Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/reportoninspectiOObail s Bulletin 257 April, 1924 ^ ^ CONNECTICUT ACRICyiTlAL EXPERIMENT STATION NEW HA\^N, CONN. REPORT ON INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS 1923 E. M. BAILEY The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Connecticut who apply for them, and to other applicants as far as the editions permit. CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OFFICERS AND STAFF April, 1924. BOARD OF CONTROL. His Excellency, Charles A. Templeton, ex-officio, Preside?it. James H. Webb, Vice-President Hamden George A. Hopson, Secretary ]Mount Carmel Wm. L. Slate, Jr., Director and Treasurer New Haven Joseph W. Alsop Avon Charles R. Treat Orange Elijah Rogers Sonthington Edward C. Schneider MiddletoAvn STAFF. E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D., Director Emeritus. Administration. Chemistry. Analytical Laboratory. Biochemical Laboratory. Botany. Entomology. W. L. Slate, Jk., B.Sc, Director and Treamirer. Miss L. M. Bbautlecht, Bookkeeper and Librarian. Miss J. V. Berger, Stenographer and Bookkeeper. Miss Mary Bradley, Secretary. William Veitch, In Charge of Buildings and Grounds E. M. Bailey, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. R. E. Andrew, M.A. ) C. E. Shepabd ( . . ^ ^ _, Owen L. Nolan Assistant Chemists. Harry J. Fisher, A.B. J Frank C. Sheldon, Laboratory Assistant. V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. Miss Mabel Bacon, Stenographer. T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Sc.D., Chemist in Charge. G. P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist in Charge. E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Pomologist. Miss Florence A. McCoemick, Ph.D., Pathologist. G. E. Graham, General Assistant. Mrs. W. W. Kelsey, Secretary. W. E. Britton, Fn.T)., Entomologist in Charge; State Entomologist. B. H. "Walden, B.Agr. 1 M. P. Zappe, B.S. . ,, , r. , , ■ , Philu Garman, Ph.D. ( Assistant Entomologists. Roger B. Friend, B.S. J John T. Ashwobth, Deputy in Charge of Gipsy Moth Work. R. C. Botsfoed, Deputy in Charge of Mosquito Elimination. !Miss Gladys M. Finley, Stenographer. Forestry. Walteb O. Filley, Forester in Charge. A. E. Moss, M.F., Assistant Forester. H. W. HicocK, M.F., Assistant Forester. AIiss Pauline A. Meechant, Stenographer. Plant Breeding. Donald F. Jones, S.D., Geneticist in Charge. P. C. Mangelsdorf, M.S., Assistant. Soil Research. M. F. Morgan, M.S., Investigator. Tobacco Sub-station N. T. Nelson, Ph.D., P?a«« PAj/sioZosisi. at Windsor. The Wilson H. Lee Co. CONTENTS. Page Provisions of the Statutes Relating to Feeding Stuffs 320 Text of the Law 321 Gratuitous Analyses 323 Role of the Nutrients 325 Digestible Nutrients 327 Inspection and Analyses 328 Summary of Deficiencies 333 Analyses of Official Samples 336 Miscellaneous Samples 358 Analyses of Miscellaneous Samples 356-359 ESSENTIAL PROVISIONS OF THE STATUTES RELATING TO FEEDING STUFFS. 1. All concentrated feeding stuifs must be labelled. 2. The label may be a printed statement on the bag or a tag attached thereto. 3. The label must declare the number of net pounds in the package, the name, brand or trade mark under which the article is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or jobber, and must give the analysis. 4. Dealers receiving feeds in bulk are responsible for proper labelling of such feeds when bagged by them to be sold or offered for sale. They should require the consignor of such bulk feeds to furnish analyses and other information necessary for proper labelling. 5. Dealers mixing their own brands of stock feeds, dairy feeds, poultry mashes, etc., are responsible for the proper labelling of their products. 6. Cottonseed meal, whether used for a feeding stuff or a fertilizer, must be registered with this Station as a fertilizer and a registration fee paid for each brand registered. A distinctive brand name or a different analysis constitutes a distinct brand. 7. Feeding stuffs other than cottonseed meal have not heretofore been required to be registered. Section 4777 provides, however, that such regis- tration shall be made upon request of this Station. The Station and the Dairy Commissioner believe that such registration is desirable and it is now being asked for. No fee for such registration or for analysis is required. 8. The use of wire or any metal in affixing tags is prohibited by law. Commercial Feeding Stuffs. E. M. Bailey.* TEXT OF THE LAW. Although no substantial changes have been made in the feeding stuffs law in this State in recent j^ears, nevertheless official inspec- tions have shown that some of the provisions of the law are not understood or are being ignored. For the benefit of wholesale and retail dealers in feeding stuffs the text of the law is here given with comment upon those points which require emphasis. Section 4774 of the General Statutes defines "Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuff" as follows: "The term 'concentrated commercial feeding stuff' shall inchide linseed mealS; cottonseed meals, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers' graii^s, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chop, corn and oat feeds, ground beef, fish scraps, mixed feeds, provenders, bran, middlings and mixed feeds made wholly or in part from wheat, rj'e or buckwheat and all materials of a similar nature, but shall not inchide haj's and straws, the whole seeds nor the unmixed meals made directh' from the seed of wheat, rj^e, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat or broom corn nor feed gi'ound from whole grain and sold directly from manufactm-er to consumer." From this it appears that practically all feeds excepting hay and straw, whole seed, unmixed meal made directl}" from any of the cereals or from buckwheat, and feed ground from whole grain and sold directly from manufacturer to consumer, are included in the term ''Concentrated Commercial FeecHng Stuff". Section 4775 states the requirements as to labelling. This section reads as follows : "Every lot or parcel of concentrated commercial feeding stuff, sold, offered ^r exposed for sale, shall have affixed thereto in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof a plainly prmted statement, except as provided in section 4776, certifying the number of net poimds of feeding stuff contained therein, the name, brand or trade-mark under which the article is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or importer, and a statement of the percentage it contains of crude fat and of crude protein, both constituents to be deter- mined by the methods adopted at the time by the association of official agricultm'al chemists of the United States, but such lot or parcel shall not be sold, offered or ex-posed for sale with such statement affixed thereto by any wire or other metal". *Analyses are chiefly by Messrs. Nolan and Fisher; inspection and sam- pling by Mr. Churchill; compilation of results largely by Miss Bacon. 322 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 257. In accordance with this section all concentrated feeding stuffs must bear upon the bag, or a tag attached thereto, sl statement giving the name and address of the manufacturer or importer, the number of net pounds in the package, the name of the article and the percent- age of protein and fat contained in it. Dealers receiving feeding stuffs in bulk to be bagged and distributed by them should see to it that tags bearing a correct analysis and other information required by law are attached to the bags before the feeds are sold or offered for sale. Dealers mixing their own brands of feeds are responsible for the proper labelling of their products. ' It is illegal to use wire or any other metal in affixing tags. . While the law requires that only the percentage of protein and of fat be stated, there is no objection to a statement of the complete chemical analysis. Likewise, in the case of mixed feeds, there is no objection to a statement of the ingredients used in compounding them, but the law in this State does not require it. If, however, such additional information is given it is expected to be correct. If a complete analysis is given the term "nitrogen-fiee extract'^ as used therein means the figure obtained by deducting the sum of the percentages of moisture, ash, protein, crude fiber and fat from 100 per cent. The term ^^carbohydrates'' includes the nitrogen- free extract and crude fiber. Section 4776 relates to cottonseed meal when sold for fertilizer. It reads as follows : "Whenever cottonseed meal is sold for fertilizer, the dealer shall, with the consent of the purchaser, issue in lieu of the printed statement providea for in section 4775, a certificate which shall contain the statements required by section 4775". Attention is called to the fact that, under the fertilizer law, cottonseed meal is classed as a fertilizer. All cottonseed meal and each brand thereof, sold, offered or exposed for sale in Connecticut must, therefore, be registered as a fertilizer with this Station and an analysis fee of ten dollars paid thereon. Distinctive names or dif- ferent guaranties of composition constitute distinct brands. Section 4777 relates to registration of feeds as follows. "Every manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any concentrated com- mercial feeding stuff shall, upon request, file with the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station a certified copy of the statement prescribed in Sections 4775 and 4776." The law does not require the registration of feeding stuffs, except upon request of this Station. As already noted, however, it is considered advisable to have feeding stuffs registered and such registrations are now being asked for. Section 4778 provides the penalty for violations of the law. It reads as follows : GRATUITOUS ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS 323 "Every manufacturer, importer, agent or person selling, offering or exposing for sale any concentrated commercial feeding stuff in relation to which aU the provisions of sections 4775, 4776 and 4777 have not been compUed with, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars for the first offense and not more than two hundred doUars for each subsequent offense." Section 4779 relates to the inspection and analysis of feeds and the publication of the results for public information. This section provides that: "The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station may collect a sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for analysis, from any lot, parcel or package of concentrated commercial feeding stuff, or unmixed meals, brans or middlings, which may be in the possession of any manufactm-er, importer, agent or dealer, but said sample shall be taken in the presence of the parties in interest or their representatives, and taken from a number of parcels or packages which shall not be less than five per centum of the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed, divided into two samples, placed in glass vessels, carefully sealed, and a label placed on each stating the name or brand of the feeding stuff or material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the sample was taken, and the time and place of taking the same ; said label shall be signed by the station chemist or his deputy, and by the party or parties in interest or their representatives present at the taking and sealing of said sample; one of said samples shall be retained by said chemist or his deputy and the other by the party whose stock is sampled. Said station shall cause at least one sample of each brand of feeding stuff so collected to be analyzed annually by or under the direction of said chemist. Said analysis shall include determinations of crude fat and crude protein and such other determinations as may be advisable. Said station shall cause the analysis so made to be published in station bulletins, together with such additional information in relation to the character, composition and use thereof as may be of importance and issue the same annually or more frequently if advisable". Section 4780 provides for the enforcement of the law. It says : "The dairy and food commissioner shall enforce the provisions of this chapter, and when evidence is submitted by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station that said provisions have been violated, he shall make complaint to the proper prosecuting officer". The dairy and food commissioner is charged with the enforce- ment of the law and prosecutes violations upon evidence sub- mitted by this Station. Section 4781 defines the term "importer" as used in the law as follows : "The term 'importer' shall include such persons as shall bring into or offer for sale within this state concentrated commercial feeding stuffs manufactured without this state". GRATUITOUS ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. Samples Submitted By Individuals. The foregoing relates to the inspection of feeding stuffs for purposes of official control. The Station is frequently called upon, however, to make analyses of feeds upon samples drawn by the 324 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 257. individuals interested. While the Station assumes no respon- sibility for the sampling in such cases, it insists that the samples be taken substantially as prescribed by law. Blank forms to be filled out by the person submitting the sample will be supplied by the Station upon request. Dealers who mix their own formulas sometimes submit samples for the purpose of using our analysis as a basis for their guaranty. The Station assumes no control in such matters, and in no way guarantees that such analysis represents the minimum or average composition of the stock sampled; it is responsible only for the correctness of the analysis of the sample submitted. While the Station is disposed to cooperate with both farmer and dealer in the matter of gratuitous analyses it reserves the right to refuse this privilege in case samples are submitted from any source with such frequency as to warrant the belief that its resources are being used to exercise systematic control over pur- chases made by an individual buyer. This policy applies not only in the case of feeding stuffs but to fertilizers and gratuitous work in general. Description of Sample. For a proper description of a sample of feeding stuff the follow- ing information should be given: Sampler's identification mark or number. Name of the feed. Name and address of the manufacturer or jobber. Name and address of the dealer. * Car Number. Number of sacks from which sample was taken. Guaranty : Protein, Fat, Other constituents if given. Date of sampling. Price per ton. Remarks. Instructions for Sampling Feeding Stuffs. An analysis is of no value if the sample submitted is inadequate or carelessly taken. In cases of special importance the Station may be requested to send its agent to draw samples. Provide a sampling tube, some large papers, and for each sample a glass jar or tin box that can be tightly closed. Containers, sampling tube, etc., should be clean and dry. The quantity of the sample should be not less than one pint. Open at least three full unbroken packages (or bags), or if there are more than thirty, one in every ten packages, or from a car lot not less than tventy packages, remove a core from each opened package by inserting the sampling tube the full length of the package, mix the portions thus drawn thoroughly r6le of the nutrients. 325 and as quickly as possible, fill the can or box from the mixture, close tightly and identify the sample with some distinguishing number or letter. If the feed is in bulk draw portions from various parts of the pile, the number depending upon the size of the pile; twenty portions should be drawn for a sample from a carload. If a sampling tube is not available a fairly satisfactory sample maj'' be obtained as follows: Mix the contents of each package for a foot in depth, take a cupful from each package, mix the portions thus drawn and prepare the sample as already described. Samples drawn by means of a sampling tube are much more reliable. Send the sample prepaid to the Cormecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn., and enclose with it or mail separately the description of the sam-plc as herein described. rOle of the nutrients. Water. Air dry feeding stuffs, whether concentrates or rough- age, still contain some moisture which cannot be seen or felt. The amount of such moisture averages not far from ten per cent. While not a nutrient in the ordinary sense, water is essential to the animal; but since it is obtained in abundance from sources other than the feed, its presence therein is not of importance. Excessive amounts, howevei", jeopardize the keeping qualities of a feed and automatically reduce the percentage of the more desirable ingredients. Ash. The importance of mineral constituents in feeds is empha- sized by the fact that animals fed upon rations deprived largely or entirely of ash constituents generally die sooner than animals which have been given no food at all. Giving stock mineral matter in addition to that obtained in the dail}' ration is an old and familiar practice among experienced stockmen who have long "salted their cattle" with common salt (sodium chloride), the commercial grades of which contain small and var^dng amounts of other minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and phos- phorus and sulphur. Recent studies in nutrition have shown some of the specific needs which minerals satisfy in the vital processes. Thus big neck in calves, colts and lambs, and hairless- ness in pigs are now attributed to iodine deficiency in the feed; and defective skeletal formation in growing animals is due either to a lack of calcium and phosphorous or to an absence of the necessar}' agencj" to make the proper utilization of these minerals possible, for it has been shown that without what has been called the fourth, or antirachitic, vitamine which is present in cod liver oil and in green plant tissues, calcium and phosphorous cannot be properlj^ assimilated. Protein. This nutrient group is estimated bj' determining the amount of nitrogen which a feed contains and multiplying that amount by the factor 6.25 on the assumption that proteins uni- formly contain 16 per cent, of nitrogen. While this method of estunation is not strictly accurate it is as close an approximation as it is generally possible or practicable to get. From protein the 326 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 257. body repairs waste, builds new tissue and, to a lesser extent, derives heat and energy. It was formerly thought that all proteins were adequate for all these processes, but it is a comparatively recent contribution to our knowledge that they are not. Protein is a complex substance made up of nineteen separate parts called amino acids. Proteins which contain some of all the various amino acids are called "complete" proteins; those in which one or more amino acids are lacking are called "incomplete". Undoubt- edly all these separate parts play some role in vital processes; more particularly we know that tryptophane and lysine are essential to a normal rate of growth. The proteins of cereal grains are relatively low in the two amino acids just mentioned while proteins of animal origin, such as milk, meat, and eggs, are rich in these two substances; thus the logic of supplementing grain rations with skimmed milk or tankage is apparent. Grain mix- tures alone may suffice if fed in sufficient quantity but it may happen that the energy requirements of the animal will become satisfied by non-protein constituents of the ration and its appetite fail before enough of the necessary amino acids has been acquired. Knowledge of digestible nutrients and nutritive ratios are not the final criteria by which rations are to be adjusted. The right kind and quality of protein must be supplied. Crude Fiber. By this term is meant the coarser and more woody tissue characteristic of all forms of roughage and present in the outer coats of cereal and other fodder grains. It belongs to the carbohydrate group and is, in part, digested by ruminant animals. Its chief value lies in its mechanical effect in the intestinal tract. Nitrogen-free Extract. In this class are included the relatively more digestible carbohydrates of the starch and sugar types. Their principal role in nutrition is to supply heat and energy, but they have also the power of sparing protein, by which is meant that when fed together with protein they reduce the amount of the latter "food required. An excess of this carbohydrate group over the immediate needs of the body can be transformed into fat and stored in the body tissue. The term "carbohydrate" as applied to a feeding stuff properly means "crude fiber" and "nitrogen-free extract" combined. Nitrogen-free extract is obtained by deducting from 100 per cent, the sum of the percentages of moisture, ash, protein, fiber and fat (ether extract). Fat (Ether Extract). Fats, like the carbohydrates, furnish energy to the body and like them also, but to a lesser extent, spare protein. As energy producers their value is 2.25 times greater than that of either carbohydrate or protein. This ether-soluble material is in all cases crude fat, by which we understand that non-fatty substances like chlorophyll and coloring matter may be included therein. DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS. 327 Accessory Nutritive Factors. In this class are included the vitamines. There is not likely to be a deficiency of the vitamines A, B, and C in rations of domestic animals but the antirachitic vitamine by reason of its influence on the assimilation of calcium and phosphorus, as already noted, is of very practical importance. Green fodder or properly cured leguminous haj" will supply this factor. The beneficial influence of sunlight uix)n the growth and development of animals has also been strikingly demonstrated, and it may be classed with the vitamines as an accessory nutritive factor. DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS. The gross amount of nutrient material taken into the annual body is probably never completely utilized. That portion of such material which actual feeding tests have shown is retained in the animal body, is taken to be the coefficient of digestibility of that material and is expressed in per cent. Thus, for cottonseed meal it has been found that, on the average 85 per cent, of the protein, 37 per cent, of the fiber, 75 per cent, of the carbohydrates and 95 per cent, of the fat are digestible; or, in other words, out of each 100 parts of protein, of fiber, of carbo- hydrates and of fat that an animal eats, 85, 37, 75 and 95 parts, respectively, are retained in the body; i.e., not excreted. These figures are taken, therefore, to be the coefficients of digestibil- ity for the several nutrients as they are found in cottonseed meal. Coefficients of digestibilit}' for some common commercial con- centrates are given in the following table. Table I. Coefficients of Digestibility of Feedixg Stitf-;.' Feed. Average dry matter, lbs. per hundred. Coefficient of difrcstibility. Protein Carbohydrate. Fiber. Xitro- acn free extract. Fat. Cottonseed Meal Cottonseed Feed Linseed Meal (Old Process) Wheat Bran Wheat MiddUngs Wheat Feed Rye Feed Buckwheat Middlings Oat Feed Oat Middlings Corn Gluten Feed Gorn Gluten Meal Hominy Feed Brewers' Grains Dried Beet Pulp 92.2 91.7 90.9 89.9 89.6 89. 9 88.5 88.0 93.5 93.1 91.3 90.9 89.9 92.5 91.8 84 58 89 78 77 77 80 87 75 80 85 85 66 81 52 37 45 57 31 30 36 32 42 49 76 55 76 49 83 to 61 78 72 78 76 88 86 46 85 88 90 90 57 83 95 90 89 68 88 87 90 83 78 93 85 93 91 89 'Henry and Morrison : Feeds and Feeding, 18th Ed. 328 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 257. INSPECTION AND ANALYSES. Classification of Samples. Commercial feeding stuffs and other fodder materials examined during the past year may be classified as follows: Official sampled drawn by the Station agent 201 Samples submitted by individuals or drawn by the Station agent on request 48 Samples examined for Storrs station 100 Samples examined for Department of Plant Breeding 3 Total 352 Official samples taken in course of the regular inspection are classified as follows: Cottorisepd Products 12 Maize Products 22 Linseed Products 6 Brewers' Products 2 Wheat Products 41 Dried Beet Pulp 5 Rye Products 2 Proprietary Stock Feeds. . . 73 Wheat and Rye Products . . 1 Poultry Feeds 33 Buckwheat Products 2 Oat Products 2 Total 201 Only official samples collected by the Station agent and those submitted by individuals are discussed in this report. Remarks on Analyses. {Analyses in Table III, jyages 336-355). The definitions of feeding stuffs here given are those adopted by the Association of Feed Control Officials as revised to Novem- ber, 1923. Samples were collected in November and December of 1923 and prices, where given, are those quoted at that time. cottonseed meal. /fl.l2 Per cent. Protein Cottonseed Meal, Choice Quality, must be finel}' groxmd, not necessarily bolted, perfectly sound and sweet in odor, yellow, free from excess of lint, and by analysis must contain at least 41.12 per cent, crude protein, equivalent to 8 per cent, of ammonia. Cotton seed meal not fulfilling the above requirements as to color, odor, or texture, shall be branded Off Quahty. 38.56 Per cent. Protein Cottonseed Meal, Prime Quality, must be finely ground, not necessarily bolted, of sweet odor, reasonably bright in color, yellow, not brown or reddish, free from excess of lint, and by analysis must contain at least 38.56 per cent, crude protein, equivalent to 7.5 per cent, of ammonia. Cottonseed meal not fulfilling the above requirements as to color, odor or texture, shall be branded Off Quality. 36 Per Cent. Protein Cottonseed Meal, Good Quality, must be finely ground, not necessarily bolted, of sweet odor, reasonablj' bright in color, free from INSPECTION AND ANALYSES. 329 excess lint and must contain at least 36 per cent, crude protein, equivalent to 7 per cent, of ammonia. Cottonseed Meal not fulfilling the above requirements as to color, odor or texture, shall be branded Off Quality. Eleven samples were examined, two of which, 22135 and 22004, were deficient in protein by more than 1 per cent. One, 22013, had the tags secured by wire which is illegal. The average composition as regards protein, fiber and fat was 37.9 per cent., 11.2 per cent, and 6.4 per cent., in the order named. The average cost per ton was $56.18. In the inspection a year ago it was shown that protein was purchased at better advantage in 43 per cent, meal, 14.4 pounds of protein being purchased for .SI. 00 in the first named grade as compared with 12.5 pounds in the last named grade. A similar comparison this year shows for 43 per cent, meal 14.4 pounds and for 36 per cent, meal 13.3 pounds. Again the comparison favors the highest grade; the data, however, are based upon a rather limitecl number of samples, particularly of the 43 per cent, group. COTTONSEED FEED. Cottonseed Feed is a mixture of cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls con- taining less than 36 per cent, protein. One sample. White Mule brand, was guaranteed to contain 36 per cent, of protein and 39 per cent, was found; in other respects also the guarant}'' was exceeded. LINSEED MEAL. Linseed Cake or Meal is oil cake or meal made from flaxseed, jirovided that the final product shall contain less than 6 per cent, of weed seeds and other foreign materials and, provided, further that no portion of the stated 6 per cent, of weed seeds and other foreign materials shall be deliberately added. Old Process Oil Meal, Old Process Linseed ]Meal is oil meal as defined or linseed meal as defined produced by crushing, cooKing and hydrauHc pressure. The six samples examined satisfied their guaranties in all re- spects. One, 22176, had tags secured by wire which is illegal. The average protein content was 31.9 per cent, and the average cost per ton was -$56. 83. This is 2 per cent, less protein than was found last jea,r and the price per ton is about $4.00 less. WHEAT BRAN. Wheat Bran is the coarse outer coating of the wheat Kernel as separated from cleaned and scoured wheat in the usual process of commercial milling. Nineteen samples of wheat bran were examined. All sub- stantially met or exceeded the guaranties for protein and no 330 CONNECTICUT EXPEEIMENT STATION BULLETIN 257. deficiencies in fat or excesses of fiber were found. Two samples, 22102 and 22117, had tags attached by means of wire. The quahty of the samples examined equals the average of other years, but the cost per ton is about $4.00 more than last year and nearly $12.00 in advance of the average price quoted two years ago. WHEAT MIDDLINGS Standard Middlings consists mostly of fine particles of bran, germ and very little of the fibrous offal obtained from the "tail of the mill." This product must be obtained in the usual commercial process of milhng and shall not contain more than 9.5 per cent, crude fiber. Flour Middlings shall consist of standard middlings and red dog flour com- bined in the proportions obtained in the usual process of milUng and shall not contain more than 6.0 per cent, crude fiber. ReA Dog Flour consists of a mixture of low-grade flour, fine particles of bran and the fibrous offal from the "tail of the mill" and shall not contain more than 4.0 per cent, crude fiber. Brown Shorts (Red Shorts) consists mostly of the fine particles of bran, germ and very little of the fibrous offal obtained from the "tail of the mill". This product must be obtained in the usual commercial process of milling. Gray Shorts (Gray Middlings or Total Shorts) consists of the fine particles of the outer bran, the inner bran or bee-wing bran, the germ and the offal or fibrous materials obtained from the "tail of the mill." This product must be obtained in the usual process of commercial milling. White Shorts or White Middlings consists of a small portion of the fine bran particles and the germ and a large portion of the fibrous offal obtained from the "tail of the mill." This product must be obtained in the usual process of flour milhng. Brown shorts, gray shorts and white shorts are further differen- tiated on the basis of fiber contents, tentative limits for which have been set at 6.5, 5.5 and 3.5 per cent, for the classes in the order named. Standard middlings differ from brown shorts (red shorts), in that the latter have less fiber; 3 per cent, less according to the tentative fiber limits which have been adopted. None of the samples exceeded the limits of fiber set for standard middlings. In many cases the fiber is low enough to classify them as shorts although the labels seldom declare such grade. Protein and fat guaranties were met or exceeded in all cases. The average composition for this group of feeds is protein 17.3 per cent., fiber 6.1 per cent, and fat 5.5 per cent. The average ton price is about $5.00 in advance of that quoted in the previous inspection. MIXED FEED. Wheat Mixed Feed (Mill Run Wheat Feed) consists of pure wheat bran and the gray or total shorts or flour middlings combined in the proportions ob- tained in the usual process of commercial milhngs. The tentative limits for fiber content of mixed feed in 8.5 per cent. ; and for hard wheat mixed feed 9.5 per cent. INSPECTION AND ANALYSES. 331 The average fiber content for this group as shown by analyses was 7.1 per cent, and no single sample exceeded 8.5 per cent. No deficiencies in protein or in fat were found. The average com- position was found to be protein 16.3 per cent., fiber 7.1 per cent, and fat 5.4 per cent. An increase in price of about $4.00 per ton is noted as compared with the inspection a year ago. RYE PRODUCTS. Rye Middlings or Rye Feed is the by-product obtained from the manu- facture of ordinarj' "100 per cent." rye flour from cleaned and scoured rye grain. Two samples of rye middlings were examined both of which satisfied their guaranties in all respects. WHEAT AND RYE PRODUCTS. A sample of the mixed middlings of wheat and rye was found to fully conform to its guaranty. BUCKWHEAT PRODUCTS. Buckwheat Shorts or Buckwheat Middlinr/s are that portion of the buckwheat grain immediately inside of the hull after separation from the flour. Two samples were examined one of which was described as consisting of middlings, buckwheat hulls and buckwheat screen- ings. This last named feed was high in fiber, as might be expected, but did not exceed the limit of fiber declared. The sample of buck- wheat middlings, 22148, was without a statement of guaranty. OAT PRODUCTS. Oat Middlings are the floury portions of the oat groat (Kernel), obtained in the milling of roUea oats. . Oat Shorts are the covering of the oat grain tying immediately inside the hull, being a fuzzy material carrying with it considerable portions of the fine flourj^ part of the groat obtained in the milling of rolled oats. Two samples were examined. One, Corno. was described as a mixture of oat middlings, oat shorts and oat hulls. Both samples conformed to then- guaranties. CORN GLUTEN FEED. Corn Gluten Feed is that portion of commercial shelled corn that remains after the separation of the larger part of the starch and the germs by the processes employed in the manufacture of cornstarch and glucose. It may or maj^ not contain corn solubles. Five samples were examined and all substantially equalled or exceeded their guaranties for protein and fat. The average price per ton, $55.20, is about $6.00 higher than quoted a year ago. 332 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 257. CORN GLUTEN MEAL. Corn Gluten Meal is that part of commercial shelled corn that remains after the separation of the larger part of the starch, the germ and the bran, by the processes employed in the manufacture of cornstarch and glucose. It may or may not contain corn solubles. The one sample examined considerably exceeded the guaranty for protein and fat. HOMINY FEED. Hominy Feed, Hominy Meal or Hominy Chop is the kiln-dried mixture of the mill run bran coating, the mill run germ, with or without a partial extraction of the oil and a part of the starchy portion of the white corn kernel obtained in the manufacture of hominy, homin}' grits and corn meal by the degerminating process. Sixteen samples were analyzed and no deficiencies in protein or excesses of fiber were found. Five samples showed deficiencies in ether extract (crude fat), greater than 0.25 per cent. One sample, 22175, bore tags attached by means of wire. BREW^ERS' GRAINS. Brewers' Dried Grains are the properly dried residue from cereals obtained in the manufacture of beer. Two samples were examined one of which, 22067, was 1.12 per cent, low in protein. DRIED BEET PULP. Dried Beet Pulp is the dried residue from sugar beets which have been cleaned and freed from crowns, leaves and sand, and which have been ex- tracted in the process of manufacturing sugar. Five samples were examined all of which satisfied the require- ments of their guaranties. PROPRIETARY MIXED FEEDS. These feeds aim to supply ready mixed so-called balanced rations for the various classes of farm animals. Some, no doubt, are compounded carefully and with the best available information of feed values. Chemical analyses will furnish data as to the gross amounts of the several nutrients from which may be estimated the digestible nutrients; but only feeding practice will demonstrate the quality of the nutrients. A study of the analyses tabulated under the heading of "Horse, Dairy and Stock Feeds", p. 346, shows that there are, exclusive of three calf meals, seventy samples which may be divided into three nearly equal groups on the basis of their protein content, viz., 10 per cent., 20 per cent, and 25 per cent. As there are only four samples which would fall in a 15 per cent, group no separate classification was made for these, but they were placed in the 10 SUMMARY OF DEFICIENCIES. 333 per cent, or the 20 per cent, groups. The 10 per cent, group in- cludes feeds of protein content ranging roughly from 8 to 14 per cent.; the 20 per cent, group ranges from 17 to 22 per cent.; and the 25 per cent, group includes all those having above 22 per cent, of protein. The average composition of each of these three groups as regards protein, nitrogen-free extract and fat and the average price per ton is given in the following summary: Average Percentages of Nutrients and Prices per Ton in Three Groups of Proprietary Feeds. Group No. of Samples. Protein. Nitrogen- free Extract. Price ■ Fat. Per Ton. Protein 10 per cent. Protein 20 per cent. Protein 25 per cent. 26 23 21 10.11% 19.60 24.16 63.92% 53.62 48.85 4.22% $44.52 5.08 51.27 5.29 53.76 On the basis of amounts of nutrients secured for one dollar in each of these three groups the following comparison can be made. Nutrients for One Dollar in Three Groups of Proprietary Feeds. Group Nitrogen-free rotein. extract. Fat. lbs. lbs. lbs. 4.5 28. 3 1.9 7.7 20. 9 2.0 9.0 13. 2 2.0 Protein 10 per cent. Protein 20 per cent. Protein 25 per cent. These comparisons are based upon the gross amounts of nutrients. By reason of the miscellaneous sources from which the nutrients in proprietary feeds are derived and the difficulty in ascertaining the exact proportions of the ingredients, digestible nutrients cannot be accurately computed. The comparative figures given show that the price per ton increases as the protein content of the feed increases; protein is the most expensive of the nutrients. Fat does not vary greatly in the three groups and the amounts secured for the unit price are practicalh^ identical. For the same amount of moncA^ the feeder secures in the 20 per cent, protein group two-thirds more protein and one-fourth less nitrogen- free extract than in the 10 per cent, protein group; in the 25 per cent, protein group he secures twice as much protein and one-third less nitrogen-free extract than in the 10 per cent, protein group. So far as protein is concerned the lowest priced feeds are, on the average, its most expensive source. SUMMARY OF DEFICIENCIES. In Table II is given a summary of those feeds which were found not to meet the requirements of their guaranties or were otherwise illegal. 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