbweid- nitz. Rudesheim, a town of Germany, in (he Late electorate of Meniz, celebrated for its wine, 3 miles N of Eingen. Rudgley, or Rugeley, a town in Staf- fordshire, with a market on Tuesday, and manufactures of felts and hats ; seated on the Trent, 10 miles ese of Stafford, and 126 nvv of London. Rudisto. See Rodesto. Riidhioping; a fortified seaport of Denmark, and the only town in the island of Langeland. It has a consider- able trade in eorn and provisions. Lon. 11 E, lat. 55 1 N. Rudolfsiverd, a town of Germany, in Carniola, with a large collegiate church; seated on the Gnrck, in a country fertile in good wine, 45 nsiles SE of Laubacli. Riie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, 15 miles Nw of Abbeville. Rvffach, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Rhine, 7 miles s of Col mar. Rujfec, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente, 24 miles n of An- gojjleme. Mtigb'i/, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Saturday, and a celebrated school, well endowed ; seated on the Avon, 11 miles se of Coventry, and 83 NNw ol London. Rugen, an island in the Ba.Itic, on the coast of Pomeraiiia, opposite Stral- sund, the channel between which town and the island is not above a mile in breadth. Including the indentions of the sea, which are coiisidcrable, the island is 23 miles long and IS broad, and abounds in corn and cattle. The chief toun is Beigen, 12 miles ne of Stralsund. Rvgenwald, a town of Further Pome- rania, the chief place of the duchy of Wenden, with a castle. Here is a good salmon fishery and a great trade in li- nen. It is seated on the Wipper, three miles from the Baltic, and 35 ne of Col- berg. Lon. 16 17 E, lat. 54 25 N. I Ruhland, a tovv'U of Upper Lusatia, which has a trade in fish and beer, and stands on the Elster, 25 miles N by E of Dresden. Rum, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, sereii miles w of the s R U R SKtremity of Skye. It is eight miles long and six broad, the surface hilly and rocky ; but it feeds a considerable number of small sheep, whose flesh and wool are vahuible. The only harbour is Loch Seresort, on the E coast. Lon. 6 24 w, lat. 57 11 N. Rumigny, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, 12 miles sw of Rocroy. Ruinilly, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mont Blanc, on an ele- vated plain, at the conflux of the Seram and Nepha, seven miles wsw of Au- necy. Rummelsiurg, a town of Furtiier Po- merania, with manufactures of cloth, seated on the Wipper, 14 miles n of New Stettin. Rumney, or R/iyney, a river of Wales, which rises in Brecknockshire, and se- parating the counties of Glamorgan and Monmouth, enters the Bristol chan- nel, to the SE of Cardiff. Rirngpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal. The chief pioduce of its fer- tile district is rice, but there is also much tobacco and some indigo. It is 124 miles NNE of Moorshedabad. Lon 89 24 E, lat, 25 44 N. Ilunkel, a town of Westphalia, with a citadel, on a high hill, formerly the residence of the counts of Wied-Runkel It is seated on the Lahu, 14 miles ene of Nassau. Riqyelmonde, a town of the Nether- lands, in Flanders, eight miles sw of Antwerp. Rupert, a river of New Britain, wliich issues from tiie lake Mistassin, and flows vv into the se part of James bay. In its course it forms several small lakes; and at its mouth is th« remain of Fort Rupert, formeily a &^tt!cment of the Hudson Bay Company. Lon. 76 58 \v lat. 51 3 N. Rnppin, a town of Brandenburg, in the ?«liddie Mark, capital of a circle of the same name, which was formeily a county. It stands on the w side of a lake, formed by the river Rhiii ; and on the opposite side of the lake is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the re- sidence of its former counts, whose burial-place is at New Ruppin. This town was entirely consumed by fire, in 1787, but is rebuilt in a handsome manner, and greatly augmented. It has a considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, and noted breweries It is 32 miles NNW of Berlin. Lou. 13 e, lat. 52 66 N. Ruremonde, or Roermonde, a strong town of Austrian Gelderland, and a bi- R U S chop's see. It is seated at the conflux of the Roar with the Meuse, 12 miles s of Venlo, and 28 nnil of Maestricht. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 51 1 1 N. Ruscefi, a town of Enropean Turkey, ill Bulgaria, defended by a castle. Here are twenty niosf|iics, three churches, and a synagog^ue. It is seated on the Dan- ube, 135 miles n by c of Arianople. Lon. 26 50li, lat. 44 12 N.j Ritss, a town of Lithuania, at the mouth of the river Russ, the chief branch of the Niemeu, 20 miles Nw of Tilsit. Rnssehheim, a town of Germany, in the principality of Hesse-Darmstadt, si- tuate on the Maine, six miles e of Meulz, and 13 nw of Darmstadt. Russey, a town of France, in the de- partment of Doubs, 34 miles e by s of Uesascon. liitssia, a vast empire, partly in Asia, and partly in Europe ; bounded on the N by the Frozen ocean, E by the Pacific ot can, s by Great Tartary, the Caspian sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the Black sea, and w by Turkey in Europe, Poland, the Baltic sea, and Sweden. There were three countries that had the name of Russia ; namely. Red Russia, which formed the s part of Poland ; White Russia, which comprehended the E part of Lithuania; and Black Russia, which included the governments of Ka- luga, Moscow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf; and hence his imperial majesty takes the title of emperor of all the Russias. This empire, exclusive of the acquisitions from the Turks and from Poland (see Poland) forms a square, whose sides are 2000 miles each. A country of such vast extent must lie in different climates, and the soil and pro- ducts must be as different. The most fertile part is near the frontiers of Po- land ; insomuch that the inhabitants are able to supply their neighbours with corn. The north part is not only colder, but veiy marshy, and overrun with for- ests, inhabited chiefly by wild beasts. The country affords a variety of commo- dities, which being of great use to for- eigners, produce a considerable annual balance of trade in favour of Russia. The home commodities are chiefly sa- bles, black furs, the skins of black and white foxes, ermines, hyaenas, lynxes, bears, panthers, wolves, martins, white hares, &c. red and black juchte, or Rus- sian leather, which for colour, smell, and softness, is not equalled in the world ; copper, iron, talc, tallow, wax, honey, potash, tar, linseed and train-oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax, thread, sail cloth, calimanco, Siberian musk, soap, fea- 598 R U S fhers, timber, &c. To these coramodb ties may also be added, almost all the merchandise of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and some European countries. This extensive empire was divided by the empress Catharine II. into 41 go- vernments, namely, Petersburgh, Olo- netz, Wiburg, Revel, Riga, Pskof, No- Togorod, Tver, Smolensko, Polotsk, Mo- hilef, Orel, Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Re- zan,VoIodimir,Yaroslav, Vologda, Arch- angel, Kostroma. Nishnei-Novogorod, Kasan, Simbrisk, Penza, Tambof, Voro- netz,Kurst,Novogorod-Severskoi,Tcher- nigof, Kiof, Kharkof, Catharinenslaf, Caucasus, Saratof, Ufa, Viatka, Perm, Tobolsk, Kolyvan, and Irkutsk. The religion of Russia is that of the Greek or Eastern Church, which is governed by a patriarch, under whom are the archbishops and bishops. Every priest is called a papa or pope, and of these there were 4000 in Moscow alone. They have images in their churches ; and the priests give a passport to those that arm dying, addressed to St. Nicholas, who is desired to entreat St. Peter to open the gates of heaven, as they have certified that the bearer is a good Christian. A considerable number of the Russians profess the Mahometan religion, and a greater number are still pagans. The inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Lutherans ; and Protestants, as well as Papists, enjoy full liberty of conscience. There are many convents for both sexes, but it has been wisely ordained, that no male can enter into a monastic life be- fore he is 30 years of age ; and that no female can take the veil till she is 50, and even then not without the licence of the holy synod. The inhabitants in ge- neral are robust, well shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They use bathing, but smoke no tobac- co, lest the smoke should dishonour the images of the saints, which they keep in great veneration ; however, they take a great deal of snuff, made of the tobac- co brought from the Ukraine. They were formerly accounted the rudest and most ignorant people in the world, and man^ of them are still little better. For- merly no Russians were seen in other countries, and they seldom or never sent ambassadors to foreign courts; but now they are more polite, and study the in- terests of different nations. The Rus- sians were formerly wholly employed in agriculture, feeding of cattle, hunting and fishing ; and he was thought a learn- ed man who could read and write ; but Peter the g^reat undertook to introduce Qq R IJ S arts and sciences, and, in 1724, the first Hriivcrsity was founded that ever was in Russia; and there is also an academy of sciences at Petersbur<:;h, supplied with eminent professors. With respect to dress, a lon^ beard is in higli estimation with the people of Knssia, notwithstand- ing tJie eiforts of tlieir monarchs to root it out ; and it is only those depending npon government, in the army and navy, who have yet complied with the custom and the wish of the court. Those who retain Iheir beards, retain likewise the ancient dress ; the long swaddling coat, either of skins, or of coarse cloth lined with skins, in winter, and in summer of cloth only. About their middle they luive a sash of any colour ; but what they most affect is green or yellow. They wear trowsers instead of breeches and stockings; their limbs are, besides, wrapped in many folds of woollen stuffs, to keep them warm ; and above all they wear boots. Their shirts are fashioned as women's ; and their necks, being ex- posed to the cold, become veiy liard and impenetrable from this practice. Go- vernment continue to exert every nerve to compel the subjects to adopt the Ger- man dress. The clergy alone excepted, none can procure any place, or favour, from court, upon other conditions than banishing the Asiatic sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires with a pen- sion, upon the express terms of never again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so jealously attached are the multi- tude to former manners, and so honour- able do they esteem them, that a Rus- sian, dressed in his beard and gown, ac- quires the greatest respect. The dress of the women is the reverse of the men, both in fashion and colour: every part of it being as short and tight as decency will allow, and \ery gaudy. It is like that of the Highland women in Scot- land ; both have the short jacket, the striped jietticoat, and the tartan plaid; and both too, in general, have a napkin rolled about their heads. The Russian women are, however, far more rich in Iheir attire ; nor is gold lace wanting, rt!iy more than the art of painting, to coinjilcte the Russian belle. The rising generation are modernizing their antic vestments: the stifiF embroidered napkin IS supplanted by one of flowing silk, the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or »»thei fine stufls; and the plaid is ex- •snanged for a silk or sattin cloak, in the cold season, lined with fur. The richer -lass of females wear velvet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is after the RUT French and English fashion ; and all must have a covering of fur six months of the year. Thus equipped, the prince and the peasant are drawn in their chaises and sledges through the dreary Scythian winter. The priiici[)al rivers are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna, or Dwina, and Oby. The sovereigns of Russia are absolute. They were for- merly called Grand Dukes, which is still the title of the heir apparent. They af- terward assumed the title of czar, and, in the sequel, that of emperor. The na- tives pronounce the word czar, like tzat , or zaar, and this, by corruption, from Caesar, from some fancied relation to the Roman emperors • on account ot which they also bear the eag.e as a sym- bol of their empire. The first who bore the title o^ czar, was Basil, son of John Basilides, who freed his country from its subjection to the I'artars, about the year 1470. The title of Emperor was first assumed by Peter I. who, by his il- lustrious actions justly acquired the sur- name of Great. He died in 1725, and perhaps no country ever exhibited, in so short a time, the wonders that may be effected by the genius and exertions of one man. Peter the great, at his acces- sion to the throne, found his subjects of all ranks involved in the grossest igno- rance and barbarism ; his numerous ar- mies ferocious and undisciphaed ; and he had neither merchant ships nor men of war ; which, added to the remoteness of her situation, rendered the influence of Russia in the politics of Europe of little consideration. Peter civilized his barbarous subjects, disciplined his ar- mies, built cities and fortresses, and cre- ated a navy. These national improve- ments have been continued since his time, and Russia now holds a rank among the nations of the world, of which human foresight, at the commencement of the eighteenth century, could have formed no concepliou. An account of the invasion of this country, in 1812 will be found under the head of i^rance. Petersburgh is the capital of the whole empire. Rvstenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Eichfield, with a cas- tle, nine miles w of Heiligenstadt. Rmtgaden, a town of Sweden, in the province of Dalecarlia, 23 miles ssw of Fahlun. Rutchetter, a village in Northumber land, six miles N of Hexham. It is the Vindobala of the Romans. The fort haa been very considerable, and the ruins o it are remarkable. Severus' wall runt d94 R Y A on the middle of the E rampart, and Adrian's ^allum passes about the dis- tance of a chain to the s of it, Rutherford, a tovru of N- Carolina, chief of a county of the same name, si- tuate on a branch of Broad river, 30 miles s by e of Morgantown, and 60 w of Charlotte. Rutherg-leii, a borough of Scotland, in Lanerksbire, sealed near the Clyde, three miles se of Glasgow. Rut/iin, a town of Wales, in Denbigh- shire, with a market on IMonday. It had a strong castle, now in ruins : and is scafcd on an eminence, by the river Clwyd, 15 miles sw of Holywell, and SSOo Nw of London. Kutigliano, a town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Bari, 12 miles SE of Bari. Rutlam, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 48 miles w of Oii- gein, and 136 E ot Araedabad. Rutland, a town of Vermont, chief of a county of the same name. This town and Windsor are alternately the seat of the state legislature. It is seated on Otter creek, 40 miles w by N of Wind- sor, and 57 N of Bennington. Lou. 73 20 w, lat. 43 30 N'. RiUlatid, a town of IMassacliusets, in Worcester county, 14 miles nw of Wor- cester, and 56 w of Boston. Rutlandshire, the smallest county of England, 15 miles long and 11 broad; bounded on the w and nw by Leices- tershire, N and NE by Lincolnshire, and s and SE by Northamptonshire. It con- tains 128,000 acres ; is divided into five hundreds, and 50 parishes ; has two market towns ; and sends two members to parliament. The number of inhabi- tants in 1811, was 16,380. The soil va- ries much ; but, in general, is fertile, particularly the rich vale of Catmose, ■which runs from the w side to the centre of the county. The principal rivers are the Welland and the Guash, or Wash. Oakham is the county-town. Ruttunpour, a city of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and the capital of one of the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is 210 miles s by w of Benares, and 360 w of Calcutta. Lon. 82 36 e, lat. 22 16 N. RiUzen, a toAvn of Silesia, in the prin- cipaHty of Wolau, 20 miles N of Wolau. Ruvo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 16 miles w of Bari. Ruza, a town of Russia, in the go- Ternment of Moscow, 48 miles wnw of Moscow. Ryacotta, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 85 miles e of Seriugapatam, and 98 wsw of Arcot. Irf)n. 78 6 E, lat. 12 36 N. 595 R Z E Ryan, iboc^t, a bay of Scotland, in iht NW angle of Wigtonshire. 'i'hc sea ilows into it through a narrow pass; and it af- fords excellent anchorage. Rydal-water, a lake in Westmorland, a little to the vv of Ambleside. It is one mile in length, spotted with Httle islands, and communicates, by a narrow chan- nel, with Grasmere-water to the w, and by the river Rothay, with Windermere- "water to the s. Rydroog, a town and fortress of Hin- doostan, in Mysore, on the river Hin- denny, 60 miles nne of Cliittledroog. Lon. 76 52 e, lat. 14 40 N. ^ Rye, a borough and seaport in Sus- sex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is an appendage to the cinque ports, and governed by a mayor and jurats. The church is a very large structure. On the edge of the cliiT is a small battery, and behind it Iprcs tower, a square building, now a jail. The old port is so choaked up with sand, that it can admit small vessels only. In 1726, a new harbour was opened, in which vessels of 360 tons burden may safely ride. The expoils are corn, malt, hops, and other products of the country ; and hence are sent considerable supplies of fish to the London markets. It is 28 miles ssR of Maidstone, and 63 se of London. Lon. 44 e, lat. 60 57 N. Ryegate, a borough in Surry, with a market OK Tuesday. Here was formerly a castle, built in the time of the Saxons, aiul called Holms Castle; some ruins of it are to be seen, particularly a long vault, with a room at the end, where, it is said, the barons, who took up arms against king John, held their private meetings. The market-house was for- merly a chapel, dedicated to Thomas a Becket. It is seated in a valley, called Helmsdale, 16 miles e of Guildford, and 21 sw of London. Rymenaut, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, situate on the Dyle, 5 miles E of Mechlin. Ryssen, a town of Holland, in Over- yssel, on the river Regge, 16 miles ene of Deventer. Ryswick, a town of S. Holland, where the prince of Orange had a palace. It is remarkable for a treaty concluded in 1697, between England, Germany, Hol- land, France, and Spain. It is seated between Hague and Delft, 30 miles sw of Amsterdam. Rzeczica, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Minsk, seated at the con- flux of the Wyedszwck with the Dnie- per, 38 miles sse of Rohaczow. Rzemieu, a town of Poland^ in the pa- SAB fatinate of Sandorair, 3G miles ssw of Sandomir. Mzeva, a tov.ii of the Eussian empire, and capital of the proTiiice of the same name, situated on the Volga, near its source. S. Saaha, a kingdom of Negioland, with a capital of the same name, w of Tom- biictoo, on the river Senegal, Saada, or Saade, a strong town of Ara- bia, in Yemen, and the residence of a sheilc. Here is a custom-house, which brings in a considerable revenue ; and manufactures of Turkey leather. It is 140 miles WNW of Sanaa. Lon. 44 65 K, lat 17 50 N. Sacdfeld, a town of Upper Saxony, in (he principality of Altenburg,with acas- fie on a mountain. Here are manufac- tures of cloth, and of gold and silk stuiFs : it is likewise the mint-town for the cir- cle of Upper Saxony. On an eminence near the town stands the once celebrated and princely abbey of St. Peter. In 1806, prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia iV as killed here in a skirmish with the Fjf ench. It stands on the Saal, 34 miles NN E of Coburg, and 46 sw of Altenburg. Lo n. 11 32 E, lat. 50 41 N. Saalfeld, a town of E. Prussia, seated n the lake Mebing, 23 miles SE of Ma- rienburg. Saar, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brun, on the confines of Bohemia, 42 miles NW of Brunn. Saarmund, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle-mark, six miles s of Potsdam. Saatz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, which yields hops of the best quality. It is situate oii the Eger, 48 miles wNw of Prague. Saba, a fertile island of liie W. Indies, 12 miles in circumference, inhabited by a few Dutch families, almost ail shoe- makers. It has no port, and lies a little to ihc w of St. Christopher. Lon. 63 17 w, lat. 17 39N. Sahanja, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natoiia. Here all the roads from Asia to Conslautindple meet. It is situate on a lake which abounds in fish, 60 miles F.NE of Bursa, and 62 ese of Constanti- nople. Lon. 29 40 e, lat. 40 30 N. Sabatz, or Sabacz, a town and fortress of European Turkey, in Servia. It was taken by the Aiistrians, 1719. It is si- tuate on the Drave, 22 miles s of Peter- wardfciu, and 28 w of Belgrade. Sabi. See Xuvier, SAC Sabia, a kingdom on the e coast of Africa, bounded on the N by Sofala, K by the Mosambique channel, s by un- known regions, and w by Manica. The country is fertile and populous, is cros- sed by a river of the same name, has mines of gold, and many elephants. Manbona is the capital. Sabie, a seaport of Denmark, on the E coast of N. Jutland, at Ihe mouth of a river of the same name, 23imiles nne of Alburg. Lon. 10 18 e, lat. 67 20 n. Sabina, a province of Italy, in the Pope's dominions, 28 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the n by Unbria, e by Naples, s by Campagna di Roma, and w by the patrimony of St. Peter. It is watered by several small rivers, aud abounds in oil and wine. Magliano is the capital. Sabioncella, atown of Dalmatia, in the late republic of Ragusa, situate on the extremity of a peninsula, to which it gives name. This peninsula runs a con- siderable way into the Atlantic, having the island of Lesia on the N, and those of Curzola and Melida on the s, all se- parated by a narrow channel. The town is 4.5 miles nw of Ragusa. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 43 20 N. Sabionetta, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, capital of a principality of the same name, with a strong citadel. It is 20 miles e of Cremona. Sable, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sarte, near which are some quarries of black marble. It is seated on the Sarte, 25 miles ne of Angers. Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova Scotia, near which is a fine cod fishery. Lon. 65 39 w, lat. 43 23 n. Sables d'Olonne, a town of France, in the department of Vendee, with a port capable of containing vessels of 150 tons. It is seated on the bay of Biscay, 40 miles w of Fontenay le Compte. Lon. 1 50 w, lat. 46 28 s. Sablestan, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the N by Candahar, e by Hindoo- stan, s by Makran, and w by Segestan. It is a mountainous country, little known lo Europeans. Bost is tlic capital. Sacai, a city and seaport of Japan, ni the island of Niphon, with several cas- tles, temples, and palaces, and a moun- tain on one side which serves as a ram- part. It is 43 miles s by w of Miaco. Lon. 136 5 ii, lat. 34 68 N. Sachsenberg, a town of Germany, in the county of Waldeck, 10 miles sw of Waldeck. Sachsenhagen, a town of Westphali.'i, in the county of Schauenbuag, 13 niiles w of H» < I SAG SachsenJmuseH, a town of Geinianj^ niakir.g- part of Frankfort on tlie Maine. It is situate on the s side of the river, and couimiMiicates with the rest of the city by a stoue bridge, well fortified. Sacfuenhmisen, a towh of Germany, iu the couuty of Waldeck, 6 miles nw of Waldeck. Sac/isen?ieim, a town of Suabia, in tiie kingdom of Wirlemberg, 12 miles nnw of iStutgard. Sacrament, St. a town of Paraguay, settled by the Portuguese, and taken in 1777 by the Spaniards, to whom it was ceded by treaty. It stands on the river Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres, 100 miles w by N of Mont Video. Saaapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in INIysore, on the river Cavery, 73 miles NW of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 52 E, lat, 13 6n. Saddleback, a mountain in Cumber- land, so called from its form, situate five miles ENE of Keswick. It is upwards of 3000 feet above the level of the sea ; and on one side is an immense cavity, once the crater of a volcano, at the bot- tom of which is a lake about 20 acres in dimension. Sadras, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carualic, on the coast, near the mouth of the Paliar.- A little to the n are seven pagodas, hollowed out of a solid rock. It is 38 miles s of Madras. Saffi, a strong seaport of Morocco, with a castle. It was long the centre of the commerce carried on with Europe, but now has little trade. It is 16 miles s of Cape Cantin. Lon. 8 58 w, lat. 32 28 N. Sagan, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name. It has double walls, a fine palace, a priory of the Augnstine order, a Lutheran school, aud good cloth manufactures. It is seat- ed on the Bober, 80 miles nw of Bres- Jau. Lou. 15 22 e, lat. 51 42 N. Sagar, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, which has a considerable trade in pepper, betel-nut, and sandal wood. It stands on the Varada, near its source, 25 miles N of Nagara. Sagg Harhour, a seaport of New York, in Suffolk county, at the e end of Long Island. The whale fishery from this place produces 1000 barrels of oil annually. It is 12 miles nw of South- ampton, and 87 e of New York. Sa^halien, or Amour, a river of Chi- nese Tartary, which rises near the Ya- blonoi mountains, where it is first known by the names of Kerlon and Aigun, and forms part of the boundary between Siberia aiid Eastern Tartary; 597 S A I where it receives the Schilka, aud takes its present name. It then makes a cir- cuitous eastern course of 1850 miles, in which it receives many other riveis, and enters the sea of Okotsk, opposite the N part of the island of Saghalicn. Saghalien, or TcJioka, a large island in the sea of Okotsk, separated from the continent by the channel of Tartar^-, on the vv ; atsd from the island Jgsso by Perouse strait, on the s. 'i'his island was little known till explored by Pe- rouse, and it is the most important portion of that navigator's voyage. It extends from lat. 46 to 54, or not less than 550 miles in length, by about 80 of medial breadth. The centre is mountainous, and well-wooded with pine, willow, oak and birch ; but the shores are level, and well adapted to agriculture. The natives resemble the Tartars in form ; and the upper lip is commonly tatooed blue. The dress is a loose robe of skins, or quilted nan- keen, with a girdle. Their huts are of timber, thatched with grass, with a fire- place in the middle. Perouse extols them as a mild and intelligent race ; and he says that they are quite unlike the Mandshurs, or Chinese. Jn the south are found some Japanese articles^; and there is a little trade with the Mand- shurs and Russians. Saghalien oula Hotun, a city of Eas- tern Tartary, in the province of Tcit- cicar. It is rich and populous, and very important on account of its situa- tion, as it secures to the Mandshnr Tar- tars the possession of extensive deserts covered with woods, in which a great number of sables are found. It is seated on the river Saghalien, 200 miles nne of Tcitcicar. Lon. 127 25 e, lat. 50 6 N. Sagres, a strong town of Portugal, in Algarva, with a harbour and a fort ; seated on a tongue of land at the sw extremity of the province, 23 miles wsw of Lagos. Lon. 9 w, lat. 37 2 N. Sagur, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, situate near the Bunnass, 87 miles Nw of Gurrah, and 112 s of Agra. Lon. 78 53 e, lat. 23 45 N. Sahagun, a town"cif Spain, in licon, with a rich abbey ; seated in a fertile plain, on the river Cea. 32 miles se of Leon. Sahar. See Shahar. Sahara, See Zahara. Said, or Sahid, a province of Upper Egypt, bordering on Nubia and the Bed sea, anciently called Thebaid- It is .ire, in the isle of Wight, two miles s of Brad- ing It stands on a bay of its name, and has a fort erected by Henry VIII, wiiich maintains a small garrison. Sandagal, a town of Portugal, in IJei- ra, seated on tlie Coa, 12 miles sse of Guard a, Sandvliet, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the river Scjieldt, 12 miles NW of Antwerp. Sandwich, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the cinque-ports, governed by a mayor, and walled round ; but the wails are fuuch decayed, and only one of the gates is standing. Its trade is much decayed, the river Stour, on which it is seated, being so choked up with sand, as to admit only small vessels. It is 13 miles E of Canterbury, and Q^ f. by s of London. Lon. 1 20 e, lat. 51 16 N. Sandwich, a town of Massachusets, in Barnstable county, 18 miles sE of Ply- mouth, Sandwich Island, an island in the Pa- cific ocean, near the w coast of New Ireland. Lon. 149 17 e, lat. 2 53 s. Sandwich Island, one of the New He- brides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon 16y 33 E, lat. 17 41 s. Sandwich Islands, a group of islands in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Cook, in 1778. They are eleven iii number, extending from 18 54 to 22 15 N lat. and from 150 54 to 160 24 w lon. They are called by the nalives, Owhy- hee, Mowee, Ranai, Morotoi, Tahooro* SAN ^a, Woahoo, Atooi,Neelieeheow, Onec- Sioiia, Movotinne, and Takoora, all in- habited, except the last two. The cli- mate differs little from that of the W.- Indies in the same latitude; but there are no traces of those violent winds, vvhicli render the stormy months in tlie W. Indies so dreadful. There is also more rain at the Sandwich isles. The vegetable productions are nearly the same as those of tiie other islands, in this ocean ; hut the taro root is here of a superior quality. The bread-fruit trees are not in such abundance as in the plains of Otaheite, but produce double the quantity of fruit. The sugar-canes are of a very unusual size, some of them measuring eleven inches in circumfer- ence, and having fourteen feet eatable. There is also a root of a brown colour, shaped like a yam, and from six to ten pounds in weight, the juice of which is an excellent substitute for sugar. The quadrupeds are confined to hogs, dogs, and 1 ats. The fowls are of the common sort; the birds beautiful and numerous, though not various. Goats, pigs, and l^uropean seeds were left by captain Cook ; but the possession of the goats soon gave rise to a contest between two districts, in which the breed was de- stroyed. The inhabitants are of the same race with those of the islands s of the equator ; and in their persons, lan- guage, and manners, approach nearer to the New Zealanders, than to their less distant neighbours, either of the Society OT Friendly islands. They are, in ge- neral, above the middle size, and well made ; they walk gracefully, run nirablj^, and are capable of bearing great fatigue. Many of both sexes have fine open coun- tenances ; and the women, in particular, have good eyes and teeth, with an en- gaging sweetness and sensibility of look. There is one peculiarity, characteristic of every part of the nation, that even in the handsomest faces there is a fulness cf the nostril, without any flatness or ^)readingof the nose. The men suffer their beards to grow, and wear their hair after various fashions. The dress of liotli men and women nearly resembles those of New Zealand, and both sexes wear necklaces of small variegated shells. Tattowiug the body is practised by every colony of this nation. The hcUids and arms of the women are also very neatly marked, and they have the singular custom of tattowing the tip of the toiige. They live together in villages, containing from 100 to 200 houses, built closely together, without any order, and having a windiiig path between thcni. SAN They are generally flanked, toward the sea, with detached walls, which are meant both for slielter and defence. I'hese walls consist of loose stones, and the inhabitants are very dexterous in shifting them suddenly to such places as the direction of the attack may require. In t!ie sides of the hills they have little caves, the entrance to which is secured by a fence of the same kind : these are places of retreat iQ cases of extremity, and may be defend- ed by a single person against several as- sailants. Some of the houses are from 40 to 50 feet long, and from 20 to 30 broad ; others are mere hovels. The food of the lower class consists princi pally of fish and vegetables, to which the people of higher rank add the Hesb of hogs and dogs. The making of ca- noes, mats, &cc. forms the occupations of the men ; the women are employed in manufacturing cloth ; and the ser- vants are principally engaged in the plantations, and fishing. They have various amusements, such as dancing, boxing, wrestling, &-c. Their planta- tions, which arc spread over the whole seaeoast, consist of the taro, or eddy- root, and sweet potatoes, with plants of the cloth-tree set in rows. They make salt in great abundance, and of a good quality. The bottoms of their canoes are of a single piece of wood, hollowed out to the thickness of an inch, and brought to a point at each end; the sides consist of three boards, each about an inch thick, neatly fitted and lashed to the bottom part. Some of their dou- ble canoes measure 70 feet in length, three and a half in depth, and 12 in breadth. Their instruments of war are spears, daggers, clubs, and sling's ; and for defensive armour they wear strong mats, which are not easily penetrated by such weapons as theirs. The go- vernment is monarchical and heredi- tary ; but as the islands are not united under one sovereign, wars are frequent among them. The same system of sub- ordination prevails here as at the othei islands; the absolute authority on the part of the chiefs, and unresisting sub- mission on the part of the people. Hu- man sacrifices are here frequent; not only at the commencement of a war, or signal enterprise, but the death of every considerable chief calls for a repetition of these horrid rites. Notwithstanding the death of captain Cook, who was here murdered through a sudden re- sentment, they arc acknowledged to be of the most mild and affectionate dish g position ; and in hospitality to strangers I SAN they are not exceeded even by the in- habitants of tlie Friendly islands. Their natural capacity seems, in no respect, below the common standard of man- kind. Sandwich Land, a desolate country in the Southern ocean, to the SE of the island of Georgia. The mountains are of a vast height, their summits wrap- ped in cloiu's, and their bases covered M'ith snow to the water's edge. It is doubtful whether the different project- ing points form one connected land, or several distinct islands. Southern Thule. the most southern extremity of it tliat was seen by Cook, in 1775, lies in 27 45 w Ion. and 59 54 s lat. This is the greatest s latitude of land ever yet explored, on which account this part re- ceived its appellation. Saudi/ Hook, a small island on the coast of New Jersey, seven miles s of the w end of Long Island. It was for- merly a peninsula, but in 1778 the sea broke through the isthmus, and formed it into an island. On the N point is a lighthouse, 100 feet high. Lon, 74 2 w, lat. 40 30 N. Sandy Point, a seaport of St. Christo- pher, on the NW side of the island, in Fig-tree bay, defended by a fort. Lon. 63 28 w, lat. 17 20 N. Sanen, or Gessenay, a town of Switzer- land, in the canton of Bern, with a cas- tle, situate on a river of the same name, 20 miles swof Thun. Sanford, a town of the district of Maine, in York county, 15 miles n of Berwick, and 20 nnw of York. Sangerliausen, a town of Upper Sax- 3ny, in Thuringia, with a castle, 14 miles £SE of Stolberg. Sanguesa, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 32 miles se of Pamplona. Sankey, a village in Lancashire,2 miles w of Warrington. It is a place of traf- fic, being seated near the Mersey, from which it has a canal to the various works in the vicinity of St. Helens. Sanore, a country of Hindoostan, 120 miles long and 70 broad, lying to the s of Visiapour and n of Mysore. It was subject to the regent of Mysore, [but ceded to the Mahrattas in 1792. Sanore, a town and fortress of Hin- doostan, capital of the country of the same name. It is seated on the left bank of the Toom, 15 miles before its junction with the Nigouden to form the Tungebadra. On the opposite bank is another town called Sanore Banca- pour. It is 103 miles n by w of Cbit- teldroog, and 130 s by E of Visiapour. Lon. 75 60 E, lat. 15 33 N. SAN Sanpoo. See Buj-rampooter, and Teesta Sanquhar, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, with a ruined castle. It has a trade in coal, and a manufacture of carpets and stockings. The admir- able Crichton was a native of this place- It is seated on the Nith, 27 miles nw of Dumfries, and 53 sw of Edinburgh. Santa. See Parilla. Santaella, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, 24 miles s of Cordova. Santander, a strong seaport of Spain, in Asturias, and a bishop's see. The harbour is good, and large enough to contain a numerous fleet, defended by two castles, and a mole that advances into the sea. It is 11 miles ne of San- tillana. Lon. 3 47 w, lat. 43 27 N. Santaren, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, with a citadel on a moun- tain ; seated on the river Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil, 55 miles Ne of Lisbon. Lon. 8 25 w, lat. 39 18 N. Santee, a river of South Carolina, the largest and longest in that state. It enters the ocean by two mouths, a lit- tle s of Georgetown. About 120 miles from its mouth, it branches into the Congaree and Wateree; the latter, which is tiie N branch, passes the Catabaw Indians, and bears the name of Cata- baw river, from this settlement to its source. Santen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleve ; seated on the Rhine, 15 miles se of Cleve. Santiancs, a town of Spain, in Astu- rias, 17 miles ssw of Oviedo. Santillana, a town of Spain, capital of Asturias de Santillana ; seated in a fruit- ful valley, near the bay of Biscay, 96 miles E of Oviedo, and 200 N of Madrid. Lon, 3 58 w, lat. 43 23 N. Santorin, the ancient Thera, an island of the Archipelago, to the s of Nio. It is in the form of a crescent, 10 miles from N to s, and from one to four in breadth- Between its two points, to complete the circle, are the small islands ofTherasia and Aspronisi ; and within these are three other islands, between which and Santorin is a road for ships ; but it affords no anchorage, on account of its depth in some places, and rocky bottom in others. All these islands ai e of volcanic origin, but the three in- terior ones are evidently of much later date. Santori, in proportion to its ex- tent, is the richest and most populous island of the Archipelago. There are two bishops ; the one Latin, whose see is Scauro, and the other Greek, whose S A R residence is at Pirgos, near the middle of the island. The soil is very dry, and far from fertile ; but it produces plenty of barley, cotton, artd wine, in which, and the cotton manufactures, its trade consists. Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it has only cistern water. The in- habitants are almost all Greeks, about 12,000 in number, and though subject to the Turks, they choose their own ma- gistrates. Scauro is the capital, Santos, a seaport of Brasil, in the province of St. Vincent, in a bay of its name It is situate on an island, called Aniiaz, on the w side of the entrance into the bay, and defended by a rampart and two castles. The town of St. Vin- cent stands on the same island, which is 18 miles in circuit. Santos is 10 miles from the sea, and 190 sw of St. Sebas- tian. Lon. 46 30 w, lat. 24 15 s. Saone, Upper, a department of France, including part of the late province of Franche Comte. It is named from a river, which rises in Mont Vosges, flows s through this department. Cote d'Or, and Saone and Loire, and joins the Rhone, at Lyons. The capital is Ve- soul. Saone and Loire, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Burgundy. It is named from two rivers, which flow through it in different directions. Macon is the ca- pital. Saorgio, a town in the county of Nice, situate on the top of a rock, M'liicii is nearly enclosed by the Roia and the Bendola. On the opposite side of the Roia is a sharp rock, completely insulated, with an ancient fortress on the summit ; and near the town is a strong fort. Saorgio was taken by the French in 1794. It is 17 miles ne of Nice. Sapienza, three small islands, and a eape, in the Mediterranean, near the s coast of the Morea. The largest island was formerly called Sphacteria, and is famous in ancient history for a victory obtained by the Athenians over the Lacedemonians. Lon. 21 35 E, lat, 36 60 N. Saracens, a people celebrated some centuries ago, who came from the de- serts of Arabia : Sarra in their language signifying a desert. They were the first disciples of Mahomet, and, within 40 years after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe. They kept possession of Spain till 1611, when they were expelled. They maintained a war in the Holy Laud, a long time, against the Western Christians, and at S A R length drove them out of it. There aro now no people known by this name, for the descendants of those who conquered Spain are called Moors. Sat'agossa, a city of Spain, capital of Arragon, and an archbishop's see, with a university, and a court of inquisition. It is said to have been built by the Phoenecians ; and the Romans sent a colony hither in the reign of Augustus, whence it bad the name of Caesarea Augusta, Avhich by corruption has been changed into Saragossa. Before this city was taken by the French, in 1809, there were many magnificent buildings, 17 large churches, and 14 handsome convents, beside others less consider- able. The Ebro runs through the city, dividing it into two parts ; and on its banks is a handsome quay, which serves for a public walk. The Holy-Street is the largest, and so broad it maj' be taken for a square ; and here they had their bull-fights. The cathedral is a spacious Gothic building ; but the finest church is that of Nuestra Senora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion in Spain. They tell us, that the Virgin, while yet living, appeared to St. James, who was preaching the gospel, and left him her image, with a handsome pillar of jasper. This image stands on a marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms ornament- ed with a profusion of gold and jewels, and illuminated by a multitude of lamps and wax lights. The townhouse is a sumptuous structure ; and in the hall are the pictures of all the kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no manufac- tures, and but little trade. It is seated in a large plain (where the Ebro re- ceives two other rivers) which produces all kinds of fruit in great abundance. A victory 'was obtained here over the French and Spaniards in 1710, but it was abandoned by the allies soon after Saragossa is also celebrated for the brave defence it made under general Palafox, when besieged by the French in 1808-9. It is 150 miles w by N of Barcelona, and 180 ne of Madrid. Lon. 48 w, lat. 41 45 N. Saratof, a government of Russia, for- merly a province of Astracan. It is di- vided into 12 districts, of which that of the same name is the principal. Saratof, a fortified town of Russia, capital of the government of that name. It is seated on the side of a mountain, near the river Volga, 220 miles s of Kasan, and 300 Nw of Astracan. Lon. 49 26 E, lat. 62 4 N. Saratoga, a town and fort of New York, in a county of the same name. 606 S A R It is memorable fur the surrender of an army of Eritisli and Hessians, under the command of general Bmgojne, to the Americans, in 1777. It stands on the E side of Hudson river, 50 miles N of Alban}'. Sarbritck, a town of Geimany, and the capital of a connty of its name. Here is a handsome modern palace, and a magnificent Lutheran church. It stands on the w side of the Sarre, 14 miles w of Deux Fonts. Lou. 7 5 u, lat, 49 16 N. Sarburg; a town of Germany, in the territory of'Treves; seated on the Sarre, 10 miles s by w of Treves. Sarbwff, a town of France, in the de- partment of IMeurte, 40 miles e by n of Nancy. Saidam, a town of North Holland, where there are vast magazines of tim- ber for ships and naval stores, and a great number of shipwrights. Peter &« Great resided here some time, in private, and worked as a shipwright. Sardam is seated ou the Wye, 7 miles sw of Amsterdam. Sardinia, an island in the Mediterra- nean, 140 miles from N to s, and 70 from E to w. It is separated from Corsica, ou the N, by the strait of Bonifacio, and has 44 small islands belonging to it. This isle has been neglected by the government; for, exclusive of the mountains, the chief part of the country may be regarded as waste, but where cultivated it is fertile in corn, wine, oranges, citrons, and olives. Here are mines of silver, lead, sulphur, and alum ; and quantities of cheese and salt arc made. The frequent wastes abound with wild ducks; but the cattis and sheep are not numerous, and the mo- rasses yield pernicious exhalations. On the coast is a fishery for anchovies and coral. The little islands abound in fame; and in that of Asnaria are a great number of turtles. This island has undergone various revolutions : in 1708 it was taken from the Spaniards by the English, and allotted to the em- peror of Germany at the peace of Utrecht. The Spaniards recovered it in 1717, but were obliged to abandon it two years after ; and, in 1720, it was teded to the duke of Savoy, as an equi- valent for Sicily. It was then erected into a kingdom, of which Piedmont and Savoy formed the continental part, and the king of Sardinia kept his court at Turin, till 1796, when those countries were overrun by the French arms, and shortly afterwards annexed . to the French empire. But in 1814, the king €07 S A R of Sardinia was leinslated in his conti- nental dominions, except the duchy of Savoy, which is retained by France. Cagliari is the capital of the island ; but Turin is the seat of government. Sarecto, a town of North Carolina, chief of Dublin county, 80 miles N of Wilmington. Sarg-aiis, a town of Switzerland, ca- I)ital of a l)ailiwic of the same name, with a castle on a rock. There are mineral spriags near the town. It stands on the summit of a hill, near the Rhine, 14 miles N of Coire, and 47 SE of Zurich. Sargel, a seaport of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, with a castle seated on the seacoast, 25 miles ssw of Algiers. Lon. 2 15 e, lat. 36 30 n. Sai-i, a town of Persia, in Mazande- ran, situate in a country abounding in rice, oranges, cotton, sugar, and silk, 25 miles sw of Ferabad. Sark, a small island in the English channel, near the coast of France, and about two leagues E from the island of Gucrnsej', on which it is dependant. Sa7-k, a river of Scotland, which rises in the central part of Dumfries- shire, and flows s into Solway Frith. Its month forms a good harbour, at the vil- lage of Sarkfoot, 8 miles e by s of Annan. Sarlat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, 27 miles SE of Perigueux. Sarlonis, a strong town of France, in the department of Moselle, seated on the isthmus of a peninsula formed by the river Sarre, 32 miles NE of Metz. Sarnen, a town of Switzerland, capi- tal of the caiiton of Underwalden, near a lake to which it gives name. It is 9 miles s of Lucern. Lon. 8 14 e, lat. 46 52 N. Smiio, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citeriore, seated on the Sarrao, near its source, 12 miles nnw of Sa- lerno, and 20 ESE of Naples. Saros, a strong castle of Hungary, in a connty of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the foot of Mount Kra- pach, 5 miles nnw of Eperies. Sarp, or Sarpen, a town of Norway, in the province of Christiansand. Near it is a great cataract, the noise of whicL may be heard at the distance of 20 miles. It is 10 miles wsw of Fre.le- rickstadt. Sarreal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent that it is used for windov/s. It is seated on the Francoli, 11 miles K of Tarragona. S A S Sarsana, a town of tlie state of Genoa, witli a fortress ; and near it is a fort in the mountains called Sarsanello. It stands on the river Magra, five miles feom its mouth, and 45 ese of Genoa. Lon. 9 58 e, lat. 44 9 N, Sarsina, a town of Italy, in Romagna, on the river Savio, 21 miles wsw of Rimini. Sart, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natoiia. It was the ancient Sardis, ca- pital of Lydia ; and under the Romans was a large city, but almost destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tibe- rius. Here arc many remnants of mas- save buildings, a mosque, which was for- merly a Christian church, and a large caravansary. The inhabitants are chief- ly shepherds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent plains. It is 35 miles ene of Smyrna. Sarte, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Maine, It takes its name from a river, which flows by Mans to Angers, where it joins the Mayenne. The capital is Mans. Sarvar, a town and fortress of Hun- gary, at the conflux of the Guntz with the Raab, 40 miles sse of Presburg. Sarum, Old, a borough in Willshhe, which is now reduced to a single house. It once covered the summit of a steep hill, and was strongly fortified; but nothing is to be seen except the ruins and traces of the walls. It is two miles N of New Sarum, or Salisbury. Sarwerden, a town of France, in the department of Moselle, seated on the Sane, 33 miles wNw of Haguenau, and 46 ENE of Nancy. Sans van Gheni, a town and fortress of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the canal from Ghent to the river Sclieldt, and foitified with sluices, by means of which the country can be laid under water. It was built by the in- habitants of Gent, as a bnhvark to that city, but Avas taken, in 1664, by the Dutch, from whom the French took it Tn 1747, and again in 1794. It is 10 miles N of Ghent, Saseram, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, seated at the foot of a mountain, near a lake, 64 miles SE of Benares, and 88 sw of Patna. Sassari, a city of Sardinia, and an archbishop's see, with a castle and a university. Here is a fountain called Kossel, said to be more magnificent than the best at Rome. In the neighbour- hood are mines of gold and silver, whence the city is sometimes called S A V Longudori. It is seatem the rude and 608 S A V inhospitable behaviour of the inhabit- ants, who were stout M'ell-made men, naked except round the waists ; some of them had their face, breast, and thighs painted. It is of a round form, aisd appeared to be wholly covered with trees, shrubs, See. Lon. 169 30 w, lat. 19 2 s. Sacaima, a river of the United States, which forms a part of the divisional line tiiat separates Georgia from S. Carolina. It is navigable for boats of 100 feet keel from Augusta to Savanna, and thence for large vessels to its entrance into the Atlantic ocean, at Tybe island, on which is a light-house, in lon. 80 40 w, lat. 31 57 N. Savanna, a town of the state of Geor- gia, chief of Chatham county, and for- merly the capital of the state. More than two-thirds of the town was destroy- ed by fire, in 1796. It is regularly built in the form of a parallelogram, and seat- ed on a high sandy bluft", on the s side of a river of the same name, 17 miles from its mouth, and 100 SE of Louisville. Lon. 80 57 w, lat. 31 57 N. Savatopoli. See Sebastopolis. Sauceda, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, on a river of the same name, which joins the Nassas to form the Pal- mas. It is 100 miles nnw of Durango. Lon. 105 36 w, lat. 25 18 N. Save, a river, which has its source in Germany, on the nw confines of Carni- ola, runs e through that country, sepa- rates Sclavonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia, and joins the Danube, near Belgrade. Savmay, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire, 18 miles nw of Nantes, and 32 w of Ancenis. Savendroog; a strong fortress of Hin- doostan, in Slysore. It is situate on the top of a vast rock, rising half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base of above eight miles in circumference, and divided at the summit by a chasm, that rorms it into two hills: these having each its particular defences, serve as tAvo citadels, capable of being main- tained, independently of the lower works, which are also wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding this, it was taken by the English, in 1791, after a siege of seven days. It is 35 miles ne of Seringapatam. Saverdun, a town of France, in the department of Arriege, seated on the Arriege, 25 miles sse of Toulouse. Saveme, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, seated at the foot of Mount Vosges, in a country 609 S A V which produces plenty of wine, 16 miles WNW of Strasburg. Savigliano, a town of Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey ; seated in a fertile plain, on the river Maira, 30 miles s of Turin. Saulgen, or Saulgau, a town of Suabia, five miles sw of Buchau. Saulieu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or. Here was an- ciently a college of the Druids; and in a wood, where they performed their sa- crifices, the ruins of a druidical temple are still visible. It is seated on an emi- nence, 38 miles w of Dijon, and 46 se of Auxerre. Saumur, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire, with an ancient castle. Here is a famous bridge oyer the Loire, consisting of 12 elliptic arches, each 60 feet in diameter It is 27 miles se of Angers, and 38 wsw of Tours. Savolax, a province of Sweden, in Finland, 200 miles long and 100 broad, bordering on Russia. It consists mostly of woods, lakes, rivers, and morasses, and abounds in elks and raindeers. The inhabitants are thinly dispersed, and subsist by cultivating buck-wheat,breed- ing cattle, hunting, fishing, and making wooden-ware. Knopia is the capital. Savona, a strong town of the territory of Genoa, with a citadel on a rock, and several fine churches. The Genoesc,fear- ing that it would hurt their trade, ruined the harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vessels. It was taken by the king of Sardinia, in 1746, restored in 1748, taken by the French in 1795, and by them surrendered to the Austrians, in 1800, through famine. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 24 miles wsw of Ge- noa. Lon. 8 20 K, lat. 44 18 n. Savoniers, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, near which are caverns famous for their pe- trifactions. It is eight miles sw of Tours. Savor/, a late duchy of Europe, be- tween France and Italy, 85 miles long and 67 broad ; bounded on the N by the lake of Geneva, which separates it from Switzerland, E by the Alps, which di- vides it from Vallais and Piedmont, s by the latter and France, and vv by France. The air is cold on account of high moun« tains, which are almost always covered with snow ; but the valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and many of the moun- tains abound with pastures that feed a great number of cattle. The lakes are full of fish, and the principal rivers &i^ Rr SAX the Isere, Arc, and Arve. The Savoy- ards, from the nature of their country, are generally very poor ; and great num- bers of them seek a livelihood in France, England, and other countries in quality of showmen, &c. The French subdued this country in 1792, and made it a de- partment of France, by the name of Mont Blanc, which has been confirmed to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. Chamberry is the capital. Saurungpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Malwa, 42 miles nne of Indore, and 43 ne of Ougein. Sauve, a town of France, m the de- partment of Gard, seated on the Vidoure, 12 miles sw of Alais. Sauveterre, a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, with an old ruined castle, 20 miles WNW of Pau. Smiveterre, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, 15 miles sw of Rodez. Sauveterre, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, 26 miles SK of Bourdeaux. SavH, an island in the Indian ocean, to which the Dutch have a kind of ex- clusive trade, having entered into an agreement with the rajahs that their subjects shall trade with no other ships. It is 26 miles in length, and very fertile. Lon. 122 30 e, lat. 10 35 s. Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which is an ancient citadel on the sum- mit of a rock. It is seated on the Elda, on the borders of Valencia, 25 miles WNW of Alicant, and 42 nne of Murcia. Sax, a town and bailiwic of Switzer- land, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle, 14 miles s of Rheineck. Saxenhurg, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, near which are three forts and a strong pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38 miles w of Clagenfurt. Lon. 13 12 e, lat. 46 44 N. Saxmundham, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, seated on a hill, 20 miles ne of Ipswich, and 89 of Lon- don. Saxony, Upper, a circle of Germany ; bounded on the e by Prussia, Poland, and Lusatia, s by Bohemia and Fran- conia, w by the circles of Upper Rhine and Lower Saxony, and N by the latter and the Baltic. It comprehends Saxony Proper, the margravate of Misnia, the landgravate of Thuringia, the principa- lities of Brandenburg, Merseburg, Nau- burg, Anhalt, Coburg, and Querfurt, the counties of Barby, Mansfeld, Schwartz- burg, Stolherg, and Hohenstein, and the duchy of Pomcrania. S C A Saxony, Lower, a circle of Germanj, bounded on the e by Upper Saxony, s by the same and the circle of Upper Rhine, w by Westphalia and the Ger- man ocean, and n by Jutland and the Baltic. It comprehends the duchies of Magdeburg, Bremen, Brunswick, Lu- nenburg, Holstein, Lauenburg, and Mecklenburg, the principalities of Hal- berstadt, Ratzeburg, Hildesheim, and Lubec, and the cities of Hamburg Bre- men, Goslar, Mulhsiisen, and Nord- hausen. Saxony Proper, in the circle of Upper Saxony, is 75 miles long and 62 broad ; bounded on the N by Brandenburg, e bv I^usatia, s by Misnia, and w by the prin> cipality of Anhalt. It is a very fertile and trading country, abounding in mines; is cut into two unequal parts by the ri- ver Elbe. Wittenberg is the capital. This country is only a small part of the dominions belonging to the king of Sax- ony ; he has also Lusatia, Misnia, the greatest part of Thuringia, part of Voigt- land, and part of the counties of Mans- feld and Henneberg. The capital of his dominions is Dresden. Saybrook, a town of Connecticut, in Middlesex county, with a fort. It is the most ancient in the state, and situate near the mouth of Connecticut river, 18 miles w by s of New London. Lon. 72 25 w, lat. 41 20 N. Saycock, one of the islands of Japan divided from Niphon by a narrow chan- nel. The Dutch factors are permitted to reside in the little island of Disnia, which is on the w side of this, Lon. 1.32 28 E, lat 34 N. Sayn, a town and castle of Germany, in the Westerwald, which gives name to a small county. It is six miles N of Coblentz, and 50 Nw of Frankfort. Saypan, one of the Ladrone islands, the pleasantest and most fertile of them all. It is 40 miles in circuit, and on the w side is a safe port called Cantanhitd^ Lon. 146 10 E, lat. 15 22 N. Scagen, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, on a promontory of the same name, at the entrance of the passage from the ocean into the Categat. Lon. 10 E, lat. 57 38 N. Scalanova, a seaport of Asiatic Tur- key, in Natolia, with a castle. The trade consists chiefly in wine, raisins, corn, and leather. It is 40 miles SSE of Smyrna. Lon. 27 31 E, lat. 37 54 N. Scalea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed. It is seated on the w coast, 25 miles SE of Polic astro. Lon, 15 54 E, lat. 40 n. S C A Sealitz, a town of Upper Hungary, in tlie county of Poson, seated on the March, 50 miles N of Presburg. Lon. 17 17 E, lat. 49 4N. Scanderoon. See Alexandretta. Scania. See Schonen. Scarborough, a seaport and borough in N. Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a high rock, ■which has such craggy sides that it is almost inaccessible. On the top of this rock is a large green plain, with a little well of fresh water, and the remains of a castle, built by Henry II. This town is greatly frequented on account of its Biineral waters, and also for sea-bathing ; on which account it is much improved in the number and beauty of its build- ings. The harbour is one of the best in the kingdom, with a commodious quay, several ship-yards, and a strong battery. Scarborough has a considerable trade, and is much engaged in the fisheries. It is 36 miles ne of York, and 214 N of London. Lon. 10 w, lat. 54 18 N. Scarborough, a town and fort on the 8E side of the island of Tobago. It was taken from tiie French by storm, by the EngUsh, in 1793. Lon. 60 30 w, lat. 11 6n. Scardmia, a town of European Tur- key, in Dalmatia, and a Greek bishop's »ee. The Venetians niined the fortifi- cations, and its principal buildings, in 1537; but the Turks have since put it in a state of defence. It is seated on the Cherca, 35 miles NW of Spalatro. Lon. 17 1 E, lat. 44 29 N. Scarlino, a town of Tuscany, with a castle, seated on the seacoast, five miles s of Massa. Scarpanto, an island in the Mediter- ranean, 18 miles long and six broad, ly- ing sw of Rhodes. It is mountainous and rocky, abounds in cattle and game, >nd has quarries of marble. The Turks . ire masters of it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. The principal town on the w joast has a good harboiu-, Lon. 27 40 t, lat. 36 45 N. Scarpe, a river of France, which rises lear Aubigny, in the department of Pas ie Calais, passes by Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, and enters the Scheldt, at .Viortagne. Scarperia, a town of Tuscany, cele- jrated for its steel manufactures, 13 niles N of Florence. Scauro, the capital of the island of iantorin, and the see of a Latin bishop. it stands on a lofty volcanic rock, which )rojects into the roadstead, on the w joast of the island. Lon. 25 26 e, lat. t6 28 N. S C H Sch^iausen, a canton of Switzeiland, 15 miles long and 10 broad ; bounded on the w and n by Suabia, e by the can- ton of Zurich and the bishopric of Con- stance, and s by the same andThurgau. The reformation was introduced here in 1529, and the religion is Calvinism. The principal article of trade is wine, the country abounding in vineyards ; and as the canton aftords but little corn, it is procured from Suabia in exchange for wine. Schafhausen, a town of Switzerland, capital of a canton of the same name. It is seated on the Rhine, and owes its origin to the interruption of the naviga- tion of that river by the cataract at Lauf- fen ; huts being at first constructed for the conveniency of unloading the mer- chandise from the boats, by degrees in- creased to a large town. Though a frontier town, it has no garrison, and the fortifications are w eak. It had a fa- mous wooden bridge over the Rhine, which is here near 400 feet wide ; it was a kind of hanging bridge ; for the road did not pass over the arch, but was sus- pended from it, and almost level. This curious bridge was burnt by the French, when they evacuated |,the town, after being defeated by the Austrians, in 1799. Schafhausen is 22 miles N by E of Zu rich, and 39 e of Basel. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 47 39 N. Schalholt, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, with a college. Lon. 22 20 w, lat. 64 40 N. Schamachie, a town of Persia, capital of Schirvan. It was formerly very large, but is now decayed, above 6000 houses having been thrown down by an earth- quake. It has manufactures of silks and cottons, and is supplied with most Rus- sian commodities. It stands in a valley, between two mountains, 24 miles w of the Caspian sea, and 250 ne of Tauris Lon. 51 5 Ej lat. 40 50 N. Scharding, a town of Bavaria, with a fortified castle, seated on the Inn, seven miles s of Passau. Scaarnitz, a fortified town of Germa- ny, in Tyrol, which defends a pass over the mountains, of considerable import- ance. It surrendered to the French and Bavarians, in 1805. It stands on the confines of Bavaria, 12 miles Niof In- sprue. Schauenbnrg, a county of Westphalia, E of the principality of Minden. It is mountainous and woody, but contains much fertile land, quarries of limestone and freestone, and mines of alum, coal, copper, and iron. The line of its ancicui counts became extinct in 1640, and in mi S C H 1647, it became the property of the land- grave of Hesse-Cassel, of whom tlie count of Lippe holds a part as a fief. Rintel is the capital. Sehanenstein, a town of Franconia, m the principaUty of Bayreuth, 18 miles ne of Culmbach. Schaumhm-g, a town and castle of Germany, which gives name to a lord- ship, in the circle of Lower Rhine. It is 25 miles wsw of Wetislar. Scheer, a town and castle of Suabia, capital of a lordship of its name ; seated on the Danube, 36 miles sw of Ulm. Lou. 9 24 E, lat. 48 5 N. Scheihenherg, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in Misnia, near which are mines of silver and iron. It is 22 miles s of Chemnitz. Scheldt, a river which rises in France, ill the department of Aisne, passes by Carabray, Bouchain, Valenciennes, Conde, Tournay, Oudenard, Ghent, Dendermond, Antwerp, and Fort Liiio, lielow which it divides into two branches. <^>iie of these, called the Eastern Scheldt, flows by Bergen-op-Zoom ; the other, tiie Western Scheldt, proceeds to Flush- ing; and both forming several islands, enter the German ocean. Schelestat, or Schletstat, a fortified town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, 20 miles sw of Strasburg. (ScAeZZa, a town of Hungary, seated on the Waag, 25 miles ne of Presburg. Schellenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, frequently called Augustus- burg, from a castle of that name stand- ing on the mountain of Schellenberg, close by the town. It is seated on the Zschopa, eight miles e of Chemnitz. Schellenhurg, a town of Bavaria, where a victory was obtained by the allies, over the French and Bavarians, in 1704. It is \2 miles w of Neuburg. Schelling, an island of Holland, 12 miles long and three broad, lying at the entrance of the Zuider Zee. Lon. 5 E, lat. 53 20 N. Schemnitz, a town of Upper Hungary, one of the seven mountain-towns, with three castles. It is famous for mines of silver and other metals ; as also for its hot baths. Near it is a high rock of shining blue stone, mixed with green and some spots of yellow. It is 80 miles KNE of Presburg. Lon. 18 56 E, lat. 48 30 N. Schench, a fortress of Holland, in Gel- dcrlaud, seated in the angle where the Kiiine divides into two branches, the ^Khiue and the Wahal. It is of great S C H importance, as tJie centre of comrnnm-i cation between Holland and Germany j and is 13 miles E of Niineguen. Sclienectadii, Sec Skaiectady. Schelling, a town of Sweden, in East Gothland, seated in a fertile country, 10 miles SE of Wastena. Scheningen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, near which is a Lutheran convent, and a salt-mine. It is 18 miles e of Wolfenbultle. Scheppenstadt, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Brunswick. 12 miles E of Wolfenbuttle. Scherpenhuel. See Mmitaigue. Schesburg, a fortified town of Transyl- vania, with a castle, 60 miles ne of Weis- senburg. Schiedam, a town and harbour of S. Holland, seated on a canal, called the Schie, which communicates with the Meuse, six miles w by s of Rotter- dam. Schievelheiyi, a town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, with a castle seated on the Rega, 17 miles N of Dram- burg. Schiltach, a. town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, on the river Schiltach, 14 miles nnw of Rothweil. Schinta, a town of Hungary, on the river Waag, 28 miles e of Presburg. Schintznach, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern. Here are some tepid mineral waters ; and near it, on a lofty eminence, are the ruins of the fa- mous castle of Hapsburg. It is seated on the Aar, 10 miles w of Baden, and 20 SE of Basel. Schiras. See Shiras. Scldrvan, a province of Persia, 150 miles long and 90 broad ; bounded on the N by Daghestan, e and se by the Caspian sea, sw by Erivan, and w by Georgia, "^he soil is very fertile, pro- ducing abundance of rice, wheat, and barley, and pasture that feeds many cat- tle. The vines are planted along the hedges, and fastened to the trees. Here are vast quantities of wild fowls, parti- cularly pheasants ; also hares in abun- dance. Schamachie is the capital. Schlackenwald, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with an excellent tin mine, five miles s of Carlsbad. Schlacketiwertli, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz, seven miles nne of Carlsbad. Schladen, a town of Lower Saxony, m the principality of Hilde.sheim, 11 miles NNE of Goslar, and 28 ese of Hilde- sheim. 6Vi S C H Sc/i/flw, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by walls and \ineyards, and 16 miles ne of Rakonitz. Schfaua, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Glogaw, 18 miles N of Glo- gaw. Schlawe, a town of Further Pome- rania, on the river Wipper, 10 miles wsw of Stolpe. • Schletisingen, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in the county of Hen- neberg, seated on Hie Schleuss, 18 miles SE of Smalkald, and 19 nne of •Sohweinfurt. ' SeJilitz, a townlof Germany, in the principality of Fuld a, on a small river that runs into the Folda, 7 miles nnw of Fuld a. SchCitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtlaud, with a castle, 13 miles nw of Plauen Schlusselburg, a town and fortress of Russia, situate on the Neva, near Lake Ladoga. The fortress stands on an island in the river, and has frequently been used as a state prison. It is 36 miles e of Petersburgh. Lon. 30 65 E, lat. 69 66 N. Schlnsselfeld, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Wurtzburg, insulat- ed in the principality of Bamberg, 14 miles wsw of Bamberg, and 38 e of Wurtzburg. Schmalhalden. See Smalkalden, Schmalenherg, a town of Westphalia, on the river JLenne, 14 miles e of Al- tendorn. Schmiedcbeiig; a town of Silesia, in the principality of Jauer. The vicinity *bounds in iron ore, and almost all the inhabitants are smiths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the source of the Bauber, 26 miles wsw of Schweid- nitz. Schmiedeberg, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, in Misnia, 14 miles s of Dresden. Schmoilen, a town of Upper Saxony, '« the principality of Altenburg, on the river Sprotta, seven miles sw of Alten- burg. Schneeberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. Here are manufactures of thread, silk, gold, and silver lace; and in the neighbourhood are silver mines. It is situate on an eminence near the jNIulda, 9 miles sse of Zwickau. ' Schohaire, a town of the state of New York, capital of a county of the same name. It stands on Schohaire river, which runs n into Mohawk river, 40 miles w of Albany. Lon. 74 42 w, lat. 42 40 N'. SeJioti'iack, a town and castle of iH3 S C H Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mag deburg, with some salt-works ; seated on the Elbe, 10 miles sse of Magde- burg. Schonberg, a town and castle of Prus- sia, in Oberland, 23 miles ese of Marien- werder. Scho7ieck, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtlaud, 15 miles se of Plauen Schonecken, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves ; seated on the Nyms, 28 miles N by w of Treves. Svhonen, oi Scania, a, province of Swe- den, in Gothland, almost surrounded by the Soniid and the Baltic. It is 70 miles long asid 60 broad, and the most level, pleasant, and fertile spot in the kingdom. It produces all the neces- saries of lite in abundance, and is deem- ed the storehouse and granary of Swe- den. Lund is the capital. Schongau, a town of Bavaria, sur- rounded by a plain wail ana some towers. The great square is adorned with three fountains of a kind of mar- ble, the product of the country. It stands on the side of an eminence, by the river Lech, 14 miles s of Lansberg and 40 sw of Munich. Schonhoven, a town of South Holland, with a commodious haven. It is cele- brated for its gardens and salmon fishery, and seated on the Lcck, 14 miles E by N of Rotterdam. Schorndorf, a town of Suabia, in tlic kingdom of Wirtembuig, with a strong castle. Here are salt springs, from which much salt is made. It is seated on^the Rems, 17 miles ESEof Stutgard. Schouten Island, an island in the Pa- cific ocean, near the ne coast of New Guinea, discovered by William Schou- ten, a Dutchman, in 161G. It is 60 miles from e to w, and 20 in breadth. Lon. 136 60 E, lat. 50 s. Schawen, an island of Holland, form- ing the N part of Zealand, at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 15 miles long and 6 broad. Ziriczee is the capital. Schrattenthal, a town and castle of Austria, 9 miles ssw of Znaim. Schrobenhausen, a town of Bavaria, oi; the river Par, 16 miles ssw of Ingol- stadt. Schut, an island of Hungary, formed by the Danube,' immediately below Presburg. It is 40 miles long and 12 broad, abounds in fruit and herbage, and has plenty of game, wood, and fishc The chief town is Comorn. Schuyler, Fort, Old and New, both in the state of New York, on Moliawk river ; the Old, four miles below, and the New, seven above Whitestowra. S C H Tfie latter is more usually called Fort Staiiwix. Schuylkill, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises nw of the Kittatinny moun- tains, and is navigable from above Read- ing, to its entrance into the Delaware, 3 miles below Philadelphia. Schwabach, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Anspach. It has numerous manufactures, and stands on a river of the same name, which flows into the Rednitz, 12 miles E by N of Anspach. Schwalbach, a town of Germany, in the county of Nassau, frequented for its minenal waters ; seated on the river Aa, 32 miles w of Frankfort. Schwalenburg, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Lippe, 18 miles ne of Paderborn. Schwan, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Warnow, 10 miles N of Gustrow. Schwandorf, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg, on the river Nab, 21 miles N of Ratisbon. Schioanenstadt, a town of Austria, near which the French gained a deci- sive victory over the Austrians in 1800. It is seated on the Ager, 25 miles sw of Lintz. Schwartzburg, an ancient castle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, which gives name to a county, belonging to the house of Saxony. The county is divided into two parts, the upper and lower, of which Rudelstadt and Sonder- shausen are the chief towns. The cas- tle is seated on the Schwartz, 7 miles sw of Rudelstadt. Schioartzenberg, a town of Franco- nia, in the principality of the same name, with a castle, seated on the Lee, 24 miles ESF. of Wurtzburg. Schioartzenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with wire and lace manufactures. In the vicinity are iron- forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is 10 miles wsvv of Annaberg. Schwartzenburg, a town of Switzer- land, capital of a bailiwick, in the can- ton of Bern. It is 10 miles SE of Fri- burg, and 17 ssw of Bern. Schwatz, a town of Germany, in Ty- rol, with a silver and copper mine ; seat- ed on the river Inn, 14 miles ne of In- spruc. Schwedt, a town of Brandenburg, in the IJcker mark, with a magnificent castle, seated on the Oder, 24 miles SE of Prenzio. SchiveidnitZy a strong city of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same nRme,vyith a castle. Half of tiie magis- S C H trates are catholics, but most of the in- habitants are protestanfs, who have a church without the town, as also a pub- lie school. All kinds of leather, parti- cularly Cordovan, are manufactured here. In 1716, the greatest part of this city was burnt down, but was rebuilt in an elegant manner. The Austrians took it, in 1757, from the Prussians, who retook it the next year. It is seat- ed on an eminence on the river Weist- ritz, 22 miles sw of Breslau. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 50 44 N. Schweinfurt, a town of Franconia, with a palace. The inhabitants carry on a large trade in wine, woollen and linen cloth, goose quills, and feathers. This town was taken by the French in 1796. It is seated on the Maine, 21 miles NE of Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 36 E, lat. 50 6 N. Schweinitz, a town of Saxony, on the river Elster, 14 miles se of Witten- berg. Schweinsberg, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, on the river Ohm, seven miles SE of Marburg. Schweitz, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on the w by the Waldstadter See, s by the canton of Uri, e by that of Glarus, and N by those of Zurich and Zug. This canton, with that of Uri and Underwalden, threw off the yoke of Austria in 1308; and formed a perpetual alliance in 1315, which wa9 the grand foundation of the Helvetic confederacy. The name of Schweitzer- land, Switzerland, or Switzerland, which originally comprehended only these three cantons, was afterwards extended to all Helvetia. It derived that appella- tion, either from the canton of Schweitz, as being the most distinguished by the revolution of 1308, or because the Aus- trians called all the inhabitants of these mountainous parts by the general deno- mination of Schweitzcrs. The cantont of Schweitz and Uri have the same kind of soii, and the same productions. The whole country being rugged and moun- tainous, consists chiefly of pasture, raises little corn, and has no wine: but this soil, naturally barren, has been improv- ed by the natives to a great degree of fertility. Luxury is scarcely known in these cantons ; and a purity of morals prevails, which can scarcely be imagin- ed by the inhabitants of great and opu- lent cities. The Roman catholic reli- gion is here exclusively established. Schweitz, a town of Switzerland, ca- pital of the canton of that name, seat- ed near the Waldstadter See, on the slope of a hill, at the bottom of two 614 S C 1 higb and nigged rocks, called the Scliweilzer Hakeii. The cliuich is a large niagiiiCceut building. It is 18 miles E by s of Lucern. Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 46 66 N. Schtveitz, Lake of. See Waldstadter See. Sthivelm, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, near which are some medicinal springs. It is 28 miles E of Dusseldorf. Sc/ncej^in, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of Mecklenburg- Schwcriu It is divided into four parts; namely, Schwerin, the New Town, the island of Schelf, and the Moor, which are all nearly encircled by a beautiful ake. S< hwerin was the seat of a count, which title is still bore by the dukes of Mecklenburg. The principal church is a fine Gothic pile, with a lofty spire. The ducal palace and gardens are on an island in the lake, and have a communi- cation with the town by a drawbridge. It is 35 miles wsw of Gustrow. Lon 11 33 E, lat. 53 56 N. Schwerte, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, on the river Roer, 7 miles s of Dortmund. Schuetz, a town and castle of Prus- sia, in Poraeralia, situate on the Vistula, 7 miles n of Culm. Schwiebussen, a town of Silesia, capi- tal of a circle of its name (insulated by Poland and the New Mark of Branden- burg) belonging to the principality of Glogau. It has a castle, a catholic pa- rish church, a protestant church, good cloth manufactures, and fertile gardens and vineyards. It is 13 miles N of Zul- lichau. Lon. 15 47 e, lat. 52 21 N. Sc/mmburg', a town of Denmark, on the s coast of the island of Funen, with the best harbour in the island, and ma- nufactures of woollen aud linen. It is 23 miles sse of Odensee. Lou. 10 30 E, lat. 55 10 N. Sciati, an island of the Archipelago, 14 miles nne of Negropont, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of Salonichi. It is 10 miles long and 4 broad. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 39 24 N. Sciglio, a tow.n of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, on the side of a rocky pro- montory, called Scylla, or Cape Sciglio, In the terrible earthquake of 1783, the sea was thrown furiously three miles in- land, and on its return swept off 2473 of the inhabitants, with the prince of Sciglio, who, hoping to find security, were then on the Scylla strand, or in boats near the shore. It is 10 miles N by E of Reggio. Scillu, a cluster of numerous isles and 6f5 SCI rock.% at the entrance of the English and Bristol channels, lying almost 10 leagues w of the Lands-end, in Corn- wall, Of these only five or six are in- habited. They are a resort for seafowl, and feed many sheep and rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. The chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly three miles long and two broad, which has a good port, is well fortified, and contains more inhabitants than all the rest put together. In this isle, and in two or three others, are various antiqui- ties, particularly the remains of a tem- ple of the Druids, and ancient sepnl- chres. On that of St. Agnes is a light- house, which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high, and a very fine column. At the outermost extremity of the isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rock- stone, and as conspicuous by day as the lighthouse on St. Agnes, but not so high and large. The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ships entering the English channel. One of the most dis- astrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when three men of war perished, with admiral sir Cloudesley Shovel and all their crews. St. Agnes lighthouse is in lon. 6 19 w, lat. 49 54 N. Sciily, a group of isles or shcals, in the Pacific ocean, discoveied by captain Wallis in 1767, and described as ex- tremely dangerous. Lon. 155 30 W; lat. 16 30 s. Scio, anciently called Chios, an island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, nw of Samos. It is 36 miles long and 13 broad, and a mountainous country; yet fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such as oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pome- granates, interspersed with mirtles and jasmines. The wine of Scio, so cele- brated by the ancients, is still in great esteem ; but the island is now principal- ly distinguished by the profitable culture of mastich : it has also some trade in silk, cotton, and figs. It is computed that there are 4,000 Turks, 100,000 Greeks, and 2,000 Latins, on this island. The Turks took it from the Genoese in 1566. Beside the town of the same name, it contains 68 villages all inhabit- ed by Greeks ; and those which furnish mastich are the most rich and populous. Scio, a seaport and the capital of an island of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is the best built town in the Ar- chipelago; the houses being commo- dious, some of them terraced, and others covered with tiles. The castle is an old citadel buijt by the Gejioese, in which SCO fbe Turks have a garrison. The har- bour is a rendezvous for ships, that go to or come from Constantinople: it V. ill «x»ntain 80 vessels, is protected by a low mole, and has two lighthouses. It stands on the e side of the island, 67 miles w of Smyrna. Lon. 26 2 e, lat. 38 28 N. Scipio, a town of New York, chief of Onoudago county, seated on the e side of Cayuga lake, 95 miles w of Coopers- town. Sciro, or Sciro$, an island of the Ar- chipelago, to the w of Metelin. It is 15 miles long and eight broad, and a moun- tainous country, but has no mines. The vines make the beauty of the island, and the wine is excellent; nor do the na- tives want corn or wood. It contains only the village and convent of St. George, both built on a conical rock, 10 miles from the harbour of St. George. I.on. 24 38 e, lat. 38 54 N. Scitiiate, a town of Massachusets, in Plymouth county, on an inlet of the sea, which forms a harbour. It is 16 miles N of Plymouth, and 28 SE of Boston. Scituate, a town of Rhode Island, in Providence county, near which is a foun- dery for cannons and bells. It is 11 miles ssw of Providence, and 27 nw of Newport. Sclavonia, a country of Europe, situ- ate between. the rivers Drave and Da- nube on the N, and the Save on the s ; bounded on the w by Croatia, from which to the conflux of the Save with the Da- nube it is 150 miles in length, and from 45 to 25 in breadth. It is a fertile level country, divided into six counties, and belongs to the house of Austria. The eastern part is called Ratza, and the in- habitants Rascians. These form apar- ?icular nation, and are of the Greek church. 1'he ancient Sclavonia con- aiued many large countries ; some have extended it from the Adriatic to the Kuxine sea, and say that it had its name from the Sclavi, a Schythian nation, who conquered Greece and this country in the reign of emperor Justinian. The language of Sclavonia is the mother of four others, namely those of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Russia. Scone, or Scoon, a village of Scotland, on the E side of the river Tay, a mile N of Perth. Here is an ancient palace where the kings of Scotland used to be crowned, and on a celebrated stone, which is now removed to England. See Dimsiqff)iage. Scopelo, an island of the Archipelago, 6s'e miles E of Sciati. It is 10 miles long SCO and five broad. Lon. 23 50 e, lat. 39 24 N. Scopia, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on the Vardar, over which is a bridge of 12 arches, 150 miles NNW of Salonica. Lon. 21 45 e, lat 42 40 N. Scotland, or North Britain, the north- ern of the two kingdoms, into which the island of Great Britain was formerly di- vided. It is bounded on the w by the •Atlantic ocean, N by the North sea, e by the Germaii ocean, se by England, and s by the Irish sea. To Scotland also appertain the islands on its western coast, called the Hebrides, or Western islands, and those to the ne called the Orkney and Shetland islands. From N to s it extends 270 miles ; and its great- est breadth is 150, but in some places not above 30, and no part is distant above 40 miles from the coast. It con- tains [about 17,788,000 acres, and the number of inhabitants in 1811, was 1,805,688. Scotland is divided into two districts, the Highlands and the Low- lands; the former is applied to the mountainous part to the n and nw, and the latter to the more level district on the e and se. But nature seems to have pointed out three grand divisions in Scotland. The first, or North division, is formed by a chain of lakes, which cross the country, from the frith of Mur- ray to the island of Mull, in a sw direc- tion ; the second, or Middle division, is bounded on the s by the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the great canal by which they are united ; and on the s side of this boundary is the third, or South di- vision. The North division is chiefly an assemblage of vast dreary mountains; not, however, without some fertile val- leys on the northern and eastern shores. Tlie Middle division is traversed, in dif- ferent directions, by several ranges of mountains; and though cultivation here is also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of this division, as well as of the for- mer, the arable land bears a small pro- portion to the mountainous and barren tracts. The South division has a great resemblance to England, and with res- pect both to the general aspect of the country, and to the progress of cultiva- tion, exhibits every kind of rural variety. The civil division of the country is into 33 counties, namely Shetland and Ork- ney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cro- marty, Inverness, in the North division ; Argyle, Bute, Nairn, Murray, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Angus, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, 616 SCO Dumbarton, in tJic Middle division ; and Linlitbgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Renfrew, Ayr, Wigton, La- nerk, Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburg-, Dum- fries, Kirkcudbright, in the South divi- sion. The principal rivers are the Spey, Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Nor- thern Dee, Esk, Annan, Nilh, and Sou- thern Dee. The loches, or lakes, are numerous, and some of them extensive. The climate is very various. The nor- thern extremity, which is in the same latitude with some parts of Norway, is extremely cold; but from its insular si- tuation, the frosts are far from being so intense as in parts of the continent tqually as far to the N. Its west coast is subject to frequent rains in the sum- mer, and to sudden changes of weather. In many places on the eastern shore, and in the whole south division, the cli- mate is not inferior to the north part of England. The products of the country are grain, flax, woods of oak and fir, coal, lead, iron, freestone, limestone, slate, the most beautiful marble, fine rock-crystals, pearls, variegated pebbles, &c. It feeds vast herds of cattle and flocks of sheep ; they are both small, but much valued for the deUcacy of their flesh"; and the fleece of the latter emu- lates the finest |Spanish wool. It is on the high grounds that the cattle are so diminutive ; for in many parts of the country, the horses and cows are not excelled in size and beauty by those of the Englisii breed. Among the wild animals are the roe, stag, fox, badger, otter, hedge-hog, rabbit, weasel, mole, and olher snail quadrupeds. Among the feathered race arc the capercailzie, or cock of the wood, the eagle, falcon, partridge, quail, snipe, plover, black ^vanie, &c. Scotland was governed by rt king before the Romans visited Eng- land, and continued an independent kingdom till the death of the English queen Elizabeth, when James VI. of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called to the throne of England, and constaiitly resided in the latter: hQ and his successors calling themselves kings of England and Scotland, and each country having a separate parliament, till the year 1707, in the reign of queen Anne, when both kingdoms were united under the general name of Gre-at Bri- tain. The counties send one member each to parliament, except Bute and Caithness, Cromaity and Nairn, Kin- ross and Clackmannan, which send members in conjunction ; so that the eeunties send 30 members, which with 16 sent by the cities and boroughs, ciaks 017 ' SEA the 45 commoners sent by Scot and, and 16 peers are elected to represent the nobility. The established religion is the presbyterian, which is modelled principally after the Calvanistical plan settled at Geneva, and on a general principal of an equality of ecclesiastical authority among its presbyters. There are few Roman catholics, nor are tlie episcopalians numerous. With respect to the trade and manufactures, they are noticed under the respective cities and towns. Edinburg is the capital. Scutari, a strong town of European Turkey, in Albania, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the lake Zeta, near its outlet, the river Boiana, 70 miles n by w of Durazzo. Lon. 19 10 e, lat 42 33 N. Scutari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, which may be considered as a suburb of Constantinople. It stands on the strait opposite that city ; and ])re- sents itself in the form of an amphitiie atre, aflbrding a very picturesque view from the mixture of trees, houses, mos- ques, and minarets. This town serves as an emporium and a rendezvous to tlic caravans of Asia, and has some manu- factures of silk and cotton stuffs. Here are extensive burying grounds, shaded with lofty cypresses. The rich Turks of Constantinople prefer being interred here ; for they consider Asia as a land belonging to the true believers, and be- lieve that the land of Europe will one day fall into the hands of Christians, and be trodden on by infidels, Scutari is one mile e of Constantinople. Scylhi, a rock near the entrance of the strait of Messina, on the coast of Cala- bria opposite the celebrated Charybdis. It forms a small promontory in the nar- rowest part of the strait, and is the fa- mous Scylla of the ancient poets. It does not come up to the formidable de- scription given by Homer, nor is the passage so narrow and difficult as he re- presents it; but it is probable that its breadth is greatly increa.scd since his time. The rock is nearly 200 feet high ; and on the side of it stands the town of Sciglio, whence the promontory is some- times called Cape Sciglio. Seaford, a town in Sussex, and one of the Cinque Ports. Its forts are in a state of defence; but it has no market, and its trade and harbour are now oi little consequence. It is seated near the English channel, 10 miles sse of Lewes, and 60 s by E of London. Seaton, a town of Scotland, in Had- dington.shire. Here is a ruinous pa!are, in wliich Mary queen of Scots occasi'- S E B (tiially kept her court, after her .eturn from France. It has a considerable trade in salt and coal, and is situate on the frith of Forth, nine miles e of Edin- burg. Sehastia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Palestine, tke remains of the ancient city of Samaria, It is 34 miles nne of Jeru- salem. Sebastian, St. a seaport of Spain, in Biscay, seated at the foot of a moun- tain, on the top of which is a strong- ci- tadel. The harbour is secured by two moles, and a narrow entrance for the ships. The town is surrounded by a double wall, and fortitied toward the sea. It carries on a great trade, particularly m iron, steel, and wool. St. Sebastian was taken by the French in 1794. On the 31st of August, 1813, it was taken by storm, by the allied forces, under ge- neral Graham, after a short siege, during which it sustained a most heavy bom- bardment, which laid nearly the whole town in ruins. It is 50 miles e of Bil- boa, and 50 NW of Pamplona. Lon. 1 56 w, lat. 43 24 N. Sebastian, St. a town of New Spain, capital of the province of Chiametlan, 60 miles nnw of Chiametlan. Lon. 105 56 w, lat. 24 20 N. Sebastian, St. the capital of the pro- vince of Rio Janeiro, and of all Brasil, with a citadel on a hill, and numerous forts. The city stands four miles w of the harbour, and behind it are high hills crowned with woods, convents, houses, and churches. It is three miles in cir- cumference ; the streets straight and most of them narrow, intersecting each other at right angles ; and the houses, in general, are of stone, and two stories high. The chuichcs are very fine, and there is more religious parade in this city, than in any of the popish countries in Eujope. The harbour is very commo- dious, with a narrow entrance defended by two forts. Here are manufactures of sugar, rum, and cochineal. The dif- ferent mechanics carry on their business in distinct parts of the town ; particular streets being set apart for particular trades. On the s side of a spacious square is the palace; and there are se- veral other squares, in which are foun- tains, supplied witii water by an aque- duct, of considerable length brought over a \nl\e}j by a double tier of arches. The mint is one of the finest buildings existing, and furnished with all the con- veniences necessary for coining with the greatest expedition. A Benedictine convent and a fort are on the extreme P'lint^ jutting into the harbour, offiosit© SEC which is Serpent island, where there we a dock-yard, magazines, and naval store> houses. In another part of the harbour, at a place called Val Longo, are the warehouses for the reception, and pre* paration for sale, of the slaves imported from Africa. St. Sebastian is a bishop's see, and at present the seat of the royal family of Portugal, who arrived here on the 8th of Jan. 1808. It is seated near the mouth of the Rio Janefro, in the At- lantic. Lon. 42 44 w, lat. 22 54 s. Sebastian, Cape St. a cape at the NW extremity of Madagascar. Lon. 46 26 E, lat. 12 30 s. Sebastopol, a seaport of Russia, and the first maritime town of the Criniiea. It has one of the finest and most secure harbours in the world, which for size it might contain all the Russian fleets ; and it is the chief station of the Black sea fleet. The city is built on the side of a hill, which divides two of its fine basins. The old Tartar houses are small and ill- built ; but along the quay are some new buildings in a good taste. It stands ou part of the site of the ancient Greek city of Cherson, where was the famous tem- ple of Diana Taurica; and considerable ruins of them are yet discoverable. It is 40 miles ssw of Sympheropol, and 350 NE of Constantinople. Lon. 33 22 E, lat, 44 25 N. Sebastopolis, or Savatopoli, a town of Mingrelia, anciently called Dioscurias, It stands on the borders of Russia, on the Black sea, 220 miles wNW ofTefflis. Lon. 42 45 e, lat. 44 10 N. Sebenico, a strong seaport of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see, with four citadels. The cathedral is a magnificent fabric, and its roof is composed of large flat pieces of marble. The Turks have of- ten attempted in vain to take this town. It is seated near the mouth of the Cher- ca, in the gulf of Venice, 25 miles SR of Zara. Lon. 16 46 E, lat. 44 17 N. Sebom-g, a town of France, m the de- partment of Nord, five miles e of Valen- ciennes. Sebu. See Zebu. Sebz. SeeKesh. SecJmra, a town of Peru, in the bi- shopric of Truxillo, inhabited by Indi- ans, who are chiefly employed in fishiug, . or driving mules. Here commences a sandy desert, which extends southward about 80 miles. The town stands on a river of the same name, three miles from the ocean, and 180 nnw of Truxillo. Lon. 81 10 E, lat. 5 55 s. Sechav, a town of Germany, in Stiria, seated on the Gayle, nine miles N of Ju« denburg. 61» SEE SecktJ^en, a town of Suabia, the small- est of the four Forest Towns. Here is a convent of noble nuns, whose abbess was a princess of the empire. It is seat- ed on an isle, formed by the Rhine, over which is a bridge, 11 miles w of Basel. Seckiiigton, a village in Warwickshire, three miles ne of Tamworth, famous for a battle, in 767, between Cuthred, king of the W. Saxons, and Ethelbald, king of the Mercians. On the N side of its church are the ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 feet high. Sedan, a strong town of France, capi- tal of the department of Ardennes. It is deemed one of the keys of the coun- try ; and has a strong castle, an arsenal, a foundery of cannon, and a manufac- tnre of fine cloth. The famous marshal Turenne w^as born in the castle. Sedan is seated on the Meuse, 26 miles se of Charlemont, and 135 ne of Paris. Lon. 4 68 E, lat. 49 42 N. SedasivagH?; a town of Hindoostan, the most northern on the coast of Canara. It is seated on the N side of the estuary of a river, which enters into a deep bay, sheltered by three islands, one of them fortified, and the entrance defended by a fort on a lofty hill. Three miles up the river, on the opposite bank, is the remains of Carwar, formerly a noted place, of European commerce, but to- tally ruined during the reign of the late sultan Tippoo. Sedasivagur is 50 miles SE ofGoa, and 95 nnw of Kundapura. Lon. 74 15 e, lat. 14 51 N. Sedburg, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated near the Rother, 11 miles e of Kendal, and 265 Nw of London. Seehausen, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old mark, nearly surrounded by the river Aland, 12 miles w of Havelberg. Seelbia-g, a town of the duchy of Cour- land, on the river Dwina, 70 miles e by 6 of Mittau. Seelow, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 10 miles sw of Cus- trin. Seer, a seaport of Arabia, eapital of a principality, in the province of Oman. It has a good harbour, and the navy of the prince is one of the most considera- ble in the gulf of Persia. It is 108 miles wsw of Julfar. Lon. 54 58 e, lat. 25 ION. Seesen, a town of Lower Saxony in the duchy of Brunswick, 14 miles sw of Goslar* Seez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fine country, near the source of the Orne, 12 miles N of Aien» 619 S E G con, and 102 w by s of Paris, Lou. 11 E, lat. 48 36 N, Segeberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, with a castle, on a high mountain, consisting of lime- stone, large quantities of which are car- ried to Hamburg and Lubec. It is seated on the Trave, 15 miles wnw of Lubec. Segedin, a strong town of Hungary, with a eastle, taken from the Turks in 1686. It is seated near the Teisse, op- posite the influx of the Maros, 105 miles SSE of Pest. Lon. 20 35 e, lat. 46 18 N. Segestan, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the N by Korasan and Balck, e by Candahar and Sablestan, sbyMackeran, sw by Kerman, and w by Covhestan and Farsistan. The country is in genera'' mountainous. The valleys are the only habitable parts; for the plains are bar- ren, and covered with fine sand, which is sometimes raised by whirlwinds to such a degree as to overwhelm whole caravans. Zareng is the capital. Segeswar,VL town of Transylvania, ca- pital of a county of the same name. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the river Ko- kel, 47 miles N of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24 65 E, lat. 47 4 N. Segna, a seaport of Morlachia, capi- tal of Hungarian Dalmatia, with a fort. It was declared a free port, and erected into a bishopric, in 1785, It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 100 miles nw of Spoleto. Lon. 15 21 e, lat. 45 22 N, Segni, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, Organs are said to have been invented here. It is seated on a moun- tain, 30 miles se of Rome. Sego, a city of Negroland, the capital of Bambara, It consists of four walled towns, two on each side the river Niger, which contain about 30,000 inhabitants; and as the Moors form a considerable proportion, their mosques appear in every quarter. The houses are built of clay, of a square form, with flat roofs ; some of them have two stories, and ma- ny of them are white-washed. The cur- rent money consists of couries, a kind of shells. It is 290 miles wsw of Tom- buctoo. Lon. 2 46 w, lat. 14 15 N, Segorbe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, by the river Morvedro, 35 miles N by w of Valencia, Segovia, a city of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, and a bishop's see, with a castle, it stands on two hills, and the valley by which they are separated, on the sw side of the Eresma; and is surrounded by a strong wall, flanked with towers and S E I ramparts. It is supplied with water by ft Roman aqueduct, 3000 paces in length, supported by 177 arches of a prodigious height, in two rows, one above the other. Here tlie best cloth in Spain is made, which is one part of its trade, and another is very fine paper. The cathedral stands on one side of the great square, and is one of the handsomest Gothic structures in Spain; beside which there are 27 other churches. The cas- tle is seated in the highest part of the town, and has 16 rooms richly adorned with tapestry, and ornaments of marble and porphry. The royal chapel is mag- nificently gilded, and embellished with very fine paintings. The mint, for some years the only one in Spain, is surrounded by the river, on which are mills, employed in coining. Segovia was occupied by the French in 1808; but was evacuated in 1813. It is 40 miles nnw of Madrid. Lon. 4 12 w,lat. 41 3 N. Segovia, New, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, seated near the source of a river of its name, which flows into the Caribbean sea, 90 miles N by E of Leon. JLon. 87 .5 w, lat. 13 4-5 N. . Segovia, New, a town in the isle of Luconia, and a bishop's see, with a fort. It is seated at the n end of the island, near the mouth of the Cagayan, 240 miles N of Manilla. Lon. 120 59 E, lat. 18 39 N. Segra, a river of Spain, which rises in the Pyrenees, and runs sw through Ca- talonia, passing by Puicerda, UrgeI,Be- laguer, and Lerida, to Mequinenza, where it joins the Ebro. Segre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne and Loire, 20 miles NW of Augers. Segura, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountaitis of Segura, in Murcia, crosses that province and the s part of Valencia, and enters the Mediterranean, at Guardamaii. Segura, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated among mountains, 34 miles ne of Ubeda, and 96 wnw of Murcia. Segura, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 35 miles SE of Calatajud, and 38 N of Tern el. Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a fort on a mountain. It stands on the frontiers of Spain, 15 miles wnw of Alcantara, and 35 ese of Caste! Eranco. Sehauranpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Delhi, capital of a district of the same iiaitie, between the Junma and the Gan- ges. It is 86 miles N by w of Delhi. Lon. 77 15 e, lat. 30 4 N. Seidcnbcrgy a town of Upper Lusatia, S E I "With manufactures of cloth and siock'o ings, eight miles SSE of Gorlitz. Seilis, a powerful nation in the NW part of Hindoostan, consisting of several small independent states, that have for- med a kind of federal union. They pos- sess the whole province of Lahore, the principal part of Moultan, and the w part of Delhi. This tract extends 400 miles from nw to se, and is from 160 to 200 broad, in general, but the part be- tween Attock and Bekker cannot be less than 320. The founder of their sect was Nanock, who lived in the beginning of the 16th century ; and they are the descendants of his disciples: the word seiks, in the Sanscrit language signifying disciples. They are in general strong and well made, accustomed from their infancy to the most laborious life, and hardest fare. A pair of long blue drawers, and a kind of checquered plaid, a part of which is fastened round the waist, and the other thrown over the shoulder, form their clothing and equi- page. The chiefs are distinguished by wearing some heavy gold bracelels on their wrists, and sometimes a chain of the same metal round their turbans, and by bemg mounted on better horses ; otherwise no distinction appears among them. The civil and military govern- ment of the Seiks, before a common in- terest bad ceased to actuate its opera- tions, was conducted by general assent- blies; but since their dominions have teen so widely extended, the grand as* sembly is now rarely summoned. Their army consists almost entirely of horse, of which a Seik will boast they can bring 300,000 into the field ; and it is supposed they might bring 200,000. They have commonly two, some of them three horses each. They indeed consider this animal as necessary to their existence]: and though it is customary with them to make merry on the demise of one of their brethren they mourn for the death of a horse. The Seiks, like the Hin- doos, are perfectly tolerant in matters of faith, and require only a conformity in certain signs and ceremonies ; but, un- like the Hindoos, they admit proselytes ; although those from among the Maho- metans are the least esteemed. Their capital is Lahore. Seine, a river of France, which rises in the department of Cote d'Or, flows by I'royes, Melun, Paiis, and Rouen, and enters the Eugli&li channel at Havre de Grace. Seine, Lower, a department of France, including part of the late province of Normandy, Rouen is the capital. 630 S E L Seitte and 3Iarne, a department of France, including part of tlie !ate pro- vince of the Isle of France. Mclun is ilie capital. Seine and Oise, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of tlie Isle of France. Versailles is the capital. Sehisheim, a town of Franconia, in a ordship of the same name, with a cas- tle, 18 miles se of Wiirtzburg. Seissen, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, 9 miles s of Auch. Selam, a town of Mexico, in Jucatan, near the seacoast, 45 miles nw of Me- nda. Selbosoe, a town of Norway, in the province of Drontheim^ 18 miles se of Drontheim. Selby, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It is the birth-place of Henry I., whose father, AVilliam the conqueror, built an abbey here ; and the conventual church is now the parish church. A canal passes from this place to Leeds, and large ships are built here. It is seated on the Ouse, over which is one of the eompletest timber bridges in the kingdom, 12 miles s of York, and 180 N by w of London. Selenginsk, a fortified town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsh, with a fort. The adjacent country yields a great quantity of rhubarb. It stands on the Selenga, at the influx of the Chilok, 84 miles se of Irkutsh. Lon. 107 28 e, lat. 51 16 N. Selenti, a town of European Turkey, in Caramania, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 50 miles wsw of Selesk. Selesk, anciently Seleucia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, seated OB a river five miles from the sea, and 80 ssE of Cogni. Lon. 34 36 e, lat. 36 40 N. Seligenstadt, a town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mentz, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated at the con- flux of the Gernspentz with the Maine, 14 miles e of Frankfort. Selibria, a town df European Turkey, in Romania, and an archbishop's see. It was formerly a large place, but is now much decayed. It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 miles w of Con- stantinople. Selkirk, a borough of Scotland, the capital of Selkirkshire. It has a ma- nufacture of boots and shoes, and is seated on the Ettrick, 30 miles sse of Edinburgh. Selkirkshire, a county of Scotlaud, 021 S E M bounded on tlie ne by Edinourghshiio, E by Roxburghshire, s by ]JunifriGSsliire, and w and n by Peeblesliire. It is a hilly country, 20 miles long, and 10 where broadest. The number of in- habitants in 1811 was 6889. The chief riveis are the Tweed, Ettrick, Yarrow and Gala, -•- Selles, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loir and Cher, on the river Cher, 10 miles sw of Romorentin. Seltz, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, seated on the Rhine, 23 miles nne of Strasburg, Seltzer, or Lower Seltzer, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves; celebrated for a spring of mineral Water, which is exported in great quantities. It is situate on the Emsbach, 30 miles E of Coblentz. Semauat, a town of Asiatic Turkey in Irac Arabi, seated on the Euphrates, where a toll is collected. It is 120 miles NW of Bassora. Lon. 46 15 e, lat. 32 2 N. Sembew-ghewn, a town of Birmah, from which is the principal road through the western hills into Aracan. To this place all Bengal articles of merchandise imported by way of Aracan are brought, and here embarked on the Irrawaddy. It stands 3 miles w of that river, and 30 s by w of Pagahm. Semegonda, a town of Negroland, in the country of Wangara, seated on a lake formed by a branch of the Nile, 330 miles ssw of Bornou. Lon. 21 30 e, lat. 14 58 N. Semendria, a town of European Tur key, in Servia, with a citadel, seated on the Danube, 20 miles se of Belgrade. Semennud, a town of Egypt, on the e branch of the Nile, Smiles ssw of Man- sour a, and 53 N of Cairo. Semigallia, the e part of the duchy of Courland, separated by the nver Masza, from Courland Proper, and by the Dwina, from Russia, to which coun- try it is now subject. Mittau is the ca- pital. Seminari, a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriore, 23 miles ne of Reg>- gio. Semlin, a town of Sclavonia, on the s side of the Danube, four miles w of Belgrade. Sempaeh, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucern ; celebrated for the battle, in 1386, which established the liberty of the Swiss, and in which Leopold, duke of Austria, was defeated and slain.' It is seated on a small lake of the same name, seven miles nw of Lucern. SEN Semtir en Auxoit, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, with a castle on a rock. It has a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Armancon, 34 miles w by N of Dijon, and 135 se of Paris. Semur en Briennois, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, 33 miles w by s of Macon, and 45 s of Autun. Sena, or Marzali, a town of Mo- caraiiga, on the river Zambeze, where the Portuguese have a factory. Lon, 35 3 E, lat. 17 40 s. Seneca^ a lake and river of New York, in Onondago county. The lake is 30 miles long and two broad, and lies n and s between those of Canandaqua and Cayuga. At the N end is the town of Geneva; and on the e side, between it and Cayuga lake, are the military town- ships of Romulus, Ovid, Hector, and Ulysses. The river rises to the w of Geneva, passes by that town, and re- ceives the waters of the lake. It after- wards receives the waters of Cayuga lake, Canandaqua creek, and Salt lake, and then flows into Onondago river. Seneca, a town of New York, in Onondago county, situate on the N side of the falls in Seneca river, 14 miles from its mouth, and 28 s of Oswego. Seneffydi town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, famous for a battle gained by the French over the prince of Orange, in 1674. It is four miles s of Nivelle. Senegal, a large river which rises in the mountains of Kong, in Negroland, and flows w, on the southern confines of Zahara, into the Atlantic ocean, 120 miles NE of Cape Verd. Its course is flexuous, till it arrives within six miles of the sea, when it takes a sudden turn to the s, and for 75 miles is separated from the sea only by a ridge of sand. Its mouth, not more than half a league over, is incommoded by a shifting bar, which renders the passage difficult and dangerous. Senegal, a country on the w coast of Africa, lying on a river of the same name. See Fouli. The French have a fort and factory, in an island at the mouth of the river, and are masters of the gum-trade. It is called Fort Louis, was taken by the English in 1758, con- firmed to them by the peace of 1763, but restored in 1783. Lon. 16 31 w, lat. 15 53 N. Senez, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Alps. It is seated in a rough barren country, 15 miles sse of Digne. Stn/tenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, S E R in Misnia, with a castle, 33 miles mkb of Dresden. Senlis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, seated on the river Nonette, almost surrounded by a forest, 20 miles nw of Meaux, and 27 ne of Pans. Sennar, a city of Nubia, and the ca- pital of a kingdom of the same name. It is 5 miles in circumference and very populous. The houses are chiefly of one story, with flat roofs : but the sub- urbs contain only cottages covered with reeds. The palace is surrounded by high walls, and is a confused heap of buildings. The heats are almost in- supportable in the daytime, except in the rainy season, which begins in April, and continues three months, at which time the air is unwholesome. The commodities are elephants' teeth, tama- rinds, civet, tobacco, and gold dust. There is a market near the palace, where slaves are sold : the females sit on one side, and the males on another, and the Egyptians buy great numbers of them every year. The merchandise required here are spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass beads, and a black drug, which is used to colour the eyebrows. The women of quality have slight gap ments of silk, and wear rings of various metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Women of a low rank, and girls, have clothes wrapped round them from the waist to the knees. The men go almost naked. Sennar is seat- ed on an eminence, near the river Nile. Lon. 30 E, lat. 15 4 N. Sens, a town of France, in the de- partment ot Yonne. The cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure. It is seat- ed in a fertile country, at the conflux of the Vanne with the Yonne, 25 miles n of Auxerre, and 60 si' of Paris. Lon. 3 17 E, lat. 48 12 N. Sepulveda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 38 miles ne of Segovia. Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a stone fort of a good size. It is the principal place in the central division of the rajah's dominions N of the Caverj, and carries on a con- siderable inland commerce. The whole of the cloth made here is used m the neighbourhood. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1799, the fort has been garrisoned by British troops. It is 48 miles SE of Chitteldroog, and 84 N of Seringapatam, Lon. 76 53 e, lat. 13 36 N. Serai, a town of European Turkey, capital of Bosnia, and the see of a ca- tholic bishop, appointed by the king of 622 S E R HiiBgary. It is large and commercial, •ud seated on the river Bosna, 130 miles wsw of Belgrade. Lon. 19 15 e, lat. 44 14 N. Serampour, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 12 miles N of Calcutta. Serdobol, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Wiburg, on the lake La- doga, GO miles nne of Wiburg-. Sered, or Szered, a town of Hungary, on the river AVaag, 30 miles ene of Presburg. Serfo, or Serfante, an island of the Archipelago, 50 miles nw of Naxia. It is eight miles long and five broad, and full of mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron and loadstone. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and have but one town, called St. Nicholo, which is a poor place. Lou. 25 10 E, lat. 37 19 N. Sergag; a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Niznei Novogorod, 48 miles SE of Niznei Novogorod. Sergippy, a province on the coast of Brasii, to the s of Fernambuco. It produces sugar and tobacco in conside- rable quantities, and has some silver mines. Sergippy, a seaport of Brasii, capital of the province of the same name ; seat- ed at the mouth of the Sergippy, 130 miles NE of St. Salvador. Lou. 37 44 w, lat. 12 10 s. Sei-ignan, a town of France, in the department of Herault, at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of Lyou, eight miles SE of Beziers. a Seringapatam, or Patana, a city of Pindoostan, capital of the s district of Mysore, and lately of the whole coun- try. It is situate in an island, three miles long and one broad, formed by the Cavery, which is here a large and repid river, with a wide and rocky chan- nel. The streets are narrow and con- fused ; and the generality of the houses mean. The palace is very large, and surrounded by a massy wall of stone and mud. Without the walls of the city are two gardens and palaces; and near to one of them stands the mauso- leum of Hyder, where his son also re- poses in state. In the space between the city and the two gardens is the suburb called Shahar Ganjam, which is rapidly increasing on a regular plan. The city is strongly fortified ; notwith- standing which, lord Cornwallis, in 1792, here compelled Tippoo to sign a treaty, by which he ceded half ojf his domi- nions, and agreed to pay a vast sum of money to the English and their allies : and a new war taking place in 1799, S E T the British troops carried the fort by an assault, in which Tippoo was killed. The city and the island have since been retained by the English, toward the support of the late sultan's family. Seringapatam is 10 miles n of Mysore, and 290 w by s of Madras. Lon. 76 50 E, lat, 12 24 N. Serpng, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, celebrated for its manufacture of painted cottons and chintzes. It is 140 miles ene of Ougein. Lon. 78 4 E, lat. 24 5 N. Serpa, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, with a castle, seated on a rugged eminence, near the Guadiana, 33 miles s by e of Evora. Serravalle, a town of Italy, in Trevi- sano, with a castle. It has cloth, wool- len, and silk manufactures, and a trade in corn, wine, and honey. The cathe- dral contains some fine paintings, and the church of St. Augusta is a noble edifice. It is situate between two moun- tains, and at the source of the Maschio, 22 miles N of Treviso, Serves, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Alps, 23 miles sw of Gap. Servia, a province of European Tur- key, 190 miles long and 95 broad; bounded on the N by the Danube and Save, which separate it from Hungary, E by Bulgaria, s by Macedonia and Al- bania, and w by Bosnia. It is divided into four sangiacates ; Belgrade, Semen- driah, Scupia, and Cratowo. Belgrade is the capital. Sesslach, a town and castle of Fran- conia, in the principality of Bamberg, 16 miles N of Bamberg. Sesto, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, seated on the Tesin,where it issues from the lake Maggiore, 25 miles WNW of Milan. Sestre, Grand, or Great Paris, a town of Guinea, on the Grain coast; near which is Petit Sestre. It is one of the largest and most commercial towns in the country. Lon. 7 w, lat. 4 50 N. Sestri di Levante, a town of the ter- ritory of Genoa, 30 miles ese of Genoa. Se-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Koei-tciieou. It is situate among mountains, whi^h yield cinnabar and quicksilver, 980 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 108 25 e, lat 27 ION. Se-tchuen, a province of China, bound- ed on the N by Chen-si, e by Hois- quang, s by Koei-tcheou, and w by Tibet. It is watered by the Kian-ki3 ; and is rich, not only on account of the great quantity of silk it produces, but S E V felso in iron, tin, lead, amber, sugar- canes, lapis lazuli, musk, rhubarb, &c. Tcbing-tou is the capital. Stteef, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantina. It was the an- cient Sitipha, capital of a part of Mau- ritania; but scarcely a fragment is left of its former greatness, except the foun- tains. It is 60 miles sw of Constantina, Lon. 5 36 e, lat. 35 58 N. Setimo, a town of Piedmont, seated on the Po, 8 miles n of Turin. Setlege, a river of Hindoostan, the most easterly of the live eastern branches of the Indus. About midway from its source, it receives the Beyah, at Firose- pour, and joins the Indus at Veh. Sette, a tuwn of Guinea, in the coun- try of Gabon, which has a great trade in logwood, sent in vessels toMayamba. It stands on a river of the same name, GO miles from its mouth, and 110 nne of Mayamba. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 2 s. Settenil, a town of Spain, in Grenada, eight miles n of Rouda, and 38 Nw of Malaga. Settia, a town of the island ofCandia, and a Greek bishop's see, 48 miles ese of Candia. Lon. 26 2 E, lat. 35 3 N. Settle, a town in West Yorkshire,with a market on Tuesday. About 2 miles to the E is Attermire Cave, containing numberless chinks and recesses, fluted pillars and hanging petrifactions. At the like distance to the N is Giggleswick Well, a reciprocating spring, which will sometimes rise and fall near a foot, in a stone trough about a yard square, every ten or fifteen minutes. Settle is seated on the Ribble, 38 miles nnw of Halifax, and 235 of London. Setuval. See Ubes, St. Seven Islands, islands in the Frozen ocean, lying in lon. 18 48 e, lat. 80 31 N. Here captain Phipps, with the Race- horse and Carcass, were surrounded hy the ice, from the 1st to the iOth of Aug. l;?."?, when a brisk wind at nne eifect- ed their deliverance. Seven Islands, islands near the coast of Canada, on the N side of the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, at the en- trance of a small bay. Lon. 66 5 w, lat. 50 10 N Seven Islands, Republie of, composed of seven isles in the Mediterranean sea, on the western coast of Greece, namely, Corfu, Paxu, St. Maura, Theaki, Cefa- lonia, Zante, and Cerigo. These islands belonged to Venice, and on the fall of that republic were occupied by the French, but were taken from them by the Russians, who, in 1800, formed Iheni into a republic, which was recog- S E V nised by the treaty of Amiens. They became, however, again in the posses- sion of the French, who retained theta tin 1814, when they delivered them up to the allies. The government is aris- tocratical ; and the religion, that of the Greek church ; but the Roman catholic religion is protected, and all others tolerated. Corfu is the seat of govern- ment. Sevenbergen,s, town of Dutch Brabant, 8 miles wnw of Breda. Sevenoaks, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday. Here is a free- school, first erected by sir William Sevenoaks, lord mayor of London in 1418, who is said to have been a found- ling, charitably educated by a person of this town. Queen Elisabeth having augmented its revenues, it was called Queen Elisabeth's School; and the whole was rebuilt in 1727. Near this town is Knole, an ancient palace of the see of Canterbury, which archbishop Cranmer exchanged with the crowts for other lands, and queen Elisabeth gave to Thomas lord Buckhurst, after- wards earl of Dorset. In 1450, the re- bel John Cade defeated the royal army near this town. It is 6 miles nw of Maidstone, and 23 SSE of London. Sever, St. a town of France, in the department of Laudes^ seated on the Adour, 20 miles E of Dax, and 65 s 'jy E of Eourdeaux. Severac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, on the river Avei- ron, 25 miles E of Rodez. Severin, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, on the Danube, 6 miles w of Czernetz. Severina, St. a fortified town of Na- ples, in Calabria Ulteriore, and an arch- bishop's see. It is seated on a craggy rock, on the river Neto, 8 miles from the sea, and 45 se of Rossano. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 39 15 N. Severino, St. a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, 13 miles wsw of Macerata. Severino, St. a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, on the river Sarno, 10 miles wsw of Policastro. Severn, a river which has its rise m the mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales. Flowing first across Montgomeryshire, it enters Shropshire above the Brytheu hills, and is navigable in its whole courss through this county; it then cntera Worcestershire, and runs through ita whole length, into Gloucestershire. In its course it waters Llanydlos, Newton, Welshpool, Shrewsbury, Biidgenorth, Bewdley, Worcesteij Upton, 'lewkcs^ G24 S E V Vmx7, Gloucester, and Newiiham, where it begins to widen considerably ; and entering the sea, its mouth is called the Bristol Channel. This river has a com- ntunication with the Thames, the Trent, the Dee, and the Mersey, by different canals. Sevej-n, a river of Maryland, which waters Annapolis, and enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeak bay. Smwnidroog-, a small island of Hin- doostan, on the coast of Concan. Here was a strong- fort that belonged to An- gria the pirate,wliich was taken by com- modore James, in 1756. It is 68 miles s by E of Bombay. Sevei-o, St. a town of Naples, in Ca- pitanala, seated in a plain, 26 miles w by N of Manfredonia, and 75 ne of Na- ples. ' Sevents' Wall, commonly called Gra- ham's Dike, in the w of Scotland. It is a work of the Romans, supposed to be done by the emperor whose name it bears, to prevent the incursions of the Ficts and Scots. It began at Abercorn, on ihe frith of Forth, four miles ne of Linlithgow, and ran w to the frith of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick, near Dumbarton. Sevigiiy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardennes, 12 miles Nw of Bethel. Seville, a city of Spain, capital of An- dalusia, and an archbishop's see, seated on the Guadalquiver. It was the ca- pital of the kingdom, till Philip II. esta- blished his court at Madrid, as a more centrical position. Seville is of a round form, fortified by strong walls flanked with high towers, and takes up more ground than Madrid, although it now has not above 70,000 inhabitants. The Phoenicians called it Hispatis, and it is the Julia of the Romans, who embel- lished it with many magnificent build- ings. The Moors built an aqueduct, still to be seen, six miles in length. The cathedral is by some supposed to be the largest church in the world next to St. Peter's at Rome ; the steeple is of curious workmanship, and extremely high, consisting of three towers, one above another, with galleries and bal- conies. The churches and convents are opulent and beautiful; of the latter, that of St. Francis is adorned with a handsome public square, in the midst of which is a fine fountain. The uni- versity consists of many colleges ; and the professors enjoy rich pensions. The royal palace called Alcazar, was partly built after the antique by the Moors, and partly in the modern taste by king 626 s E y Pedro; it is a mile in extent, and flanked by large square towers, but with stones, taken from the ancient temple of Hercules. Here is a foun- dery, and one of the largest depots for artillery iu the kingdom. The princi- pal manufactures are silk ; and behind the Alcazar, is a royal snufi' manufac- ture, which is strictly examined and guarded. The exchange is a square building of the Tuscan order, each front 100 feet in length, and three storeys high. The townhouse is adorned with a great number of statues, and there is a large square before it, with a fine fountain in the middle. T^iere are 120 hospitals ricly endowed. The suburb of Triano stands on the other side of the river, over which is a long bridge of boats. In this suburb the house of the Inquisition is placed ; and there are public walk, where most of the inha- bitants go to take the air. The situa- tion of Seville renders it one of the most commercial towns of Spain. All the trade of that kingdom with the New World centered ig, a strong town of Dalmatia, built by the Turks in opposition to Clissa. It was taken by the Venetians in 1686. It is 8 miles n of Clissa, and 14 of Spalatro. Sin-gan, a city of China, capital of 633 S I N the province of Chen-si, and the largest and most beautiful in the empire next to Peking. In its territories (which contain 6 cities of the second, and 31 ot the third class) bats of a singular species are found ; they are as large as domestic fowls, and the Chinese prefer their flesh to that of chicken. The walls of this city arc 12 miles in circuit, nearly a scpiare, and surrounded by a deep ditch ; they are well fortified with towers, and some of the gates arc very lofty and magnificent. It has a great trade, espe- cially in mules, which arc bred isp in great numbers and sent to Peking. Here is a strong garrison of 'J'artars in a separate quarter of the city, from which it is parted by a strong v/alL There are a great number of mandarins here, who arc mostly Tartars. It is 540 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 108 44 e, lat. 34 16 N. Singilief, a town of J^ussia, in the government of Simbirsk, situate on the Volga, 24 miles s of Simbirsk. Singo, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, on the gulf of Monte Santo. Lon. 24 e, lat. 40 13 N. Singor, a town in the ])cninsula of Malaya, seated at the mouth of a small river, in the bay of Patani. Lon. 101 25 E, lat. 6 40 N. Sinigaglia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a castle and two harbours. It is the see of a bi- shop, and contains several fine churches and convents, and a mint. An annual fair is held here from the middle to the end of July, fre([uentcd by merchanis from distant parts. It stands at the mouth of the Nigola, in the gulf of Venice, 17 miles sk of Pesaro. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 43 43 N. Si-nuig, a city of China, of the second rank, in the western extremity of the province of Chen-si. It has a consider- able trade with the Tibetians, particu- larly in tea, and is 450 miles wnw of Sin-gan. Lon. 101 35 e, lat. 36 45 N. Sinob, or Sinope, a seaport of j.\siatic Turkey, in Natolia, surrounded by walls and double ramparts ; but the castle is much neglected. The inhabit- ants are Turks, who will not admit any Jews, and the Greeks are obliged to live in the suburbs. It is the birth- place of Diogenes the cynic philoso- pher, and seated on the isthmus (*f a peninsula, in the Black sea, 280 miles e of Constantinople. Lon. 33 55 e, lat. 41 5 N. Sintzheim, a town of Germany, iu the late palatinate of the Rliine, seated 111 a morass, 12 miles sse of Hiedclbcrg S I R Sion, a mountain of Palestine, on the s side of Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred histoiy. Sion, or Sitten, a town of Switzerland, capital of Valais, and an episcopal see. It is situate on the river Siltcn, near the Ehone, at the foot of three insulated rocksj which rise immediately from the pkiiu. On the highest, called Tourbil- lon, is the old deserted episcopal palace: on tlie second, denominated Valeria, are the remains of the old cathedral, and a few houses belougiiig to the ca- nons; on Majoria, the third rock, stands the present episcopal palace. Sion was fonncrly the capital of the Seduni, and some Komau inscriptions still lemain. It is 50 miles e of Geneva. Lon. 7 22 E, I at. 46 9 N. Siont, or Osiot, a town of Egypt, which has several mosques, and is the see of a Cophtic bishop. Here are the ruins of an ampliitheatre, and some se- pulchres of the Romans. It is sur- rounded by fine gardens, and palm-treeS that bear the best dates in Egypt. This place is the rendezvous of those who go in the caravan to Sennar, in Nubia. It stands on an artificial mount, two miles from the Nile, and 185 s of Cairo. Lon. 31 24 E, lat. 27 25 N. Siphanto, the ancient Siphnos, one of the best cultivated islands of the Archi- pelago, to the w of Paros. It is 3G miles in circunifcrence, and though covered with marble and granite, produces corn sufficient for its inhabitants; also excel- lent silk, but not in any considerable fjuantity. The chief articles of com- merce are calicos, straw hats^ figs, onions, honey, wax, oil, and capers. Lon. 25 15 E, lat. 37 9 N. ISir iJharles Hardy Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered by captain Carteret in 1767. It is low, level, and covered wilii wood. Lon. 154 20 E, lat. 4 41 s. Sir Charles Saimders Island, an island U! the Pacific ocean, discovered by cap- tain Waiiis in 1767. The natives aj)- })cared to live in a wretched manner. It is about 6 miles from E to w. Lon. 151 4 w, lat. 17 28 s. Sira. See Sera. Siradia, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a strong castle. It is surrounded by a Wf»li, and seated in a plain, on the river "Warla, 62 miles ne of Breslau, and 105 Nw of Cracow. Lon. 18 55 E, lat. 51 32 N. Siraf, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Laristan, situate on the Persian S I s gulf, 30 miles sw of Lar. Lon. 62 25 E, lat. 35 20 N. Siravan, a town of Persia, ia tho province of Kusistan, 48 miles nne of Suster. Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, famotis for a manufacture of coarse cot- ton cloths. It is 40 miles w of Axum, and 100 wNw of Auzen. Sirg-aji. See Herman. Sirhind, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a country of the same name, in the province of Delhi. Procopius takes notice, that in the time of Justinian (the sixth century) silk was brought from Serinda, a country in India. Sir- hind is 175 miles Nw of Delhi, Lon. 76 35 E, lat. 30 15 N. Sirian, a seaport of Pegu, frequeiited by the French, English, and Dutch. It is seated on Pegu river, 30 miles froin its mouth, and 80 s of Pegu. Lon. 9<6 12 E, lat. 16 32 N. Sirinagur, a rugged country in the w part of Tibet, on the borders of Hin- doostan, bounded on the s by Delhi, and w by Lahore. Sirinagur, a town of Tibet, capital of the country of the same name; seat- ed on the Allaknandara, which run* into the Ganges, 24 miles below. It is 166 miles N by e of Delhi. Lon. 78 12 E, lat. 31 N. Sirius, an island in the Pacific ocean, about 18 miles in circuit, discovered by lieutenant Ball, in 1790, Lon. 162 30 E, lat. 10 52 s. Sirmich, or Sirmium, a town af Scla- vonia, find a bishop's see ; seated on the Eosweth, near the Save, 42 miles SE of Essek. Lon. 20 19 e, lat. 45 13 N. Siroioy, a town of IJintloostan, in a district ol the same name, in Agimere ; sealed near the Puddar, 70 miles sw of Agimere. Lon. 74 27 E. lat. 26 1 N. Sirpy, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 14 nnJes N of Sera, and 37 SE ofCliitteldroog. Sirr, or Si/ion, a river of Independent Tartary, whicli issues from the moun- tains of Imaus, or IJelur, on the confines of Cashgur, and taking a nw course of about 650 miles, enters the ne part of the lake Aral. It formerly ilowcd to the Caspian sea, but the Tartars, to free thenjsclves from pirates, turned its course. Sisizan, a seaport on the E coast of Luconia, one of the Phili|)pine islands. It is situate almost oi)posite Manilfa, and in the vicinity of very high mountaiua, Avhich render the air extremely moiat. Ijoh. 123 45 k, lal. M 20 N. 634 S I w ifistae, a town of Switzerland, m the canton of Easel, 17 miles se of Basel. Sittek, or Sisztg; u strong town of Croatia, situate on the Save, at the influx of the Knlpa, 42 miles e of Carlstadt. Ision. 16 56 E, lat. 45 .>3 X. Sissopo/i, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, aod an arehbisliop's see; seated on a peniiisul:\ of the Black sea, 25 miles s of McsembiJa, and 97 N w of Constantinople. Lou. 28 9 e, laf . 42 30 N. Sisteron, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Alps, with a citadel on the top of a rock, whicli was the pri- son of Casiniir v., king of Poland, It is seated on the Durance, 45 miles ni; of Aix, and 407 se of Paris, Lon. 5 66 E, lat, 44 12 N. Sitton, a village ia Gloucestershire, seven miles e of Bristol, on a rivulet which rises here, and runs into the Avon. It has manufactures of brass and saltpetre. Sistova, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria,where a peace was conclud- ed between the Austriansand Turks, in 1791. It is seated on the Danube, 25 miles E of Nicapoli. Sitia, a town on the N coast of the isle of Candia, on a bay of the same name, 58 miles ese of Candia. Lon. 26 29 E, lat. 35 N. Sittai-d, a town of Gcrmanj', in the duchy of Juliers; seated near the Meuse, 10 miles s of Ruremonde. Sittiiighurn, a corporate town in Kent, 15 miles mnw of Canterbury, and 40 ESE of London. Sittivacca, a village of Ceylon, 28 miles F. of Columbo, which is the chief place of intercourse, both friendly and hostile, between the Caudians and their Euro- pean neighbours. Sivas, a city of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of a sangiacate, and the see of a bishop, with a castle. It is 180 miles vvsw of Erzcrum, and 210 ene of Cog- ni. Lon, 38 40 e, lat, 38 55 N. Sivray, a town of Prance, in the de- partment of Vienne, seated on the Cha- rentc, 28 miles s of Poitiers, Siwah, a territory of Africa, on the confines of Egypt and Barca, mention- ed by the ancients under the name of the Oasis of Amnion. The fertile part is about 20 miles in circumference, con- taining several villages, beside the ca- pital. It affords abundance of vegeta- ble productions, with corn and oil ; and is well supplied witli water from small streams, but none of them flow beyond its territory ; they being either evapo- rated before they reach the suif ©unding ()36 SKY desert, or lost in the sterile sand. The capita], of the same name, contains the ruins of the celebrated temple of Jupi- ter Amnion ; and in the neighbourhood are many catacombs, which were the buiying-placcs of the ancient inhabi- tants. It is 220 miles e of Augila, and 280 w by s of Cairo. Lon, 27 10 E, lat. 29 12 N. Skara, a town of Sweden, in West Gothland, formerh' the capital of the kingdom of Gothland. Here is a gytn- nasium, or seminary, erected in 1640; and the cathedral is the largest structure of that kind in Sweden, The ruins of several churches and convents are still io be seen, and also of an ancient palace^ burnt by the Danes in 1611. It is seat- ed on the Lida, in a morass, 77 miles NE of Gotheborg. Lon. 14 E, lat. 68 16 N. Skeen, a town of Norway, in the go- vernment of Aggerhuys, noted for its mines of iron and copper; seated near a lake, 26 miles sw of Kongsberg. SItetiectaihj, a town of New York, in Albany county, at the foot of Naviga- tion on IMohawk river. Here are two churches, and a seminary incorporated in 1794, called Union College, from its being established by various denomina- tions of Christians. It has a consider- able trade Avith the back country, and stands on the w side of the river, above the falls, 16 miles Nw of Albany. Skensborongk, a town of New York, in Washington county, 60 miles n by e of Lausinburg. Skiddatv, a mountain in Cumberland, near Keswick, above 3000 feet in per- pendicular height from the surface of the lake of Derwentwater, to the N of which it is situate. It is not difficult of access, and is almost covered with grass, which gradually grows coarser in the ascent. The whole top is covered with a loose brown slaty stone. Skilskuer, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, situate on a bay of the Great Belt, 48 miles sw of Copen- hagen. Lon, 11 27 E, lat. 55 16 N, Skipton, a town in West Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. The river Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass this town, and near it are some cot- ton works. It is seated in the midst of a rough mountainous district, called Craven, 22 miles N by w of Halifax, and 216 NNw of London. Skye, an island of Scotland, one of the largest of the Hebrides. It is 4D miles long and about 22 broad. The SE end is separated from Invernessshire (to which it belongs) by a narrow chao- S L F sei, called the Inner Sound ; in the most narrow part of which, named the Kyle, cattle are made to swim across. This side of the island swells gradually from the shore, in a verdant slope, over which are seen the naked hills of Strath; and above these rises the rugged top of Cul- lin or Cuchullin. Toward the sw are a series of rude mountains, black and red, as if discoloured by the rage of fire ; and on the E a long extent of lofty hills. There is, notwithstanding, a great pro- portion of level ground, with excellent pasturage ; and it has numbers of deer §,nd different kinds of game. It abounds with limestone, marble, &c. but the ba- saltic columns, resembling the Giant's Causeway in Ireland, arc its greatest cu- riosity. A cave in this island afforded an asylum, in 1746, to the disappointed pretender and his faithful guide, for two nights. Many thousands of beeves and sheep are annually exported hence. •Some small horses are bred, and a great quantity of kelp is manufactured here. Portree is the principal town. The s extremity is a peninsula, terminating in a rugged promontory, called the Point of Slate. Lon. 6 12"'w, hit. 57 12 N. Slagelse, a town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, 42 miles wsw of Co- penhagen. Slaguen, a town of Further Pomera- nia, seated on the Wipper, 10 miles e by s of Rugenwald. Slaig'hthwake, a village in W. York- sJiire, on the Huddersfield canal, four miles sw of Huddersfield, which has manufactures of the various Manchester goods. Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, 18 miles nw of Niemecz. Slatina, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, on the river Alaut, 50 miles w of Buchorest. Slave Coast, a name given to a mari- time tract of Guinea, between the Gold *:oast and Benin, comprehending the kingdoms of Ardra, Popo, and Whidah. Slave Lake, a lake of N. America, 250 miles in length, from e to w, and 60 to 100 in width. It is full of wooded is- lands, and its outlet at the w extremity, in lon. 119 30 w, lat. 61 30 N, flows nw into the Arctic ocean. Slawhow. See Austerlitz. Sleaford, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is seated on th« Slea, which is navigable hence to the Witham, 18 miles s of Lincoln, and 1 15 N of London. , Slesivick, a duchy of Holstoin, the 3 S M A part of Jutland, separated from liolstejn, by the river Eyder. See Jutland, Sleswich, a city of Denmark, capital of a duchy of the same name. It is an u- regular town of great length. Tiie houses are chiefly of wood, and few are more than one story high, but very neat. The inhabitants dress hke the Dutch; and many of them speak their tongue, though the usual languages are the Ger- man and Danisls Near the city is the old ducal palace of Gotto7y. Sleswick is s-ituatc on the N side of an arm of the Baltic, called the Sley, 60 miles nw of Lubec, and 125 sw of Copenhagen. Lon. 9 42 E, lat. 54 37 N. Slig-o, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Connaught, 25 miles long an(f nearly as much broad ; bounded on tha E by Jjeitrim, se by Roscommon, sw and vv by Mayo, and N by the Atlantic. It is divided into 41 parishes, contams about 60,000 inhabitants,and sends three members to Parliament. The soil is in general fertile, but rather boggy toward the coast. SHg-o, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of the same name, and a place of considerable trade. It is seated near the mouth of a river, which flows from Lough Gill into the bay of Sligo, 42 miles n by w of Roscommon, and 100 Nv/ of Dublin. Loa. 9 1 S w, lat. 54 1 5 N. Slonhn, a town of Lithuania, in the palatiuate of Novogrodeck, with a cas- tle, seated on the Scziaa, 40 miles swof Novogrodeck, and 60 se of Grodno. Loo. 23 57 E, lat. 53 N. Slotcii, a fortified town of Holland, in Friesland, seated on the rivulet Ee, which flows into the Zuidcr Zee, eight miles E of Staveren, and 20 ssw of Le- wardcn. Slack, a town of Lithuania, in the pa- latinate of Novogrodeck, with three Greek churches ; seated on tlie river Stuck, 75 miles ese of Novogrodeck. Lon. 27 64 e, lat. 52 50 N. Sliij/s, a tov/n of the Netherlands, in Flanders, opposilc tiie island of Cad- sand, with a good harbour. It has its name from its fine sluices, by which the whole country may be laid underwater. It was taken by the Spaniards, in 1587, retaken by the Dutch in 1604, and taken by the French in 1794. It is 10 miles N of Broges. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 51 19 N. Smalkalden, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county of Hcnneberg. It is fa- mous for the league entered into by the Lutherans, against the emperor, in 1531, to defend their religion and liberties. It has a flue castle on a mountain, and in 639 S M O the vicinity are salt-pits and mines of iron. It stands on a river of the same name, which flows into the Werra, 25 miles sw of Erfurt. Lon. 10 47 E, lat. 60 45 N. Smardeyi, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Friday, 10 miles ssE of Maid- stone, and 56 SE of London. Smithfield, a town of Virginia, in Isle ofWight countj', seated on Pagan creek, M hicli flows into James river, 83 miles SE of Richmond. Smithfield, a town of N. Carolina, ca- pital of Johnson county, seated on the river Neus, in a beautiful plain, 25 miles SE of Ralegh, and 70 wnw of Newbern. Smithtown, a town of the state of New York, in Suflolk county, on the N side of Long Island, 52 miles e by N of New York. Smitliville, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Brunswick county, seated near the mouth of Cape Fear river, 25 miles ssw of Wilmington. Lon. 78 30 w, lat. 33 50 N. Snwlaiid, or Smaland, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, extending 140 miles E and w from the Categat to the Baltic, and from 40 to 70 in breadth. It has immense forests of pine and fir; and the approach to the villages is announ- ced by groves of oak, beech, and birch, and numerous plots or parterres of arable land among pastures and rocks. In many parts the trees are cut down, and burnt in order to manme the soil. Cal- mar is the capital. Smolensk, a duchy of Russia, on the frontiers of Lithuania. After having been an object of contention, and reci- procally possessed by Poland and Rus- sia, it was conquered by Alexay Micha- elovitch in 1654, and ceded to Russia by the peace of Moscow, in 1666. It now forms one of the 41 Russian govern- ments. Smolensk, a city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name. It is situate on the Dnieper, and extends over two mountains, and the valley between them. It is surrounded by walls 30 feet high and 15 thick ; the lower part of stone, the upper of brick, and their cir- cumference four miles and three quar- ters. The houses are mostly of wood, and only one story ; except a few scat- tered here and there, vvhich are dignified with the title of palaces. The city is divided, through its whole length, by one straight paved street ; the others are cir- cular, and floored with planks. The ca- thedral stands on an eminence, where there is a view of the whole city. Not- withstanding its extent, it contains only S N E about 10,000 inhabitants, aiid has no manufactures, but carries on with Danl- zic, Riga, and the Ukraine, a petty traf- fic in linen, hemp, honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. In 1812, several severe en- gagements were fought in the neigh- bourhood of this city between the French and Russian armies, in one of which it sustained a bombardment, which de- stroyed most of the buildings. It is 197 miles NE of Novogrodeck, and 230 N of Kiof. Lon. 32 34 E, lat. 54 50 N. Smynhusen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, 16 miles w of Rendsburg. Smyrna, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and one of the largest anS richest cities of the Levant. The good- ness of the harbour has caused it to be rebuilt several times, after having been destroyed by earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of merchants from almost all parts of the world, and the magazine of their merchandise. The Turks have 19 mosques, the Greeks two churches, the Jews eight synagogues, the Armenians one clturch, and the Latins three con- vents. There are three bishops, one Greek, the other Latin, and the third Armenian. Its population is computed at 120,000 persons. The streets are more open, better paved, and the houses bet- ter built, than in other towns on the con- tinent. The street of the Franks is the finest in Smyrna, and lies all along the harbour. It is eight days journey from Constantinople by land, 25 days from Aleppo, by the caravans, six from Gogni, seven froraCataya, and six from Sataiia. The imports from England consist of woollen cloths, camlets, lead, tin, and hardware ; these are exchanged for cot- ton, coffee, mohair, drugs, galls, raisins, figs, &c. The English and Dutch fac- tors have protestant chapels, and ta- verns are as open here as in Europe. The fortifications consist of a fort, a cas- tle, a mountain, and an old citadel. It is seated at the head of a large bay, 190 miles ssw of Constantinople. Lon. 27 7 E, lat. 38 28 N. Snackenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in Brunswick-Lunenburg, 20 miles e by s of Danneberg. Snaith, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a market on Friday, 22 miles s of York, aisd 175 N by w of London. Sneck, or Snitz, a fortified town of Holland, in Friesland, seated on a lake of the same name, in marshy land, 12 miles ssw of Lewarden. Snemie, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Irac, 57 miles wnw of Ama- dan. s o c Suetshmn, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday; seated on a smallin- fet of arish-chfurch, are both seated upon etniiicnces. 1'he names of the five prin- cipal wells are Poulion, Geronflerd, Sa- vmicre, Watpotz, and Tunnelet. The inhabitants are employed in making toys for strangers. Spa was taken by tiie French in 1794, and afterwards an- nexed to France; but in 1814, they de- livered it up to the allies. It is seated in a valley, surrounded by mountains, 17 miles SE of Liege. Spain, a kingdom of Europe, 700 niiles long and 500 broad ; bounded on the N by the bay of Biscay, ne by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, E and s by the Mediterranean, sw by the Atlantic, and w by Portugal and the Atlantic. It contains the provinces of Old and New Castile, Andalusia, Arra- gon, Estreraadura, Galicia, Leon, Cata- lonia, Grenada, Valencia, Biscay, As- turias, Murcia, and Upper Navarre, some of wliich have been separate king- doms. The air is dry and serene, ex- S P A cept during the equinoctial rams, but excessively hot, in the southern pro- vinces, in June, July, and August, The vast mountains, however, that run through Spain, are beneficial to the in- habitants by the refreshing breezes that come from them in the s parts; though those in the N and ne are in the winter very cold. The soil is very fertile ; but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground ; and the superior attention paid to the large flocks of sheep, greatly im- pedes tlie progress of agriculture. The produce of the country is wheat, barley, saffron, honey, silk, salt, saltpetre, hemp, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the richest and most delicious fruits that are to be found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in high esteem. Wolves art, the chief beasts of prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so much ferocity, that bull-fights were the most magnifi- cent spectacle the court of Spain could exhibit. The domestic animals are horses, that are remarkably swift, mules, asses, beeves, and sheej), the wool of which is superior to any in Europe. Spain abounds in minerals and metals : cornelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, tur- cois stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, k-ad, sulphur, gypsiim, calamine, crys- tal, marbles of several kinds, porphry, the finest jasper, and even diamonds, emeralds, and amethysts, are fouijd here. Anciently it was celebrated foiegold and silver mines; but since the discovery of America no attention has been paid to them. The principal rivers are the Dou- ero, Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquiver, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most populous kingdom in Europe, is now very thinly inhabited ; to which various causes have contributed, as the expul- sion of the Moors, the emigration to the colonies, the vast numbers and celibacy of the clergy, the indolence of the na- tives, and the late desolating war. Here is a want even of the most necessary trades ; and of the few to be met with, the greatest part are in the hands of the French, who are very numerous in Spain; the natives themselves, beside their aversion to work, disdaining to stoop to handicrafts. They are not, however, wholly without manufactures, but they are far short of that flourishiug condition they might attain ; for they are checked by the royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth, china, glass, pottery, pa- per, saltpetre, salt, sulphur, tobacco, and some others. The Spaniards in general are tall, their complexions sw-arthy, their countenances expressive. The beauty 644 SPA of the ladies reigns chiefly in their no- vels and romances: in their persons they are small and slender. Jealousy is no longer the characteristic of a Spanish husband : the married h\dies have here their cortcjo, or male attendant, in the same manner as the Italians have their eicisheo. The established rehgion is popery ; and here the inquisition once reigned in ail its horrors. There are eight archbishoprrcs, 4G episcopal sees, and 24 universities, or rather academies. Tlie Spanish language springs from the Roman, but many of the words are de- rived from the 'Arabic, used by the Klours, who for seven centuries held do- minion in this couulry: the speech is grave, sonorous, and very melodious. Spain, once the most free, is now one of the most despotic monarchies in Eu- rope. It had once its cortes or parlia- ments, which had great privileges ; but now, though not absolutely abolished, they have no part in the government. They arc assembled, indeed, occasion- ally (as at the accession of the monarch) but merely as an appendage to the roy- al state, without power, or any other consequence than w hat results from their individual rank. But the despotism of the monarchy is balanced by the power of the church, to which the nobles are submissive devotees. Spain excited the interest of all Europe in 1808, by the rapid and extraordinary revolution w hich it underwent, in consequence of the do- mineering influence and intrigues of the court of 1 ranee. Deeming it of the utmost imporlance, we shall present the read<^'r "with as brief an ouUine of the origin and principal occurrences of this memorable war as our limits will allow. The king of Spain, as the ally of the French em- peror, in the war with Great Britain, was required in the beginning of 1807, to furnish a body of troops to assist in the campaign then going on against Slussia and Prussia. For that purpose, the flower of the Spanish army was placed at the disposal of France, and inarched to the north of Germany, to .lake possession of the newly acquired ttrriiories of that power. However, the w ar being soon after terminated by the jieace of Tilsit, these troops were still dttaincd in garrison at a great distance from their country ; and the views of the J reiich emperor towards Spain and Por- t!i^a! began now to develope themselves. Tow ards the close of this year, he pre- vailed on the court of Spain, to ac- quiesce ir. liis projects against tire house of rir;i;;H!iza, and to allow a free pas- saj^t !'any who send the fish 653 S T O chiefly to the London and Edinoirt'g markets. Stirling, from lis commodi- ous situation, commands the pass be- tween the N and s part of Scotlaad. It is 30 miles NW of Edinburg. Lon. 3 46 w, lat. 56 6 N. Stirlingshire, a county of Scotland, 35 miles long and 10 broad ; bounded on the N by Perthshire, ne by Clackmanan- shire and the frith of Forth, se by Lin- lithgowshire, s by Lanerkshire and Dumbartonshire, and w by Dumbarton- shire. It is divided into 22 parishes, and contains 60,000 inhabitants. The prin- cipal rivers are the Forth, Carron, and Avon ; and (he great canal crosses it from the mouth of the Carron. The n part of the county is mountainous, but the part near the Forth is fertile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, and lime- stone. Stiriun, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, seated on the Roer, 12 miles N of Dusseldorp. Stochach, a town of Suabia, in the landgravate of Nellenburg. Near this town, in 1799, the Austrians gained a victory over the French ; but in 1800, the latter defeated the former, and took possession of the town. It is seated on a river of the same name, 17 miles ne of Constance. Stockhridge, a borough in Hampshire, with a market on Thursday, seated ne»r the Test, nine miles Nw of Winchester, and 66 w by s of London. Stochbridge, a town of Massachusets, in Berkshire county, 44 miles w by N of Springfield. Stoekem, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, seated on the Meuse, 11 miles N of Maestricht. Stockerau, a town of Austria, situate near the Danube, 14 miles nnw of Vi- enna. Stockholm, a city and the capital of Sweden, lies in a situation remarkable for its romantic scenery. It is very long, irregular, and occupies besides two pe- ninsulas, seven small rocky islands, scat- tered in the Maeler, in the streams which issue from that lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. A variety of contrasted and beautiful views are formed by nu- merous rocks of granite, rising boldly from the surface of the water, partly bare and craggy, and partly dotted witL houses, or feathered with wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic : the water is of such depth, that ships of the largest burden can approach the quay. At the extremity of the harbour, several streets rise one above another, in the form of an amphitheatre, and the pik- S 1 o {ace, a magnificent building, crowns the summit. Except in the suburbs, where several houses are of wood, painted red, the generality of the buildings are of stone, or of brick, whitened with stucco. TIjere is a royal academy of sciences, instituted by the celebrated Linnaeas, and a few other learned men, in 1741 ; and also a royal academy of arts. The arsenal contains an immense number of trophies and standards taken from dif- ferent nations. Stockholm contains near 100,000 inhabitants, who manufacture glass, china, silk, woollen, &c. It is 200 wiiles NE of Copenhagen, 1000 ne of Pa- ris, and 900 NE of London. Lon. 18 E, lat. 59 20 N. Stockport, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Friday, and considerable ma- nufactures of cotton, printed goods, and hals. It has two churches and several meeting-houses; and its contiguity to Manchester occasions it to partake of the prosperity of that town. The num- ber of inhabitants in 1811, was 17,560. It is seated on the Mersey, six mites ssE of Manchester, and 176 nnw of London. Stockport, a town of Pennsylvania, in Northampton county, on the w side of the Popaxtunk branch of Delaware ri- ver. It stands 18 miles ese of Harmo- ny, on Susquehanna river, and there is a portage between them. Stockton, a town in the county of Dur- ham, governed by a mayor, with a mar- ket on Wednesday. Here are two docks for ship-building ; manhtactures of can- vas and ropes to a considerable extent, also of diapers, huckabacks, checks, &c. and a trade in lead, corn, and butter. It is seated on the river Tees, not far from its mouth, 18 miles sSE of Durham, and 243 N by vv of London. Stoke, a village in Norfolk, seven miles SE of Downham. It has a ferry on the river Stoke, which is navigable hence to the Ouse. Stoke, a village in Suffolk, two miles E of Neylaud. It has a church on a iiill, whose tower is a seamark to ships that pass the mouth of the harbour of Har- wich, at 13 miles distance. Stoke, or Stoke Poges, a village in Buckinghamshire, four miles nne of Windsor. Its church-yard was the scene of Gray's celebrated Elegy. Stokes, a town of N. Carolina, chief of Montgomery county; seated near the Yadkin, 46 miles w of Averysborough. Stokeiley, a town in North Yorkshire ivith a market on Saturday, seated on flie river Wisk, 20 miles n by e of Thirsk, and 235 N by w of London. S T O Stolberg^ a town of Upper Saxony» in Thuringta, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is seated in a valley between two mountains, 12 miles NE of Nordhausen, and 55 wnw of Leipsic. Lon. 11 OE, lat. 51 36 n. Stolberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, where great quantities of cloth are made, nine miles sw of Chem- nitz. Stolhofen, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden, eight miles svv of Baden. Stolpe, a town of Further Pomerania, with a castle, three churches and a Lutheran nunnery. It has a considera- ble linen trade with Dantzic, and a fine salmon fishery. It is seated on the Stolpa, 10 miles from its mouth, in the Baltic, and 66 ene of Colberg. Lon. 16 48 E, lat. 54 27 N. Stolpemunde, a town of Further Po- merania, on the Baltic sea, with a har- bour, at the mouth of the Stolpa, 10 miles Nw of Stolpe. Stolpen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle on a mountain, 16 miles E of Dresden. Stolzenau, a town of Westphalia, ia the county of Hoya, seated on the Wc- ser, 14 miles ssw of Nienburg. Stone, a t-owu in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Trent, 7 miles north by w of Stafford, and 140 NW of London. Stonehaven, or Stonehive, a seaport of Scotland, and the county-town of Kincardineshire. The harbour is se- cured by a high rock and stone pier. Near it are the ruins of the castle of Dunnotyre, on a lofty perpendicular rock almost surrounded by the sea. The town has a manufacture of brown linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. It is 20 miles nne of Montrose. Lon. 2 6 w, lat. 56 55 n. Stonehenge, a remarkable monument of antiquity in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain, six miles N of Salisbury. It con- sists of several very large stones, some placed upright, and others horizontally across them. Most antiquaries suppose this work to have been a temple of the Druids, because it is in a circular form, and seems to have been much more re- gular than it appears to be at present. It has puzzled many diligent inquirers to account for the bringing and placing of those enormous stones ; for it is thought no method now known is suf- ficient to have raised those that lie across to that height. Stomngton, a seaport of Connecticut, in New London county. The har* «># S T O bour < is seated at the mouth of a river. Lon. 110 15 E, lat. 1 10 s. Success Bay, a bay on the SE coast of Terra del Fuego. 'I'he s promontory, at its entrance, is called Cape Success. Lon. 65 27 w, lat. 55 1 s. Suczava, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, formerly a flourishing city, but now much declined. It is seated on a river of the same name, 70 miles Nw of Jassy. Lon. 25 52 E, lat. 47 57 N. Suda, a strong fort of the isle of Can- dia, situate on an islet, in a gulf of its name, which is one of the finest and sa- fest harbours in the Levant. This fort was constructed by the Venetians, who preserved it a great while after Candia was no longer in their possession. It is eight miles E of Canea. Sudbury, a borough in Suflblk, go- verned bj a mayor, with a market on Saturday'. It has three churches, and was one ofthe lirst seats of the Flemings, who were biougiit over by Edward III. to teach the English the art of manu- facturing their own wool, its trade is now diverted, in great part, into other channels; bsit ma.iy khids of thin stuffs are still isiadc here. It is seated on the Stour (which is navigal)lo hence toMan- ningtrcc) 14 miles s of Bmy St. Ed- minid, and r>4 NE of Jjondcni. liOit. 50 v., lat. 52 1 1 N. Suderhamn, a town of Sweden, in Hdl* ii6d SUE Bin^R, with a considerable trade in li- nen, butter, timber, and tlax. It is situ- ate at the mouth of a river, near the gulf of Bothnia, 20 miles n of Gctle. Lon. 17 5 E, lat. 63 20 N. Suderkoping; a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland. It is seated on a navigable river, 10 miles sse of Nordkoping. Sudermania, a province of Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, 62 miles long and 42 broad ; bounded by Upland, Westmania, Nericia, and the Baltic. It is the most populous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn, and mines of divers metals. Nykoping is the capital. Sndertelge, a town of Sweden, in Su- dermania, with a manufacture of worst- ed and silk stockings, 16 miles wsvv of Stockholm. Sudoree, one of the Feroe islands, in the Northern ocean ; remarkable for a dangerous whirlpool near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 fathoms deep in the centre. The danger, especially in storms, is very great ; but at the re- flux, and in very still weather, the inha- bitants venture in boats, for the sake of fishing. Sveahorg, a strong and immense for- tress of Sweden, built on several rocky islets in the gulf of Finland. In 1808, it surrendered to the Russians. It is three n)iles s of Helsingfors. Svenborg, a seaport of Denmark, in the ishi'id of Funen, with the best har- bour in the island. Here are manufac- tures of woollen and linen. It is 22 miles s of Odensee. Lon. 10 37 e, lat. 55 9 N. Suen-hoa, a city of China, of the tirst rank, in the province of Pe-lche-li, seat- ed amid mountains, near the great v. all, 77 miles nnw of Peking. Lon. 114 39 B, lat. 40 38 N. Suez, a seaport of Egypt, with a cas- tle, seated at the n end of the w arm of the Red sea, called the gulf of Suez. This gulf i« separated from the Medi- terranean by an isthmus, 125 miles over, which joins Asia to Africa. The town is smrounded by a sandy coun- try, and is without water. Several ves- sels are employed in the navigafion between this port and Jidda, where the commodities are bartered for Indian goods and the coflce of Arabia. The commerce of Cairo with Suez is carried on by caravans, which wait the arrival, and set out on the departure, of the ves- sels, that is, about the end of April, and in the course of July and August, The merchandise consists in corn, wood, iron, lead, wool, cloth, chineal, cordage, &c. Suez is 65 miles e of Cairo Iion.32 51 E, lat. 30 2 N. S U L Su0eld, a town of Connecticat, in Hartford county, 17 miles N of Hartford. Suffolk, a county of England, 68 miles long and 28 broad ; bounded on the s by Essex, w by Cambridgeshire, N by Nor- folk, and E by the German ocean. It contains 1,002,240 acres; is divided into 21 hundreds, and .575 parishes; has 29 market towns ; and sends 10 members to parliament. The number of inhabi- tants in 1811 was 234,211. The soilis of various qualities, but the country, in general, is level. I'hat near the shore is sandy and full of heaths, yet abounds iit rye, peas, turnips, carrots, and hemp, with numerous (locks of sheep. Copious beds of petrified shells, called shell-marl, which are found in various parts be- tween Woodbridge and Orford, have for many years been made use of for improving light land. High Suffolk, or the Woodlands, which is in the inland part, yields good pasture, on which feed abundance of cattle. That part on the confines of Essex and Cambridgeshire affords also excellent pasture ; and ta the N and Nw it is fruitful in corn. Its chief produce is butter and cheese ; but the latter has gained, almost proverbial- ly, the character of the worst in Eng' land. The principal rivers are the Stour, Waveny, Little Ouse, Larke, Deben, Gipping, ..and Orwell. Ipswich is the princij»al town; but the assizes are held at Buiy St. Edmund. Siffolk, a town of Vhginia, chief of Nansemond county, situate on the river Nansemond, 28 miles w by s of Ports- mouth. Suguhnessa, or Sigilmessa, a town of the kingdom of Tafilet, the capital of a dishict, which abounds in corn, dates, and olher fruits, aud has mines of iron, lead, and antimony. It is seated on the Zig, 140 miles nne of Tafdet. Lon. 55 w, lat. 29 40 N. Suhla, a town of Upper Saxony, iu the county of Hcnneberg, with manu- factures of fustian, linen, leather, and steel. It is seated on the Hasel, seven miles N of Schleusingen. Snhlingen, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Hoya, on a river of its name, 22 miles w by n of Nieuburg. Siiir, a river of Ireland, which rises ia Tipperary, flows by Clonmel and Car- rick to Waterford, and meets the Bar- row at tlie head of Waterford haven. Sidau. Sec Z%dauf. Sullivan, a town of the district of Maine, in Hancock county, situate on a bay, opposite Mount Desert island, \% miles NW of Goldsborough. Sully, a town of France, in the d*» SUM partment of Ijoiret, seated on the Loire, 20 miles se of Orleans. Sulmona, a town of Naples, in Ab- ruzzo Citeriore, and a bishop's see. It contains 11 churches and 12 convents, and is the birthplace of the poet Ovid. It is seated on the Sora, 26 miles s\v of Civita di Chieti. I^on. 14 55 e, lat. 42 On. SUltania, a town of Persia, in Irac- Agemi, where there is a magnificent mosque, which contains the tomb of sul- tan Chodabend. It is 50 miles nw of of Casbin. Lon. 51 53 e, lat. 36 16 n. SuUanpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore, 62 miles se of Lahore. SuUanpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Oude, 32 miles s of Fj'- zabad, and 50 N of Allahabad. Suite, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg, with a salt mine, seated on the Rekenitz, 18 miles ese of Ros- tock. Sultz, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Rhine, with a medi- cinal spring, 13 miles ssw of Colmar. Sulz, a town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemburg, with some salt works, seated near the Neckar, 12 miles N of Rothweil. Suiza, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a salt mine, seated on the Ilnie, 13 miles ene of Weimar. Sulzbach, a town and castle of Bava- ria, in a duchy of its name, the regency of which IS united to Amberg. It stands in a mountainous country, fertile in hops, six miles nw of Amberg. Sulzburg, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden-Durlacb, with a fine palace, seated in a territory fertile in good wine, eight miles sw of Friburg. Sumatra, an island in the Indian ocean, the most western of the Sunda islands. Its general direction is nearly NW and SE. The equator divides it into almost equal parts ; the one extremity being in 5 33 N, the other in 5 56 s lat. and Acheen Head, its n extremity, is in lon. 95 34 n. It is 960 miles in length, and from 150 to 200 in breadth ; sepa- rated from Malacca, by the strait of that name, and from Java, by the strait of Sunda. This island is surpassed by few in the beautiful indulgences of nature. A chain of mountains runs through its whole extent; the ranges, in many parts, being double and treble ; yet their alti- tude is not sufficient to occasion their being covered with snow during any part of the year. Between these ridges are extensive plains, considerably elevated above the surface of the maritime lands. SUM In these, the air is cool ; and, from this advantage, they are esteemed the most eligible portion of the country, are the best inhabited, and the most cleared from woods, which elsewhere, in gene- ral, cover both hills and valleys with an eternal shade. Here too are found ma- ny lakes and rivers, that facilitate the communication between the diiierent parts. The inhabitants consist of Ma- lays, Achenese, Battas, Lampoons, and Rejangs : the latter are taken as a stand- ard of description, with respect to the person, manners, and customs of the Su- matrans. They are rather below tho middle stature ; their bulk in proportion ; their limbs, for the most part, slight, but well-shaped, and particularly small ai, the wrists and ancles. Their hair is strong and of a shining black. The men are beardless ; great pains being taken to render them so, when boys, by rub- bing their chins with a kind of quick- lime. Their complexion is properly yel- lowy wanting the red tinge that consti- tutes a copper or tawny colour; those of the superior class, who are not ex- posed to the rays of the sun, and parti- cularly their women of rank, approach- ing to a degree of fairness; but the ma- jor part of the females are ugly. The rites of /narriage among the Sumatrana consist simply in joining the hands of the parties, and pronouncing them raau and wife, without much ceremony, ex- cepting the entertainment which is given upon the occasion. But little apparent courtship precedes their marriages. Their manners do not admit of it ; the young people of each sex being careful- ly kept asunder, and the girls being sel- dom (rusted from their mothers. The opportunities which the young people have of seeing and conversing with each other are at the public festivals, where the persons who are unmarried meet to- gether, and dance and sing in company. A man, when determined in his choice, generally employs an old woman as his agent, by whom he sends a present to the female of his choice. The parents then interfere, and the preliminaries be- ing settled, a feast takes place. A t these festivals, a goat, a buffalo, or several, according to the rank of the parties, are killed, to entertain not only the relations and invited guests, but all the inhabi- tants of the neighbouring country who choose to repair to them. The greater the concourse, the more is the credit of the host, who is generally, on these oc- casions, the father of the girl. The cus- toms of the Sumatrans permit their hav- ing as manv nives as they can purchase SUM or afiuid to maintain ; but it is extreme- ly rare that an instance occurs of their having more than one, and that only among a few of the chiefs. This con- tinence they owe, in some measure, to to their poverty. Mothers carry their children straddling on the hip, and usu- ally supported by a cloth tied in a knot on the ojipositc shoulder. The children arc nursed but little ; arc not confined by any swathing or bauges; and being suffered to roll about the floor, soon learn to walk and shift for fhemselves; when cradles arc used, they swing suspended from the ceiling of the room. The ori- ginal natives of Sumatra are pagans ; but it is to be observed, that when the Su- matrans, or any of the natives of Ihe eastern islands, learn to read the Ara- bic character, and submit to circumci- sion, they are said to become Malays ; the term Blahy being understood to mean JMiissuhnan. The wild beasts of Sumatra are tigcis, elejjhants, rhinoce- roses, bears, and monkeys. The tigers prove to the inhabitants, both in their jonrncys, and even their domestic occu- pations, most destructive enemies ; yet, from a superstitious prejudice, it is with diflBculty they are prevailed upon to use methods for destroying them, till they have sustained some particular injury in their own family or kindred. Alligators likewise occasion t!ie loss of many inha- bitants, as they bathe in the river, ac- cording to their regular custom; and yet a superstitious idea of their sanctity also preserves them from molestation. The other animals of Sumatra are buffa- los, a small kind of horses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer. This last is an animal somewhat larger than a rabbit, the head resembling that of a hog, and its shanks and feet like those of the deer: the bezoar stone found on this animal has been valued at ten times its weight in gold. Of birds there are a greater variety than of beasts. The coo-ow, or Sumatran pheasant, is a bird of uncommon beauty. Here are storks of a prodigious size, parrots, dunghdl fowls, ducks, the largest cocks in the world, woodpigeons, doves, and a great variety of small birds remarkable for the beauty of their colours. The reptiles are lizards, flying lizards, and camelions. The island swarms with insects, and their varieties are no less extraordinary than their numbers. Rice is the only grain that grows in the country. Here arc siigar-canes, beans, peas, radishes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, and several kinds of potherbs unknown to Europe ; SUN and also most of the fruits to be mel ■with in other parts of the E. Indies iu the greatest perfection. Indigo, saltpe- tre, sulphur, arsenic, brasil wood, two species of the bread-fruit tree, pepper, cassia, camphire, benjamin, coffee, and cotton, are likewise the produce of this island. Here also is the cabbage tree and silk cotton tree ; and the forests contain a great variety of valuable spe- cies of wood, as ebony, pine, sandal, eagle, or aloes, teak, manchineel, and iron wood, and also tlic banyan tree. Bees' wax is a commodity of great im* portance here ; and there are likewise edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, iron, co]jper, and lead, are found in the coun- try ; and the former is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia, Sumatra is di- vided into many petty kingdoms, the chief of which are Acheen, Indrapore, Palimbau, and Jambi. The English and Dutch have factories on this island; the principal one of the former being Fort Marlborough, at Bencoolen. See Acheen. Sumbul, a town of Hindoostan, in a territory of its name, lying e of Delhi, subject to the nabob of Oude. It is 52 miles WNW of Bereilly, and 75 E of Delhi. Snmbnlpour, or Sumelpmir, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Orissa, 144 miles wNw of Cattack, and 280 w of Calcutta. Lon. 83 40 E, lat. 21 25 N. Sumeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 14 miles e of Pergamo. Sumerein, a town of Hungary, in the island of Schut, 16 miles ssE of Pres- burg. Summei-kioum, a town of the king- dom of Birmah. The inhabitants are solely employed in the manufacture of saltpetre and gunpowder ; and hence all the royal magazines are supplied with gunpowder. It is seated on the Irra- waddy, 68 miles s by w of Ummera- poora. Stmari Loch, an inlet of the sea, ou the w coast of Scotland, which extends 20 miles e into the county of Argyle, from the n end of the island of Mull. Sunhury, a seaport of the state of Georgia, in Liberty county, with a safe and c-onvenient harbour. The town being very healthy, is the resort of the planters from the adjacent country, dur- ing the sickly months. It is 34 miles s by w of Savanna. Lon. 81 w, lat. 31 33 N. Sunbury, a town of Pennsylvaaia, chief of Northumberland county, with SUN two churdjes. It stamis on (he f sitlc of the Susquehanna, 120 miJes n\v of Philadelphia. Snnda Islands, islands in the sk part of the Indian ocean. 1'iie chief of them are Borneo, Sumatia, and Java ; the two latter separated by a channel called the Strait of Sunda. Sunderbunds, a tract of country in Hindoostan, consisting of that part of the delta of the Ganges, in Bengal, which borders on the sea. In extent it is equal to the principality of Wales. It is completely enveloped in woods, infested with tigers, and composed of a labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of which are salt, except those that imme- diately communicate wilii the principal arm of the Ganges. Here salt, in quan- tities equal to the whole consumption of Bengal and its dependencies, is made and transported with equal facility ; and here also is found an incxhausli!)le store of timber for boat-building. Smiderhurg, a town of Denmark, ni the island of Alsen, witii a caslle. It is seated on a strait, called Sunderburg Sound, 12 miles e of Flensburg. Lou. 10 E, lat. 54 61 N. Sunderdoo, a fortified island and sea- port of Hindoostan, in Concan, re- duced by cotumodore James in 175G. M is 36 miles NNW of Goa. Lon, 73 20 E, lat. 16 .3 N. Sunderland, a seaport in the bishop- ric of Durham, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday, i'or the ex- porfaiion of coal, it is next in conse- qiiciice to Newcaslic. Its port, at the mouth of the Wear, will admit vessels of 400 tons; the entrance defended by a battery, and a pier on which is a lighthouse. Here are several small ^Sockyards, manufactures of salt, glass, capperas, and earthen ware, and a trade H! lime, grindstones, and other articles. Th.Q number of inhabitants in 1811 was 16,000, exclusive of those emjjloyed on the water. Jt is 13 miles ne of Dnr- Itam, and 269 N by w of London. Lon, 1 2 w, lat. 54 52 N. Sunderland, a town of Massachusets, in Hamwshire county, on the e side of the Connecticut, 10 miles n of Hadley, and lOO w by n of Boston. Simdi, a province of Congo, which lies along the river Zaire. Its rivers render it extremely fertile, and in the mountains are mines of several metals. The capital is of the same name. Lon. 17 55 E, lat. 4 60 s. Sundswald, a seaport of Sweden, and the capital of Mcdclpadia. The chief S U R trade is in tar, birch-bark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It is seated near the gulf of Bothnia, 210 miles N by w of Stockholm. Lon. 17 50 e, lat. 62 25 N. Snnergeng, or Sunnefgaum, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, once a large city before Dacca was built, and famous for a mamifacture of fine cotton cloth. It is seated between the Burrampooter and a branch of the Ganges, 16 miles SE of Dacca. Sjoik Island, an island within the mouth of the Humber, 9 miles in circuit, separated from Yorkshire by a channel near 2 miles broad. It produces grain, wood, and black rabbits. Sunning, a village in Berkshire, .situ- ate on the Thames, 2 miles ne of Bead- ing. It was once an episcopal see,^and had nine bishops in succession, the last of whom, Heruianuus, removed the see to Salisbury. Su7ining Hill, a village in Berkshire, 6 miles ssw,of Windsor. It is noted for its medicinal wells, which are effica- cious in paralytic cases. Superior, Lake, a lake of North Ame- rica, so called from its being the largest on that continent. It is above 1500 milea in circumference, and supposed to be the largest body of fresh water on the globe. It contains many islands ; two of (hem very large, especially Isle Royalc, which is 100 miles long, and, in many places, 40 broad. The Indians suppose these islands to be the resi- dence of the Great Spirit. Upwards oi 30 rivers enter this lake, some of which are of considerable size, and its water is more pure and pellucid than that of any other lake in the world. It abounds with fishes, particularly trout and stur- geon. Storms are more dreadful here than on the ocean. It discharges its water from the se corner, through the strait of St. Mary, into Lake Huron; but the quantity does not appear to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed iut«' it by the rivers. Supino, a town of Naples, in the Mohse, with a castle ; seated at the source of the Tamara, 17 miles n by w of Benevento. Sur, or Sour, a town of Syria, in Pa- lestine, on the coast of the Mediterra- nean, where stood the famous city of Tyre, destroyed by Alexander (he great. It is now no more than a village, situate on a peninsulH which projects from the shore into the sea, in tlie tbrni of a mallet with an oval head. The village consists of about sixty families, who live obscujely on the jModuce of thtii little 662 S U R grounds, and a trifling: fishery. It is 18 Itiiles ssw of Saida, and 60 sw of Da- mascus. Sura, a town of Sweden, in West- nianland, 15 miles n of Stroenisliohn. Surat, a city of IJindooslan, in Gu- serat.wilh a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the streets si)acioiis, but not paved, so that the dust is trouble- some. Each street has gates of its own, with which it is shut up iu times of turbulence. The larger houses arc llat- roofed, with courts before them ; and those of ih^' common people are high- roofed. It ,s said to have 320,000 in- habitants; and its trade is considerable, notwithstanding the sand-banks that obstruct the entrance of the Tapty, which causes large vessels to load and unload at Swally, 15 miles to the w of Surat. In this city are many different religions ; for there are INIahometans of several sects, many sorts of Gentoos, and Jews and Christians of various de- nominations. The Mahometans at Su- ral are not, by far, so strict as they are in Arabia, or in oilier Turkish coun- tries; nor are the distinctions of tribes among the Hindoos who reside here strictly observed. These Hindoos are a set of industrious sober people, and of a most surprising honesty. They are al- most all of the cast of the Banians; and hence their skill and dexterity in mat- ters of calculation and economy often raise them to places of considerable trust. Some of thera are very rich, but all live in a sljle of moderate simplicit}', wearing for dress only a plain robe of white cotton. All people of distinction iu Surat, and through the rest of India, speak and write the Persian language ; bat in trade, corrupt Portugnese is the language u.«ed. This city is the em- porium of the most precious produc- tions of Hindoostan; for hither are Jjrought from the interior parts an im- mense quantity of goods, which the merchants carry in their ships to the Red sea, the Persian gulf, the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, and even to China. The English engross almost the whole of llie trade iu this city; that of tlie Dutch, French, and Portuguese having, become tritling. One thing singular in Surat is, that, though there is no hospital for human beings, there is an extensive establishment of this nature for sick or maimed animals. When the Europeans turn out an old horse, os' any otiiir domestic animal to peiish, as useless, the Hindoos volunta- viiy assume the care of it, and place it in this ho'.[:ie, which is full of iiifimi de- 663 S U R crcpitcows,sheep, rabbits, hens,pigeon«, &c. The country round Surat is fer- tile, excc|)t toward the sea, which is sandy and barren. Before the English East India Company obtained posses- sion of Bombay, the presidency of their aff"airs on the coast of Malabar was at Surat ; and they had a factory here. Even after the presidency was transfcrr red to Bombay the factory was con- tinued. The great Mogul had then an officer here, who was styled his admiral, and received a revenue called the tanka, of the annual value of' three lacks of rupees, arising from the rents of adja- cent lauds, and the taxes levied at Sii rat. I'he tyranny of this olficer toward the merchants induced the East India Company, in 1759, to fit out an arma- ment, which dispossessed the admiral of the castle; and, soon after, the posses- sion of this castle was confirmed tc them by the court of Delhi. They obtained, moreover, the appointment to the post of admiral, and were constituted re- ceivers of the tank, by which their au- thority in this place becanie supreme. Surat is situate 20 miles up the river Tapty, and 147 N of Bombay. Loi.. 72 48 E, lat. 21 UN. Su7-gooja, a town of Hindoost.an, ca- pital of a circar of the same name, in the country of Orissa. It is 75 miles ) e of Ruttunpour, and 210 ssw of Patna. Lon. 83 32 e, lat. 23 6 N. Surgut, a town of Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, surrounded by palisadoes, and seated on the Oby, 285 miles NNE of Tobolsk. Lon. 73 30 e, lat. Gl 30 N. Surinam, a country of Guiana, ex- tending 75 miles along a river of the same name. It abounds with game, and singular animals of different kinds; the toad, in particular, being remark- able for its enormous size and ugly form. It produces fruits, indigo, sugar, cotton, tobacco, gums, and wood tor dying. The woods are full of monkeys, and it is said there arc serpents 30 feet long. This country was ceded by the English to the Dutch, for the province of New York, in 1774. It was taken by the English in 1799, and again in 1804 ; but restored in 1814. The capi- tal is Paramaribo. Suringia, a seaport of Japan, in the island of Niphon, capital of a province of the same name, with a castle, M'here the emperi>rs formerly reside(?. It is 170 miles e of Meaco, Lon. 139 5 s:, lat. 39 30 N. Surry, a country of England, E7 miles long and 27 broad ; bouaded on the '^ s u s h}' Middlesex, u by Kent, s by (Sussex, and w by Hampshire and Berksliire. It contains 519,040 acres; is divided into 13 hundreds, and 140 parishes; has 11 market towns (inchiding Southwark) and sends 14 members to j)arhament. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 323,851. The soil is very diflcrent in the extreme parts from that in the mid- dle, whence it has been compared to a coarse cloth with a fine border ; for the edge of the country on all sides has a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn and grass, particularly on the n and w to- wards the Thames; bnt it is far other- wise in the heart of the county, where are wide tracts of sandy ground and barren heath, and in some places long ridges of hills. It produces corn, box- wood, walnuts, hops, and fullers-earth. The pnncipal rivers beside the Thames ^•vhich is the boundary of this county on the n) are the Mole,Wey, and Wandlc. The spring assizes are held at Kingston, and the summer at Guildford and Croy- don alternately. Sursec, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucern, seated on the river Sur, near the lake of Sempach, 12 miles N\v of Lucern. Siis, a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount Atlas, flows through the kingdom of Sus, and enters the Atlantic at Messa. Its annual inundations en- I'jch the country. Sus, a kingdom or province of the em- pire of Morocco ; bounded on the w by the Atlantic, n by Morocco Proper, e by Tafilet, and s by Darah. It is a flat country, abounding in corn, surgar- canes, and dates. The inhabitants,who are chiefly Berebers, or ancient natives, are distinguished by their industry; and many of them, who live in towns, be- come opulent, and are much more po- lite than the natives of Fez and Mo- rocco. In the mountainous part they are entirely free, and are governed by their own cliiefs. The principal town is Tarudant, Susa, or Sousa, a seaport of Tunis, and the chief mart of the kingdom for oil and linen. Here are many tokens of its having been formerly a place of some repute; and near it are consider- able remains of ancient buildings. It stands on the e coast, 75 miles se of Tunis. Lon. 11 15 e, lat. 35 40 n. Suta, a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort, called Brunette. Here are 4 parish churches and several religious houses ; and near it is a triumphal arch to the honour of Augustus Caesar, It is *«jated on the Doria, among pleasant S U T mountains, and is the principal passage out of France into Italy. It was taken by the French in 1799 ; but restored in 1814. It is 23 miles wNW of Turin. Lon. 7 16 E, lat. 45 10 N. Snsdal, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Volodiuiir, and a bishop's see. It is built of wood, and seated on the Nerl, 90 miles ne of Moscow, Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 56 26 N. Susquehanna, a river of the United States, which issues from the lake Ot- sego. It crosses three times the line that divides the state of New York from Pennsylvania; after which it flows SE to Wilkesbarre, and then sw to Sunbury, where it meets the 'v branch of the Susquehanna. It then flow* by Harrisburg to Havre de Grace, where it enters the head of Chesapeak bay. Sussac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Vienne, 15 miles sb of Limoges. Sussex, a county of England, 70 miles long, and 28 where broadest ; bounded on the N by Surry, ne and E by Kent, s by the English channel, and w by Hampshire. It contains 935,040 acres; is divided into five rapes, subdivided into 65 small hundreds, and 342 pa- rishes; has one city and 16 market towns, and sends 18 n.embers to par- liament. The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 190,089. The soil is va- rious : that of the downs, and thence to the sea, is fertile in corn and grass, the latter feeding sheep whose wool is re- markably tine ; the middle abounds with meadows and rich arable ground ; and the n side is shaded with extensive woods, that used to supply fuel for the iron works when they were in a flourish- ing state. The chief commodities arc corn, malt, cattle, wool, wowd, iron, chalk, and glass ; and it is particularly famous for wheatears, a delicious bird of the size of a lark, which are taken in great numbers on the se downs. Sussex is not distinguished for any manufac- ture, but that of gunpowder at Battel, and of needles at Chichester. The prin- cipal rivers are the Arun, Adur, Ouse, and Bother. Chichester is the capital ; but the spring assizes are held at Hor- sham, and the summer at Lewes. Siister. Sec Tostar. Susteren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 2 miles from the river Meuse, and 10 s of Ruremonde. SutlierlandsJiire, a county of Scotland, 52 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the N by the North sea, e by Caith- ncssshirc and the German ocean, s by the frith of Dornoch and Rossshire, and 624 SWA m by the Miuch. It is divided into 13 C {Irishes, and contains about 27,000 in- abitants. Some parts of this county, called forests, are trackless deserts, destitute of trees ; or bleak mountains, abounding with Mild roes. In these parts there are few inhabitants, and no villages ; but along the frith of Dornoch, the country is populous and well cultivated. It has abundance of ironstone, limestone, and slate ; also many veins of lead ore, but as yet none have been wrought. Dornoch is the county town. Stitri, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, seated on the Puz- zulo, 22 miles nw of Rome. Sutton, a town of Massachusets, in Worcester county, 10 miles s by e of Worcester, and 46 wsw of Boston. Siitton Culefield, a corporate town in Warwickshire, with a market on Mon- S day, 24 miles NNW' of Warwick, and 110 ' NW of London. Suzanne, St. a town of France, in the ' department of Mayenne, with a consi- derable pepper manufacture, 24 miles w of Mans. Siiaffliam, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, noted for butter. I The church is handsome, and in the form of a cathedral. It is seated on a hill, 28 miles w of Norwich, and 93 ne of London. Swale, a river in Yorkshire, which rises on the confines of Westmoreland, flows E by Richmond and then se to its ; junction with the Ure, a little below Aldborough, where their united stream forms the Ouse. Swally, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzcrat, with a harbour, where ships receive and deliver their cargoes for the merchants of Surat. It is seated near the gulf of Cambay, 15 miles w of Surat. Lon. 72 33 E, lat. 21 10 N. Swalwell, a village in the county of Durham, seated on the Derwent, near its junction with the Tyne, 13 miles Wnw of Sunderland. Here are fanvous iron works, originally established by a blacksmith, about the year 1691. Sivanage, a village in Dorsetshire, seated on a bay of the same name, in the English channel, four miles ese of Corfe Castle. It has a trade in her- rings ; also quarries of fine stone, of which many thousand tons are shipped here annually. See Purbeck, Isle of. Swanshorough, a town of North Caro- Hna, chief of Onslow county, to the ne of Wilmington. Swanseomb, a village in Kent, 2 miles w by s of Gravcseud, Here are the re- 605 S W E mains of camps and forts ; and it n said to be the place where the Kentishmen obtained of William the Conqueror the grants of their ancient customs and franchises. Swansea, a town of Massachusets, iii Bristol count)', on the river Taunton, 10 miles sw of Taunton. Swansea, a seaport and borough of Wales, in Glamorganshire, governed by a portreeve, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday, an old castle, an4 two churches. Coal, iron, and lime- stone abound in its neighbourhood, of which great quantities are exported. It has a considerable trade to Bristol, and great works for the smelting of copper and lead ore. Many ships have been built here, and it is resorted to for sea- bathing. It is seated near the mouth of the Tawy, 32 miles sw of Brecknock, and 206 w of Londou. Lon. 3 56 w, lat. 51 37 N. Swanshals, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 25 miles wsw of Lindkop- ing. Swanton, a town of Vermont, in Franklin county, situate on Lake Cham- plain, at the mouth of Mischiscoui river, 30 miles n by F of Burlington. Swarteherg, a town of Sweden, in West Gothland 18 miles nw of Ldde- valla. Swartsluys, a town and fortress of Holland, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 4 miles from its mouth, and 8 N of Zwoll. Sweden, a kingdom of Europe, ex- tending 800 miles from N to s, and 450 from E to w ; bounded on the n by Danish Lapland, e by Russia, s by the gulf of Finland and the Baltic, and w by the Sound, the Categat and Norway. It is divided into five general parts ; Sweden Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Finland ; and each of these is sub- divided into provinces. Sweden Proper contains Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Westmania,'and Dalecarlia. Gothland contains East Gothland, Smoland, West Gothland, Wermeland, Bahus, Dalia, Schonen, Halland, Blekingen, and the isles of Gothland and Oeland. Nord- land includes Gestricia, Helsingia, Me- delpadia, Jemptia, Angermanla, and W. Bothnia. Swedish Lapland comprises Uma, Pitha, Lula, Tornea, and Kemi : these have no towns, and take their names from rivers that rise near the borders of Norway and flow into the gulf of Bothnia. Finland contains Fin- land Proper, East Bothnia,Tavasteland, Nyland, Savolax, and that part of Kymene and Carelia which Sweden Iimi S W E f>reserved. The greater part of Fin- and, however, was ceded to Russia in 1808. The whole country is well wa- tered by rivers (though not a single na- vigable one worth mentioning) numer- ous lakes, and inland pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces and villas are usually built. At Stock- holm, spring and autumn are scarce- ly to be peiceived ; for winter con- tinues nine months, and summer dur- ing the remaining three. In winter the ^ cold is excessive, and in summer the heat is considerable, the air being serene all that time. All the rocks are quite covered with flowers in the summer time, and the gardens have plenty of fruits. The trees arc early in blossom- ing, the soil being fat and sulphureous ; but the fruits have not so good a taste as in the more southern countries. The animals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, sheep, elks, raindcer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. The horses are so little and feeble, that seven are put to a travelling carriage, four abreast in the first line, and three in the second ; but a lame or foundered horse is seldom to be seen,whichis attributed, in a certain degree, to the manner of stabling them on perforated boards without litter. Here are several sorts of fowls ; and partridges, woodcocks, and falcons, in great plenty. It has rich silver, copper, and iron mines, and Jast forests of timber trees. 'J'he articles of export are boards, gunpowder, lea- ther, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch, resin, and masts ; and it imports salt, brajidy, wine, linen cloth, stuil's, tobac- co, sugar, spice, and paper. 'J'he inha- bitants are of a robust constitution, and able to sustain the hardest labour. They ai e more j)oIisl»ed than formerly ; and have several public schools and colleges, where the arts and sciences are taught. Their houses are generally of wood, with very little art in their construction. The roofs, in many places, are covered with turt', on which their goals often feed. The form of the Swedish government has frequently varied. Before the ac- cession of Gustavus 1. it was an elec- tive monarch}; Ey the union of Cal- mar, in 1397, it was stipulated that the same monarch should rule over Den- mark, Sweden, and Norway ; and hence Sweden became a mere tributary king- dom to Denmark, f'rom this state of subjection to a tyrannical foreign yoke, it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on whom the Swedes, in 1623, conferred (he sovereignty, and made the crown hereditary in bis male issue. He was S W E entrusted with great prerogatives ; and " these were augmented by Gustavus Adolphus, the right of succession being extended, at the same time, to the fe- male line. In the minority of his daugh- ter Christina, the regal powers were greatly circumscribed, and the nobles acquired such an exorbitant authority, as gave great umbrage to the clergy, ci- tizens, and peasants. This proved a fa- vorable opportunity for Charles XI. to obtain from the states a formal cession of absolute sovereignty, which quietly devolved upon his son, Charles XII. Upon the death of the latter, the Swedes conferred the crown upon Ulrica Elea- nora, his youngest sister; stipulating, at the same time, great limits to the prero- gative. Ulrica resigned the crown to her consort Frederic I. From this pe- riod, the Swedish monarch was the most limited one in Europe, till 1772, when Gustavus III. effected a revolution, by which he regained the most essential royal prerogatives, without, however, being an absolute monarch. He was assassinated in 1792, leaving his sou Gustavus Adolphus a minor, who attain- ed his majority in 1796. This prince was deposed on the 1st of May, 1809, and his uncle, the duke of Sudermania was called to the throne. But soon af- ter his accession, in consequence of the sudden death of his son, the crown prince, he assembled the diet of the kingdom, in order to choose a successor to the throne. The Swedish diet met for this purpose, at Orebro, on the 8th of August, 1810; and after a short speech from the king, they elected the French inarshal, prince of Ponto Corvo, to the dignity of crown prince of Sweden. This person, though a Frenchman, and rais- ed to rank and eminence under Buona- parte, greatly distii:guished himself in the service of the allies, in 1813, at the brad of the Swedish army ; and in 1814, secured Norway to Sweden, by the treaty of Kiel. The population of Sweden is estimated at 3,000,(.)00. The establish- ed religion is the Lutheran, and they have one archbishop, and thirteen bi- shops. Stockholm is the cajntal. Stveden Proper, one of the five grand divisions of Sweden, bounded on the s. by Gothland, w by Norway, N by Nord- land, and e by the Baltic sea. It com- prehends five provinces, and Stockholm, the capital of all Sweden. Swedesborovgli, a town ofNew Jersey, in Gloucester county, on Rariton creek„ 20 miles s by w of Philadelphia. Sweiny, a town of the kingdom of Darfoor, and a place of general resort CC6 S W I /or merchants trading to Egypt, 46 miles « of Cobbe. Swituian, a town iu Wiltshire, with a market on Monday, 26 miles N of Salis- bury, and 83 w of London. Sivineshead, a town in Lincolnshire, ■with a market on Thursday, six miles e of Boston, and 110 n of London. Sicinna, a little island of Scotland, one of the Orkneys, situate near the middle of the Pentland frith. Here are two whirlpools tiiat are dangerous to mari- ners, particularly in a calm. Switzerland, a country of Europe, bounded on the N by Suabia, e by Tyrol, s by Savoy and Italy, and w by France. It is 220 miles long and 130 broad, se- parated from Uie adjacent countries by high mountains, called the Alps. Swit- zerland was divided into 13 cantons, ex- qlusive of their allies and bailiwics ; namely, Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, Under- waldcn, Zug, Friburg, Soleure, Zurich, Hern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Glarus, and Appenzel. The first seven are catholics, the next four are Calvinists, and the other two contain both religions. There are four passages over the Alps into Italy from Switzerland ; the first is beyond the lake of Geneva, over Mount Ceniiis, w hich leads to Savoy ; the second begins in the country of the Orisons, crosses Mount St. Bernard, and leads to the valley of Aousta in Piedmont ; the third begins in the country of the Grisons, crosses Mount Simpleberg, and leads to the duchy of Milan; the tburlh crosses Mount St. Gothard, and the bailiwics of Italy, and terminates in the Milanese. The principal lakes are those of Con- stance, Geneva, Lucern, Zurich, and Neuchatel. The most considerable ri- vers are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reuss, and Limmat. Switzerland ex- ceeds every country in the world in di- versity of appearance : the vast chain of Alps with enormous precipices, exten- sive regions of perpetual snow, and gla- ciers that resemble seas of ice, are con- trasted by tlie vineyard and cultivated lield, the richly wooded brow, and the verdant valley with its crystal stream. Agriculture cannot of course be carried to great extent, but the grain produced is sufficient for domestic consumption. The chief riches consist of excellent pastures, in w Inch many cattle are bred and fattened, and the goats, and cha- mois, leed on tlie mountains, and in the woods. The men are all strong and ro- bust, for which reason they are preferred by several nations for the military ser- vice. The women are tolerably hand- some, have manv good qualities, and ave ^7 S Y D in general very industrious.^ The pesi» sants retain their old manner of dress, and are content to live upon milk, but- ter, and cheese ; and there are some of the mountaineers who never have any bread. In 1797, the partizans of France having excited disturbances in Switzer- land, the French entered the country ; and, after defeating the troops and pea- sants, who opposed them, in several bat- tles, they abolished the constitutions of the principal cantons, erected what was termed the Helvetic Republic, and vest- ed the government in two councils and a directory. This constitution was abo- lished, in 1802, by the first consul of France, and another was presented for their acceptance, but rejected ; and he offered them a new one, in 1803, which they consented to accept. By the new constitution, exclusive of the territories of Valais and Neuchatel, the country is divided into 19 cantons: the six new- ones are Pays de Vaud, Tesin, Argau, Grisons, St. Gall, and Thurgau ; of which the first two are catholics, and the other four contain both catholics and protestants. Each canton has its dis- tinct internal government. The general government of the country is by a j^iet, composed of a member from each can- ton, which assembles annually in June at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, or Lucern, in rotation ; and the presi- dent is styled Landamman of Switzer- land. The diet declares war, concludes peace, makes alhances with foreign states, and also decides on all treaties on commerce. The armed force is fix- ed at 30,000 men. In December, 1813, the allied armies travered this country, for the purpose ofinvading France, when some partial changes again took place in the administration of Switzerland, which was the cause of violent commo- tions amongst several of the cantons ; but in 1814, on the meeting of the diet, these disturbances were appeased, and a federal compact was signed on the 8th of September, by the deputies of all the 19 cantons at Zurich. Sya, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- land, 13 miles sw of Lindkoping. Sydney Bay, a bay on the s side of Norfolk island, in the Pacific ocean, formed by Point Hunter and Point Ross, which are near two miles asunder. Here is a settlement of convicts, from Eng- land. Lou. 163 12 E, lat. 29 4 s. Sydney, a town of New S. Wales, founded by governor Philip, on a cove of Port Jackson, in 1788, as a British settlement for the colony of convicts originally intended for Botaiiy bay ; bill SYR now is the principal seat of the govern- ment. Here is a handsome church, an orphan school, a conimodiioTis gaol, a military hospital, a naval yard, &c. The governor's house is built of stone, and has a very good appearance ; the lieu- tenant-governor's is of brick, as are also those belonging to the judge and the commissary. The generality of the houses are built of logs and plastered, and all the roofs are cither covered with shingles, or thatch. It is situate on the s side of the harbour of Port Jackson. Lon. 151 23 e, lat, 33 48 s. Syene, or Asimn, a town of Egypt, with a small fort, on the right bank of the Nile. It was anciently a city, and ce- lebrated for the first attempt to ascertain the circumference of tlie eartii, by Era- tostenes, a native of Cyrene, about the year 275 before Christ. The remains of the ancient town are on an eminence to the s, where columns and pillars of gra- nite scattered here and there denote its situation. Near it, on a small island in the Nile, anciently called Eiepeantina, is a temple of Cnuphis very little injured. It is 400 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 33 20 E, lat. 24 N. Sylt, an island of Denmark, on the w coast of Jutland, of an irregular form, about 40 miles in circumference, but in no part above two from the sea. Great quantities of oysters are found here. The sJiief town is Morsum. Lon. 8 26 e, lat. 54 57 N. Sylves, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, eituate on a river of the same name, 15 miles ENE of Lagos, and 44 w of Ta- vira. I Symplieropol, the capital of the Cri- mea, or Russian province of Taurida. The houses are built- of stone, and roof- ed, in the ancient Greek style, with tiles. There are likewise numerous modern handsome buildings, for the residence of the governor, judges, and other civil officers. The old 'J'artar part of the town, called Achmetshet, is dirty and ill built. The environs are beautiful ; and two miles to the e of the city is the mountain Tchatirdagh, the highest in the Crimea, and the Mons Berosus of the ancients. Sym[)heropol is situate on the Salgir, the principal river of the province, 65 miles w by s of Caffa, and 90 s by E of Precop. Lon. 34 E, lat. 44 52 N. Syracuse, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Note, and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, defended by a castle. It was oncG the metropolis of ail Sicily; bu* war, tyranny, and earthquakes have re- duccd it to less than one fourth of ilo S Z A former size, when it was deemed one of the most famous cities in the world, and 22 miles in compass. Near this place, ni 1718, there was a seafight betweeu the Spaniards and English, in which the former were beaten. It is seated near the sea, 72 miles s by w of Messina, and 110 SE of Palermo. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 37 5 N. Syria, ©r Suristan, a province of Tur- key in Asia, bounded on the N by Na- tolia and Diarbeck, e by the latter and the deserts of Arabia, s by Arabia Pe- traea, and w by the Mediterranean. Un- der the general name of Syria was in- eluded the ancient Phoenicia, lying s of Syria Proper. This province abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts of fruits, as well as peas, beans, and all kinds of pulse and gardenstuff ; but it would pro- duce much more than it does, if it were well cultivated ; for there are the finest valleys in the world, between mountains whose sides are proper for the ctdtiva- tion of tobacco, olives, and vines. The inhabitants have a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Syria was possessed by a suc- cession of foreign nations, before the time of Ptolemy, when it became a pro- vince of the Roman empire. Five cen- turies after, when the sons of Theodo- sius divided their immense patrimony, this country was annexed to the empire of Constantinople. In this situation it continued till the year 622, when the Arabian tribes, under the banners of Mahomet, seized, or rather laid it waste. Since that period, torn to pieces by the civil wars of the Fatemites and Ommi- ades, Avrested from the califl's by their rebellious governors, taken from them by the Turkmen soldiers, invaded by the European crusades, retaken by the mam- lukes of Egypt, and ravaged by Tamer- lane and his Tartars, it has, at length, fallen into the hands of the Ottoman Turks^ who have been its masters near three centuries. It is divided into five pachalics, or governments; Aleppo, Tri- poli, Damascus, Acre, and Palestine. Aleppo is the capital. Syriam, a seaport of Pegu, seated at the head of a river of the same name, opposite the mouth of Pegu river. Two miles to the s is the great pagoda of Syriam. It is eight miles e by N of Rangoon, and 60 s of Pegu. Lou. 96 17 E, lat. 16 50 N. Syrk, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle, 14 miles SE of Luxemburg. Szadeck, a town of Poland, in the pa- tatinate of Sirildia, 22 miles ne of Si- ladia. C68 TAB Szekely, a town of Hungary, 18 miles ESE of Debreczen. Szered, See Sered. Szucca, a town of W. Prussia, in the palatinate of Culm, seated on the Vis- tula, 12 miles s by w of Culm. T. Taafe, or Tave, a river of Wales, which rises in Brecknockshire, and flows t])rough Glamorganshire, by Merthyr Tidvil, Pont y Prydd, and Caerdiff, into the Bristol channel. Taaif, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Hedjas, with a considerable trade in fruits, raisins, and almonds. It is situate on a lofty mountain, 60 miles SE of Mecca. Lon. 41 35 e, lat. 21 5 n. Taas, a strong city of Arabia, in the province of Yemen, with a fortress. Here is the tomb of a saint, who, ac- cording to tradition, was king of the country. It stands at the foot of a fer- tile hill, 48 miles ene of Mocha. Lon. 44 10 E, lat. 1.3 45 s. Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, one mile from the Nile. It is the residence of a governor, has manj' curious remains of antiquity, and is 200 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 31 25 E, lat. 26 56 N. Tabaga, an island in the bay of Pa- nama, four miles long and three broad. It is monntainous, bnt abounds with fruit trees. Lon. SO 16 w, lat. 7 60 s. Tabarca, an island on the coast of Barbary, at the mouth of the Zaine. It was fortified, and had a populous city of the same name, when under the domi- nion of the Genoese, who had a coral fishery here. But, in 1757, on the Ge- noese attempting to transfer the island to France, the I'abareans surrendered their city to Tunis ; and they were cru- elly deceived by the bey, for he razed the fortifications, and took away most of the inhabitants as slaves. It is 50 miles WNw of Tunis. Lon. 9 16 E, lat I 36 50\. I Tabaria, tlie ancient Tiberias, a town i of Palestine, situate on the w side of a I l;ike, formerly called the sea of Tiberias, 60 miles nne of Jerusalem, and 70 ssw of Damascus. Lon. 35 45 e, lat. 32 40 N. TabatcOy a province of Mexico; boun- ded on the \ by the bay of Campeaehy, \ E by Jucatan, s by Chiapa, and w by * Guaxaca. It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and its chief riches consist in co- coa-nuts. There are ahowers every day for nine months in the year. 6G8 T A F Tabasco, a town of Mexico, capital of the province of Tabasco. The Spani- ards call it Nuestra Senora de la Vit- toria, from a great victory obtained hero by Cortes, on his first arrival. It is si- tuate in an island of the same name, 30 miles long and 10 broad, formed by th« river Tabasco and that of St. Peter and Paul, and on the bay of Campeaehy, 270 miles NE of Chiapa. Lon. 93 20 w, lat: 18 20 N. Taherg, a town of Sweden, in Smo- land, noted for its rich mines of iron, JO miles s of Jonkoping. Table Island, one of the New Hebri- des, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 167 7 £, lat. 15 38 s. Taboo, a town of Cassina, the capital of a country lying to the e of Zahara.' It is 280 miles N by w of Agades. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 24 N. Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of Bechin, which the Hussites, ut> der their celebrated general Zisca, for. tified and made their principal retreat. It is seated on a mountain of the same name, by the river Luschnitz, 11 miles NNE of Bechin. Tabris. See Tauris. Tabristan, a province of Persia, on the s shore of the Caspian sea, bounded by Astrabad on the E, and Chilan on the vv. Tacames, or Atacames, a seaport of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name, in the audience of Quito. It is situate on a bay of the Pacific ocean, to which it gives name, 120 miles Nw of Quito. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. 52 N. Tacazze, a river which rises in Abys- sinia, flows Nvv into Nubia, and joins the Nile at Ilak. Tachau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, on the river Mies, 28 miles w of Pilsen. Tadcasler, a town in W. Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. Great plenty of limestone is dug up in the neighbourhood. It stands on the river Wharf, nine miles svv of York, and 187 N by w of London. Tadivan, or Taduan, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, situate in a fruitful valley, 60 miles s of Shiras. Tadmor. See Palmyra. Tadousac, a town of Lower Canada, which is of great resort for trading with the Indians, who bring hither furs to exchange for cloth and other European goods. It is situate at the mouth of the Saguenay, on the river St. Lawrence, 98 miles NE of Quebec. Lon. 69 36 w, l«t. 48 6 N. T-:''rj'>. rj towiiof Spain, in Navarr-? T A I with a university. Chailes II. king of Navarre, built a palace here, wliich he made his ordinary residence ; and Phi- lip IV. honoured the town wilh the title of city. It is seated on the Cidazzo, in a country producing- good wine, 18 miles s of Pamplona. Lon. 1 36 w, Jat. 42 29 N. Tafilet, a kingdom of Barbary, on the E side of Mount Atlas ; bounded on the N by Algiers, e by the Beriberes, s by Zahara, and w by Darah and Morocco. It is a mountainous sandy country, bnt produces wheat and barley by the sides of the rivers. The inhabitants live upon camel's flesh and dates, and they breed horses to sell to foreigners. The Arabs live in tents, and the Beriberes, the an- cient inhabitants, dwell in villages. Tafilet, the capital of the kingdom of the same name, with a castle. It is a trading place, and seated on a river of its name, 275 miles SE of Morocco. Lon, 4 20 vv, lat. 30 40 n. Taganrog, a seaport and fort of Rus- sia, situate on the Nw extremity of the sea of Asoph. It is the largest and best port on this sea ; carries on a consider- able trade with Constantinople and the Archipelago, particularly in corn and butter ; and is employed in ship-building. It is 36 miles WNW of Asoph. Lon. 38 10 E, lat. 47 14 N. Taghmon, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, seven miles w of Wexford. Tagliacozza, a town of Naples, in Ab- ruzzo Ulteriore, 18 miles sw of Aquila, and 33 ene of Rome. Tagliamento, a river of Italy, which rises in the Alps, on the frontiers of Germany, and runs s through Friuli and Trevisano, into the gulf of Venice. Tagoust, or Tagavast, a town of the kingdom of Sus, by some said to be the birthplace of St. Aiigustin. A great many Jews live here, who carry on a considerable trade. It is seated in a fertile plain, 37 miles s of Tarudant. Tagumade7-t, a town of the kingdom of Darah, with a strong castle on a mountain, seated on the river Daraii, 20 miles s of Tattah. Tagus, or Tajo, a river which has its Bowree on the confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs through New Castile, by Araiijuez, Toledo, and Talavera,whence it proceeds by Alcantara, in Estrcmadu- ra ; when entering Portugal, it flows by Abrantes and Santaren, below which it forms the harbour of Lisbon, and then caters the Atlantic ocean. Tai, a lake of China, in the provinces of Kian^ nan and Tche-kiang, near 50 T A L leagues m circumference, and 75 miles SK of Nan-king. Taief, a town of Arabia Deserta, with a castle on a mountain, 60 miles SE of Mecca. Tailleborg, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente,30mile» SE of Rochelle. Tain, a borough of Scotland, and the principal town in Rossshire. Here is a large square tower, adorned with five spires, and an elegant church, formerly collegiate. It is seated near the frith of Dornoch, 10 miles n of Cromarty. Lon. 3 51 w, lat. 57 46 N. Tai-ouan, a city^and seaport, capital of the island of Formosa. The streets are nearly straight, from 30 to 40 feet ia breadth, and some of them above two miles in length. They are covered se- ven months in the year with awnings to defend them from the heat of the sun. The harbour is sheltered from every wind. It is seated on the w side of tha island. Lon. 120 30 e, lat. 23 25 N. Tai-piiig, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan, seated on the Kian-ku, 25 miles ssw of Nan-king. Lon. 1 19 15 e, lat. 32 26 N. Tui-ping, a strong city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quang- si, seated on a point of land, almost sur- rounded by a river, 360 miles w by s of Canton. Lon. 107 e, lat. 22 36 N. Tai-tcheou. a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Tchekiang, seated on the bank of a river, in a mountainous country, 720 miles sse of Peking. Lon. 121 2 E, lat. 28 55 N. Tai-tong, a strong city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chan- si, seated near the Great Wall, in a mountainous country, 155 miles w of Pekin. Lon. 113 Ok, lat. 40 5 N. Tai-yuen, a city ot China, capital of the province of Chan-si. It is eight miles in circumference, but much de- cayed since it was the residence of the princes of the last imperial family of Tai-ming-tchao. It is 220 miles sw of Peking, Lon. HI 56 e, lat, 37 54 N. Talacurla, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with a celebrated temple. It is 24 miles ese of Mysore, Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a tort. It has manufac- tines of silk, and a pottery. A very ob- stinate battle was fought in its vicinity, between the Britisti and French armie's, in 1809. It is seated on the Tagus. in a valley abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58 miles sw of Madrid, Lon. 4 1 w, lat. 39 41 N. Talcagnana, a seaport of Chili, on the 670 T A RI IE shore of the buy of Conception, and near the ruins of the old city of Con- ception. It is now the only Spanish settlement in tlie bay, and 9 miles fioni the new city of Conception. Lon. 73 w, hit. 36 42 s. Ta-li, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. H ere are made curious tables and ornaments of fine marble, which is naturally beau- tified with difi'ereiit colours, represent- ing mountains, flowers, trees, and rivers. It is 160 miles wnw of Yun-nan. Lon. 100 6 E, iat. 24 54 N. Tallagh, a borough of Ireland, in the county ofWaterford, situate near the river Bride, 23 miles ene of Cork, and 32 wsw of Waterford. Tallano, a seaport of Corsica, situate on the gulf of Tallano, 24 miles NNW of Bonifacio, and 30 ssw of Corte. Lon. 9 18 E, Iat. 51 20 N. TaUerd, a town of frilttCe, in the de- partment of Upper Alps, seated on the Durance, 10 miles s of Gap. Talmont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charenle, with a harbour, near the mouth of the Gironde, 20 miles sw of Saintes. Tamalameca, a town of Terra Firma, in the government of St. Martha, seated on the JMadalcna, 140 miles s of St. Martha. Lon. 74 15 w, Iat. 9 6 N. Taman. See Phanagotia. Tanianah, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Concan, 24 miles s by e of Gheriah. Tamar, a river which rises in the n part of Cornwall, on the borders of De- vonshire, takes a southerly course, se- parating the two counties, and forms the harbour of ilamoaze, at Plymouth. Tamara, the capital of the island of Socotera, with a good harbour. The trade consists chiefly in aloes, frankin- cense, ambergrise, and dragonsblood. It is seated on a bay, on the N coast of the island. Lon. 63 45 E, Iat. 11 66 N. Tamarica, or Itamaria, a province of Erasil, between Paraibo on the n, and Ferambuco on the s. On the coast is aa island of the same name, 24 miles in length, which has a harbour and good fresh water. Lon. 35 5 w, Iat. 7 ii6 N. Tanibof, a town of Russia, capital of a governmeut of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Tzna, which flows into the Mokscha, 228 luiies SE of Moscow. Lon. 41 4 e, Iat. 52 48 N. Tame, a river which rises in Stafford- shire, and eotering Warwickshire, flows 671 TAN first E, and then n, till it re-enters its native county at Tamworth, below which it joins the Trent, 7 miles above Burton. Tame, a river which rises in Hertford- shire. See Thame. Tamieli, a town of Egypt, on a canal which communicates with the Nile, 18 miles NE of Fayoum. Tamworth, a borough in StaflFord- shire, with a market on Saturday, and a maimfacture of narrow cloths. The E part of the town is in Warwickshire. Tamworth castle is the seat of the earl of Leicester. It is seated on the Tame, at the influx of the Anker, eight miles SE of Lichfield, and 116 Nw ot London. Tanaro, a river which rises in Pied- mont, flows by Cherasco, Alba, Asti, and Alexandria, and joins the Po, be- low Valcnza. Tancos, a tSwn of Portugal, in Es- treniiidura, 12miles ssE of Tomar. Tancrowal, a town of Africa, seated on the Gambia, where the English have a fort. Lon. 14 27 w, Iat. 13 10 N. Tandu, or Tanrah, a town of Hin- doostan, in Bengal, of which soubah it Avas the capital in the 17th century. It is seated on the Ganges, 120 miles NW of Dacca. Lon. 87 66 E, iat. 23 25 N. Tanderagee, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, with an extensive linen manufacture, and a considerable trade. It stands near the Newry canal, 11 miles ENE of Armagh, and 13 NNW of Newry. Taneyton, a town of Maryland, in Frederic county, 27 miles N by e of Frederictown. Tangermunde,2Liowu of Brandenbtirg, in the Old Msrk, with a castle, 24 miles WNW of Brandenburg. Tangier, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle, and surrounded by a wall. The trade consists in supplying the oj)posite coasts with provisions. It ^ was taken by the Portuguese, in 1471 ; and given as a dower to princess Ca- therine, on her marriage with Charles II. of England ; but he did not think it worth the expence of keeping, and, in 1683, caused the works to be blown up. It is seated on the strait of Gib- raltar, 1-10 miles Nw of Fez Lon. 6 48 w, Iat. 35 46 N. Tanjore, a province of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel, 95 miles long and 60 broad. It is an appendage of the Carnatic, but subject to its own rajah, who pays an annual subsidy to the English East India Company. TAP Tanjore, a city of Hhulooslan, ca- ?ital of a province of the same name. 'he palace is a grand square, suiron tid- ed by a wall and a wet ditch. It is seated on a branch of the Cavery, 156 miles s by w of Madras, and 166 se of Seringapatara. Lon 79 12 E, lat. 10 46 N. Tankia, a town and fortress of Tibet, at the foot of a mountain, 275 miles wsw of Lassa. Lon. 87 22 e, lat. 29 5 N. Tanna, a fertile island, in the Pacilic ocean, one of the New Hebrides, on which is a volcano and some hot springs. The inhabitants are brave and hospita- ble ; and their arms are bows and ar- rows, slings, spears, and clubs. It is 22 miles long and 10 broad; and was dis- covered, in 1774, by Cook, who named the harbour where he lay, Port Resolu- tion, from the name of his ship. Lon. 169 41 E, lat. 19 32 s. Tanna, a town of Hindoostan, in the island of Salsette, on the e coast, 15 miles NE of Bombay. Tanore, a seaport of Hindoostan, in the province of Malabar, 28 miles sse of Calicut. Lon, 75 50 e, lat. 10 65 N. Taormina, a seaport of Sicilj', in Val di Demona, sealed on a rocky emi- nence, on the E coast, 34 miles ssw of Messina. Taouka, a small island in the Pacific ocean, 65 leagues Ne of Otaheite. Lon. 145 9 w, lat. 14 30 s. Tapoor, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 15 miles ssw of Darampoury, and 83 ese of Seringapatam. Tappuhannoc, a town of Virginia, chief of Essex county. It has some ex- port trade, and stands on the sw branch of the Rappahanuoc, 54 miles ne of Richmond Tappan, a town of New York, in Orange county, three miles from the w bank of the Hudsosi, and at the s end of the broad part of it called the Tappan sea. Here, in 1780, major Andre was tried, and suffered as a spy ; being taken on his way to New York, after concert- ing a plan with general Arnold for de- livering up West Point to the British. It is 25 miles N of New York. Tappanooly, a seaport on the w side of the island of Sumatra, situate on a small island called Punchongcacheel. The bay is very deep, and capable of containing the united navies af Europe. The English East India Company have a factory here. It was taken by the French, but restored at the peace in 1763. Lon. 98 6 e, lat. 1 40 N. TAR Tapty, a river of Hindoostan, vvhicli rises at Maltoy, in the country of Berar, and runs into the gulf of Cambay, 20 miles below Surat. It serves as a beacon to vessels making the road of Surat. Tar, or Pamlico, a river of North Ca*- rolina, which Hows by Louisburg, Tar- borough, Greenville, and Washington, into Pamlico sound, 40 miles se of the latter town. Taragalla, a town of the kingdom of Darah, with a castle, seated on the Da- rah, 135 miles w by s of Tafilet. Taransa, one of the Western islands of Scotland, four miles in length, an7a T C H Perthshire, 15 miles long, and in liiOlt parts above one broad, formed by seve- ral streams and the river Tay, which flows through its vvliole length. Tazowshaia. See Ohskaia. Tchatig-tcha, a city of China, capital of the s part of Hou-quang. It is seat- ed on the river Heng, which has a com- munication with an extensive lake, call- ed Tong-ling-iiou, 740 miles s by w of Peking. Lon. 1 12 25 e, lat. 28 11 N. Tchaiig-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fo-kien. It has a consi- derable tiade with Emony, Pong-hou, and Formosa ; and is 950 miles s of Pe- king. Lon. 117 35 e, lat. 24 32 n. Tchang-te, a city of China, of the first rank, in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish, like a crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular nature, that when once kindled it cannot be extiiiguislied. Near it is a mountain, so steep and in- accessible, that in time of war it affords a safe asylum to the inhabitants. It is 255 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 1115 E, lat, 29 2 N. Tchao-lihig, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-tong, seated on the river Si, 70 miles w of Canton. Tchao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quau-tong, seated on the Pei-kiang, 86 miles E of Canton. Tche-hiang, a province of China, one i... of the most considerable in extent, riches, and population. It is bounded on the N and w by Kiang-nan, sw by Kiang-si, s by Fo-kieu, and e by the ocean. In this province, whole plains are covered with dwarf mulberry trees, purposely checked in their growth ; and prodigi- ous quantities of silk-worms are bred. The principal branch of trade consists in silk stuffs; and those in which gold and silver are intermixed are the most beautiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and a species of muslirooms, which are transported to all the pro- vinces of the empire; and here also are found the small gold-fish with which ponds are commonly stocked. In Tchc- kiang are reckoned 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the IJiird, and 18 fortresses, which in Europe wowld be deemed large cities. Hang tcheou is the capital. Tchernigof, a government of Russia, formerly a part of the Ukraine. Its ca- pital, of the same name, is seated on the Desne, 345 miles ssw of Moscow. Lohu 66 45 E, lat. 51 24 N. Tchesne, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the w coast of Natolia, with a cita- del. It stands almost opposite Scio, at the head of a spacious road.whicli i? fa- mous for the dostriictioti of ths Turkiii't T C H fleet, by {!te Russians, in 1770. ft is 48 miles w of Smyrna. Lon. 2G20 i,, lat. 38 26 N. Tchiug-liiang, a cily of China, of the first rank, in Se-tchcun, 910 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 104 26 E, lat. 27 IS N. Tc/iing-kiang, a strong city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-nau, and the key of the empire toward the sea. Its situation and trade, and the beauty of its walls, give it a pre-eminence over the other cities of the province. It is seat- ed on the s side of the Kian-kn, 470 miles SSE of Peking. Lon. 1 18 55 e, lat. 32 14 N. I'ching-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province ofYnn-nan, 36 miles s by E of Yun-uan. Lon. 102 40 E, lat. 24 44 N. Tchmg-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hoii-quang, seated on an angle formed by two rivers. Under it are five cities of the third class, in which a kind of plain earthen ware is prepared, which the Chinese prefer to the most elegant porcelain. It is 765 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 109 40 E, lat. 28 23 N. Tching-ting, a city of China, of the first rank, in Pe-tche-li, 136 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 114 21 e, lat. 38 9 n. Tching-iou, a city of China, capital of Se-tcheuen, It was formerly the resi- dence of the emperors, and one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the empire ; but in 1646, it was almost en- tirely destroyed, during the civil wars that preceded the last invasion of the Tartars. Its temples, and the ruins of ancient palaces, are objects of admira- tion to strangers. It is 810 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 103 44 E, lat. 30 40 N. Tchin-iigan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Q«ang-si, 1250 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 106 e, lat. 23 21 N. TcM-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-nan; seated on a river, 670 miles s of Peking. Lon. 117 E, lat. 30 45 N. Tchi-yueii, a city of China, of the first rank, in Koei-tcheou, 980 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 107 61 E, lat. 27 1 N. Tchoha. See Saghalien. Tchong-ldng, a city of China, of the first rank, in Se-tchuen. It is seated on a mountain, rising in the form of an am- phitheatre, at the conflux of the Kin- clia with the Kian-ku, 750 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 106 20 E, lat. 29 42 E. Tchou-kiong, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan, 75 miles w of Yun-nan. Lon. 101 20 E, lat. 25 6 N. Tchudahoi. See Peipus. Tchukoiski, the most eastern part of TED Siboria, in l!ic province of Okotsk. Tho attention of the natives is confined chief- ly to their deer, with which the country abounds. They are a well-made, cou- rageous, warlike race, and are formida- ble neighbours to the Koriacs, who of- ten exs)erience their depredations. Tchukotskoi, a cape of Siberia, on the eastern extremity of Asia, and the sw limit of Beering strait. Lou. 172 30 w, lat. 64 15 N. Tchu-tcheou, a city of China, of the fiist rank, in Tche-kiang, 730 miles sse of Peking. Lon. 120 33 e, lat. 28 36 N. Tcitcicm; the largest of the three pro- vinces of Eastern Tartary, bounded on the N by Siberia, ne by the sea of Okotsk, SE by the province of Kirin, and w by Western Tartary and Siberia. It is a mountainous country, watered by the river Saghalien, which receives many others iu its course. " Tcitcicar, a city of Eastern Tartary capital of the province of the same name and the residence of a Mandshur gene- ral. It is a modern city, built by t^ie emperor of China, to secure his frontiers against the incursions of the Russians. It is seated on the Nonni, 600 miles nne of Peking. Lon. 123 50 E, lat. 47 25 N. Tehesta, or Tinsa, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, with a castle, and several remains of antiquity. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the borders of Tunis, 120 miles se of Constantina, Lon. 8 5 e, lat. 34 51 N. Teceiit, a town of the kingdom ofSus, seated in a country abounding in grain, dates, and sugar-canes, four miles e of Messa. Tecklenhurg, a town of Westphalia, capital of a fertile county of the same name. It has manufactures of linen cloth, and is 22 miles n by E of Mun- ster. Lon. 7 47 e, lat. 52 14 N. Tecoantepec, a seaport of Mexico, iu Guaxaca, with a fortified abbey, and several handsome churches. It is seat- ed on a large bay of the same name, \i\ the Pacific ocean. Lon. 95 65 w, lat. 16 28 N. Tecrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the government of Mosul, seated on a rock, near the w side of the Tigre, 130 miles s of Mosul. Teculet, a town of Morocco, with an old castle, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 150 miles w of Mo- rocco. Lon. 9 46 w, lat. 31 6 N. Teddiiigton, a village of Middlesex, seated on the Thames, 12 miles wsw of London. The church is a perpetual curacy, which was enjoyed 50 years by the celebrated philo.sop!ter Dr. Stephen 676 T E I Hales, who died in 1761, and is infoned under the tower of tbo cluucli, which he erected at his own expence, Teledez, a town of Algiers, on the coast of the Medif en anean, with a cas- tle, 45 miles e of Algiers. Tednest, a town of Morocco, in tlie province of Hea. It was taken by the Portugnese, in 1517, bnt they were dri- ven away soon after. It is aUnost sur- rounded by a river, 40 miles nk of Mo- gadon Tedsi, a town of the kingdom of Siis, seated in a } Iain abounding in com, 20 miles SE of Tarndant. Tees, a river which rises on the con- fines of CumberlantI, separates (he coun- ties of Durham ai:d York, and enters the German ocean, below Stockton. Tefessad, a town of Algiers, with mines of iron in its neighbourhood, 32 miles sw of Algiers. Tefflis, the capital of Georgia, one of the seven Caucasian nations. It is cal- led by tlie inhabitants Thilis-Cabar (warm town) from the warm baths in its neighbourhood. It contains 20,000 inhabitants, of which more than half are Armenians. The streefs seldom exceed seven feet in breadth ; and the houses are of stone with flat roofs, which serve as walks for the women. Here is a foundery for cannon, mortars, and balls ; and a public school founded by emperor Alexaniler. The most tlomishing ma- nufactures are those of silks and printed Iruens ; but the chief trade is in furs, sent to Turkey and the s of Persia. In 1723, it was taken by the Turks; and in 1734, retaken by KouU Khan. It is seated on the Kur, at the foot of a hill, 300 miles ssw of Astracan. Lon. 45 3 e, lat. 42 20 N. Tefza, a strong town of Blorocco, ca- pital of a province of the same name, seated on the side ot a mountain, 70 miles NNE of Morecco. Lon. 5 55 w-, lat. 32 N. Tefzra, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Mascara, 55 miles ssw of Oran. Tegaza, a town of Zahara, capital of a territory of that name, remarkable for mountains of salt. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 21 40 N. Tegerhy, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, 80 miles sw of Mourzook. Tegern, a town of Bavaria, wilh a oe- lebiated abbey, seated on a lake, called the Tegern See, 30 miles ssE of Munich. Teglio, a town of Switzerland, in the Valteiine, nine miles sw of Tirano. Teign, a river in Devonshire, compos- ed of two branches, which rise in the E 077 T E i\I part of Dartmoor, and, uniting, enter the Knglish channel, at Teignmoutli. Teignmouth, a seaport in Devonshire, wilh a market on Saturday. At this place tiic J>anes first landed, and com- mitted several outrages. It was almost entirely destroyed by the French, who set lire to it in 1690. Since that period the town has become of more conse- quence ; and it is now a fashionable watering-place. It sends a number of vessels to the Newfoundland fishery, and has a co:isiderabIe trade in carrying- fine clay to the j)Otterics in Staffordshire, whence are brought coal, salt, eartlien ware, &lc. It is seated at the mouth of tlie Teign, 15 miles s of Exeter, and 187 w by s of London, Lon. 3 29 w, lat. 50 32 N. Teinitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Piisen, with a castle and con- vent, seated on the Radbuza, 30 miles wsw of Piisen. Teisendorf, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, 12 miles NW of Salz- burg. Teisse, or 7''iest, a river of Hungary, whicii rises in the Carpathian mountains, Hows \\ to Tokay, and then s by Tson- grad, Segedin, and Titul, below which it joins the Danube. Tekin. See Hender. Telemone, a town of Italy, in Stato dclli Presidii, witli a small harbour, and a strong fort ; seated at the mouth of the Ossa, 10 miles N of Orbitello. Telese, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 18 miles ene of Capua. Telgen, or Telga, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, on the lake Maeler, 12 miles sw of Stockholm. Telget, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, five miles ene of Munster. Telles, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a small harbour, on the Mediterra- nean, 100 miles ese of Tetuan, Tellicherry , a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar. It has a considerable trade, and is seated at the luouth of a river, 42 miles NNw of Calicut. Lon. 75 38 e, lat. 11 48 N, Tehoiv, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, on a lake of the same name, seven miles ssw of Berlin. Teltsch, a town of Moravia, 16 milea s oflglau. Temende/ust, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, 10 miles e of Algiers. Temeswar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a territory called the Bannat of Temeswar, It stands on the river Bega, which forms a morass" round it, TEN and the fortress requires a garrison of 14,000 men, This place formerly pass- ed for impregnable ; but it was taken by prince Eugene, in a dry season, in 1716. It IS 80 miles nne of Belgrade, and 160 SE of Buda. Lon. 21 40 e, lat. 45 63 N. Ternissa, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan. Here the caravans from Tom- buctoo, Bornou, &c. which travel by way of Cairo to Mecca usually provide the stores of corn, dates, dried meat, and other necessaries requisite for their dreary passage. It is 120 miles ene of Mourzook. Tempelhorg; a town of Further Pome- rania, on the s side of a lake and on the frontiers of Poland, 43 miles e by n of New Stargard. Templin, a town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark,which has a great trade in timber. It was totally consumed by fire in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a beautiful manner. It stands between the Bodensee and Dolgensce, 18 miles sw of Prenzlo, and 42 N by e of Berlin. Tenasserim, a town of Siam, capital of a province. It is situate on a river ot the same name, 47 miles se of Mergui. Lon. 98 50 w, lat. 11 35 N. Tenhury, a town in Worcestershire, with a market on Tueseay, seated on the Teme, 15 miles w by n of Worces- ter, and 133 wnw of Ijondon. " Tenhy, a seaport of Wales, in Pem- brokeshire, witb a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. Its castle was demo- lished in the civil wars. The principal trade is in coal, and it is a place of fa- shionable resort for bathing. Four miles wsw, on the seacoast, are the massive remains of Manorbeer castle. Tenby is seated on a narrow rock projecting into the sea, 10 miles E of Pembroke, and 25Ji w of London. Lon. 4 40 w, lat, 51 44 N. Tench Island, an island in the Pacific ocean, two miles in circumference, dis- covered by lieutenant Ball, in 1790. It is low, but entirely covered with trees, many of which are the cocoa-nut. Lon. 151 31 E, lat. 1 39 s. Tenda, a town of Piedmont, with a fortified castle on a rock. It stands on the Roia, 65 miles s of Turin. Tenday, See Samar. Tenedos, an island of the Archipelago, on the coast of IVatolia, 14 miles s of tiie strait of Gallipoli. It is 11 miles l>ng and 7 broad, inhabited almost wholly by Greeks, and its niuscadiue vine is tlie best in all'the Levant. On SJic E side is the town, at the I'o'jt of a TEN mountain, with a haibour, defended by a castle. Lon. 26 e, lat. 39 50 N. Tenen, or Knin, a town of Dalmatia, on the borders of Bosnia, and a bishop's see. It is 48 miles s of Bihacz. Lon. 16 30 E, lat, 44 5 N. Teneriff', one of the Canaiy islands, and the most considerable of them for riches, trade, and population. It lies w of the Grand Canary, is 70 miles long and 22 broad, and abounds in wine, dif- ferent sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. One part of this island is surrounded by inaccessible mountains, and one in par- ticular, called the Pike of Teneriffe, is 15,396 feet above the level of the sea: and the distance to the Peak from the port of Oratavia, at the base of the mountain, is above 1 1 miles. This island is subject to earthquakes ; and, in 1704, one destroyed several towns, and many thousand people. The laborious works in this island are chiefly performed by oxen and mules, horses benig scarce, and reserved for the use of the officers. Hawks and parrots are natives of the island, as also swallows, seagulls, par- tridges, canarybirds, and blackbirds. There are also lizards, locusts, and dra- gonflies. St. Christophe de Laguna is the capital, but the governor resides at St, Cruz Teneriff, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of St. Martha, seated on the Madalena, 100 miles ssw of St. Martha. Tenez, or Tenis, a town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, capital of a district of its name, with a fort. It has a considerable trade in corn, and is seated on a river, 4 miles from the sea, and 85 wsw of Algiers, Te-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hou-quang, 550 miles s by w of Peking. Lon. 113 21 e, lat. 31 20 N, Tennessee, one of the United States of America, situate between the paral- lels of 35 and 3Gf degrees latitude ; bounded on the s by Georgia, w by the Mississippi, N by Kentucky and Virgi- nia, and E by the Iron and Bald moun- tains, which separate it from North Ca- rolina, It is 400 miles in length and 104 in breadth ; and divided into three districts, Washington, Mcro, and Ha- milton, which are subdivided into 14 counties. The principal rivers arc the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, and Holston ; and it isv.'atcrcd by other rivers and creeks. The number of iiiija- bitants, in 1791, was 3.3,69 i ; in J79.'i, 77,262; and in 1810, 2(J1,727. 'i'U« T E R Cumberland mountains, a lofty ridge near 30 miles broad, cut tills state ;nto the eastern and -western divisions,M liicli were originally known by the names of the establishments of Holston and Cum- berland ; but the latter is much the largest part. The climate, soil, and produce of Tennessee are nearly the same as the adjoining state of Kentucky ; but West Tennessee, or Cumberland, is less salubrius, having a warmer and more humid temperature. Knowilleis the capital. Teiinesse, a river of the United States, formerly called the Cherokee river, and the largest of all those which flow into the Ohio. Its commencement is form- ed in the state to which it gives name, by the junction of the Clinch with the Holston, 35 miles below Knoxville. It flows sw, on the e side of Cumberland mountains, into Georgia,where it makes a circuit to the w, called the Great Bend ; it then re-enters the state of Ten- nessee, which it passes quite through into that of Kentucky, where it enters the Ohio, 50 miles above the conflux of that river with the Mississippi. The Teunesse is 600 yards broad at its mouth, and thence navigable by vessels of great burden for 260 miles, to the Muscle Shoals, in the Great Bend : here the river widens to between two and three miles, for nearly 30 miles ; and these shoals can only be passed in small boats : hence it may be navigated, by boats of 40 tons burden, 400 miles further to its commencement. • Tennis, a town of Egypt, situate on an island in a lake of the same name, 28 miles SE of Damietta. Tensaw. See Mobile. Tenstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, 10 miles ne of Langen- salza. Ten-tchemt, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong, with a good port, and a strong garrison. It is seat- ed on the N side of a peninsula of the yellow sea, 250 miles SE of Peking, liOn. 120 50 E, lat. 37 20 N. Tenterden, a town in Kent, governed by a mayor, with a market on Fridaj'. The steeple of the church is very lofty, and at the time of the Spanish invasion, in 1588, was made use of as a beacon. It is 24 miles sw of Canterbury, and 56 E by ;; of London. Tentugal, a town of Portugal, iu Beira, 8 milts WNW of Coimbra. Teramo, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo UUeriore, 25 tulles ne of Aquila. Terasso, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, m Caramaiiia, and an archbishop's sec. 679 T E R It was formerly called Tarsus, was the capital of Cilicia, and is the birthplace of St. Paul. It is seated on the Medi- terranean, 100 miles w by N of Alexan- dretta. Lon. 35 15 e, lat. 37 4 N. Tercera, one of the Azores, of a cir- cular form, about 55 miles in circumfer- ence, and very fertile. It contains se- veral towns and villages, with a number of forts. Angra is the capital. Terchiz, or Teishiz, a town of Persia, in the province of Chorasan, 120 miles WNW of Herat. Lon. 57 25 e, lat. 35 5 N. Terga, a town of Morocco, seated on the Omirabi, 90 miles N of Morocco. Tergovist, or Tervis, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Walachia. Here is a tine palace, belonging to the hospodar, or reigning prince ; but he chiefly re- sides at Buchorest. It is seated on the Jalonitz, 35 miles nnvv of Buchorest. Lon. 25 48 E, lat. 45 28 N. Tergouiv, See Gouda. Tertii, a town of Carcassia, where a prince resides dependent on Russia, this being a frontier place against Persia. It is seated on a river of the same name, near the Caspian sea, 180 miles s of As- tracan. Lon. 47 30 e, lat. 43 22 N. Termed, a town of Usbec Tartary, ca- pital of a district in Bokharia; seated in an angle formed by the union of two rivers, 150 miles s of Samarcand. Lon. 65 35 e, lat. 37 15 N. Termini, a town on the N coast of Si- cily, in Val di Mazara, with a strong- castle. It is famous for its mineral wa- ters, and has a fine aqueduct. It stands near the mouth of a river of the same name, 20 miles se of Palermo. Termoli, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata, seated near the sea, 32 miles se of Lanciano. Ternate, the principal island of the Moluccas. It abounds in cocoa-nuts, bananas, citrons, oranges, almonds, and other fruits, proper to the climate. There are also a great number of birds of paradise. It is a motmtainous coun- try, and contains a great number of woods, which furnish abundance of game. But it is of the greatest note for its cloves, and is in the possession of the Dutch. The inhabitants are Ma- hometans, and very indolejit. It lies a little to the vv of Gilolo, and 100 miles E of Celebes. Lon, 127 4 e, lat. 50 N, Terneuse, a town and fort of the Ne- therlands, in Planders, on the w branch of the Scheldt, called tlic Hondt. It is 8 miles n of Sas vau Ghent, and 25 wnw of Antwerp. T E R ' Terni, a town of Italy, in llie duchy of Spoleto, seated on the Nern, near tise influx of the Velino,which has a famous cataract a mile from the town. Tenii 's the birthplace of Tacitus the histo- ■« an. It is 15 miles ssvv of Spoleto, and 46 N of Rome. Ternova, a town of European Tur- key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. It was formerly the seat of the princes of Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the fortifications are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the Jenera, 88 -miles Nw of Adrianople, and 97 ne of Sofia. Lon. 26 2 e, lat. 43 1 N. Teniova, a town of European Tur- key, in Janna, and a bishop's see, seat- ed on the Salempria, 10 miles wnw of I>arissa. Terouenc, a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, seated on the Lis, 6 miles s of St. Omer. Terra di Ban, Lavoro, and Otranto ; i ee Ban, &c. Terra del Espiritu Santo, the most western and largest island of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean, being 40 leagues in circuit. The land is exceed- ingly high and mountainous, and in many places the hills rise directly from the sea. Except the cliffs and beaches, every part is covered with wood, or laid out in plantations. Beside the bay of St. Philip and St. Jago, on the N side of it, the isles which lie along the s and E coast form several good bays and har- bours. Lon. 167 E, lat. 15 s. Tei-ra Firma, a country of Soutli America, bounded on the the N by the Caribbean sea, ne by the Atlantic, se by Guiana and Amazonia, s by New Gre- nada, and w by the Pacific ocean and the isthmus of Darien, which last sepa- rates it from North America. Its length, *iom the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, IS upwards of 1300 miles: its greatest breadth is 450; but, in some places, to- wards the Oronoko, not above ISO. It is divided into the provinces of Terra I'irma Proper, or Darien, Carthagena, St. Martha, Kio de la Hacha, Vene- zuela, Cumana, and Paria, or New An- dalusia. The whole country is subject to the viceroy of New Grenada. Terra del Fuego, a large island, sepa- rated from the southern extremity of America by the strait of T^lagcUan, and so called from the volcanos observed on it. The sea intersects it into several islan(4s, all of them barren and mountain- ous ; but on the lower grounds are found several sorts of trees and plants, and a variety of birds. The natives are short Ki stature, not exceeding 5 feet 6 inches ; T E S their heads large, their faces broad,- their cheek-bones j)rominent, and their noses flat. They have little brown eyeSj without life ; their hair is black and lank, hanging about their heads in disorder, and besmeared with trainoil. On the chin they have a few straggling short hairs instead of a beard. They have no other clothing than a small piece of seal-skin, hanging from their shoulders to the middle of the back, being fasten- ed round the neck with a strir.g. They have no other arms than bows and arrows ; and their instruments for fish- ing are a kind of fishgigs. They live chiefly on seals' flesh, and like the fat oily part most. There is no appear- ance of any subordination amoiig them , and their whole character is a strange compound of stupidity, iudiflerence, and inactivity. Terramia, a decayed town of Italy, in Campagua di Roma, with a castle on a rock. It was called Auxur, was the capital of the Voici, and the cathedral was originally a temple of Jupiter. It is seated near the sea, on the frontiers of Naples, 54 miles sse of Rome. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 41 24 N. Terranova, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Noto, seated near the mouth of a ri- ver of the same name, 20 miles ese of Alicata, Lon. 14 10 e, lat. 37 9 n. Terranova, a seaport of Sardinia, seat- ed at the bottom of a bay on the ne coast, 62 miles ene of Sassari. Lon. 9 35 E, lat. 41 3 N. Terrasson, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, seated on the Vesere, 28 miles e of Perigueux. Terridim, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the w coast of Scotland, in Rossshire, between Gairloch and Applecross. I* has many creeks and bays. Terriore, a strong town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 25 miles N of Triichinopoly. Teruel, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a bishop's see, with a citadel. It is 75 miles sw of Saragossa, and 112 e of Madrid. Lon. 1 w, lat. 40 25 N. Tervere, or Veere, a fortified seaport of Holland, in Zealand, on the ne coast of the isle of Walcheren. It has a good harbour, and a fine arsenal, four miles n by e of Middleburg, with which it com- municates by a canal. Lon. 3 42 e, lat. 51 36 N. Teschen, a town of Moiavia, c'^pital of a circle of the same name. It is sur- rounded by a wall, and at a little dis- tance is the old castle, on au eminence, where the ancient dukes icsided. The inhabitants carry on a tsadc in leather, mo T E T wooUen stuffs, and wine ; and make cx- ccUenl fire-arms. This town was taken by llie Prnssians in 1757, but restored iii l?t>3. In 1779, a treaty of peace was concluded Iiere between tlie emperor of Germany and the king of Prussia. It is seated in a morass, near the river Elsa, 36 miles ese of Troppan, and 60 E by n of Olmntz. Lon. 18 32 e, lat. 49 43 N. Tsegdelt, a town of Morocco, sealed on a cragrgy rock, said to be impregna- ble, at the month of the Techubit, 140 miles WNw of Morocco. Teshoo Loomhoo, the capital of Tibet, or of that part which is immediately •nbject to the Tcshoo lama, who is so- vereign of the country during the mino- rity ot 'he grand lama. Its temples and niausoleams, witli their numerous gild- ed canopies and turrets, and the palace of the lama, vender it a magnificent place. It stands at the N end of a plain, upon a rocky eminence, 220 miles sw of Lassa, and 470 N by E of Calcutta. Lon. 89 7 E, lat. 29 4 N. Tesin, a new canton of Sv/itzerland, to the w of the canton of Grisons, and almost encircled by Italy. It is rich in pastures and cattle. Bellinzona is the "apital. Tesino, or Tesin, a river which has its source in Switzerland, on the s side of St. Gothard, flows tlirough the canton of Tesiu, and the lake Maggiore, then pas- ses to Pavia, in the Milanese, and a lit- tle after joins the Po. Tesino, a town of Germany, in the county of Tyrol, 25 miles ene of Trent. Tesset, a town of Zahara, capital of a district of the same name. It is 350 miles ssw of Tafilet. Lon. 5 45 w, lat. 2.5 54 N. Tessin, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg, 12 miles SE of Rostock. Tett, or Tese, a river in Hampshire, which rises near Whitchurch, flows by Stockbridge and Rumsey, and enters the head of the bay of Southampton, at Redbridge. Tethury, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday, and a trade in yarn and wool. It is 25 miles ENE of Bristol, and 99 w of London. Tetschen, or Tetzen, a town of Bohe- mia, in the circle of Leitmeritz, with a castle on a rock, on the river Elbe, 29 miles SE of Dresden. Tettjiang, a town of Suabia, in a lord- ship of the same name, eight miles n of Liindau. Tetuan, a city of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle. The houses have only lit- tle holes toward the streets, which are *ery narrow ; and the windows are on t)81 T E V the otlier side, f\icing a courtyard, which is sinrounded by galleries ; and in the middle is generally a fountain. The houses are two stories high, fiat at the top ; and the women visit each other from the tops of them. The shops are very small, and without any door; the master sitting cross-legged on a counter, with the goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the customers stand in the street. It is seated on the river Cus, near the Mediterranean, 110 miles NNw of Fez. Lon. 5 23 w, lat. 35 .37 N. Teverone, a river of Italy, the ancient Anio, which rises in the Apennines, 50 miles above Tivoli, glides through a l)lain till it comes near that town, when it is confined for a short space between two hills, covered with groves. These were supposed to be the residence of the sibyl Albunea, to \Vhom an elegant temple here was dedicated. The river moving with augmented rapidity, as its channel is confined, at last rushes over a loftj' precipice ; and the noise of its falls resounds tlirough the hills and groves of Tivoli. Having gained the plain, it soon afterward receives the waters of the lak Solfatara, and then joins the Tibet, near Rome. See Solfatara. Teviot, a river of Scotland, which rises in the mountains in the sw of Roxbmg- shire, and passing ne through the coun- ty, unites with the Tweed, a little above Kelso. Teupitz, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, with a castle in a lake, 25 miles s by e of Berlin. Teuschintz, a town and castle of Fran- conia, in the principality of Bamberg, 17 miles N of Culmbach. Tewsing, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, 30 miles NW of Pilsen. Tewkesbury, a borough in Gloucester- shire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. Here are the remains of a monastery, and its church now forms one of the noblest parish churches in the kingdom. It has manufactures of nails, stockings, and mustard, and a consider- able trade in malt. Here, in 1441, Ed- ward IV. gained a decisive victory over the Lancastrians. Tewkesbury is seat- ed on the Avon, near its union with the Severn, 10 miles of Gloucester, and 103 wN.w of London. Tevel, an island of N. Holland, sepa- rated from the continent by a narrow channel of the same name, defended by a strong fort on the mainland, called the Helder. This channel is the best and most southern entrance itilo the Zuider Zee, and through it most of the ships pass that are bound to Amsterdam. In T H A 1799, the fort was taken by the English ; and the whole of the Dutch fleet, lying within the channel, surrendered to them ; but the English abandoned the fort soon afterward. Lon. 4 59 e, lat. 63 10 N. Teya, a river of Germany, which rises near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows e, by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters the Moraw, on the confines of Hungary. Teyn, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- cle of'Bechin, seated on the Muldau, 10 miles SE of Piseck. Tezar, a town of the kingdom of Fez, capital of the province of Cuzi. Here is a mosque half a mile in circum- ference. It is seated on a small river, 45 miles e of Fez. Lon. 4 15 w, lat. 33 40 N. Tezcnco, a town of Mexico, once the capital of a rich kingdom. Here Cor- tez caused a canal to be dug, and built 18 brigantines, to carry on the siege of Mexico. It is seated near the lake of Mexico, 30 miles e of Mexico. Tezela, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Mascara, with a castle, 15 miles ew of Oran. l^ezout, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the point of a rock, 15 miles s ofMeHlIa. Tezzoute, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantia. Its ruins ex- tend 10 miles in circumference, among which are magnificent remains of city l^ates, an amphitheatre, a temple dedi- cated to Esculapius, and other elegant structures. It is 90 miles ssw of Con- stantia. Thainee, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 miles s of Tunis, Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 34 50 N. Thame, or Tame, a river which rises near Tring, in Hertfordshire, crosses Buckinghamshire to the N of Ailesbury, enters Oxfordshire at the town of Thame, whence it is navigable for bar- ges to Dorchester, where it joins the Thames. This river has been errone- ously supposed to give name to the Thames. Thame, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the ri- ver Thame, 12 miles e of Oxford, and 44 w by N of London. Thames, the finest river in Great Bii- taui, which lakes its rise from a copious spring, called 'i'liaines Head, two miles sw of Circnccslcr, in Glouccsfcrshire. It has been erroneously said that its name is Isis, till it arrives at Dorchester, 16 miles below Oxford, when, being T H A joined by the Thame or Tame, it as- sumes the name of Thames. What was the origin of this vulgar error, cannot now be traced : poetical fiction, how- ever, has perpetuated this error, and in- vested with a kind of classical sanctity. But Camden says, that the river was al- ways called Thames or Terns, before it came near the Thame ; and in several ancient charters granted to the abbey of Malmesbury,as well as that of Enshaai, and in the old deeds relating to Crick* lade, it is never considered under any other name than that of Thames, All the historians, who mention the incur- sions of Ethelwold, and of Canute, into Wiltshire, concur likewise in the same opinion, by declaring, that they passed over the Thames at Cricklade in Wilt- shire. About a mile below the source of the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a torrent, as to overflow the meadows for many miles. Tho stream proceeds to Cricklade, where it receives many other rivulets, which causes it to widen considerably in ita way to Lechlade ; and being there join- ed by the Coin and Lech, at the distance of 138 miles from London, it becomes navigable for vessels of 90 tons. At Ox- ford (in whose academic groves its poe- tical name of Isis has been so often in- voked) it is joined by the Charwell, and proceeding by Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives the Thame. Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming a boundary to Berkshire, Buckingham- shire, Surry, and Middlesex, it waters Henley, Marlow, Maidenhead, Wind- sor, Staines, Chertsey, Kingston, and Brentwood, in its course to London during which it receives the Kcnnet, Loddon, Coin, Wey, Mole, Brent, and Wandle. From London the river pro- ceeds to Greenwich, Woolwich, Grays- Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into the German ocean, in which course it parts Essex from Kent, and receives the Iant- zic, and 105 Nw of Warsaw. Lon. 18 42 E, lat. 53 6 N. Thorn, a town In W. Yorkshire, with a market on. Wednesday, situate in a marshy soil, near the river Don, 10 miles NE of Doncaster, and 165 N by w of London. Thornbury, a town in Gloucestershire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is 24 miles sw of Glouces- ter, and 122 w of London. Thorney, a small island in a bay of the English channel, near the coast of Sussex, with a village of the same name, at the mouth of the Lavant, seven miles sw of Chichester. Thm-nhill, a town of Scotland, in Dum ^ friesshire, with manufactures of coarse linen and woollen cloth, situate near the river Nith, 15 miles nnw of Dum- fries. Thouars, a town of France, in the de- partment of Two Sevres. The castle of its ancient dukes is on a rock, surround- ed by walls 120 feet high, built of white stone. It is seated on a hill, by the ri- ver Thoue, 32 miles SE of Angers, and 162 sw of Paris, Thrapston, a town in Northampton- shire, with a market on Thursday, seal- ed on the Nen, 20 miles sw of Peterbo- rough, and 73 nnw of London. Three Hills Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific ocean, 12 miles in circumference, lying to the § of Mafiicollo. T I B Three Rivers, or Th)ts Rivteies, a town of Lower Cauada, situate on a ri- ver of the same name, which, before its junction witli the St, Lawrence, is divi- ded by two islands into tinee branches. It has a chinch, a convent, and an hos- pilal. Nine nn'Ics up the river is a con- siderable iron foundejy. It is 70 miles »sw of Quebec, Tlmin, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege ; seated on tlie Sambre, eight miles sw of Charleroy, and 15 SE of Mons, Tlnde. See Fula. T/iun, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic, in the canton of Bern, with a castle. It is seated on a lake of the same name, 14 miles long and three broad, where the river Aar issues from it, 15 miles s by e of Bern. TTtm; a river of Switzerland, which rises in the s part of the county of Tog- genburg, and flows into the Rhine, se- ven miles ssw of Schafthausen, Tkurgan, a new canton of Switzerland, which lies along the river Thur ; bound- ed on the s by the canton of St, Gall, w by that of Zurich, and n and e by the lake and territory of Constance. It is extremely populous, and the most pleasant and fertile part of Switzerland, though somewliat mountainrius toward the south. One third of the inhabitants are catholics, and the other two-thirds are Calvinists. Fraueufeld is the capi- tal. Thurhigia, a province of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony ; bounded on the E by Misnia, s by Franconia, w by Hesse and Eichfeld, and n by the duchy of Brunswick and the principality of Anhalt. It is 73 miles in length, and nearly as much in breadth, abounding in corn, fruits, and wood. Erfurt and Langensalza are the chief towns. Thurso, a borough of Scotland, in Cailhnessshire, at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the sw side of a spacious bay. It has a considerable trade in corn and fish, and manufactures of wool- len and linen cloth. It is 28 miles NW of Wick, and 56 nne of Dornoch. Lon. 3 18 w, lat. 58 30 N. Tiagar, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 50 miles wsw of Pondicherry, and 75 s of Arcot. Tiano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, with a famous nunnery, and a mmeral spring, 15 miles Nw of Capua. Tiber, a river of Italy, which rises in the Apennines, in the Florentino, flows througii the Pope's dominions by Borgo, St. Sepulcliro, Citta di Castella, Orto, and Rosne, 10 miles below wliich it en- 685 T I B tcrs file Mediterranean sea, between Ostia and Porto. Tibet, a country of Asia, bounded on the NW and N by the Desert of Kobi, in Tartary, e l)y China, s by Assam and Birmali, and sw and w by Hindoostan and Eootan. This country is one of the higliest in Asia; it being a part of that elevated tract which gives rise not only to the rivers of India and China, but also to those of Siberia and Tartary. Its length from e to w cannot be loss than 1400 miles; its breadth about 500, but is very unequal. It is divided into three parts. Upper, Middle, and Lower Tibet. The Upper lies toward the sources of the Ganges and Burram- pooter ; the Middle is that in which Lassa, the capital, is seated; and the Lower, that which borders on China. Little Tibet is situate between Upper Tibet and Casheur. But major Ren- nell, who considers the geography of the whole country as very obscure, is uncertain whether LitfleTibet is subject to Lassa or not. Notwithstanding the very rough and sterile state of Tibet, and the severity of its climate, from its wonderful elevation, its inhabitants are in a high state of civilization ; their houses lofty and built of stone ; and the useful manufactures in some degree of improvement. The principal exports are gold-dust, diamonds, pearls, lamb skins, shawls, woollen cloths, rock salt, musk, and tincal or crude borax. The nature of the soil prohibits the progress of agri- culture ; but wheat, peas, and barley are cultivated. Here are many beasts of prey, and great abundance and va- riety of wild fowl and game ; with nu- merous tlocks of sheep and goats, and herds of cattle, of a diminutive size, as well as small horses. The Tibetians are governed by the grand lama, who is not only submitted to, and adored by them, but is also the great object of adoration for the various tribes of pagan Tartars, who walk through the vast tract of continent which stretches from the river Volga to Corea. He is not only the sovereign pontiff, the vicegerent of the deity on earth, but by the more remote Tartars is absolutely regarded as the deity himself. Even the emperor of China, who is of a Tartar race, does not fail to acknowledge the lama, in his religious capacity, although, as a temporal sovereign, the lama himself is tributary to that emperor. The opinion of the most orthodox Tibetians is, that when the grand lama seems to die, either of old age orinfinnity, his soul, in reali- ty, only quits a cra'^v habitation, to lo T I B for another younger or better; and it is discovered again in tiie body of some child, by certain tokens known only to the laraas or priests, in whicli order he always appears. In 1774, the grand lama was an infant, who had been dis- covered some time before by the I'eshoo lama, who, in authority and sanctity of character, is next to the grand lama, and, during his minority, acts as chief. The lamas, who form the greatest and most powerful body in the state, have the priesthood entirely in their hands. At the head of their hierarchy are three lamas ; the Dalai lama, who resides at Ijassa : the Teshoo lama, who lives at Teshoo Loomboo ; and the Taranat lania,whose seat is Kharca, in the north. The priests constitute many monastic orders, which are held in great venera- tion among them, 'i'he most numerous sect are called Gylongs,who are exempt from labour, enjoined temperance, and interdicted all intercourse with the fe- male sex : they abound over all Tibet and Bootan, notwithstanding the seve- rity of discipline ; since every famil}' consisting of more than four boys is obliged to contribute one of them to this order ; and it is also encouraged by am- bition, as the officers of state are usually selected from this sect. Beside the re- ligious influence and authority of the grand lama, he is possessed of unhmited power throughout his dominions. His residence is at a vast palace on the mountain Putahi, 7 miles from Lassa. In 1774, the East India Company made a treaty with the grand lama. The re- ligion of Tibet, though, in many re- spects, it differs from that of the Indian bramins, yet, in otliers, has a great affi- nity to it. The practice of polyandry is universally prevalent in Tibet ; and one female associates with all the bro- thers of a family, without any restric- tion of age or number: the choice of a w^ife is the privilege of the elder brother. I^his extraordiuaiy custom, and tlie ce- libacy of the priests, may have been in- tended to guard against too numerous a poj)ulation in an unfertile country. The 'I'ibetians preserve entire the mortal re- mains of their sovereign lamas only, every other corpse is either consumed by fire or exposed to be the promiscuous food of beasts and birds of prey. They have a great veneration for the cow, 3nd highly respect the waters of the Ganges, the source of which they be- Sieve to be in heaven. The sunniasses, or Indian pilgrims, often visit Tibet as ft hySy place ; and the grand lama al- T I G •ways maintains a body of near 300 of them in his pay. See Palte. Tiburon, a cape at the most western extremity of the island of St. Domingo, with a town and fort, on an open road, opposite Port Antonio in Jamaica. It was taken by the English and French royalists in 1794, but retaken by the republicans the next year. LfOn. 74 32 w, lat. 18 25 N. Tickely, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of Cicacole, 30 miles ne of Cioa- cole, and 70 sw of Ganjam. Tichhill, a town in AVest Yorkshire, with a market on Friday. It is 5 miles s of Doncaster, and 154 N by w of London. Ticoncleroga, a fort of the state of New York, built by the French in 1756, on the narrow passage between the lakes George and Champlain. It was taken in 1759 by general Amherst, and in 1777 by general Burgoyne, but eva- cuated soon after the convention of Saratoga. It had all the advantages that art or nature could [give it ; but is now a heap of ruins, and forms an ap- pendage to a farm. It is 14 miles s of Crown Point. Tideswell, a town in Derbyshire, on the s confines of the Peak, with a market on Wednesday. Here is a well that ebbs and flows two or three times in an hour after great rains ; the w ater gushing from several cavities at once, for the space of five minutes : the well is three feet deep and broad, and the water rises and falls two feet. It is deemed one of the wonders of the Peak. Tideswell is 22 miles nw of Derby, and 160 NNW of London. Ticlore, an island, one of the Moluc- cas, 16 miles s of Ternate. It is 20 miles in circumference, and produces cloves and flax. The woods, and the rocks that surround it, render it a place of deience. It is governed by a sultan, who possesses also the s part of Gilolo, and claims tribute from Mysol. Lon. 126 40 E, lat. 1 N.^ TieL See Tliiel. Tien-sing, a city of China, in Pe-tche- li, which has a great trade in salt. It is seated on the Pei-ho (at the influx of the Eu-ho) 90 miles from its mouth, and 90 se of Peking. Tiess. See Teisse. Tigre, a province in the ne part of Abyssinia, 200 miles long and 120 broad, through which passes all the merchan- dise of the kingdom, destined to cross the Red sea for Arabia, AuEen is the capital. 686 T I M Tigrit, a river of Turkey in Asia, which has its source in the njonntaiii of Tchilder, in Diarbek. It flop's by Diar- bekir, Gezira, Mosnl, and Teciit, in which course it separates Diarbek from Curdistan ; then enters Irac Arab!, where it passes by Eagdad and Coriia, and soon after joins the Euphrates, 35 miles above Bassoi a. Tilbury, East, a village in Essex, near the mouth of the Thames, e of Tilbury Fort. In this parish is a field, called Cave Eield, in which is a hori- zontal passage to one of the spacious caverns in the neighbouring parish of Chadwell. Dr. Derham measured three of the most considerable of them, and found the depth of one to be 50, another 70, and the fnird 80 feet. Their origin is too remote for investigation. Tilbury, West, a village in Essex, to the N of Tilbury Fort. In 630, it was the see of bishop Cedda, or St. Chad, who converted the East Saxons. When the Spanish armada was in the English channel, in 1588, queen Elisabeth had a camp here, and some traces of it are visible. In 1727 a medicinal spring was discovered near this village. Tilbtiry Fort, a fortress in Essex, si- tuate ou the Thames, opposite Graves- end. It has a double moat, the inner- most of which is 180 feet broad; and its chief strength on the land side con- sists in its being able to lay the whole level under water. On the side next the river is a strong curtain, with a platform before it; on both which, and the bastions, are planted a great num- ber of guns. It is 28 miles e by s of London. Tillieis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure, 6 miles ne of Ver- ueuil, and 12 w of Dreux. Tilsit, a town of Prussia, in the Li- thuanian department, with a castle. It lias a considerable trade in corn, linseed, butter, cheese, and other provisions. In 1807, it was taken by the French ; soon after which two treaties of peace were made, between France and Prussia, and France and Russia, the three sovereigns being here in person. It is situate on the Memel, 50 miles ne of Konigsberg, and 95 ssw of Mittau. Lon. 22 8 v., lat. 65 8 N. Timana, a town of Terra Firma, in Popayan, capital of a territory of the same name,which abounds in fruits and pastures. It is seated on a river, 130 miles ESE of Popayan, Lon. 73 56 w, lat. I 35 N. Timerycotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the Cainatic, chief place 687 T I N in the district of Palnand. It is 72 miles SE of Hydrabad, and 82 vv by s of Coiidapilly. Lon, 79 26 e, lat. 16 20 N. Timon, or Timoan, an island on the E coast of the peninsula of Malaya, 30 miles in circumference. It is moun- tainous and woody, and produces plenty of cocoa-nuts and rice. Lon. 104 26 E, lat. 3 N. Timor, an island in the Indian ocean, to the w of tiie Nw point of New Holland. It is 200 miles long and 60 broad, and abounds in sandal-wood, wax, and honey. The Dutch have a fort here, from which they expelled the Portuguese, in 1G13. It is situate at Cupan, the principal town, on the sw point of the island. Lon. 124 E, lat. 10 23 s. Timorlaiit, an island in the Indian ocean, between Timor and New Guinea. It is 60 miles in circumference, and the 5 point is in lon. 131 54 e, lat. 8 15 s. Tina, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, on the river Tis,^7 miles Nw oi Spalatro. Tinevelly, or Palamcotta, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the province of Tinevelly, at the s extremity of the Carnatic. It is seated on a river,which flows into the gulf of Manara, 85 miles ssw of Madura. Lon. 77 46 e, lat. 8 42 N. Ting-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fo-kien, 980 miles s of Peking. Lon. 116 30 e, lat. 25 48 N. Tinian,&n island in the Pacific ocean, one of the Ladrones, 12 miles long and 6 broad. The soil is dry, and some- what sandy. Here are many cattle, abundance of fowls, and plenty of wild hogs. It affords abundance of cocoa- nuts, paupaus, guavas, limes, sour oran- ges, and bread-fruit; also much cotton and indigo. There are no streams ", and the water of a well, supposed to be the same at which commodore Anson filled his casks in 1742, was found by commodore Byron, in 1765, to be brackish and full of worms. Both these officers experienced that the fish caught here were unwholesome. The principal inconvenience arises from the number of muskitos, and other kinds of flies; and there are likewise many ve- nemous insects, centipedes, and scor- pions. The road is dangerous, for the bottom consists of hard sand and large coral rocks. Lon. 146 e, lat. 16 N. Tina, the ancient Tenos, an island of the Archipelago, to the s of Andros, from which it is separated by a channel T I P of a mile hi Mitlth. It is 15 miles lonp: antl eight broad, and is subject to tlic Turks. Tiiis island produr.es 16,000 pounds of siik every jear, and the stocking's made of it are very good ; bi.it notliing can equal tiie ^■loves which are knit here for the ladies. The for- tress stands on a rock ; and here is a bishop's see of the Latin church, though the Greeks have 200 ])apas or priests. The capital is of the same name. Lon. 9^ 10 E, lat. 37 40 N. Tintagel, a village in Cornwall, one mile w of Bossiney. It is noted for the splendid remains of a castle, on a bold promontory in the Bristol channel, said to have been the birthplace of king Arthur, and the seat of the ancient dukes of Cornwall. Tintern, a village in Monmouthshire, on the river Wye, tive miles n by e of Chepstow. It has a manufacture of iion wire, also the venerable remains of vn abbey, which is a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. Tinio, a river of Spain, which rises in the province of Seville, and has its Mame from the water being tinged of a yellow colour. Near its springs it has a petrifying quality, no fish will live in it, nor any plants grow on its banks ; these properties continue till other livulets enter and alter its nature ; for when it passes by Niebla it is not dif- ferent from other rivers, and 18 miles below it enters the bay of Cadiz, at Huelva. Tinzeda, a town of Barbary, in the county of Darah, on the river Dras. Lon. 6 13w, lat. 27 30 N. Tiorn, an island on the w coast of Sweden, 25 miles in circumference, and abounding in excellent pastures. Lon. 11 29 E, lat. 58 N. Tipera, or Tipra, a country of Ilin- doostan, in Bengal, on the borders of Eirmah. 'I'hc chief town is Comillah. Tippeyary, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 60 miles long and 40 broad ; bounded on the N by Kings county, E by Queen's county and Kil- kenny, s by Waterford, and w by Galway, Clare, Limerick, and Cork. It is divided into 147 parishes, contains about 170,000 inhabitants, and sends 4 members to parliament. The s part is fertile ; but the N is rather barren, and terminates in a row of twelve moun- tains, the highest in Ireland, called Phelem-dhe-Madina. The river Sure runs through it from N to s. Cashel is the capital. Tippei-ary, a town oi" Ireland, in the T I T county of ^e same name; niije mile.i wsw of Cashel. Tipsa. See Tthesta. Tirana, a town af Switzerland, ca- pital of a district in the Valteline. It contains several handsome buildings, but from the narrowness of the streets, and many ruinous houses, its general appearance is desolate. Its staple commerce consists in the exportation of wine and silk. Near the town is the magnificent church of fhe Madona, much visited by catholic pilgrims. The massacre of the protestants of the Valteline, in 1620, began in this town. It is seated on the Adda, 12 miles sw of Bormio. Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 46 20 N. Tireh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situate on the Meiuder, 32 miles SSE of Smyrna. Tirey, an island of Scotland, one o the Hebrides, lying to the w of Mull. It is 16 miles long and 3 broad. The sur- face in general is even, and it is noted for its marble quarry, and a handsome breed of little horses. Tirlemontf a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, formerly one of the most considerable cities in that duchy, but ruined by the wars, and by a great fire in 1701. Near this place the Austriaus were defeated in 1792 by the French, who the year following were routed by the former. It is seated on the river Geet, 10 miles ese of Louvain. Tirnau, a town of Hungary, in the country of Neitra, seated on the Tirna, 26 miles ne of Prcsburg. Tirsclienreid, a town of Bavaria, seat- ed on a lake, 10 miles s of Egra. Titan, or Cabaros, an island of France, the largest and most eastern of the Hieres, in the Mediterranean. Titeri, the middle or southern pro- vince of the kingdom of Algiers, in which is a lake of the same name, form- ed by the river Sheilif, near its source. This province is the smallest and least important, 'i'owards the N it is moun- tainous and narrow, and to the s it ex- tends far into the desert. It contains some of the highest mountains in the kingdom, part of which are inhabited by the Cabyls, an independent tribe, who have never been subdued by the Alge- rines. The principal town of this pro- vince is Belida. Titieatoo, a lake of Peru, in the audi- ence of Charcas. It is of an oval figure, with an inclination from nw to se, and 240 miles in circumference. Many streams enter into it, but its waters are so muddy and nauseous as not to bt 6«b T IV drank. One ol' tiic most splendid (eui- ples in the onipire was erected un an island m this hike, by the mens. TitchJieUl, a vilhijje in ijiimpshiie, seated on the river Aire, tiiree miles w of Farehani. It had foi nierly an abbey ; and on its site are the remains ot a mansion, where Charles I. was conceal- ed, in his llight lioni Hampton Court, ill 1647. Titlisberg; one of the highest moan- tains in Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, 11 miles ssw of Altorfi". Titschein, New, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Prcran, well-bnilt and defended by walls, 28 miles e by N of Prerau. Tittmanhig, a town of Bavaria, in the dnchy of Salzburg:, seated on the Salza, 20 miles nnw of Salzburgh. Titiil, a town of Hungary, seated on the Teisse, 23 miles ese of Peterwar- deiu, and 24 NNW of Belgrade. Tiverton, a borough in Devonshije, governed by a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. It has long been noted for its woollen manufactures, particularly kerseys. Here are two churches, and a frccschool (founded by a clothier of the town) which has an endowment for the maintenance of four scholars at Ba- liol college, Oxford, and four at Sidney Sussex college, Cambridge. Near the old church are the remains of a castle, part of which is converted into the oflices of a farm. Tiverton has sufi'ered very severely by fire, the last lime in 1731. It is seated on the river Ex, 14 miles nne of Exeter, and 161 w by s of London. Lon. 3 38 vv, lat. 60 54 N. TmmeH, atown of Siberia, in the pro- vince of Tobolsk, on the river Tura, at the influx of the Pischma, 170 miles sw of Tobolsk. Tivoli, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, and a bishop's see. Though now j)oor, it boasts of greater antiquity than Rome, being the ancient 'Jibur, wiiich was founded by a Grecian co- lony. It was the favourite country residence of the ancient Romans, as Frescati is of the moderns. The ca- thedral is built on the ruir.s of a temple of Hercules. In the market-place are two images of oriental granite, repre- senting the Egyptian deity Isis. I'he adjacent couniry yields excellent oil. Near Tivoli are the ruins of the mag- nificent villa built by emperor Adrian, a cfclebrated cascade,a temple of Vesta, and another of the sybil Albunea, a *amous villa called the Villa Esteme, and the remarkable lake of Solfatara. GS9 T O B Tivoii is seated on an eminence, on the river Teveronc, 15 miles ene of Rome. l^izzcmo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 13 miles s of Parma. Tlascala, a province of Mexico; bounded on the N by Pauuco, e by the gulf of Mexico, s by Guaxaca and the Pacific ocean, and w by Mexico Proper. On the w side there is a chain of moun- tains for the space of 55 miles, well cultivated ; and on the N is a great ridge of mountains, the neighbourhood of Mhich exposes it to violent tempests and frequent inundation. Yet this is allowed to be the most populous coun- try in all America ; and it produces so much maize, that hence it had the name of Tlascala, the Land of Bread. Puebla de los Angelos is the capital. Tlascala, a town of Mexico, formerly the capita! of the province of the same name; seated on a river, 15 miles N by E of Puebla de los Angelos. Tlewsan, See Tremesan, Tobago, the most southern of the islands in the West Indies, and the most eastern except Barbadoes. It is 32 miles long and 10 broad : and near its NE extremity is Little Tobago, an island two miles long and one broad. The climate is not so hot as might be expect- ed from its situation so near the equa- t«.r; nor is it visited by such dreadful hurricanes as frequently desolate the other islands. It is diversilied with hills and vales, and is equal in richness of produce to any islands in these seas. In 1748, it was declared a neutral island, but in 1763, was ceded to the English. It was taken by the French in 1781, and coJifirmed to them in 1783 ; but it was taken by the English in 1793, and re- stored in 1802. It was again taken by the English in 1803; and contirmed to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814, The prj'icipal place is Scarborough. Tobermory, a town of Scotland, in the island of Mull, with a good harbour, and a customhouse ; seated on a fine bay, near the Nw end of the sound of Mull. Lon. 5 68 w, lat. 66 46 N. Tobolsk, a government of the Russian empire, which comprehends the greatest part of ¥/estern Siberia, It is divided into the two provinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Tobolsk, a considerable and populous city of Russia, formerly capital of Sibe- ria, and at present of the government of Tobolskoi. It is divided into the Upper Town, which is properly the city, and stands very high, with a fort built with stone, m which are the governor's court, the s?:overnor's liouse, the archbishop's Yy T O C palace, the exchange, and two of the principal churches, all built of stone, and the Lower Town: both taken toge- ther, it is of a very large circumference, but the houses are all built with wood. It is mostly inhabited by Mahometan Tartars, and Bucharians, who drive a great trade on that river. The houses are low ; the Tartars that live round this town, fur several miles, are all Ma- hometans, and their mufti is an Ara- bian : in general they behave very quiet- ly, and carry on some commerce, but practise no mechanic trades. There are also a great number of Calmuc Tar- tars, who serve as slaves. All tlie Chi- nese caravans pass through this town, and all the furs furnished by Siberia are brought here, and thence forwarded to Moscow. The Russians commonly send their state prisoners hither. It is seat- ed at the confluence of the rivers Tobol and Irtisch, 1 100 miles e by n of Mos- cow, and 1200 e by s of Petersburg!!. Lou. 68 35 E, lat. 58 12 N. Tocantin, the largest river of Brasi'l, which rises in lat. 18 s, and flows ne at the foot of a ridge of mountains, for above 700 miles ; then enters a more open country, and pursues its course 400 miles further to the Atlantic ocean, which it enters by a large estuary, below the city of Para. The estuary of this river has a communication with that of the Amazon to the w ; and the space included by them ||and the ocean is an island, 150 miles in diameter, called Maraso or Joanes. Tocat, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in the sangiacate of Sivas. The houses are handsomely built, and the streets paved, which is an uncommon thing in these parts ; but the town makes a very odd appearance, being built on uneven ground. There are two rugged per- pendicular rocks of marble, with an old castle upon each ; and so many streams, that each house has a fountain. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. There are 12 mosques, and a vast number of chapels; the Armenians have seven churches, and the Greeks only one. The chief trade is in copper vessels, but much yellow leather and silk is manufactured. Tocat may be considered as the ceiilrc of trade in Turkey ; for caravans come hitfier from several parts, its territory abounds in fruit and evceilent wine. It is 45 miles wNvv of Sivas, and 150 N of Marash. Lon. 37 35 e, lat. 39 10 N. Tocayma, a town of New Grenada, iu it country abounding in fruit and sugar- T O L canes. Here are hot baths between two cold springs; and near the town is a volcano. It is seated on the Pati, near its entrance into the Madalena, 34 miles w of St. Fe de Bogota. Lon. 73 58 w, lat. 4 5 N. Tocrur, a kingdom of Negroland, ly- ing to the E of Tombuctoo, on both sides the Niger. The capital is of the same name, seated on the s side of the Niger, 320 miles e of Tombuctoo. Lon. 6 18 w, lat. 16 38 N. Todi, a town of Italj', in the duchy of Spoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 22 miles E of Spoleto. Toissey, a town of France in the de- partment of Ain, with a college ; seated near the conflux of the Saonc and Cha- larone, 15 miles n of Trevoux. Tokay, a town of Hungary, with a castle. It is celebrated for its wine, which is preferred to all others in Hun gary ; and near it are large salt works. It stands at the conflux of the Bodrog with the Teisse, 105 miles ene of Buda, Lon. 21 15 E, lat. 48 8 N. Tolaga Bay, a bay on the ne coast of the northern island New Zealand. Lon. 178 34 E, lat. 38 21 s. Toledo, a city of Spain, in New Cas- tile, of which it was formerly the ca- pital. It is seated on a conical hill on the river Tagus, which nearly surrounds it ; and on the land side is an ancient wall, flanked with 100 towers. There are a great number of superb structures, beside 17 public squares,where the mar- kets are kept. It is an archbishop's see ; and the cathedral is the richest in Spain : the Segrario, or principal chapel, con- tains 15 large cabinets let into the wall, full of gold and silver vessels, and other works. Here are 38 religious houses, with a great number of churches be- longing to 27 parishes, and some Hospi- tals. The inhabitants, once estimated at 200,000, are now reduced to 25,000. Without the town aretlie remains of an amphitheatre, and other antiquities. It has a royal castle, a famous university, and several manufactures of arms, silk, and wool. Toledo was occupied by the French in 1808. It is 37 miles s of Ma- drid. Lou. 3 20 w, lat. 39 50 n. Tolen, a fortified town of Holland, in Zealand, in an island of the same name, separated by a narrow channel from Brabant. On the Brabant side it has a fort called Schlyckenburg, 6 miles NW of Bergen op Zoom. Lon. 4 20 e, lat. 51 30 N. Tolentino, i town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancoua, whore the relics of mo T O M St. Nicholas are kept. It is seated on the Cliiento,8 miles SE of 8t. Severiiio. Tolesbiirg; a seaport of Russia, in (!)e government of Riga, seated on thegnlf of Finland, 60 miles w of Narva. Lon. 26 4 E, lat. 69 38 N. Tolfa, a town of Italy, in llie palii- mony of St. Peter. In the environs are warm baths, mines of ainni and iron, and quarries of alabaster and lapis lazuli. It is 4 miles ne of Civita Vecchia. Tolhuys, a town of Holland, in Gel- dcrland, seated on the Rhine, 8 miles e Gf Nimeffuen. Tolland, a town of Connecticut, chief of the county of its name, 18 miles ne of Hartford. Tolmezo, a town of Italy, in Friuli, with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen manufacture. It stands on the Tagliamento, 14 miles Nw of Udina. Tohnhio, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Carniola, 12 miles n of Go- ritz. Tobta, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, producing excellent wine. It is seated on the Danube, 65 miles s of Buda. Lon. 19 16 E, lat. 46 30 N. Tolna)d, a town of Hindoostan, in the country of Baglana, 70 miles w of Burhanipoiir, and 124 e of Surat. Lon. 75 3 E, lat. 21 15 N. Tolometa, a seaport of Barbary, in Barca, anciently called Ptolemais. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 100 miles w of Derna. Lon. 20 30 e, lat. 32 44 N. Tolosa, a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of the district of Guipuscoa; celebrated for its steel manufactures, particularly of sword-blades. It vras taken by the French in 1794, and again in 1808. It is seated in a valley, be- tween the Araxis and Oria, 36 miles e of Bilboa. Lon. 2 5 w, lat. 43 12 N. Tolu, a seaport of Terra Firma, in the government of Carthagena; famous for its balsam, produced from a tree like a pine. It is seated on a bay, 70 miles 8 of Carthagena. Lon. 75 16 w, lat. 9 30 N. Tomar, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, on the river Naboan, at the foot of the mountains, where there is a castle belonging to the knights of Christ. It is 40 miles s by E of Coimbra, and 65 NE of Lisbon. Tombuctoo, a kingdom of Negroland, which lies to the w of Bambara, and e of Tocrur. It produces plenty of corn, cattle, milk, and butter. The king is despotie, and has 3000 horsemen, be- lide a great immber of foot, who fre- TON qnontly take ci^ptives, and sell them to the merchants for slaves. Tlie houses are built like bells, with walls of hur- dles plaislered with clay, and covered with reeds. The better sort of women have their faces covered, their religion being Mahometanism. Both men and women are fond of dancing, and spend a great part of the night in that exer- cise. Tombnctoo,ihe capital of the kingdom of the same name,with a stately mosque built of stone, and a royal palace. Here are many cotton weavers, and in- genious mechanics. Cloth and other European merchandise are brought by caravans from Barbary ; these are ex- changed for ivory, slaves, sena, gold- dust, dates, ostriches' feathers, &c. brought from the interior and more maritime parts of Africa. Tliis city is subject to a well-regulated police, and the inhabitants are in general very rich. It is seated on the Niger, 290 miles ene of Sego. Lon. 1 38 w, lat. 16 35 N. Tomina, a town of Peru, in the pro- vince of Charcas, 60 miles ne of Plata. Tomini, a town on the E coast of the island of Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. Lon. 119 e, lat 45 s. Tomsk, a town of Siberia, in the go- vernment of Tobolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon ; and in it are a ca- thedral built of wood, the chancery, and an arsenal. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, this town lying on the great road through all the e and N parts of Siberia. Here are all kinds of arti- ficers and tradesmen, but they are ex- tremely indolent and slothful. It con- tains above 2000 houses, and is seated on the river Tom, 660 miles e by s of Tobolsk. Lon. 84 19 e, lat. 57 4 N. Tondern, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slcswick, which is well built, and has a considerable trade in corn, cattle, sUk, and fine lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and on a bay of the German ocean, |28 miles s by E of Ripen, and 40 Nw of Sleswick. Lon. 9 40 t, lat. 54 58 n- To7igatahoo,one of the Friendly islands, twenty leagues in circuit. It was dis- covered by Tasman, who called it New Amsterdam, and visited by Cook in 1773 and 1777, who lay at anchor on the w part; and it has the best harbour, or ancboring-place, to be found among these islands. The land is low, with many gentle risings, and very fertile, being wholly laid out in plantations, with roads or lanes for travelling. It is the seat of government for ail the othei TON ■ islands, and the ordinary residence of aH the principal chiefs. Lon. 174 4G w, lat. 21 9 s. Tongercn, or Tongres, a town of Ihe Netheriaiids, in the territory of Lieg-e, formerly one of the most liourishing ci- iies in the Rooiaii province of Guiiia Eelgica. It has severely suffered bylhc calamities of war. It is seated on the Jeckar, 13 miles NW of Lieg'C. Tong-gin, a city of Ciiina, of the first rank, in Koei-tcheoii, 850 miles ssw of Pekinjj. Loss. 108 37 e, lat. 27 40 N', Tongho, a city of Pegu, capital of a province of the same name, noted for j>rodiicing the best beetle nut. It has a fort, deemed the strongest in the BiiardU empire, and is seated near the Selang, 90 miles n of Pegu. Loa. 96 45 E, lat. 18 45 N. Toiig'tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong, seated near the N end of the grand canal, 210 miles s of Peking-. Lon. 1 IG 12 e, lat. 36 30 N. Tong-tcliou, a small city of China, in Pe-tche-li, seated on t!ie Pei-ho, 170 miles from its mouth, and 12 e by s of Peking. Tong-tclmen, a fortiiied city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Se- tchuen. The inhabitants are all soldiers, who have followed the profession of arms, from father to son. It is 1000 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 101 30 e, lat. 25 56 N. Tongusians, or Toiigtds, a people who inliabit the e part of Siberia, and are subject to the Russians. They arc all pagans, and chielly subsist by grazing, and hnnting of sables. They live in huts, which, when they remove their dwellings, they take down, and set up elsewhere. Tiiese huts are composed of wooden [)oles, covered all over with hair and rubbish, except a hole left at the top to let ont the smoke. Their fire is made in the middle, and they all sit round it upon turfs. Both sexes are very stiong, and broad faced, and they all ride on horseback, not excepting the girls. l](jth men and women dress alike in a sort of frock, with boots of skins on their legs ; and their common drink is water. Tonim, a town of Upper Saxony, in the {srincipaiity of Gotha, six miles N of tiotha. Tonnaij Boidonne, a town of France, in the dcpartmeut of Lower Charcnte, on the river iloalonne, 17 miles N of tjaintes. Tonnay C/aircnte, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charcntc, T O N with a castle ; seated on the Chas'ete, three miles e of llochefort, and 15 HW of Saintes. Toimews, a town of France, in tli« department of Lot and Garonne, seated on the Garonne, seven miles E of Mar- ma nde. Tonnerre, a town of France, in the department of Yonne, famous for its good wines. It is seated on the Ar- uianeon, 27 miles s of Troyes, and 102 h. of Paris. Tonningen, a seaport of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick. It was formerly fortiiied, b'.it the works were demolish- ed, by order of the king in 1714, as was likewise its castle in 1734. The harbour is commodious, and defended by three batteries. It is seated on a peninsula formed by the river Eyder,25 miles wsw of Sleswick, and 70 NNW of Hamburg. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 54 30 N. Tonqidn, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by China, e by China and the gulf of Tonquin, s by Cochinchina, and w by Laos. It is 1200 miles in length, and 500 in breadth, and one of the finest countries of the east, for population, riches, and trade. It contains about 18,000,000 inhabitants. The commodi- ties are gold, musk, silks, calicos, drugs of many sorts, woods for dying, lackered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed, and worm-seed. The lackered ware is not inferior to that of Japan, which is ac- counted the best in the world. The na- tives in general are of a middling sta- ture, and clean limbed, with a tawny complexion ; their faces oval and flat- tish, their noses and lips well proportion^ ed, and their hair, black, long, and coarse, hanging down thqjr shoulders. They die their teeth black. They are dexterous, active, and ingenious in me- chanic arts ; but there is such a number of people, that many want employment^ for they seldom go to work but when foreign ships arrive. The garments of the Tonquinese are made either of silk or cotton; but the poor people and sol- diers wear only cotton of a dark tawny colour. Their houses are small and low, and the walls either of mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They have on- ly a ground-iloor, with two or three par- titions, and each room has a square hole to let in the liglit. They have stools, benches, and chairs ; and on the side ol a table is a liltie altar, with two incense pots tliereon, which no house is without. The country abounds with villages, which consist of 30 or 40 houses, sur- rounded by trees ; and in sojug places aie banks to keep the water from over- TOP flowing tlieir gardens, where Ihny have oranges, betels, ptimkins, melons, and salad herbs. In the miny season they cannot pass from one liouse io another, without wading tlirough the water, bnt sometimes they have boats. The Ton- quinese in general are conrtcons to strangers ; bnt the great men are haugh- ty and anibilio'.is, the soldiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They bny all their wives, of which the great men Lave several. The men are so addicted to gaming, that when every thing else is lost, they will stake their wives and children; and in hard times they will sell them to bny rice to main1:*iu them- selves. "V^lien a man dies, iie is buried in his own ground, and if lie was a master of a family, tlicy make a great feast. The first new moon that iiaj^pens after the middle of January is a great festival, when they rejoice for ten days together ; and they have another great feast in May or June, when their first harvest i.s got in. Their religion is paganism, and yet they own a Supreme Being. Their idols have human shapes, but in very different forms ; they have likewise some resembling elephants and horses, placed'in small low temples built of tim- ber. The language is very guttural, and aome of the words are pronounced through the teeth : it has a great resem- blance to the Chinese. Tiiey have scl^ools of learning, and their characters are the same, or like those of Ciiina; and like them they write with a hair pencil. This kingdom is an absolute monarchy. Cachao is the capital. Tonsberg, a seaport of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys. It has .some commerce in timber; and near it is Walloe, the most considerable salt-work in the kingdom. It is seated on a bay, 46 miles s of Christiania. Lon. 10 14 E, lat. 5S 50 N. Tonnm, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, formerly a city of great extent, 2»s appears by some ruins of the walls. Here are three temples, in good preser- vation ; and near it is an immense tank, or reservoir of water, between two rocky hills. It is 10 miles n of Seri;igapatani. Toohoiuii, an island in the Pacific ocean, discovered by Cook. It is not, in any direction, above six miles over, but there are hills in it of a considerable elevation, covered with herbage, except a few' rocky cliiTs, with patches of trees interspersed to their summits. It is plen- tifully stocked with hogs and fowls, and produces several kinds of fruits and Eoois. Lon. 149 23 w, lat. 23 25 s. Topcl, vvTcol, a town of Bohemia, ra TOR the circle of Pilscn, at the source of a rivnlct of the same name, 25 miles nw of Pilsen. Topetino, a town of Mexico, in the province of Mechoaoan, at the mouth oi a river, near the Pacitic ocean, 55 miles NW of Zacatula. Toplitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmcritz, celebrated for its warm hr.lhs. Near this place the Aus- trians defeated the Prussians in 1762 ; and here the allied sovereigiis had their head-quarters a considerable time, in 1813. It is IG miles nw of Leutmerils. Topoiitza, a town of European I'u- kc)', in ]Moldavia, 12 miles sw of Nie- mecz. Topuhznn, a town of Hungary, 60 miles NE of Prcsburg. Topshmn, a seaport in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. Here is a sj)acions and convenient quay, belong- ing to the city of Exeter, of which this town is tire port. Most of the inhabit- ants are employed in the shipping busi- ness. It is seated at the head of the estuary of the Ex, five miles se of Exe- ter, and 170 sw of London. Tor, a seaport of Arabia, with a good harbour defended by a castle. Here is a Greek convent, in the garden of which are fountains of bitter water, pretended to be those which Moses rendered sweet, by throv.'ing in a piece of wood. It stands on the w side of the peninsuki formed by the two arms of the Red sea, 150 miles ssE of Suez. Lon. 33 40 e, lat. 28 10 N. Torbay, a bay of the English channel, on the coast of Devonshire, to the e of Dartmouth, formed by two canals, cal- led Berry Head and Bob Nose, Hero the prince of Orange landed in 1688, when he came over from Holland, by the invitation of many principal persons, to preserve the country from popery and arbitrary power. The s point. Berry Head, is in lon. 3 28 w, lat. 50 34 N. Torbia, a town of Piedmont, in the county of Nice, seven miles e of Nice, Torbole, a town of Italy, in the Treii- tino, 14 miles se of Trent. Torcello, a town of Italy, in a small island of the same name, in the gulf of Venice, and a bishop's see. Here are several churches, and an elegant nun- nery. It is seven miles n of Venice. Tarda, or Torenburg, a town of Tran- sylvania, famous for its salt-works. The Hungarian language is said to be spoken with the greatest purity in this town. It is 15 miles wNW of Clausenburg, and 48 NW of Hermansladt- TordcfiUas, a fortt.^ed tov/n of Spaii?, T O H III LcOii, M'ilh a palace, wlicro (jucoii Joan, mother of Cliailcs V. ended licr ?neIaiicho!y days. It was taken by the French in 1808. It is sealed on the Douero, 15 miles s\v of Valladolid, and 75 SSE of Leon. Toree, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a ciicar in Bengal, 235 miles WNW of Calcutta. Lon. 84 55 e, lat. 23 38 N. Torello, a town of S[)ain, in Catalonia, famous for a battle gained by the French cer the Spaniards, in 1694. It is seat- ed near the mouth of the Ter, 19 miles K by s of Gironna, and 60 ne of Barce- lona. Torgau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a castle. The inhabitants brew excellent beer, and have maniifac- lures of silk and cloth. Here the king of Prussia obtained a great victory over the Austrians in 17C0. Torgan was ta- ken by the allies in 1814. It is seated among groves and lakes, on the river Elbe, 22 miles sSE of Wittenberg, and 28 NNw of Meissen. Lon. 13 3 e, lat. 51 32 N. Torigny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Manche, with a castle, se- ven miles SE of St. Lo. Tormes, a river of Spain, which rises in the rnonntaiiis of Avila, in Castile, passes by Alva, Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins the Douero below Mirande de Douero. Torna, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, with a cas- tle ; seated on an eminence, on the river Sayo, 22 mil'>""''? ■ T R I ed on the nj by tlie Meditcnaneaii, E by Barca, s by Fezzan, and w by Kilediil- gerid and Tunis. It is not -very fertile, and the e part is quite a desert. It is 925 miles along the coast, but the breadth is various. It had the title of a kingdam, but is now a republic, go- yerned by a dey, under the protection of the Turks. Tripoli, a city and seaport of Bar- bary, capital of a country of the same name, with a castle and a fort. 'J'he inhabitants are noted pirates. It was taken by emperor Charles V. who set- tled the knights of Rhodes here ; but they were expelled by the Turks in 1551. It was formerly very flourish- ing, and has now some trade in ashes, ostriches' feathers, and skins ; but they gain more by the Christians taken at sea; for they either set high ransoms on them, or sell them for slaves. Tri- poli is seated on the Mediterranean, surrounded by a wall, 275 miles se of Tunis, and 570 ese of Algiers. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 32 54 N. Tripoli, a town of Syria, on the Me- diterranean, defended by a citadel. There is one handsome mosque, and all the houses have fountains belonging to them. Before it is a sand-bank, which increases so much, that it is expected to choke up the harbour, which is two miles w^ of the town, and formed by a round piece of land, united to the main- land by an isthmus. On each side is a bulwark to defend the entrance. It is the residence of a bashaw, who also go- verns the territory about it, where there is a great number of mulberry-trees, and other fruits. The commerce of Tri- poli consists almost wholly in coarse silk, which is made use of for laces. It is 90 miles nw of Damascus, and 120 s of Scanderoon. Lon. 36 20 E, lat. 34 60 N. Tripura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province of Coimbetore, with a fort at a little distance, called Palar. It is seated on the Noyelar, 27 miles nnvv of Daraporam. Trist, an island of Mexico, on the coast of Tabasco, in the bay of Cam- peachy, separated by a narrow channel, on the E, from tlie isle of Port Royal. y It is 18 miles in circuit. Lon. 92 45 w, lat. 18 15 N. Tristan d'Acunha, an island in the Atlantic ocean, 15 miles in circuit. The land is exlremely high, and rises gradually towards the centre of the island (whore there is a lofty conical mountain) in ridges, covered with trees of a moderate size and height. The T R O eoast is frequented by sealions, EcaFf, penguirjs, and albatrosses. Lon. 15 30 vv, lat. 37 9 s. Tritchinopoly, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked with towers, and encom- passed by a ditch. It was taken by the English in 1751. It is 30 miles w of Tanjore, and 208 ssw of Madras. Lon. 78 46 E. lat. 10 49 N. Trivadi, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic. The pagoda forms a citadel. It is 26 miles svv of Pondicherry. Trivento, a town of Naples, in the Molise, seated on a hill, 11 miles n of Molise. TroclUelfingen, a town of Suabia, situ- ate on the Smeicha, 16 miles nw of Bu- chau, and 29 s of Stutgard. Trogen, a town of Switzerland, and the chief place of the protestant part of the canton of Appenzel. It has manufac- tures of cloth, and near it is a mineral spring. It is seven miles nne of Ap- penzel. Troja, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata, on the river Chilaro, 32 miles ene of Benevento, and 60 nw of Naples. Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivert, Troki, a town of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It i,* seated amding lakes, 18 miles w of Wilna, and 85 NNE of Grodno. Lon. 25 13 E, lat. 54 38 N. Trol/iatta, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, seated on the Gotha, which here forms several cascades that after- wards unite into a cataract upwards of 60 feet in height. Here is also a canal for vessels to pass by these falls, wrought through the midst of rocks, and deemed one of the boldest works of the kind in the world. It is 45 miles nne of Gothe- burg, , 2Vow, St. a town of the Nelherlands, in the territory of Liege, with a Bene- dictine abbey, 21 miles nw of Liege. Tropea, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, seated on a high rock, on the gulf of St. Eufemia, 10 miles nw of Nicotera. Tropez, St. a seaport of France, in the department of Var, with a citadel ; seated on a bay of the Medite^rraneaii, 38 miles ene of Toulon. Napoleon Buonaparte embarked at this place for the isle of Elba, in April 1S14. Lon, 6 40 E, lat, 43 16 n. Ti'oppau, a strong town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, which belongs partly to Austria and partly to Prussia. Here is an an- cient palace of the princes, 3 churches, a college, 4 convents, and a comman- 702 T R U •Jery of the order of St. John. It was taken by the Prussians in 1741 and 1756, but restored to the house of Austria by a treaty subsequent to each capture ; and it is the seat of regency for all the Bohemian part of Silesia. In 1758, the greatest part of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands in a fruitful country, on the river Oppa, 40 miles ne of Ol- mutz, and 90 sse of Breslau. Lon. 17 54 E, hit. 49 52 N. Trosa, a seaport of Sweden, in Suder- Hiania, seated on theEaltic,35 miles sw of Stockholm. Lon. 17 29 e, lat. 59 N. Trowhriflge, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Saturday, and considerable manufactures of broad cloth and kersey- meres. It is seated on a hill, by the river Were, 23 miles sw of Marlborough, and 99 w of London. Troy, a town of New York, in Rens- selaer county, 3 miles s of Lansin- burg. Troyes, a city of France, capital of tJie department of Aube, and a bishop's see, with a castle in which the ancient counts of Champagne resided. It is feurrounded by good walls : but almost all the houses are of wood, and good water is wanting. Its commerce, once \ery flourishing, now consists only in some linens, dimities, fustians, wax- chandlery, candles, and wine. Troyes was captured and recaptured several times by the allied and French armies, in 1814. It is seated on the Seine, 28 miles E by N of Sens, and 105 se of Paris. Lou. 4 5 E, lat. 48 18 N. Truns, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisous, seated on the Rhine, 7 miles w of Ilantz. ■• Truro, a borough in Cornwall, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a stan- nary town, and the chief business is in shipping tin and copper ore, found in abundance in its neighbourhood. Here, after the battle of Naseby, the forces of Charles I., under lord Hopeton, surren- dered to general Fairfax. Truio is seated between Ihe rivers Kenwyn and St. Allen, at the head of Falmouth haven, 10 miles n of Falmouth, and 257 w by s of London. Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax county, at the head of a narrow gulf in the bay of Fundy, 40 miles n by w of Halifax. Truro, a tisliing town of Massachusets, in Barnstable county, on the n part of the peninsula of Cape Cod, 9 miles s of Provincetown. Triixiilo, a town of Spain, in Estre- 703 T S I inadura, with a citadel on the fop of a hill. It is the birthplace of the noted Francis Pizarro, and situate on the side of a hill, near the river Magasca, 70 miles NE of Badajoz, and 90 sw of Toledo. Lon. 5 43 w, lat. 39 26 N. Truxillo, a city and seaport of Periif in the audience of Lima, and the see of a bishop. It was built by Francis Pi- zarro, in 1553. In its territory are above 50,000 native Americans, who are tributary to Spain. It is surrounded by a wall, and seated in a fertile conn' try, on a small river, near the Pacific ocean, 300 miles nvv of Lima. Lon. 79 5 w, lat. 8 1 s. Truxillo, a seaport of Mexico, i\\ Honduras, on the gulf of that name. It stands three miles from the sea, be- tween two rivers, the mouths of which, and some islands before them, form the harbour. It is 140 miles ne of Valla- dolid. Lon. 86 30 w, lat. 15 46 N. Truxillo, or Niiestra Senora cle la Paz, a town of Terra Firma, in Venezuela, 150 miles se of Maracaybo. Lon. 70 15 w, lat. 8 15 N. Tsanad, a town of Hungary, on the river Maros, 23 miles E by s of Se- gedin, Tschernakora, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brin, with a castle on a mountain, 13 miles nnw of Brin. Tichernemt, a town of Germany, in Carniola, with a castle, and a com- mandery of the Teutonic order, 33 miles SE of Laubach. Tschirne, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glogau, with a castle, and good cloth manufactures, 22 miles ENE of Glogau. Tschopau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for its blue ma- nufacture. It stands on a river of the same name, seven miles se of Chem- nitz. Tshetshen. See Kisti. Tsiampa. See Ciampa. Tsi-rian, a city of China, capital of Chang-tong. It is much respected by the Chinese, on account of its having been formerly the residence of a long series of kings, whose tombs, rising on the neighbouring mountains, afford a beautiful prospect. It is seated on the river Tsi or Tsing-ho, 230 miles s by E of Peking. Lon. 117 25 E, lat. 36 46 N. Tsi-ning, a city of China, of tlie se- cond rank, in Chang-tong, situate on the grand canal, 275 miles s of Peking. Lon. 116 24e, lat. 35 24 N. Tsin-tcheon, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tung, 250 raiies T U C 59 E of Peking. Lon 119 2 e, lat. 3G 40 N. Tsfmg-ming, ai; island of China, 15 miles long and 10 broad, lying Jtt t!io TOoutli of the Kian-ku, and sepaialed from the province of Kiaug-nan, by two channels, 13 niiies broad. Its principal revenue arises from salt, which is made in such abundance, on the N side of the island, that it can supply most of the neighbouring- countries. It contains only one city, of the third class, but vil- lages are very numerous. The country is delightful, and intersected by many canals. The city, of the same name, is situate at is SE end, Lon, 121 55 e, lat. 30 15 N. Tsongrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name ; sealed on the Teissc, opposite the influx of the Koros, 26 miles n of Segedin. Tuam, a city of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and an archbishop's see, though now a small place. The cathe- dral serves as a parish-church. It is 20 miles NNE of Galway, and 25 wsw. of Roscommon. Tuban, one of Ihe strongest towns of Java, with a harbour, and a king of its own. It is seated on the n coast of tho island. Lon. Ill 51 e, lat. 6 0s. Tubingen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, with a cele- brated university, and a fortified casn linen and woollen cloth, Morocco leather, gold dust, lead, horses, oil, soap, and ostriches eggs and feathers. The established religion is Mahometanism, All public instruments are written in the Arabic tongue, but commerce is usuallj' carried on by that of the Linqua Franca. Tunis, a city and the capital of the country of the same name. It stands on a point of the gulfofGoletta, surrounded by lakes and marshes. It is in the form of an oblong square, fiilGs ssw of TuUe. Turtn, a fortified city of PiedfhOht, capital of the dominions of the king of Sardinia, and an archbishop's see. It stands in a fertile plain, at the conflu- ence of the Doria with the Po. Here is a citadel, deemed the strongest in Eu- rope; and a university founded in 1405, by Amadeo duke of Savoy. There are many large squares, among which that of St. Charles is the most spacious : the buildings are handsome, and it has ex- tensive arcades on each side. Most of the streets are well built, uniform, straight, and terminate on some agree- able object: the Strada di Po, the finest and largest, leads to the royal palace, T U R and is adorned with piazzas, filled with shops; as are various others of the best streets; all of which are kept clean by means of a canal from the Doria, with sluices that flow through them into the Po. The inhal)itants are computed to be 80,000. The palace consists of two magnificent structures, joined together by a gallery, in which are several pic< tures, statues, and antiquiiies of great value. The citadel is a regular penta- gon, and comprehends an extensive and well-furnished arsenal, a cannon foun- dery, a chemical laboratory, &c. There are fine walks on the ramparts and walls of the city; fine gardens on the side of the river Po ; and a charming public place called the Corfo,where many peo- ple assemble in an evening to exhibit themselves and their equipage. Near this city, on the banks of the Po, is the beautiful castle of Valentin, the garden of which is applied to botanical studies. The French besieged this city in 1706; but prince Eugene defeated their army, and compelled them to raise the siege. In 1798, the French republican army took possession of Turin, seized all the strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and obliged the king and his family io remove to the island of Sardinia. In 1799, the French were driven out by the Austrians and Russians; but shortly af- terwards the city and all Piedmont sur- rendered to the French. In 1814, it was delivered up to the allies,when they restored it to the king of Sardinia. Turin is 68 miles NW of Genoa, and 80 sw of Milan. Lon. 7 40 E, lat. 45 4 N. Twinge, a town of Sweden, in the province of Sudermanland, 24 miles wsvv of Stockholm. Turinsk, a town of Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, with a fort, 190 miles w by s of Tobolsk. Lon. 63 44 E, lat. 58 5 N. Tnrivacary, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, consisting of an outer and inner fort, strongly defended by a ditch and mud wall, and an open suburb at a little distance. Here are two small temples of curious workmanship. It is 34 miles s of Sera, and 50 N of Seringa- patam. Turkestan, a country of Western Tar- tary, bounded on the N and e by the country of the Kalmucs, s by Bokharia, and w by the lake Aral. The chief of this country is generally called the khanof the Karakalpahs. The capital is Taraz. Tnrkei/, a large empire, extended ovei part of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Tur- key in Europe is bounded on the N by T«6 T U R Croatia, Sclavonia, Hungary, Transii- vania, and Poland, K by New Russia, tlie Black sea, the eea of Marmora, and the Archipelago, s by the Mediterra- ean, and w by that sea and the Vene- tian and Austrian territories. It con- tains Moldavia, Bessarbia, Walachia, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part of Croatia and Dalmatia, Romania, Macedonia, Albania, Janna, Livadia, audtheMorea. These countries lie between 17 and 40 E lou. and 36 and 49 N lat. Turkey in Asia is bounded on tlie N by the Black sea and Circassia, e by Pci-sia, s by Arabia, and w by the Mediterranean and tlie sea of Marmora. It lies between 27 and 46 e Ion. and 28 and 45 N lat. and contains the countries of Irac-Arabi, Piarbek, Curdistan, Armenia, Carama- itia, Natolia, and Syiia, with Palestine. In Africa, the Turks have Egypt, part of Nubia, and Barca; and the .states of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers are under their protection. Of these countries (which see respectively) the climate, productions, manners, &c. must be va- rious. The Turks are generally robust, well-shaped, and of a good mien. They shave their beads, but wear long beards, except tliose in the seraglio, or palace, and military men, who wear only whis- kers. The turban worn by the men is white, and consists of long pieces of thin linen made up together in several folds. No one but a Turk must pre- sume to wear a white turban. Their clothes are long and full. They sit, eat, and sleep on the floor, on cushions, matrasses, and carpets. In general, they are verj' moderate in eating, and their meals are dispatched with great haste. Their principal food is rice ; and the frugal repast is followed by fruit and cold water, which are succeeded by hot cofiFee, and pipes with tobacco. With opium they procure what they call a.kief, or placid intoxication. Chess and draughts are favourite games ; and the coffeehouses and baths furnish other sourees of amusement. Polygamy is allowed among them ; but their wives, properly so called, are no more than four in number. The fair sex here are kept under a rigorous confinement: the Arabic word Haram, which signifies a sacred or prohibited thing is, in its full- est sense, used both of the habitation of the women, and of the women them- selvM. The Turks believe in one God, and that his great prophet is Mahomet : they appropriate to themselves the name of Moslemim, which has been corrupt- ed into Musselman, signifying persons professing the doctrine of Mahomet, 707 T U Ft which he calls Islam. Drinking uma is prohibited by tliis prophet in the Ko- ran, yet the Turks make use of it occa- sionally, without any scruple; though in- stead of it they generally use sherbet, a liquor made of honey,spices,and the juice of fruits. They expend great sums on fountains, not only in the towns, but in the country, and other solitary places, for the refreshment of travellers and labourers. They are charitable towards strangers, let their religion be what it will ; and no nation suffers adversity with greater patience than they. The grand signior is absolute master of the goods and lives of his subjects, inso- much that they are little better than slaves. The grand vizier is the chief next the emperor ; but it is a dangerous place, for he often deposes them, and takes off their heads at his pleasure. Though the grand signiOr has such pro- digious power, he seldom extends it to persons in private life, for these may remain as quiet as in any other part of the world. The nobility among the Turks are the chief military officers, judges, and ecclesiastics. The begler- begs or viceroys, the bashaws or gO' vernors, the sangiacs or deputy-gover- nors, and the officers of state, are, in general, the children of Christian pa- rents, who arc commonly taken in war, or purchased. The Turks have always very numerous armies on foot, the chief of which are the janisarics, who have been bred in the seraglio, and have used military discipline from their infancy. Of these they have always 25,000, and there may be about 100,000, who have that name. The tributary princes are obliged also to send auxiliaries. The whole Turkish army makes abcut 400,000 men. Their navy, which is laid up at Constantinople, consists of about 40 large ships ; but in time of war aux- iliary ships are received from Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli ; they also buy up or hire merchants ships, and thus raise a fleet of 150 sail, exclusive of gallies. Constantinople is the capital of all Tur- key. Turkheim. See Durkheim. Turhin, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian sea, 140 miles s of Astracan. Lon. 47 15 e, lat. 44 15 N. Tumagain Cape, a cape on the e side of the northern island of New Zealaud. Lon. 176 56 e, lat. 40 28 s. Turnau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Buntzlau, on the river Iser, \% miles NNE of Jung Buntzlau. Tunihout, a town of the Neth?i Un^ TUT in Brabant, near wiricli, in 1696, prince Maurice of Nassau,with only 800 horse, totally defeated the Spaniards, consist- ing of 6000. It is 24 miles NE of Ant- werp. Turon, a seaport of Cocliinchina, situate on a bay of the same name, vvhicli affords a safe retreat for the largest ships in the most tempestuous season. In the vicinity are plantations of sugar-canes and tobacco. Turon is 40 miles se of Hue. Lon. 107 40 E, lat. 16 9 N. Tursi, an episcopal town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the river Siuo, 8 miles w of the gulf of 'J'arento, and 30 s of iViatera. Tuscany, a sovereign state of Italy, with the title of a grand ducky, belong- ing to the house of Austria. It is bound- fii on the N by Romagna, the Bolognese, (lie Modencse, and the Parmesan, on llie E and s by the pope's territories, and on the w by the Mediterranean and the territories of Lucca and Genoa. It is about 150 miles in length*, and 100 in breadth ; and is watered by several ri- vers, of which the Arno is the chief. There are several mountains in whicli are found mines of iron, alum, and vit- riol. There are also quarries of marble, alabaster, and porphyry, besides hot baths and mineral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, aiul produce plenty of citrons, oranges, po- megranates, and other fruits. The in- habitants apply themselves to trade ; they chiefly manufacture silks, stuffs, tine earthenware, and gilt leather. They are much visited by foreigners, on ac- count of their politeness, and because the Tuscan language is accounted the purest in all Italy. This duchy is di- vided into three parts, viz. the Florenti- rio, the Pisano, and the Siennese, to which some add the islands. Upon the flight of the grand duke in 1799, this duchy was erected by the French into the kingdom of Etruria ; but soon af- terwards this state was transformed into an appendage to the crown of Italy. In 1814, however, this duchy was restored to the Austrians, when the archduke Ferdinand, the grand duke, returned to his dominions. Floreace is the ca- pital. Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, seated near the tor- rent NoHa, 16 miles s by w of Coire. Tutbury, a village in Staffordshire, near the river Dove, four miles nw of liurton. It has a considerable cotton tnuinjfacliire. and f(>im?rly had a large T N Y eastle, of which several towers and a small part of the wall still remain. Tutacorin, a town of Hindoostan; in the Carnatic, seated on the gulf of Ma- nara,29 miles e by n of Palanicotta, and 67 s of Madura. Tuilingen, a town of Suabia, with a castle on a nioimtain, belonging to the kingdom of Wirtemberg. Near it is the celebrated foundery of Ludwigsthal. It is seated on the Danube, over which is a bridge, 58 miles ssw of Stutgard. Lon. 8 48 e, lat. 48 2 N. Tutura, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Irkutsh, situate on the Lena, 160 miles n of Irkutsk. Lou. 105 40 e, lat. 54 40 N. Tuxford, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Monday, 13 miles NNw of Newark, and 137 N by w of London. Tuy, a town of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop's see. It is surrounded by walls and ram|xirts, and well furnished with artillery, being a frontier town toward Portugal. It stands on a moun- tain, near the river Minho, 58 miles s of Compostella, and 260 wnw of Madrid. Lon. 8 32 w, lat. 42 4 N. Tuzta, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, situate at the western ex- tremity of a lake to which it gives name, 28 miles n of Cogni. Tweed, a river of Scotland, which rises from numerous springs in the s part of Peeblesshire, called Tweedsmuir. It divides that county almost into two equal parts, crosses theN part of Sel- kirkshire and Roxburgshire, then forms the boundary between Berwickshire and England, and enters the German ocean, at Berwick. Tweedmouth, a town in the detached part of Durham called Islaudshire, si- tuate on the Tweed, at the s end of Ber- wick bridge, and may be deemed a su- burb to that borough. Twickenham, a village in Middlesex, seated on the Thames, three miles ssw of Brentford. It is adorned with many handsome villas, of which two are par- ticularly celebrated: that v\'hich was the favourite residence of Pope ; and Strawberry Hill, the elegant Gothic re- treat of the late Horace Walpole, earl of Orford. Tycokzin, a town of Poland, in Po- lachia, seated on the Narew, 22 miles Nw of Biclsk. Tydore, one of the Molucca islands, 3 leagues s of Teruatc. Tyne, a river in Northumberland, fonncd of a branch from the r: part of 70S T Y S Ctimbejland, aiul another from tlio hills on the herders t»f Seotlaiul. These (initiiif;- a little above Hexham, form a laipe river, whieh Hows by Newcastle, and enters the German ocean at Tyne- motith. Tiinc, a river of Scotland, in Hadding- tonshire, which rises on the borders of Edinburghshire, flows by Haddington, and enters the German ocean to the vv ofDnnbar. Tynemonlh, a town in Northumber- land, near the mouth of the Tyne, nine miles ENE of Newcastle. It has a cas- tle seated on a Jiigh rock, inaccessible on the seaside; a strong fort that con»- inands the entrance of the river ; and extensive military barracks. A bar lies across the mouth of the river, with se- veral rocks about it called the Black Middius, to avoid which there are light- houses. Tyneraouth has some con- siderable salt-works; and here, and at Shields, large vessels take in their load- ing of coal and goods brought from Newcastle. Tyre. See Sur. Tyrol, a princely county of Ger- many, in the circle of Austria ; bound- ed on the N by Suabia and Ba;varia, e by the diicliies of Salzburg and Ca- rinthia, s hy Italy, and w by Swit- zerland. Though a mountainous coun- try, its valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and it has an excellent breed of cattle. It likewise yields salt, all kinds of ores, and vaiious sorts of precious stones. Its copper contains not only silver, but also some gold. The prin- cipal rivers are the Inn, Adige, and Eysacb. The country is divided into three parts ; Tyrol, properly so called, the principality of Trent, and the prin- cipality of Brixen, It belongs to the house of Austria. It was overrun by the French and Bavarians in 1805; and by the treaty of Presburg was ceded to Bavaria; but in 1814, the Bavarians '•estored it to the Austrians, in exchange for the grand duchy of Wurtzburg. In- spruck is the capital. Tyrone, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 46 miles long and 37 broad ; bounded on the N by London- derry, E by Armagh and Lough Neagh, sw by Fermanagh, and w by Donegal. ]t is divided into 35 parishes, contains abo'it 28,700 inhabitants, and sends thrte members to parliament. It is a r >ti;,h country, but tolerably fertile. "J'hc capital is Dungannon. Tyttcd, -A luwn of Denmark, in N. JiiliaiHi, wilh a citadel; soated on the V A D gulf of I^ymford, 46 miles vv of Alburg, Lon. 8 25 v., lat. 56 54 N. Tyvy, or Teivy, a river of \^'ales, in Cardiganshire, which issues from a lake on the E side of the county, and flows by Tregannon, Llanbcder, Newcastle, and Caidigan, into Cardigan bay. Tzaritzyn, a town of Russia, in (he government of Saratof, seated on the Volga, 120 miles nw of Astracan. Lon. 45 25 E, lat. 48 N. Tze^-nitz, a town of European Tur- key, in Romania, near the river I'zerna, 32 miles nne of Adrianople. TzivUsk, a town of Russia, in the go- vernuicnt of Kasan, 56 miles w of Ka- san, Lon. 47 25 e, lat. 55 40 N. Tznruchatii, Sinroi, a town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, seated on the Argunia, on the borders of China, 160 miles se of Nertchii.sk. Lon, 119 32 e, lat. 49 18 N. V. V. Vaasi, St. a town of France, in the department of Manche, with a small harbour and some salt w^orks, 14 miles ese of Cherburg, Vabres, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron. It has uiauufat" tures of serges, dimities, and cottons and stands at the conflux of two small rivers that flow into the Tarn, 30 miles sse of Rodez, and 32 e of Alby. Vacha, a town of Germany, in Up- per Hesse, on the river Werra, 40 miles se of Cassel. Vaclie, an island of the West IndicK, of a triangular form, 24 miles in circuit. It is 12 miles from the s coast of St. Do- mingo, opposite St. Louis. Vacheluse, one of the Lipari islands, 3 miles s of Stromboli. Vada, a town of Tuscany, at the mouth of the Cecina, 26 miles sse of Leghorn. Vadacurray, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, with a neat fort on the top of a hill. It is a place of considerable trade, and stands on the seacoast, at the N end of a long inland navigation, 12 miles SSE of TcUichery. VafHn, a town of European Turkey, in Bessarbi a, situate on the Danube, 92 miles w of Nicopoli. Vath, a town of the territory of Genoa, on a bay of the Mcdilorrancan, 3 miles s of Savona, and 24 sw of Genua. Vade&tcin, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, where the kings of Swc<^ n V A L had a palace, now in ruins. It is seat- ed on the lake Wetter, near the river JVlotala, 32 miles w of Nordkioping. VadiUz, a town and castle ofSuabia, ill the principality of Lichtenstein, 26 miles s of Lindau. Naena, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, seated on the Castro, 23 mites SE of Cordova. Vaigatch. See Waigatz. Vai/iend, a town of Persia, in Seges- tan, ou a river of the same name, 40 miles ESE of Arokhage. Vaihingen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, seated on the Enz, 18 miles nnw of Stutgard. Vaison, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vaucluse; formerly a bi- shop's see, and subject to the pope. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Oreze, and the ruins of ancient Vaison, which was one of the largest cities of the Gauls. It is 22 miles ne of Avignon, and 23 SSE of Montelimar. Val, a village of the Netherlands, three miles w of Maestricht, where, in l744, marshal Saxe obtained a victory over the duke of Cumberland.': Val di Demona, a province in the NE angle ot Sicily. It means the valley of demons, and is so called, because Mount ^tna is situate in this province, which occasioned ignorant and superstitious people, at the time of its fiery eruptions, to believe it was a chimney of»hell. The capital is Messina. Val di Mazara, a province in the w angle of Sicily, so called from the town of Mazara. It contains Palermo, the capital of the whole island. Val di Nolo, a province in the se an- gle of Sicily, so called from the town of Noto, its capital. Valais, a late independent republic of Switzerland. It is a valley IGO miles long and 20 broad, between ridges of very high mountains, among which are the Great St. Bernard, Grimsel, Furca, and others, whose summits are never free from snow. The s chain separates it from the Milanese, Piedmont, and Sa- voy ; the N divides it from the canton of Bern. The country is divided mto Up- per and Lower Valais. The former reaches from Mount Furca, its e boun- dary, to the river Morge, below Sion ; and the latter from that river to St. Gfngou, on the lake of Geneva. A coun- try consisting of plains, elevated vallies, and lofty mountains, must necessarily exhibit a great variety of climates and prospects. The productions must vary also according to its singular diversity of climates; for strawberries, cherries, VAL plums, pears, and grapes, in their natB> ral growth, may be tasted in the same day. It has more than sufficient wine and corn for interior consumption, the soil in the midland and lower districts being exceedingly rich and fertile ; but in the more elevated parts, barley is the only grain that can be cultivated with success. The inhabitants profess the Roman catholic religion, and they have no manufactures of any consequence. In Upper Valais they are much subject to wens ; idiocy also abounds among them ; and the lower class are extremely indolent and dirty. In 1802, the Valais was constituted an independent republic, under the guarantee of France, Switzer- land, and Italy ; but in,1814, it was an- nexed to Switzerland. Sion is the capital. Valckowar, a town of Sclavonia, seat- ed on the Walpo, near its confluence with the Danube, 70 miles WNW of Bel- grade. Valdai, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Novogorod, on the side of a lake of the same name. The lake is 20 miles in circumference, and has an island in the middle, on which is a eon- vent surrounded by trees. The town contains several brick buildings; and the wooden houses are more decorated than the generality of Russian cottages. It is 72 miles se of Novogorod. Lon. 33 44 E, lat. 57 50 N. VaMiasnes, a town of Portugal, in Tra los Montes, nine miles ese of Mi- randela. Valdeburdn, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, near the source 6f the Esia, 38 miles ne of Leon. Valdecahras, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 10 miles nne of Cuenza. Valedcona, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, 15 miles s by w of Tortosa. Valdemoro, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 13 miles s of Madrid. Valdigem, a town of Portugal, in Bei- ra, four miles ne of Lamego. Vaklivia, or BakUvia, a seaport ot Chili, built in 1562, by the Spanish ge- neral Valdiva, after he had conquered the country. It is surrounded by walls built of earth, and defended by several forts and batteries ; the entrance of the harbour has also numerous pieces of cannon on each side. In the vicinity are many gold mines. It stands on a bay of the Pacific ocean, 200 miles s of Conception. Lon. 73 10 w, lat. 39 40 s. Valence, a city of France, capital of the department of Drome, and a bishop's see, with a citadel, and a school of ar- tillery. It is surrounded by walls ; and the greatest part of the public places, 710 V A L aiwl many private houses, are adonietl witii fountains. Beside the handsome cathedral, there are raany other chur- ches, as well as convents. It is seated ou the Rhone, 30 miles N by e of Vi- •viers, and 335 s by e of Paris. Lon. 4 62 E, lat. 44 55 N. Valence, a town oi France, in the de- partment of Lot and Garonne, on the river Garonne, 12 miles se of Agen. Valencia, a province of Spain, former- ly a kingdom ; bounded on the n by Ar-> ragon, ne by Catalonia, e by the Medi- terranean, s and sw by Murcia, and w by New Castile. It is 220 miles long, and from 20 to 60 broad, and the most pleasant and populous country in Spain ; for bore they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is watered by a great number of streams, and fertile in all the necessaries of life, especially fruits, oil, and wine. In the mountains are mines of iron and alum, and quarries of marble, jasper, and lapis calamin£u°is. Here is also much silk, cotton, and hemp ; the raa- liufactures of which are the cause of a considerable population. Valencia, a city of Spain, capital of a province of the same name, and an arch- bishop's see, with a university. The Moors were expelled from it in the I2tii century. It was taken by the earl of Peterborough in 1705, and lost again two years after. In 1811, it was taken by the French, under Suchet, with a garrison of 16,000 men, and immense stores. It contains 12,000 houses with- in the walls, beside those in the suburbs and pleasure gardens around it, which amount to the same number. The ca- thedral has a steeple 130 feet high; and one side of the choir is incrusted with alabaster, and adorned with fine paint- ings of scripture history. The palace of the viceroy, that of Ciuta, the monas- tery of St. Jerom, the exchange, and the arsenal, are all worthy of notice. Here are flourishing manufactures of cloth and silk ; and several remains of «ntiquity. It is seated on the Guadala- via, near the Mediterranean, 130 miles ESE of Madrid. Lon. 27 w, lat. 39 27 N. Valencia, a tovpn of Terra Firm a, in the province of Caraccas, on the lake Tocarigua, 57 miles sw of Porto Caval- lo. Lon. 65 30 w, lat. 9 50 N. Valencia d' Alcantara, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, with an old castle. It is surrounded by walls, and stands on a rock, near the frontiers of Portugal, 28 miles sw of Alcantara, and 45 nnw of Badajoz. Valencietmei, a city of France, in the 711 V A L department of Nord, seated on the Scheldt, which flows thiough it in seve- ral branches, and here begins to be na- vigable. It is large and populous ; but the streets are narrow and crooked, and many of the houses are of wood. The citadel and fortifications were construct- ed by order of Louis XIV. who took this town from the Spaniards ; and it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nimeguen, in 1678. In 1793, it was taken by the allies, under the duke of York, after a severe siege. But in 1794, it again surrendered to the French by capitulation, with immense stores, con- sisting of 200 pieces of cannon, one million lbs. of gunpowder, eight mil- lions of florins in specie, six millions of livres, one thousand head of cattle, and Tast quantities of other provisions. Beside lace, this city is noted for ma- nufactures of woollen stuffs and cam- bric. It is 28 miles se of Lisle, and 120 NNE of Paris. Lon. 3 32 e, lat. 50 21 N. Valentine, a town of I'Vance, in the department of Upper Garonne, 9 miles NE of St, Bertrand. Vaienza, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, capital of the Lunielline. It has been often taken, and is seated on a mountain, near the river Po, 12 miles ESE of Casal, and 35 ssw of Milan. Vaienza, a fortified town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, seated on an eminence, near the river Miitlio, oppo- site Tuy, in Spain, and 30 miles nnw oI Braga. Valestra, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denese, 12 miles sw of Modena. Valette, a city of Malta, the capital of that island, and wonderfully strong both by nature and art. It is seated on a peninsula, between two of the finest ports in the world, which are defended by almost impregnable fortifications. Valette has three gates, and the streets are all paved with flat square stones. Thehou-ses are neat, and built of stone; the rooms forming a flat terrace plaster- ed with pozzolana; and most of them have a balcony to the street, where the inhabitants pass a great part of their time. The principal buildings arc the palace of the grandmaster, the infirma- ry, the conservatory, and the magnifi- cent church of St. John. The pavement of this church is composed entirely of sepulchral monuments of the finest mar- bles, porphry, lapis lazuli, and a variety of other valuable stones, admirably join- ed together, representing the arms, in- signia, &c. of the i>ersons whose names they commemorate. The great source of water that supplies Valette rises nca* V A L Cifta Veocliia and is thence conveyed by an aqueduct, erected at the expence of one of the grand masters. Valette is situate opposite Cape Passero in Sicily. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 35 54 N. Valette, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente, 12 miles s by e of Angouleme. Valkenhurg, or Fauquemont, a town of the Netherlands, in Limburg. In 1672, it was taken by the French, who demo- lished the fortifications. It is seated on the Geule, eight miles e by n of Mae- stricht. Valladolid, a ctty of Spain, in Leon, capital of a principality of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a uni- versity. It has long and broad streets, and is adorned with handsome buildings, squares, and fountains. The market- place, called El Campo, is 700 paces in circumference, surrounded by a great number of convents. There are 70 rpo- nasteries and nunneries, the finest of which is that of the Dominicans, re- markable for its church, which is one of the most magnificent in the city. The kings formerly resided at this place; and the royal palace, which still remains, is of very large extent, though but two stories high. The town-house takes up the entire side of a square. The house of the inquisition is an odd structure, for tliere are no windows, but a few holes to let in the light. Here are some woollen manufactures, and many gold- smiths and jewellers. The environs of ttic city are covered with gardens, or- • Iiards, vineyards, meadows, and fields. Valladolid was taken and retaken seve- ral times, by the French and Spaniards, during the late peninsular war. It is seated on (he Escurva, near the Pisuer- ga, 74 miles ssE of Leon, and 100 nnw ()i •Madrid. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 41 42 N. VnHadolid, h citj of Mexico, in Mc- clioarai). See Mechoacan. Valladolid, or Commjagua, a city of Mexico, capital of the province of Hon- divras, and a bishop's see ; seated in a plain, 280 miles E of Guatimala. Lon. 88 20 w, lat. 14 35 N. Valladolid, a town of Mexico, in the NK part of Jucatan, 94 miles e by s of Meiida. Lon. 88 10 w, lat. 20 33 N. Vallelonga, a town of Naples, in Ca- la!)ria Ulteriore, 18 miles ene of Ni- cotera. Vallencay, a town of France, in the department of Indre, on the Nabon, 28 niiie.s N by w of Chateauroux. ValJen^n, a town of Switzerland, in p coinily of its name, united to the prin- ^/jtaiity of Neucbatel. It is seated on y A L the Scyon, three miles nnw of Neucha- tel. Vatlers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, noted for mineral waters, four miles N\^>of Tours Vallery, St. a town of France, in the department of Somme, at the mouth of the river Somme, whose entrance is dangerous. It is 10 miles vvnw of Ab- beville, and 100 N by w of Paris, Vallery en Canx, St. a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, nea. the seacoast. William, duke of Nor mandy, sailed hence when he made his descent on England. It is 15 miles wsw of Dieppe, and 100 Nw of Paris. Vallier, St. a town of France, in the department of Drome, near the river Rhone, 18 miles n of Valence. Valogne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Manche, noted for cloth and leather, 10 miles ssE of Cherburg, and 50 WNW of Caen. Vahna, a seaport of European Tur- key, in Albania, and an archbishop's see. It was taken, in 1690, by the Ve- netians, who abandoned it after they had ruined the fortifications. It is seat- ed at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, near the mountains of Chimera, 50 miles s of Durazzo. Lon. 19 40 E, lat. 40 54 N. Valparayso, a seaport of Chili, with a well-frequented harbour, defended by a strong fort. Its proximity to St. Jago has drawn hither all the commerce for- merly carried on between that city and Callao, which consists principally of wheat, tallow, leather, cordage, and dried fruits. It is sealed on a bay of the Pacific ocean, at the foot of a high mountain, 75 miles nw of St. Jago. Lon. 72 19 w, lat. 33 3 s. Valperga, a town of Piedmont, 16 miles N of 'Turin. Valreas, a town of France, in the de- partment ofVaucluse, 18 miles ne of Orange. Vols, a tosvn of France, in the de. partment of Ardeche, celebrated for mi- neral springs. It is seated on the Ar- deche, 18 miles Nwof Viviers. Valteline, or Valle-telino, a fertile val- ley of Switzerland, 50 miles long, and from 12 to 15 broad, inclosed between two chains of high mountains : the N chain separates it from the Grisons, the s from the Venetian territories ; on the E it is bounded by the county of Bor- mio, and on the w by that of Chiavaua and the duchy of Milan. The river Adda flows through its whole length into the lake Como; and it is divided into three districts, ui)per, middle, and 7112 VAN wcr, of which the chief towns are Ti- rHno, Sondrio, aud Morbe«;fno. The in- habitauts aie all Roman catholics, and have no manufactures ; but they export wine, silk, plants, cheese, butter, and cattle. On the20th of July, 1620, there was a general massacre of the protes- tants in this valley. Ta/m, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 18 miles ssw of Civita di Chieti. Van, a strong town of Curdistan, with a castle on a mountain, in which the Turks keep a numerous garrison. It is governed by a beglerbeg, and seated on a lake of its name (120 miles in cir- cumference) 80 miles e by s of Betlis. Lon. 44 30 e, lat. 37 10 N. Van Diemen Land, an island in the S. Pacifie ocean, 160 miles long and 80 broad, separated from the s part of New Holland by Bass strait. It was disco- vered by Tasmau, in 1642, and till 1799 was deemed the s extremity of New Holland. Cook called here in 1777, for supplies of wood, water, and grass. They were met by some of the natives, who were entirely naked ; of a com- mon stature, but rather slender, the skin black, and the hair woolly, but their li- neaments more pleasing than those of Negros. The hair and beards, and some of the faces, were smeared with red oint- ment. Thej' seem k) prefer birds to all other food. The hovels resemble those of New S. Wales ; but sometimes large trees are hollowed out by fire to the height of six or seven feet. The land is chiefly high, diversified with hills and vallies, which are well ivooded and wa- tered. The forest trees seem to be all of one kind, growing quite straight to a height proper for masts. The low lands produce flowering shrubs, and odorifer- ous plants that perfume the air. The only quadrupeds seen were opossums and kangaroos; and the birds cannot diflfer much from those of New Holland, to which there is as it were a passage by intermediate isles. South Cape is in lon. 146 50 E, lat. 43 40 s. Vaniam Bady, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 55 miles wsw of Arcot, and 130 E of Seringapatam., Vannes, a seapoit of France, capital of the department of Morbihan, and a '>ishop's see. The principal trade is in com, bar-iron, and fish. It is seated on the gulf of Morbihan, 56 miles sw of Rennes, and 255 w by s of Paris. Lon. 2 46 w, lat. A? 39 N. Var, a department of France, includ- ing part of the IdAe province of Fro- 713 VAN vence» It takes its name from a river which has its source in the county of Nice, and enters the Mediterranean, four miles w of Nice. Toulon is the capital. Varallo, a strong town of Italy, in the Milanese, on the frontiers of Piedmont, 33 miles E of Aosta, and 47 WNW of Milan. Varambon, a town of France, in the department of Ain, on the river Ain, 14 miles SSE of Bourg en Brcsse. Varasdin, a. town of Croatia, with a castle and a citadel; seated near the Drave, 65 miles nne of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 46 25 N. Vardar, a river of European Turkey, which rises in Mount Scardus, and flow s through Macedonia, into the gulf of Salonica. Vai-ella, a cape on the E coast of the kingdom of Ciampa. Behind it is a mountain, remarkable for having a high rock, like a tower, on its summit. Lon. 109 17 E, lat. 12 50 N. Varennes, a town of France, in [the department of AUier, seated on an emi- nence' near the river Allier, 20 miles s of Moulins, Varennes, a town of France, in the department of Meuse. Here Louis XVI., his queen, sister, and two chil- dren, were arrested, in their flight from the Thuilleries, in 1791, and conducted back to Paris. It is 13 miles w by n of Verdun. Varese, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, 30 mfles Nw of Milan. Varhely, a town of Transylvania, 40 miles s of Weissenburg. Varna, a seaport of European Tur- key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. It is seated near the mouth of ihe Varna, in the Black sea, 22 miles n of Mesembria, and 145 nw of Constanti- nople. Lon, 28 28 e, lat. 42 44 N. Varzey, a town of France, in flic department of Nievre, 24 miles N of Nevers. Vasil, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Novogorod, situate on the Volga, 60 miles e of Novogorod. Lon. 46 44 e, lat. 66 16 N. Vassalhorough, a town of the district of Maine, in Lincoln county, seated ou the Kennebec, nine miles n of Hallo- well. Vassy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne. In 1562, a bloody persecution of the protcstants began here, by order of the duke of Guise. It is seated on the Blaise, 10 lalles WW of Joinvrlit U B E Vatan, a town of France, in the de- Jartment of Indre, eight miles Nw of ssoudun. Vatica, a seapoit of European Tur- key, in the Morea, situate on a large bay to which it gives name, 44 miles se of Misitra, Lou. 23 2 E, lat. 36 38 N. Vauhan, Fort. See Louis, Fort, Vaucluse, a department of France, in- rhiding the county of Venaissin and territory of Avignon. It takes its name from the fountain of Vaucluse, 12 miles E of Avignon, celebrated by Petrarch. The chief town is Avignon. Vaucouleurs, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, seated on the side of a hill, on the river Meuse, 23 miles SE of Bar le Due. Vaudemont, a town of France, in the department of Menrte, 18 miles s by w of Nancy. Vauville, a town of France, in the department of Manche, on a bay to which it gives name, nine miles w of Cherburg. VauxhaU, a village in Surry, seated on the Thames, two miles sw of Lion- don. It is celebrated for its gardens, which, as a place of public entertain- ment, are the finest in Europe. Vaypura, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, seated at the mouth of a fine river, down which much teak timber is floated. It is 7 miles s of Calicut. Ubvcla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a strong castle ; seated in a fertile country, near the river Guadalquiver, 22 miles ne of Jaen. Uberkingen, a village of Suabia, in the territory of Ulm, 2 miles wsw of GeisUngen. It has baths of mineral wa- ter, which are much frequented. Uberlingen, a town of Suabia, in the county of Furstenburg. The principal trade is in corn to Switzerland; and near it are famous baths. It is seated on a high rock, 7 miles n of Constance. Uberslio, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudin, 10 miles ene of Chrudin. Ubes, St. or Setuval, a fortified sea- port of Portugal, in Estremadura, with a strong citadel, and a good harbour, defended by three forts. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Setobriga, at the head of a bay, near the influx of the Cadaon, and has a good trade, parti- cularly in salt, of which a great quan- tity is sent to the colonies in America. It stands at the end of a plain, five miles in length, extremely fertile in ^orn.wine, and fruits ; the N end bound- ed by mountains, covered with pines sad other trees, and containing quar- V E C ries of jasper of several colours. If it 22 miles se of Lisbon. liOn 8 64 w, lat. 38 22 N. Ubigau, a town of Saxony, seat d on the Elstcr, 28 miles se of Wittcnb rg. Uby, an island on the E side of the entrance of the gulf of Siam, 20 miles in circumference. It yields good wa- ter and plenty of wood. Lon. 104 46 E, lat. 8 65 N. Ucayal, a river of Peru. See Apuri- mac. Ucedo, or Uzeda, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle ; seated on the Xarama, 32 miles nne of Madrid. Ucker, a river of Germany, which issues from a lake of the same name, near Prenzio, in the Ucker mark of Brandenburg, flows n into Hither Po- merania, and, being joined by the Ran- do, enters the Frisch Half, at Ucker- munde. Uckermunde, a town of Hither Po- merania, in the duchy of Stettin, seated on the Frisch Haff", at the influx of the Ucker, 82 miles nw of Stettin. Uddevalla, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Bahus, situate on a bay of the Categat. The houses are built of wood, painted red and yellow, and the streets are spacious. It has a strong fort, an arsenal, rope-walks, and tar and iron works; also a trade in iron, planks, and herrings. It is 50 miles v by w of Gotheburg. Lon.il 40 Ej lat. 68 54 N. Udina, or Udine, a city of Italy, ca- pital of Friuli, with a citadel. It con- tains 16,000 inhabitants, and in 1760, on the suppression of the patriarchate of Aquileia, was made the see of an archbishop. A treaty between the Au- strians and French was signed here in 1797. It is seated in a large plain, on the river and canal called La Koia, 20 miles NW of Aquileia, and 65 ne of Ve- nice. Lon. 13 3 e, lat. 46 12 N. Udinshoi, a town of Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, seated on the Selinga, 150 miles e of Irkutsk. Lou. 108 20 e, lat. 52 N. Udipu, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, near which is a small fort. Here are three temples, placed in a common square, and surrounded by fourteen large convents. It stands amid rice fields, beautifully intermixed with palm gardens, two miles from the sea, and 36 NNw of Maiigalore. UdsJwi, a town of Siberia, in the /ftr«»- vince of Okotsk, situate on the Ud, 300 miles svv of Okotsk, Lon. 135 30 e, lat. 66 6 N. Yeeht, a river that rises in Westphalia, 714 V E L ■ear Munstcr, crosses the counties of Steiifort and Bentheim, and entering Overjssel, passes by Onimen, Hasselt, and Swartslnys, below which it enters the Ziiider Zee. Vechs, a river of Holland, which branches off from the old channel of the Rhine, at Utrecht, and enters the Zuider Zee, at Muyden. Veclita, a town and fortress of West- phalia, in the princij)ality of Munster, on a river of the same name, 27 miles s of Oldenburg, and 35 nne of Osna- burg. Vedenskoi, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Archangel, situate on the Vokscha, 200 miles ese of Archangel. Lon. 46 44 E, lat. 58 45 N. Veere. See Tervere. Vega, a town of Spain, in" Asturias, near the coast, 34 miles nw of Oviedo. Vega, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Leon, 22 miles nne of Leon. — Another, 55 miles w of Leon. Vegarjman, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 28 miles nne of Leon. Veglia, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia. It is 90 miles in circuit, rocky and badly culti- vated, birt produces wine and silk, and has small horses in high esteem. The town of the same name has a good har- bour, a strong citadel, and is the see of a bishop. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 45 22 N. Vegliana, a town of Piedmont, seated on an eminence, near the river Doria, 12 miles NW of Turin. Veh, a town of Hindoostan, in Moul- tan, seated at the junction of the Set- ledge with the Indus, 63 miles ssw of Moultan. Lon. 70 5 e, lat. 29 8 N. Veirot, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, seated on the Anhaloura, 10 miles ssw of PortalegTe, Veiseiiburg, a town of Russia, in the government of Revel, near the gulf of Finland, 56 miles E of Revel. Veit, St. a town of Germany, in Ca- rinthia, with an old caslle, seated at the contlux of the Glan and Wunich,8miles N of Clagenfurt. Veit, St. in Istria. See Fiume. Vela, a cape on the N coast of Terra Firma, 160 miles ene of St. Martha. Lon. 71 25 w, lat. 12 30 N. Velay, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Forez, w by Au- vergne, s by Gevaudan, and e by Vi- varez. It is full of high mountains, covered with snow the greater part of the year, but abounds in cattle. It now forms the department of Upper Loire. 715 V E N Velburg, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg, with a decayed castle, 22 miles nw of Ratisbon. Veldentz, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, with a casile. The environs produce excellent Mo- selle wine. It is seated on the Moselle, 19 miles ne of Treves. Veletri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma. It is the residence of the bishop of Ostia, whose palace is mag- nificent; and there are large squares adorned with fine fountains. It is seat- ed on an eminence, 18 miles se of Rome. Velez de Gomara, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez, with a castle, seated between two high mountains, on ther Mediterranean, 120 miles nne of Fez. Lon. 4 w, lat. 55 10 N. Velez Malaga, a town of Spain, in Grenada, seated in a large plain, be- tween two rivers, near the Mediterra- nean, 13 miles e by N of Malaga, and 62 sw of Grenada. Velika, a town of Sclavonia, on the river Bakawa, 10 miles e of Cruetz, and 60 Nw of Fosega. Velore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, with a large and beautiful fort, which, having been chosen for the re- sidence of the family of the late sultan of Mysore, is strongly garrisoned by English forces. The town, which be- longs to the nabob, is pretty large, and well built. Above it are three small forts on as many hills. It is seated in a fine valley, on the Paliar, 14 miles w of Arcot. Veltzen. See Ultzen. Venafro, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 25 miles n by w of Capua. Venaissin, a small but fertile county of France, lately depending on the pope, but now included in the department of Vauclnse. Carpentras was the capital. Venant, St. a town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, on the river Lis, six miles n by w of Bethune, and 27 SE of Dunkirk. Venasque, a town of Spain, in An"a- gon, in a valley of the same name, and on the river Essarn, 47 miles nne of Balbastro. VetMsqiie, a town of France, in the department of Vaucluse, on the river Nasque, 10 miles ese of Carpentras, and 18 ENE of Avignon. Vencatiekery, a town of Hindoostan," in the e part of Mysore, ceded to the English by the treaty of Seringapataui. Here are the remains of the rajah's pa- lace, and the ruins of a fori. Near this pJace iron is smelted from black saud V E N It is 67 milea vv of Arcot, and 68 e of Bangalore. Vence, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var, 9 miles n of Antibes, and 9 w of Nice. Vendee, a department of France, in- cludino- part of the late province of Poi- ton. It is so called from a small river of the same name. Fontenay le Comte is the capital. Vetiden, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Riga, on the river Aa, 36 miles ENE of Riga. Vaidome, a town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher, on the river Loir, 30 miles ne of Tours, and 95 8W of Paris. Vendrell, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, 25 miles wsw of Barcelona. Venei-ia, a town of Piedmont, which took its name from a magnificent hunt- ing-seat built by a duke of Savoy. It has manufactures of wool and silk, and stands on the Stura, eight miles nnw of Turin. Venezuela, a province of Terra Firma, in the government of the Caraccas ; bounded on tlie n by the Carribbean sea, E by Caraccas, s by New Grenada, and w by Rio de la Hacha and St. Mar- tha. It spreads round agnlf of the same name (which reaches 90 miles within land and is 80 in breadth) and the lake of Maracaybo. When the Spaniards landed here in 1499, they observed some lints built upon piles, in an Indian vil- lage named Cora, in order to raise them Bl)ove the stagnated water that covered the phiin; and this induced them to give it the name of Venezuela, or Little Venice. Near the seacoast are high mountains, the tops of which are bar- ren, but the lower parts in the valley are fertile, and gold is found in the sands of the rivers. The province is said to contain 100,000 inhabitants, Avho raise great numbers of sheep, manufacture some cotton stuffs, and cultivate excel- lent tobacco, cocoa, and sugar. Venezuela, the capital of the province of the same name, in Terra Firma, and a bishop's see. It stands on a peninsu- la, on the E side of the gulf of Venezue- la, 60 miles ene of Maracaybo. Lon. 70 15 w, lat. 10 55 N. Venice, a late celebrated republic of Italy, which comprehended the Doga- do, Paduano, Vicentino, Veronese, liioaciauo, Bergamo, Cremasco, Polesi- iiodi Rovigo, Trevisano, Feltrino, Eellu- ncse, Cadurino, and part of Friuli and Jstria. The government of the republic, before it was subverted by the French, M'as aristocratic, for none could have YEN any hare in it but the nobles. 'Hie doge was elected by a plurality of votes, obtained in a peculiar manner by means of gold and silver balls ; and after his election the ducal cap was yjlaccd on his head, with groat ceremony, on his public entrance into St. Mark's church. He held his dignity for life ; and his of- fice was to inarry the Adriatic sea, in the name of the republic ; to preside in all assemblies of the state ; to have an eye over all the members of the magis- tracy ; aud to nominate to all the bene- fices annexed to the church of St. Mark. On the other hand, his power was so li- mited, that he has been justly defined to be, in habit and state, a king ; in au- thority, a counsellor ; in the city, a pri- soner; and out of it a private person. There were five councils: the first was called La Signoria, composed of the doge and six counsellors. The second was II Consiglio Grande, in which all the nobles, amounting to 2500, had a voice. The third was II Consiglio del Pregadi, consisting of about 250 of the nobility. I'iie fourth was II Consiglio Proprio, which was united to the Signo- ria ; its members consisted of 2S asses- sors : this council gave audience to the ambassadors. The fiftli and last was II Consiglio die Dieci, composed of ten counsellors, who took notice of all cri- minal matters ; and the doge himself, when accused, was obliged to appear before them: there was no appeal from this council, which was a severe state inquisition. This couslitution, how- ever, now no longer exists. In 1797, a tumult having happened at Venice, in whiclvsome French soldiers were killed, the French seized the city, and institu- ted a provisionary democratic govcrn- men : but, soon afier, by the treaty of Campo Formio, the city and territory of Venice, lying to the n and w of the river Adige, was ceded to Austria as a duchy, in equivalence for the dominions that house had lost in the Netherlands ; and the remainder of the territory was annexed to what the French then styled the Cisalpine republic. In 1805 com- menced a short war between Austria and France, and by the treaty of ])cace at Prcsburg, the duchy of Venice was given up ; and the whole territory of Venice was annexed t(^ the kingdom of Italy. J'ho Austrians, however, took possession of this country in 1814. 'J'he Venetian territories on the continent, enumerated above (and which, by n ay of distinclion, are .sometimes caihd tlie Tcivat I'irina) axe di'sc.ribed ii! Ilicir re spective j)lacf.'6. Venice wa? tmec one 710 V E N of the most powerful coniuicicial and maritime states iu Europe. For this it was iudcbted, at first, to the monopoly of the conmierce of India ; the products of that country being conveyed, in the middle ages, up the gulf of Persia, the Euphrates, and the Tigris, as far as Bag- dad ; thence by land, across the desert, to Palmyra ; and thence to the Medi- terranean ports: and, afterwards, the siipplyiug of the crusaders with provi- sions and military stores was an addi- tional source of opulence and power. All this declined, however, after the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese, in 1486 ; which, in its consequences, has reduced Venice from a state of the highest splendour to com- parative insigniflcance. The Venetians are lively and ingenious, extravagantly fond of amusements, with an uncom- mon elish for humom'. They are in general tall, well made, and of a ruddy brown colour, with dark eyes. The women are of a fine style of counte- nance, with expressive features, and a skin of a rich carnation: they are of an easy address, and have no aversion to cultivate an acquaintance with strangers who are properly recommended. What- ever degree of licentiousness may pre- vail among them, jealousy, poison, and the stiletto have been long banished from their gallantry. The common people display some qualities very rare- ly to be found in that sphere of life, being remarkably sober, obliging to strangers, and gentle in their intercourse with each other. Venice, a city of Italy, and a long time the capital of a territory of the same name. In the 4th century, when Attila, king of the Huns, ravaged the n part of Italy, many of the inhabitants abandoned their country, and retired into the islands of the Adriatic sea, now called the gulf of Venice. These islands l)( iiignear each other, they found means to join them, by driving piles on the sides, and forming the channels into c&nals, on which they built houses, and thus the superb city of Venice had its beginning. It is the see of a patriarch, and stands on 72 little islands, about five miles from the mainland, in a kind of laguna or lake, separated from the gulf of Venice, by some islands, at a few miles distance. These islands, in a great measure, break the force of the Adriatic storms, before they reach the laguna. The number of the inhabit- ants is computed at 160,000 ; and they h;i\t; a nourishing trade in silk manu- f:ictiires, bonc-Iace, and all sorts of 717 • ' V E N glasses and mirrors, which make tliwr principal employments. Most of the houses have a door opening upon a ca- nal, and another into a street; by means of which, and of the bridges, a person may go to almost any part of the city by land, as well as by water. The streets, in general, are narrow ; and so are the canals, except the Grand Ca- nal, which is very broad and has a ser- pentine course through the middle of the city. There are nearly 500 bridges in Venice ; but what pass for such are only single arches thrown over the ca- nals; most of them very paltry. The Rialto consists also of a single arch, but a very noble one, and of marble, built across the grand canal, near the middle, where it is the narrowest: tliis cele- brated arch is 90 feet wide on the level of the canal, and 24 feet high. The beauty of it is impaired by two rows of booths or shops, which divides its up- per surface into three narrow streets. The view from the Rialto is equally lively and magnificent; the canal co- vered by boats and gondolas, and flank- ed on each side by magnificent palaces, churches, and spires. The only place where a person can walk with ease and safety is in the Piazza di St. Marco ; a kind of irregular quadrangle, formed by a number of buildings, all of mar- ble; namely, the ducal palace; the churches of St. Mark and St. Geminia- no ; and a noble range of buildings, in which are the museum, the public li- brary, the mint, &c. The patriarchal church of St. Mark, one of the richest and most expensive in the world, is crowned by five domes ; and the trea- sury is very rich in jewels and relics. The churches and convents are numer- ous, in which the most admirable part are the paintings ; and indeed Venice, highly renowned for valuable paintings, far surpasses, in this respect, even Rome itself. The ducal palace is an immense building : before the subversion of th& repubUc it contained the apartments of the doge; halls and chambers for the senate, and the different councils and tribunals ; and an armory, in which a great number of muskets were kept, ready charged, that the nobles might arm themselves, on any sudden insurrection. The arsenal is a fortifica- tion of three miles in compass : before it was possessed by the French, it con- tained arms for 60,000 foot and 20,000 horse, arranged in an oniamental man- ner ; and 2800 men were daily employ- ed in building ships, casting cannons^ making cables, sails, anchors, &c. Tbs V E R handsome structure called II Fontica di Tetleschi, containing 22 shops and 100 rooms, is that where the German mer- chants lay their commodities. The bank of Venice is supposed to be the first of th« kind in Europe, after the model of which those of Amsterdam and PJam barg were established. In this city a famous carnival is held from Christmas tiil Ashwednesday; in all which time li- bertiniam reigns through the city, and tteasands of foreigners frequent it from ail parts of Europe. The chief diver- sions are ridottos and masquerades ; and St. Marfc-p ace is the general rendez- tous. Venice is included in the province eaUcd the Dogado, and is 125 miles NNE of Florence, and 140 ii of Milan. Lon. 12 23 e, lat. 45 27 N. Venice, Gulf of, a sea, or gulf of tlie Mediterranean, between Italy and Tur- key in Europe. It is the ancient Adri- ttticum Mare, and is still sometimes cal- led the Adriatic Sea. There are many islands in it, and many bays or small gulfs on each coast. The grand cere- mony of the doge of Venice manying the Adriatic annually on Ascension Da}', by dropping into it a ring from his bu- ecfit&or, or state barge, attended by all the nobility and ambassadors in gondo- las, was intermitted in 1797, for tlie iirst time fof several centuries. Venlo, a strong town of the Nether- latids, in Upper Guelderland, and a place of trade for merchandise coming from the adjacent countries. In 1702, it surrendered to the allies, and was feonfirmed to the Dutch by the barrier treaty in 1715. It was taken by the French in 1794 ; but they ceded it to tlie allies in 1814. It is seated on the E side of the Meuse, opposite Fort St. Michael, 12 miles n of Ruremonde. Lon. 6 6 E, lat. 51 22 N. Venoia, a town of Naples, in Basili- cata, on the river Ofanto, 13 miles nw of Acerenza. Venta de Cruz, a town of Terra Fir- ma, in the isthmus of Darien, seated on the river Chagre. Here the Spaniards used to bring the merchandise of Peru and Chili on mules from Panama, and embark it on the river for Porto Bello. It is 20 miles n of Panama. Venzone, a town of Italy, in the coun- try of Friuli, situate on the Tagliamen- to, 18 miles nnw of Friuh. Vera, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 34 miles NNE of Almeria, and 80 E of Gre- nada. Vera Cruz, a city of Mexico, in Tlas- cala, on the gulf of Mexico. The har- bour IS defended by a fort, situate on a V E R rock if the island of St. Juan de Uihua nearly adjoining. This port is the na- tural centre of the treasure and mer- chandise of Mexico, and it receives much E. India produce by way of Acapulco from the Philippine islands. Here the ships from Spain receive the produce of the gold and silver mines of Mexico. An annual fair is held here for the rich merchandise of the Old world ; and such crowds of Spaniards attend, that tents are erected for their accommodation. The Old Tov/n, 16 miles to the nw, is famous on account of the landing of Cortez, with 500 Spaniards, when he un- dertook the conquest of Mexico. Vera Cruz is 200 miles ese of Mexico. Lon, 96 60 w, lat 19 5 N. Vera Paz, a province of Mexico, in the audience of Guatimala ; bounded on the N by Jucatan, E by the bay and pro- vince of Honduras, s by Guatimala Pro- per, and w by Chiapa. It is full of mountains and forests ; but there are many fertile vallies, which feed a great number of horses and mules. There are also many towns and villages of the na- tive Americans. The capital, of the same name, or Coban, is a bishop's see, but is inconsiderable. It is 120 miles NE of Gitatimala. Lon. 90 55 w, lat. 15 30 N. Veragua, a province of Mexico, in the audience of Guatimala; bounded on the N by tlie Caribbean sea, e by the province and bay of Panama, s by the Pacific ocean, and w by Costa Rica. It is 125 miles long and 40 broad, and is a mountainous and barren country, but abounds in gold and silver. St. Jago is the capital. Verberie, a town of France, in the department of Oise, on the river Oise, 10 miles ne of Senlis. Vercelli, a city cf Piedmont, capital of a lordship of the same name, and a bishop's see. The town-house, the go- vernor's palace, and the hospital, are handsome structures. The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It is seated at the conflux of the Cerva with the Sesia^ 40 miles ne of Turin. Lon. 8 24 e, lat. 45 31 N. Vercholensk, a town of Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena, 120 miles N of Irkutsk. I^on. 105 35 Ii, lat. 54 N. Verchotura, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, and a bishojj's see. This was the tirst town the Russians built in Siberia. It is situate near the river Tura, 120 miles N of Catharinen- burg. Lon. GO 15 e, lat. 58 45 n. Verd, Cape, a promontory on the w 718 V E R eoast of Africa, 145 miles Nw of the mouth of the Gambia. Lon. 17 31 w, Ut 14 44 N. Verd Islands, Cape, islands in the At- lantic, above 300 miles w of the coast of Africa, between 13 and 19 N lat. They are said to have been known to the ancients, under the name of Gor- gades ; but not visited by the uioderns till they were discovered, in 1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal, and received their general name from their situation opposite Cape Verd. 'J'hey are ten in number, lying in a semicircle. The names are St. An- tonio, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Ni- colas, Sal Bonavista, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Brava. St, Jago is the principal. Verden, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, 28 miles long and neaiiy as much broad; bounded on the w and N by the duchy of Bremen, and E and s by the duchy of Lunenburg. It consists chiefly of heaths and high dry lands ; but there are good marshes ou the rivers Weser and Aller. It was for- merly a bishopric, which, at the peace of Westphalia, was secularised, and ce- ded to Sweden ; in 1712, it was taken by the Danes, who, in 1715, ceded it to the electoral house of Brunswick, which cession, in 1718, was confirmed by the Swedes. The inhabitants are Luthe- rans. Verden, a town of Westphalia, capital of a duchy of the same name. It con- tains four churches, and is seated on a branch of the Aller, 18 miles ese of Bre- men. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 52 58 N. Verdim, a strong town of France, in the department of Meuse, and a bishop's see. The citadel, which is a regular for- tification, was constructed by Vauban, who was a native of this place. Beside the cathedral there are one collegiate and nine parish-churches ; and it is di- vided into the npper, lower, and new town. Verdun surrendered to the Prus- sians in 1792, bat was retaken soon af- ter. It is seated on the M euse, 28 miles N by E of Bar le Dae, and 140 E by N of Paris. Lon. 5 23 e, lat. 49 9 N. Verdun, a town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, seated on the Saone, at the influx of the Doubs, 30 miles e by s of Autun. Verdim, a town of France, in th« de- partment of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 20 miles nnw of Tou- louse. Verea, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, 48 miles w of Salonica. Vereria, a town of Russia, in the go- 719 V E R vernittent of Moiit 60 houses, and the harbour will not admit large vessels. It is situate on an island, in the bay of Santos, 190 iiiilcs sw of St. Sebastian. Lon. 46 28 w, lat. 24 15 s. See Santos. Vincent, St. a town of Spain, in Astu- rias, seated on the bay of Biscay, nine miles w by s of Sautillana. Vingorla, a town of Hindoostan, in Concan. About 10 miles to the wnw are some rocks in the sea, called Vin- gorla Rocks. The town is situate near tiie month of a river, 25 miles nnw of Goa. Lon. 73 27 E, lat. 15 51 N. Vintimiglia, a town of the territory of Genoa, with a small harbour, and a strong castle on a high rock. In 1746, it was taken by the king of Sardinia ; but recovered in 1747, by the Genoese, with the assistance of the French. It is seated on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta, 20 miles ne of Nice, and 24 sw of Onegha. Lon. 7 37 E, lat. 43 63 N. Vipalmwa, or Uj Palanka, a town of Hungary, in the bannat of Temeswar, with a fortress. It stands on the Ka- rass, near its entrance into the Danube, 42 miles e of Belgrade, and 58 s of Temeswar. Vique. See Vic. Vire, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Calvados, with several manu- factures of coarse woollen cloths. It is seated on the Vire, 30 miles SE of Cou- tances, and 150 w of Paris. Vi}-g'in, Cape, a cape of Patagonia, at the entrance of the strait of Magellan ; so called by Magellan, because he dis- covered it on the feast of St. Ursula. Lon. 67 54 w, lat. 52 23 s. Virgin Gorda, or Spanish town, one of the Virgin Islands, in theWest Indies. It has two good harbours, and is de- iended by a fort. Lon. 64 w, lat. IS 18 N. Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys, in the West Indies, between St. Jua« de Puerto Rico and the Leeward Caribhee islands. They are possessed by tiie English and Danes. In the first division, belonging I'o the pjiglish, is V I s Tortola, to which belong Jost Van Dyke, Little Van Dike, Guana, Reef, and Thatch islands. In the second di- vision is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Anegada, Nicker, Prickly Pear, the Muskitos, the Commanoes, See. Of the Danish islands, the princioal are St, Thomas and St. John. Virginia, one of the United States of America, bounded on the s by North CaroHna and Tennessee, w by Kentu- cky, N by Pennsylvania and the river Ohio, and e by the Atlantic ocean. It is 446 miles long and 224 broad, and di- vided into 82 counties. Several ridges of mountains cross the country from n to s, the most easterly above 100 miles from the Atlantic. Here are mines ot lead, copper, iron, and coal ; marble is found in great quantities, and lime- stone ; and many medicinal springs have been discovered in different parts. The principal rivers are James, York, Rap- pahannoc, and Potomac, which are full of convenient harbours; and there are many other rivers, some of which are capable of receiving the largest mer- chant ships. The land towards the mouths of the rivers is generally low and fit for rice, hemp, and maize ; that higher up, is generally level, and wa- tered with sj)rings. The land near the sea is generally sandy, and without stones, for which reason the horses are seldom shod. 'J'he richest lands lie near the branches of the rivers, and abound with various sorts of timber, surprising- ly large. I'he number of inhabitants, in 1810, was 974,622. The principal produce is tobacco, wheat, and maize ; but the culture of tobacco has consider- ably declined in favour of that of wheat. The capital is Richmond. Virnenherg, a town of Germany, in the territory of Treves; seated near the Nesse, 26 miles wnw of Coblentz. Virion, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, 22 miles w of Luxemburg. Visagapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of Cicacole, 50 miles sw of Cicacole, and 100 ne of Rajamun- dry. Vischma, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Tobolsk, 268 miles sw of Tobolsk. Viset, a fortified town of the Nether- lands, in the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Meuse, 15 miles nw of Limburg. Visen, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a bishop's see,32 miles s of Lamogo, aud 49 NE of Coimbra. Vishnei Volotchoh, a town of Russia. r2ii V I ) in the 'government of Tvci: It has a canal, which, by uniting tlie Tverza aiui the Masta, connects the inland naviga- tion between the Caspian and tlie Bal- tic ; and is seated on the river Zua, 60 miles Nw of Tver. Visiapour, a country^ of the Dcccan of Hindoostan, lying to the e of Concan, between the Kistna and its tributary stream the Beema. It is subject to the Poonah Mahrattas, and famous for mines of diamonds, Visiapour, or Bejapour, a city of Hin- doostan, capital of the county of Visia- pour. It is 150 miles se of Poona, and 340 N by w of Seringapatam. Lou. 75 19 E, lat. 17 26 N. Viso, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in Piedmont, noted for giving source to tlie river Po. list. North and South, two islands of the Hebrides, on the w coast of Seot- land. N. Uist is 22 miles long and 17 broad, and the face of the country cor- responds with that of Lewis. S. Uist is 23 miles long and seven broad, and trees are here equally unknown. Many cows arc annually exported ; but kelp is the staj)le commodity, of which about 1100 tons are annually manufactured in each. 'J'lie island of Benbecula lies between them, and they are eacli about 16 miles to the w of tiie most western point of the isle of Skye. Vistula, a river which rises in the Car- pathian mountains on the confines ^of Storavia and Hungary, flows through Poland and Prussia, by Cracow, Sando- mir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienburg, and Dantzic, and enters the Baltic, by three mouths. Viterbo, a town of Italy, capital of the patrimony of St. Peter, and a bishop's see. It contains 16 parish-churches, nu- merous convents, and many palaces and fouutains. Near the city is a hot mine- ral spring, much frequented. It is seat- ed at the foot of a mountain, in a beau- tiful valley, 40 miles nnw of Rome. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 42 25 n. Vith, St. See Viet, St. Vitre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ille and Vilaine, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit stockings and gloves ; seated on the Vilaine, 20 miles NE of Reuncs, and 52 se of St. Malo. Vitry le Brule, a village of France, two miles ne of Vitry le Francois. It was formerly a considerable town, but was burnt by Ijouis VII., and on this account called Brule. The Flnglish and Burgundi;tns, in the war with Charles YII. set lire to Vitry with 60 villages. 727 U K R It ^vas a third time burned and ruine^l by tiic troops of emperor Charles V. Vitrij le Francois, a town of France, in tlic deparlment of Marne, It was built by Francis I. after the destractioii of Vilry le Brule by emperor Charles V,, and has a great trade in corn. It is seated on tlie Marne, 15 miles se of Chalons, and 100 e of Paris. Vitteaux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, seated on the ri- ver Braine, among the mountains, where there are quarries of marble, 12 miles se of Semur, and 27 w of Dijon. Vittoria, a town of Spain, capita! of the district of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded by double walls, and the large streets are bordered with trees. In tlie principal square arc the town-hoiyse, two convents, and a fine fountain. It has a great trade in hardware, particu- larly in sword-bladcs, whicli are made here in laige qnanlilies. Vittoria is Dv- moas for a great victory biiving been obtained in its vicitsity, by the allies, under the marquis orWe[ii!ig(on,on tiic 21st of June, 1813. It is se;ited on an eminence, at tlse end. of a plain, fcitilc in corn and grapes, 32 miles se of Bil- boa, and 155 N of Madrid. Lon. 2 38 vv,'Iat. 42 45 N. Vivarez, a late lerriloiy of France, in the NE part of Languedoc, on the banks oftiie Rhone, which parts it from Dau- phiny. It now forms the dcpartme«jt of Ardechc. Vivero, a town of Spain, in Gaiicia, seated at the foot of a siecj) mountain, near the river Vivero or Landrova.wliich Hows into the bay of Biscay. It is 22 miles NW of Mondonncdo. Vlviers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardeche. It is seaied among rocks (on one of which tiie ca- thedral is built) on the river Rhone, iG miles s by e of Privas. Ukenskoi, a town of Russia, in the gc^ vernment of Tobolsk, at the coidiux of the Irtisch and Obv, 198 miles n of 'i'o- bolsk. Lon. 69 1.3 e, lat. Gl 10 N. Ukraine, a country of Eurojic, lying on tlie borders of Poland, Russia, ancl liiitle Tartary. Its name signilics a frontier. By a treaty between Russia and Poland, in 1693, the latier remam- ed in possession of the Ukraine, on the w side of the Dnie|)er, which constitut- ed a palatinate called Kiof; vvliiJe the e side was allotted to Russia, and called the government of Kiof; but Bussia having obtained the Polish past, by the treaty of partition, in 1793, the whoio belongs now to that power. That paiJ of line Ukraine, on the w side of lue U L M Dssieper, is but indifferently cultivated; but fliat on the E side, inhabited by the Cossacs, is in much better condition. The principal town is Kiof. See Cos- sacs. Vladimir, See Volodimir, Ulala, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, Ihree miles sw of Mangaiore. Ulapool, a town of Scotland, in Ross- shire, on the E side of the entrance of Loch Broom, at tlie mouth of a river of its r by U M A stratagem \ but surrendered it after the battle of Blenheim, in 1704. It was ta- ken by the French in 1796 ; and it sur- rendered to them in 1805, witli the flow- er of the Austrian army, under general Mack, consisting of 60,000 men. It is seated at the confluence of the Blau \vith the Danube, opposite the influx of the Her, 38 miles w by n of Augsburg, and 40 se ofStutgard. Lon. 9 56 li, lae. 48 24 N. Ulmen, a tewn of Germany, in the ter- ritory of Treves, 28 miles w of Coblentz. Ulotho, or Vlothow, a town of West- phalia, in the county of Ravensberg, near which is a medicinal spring. It is six miles s of Minden. Ulrichstein, a town of Germany, in Upper Hesse, with a fortified castle, 25 miles SE of Marburg. Ulrichshamn, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, formerly called Bogesund, the present name being given it, in 1741, in compliment to queen Ulrica Eleano- ra. It has a considerable trade in cat- tle, provisions, tobacco, &c. and is 60 miles E of Gotheburg. Ulster, a province of Ireland, 116 miles long and 100 broad ; bounded on the E by the Irish sea, n by the North- ern ocean, w by the Atlantic ocean, sw by the province of Connaught, and s by that of Leinster. It contains the coun- ties of Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Monaghan, Ar- magh, Down, and Cavan. The princi- pal place is Londonderry. Ultzen, or Veltzen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg. It has a trade in flour and wool, and is seated on the Ilmenau, 20 miles sse of Lunenburg. Ulverston, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It is seated at the foot of some hills, near a shallow arm of the Irish sea, and has a canal to the estuary of the Leven. Since the decline of Dalton, it has considerably increased; and has manufactures of cot- ton, check, canvas, and hats. It is the port of the district of Furness, and ex- ports much corn, limestone, iron ore, and blue slate. It is 18 miles Nw of Lancaster, and 261 nnw of London. Lon. 3 12 w, lat. 54 14 N. Uma, or Umea, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, at the mouth of the ri- ver Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. 'J'hc houses are built of wood ; and it was twice burnt by the Hussians It is Ihe residence of the governor ofW. Bothnia, and 310 miles n by e ofStockhuhn. Lon. 19 18 E, lat. 63 oSn. 7?.8 U N I Vmagn, a small seaport of Istria, seat- ed near tlie gulf Largoiia, 12 miles sw of Capo d'Istria. Utnbria, a province of Italy, now eal- (od the duchy of Spoleto, Umbriatico, a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Citeriore, seated on the Lipuda, 15 miles n by w of St. Severina. Vmmedapoora, one of the most flou- rishing- and well-bnilt cities of Asia, the metrojsolis of the Birman empire, with a spacious and regular fort, completely fortified after the eastern manner. It was founded in 1783 by emperor Min- deragree, four miles to the ne of Ava, the ancient capital. The houses are riiiscd on posts from the ground ; the smaller supported by bamboos, the lar- ger by strong timbers. The streets are all straight, many of them wide, paved vvilh brick, and frequently crossed by otliers at right angles. The royal pa- lace is a splendid edifice, within the fort, and not any nobleman of the court is permitted to enter it with his feet co- vered. The temples and monasteries are numerous, and though in general composed of wood are very magnificent : the unbounded expenditure of gilding, which is bestowed on the outside of the roofs, jyarlicularly on the lofty spires, render them objects of extraordinary splendour. Ummerapoora is situate on a peninsula, formed by the Irrawaddy on the w, and a narrow channel branch- ing E from the river, which soon takes a N direction and exjiands lo a lake on the E side of the city, seven miles long and one and a half broad. It is 520 miles K of Calcutla. and 620 NNW of Si- am. Lon. 76 7 e, lat. 21 57 N. U)uk7-ualden, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on the N by the canton of Lu- cern and the Lake of the Four Cantons, E by high mountains which separate it from the canton of Uri, s by Mount Brunich which parts it from the canton of Bern, and w by that of Lucern. It is 24 miles long and 20 broad, and di- vided into the Upper and Lower Val- ley, by a forest called Kesterwald, which crosses the canton from N to s. The country abounds in fruit and cattle, but produces little corn and grows no wine 'I'he inliabitants are Roman catholics. Stanz is the capital of the Lower Val- ley, a^id Sarnen of the Upper and of the whole canton. Uiigvar, a town and fort of Hungary, *,apital of a county of the same name. It stands in an island formed by the Ung, 57 miles e of Cassovia. Lon_^22 23 R, lat. 48 42 N'. Cniegcu-. a town of Poland, in the 723 U N I palatinate of Lenczicz, with a fine caslls belonging to the archbishop of G nesen, seated on the Waxta, 20 miles ssw of Lenczicz. Union, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of Fayette county, situate on Redstone creek, 14 miles s by E of Brownsville, and 28 ne of Morgantown. Union, a town of New York, in Tioga county, where the judicial courts are held in October. It is situate on the Susquehanna, w of the influx of the Chenango, 50 miles e by s of Newtown, and 150 nw of New York. United Provinces of the Netherlands, a name given to the seven protestant states of the Netherlands, which threw off the yoke of Spain, and became an indepen- dent repubhc. See Holland and Ne- therlands. United States of America, a republic of N. America, consisting originally, in 1783, of thirteen states, namely, Massa- chuscts. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,Vir- ginia. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, Kentucky, Vermont, Ten- nessee, and Ohio, having since been formed, and added to them, the present number of the states that constitute this great American republic is seventoeo. To these must be added the territories of Michigan and Indiana ; and also the country ofLouisiana, lately ceded to the republic by the French. These districts are all described in this work in their proper places. The population of this republic has wonderfully increased since they acquired their independence, in 1783. The number of inhabitants iii 1770, was estimated at 1,500,000; in 1791, 3,929,326; in 1801, 5,305,638; and in 1810, 7,236,797, being nearly doubled in 19 years. No part of the globe is so well supplied with rivers, great and small springs, and lakes, as the United States ; that a communica- tion by water, from one extremity to the other, is more easy than in England ; and a great multitude of bays and ex- cellent harbours are on the coast of every maritime state. In the large towns, the houses are of brick ; in t!ie others, and their environs, the half, and often the whole of them, are of pianl^s; but 80 miles from the sea, in tisc eenti ul and southern states, and part ic4i! ail}' in those w of the Allegany mountains, se-r ven-tenths of the inhabitaiits live in /eg-- houses. These houses are made of ihc; trunks of trees, from 20 to 30 feet ioi}^, and four or five inches in dianjeter, S^id one upon another-, and sup|>or.ted|j^,lei- V O I ting their ends into each other; tbu spaces between the trunks are filled with clay ; tliey have two dooM, which are hung with wooden hinges, and these frequently supply the place of windows: neither nails nor iron of any sort are used. The thirteen original siates long ilourished as provinces of Great Britain ; but parliament attempting to lax them by its sole authority, without the inter- vention of their assemblies, a civil war ensued. Tiie Americans formed a con- gress, which, in 1776, disclaimed all de- ])e!]denoe ou the mother country : the French king entered into an alliance with them in 1778 ; the colonies, power- fullj assisted by France, were success- ful ; and Great Britain acknowledged their independence by the peace of 1783. The federal constitution of tiie United States is governed by a congress, con^ sisting of a president, vice-])resident, se- nate, and house of representatives. The representatives are elected every second year; the senators are chosen for six years, and the president and vice-presi- dent for four. General Washington was elected the first president in 1788.. The city of Washington is the metropolis. Unna, a town of Westpiiaiia, in the county of Mark, environed by walls and ditches, and formerly a considerable hansealic town. It is seated on the Kottelbeck, 10 miles ssw of Ham. Unna, a river of European Turkey, which rises in Bosnia, on the iioiitiers of Croatia, passes by \^'ihitsc!i, and joins the Save, 16 miles above Gradisca. Unnary, a town of Sweden, in \he pro- vince of Smoland,43 miles w ol'Wexio. Unst, the most northern of the Shet- land islands, 10 miles long and four broad, and more level than the other isles. It feeds many sheep, horned cat- tle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons of cured fish are annually exported, Lon. I 10 w, lat. 61 10 N. Unterseen, a town of Switzerland, in ihe canton of Bern, near which is tlie famous cavern of St. Pat. It is seated on the river Aa, between the lakes Brientz, and Thun, 23 miles ssE of Bern. Unza, a town of Russia, in a province of the same name, in the government of Kostroma, It is situate on the river Unza, 92 miles ene of Kostroma. Voghe7-a, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, seated on the Staffora, nine miles NE of Tortona. Voglabruck, a town of Austria, on the river Vogel, 28 miles ne of Salzburg, and 38 sw of Lintz. Void, a town of France, in the de- V () L partmentof Meuse, 18 nsiles ESEof Bai le Due. Voigtland, a territory of Up,per Saxo- ny, in the sw part of the marquisale of Misnia, bounded on the w by Thnriiigia and Franconia. It is very hilly, and abounds in wood ; but the vallies ail'ord plenty of corn, and paslures that feed great numbers of excellent cattle. Plau- en is the capital. Voigtshcrg, a town and citadel of Up- per Saxony, in Voigtland, five miles s by E of Plauen. Voitsberg, a town of Germany, in Sti- ria, seated on the Kainach, 18 miles w by ,^ of Gratz, Vokelmark, or Volhenmarh, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 17 miles E by s of Clagenfurt. Volano, a town of Italy, in the Fer- rarese, seated on the gulf of Venice, 34 miles E of Ferrara. Volcano, one of the most considerable of the Lipari islands, in the Mediterra- nean, lying s of the island of Lipari, from which it is separated by a deep channel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12 miles in circumference, and is a vol- cano, in tiie form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only. VolcaneUo, a small volcanic island in the Mediterraneau, between that of Li- pari and Volcano. Volga, a river of Russia, which fornss part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. It has its source in two small lakes, in the government of Ples- kof, about 80 miles w of Tver, begins to be navigable a few miles above that town, and is liiere augmented by the influx of tiie Tverza. It waters some of the finest provinces in the Russian em )ire, passes by Yaroslaf, Kostroma, Nishnei Novogorod, Kasan, Simbirsk,* Saratof, Tzaritzin, and Astracan, and enters theCaspian sea by several mouths. This is supposed to be the largest river in Europe ; and by means of it, the river Tverza, and a canal tlience to the Neva, there is a navigable communica- tion between the Caspian sea and tiie Baltic. Volhynia, a palatinate of Russian Po- land, 220 miles long and 130 broad ; bounded on the N by Poiesia., e by Ki- of, s by Podolia, and w by Austiian Po- land. It consists chiefly of fertile plains watered by a great number of rivers. Lucko is the capital. Vollenhoven, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with a castle ; seated on the Zuider Zee, eight miles sw of Steen- wich, and 12 NW of Zwoll. Volinar, a town of Russia, in the g*>- 730 V o o vcrnraent of Riga, on the river Aa, 60 miles NE of Riga. Volo, a town of European Turkey, in Janna, with a citadel and a fort. It was talvcn, and aInio.st ruinsd, in 1655. by the Venetians. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, wlicre there is a good harbour, 30 miles se of Larissa, Lon. 22 55 E, \w\. 39 21 N. Voloilimir, ov Vladunir, a goveinraent of Russia, formerly a province of the government of Moscow. The soil is ex- tremely fertile, and in the forests are in- numerable swarms of bees. Vulodhnir, or Vladimir, a town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name. It is seated on the Klias- ma, 110 miles e bj' n of Moscow, Vologda, a government of Russia, di- vided into tiie two ])roviuces of Volog- da and Ustiug. It is a marshy country, full of forests, lakes, and rivers, and no- ted for its fine wool. Vologda, a town of Russia, capital of a province of the same name, and the sec of an archbishop. It has a magni- ficent cathedral, several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The principal trade is in hemp, matting, leather, and tallow. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Vologda, which flows into the Suk- hona, 257 miles N by E of Moscow. Lon. 39 46 E, lat. 59 20 N. Volsk, a town of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Saratof, situate on the Vol- ga, 76 miles ne of Saratof. Volta, a river of Guinea, winch sepa- rates the Gold coast from the Slave coast, and enters the Atlantic ocean. Voltagio, a town of the territory of Genoa, 15 miles n by w of Genoa. Volterra, a walled town of Tuscany, in the territory of Pisa, containing seve- ral antiquities. It is seated on a moun- tain, 30 miles ssw of Florence, and 32 SE of Pisa. ' Voltri, a town in the territory of Ge- noa, near which the Austrians were de- feated by the French, in 1796. It is six miles w of Genoa. Volturara, a to-wn of Naples, in Ca- pitanata, 20 miles w of Lucera, and 52 NE of Naples. Volturno, a river of Naples, which rises in the Apennines, passes by Isernia and Capua, and enters the gulf of Gaieta. Volvic, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome. Here are immense quarries, which ftirnish mate- rials for the buildings of the adjacent towns, and for the statues in the chur- ches. It is six miles N of Clermont. Vsorn, an island of S. Holland, be- U P L tween the mouth of the Meuse, 20 miles long and five broad. This island, with Goreo and Ov«rslackee, form the terri tory called Vooruland, which anciently belonged to Zealand. Briel is the ca- pital. Vorden, a town of Westj)halia, in the principality of Osnaburg, 20 miles NNR of Osnaburg. Vordon, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, where a toll is collected from ships going np and down that river. It is 15 miles ssw of Culm. Voringen, a town of Suabia, in tlie principality of HohenzoUern, 1 miles se of HohenzoUern. Voronez, a goveinment of Russia, tho capital of which, of the same name, is seated on the Noroncz,near ils junction with the Don, 230 miles sse of Moscow. Lon. 39 14 e, lat 51 36 k. Vosgcs, a dcj)ar1mont ofFnince, in- cluding tiie SE part of Hie lale [inivincc of Loirain. it is so called IVon) a chain of mountains, formerly covered with wood, that separates this department from those of Upper Saone and Ujiper Rhine. Epiiial is the capital. Vourla, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 30 miles w by s of Ssnyriia. Vouille, a village of France, in the de- partment ofVienne, 10 miles w of Poi tiers. Here Clovis gained a battle, in 507, against Alaric, king of the Visi- goths, which extended the JYench em- pire from the Loire to the Pyrenees. Vou-tchang, a city of Ciiina, capital _ of the province of Hou-qnang, and tlie rendezvous, as it were, of all the com- mercial people in the empire. As every branch of trade is carried on here, il.s port, on the Kian-ku, is always crowded witli vessels ; the river being sometimes covered with them to the distance of two leagues. The beautiful crystal found in its mountains, the i)lcntil'!il crops of fine tea, and the pro(iigiou.s sale of the bamboo paper made here, contri- bute no less to make it famous than the continual influx of stranger."*. 11 13 6.55 miles s of Peking. Lon. 112 25 e, lat. 30 30 N. Vouziers, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes, on the river Aisne, 32 miles ene of Rheims. Upland, a province of Ssveden, in the division of Sweden Proper, between Sii- dermania, W^estmania, Gestricia, and the Baltic. It is 70 miles long and 45 broad, chiefly covered with shapeless stones and impenetrable woods ; but it is enriched with inexhaustible mines of copper, non, and silver; and the pea- sants are chiefly employed in the mauu- 731 U R A factare of those metals. Stockholm is the capital. Uppingham, a town in Rutlandshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated on an eminence, 6 miles s of Oakham, and 89 N by w of London. Upsal, a city of Sweden, in Upland, and an archbishop's see, with a univer- sity. It is divided into two almost equal parts by the river Sala; and tlie streets are drawn at right angles from a central kind of square. A few of the houses are built of brick; but the ge- nerality are constructed of wood, paint- ed red; and the roofs are covered in with turf. UpsaJ. was formerly the metropo- lis of Sweden ; and near it is the moras- ten, or stone, on which the king used to be crowned. The cathedral, a large structure of brick, contains the remains of the famous GuslavusVasa and Charles Linne. The university is the most an- cient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the north for academical education. 'I'he Royal Society here is likewise t!ie oldest literary academy in the north. Here is an observatory, planned by the celebrated Celsius, from which the Swedish geographers compute the lon- gitude; also a botanical garden, of which the famous Linne was superin- tendank Upsal is seated in a vast opera plain, fertile in corn, 35 miles nnw of Stockholm. Lon. 17 39 K, lat. 59 52 N. Upton, a town in Worcestershire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Severn, 11 miles s of Worcester, and 111 wNw of London. Urach, a town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemburg. It has a great trade in paper, damasks, and linen, and is 21 miles sse of Stutgard. Uraguaij, a province of Paraguay, so named i'rom a large river, which unites with the Parana, 70 miles above Buenos Ajres, and foiais the famous river Plata. Ural, a river of Russia, which rises 111 jMount Caucasus, flows by Orenburg, Uralsli, and Guricf. and enters the Cas- pian sea by three mouths. Ural Mountains, a chain of moun- tains extending from the 50th to near the 67th degree of N lat. or about 115i) rniles, and lias by the Russians been called the back of the world. The cen- tral [)ait of this cliaia abounds in iiictals; and they contain fine white niarbie. Pauda, one of tlie highest mountains, is said to be 4512 feet above the level of llie sea. This chain forms a coiisidcr- able part o!" the boundary between Eu- rope and Asia. 232 U R B Uralian Couacs, a Tartar tribe thai inhabit the Russian province of Oren burg, on the s side of the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended from those of the Don ; and are a valiant race. They profess tiie Greek religion ; but there are dissenters from tlie established religion, whom the Russians called iJo*- hulnihi, or Separatists, and who style themselves Starovershi, or Old Believ- ers. These consider the service of the established cliurch as profane, and have their own priests and ceremonies. The Uralian Cossacs are all enthusiasts for the ancient ritual, and prize their beards almost equal to their lives. A Russian officer having ordered a number of Cossac recruits to be publicly shaved in the town of Yaitsk, in 1771, this wanton insult excited an insurrection, which was suppressed for a time ; but, in 1773, an impostor, Pugatehef, who assumed the name of Peter III., appear- ed among them, and, taking advantage of this circumstance, roused them once more into open rebellion. This was suppressed by the defeat and execution of the impostor; and in order to ex- tinguish all remembrance of this re- bellion, the river Yaik was called the Ural; the Yaik Cossacs were denomi- nated Uralian Cossacs; and the town of Yaitsk was named Uralsk. These Cos- sacs are very rich, in consequence of their fisheries in the Caspian sea. Tiicir principal fishery is for sturgeons and beluga, whose roes supply large quan- tities of caviare; and the fish, chiefly salted and dried, afford a considerable article of consumption in the Russian empire. Uralsh, a town of Russia, in (he go- vernment of Caucasus and province of Orenburg. Itwas formerlycalled Yaitsk, and is seated on the river Ural, 375 miles NNK of Astracan. Lon. 50 10 e, hit. 52 N. Uranihurg, once a magnificent castle of Denmark, in the island of Hncn. it was built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated astronomer, who called it Uranibuig, or Castle of the Heavens, and heie made his observations. It is upw in ruins. Lon. 12 43 e, lat. 55 55 n Urbania, a town of Italy, in the du- chy of Urbino, built by Urban VIII. on tjjp Metro, seven miles ssw of Ur- bino. Urbanna, a town of Virginia, in Mid- dlesex county, on the Rappahannoc, 73 niiles fiF. of Richmond. Urbino, a duchy of Italy, in the pone's dominions, .55 miles long and 45 br b'ninded on ti.e n by Romagna, NE by fbe |ulf of Venice, SE and sby Ancbiid, and w by Perugino and Tuscany. Tiie air is not deemed wholesome, nor is Ihe soil lerlile. The ehieJ production is siiic. and game is pleutiful. I'rhino, a city of Italy, capital of llie diicliy of Urbino, and an archbishop's sec. The nnivcrsily contains a noble college and sixteen convents. Clrcat qiuuitltiesoffine earthen ware are made here; and it is famous for ijcin;;- liie biiihplace of the ilhislrions painter Ra- I)!ia4 i. Il was taken by the rrench in 17L.'o'. It stands cu a hill, 58 miles li of f loience, and r20 N of Rome. Lon. 12 4U E, lat. 43 46 N. Uie, a river in Yorkshire, which rises on tiie confines of Westmoreland, Hows by Middieluun, Rii)on, Boronghbridge, and Aldlioroiigh, and a bttle beiow ji)ins the Swale, where the united stream forms the Ouse. Uredtn, a town of ^YestphaIia, in the principaliiy of Munster, with mannfac- tiires of excellent linen; seated on the Berckel, 26 miles wNw of Munsler. I'rgef, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishojj's see. li is seated on the Se;jra, in a fertile plain, surrounded by moiinlains planted with vineyards, 78 miles NNw of Rarcelona. Lon. 1 28 E, lat. 42 24 N. Ufg/ieiiz, a town of the country of Charcasm, of s:hi(h it was formerly the capital; seated on a small river which ruiis into the lake Aral, 90 miles nnw of Khiva. Lon. 58 30 e, lat. 42 24 N. Z7>7, a canton of Switzerland, 30 miles long and 12 broad; bounded on the N l>y the canton of Scliweitz and the Waldstadtcr See, E by the cantons of firisoiis and Glarus, s by the bailivvics of Italy, and w by the cantons of Un- derwaidcn and Bern. Aitorf is the ca- pita 1 . See Sch weit z . , Uri, Luke of. See Wnldstadter See. Urmund, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers; seated near the Metise, 10 miles NNE of Macstricht. Urseren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, situate on the Reuss, 17 miles SSE of Aitorf. Ursitz, St. a town of Switzerland, in the bite bishopric of Basel, indebted for its origin to a hennilage, built in the seventh century by St. Ursinius. It is seated an the Doiibs, six miles s of Fo- reBtrui. Usbec Tartary, a vast country of West- ern Tartary, iionu'ied on tlie n' by the country of the Kalmucks and Turkes- tan, E Uy Tibet, s by Huidoostan and Persia, and w by the Caspian sea. Thcde Tarlars are divided into several U S T tribes, governed by their nesptcli^o khans, or princes. When under osie sovcieign, they were the most ])owcrraI of all the Tartarian nations, 'i'hc prin- cipal khans pride themselves in being descended fromTameriane,whose birth- place was the ancient city of Sainar- cand, the present capital of ;!ie coinitry. The Usbecs, hi their persons, are said to have better complexions and more en- gaging features than the Kalintics. Their religion is Mahometanism ; and they differ, in geneanished from Acheen. Lon, 94 50 E, lat, 5 35 N. Wayneshorough, a town of the state of Georgia, chief of Burke county, 25 miles ssw of Augusta. Wear, a river which rises in the w part of the county of Durham, Hows SE by Stanhope to Bishop Auckland, and thence ne by Durham to Sunder- land, where it enters the German ocean. Wear7nmith, Monk, a town in th« county of Durham, on the N side of the mouth of the Wear, opposite Sun- derland. Here was an extensive mo- nastery, which was destroyed by the Scots. It shares in the growing pros- perity of Sunderland. Wearmouth, Bishop, a town in the county of Durham, on the s side of the Wear, adjoining Sunderland. It haa an iron bridge over the rivej, of one arch, 236 feet span, erected m 1796^ and the flrst ever constructed of part* W E I so formed as to unite in the manner of keystones. It has nianufactures of can- vas, and partakes in the cotnracrce of Sunderland. |P Wedenscliiceil, a town of Switzerland, in the caiiton of Zurich, 10 miles se of Zurich. WeduesburT/, a town in Staffordsliire, with a market on Wednesday. Here are manufactures of hardware, several iron forges, and mines of excellent coal. It is 13 miles ssw of Litchfield, and 124 Nw of London. Weert, a town of the Nelherlands, in the terriiory of Liege. It is seated on the river Brey, 10 nnl^% wNW of Rure- monde. Weever, a river whic; nses in the N part of Shropshire, crosses Cheshire, and receiving tiie Dane from the e, enters the estuarj' of the Mersey. It is navi- gable to Winsford. some miles above Northwicii in Cheshire. Weibstadt, a town of Germany, in the late palatinate of the Rhine, 15 miles ESE of Heidelberg. Weicliselbiirg, a town of Germany, in Carniola, wi(i) a castle on a mountain, and a manufacture of tine stockings, 10 miles SE of Lanbach. %' Weichterbacli, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine and county of Isenberg, with a castle; seated on the Kinzig, 20 miles se of Giessen, and 23 NE of Frankfort. Weickersheim, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Hohenlohe, with a fine castle, on the river Tauber, three miles E of Mergentheim. Weida, a town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtland, nine miles s of Gera. Weiden, a town of Bavaria, with ma- nufactures of linen, woollen stufls, and saltpetre ; seated on the Nab, 18 miles NE of Amberg. Weighoon, a town in E. Yorkshire, "with a market on Wednesday, and a canal to the head of the Humber. It is 18 miles ese of York, and 190 \ by w of London. Weil, or Weilerstadt, a town of Sua- bia, in the kingdom of Wirtemburg, seated on the Worm, 12 miles w of Stutgard. Weil, or Wyl, a town of Switzerland, in the territory of the abbot of St. Gal, on the river Thur, 19 miles ssw of Con- stance. Weilburg, a town of Germany, m Wetteravia, and capital of the county of Nassau-Weilburg. The prince's pa- lace is an ancient structure. It is seated iace of Wermel«nd to Gothebiir^, and seated on the Gotha, near the sw extre- mity of the lake Wenner, 60 miles n by E of Gothehurg. Weritwort/i, a village in Yorkshire, three miles nw o!' Roliicrham. Here is A^'cntworth-house, a noble seat built by the late marqnis of Rockingham, Weobley, a borongh in Herefordshire, with a market on Tuesday, and famous for its excellent ale. The site of its an- cient castle is now a bowling green. It is eight miles nw of Hereford, and 147 WNw of London. Werchteren, a town of the Nether- lands, in Brabant, nine miles ese of Mechlin. Werden, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, seated on the Hoer, 13 miles NE of Dusseldorf. Werdej-berg; a fortified town of Swit- zerland, capital of a bailiwic, in the ca- ton of Glarus, with a castle on an emi- nence. It is'seated near the Rhine, 10 miles ssE of Appeuzel, and 26 ene of Glarus. Werdenfels, a (own and castle of Ba- varia, which gives name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol. It is 17 miles s of Weilheim, and 22 nw of Inspruc. Werfen, a town and fortress of Ger- many, iu the duchy of Salzburg, situate on tlie Salza, 22 miles s by e of Salz- burg. Werl, a town of the duchy of West- phalia, with a castle, seated on the Sisek, 8 miles s of Ham. Wermeland, a province of Sweden, the N part of Gothland, between Dale- carlia and the lake Wenner. It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and fertile ; diversified by mountains, rocks, hiils, and dales, clothed with forests of birch, poplar, mountain ash, pine, and fir. It also abotuidswith lakes, which succeed each other almost without intermission ; and numerous rivulets flow from these lakes. The chief river is the Clara, or Stor Elbe, in which is a good salmon- fishery. It has mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with forges, founde- ries, &c. belonging to them. Carlstadt is the capital. Wern, a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munstcr, seated near the Lippe, 6 miles w of Ham. Wernigerode, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, capital of a county of the same name, abounding in mountains, the principal of which is the Great Brocken, or Blocksberg, by some deemed the high- est in all Germany. The principal bu- siness of the town consists in brewing, 747 WES distilling, and manufactures of cloth ana stuffs. It is 12 miles w by s of Halber* stadt, and 23 sse of WolfenbuttlC: Lon. 10 58 E, lat. 51 53 N. Werru, a river of Germany, whicli rises in tlie principality of Coburg, three miles above Eissfield ; lloWs by Hild- burghausen, Meinnngen, Salzungcn, Vaclia, Trefurt, WanlVied, Allendorf, and Wilzeuhauson ; it then enters the duchy of Brunswick, passes by Munden, and a little below that town joins the Fulda, where the united stream forn)S the Weser. Wertlieim, a town of Franconia, ca- pital of a county of the same name, which yields excellent wine. It is seat- ed at the conflux of the Tauber with the Maine, 16 miles w of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 48 e, lat. 49 48 N. Werwick, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, seated on the Lis, 8 miles SE of Ypres. IFe*e/, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadel. Here are twoCalvinist churches, one for the Lutherans, and another for the pa pists. It is seated on the Rhine, at the influx of the Lippe, 25 miles SE of Cleve, and 50 wsw of Munstcr. Lon. 6 37 e, lat. 51 38 N. Wesel, Upper, a town of Germany, in the territory of I'reves. It is seated near the Rhine, 20 miles s of Cob- ientz. Wesenhurg, a fortified town of Russia, in the government of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss, 45 miles e of Revel. Weser, a river of Germany, formed by the union of the Werra and Fulda, in the duchy of Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along the confines of Westpha- lia and Lower Saxony by Corvey, Ha- melin, Minden, and lioye ; receives the Aller, from Verden ; and passing by Bre- men, enters the German ocean at Carls- burg. West Point, a strong fortress of New York, in Orange county, on the w bank of the Hudson. It is situate amid the high lands, and so strongly fortified by nature and art, that it is called the Gi- braltar of America. It is 20 miles s of Poughkeepsie, and 54 N of New York. Westhury, a borough in Wiltshire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of broad cloth. On a hill to the e of it is Brat- ton castle, the remains of a fortification, where the Danes held out 24 days against the English. It is 26 miles NW of Salisbury, and 99 w of London. Westeras, a town of Sweden, capital of Westmania, and a bishop's ace, with WES a citadel and a famous college. It car- ries on a considerable commerce with Stockholm, particularly in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines. Here are the ruins of an ancient palace, for- merly inhabited by the kings of Sweden. The cathedral, built of brick, is cele- brated for its tower, esteemed the high- est in the kingdom. In this cathedral is the tomb of the unfortunate Eric XIV. Westeras is seated on the lake Maeler, 45 miles Nw of Stockholm. Lon. 17 E, lat. 59 38 N. Westerburg; a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, with a castle, 22 miles sw of Dillenburg, and 43 NW of Frank- %)rt. Westerham, a town in Kent, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the Darent (which rises from nine springs near this town) 21 miles ssii of Lon- don. •> Westerly, a town of Hhode Island, in Washington county, which has a good coasting trade, an=d extensive fisheries. It stands at the month of Paukatuc, five miles E of Stoniiigtonin Connecticut. Western Islands. See Azores, and Hebrides. Westerivald, See Wetteravia. ' Westerwick, a seaport of Sweden, in Smoland, with a good harbour, a com- modious quay, a cloth manufacture, and a trade in ship-timber, and all sorts of naval stores. It is seated on the Baltic, 56 miles n of Calmar, and 120 sw of Stockholm. Lon. 16 E, lat, 67 40 N. Westfield, a town of Massachusets, in Hampsliire county, on a river of its name, 10 miles w of Springfield. Westhofen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It has three churches, and is seven miles nw of Worms. Westhofen, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, 12 miles w of Strasburg. Westmania, a province of Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, between Upland, Sudcrraania, Nericia, Werme- land, and Dalecarlia. It is 75 miles long and 45 broad, and abounds in cop- per and iron mines. The face of the country is diversified like Wermeland. Westeras is the capital. Westminster, a city in Middlesex, the residence of the monarch, the seat of the parliament and of the high courts of justice, and constituting with London and Southwark, the metropolis of the British empire. On the dissolution of its abbey, in 1541, Henry VIII, erected it into a bishopric, appointing the whole WES of Middlesex (Fulham excepted) fbr the diocese. It had, however, only one prelate, for Edward VI., soon after, dis- solved it; and the abbey is now only a collegiate church. Westminster, through courtesy, still bears the title of a city, and it sends 2 members to parliament, which are chosen by its householders, there being no freemen nor incorj)orat- ed companies. In the city are two pa- rish churches, St. Margaret and St. John ; and seven in the liberties, name- ly, St. Clement, St. Mary, St. Paul, St. Martin, St. Ann, St. James, and St. George. The precinct of St. Martin- le-Grand, though within the city of London, is under the jurisdiction of Westminster. See London. Westminster, a town of Vermont, iit Windham county, on Connecticut river, opposite Walpole in New Hampshire, and 40 miles ne of Bsiuiington. Westmoreland, a county of England, 42 miles long and 32 broad; bounded on the N and Nvv by Cumberland, e and SE by Yorkshire, and s and sw by Lan- cashire. It contains 462,080 acres; is divided into four wards, and 32 pa- rishes ; has eight market towns ; and sends 4 members to parliament. Tlie nuniber of inhabitants in 1811 was 45,922. It is a region of lofty moun- tains, naked hills, dreary forests, and barren moors; but is watered by nu- merous rivers and several lakes. 'J'he soil of course is various ; that on the mountains being very barren,wliile that in the vallics is fertile, producing good corn and grass, especially in the mea- dows near the rivers. In the hilly parts on tiie w borders are some mines of copper, but the ore lies very deep. This county yields abundance of lime- stone and the finest blue slate; andmany excellent hams are cured here. Its ma- nufacfures are a coarse woollen cloth, worsted stockings, flannels, tanned lea- ther, and gunpowder. Tlie piincipal rivers are the Eden, Lune, and Ken ; and the chief lake is Windermere, the largest in England. Appleby is the county town. Westphalia, one of the circles of Ger- many, bounded on the E by Lower Saxony, s by Hesse, Wetteravia, ana Treves, w by the Netherlands and Hol- land, and N by the German ocean. The soil produces pastures and some corn, though there are a great many marshes. The horses are large, and the hogs in high esteem, especially the hams, known by the name of Westphalia hams. The prmcipal rivers are the Weser, Ems, Lippe, and Pvoer. It contained the bi- 748 W E T ■boprics of Minister, Liege, Padeiboni, and OsuHburg ; ilieprincipalilics of Em- den or East Friesland, Meurs, Miiidon, and Verdeu ; the duchies of Westpha- lia, Berg, Juliers, Clave, Oldendurg, and part of the territories of the princes of Nassan ; the counties of Mark, Ra- vensberg, Steinfurt, Tecklenburg, Lin- gen, Beiitheim, Diepholt, Hoya, Schau- enburg, Spigelburg, Lippe, Ritberg, and other smaller ones ; and several lordships and abbies. But in 1800, all the parts of this (ncle lying on the left bank of the Rhine, being full one-third of the whole territory, became united to France ; and in 1808, tlie French em- peror erected the remainder into a king- dom, in favour of his brother Jerome, and added to it the electorates of Hesse Cassel and Hanover. Cassel was the capital ; but in 1813, after the cele- brated battle of Leipsic, this new king- dom was overrun by the allies, and the governmont overthrown. The whole circle is now» in the possession of the allies. Munster is the capital. Westphalia, a duchy of Germany, In the circle of Westphalia, 40 miles long and 25 broad ; bounded on the N by the principalities of Munster and Osnaburg, and the county of Lippe, w by that of Mark, s by the territories ot Nassau, and E by the counties of Witgenstein, Hartzfeld, W^aldeck, and the landgra- vate of Hesse. It is a mountainous country, full of wood, but moderately fertile. It belonged to tbe elector of Cologne, but is now subject to the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt. Arensberg is the capital. Westport, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, 8 miles w of Castle- bar. Westra, one of the Orkney islands, nine miles long, and from one to three broad ; nine miles nne of Pomona. It has a trade in kelp, and a good harbour for small vessels on the Nw side. Lon. 2 62 w, lat, 69 8 w. Wetherhy, a town in West Yorkshire, ■with a market on Thursday, seated on the Wharf, 15 miles w by s of York, and 191 n by w of London. Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Goth- land, SE of the lake Wenner. It is 100 miles in length, and in some places 20 in breadth. Above forty small streams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the river Motala, which flows e, by Nord- koping, into the Baltic. Wetteravia, or Weteraw, an extensive province of Germajiy, lying between the territories of Treves and Mentz on 748 W E Y. the s, and the duchies of Berg and Westphalia, the landgravate of Hesse, and the bishopric of Fulda on the N ; having the Rhine to the w, and Fuldcr to the E. It is divided into two parts by the river Lahn : the southern part, or Wetteravia Proper, belongs to the circle of TTpper Rhine; and the norlh- ern, or the Westerwald, belongs to the circle of Westphalia. It contains seve- ral small counties. Wettin, a town of Lower Saxony, m the duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry, nine miles nnw of Halle. Wettingen, a town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridge, 240 feet long^, of a sin- gle arch over the river Limmat. It is one mile s of Baden. Wetzlar, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, capital of a county of the same name. It is surrounded by dit- ches and walls flanked with towers. It is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen, 30 miles N of Frank- fort. Lon. 8 37 E, lat 50 33 N. Wevelshurg, a town and citadel of Westphalia, in the principality of Pa- derborn, 9 miles s of Padcrborn. Wcxf'orcl, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 38 miles long and 24 broad ; bounded on the N by Wick- low, E by St. George's channel, s by the Atlantic ocean, w by Waterlbrd and Kilkenny, and Nvv by Catherlongh. It contains 109 parishes, sends four mem- bers to parliament, and is fertile in corn and grass. The principal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. Wexford, a borough of Ireland, capi- tal of tiie county of the same name, it has a spacious harbour at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St. George's channel, but the water is not deep eiiough for large vessels. Rluch wool- len cloth is manufactured here and in the neighbourhood. The iiilial)itants are estimated at 9000. It is 33 miles ENE of Waterford, and 75 s of Dublin. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 52 22 N. Wexio, a town of Sweden, in Stno- land, seated on the lake Helga, which contains a group of woody islands. It is a bishop's see, though small, and is 50 miles w of Calmar. Wey, a river which rises in Hamp- shire, flows through Surry by Godal- ming and Guilford, and enters tUe Thames, at Weybridge. Weybridge, a village in Surry, sc5ite4 on the Wey, near its entrance iisto tli« W H 1 Thames, 2 mflcs e of Cheitscy. Here !3 AVoljurn Farm, the plantations of whicli were the first specimen in Eng- land of the ornamented farm. Weyhill, a village in Hampshire, 3 miles w of Andover, famous for an an- nual fair for all kinds of cattle, leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. It is one of the largest fairs in England, lasting ten days. I'rei/mes, a town of Scotland, in Fife- shire, with a harbour,whcnce much coal and salt are exported. It stands on the Frith of Forth, 4 i.iiles ne of Kirkaldy, and 12 s by w of Cupar. Weijmouth, a seaport and borough in Dorsetshire, with a market on Tuesday and Friday. It stands on a bay of its name, in the EngUsh channel, and on the s side of the mouth of the Wey, Avhich separates it from the borough of Meicomb Kegis. The two boroughs are united as one corporation, governed by a mayor, and the communication be- tween them is by means of a bridge. See Melcomh Regis. The harbour is in- jured by the sand, tliat its trade, which was once considerable, is much reduc- ed. This decline is, in some degree, compensated by the great resort of per- .sons of all ranks, for the purpose of sea- bathing, for which it is excellently fitted by its remarkable fine beach; and the royal family have often hono'ured it with their residence for many weeks. Here is a handsome battery, a royal assembly room, and an elegant theatre. In the church is a fine altar-piece, executed and presented by sir James Thornhill, who was born at Melcomb Regis. A few plain and striped cottons are made here. Near it, at the village of Notting- ton, is a famous sulphureous spring. Weymouth is nine miles s of Dorches- ter, and 128 wsw of London. Lon. 2 34 w, lat. 50 40 N. Wheeling, a town of Virginia, in Ohio county, wiiich particij)ates with Pitts- burg in the trade to the Avestern coun- try. It is situate at the mouth of a creek on Oiiio river, 45 miles sw of Pittsburg. Whernside, the highest mountain in England, situate in the Nw |)art of York- shire, amid other mountains, and about six miles to the n of that called Ingle- borough. Its summit is 4050 feet above the level of the sea. Near the top are four or five tarns, or small lakes.' Its base contains several spacious caverns of which the principal are Yordas, Gatekirk, and Greenside caves. Wliidah, a country of Guinea, on the Slave coast, extending about 10 miles W II I aJoag the Atlantic, and 12 milrs uitand, Europeans who have been iu this coun- try extol it as the most beantifw! in the world; and that spring and autumn reign perpetually in alternate succession. The country is so populous, tliat oue single village contains as many inhabi- tants as some entire kingdoms on the coast of Guinea. The pcojjle, in their manners, have been compared to the Chinese : the same persevering industr)', ceremonious civility, jealous alFection for their women, and thievish inclina- tions in trade, prevail in both countries. Eows, arrows, assagays, and clubs, are the principal weapons of the Whidanese. They have no distinction of hours, days, weeks, or stated periods ; and yet, with- out pen, ink, or the assistance of artifi- cial arithmetic, they calculate any thing with great accuracy. 'Ihey are said to have a faint idea of a Supreme Being, to whom they attribute omnipotence, and consider him as the Creator of the uni- verse. He is, they say, too highly ex- alted to have any concern about his creatures ; and the government of the world he leaves to the fetiches, to whom, therefore, they apply as the mediators between God and them. These fetiches are divided into three classes ; snakes, tall trees, and the sea; and sometimes they add a fourth, namely, the chief ri- ver of the kingdom, the Euphrates. The deified snakes are about a yard long, amazingly tame and familiar; and no insult or injury can be offered to them by a native, under pain of death. Here are oxen, cows, goats, shcej), hogs, turkies, ducks, and hens; also elephants, buffalos, tigers, several kinds of deer, and a sort of hares. The fruits are cit- rons, lemons, oranges, bananas, tama- rinds, &c. and there are vast unmbers of palm-frees, from which much wine is made. The trade consists of slaves, ele- phants teeth, wax, and honey; and the chief manufactures are cloths, umbrek- las, baskets, pitchers for pito or beer, plates and dishes of wood, gourds finely ornamented, white and blue paper, &c. In 1727, the king of Dahomy reduced this country to the state of a depen- dent province. Xavier, or Sabi, is the capital. WliitOy, a seaport in N. Yorkshire with a market on Saturday. It has a considerable manufacture of canvas, and a great traffic in the building of ships, and in the carrying business. In the neighbourhood are some large alum works. Its harbour is the best on this coast, and has a fine pier ; but it has no river communication with the inlaua 750 \V H I eoantry. Several ships are sent hence to the Greenland fisherj-. In 1787, a stiong new-built quay, running parallel to a high clitr, fell into the sea, followed by large masses of the cliff. The re- mains of an abbey chiirf h stood on this chlf; and since the above accident seve- ral parts have fallen to the ground. Whitby is the birthplace of James Cook, the great circumnavigator. It is seated on the German ocean, at the mouth of the Esk, 48 miles nne of York, and 243 N of London. Lon. 30 w, lat. 54 30 N. Whitchtrch, a borongli in Hampshire, with a market on Fjiday, and a manu- facture of shaloons and serges. It is seated on the Test, near its source, 12 miles N of Winchester, and 56 w by s of London. Wliitchnrch, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Friday, 20 miles N of Shrewsbury, and 160 Nw of London. WIdteliaven, a seaport in Cimiberland, ■with a market on Tuesday. It is seat- ed on a^creek of the Irish sea, on the N end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the w side, where there is a large whitish rock, and a strong stone wall that secures the harbonr. Near it are some coal mines, some of which run a eousiderable way under the sea, and are the great source of its wealth ; but its trade is now extended to tbreign parts. A packet-boat sails hence weekly to Douglass, in the isle of Man. Here are six yards for ship-building, an extensive canvas manufacture, tinee large rope- ries, and several copperas works. I'he town is defended by batteries, and has three neat churches. It is 37 miles svv of Carlisle, and 294 nnw of London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 54 25 N. Whitehorn, a horongh in Scotland, in Wigtonshire, near the bay of Wigton. It is a place of great antiquity, having been a Roman station, and the first bi- shopric in Scotland. It is eight miles s of Wigton. White Monntains, the highest part of a ridge of mountains, in the state of New Hamj)sl)ire, in N. America, They ex- tend NE and sw; and their height above an adjacent meadow, is 5600 feet ; and the meadow is 3500 feet above the level of the sea. The snow and ice cover them nine or ten months in the year; and during that time they exhibit the bright appearance from which they are denominated the White Mountains. Although they are 70 miles inland, they are seen many leagues off at sea, and appear like an exceedingly bright cloud 751 W I c in the horizon. Their highest simmtK is in lat. 44 k. White Sea, a large bay of the Fro^ea ocean, on the-N part of Russia, on the B side of which stands tlie city of Archau* gel. Whitestnnm, a town of New York, in Herkemer county, 50 miles wnw of Ca- najohary. Whitstahle, a village on the coast of Kent, seven miles nnw of Canterbury. It is a small port, whence Canterbury is supplied with coal, and has several trad- ing vessels to London. Whitsuntide Islavd, one of the New Hebrides, in the PaciHc ocean. It is 30 miles long and eight broad, and was dis- covered by captain Wallis, on Whit- sunday, 1767. Lon. 163 20 E, lat. 15 44 s. Whittlehnry Forest, a forest in the s part of Northamptonshire, 9 miles long and three broad. In 1685, the fir.st duke of Grafton was appointed hereditary ran- ger of this forest, in which is a fine seat, called Wakefield Lodge. Wihlingen, a town of Suabia, witli a Eenedictme abbey, three miles ssw of Ulm. Wihur^', or Vihorg, a government of Russia, formerly Russian Finland, and comprised in Kexholm and Carelia. I^ was ceded by the Swedes to the Rus- sians, partly by the peace of Nystadt \v 1721, and partly by the treaty of Ab<\ in 1743. Beside pastures, the country produces rye, oats, and barley, but not sufficient for the inhabitants. Wihiirg, a fortified seaport of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and a bishop's see, witii a strong citadel. The hou.ses are almost entirely built of stone. The chief exports aij planks, tallow, pitch, and far. The sur rounding country is pleasant; and i'jca> it, at Imatra, is the famous cataract o^i the Woxa, which makes a noise more stunning than that of the Rhine atLauf- fen. Wiburg stands on the ne point of the gulf ofFinland, 110 miles nnw of Pe- tersburg. Lon, 29 10 E, lal. 60 56 n. Wiburg, a city of Denmark, in N. Jut- land, capital of a diocese of the same name, and the seat of the chief court of justice in the piovince. In 1726, a fire burnt the cathedral, a church, the town- house, and the bishop's palace ; but they have all been magnificently rebuilt. It is seated on a lake, in a peninsula, 96 miles N of Sleswick. Lon. 9 60 e, lat. 66 20 N. Wick, a borough of Scotland, and the capital of Caithnesssbire, with a harbour W 1 E on an itifat of the German ocean, at the Kiiouth of a liver of the same name. Much kelp is matSe here, but the fishe- ries are (he chief object of inipoitance. It is 55 miles ne of Dornoch. Lon. 2 61 w, lat. 58 21 N'. Wick, a fortified town of tlie Nether- lands, in the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Meuise, opposite Maestricht, with whicli it communicates by a bridge. JVick Duersterle, a town oX Germany, in the duciiy of Juliers, with two castles, 12 miles n of JuHers. Wichhnv, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 33 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the \ by Dublin, E by the Irish sea, s by Wexford, w by Catiierlough and Kildare, and Nw by Kildare. It is divided into 58 parishes, has about 58,000 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. It is very mountainous and woody, interspersed with roc-ks and bogs; but the vallies are fertile and well cultivated, and watered by numerous small rivers. Wicklfliv, a borough of Ireland, capital of the county of the same name. It is seated on the Irish sea, with a narrow harbour, at the mouth of the river Lei- trim, 26 miles sse of Dublin. Lon. 6 12 •w, lat. 52 58 N. Wickwar, a town in Gloucestershire, governed by a mayor, with a niaiket on Monday, 17 miles ne of Bristol, and 111 w of London. Widdin, a fortified town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. It has often been taken and reta- ken by the Austrians and Turks. It is seated on the Danube, 100 miles n by w of Sossa, and 140 ese of Belgrade. Lon. 24 27 t, lat. 44 12 n. Wied, a county of Westphalia, at the conflux of the rivers Wied and Rhine. It is composed of two ])arts, the Upper County, or Wied-Runkel, and the Low- er County, or Wied-Nieuwied. The capitals are Dierdorf and Nieiiwied. Wied, a town of Westphalia, in the lower county of Wied, nine miles nnw of Coblentz. Wielun, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Siradia, with a good castle, 16 miles s of Siradia. Wiclitska, a village of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, celebrated for its salt-mines, eight miles SE of Cracow. In these mines are several small chapels, excavated in tlio salt ; and most of the lahabitants reside chicfiy in the mines. Wiesensteig, a town of Suabia, wttli a castle ; seated on the Fils, IG miles WNW of Clin, and 2.3 ese of Stutgard. Wiescnthal, a town of Upper Saxony, W I G in Misnii, with man!ifac*:nrps of iron, steel, ani tire-arms, and a considerable trade in leather. It stands on a rivulet of the same name, on the froniiersof Bohemia, 16 miles n by e of Carlsbad. Wigan, a borough in Lancashire, go- verned by a mayor, with a market on Monday and Friday. It has a manu- facture of strong checks, and other arti- cles of linen and cotton. Brasiiery has long been a staple article; and there is a large i)ottery of fine ware. It contains 14,000 inhabitants. In the neighbour- hood are very extensive iron-works ; a mineral spring, of a somewhat similar nature with tiiat of Harrogate; and i)lea- ty of that species of coSl, called Can- nel, which is so soft before it is brought into the open air, that snufl^'-boxes and a variety of toys are made of it. In 1650, a battle was fought here between the forces of Charles I. and those of the parliament, in which the latter were victorious ; the earl of Derby, who com- manded the former, being then taken prisoner, and afterward beheaded. Wi- gan is seated on the rivulet Douglas, which is made navigable to the Kibble, and joins to a canal from Liverpool. It is 39 miles s of Lancaster, and 196 NNW of London. Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 53 34 N. Wight, an island in the English chan- nel, on the s coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by a narrow strait It is about 21 miles in length, and 13 in breadth. It is nearly divided iiito two equal parts by the river Mede, or Cowes, which, rising in the southern angle, en- ters at the northern into the ciiannel, opposite the moutli of Southampton bay. The s coast is bordered with very steep cliiTs of chalk and free-stone, hollowed into caverns in various parts. The w side is fenced with ridges of rocks, ol which the most remarkable are those called the Needles. Between the is- land and the main are various sand banks, especially otF the E part, where IS the safe road of St. Helen's. Across the island from e to w, runs a ridge of hills, forming a tract of fine downs, with a clialky or marly soil which feeds a great number of rabbits and fine fleeced sheep I'o the N of this ridge the land is chiefly pasture ; to the s of it is a rich arable country, producing great crops of corn. The variety of prospects which this island affords, its mild air, and the neat manner in which the fields are laid out, render it a very deUghtful spot. It is devoted almost entirely to husbandry, and has no manufactory. It is one oj the principal resources of the London market for unmaited barley. Amon^ 752 W [ L its products are to be reckoned a pure white pipe clay, and a fine white crys- talline sand, of the latter of wliich great quantities arc exported for tlie use of libe glass-works in various })arts. Its principal town is Newport ; it likewise contains the two boroughs of Newton and Yarmouth. ffigtoH, a town in Cumberland, with A market on Tuesday, and manufactures of coarse linen and cotton ; seated among the moors, 12 miles sw of Car- lisle, and 304 NNw of London. Ifigtoti, a borough and seaport of Scotland, capital of Wigtonshire. Here are manufactures of woollen and cotton, the former chiefly of plaids and tlannel. It is situate on a hill, which overlooks the bay of Wigton, 90 miles sw of Edin- burgh. Lon. 4 23 w, lat. 54 57 N. JVigtonshire, or West Galloway, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N by Ayrshire, ne by Kircudbrightshire, and on all other sides by the Irish sea. Its greatest extent, in any direction, does not exceed 30 miles, and its figure i» very irregular. It is divided into 17 {)arishes, and contains about 25,000 in- labitants. The bays of Luce and Ryan extend inland, forming by their approxi- mation a peninsula, called the Rhyns of Galloway. The principal rivers are the Lioce, Cree, and Bladenoch. The coast is tolerably fertile ; but the interior and northern parts are mountainous, fit only for the pasturage of sheep and black cat- tle, and a small breed of horses called galloways. Wiliacs, a frontier town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the river Unna, 40 miles se of Carlstadt, and 220 w of Belgrade. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 45 34 n. JVildbad, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtembujg, with a cele- brated warm bath, seated on the Enz, 24 miles w of Stntgard. ffildberg; a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, situate on the Nagold, 19 miles sw of Stutgard. Wildberg, a town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 28 miles n of Bran- denburg. Wildeshausen, a town of Westphalia, capital of a small bailiwic, lying s of the duchy of Oldenburg, and belonging to the duchy of Brunswick. It is seat- ed on the Hunte, 20 miles sw of Bre- men. Lon. 8 27 e, lat 52 53 N. Wildungen, a town of Germany, in the county of Waldek, with a castle. Near it are mineral springs, and mines of copper, iron, and lead. It is 14 miles ssr: ofCorbiach. 753 3C W I L ^''illielmstetn, a fortress of Wetitpba» Ma, in the county of Schauenburg, on an island formed of stones sunk for the purpose, in Steinhuder-mere. It was erected in 1766 by William count of Scauenburg-Lippe, for the improvement of his new inventions in the art of war. It stands near the town of Steinhude, 18 miles vvnw of Hanover. IVilkes, a town of North Carolina, of the county of its name, seated on the Yadkin, near its source, 40 miles nne of Morgantown. Wilkesbarre, a town of Pennsylvania, chief of Luzerne county, on the e branch of the Susquehanna, 118 miles Nw of Philadelphia. Wilkomiers, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Wilna, seated on the Sweita, 45 miles nnw of Wilna. William Fort, See Calcutta. William Fort, a fort of Scotland, ir, the county of Inverness, at the extre- mity of Loch Linne, where that arm of the sea bends to the w, and forms Loch Eil. It is of a triangular figure, and 64 miles sw of Inverness. William Hem-y, a town of Lower Canada, situate at the conflux of the Sorel with the St. Lawrence. It has a protestant acg-place of Mary queen of Scots, TJV'hen she was driven to take re- fuge in England. In the neighbourhood is a large iron foundery,some salt-works, and numerous collieries. The principal manufactures are canvas and cordage, but the coal trade is its chief support. It is 8 miles w by s of Cockermouth, and 302 NNw of Loudon, Lon. 3 27 w, lat. 54 31 N. Woi-ksop, a town in Nottingliamsliire, with a market on Wednesday. Here •was once an abbey, the gate of which remains; and also its church, with two lofty tower at the w end. On the w side of the town is a circular hill, which was the site of a castle. Quantities of liquorice are grown in its vicinity. Near the town is the noble seat of the duke of Norfolk ; the ancient structure of which was destroyed by tire in 1761; and two miles to the se is Clumber Park, the seat of the duke of Newcastle. The canal from Chesterfield to the Trent passes near this town. It is 22 miles Nw of Newark, and 146 N by w of London. Wm~ms, a town of Germany, and for- merly the capital of a princely bishopric of the same name. It is famous for a diet held in 1521, at which Luther assist- ed in person. The cathedral is magni- ficent,and the principal Lutheran church has a beautiful altar, and fine paintings. In the war of 1689, it was taken by the French, who almost reduced it to ashes. In 1743, a treaty was concluded here between Great Britain, Hungary, and Sardmia. In 1792, Worms suriendered io the French, who were obliged to eva- cuate it the next year, after ihe loss of Mentz ; but it was again taken by them in 1794. It is seated on the Rhine, 27 miles ssw of Mentz. Lou. 8 2S e, lat. 49 36 N, Worsley, a town in Lancashire, fa- mous for the iminense quantity of coal in its vicinity, and for being the place where the duke of Bridgevvater first commenced his canal navigation. It is ''miles wNw of Manchester. Worstead, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, This place is noted for the introduction of that sort of twisted yarn called loorjferf; and has now a manufacture of stockings and W R O stuffs. It is 12 miles N of Norwich, and 121 NE of London. Worthington,?i. town of Massachusets, in Hampshire county, 19 miles w^ by n of Northampton. Wotton Basset, a borougli in Wilt- shire, governed by a mayor, with a mar- ket on Friday. It is a mean town, 30 miles N of Sahsbury, and 88 w of Lon- don. Wotton under Edge, a town in Glou- cestershire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of cloth. It is seated under a fertile eminence, 20 miles ne of Bristol, and 109 WNW of Loudon. Wrag-by, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday, 11 milea ENE of Lincoln, and 143 N of London. Wrath, Ciipe, a promontory of Scot- land, in Sutherlandshire, which is the N\v point of Great Britain. Against its rugged and lofty cliffs the rapid tide bursts with incredible fury. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 58 34 N. W7-ekin, a noted hill or mountain in Shropshire, eight miles ese of Shrews- bury, It was a famous station of the Romans, and its height is reckoned 1200 feet, Wrentham, a town of Massachusets, in Norfolk county, 27 miles ssw o Boston. Wi'exham, a town of Wales, in Den- bighshire, with a market on Monday and Thursday. It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of considerable traf- fic. It has the language and appear- ance of an English town, and a large church with a lofty steeple. Near Wrexham is a founderj' for cannon and other articles; and the adjacent coun- try affords plenty of lead. It is seated on a river, which flows into the Dec, 13 miles w by s of Chester, and 176 nw of London. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 53 2 N. Wriezen, or Brietzen, a town of Bran- denburg, in the Middle mark, situate on a lake formed by the inundations of the Oder, 37 miles ene of Berlin. Wrington, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday. Much teasle is grown here, and sold to the cloth manufacturers. It is the birth- place of Mr, Locke, and seated near the source of the Yeo, 10 miles sw of Bris- tol, and 125 w of London, Wrotham, a town in Kent, with a market on Tuesday, It has a large church, in which are 16 stalls ; and the archbishops of Canterbury formerly had a palace here. It is 11 miles wnw of Maidstone, and 24 se of London. 762 W U R Wroxeter a>iIIao:e in S!no{)sliijc, five miles SE of Slirewsbuiy. It is said to have been a city built by the Britons, ou the bvanks of the Severn, over which are the traces of a bridge, discernible at low water. The circumference was three miles, environed by a thick wall and a deep trench, which may be traced in several places. Wunnenberg; a town of Westphalia, in the principality of Paderborn, wliich received its name from a victory gained by Charlemagne over the Saxons in 974. It is 14 miles s of Paderborn. Witnschelburg, a town of Silesia, in the county of Glatz, with a good trade in yarn, 10 miles wnw of Glatz. Wunsiedel, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bayrcuth. Near it are mines of copper and iron, and quar- ries of marble. It is seated on the Ros- slau, 12 miles w of Egra, and .34 e of £ayreuth. Wurtenburg. See Wirtembnrg. Wurtzburg; a duchy of Germany, comprehending a great part of Franco- nia. It is 65 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the N by Hennebcrg, E by Bamberg, s by Anspatch, Hohenlohe, and Mergentheim, and w by Wertheim, Mentz, and Fulda. The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn and wine 1i;an the inhabitants consume. This tciritory was formerly a bishopric, and its sovereign was one of the greatest ecclesiastic princes of the empire ; but it was given as a principality to the elector of Bavaria, in 1803 ; and by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was ced- ed to the Archduke Ferdinand, whose electoral title was transferred from Salz- burg to this place. In 1814, however, this duchy was again transferred to Ba- varia, in exchange for the Tyrol ; and the archduke Ferdinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions. Wurtzhiirg, a fortified city of Fran- tonia, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a magnificent palace, a uni- versity, an arsenal, and a handsome hos- pital. The fortress stands on an emi- nence, and communicates with the city by a stone bridge ; it includes the late episcopal palace, and a church, suppos- ed to be the oldest in Franconia, Be- side the cathedral, there are several col- legiate and parish churches, colleges, abbies, and convents. Here is a cannon and bell foundery ; also cloth and stuff manufactures cstabUshedinthe house of correction. Wurtzburgh was taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1800, It i3 seated on the Maine, 40 miles wsw 763 W Y M of Bamberg, and 65 ese of Frankfort. Lon. 10 14 E, lat, 49 46 N. Wurzach, a town of Suabia, in the county of Waldbnrg> with a castle ; situate on the Aitrach, 17 miles N of Wangen, and 28 s by \v of Ulm. Wurzen, or Wurtzen, a town of Up- per Saxony in Misnia,with a castle. It has a cathedral _ and two churches Here are fine bleaching grounds for linen ; bnt the principal trade is in beer, of which great quantities are exported. It is situate on the Muldau, 15 miles E of Leipsic, and 45 WNW of Dresden. Wiisterhansen, a town of Branden- burg, in the Middle rnark, seated on the Spree, 15 miles SSE of Berlin. — Anothet, seated on the Dosse, 17 miles ENE of Havelberg, and 44 NW of Berlin, Wusti-au, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Luneburg, seated on the Dumme, at its confluence with the Jefze, 14 miles s of Danneberg. Wycomb, or High Wycomb, a borough in Buckinghamshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Friday. In 1744, a Roman tesselated pavement was discovered in an adjacent meadow j and near it are many corn and paper mills. It is seated on the Wyck, 12 miles ssE of Aylesbury, and 31 wnw of London. Wye, a town in Kent, wnose market is now disused ; seated on the Stour, 10 miles ssw of Canterbury, and 55 SE of London, Wye^ a river of Wales, which issues from Plynlimmon hill, in the s part of Montgomeryshire, very near the source of the Severn, It crosses the ne cor- ner of Radnorshire, giving name to the town of Rhyadergowy (Fall of the Wye) where it is precipitated in a cataract. Then flowing between this county and Brecknockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing by Hay to Hereford, a few miles below which it receives the Lug ; it then flows by Ross and Monmouth, and se- parating the counties of Monmouth and Gloucester, it enters the Severn, below Chepstow. This river is navigable al- most to Hay, and a canal forms a com- munication between it and the Severn, from Hereford to Gloucester. W}fl. See Weil. Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of small wooden ware. The church is the eastern part of an ancient abbey, and on its lofty steeple was hung Ket, the rebel, in the reign of Edward VI. Here is a freeschool founded by queen Elisabeth. It is 9 miles wsw of Nor- wich, and 100 nne of London. X A V Wyr$, a liver in Lancashire, which liaes 6 miles se of Lancaster, passes by Gar«tang, and enters the Irish sea, be- low Pouiton. X. Xabea, a seaport of Spain, in Valen- cia, near the coast of the Mediterranean, 44 miles ne of Alicant. Lon. 3 e, lat. 38 48 N. Xacca, or Sacca, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with an old castle. Here are large granaries for the recep- tion of corn intended to be exported, and manufactures of beautiful vases. It is seated on the s coast, at the foot of a mountain, 20 miles se of Mazara, and 41 ssw of Palermo. Lon. 13 2 E, lat, 37 41 N. Xagtut, a seaport on the s coast of the island of Cuba, seated on a bay which is five leagues in circumference, and sur- rounded by mountains. It is one of the finest ports in the West Indies, and 84 miles SE of Havanna. Lon. 80 45 w, lat. 22 10 N. Xalapa, a town of New Spain, in the province of Tlascala, and a bishop's see. This town is said to give name to the purgative root called jalap, or xalap. It is 60 miles e of Angelos. Lon. 98 20 w, lat. 19 32 N. Xalisco, a town of Mexic», which gives name to a province, in the audi- ence of Guadalajara. It is 14 miles nw of Compostella, the capital of the pro- vince. Xativa, or St. Philip, a town of Spain, sn Valencia. Having taken the part of ^Charles III,, in 1707, Philip V. ordered it to be demolished, and a new town to be built called St. Philip. It is seated on the side of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Xucar, 32 miles sw of Valen- cia, and 50 Nw of Alicant. Lon. 14 w, lat. 39 4 N. Xavier, or Sahi, the capital of the kingdom of Whidah, in Guinea. It is populous, and a great market is held every Wednesday and Saturday, at the distance of a mile from the town. The market place is surrounded by suttlers' booths, which are only permitted to sell certain sorts of meat, as beef, pork, and the flesli of goats and dogs. Here slaves of both sexes are sold, as well as oxen, sheep, dogs, hogs, fish, and birds; also the various commodities of Whi- dah manufacture, and every thing of European, Asiatic, or African produc- tion. Xavier is seated near the river Eu- Y A I phrates, about seven miles from the sea. Lon. 2 30 K, lat. 640 N. Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated Romish saint and missionary of that name. It is 35 miles se of Pamplona. Xavier, St. a town of Paraquay, in the province of La Plata, 200 miles w of Rio Janeiro. Xauxa, a town of Peru, noted for its silver mines ; seated in a fertile country, on a river of the same name, 100 miles E of Lima. Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises in the E part of Grenada, and flows by Gre- nada, Loxa, and Ecija, in the Guadal- quiver. Xeres, a town of Mexico, in the pro- vince of Nicaragua, seated on a river that flows into Fonseca bay, 70 miles NW of Leon. Xeres de la FrmUei-a, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, famous for that excellent wine corruptly called Sherry. It is 15 miles NE of Cadiz, and 38 ssw of Seville. Xeres de la Frontera, a town of Mex- ico, in the s patt of the province of Za- catecas, 80 miles n by e of Guadalajara. Lon. 103 35 w, lat. 22 22 N. Xeres de Gvadiana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Guadiana, 28 miles n by e of Ayamonte. Xicoco, an island of Japan, between Niphon and Ximo, 250 miles in circum* ference. Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in size and eminence, situate to the sw of Niphon, from which it is divided by a narrow channel. It is 450 miles in circumference. Xixona, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated among mountains, m a country that produces excellent wine, and the valuable drug called Kermes. It is 15 miles N of Alicant. Xucar, a river of Spain, which rises in the NE part of New Castile, passes by Cuenza, and entering the province of Valencia, runs into the gulf of Valencia, at the town of Cullera. Xudnogrod, a town of Turkish Croa- tia, -17 miles N of Sebenico, and 37 £ of Kzara. Y. Yachta, a fort of Russia, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tartary, 48 miles ssw of Seien- ginsk. . Yadkin. See Pdee. Yaik. See Ural, 7tf4 Y A R Yetitsk See hralsf!. Yahutk, or Jakutskoi, a town of Sibe- ria, io tJie government of Irkutsk, cipi- talof a province of the same name,with a wooden fort. It is seated on the Lena, 960 miles ne of Irkutsk. Lon. 129 48 E, lat. 62 2 N. y'ale, the capital of a province of the same name, in the island of Ceylon, 56 miles SE of Candy. Yamburg, a town of Russia, in the government of Petersburg, situate on tJie Luga, 20 miles e of Narva. Yamina, a town of Negroland, in Bambara, i/ear the river Niger, 66 miles sw of Sego. Yangtckeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nan. Its district is intersected by a number of canals ; and it carries on a great trade, particularly in salt, which is made on the seacoast of this jurisdiction. It stands on the left bank of the Kian-ku, where the imperial canal crosses that river, 485 miles s by E of Peking. Lon. 118 54 E, lat, 32 26 N. Yao-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yun-nan. Its territory is intermixed with mountains, fine forests, and fruitful vallies, and produces abundance of musk. Near the city is a salt spring, which produces very white salt. It is 100 miles w by n of Yun-nan. Lon. 100 45 E, lat 25 12 N. Yao-tcJieu, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-si, on the w side of the lake Poyang, 700 miles s of Peking. Lon, 116 40 E, lat. 29 8 N. Yare, a river in Norfolk, formed by the confluence of several streams that rise in the heart of the country. It passes by Norwich, whence it is navi- gable to Yarmouth, where it enters the German ocean. Yarhan, or Irken, a town of Tartaiy, in the country of Cashgur, with a large palace where the khan of the Eluth Tartars generally resides. It has a con- siderable trade, and stands in a fertile country, on a river of the same name, 100 miles se of Cashgur. Lon. 79 4 E, lat. 38 40 N. Yarm, a town in North Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday, and a great trade in corn and lead. It is seated on the Tees, 17 miles n by E of Northaller- ton, and 239 n by w of London. Yarmmah, a seaport and borough in Norfolk, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated at the mouth of the Yare, and enjoys the export and import trade 766 Y E L of various places in Norfolk and 9ufiblk. The harbour is convenient for business the vessels lying in the river, along a very extensive quay. Its foreign trade is considerable, and it also sends ships to the Greenland fishery. A great number of herrings are cured here, and, under the name of red herrings, are either consumed at home, or export- ed to southern countries. Yarmouth is much frequented for sea-bathing, and has two churches. The market-place is very spacious; but the streets, in ge- neral, are very narrow. Yarmouth contains about 10,000 inhabitants. Off the mouth of the harbour is a baif which prevents the entry of ships o\ large burden; and the many sandbanks off" the coast form the Y'armouth Roads, so noted for frequent shipwrecks, Yar- mouth is 23 miles E of Norwich, and 124 NE of London. Lon. 1 45 e, lat. 52 38 N. Yarmouth, a borough in Hampshire, on the Nw coast of the Isle of Wight, with a fortified castle, and a convenient quay. It is seated at the mouth of the Yar, 10 miles w of Newport. Yarmouth, a seaport of Massachusets, in Barnstable county, on the n side of the peninsula of Cape Cod, five miles NNW of Barnstable. Lon. 70 12 w, lat. 41 52 X. Yarmouth, North, a town of the di- strict of Maine, in Cumberland county, on a small river that falls into Casco bay, 14 miles n of Portland. Yaruqui, a village of Peru, near a plain of the same name, 12 miles ne of Quito. This plain was chosen for the base of the operations for measuring an arch of the meridian, by UUoa and the French mathematicians. Yaynan-gheoum, a town of Birmah, celebrated for the oil wells in its neigh- bourhood, which supply the whole em- pire, and many parts of India, with petrolium. The inhabitants are em- ployed in making jars to contain the oil. It stands on a creek of the Irra- waddy, 28 miles s by e of Shillah-mew. Ye. See Wye. Yea, a town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, with a trade in glass, wine, brandy, &c. It is seated in a valley, watered by a river, .50 miles ese of Pisco, and 170 sse of Lima. Yell, one of the Shetland islands, to the N of that called Mainland. It is 20 miles long and 8 broad, and has several good harbours. Yellow River. See Hoan-hc. Yellow Sea, or Leao-trng, a gulf of YET Chsna, between the provinces of Pe- tche li and Chaug-tong oii the w, ami the peninsula of Corea on the E. Yemeti, a p^vince of Arabia Felix, comprehending" the finest and most fer- tile part of. Arabia, and lying on the •coast of the Red sea and Indian ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly cnKivated : l)nt the principal object of cullivalion is coflee, which is all carried to Eeit el Faki. Nearly the whole commerce of the country is carried on by Mocha, but Sana is the capital. Yenikal, ar important fortress of the Crimea, eight miles e of Kertch. See Kertch, Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Si- lieria, which runs from s to N, and en- ters the fiozen ocean, to the e of the bay of Oby. Yeniseisk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Si- beria, in the province of Tomsk, on the river Yenisei, 310 miles ene of Tomsk. Lon. 92 35 e, lat. 58 6 N. Yetme, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mont Blanc, near the Rhone, 13 miles nw of Chambery. Yen-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chen-si, on the river Yen, 390 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 108 50 e, lat. 36 44 N. Yen-ping, a city of China, of the first rank, in Fokien; seated on the brow of a mountain, by the river Minho, 820 miles s of Peking. Lon. 116 54 e, lat. 26 40 N. Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in Chang-tong. Its district, which is inclosed between two considerable rivers, is well cultivated. It is 270 miles s of Peking. Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the fiist rank, in Tche-kiang. In the neighbour- hood are mines of copper, and trees that yield an excellent varnish which, when once dry, never melts again, and will bear boiling water. The paper made here is in high esteem. It is 650 miles SSE of Peking, Lon. 119 14 E, lat. 29 38 N. Yen-tcliing, a town of China, in Chan- tong, where a kind of glass is made, so delicate, that it will not endure the in- clemencies of the air. It is 45 miles se ofTsi-nan. Yeovil, a corporate (own of Somer- setshire,with a market on Friday. Here is a manufacture of cloth, but the prin- cipal one is of leather gloves ; and the trade in hemp and flax is considerable. It is seated on the Yeo orlvil, 20 miles s of Vt'^ells, arid 122 vv by s of Lon- don. Yead, a town of Persia, in IracAgemi, Y O R on \he road from Kerman to Ispahan. It has a silk manufacture ; and here are made the finest porcelain and carpets It is 200 miles ese of Ispahan. Lon. 56 50 E, lat. 32 N. Ylu, a seaport of Peru, in the province of Los Charcos, 70 miles nnvv of Arica. Lon. 71 13 w, lat. 17 36 s. ^ Yo7ine, a de]>artment of France, con- taining part of the late province of Bur- gundy. It is so called from a river, which rises in the department of Nievre, flows by Chateau-Chinon, Clameci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, and joins the Seine, at Montercau. Auxerre is the capital. Yorh, a city, the capital of Yorkshire, and an archbishop's see, with a market on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. It is the Eboracum of the Romans, and many of their cofifins, urns, coins, &c. have been found here. It has al- ways been considered as the capital of the North, and, in point of rank, as the second city in the kingdom ; but is now surpassed in wea^th and populousness by many of the more modern trading towns. York contains about 20,000 in- habitants. The cathedral of St. J'eter, generally called the Minster, is reckon- ed the largest and most magnificent Gothic structure in the universe: the E window is said hardly to have its equal fc)r tracery, painting, and preservation, and was the work of John Thornton, a glazier, of Coventry, in 1405. Beside the chalhedral, York contains but 17 churches in use; though, in the reign of Henry V., there were 44 parish churches, 17 chapels, and 9 religious houses. It is divided by the Ouse into two parts, which are united by a stone bridge of five arches, the centre one 81 feet wide ; and the river is navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tuns burden, although it is 60 miles from the sea. York is surrounded by walls, through which are entrances by four gates and five posterns. It has a castle, which was formerly a place of great strength, but is now a county prison for debtors and felons. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Clifi'ord's Tower, a round shell said by some to have been raised by William the Conqueror, but others deem it a Roman work. It was used as a garrison in the civil wars, and till the year 1683, when the magazine blow- ing up, reduced it to its present I'orm. York is a county of itself, governed by a lord-mayor ; the prefix of lord being given by Richard II. ; and its county in- cludes Ainsty Liberty, in which are 36 villages and hamlets. The g-uild-haiJ, '7m Y O R f)uilt in 1446, is a grand sfmcluie stijv fMJited by two rows of oak pillars, each |)iliar. a single free. The corporalion built a mansion-house, in 1728, lor the at tlte 7C4» 3 l> Z A C sw extremity, 300 miles long and 250 broad ; liounded on the N by Tibet ami Se-tciieuen, e by Koei-tcheou and Quang-si, s by the kingdoms of Ton- quin atid Laos, and w by those of Pegu and Birmah. Its gold, copper, and tin mines ; its amber, rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, marble, musk, silk, ele- phants, horses, gums, medicinal plants, and linen, have procured it the highest reputation. Its conmierce and riches are immense ; and it is deemed also one of the most fertile provinces in the empire. Yxm-nan, a city of China, capital of the province of Yim-nan. It was onco celebrated for its extent, and the beauty of its public edifices. Here were mag- nificent buildings, vast gardens, tomUs, triumphal arches, and elegant squares j all of which have been destroyed by the Tartars, in their different invasions; and the city at present contains nothing re- markable. It stands at the N extremity of a lake, 1260 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 102 30 e, lat. 25 6 n. Yurciip, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, on the Kizil-ermuk, 125 miles NE of Cogni. Lon. 34 30 e, lat. 39 40 N. Yvi'i/, a town of France, inthedC' partment of Eure, on the river Eure, 16 miles s of Evreux. Z. Zaab, a district of Algiers, in the de sert, behind Mount Atlas, belonging to the province of Constantine. The peo- ple of Zaab are free, and pay no tribute : they are poor and indigent, as it maybe expected of the inhabitants of so barren a soil. Dates are their principal articles of food; and they have extensive plan- tations of palm-trees. They carry on some commerce in Negros and ostriches feathers. All the inhabitants of Zaab are dog-eaters ; and, in general, neither scrupulous nor squeamish with regard to their food. The villages which the Biscaris inhabit in their native country are small, nil similar to one another, and remarkable oidy for dirtiness and poverty. The chief place of the district is Biscara. Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the confines of Moldavia, five miles s^ir of Neumark. Zaedtecas, a province of Mexico, in the audience of Guadalajara ; bounded on the N by New Biscay, e by Pannco, s by Mechsachan and Guadalajara, aiid Z A H w by Chiaraetlan. It abonuds wi'ih »aige villages, and its mines are deemed the richest in America. Zscatecas, a city of Mexico, capital of {lie province of the same name. It is surrounded by rich silver mines, and 2C0 miles ne of Mexico. Zacutula, a town of jMexico, in the province of Mechoacan, on a river of the same name, near the Pacific ocean, 180 miles s\y of Mexico. Lon. 102 56 w, lat. 18 30 N. Zachan, a town of Further Pomerania, 13 miles e of New Stargard. Zafra, a town of Spain, in Esirema- dura, with a castle, 20 miles sw of Me- dina. Zcigara, a mountain of European Tur- key, in Livadia, one of the tops of mount Parnassus. It was the ancient Helicon, from which issued the fountam Bippo- crenc, and was sacred to the Muses, wlio had here a temple. Zagliarn, a town of Negroland, in Jlornou, on the river Fittree, 170 miles SE of Eornou. 'iagoria. See Develto. Zagrab. See Agram. Zahara, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, with a citadel ; seated on a craggy rock, 42 miles se of Seville. Zahara, or the Desert, a vast country of Africa, 1000 miles in length by 840 in breadth; bounded on the N by Bar- bary, e by Fezzan and Cassina, s by Negroland and Fouli, and w by the At- lantic ocean. The air is very hot, but w:iiolesome to the natives. The soil is generally sandy and barren ; but there are verdant valleys in which water ei- ther springs or stagnates, and it is here and there interspersed with sjiots of as- tonishing fertility, which are crowded with inhabitants. I'hese fertile spots ia the desert are called oases, or islands, bearing some resemblance to islands in the sea; and Ihey abound njost in the northern and eastern parts : but the Sinalier ones are not always permanent ; for a furious wind from the desert, bring- ing along with it an immense (juantity of sand, somelimes overwhelms an oasis, and reduces it to barrenness. These oases are formed into a number of states, governed by petty princes; and those of which some intelligence has been obtained, arc noticed in this work in their proper places. The inhabitants, consisting of various tribes, are wild and Ignorant; and the Aiahomotan religion is professed throughout the country, un- less where they ajjproach the country of the Ncgros. They maintain toward each other the maxims of apparent hos- Z A M ti!i(y, but a Christian is every wlicre odious. 'I'heir language is chiefly a di- alect of the Arabic ; and their only in- tercoursf. with olher nations is carrieJ on by the caravans which periodically traverse these immense deserts. The Zahara abounds in antelopes, wild boars, leopards, apes, ostriches, and serpents. There are few horses and beeves ; but many shee i, goats, and camels. Rluch salt is produced in the desert, which the Arabs carry into Negroland, and bring back provisions, blue cotton, cloth, and slaves. Zalina, a town of Saxony, six miles NE of Wittenberg. Zaina, a town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantia, supposed, from some considerable ruins, to have been the ancient city of Zama. It is 28 miles SE of Seteef, and 46 sw of Con- stantina. Zaine, a river of Barbary, which se- parates tiie kingdoms of Algiers and Tunis, aiid enters the Mediterranean at the island of Tabarca. Zaire, a river of Congo, which rises in the kisigdom of Matamba, flows N to ihe extreme borders of Congo, where it turns 1o \\\e w, then separates the king- 'loms of Loango and Congo Proper, and enters the Atlantic oceaii below Sogno. Zalamea, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, 12 miles N of Niebla, and 38 WNW Seville. Zalamea, a town of Spain, in Estre- madura, anciently called Ilapa. It has i many vestiges of its former splendour, and is 38 miles se of Merida. ■. \ Zamo}-a, a strong town of Spain, in Leon, and a bishop's see. In its envi- rons fine turcois stones are found. It is seated on a hill, on the river Douero, over which is a bridge, 32 miles N by w of Salamanca, and 146 Nw of Madrid. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 41 50 N. Zamora, a town of Peru, in the audi- ence of Quito. In the neighbourhood are rich mines of gold. It is scathed near the Andes, 230 miles s of Quito. Lor. 78 20 w, lat- 4 6 s. Zamora, a,, town of Mexico, in the province of Guadalajara, 40 miles se of Guadalajara. Lon. 103 30 w, lat. 20 52 N. Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, 260 miles wof Hamamet. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 36 20 N. Zamoski, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Beltz, with a citadel, a ca- thedral, and several other churches. It is 37 miles ssw of Cheim, and 44 WNW of Eelz. 770 Z A R Zampago, a town of ]\Iexico, i;i ihe pro\iiice of Mexico, seated on a small Jake, 30 miles n of Mexico. Zaiifara, a kingdom of Ncgioland, to the s of Zc2,zeg", between Cassina and Bornoii. Tlie inhabitants are tall in statnie, of a very black complexion, with broad faces, and savage disposi- tions. The capita!, of the same name, stands on a river that forms a lake N of Ghana, .ind then iiows througii that city into the Niger. It is 230 miles ne of Ghana, and 450 wsw of Bornoii. Lon. 16 E, lat. ISSGn. Zangiiehar a coiintrj" on the E coast iif Africa, between 3 N and 9 s lat. It incliides several petty kingdoms, in which the Portngnese have seKiements. Tlie inhahitaals are ail blacks, with curled woolly hair ; and, except those converted by the Portuguese, are either Mahometans or pagans, the latter much the more ninnerous. The principal ter- ritories are Jnbo, Melinda, Mombaza, and Quiola. The Portngnese trade for slaves, ivorj\ gold, ostriches feathers, wax, and drugs. The productions are mucji the same as in the otlier parts of Africa, i.'ctween the tropics, Zante, an island in the Mediterranean, near the coast of the Morca, 17 miles s of the island of Cephalonia. It is 14 miles long and eight broad, and formed part of the late republic of Seven Is- lands. Its principal riches consist in currants, which are cullivated in a large plain, under the shelter of mountains. Here are also the finest peaches in the world, with other choice fruits, and, ex- cellent wine and oil. The natives speak both Greek and Italian, though there are very few Roman catholics among them ; but they have a bisiiop as well as the Greeks. Here are about 60 villages, but no other town than Zante, which is fortified, and has a good harbour on the E side of the island. Lon. 20 50 i:, J:it. 37 43 N. Zanzibar, an island in tlie Indian sea, on tlie coast of Zanguebar, between the islands of Pemba and Monsia, tributary to Portugal. It abounds in sugar-canes aiid citrons. The inhabitants are Ma- hometans. Lon. 41 E, lul. o s. Zara, an aucicnt city ofDalmatia, capital of a county of the same name, with a harbour. It is situated in a plain, n])on a small peninsula, joined to the continent by an isthmus of about 25 \:?,':es broad. On the side of the citadel it i~ V >ry v.eU fortified. Near the church, wi;kM the Greeks called St. Helia, are t'.vo Inuidsome fluted columns of the Co- ruithian onier, said to have been part of 77J Z E A the temple of Juno This place was formerly more considerable than at pre- sent, the number of the inhabitants be- ing i'.ow not above 7000. The county contains about 30,000, of wliom 20,000 reside in the islands. There are very fine paintings in the churches, done by tiie best masters ; and they pretend to have the body of Simeon, brought from Judea, and Rept in a shrine with a crys- tal before it. Zara is seated on the gulf of Venice, SO miles sw of Jaicza, and 150 SE of Venice. Lon. 16 6 e, lat. 44 30 N, Zareng, or Segestan, a town of Persia, capital of the province of Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful porcelain, and seated on the Hirmund, 350 miles E of Ispahan. Lon. 61 10 e, lat. 32 28 N Zaril, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, 22 miles e of Misitra. Zarnate, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, seated on an eminence, 20 miles w of Misitra. Zarnaiv, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Sandomir, 32 miles n of San- domir. Znrnowitz, a town of Prussia, in Po- merelia, on a bay of the Baltic, 38 miles KNw of Danlzic. Zaslaw, a town of Poland, in Volhi- nia, seated on the Horin, 30 miles NNW of Constantinow. Zatmar, a strong town of Hungarj', capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a small lake formed by the river Samos, 50 miles e by s of Toc- kay, and 130 E of Buna. Lon. 22 34e, lat. 47 50 N. Zator, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Cracow, with a castle ; seated on an ensinence, near the river Vistula, 20 miles sw of Cracow, and 50 SE of Ratibor. Zaweh, a tow'n of Persia, in the pro- vince of Khorasan, situate on the Ted- jen, 20 miles from the Caspian sea, and 80 N' ofMesched. Zawila. See Zueela. Zbaras, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Podolia, 28 miles e of Zbo- row, and 68 N by w of Kaminieck. Zborow, a town of Poland, in the ps hitinate of Lemliurg. Here, in 164'" John Casiinir, king of Poland, witd 20,000 men, was attacked by 110,000 Cossacks.^ and Tartars, for three days successively, but defended himself so bravely, that the latter consented tc terms of accommodation. Zborow is 52 miles e by s of Lembnrg. Lon. 25 46 K, lat. 49 46 N. Zealand, or Zeelnnd, an island ofDeu- niark, of a trianiinhir lorn!, 230 nuks ia Z E A cjrcamference, and the largest of the isles belonging to the king of Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, hav- ing the Categat on the n, the Sound on the E, and the Great Belt on the w. The eoast is much intersected by large bays ; and within the country are several lakes, which, as well as the rivers, abound in fish. It is exceedingly fertile ; produc- ing grain of all sorts, with excellent pas- ture, and in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly famous for its breed of horses. Copenhagen is the capital of this island, and of the whole kingdom. Zealand, a province of Holland, boun- ded on the N by the isles of Holland, e by Dutch Brabant, s by Flanders, and w by the German ocean. It is compo- sed of several islands, the principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, N. and S, Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, and AVolfersdike. The inhabitants are at a great expence to defend themselves from encroachments of the sea, in keeping up their dikes. The river Scheldt forms the most of these islands; and the soil of them is fruitful. The principal towns are Middleburg and Flushing. Zealand, New, in the Pacific ocean, was discovered byTasman, in 1642. He traversed the eastern coast from lat. 34 to 43 s. and entered a strait ; but being attacked by the natives soon after he came to an anchor, he did not go ashore. From the time of Tasman, the whole country, except that part of the coast which was seen by him, remained alto- gether unknown, and was by many sup- posed to make part of a southern conti- nent, till 1770, when it was circumna- vigated by captain Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by the strait above mentioned, wliich is four or five leagues broad, and to which he gave his own name. Along the coast, there are many small islands ; and it is indented by deep bays, affording excel- lent shelter for sliipping, and abundant supplies of wood and water. There are also several rivers, capable of receiving large vessels, in which the spring tide rises near 10 feet perpendicularly. Of the two islands, the southernmost is for the most part mountainous and barren. As far inland as the eye can reach, no- thing appears but mountains of stupen- dons height, consisting of rocks that are totally naked, except where they are covered with snow; but the land bor- dering on the sea-coast is clothed thick with wood, almost down to the water's edge. The northernmost island has a much better appeanince. It is, indeed, not only hilly, but mouutainuus; yet Z E A even the hills and mountains are cover* ed with wood ; and every valley has a rivulet of excellent water. The soil of tliese valleys, and the plains, of which there are many overgrown with wood, is in general light, but lerlilc ; and it is supposed that every kind of European grain, plants, and fruits, would flourish here with the utmost luxuriance. The winters are milder than in England, and the summers not hotter, though more equally warm. There are forests of vast extent, full of the straightest and largest timber, lit for buildingof any kind. The only quadrupeds are dogs and rats : the former are domestic, and for food ; and the latter, though not numerous, seem also to be eaten. The bircis, like the vegetables, are almost entirely peculiar to the country. Captam Cook, however, introduced European poultry, and on his last voyage, had the satisfaction to find them increased, both in a wild and domestic slate, beyond all danger of be- ing exterminated. The creeks swarm with fish, which are equally delicious with those of Europe. The rocks are furnished with great quantities of excel- lent muscles, one sort of which measures above a foot in length, and with great variety of other slicll-fish. The men are stout and fleshy; but none of them are corpulent, like the indolent and luxuri- ous inhabitants of Otaheite and the So- ciety Islands; they are also exceedingly vigorous and active. The women, in general, are smaller than the men, and chiefly distinguished by the softness of their voices. The bodies of both sexes are marked with black stains, called amoco, which is the same as tatooing at Otaheite. Their dress is also the same with that of the natives of that island. Their houses are miserable lodgings; and their only furniture consists in a few small baskets, in which they put their fishing hooks and other trifles. Their food consists chiefly of fish, with which instead of bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which they scorch over the fire, and Uien beat with a stick, till the bark or dry outside fiills oft'. Be- sides their dogs, they also contrive to kill birds; and in most parts of the nor- thern island they have sweet potatoes, cocoas and yams ; but in the southera nothing is raised by cultivation. Their cookery consists wholly in roasting and baking, which last is performed in the same manner as at Otaheite. The wo- men eat in common with the men, and but little subordination or distinction of rank is observed among them. From Cape Kidnappers, in lat. 3y 43 for up- 772 Z E I wards of 80 leagues to the nojtliward, the people acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu, and iindei* him several subordinate chiefs, who probably admi- nister justice ; but whether his authority be hereditary or delegated, is uncertain. This part of the coast is by far the most po])ulous ; tillage, weaving, and the other arts of peace, being here best known, and most practised. The canoes are more decorated, the plantations more numerous, and the clothes and carving finer, than any where else. In other parts the inhabitahts are scattered along the coast, in single families, or in large tribes, in a state of perpetual hostility with each other. For such continual wars, and the inhuman banquet that is the consequence of victory, among a people in other respects mild and gen- tle, perhaps no better reason can be as- Mgned, than what at first originated in necessity, has been perpetuated by ha- bit, and exasperated by revenge. These two islands lie between 34 and 48 s, and Ion. 166 and 180 e. Zebid, a city of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Yemen. It was once very considerable, but its walls are demolish- ed, and the present buildings scarcely occiqiy the half of its ancient extent. It is seated on a river, 10 miles from the Red sea, and 140 n of Mocha. Lon. 44 28 E, \-A\. 15 ION. Zebu, or ^Sebu, one of the Philippine islands, between those of Leyta and Negros. It is 140 miles long and 30 broad, and has a town of the same name, on the e coast. Lon. 122 30 E, lat. 10 36 N. Zedic, a town of Barbary, in the country of Tripoli, seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 120 miles SE of Tripoli. Zegedin, or Szeged, a strong town of Hungary, with a trade in salt, tobacco, wool, and corn ; situate on the Theissc, opposite the influx of the Maros, 65 miles Nw of Temeswar, and 98 SE of Pest. Lon. 20 25 E, lat. 46 20 N. Zegzeg; a kingdom of Negroland, to the N of Zanfara, between Cassina and Bornou. The capital is of the same name, 380 miles ne of Cassina. Lon. 16 E, lat. 20 45 N. Zelidenick, a town of Brandenburg, in tlie Uckcr mark, noted for a large foun- dery, 30 miles N of Berlin. Zeila, a seaport of the kingdom of Adel, and a place of considerable trade. It stands on the strait of Babelma-ndel, 170 miles nne of Aucagurel. Lon. 44 65 E, lat. 11 15 N. 773 ZEN Zeif, a town of Franconia, in tht principality of Bamberg, seated on the Maine, 10 miles nvv of Bamherg. Zeil, a town and castle of Suabia, 4 miles N <»f Lcutkirch. Zeila, a seaport of the kingdom of Adel, on a bay of the Arabian sea. Lon, 44 22 E, lat. 11 9 N. Zeiton, a town of European Turkey, in Janna, and a archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 50 miles sse of Larissa, and 62 N of Corinth. Zeitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Naumburg, with a castle, and a collegiate church. It has good cloth and stuff manufactures, and is seated on the Elster, 23 miles ssw of Leipsic. Zell, a town of Lower Saxony, ca- pital of a duchy of the same name, in the principality of Lunenburg. It is surrounded by ditches and ramparts, on which are planted chestnut and lime trees. The high courts of appeal for all the territories of the electoral house of Brunswick-Lunenburg were held here ; and also the diets for the princi- pality. The castle was repaired by George III. of England, for the resi- dence of his unfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who died here in 1775. Zell is seated on the Aller, 28 miles ENE of Hanover, and 47 s by w of Lunenburg Lon. 10 14 e, lat. 52 42 N. Zell, a town of Suabia, seated on the river Kintzig, 18 miles SE of Stras- burg. Zell, a town of Germany, in the terri- tory of Treves ; seated on the Moselle, 5 miles nn e of Trarbach. Zell in the Pinzgan, a town of Ba- varia, in the duchy of Salzburg, seated on a lake, 30 miles w of Radstadt, and 34 ssw of Salzburg. Zell in Zillerthal, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Salzburg, seated on the Ziller, 24 miles e of Inspruck, and 52 sw of Salzburg. Zellerfeld, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick,with a mine- office, and a mint. It stands in the Hartz forest, 9 miles ssw of Goslar. Zeluia, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Novogrodek,50 miles wsw of Novogrodek. Zemplin, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, seated on the Bodrog, 25 miles se of Cassovia, and 27 ne of Tockay. Zei^an, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Irac,^ 80 miles NNE of Amadan. Z I E Zetig^iiia, a town of Asiatic Tiirko)-, in the pachalic of Aleppo, situate on the Euphrates, 65 miles nne of Aleppo. Zenta, a town of Hungary, nicniora- b!e for a sig^nal victory gained, in 1697, by prince Eugene over tjje Turks, com- manded by emperor Mustapha II. It IS seated on the Theysso, 52 miles N of Belgrade, and 52 w of Temeswar. Zerbst, a town of Upper Saxonj', in the principality of Anhalt, with a fine castle. It is famous for good beer, and has mannfactures of gold and silver. It is 10 miles nnw of Dessau. Zerea, a town and foi tress of Persia, in the province of Farsistaii, 18 miles N.VK of Shiras. Zeiileii, a town of Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the river Kosach, 21 miles ne of Bamberg. Zeulenroda, a town of Upper Saxony, m Voigdand, with mannfactures of stuffs and stockings, 14 miles nw of Plan en. Zin, an island of the Archipelago, to the s of Negiopont, 15 miles long And eight broad. It belongs to the Turks, but most of the inhabitants are Greeks, and have a bishop. It abounds in barley, wine, and siik; also a fine sort of oak, whose fruit, called villain, is the best trading commodity in the island, it being used by dyers and tanners. The principal town, of tlic same name, is seated on an eminence, and has a good harbour, with about 2500 houses, all Hat at the top. Lon. 34 24 E, lat. 37 48 N. Ziegenhals, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Niesse,wiih several foun- deries, and a manufacture of excellent glass. It is seated on the Eiela, 10 miles s of Niess-c, Ziegenhayn, a fortified town of Ger- many, in Lower Hesse, with a fine cas- tle, and an arsenal. 1'hc suburb called Weinhaiisen is a handsome place, and more extensive than the town. In 1757 it was taken by the French ; and ia 1761 it was ineffcctnaliy besieged by tlic allies, who reduced two-thirds of the town to ashes by their cannonade. It stands in a morass, surrounded by the river Scliwalm,28 miles SSE of Cassel. Ziegenrnck, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, on the river Saal, 10 miles s of Neustadt. Zieg-esei; or Ziesai\ a town and castle of Brandenburg, in tl)e Middle mark, 18 miles wsw of Brandenburg, and 22 ene of Alegdci)nrg. Zieleuzig, a town of Brandenburg, in the New m;uk, with manufactures of tliith, and is 20 miles ese of Custrin. Z O I, Zierenberg, a town of Germany, iu Lower Hesse, 8 miles wnw of Cassel. Zigtt, a town of Hungary, on the river 'J'eisse,.near its source, 42 miles E by N of Nagybanja. Zigeth, a strong town of Hungary, which has been several limes besieged and taken by the Turks and Austrians. It stands on the Alma, by which it is surrounded, 48 miles SE of Canischa. Lon. 18 16 E, lat. 46 8 N. Ziriczee, a strong town of Holland, in Zealand, and capital of the isle of Schowen. It was the ancient residence of the counts of Zealand, and is 12 miles NE of Middleburg, and 18 sw of Briel. Zittaii, a fortified town of Lusatia, which has four large and six small gates. It has a very extensive trade in linen, white damasks, woolleN cloth, and blue paper. The cathedral has three organs; and near it is a college, where the lan- guages, drawing, and other arts, are taught gratis. Joining to the cloisters is alibrary, the finest in all Lusatia; and at a small distance from it is an orphan house. It is seated on the Neisse, 17 miles sw of Gorlitz, and 25 sE of Dies- den. Lon. 15 1 e, lat. 50 54 N. Znaim, a strong town of Moravia, ca- pital of a circle of the same name, with a castle, in which are a great many pagan antiquities. The vicinity yields excellent wine. It is seated on the Teya, 35 miles sw of Brinn, and 42 NNW of Vienna. Lon. 16 e, lat. 48 48 N. Zoara, a fortified town of Earbary, in the country of Tripoli, with a good harbour, on the MediteManean, 60 miles w of Tripoli. Lon. il 53 e, lat. 32 45 N. Zoblitz, a town of Upper Saxony, ia Misnia. The inhabitants subsist prin- cipally by working the serjient-stone, which is found in the ncighb urhood, into pitchers, bovvls, tea and coffee- cups, &.C. The red species of this stone, which is considered as the finest, belongs s(jlely to the sovereign. It is 17 miles s of Freyberg. Zohten, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Schweidnitz, 9 miles ene of Schweidnitz. Zqffiiigen, a town of Switzerland, iu the canton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a public library, contain- ing several curious manuscripts. It is seated on tiie Wiggcr, 19 miles nnw of Lucern. Zolnoch, a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It wa3 taken by the Turks in i.5.54, and retakco in 1685. It is seated on tiie Tcyssc, at 774 Z U G the influx of the Sagelia, 62 miles NE of Colocza ami 62 n of Eiula. Loii. 20 50 E, bt, 47 10 N'. Zombor, a town of Hniigary, near i lie river Moszlonga, oOjmiles n\v of Nensatz. Zous. a town ofGenHany, in the ten i- tory of Cologiio, with a castle ; stated on the Khine, 13 miles nnw of Cologne. Zorbig-. a town of Upper .Saxoisy, in the circle of Leij)sic, witii a citadel, 24 miles NNu of Leipsic. Zoriulorf, a village of Brandenburg-, one miie N of Custriu. PJere, in 1758, the king of Prussia, after a dreaclfni con- flict,