'HE PASTOR^NDMODERN MISSIONS 
 
 A PLEA FOR LEADERSHIP .fi 
 
 IN WORLD EMNGELlZAriON i 
 
 JOHN :R. MOTT 
 
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 BOOK 259.M858 
 
 MOTT # PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 3 ilS3 000b7D?fl 3 
 
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THE PASTOR AND 
 MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 A PLEA FOR LEADERSHIP IN 
 WORLD EVANGELIZATION 
 
THE PASTOR AND 
 MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 A PLEA FOR LEADERSHIP IN 
 WORLD EVANGELIZATION 
 
 BY 
 JOHN R. MOTT, M. A., F. R. G. S. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 1904 
 

 Copyright, 1904, »<y 
 
 STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
 FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
? 
 
 THE MERRICK LECTURES 
 
 OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY 
 
 Delaware, Ohio 
 
 April 11-15, 1904 
 
 LECTURES ON MISSIONS 
 
 V YALE .DIVINITY SCHOOL 
 
 2 New Haven, Connecticut 
 
 ^ April 19-22, 1904 
 
 r 
 
 LECTURES ON MISSIONS 
 
 Mccormick theological seminary 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 
 October 24-27, 1904 
 
 STUDENTS^ LECTURES ON MISSIONS 
 
 PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 
 
 Princeton, New Jersey- 
 November 3-7, 1904 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The primary work of the Church is to make 
 Jesus Christ known and obeyed and loved 
 throughout the world. By far the larger part 
 of this undertaking is among the non-Christian 
 nations. The world's principal events in re- 
 cent years have combined to make possible 
 a more rapid and more effective prosecution 
 of the campaign of evangelization. The 
 conditions which obtain at the beginning of 
 the present century favor a great onward 
 movement. 
 
 The secret of enabling the home Church to 
 press her advantage in the non-Christian world 
 is one of leadership. The people do not go be- 
 yond their leaders in knowledge and zeal, nor 
 surpass them in consecration and sacrifice. 
 The Christian pastor, minister, rector — what- 
 fever he may be denominated — holds the di- 
 vinely appointed office for inspiring and guid- 
 ing the thought and activities of the Church. 
 
 vii 
 
Vlll PREFACE 
 
 By virtue of his position he can be a mighty 
 force in the world's evangeHzation. 
 
 This book seeks to set forth the situation in 
 the unevangehzed world which confronts the 
 churches of Christendom at the beginning of 
 the new century, to show the vital and potent 
 relation that the Christian ministry sustains to 
 the missionary enterprise, and to indicate the 
 means which may be employed by pastors in 
 order to realize the missionary possibilities of 
 the Church. In the treatment of the subject I 
 have kept in mind the requirements of the 
 larger churches or parishes, believing that the 
 plans given may be readily simplified or 
 adapted to suit other conditions. The various 
 methods suggested are such as have been suc- 
 cessfully employed in the churches of America, 
 Canada, Great Britain, the Continent, and Aus- 
 tralasia, which have wrought most for world- 
 wide missions, and may be regarded as a re- 
 pository from which selection may be made 
 to meet the particular needs of each church. 
 
 The general outline of the book is essentially 
 the same as that followed in a course of lectures 
 given in the spring of the present year at Ohio 
 iWesleyan University (on the Merrick Foun- 
 
PREFACE IX 
 
 dation), at Yale Divinity School, and this 
 autumn at McCormick Theological Seminary, 
 and at Princeton Theological Seminary (on 
 the Students' Foundation). 
 
 While the book is addressed to pastors, it is 
 hoped that it may not be without its message 
 to laymen. In view of the growing prominence 
 of the lay factor in the work of the Church, it 
 is most desirable that they be kept in intelligent 
 touch with the best experience and plans for 
 carrying forward what the Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury has characterized as " the greatest 
 work of the Church." 
 
 I wish to express my gratitude to the many 
 pastors and missionary society secretaries of 
 different denominations, and to all other lead- 
 ers in the thought and work of the Church, 
 who have afforded me the corrective of their 
 experience and the help of sympathetic 
 criticism. 
 
 John R. Mott 
 
 New York, November, 1904 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 I 
 
 THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD AT THE BE- 
 GINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 
 AND ITS MESSAGE TO THE CHURCHES OF 
 CHRISTENDOM ....... I' 
 
 II 
 
 THE PASTOR AS AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 
 
 IN THE world's EVANGELIZATION . ;. 5/ 
 
 III 
 
 THE PASTOR AS A FINANCIAL FORCE IN 
 
 THE world's evangelization . . 99 
 
 IV 
 THE PASTOR AS A RECRUITING FORCE IN 
 
 THE world's EVANGELIZATION . .149 
 
 V 
 
 THE PASTOR AS A SPIRITUAL FORCE IN THE 
 
 world's EVANGELIZATION . . . . 183 
 
 APPENDIX THE PASTOR's MISSIONARY 
 
 LIBRARY . ,.. t. . :. . ■. . . 215 
 
 INDEX ;.. :.. t.j :. i.; ,.; i.; t.. ;., .. 229 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD AT THE 
 BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH 
 CENTURY AND ITS MESSAGE TO 
 THE CHURCHES OF CHRISTENDOM 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD AT THE BEGIN- 
 NING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND 
 ITS MESSAGE TO THE CHURCHES OF CHRIS- 
 TENDOM 
 
 The work of the explorer has been well done. 
 As a result of the spirit of adventure, the thirst 
 for knowledge, desire for wealth or power or 
 fame, and zeal for the spread of religion the veil 
 has been drawn aside from practically the entire 
 inhabited earth. This has been accomplished 
 through individual initiative, through commer- 
 cial enterprise, through the co-operation of gov- 
 ernments, through the efforts of the 115 geo- 
 graphical societies, and through the work of 
 missionaries.^ For the first time we may say 
 that the world is open before us. 
 
 One hundred years ago Africa was a coast line 
 only. Even one generation ago, when Stanley 
 emerged from that continent with the latest news 
 
 * " Geographisches Jahrbuch " (1901), XXIV Band, 406. 
 
2 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 of Livingstone, nine-tenths of inner Africa re- 
 mained unexplored. More than 600 white men 
 have given their lives to explore this one con- 
 tinent. Now, however, H. R. Mill, D.Sc, for- 
 merly Librarian of the Royal Geographical 
 Society, in his recent geographical survey can- 
 say, " The last quarter of the nineteenth century' 
 has filled the map of Africa with authentic topo- 
 graphic details, and left few blanks of any size." ^ 
 
 In the early part of Queen Victoria's reign 
 there were vast unknown reaches in Central and 
 Northern Asia. Sir Thomas H. Holdich, a Vice- 
 President of the Royal Geographical Society, is 
 authority for the statement, "There is hardly a 
 corner of Asia which has not been visited, ex- 
 amined and mapped during the last fifty years." ^ 
 
 Navigation and exploration have been so 
 thorough that probably not an isle remains undis- 
 covered. 
 
 The only unexplored tracts are parts of the 
 Arctic and Antarctic regions, stretches of Brit- 
 ish territory in Labrador and other parts of North 
 
 * " Encyclopaedia Britannica." Tenth Edition. Vol. 
 XXVIIL, 630. 
 
 " Thomas H. Holdich, " Advances in Asia and Imperial 
 Consolidation in India." The Geographical Journal. Vol. 
 XVII., 242. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 3 
 
 America, the highest parts of the great mountain 
 ranges of Central Asia, the central deserts of 
 Mongolia, the wastes of Tibet, portions of 
 the arid stretches of Northern Africa and South- 
 ern Arabia, a few corners of the Congo and 
 Amazon basins, and the interior jungles of Bor- 
 neo and New Guinea. It is a striking fact that 
 nearly all the places mentioned in this catalogue 
 are uninhabited. It is not strange that this situa- 
 tion called forth at the meeting of the British 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, held 
 in Belfast in 1902, the remark that the unknown 
 world is growing smaller " with a rapidity 
 which is absolutely regrettable." ^ 
 
 Not only is the geography of the world very 
 largely known, but we have become acquainted 
 also with all peoples together with their distribu- 
 tion, their stage of civilization, their manner of 
 life, and, to a great extent, their languages. All 
 this has made their needs more articulate and 
 intelligible. 
 
 What is the significance of this larger knowl- 
 edge of the earth and its people ? " The end of 
 the geographical feat is only the beginning of the 
 
 ^ Thomas H. Holdich, " The Progress of Geograph- 
 ical Knowledge." The Scottish Geographical Magazine. 
 Vol. XVIII., 505. 
 
4 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 enterprise/' ^ Larger knowledge not only in- 
 creases interest and sympathy but also increases 
 responsibility. The apostles went forth, as it 
 were, to unknown regions. They knew not the 
 extent of the area occupied by mankind. How 
 much greater is the obligation resting upon us. 
 The fact that our generation is the first to which 
 the wide world has been laid open is itself con- 
 vincing evidence that the time has come at last 
 for the Church of Christ to undertake and to 
 prosecute a campaign of evangelization on a 
 scale literally world-wide in its sweep.^ 
 
 The Fields of the Non-Christian World are 
 Accessible 
 
 An open world is before us — more accessible 
 than it has been since Jesus Christ announced the 
 purpose of His coming to the earth. When Carey 
 went to India in 1793 he had to seek shelter on a 
 little plot of ground owned by a foreign power. 
 At that time, as Bishop Thoburn said in an ad- 
 dress in Boston : " Three of five great continents 
 
 * David Livingstone quoted in W. G. Blaikie's " The 
 Personal Life of David Livingstone," 190. 
 
 ''Archbishop Temple in an address on "The Home Min- 
 istry and Foreign Missions," 5. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD S 
 
 and two-thirds of a fourth were sealed against 
 God's messengers and God's truth. The mission- 
 ary was rigorously excluded from the whole 
 Roman Catholic world, from the whole Greek 
 Catholic world, from the whole Buddhist world, 
 from the whole Mohammedan world, from 
 nearly all the pagan world, and only admitted to 
 parts of Brahmanical India by the sufferance of 
 the rulers of the day." ^ For twenty years after 
 Carey reached India, the East India Company 
 kept the country locked against missionaries. 
 Only within half a century have the barriers pre- 
 venting missionary access to Indian women been 
 removed. Morrison had to commence his work 
 in China secretly. When I first visited that 
 country in 1896 there were parts of it still closed 
 to foreign influence. Now every one of the 
 1,700 and more minor divisions of the Empire is 
 open to the missionary propaganda. 
 
 All over Japan, within a generation, there were 
 posted edicts against Christianity, and death was 
 the penalty for the acceptance of the foreign 
 faith. New treaties have come into operation 
 which permit missionaries to reside and to work 
 anywhere in the land. When young men now 
 
 ^J. M. Thobum, "Missionary Addresses," 155. 
 
6 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 in college were studying geography, Korea was 
 styled the Hermit Kingdom. In no other field 
 has Christianity recently worked with greater 
 freedom and had greater triumphs. Religious 
 liberty has been repeatedly promised by official 
 pledges in the Turkish Empire, and within a gen- 
 eration it has been guaranteed by the Treaty of 
 Berlin, though one might well wish for a more 
 thorough enforcement of these solemn pledges. 
 
 We can all remember the time when the larger 
 part of inner Africa was regarded as inaccessible. 
 Bishop Hartzell thus aptly characterizes the 
 change : " Yesterday Africa was the continent of 
 history, of mystery, and of tragedy; today it is 
 the continent of opportunity." ^ 
 
 Protestantism is tolerated in every Latin coun- 
 try of Europe and of the Western Hemisphere. 
 Although South America has been called the 
 Neglected Continent, it is now regarded as possi- 
 bly the most accessible continent of the world be- 
 cause of its sea, river, and railway communica- 
 tions. When, on the way from Australia to 
 China in 1896, we steamed past the Philippine 
 Islands, they were under the domination of Ro- 
 
 * J. C. Hartzell, " The Work in Africa," an Address 
 Delivered before the General Missionary Committee, No- 
 vember, 1900, p. 4. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD ^ 
 
 man ecclesiastics and were securely closed against 
 Protestant influence. Today the cause of pure 
 religion has a most hopeful opportunity in dif- 
 ferent parts of the archipelago, and all the rest 
 of the island world in the Pacific is open to the 
 preaching of the Gospel. 
 
 Although Tibet has not been open to mission- 
 aries, the Gospel has for some time in different 
 ways been reaching the Tibetans ; and by her dis- 
 dain of Britain she has herself prepared the way 
 for the breaking up of her exclusiveness. While 
 Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Nepal, French Indo- 
 China seem to be exceptions, and while there 
 may still be here and there in some other lands a 
 community or tribe resisting the approach of the 
 m.issionary, such instances are so few and so un- 
 important as not to break the force of the state- 
 ment that, generally speaking, either the ambas- 
 sador of Christ or the Christian Scriptures may 
 today go anywhere on the earth. Is not the rec- 
 ord of the opening of nations to the Gospel con- 
 vincing evidence that not a door can long remain 
 closed, when godly men give themselves to prayer 
 and wise effort that it may be opened? 
 
 Improved means of communication in recent 
 years have enormously increased the accessibility 
 
8 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 of the non-Christian world. It took Rev. S. L. 
 Baldwin, D.D., 147 days in the year 1859 to go 
 from New York to Shanghai; the journey may 
 now be made in less than one-sixth of this time. In 
 1850 Bombay was thirty-two days distant from 
 London ; the trip between these cities now requires 
 but twelve or thirteen days, and if boats of the 
 speed of the Deutschland were commissioned for 
 that service, the journey could be made in about 
 ten days. With vessels of such speed the world 
 would be reduced to one-third the size of half a 
 century ago, and to one-tenth the size it had 
 when the first American missionaries sailed 
 nearly a century ago. The oceans no longer 
 separate nations ; rather do they unite them. 
 
 The network of railways continues to spread 
 in all parts of the non-Christian world. In the 
 last five years covered by official statistics the 
 railway mileage of Africa increased forty-four 
 per cent, and of Asia thirty-five per cent., a most 
 striking rate of progress.^ The Uganda Rail- 
 way, extending from the east coast of Africa to 
 Lake Victoria, was completed in 1901. More 
 than one-half of the Cape-to-Cairo road, which 
 
 * " Die Eisenbahnen der Erde, 1897-1901." Archiv fuf 
 EkmJT^hnwesen (1903), 504. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 9 
 
 is being built both from the North and from 
 the South simultaneously, has been finished. 
 Men can now go in a few days by any one of 
 three rail approaches to the heart of the Dark 
 Continent. In fact, the journey from the east 
 coast of Africa to Uganda, which only a few 
 years ago required three months, can now be 
 made by rail in less than sixty hours. The Si- 
 berian Railway has made the vast populations 
 of the Far East only one-half as remote, so far 
 as time is concerned, as they were a few years 
 ago. If even one in three of the railway schemes 
 now being promoted in Asia, Africa, and South 
 America is realized, the peoples of the unevan- 
 gelized world will within ten years be far more 
 closely knit together. 
 
 There are in operation over 200,000 miles of 
 submarine cables which have been laid at an ex- 
 pense of fully $300,000,000. If the land systems 
 be added, it makes the total length of the tele- 
 graph lines of the world about 1,200,000 miles. 
 More than 1,000,000 messages are sent each day.^ 
 Who can measure how this one application of the 
 power of electricity has promoted the sense of 
 
 ^ " Submarine and Land Telegrapli Systems of the 
 World." Summary of Commerce and Finance, July, 1902, 
 p. 19. 
 
lO THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 solidarity of the human race and the intercom- 
 munication of nations. The work of evangeHza- 
 tion and philanthropy has been greatly facilitated. 
 Offerings made one day in America for Indian 
 famine sufferers were distributed the next day 
 in India. Over sixty years ago (1838), when 
 Calvert and Hunt went from England to the Fiji 
 Islands, it took sixteen months for the letters 
 telling of their arrival to reach their friends at 
 home. Today communications between those dis- 
 tant islands and England can be made in a few 
 minutes.^ 
 
 The accessibility of the non-Christian world to 
 missionary effort has been still further promoted 
 by the extension of the sway of Christian nations, 
 and also by the enlargement of the range of their 
 influence through favorable treaties and im- 
 proved international relations. The English- 
 speaking race alone rules more than one-third 
 of the unevangelized world. 
 
 The sway of Protestant nations extends over 
 three-eighths of the population of Asia and 
 Oceania. The vast continent of Africa is largely 
 under the direct rule of Christian powers. The 
 
 * W. T. A. Barber in " Report of Ecumenical Missionary 
 Conference" (held in New York, 1900), il., 333' 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD il 
 
 treaties and relationships existing between the 
 great Protestant nations and nearly all of the re- 
 mainder of the non-Christian world are of such 
 a character as to insure to the missionary forces 
 the largest freedom of access and all reasonable 
 protection. Thus hundreds of millions of people 
 of less favored lands and races have providen- 
 tially been related to the nations of Protestant 
 Christendom, In the light of all the facts which 
 have been stated, can it not be said truthfully for 
 the first time in history that practically the entire 
 unevangelized world is accessible to missionary 
 effort? 
 
 The Forces of Christianity are Widely Distrib- 
 uted and Occupy the Most Advantageous 
 Positions throughout the World 
 
 A century ago there were in all the world but 
 a few scores of Protestant missionaries, repre- 
 senting less than a dozen societies, and these 
 workers were located at a small number of 
 widely-scattered stations. Even half a century 
 ago nearly all the missionaries were to be found 
 along the fringes of the great continents. The 
 situation has changed so much that Beach's 
 
12 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 " Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions,'* 
 the latest and most reliable authority on such mat- 
 ters, gives the names of nearly 6,000 principal 
 mission stations where missionaries now reside, 
 and tabulates over 22,000 outstations.^ Maps of 
 all parts of the world are required to represent 
 the location of these stations. At these centers, 
 and from, them as bases, over 16,000 foreign mis- 
 sionaries ^ are working and directing a campaign, 
 of which the operations and influence penetrate 
 the very heart of the great masses of the non- 
 Christian peoples. About 1,500,000 communi- 
 cants are now gathered into the Christian 
 churches, and these, together with other ad- 
 herents, make a total native Protestant Christian 
 population of 4,500,000.^ 
 
 Look at Africa to see how far the battle line 
 has been extended. Krapf, the missionary and 
 explorer, predicted in 1844 that a chain of mis- 
 sions would one day cross the continent.* When 
 
 ^ Harlan P. Beach, " A Geography and Atlas of Protes- 
 tant Missions," II., 19. This number includes duplicates; 
 e. g., when more than one society has work in a city, the 
 work of each society is counted as one station. 
 
 ^Ihid.. II., 19. 
 
 'James S. Dennis, "Centennial Survey of Foreign 
 Missions," 263. 
 
 *J. L. Krapf, "Travels, Researches and Missionary 
 Labors," 109, no. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 13 
 
 Stanley, starting in 1874, made his journey of 999 
 days across Africa, in the course of 7,000 miles 
 he never met a Christian. There was not a mis- 
 sion station, or church, or school on all that track. 
 Now the chain of missions is almost complete 
 from Mombasa to the mouth of the Congo, and 
 there are scattered through inner Africa hun- 
 dreds of churches and Christian schools and over 
 100,000 native Christians. When Hudson Taylor 
 reached China in 1854 there were practically no 
 missionaries in the inland provinces; now there 
 are over 1,000. These pioneers have visited al- 
 most every corner of those populous regions. 
 
 The forces are not only widely distributed but 
 are also located at commanding positions. The 
 mission workers and agencies have massed their 
 strength at the great centers of commercial, edu- 
 cational, and political importance. Almost every 
 capital city in Asia, Latin America, and other 
 parts of the world has been occupied. Protes- 
 tant Christianity has a foothold in the influential 
 centers of the Oriental religions. Though Mecca 
 must be excepted, it is on the other hand signifi- 
 cant that the important approaches to the Mo- 
 hammedan world, — Gibraltar, Algiers, Cairo, 
 Khartum, Batum, and Aden, not to speak of 
 
14 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 India and the East Indies, — are under the con- 
 trol of Christian powers.^ " It is a great mat- 
 ter/' says Professor Warneck, " that this work 
 already extends over so large a part of the earth's 
 surface. Just as an army has already gained a 
 great victory in a war when it holds a position 
 in the midst of the enemy's country, ... so 
 the missions of today have also gained a great 
 victory in having penetrated so deeply into the 
 midst of the non-Christian peoples, and in having 
 gained a permanent foothold among them." * 
 
 The Great Heathen Forces in Antagonism to 
 Christianity have been Weakened 
 
 A century ago the non-Christian religions 
 seemed to occupy impregnable positions. Until 
 comparatively recently they gave little evidence 
 of yielding to the assaults of Christianity. But 
 the signs are now multiplying, showing that as a 
 result of the extensive and thorough work of 
 undermining, which has been going on steadily 
 for three generations, the foundations of these 
 
 ^ S. M. Zwemer, " A Plea for the Mohammedan World." 
 The Intercollegian. Vol. XXIV., 78. 
 
 ^ Gustav Warneck, " Outline of a History of Protestant 
 Missions," 344, 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 15 
 
 Opposing faiths, together with their systems of 
 error, such as caste, polygamy, priestcraft, and 
 superstition, have been shaken.^ During my 
 journeys around the world I saw clear evidence 
 that the power of the non-Christian religions was 
 waning. 
 
 Buddhism is the only non-Christian religion in 
 Japan, since Shintoism may be regarded as a 
 patriotic rather than as a religious cult. Among 
 the lower and illiterate classes, especially in the 
 rural districts. Buddhism still exercises great 
 power. In the cities, however, even among the 
 lower classes, its influence is weakening. 
 Among educated and thinking men, Buddhism 
 has little power as a religion. Such influence as 
 it has is more the result of custom than of con- 
 viction and principle. So far as it attracts in- 
 telligent men, it seems to do so as a matter of 
 antiquarian or philosophic interest. I met few 
 Japanese students who professed interest in 
 Buddhism as a philosophy, and do not recall one 
 who regarded it as his religion in the sense of 
 being a spiritual, regulative force in his life. 
 
 Much that has been said about Buddhism in 
 
 * Edward A. Lawrence, " Modern Missions in the East/ 
 294. 
 
1 6 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Japan might also be said of its position and in- 
 fluence in Korea, Ceylon, and Burma. In Siam, 
 while it manifests more vigor and has more in- 
 fluence with the ruling classes, it is nevertheless 
 suffering from the inroads of the forces of 
 Christianity. In China the non-Christian re- 
 ligions are Buddhism and Taoism. They both 
 show less enterprise and strength than does 
 Buddhism in Japan and Ceylon. They manifest 
 little aggressiveness and give one the impression 
 that they are exhausted. As a religious force, 
 these faiths are practically powerless, but as cus- 
 tom and superstition their influence is consid- 
 erable. 
 
 Strictly speaking, Confucianism cannot be re- 
 garded as a religion. Should we consider an- 
 cestor worship, as upheld by Confucianism, a 
 religion, it must be admitted that its hold is tre- 
 mendous. It is still too true of China that the 
 living are in the grip of the dead. Within the 
 past few years, however, " for practically the 
 first time since the age of Confucius, China has 
 turned her face from the past." ^ The eagerness 
 with which many of her leaders are seeking light 
 
 ^ " A Message to the Christian Students in All Landa." 
 The Jntercollegian. Vol. XX VL, 177. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 17 
 
 outside the Confucian Classics is one of the most 
 remarkable facts of the time. 
 
 Hinduism is the principal non-Christian relig- 
 ion of India. As a social system its power is still 
 very great. Caste observances are losing their 
 hold to some extent in the cities. But though the 
 outward forms are less scrupulously followed, the 
 spirit of caste is apparently about as strong as 
 ever. Very few thinking men adhere to Hindu- 
 ism in an unmodified form, and not many of 
 them have a real, vital faith in it as a religion. 
 During the past few years there has been a move- 
 ment to revive Hinduism. This is due more 
 largely to patriotic impulses than to religious mo- 
 tives. It is being strongly emphasized, that the 
 truly patriotic course is to stand by the ancient 
 religion of the land. 
 
 The late Indian census shows that owing to the 
 inroads of other religions and to the mortality 
 caused by famine, Hinduism has actually retro- 
 graded during the past decade. On the other 
 hand, the rate of increase of the Protestant 
 Christian population has surpassed that of all 
 other faiths.* 
 
 ^ The Buddhist population increased during the decade 
 32.9 per cent., the Mohammedan 8.9 per cent., and the- Hindu 
 (decreased 0.3 per cent., while th? Protestant native Chris- 
 
1 8 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 The continued existence and activity of reform 
 movements in India, such as the various types 
 of the Somajes, are an indirect but powerful 
 evidence of the success of the Christian propa- 
 ganda, as well as of the weakening of popular 
 Hinduism. 
 
 Mohammedanism has as strong a hold on its 
 adherents as has any other non-Christian religion. 
 Apparently its grip is not relaxing, so far as the 
 more illiterate classes are concerned; but signs 
 are not wanting that it is weakening in the case 
 of the educated and better informed men. As 
 a religion it is making no intellectual or spirit- 
 ual progress. It lacks vitality. It impresses one 
 as set or stereotyped. *' The philosophical dis- 
 integration of Islam is," as Dr. Zwemer points 
 out, " another sign of promise." ^ 
 
 The unorthodox character of Mohammedan- 
 ism in Turkey has been exposed. In India the 
 application of the methods of higher criticism to 
 the Koran is undermining faith in it. Some 
 already concede that this book has no perma- 
 nent authority in the realm of morals. Apolo- 
 
 tians increased 48 per cent. See " Census of India, 1891, 
 General Report," 179; "Census of India, 1901," I., 399. 
 
 ^ S. M. Zwemer, " A Plea for the Mohammedan World," 
 The Intercollegian. Vol. XXIT., 78. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 19 
 
 gies are made for the character of Mohammed 
 himself. 
 
 What have been the causes of the weakening 
 of the great reHgious forces opposed to Christian- 
 ity? First of all should be mentioned the in- 
 fluence of Christianity and Western education 
 and civilization. In this connection, it would be 
 diffcult to overstate the immense influence ex- 
 erted by educational missions. The blaze of 
 Western science has exposed the superstitions 
 and absurdities of the non-Christian religions. 
 It has been found impossible to harmonize the 
 teachings of their religious books with modern 
 scientific truth. The efforts made by certain 
 scholars in Japan and India to apply the stand- 
 ards and methods of modern literary and scien- 
 tific criticism to the study of their religious liter- 
 ature has still further shaken confidence in these 
 religions. 
 
 It should be emphasized, also, that the wide 
 and incessant preaching of Christianity for years 
 has created in the minds of vast numbers of peo- 
 ple higher conceptions as to what should charac- 
 terize a religion. This has caused genuine 
 dissatisfaction with their old religions, because it 
 is seen that, in comparison with Christianity, 
 
20 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 there is a lack of truth in them; that they are 
 without vitality ; that they are utterly wanting in 
 emancipating, saving, transforming, and ener- 
 gizing power ; that they cannot nourish the soul ; 
 that they cannot satisfy man. The fact of the 
 case is that the non-Christian religions have im- 
 posed on men burdens too heavy to be borne, and 
 it is not surprising that the preaching of the 
 truth of Christ which sets men free is steadily 
 and certainly undercutting these incomplete 
 faiths. 
 
 The growing attention paid to the study of 
 comparative religion, and the scientific and sym- 
 pathetic investigation of the actual workings and 
 fruits of the different religions, while revealing 
 all that is good or true in the non-Christian re- 
 ligions, have deepened the conviction in the 
 minds of thoughtful people that Christianity is 
 the only sufficient religion of the world. The 
 more complete knowledge which the Christians 
 of this generation 'possess of the inadequacy of 
 the other religions and of the abounding suf- 
 ficiency of Christianity imposes upon us an over- 
 whelming responsibility. Moreover, we cannot 
 estimate the harm that will result if the multi- 
 tudes whose faith in their old religions has been 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLt) 21 
 
 undermined or shattered are not laid hold of by; 
 Christianity. The ground has been prepared for a 
 great onward movement by the forces of Christ. 
 
 The Native Christian Forces have Become 
 Firmly Entrenched in the Non-Christian 
 Nations 
 
 Already 1,500,000 natives are enlisted in the 
 forces of Protestant Christianity throughout the 
 non-Christian world. Among them are over 
 75,000 pastors, teachers, and other Christian 
 workers.^ While the work of missionaries is far 
 from being accomplished, Christianity is so se- 
 curely planted in Japan, China, Korea, India, and 
 some of the other nations of Asia, as well as in 
 other parts of the world, that were the mission- 
 aries obliged to withdraw, Christianity would live 
 and spread as a self-propagating force. There 
 are many facts to support this statement. In 
 each country the native Church has workers who 
 possess the spirit of independence, consecration, 
 and real leadership. Among them one thinks 
 at once of such workers as Honda, Kozaki, 
 
 * James S. Dennis, " Centennial Survey of Foreign Mis- 
 sions," 263. 
 
22 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Miyagawa, Ibuka, Motoda, and Uemura in 
 Japan ; Meng of Paotingf u and Shen of the Lon- 
 don Mission in China; Chatterjea of the Punjab, 
 Banurji of Calcutta, the Satthianadhans of 
 Madras, and Pundita Ramabai of Western India. 
 With these and scores of other clerical and lay 
 leaders who might be named guiding its affairs, 
 it is inconceivable that the Church should perish 
 in these lands. 
 
 Moreover, not only has the Church of Christ 
 in the non-Christian nations leaders of genuine 
 Christian experience and of large ability, she has 
 also among the rank and file of her membership 
 very many who compare favorably with Chris- 
 tians of the West in grasp of the essential doc- 
 trines of our faith, in depth of spiritual insight, 
 in exemplification of the spirit of Christ, in un- 
 selfish devotion, and in burning zeal. 
 
 The fact that in each country the number of 
 self-supporting churches is steadily increasing is 
 further proof that Christianity is anchored in dif- 
 ferent communities. During the last year of 
 which we have satisfactory record the native 
 Christians contributed nearly $2,000,000 toward 
 the work of Christ. There are thousands of pas- 
 tors and other Christian workers who are serving 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 23 
 
 the Church on much smaller salaries than they 
 would receive in commercial or government 
 positions. 
 
 The missionary spirit is developing in the na- 
 tive Church in an unmistakable manner. It is 
 to be seen in Japan in the efforts put forth by 
 Christians on behalf of the natives of Formosa, 
 Korea, and China and of their own soldiers in the 
 wars with China and Russia. The same spirit is 
 observable in Korea, Manchuria, China, and Laos 
 in the immense amount of personal religious ef- 
 fort carried on by the Christians of those lands 
 within the sphere of their daily calling. It is to 
 be witnessed in Ceylon in the Jaffna Students' 
 Missionary Association, which is sending natives 
 to help evangelize Southern India. Again we 
 note it in the growth of the Volunteer Movement 
 in India, and in the starting of bands of volun- 
 teer workers in Calcutta and other student cen- 
 ters of India. The examples afforded by the 
 Christians of Egypt sending workers to the 
 Sudan, and of the evangelical Armenian churches 
 conducting missionary work among the Kurdish- 
 speaking Armenians, also illustrate the same 
 spirit. It is a most impressive fact that the re- 
 cent great revival in Japan was organized and 
 
24 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 carried forward very largely by the Japanese 
 themselves. Seldom if ever have the Christians 
 of any other country exhibited higher qualities 
 of leadership than did the Japanese in this won- 
 derful movement. 
 
 The supreme test of the stability of the native 
 Church has been the manner in which it has met 
 and endured opposition and persecution. While 
 examples of such endurance are not wanting in 
 Africa, Armenia, India, and Japan, — the stead- 
 fastness and loyalty of so many leaders and mem- 
 bers of the Church in Japan during the period of 
 reaction from 1890 to 1900 was a most encourag- 
 ing circumstance, — the most outstanding evi- 
 dence has been that afforded by the Church in 
 China. The character of the Chinese Christians 
 has been abundantly attested by their martyr 
 spirit. When in North China I was told by one 
 of the missionaries that during the Boxer trou- 
 bles only fifty of the 1,000 Christians in con- 
 nection with his branch of the Church recanted, 
 and that all but three of the fifty had renewed 
 their allegiance to Christ. In a church of over 
 200 members in connection with another mission 
 at work in that region only one recanted, al- 
 though about one-half of the membership were 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 2$ 
 
 slain. Without doubt those awful massacres and 
 persecutions have demonstrated the ability of the 
 Chinese Christians to stand alone. 
 
 Christianity has Acquired an Experience and has 
 Perfected Agencies and Methods which 
 Make Possible the Most Effective Prosecu- 
 tion of the Campaign of World-wide 
 Evangelization 
 
 The missionary enterprise has passed through 
 a long period of experiment. This has extended 
 over 100 years and has embraced within its field 
 all parts of the non-Christian world. The ex- 
 perience of many thousands of missionaries, rep- 
 resenting all nations of Christendom and all 
 branches of the Christian Church, acquired in the 
 pathway of their work with the various races 
 and conditions of mankind, is now available. It 
 represents a fund of knowledge which is varied, 
 vast, and constantly increasing. 
 
 The problems involved in the world-wide ex- 
 tension of Christ's Kingdom have been studied, 
 defined, and discussed with unusual thorough- 
 ness. There are no conferences held for the pur- 
 pose of grappling with any aspect of the work of 
 
26 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 the Church at home which are more thorough- 
 going and statesmanHke than some of the con- 
 ferences of missionaries on the foreign fields, 
 notably the last Decennial Conference of India, 
 held in Madras in 1902. The annual meetings 
 of representatives of the American and Canadian 
 mission boards have also done much to define the 
 problems and work of missions from the point of 
 view of the home administration of the movement. 
 A science of missions is gradually being evolved. 
 
 The lines along which the Church must work 
 to insure the most successful prosecution of the 
 missionary campaign have been largely deter- 
 mined. Methods and agencies of remarkable ef- 
 ficiency have been devised and are now widely 
 and successfully employed. In no part of the 
 home countries are the methods of direct evan- 
 gelistic work more highly developed, or wielded 
 witli better results, than by the missionaries on 
 their far more difficult fields. 
 
 The enterprise of educational missions, em- 
 bracing more than 1,000 higher schools and col- 
 leges and nearly 23,000 day schools and influ- 
 encing over 1,100,000 students and pupils,^ has 
 
 ^Harlan P. Beach, "A Geography and Atlas of Protes- 
 tant Missions," II., 19. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 27 
 
 been demonstrated to be one of the most effect- 
 ive agencies in spreading Christian truth and in 
 estabhshing and extending the reign of Christ. 
 
 Of all the methods and agencies employed by 
 the Church to win the non-Christian peoples, 
 none has been more potent, especially on the 
 Asiatic and African continents, than medical mis- 
 sions. The fact that there are today nearly 800 
 medical missionaries carrying on work at 947 
 hospitals and dispensaries and extending their 
 helpful ministry each year to fully 2,500,000 pa- 
 tients indicates how extensive a factor this has 
 become.^ 
 
 The 159 mission presses and publishing houses 
 through the nearly 400 missionary periodicals,^ 
 and the thousands of different books and pam- 
 phlets which they are issuing, are sending forth a 
 silent yet mighty influence in the propagation of 
 Christian truth. 
 
 The practical value and remarkable fruitful- 
 ness of other methods designed for the reaching 
 of special classes — for example, women's work 
 for women, young men's work for young men, 
 
 * Harlan P. Beach, "A Geography and Atlas of Protes- 
 tant Missions," II., 19. 
 
 ' James S. Dennis, " Centennial Survey of Foreign 
 Missions," 269, 270. 
 
28 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 the student Christian movement, and the varied 
 forms of work for children — have been abun- 
 dantly demonstrated. 
 
 The most important single agency in the work 
 of evangelization is the Bible, especially when 
 its truth is proclaimed by competent teachers and 
 preachers. Portions at least of the Scriptures 
 have already been translated into between 400 
 and 500 languages and dialects, making the 
 knowledge of the Gospel accessible to over four- 
 fifths of the human race. This is a fact of 
 capital importance. As the Word of God con- 
 stitutes the great weapon to be used in our war- 
 fare, the value of the possession of this agency 
 is simply incalculable. 
 
 In connection with these varied and extensive 
 agencies there has been built up an enormous 
 mission plant valued at tens of millions of dollars. 
 
 When we review all the well-adapted means 
 and methods which have been developed on the 
 mission field, together with the funded mission- 
 ary experience of generations and the clearer 
 knowledge of mission problems and policy, and 
 contrast it with the situation even as recently as 
 the last generation, we recognize that God has 
 prepared us for the prosecution of the campaign 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 29 
 
 of evangelization on a scale and with a promise 
 a parallel to which the Church has never known. 
 " One year of the coming century [the twentieth] 
 will probably be worth as much as ten of the last, 
 and this enhanced value will be almost wholly 
 owing to the fact that the labors of those who 
 first entered the field have made it possible for 
 the men of later years to eclipse the small 
 measure of success achieved by them." ^ 
 
 The Marked Movement in the Direction of Unity 
 and Co-operation among the Christian 
 Forces on the Mission Fields has Prepared 
 the Way for a Triumphant Advance 
 
 Few facts on the mission field inspire one with 
 more hope for the immediate future of the mis- 
 sionary enterprise than the certainly growing 
 tendency toward practical unity among the or- 
 ganized forces of Protestant Christianity. Stu- 
 dents of missionary problems both on the home 
 and foreign fields have long recognized the need 
 and advantages of a closer unification in plans 
 and efforts among different bodies of Christians, 
 and not a few missionaries of large experience 
 *J. M. Thobum, "Missionary Addresses," 154. 
 
30 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 and influence have for years been working in this 
 direction. Year by year the poUcy of comity as 
 appHed to the division of the field is being more 
 generally adopted and observed. It is needless 
 to point out that it is capable of still wider appli- 
 cation. Interdenominational conferences of mis- 
 sionaries, both of a local and sectional, and of a 
 national character, for the practical and scien- 
 tific consideration of problems in missionary 
 work and for spiritual fellowship, continue to 
 •multiply. They epitomize and make vivid the 
 value of real Christian unity. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association, al- 
 though it has been at work on the mission field 
 less than a generation, by its interdenomina- 
 tional conferences, by actually uniting Chris- 
 tian young men of different branches of the 
 Church in common efforts at metropolitan cen- 
 ters, and by fusing together through its student 
 Associations the future leaders of all Christian 
 bodies, has become one of the principal factors 
 making for Christian unity. The influence of 
 the Young People's Society of Christian En- 
 deavor, of the Sunday School Union, of the 
 Bible and religious literature societies, is in the 
 same direction. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD $1 
 
 Certain missions of different denominations 
 are coming to see that they can to good advan- 
 tage unite in the use of common educational, 
 medical, and publishing plants. In many a mis- 
 sion field this plan would unquestionably result 
 in a large saving of money, time, and administra- 
 tive energy and in an increased output. The de- 
 sirability of arriving at a common policy and 
 uniform practice in questions pertaining to the 
 requirements for church membership and to the 
 status of native workers is also very evident to 
 all who have given any thought to the subject. 
 
 Moreover, it is of large importance that the na- 
 tive Christians on each field be united so far as 
 possible, — those of the same denominational 
 family joining their forces and even those of dif- 
 ferent denominations, so far as practicable, 
 uniting in one great Church, adapted to the condi- 
 tions obtaining on that field, — thus avoiding the 
 reproduction on the mission fields of all acci- 
 dental and unnecessary or unessential differences 
 which bulk so largely in the sectarianism of 
 Western lands. " The object of the foreign mis- 
 sionary enterprise is not to perpetuate on the 
 mission field the denominational distinctions of 
 Christendom, but to build up on Scriptural lines. 
 
32 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 and according to Scriptural principles and meth- 
 ods, the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ." ^ 
 
 The leaders of the four or more Methodist 
 denominations in Japan met in 1901 in confer- 
 ence and came to an agreement on the important 
 points in a plan of union. As is well known the 
 various Presbyterian bodies there united several 
 years ago with excellent results. The same is 
 true of the missions of the Church of England 
 and of the Protestant Episcopal Church. And at 
 the great conference of Protestant missionaries 
 of Japan held in Tokyo in the autumn of 1900 
 there was adopted the following significant reso- 
 lution : " This Conference of Missionaries, as- 
 sembled in the city of Tokyo, proclaims its firm 
 belief that all those who are one with Christ by 
 faith are one body; and it calls upon all those 
 who love the Lord Jesus and His Church in sin- 
 cerity and truth to pray and to labor for the full 
 realization of such a corporate oneness as the 
 Master Himself prayed for on that night in 
 which He was betrayed. 
 
 " Whereas, while this Conference gratefully 
 recognizes the high degree of harmony and cor- 
 
 * " Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian 
 Church in the United States of America" (1900), 96. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 33 
 
 dial co-operation which has marked the history 
 of Protestant missions in Japan, it is at the same 
 time convinced that the work of evangelization is 
 often retarded by an unhappy competition es- 
 pecially in the smaller fields and by the duplica- 
 tion of machinery which our present arrange- 
 ments involve. Therefore, 
 
 " Resolved, that this Conference elect upon the 
 nomination of the President and Vice-Presidents 
 a promoting committee of ten whose duty it shall 
 be to prepare a plan for the formation of a repre- 
 sentative Standing Committee of the Missions, 
 such plan to be submitted to the various missions 
 for their approval and to go into operation as 
 soon as approved by such a number of the Mis- 
 sions as include in their membership not less than 
 two-thirds of the Protestant missionaries in 
 Japan." ^ 
 
 The committee was duly appointed and pre- 
 pared a plan which met with general favor. It 
 has resulted in " The Standing Committee of Co- 
 operating Christian Missions," which is exerting 
 a most helpful Influence in the direction of realiz- 
 ing the desires expressed at the Tokyo confer- 
 
 * " Proceedings of the General Conference of Protestant 
 Missionaries in Japan " (held in Tokyo, 1900), 42, 
 
34 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ence. The native leaders of all denominations 
 seemed to be in full accord with the scheme. 
 The missionaries of only one or two bodies of 
 Christians found themselves unable to enter into 
 the arrangement. 
 
 In 1901 representatives of different bodies 
 holding the Presbyterian system in China came 
 together, and agreed to a plan of union similar 
 to that which their brethren had adopted in 
 Japan. The plan is likely to be acted upon favor- 
 ably by the separate missions concerned. Like- 
 wise the negotiations which have been in prog- 
 ress for some time in the direction of the organic 
 union of the thirteen or fourteen branches of the 
 Presbyterian family in India have reached such a 
 favorable stage that the final adoption of the plan 
 in all its essentials is likely to be a matter of but 
 a short time. 
 
 This plan of uniting into one organic body the 
 various branches of each denominational family 
 — e. g., Presbyterians, Lutherans, Episcopalians, 
 Methodists, Baptists, — is the first stage in the 
 union of the Christian forces, and encouraging 
 progress has been made in the direction of its 
 realization in each of the three great mission 
 fields of Asia. Sooner or later, there should fol- 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 35 
 
 low in each of these lands some practical or 
 working plan of federal union of these various 
 organically united families. In the Philippines, 
 where it was not necessary to go through the pre- 
 liminary stage, all bodies of Christians, save one, 
 combined in forming the Evangelical Union. 
 
 The sentiment in favor of this movement to- 
 ward a closer union is far stronger on the mis- 
 sion fields than at home. Even greater progress 
 in this direction would have been made on the 
 mission fields had not the missionaries been hin- 
 dered in their plans either by denominational 
 ambitions or by the lack of vision of the home 
 churches. Without doubt the Church in non- 
 Christian lands has important lessons to teach 
 the Church in Christian countries, both in the 
 theory and in the practice of Christian unity and 
 co-operation. Face to face with the vast and 
 powerfully entrenched forces of heathenism, with 
 its ignorance, superstition, and sin, they clearly 
 see that nothing short of a union in spirit, plan, 
 and effort on the part of all true disciples of 
 Jesus Christ will prevail. In the presence of a 
 world which is unbelieving to an extent and to 
 a depth which those living in Christian lands can- 
 not fully realize, they long to be in a position to 
 
36 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 present that mightiest apologetic — the one for 
 which Christ prayed — that the world may be- 
 lieve in the divine mission of their Lord. 
 
 That such a movement toward unity has large 
 possibilities for the Church at home as well as 
 abroad is suggested by these words of the late 
 Dr. Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, " Of 
 this, at any rate, I am sure, that the recognition 
 of the common task imposed upon every variety 
 of Christian belief will be likely indeed to do more 
 to bring us all into one than any other endeavors 
 that we may make." ^ At what time since the 
 modern missionary movement began have the 
 Christian forces on the great battle-fields of the 
 Church been so closely united? Does not this 
 very fact constitute a summons to us to press as 
 never before against the forces that oppose us ? 
 
 'A Great Crisis Confronts the Church, not as a 
 Result of Anticipated Failure, hut of Recent 
 Unprecedented Success 
 
 The missionary movement has within the pres- 
 ent generation achieved greater results, accord- 
 ing to numerical standards, than during the pre- 
 
 ^ " The Church's Relation to Foreign Missions " (an ad- 
 dress), 3. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 37 
 
 ceding three generations. In the past ten years 
 it has advanced with giant strides. Moreover, as 
 Professor Warneck emphasizes, " The success of 
 missions is far in excess of the statistical re- 
 sults.'' ^ Some of the largest results, such as the 
 revolutionizing of family, social, and national 
 ideals and customs, cannot be tabulated. 
 
 Not only have large and increasing numbers 
 of people been won for Christ, but far greater 
 numbers have been brought within the range of 
 the influence of the missionary movement. 
 Think of the hundreds of thousands in the 
 schools and colleges on the foreign field. Think 
 of the multitudes who are thronging the hospitals 
 and dispensaries. Note the vast number who are 
 being influenced by the printed page. Remember 
 the even greater numbers who are frequenting 
 the preaching places, or upon whose lives 
 through individual effort is brought to bear the 
 power of Christian personality. They have come 
 more than half way. Our workers have special 
 access to them. If we press the advantage a 
 great body of them can be drawn into the King- 
 dom of Christ. 
 
 ^ Gustav Warneck, ** Outline of a History of Protestant 
 Missions," 344. 
 
Z^ THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 A marked change has come about within a 
 generation in the attitude of the common people 
 and even of the official classes toward mission- 
 aries. Hostility and suspicion have given place 
 in many fields to tolerance, confidence, and 
 friendliness. 
 
 In the non-Christian world, as a result of the 
 long and thorough work of the missionaries, 
 there are what in the aggregate would amount 
 to a great multitude of people who are con- 
 vinced of the truth of the claims of Christ but 
 who have not yet avowed themselves as His dis- 
 ciples. In many cases they are secret disciples 
 but have not the clearness of faith, or the de- 
 cision of character, or the courage of heart to 
 take the step. In other cases they freely ac- 
 knowledge that they have been persuaded of the 
 truth, but for different reasons they do not come 
 forward as avowed followers of Christ. 
 
 The most powerful and fruitful revivals ever 
 experienced in Asia and Africa have occurred 
 within the past ten years. This is true of Japan, 
 Korea, Manchuria, China, India, the Levant, 
 Uganda, Livingstcnia, and the Congo. It may 
 be questioned whether ever on the home field 
 there have been spiritual awakenings more ex- 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 39 
 
 tensive, pervasive, and genuine than those of the 
 past few years in Japan and India. What other 
 country was ever moved upon from end to end 
 by the Holy Spirit as Japan during its recent 
 Taikyo Dendo, or Great Revival? 
 
 At the present time in India a far larger num- 
 ber of people are asking for Christian teachers 
 and preachers than were actually brought into the 
 Church during an entire generation of modern 
 missions beginning with Carey. Whole villages 
 are ready to give up their worship of idols. It is 
 difficult to explain to the villagers, who ask that 
 preachers be sent to teach them the truth, why 
 they are not sent. With such ripe harvest fields 
 awaiting on every hand our reaping, it is as in- 
 consistent for us to neglect to enter in and reap 
 as it would be for a farmer to give attention to 
 the planting and cultivation of a crop, and then, 
 when it was ready to be harvested, to be con- 
 tented with gleaning a few sheaves here and 
 there, and let the wide field of ripened grain re- 
 main ungamered. 
 
 If we do not give Christianity to the multi- 
 tudes in Asia, Latin America, and Africa who 
 have lost faith in their old religions and supersti- 
 tions, their minds will be occupied soon with 
 
40 THE PASTOR AND- MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ideas which it may be even more difficult to re- 
 move than their former faiths. A failure to 
 press our campaign with vigor now may result 
 in our being excluded from some fields which are 
 wide open to us, and in every case it will greatly 
 delay our triumph and make our task far more 
 arduous. The seriousness of this situation can- 
 not be easily overstated. 
 
 On the other hand, if we take advantage of the 
 present unexampled opportunity we shall witness 
 ingatherings into the Kingdom of Christ such as 
 the Church has never known. Bishop Thoburn 
 with prophetic vision has expressed the deep con- 
 viction with reference to India alone, " that if the 
 Protestant Churches of these United States 
 would unite together, would look that problem 
 in the face, if they would take the lesson to heart 
 that God is teaching them, within ten years 
 we might have 10,000,000 in India, who are wor- 
 shipping idols today, either within the pale of the 
 Christian Church or inquiring the way thither." ^ 
 Can we doubt that the very successes of missions 
 have brought us face to face with our greatest 
 crisis? Let us be wise in time, giving heed to 
 
 * " The Open Door " (Report of the First General Mis- 
 sionary Convention of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 held in Cleveland, 1902), 189, 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 41 
 
 the African proverb, " The Dawn does not come 
 twice to awaken a man." ^ 
 
 The Forces which Oppose the Progress of Chris* 
 tianity are Manifesting Special Activity, 
 Enterprise J and Vigor 
 
 While it is true that the forces opposed to 
 Christianity have been perceptibly weakened, it 
 is equally true that they do not intend to yield the 
 field without a tremendous struggle. " It is a 
 great mistake to suppose that the disintegration 
 of heathenism necessarily or naturally means its 
 demolition." ^ It will be no easy task to over- 
 throw the proud Brahmanism of India, the self- 
 satisfied Buddhism of Burma, the superstitious 
 and savage beliefs of the tribes of Africa and the 
 Pacific island world, and the intense fanaticism 
 of Mohammedanism. 
 
 The splendid successes of Christianity have 
 served to arouse and, in some cases, to alarm the 
 non-Christian religions. This has put them on the 
 defensive. In some quarters there is a bitter re- 
 action against the religion of Christ. This Is par- 
 ticularly true of Hinduism and Mohammedanism. 
 
 ^ James Stewart, "Dawn in the Dark Continent," 330. 
 ' Edward A. Lawrence, " Modem Missions in the East,** 
 317. 
 
42 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 The non-Christian faiths have found that they 
 cannot successfully meet Christianity on the 
 ground of its historical character and results. 
 They have also learned that the weapons of per- 
 secution are powerless to resist its onward march. 
 They have resorted to the dangerous course of 
 compromise and are adopting the agencies, meth- 
 ods, and even some of the ideas of Christianity; 
 witness, for example, in Japan the organization 
 of Young Men's Buddhist Associations. They 
 are appealing to the patriotic motive and spirit 
 by magnifying the national and racial associations 
 of their traditional faiths. 
 
 Special evils are putting forth all their power 
 today to contest every foot of ground with Chris- 
 tianity. After spending years working among 
 young men, not only in the universities, but in the 
 great American and Canadian cities, I am pre- 
 pared to appreciate the force of the temptations 
 of the young men of North Amicrica. And yet 
 we at home do not know what temptation is in 
 comparison with its working in the non-Christian 
 nations. Gambling is rife in America among 
 ail classes, but we cannot yet say of America as 
 we could of every republic south of us, or of 
 China, that gambling is a national contagion. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 43 
 
 Intemperance is a mighty evil in Christian 
 lands; but in the judgment of some of the most 
 acute observers and those v^ho have had largest 
 opportunities to learn the facts, the most fright- 
 ful ravages of the drink demon are those wrought 
 in the port cities of Asia, Africa, and South 
 America. Aloreover, v^e know of no evil in 
 America that is comparable, so far as the num- 
 bers affected by it are concerned, to that of the 
 opium curse in China. Different estimates were 
 given to me in China, but according to the most 
 conservative probably not less than fifteen per 
 cent, of the young men of China are addicted to 
 the opium habit. In 1895 there was expended in 
 that country on native and imported opium 
 $150,000,000 gold ^ — enough to provide food for 
 the 400,000,000 of that vast nation twelve days ; 
 and yet this sum was worse than wasted, because 
 the opium vice is eating like gangrene into one 
 of the best races of Asia. 
 
 What shall be said of impurity? Take Japan, 
 for instance. There is no country where this 
 vice is made more attractive, more accessible, 
 more cheap, attended with less risk, and there- 
 
 ^ " Final Report of the Royal Commission on Opium," 
 VI., Part I., 52, in "Parliamentary Papers" (1895), XLII. 
 Also "Statesman's Year-Book" (1904), 523. 
 
44 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 fore more deadly. Is it to be wondered at that 
 so many young men in that land are going like 
 sheep to the slaughter? What of the ravages 
 of impurity in China? It is said that there 
 are thousands of words and phrases in the 
 Chinese language expressive of the baser pas- 
 sions and vices. What charnel houses and whited 
 sepulchers must be the lives of people who re- 
 quire such infinitely varied expression of the 
 hidden depths! 
 
 The nautch girls may be seen plying their aw- 
 ful traffic in the temples of the most sacred seats 
 of Hinduism. A law still stands on the Indian 
 statute books, which prohibits indecent pictures 
 and representations — except in connection with 
 temples and other places of religious worship.^ 
 
 We hear much of rationalism in the German 
 universities. But rationalism and materialistic 
 philosophy are more prevalent and destructive in 
 their influence in the student centers of India and 
 Japan than in the universities of Germany and 
 Holland. 
 
 The forces of avarice and materialism are 
 straining every nerve to exploit the peoples of the 
 
 ^ James S. Dennis, " Christian Missions and Social Prog- 
 ress," I., 90. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 45 
 
 non-Christian world. The recent exposure of the 
 practices of men of greed in the Congo State 
 shows how baneful is this influence on the un- 
 civilized races. 
 
 The magnitude of the opposing and evil forces, 
 their increasing and tireless activity, and their 
 dire and, in some cases, virulent influence should 
 serve to stimulate mightily the Church of Jesus 
 Christ to occupy the field before it is too late. 
 Christianity is destined some day to triumph, but 
 unless she bestirs herself to counteract and roll 
 back these dangerous influences, her triumph, 
 which is so near at hand, may be long delayed. 
 Let it be reiterated that the present is a time of 
 grave, impending crisis, in the sense that " the 
 chance of glorious success and the risk of awful 
 failure confront each other. " ^ 
 
 The Gravest Perils Threaten the Church, if She 
 Neglects to Press Her Present Unparalleled 
 Advantage 
 
 First, look at some of the dangers which will 
 be experienced on the foreign field. One is that 
 many of the missionaries will be broken down, 
 
 * Quoted by C. A. Cook in " Systematic Giving," 14. 
 
46 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 unless reenforcements are sent speedily. The 
 pressure upon them as a result of the marvelous 
 successes of recent years and of the intensified 
 conflict is more than they can endure. I have 
 visited very few missionary stations during the 
 past ten years in which I did not receive the im- 
 pression that the field is undermanned and the 
 force of foreign workers is overworked. 
 
 There is the danger that the missionaries 
 and native workers may become discouraged and 
 depressed, because, through want of adequate 
 backing from the home Church, they are obliged 
 to stand before wide-open doors and be unable 
 to enter them — to confront ripe harvest fields 
 and be unable to reap. 
 
 There is the danger also that multitudes of 
 those who are practically ready to attach them- 
 selves to Christ may lapse. Their last state 
 would thus be worse than the first. It would be- 
 come increasingly difficult to reawaken them, 
 and they in turn would be stumbling-blocks in the 
 way of a subsequent work of God. 
 
 We must not forget that by failing to advance 
 now when there are so many favoring circum- 
 stances we are deferring the world's evangeliza- 
 tion beyond our own day, are seriously mortgag- 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 47 
 
 ing the future, and are hindering the achieve- 
 ments of our successors. The secret of victory, 
 Napoleon said, is to bring up the reserves when 
 the struggle is at its crisis. 
 
 What are some of the perils to the Church at 
 home? All men need Christ. We have Christ, 
 We owe Christ to all men. To know our duty 
 and to do it not is sin. Continuance in the sin 
 of neglect necessarily weakens the life and arrests 
 the growth. To fail to do our duty then with 
 reference to the peculiar opportunity of our gen- 
 eration means the promotion of spiritual atrophy. 
 
 Another peril is wide-spread hypocrisy. If our 
 Gospel is the truth we are under obligation to 
 propagate it. If it is not the truth we ought to 
 forsake it.^ To attempt to occupy middle ground 
 is not simply inconsistency but is the most dan- 
 gerous form of hypocrisy. It damages the char- 
 acter of all those who permit themselves to 
 hold such a position. It destroys confidence in 
 religion on the part of those who observe their 
 lives. And it condemns to outer darkness multi- 
 tudes of those in foreign lands who, but for the 
 sham profession of such Christians, might be 
 ushered into the light of Christ. 
 
 ^Archbishop Whately, " Sermons on Various Subjects," 353. 
 
48 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 The danger is greater now than ever before 
 in the history of the Church, that Christians 
 yield to luxury, selfishness, slothfulness, and low 
 ideals. Never so much as today has the Church 
 needed great tasks to call out and exercise all her 
 energies and to save her from paralyzing weak- 
 ness. " What we now need to discover in the 
 social realm is the moral equivalent of war: 
 something heroic that will speak to men as uni- 
 versally as war does, and yet will be as compat- 
 ible with their spiritual selves as war has proved 
 itself to be incompatible." ^ 
 
 Furthermore," the Church will not have the 
 power she ought to have in order to deal success- 
 fully with the problems on the home field, unless 
 she does far more for the foreign field. Nothing 
 better could happen in the interest of the schemes 
 for the evangelization of our home cities and in 
 the interest of meeting the spiritual needs of our 
 rural districts than for the Church to put forth 
 greater exertions than ever on behalf of non- 
 Christian lands. In hitting blows hard enough 
 to impress the Far East or mid-Africa, we most 
 certainly develop greater energies with which to 
 
 ^ William James, " The Varieties of Religious Experu- 
 ence," 367. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 49 
 
 do the tasks at our very doors. The history of 
 the Church teaches clearly and conclusively that 
 the missionary epochs have been the times when 
 the home Church has been most powerfully stim- 
 ulated. 
 
 The most serious of all the perils of the Church 
 at home, resulting from failure to enter doors of 
 opportunity, is that the largest manifestation of 
 the Spirit of Jesus Christ is withheld from those 
 who do not wholly obey. Therefore, if we would 
 have the irresistible current of the energy of God 
 coursing through the Church in her work both at 
 home and abroad, let us follow with more pur- 
 pose of heart the pathway of obedience to the 
 missionary command of Christ. 
 
 In view of the conditions in the non-Christ^'an 
 world at the beginning of this century, favoring 
 and calling for a great advance movement on the 
 part of the churches of Christendom, in view of 
 the grave dangers resulting from any save an 
 aggressive onward movement, has not the time 
 come for the Church to give herself with greater 
 earnestness than ever to the stupendous task of 
 making Christ known and obeyed in all the 
 world ? 
 
 What can prevent such a great onward move- 
 
50 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ment for the evangelization of the world at the 
 beginning of this century ? Not the obstacles on 
 the foreign mission field. If there be any failure, 
 it will not be because the fortresses in the non- 
 Christian world are impregnable, but because the 
 attack by our missionary forces is not adequately 
 sustained by the home churches. Granted the 
 earnest and persevering support of the Christians 
 on the home field, our missionary forces will 
 triumphantly override every obstacle in Asia, 
 Africa, and all other parts of the unevangelized 
 world. 
 
 The real problem of foreign missions, then, 
 is in the home churches, and without the pastor 
 it cannot be solved. " The weak spot in missions 
 today," says Dr. Theodore T. Munger, " is not 
 in the field, . . . nor in the administration of 
 the Board, nor in the pews, but it is in the pul- 
 pit." ^ Professor Christlieb asks : " Whence the 
 great difference of interest in missions often in 
 one and the same province? I answer, chiefly 
 from the difference of the position taken by the 
 clergy in this matter." ^ At those times when the 
 Church made her greatest missionary advances. 
 
 ^ Theodore T. Munger, " Pastors and Foreign Missions." 
 The Cotigregationalist. Vol. LXXXVIIL, 843. 
 
 ' Theodor Christlieb, " Protestant Foreign Missions," 49. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 5I 
 
 the pastors were putting forth their whole 
 strength in the effort to extend her sway. So, 
 too, when there have been periods of neglect and 
 indifference concerning the world-wide plans of 
 Christ, the pastors have been showing a lack of 
 enthusiasm on the subject. It is not a question 
 of the location of the pastor or of his special 
 natural ability. Wherever you find a pastor with 
 overflowing missionary zeal and knowledge, you 
 will find an earnest missionary church. 
 
 The pastor's position gives him authority; his 
 character and work give him vast influence. The 
 pastor is the educator of the church. There is 
 no other way to get the ear of the whole church 
 save through him. It cannot be done through the 
 women's missionary society, or the young peo- 
 ple's society, or the Sunday-school. He has di- 
 rect and influential access to all the members. 
 Any idea which he persistently preaches and 
 prays for in the pulpit will be gradually accepted 
 as a rule of conduct by the people. 
 
 The pastor is an exemplar as well as a teacher. 
 Dr. R. P. Mackay of Canada has well said: 
 " Whatever the Lord Jesus wants the people to 
 know or believe, the pastor ought to know and 
 believe. . . . Whatever the Lord wants the 
 
52 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 people to do, the pastor ought to do." ^ He must 
 preach what he believes and must practice what 
 he preaches, or he will work without power deeply 
 to move the people. It is this note of reality 
 which makes one's life and words truly communi- 
 cative. 
 
 The pastor is the director general of the Chris- 
 tian forces. He should regard his church not 
 alone as a field to be cultivated, but also and 
 more especially as a force to be wielded on be- 
 half of the evangelization of the world. He is 
 responsible not only to care for the souls of his 
 parishioners, but also to direct their activities. 
 What is an army without a leader? But the 
 leader must himself know the way, must keep 
 ahead, and must get others to follow as a result 
 of his own courageous spirit and contagious 
 earnestness. 
 
 The pastor is not only a leader of his members 
 at home, but an advocate for the people abroad. 
 If he does not plead their cause, who will? The 
 multitudes of the distant nations cannot come to 
 speak for themselves, even were they conscious 
 of their need. Nor can the missionary do so. 
 
 * " The Student Missionary Appeal " (Report of the 
 Third International Convention of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement, held in Cleveland, 1898), 171. 
 
THE NON-CHRISTIAN WORLD 53 
 
 The missionary visitor may arouse temporary in- 
 terest. But it is the missionary pastor who makes 
 a church a missionary power the year through.^ 
 Above all, the pastor is an ambassador. He 
 represents Jesus Christ. A pastor who does not 
 have a deep interest in the world-program of 
 Christ and earnestly promote it, is untrue to his 
 credentials and instructions, for an ambassador 
 represents his sovereign. What a responsibility 
 rests upon the representative of such a Sovereign 
 and of such a Kingdom! What man living ac- 
 cepts such grave responsibility as he who today 
 enters or holds the pastoral office. 
 
 * George Robson in " Make Jesus King " (Report of the! 
 International Students' Missionary Conference, held in 
 Liverpool, 1896), 259. 
 
THE PASTOR AS AN EDUCATIONAL 
 FORCE IN THE WORLD'S EVANGEL- 
 IZATION 
 
II 
 
 THE PASTOR AS AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE IN 
 THE world's EVANGELIZATION 
 
 Why the Church Members Should he Intelligent 
 Concerning the Enterprise of World Evan- 
 gelisation 
 
 The Lambeth Conference of Bishops of the 
 Anglican Communion declared that missions con- 
 stitute the " primary work of the Church, the 
 work for which the Church was commissioned 
 by our Lord." ^ This greatest movement for the 
 social betterment and the moral and religious 
 elevation of the world is not simply a desirable 
 thing for the Church to carry forward, but it is 
 her chief and most important undertaking. It 
 is the reason for the existence of the Church, 
 and should be made a controlling purpose in the 
 life of each of the members. Every Christian, 
 therefore, should be made intelligent concerning 
 the principal work of the Church. 
 
 * " Conference of Bishops of the Anglican Communion " 
 (held in 1897), 27. 
 
 57 
 
58 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 To promote reality in Christian experience a 
 knowledge of Christ's plan for all mankind is 
 fundamental. An active interest in the promo- 
 tion of Christ's Kingdom is a mark of true dis- 
 cipleship. A man's Christian life is not what it 
 should be, if the outreach of his sympathy is lim- 
 ited to anything less than all mankind. Too 
 many Christians are in the habit of regarding 
 missions as something to be promoted by those 
 who are specially interested in the project. They 
 need to be shown that " a Christian life in which 
 it has no place is as great a moral contradiction 
 as one which is indifferent to the elementary vir- 
 tues of the Christian moral ideal." ^ If Christ 
 is a reality in our own lives, and if we honestly 
 believe Him to be " Lord of all," ^ and 
 that " there is none other name under heaven 
 given among men, whereby we must be saved," ^ 
 w^e must do all in our power to make Him known 
 throughout the world. We must do this not only 
 for our own sakes, but also for the sake of our 
 faith ; for Christianity " requires perpetual propa- 
 gation to attest its genuineness." * 
 
 * D. S. Cairns, " Christianity in the Modern World." 
 The Contemporary Review. Vol. LXXXIV., 710. 
 
 *Rom. X. 12. R. V. ^Acts iv. 12. 
 
 * " The Last Journals of David Livingstone," II., 246. 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 59 
 
 The thorough education of the members of the 
 Church as to Christ's world-wide program is 
 essential to their highest development. There is 
 no subject more broadening, more deepening, 
 more elevating, and more inspiring than this 
 great therne. The pastor does the members of 
 his church a great injustice, therefore, if he fails 
 to bring them into intelligent and sympathetic 
 relation to the missionary enterprise. 
 
 To enable Christians to realize the need of the 
 world, missionary education is necessary. If the 
 world's need is to be met. Christians must know 
 the need and be led to will to meet that need. If 
 their wills are to be brought into action to meet 
 the need, their hearts must first be moved. If 
 their hearts are to be deeply stirred, they must 
 first know the facts. " It is a law of our being 
 that we are only deeply moved by sufferings we 
 distinctly realize." ^ 
 
 Continuous education is essential if the interest 
 in the extension of Christ's Kingdom is to be con- 
 stant and growing. No matter how keen the 
 missionary interest of the church may be this 
 year, unless the pastor continues to educate the 
 members, their interest is sure to wane. It will 
 *W. E. H. Lecky, "The Map of Life," 36. 
 
6o THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 not abide in strength from year to year. An un- 
 tiring advocacy of the cause is the price of ever 
 deepening and permanent conviction. 
 
 To generate real missionary enthusiasm an 
 educational campaign is needed. It is impossible 
 to create zeal for an object on which people are 
 ignorant. The basis of all healthy enthusiasm 
 is truth and sincerity. The zeal that endures and 
 grows and achieves is according to knowledge. 
 There is no subject so calculated to inspire men 
 to lives of holy enthusiasm as that of the mighty 
 works of God in the non-Christian world. It is 
 impossible to tell the story of the past century 
 without kindling hearts. There is no better way 
 to quicken the activity of the Church in the work 
 right before her doors than to bring before her 
 members the triumphs of Christ in the most 
 difficult fields. Jacob Riis is right in his con- 
 tention that " for every 'dollar given to those in 
 need abroad, the spirit that gives it provides ten 
 for home use." ^ 
 
 Missionary information is indispensable to in- 
 sure proper giving. It enables men to give from 
 conviction and in the right spirit. It aids power- 
 
 ^ Jacob A. Riis, " A Wonderful Missionary Experience 
 in Copenhagen." The. Churchman. Vol. LXXIV., 415. 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 6l 
 
 fully in securing adequate, sustained, and increas- 
 ing gifts. 
 
 Knowledge of the facts of missions calls forth 
 the right kind of praying. Much of the so-called 
 praying is not prayer. It is valueless because of 
 ignorance. If you wish to get a man to pray, you 
 must do something more than exhort him to pray. 
 Lead him to see and to realize the need for 
 prayer. The knowledge of what God is doing 
 and what He wants done in the world will make 
 praying intelligent and definite. Coming to see 
 things as they are and from Christ's point of view, 
 as illustrated by His own attitude and practice 
 with reference to meeting the world's need, lends 
 earnestness and intensity to one's prayer life. 
 
 In every church there must be a campaign of 
 education on the work of God in all the world in 
 order that the youth may be helped in determin- 
 ing aright the character and field of their life 
 work. To do the will of God, they must know 
 the needs of man. How can they be sure that 
 they have found the task in which they will be 
 most useful to their generation, if they are 
 brought up in ignorance of the social, moral, and 
 religious condition and the spiritual claims of 
 two-thirds of the human race? 
 
62 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Systematic instruction as to world-wide mis- 
 sions will do much to overcome such perils to 
 church life and efficiency as selfishness, narrow- 
 ness of view, contracted sympathies, and indif- 
 ference and apathy concerning the extension of 
 the Kingdom of Christ. Each church needs 
 something to live for apart from itself and its 
 own local work. Nothing short of participation 
 in the sublime undertaking of the evangelization 
 of the world is adequate to emancipate from self- 
 ishness, and to call out the best energies of mind 
 and heart. How the missionary vision enlarges 
 one's view of the world, of the Church, and of 
 the Gospel! 
 
 Without a shadow of doubt the vitality of the 
 Church depends on its being missionary. " It 
 seems to be an indisputable fact," said Bishop 
 Selwyn in his first episcopal charge, " that how- 
 ever inadequate a church may be to its own in- 
 ternal wants, it must on no account suspend its 
 missionary duties ; that this is in fact the circu- 
 lation of its life's blood, which would lose its vital 
 power if it never flowed forth to the extremities, 
 but curdled at the heart." ^ This explains why 
 
 * Quoted by Eugene Stock, " The History of the Church 
 Missionary Society," L, 448. 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 63 
 
 some churches are suffering atrophy and why 
 others have an expanding and abounding spirit- 
 ual life. The spiritual life is the life of Christ. 
 The life of Christ cannot be pent up. In view 
 of these considerations, how transcendently im- 
 portant is the work of the pastor as an educa- 
 tional force for missions. 
 
 How the Pastor may Promote the Education of 
 the Church Members concerning the En- 
 terprise of World Evangelisation 
 
 Through the Pulpit 
 
 Foremost among the means for instructing and 
 inspiring the people in this great work of God are 
 the pulpit and its ministrations. By his sermons 
 the pastor can bring the subject before the largest 
 number of members. Probably three-fourths of 
 them do not read the missionary and other church 
 periodicals. In what way save by preaching can 
 we hope to bring the facts to their earnest atten- 
 tion ? All experience shows that the strong pub- 
 lic presentation of the subject by the one to whom 
 the members look for guidance in all things spir- 
 itual Is the best means of making a deep impres- 
 sion upon them. 
 
64 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 How many missionary sermons should there 
 be in a given year? Archbishop Temple when 
 Bishop of London, in his meetings with the clergy 
 of his diocese, asked them to preach twenty mis- 
 sionary sermons each year. Several of the lead- 
 ing missionary society secretaries, who have had 
 exceptional opportunities to study the experience 
 of the churches, recommend that there should be 
 twelve each year. A study of twenty-five 
 churches among those which have been yielding 
 the largest results for missions shows that their 
 ministers average five foreign missionary ser- 
 mons each year. In view of the magnitude and 
 importance of the theme, its living interest, and 
 the wealth of material, it would seem that there 
 should be not less than four sermons each year 
 devoted to world-wide missions. Emphasis here 
 should be placed, not chiefly on the mechanical 
 idea of the number of sermons, but on the 
 thought that the vastness, vitality, and timeliness 
 of the missionary movement and its claims re- 
 quire that the subject receive large, frequent, and 
 thorough pulpit treatment. 
 
 So many and varied are the aspects of the mis- 
 sionary movement that the problem of determin- 
 ing upon what themes to preach is one of selec- 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 65 
 
 tion. One mistake of missionary sermons is that 
 they too often treat missions in a general way. 
 Such classes of subjects as the following afford 
 wide scope for treatment : 
 
 The biblical basis of missions. People respect 
 the Bible. It comes to them with special force. 
 It is through and through a missionary book. 
 
 The thorough presentation of definite mission- 
 ary objects in which it is desired to interest the 
 members. Such concrete treatment and speciali- 
 zation help to locate responsibility. 
 
 Biographical subjects. These invariably stim- 
 ulate thought. 
 
 Missions in relation to the modern world 
 movements. Such books as " Christian Missions 
 and Social Progress " by Dr. James S. Dennis 
 and " Missions and Modern History " by Mr. 
 Robert E. Speer will be most suggestive. 
 
 The transforming power of the Gospel in the 
 lives of men and of nations. Missions afford op- 
 portunity for proving even to unbelievers the 
 supernatural power of the religion of Jesus 
 Christ. Some of the most effective evangelistic 
 appeals have been based upon recent evidences of 
 the working of the Holy Spirit in difficult and 
 unpromising heathen fields. 
 
66 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Topics which vividly set forth the opportunity, 
 crisis, and urgency of the work. 
 
 Habits of Hfe which must be cultivated by 
 Christians, if the world is to be evangelized ; for 
 example, the habit of self-denying giving and the 
 habit of intercessory prayer. 
 
 The pastor must expose conscientiously, and in 
 a spirit calculated likewise to arouse the con- 
 sciences of his hearers, the shams, fallacies, and 
 excuses which prevent Christians from discharg- 
 ing their full missionary responsibility. In this 
 connection nothing is more necessary in many 
 churches than to change the unscriptural and un- 
 reasonable attitude of the members who say that 
 they believe in home but not in foreign missions. 
 
 The object of missionary sermons is quite as 
 important as their subject. And what is that ob- 
 ject? It is to ground Christians in the principles 
 underlying the missionary enterprise; to inform 
 them concerning the facts; to educate them as 
 to their duty in their particular day and genera- 
 tion; and to inspire them to action. Has any 
 man been known to fail to develop a missionary 
 spirit in a church, if he gave himself with undis- 
 courageable resolution to the realization of these 
 objects? 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 67 
 
 In order to present missions in such a manner 
 as will lead the people to regard the missionary- 
 sermons as among the most interesting and im- 
 pressive of the year, thoroughgoing preparation 
 is required. Wherever one finds a pastor de- 
 voting the same quality of thought and the same 
 amount of time to work on his sermons on mis- 
 sions as he does to other subjects, one does not 
 hear complaints about lack of missionary interest 
 and paucity of results. When the subject fairly 
 lays hold on him, his convictions and devotion 
 will become contagious. This sufficiently ex- 
 plains why some pastors of only ordinary ability 
 are achieving larger results for missions than cer- 
 tain others who have conspicuously greater tal- 
 ents and opportunities. 
 
 Some of the greatest discourses ever preached 
 were missionary sermons which bear the marks 
 of exhaustive preparation; for example, the one 
 by William Carey on " Expect Great Things from 
 God, Attempt Great Things for God " ; " The Star 
 in the East," by Claudius Buchanan ; " The At- 
 traction of the Cross," by John Angell James ; the 
 anniversary sermon in 1866 by Dean Magee be- 
 fore the Church Missionary Society; the memor- 
 able deputation missionary sermons by Alexander 
 
68 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Duff; *' The Moral Dignity of the Missionary 
 Enterprise," by Francis Wayland ; " Apostolic 
 Missions," by Joseph Angus ; and " The Heroism 
 of Foreign Missions," by Phillips Brooks.^ 
 
 There are other uses of the pulpit which con- 
 tribute greatly to the development of missionary 
 interest. At times it is well to invite secretaries 
 of the missionary societies and returned mission- 
 aries to address the congregation. The testimony 
 and appeals of experts are always effective in a 
 campaign of education. Student volunteers and 
 other intending missionaries might be used oc- 
 casionally to kindle or deepen interest. It would 
 not be a mistake to introduce a symposium of lay 
 members of the church, especially at the Sunday 
 morning service, when the business men are pres- 
 ent. One pastor has a five to ten minute prelude 
 each Sunday morning on some live missionary 
 topic. Another occasionally calls public attention 
 to very important news from the foreign field. 
 But none of these things can or should be per- 
 mitted to take the place of preaching upon the 
 subject by the pastor himself. Some pastors have 
 found the use of charts a very effective method 
 of getting people to see the facts. Charts will be 
 
 * A, T. Pierson, " The Modern Mission Century," 265. 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 69 
 
 found especially useful in enabling the pastor to 
 show what his church is doing and what it ought 
 to do. The educative effect, as well as the spiri- 
 tual influence, of intelligent intercession for mis- 
 sions in the regular public prayers is great indeed. 
 The pulpit treatment of missions should not 
 be restricted to stated missionary sermons. The 
 preacher must feel that missions is his domain, 
 and not that he goes out of his way to preach on 
 the subject.^ Dr. Daniels was asked by a promi- 
 nent pastor to preach on foreign missions in the 
 morning and to preach the Gospel in the evening ; 
 — as though every missionary sermon should not 
 illustrate the power of the Gospel and every gos- 
 pel sermon should not show forth the mission- 
 ary spirit! All preaching should bear on the 
 world's conquest. Let there be frequent allusions 
 to missions. Some people will at first resent mis- 
 sionary sermons but will not do so with regard 
 to illustrations. To influence them use may be 
 made of the endless variety of effective incidents 
 and illustrations which can be drawn from mis- 
 sionary biography and history bearing vitally on 
 Christian experience at home. If in all our 
 preaching we bear in mind that men are not only 
 *Gustav Warneck, " Evangelische Missionslehre," II., 124. 
 
7o THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 to be saved and built up but also that they are to 
 be enlisted as recruits for the spread of Christ's 
 Kingdom, we shall be constantly referring to 
 missions and imparting missionary impulses. We 
 shall be literally leading the forces into battle. 
 The pastor should not fail from time to time, 
 when administering the Holy Communion, to 
 dwell upon its profound missionary significance.^ 
 
 Educating Church Members through Missionary 
 Meetings 
 
 In connection with each church there should 
 be a monthly missionary meeting. As a rule it 
 has been found best to let this take the place of 
 the regular prayer-meeting for the week. It; cor- 
 responds to the old " monthly concert of prayer 
 for missions.'' The nature of that time-honored 
 service is certainly not so well understood now 
 as it was formerly; for I have heard of one de- 
 voted Christian worker who thought the monthly 
 concert meant a musical entertainment. Much 
 of the missionary life in the churches of America 
 
 ^ John Hall, " How to Diffuse the Missionary Spirit " 
 in " Report of the Tenth Annual Convention of the Amer- 
 ican Inter-Seminary Missionary Alliance " (held in Chicago, 
 1889), 89. 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 71 
 
 is traceable to the monthly concert of prayer for 
 missions. If this institution could be restored to 
 its former position and influence, it would be well. 
 But the missionary rneeting must be made a real, 
 living thing if it is to hold its own in this day of 
 many meetings and organizations. To this end it 
 should be placed under the direction of a wide- 
 awake, studious, pushing committee to which the 
 pastor should sustain a close relation. 
 
 Let the twelve meetings of the year be planned 
 in advance with great care. Six meetings might 
 be devoted to foreign missions and six to city 
 and home missions. Experience in certain 
 churches, and also in many colleges and univer- 
 sities where the conditions are in some respects 
 less favorable than in the churches, proves that 
 such meetings are most interesting when thor- 
 ough preparation is made. 
 
 While strong outside speakers may be used 
 now and then, it is desirable that a majority of 
 the meetings be carried on by the pastor and the 
 lay members of the church itself. This will not 
 only be a good thing for those who participate, 
 but their words will come with greater force to 
 the popular conscience. 
 
 Subjects similar to those mentioned for ser- 
 
72 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 mons may be used, although, as a rule, more 
 popular themes should be taken. The missionary 
 boards of different churches also recommend in 
 their periodicals or in special leaflets topics for 
 these monthly meetings. The method of presen- 
 tation should be that of addresses and not of writ- 
 ten papers. At times it may be best to have two 
 or more short talks rather than one extended ad- 
 dress. The pastor need not hesitate to depart 
 from the regular program, if there be an oppor- 
 tunity of securing as a speaker some influential 
 or able missionary, or church leader. As a rule, 
 however, the pastor himself should be the 
 speaker. The seventeen years' experience in the 
 pastorate of Dr. A. W. Halsey shows what a 
 pastor can do to make the monthly missionary 
 meeting a power, if he wills to do so. 
 
 There are a number of accessory features the 
 use of which will help to hold and enlarge the 
 interest in the meeting. The stereopticon is a 
 decided help in the presentation of topics pertain- 
 ing to fields and phases of mission work. Slides 
 can be secured from the offices of some of the 
 missionary boards. Charts specially prepared for 
 the occasion often assist greatly in fixing im- 
 pressions. Maps are indispensable to the satis- 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 73 
 
 factory presentation of many themes. If letters 
 from the mission fields are ever read, such read- 
 ing should be limited to brief extracts giving very 
 striking incidents and facts. Let one man be ap- 
 pointed to scan current secular periodicals and to 
 report at the monthly meeting items of vital mis- 
 sionary interest. This affords a good opportunity 
 to use laymen. Now and then there should be a 
 review of some new volume bearing on the 
 world's evangelization. At least once a quarter 
 there should be a book exhibit designed to facili- 
 tate the use of missionary literature. Even better 
 in some respects is the plan of exhibiting and 
 calling attention to books bearing on the subject 
 of the evening, provided the pastor himself has 
 read them.^ 
 
 Promoting Missionary Education through Utilis- 
 ing the Missionary Possibilities of the Young 
 People's Organizations 
 
 " It is a holy thing," said Disraeli in " Conings- 
 by," " to see a state saved by its youth." It is still 
 more impressive to see the youth of many lands 
 
 ^The pamphlet by Dr. A. W. Halsey on "The Monthly 
 Concert of Prayer for Missions " treats suggestively the 
 subject of missionary meetings. 
 
74 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 fired with a passion for the world-wide extension 
 of the reign of Christ. The plan which lays hold 
 of the youth of the day and enlists their interest 
 tells for victory. The Church is only beginning 
 to realize the wonderful possibilities of childhood 
 and youth. The same expenditure of attention 
 required to enlist the active support of one Chris- 
 tian advanced in age would kindle the enthusiasm 
 of a score of young people. If for twenty or even 
 fifteen years the young people of Christendom 
 could be interested and properly instructed in 
 missions the whole Church would be filled with 
 the missionary spirit. 
 
 Because of the vast possibilities of the young 
 people in every community, the pastor should 
 leave no stone unturned to become an authority 
 on the best methods of insuring the thorough 
 cultivation of this most promising part of his 
 field. The plan should include the reaching of 
 the youth of all ages, from the kindergarten age 
 right up to young manhood and young woman- 
 hood. 
 
 First in importance in the campaign to reach 
 the young is the development of the mission- 
 ary spirit in the Sunday-school. The plan of 
 organizing the Sunday-school into a mission- 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 75 
 
 ary society has been followed with the best 
 of results. This society has its own officers, 
 its regular meetings, and its program of work 
 for missions. In cases where this plan is 
 not followed, there should be a missionary 
 committee of the Sunday-school which will 
 seek to make the school a real power for mis- 
 sions. Not less than four, and better eight, ses- 
 sions each year should be devoted to home and 
 foreign missions. It is important that the youth 
 become acquainted with the work of God in the 
 world, as well as with the Word of God. Is it, 
 therefore, too much to have one Sunday-school 
 lesson each quarter on missionary subjects, as has 
 been done with reference to the topic of temper- 
 ance for many years? The plan of giving five 
 to ten minutes to missions each Sunday for six 
 months each year has also worked well in some 
 schools. The Canadian Presbyterian Church has 
 arranged to introduce in their Sunday-school 
 publications a systematic series of questions on 
 missions, and to give each teacher missionary ma- 
 terial upon which to instruct the class. The ques- 
 tions each week will be few in number, and will 
 not interfere materially with the other Sunday- 
 school work. 
 
76 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 There is need of introducing missionary man- 
 uals of instruction as a part of the Sunday-school 
 curriculum to be studied by each scholar at some 
 period of his course. Until this lack is supplied, 
 the teachers and missionary committee ought to 
 devise special means for interesting and instruct- 
 ing the scholars. They should avail themselves 
 of the different helps and practical suggestions 
 on the subject which are issued from time to time 
 by the young people's department of the mission- 
 ary boards. 
 
 A missionary section of the Sunday-school 
 library should be established and enriched from 
 year to year. The material available for this 
 purpose is becoming more and more abundant 
 and attractive. As it is necessary to keep the 
 most fascinating phases of missions before the 
 young, constant use must be made of the appeal 
 to the eye. It has been stated that over eighty 
 per cent, of the information that comes to us 
 comes through the eye. If this is so, more at- 
 tention should be paid to the best uses of this 
 avenue of approach to the mind. This suggests 
 large possibilities in the way of using pictures, 
 charts and missionary curios. 
 
 There must be an adequate outlet for the in- 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE ^^ 
 
 terest and enthusiasm generated in the school. 
 To this end the scholars should be guided in 
 forming right habits of giving to missions, pray- 
 ing for missions, and working for missions. 
 
 Ranking close to the Sunday-school in mission- 
 ary possibilities are the various organizations of 
 young people, such as Endeavor Societies, Ep- 
 worth Leagues, and Baptist Young People's 
 Unions. In these and similar societies in the 
 United States and Canada alone are nearly 
 6,000,000 members. What a mighty army for 
 world conquest if enlisted, trained, and equipped ! 
 The pastor may well give some of his best 
 thought and most sympathetic attention to fur- 
 thering the providential mission of this agency 
 in the onward movement of world evangelism. 
 The holding of live monthly missionary meetings, 
 the conduct of classes for the thorough study of 
 missions, the promotion of the reading of mis- 
 sionary literature, the calling forth of real prayer 
 on behalf of missions, the cultivation of the prac- 
 tice of systematic giving, and the leading of young 
 people to consider earnestly the claims of mis- 
 sions as a field for life service, are the points 
 which should receive constant emphasis in the 
 missionary policy of any young people's society. 
 
78 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 A number of manuals fairly bristling with 
 helpful suggestions on the whole range of the 
 missionary activity of such societies have been 
 issued by the young people's movements of dif- 
 ferent denominations and by certain publishers of 
 missionary literature. The pastor should with- 
 out fail obtain these and familiarize himself with 
 them, if he is to command the confidence of his 
 young people as a missionary leader, and if as 
 he comes into touch with them in different rela- 
 tions, he is to be able to guide them into the 
 largest achievements. 
 
 One of the greatest opportunities which a pas- 
 tor has for exerting a deep missionary influence 
 on young people comes at the time when they are 
 received into communicant membership in the 
 church. In receiving them on that serious and 
 impressive occasion let him emphasize the fact 
 that true allegiance to Christ and His Church 
 requires that the Christian be willing to be used 
 in God's service anywhere He may lead and that 
 he make his whole life tell on the evangelization 
 of the world. Many foreign missionaries and 
 many powerful home advocates of missions trace 
 their life-long consecration to the cause to the 
 faithful words of ministers of the Gospel at the 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 79 
 
 time when they entered the Christian fellowship 
 of the Church. 
 
 Promoting Missionary Education through Other 
 Organisations in the Church 
 
 Besides the organizations among young people 
 there are other missionary societies in the church. 
 Probably the strongest among them are the 
 women's missionary organizations. These con- 
 stitute the most enterprising, the most aggress- 
 ive, and the most fruitful agencies for the pro- 
 motion of missionary interest now at work in the 
 churches. In North America, Germany, and in 
 the British Isles their achievements have been 
 noteworthy. For every reason it is desirable that 
 the pastor keep himself in intelligent and sym- 
 pathetic touch with the plans and activities of 
 any such organizations in his own church and 
 facilitate their work in every way practicable. 
 
 The uniform success of the local women's mis- 
 sionary societies wherever they have received 
 proper attention prompts the query, Why should 
 there not be local men's missionary societies? 
 There is an impression in the minds of many that 
 the missionary movement is largely a women's 
 
So THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 undertaking. There are reasons why the sub- 
 ject of the world's evangelization should appeal 
 with special force to men, and to the strongest 
 men. Moreover, because of the magnitude, im- 
 portance, and difficulty of the task of the world's 
 evangelization, the intelligent and active co- 
 operation of men of affairs is most urgently 
 needed. This greatest work of the world lan- 
 guishes in no small measure because of the lack 
 of their initiative and aggressive support. 
 
 What has been accomplished in some of the 
 churches of England, Scotland, and America in 
 awakening missionary interest among the men, 
 the manner in which the missionary propaganda 
 of the student movement has enlisted the best 
 men of the universities, both volunteers and non- 
 volunteers, and the success of all sorts of men's 
 clubs in American churches prove conclusively 
 that the men of our churches might be rallied in 
 large numbers around the missionary idea. It 
 rests with the pastors to call more largely into 
 action this vast latent power. One of the most 
 practical plans of carrying out the idea is that of 
 having men's Bible classes conducted once a 
 month as men's missionary societies. Efforts 
 should be put forth also to make men a greater 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 8i 
 
 factor in the monthly missionary concert and in 
 the other activities of the church on behalf of 
 missions. Difficult as it is to accomplish, enlist 
 them on the committees. Give them work to do. 
 If men are called on to do little or nothing, we 
 must not be surprised to find them manifesting 
 but feeble interest in the mission schemes of the 
 church. That to which they give time, thought, 
 and energy, they will learn to love and toward 
 that they will show real enthusiasm. 
 
 Educating Church Members through the Mis- 
 sion Study Class 
 
 Largely as a result of the work of the Edu- 
 cational Department of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement during the past ten years, great inter- 
 est has been awakened in the study of missions. 
 At first it was confined chiefly to the colleges 
 and theological seminaries, but it soon spread to 
 the various movements among young people. 
 Still more recently the women's missionary so- 
 cieties have so successfully emphasized the idea, 
 that classes for the study of missions are being 
 widely organized among women in churches. As 
 a result of all this agitation, study groups are 
 
 13S51 
 
82 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 being started among different classes of church 
 members. The time has come when every church 
 should have at least one representative and well 
 conducted class for the thorough study of various 
 aspects of the missionary movement. 
 
 Apart from other considerations, there is need 
 in each church of several persons with unusually 
 clear and deep convictions on the subject of 
 world-wide missions, in order to carry out the 
 various missionary plans and to realize the mis- 
 sionary possibilities of the church. To this end 
 there should be an efficient mission study class 
 especially intended for them. No other one 
 thing will help the pastor more in carrying out a 
 large and fruitful missionary policy. 
 
 The objects of the mission class are : to create 
 among its members missionary convictions, to 
 help them form the habit of independent study 
 of missions, to train them so far as practicable 
 for advocating the cause of missions and for 
 teaching study classes, and to inspire them to 
 earnest efforts on behalf of the world's evangeli- 
 zation. 
 
 In view of the objects stated above, the class 
 should be composed of persons who are in a posi- 
 tion to influence the missionary life and activity 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 83 
 
 of the church and who are enough interested to 
 be wilHng to give the time necessary to make the 
 class a real success. In a sense it is a class of 
 leaders and workers, although its membership 
 need not be limited exclusively to such persons. 
 While there may be several other mission classes 
 among the young people or other groups of 
 church members, this circle should receive the 
 special support of the pastor. It may not be 
 necessary or desirable for him to be its leader, 
 but in every way in his power he should promote 
 its interest and efficiency. The busy pastor may 
 regard this as only another burden added to his 
 already heavy load, but is not the result to be 
 obtained abundantly worth all the time and work 
 involved ? 
 
 To launch mission study classes, it will be a 
 good plan to hold an annual mission study rally 
 where the importance of the subject will be 
 strongly presented and where members will be 
 enrolled. This meeting may be supplemented by 
 personal work, especially with individuals whom 
 it is particularly desirable to enlist in energetically 
 promoting the general missionary plans of the 
 church. 
 
 The secret of the success of a mission studj; 
 
84' THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 class lies in a few things. Of first importance, 
 have a leader who is keenly interested in the sub- 
 ject, who is apt to teach or lead, and who will 
 give time for thorough preparation. Limit the 
 size of the class to about ten in order to insure 
 unity, freedom, and the development which comes 
 from more general participation in the discus- 
 sions and work of the class. Have the class meet 
 weekly and for not less than an hour each time. 
 The course of studies should extend through at 
 least two months. There are manifest advan- 
 tages in having a text-book as a basis for the 
 work of the class. The members should have 
 access to a good collection of missionary litera- 
 ture. There must be earnest and painstaking 
 work of preparation done by each member of the 
 class. The objective of mission study must be 
 kept constantly in mind — self-denying and 
 prayerful efforts on the part of all the members 
 to promote the evangelization of the world. 
 
 For suitable courses of mission study, exam- 
 ine the annual prospectus of the Educational De- 
 partment of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 and the circulars of suggestions issued by the 
 various denominational missionary societies, es- 
 pecially by their young people's departments. 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 85 
 
 Each pastor and each leader of a mission class 
 should read with care the admirable pamphlet, 
 " A Brief Manual for Leaders of Mission Study; 
 Classes/' by T. H. P. Sailer, Ph.D. 
 
 Facilitating the Education of the Church Mem- 
 bers through Making Available the Sources 
 of Missionary Information 
 
 There should be a well equipped missionary 
 library in every church. If the missionary fires 
 of the church are to be kept burning intensely, 
 such literature is indispensable. It is needed for 
 constant reference in connection with the various 
 missionary meetings and study classes. The book 
 lists issued by the Student Volunteer Movement 
 and by some of the mission boards afford a satis- 
 factory basis for selection. Additions of recent 
 books should be made to the collection each year. 
 The pastor's counsel will be needed constantly in 
 the building up of this library. The books should 
 be kept in a place where they will be most acces- 
 sible. Reference has already been made to keep- 
 ing a well adapted collection of missionary books 
 in the Sunday-school library. 
 
 Some of the most useful and effective litera- 
 
S6 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ture on missions is in the form of pamphlets and 
 leaflets. Samples of the best should be kept on 
 file in the library. Wise use may be made of sup- 
 plies of certain of them in furthering the mission- 
 ary policy of the church. 
 
 The pastor should see that files of the mission- 
 ary periodicals of his denomination are kept in 
 the library and preserved in bound form, as well 
 as a file of The Missionary Review of the World, 
 He should also strive to hava the denominational 
 missionary periodicals taken by each family in 
 the church. 
 
 Striking missionary charts should be prepared 
 for special occasions, preferably by the young 
 people of the church. They should be kept in 
 the library for future use. It is desirable to 
 change them frequently. 
 
 A map of the world, showing in colors the dis- 
 tribution of the different religions, should be 
 hung in a conspicuous place. Other maps, show- 
 ing in detail the mission fields in which the 
 church is specially interested, should be on hand 
 for use in the meetings and study classes. 
 
 There should be a growing collection of mis- 
 sionary photographs. Pictures from many parts 
 of the world illustrating all phases of mission 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 87 
 
 work may be obtained at small cost. Some mis- 
 sionary boards are prepared to loan such pictorial 
 exhibits of mission fields and work. Curios, es- 
 pecially those relating to the non-Christian re- 
 ligions, should be obtained from missionaries and 
 world travelers and be carefully preserved. 
 
 To insttre unity, harmony, and efficiency in 
 conducting such a varied and extensive educa- 
 tional campaign it is desirable and necessary that 
 there should he a church missionary committee. 
 It should be composed of the presidents of the 
 missionary societies, the chairmen of the mission- 
 ary committees of other organizations, the lead- 
 ers of mission study classes, the pastor of the 
 church, and the superintendent of the Sunday- 
 school. A half day, or an unhurried evening, 
 should be devoted by this committee near the 
 opening of the working year of the church to de- 
 termining a comprehensive and aggressive mis- 
 sionary policy for the year. In addition to this 
 the committee should meet at least once a month. 
 Let the pastor regard this group of workers 
 as his missionary staff, and by the most inti- 
 mate association with them in all their plans 
 and activities seek to communicate to them 
 his own vision and spirit, as well as his deep- 
 
88 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 est convictions as to how the church may be 
 made a mighty factor in the conquest of the 
 world for Jesus Christ. 
 
 IVhat is Required of the Pastor in Order that He 
 may he Able to Educate the Church Mem- 
 bers concerning Missions and to Guide 
 Their Missionary Activities 
 
 The man is more important than the method. 
 If the pastor is thoroughly furnished for leader- 
 ship, he can achieve good results with almost any 
 method, and even the most approved methods 
 are dependent for their highest efficiency in ac- 
 tion on their being wielded by a competent hand. 
 
 The pastor should adopt a plan or policy each 
 year with reference to improving his own effi- 
 ciency as a missionary teacher and leader. The 
 fact that so little is accomplished in this direction 
 by some men is due, not so much to the difficul- 
 ties in their way, as to their failure to take time 
 and thought to fix upon a definite plan, no mat- 
 ter how simple, and resolutely to follow it. What 
 part of his work is more worthy of careful plan- 
 ning and preparation? And what part can be 
 more important? As missions are the chief end 
 of the Church, and therefore of its ministry, one 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 89 
 
 of the chief aims of the pastor should be to fit 
 himself for this great work. " A pastor who does 
 not look out broadly upon the great movement 
 of Christianity in the world, and is not qualified 
 by knowledge for the task of enlisting Christians 
 in the present work of their Lord, does not truly 
 represent Christ to his people." ^ 
 
 The pastor ought to have a comprehensive and 
 growing missionary library. He cannot do good 
 work without proper tools. An inquiry concern- 
 ing the libraries of a large number of ministers 
 reveals the fact that this is a weak point with a 
 large majority of them. A list of books for a 
 model missionary collection for the pastor's 
 library is given in the appendix. It was prepared 
 in consultation with some of the best informed 
 pastors and other authorities on missionary mat- 
 ters. Though it may be impracticable for most 
 ministers to secure the entire collection at once, 
 there are few men who could not overtake the en- 
 tire list within a few years. In some cases the 
 collection might be purchased by the church an4 
 placed where the pastor would have easy access 
 to it. In the preparation of the list, care has been 
 taken to keep in mind not only the needs of the 
 
 * W. N. Clarke, " A Study of Christian Missions," 263. 
 
90 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 pastor in the preparation of sermons and ad- 
 dresses, in guiding study classes, and in making 
 special investigations, but also his being in a 
 position to loan to different classes among his 
 members, young and old, books calculated to meet 
 special needs. 
 
 It is interesting to note that two of the three 
 greatest missionary libraries in the world were 
 built up by two pastors, one by Dr. A. C. Thomp- 
 son when living near Boston, and the other by 
 Dean Vahl of Denmark. Each contained sev- 
 eral thousand volumes. If the pastor does not 
 bring to the attention of his people the great, 
 growing, and little known literature of missions, 
 they are not likely to come under its influence. 
 
 The pastor should put into operation some sys- 
 tem of filing, for his own ready reference, all 
 other missionary data. This should make avail- 
 able at a moment's notice his accumulations of 
 clippings, pamphlets, and notes of addresses per- 
 taining to the different aspects of the subject. It 
 should also embrace some simple plan of record- 
 ing and preserving the results of his reading, 
 interviews, and special meditations. He needs to 
 give free development to the spirit of inquiry 
 which animated Jonathan Edwards. " If I heard 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 91 
 
 the least hint," said he, " of anything that hap- 
 pened, in any part of the world, that appeared, in 
 some respect or other, to have a favorable aspect 
 on the interests of Christ's kingdom, my soul 
 eagerly catched at it." ^ 
 
 That the pastor should be a constant reader 
 on missionary subjects needs no argument. And 
 yet of sixty ministers who answered in The Con- 
 gregationalist the question, '* What special lines 
 of study and reading do you intend to pursue ? " 
 only two of the sixty mentioned missions.^ Sev- 
 eral men who have spent much time in deputation 
 work among the churches report that it is very 
 seldom indeed that they find a minister who is 
 reading missionary books. A study of the pro- 
 grams of ministers' meetings and conferences in 
 different centers shows that only rarely are mis- 
 sionary themes brought up for discussion. In 
 one of our largest cities the pastor who had the 
 reputation of being the best-read minister in that 
 city on the subject of missions confessed that he 
 was reading but one missionary book a year. 
 
 If the pastor is to preach not twenty, or twelve, 
 but even four missionary sermons each year it 
 
 ^ " The Works of President Edwards," I., 19. 
 *The Congregationalist, November 16, 1901, p. 770. 
 
92 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 will require not a little reading. If he is to preach 
 even one a year which is not to be made up of 
 general principles and platitudes but which 
 abounds with living interest, he must read much 
 on the subject. If he is to lead the people prop- 
 erly in public intercession each week for the ex- 
 tension of the Kingdom, he must be reading con- 
 stantly. Unless he knows the burning needs 
 and the splendid triumphs of his day on the for- 
 eign field, he is not competent to lead aright in 
 this important ministry. If he is to guide the 
 missionary activities of the church, he must keep 
 his own interest fresh and vigorous by mission- 
 ary reading. 
 
 But simply reading on missions is not enough 
 in these days. The pastor should each year pur- 
 sue a thorough study of some missionary theme. 
 It is best for every man to have some subject on 
 which he specializes. What subject could a min- 
 ister choose for this purpose which would yield 
 more profit for his own life and work than 
 world-wide missions? Moreover, it is really es- 
 sential that he be a student of missions, and in- 
 creasingly an authority on the subject. Other- 
 wise he cannot do justice to his pulpit oppor- 
 tunities; he cannot command the intellectual 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 93 
 
 confidence of the leaders of the missionary so- 
 cieties and activities in his own church, some of 
 whom are giving special study to the subject; 
 he cannot train leaders to help him in the enlarge- 
 ment of the missionary interest and fruitfulness 
 of his people ; — in short, he cannot be a true 
 leader in this most important work of the Church. 
 
 The pastor should avail himself of opportuni- 
 ties to attend missionary conferences and con- 
 ventions. It is abundantly worth all that it costs 
 in time and money to be present at such denomi- 
 national gatherings as those of the American 
 Board and such interdenominational meetings in 
 the interest of world-wide missions as those of 
 the Student Volunteer Movement. I can think 
 of no case where a minister ever regretted mak- 
 ing sacrifices to come in contact with these great 
 councils of war. Ministers return to their par- 
 ishes with larger knowledge, wider vision, en- 
 riched sympathies, stronger faith, and greater 
 zeal — much better prepared in every way for the 
 work at their doors, as well as that on behalf of 
 the less favored parts of the world. 
 
 By utilizing opportunities for interviews with 
 returned missionaries, world travelers, and sec- 
 retaries of mission boards, the pastor can greatly 
 
94 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 add to his fund of most vivid and telling knowl- 
 edge on missions. " He that questioneth much 
 shall learn much, — but especially if he apply his 
 questions to the skill of the persons whom he 
 asketh." ^ Not a year passes that pastors, even in 
 obscure places, do not have opportunities to enter 
 into the rich experience and avail themselves of 
 the first-hand knowledge of men in touch with 
 the great, distant, difficult battle-fields of the 
 Church. If such opportunities be improved for 
 ten or fifteen years, it will result in greatly en- 
 riching the furnishing of any pastor for promot- 
 ing Christ's Kingdom in the world. 
 
 It will be a good plan for the pastor from time 
 to time to assume responsibility for the prepara- 
 tion of an article on some aspect of missions for 
 a periodical, or of a lecture or address on the 
 subject for some special occasion, thus necessi- 
 tating very special investigation and study. This 
 will cultivate the habit of accuracy and thorough- 
 ness. It will make the results of one's investi- 
 gations and thinking one's own as nothing else 
 can do. Moreover, if he does very thorough 
 work, it may enable him to make contributions 
 to missionary literature and learning. The pas- 
 * Francis Bacon, "Of Discourse," in "Essays." 
 
AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 9$ 
 
 tors of Germany, Holland, and Scandinavian 
 lands have done more scholarly work in this field 
 than those of North America and Great Britain. 
 The pastor should be ambitious to help in shaping 
 the missionary policy of his denomination as he 
 has opportunity to influence it through its peri- 
 odicals and at its deliberative gatherings. The 
 missionary movement of every denomination 
 needs more thinkers and statesmen. 
 
 The pastor must be filled with the spirit of 
 missions. Then every discourse and prayer and 
 personal conversation will give forth missionary 
 impulse and life. He knows that to achieve any 
 purpose among the people, that purpose must be 
 made a part of his own being. If the pastors are 
 on fire with the missionary passion the churches 
 will be kindled. " For without the missionary 
 passion they are not able ministers of the New 
 Testament; they are disabled, deficient, half- 
 equipped; they lack the fulness of the spirit 
 of Christ." 1 
 
 ^ Charles Cuthbert Hall in " Ecumenical Missionary Con- 
 ference " (held in New York, 1900), I., 149. 
 
THE PASTOR AS A FINANCIAL FORCE 
 IN THE WORLD'S EVANGELIZATION 
 
Ill 
 
 THE PASTOR AS A FINANCIAL FORCE IN THE 
 world's EVANGELIZATION 
 
 Money is not only a standard of value and an 
 instrument of power, it is itself accumulated 
 power. It is not only potent, but in some re- 
 spects it is well-nigh omnipotent. 
 
 Money has power to enable a man to multiply 
 the length of his life service. With it he can 
 set others to work while he himself continues to 
 labor, thus paralleling his own life work. With 
 money he can insure the continuation of his ac- 
 tivity through others long years and even genera- 
 tions after his own earthly career has closed. 
 
 Money enables a man to extend the field of his 
 life service. A man, not a millionaire, died in 
 New York some time ago whose gifts were work- 
 ing during his lifetime in over 200 different 
 places throughout the world — in churches, col- 
 leges, hospitals, and societies for the betterment 
 of men. As money speaks all languages, there 
 is practically no limit to the geographical range 
 99 
 
loo THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 of its influence. Though a man may be Hving 
 in obscurity, he may become by his gifts a power 
 in the upHfting of a whole nation or race. No 
 one should live in this century, as Samuel J. 
 Mills used to insist, without making his influ- 
 ence felt round the world if possible. 
 
 ]\Ioney has power to make efficient other 
 agencies and to increase the usefulness of other 
 men. Here are 500 Bibles lying idle in a store- 
 room. Money puts them into circulation. One 
 of them leads to the conversion of a man who 
 in turn leads scores of other men to Christ. Here 
 are two young men ambitious to secure an educa- 
 tion but unable to do so. Money loaned makes 
 possible their going through college. One of 
 them becomes a missionary who carries the 
 knowledge of Christ to an unevangelized tribe. 
 The other becomes a college professor and in his 
 lifetime helps to shape for good the careers of 
 hundreds of young men. Thus money is the lever 
 of all good enterprises. No amount of money 
 can save a soul, or build a character, or evan- 
 gelize a city, and yet it is a factor without which 
 these results are not accomplished. 
 
 Money has power to inaugurate and carry for- 
 ward great enterprises for the welfare of man- 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE loi 
 
 kind. All of the most extensive and beneficent 
 movements and institutions in Christian and non- 
 Christian lands were made possible by money 
 power rightly used. 
 
 Thus money has power to multiply greatly 
 one's opportunities, influence, and fruitfulness. 
 With equal truth it multiplies one's responsibili- 
 ties and duties. And in the possession and use 
 of money, as of any great power, one's risks and 
 perils are enormously increased. 
 
 The Abundance of Money 
 
 The present is a money-accumulating age. 
 The methods and inventions of modern civiliza- 
 tion and the new applications of power have 
 made it possible for men to accumulate wealth 
 as at no time in the past. No other country has 
 been more favored with continuous and abound- 
 ing prosperity than the United States. The in- 
 crease in the agricultural, mineral, industrial, and 
 commercial wealth of the nation has been at a 
 rate which is startling. 
 
 The population of the United States is about 
 three and one-half times greater than it was in 
 1850, whereas the wealth is fourteen times greater 
 than it was then. 
 
I02 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 The United States added vastly more to her 
 wealth in the last decade of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury than was accumulated between the discov- 
 ery of America and the Civil War.^ 
 
 The experts of the United States during the 
 five years ending June 30, 1903, exceeded the 
 imports for the same period over $2,500,000,000,^ 
 or more than all the present gold mines of the 
 world could produce, at the current rate of out- 
 put, in eight years.^ 
 
 Five years ago a prominent newspaper of the 
 metropolis had a rule that the death of a man who 
 left a million dollars was to be chronicled on 
 the first page. Today no one leaving less than 
 $15,000,000 is entitled to that distinction. 
 
 The United States has not only more rich men 
 than any other land, but also a greater number 
 who are comfortably well-to-do.^ There is less 
 centralization of wealth with us than in many 
 other countries, — and less now than in the past. 
 The average annual increase in savings-banks de- 
 
 * " The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United 
 States " (1903), I., 4r. 
 
 = Ibid. 61. 
 
 '"Annual Report of the Director of the Mint" (1903), 
 47. 
 
 * C. B. Spahr, " An Essay on the Present Distribution 
 of Wealth in the United States," 67. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 103 
 
 posits in the five years ending in 1903, was $173,- 
 914,709. The total deposits at the end of that 
 period were $2,935,204,000/ 
 
 Not only has the wealth of the country in- 
 creased enormously, but there has been a great 
 increase in the purchasing power of money. 
 This is due largely to new inventions. 
 
 In 1900 the Protestant church communicants 
 of the United States were worth $22,066,317,000. 
 During the ten years preceding they added to 
 their permanent wealth each year on an average 
 $684,754,410.^ If they had given even one-tenth 
 of this amount, saved out of their income, they 
 would have increased 1,252 per cent, what they 
 were giving to foreign missions according to the 
 compilation made by Dr. Dennis in 1900.^ 
 
 Though America is already the richest nation, 
 she has only begun to develop her resources. 
 Canada has entered upon a period of prosperity 
 which bids fair to be in many respects equally re- 
 
 * " Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency '* 
 (1903), I., 49. 
 
 ^ " The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United 
 States" (1903), I., 41; and H. K. Carroll, "Statistics 
 of the Churches of the United States," in The Christian 
 Advocate. Vol. LXXVL, 490. 
 
 ' James S. Dennis, " Centennial Survey of Foreign Mis- 
 sions," 257. 
 
I04 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 markable. The wealth accumulations of Great 
 Britain have also been enormous. 
 
 There is money enough to spend for almost 
 any undertaking on a scale that would have dazed 
 our ancestors. Over $500,000,000 has been paid 
 out already on the Siberian Railway. The Penn- 
 sylvania Road expects to spend not less than 
 $50,000,000 to perfect its terminal facilities in 
 New York and Brooklyn. It was pointed out at 
 the Toronto Convention of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement in 1902 that the United States and 
 Great Britain expended on the Spanish, Philip- 
 pine, and South African wars far more than 
 enough to maintain 20,000 missionaries on the 
 foreign field for more than a generation.^ 
 
 The streams of beneficence are increasing in 
 volume from year to year. During the eleven 
 years ending December 31, 1903, $610,410,000 
 was given in the United States by individuals in 
 gifts of over $5,000 toward educational, philan- 
 thropic, and religious objects. Over two-thirds of 
 this sum was given during the last five years.^ 
 
 * Robert E. Speer in " World-wide Evangelization " (Re- 
 port of the Fourth International Convention of the Student 
 Volunteer Movement, held in Toronto, 1902), 211. 
 
 ^ " Gifts smA Bequests," in Appleton's Annioal Encyclo- 
 paedia (years 1893-1903 inclusive). 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 105 
 
 In the United States there have been at least 
 forty-two gifts, ranging from one to thirty mil- 
 lions of dollars each, toward higher education. 
 These have been made by forty different persons. 
 The earliest of these donations was made about 
 seventy-five years ago. Over three-fifths of 
 them have been given within the last ten years. 
 
 The past few years have witnessed the great 
 benefaction by Alfred Nobel of Norway of $10,- 
 000,000 to encourage research, to stimulate liter- 
 ary achievement, and to promote the cause of 
 peace. The vast bequest of Cecil Rhodes, esti- 
 mated at $30,000,000, to found Oxford scholar- 
 ships belongs to the same recent period. 
 
 Comparatively few great gifts have been made 
 thus far toward the world's evangelization. 
 Bushnell has well said that the great problem is 
 "the Christianizing of the money power of the 
 world ;" ^ and, having in mind the growing 
 wealth of the country, he added : " Now what 
 we wait for, and are looking hopefully to see, is 
 a like consecration of the vast money power of 
 the world, to the work, and cause, and kingdom, 
 of Jesus Christ. . . . That tide-wave in the 
 money power can as little be resisted, when God 
 
 * Horace Bushnell, " Sermons on Living Subjects," 264. 
 
io6 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 brings it on, as the tides of the sea; and like 
 these also it will flow across the world in a day." ^ 
 
 Why More of the Money of Christians should 
 be Released for the World's Evangeliza- 
 tion 
 
 A careful investigation, involving conferences 
 with the men best informed about the giving to 
 religious enterprises in the different denomina- 
 tions, warrants the statement that fully sixty per 
 cent, of the communicants of the evangelical 
 churches of North America as a whole give noth- 
 ing to foreign missions. While a few denomina- 
 tions are able to make a better showing than this, 
 there are on the other hand some Christian bodies 
 in which not more than one in ten of the mem- 
 bers give anything to this great undertaking.^ 
 It was reported at the Volunteer Convention in 
 Toronto in 1902 that in four leading denomina- 
 tions there were over 12,000 churches which gave 
 nothing during the preceding year toward the ex- 
 tension of Christ's Kingdom to the less favored 
 
 * Horace Bushnell, " Sermons on Living Subjects," 265. 
 
 ^ A. H. Bradford, quoted in " Report of the Eighth Con- 
 ference of the Officers and Representatives of the Foreign 
 Missions Boards and Societies in the United States and 
 Canada" (held in New York, 1901), 66. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 107 
 
 lands of the world. In the light of the expressed 
 desires and purposes of Jesus Christ, all this 
 forces the conclusion that there is among Chris- 
 tians a startling misappropriation of trust funds. 
 
 The impression that the Church is not doing 
 her duty with reference to the use of money in 
 the world's evangelization is deepened when we 
 consider how little is given by Christians to this 
 object. Five of the principal denominations of 
 America are giving on an average only one cent 
 a week per member. Few denominations are 
 giving twice as much as this. Even when the 
 members who give nothing are eliminated, it still 
 leaves the average amount given by those who do 
 contribute exceedingly small in comparison with 
 their ability and the magnitude of the missionary 
 task of the Church. While the aggregate gifts 
 to missions are larger than they were a few years 
 ago, relatively they are smaller if we consider the 
 increase in the wealth of Christians.^ 
 
 At the conference of officers and members of 
 the missionary boards of North America in 1902, 
 it was shown that during the preceding year 
 eleven representative denominations paid out for 
 
 * Daniel Dorchester, " The Problem o£ Religious Prog- 
 ress," 437 ff. 
 
lo8 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 parish expenses $45,7cx),cx)0, for home missions 
 $5,138,000, and for foreign missions $2,442,000.^ 
 In other words, although the need abroad is 
 vastly greater, being several hundred-fold more 
 extensive, they gave less than one-tweniieth as 
 much to foreign as to home work. 
 
 The situation on the mission field calls for the 
 expenditure of very much more money. The 
 doors are wide open everywhere. The fields are 
 fully ripe. Workers are ready to go. The op- 
 portunities for pushing the enterprises of evan- 
 gelization and philanthropy are more appealing 
 and critical than at any time in the past. A vast 
 increase of fruitage may be expected if the pres- 
 ent opportunity is improved. Yet in the face of 
 an unprecedented situation such as this, the com- 
 municants of the home churches are daily increas- 
 ing in wealth but not increasing their mission- 
 ary gifts. A supreme need is that of consecrated 
 money. Christians would better cease praying 
 for opportunities and workers and the manifested 
 blessing of God on the work, or else begin to in- 
 crease their gifts. 
 
 Greatly enlarged giving to extend Christ's 
 
 ^ " Ninth Conference of the Officers and Representatives 
 of the Foreign Mission Boards and Societies in the United 
 States and Canada" (held in New York, 1902), 28. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 109 
 
 Kingdom throughout the world is urgently 
 needed to save the Christian lands themselves. 
 In all nations the times of greatest material pros- 
 perity have been the epochs of greatest danger. 
 Daniel Webster on returning from a trip to the 
 West summed up his impression of the peril of 
 America in the four words, — abundance, luxury, 
 decline, desolation. The hoarding and the wrong 
 use of gold constitute, as a writer in The Congre- 
 gationalist pointed out, " the true yellow peril." 
 If it be true that the failure to use money aright 
 is a menace to the country, the same thing may 
 be said with even greater force of the Church. 
 With increased getting there should be increased 
 giving. A sufficient outlet is needed, if the 
 Church is to be saved from the blight of covetous- 
 ness, luxury, and worldliness. The story is told 
 that the Pope, pointing to a treasure of gold, said 
 to Thomas Aquinas, " See, Thomas, the Church 
 of today can no longer use the language of St. 
 Peter, * Silver and gold have I none.' " " True, 
 your Holiness,'' Aquinas replied, "but neither 
 can she say, ' Rise up and walk.' " It is too true 
 that the state of atrophy which characterizes 
 many a Christian today is due to the lack of gen- 
 erous giving to carry out the great world-wide 
 
no THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 program of God. The example of the early 
 Christians, who abounded in works of unselfish 
 benevolence and gave themselves and their sub- 
 stance so largely to the propagation of the Gos- 
 pel, should not lose its force with us. If we 
 would witness like triumphs in our day, we must 
 manifest like unselfishness and self-denial. 
 
 Methods to he Employed in Securing Money for 
 the World's Evangelization 
 
 Dr. Munger has said that " there is no better 
 test of a minister's character and ability to carry 
 on and lead a parish than the way in which he 
 manages its charities." ^ This is more true today 
 than ever before, owing to the increasing wealth 
 of the Church and the multiplying number of 
 agencies and movements which the Church must 
 sustain in her world-wide war of conquest. The 
 methods and ideas here mentioned are based on 
 the experience of the churches and religious or- 
 ganizations which have been most successful for 
 a long period of years in the administration of 
 their finances. 
 
 First of all, the pastor should see that a com- 
 
 ^ Theodore T. Munger in The Congregationalistj June 13, 
 1903, 843. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 111 
 
 prehensive financial plan or policy is adopted, 
 covering the entire range of church benevolences, 
 and that a thoroughly efficient organization is 
 effected for carrying out the plan. In this or- 
 ganization the services of men of the best busi- 
 ness judgment, who are also in sympathy with 
 the missionary outreach of the Church, should be 
 utilized. The reason why so many churches ac- 
 complish so little for the world's evangelization 
 is because they have no adequate plan and be- 
 cause they have not enlisted the leadership of 
 men combining business sense and missionary 
 spirit. Let those responsible for the missionary 
 policy of the church adopt a minimum missionary 
 budget for the year. 
 
 The policy should include the securing of regu- 
 lar gifts from every member of the church. This 
 is not visionary. It can be realized by persistent 
 work. The rich and the poor, the young and the 
 old, the regular and the irregular church attend- 
 ants, those already in sympathy with missions 
 and those who at first are not friendly to the 
 cause, should all be given an opportunity to con- 
 tribute and should not be easily excused from 
 giving at least something. A Presbyterian mis- 
 sion church in Jamaica had a gift for mis- 
 
112 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 sions from every communicant on its roll for 
 three years in succession, and in several other 
 years, it fell short of this by only one or two. In 
 the Pilgrim Congregational Church in Cleveland 
 a systematic effort is made to get every member, 
 when he becomes identified with the church, to 
 make a pledge to missions. All such new mem- 
 bers, within a few days after entering the church, 
 receive a letter with reference to their becoming 
 regular subscribers to the benevolences of the 
 church, with the result that a very large propor- 
 tion of them respond favorably. 
 
 There should be a strong appeal at a favorable 
 time each year for the regular annual subscrip- 
 tion to the missionary work of the church. An 
 opportunity should be afforded directly after the 
 appeal for each member present to subscribe the 
 amount that he will give during the year. Some 
 find it a more satisfactory arrangement not to 
 give an opportunity to subscribe until one week 
 after the public presentation. In the public ap- 
 peal show that some large sums will be needed, 
 if the whole amount desired is to be obtained. 
 Ask each to give according to ability. Let the 
 plan used call for giving so much weekly. This 
 is a Scriptural rule and is exceedingly important. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 1 13 
 
 Many, if not most, of the people in the ordinary- 
 congregation are comparatively poor and re- 
 ceive weekly wages. It is easier to give a small 
 sum repeatedly — like paying a street-car fare — • 
 than to give a large sum at any one time. 
 
 In multiplying a small subscription by fifty- 
 two, a larger total sum will be received as a rule 
 than from a lump sum subscription. Such a defi- 
 nite attempt to systematize one's gifts has the 
 advantage, not only of exposing to the contribu- 
 tor their smallness and leading him to do larger 
 things, but it also cultivates the grace and habit 
 of giving. 
 
 During the week following the public meet- 
 ing at which subscriptions were received, let each 
 person who did not subscribe be seen personally 
 and if possible led to pledge something. In some 
 churches this is done by letter or circular, but 
 the results are not so satisfactory as the personal 
 solicitation plan. If an efficient band of collect- 
 ors can be enlisted, a larger sum of money will 
 be obtained by having them call upon every mem- 
 ber for the annual subscription than by receiving 
 subscriptions at the church service. In a small 
 town in Massachusetts, there is a church, the 
 missionary gifts of which have been famous, 
 
114 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 where the plan of calling on all the members to 
 solicit their gifts has been followed for nearly 
 thirty years. The canvass is conducted by twelve 
 persons. The pastor bears testimony that during 
 all those years only one person has declined to 
 serve as a collector. The adoption of this plan 
 last year in 300 churches of the Southern Presby- 
 terian Church, a denomination which has 3,000 
 congregations, increased the average gift per 
 member of the entire denomination from sixty 
 cents to over one dollar. This plan makes it 
 possible to reach those who are not present at 
 the time of the public appeal. It affords an op- 
 portunity to discover and remove objections in 
 the minds of those to whom we go, to enlarge 
 their faith, and to create the sense of personal 
 responsibility. A person of means who may per- 
 haps subscribe but $10 at the meeting might be 
 led in an interview to give $100. 
 
 There should be opportunities afforded for ad- 
 ditional thank-offerings during the year. Thfs 
 will enlist some who were not reached by the 
 regular plan, and will lead some who have given 
 and are well able to give more to supplement 
 their original subscription. In some churches a 
 week of thanksgiving and self-denial has af- 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 115 
 
 forded a fruitful opportunity for increasing mis- 
 sionary gifts. 
 
 The experience of missionary societies of Eng- 
 land and Scotland shows that the plan of having 
 missionary boxes in the homes promotes self- 
 denying giving and results in increased contribu- 
 tions. 
 
 The matter of collecting payments of subscrip- 
 tions should receive vigilant, constant, and 
 prompt attention. Dated weekly or monthly en- 
 velopes help people to keep automatically their 
 account. Whenever necessary let there be defi- 
 nite reminders by letter or by personal call. The 
 securing of payments at regular, stated times is 
 fundamental in any satisfactory financial system. 
 
 Experience shows that the plan of asking 
 churches or individuals to give toward the sup- 
 port of specified objects, results, as a rule, in their 
 giving more largely than that of asking them to 
 give to the general missionary fund of the denom- 
 ination. This plan makes the work of missions 
 seem more concrete, real, vivid. The definite- 
 ness of the idea appeals to business men. It 
 makes the missionary problem seem more capable 
 of solution. It helps to locate responsibility. The 
 secretaries of a number of the missionary boards 
 
Ii6 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 favor limiting the list of special objects toward 
 which gifts should be made to the following : the 
 support of missionaries, the providing of build- 
 ings or other material equipment, and the taking 
 of a certain number of shares of the regular 
 board appropriation toward the support of the 
 evangelistic, educational, medical, literary, or 
 industrial work of a given mission station.^ 
 
 The plan of having a church support a mis- 
 sionary is to be especially commended. Alexan- 
 der Duff advocated the idea as long ago as 1839. 
 This method has already enlisted the support of 
 over 1,000 missionaries. ]\Ir. Luther D. Wishard, 
 when Secretary of the Forward Movement of the 
 American Board, issued a report showing that 
 155 churches which had undertaken the support 
 of missionaries, or, in a few cases, other special 
 objects, thereby increased their gifts to missions 
 $74,300, and, in contrast, showing that 155 other 
 churches, similarly situated and of like ability 
 but which were not supporting their own mis- 
 sionaries or other special objects, actually fell off 
 
 ^"Report of the Committee on Special Objects" in 
 " Report of the Seventh Conference of Officers and Repre- 
 sentatives of the Foreign Missions Boards and Societies 
 in the United States and Canada" (held in New York, 
 1899), 55 ff. Robert E. Speer, "A Frank Talk about 
 Special Objects" (leaflet). 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 1 17 
 
 in their gifts to the mission board to the extent 
 of $6,967/ The Presbyterian church in Bryn 
 Mawr, Pennsylvania, was giving $150 a year to 
 foreign missions. By adopting this plan the gifts 
 have been increased to such an extent that for 
 twelve years the church has given over $4,000 a 
 year.^ There are few pastors who cannot in this 
 w^ay enlarge the bounds of their parish so as to 
 include some part of the foreign field and make 
 possible the support of a missionary whom they 
 may regard as an associate pastor. Some 
 churches are supporting six or more foreign and 
 home missionaries. Sunday-schools and young 
 people's societies in many cases might do like- 
 wise. The time has come to induce more fami- 
 lies and individual church members to support 
 substitutes on the mission field. There are thou- 
 sands of Christians who can be led to do this, if 
 the matter be properly brought before them. 
 
 From year to year the pastor must have either 
 new objects or new aspects of old objects to 
 bring before the people, if their financial co- 
 operation is to be maintained and enlarged. It 
 
 ^ " Report of the Advisory Committee of the Forward 
 Movement" (leaflet). 
 
 ^ John H. Converse in " How a Thousand Missionaries 
 Are Supported," 9, 10. 
 
Ii8 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 will not do to let matters get into ruts. The mis- 
 sionary enterprise is expanding to such an extent 
 and so abounds in vitality that there will be no 
 serious difficulty in finding constantly fresh con- 
 siderations and facts of living interest. To obtain 
 enlarged gifts, it is advantageous to emphasize 
 facts showing the urgency of the situation on the 
 mission field. With so many local objects and 
 enterprises right before one's eyes presenting 
 their special claims, it is necessary to put more 
 strongly and vividly than is usually done the 
 needs of the non-Christian nations, if a favorable 
 response is to be secured. 
 
 It should be the regular policy each year to 
 increase the missionary gifts of the church be- 
 yond the mark reached the preceding year. Both 
 the expansion of the foreign work and the in- 
 creasing wealth of Christians make this neces- 
 sary. The very fact that an increase is called 
 for from time to time deepens the impression that 
 this is a growing and fruitful work. It also pre- 
 vents the likelihood of drifting into formalism in 
 giving. The pastor should concern himself with 
 helping to increase the gifts of a number of his 
 members who are able. Robert and Alexander 
 Stuart began by giving small sums to foreign 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 119 
 
 missions. They were led to increase the size of 
 their contributions with increasing prosperity. 
 They first gave hundreds, then thousands, and 
 finally each gave $50,000 a year to foreign mis- 
 sions and a like amount to home missions.^ 
 Everything is to be gained and nothing to be 
 lost in aiming for large things in the realm of 
 giving. It is the duty of the pastor to raise the 
 faith of his people and to lead them forward to 
 larger and larger undertakings. If he believes 
 with all his soul that his church should support 
 its own missionary and that it is able to do so 
 and devotes himself with determination and per- 
 severance to realize his conviction, the probabili- 
 ties are that he will succeed. 
 
 Special effort must be devoted to cultivating 
 the financial constituency. It is one thing to get 
 people to subscribe for a year ; it is another and 
 more difficult thing to get them to renew their 
 subscriptions. The secret of renewing and en- 
 larging gifts lies in careful, wise cultivation. 
 Systematic, thorough education is indispensable, 
 if the giving is to be constant and growing in 
 volume. A study has been made of twenty-five 
 
 ^ The Missionary Review of the World. New Series. 
 Vol. v., 464. 
 
I20 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 of the churches which have for a period of sev- 
 eral years been yielding the largest financial re- 
 sults. They have had on an average each year 
 five missionary sermons, ten church missionary 
 meetings, and thirty missionary gatherings of 
 women's and young people's societies. The mis- 
 sionary periodicals of the Church were widely 
 circulated. These facts tell their own story. It 
 need hardly be added that this strong, steady 
 emphasis on foreign missionary education and 
 activity did not in the least interfere with the de- 
 velopment and fruitfulness of all the local and 
 home missionary enterprises of these churches. 
 B}^ such means as those just indicated, and others 
 which may suggest themselves, the people should 
 be made intelligent on missions. 
 
 Each year there should be one or more sermons 
 designed to promote right habits of stewardship. 
 These should be preached at a time when no 
 financial appeal is to be made ; otherwise, the ser- 
 mon may be regarded as a case of special plead- 
 ing. There are many churches in which this mat- 
 ter is never made the subject of a sermon. There 
 is very great need of more thoroughgoing in- 
 struction in all our pulpits on the duties and privi- 
 leges of Christian stewardship. If people do not 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 121 
 
 know the truth as to this subject, they cannot be 
 expected to practise it. Let pastors preach on 
 God's will concerning the acquiring, holding, and 
 using of money, and sound out warnings about 
 the sin of covetousness and the abuse of money. 
 
 There are many pamphlets on the Christian 
 use of money which should be circulated among 
 the members. Among 125 or more which have 
 been examined, the following are recommended: 
 
 " Money ; its Nature and Power." Dr. A. F. 
 Schauffler. 
 
 " The New Testament Conception of the Dis- 
 ciple and His Money." Dean E. I. Bosworth. 
 
 " Money and the Kingdom." Dr. Josiah 
 Strong. 
 
 " Stewardship." Rev. C. A. Cook. 
 
 Two cr three generations ago several books 
 were issued which treated the subject of Chris- 
 tian stewardship with unusual ability : for exam- 
 ple, " God's Rule for Christian Giving," by Dr. 
 William Speer ; " Mammon," by Rev. Principal 
 John Harris ; and '' The Great Reform," by Dr. 
 Abel Stevens. Unfortunately all these books are 
 out of print. There is need of a fresh treatment 
 of the subject with corresponding thoroughness. 
 
 If a church adopts the plan of having its own 
 
122 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 representative on the foreign field, it is most de- 
 sirable that he spend sufficient time in the com- 
 munity, both before he goes abroad and when he 
 is home on furloughs, to enable him to come into 
 close touch with as many of the members as pos- 
 sible. This will establish an intelligent, personal 
 relation between him and them which will make 
 it much easier to provide his support. The tie 
 will be kept strong by means of correspondence. 
 
 Avoid raising money by indirect means such as 
 fairs and festivals. These often belittle the dig- 
 nity of the missionary enterprise in the minds of 
 Christians, provoke scorn among unbelievers, and 
 dishonor Jesus Christ. These schemes have been 
 well characterized by some one as " giving in a 
 way to avoid self-denial.'* Moreover, in the long 
 run they do not begin to yield as much money as 
 the other methods. 
 
 Supreme among the methods for securing 
 money for the work of God is that of promoting 
 the spirituality of the people. Abundant, cheer- 
 ful, self-denying giving is not the product of 
 even the best devised human methods — although 
 without doubt it is the will of God that we make 
 a reverent use of the best methods — but of a 
 deep, spiritual movement in the heart. Whatever 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 123 
 
 is done to make Christ more of a reality to Chris- 
 tians and get them to render unto Him a larger 
 obedience — to make Him indeed the Lord of 
 their lives — strikes at the heart of the financial 
 problem of missions in the most effective man- 
 ner. Toward the close of his life Dr. A. J. Gor- 
 don, whose church in Boston was such a mission- 
 ary force, said, " I am tempted never to beg a 
 cent for God again, but rather to spend my en- 
 ergy in getting Christians spiritualized, assured 
 that they will then become liberalized." One day 
 he came before his people and told them to con- 
 tinue faithfully to use all the machinery then in 
 operation, but between that time and the day of 
 the foreign missionary offering he wished them 
 all as members of the church, young people's 
 society, or Sunday-school to give themselves to 
 prayer that their offering might be according to 
 the will of God. When the day came around 
 $10,000 was subscribed instead of $5,000, the 
 amount for the preceding year. 
 
 In the matter of giving, as in other things, the 
 pastor should set the example. If a man urges 
 others to do what he himself is not doing, the peo- 
 ple know it. If he acquires a reputation for hy- 
 pocrisy in this matter, he will be shorn of his 
 
124 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 largest influence with his people in other direc- 
 tions. Dr. Mackay of Toronto tells of a pastor 
 in a Canadian town who could not induce his 
 church to give more than $80 a year to missions. 
 He resolved that he would set the example for 
 more generous things. His salary was $750. He 
 subscribed $75 toward the missionary work, and 
 that very year the missionary offering increased 
 from $80 to $800. Has there ever been a case 
 where a pastor was on fire with enthusiasm for 
 a cause and showed the genuineness of his con- 
 victions by a real life of self-denial for it without 
 his spirit becoming contagious and sooner or 
 later taking possession of his people? Granted 
 this, the pastor is bound to be a financial force 
 for missions not only directly, but also through 
 the members of the church, regardless of the 
 methods which he employs. 
 
 Principles to be Emphasized by the Pastor in 
 Cultivating among His Members Right 
 Habits of Giving 
 
 It is of cardinal importance that Christians 
 recognize and accept the Lordship of Jesus 
 Christ. Many accept Him as Savior but fail to 
 acknowledge Him as Lord. Some acknowledge 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 125 
 
 Him as Lord but fail to conform their lives to 
 their doctrine and make Him Lord in fact, that 
 is, Master or Owner of all that they are and have. 
 Christ clearly taught that all is His and at His 
 absolute disposal. It is impossible for Him to 
 be Lord of a man's life and not be Lord of his 
 substance. He does not consent to a divided 
 ownership. " He is either Lord of all, or not 
 Lord at all.'' 
 
 Christians, then, are trustees or stewards, and 
 in no sense owners or proprietors. The law of 
 the tithe does not exhaust the duty of the Chris- 
 tian. Certainly he should give not less than one- 
 tenth. Nevertheless the Christian's stewardship 
 involves more than his relation to one-tenth, or 
 any other fraction of his income no matter how 
 large or small. It relates to the obtaining, hold- 
 ing, and using of all one's income according to 
 the principles of the religion of Jesus Christ. 
 Each Christian will be held to strict account for 
 his stewardship. Christ had most severe denun- 
 ciation for unfaithful stewards. There is, in- 
 deed, need of a finer sense of moral obligation 
 with reference to our financial relations with 
 God. When His followers observe the same 
 clear rules of honest dealing in their transactions 
 
126 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 with Him which they regard as imperative in 
 dealing with their fellow men, that is, regard 
 and treat as belonging to the treasury of heaven 
 all that they have, the financial problem involved 
 in the world's evangelization will be eliminated. 
 
 The responsibility of Christian stewardship is 
 of universal application. Many concede the gen- 
 eral responsibility of the Church but fail to as- 
 sume their individual obligation. Each one must 
 become personally responsible. This applies to 
 the poor as well as to the rich. At the last men 
 will be judged as individuals, and they will be 
 held accountable for the use of what they had, 
 whether little or much, and not by their use of 
 what they had not. 
 
 Christians should give systematically, or, in 
 the words of Paley, learn to practise " the very 
 thing wanting with most men, the being chari- 
 table upon a plan." ^ This is both Scriptural and 
 businesslike. Nothing is left to chance. One 
 runs no risk of cheating God. Giving on a plan 
 insures steady, reliable giving. At the same time 
 this should not be interpreted as precluding 
 special, irregular, additional gifts as occasions 
 present themselves. One should learn to give as 
 * Quoted by T. Binney, " Money," 291. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 1 27 
 
 he has opportunity as well as regularly. It is 
 desirable that the plan of systematic benevolence 
 should provide for frequent giving. The rule 
 of laying by in store each week has obvious ad- 
 vantages. It results in larger gifts in the aggre- 
 gate. It promotes growth in liberality. It in- 
 sures more prayer accompanying one's gifts. 
 
 Christian giving should be proportionate. It 
 must have regard to one's income. A certain 
 proportion of what one receives should be regu- 
 larly set aside and given. By general consent 
 no Christian should be satisfied with falling be- 
 low the one-tenth required as the minimum by 
 the old Hebrew rule. But he should not let that 
 be the dominating principle in determining what 
 proportion he shall give. Let him advance be- 
 yond the one-tenth as far as possible, and increase 
 his ratio " according as God hath prospered him." 
 In arriving at the proportion which he will give 
 each year, let him not only keep in mind his 
 income from his wages or investments, but also 
 consider what he can save by economy and what 
 he can spare by self-denial. The measure of a 
 man's obligation is not one-tenth or any other 
 fraction, but his ability in the light of prayerful, 
 conscientious consideration of all God's require- 
 
128 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ments of him in the different relations in which 
 he is placed. 
 
 Giving as prompted by the Spirit of Christ 
 will be liberal. Generosity will be inevitable, if 
 one gives as God prospers him. He freely re- 
 ceives and freely gives. He not only heeds the 
 generous promptings of his heart, but also de- 
 vises liberal things for Jesus Christ and His 
 Kingdom. 
 
 The giving which has the largest propagating 
 power is rooted in self-denial. There can be no 
 real giving which does not involve the giving of 
 self. The Christian should be studying on the 
 problem of how little he can live upon in health 
 and efficiency and thus have the more to give. 
 Livingstone early resolved " that he would give 
 to the cause of missions all that he might earn 
 beyond what was required for his subsistence." ^ 
 When Wesley's income was $150, he lived on 
 $140 and gave away $10. When his income in- 
 creased to $300 and later to $600, he still lived 
 on $140 and gave the remainder. When Carey's 
 salary was $500, he lived on one-half this amount 
 and gave away the other half. Later, when he 
 
 ^W. G. Blaikie, "The Personal Life of David Living- 
 stone," 15. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 129 
 
 received a salary of $7,500 as professor of Orien- 
 tal languages in Fort William College in Calcutta, 
 he spent no more on his living than when re- 
 ceiving the smaller salary, and he gave all the 
 rest away. This is the spirit that overcomes the 
 world. The deep secret of it is given in that 
 epitome of the career of Christ, " though he was 
 rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that ye 
 through his poverty might be rich."^ 
 
 In proportion to the purity of the motive is 
 the quality and power of the giving. The world 
 asks. How much does he give ? Christ asks. Why 
 does he give ? The controlling motive should be 
 to please God. Where this motive has absolute 
 right of way, the power of Christian beneficence 
 becomes well-nigh irresistible In Its Influence for 
 good. 
 
 The reflex Influence on character of the right 
 kind of giving should be emphasized. According 
 to the crown of the beatitudes, " It is more 
 blessed to give than to receive." ^ The more one 
 reflects upon It the more one Is Impressed with the 
 fact that one of the principal reasons for our 
 giving, If not the chief one. Is our need of im- 
 parting. In the interest of the Kingdom of Christ 
 
 *II Cor. viii. 9. ^Acts xx. 35. 
 
130 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 greater than the need of securing contributions 
 is the need of securing contributors. Right prac- 
 tice in giving emancipates one from selfishness, 
 makes possible the larger manifestation of the 
 power of Christ in his life, and develops world- 
 conquering power. It might be possible to dou- 
 ble the amount given by a church without in- 
 creasing its spirituality and power ; but it would 
 be impossible to multiply the number of members 
 who give according to the principles which have 
 been considered without immensely augmenting 
 that church's spiritual life and achieving ability. 
 
 Large Gifts Made to Foreign Missions by 
 Individuals 
 
 The following is the list of all gifts to foreign 
 missions of $100,000 or more, so far as I have 
 been able to ascertain them: 
 
 $100,000 by J. N. Harris of New London to the Do- 
 shisha University in Japan. 
 
 100,000 by an anonymous giver to the American Bap- 
 tist Missionary Union. 
 
 100,000 by a man in Illinois to the Missionary So- 
 ciety of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 100,000 by a farmer and lumberman in Pennsylvania 
 to the Missionary Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 13 1 
 
 $100,000 by an anonymous giver to Bishop Brent for 
 a Protestant Episcopal church in Manila. 
 
 100,000 by H. B. Silliman to the Presbyterian Board 
 toward their share in the Presbyterian 
 Building. 
 
 100,000 by Mrs. Rachel Crane to the Presbyterian 
 Board. 
 
 100,000 by W. H. Vanderbilt to the endowment of 
 the work of the foreign missions of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 100,000 by one man toward Young Men's Christian 
 Association buildings in Asia. 
 
 140,000 given each year by one man toward the regular 
 budget of one of the missionary societies 
 of the United States. 
 
 150,000 by one man toward paying off the debt of 
 one of the foreign missionary societies. 
 
 156,000 the value of a building given by a man and 
 his wife three years ago to the American 
 Board. 
 
 175,000 the amount realized by Robert Haldane of 
 Scotland, from the sale of his estates and 
 given to establish a mission in Benares, India. 
 
 190,000 the legacy left by Sir James Tyler to the 
 London Missionary Society. 
 
 200,000 the amount which it is estimated the Ameri- 
 can Baptist Missionary Union will eventu- 
 ally receive from the Daniel Ford legacy. 
 
 230,000 the total sum which it is said William Carey 
 contributed to missions in m.oney during 
 the course of his career. 
 
 250,000 the amount of a legacy from Rev. W. Spur- 
 rell to the Church Missionary Society. 
 
 250,000 and probably more has been given by Dr. 
 John F. Goucher to the foreign missions of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
132 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 $259,000 by Mrs. Robert L. Stuart to the Presbyterian 
 Board toward their share in the Presbyte- 
 rian Building. 
 500,000 approximately the amount which has been 
 realized by the American Board from the 
 legacy of Samuel W. Swett of Boston. 
 800,000 was given by W. C. Jones, a Lancashire cot- 
 ton man, to the Church Missionary Society 
 to be invested and the income to be used 
 largely to help the native Church in India, 
 China, and Japan. 
 
 1,000,000 was given by David Paton, of Scotland, to the 
 work of the United Presbyterian Church, 
 notably missions. 
 
 1,125,000 was approximately the appraised value of the 
 securities received by the American Board 
 from the bequest of Asa Otis of New 
 London, Conn. These securities, together 
 with the income from them up to the time 
 they were sold, amounted to $1,600,000, 
 
 1,875,000 the amount which it is estimated will be real- 
 ized from the bequest of Sir Thomas Mor- 
 ton, a manufacturer of Falmouth, England, 
 to the Moravian Church, the Waldensian 
 Church, and the China Inland Mission. 
 The share of the Moravians will exceed 
 $1,000,000 and is to be used to establish new 
 mission stations. 
 
 2,500,000 by R. Arthington, a Quaker of Leeds, Eng- 
 land. In addition to large gifts made to 
 missions during his lifetime, he bequeathed 
 this amount, of which $1,000,000 is to 
 go to the London Missionary Society a id 
 $1,500,000 to the Baptist Missionary So- 
 ciety. It is to be used for missionary ex- 
 tension. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 133 
 
 A somewhat intimate knowledge of the facts 
 in connection with the foregoing Hst of gifts 
 suggests certain comments. 
 
 The tide of large gifts has begun to set in to- 
 ward the foreign missionary enterprise. About 
 two-thirds of the gifts on this list have been made 
 within the last ten years. This includes the two 
 largest gifts ever made to missions. The next 
 ten years should witness a much greater num- 
 ber of large gifts. There are men who have been 
 giving thousands to educational and philan- 
 thropic objects where they have given hundreds 
 to missions. The time has come when there 
 should be as great gifts made toward missionary 
 colleges and universities and other forms of mis- 
 sion work as are now being made to higher edu- 
 cation in America ; first because of the compara- 
 tively greater need, and, secondly, because of the 
 tremendous possibilities for good of such gifts 
 at this particular stage of the missionary move- 
 ment. 
 
 The large gifts are coming, not only from the 
 very wealthy Christians, but also from those who 
 today would not be counted as men of wealth. 
 Only one-third of those mentioned in the list 
 came from the wealthy. 
 
134 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Without doubt the gospel of wealth which Mr. 
 Carnegie has been preaching is meeting with in- 
 creasing acceptance among givers to missions as 
 well as to other objects. Two out of every three 
 of the large gifts indicated above were adminis- 
 tered while the donors were alive. Facts in the 
 possession of the missionary societies suggest 
 that it would have been better for the missionary 
 cause had certain of the other givers followed the 
 same course. There are some arguments in favor 
 of giving by legacies, but there is more to be said 
 in favor of administering one's wealth during 
 one's lifetime. This plan insures the carrying 
 out of the wishes of the donor, and his gifts 
 exert greater influence. 
 
 There will be a marked increase in large gifts 
 to missions, when men of means see how indis- 
 pensable their co-operation is to the extension of 
 the Kingdom of Christ in the foreign fields, and 
 when they recognize that their funds are well 
 administered by the missionary societies and that 
 they will yield such remarkably large results. 
 
 The relation of pastors to large gifts for mis- 
 sions is vital. The pastor is known to have been 
 a large factor in helping to make possible a ma- 
 jority of the above-named benefactions. There 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 135 
 
 are thousands of pastors providentially related to 
 men and women of large or moderate wealth 
 whom they are in a position to influence to devise 
 liberal things for the world's evangelization. 
 What is there about the extent or character of 
 the gifts already named, or the conditions which 
 surrounded and influenced their donors, which is 
 not reproducible in hundreds of communities ? It 
 is possible for many a pastor by a wise, prayerful 
 use of his opportunities with his parishioners to 
 release enormous energies for the spread of the 
 Kingdom of Christ. 
 
 It is interesting to observe what simple means 
 God uses to bring about large results. Asa Otis's 
 legacy of over a milHon is directly traceable to his 
 constant reading of The Missionary Herald. Let 
 this fact encourage all pastors in their efforts to 
 promote the circulation of missionary periodicals. 
 The scanning of a table of statistics in the little 
 book, " British Foreign Missions," written by 
 Secretaries Thompson and Johnson, enabled R. 
 Arthington to select the two societies to which he 
 made his great bequest of $2,500,000 to foreign 
 missions. Who can measure what may hinge on 
 such an apparently insignificant service as the 
 placing of a book in the hands of another. 
 
136 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 The table of gifts includes nothing smaller than 
 $100,000. A second table might have been given 
 showing many scores of gifts to the foreign 
 boards ranging from $5,000 to $100,000. This 
 would include some of the most useful benefac- 
 tions to missions. A third table could be made 
 up of literally hundreds of gifts the equivalent of 
 a missionary's salary, ranging from $500 or even 
 less to $1,000 or more. A fourth table of indefi- 
 nite length would embrace all gifts less than the 
 size of a missionary's salary. The fourth table 
 would be found to include in the aggregate by 
 far the largest part of all the money given for 
 the world's evangelization. In each of the four 
 tables would be found examples of splendid gen- 
 erosity and also of real self-denial. In the sight 
 of God some of the smallest sums received stand 
 among the largest gifts. 
 
 What Some Churches are Giving to Foreign 
 Missions 
 
 The Congregational church in Lee, a small 
 town in Massachusetts, has for twenty-seven 
 years averaged over $1,200 annually for foreign 
 missions. There are no large individual contri- 
 butions. The gifts to this object average $4 per 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 137 
 
 member. Over $3,000 more is given to home 
 missions and other objects each year. 
 
 There is a Presbyterian church of about 200 
 members in the rural community of Blairstown, 
 N. J., which for several years has given annually 
 over $1,000 to foreign missions, or an average 
 of over $5 per member. 
 
 The United Presbyterian church of Avalon, 
 Pa., has for some time given more to missions 
 than it has spent upon itself. 
 
 When Dr. Egbert W. Smith entered upon his 
 first charge, a Southern Presbyterian mission 
 church of eighty members in a small place, very 
 little was being given to foreign missions. He 
 had a strong desire to have his church support 
 a missionary. As a result of his efforts the mem- 
 bers subscribed $1,300 for this purpose. At that 
 time only two other churches in North Carolina 
 were supporting missionaries, and both of them 
 were large and wealthy. 
 
 About seven years ago the Presbyterian churcH 
 in Wichita, Kansas, had a bonded debt of $18,- 
 000. Under the leadership of their pastor. Rev. 
 C. E. Bradt, they assumed the support of a 
 missionary and closed that year with all the cur- 
 rent expenses and the floating debt paid, — the 
 
13S THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 first time that this had been done in ten years. 
 The next year they doubled their gifts to foreign 
 missions and removed the bonded debt. Their 
 work has continued to expand ever since. They 
 now support four foreign missionaries and 
 twenty-five native workers. The average contri- 
 bution to foreign missions is $4. They have 
 given as much to home missions during the past 
 seven years as to the foreign work and during 
 the same period have expended fully $50,000 
 more on the varied activities of their church in 
 Wichita itself.^ 
 
 Examples like these could be multiplied. By 
 design the list has been restricted to churches of 
 less than average ability. Not one of them is 
 rich. Most of them are located in small towns. 
 The membership of all is composed largely of 
 the laboring classes. All of them have been giv- 
 ing on a generous scale for a period of years. 
 
 The foregoing facts force home a few lessons. 
 If the rich city and suburban churches contrib- 
 uted as nearly in proportion to their ability as this 
 group of churches are doing, they would be giv- 
 ing annually scores of thousands of dollars where 
 now they are giving thousands. 
 
 *C. E, Bracjt; "A Working Church." 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 139 
 
 There are several thousands of churches in the 
 United States and Canada which are able to give 
 and to continue to give on as large a scale as 
 these churches have done. Experience shows 
 that these churches must be the chief resource of 
 the missionary societies. The bulk of the sup- 
 port of the Church Missionary Society, the great- 
 est Protestant missionary society in the world, 
 comes from the parishes which are not wealthy. 
 The same is true of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 The study of the treasurers' reports of the 
 home and foreign missionary societies shows 
 how largely the aggregates are made up of 
 the contributions of such churches. Some 
 one has said that the great charitable enter- 
 prises of the world are maintained by asso- 
 ciated poverty. 
 
 The study of these examples proves once more 
 most conclusively that the pastor holds the key to 
 the situation. If he takes hold of the matter 
 in a determined and unselfish manner, he can 
 in almost any church, even under very adverse 
 circumstances, steadily and e^en largely increase 
 its gifts to missions and make it a real source of 
 missionary energy. In doing this he will find 
 that none of the home interests of the Church are 
 
I40 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 thereby jeopardized, but on the other hand that 
 they are markedly advanced. 
 
 Possibilities of Enlarged Giving toward the 
 World's Evangelisation 
 
 We have seen that the members of a group of 
 churches possessing less than ordinary financial 
 ability are giving to foreign missions on an aver- 
 age over $4 per member each year. If all the 
 members of the evangelical churches of the 
 United States and Canada gave at the same rate, 
 it would yield about $80,000,000 a year. This 
 would be sufficient to enable the North American 
 churches to sustain fifteen- fold greater missionary 
 operations on the foreign fields than at present; 
 and that, so far as the financial part of the problem 
 is concerned, w^ould enable them to make accessi- 
 ble to all people the saving knowledge of Jesus 
 Christ. If $4 a member is too large an average 
 to expect from many churches, it need only be 
 said that there are so many churches able to main- 
 tain a far higher ayerage annual gift than $4 that 
 the sum of $80,000,000 is by no means too high 
 for the Christians of North America taken as 
 a whole. That this expectation is not unreason- 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 141 
 
 able may be seen from the fact that an entire de- 
 nomination, the Society of Friends in England, 
 last year (1903) gave to foreign missions on an 
 average fully $5 per member, and this does not 
 take account of legacies. 
 
 If the Sunday-school scholars and teachers of 
 the United States and Canada ^ were educated to 
 the point of giving five cents each week, it would 
 furnish a fund of over $36,000,000, and with that 
 amount of money at their disposal each year the 
 North American mission boards could more than 
 furnish the quota of new missionaries assigned 
 to the United States and Canada as their share in 
 the task of evangelizing the world in this genera- 
 tion. There are many Sunday-schools already 
 giving on an even larger scale than this. The 
 remark just made about the churches is appli- 
 cable here, that if many schools are unable to 
 rise to such a sum, there are others able to do so 
 very much more that the general average might, 
 as a result of proper education and organization, 
 readily be preserved, if not exceeded. 
 
 At the Ecumenical Conference in New York 
 it was reported that one young people's society 
 
 ^ " Triennial Report of the Sunday School Statistics of 
 North America" (1902), 
 
142 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 in Illinois gives to foreign missions at the rate 
 of $9.99 per member, a society in Ohio at the 
 rate of $11 per member, and a society in New 
 York State at the rate of $16.60 per member.^ A 
 knowledge of the ability of these societies war- 
 rants the statement that there are literally thou- 
 sands of similar societies able to give as largely 
 as these have done. But if the 6,000,000 mem- 
 bers of young people's movements each assumed 
 responsibility to give or even raise $5 a year on 
 the average for the cause of foreign missions, 
 $30,000,000 would be provided. This also would 
 be sufficient to support the North American 
 forces in the campaign of world evangelization 
 within our day. 
 
 It should be reiterated that there are thousands 
 of churches, each of which is abundantly able to 
 support its own foreign representative. In five 
 years' work among the congregations of two de- 
 nominations, Mr. Luther D. Wishard visited 
 scarcely a church, where he was afforded ade- 
 quate opportunity to present the matter, which 
 did not assume the support of a missionary. If 
 one adds to the churches able to do this those 
 
 ^ " Ecumenical Missionary Conference " (held in New 
 York, 1900), I., 141. 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 143 
 
 which might with equal facihty support several 
 missionaries or a whole mission station, one clear- 
 ly recognizes that, if the pastors so resolve, they 
 can set in motion influences which will result in 
 solving the financial problem of missions. 
 
 A number of ministers have influenced individ- 
 ual members of their churches to take on the sup- 
 port of a missionary as a substitute. If only one 
 in ten of the ministers ^ of the American churches 
 were each within the next five or six years to 
 induce even one Christian man or woman to 
 adopt this plan, our missionary force would be 
 augmented beyond the highest limit proposed for 
 us as our share in spreading the net-work of 
 evangelism over the world. Does it not seem 
 reasonable to expect that as a result of prayerful 
 search for opportunities, wise cultivation of 
 promising church members, and faithful personal 
 dealing this might be accomplished ? While some 
 might fail, others would offset their failures by 
 securing the support of more than one foreign 
 worker. Rev. G. H. C. MacGregor offered him- 
 self for foreign service but was not accepted by 
 the board. Then he undertook to send out seven 
 substitutes. After accomplishing that he was 
 
 *Josiah Strong, Editor, "Social Progress" (1904), 160. 
 
144 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 trying to send out seven more when his own life 
 was cut short. There is one church in Canada 
 without a millionaire in its membership whose 
 members at one time were supporting nineteen 
 home and foreign missionaries. Scattered all 
 through our churches are individual men and 
 women of consecrated means who might be in- 
 fluenced to erect and equip a hospital, endow a 
 college, or establish and support an entire mission 
 station. 
 
 The day is coming when gifts will be made to 
 the missionary enterprise on a scale corresponding 
 to that which characterizes giving to higher educa- 
 tion at home. Think what might be accomplished 
 in the realm of education alone. There is no 
 form of missionary work which yields quicker, 
 larger, and more permanent results than educa- 
 tional missions. Dr. James L. Barton, who is 
 one of the first authorities on educational mis- 
 sions, not long ago In The Outlook showed 
 with interesting detail that the income of 
 a fund as large as the Rhodes bequest would 
 abundantly support 150 institutions of higher 
 learning In the non-Christian nations and that 
 in these schools and colleges not less than 40,000 
 young men and women could be under instruction 
 
A FINANCIAL FORCE 145 
 
 at the same time and be prepared for leadership 
 and lives of usefulness.^ When one remembers 
 what such institutions as Robert College, the 
 Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, the United 
 Presbyterian College at Asyut, the Doshisha in 
 Japan, the Scotch colleges in different parts of 
 India, the Isabella Thoburn College at Lucknow, 
 the Methodist colleges, the Shantung College, 
 and St. John's College in China have already ac- 
 complished one recognizes the vast possibilities 
 for good coming from the adequate sustentation 
 of these centers of Christian learning. 
 
 Such augmenting of the available resources of 
 the missionary societies as would be realized by 
 faithfully traveling along such avenues of possi- 
 bilities as have been suggested would result in the 
 statesmanlike occupation of the wide field of the 
 non-Christian world and at the same time bring 
 on the greatest spiritual awakening in the home 
 churches ever known in all their history. John 
 Chrysostom, the eloquent preacher of the fourth 
 century, had this vision and mightily moved the 
 Christians of his day. He inspired his audiences 
 in Constantinople and Antioch with such devo- 
 
 ^ James L. Barton, " World Unifying Forces in Educa- 
 tion." The Outlook. Vol. LXXIL, 453. 
 
146 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 tion to the missionary enterprise that they gave 
 with great generosity for the sending forth of 
 evangehsts, not only in Asia Minor but also to 
 Persia, Scythia, and other unevangelized lands. 
 May this spirit so possess all ministers of our 
 own time that they may lead forward the hosts 
 of Christ to lives of self-denial and consuming 
 zeal for the world-wide proclamation of the 
 Gospel. 
 
THE PASTOR AS A RECRUITING FORCE 
 IN THE WORLD'S EVANGELIZATION 
 
IV 
 
 THE PASTOR AS A RECRUITING FORCE IN THE 
 world's EVANGELIZATION 
 
 Bishop Taylor Smith, now Chaplain General 
 of the British Army, on one occasion summarized 
 the needs of the Church in this way — to know, 
 to grow, to glow, to go. When the Church can- 
 not send forth her members to propagate the 
 Gospel, she has reached a state in which she has 
 nothing worth propagating. While it is impossi- 
 ble for a home pastor to be at the same time a 
 foreign missionary, it is possible for him to be 
 a recruiting officer for the war of world-wide 
 conquest. 
 
 At the conference held in New York in 1854, 
 on the occasion of the memorable visit of Alex- 
 ander Duff to America, the leaders of the mission 
 boards expressed themselves on the same sub- 
 ject in this manner : " This Convention cherishes 
 a deep conviction, that in order to the multipli- 
 cation of suitable agents for the heathen mission- 
 ary field, ministers of the Gospel must strive 
 
 149 
 
ISO THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 . . . habitually through prayer to the Lord 
 of the harvest, who alone can truly raise up and 
 send forth laborers, as also through their public 
 and private ministrations, to stamp similarly vivid 
 impressions on the minds of church members, and 
 especially Christian parents. Sabbath-school and 
 other Christian teachers, who may have it in 
 their power to train up the young, in simple de- 
 pendence on God's blessing, to realize the mag- 
 nitude and the glory of the work of the world's 
 evangelization, and lead them to consider per- 
 sonal dedication to the work as the highest of 
 duties, and noblest of privileges." ^ 
 
 The representatives of the American and 
 Canadian mission boards at their meeting in 1901 
 agreed to the following principle : " The regu- 
 lar ministry of the Church is charged with the 
 responsibility of raising up under the Spirit of 
 God the candidates for missionary service." ^ 
 
 This work of helping to discover, enlist, and 
 train suitable candidates for missionary service is 
 not only one of the most weighty responsibilities 
 
 ^ " Proceedings of the Union Missionary Convention " 
 (held in New York, 1854), 17, 18. 
 
 ^ " Report of the Eighth Conference of the Officers and 
 Representatives of the Foreign Missions Boards and So- 
 cieties in the United States and Canada" (held in New 
 York, 1901), 51. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 151 
 
 of the pastor but is also his greatest single op- 
 portunity for multiplying his own life. 
 
 The Need for More Missionary Candidates 
 
 Unfortunately the impression exists in many 
 places that the supply of missionary candidates 
 exceeds the demand. This is a great mistake, and 
 it is desirable that the leaders of the churches un- 
 derstand the situation. Without doubt many 
 more candidates for foreign service are needed. 
 At the present time several of the mission 
 boards of North America require more well qual- 
 ified men that are now available. Some people 
 seem to think that because the Student Volunteer 
 Movement has recruited a few thousand volun- 
 teers, ample provision has been made to meet the 
 needs of the boards. They forget that already 
 over 2,500 of them have sailed, that many of 
 the remainder cannot be accepted by the boards 
 because they lack the necessary qualifications, 
 that a large number of the volunteers are still 
 pursuing courses of study, and that those who 
 are now available for service are scattered among 
 forty or more denominations. The fact remains 
 that a large number of properly qualified can- 
 didates are now needed by the boards in addi- 
 
152 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 tion to those applying each year. Moreover, the 
 demands of the missionary societies are Hkely to 
 increase rather than diminish. 
 
 The missionaries are calling for vastly more 
 workers than do the boards. On my two jour- 
 neys through the great mission fields, I heard 
 from the missionaries one unbroken appeal for 
 more men and women of consecration and ability 
 to come to their relief. It is impossible for a 
 man to go through the great Asiatic mission 
 fields — and the same is true of other parts of 
 the non-Christian world — with his eyes and 
 heart open and not be convinced that the foreign 
 mission staff of the Church in these fields is, as a 
 rule, seriously undermanned. If he ponders the 
 facts, the conviction will take strong hold on him 
 that the Church in the West is not doing the fair 
 thing by this generation in the East. One of the 
 most impressive appeals which has ever come to 
 the churches of Christendom was issued by the 
 Decennial Missionary Conference of India, which 
 met at Madras in December, 1902, calling for 
 9,000 new missionaries in order to occupy ade- 
 quately that great field in the present generation.^ 
 
 ^ " General Appeal to the Home Churches " in " Report 
 of the Fourth Decennial Indian Missionary Conference " 
 (held in Madras, 1902), 202 ff. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 153 
 
 More missionaries are needed at once to take 
 the place of many of the martyred workers in 
 China and of the still larger number throughout 
 the entire world who from year to year die or 
 are invalided home. 
 
 More missionaries are needed to prevent our 
 present staff of workers from breaking down in 
 health and to make effective and fruitful many 
 mission agencies at present sadly handicapped 
 for want of laborers. There are not a few edu- 
 cational, medical, and other mission establish- 
 ments where even a small addition to the mis- 
 sionary force would so relieve the pressure on the 
 other workers in that mission as to make possible 
 the securing of much larger spiritual results. It is 
 short-sighted economy to build up an extensive 
 missionary plant and fall just short of manning 
 it sufficiently to make the investment really pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 More missionaries are needed to pioneer the 
 work of Christ among vast unevangelized mul- 
 titudes of China, India, and Africa and even in 
 unoccupied sections of Japan, the Levant, 
 Oceania, and Latin America. 
 
 On nearly every mission field there is, as we 
 have seen, a real crisis impending. The situation 
 
154 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 is tense. If reinforcements are sent to these 
 places soon, the crisis may be turned in favor of 
 Christianity. On the other hand, it is equally 
 plain that if additional help be withheld the 
 cause of Christ will be put back many years. 
 More missionaries are needed in many parts of 
 the world to take advantage of the rising spiritual 
 tide. Never before has there been such an oppor- 
 tunity for aggressive evangelistic effort as now. 
 With a sufficient staff of workers the Church 
 might have the largest ingatherings of all her 
 history in mission lands. 
 
 The solemn responsibility resting on the Chris- 
 tians of today to afford to all the non-Christians 
 of this generation a full opportunity to know 
 and to accept Jesus Christ makes still more ap- 
 parent the need there is of a great increase in 
 the number of missionaries. If this means any- 
 thing, it surely means the raising up of nothing 
 less than an army of well qualified workers for 
 foreign service. 
 
 To preserve the spiritual life, the pure faith, 
 and the conquering spirit of the home Church, 
 even in the Interest of the work on the home 
 field, a much larger number of the choicest 
 young men and young women of Christian lands 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE ISS 
 
 must be set apart for the extension of Christ's 
 Kingdom abroad. In his first address after he 
 was elected CaHph on the Prophet Mohammed's 
 death, Abu Bekr said, " Leave not off to fight 
 in the ways of the Lord ; whosoever leaveth off, 
 him verily shall the Lord abase." ^ 
 
 Is there likelihood that too many candidates 
 will be secured? Not from any present indica- 
 tions. Certainly there is little likelihood of get- 
 ting too many men of proper qualifications. So 
 far as we know there has not been in recent 
 years a well qualified volunteer, who had ex- 
 hausted all the means at his command, who did 
 not get some recognized society to send him to 
 the field. It is true that mere numbers are not 
 in themselves sufficient to enable the Church to 
 do her proper work. Therefore, even more im- 
 portant than numbers is the matter of securing 
 candidates who are thoroughly furnished and 
 clearly called of God. It is essential to emphasize 
 the necessity for the highest qualifications, for 
 the most thorough university training, and for 
 broad, comprehensive knowledge of non-Chris- 
 tian points of view in those who undertake for- 
 
 * William Muir, "The Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline!, and 
 Fall," s. 
 
156 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 eign service. " The best men are wanted, men 
 of culture, of imagination to see from the mental 
 standpoint of others, of patience and courtesy, 
 of abiHty to teach, of enthusiasm, of conquering 
 faith, of godly Hfe, men of the Word, and men 
 of prayer." ^ 
 
 The Ability of the Church to Furnish All the 
 Missionary Candidates Needed 
 
 It is natural that the call for the largest num- 
 ber of missionaries should emanate from those 
 who emphasize the obligation of evangelizing the 
 world in this generation. To accomplish this, 
 according to the estimate of Indian missionaries, 
 there will be needed one missionary to every 
 25,000 people in the unevangelized world. This 
 would be about 40,000, or an increase of nearly 
 25,000 over the present foreign force. Even 
 though such a number might not prove sufficient 
 to effect the adequate evangelization of the world, 
 it would make possible a tremendous advance in 
 that direction. 
 
 To furnish the number needed would take only 
 
 ^ C. E. Wilson in " Students and the Missionary Prob- 
 lem." (Report of the International Student Missionary 
 Conference, held in London, 1900), 355. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 157 
 
 one in twenty of the professing Christian stu- 
 dents of the United States, Canada, and Austral- 
 asia during a period of twenty years. Add the 
 Christian students of other lands of Christendom 
 and make allowance for all who will be rejected 
 because of lack of essential qualifications, and 
 it will be recognized that from the centers of 
 higher learning alone the number can be obtained 
 easily. One in twenty- five of the graduates of 
 Ohio Wesleyan University have gone out as mis- 
 sionaries, one in eighteen of the graduates of 
 Mount Holyoke College, and one in eight of 
 the students of Wycliffe College, Toronto. Cam- 
 bridge University has sent out not less than 450 
 missionaries since the days of Henry Martyn. 
 Examples like these could be multiplied. In the 
 light of such facts can any one question that the 
 1,000 and more colleges and universities of Chris- 
 tendom could abundantly furnish the candidates 
 needed ? 
 
 The Congo Railway in tropical Africa was 
 completed at a cost of $12,000,000 and 4,000 
 lives. Not less than sixteen lives were sacrificed 
 to build each mile; or in all, as one has pointed 
 out, " more than has been sacrificed in Christian 
 missions from the days of the Apostle Paul to 
 
I $8 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 this day/' ^ " In the last eighty-eight great 
 battles of the world — from Blenheim to Om- 
 durman — 1,609,657 men have been laid low by 
 death or wounds." ^ If so many sacrifice them- 
 selves for love of country, how readily should 
 the number of consecrated young men and young 
 women required for the world's evangelization be 
 forthcoming in response to the call of Jesus Christ. 
 When I visited the headquarters of the Mora- 
 vians at Herrnhut, Germany, in 1898, there were 
 24,150 communicants in the three home fields of 
 that denomination. At that time they had in all 
 361 missionaries, including wives, on the foreign 
 field, or one to each sixty-four home communi- 
 cants. Contrast with this the latest statistics of 
 the evangelical churches of North America and 
 observe that we have only one foreign missionary 
 to every 4,000 home communicants. As one con- 
 templates the spirit of devotion to our Lord's 
 mi&sionary program shown by the Moravians 
 and at the same time listens to the inspiring chal- 
 lenge coming from all parts of the non-Christian 
 
 ^ Robert E. Speer quoted in The Missionary Review of 
 the World. New Series. Vol. XII., 946. It was obviously 
 intended to exclude the annals of persecution and martyr- 
 dom. 
 
 '"The Mechanism of War" by "Linesman," 175. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 159 
 
 world, one understands the spirit of Samuel J. 
 Mills when, nearly one hundred years ago, as a 
 result of similar reflections he exclaimed, " I 
 wish that we could break out upon the heathen 
 . . . 40,000 strong." ^ 
 
 Some of the Principal Difficulties in the Way of 
 Securing Recruits for Foreign Missionary 
 Service 
 
 There are several difficulties which prevent 
 men from becoming missionaries and it is im- 
 portant that the pastor recognize these hin- 
 drances, for he is in a position to help remove 
 or overcome them. Even the Student Volunteer 
 Movement, notwithstanding the exceptional op- 
 portunity it has of influencing young men and 
 young women to become missionaries, is not 
 situated so that it can deal with certain of these 
 obstacles to so good advantage as can the pas- 
 tors. Much work has to be done before the 
 Volunteer Movement can bring its influence to 
 bear upon those who might become missionary 
 candidates. Moreover, its work must be supple- 
 
 * Quoted by A. L. Perry in " Williamstown and Will- 
 iams College," 362. 
 
i6o THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 mented in the home community and home church 
 of the student, if the most enduring results are 
 to be secured. 
 
 The mercantilism and materialism of the time 
 are among the strongest influences to be over- 
 come, if young men are to be led to devote 
 their lives to the service of the Church, either 
 abroad or at home. The eagerness for wealth 
 and the ability to acquire it rapidly combine 
 powerfully to attract young men and even boys 
 in the direction of money-making pursuits. 
 
 There are misconceptions, prejudices, and pre- 
 conceived ideas which prevent consecration to 
 missionary service and which have to be re- 
 moved from the minds of many Christian young 
 people, if they are to be won for this work. 
 Some are in doubt as to whether Christ is ab- 
 solutely needed in heathen lands. Some think 
 that they are needed on the home field more 
 than abroad. Others are in perplexity as to 
 what constitutes a call. Many have the impres- 
 sion that no more workers can be sent out by 
 the boards. Some fail to understand that men 
 possessing the very best qualifications are re- 
 quired for missionary service. These illustra- 
 tions show the need of having right ideas planted 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE l6l 
 
 in the minds of young people and of having it 
 done very early in life. The pastor can render 
 an immense service in giving his young people 
 true conceptions of the imperative importance 
 of the missionary enterprise and of the nobility 
 of the missionary career. 
 
 This suggests another difficulty in obtaining 
 missionary recruits, namely, that we do not be- 
 gin to develop missionary consecration among 
 young people early enough. By waiting until 
 they have passed their most impressionable years, 
 and until other influences and ideals have begun 
 to dominate them, we lose a great advantage. 
 If it be the will of God that many of His children 
 become missionaries, the idea cannot be lodged 
 in their minds and hearts too early in life. Mani- 
 festly the final decision should be left until years 
 of maturity, but the claims of this noblest and 
 most Christlike of all callings should be truth- 
 fully and persuasively presented in the days of 
 youth. 
 
 The lack of definite appeals, both in public 
 speech and in personal interview, to young men 
 and young women to give their lives to mis- 
 sionary service explains why many do not de- 
 yote themselves to it. How few pastors appar- 
 
1 62 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ently have this as a regular part of their policy 
 and plan of work. " Thousands of well quali- 
 fied young men and young women are not even 
 thinking of the missionary enterprise, simply be- 
 cause it has never been brought before them in 
 such a way as to suggest that they could engage 
 in it if they so desired." ^ 
 
 The opposition of parents and relatives pre- 
 vents many a qualified young man or young 
 woman from becoming a missionary. It is the 
 testimony of the officers of the Volunteer Move- 
 ment, based on the thousands of interviews with 
 students by their traveling secretaries, that this 
 has been the principal obstacle which prevents 
 hundreds of students volunteering. It will be 
 seen without argument that the pastor can do 
 more than all other influences combined to deal 
 with this hindrance. Happily there are many 
 Christian families on both sides of the Atlantic 
 in which the parents teach the children from 
 early years to look upon the life of the mis- 
 sionary as a vocation to be coveted rather 
 than shunned, and who facilitate rather than 
 hinder their decision to enter that service. Dr. 
 
 * Letter from Bishop J. M. Thoburn in Archives of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 163 
 
 Jacob Chamberlain says that his mother influ- 
 enced eleven relatives of hers, including sons, 
 daughters, nephews, and nieces, to become mis- 
 sionaries. 
 
 Inconclusive thinking keeps some men from a 
 missionary career. As a result of sermons and 
 addresses which they have heard from the pulpit 
 and in college, and as a result of what they have 
 read, they possess ample evidence to enable them 
 to arrive at a safe and wise decision as to the 
 best form and field for their life work, but they 
 do not record a definite conclusion. They need 
 to be stimulated and guided to deal decisively 
 with the evidence. 
 
 V/hat Pastors may Do to Help Raise up Can- 
 didates for Missionary Service 
 
 A study of the causes which led forty of the 
 greatest missionaries of the world to decide to 
 enter foreign missionary service, an examination 
 of the methods and influences which account for 
 the missionary decision of as many as 1,519 of the 
 sailed student volunteers, and a consideration of 
 the practice of a number of pastors who have ex- 
 ercised the largest influence in this direction, indi- 
 cate clearly what the pastor should do, if he is to 
 
164 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 be most effective as a recruiting force on behalf 
 of the world's evangelization. 
 
 The pastor must have clear and strong con- 
 victions as to the need and importance of secur- 
 ing more missionaries. To use an English 
 phrase, he must be keen on this very thing. 
 If he has a burning desire to multiply the num- 
 ber of workers in the great harvest fields of God, 
 and if he actually believes that there is no other 
 work that he can do which is likely to exert a 
 more far-reaching influence, then his labors to 
 this end will not be in vain. 
 
 In his missionary sermons let the pastor have 
 as a part of his objective fixing the attention of 
 young men and young women upon missionary 
 service in the hope that some of them at least 
 will be separated by the Holy Spirit unto work 
 in foreign lands. In other sermons as well as 
 in those which are specifically missionary, he 
 should at times emphasize the idea of consecra- 
 tion to foreign service. As Dr. Calvin W. Mateer 
 insists, " When a missionary gospel is preached 
 in the pulpit, then the people will give and their 
 sons and daughters will go." ^ One sermon by 
 Bishop Selwyn was the cause of three members 
 
 * Letter in Archives of the Student Volunteer Movement. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 165 
 
 of his congregation going out to mission fields, 
 two of whom afterward became missionary 
 bishops.^ Raymund Lull arrived at his final de- 
 cision to go as a missionary to the Mohamme- 
 dans under the influence of a powerful sermon 
 by a friar.2 
 
 Seek to create ni the minds of tnt people a 
 true conception of the nobility and exalted privi- 
 lege of the missionary career. Keep before them 
 the thought that the greatest honor which can 
 come to a church is to have some of its members 
 become missionaries in the most destitute and 
 difficult fields of the world. Hold up more fre- 
 quently the missionary life as an ideal. Draw 
 illustrations of heroism from the lives of mis- 
 sionaries. Why are English boys so eager to 
 enter the army and navy? One very important 
 reason is because Wellington and Nelson are 
 held before them so much as heroes. 
 
 Everything which tends to make the whole 
 atmosphere of the church missionary will help 
 the pastor to realize the purpose we have in view. 
 Without doubt it was the abounding missionary 
 
 * J. R. Selwyn in " Report of the Missionary Confer- 
 ence of the Anglican Communion " (held in London, 
 1894), 35. 
 
 ^ S. M. Zwemer, " Raymund Lull," 41, 42. 
 
1 66 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Spirit pervading the church of which he was a 
 member in York, England, which influenced 
 David Hill to go out to China, where by his 
 godly life and consuming earnestness, he left 
 such a deep mark upon that people.^ Japan and 
 the Church are indebted for the career of Guido 
 Verbeck to the missionary spirit which filled the 
 Moravian community of Zeist, Holland, where 
 he spent his boyhood. Dr. Grif fis says, " It was 
 no unusual thing for the pupils in the Zeist 
 school to have their teacher suddenly receive a 
 call to go to Labrador, or Greenland, or the 
 West Indies." ^ In the Moravian Church it is the 
 normal experience to have a strong missionary 
 spirit. So thoroughly does this spirit permeate 
 the Church that it occasions no surprise when 
 one of their members goes out as a missionary. 
 More largely than of any other denomination 
 may it be said that they hold themselves in readi- 
 ness to go to any part of the world-field. It is 
 related that Zinzendorf summoned one of the 
 brethren and asked him whether he could be 
 ready to start the next day for Greenland. 
 The man replied, " If the shoemaker can furnish 
 
 ^W. T. A. Barber, "David Hill," 17. 
 ' W. E. Griffis, " Verbeck of Japan," 42. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 167 
 
 the boots that I have ordered of him by tomorrow 
 I will go." ^ 
 
 Seek to influence parents through sermons an3) 
 through personal conversation to be willing to 
 facilitate their children devoting themselves to 
 the service of Christ either at home or abroad. 
 The study of the biographies of the forty leading 
 missionaries of the world already referred to 
 shows that the home life of thirty-two of them 
 was favorable to their becoming missionaries, and 
 in nearly every case remarkably so. The infor- 
 mation concerning seven of the remaining cases 
 is not sufficiently clear on this point. In but 
 one case is it stated that the parents strongly 
 opposed. The spirituality of the home is essential 
 in the development of missionary spirit and pur- 
 pose in the children. This is strikingly illustrated 
 in the home life of Alexander Duff, Robert Mof- 
 fat, James Gilmour, and Hudson Taylor. 
 
 The pastor should never discourage his best 
 workers from dedicating their lives to missions. 
 On the contrary he should have the faith and 
 courage to suggest foreign service to those who 
 seem to be especially well qualified for such 
 work. The pastor of Dr. Frank D. Gamewell, 
 *A. C. Thompson, "Moravian Missions," 470, 
 
1 68 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 the engineer hero of the siege of Peking, tried 
 to keep him from missionary service on the 
 ground that it would be throwing his Hfe away. 
 How short-sighted ! Think, too, what a loss the 
 whole Christian Church would have suffered had 
 the counsels of John G. Paton's pastor pre- 
 vailed, urging him not to leave city mission work 
 in Glasgow, in which he had been so successful, 
 to enter a field where he might fail or lose his 
 life among the cannibals.^ 
 
 Secure and utilize the visits of returned mis- 
 sionaries and of intending missionaries. Tell 
 them to sound out in their addresses the call for 
 recruits. In addition to affording them oppor- 
 tunities for giving addresses, it may be practica- 
 ble to have them entertained in homes where their 
 influence might be helpful with children or 
 parents. Bishop Patteson was led to become a 
 missionary as a result of two visits of Bishop 
 Selwyn, the first when Patteson was a boy at 
 Eton and again years later when he was in parish 
 work at Alfington.^ The secretary of the So- 
 ciety for Evangelical Missions, the great Prot- 
 
 ^ " John G. Paton, Missionary to the New Hebrides," 
 First Part, 89, 90. 
 
 'Charlotte M. Yonge, "Life of John Coleridge Patte- 
 son/' I., 18, 19, 90-93. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 169 
 
 estant missionary society of France, told me that 
 nearly all their candidates are the result of the 
 visits of missionaries, especially of that eminent 
 apostle, the late Frangois Coillard. 
 
 The experience of the Volunteer Movement 
 shows that missionary conventions and confer- 
 ences of Christian workers constitute one of the 
 most fruitful factors in influencing missionary 
 decisions. They afford conditions favorable for 
 crystallizing the impressions of years. Pastors, 
 therefore, may well encourage their most capa- 
 ble young men and women to attend the best mis- 
 sionary conventions of the Church in order that 
 they may have the benefit of such influences in 
 determining their life work. 
 
 The pastor should have personal conversations 
 with such of his members as seem to him provi- 
 dentially qualified and prepared for entering 
 Christian work as a life service. If it be ob- 
 jected that God only can call men to His service, 
 it is equally true that He only can call men to 
 repentance, but in both cases He usually employs 
 human instrumentalities to make known His will. 
 There is much loose thinking about this matter 
 of the missionary call. The pamphlat by Mr. 
 Speer, "What Constitutes a Missionary Call," 
 
I70 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 clears the air on the subject and should be in the 
 hands of pastors who wish to be helpful to young 
 people who are grappling with the question of 
 their life work. 
 
 As a matter of course a personal appeal to be- 
 come a missionary should not be made to persons 
 who because of advanced age, ill health, or other 
 reasons are obviously disqualified. In dealing 
 with those who apparently possess the requisite 
 qualifications, the following hints may be helpful. 
 Bring the person to the point of surrender to the 
 will of God. Be absolutely faithful in meeting 
 excuses and hindrances. Be fair-minded and 
 sympathetic in the treatment of real problems and 
 difficulties. Emphasize counting the cost and 
 also the compensations. Appeal to the highest 
 motives and to the self-denying and heroic spirit. 
 Urge the person to keep the question before him 
 in earnest thought and prayer until a clear de- 
 cision is reached. 
 
 The reading of missionary literature has had 
 a large part in leading men to become mission- 
 aries. This is especially true of the literature 
 which presents the heroic lives and achievements 
 of the missionaries and the urgent need and in- 
 spiring opportunities of the fields. The need of 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 171 
 
 the heathen world was impressed deeply on Will- 
 iam Carey's mind and heart by reading " Cook's 
 Voyages Round the World." ^ David Living- 
 stone formed the ambition to be a missionary 
 when he read Giitzlaff's appeal to the churches 
 of Britain and America on behalf "of China.^ The 
 booklet entitled " The Conversion of the World, 
 or the Claims of Six Hundred Millions," which 
 Dr. John Scudder read and reread, appealed to 
 him with irresistible force.® Bishop Thoburn tes- 
 tifies that while reading a sermon by Dr. Olin, 
 in which reference was made to the example of 
 Mills, Judson, and Newell, he received the im- 
 pression that his life was to be that of a mis- 
 sionary.* The lives of missionaries have often 
 inspired young men to follow in their steps. The 
 memoir of David Brainerd profoundly impressed 
 Henry Martyn ; ^ and the career of Martyn in 
 turn did more than all else to make Bishop 
 Heber a missionary.^ 
 
 ^ John Clark Marshman, *' The Life and Times of Carey, 
 Marshman and Ward," I., 9. 
 
 'W. G. Blaikie, "The Personal Life of David Living- 
 stone," 15. 
 
 • J. B. Waterbury, " Memoir of the Rev. John Scud- 
 der," 26. 
 
 * J. M. Thoburn, " My Missionary Apprenticeship," 7, 8. 
 " George Smith, " Henry Martyn, Saint and Scholar," 33. 
 •George Smith, "Bishop Heber," 114. 
 
172 THE PASTOR AND MODEKN MISSIONS 
 
 The one thing needed to influence certain men 
 to become missionaries is an authoritative call to 
 some specific field or task. This was the case 
 with David Brainerd and with Bishop Selwyn. 
 By keeping informed about the needs of the mis- 
 sion board of his denomination through the mis- 
 sionary periodical the pastor will be in a position 
 to bring timely and telling facts to the attention 
 of his members. 
 
 If any missionaries have gone forth from the 
 church it will be a good plan to have their names 
 inscribed on a tablet or an illuminated roll placed 
 where it will be constantly reminding the young 
 people of the missionary career. The Park Ave- 
 nue Baptist Church in Rochester has such a tab- 
 let. Some of the colleges of England and Amer- 
 ica indicate with little flags on a map of the world 
 the places on the mission field where former 
 students are at work. 
 
 Pastors should be willing to consecrate their 
 own children to missions. This will lend pecu- 
 liar power to all they say and do to promote the 
 world's evangelization. And yet we hear of pas- 
 tors who rebel against the idea. Not long since 
 the chairman of a denominational missionary 
 society protested when his own daughter ex- 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 173 
 
 pressed her desire to become a volunteer. An- 
 other pastor on hearing that his daughter had 
 decided to volunteer asked in amazement, " How- 
 came you to think of going abroad as a foreign 
 missionary ? " " Why, father, I do not count it 
 strange. I have heard you pray for missions all 
 my life, and now I am going to answer your 
 prayers." Dr. Westcott, Bishop of Durham, was 
 not only an expert on the subject of missions and 
 the moving spirit in the founding of the Cam- 
 bridge University Mission, but more remarkable 
 than all, he gave four of his seven sons to India's 
 evangelization. Rev. V. Noyes, a pastor for 
 forty years in Seville, Ohio, was providentially 
 prevented from going out as a missionary him- 
 self, but under the influence of his missionary 
 life and teaching, three of his children became 
 missionaries to China. One of them. Dr. Henry 
 V. Noyes, is now at the head of the Presbyterian 
 Theological Seminary in Canton. Another, Miss 
 Harriet Noyes, founded the True Light Semi- 
 nary in Canton and is still at its head. During 
 her connection with the school over 1,500 girls 
 have been trained, most of whom were led to be- 
 come Christians and scores of whom entered 
 Christian work. The third became the wife of 
 
174 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 the late Dr. Kerr, a most eminent medical mis- 
 sionary of China. This one family has given the 
 cause of Christ in China in the aggregate seventy- 
 five years of service. At the last meeting (1904) 
 of the General Assembly of the United Free 
 Church of Scotland, of twelve new outgoing mis- 
 sionaries who were commended to God in prayer, 
 eight were children of the manse. 
 
 One of the best things which could happen to 
 insure a larger offering of lives to meet the un- 
 precedented opportunity confronting the Church 
 in the non-Christian world would be for a mul- 
 titude of pastors to offer themselves for foreign 
 service. Today it is too often taken for granted 
 by them that, as they are already settled in their 
 work on the home field, it cannot be the will of 
 God that they go to the foreign field. It re- 
 minds one of the couplet with which a Hamburg 
 preacher closed a sermon against foreign mis- 
 sions : 
 
 " * Go into all the world,' the Lord of old did say ; 
 
 But now: 'Where God has placed thee, there He 
 would have thee stay.'"^ 
 
 This point manifestly does not apply to men 
 
 * Quoted by Gustav Warneck, "Outline of a History 
 of Protestant Missions," 57. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE i75 
 
 who, Owing to their advanced age or other rea- 
 sons, could not be accepted by their board. Yet 
 on this very point of age it is well to recall that 
 Samuel Brown, when nearly fifty years old, went 
 out to Japan, mastered a difficult language, and 
 achieved conspicuous success as a missionary 
 during the twenty years he labored in that field. 
 Note the closing part of his application to the 
 mission board : " I think my going abroad would 
 benefit the Church here more than my stay. It 
 would be a trial to an affectionate people to part 
 with their pastor, but, if I mistake not, it would 
 open their hearts and purse strings in favor of 
 the missionary work not a little." ^ William 
 Burns, after nine years of Christian work on the 
 home fields, went out to China where he became 
 one of the great missionaries of modern times. 
 
 Every pastor should pay close heed to the 
 words of Professor Clarke : " A pastor needs to 
 have faced the question whether he himself ought 
 to be a foreign missionary. . . . Many a 
 pastor has no freedom in dealing with the cause 
 of foreign missions, from a secret fear lest if the 
 truth were known he ought to be a missionary 
 himself. Some pastors secretly know that they 
 
 » W. E. Griffis, " A Maker of the New Orient," 138. 
 
176 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 have never done justice to the question, and 
 therefore avoid the subject when they can. 
 Every young man who is entering the ministry 
 should fairly meet the question of his duty to 
 enter the missionary work, and settle it honestly, 
 in the sight of God. Only thus can a man be as 
 conscientious in staying at home for his work as 
 he would be in going abroad under the sense of 
 a divine call. . . . Only by passing through 
 such an experience of clear decision can a min- 
 ister count with certainty upon being a free and 
 unhampered friend of missions through a life- 
 time at home." ^ 
 
 The problem of securing workers for destitute 
 yet ripe fields confronted Jesus Christ just as it 
 does us. His method of meeting the need is 
 strikingly original and profoundly instructive to 
 the Church in the present age. He summoned 
 his followers to definite, earnest, and believing 
 prayer for the specific thing wanted, namely, 
 laborers. We are prone to magnify human 
 methods and instrumentalities. Prayer recog- 
 nizes that God and God only is able to make truly 
 efficient the agencies we employ, and that He 
 
 ^W. N. Clarke, "A Study of Christian Missions," 261, 
 262. 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 1 77 
 
 only can call with authority and thrust forth re- 
 gardless of obstacles those whom He calls into 
 the harvest fields. 
 
 Without a shadow of doubt the dearth of work- 
 ers who are actuated with a constant sense of 
 their vocation is due to lack of prayer on the part 
 of Christians. Let the pastor give himself more 
 and more to this blessed and omnipotent minis- 
 try of intercession. Let the prayers offered in 
 the pulpit evidence larger obedience to the prayer- 
 command of Christ. Let the monthly mission- 
 ary meeting correspond more faithfi:lly to the 
 original idea, when in the churches it could be 
 appropriately termed " the monthly concert of 
 prayer." Have the officers and teachers of the 
 Sunday-school from time to time unite in prayer 
 that the Holy Spirit may separate from among 
 the young those whom God would have one day 
 preach Christ where He has not been named. 
 Exhort parents to pray that their own children 
 may be guided Into the work of God's own ap- 
 pointment. Influence earnest young men and 
 women in the church to make the choice of their 
 life work and life field a matter of special prayer 
 until God's will is made clear. Judson, Paton, 
 Hudson Taylor, Fidelia Fiske, Ann Hasseltine, 
 
178 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 the Williams College Haystack Band, — these 
 and many others were inspired to give their lives 
 to missions while praying to God for guidance. 
 
 By the conscientious use of the means and 
 methods which have been emphasized, it is possi- 
 ble for the pastor greatly to multiply his life and 
 to extend the range of his influence. Why 
 should he be contented with one life of service, 
 if, by setting in motion influences which u/ill 
 result in leading young men and young women 
 to devote their lives to the world's evangeliza- 
 tion, he can in a most Important sense live several 
 lives? Why should he limft the sphere of his 
 labors to one community or nation, if he can 
 be instrumental in having Christ held up among 
 distant, destitute peoples by witness bearers who 
 might not engage in such a Christlike minis- 
 try, were it not for his faithfulness in enlisting 
 recruits for the great war? 
 
 We should never forget how Pastor Harms 
 raised up and sent forth from his village parish 
 in Germany literally scores of foreign mission- 
 aries. Dr. H. C. Mabie, of Boston, in connec- 
 tion with his Asiatic tour, met twelve different 
 persons, either on the foreign fields, or en route 
 to them, who when resident in his former par- 
 
A RECRUITING FORCE 179 
 
 ishes, had been influenced to become irission- 
 aries largely by himself as their pastor. While 
 the late Rev. James Hood Wilson was minister 
 of the B relay Presbyterian Church in Edin- 
 burgh, over thirty of his members entered for- 
 eign service. This was due in no small measure 
 to the fact that he put his whole soul into the 
 missionary movement and by his own prayers and 
 words and by the help of returned missionaries 
 kept the subject before his young people in a 
 degree and manner commensurate with its im- 
 portance. The late Dr. Brand of Oberlin was a 
 great recruiting force. A secretary of the Amer- 
 ican Board bears testimony that no single influ- 
 ence was more helpful in the calling out and 
 maintenance of the China Band of Oberlin Semi- 
 nary than this pastor. Not less than twenty-five 
 of the members of his church are now scattered 
 throughout the world as missionaries. During 
 the few years that Rev. Hubert Brooke was in 
 Reading, England, out of a communicant mem- 
 bership of about 300, thirty-two volunteered for 
 fore^'gn service, and of this number more than 
 two-thirds have already gone to the field.^ These 
 are a few of the striking examples. Many others 
 * The Church Missionary Intelligencer. Vol. L., 342. 
 
i8o THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 could be given of pastors who have influenced, 
 two, five, seven, or more to devote themselves 
 to this noble, Christlike service. What has 
 been done can be done again. What ought to 
 be done can be done. May the great Lord of the 
 harvest grant us vision to discern the needs of 
 our day and the wisdom to help discover and 
 enlist the workers of His own appointment who 
 fchall go forth to meet those needs. 
 
THE PASTOR AS A SPIRITUAL FORCE 
 IN THE WORLD'S EVANGELIZATION 
 
THE PASTOR AS A SPIRITUAL FORCE IN THE 
 world's EVANGELIZATION 
 
 The history of the Church shows conclusively 
 that there is a vital connection between the spirit- 
 uality of the Church and the origin and develop- 
 ment of missionary movements. The Pietist 
 movement in Germany, led by Spener and 
 Francke, furnished the spiritual conditions which 
 made possible the Danish-Halle Mission. At a 
 time when the Church was cold and asleep as 
 to her missionary responsibility, these earnest 
 Christians turned from the general worldly prac- 
 tices of the time and gave themselves to the ear- 
 nest cultivation of the spiritual life. One has 
 said of Pietism, " In spite of its * fleeing from the 
 world ' it became a world-conquering power." ^ 
 
 No modern church has surpassed the Mora- 
 vians in missionary spirit and activity. During 
 the first generation of its missionary life it car- 
 
 ^ Gustav Warneck, " Outline of a History of Protestant 
 Missions," 54. 
 
 183 
 
184 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ried out a more extensive missionary program 
 than all the Protestant churches during the entire 
 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This mar- 
 velous manifestation of missionary exertion had 
 its origin in the deepened spiritual life of the 
 Brethren under the leadership of Zinzendorf, 
 who in turn had been much influenced by 
 Francke. 
 
 The British missionary movement at the close 
 of the eighteenth century had a spiritual origin. 
 The Wesleyan revival greatly helped to prepare 
 the Church for such an awakening of interest in 
 the world's evangelization. The volume of 
 prayer among earnest Christians of Britain and 
 America, beginning with the impressive call 
 sounded out in 1747 by Jonathan Edwards, 
 steadily augmenting from decade to decade and 
 finally resulting in the monthly concert of prayer 
 in 1784, was another of the most efficient spirit- 
 ual causes of this, the modern missionary move- 
 ment. Then came the immediate cause and oc- 
 casion, — which it will be noted was also mark- 
 edly spiritual, — Carey's years of prayerful medi- 
 tation on the need of the heathen world and his 
 definite consecration to the work of missions. 
 
 On this side the Atlantic also the missionary 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 185 
 
 movement had a spiritual origin. While differ- 
 ent causes operated, probably the most efficient 
 was that which we trace to the meeting of Chris- 
 tian students at Williams College in 1806. The 
 biographer of Samuel ]. Mills, after telling how 
 missions became the burden of his thoughts and 
 prayers after he came to Williams, says : " He 
 reflected long and prayed much before he dis- 
 closed his views ; and when he determined to un- 
 burden his mind, by conversing with two or three 
 of his more intimate fellow students, it was in 
 a manner that deserves to be related ; he led them 
 out into a meadow, at a distance from the college, 
 to a retirement probably familiar to himself, 
 though little exposed to observation or liable to 
 be approached, where, by the side of a large stack 
 of hay, he devoted the day to prayer and fasting, 
 and familiar conversation on this new and inter- 
 esting theme ; when, much to his surprise and 
 gratification, he found that the Spirit of God had 
 been enkindling in their bosoms the flame which 
 had been so long burning in his own." ^ They 
 formed a student fraternity and the result of the 
 agitation carried on by Its members in the, 
 churches, and also later at Andover by some of 
 *" American Missionary Memorial," 16. 
 
l86 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 their number, together with other students who 
 had consecrated their Hves to the work of pro- 
 moting the world's evangelization, led to the 
 formation of the American Board of Commis- 
 sioners for Foreign Missions. 
 
 Eugene Stock attributes much of the recent 
 great development of missionary earnestness in 
 the Church of England to the early revivals car- 
 ried on by Moody in Britain, and to the spiritual 
 movement for the evangelization of the inland 
 provinces of China under the leadership of Hud- 
 son Taylor.^ 
 
 The Cambridge Band and the first stage of the 
 student missionary movement in the British uni- 
 versities had their beginnings in the spiritual 
 awakening in connection with Moody's work in 
 the early eighties. 
 
 In the summer of 1886 there was held at 
 Mount Hermon, in the state of Massachusetts, 
 the first international, intercollegiate Christian 
 conference. Two hundred and fifty-one students 
 came together from eighty-nine colleges and 
 universities and spent four weeks in Bible study, 
 united prayer, and the consideration of subjects 
 
 * Eugene Stock, " The History of the Church Missionary 
 Society," III., 804. 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 187 
 
 bearing on the building up of faith and the de- 
 velopment of the spiritual life. It was not a 
 missionary conference. Only during the closing 
 part of the meeting did missions receive public 
 treatment; but the spiritual atmosphere of the 
 gathering supplied the ideal conditions for gen- 
 erating the spirit of missionary consecration. 
 Moreover, there were a few Christians with large 
 faith in the power of prayer who prayed earnestly 
 and definitely that that conference might mark 
 the beginning of a student missionary uprising. 
 During the closing days of the gathering the 
 number of intending missionaries increased from 
 less than a dozen to an even one hundred. From 
 that spiritual center the movement spread 
 throughout the colleges of North America and 
 soon assumed organized form as the Student 
 Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. It 
 has since been transplanted to every nation in 
 Christendom, and within less than a score of 
 years it has yielded results so large and benef- 
 icent as to warrant the statement that it has been 
 the means of securing the greatest offering of 
 lives for the world's evangelization in all the his- 
 tory of the Church. 
 All these illustrations enforce the lesson of 
 
i88 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Pentecost, — that missionary spirit and achieve- 
 ment are the outcome of times of spiritual quick- 
 ening. They are the result, as well as the cause, 
 of special manifestations of the life-giving Spirit 
 of Jesus Christ. The great missionary advances 
 of this new century will be no exceptions in this 
 respect. Men strive in vain to bring them about 
 in other ways. They must be born from above. 
 How may the home pastor promote the spirit- 
 ual power and fruitfulness of the movement for 
 the world's evangelization ? First of all, by mak- 
 ing his own church a spiritual church. The 
 greatest spiritual power and efficiency of the mis- 
 sionary enterprise abroad is dependent on the 
 spirtual life of the Church at home. The mis- 
 sionary enterprise is the projection abroad of the 
 Church at home. It will eventually share the 
 general standards and characteristics of the home 
 Church. What the spring or fountain is to the 
 stream, the home Church is to the foreign mis- 
 sion enterprise. It is surprising how directly and 
 how quickly any manifestation of spiritual power 
 here gives an impulse to the work of Christ at the 
 ends of the earth. Through the missionaries as 
 they go forth or as they revisit the home land, 
 through correspondence, through periodicals, 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 189 
 
 through natives who visit us, through deputa- 
 tions from the home Church, and through trav- 
 elers, these impulses are being constantly con- 
 veyed. But the connection between the Church 
 at home and that abroad is far closer than all this 
 implies. The union is organic. They constitute 
 parts of the same body. And the strength of the 
 heart determines the pulse beat at the extremities. 
 
 The energy, volume, and quality of the mis- 
 sionary activity of the Church depend upon the 
 purity of its own life. The missionary movement 
 today is not sufficiently widespread to make the 
 knowledge of Jesus Christ readily accessible to 
 every human being because the life of the home 
 Church is not what it should be. 
 
 Further, the reason why the missionary move- 
 ment is not more potent and triumphant in the 
 fields where it is already at work is the same — 
 the life of the home Church is not what it should 
 be. Dr. James Stewart of South Africa pro- 
 pounds a most serious question, " Whether the 
 Christianity we are sending from land to land is 
 not loaded with some fatal disparagement such as 
 forbids its wide expansion." ^ Any practice, at- 
 titude, or spirit tolerated or shown by the home 
 
 Raines Stewart, "Dawn in the Dark Continent," 316. 
 
390 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Church which is contrary to the teaching and 
 spirit of Christ prevents the largest manifesta- 
 tion of His Hfe at home and consequently abroad. 
 Our shortcomings will be reproduced on the for- 
 eign field, first in the missionaries and then in 
 their converts. 
 
 We must, then, have a Christian faith and 
 Christian life of such purity as to be worth propa- 
 gating, if they are to have propagating power. 
 Before there can be any great outflow of the life- 
 giving missionary currents, there must be an 
 increase in the life of the Church herself. A 
 church with an arrested life cannot send forth 
 and properly support living missionaries. What- 
 ever, then, the pastor can do to make his church 
 conform in practice and in spirit to the New 
 Testament teachings and ideals will contribute 
 in the most effective and powerful manner to the 
 success of the missionary movement. It is not 
 so much a matter of new methods and means 
 as the faithful employment of the plans and 
 agencies which in all the history of the Church 
 have been most helpful in building up faith and 
 promoting Christlike character. Human inge- 
 nuity and human energy cannot achieve this su- 
 pernatural and divine work. Only the Church 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 191 
 
 filled and energized by the Holy Spirit can evan- 
 gelize the world. By multiplying the number 
 of Christians who are open and unhindered chan- 
 nels of the Spirit of Christ, the pastor most 
 certainly increases the missionary possibilities 
 and power of the Church. 
 
 By making his own church a praying church 
 the home pastor may augment the spiritual 
 power and fruitfulness of the foreign missionary 
 movement. Prayer and missions are as insepara- 
 ble as faith and works; in fact prayer and mis- 
 sions are faith and works. Jesus Christ, by pre- 
 cept, by command, and by example, has shown 
 with great clearness and force that He recognizes 
 the greatest need of the enterprise of world- 
 wide evangelization to be prayer. Before 
 give and before go comes pray. This is the 
 divine order. Anything that reverses or alters 
 it inevitably leads to loss or disaster. This is 
 strikingly illustrated in the wonderful achieve- 
 ments of the early Christians, which were made 
 possible by their constant employment of the 
 irresistible, hidden forces of the prayer kingdom. 
 They ushered in Pentecost by prayer. When 
 they wanted laborers they prayed. When the 
 time came to send forth laborers the Church was 
 
192 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 called together to pray. Their great foreign mis- 
 sionary enterprise, which carried forward its 
 work so rapidly through the Roman Empire, be- 
 gan in prayer. One of the two reasons for es- 
 tablishing the order of deacons was that the 
 apostles, that is the leaders of the Church, might 
 give themselves to prayer. When persecutions 
 came, the Christians nerved and braced them- 
 selves by prayer. Every undertaking was begun, 
 continued, and ended in prayer. In this we find 
 one secret of the marvelous triumphs of the early 
 Christian Church. 
 
 The source of the spiritual vitality and power 
 of any Christian movement is prayer. Our hope 
 and confidence in this enterprise of world-wide 
 missions are chiefly placed, not in the extent and 
 strength of the missionary organization; not in 
 the number and power of the missionary force; 
 not in the fulness of the treasury and in well- 
 appointed material equipment ; not in the achieve- 
 ments of the past, even those of a spiritual char- 
 acter; not in the experience acquired by cen- 
 turies of Christian missions ; not in the methods 
 and agencies which have been devised ; not in the 
 brilliancy and popularity of the leaders of the 
 missionary movement at home and abroad; not 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 193 
 
 in statesmanlike and far-sighted policies and 
 plans; not in enthusiastic forward movements 
 and inspiring watchwords ; — upon none of these 
 considerations do we rely principally, for it is 
 *' not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, 
 tiaith the Lord of hosts." ^ The source of the 
 power of any spiritual movement is God, and the 
 energies of God are released in answer to prayer. 
 Everything vital to the missionary enterprise 
 hinges upon prayer. The opening of the diffi- 
 cult fields depends upon prayer. Some one has 
 said that China was opened at the point of the 
 lancet, but that is a very superficial observation, 
 for prayer had made possible the work of med- 
 ical missions in that field. Any one who has 
 studied the history of the pioneer missionaries of 
 China and the cause of their going to lay siege 
 to that great Empire knows that prayer was the 
 great unlocking force. Years ago it was said 
 that the zenanas could not be opened to mission- 
 aries in India and in other parts of the Far 
 East. It was the subject of much discussion. 
 But while the discussion was in progress, God 
 swung the doors ajar in answer to fervent and 
 faithful prayer and effort. 
 
 *Zech. iv. 6. 
 
194 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 Moreover, to batter down the walls of opposi- 
 tion, persecution, and peril, prayer is as sufficient 
 as it is essential. There has been no more heart- 
 ening example of the reality of intercession than 
 we have had in that marvelous group of facts 
 connected with the raising of the siege of Peking. 
 At a time when rationalists in Europe and in our 
 own country have been loudly asserting that 
 prayer does not have achieving power, that it 
 does not bring things to pass objectively, that it 
 has simply a reflex influence, this experience has 
 been an inspiring evidence in the eyes of the 
 world, which has challenged attention and has 
 banished much of skepticism upon this subject. 
 
 Are more workers needed? Prayer is the se- 
 cret of securing them. It is not alone by organi- 
 zations, nor by fervent appeals, nor by multiply- 
 ing the secretaries of the Student Volunteer 
 Movement, that we are going to get all the work- 
 ers needed. The one method which Jesus Christ 
 emphasized for obtaining laborers is prayer, and 
 He went to the center of every problem. " Pray 
 ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he send 
 forth laborers into his harvest."^ It is as won- 
 derful as it is true that God has conditioned the 
 *Matt. ix. 38. 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 195 
 
 going forth of the laborers upon the faithfulness 
 of His own disciples in prayer. 
 
 In 1872 the Church Missionary Society insti- 
 tuted the observance of a day of intercession in 
 order that they might obtain more workers. In 
 the five years preceding 1872 they sent out fifty- 
 one missionaries ; in the five years following that 
 year, during which years they observed this day 
 of special intercession, they sent out 112 mission- 
 aries. 
 
 In 1886 the China Inland Mission had 200 mis- 
 sionaries. A number of them met that year for 
 an eight days' conference for Bible study and 
 also for united prayer. While they were to- 
 gether they were led to unite in prayer that God 
 would thrust forth into that Mission during the 
 year 100 additional missionaries ; and before the 
 conference closed one of them suggested that 
 they have a praise meeting to thank God for 
 answering the prayer, because he said, " We shall 
 not all of us be able to come together for that 
 purpose a year hence." They did so. Within 
 the following year there were 600 who applied 
 to be sent out ; the Mission selected and sent out 
 100 of them. 
 
 Is it money that we need? If so, in prayer 
 
196 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 again lies the deepest secret. Take the illustra- 
 tion just given, the sending out of 100 mission- 
 aries by the China Inland Mission. It required 
 an increase in their budget from $100,000 to 
 $150,000. Hudson Taylor and some of his co- 
 workers have called attention to the fact that 
 they were led, on account of the pressure of their 
 work, to offer this prayer, that, if it were the will 
 of God, the $50,000 needed might be received 
 in large amounts. Within a year in eleven gifts, 
 ranging from $2,500 to over $12,000, the whole 
 sum came in. 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Gulick of Kyoto wanted to as- 
 sist some Japanese students to secure money for 
 a Young Men's Christian Association building 
 in connection with one of the government col- 
 leges in that city. They wanted only $2,000. 
 Dr. Gulick wrote a letter to The Evangelist in 
 New York, describing their need. That copy 
 fell Into the hands of a certain business man in 
 New York State. He read it and was vexed by 
 it. He thought that there were enough regular 
 appeals for financial help without having special 
 appeals made. He put the paper away but could 
 not leave it. The matter kept troubling him. 
 Finally, he took up the paper, read the article 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 197 
 
 again, and dictated a letter to The Evangelist 
 asking whether they had received the $2,000 
 needed. They rephed that none of it had come 
 in. He then wrote that he would give four in- 
 stalments of $500 each that the building might 
 be erected. Dr. and Mrs. Gulick and a group of 
 Japanese students had been uniting daily in 
 prayer for this definite object. 
 
 George Miiller received and disbursed during 
 his lifetime over $7,000,000 without formally or 
 directly appealing to men. He regarded prayer 
 as the one explanation. If we were as anxious 
 about enlisting the prayers of Christians as we 
 are about securing their money, and if we made 
 the obtaining of funds as much a matter of prayer 
 as we are in the habit of making this a subject of 
 discussions and of planning, we would have all 
 the money needed for carrying on our missionary 
 work. 
 
 We need greater efficiency in all the mission- 
 ary agencies and among all the various influences 
 that are being exercised. There are being poured 
 upon the world each year in Bibles and in Chris- 
 tian literature, in preaching and teaching, far 
 more Christian truth than was proclaimed and 
 disseminated in the Roman Empire in many long 
 
19^ THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 years in the early history of Christianity. If 
 the truth is not achieving as large results propor- 
 tionately as it did in those days, it is not the fault 
 of the missionaries so much as it is the fault of 
 Christians at home, for not backing up their 
 efforts that there may be added the help of the 
 Holy Spirit in the use of this truth. The truth 
 does not convert men. It is the Spirit of God 
 using the truth, and using us, who convicts men 
 of sin and leads them to accept Christ as their 
 Savior; and the Holy Spirit works in answer to 
 prayer. 
 
 Thinking about the efficiency of agencies sug- 
 gests the necessity of more prayer for the mis- 
 sionaries. I have met in my travels nearly 2,000 
 missionaries, representing about 100 different 
 missionary organizations, and their principal re- 
 quest was that there be enlisted in their behalf 
 the prayers of home Christians. Louder than 
 their cry, " Brethren, come over and help us," 
 there rang out the cry, " Brethren, pray for us." 
 The day upon which you think the missionaries 
 need your prayers least, they may need them 
 most. 
 
 We know not when the missionary stands be- 
 fore his greatest opportunity. We know not 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 1 99 
 
 when fierce temptation may sweep in upon him 
 Hke a flood. We know not the devices of the 
 Adversary. Let the Scripture warning ring in 
 our souls, " God forbid that I should sin against 
 the Lord in ceasing to pray for you." ^ I sin 
 against myself in ceasing to pray for you, for 
 such neglect makes me just so much more selfish 
 and unsympathetic. I harm you in ceasing to 
 pray for you, because I reduce your working 
 power. But more serious still is it that I sin 
 against God in ceasing to pray for you. We have 
 no right to send out missionaries unless we mean 
 to back them up by prayer ; for God's power only, 
 in answer to prayer, can enable them to overcome 
 their hindrances. Therefore, let us be faithful 
 in praying for those who are not within the range 
 of our vision, who are in fields of great diffi- 
 culty and peril and trial and loneliness, and who 
 without our prayers cannot do their largest and 
 best work. 
 
 Let us not forget to pray for the native Chris-» 
 tians. Remember that they have come up out 
 of sin, superstition, and degradation. Remem- 
 ber how weak they are in many cases. Remem- 
 ber how fiercely they are tempted. Above all, 
 
 * I Sam. xii. 23. 
 
200 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 remember that from the ranks of the native 
 Church are to come by far the larger part of 
 the laborers who are to evangelize the world. 
 .Think of Pastor Hsi, whose life has been writ- 
 ten so interestingly by Mrs. F. Howard Taylor. 
 That worker in his lifetime founded and set in 
 motion many Christian and benevolent institu- 
 tions, and by word and life directly and indi- 
 rectly was the means of the conversion of hun- 
 dreds of Chinese. Let it not be forgotten that 
 his conversion was traceable to the prayers of 
 David Hill. The life of David Hill should be 
 read along with the life of this Chinese scholar. 
 Christians could multiply many fold the evan- 
 gelizing power of missionary agencies, if they 
 would set apart more time from day to day to 
 pray for the native Church. 
 
 Do we desire to witness spiritual awakenings 
 on the mission field? In prayer pre-eminently 
 lies the secret. Take as an illustration the great 
 Telugu revival in which, as the result of the 
 prayers and efforts of a few who did not become 
 discouraged, nearly 10,000 were baptized within 
 less than a year. The great movement in North- 
 ern India, in connection with which tens of thou- 
 sands of people are being born into the Kingdom 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 20i 
 
 of Jesus Christ, its leaders tell us, is a definite 
 product of prayer. A lone missionary was work- 
 ing in much discouragement at a new station on 
 the Orissa Coast of India. On March 6 of a cer- 
 tain year several home churches at the monthly 
 concert for prayer prayed for that particular sta- 
 tion, as it was put down in the prayer calendar for 
 that day. Before the missionary knew this fact, 
 he wrote home to a friend in America about a 
 special spiritual awakening in his field on March 
 6 and 7, resulting in many conversions. 
 
 We have all heard of that " mother of a thou- 
 sand daughters,'' Miss Agnew. In connection 
 with her labor at the Oodooville Girls' School in 
 Ceylon it is said that fully a thousand of the girls 
 who attended her school were led to become 
 Christians. It has been pointed out since her 
 death that she had the habit, in addition to all 
 her administrative and teaching work, of setting 
 apart time generously each week to pray for these 
 girls by name. 
 
 In 1883 a wave of rationalism and skepticism 
 swept over the Doshisha, the leading Christian 
 college of Japan, and it became very cold spirit- 
 ually. Dr. Davis, one of the missionaries there, 
 recognized the power of intercession and wrote 
 
202 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 to over twenty colleges and theological seminaries 
 of America, asking the students to unite in 
 prayer for the Doshisha. Many Christian stu- 
 dents heeded the request. On the night of the 
 Day of Prayer for Colleges, when the American 
 students united in prayer, the Doshisha students 
 in different rooms, without any direct human in- 
 fluence being brought to bear upon them, were 
 led to fall into conversation on the subject of per- 
 sonal religion and to give themselves to prayer. 
 A revival began that very night and spread 
 through the college. It resulted in the conversion 
 of a large number of the students. 
 
 Every forward movement, if we could get at 
 the facts, would probably be traceable to secret 
 places where we should find some Paul, or Zin- 
 zendorf, or Carey, or George Miiller, or Hud- 
 son Taylor, giving himself to prayer. The 
 streams that turn the machinery of the world rise 
 in solitary places. 
 
 Prayer is the greatest force that we can wield. 
 It is the greatest talent which God has granted 
 us. He has given it to every Christian. There is 
 a democracy in this matter. We may differ 
 among ourselves as to wealth, social position, 
 educational equipment, native ability, inherited 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 203 
 
 characteristics; but in this matter of exercising 
 the greatest force that is at work in the world to- 
 day, we are on the same footing. It is possible 
 for the most obscure person in a church, with a 
 heart right toward God, to exercise as much 
 power for the evangelization of the world, as it 
 is for those who stand in the most prominent 
 positions. Therefore no one is excusable, if he 
 commits the great sin of omitting to pray. 
 
 Think of the blessing that we are withholding 
 not only from ourselves, but also from our 
 churches, from our missionaries, from the dis- 
 tant mission fields. What right have we to leave 
 unappropriated or unapplied the greatest force, 
 which God has ordained for the salvation and 
 transformation of men and for the inauguration 
 and energizing of Christian movements? May 
 the wish of Spurgeon be ours, — that there might 
 be 500 Elijahs, each one upon his Mount Carmel, 
 making incessant mention of the mission cause 
 in prayer. Then that little cloud, which is no 
 larger than a man's hand, would spread until it 
 darkened the heavens, and the windows would 
 open, and the showers come down upon this 
 thirsty earth. 
 
 In view of the great and vital importance of 
 
204 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 prayer for missions, what can the pastor do to 
 call forth more intercession on behalf of this 
 enterprise ? 
 
 Let him think out a plan for accomplishing this 
 object. It should be as definite and practical as 
 his policy for any other part of his work. How 
 little planning there is among Christians for 
 promoting efficiency in prayer. And yet of all 
 the questions claiming the attention of pastors, 
 what is more important or attended with larger 
 results than that of insuring more intelligent, fer- 
 vent, believing prayer ? 
 
 There should be at least one sermon each year 
 on some aspect of intercessory prayer. The aim 
 should be to convince Christians that this is the 
 most important work which they can do, and to 
 try to develop within them the prayer passion. 
 
 Get the members to read the most stimulating 
 literature on intercessory prayer. Such books 
 as " The Ministry of Intercession," by Andrew 
 Murray, " Individual Prayer as a Working 
 Force," by David Gregg, and " A Mighty Means 
 of Usefulness," by James G. K. McClure, have 
 been very effective, and should be widely circu- 
 lated in every church. 
 
 Several missionary societies issue a prayer 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 205 
 
 cycle from year to year. When used properly, it 
 promotes unselfishness, definiteness, and union 
 in prayer. If supplemented with correspondence 
 and with reading of reports or periodicals, which 
 will enable one to keep in touch with the persons 
 and objects for which he is praying, it develops 
 the spirit of earnestness, watchfulness, and 
 thanksgiving in prayer. The principal peril in 
 connection with the use of prayer cycles is form- 
 alism. This is an enemy to all true prayer and 
 needs to be fought resolutely. One of the best 
 prayer cycles is the map of the world. It is re- 
 ported that when Dr. Somerville took the chair 
 as moderator of the General Assembly of the 
 Free Church of Scotland, he stated that he had 
 brought a new prayer-book and would use it 
 during the sessions of the General Assembly. 
 He then held up an atlas. As he led in prayer 
 session after session he prayed for the various 
 lands of the world one after the other, omitting 
 not one. 
 
 Enlist the prayers of people on behalf of 
 specific enterprises and objects. One missionary 
 society is seeking to connect groups of Chris- 
 tians on the home field with each of their foreign 
 workers. This will tend to make the whole mat- 
 
2o6 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 ter more real, and, therefore, more vital and 
 helpful. 
 
 Simply asking or urging people to pray is not 
 sufficient to get them to pray. Even convincing 
 them of the wonderful possibilities of intercession 
 is not enough. They must come to realize the 
 urgent need for prayer, and then they will give 
 themselves to it. To this end they must know 
 the facts. The more vivid and timely the in- 
 formation, the better it is. This lends added 
 significance to the program of education regard- 
 ing the world's evangelization. 
 
 In his prayers at the regular public services, the 
 pastor has an exceptional opportunity to guide 
 and widen and deepen the intercessory prayer 
 life of his people. There should be few if any 
 public prayers which are not filled with the mis- 
 sionary spirit. " Public prayer should not merely 
 utter the petitions of the moment, it should guide 
 and form the habit of spiritual desire for the peo- 
 ple. In liturgical churches the kingdom of God 
 in the world is never forgotten; but in churches 
 where extemporaneous prayer prevails the field 
 of request is often scarcely larger than the 
 congregation." ^ Sometimes prayers for missions 
 
 * W. N, Clarke, " A Study of Christian Missions," 264. 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 207 
 
 are altogether too general and hazy, largely be- 
 cause of ignorance and indolence. Some pastors 
 find it helpful to use in connection with their 
 public intercession the prayer cycle, or year-book 
 of prayer, issued by their missionary boards. 
 Let the pastor actually lead the members, calling 
 out their hearts as he brings forward definite 
 opportunities and burning needs. Let prayers for 
 laborers — the object on which Christ placed the 
 stress — have a prominent place. Far more fre- 
 quently we hear prayers for the conversion of 
 the heathen, than for the thrusting forth of the 
 workers. The indirect education and effect of 
 the right kind of intercessory prayer are often 
 greater than those of direct preaching. The min- 
 ister who neglects to give the Kingdom of Christ 
 its proper place in his prayers unconsciously 
 breaks the force of much that he says and does 
 for missions on other occasions. 
 
 If we gave prayer a larger place in the regu- 
 lar missionary meetings, in mission study classes, 
 and at meetings of committees engaged in fur^ 
 thering the missionary policy of the church, it 
 would show that we have more confidence in God 
 than in men, and He would flood our discussions 
 and activities with His own light and energy. 
 
2o8 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 In some way, each Christian should be so in- 
 terested and instructed that he will pray daily for 
 the spread of Christ's Kingdom. The rule of 
 prayer of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, re- 
 quiring each member of that organization to pray 
 at least once each day for the extension of the 
 Kingdom of Christ, is to be heartily commended. 
 The London Missionary Society have what is 
 called " The Watchers' Band," numbering many 
 thousands, who undertake to pray at least once 
 each week for the Society and for missions. 
 
 Each pastor would find it a great help to have 
 a prayer band. Let him unite with himself one 
 or more kindred spirits and begin to lay matters 
 before God. Such a band could be made a verita- 
 ble spiritual dynamo for all the missionary 
 agencies and activities of the church, and its in- 
 fluence would be felt even to the ends of the 
 earth. Spurgeon had such a band which con- 
 stantly strengthened his hands. 
 
 The pastor must set the example as a man of 
 prayer, if his church is to be mighty in interces- 
 sion, and therefore, mighty in missions. In this 
 intense generation, with its increased activity and 
 pressure, the temptation is greater than ever to 
 let this part of one's ministry suffer first. How. 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 209 
 
 few men we find who have mastered their condi- 
 tions, rather than being controlled by them, and 
 are actually giving the first place to prayer. This 
 has been a capital distinction in the life of Hud- 
 son Taylor, — he has unvaryingly and resolutely 
 made place and way for unhurried prayer each 
 day. 
 
 Prayer is work. Like all work it is difficult. 
 But as it is the most essential work, it should 
 have right of way. What a deplorable thing it is 
 to find a minister who has not thought this mat- 
 ter through, and, if need be, fought it through, 
 and settled it as one of his deepest convictions 
 that, whatever else he lets suffer, he will not let 
 suffer his life and work of prayer. 
 
 It will not do to excuse oneself on the ground 
 that he is going about all his work in the spirit 
 of prayer. Experience shows that one cannot 
 long be pervaded with the spirit of prayer with- 
 out having regular occasions for intercession. 
 The example of the great Exemplar, Christ, 
 should be conclusive on this point. 
 
 Neglect here explains our other shortcomings. 
 Faithfulness here means increasing fruitfulness. 
 Jonathan Edwards said of David Brainerd, 
 "Among all the many days he spent in secret 
 
2IO THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 prayer and fasting, of which he gives an account 
 in his diary, there is scarcely an instance of one 
 which was not either attended or soon followed 
 with apparent success, and a remarkable blessing 
 in special influences and consolations of God's 
 Spirit, and very often before the day was 
 ended." ^ 
 
 Edwards himself was a man of prayer. We 
 usually hear only of his masterful ability as a 
 theologian, preacher, and logician. But it was 
 his habit to devote long hours regularly to spirit- 
 ual exercises. He seemed to live on the edge of 
 the unseen world and wielded with triumphant 
 faith and great results the force of prayer. It 
 was this reality in his own life that made his 
 appeal to Christians to unite in prayer for the 
 world's evangelization come with irresistible 
 power. 
 
 The Church of England has had few if any 
 men who have exercised a greater spiritual in- 
 fluence in the extension of Christ's Kingdom at 
 home and abroad than Charles Simeon. By his 
 life and sermons at Cambridge he left a very 
 deep mark for good on his generation. There is 
 
 * Quoted in The Missionary Review of the World, New 
 Series. Vol. IV., 736. 
 
A SPIRITUAL FORCE 211 
 
 a concealed place on the roof of one of the col- 
 lege buildings where he was wont to retire for 
 intercession. The hours spent there in secret 
 with his God explain the range and depth of his 
 missionary influence. 
 
 Gossner, the humble pastor of Bethlehem 
 Church in Berlin, relied on prayer more than on 
 any other force. It was said of him : " He 
 prayed mission stations into being, and mission- 
 aries into faith ; he prayed open the hearts of the 
 rich and gold from the most distant lands." ^ 
 Before his life ended, he had sent out 144 mis- 
 sionaries and usually had not less than twenty 
 of them depending directly on him for support. 
 
 Mr. Moody used to tell year after year at 
 Northfield of an interview that he once had with 
 a godly man in the British Isles who remarked 
 that the world had not yet seen what one fully 
 consecrated man can do. Anskar, the mission- 
 ary to the Far North of Europe in the ninth cen- 
 tury, when asked by the heathen whether he 
 could perform miracles replied, "If God were 
 indeed to grant that power to me, I would only 
 ask that I might exhibit the miracle of a holy 
 
 * Quoted in The Missionary Review of the World. New 
 Series. Vol. IV., 729. 
 
212 THE PASTOR AND MODERN MISSIONS 
 
 life." ^ No one can measure the missionary power 
 and possibilities of even one pastor of holy life. 
 This takes us to the heart of the problem of the 
 world's evangelization. Yes, deeper than the 
 need of education concerning Christ's program 
 for the world; deeper than the need of money 
 for the maintenance of this world-wide war;, 
 deeper than the need of workers ; even more fun- 
 damental than seeking to spiritualize the church, 
 is the need that the pastor himself preserve an 
 ever-expanding spiritual life. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 THE PASTOR'S MISSIONARY LIBRARY 
 
 The following list of books has been prepared to 
 guide the pastor in building up the missionary section 
 of his library. All these books have been selected with 
 reference to his proper equipment for the responsible 
 task of leadership in the work of the world's evangeliza- 
 tion. The list has been examined by such students of 
 missions as Rev. Harlan P. Beach, M.A., Rev. James 
 S. Dennis, D.D., President Charles Cuthbert Hall, D.D., 
 and Secretary A. W. Halsey, D.D., and incorporates the 
 results of their criticisms. It is a matter of regret that 
 the limits of the collection necessitate the omission of 
 literature in the German, French, Dutch and Scandi- 
 navian languages. 
 
 In the making of this bibliography the various uses 
 of a pastor's missionary library have been kept in mind : 
 the preparation of missionary sermons and addresses; 
 the guiding of classes or individuals in missionary study 
 and reading; the loaning of books designed to interest 
 children in missions, to help young men and young 
 women determine their missionary responsibility, to 
 meet criticisms upon missions arising in the minds of 
 any of the members of the church, and to educate and 
 to inspire the leaders of the missionary activities of the 
 church. 
 
 Each pastor should own the collection of books here 
 recommended. If it be impossible for him to obtain 
 them all at once, let him systematically go about it to 
 acquire the entire list within a few years, naturally sub- 
 
 215 
 
2i6 APPENDIX 
 
 stituting in some cases superior volumes as they appear. 
 While it is impossible to arrange the books in the order 
 of their importance with any degree of satisfaction, an 
 effort has been made by the author to indicate by means 
 of asterisks in each division of the bibliography hav- 
 ing more than five entries the five works which in his 
 judgment are of primary value to the pastor. This 
 necessarily leaves unmarked several books just as es- 
 sential to the pastor's best equipment as any of those 
 thus marked. 
 
 All the books in the list will be sent post-paid at the 
 prices indicated, by the Student Volunteer Movement, 
 3 West 29th Street, New York City; or they may be 
 obtained through any publishing house or through such 
 missionary boards as deal in missionary literature. The 
 prices quoted are revised up to the autumn of 1904. 
 
 GENERAL AND HISTORICAL 
 
 Barnes, Lemuel Call. Two Thousand Years of Mis- 
 sions before Carey. The Christian Culture Press. 
 $1.50. 
 
 *BeacHj Harlan P. A Geography and Atlas of Prot- 
 estant Missions. Vol. I., Geography ; Vol. II., Atlas. 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 
 $4.00. 
 
 *Dennis, James S. Christian Missions and Social 
 Progress. 2 vols. (Vol. III. in preparation.) 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $5.00. 
 
 *DwiGHT, H. O., H. Allen Tupper, Jr., E. M. Bliss, 
 editors. Encyclopedia of Missions. Funk & Wag- 
 nails Co. $6.00. 
 
 ♦Ecumenical Missionary Conference, New York, 1900. 
 2 vols. American Tract Society. $1.50. 
 
APPENDIX 217 
 
 Gordon, A. J. The Holy Spirit in Missions. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 
 Grant, William D. Christendom Anno Domini 
 MDCCCCI. 2 vols. The Baker & Taylor Co. $5-00. 
 
 GuLiCK, Sidney L. The Growth of the Kingdom of 
 God. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 Lawrence, Edward A. Modern Missions in the East. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 MoTT, John R. The Evangelization of the World in 
 this Generation. Student Volunteer Movement for 
 Foreign Missions. $1.00. 
 
 Speer, Robert E. Missions and Modern History. 2 vols. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $4.00. 
 
 Thompson, Augustus C. Moravian Missions, Twelve 
 Lectures. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.00. 
 
 *Warnbck, Gustav. Outline of a History of Protestant 
 Missions. Fleming H. Revell Co. $2.00. 
 
 World-wide Evangelization. Addresses Delivered before 
 the Fourth International Convention of the Student 
 Volunteer Movement, Toronto, 1902. Student Volun- 
 teer Movement for Foreign Missions. $1.50. 
 
 RELIGIONS 
 
 Davids, T. W. Rhys. Buddhism. Society for Promot- 
 ing Christian Knowledge. Edwin S. Gorham, agent. 
 75 cents. 
 
 *Dods, Marcus. Mohammed, Buddha and Christ. Hod- 
 der & Stoughton. $1.00. 
 
 Douglas, Robert K. Confucianism and Taouism. So- 
 ciety for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Edwin 
 S. Gorham, agent. 75 cents. 
 
 Ellinwood, Frank F. Oriental Religions and Chris- 
 tianity. Charles Scribner's Sons. $i.75- 
 
2l8 APPENDIX 
 
 *Grant, G. M. The Religions of the World in Relation 
 
 to Christianity. Fleming H. Revell Co. 40 cents: 
 *Kellogg, S. H. a Handbook of Comparative Religion. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 
 
 75 cents. 
 *Kellogg, S. H. The Light of Asia and the Light of 
 
 the World. The Macmillan Co. $2.00. 
 MoNiER-WiLLiAMS, MoNiER. Hinduism. Society for 
 
 Promoting Christian Knowledge. Edwin S. Gorham, 
 
 agent. 75 cents. 
 *MurR, William, and others. Non-Christian Religions 
 
 of the World. Religious Tract Society. Fleming 
 
 H. Revell Co., agents. $1.00. 
 
 APOLOGETIC WORKS 
 
 Mackenzie, W. Douglas. Christianity and the Prog- 
 ress of Man. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 
 Storrs, Richard S. The Divine Origin of Christianity 
 Indicated by its Historical Effects. The Congrega- 
 tional Sunday-School & Publishing Society. $2.00. 
 
 Welsh, R. E. T^he Challenge to Christian Missions. 
 Missionary Questions and the Modern Mind. H. 
 R. Allenson. $1.00. 
 
 MEDICAL MISSIONS 
 
 Lowe, John. Medical Missions, their Place and Power. 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 Penrose, Valeria Fullerton. Opportunities in the 
 
 Path of the Great Physician. The Westminster 
 
 Press. $1.00. 
 
APPENDIX 219 
 
 Wanless^ W. J. The Medical Mission: Its Place, 
 Power and Appeal. Westminster Press. 10 cents. 
 
 Williamson, J. Rutter. The Healing of the Nations. 
 A Treatise on Medical Missions. Student Volunteer 
 Movement for Foreign Missions. 40 cents. 
 
 COLLECTED BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 ♦Beach, Harlan P. Knights of the Labarum. Being 
 
 Studies in the Lives of Judson, Duff, Mackenzie 
 
 and Mackay. Student Volunteer Movement for 
 
 Foreign Missions. 25 cents. 
 Gracey, Mrs. J. T. Eminent Missionary Women. 
 
 Eaton & Mains. Jennings & Graham. 85 cents. 
 *McDowELL, Wm. F., and others. Effective Workers in 
 
 Needy Fields. Student Volunteer Movement for 
 
 Foreign Missions. 50 cents. 
 Maclear, G. F. Missions and Apostles of Mediaeval 
 
 Europe. Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign 
 
 Missions. 40 cents. 
 Pitman, Mrs. E. R. Missionary Heroines iri Eastern 
 
 Lands. S. W. Partridge & Co. Fleming H. Revell 
 
 Co., agents. 75 cents. 
 Thompson, A. C, and others. Modern Apostles of 
 
 Missionary Byways. Student Volunteer Movement 
 
 for Foreign Missions. 40 cents. 
 Trumbull, H. Clay. Old Time Student Volunteers. 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.00. 
 *Walsh, W. Pakenham. Heroes of the Mission Field. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 
 
 50 cents. 
 *Walsh, W. Pakenham. Modern Heroes of the Mis- 
 sion Field. Thomas Whittaker. $1.00. 
 
2 20 APPENDIX 
 
 *YoNGE^ C. M. Pioneers and Founders, or Recent 
 Workers in the Mission Field. The Macmillan Co. 
 $1.75. 
 
 MISSION FIELDS AND WORKERS 
 Africa 
 
 *Blaikie, W. Garden. The Personal Life of David 
 Livingstone. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 Harford-Battersby, Charles F. Pilkington of Uganda. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 * [Harrison, Mrs. J. W.] Sister, By his. A. M. 
 Mackay, Pioneer Missionary of the Church Mission- 
 ary Society to Uganda. A. C. Armstrong & Son. 
 $1.50. 
 
 *Jack, James W. Daybreak in Livingstonia. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 Mackenzie, W. Douglas. John Mackenzie, South 
 African Missionary and Statesman. A. C. Arm- 
 strong & Son. $2.00. 
 
 Moffat, John S. The Lives of Robert and Mary Mof- 
 fat. American Baptist Publication Society. $1.50. 
 
 *Noble, Frederic Perry. The Redemption of Africa. 
 A Story of Civilization. 2 vols. Fleming H. Revell 
 Co. $4.00. 
 
 Page, Jesse, Samuel Crowther, the Slave Boy who 
 Became Bishop of the Niger. S. W. Partridge & 
 Co. Fleming H. Revell Co., agents. 75 cents. 
 
 ^Stewart, James. Dawn in the Dark Continent, or 
 Africa and its Missions. Fleming H. Revell Co. 
 $2.00. 
 
 Thornton, Douglas M. Africa Waiting, or the Problem 
 of Africa's Evangelization. Student Volunteer 
 Movement for Foreign Missions. 50 cents. 
 
APPENDIX 221 
 
 America 
 
 Beach, Harlan P., and others. Protestant Missions in 
 South America. Student Volunteer Movement for 
 Foreign Missions. 50 cents. 
 
 Brown, Hubert W. Latin America. Fleming H. Revell 
 Co. $1.20. 
 
 Butler, William. Mexico in Transition. Eaton & 
 Mains. Jennings & Graham. $2.00. 
 
 Sherwood, J. M., editor. Memoirs of Rev. David Brain- 
 erd- Based on the Life of Brainerd, prepared by 
 Jonathan Edwards. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.50. 
 
 China 
 
 Ball, J. Dyer. Things Chinese (4th edition). Sampson 
 
 Low, Marston & Co. Charles Scribner's Sons, 
 
 agents. $4.00. 
 *Beach, Harlan P. Dawn on the Hills of T'ang, or 
 
 Missions in China. Student Volunteer Movement 
 
 for Foreign Missions. 50 cents. 
 Beach, Harlan P. Princely Men in the Heavenly 
 
 Kingdom. Young People's Missionary Movement 
 
 50 cents. 
 *Brown, Arthur Judson. New Forces in Old China. 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 Brown, O. E. and A. M. Life and Letters of Laura 
 
 Askew Haygood. Smith & Lamar. $1.50. 
 Bryson, Mrs. John Kenneth Mackenzie. Fleming H. 
 
 Revell Co. $1.50. 
 Bryson, Mrs. M. I. Home-Life in China. American 
 
 Tract Society. $1.00. 
 Davis, J. A. The Chinese Slave-Girl. Presbyterian 
 
 Board of Publication. 75 cents. 
 
222 APPENDIX 
 
 ♦Gibson^ J. Campbell. Mission Problems and Mission 
 
 Methods in South China. Fleming H. Revell Co. 
 
 $1.50. 
 Hellier, Jane Elizabeth. How David Hill Followed 
 
 Christ. Charles H. Kelly. 75 cents. 
 LovETT, Richard^ editor. James Gilmour of Mongolia, 
 
 His Diaries, Letters, and Reports. Fleming H. 
 
 Revell Co. $i.75- 
 McNabb, R. The Women of the Middle Kingdom. 
 
 Eaton & Mains, 75 cents. 
 Miner, Luella. China's Book of Martyrs. Pilgrim 
 
 Press. The Westminster Press. $1.50. 
 Ross, John. Mission Methods in Manchuria. Fleming 
 
 H. Revell Co. $1.00. 
 *Smith, Arthur H. Chinese Characteristics. Fleming 
 
 H. Revell Co. $2.00. 
 Smith, Arthur H. Rex Christus. An Outline Study 
 
 of China. The Macmillan Co. 50 cents. 
 Smith, Arthur H. Village Life in China. Fleming H. 
 
 Revell Co. $2.00. 
 lAYLOR, Mrs. Howard. One of Qiina's Scholars. China 
 
 Inland Mission. $1.00. 
 Taylor, Mrs. Howard. Pastor Hsi. One of China's 
 
 Christians. China Inland Mission. $1.50. 
 * Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom. 2 vols. 
 
 Charles Scribner's Sons. $9.00. 
 
 India 
 
 Armstrong-Hopkins, S. Within the Purdah. Eaton 
 & Mains. Jennings & Graham. $1.25. 
 
 ♦Beach, Harlan P. India and Christian Opportunity. 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 
 50 cents. 
 
APPENDIX 223 
 
 Bunker^ Alonzo. Soo Thah. A Tale of the Making 
 
 of the Karen Nation. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.00. 
 Carus-Wilson, Mrs. Ashley. A Woman's Life for 
 
 Kashmir. Irene Petrie. Fleming H. Revell Co. 
 
 $1.50. 
 Chamberlain^ Jacob. In the Tiger Jungle. Fleming H. 
 
 Revell Co. $1.00. 
 Cochrane, Henry Park. Among the Burmans. Flem- 
 ing H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 Dyer, Helen S. Pandita Ramabai. Fleming H. Revell 
 
 Co. $1.25. 
 Fuller, Mrs. Marcus E. The Wrongs of Indian 
 
 Womanhood. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 Hunter, William Wilson. A Brief History of the 
 
 Indian Peoples. Oxford University Press. 90 cents. 
 Jackson, John. Mary Reed, Missionary to the Lepers. 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. 75 cents. 
 *Jones, John P. India's Problem, Krishna or Christ. 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 Judson, Edward. Adoniram Judson. American Baptist 
 
 Publication Society. $1.25. 
 Mason, Caroline Atwater. Lux Christi. An Outline 
 
 Study of India. The Macmillan Co. 50 cents. 
 Mason, Caroline Atwater. The Little Green God. 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. 75 cents. 
 ♦Maxwell, Ellen Blackmar. The Bishop's Conver- 
 sion. Eaton & Mains. Jennings & Graham. $1.50. 
 Smith, George. Henry Marty n. Fleming H. Revell 
 
 Co. $1.50. 
 Smith, George. The Conversion of India. Fleming H. 
 
 Revell Co. $1.50. 
 ♦Smith, George. The Life of Alexander Duff, DJD., 
 
 LL.D. Hodder & Stoughton. $2.00. 
 
224 APPENDIX 
 
 Thobuen, J. M. India and Malaysia. Eaton & Mains. 
 Jennings & Graham. $1.50. 
 
 Thoburn, J. M. Life of Isabella Thoburn. Eaton & 
 Mains. Jennings & Graham. $1.25. 
 
 *Wilson-Carmichael, Amy. Things as they Are. Mis- 
 sion Work in Southern India. Morgan & Scott. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co., agents. $2.4a 
 
 Japan 
 
 Bacon, Alice Mabel. Japanese Girls and Women. 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. 
 Cary, Otis. Japan and its Regeneration. Student 
 
 Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 50 
 
 cents. 
 *ClemenTj Ernest W. A Handbook of Modern Japan. 
 
 A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.40. 
 *DeForest, John H. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. 
 
 Young People's Missionary Movement. 50 cents. 
 Gordon, M. L. Thirty Eventful Years. The Story of 
 
 the American Board's Mission in Japan, 1869-1899. 
 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
 
 Missions. 25 cents. 
 Griffis, William Elliot. A Maker of the New Orient. 
 
 Samuel Robbins Brown, Pioneer Educator in China, 
 
 America and Japan. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 Griffis, William Elliot. Dux Christus. An Outline 
 
 Study of Japan. The Macmillan Co. 50 cents. 
 Griffis, William Elliot. Honda the Samurai. A Story 
 
 of Modern Japan. The Congregational Sunday- 
 School & Publishing Society. $1.50. 
 *Griffis, William Elliot. The Mikado's Empire. 2 
 
 vols. Harper & Bros, $4,00, 
 
APPENDIX 225 
 
 Griffis, Wiluam Elliot. Verbeck of Japan. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 GuLiCK, Sidney L. Evolution of the Japanese. Flem- 
 ing H. Revell Co. $2.00. 
 
 *Hardy, Arthur Sherburne. Life and Letters of 
 Joseph Hardy Neesima. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
 $2.00. 
 
 *Mackay, George Leslie. From Far Formosa. Flem- 
 ing H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 
 Korea 
 
 Gale, James S. Korean Sketches. Fleming H. Revell 
 Co. $1.00. 
 
 Gale, James S. The Vanguard. A Tale of Korea. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 GiFFORD, Daniel L. Every-Day Life in Korea. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 
 Underwood, Mrs. L. H. Fifteen Years among the Top- 
 Knots, or Life in Korea. American Tract Society. 
 $1.50. 
 
 The Levant 
 
 DwiGHT, Henry Otis. Constantinople and its Problems. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25. 
 
 Hamlin, Cyrus. My Life and Times. The Pilgrim 
 Press. $1.50, 
 
 Prime, E. D. G. Forty Years in the Turkish Empire; 
 or Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell, D.D. Am- 
 erican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions. $1.00. 
 
 ZwEMER, S. M. Arabia: the Cradle of Islam. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co. $2.00. 
 
226 APPENDIX 
 
 ZwEMER^ Samuel M. Raymund Lull, First Missionary 
 to the Moslems. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 75 cents. 
 
 Oceania 
 
 *Brown, Arthur Judson. The New Era in the Philip- 
 pines. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25, 
 
 *LovETT, Richard. James Chalmers : His Autobiography 
 and Letters. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 *Paton, Frank H. L. Lomai of Lenakel, a Hero of 
 the New Hebrides. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 
 
 *Paton, James, editor. John G. Paton, Missionary to 
 the New Hebrides. An Autobiography. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co. 2 vols. $1.50. Vol. HL 50 cents. 
 
 Paton, James. The Story of John G. Paton. A. C. 
 Armstrong & Son. $1.00. 
 
 *Stuntz, Homer C. The Philippines and the Far East. 
 Eaton & Mains. Jennings & Graham. $1.75. 
 
 The Jews 
 
 GiDNEY, W. T. The Jews and their Evangelization, 
 Student Volunteer Missionary Union. 30 cents. 
 
 Thompson, A. E. A Century of Jewish Missions. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co. $i.oa 
 
INDEX 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abu Bekr's dictum 155 
 
 Accessibility of the non-Christian world — 
 
 Contrast between modern and earlier times . 4-6 
 
 Bishop Thoburn's statement concerning . . . 4, 5 
 
 In India S 
 
 In Japan 5, 6 
 
 In Korea 6 
 
 In Africa 6 
 
 In South America 6 
 
 In the Philippines 6,7 
 
 In Tibet 7 
 
 Improved communications increase accessibility 7-10 
 Extension of sway of Christian nations aids in 
 
 accessibility 10, n 
 
 Afghanistan practically inaccessible 7 
 
 Africa — 
 
 Progress of exploration in last century . . . i, a 
 
 Portions unexplored 3 
 
 Bishop Hartzell, quoted 6 
 
 Largely under Christian rule 10 
 
 Extension of missions from 1844 to present time 12, 13 
 
 African proverb quoted 41 
 
 Agnew, Miss, her habit of intercession .... 201 
 
 Amazon basin partly unexplored 3 
 
 Ambassadorship of the pastor 53 
 
 Ancestor worship, a tremendous opponent of Chris- 
 tianity 16 
 
 Andover Seminary's part in early American mis- 
 sions 185, 186 
 
 Anskar, quoted 211,212 
 
 Aquinas, Thomas, reply to the Pope • . . ;.! . . 109 
 
 Arabia partially unexplored 3 
 
 Archbishop of Canterbury 4, 36, 64 
 
 Arctic and Antarctic regions unexplored «>*•'.. 2. 
 229 
 
230 INDEX 
 
 Armenian churches send workers to Kurdish-speak- 
 ing Armenians 23 
 
 Arthington, R., bequest of, and its occasion . . 132, 135 
 
 Asia — 
 
 Explored, mountainous Central Asia and Mon- 
 golia excepted 2, 3 
 
 Atlas, used by Dr. Somerville as prayer book . . . 205 
 
 Avalon United Presbyterian Church and its mission- 
 ary gifts 137 
 
 Avarice a foe to Christianity ....... 44, 45 
 
 Bacon, Francis, quoted 94 
 
 Baldwin, S. L 8 
 
 Baluchistan practically inaccessible 7 
 
 Baptist Young People's Union and missions ... tj 
 
 Barber, W. T. A., quoted 10 
 
 Barton, Dr. J. L., on the Rhodes bequest and mis- 
 sionary education 144, 145 
 
 Battles, men killed or wounded in last eighty-eight 
 
 great 58 
 
 Beach, Harlan P xZj^^yZj 
 
 Beneficence for education — 
 
 For eleven years . 104 
 
 Value of forty-two gifts 105 
 
 Nobel benefaction 105 
 
 Rhodes bequest 105 
 
 Bible — 
 
 Freely distributed anywhere 7 
 
 Its accessibility 28 
 
 Blairstown Presbyterian Church and its gifts . . . 137 
 
 Book exhibit in missionary meetings "jz 
 
 Borneo partly unexplored 3 
 
 Boxer persecutions of Christians 24, 25 
 
 Boxes in homes for missionary contributions . . . 115 
 
 Bradford, A. H., quoted , . . 106 
 
 Bradt, Rev. C. E., and his advocacy of missionary 
 
 giving 137, 138 
 
 Brainerd, David, a man of prayer 209,210 
 
 Brand, Dr., a great recruiting force 179 
 
 Brent, Bishop . 131 
 
INDEX 231 
 
 British Association for the Advancement of Science, 
 
 an utterance at, quoted 3 
 
 Brooke, Rev. Hubert, a recruiting agent for missions 179 
 
 Brotherhood of St. Andrew prays for missions . . 208 
 Brown, Samuel, leaves pastorate for Japan when 
 
 nearly fifty 175 
 
 Bryn Mawr Church and support of individual mis- 
 sionaries 117 
 
 Buddhism ' — 
 
 In Japan today 15 
 
 In Korea and Southern Asia 16 
 
 In China 16 
 
 Increase in India (footnote) 17 
 
 Burns, William, leaves Christian work for China . . 175 
 
 Bushnell, Horace, quoted 105, 106 
 
 Cables, submarine 9, 10 
 
 Cairns, D. S., quoted 58 
 
 Call to foreign mission work 169, 172 
 
 Cambridge Band 186 
 
 Cambridge University's missionary quota since 
 
 Martyn 157 
 
 Canadian Presbyterian Church and its Sunday-school 
 
 instruction in missions 75 
 
 Candidates, missionary — 
 
 Many more are needed 151-156 
 
 Number needed to evangelize the world in a gen- 
 eration 156 
 
 The possibility of securing this number illus- 
 trated 156-159 
 
 Difficulties in securing 159-163 
 
 Methods and means of securing .... 163-178 
 What some pastors have accomplished in getting 
 
 recruits 178, 179, 180 
 
 Cape-to-Cairo Railway 8, 9 
 
 Carey, William — 
 
 His salary and his beneficence . . , 128, 129, 131 
 Influenced by Cook's voyages . . ... . . 171 
 
 His spiritual preparation 184 
 
 Carroll, H. K , , , , , 103 
 
232 INDEX 
 
 Caste in India slightly weakening 17 
 
 Central Asia partially unexplored 3 
 
 Ceylon — 
 
 Buddhism in 16 
 
 Jaffna Students' Missionary Association ... 23 
 
 Charts — 
 
 Useftil for pulpit work . . 68 
 
 Helpful in missionary meetings 72 
 
 Suggestions 86 
 
 China — 
 
 Until the beginning of last century unreached by 
 
 Protestantism 5 
 
 Inland Provinces in 1854 and today .... 13 
 
 Buddhism and Taoism in 16 
 
 Persecutions of 1900 and their effect . . . 24,25 
 
 Union of Presbyterian bodies in 34 
 
 Its language abounds in impure words ... 44 
 
 Missionaries needed to supply place of martyrs . 153 
 
 Causes leading to its opening 193 
 
 China Inland Mission, days of prayer of ... . 195 
 
 Christian life — 
 
 Its reality deepened by knowledge of Christ's 
 
 world-wide work S8, 59 
 
 Its propagation a testimony of genuineness . . 58 
 
 Christianity, Protestant — 
 
 Increase in India (footnote) 17, 18 
 
 Its triumphs imperilled 45 
 
 Christianizing the money power of the world . . . 105 
 
 Christians — 
 
 Early, relied upon prayer ...... 191, 192 
 
 See Native Christians. 
 
 Christlieb, Professor, quoted 50 
 
 Chrysostom, John, and his influence in sending out 
 
 missionaries I4S 
 
 Church, the — 
 
 In Christian lands, an obstacle to union in mis- 
 sion lands 35 
 
 Perils of, at home 47-So 
 
 Primary work of 57 
 
 N.eeds of . , » , I49 
 
INDEX 233 
 
 Able to furnish all missionary candidates 
 
 needed 156-159 
 
 Lack of spirituality weakens the Church 
 
 abroad 189, 190 
 
 Churches — 
 
 Many give nothing and others but little to mis- 
 sions 106, 107 
 
 Examples of giving by churches . . .117, 136-138 
 Church Missionary Society's day of intercession . . 195 
 Church support of individual missionaries 
 
 116, 117, 142, 143 
 Clarke, Professor, quoted .... 89, 175, 176, 206 
 Clergy, see Pastor. 
 
 Coillard, Frangois, influence in securing candidates 169 
 Collectors helpful in securing missionary money . 113,114 
 
 Comity increasing abroad 30 
 
 Committee, missionary, of church — 
 
 Composition, policy and meetings of ... . 87 
 
 Relation of pastor to 87 
 
 Concert cf prayer for missions 70 
 
 Conference in New York of 1854, its emphasis of the 
 missionary recruiting power of the min- 
 istry 149, 150 
 
 Conferences and conventions, missionary .... 93 
 Conferences, fruitful factor in missionary decisions . 169 
 Confucianism, its strength and weakness .... 16 
 
 Congo Railway and its cost 157 
 
 Congo region partly unexplored 3 
 
 Contributions to missions, see Giving to missions. 
 
 Converse, John H., quoted 117 
 
 Co-operation on mission fields 31 
 
 Crane, Mrs. Rachel, gift of 131 
 
 Cycles of prayer 205 
 
 Danish-Halle Mission 183 
 
 Decennial Conference of India — 
 
 Held in 1902 26 
 
 Its call for 9,000 recruits ...*... 152 
 
 Dennis, J. S., quoted 12,23,27,103 
 
234 INDEX 
 
 Denomlnationalism in missions, evils of, diminished 
 
 by union 31-36 
 
 Disraeli, quoted 73 
 
 Distribution of Christian forces in non-Christian 
 lands — 
 
 A century ago 11 
 
 Location in 1902 12 
 
 Distribution in Africa 12, 13 
 
 In inland China 13 
 
 Strategic locations illustrated 13. 14 
 
 Dorchester, Daniel, quoted 107 
 
 Doshisha University revival and prayer . . . 201,203 
 Duff, Alexander — 
 
 An advocate of individual support of mission- 
 aries 116 
 
 At the Conference in New York 149 
 
 East India Company prevents entrance of missionaries 5 
 
 Educating church members — 
 
 Through the pulpit 63-70 
 
 Through aiissionary meetings 70-73 
 
 Through young people's organizations . . 73-79 
 Through other church organizations . . . 79-81 
 
 Through mission study class 81-85 
 
 Through making available sources of missionary 
 
 education 85-88 
 
 Education, missionary — 
 
 Necessary to promote reality 58 
 
 Necessary to insure development 59 
 
 Necessary to secure an active will 59 
 
 Necessary for continuous interest in missions : 59, 60 
 Essential to missionary enthusiasm .... 60 
 Indispensable to large giving . . . .60, 119, 120 
 
 Calls forth right kind of prayer 61 
 
 Enables youth to decide life work 6r 
 
 Overcomes selfishness, narrowness .... 62 
 Insures vitality of the Church .... 62, 63 
 
 Educational missions — 
 
 Widely used 26,27 
 
 What could be done with a larger support . 144, i4S 
 
INDEX 235 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan — 
 
 Quoted 90. 91 
 
 A spiritual factor in early American missions . 184 
 
 On David Brainerd 209,210 
 
 A man of prayer 210 
 
 Egyptian Christians send workers to the Sudan . . 23 
 Endeavor Societies an aid in foreign missions . 30, 77 
 Enthusiasm for missions dependent upon knowledge . 60 
 
 Episcopal missions unite in Japan z^ 
 
 Epworth Leagues and missions "jj 
 
 Excuses urged by those unwilling to go as mission- 
 aries, how to deal with 170 
 
 Exploration — 
 
 Reasons leading to wide exploration .... i 
 
 In Africa 1,2 
 
 In Asia 2 
 
 Regions unexplored 2, 3 
 
 Fairs and festivals harmful in raising missionary 
 
 money 122 
 
 Fiji Islands, communication with, in 1838 and today 10 
 
 Filing missionary material 90 
 
 Ford, Daniel, legacy of 131 
 
 Foreign missions, large gifts to, by individuals . 130-136 
 
 Francke i8„ 
 
 French Indo-China practically inaccessible ... 7 
 
 Gambling 42 
 
 Gamewell, Dr. F. D,, attempt to keep him from be- 
 coming a missionary 167, 168 
 
 Geographical societies, number of i 
 
 Giving, missionary — 
 
 Aided by knowledge 60 
 
 Average contribution per member 107 
 
 Needed to save Christian lands 109 
 
 Needed to save the Church 109, no 
 
 Methods of securing money for missions . . 110-124 
 Strong persons needed to devise a plan . . . in 
 All classes should contribute . .. . .111, 112 
 Pilgrim Church, Cleveland, an illustration . . 112 
 
236 INDEX 
 
 Literature on giving 121 
 
 Idea of Christian stewardship and what it in- 
 volves 125, 126 
 
 Value of system in giving 126, 127 
 
 Proportionate giving, Scriptural and desirable . 127 
 Self-denial a spring of generous giving . . . 128 
 
 Controlling motive 129 
 
 Reflex influence 129 
 
 Large gifts to foreign missions, list of . . 130-132 
 
 Some inferences from this list 133-136 
 
 Examples of gifts from individual churches 
 
 117, 136-140 
 Possibilities of enlarged giving .... 140-146 
 Gordon, Dr. A. J., and his experience in raising mis- 
 sionary funds 123 
 
 Gossner's power in prayer 211 
 
 Goucher, John F., gifts of 131 
 
 Great Britain breaking down Tibetan exclusiveness . 7 
 
 Griff is, W. E., quoted 166 
 
 Gulick, Dr. and Mrs., pray for Japanese Association 
 
 building 196, 197 
 
 Haldane, Robert, gift of 131 
 
 Hall, Charles Cuthbert, quoted 95 
 
 Hall, John, quoted 70 
 
 Halsey, A. W 72, 73 
 
 Harms, Pastor, and his work for foreign missions . 178 
 Harris, J. N., contribution to Doshisha University 
 
 in Japan 130 
 
 Hartzell, Bishop, quoted 6 
 
 Heathen, See Non-Christian. 
 
 Heber, Bishop, influenced to become missionary by 
 
 career of Martyn 171 
 
 Hill, David — 
 
 What influenced him to go to China . . . . 166 
 
 Influence on Pastor Hsi 200 
 
 Hinduism — 
 
 Its power as a social system 17 
 
 Recent modifications of 17 
 
 Retrogression as shown by 1901 census (footnote) 17 
 
IND-EX 237 
 
 Holdich, T. H., quoted 2,3 
 
 Home life leads to missionary consecration . . . 167 
 
 Hsi, Pastor, influenced by David Hill's prayers . . 200 
 
 Hypocrisy in Church at home a peril to missions . . 47 
 
 Illustrations for sermons drawn from missions . . 69 
 Impurity in Japan, China, and India .... 43, 44 
 India — 
 
 A century ago and now 4, 5 
 
 Women of, inaccessible until recently ... 5 
 
 Reasons for weakening of religions in ... 19 
 
 Mass movements in 39 
 
 Census of 1901, showing statistics concerning 
 
 Hinduism and Christianity (footnote) . 17, 18 
 Individual support of missionaries 116, 117, 122, 135, 137 
 Intemperance in non-Christian countries .... 43 
 Interviewing missionaries and travellers ... 93, 94 
 
 Jaffna Students' Missionary Association .... 23 
 
 James, William, quoted 48 
 
 Japan — 
 
 A generation ago and now 5 
 
 Religion in, today 15 
 
 Reasons for weakening of religions in . . . 19 
 
 Its missionary spirit 23 
 
 Great revival in 23, 24, 39 
 
 Union and co-operation in 32-34 
 
 Jesus Christ's method of securing recruits . . . . 176 
 Jones, W. C, gift of 132 
 
 Korea — 
 
 Twenty years ago and now 6 
 
 Influence of Buddhism in 16 
 
 Krapf, the explorer, prediction of 12 
 
 Labrador in part unexplored 2 
 
 Lambeth Conference on the primary work of the 
 
 Church 57 
 
 Latin countries open to Protestantism ..... 6 
 
 Lawrence, Edward A., quoted 15,41 
 
23S INDEX 
 
 Leaders of the native Church 21, 22 
 
 Lecky, W. E. H., quoted 59 
 
 Lee Congregational Church and its missionary gifts 136, 137 
 Legacies not as valuable as gifts during life . . . 134 
 Letters from the field useful in meetings .... .73 
 Library, missionary — 
 
 For Sunday-school 76 
 
 A necessity in every church 85 
 
 What literature to get 85 
 
 Value of pamphlets and leaflets 86 
 
 Periodicals 86 
 
 Missionary charts 86 
 
 Maps of mission fields 86 
 
 Missionary photographs 86, 87 
 
 For the pastor's private use 89 
 
 Life work decided through knowledge of facts . . 61 
 
 " Linesman," quoted 158 
 
 Literature, missionary — 
 
 Books and missionary meetings 73 
 
 For promoting giving 121 
 
 Helpful in securing missionary recruits . . 170, 171 
 
 Helpful in promoting prayer 204 
 
 Select bibliography of 216-226 
 
 Livingstone, David — 
 
 Influenced by Gutzlaff's appeal 171 
 
 Quoted 4, 58, 128 
 
 Lull, Raymund, how led to become a missionary . . 165 
 
 Mabie, Dr. H. C, his recruiting work as pastor . 178, 179 
 MacGregor, Rev. G. H. C, sends seven substitutes to 
 
 the field 143 
 
 Mackay, Dr. R, P., quoted Si, 52 
 
 Manuals on missions for Sunday-schools .... 76 
 Maps — 
 
 Helpful in missionary meetings .... 72, 73 
 
 Kinds of 86 
 
 Atlas used as a prayer book 205 
 
 Martyn, Henry, influenced by David Brainerd . . 171 
 
 Mateer, Dr. C. W., quoted 164 
 
 Materialism a foe to Christianity ..... 44. 45 
 
INDEX 239 
 
 Medical missions in China 193 
 
 Medical missions most useful ....... 27 
 
 Meetings, missionary — 
 
 Best time for meetings 70, 71 
 
 Foreign and home mission topics 71 
 
 Participants 71 
 
 Subjects and their presentation 72 
 
 Accessories 72, 73 
 
 Members of churches should be intelligent concern- 
 
 cerning missions 57-63 
 
 Men's missionary societies advocated .... 79-81 
 
 Methodist bodies in Japan agree on plan of union . 32 
 
 Methods, missionary, those useful in young people's 
 
 organizations 77 
 
 Methods of mission work now very efficient ... 26 
 
 Mill, H. R., quoted 2 
 
 Mills, Samuel J. — 
 
 Quoted IS9 
 
 American missionary movement's debt to . . 185 
 
 Minister, see Pastor. 
 
 Mission study classes — 
 
 Sketch of the mission study movement . . 81,83 
 Advantages of mission study classes .... 83 
 
 Their objects 82 
 
 A class composed of leaders 82, 83 
 
 Starting a class 83 
 
 Secret of successful classes 83, 84 
 
 Suggestions for classes 84, 85 
 
 Missionaries — 
 
 Attitude of official classes to 38 
 
 Danger of breaking down 45, 46 
 
 Liable to discouragement and depression . . 46 
 
 In the pulpit 68 
 
 Lands in which they are needed 153 
 
 Causes leading forty to enter the work . . 163, 167 
 Helpful in securing recruits in churches . . . 168 
 Their need of prayer 198 
 
 Missionary career, nobility of ...... . 165 
 
 Missionary committee of church, see Committee. 
 
 Missionary £;cpeneace of 100 years and its value . 25 
 
240 INDEX 
 
 Missionary passion 95 
 
 Missionary spirit developing in the native Church 23, 24 
 Mohammedanism — 
 
 Increase in India (footnote) 17 
 
 Influence upon illiterate and educated men . . 18 
 Reform movements in Turkey and India . . 18, 19 
 Money — 
 
 Defined and its possibilities indicated . . 99-101 
 Its abundance in the United States 101-103, 104, 105 
 
 In Canada 103 
 
 Reasons why much of it should be given for 
 
 missions 106-110 
 
 Moody, D. L. — 
 
 His influence in Great Britain 186 
 
 Quoted 211 
 
 Moravians — 
 
 Their contributions of men to missions . . . 158 
 Church members ready to go to any land . . 166 
 Spiritual origin of their missionary movement 183, 184 
 
 Morrison, Robert, beginning in China 5 
 
 Morton, Sir Thomas, bequest of 132 
 
 Mount Hermon and the Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment 186, 187 
 
 Muir, William 15S 
 
 Miiller, George, and his dependence upon prayer . 197 
 Munger, Theodore T., quoted 50,110 
 
 Napoleon's secret of victory 47 
 
 Native Christian forces — 
 
 Number in non-Christian lands 21 
 
 Strength of their work 21 
 
 Representative native Christians .... 21,22 
 
 Strength of the rank and file 22 
 
 Their money contributions 22, 23 
 
 Development of the missionary spirit in various 
 
 countries 23, 24 
 
 Meeting opposition and persecution .... 24 
 Unite in one body according to denominational 
 
 families 31 
 
 Need prayers of Christians at home , , . . 199 
 
INDEX 241 
 
 Nautch girls in India 44 
 
 Necessity of Christianizing money 105 
 
 Nepal practically inaccessible 7 
 
 New Guinea partly unexplored 3 
 
 Nobel, A., benefactions of 105 
 
 Non-Christian forces weakened — 
 
 Non-Christian religions weakening .... 14-21 
 
 Causes of this weakening 19, 20 
 
 Responsibility imposed upon Christians by this 
 
 weakening 20, 21 
 
 Non-Christian world today — 
 
 Extent to which explored 1-3 
 
 Its races and languages well known .... 3 
 
 Accessibility of different sections 4-1 1 
 
 Wide distribution of missionary forces . . 11-14 
 Weakening of antagonistic non-Christian forces 14-21 
 Native Christian forces firmly entrenched in non- 
 Christian nations 21-25 
 
 Christian agencies and methods make effective 
 
 world-wide evangelization possible . . 25-29 
 Christian unity and co-operation make possible a 
 
 triumphant advance 29-36 
 
 Unprecedented success in non-Christian lands 
 
 constitutes a crisis confronting the Church 36-41 
 Anti-Christian forces especially active and 
 
 strong 41-45 
 
 Failure to press present advantage in non-Chris- 
 tian lands a grave peril 45-53 
 
 Noyes family, missionaries of 173 
 
 Opposing forces to Christianity — 
 
 Will not easily yield 41 
 
 Temptations assailing young men 42 
 
 Gambling — an opposing force 42 
 
 Intemperance — a mighty evil 43 
 
 Opium habit — a great curse 43 
 
 Impurity — as an opposing force .... 43, 44 
 Opposition of rationalism and materialistic 
 
 philosophy 44 
 
 Avarice and materialism strong opponents . 44, 4S 
 
242 INDEX 
 
 Organizations, missionary in the church . . . 79-8i 
 Otis, Asa, legacy of and what influenced it . . 132, 135 
 
 Paley quoted 126 
 
 Parents' opposition to their children entering mis- 
 sion service may be removed by pastors . 162 
 Pastor — 
 
 As an educational force in the world's evan- 
 gelization, see chapter II 57-95 
 
 99-146 
 
 149-180 
 
 183-212 
 
 50-53 
 
 88,89 
 
 . 89 
 
 90 
 
 . 90 
 
 As a financial force, see chapter III . 
 As a recruiting force, see chapter IV . 
 As a spiritual force, see chapter V 
 Missionary responsibility of . . . 
 A definite plan of missionary education 
 
 Missionary library of 
 
 Libraries of Dr. Thompson and Dean Vahl 
 Filing missionary material .... 
 Indifference of pastors to missionary reading . 91 
 Reading necessary for adequate pulpit work 91, 92 
 Missions should be one of the pastor's special- 
 ties 92, 93 
 
 Attending missionary conferences and conven- 
 tions 93 
 
 Interviewing missionaries and travellers . . 93, 94 
 Preparing periodical articles on missions . 94, 95 
 Shaping missionary policy of his denomination 95 
 
 Being filled with the spirit of missions ... 95 
 An important factor in securing large gifts 
 
 134, 135, 139 
 A key to the support of individual missionaries . 143 
 Relation to removing difficulties in the way of 
 
 possible missionary candidates . . . 159-163 
 May secure missionary candidates and the means 
 
 to be used therefor 163-180 
 
 Instances where their wrong advice was not fol- 
 lowed 167, 168 
 
 Should consecrate their own children to mis- 
 sions 172-174 
 
 Should offer themselves for foreign service . . 174 
 Method of multiplying one's life 178 
 
INDEX 243 
 
 Pastor's relation to missions — 
 
 Dr. Hunger's view of 50 
 
 Christlieb's view of 50 
 
 Has authority and influence 51 
 
 His example helpful or harmful . . 51, 52, 123, 124 
 His work as director general of forces ... 52 
 As advocate of non-Christian races ... 52, 53 
 
 As ambassador of Christ 53 
 
 Paton, David, contribution of, for missions . . . 132 
 Paton, John G., urged not to become a missionary . 168 
 Patteson, Bishop, how influenced to be a missionary 168 
 Peking, raising the siege of, and prayer .... 194 
 Perils, missionary, threatening the Church — 
 
 Missionaries liable to be broken down . . 45, 46 
 
 Danger of discouragement 46 
 
 Danger of lapses in native Church .... 46 
 Peril to the home Church of failure in duty . . 47 
 
 Hypocrisy 47 
 
 Selfishness and low ideals 48 
 
 Lack of power at home 48, 49 
 
 Absence of the spirit of Jesus Christ .... 49 
 Relation of pastors to these perils . . . 50-53 
 Periodicals — 
 
 Their use in missionary meetings 73 
 
 Other uses ... 86 
 
 Pastors should contribute to 94, 95 
 
 Persecutions a test of the native Church .... 24 
 Personal work effective in securing recruits . . . 167 
 
 Philippine Islands in i8fi and today 6,7 
 
 Philosophy, materialistic, an opponent of Christianity 
 
 in India and Japan 44 
 
 Photographs, missionary 86, 87 
 
 Pierson, A. T., quoted 68 
 
 Pietist movement and missions 183 
 
 Pilgrim Congregational Church, Cleveland, and giving 112 
 
 Plant owned by missionary societies 28 
 
 Prayer — 
 
 For missions should be based upon knowledge . 61 
 A factor in securing recruits . . 176-178, 194, 195 
 For ftmds 19S-197 
 
244 INDEX 
 
 Place of prayer among early Christians . . 191, 192 
 
 For missionaries on the field 198, 199 
 
 Sin of neglecting 199 
 
 "^or native workers 199, 200 
 
 To promote spiritual awakenings .... 200-202 
 The greatest force Christians can wield . . 202, 203 
 Examples of men of prayer . . 200,201,209-211 
 
 Books on prayer suggested 204 
 
 Plans for promoting efficiency in ... . 204-208 
 
 Prelude on missions before sermon 68 
 
 Presbyterian bodies unite — 
 
 In Japan 32 
 
 In China . 34 
 
 Printing presses of mission boards 27 
 
 Problem of foreign missions stated 50 
 
 Problems of missions, studied and defined . . 25, 26 
 
 Proportionate giving 127 
 
 Pulpit, the, and missionary education — 
 
 The main dependence for general missionary edu- 
 cation 63 
 
 Number of sermons per year 64 
 
 Sermon topics 65, 66 
 
 Memorable missionary sermons (>7 
 
 Secretaries and other speakers in the pulpit . 68, 69' 
 Missionary illustrations and allusions in the 
 
 pulpit 69 
 
 Qualifications of missionary candidates should be 
 
 high 155, 156 
 
 Races of the world — 
 
 Their distribution and characteristics known . 3 
 
 Significance of this fact 3> 4 
 
 Railways in non-Christian lands 8, 9 
 
 Rationalism in non-Christian countries .... 44 
 Recruiting for foreign missions, see chapter IV . 149-180 
 Recruits, see Cafididates. 
 
 Reform movements in India 17, 18 
 
 Religion, comparative, results growing from study 20, zi 
 
INDEX 245 
 
 Religions, non-Christian — 
 
 Losing their power 14-19 
 
 Causes for this weakening 19,20 
 
 Hinduism and Mohammedanism put on the de- 
 fensive, 41 
 
 Compromises used as weapons 43 
 
 Revivals — 
 
 In Japan 23, 24, 39 
 
 Remarkable awakenings of the past decade . 38, 39 
 
 Result of prayer 200, 201 
 
 Rhodes bequest and what it could do in missionary 
 
 institutions 144 
 
 Riis, Jacob A., quoted . . • 60 
 
 Robson, George, quoted 53 
 
 Rule of Christian powers an aid to evangelization 10, n 
 
 Sailer, T. H. P 85 
 
 Scriptures, see Bible. 
 
 Scudder, Dr. John, how led to become a missionary 171 
 
 Secretaries, missionary, an aid in presenting missions 68 
 
 Self-denial a root of large giving 128 
 
 Self-supporting churches increasing in non-Christian 
 
 lands 22, 2$ 
 
 Selwyn, Bishop — 
 
 Quoted 62 
 
 Influence as a recruiting officer . . 164, 165, 168 
 Sermons, missionary, see Pulpit, the, and Education, 
 missionary. 
 Should fix the attention of youth upon mission- 
 ary service 164 
 
 Siam, Buddhism in 16 
 
 Siberian Railway 9, 104 
 
 Silliman, H. B., gift of 131 
 
 Simeon, Charles, and the power of his prayer life 210, 211 
 Smith, Dr. Egbert W., and his church's gift to mis- 
 sions 137 
 
 Smith, Bishop Taylor, on the needs of the Church . 149 
 
 Somajes in India 18 
 
 South America most accessible 6 
 
 Southern Presbyterian Church and missionary giving 114 
 
246 INDEX 
 
 Spahr, C. B . 102 
 
 Special objects a help to missionary giving . . 11 5- 118 
 
 Speer, R. E., quoted 104, 116, 158 
 
 Spener 183 
 
 Spiritual forces in the world's evangelization, see 
 
 chapter V 183-212 
 
 Spurgeon — 
 
 His wish 203 
 
 His prayer band 208 
 
 Spurrell, Rev. W., legacy of 131 
 
 Stanley, H. M., journey of 13 
 
 Statistics of missions today — 
 
 General statistics of missions 12 
 
 Native workers and members 21 
 
 Contributions by natives 22 
 
 Educational missions 2S 
 
 Medical missions 27 
 
 Translations of scriptures 28 
 
 Gifts of some denominations to home and for- 
 eign missions compared 107, 108 
 
 Steamships, rapid, and accessibility 8 
 
 Stereopticon a help to missionary education ... 72 
 Stewardship — 
 
 Sermons to promote habit of 120 
 
 The measure of 125 
 
 Of universal obligation 126 
 
 Stewart, Dr. James, quoted 41, 189 
 
 Stock, Eugene 186 
 
 Strategic centers occupied by missions .... 13, 14 
 
 Strong, Josiah 143 
 
 Stuart, Mrs. Robert L., gift of 132 
 
 Stuart, Robert and Alexander, as missionary givers . 118 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions 
 
 159, 186, 187 
 Subjects, see Pulpit, the, Education, Missionary, and 
 
 Meetings, missionary. 
 Submarine cables promote human solidarity . . 9, 10 
 Success of foreign missions — 
 
 Measured by numerical standards .... 36, 37 
 pxtra-statistical factor? ,»••••• 37> 38 
 
INDEX 247 
 
 Perils of success 39, 40 
 
 Advantages of the present opportunity ... 40 
 
 Prayer essential to 191-203 
 
 Sudan, workers sent by Egyptian Christians to . . 23 
 Sunday-school, the, and missions, see Young People 
 and Missions. 
 
 Swett, Samuel W., legacy of 132 
 
 Symposium on missions in the pulpit 68 
 
 Systematic giving. Scriptural and business-like . 126, 127 
 
 Tablets with names of missionaries placed in churches 172 
 Taikyo Dendo, or great revival in Japan .... 39 
 
 Taoism in China 16 
 
 Taylor, Hudson 13, 186, 209 
 
 Telugu revival 200 
 
 Test of opposition and persecution 24, 25 
 
 Thank-offering to missions 114 
 
 Thoburn, Bishop — 
 
 Quoted 4,5,29,40,162 
 
 Influenced by reading Dr. Olin's sermon . . 171 
 
 Tibet opening to the Gospel 7 
 
 Tokyo Conference of 1900, Resolution on the sub- 
 ject of unity and co-operation at . • 32-34 
 Topics for missionary sermons .... 65, 66, 67, 68 
 
 Translation of Scriptures 28 
 
 Turkish Empire, progress within a generation . . 6 
 
 Tyler, Sir James, legacy of 131 
 
 Uganda Railway 8 
 
 Unexplored regions 2, 3 
 
 United States — 
 
 Wealth of 101-103 
 
 Exports from 102 
 
 Unity among missionaries and societies — 
 
 Influences promoting 29, 30 
 
 Advantages 31 
 
 Progress made in promoting 31-34 
 
 Sentiment more favorable abroad than at hcMne 35 
 
248 INDEX 
 
 Vanderbilt, W. H., gift of, for missions . . . . 131 
 
 Verbeck, Guido, influenced by Moravians to be a 
 
 missionary 166 
 
 Volunteer Movement in India 23 
 
 Volunteers, student — 
 
 In the pulpit 68 
 
 Number who have reached mission field . . . 151 
 See Candidates^ missionary. 
 
 War spirit an antidote to selfishness and inaction . 48 
 
 "Warneck, Professor, quoted 14. 3 7» 69, 183 
 
 Watcher's Band and prayer for the London Mission- 
 
 sionary Society 208 
 
 Wealth of United States 101-103 
 
 Weekly contributions — 
 
 Advantage of 112,113 
 
 Method of taking 115 
 
 Wesley's income and his gifts 128 
 
 Wesleyan revival and the modern missionary move- 
 ment 184 
 
 Westcott, Bishop, gave four sons to India . . . 173 
 
 Whately, Archbishop, quoted 47 
 
 Wichita Presbyterian Church, its missionary gifts 137, 138 
 Williamstown haystack and American missions . . 185 
 
 Wilson, C. E., quoted 156 
 
 Wilson, Rev. James Hood, as a recruiting officer for 
 
 missions i79 
 
 Wishard, L. D., a promoter of individual support of 
 
 missionaries 116, 142, 143 
 
 Women's organizations fruitful agencies .... 79 
 
 Young Men's Buddhist Associations 42 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association a helpful factor 
 
 in promoting unity 30 
 
 Young people and missions — 
 
 Possibilities of youth 73> 74 
 
 Enlistment should include all ages .... 74 
 
 Sunday-school enlisted 74. 75 
 
 Missionary manuals for Sunday-schools ... 76 
 
INDEX 249 
 
 Missionary libraries for Sunday-schools ... 76 
 Sunday-school giving to missions .... 7^,77 
 
 Young people's societies and missionary work . 77 
 
 Manuals for these societies 78 
 
 A missionary charge to youth entering the church 78 
 Possibilities if five cents a week per member 
 
 were given 141 
 
 Possibilities of missionary giving illustrated . . 142 
 
 Zenanas opened by prayer 193 
 
 Zinzendorf 166, 184 
 
 Zwemer, Samuel M., quoted 14, 18