F 581 .M47 1909 DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN MERRILL 9/o.r ri55 Rand M^NaUy 6 Co. LIBRARY Connecticut State College Vol. ±±&£L5L Cla ss SiA.! no'o Cost Date BOOK 910 7,M55 c. 1 MERRILL # DODGES GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 3 T1S3 DOEDbSBl fl This Book may be kept out TtVO IFEEKS only and is subject to a fire of TWO CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on the day indicated below. DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN By J. A. Merrill Professor of Geography, Superior State Normal School, Sitperior, Wisconsin Part I WISCONSLN AS A WHOLE Part II THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OE CrriES Part III STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS 51 CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON RAND McNALLY & COMPANY By Richard Elwood Dodge Professor of Geography, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography DODGE'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY . . $ .65 Special Method: Causal Relations treated by induction. Reason- ing from consequences to causes. PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people commercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- mercialh' and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the lives and occupations of the people- DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY $1.20 Special Method: Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reason- ing from causes to consequences. PART /—THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment. PART //—COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS Central Tltought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons there- for, arid comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Dodge's Geography by Grades Book One. HOME GEOGRAPHY AND WORLD RELATIONS $ .35 PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people com- mercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations commer- cially and industrially. Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEOG- RAPHY $ .50 Special emphasis on the lives and occupations of people. Special Method Books One and Two: Causal Relations treated by mduction. Reasoning from consequences to causes. Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA $ .75 Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment. Book Four. COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS $ .70 Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the iuitgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons therefor, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reasoning from causes to consequences. GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES |!vf4^V^''9S?w^•T■^^^'^''^"' Professor of Geography, the University of Chicago, and t.LLhN C. SEMPLE, author of "American History and Its Geographic Conditions," Lou Ky. SPECLAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I. AND II. BY GRADES ■'i^^X .^'^^l'^^^^'^- Principal of Speyer School, Teachers College, New York, and ANNA /•. STONE, Principal of Grammar School No. lo, Binghamton, N. Y. SPECLAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III. AND IV. BY GRADES ELIZABETH SMITH. Department of Geography, the Chicago Normal School and CAROLINE \V. HOTCHKISS. Seventh Grade, Horace .Mann School, Teachers' College. New York. Copyright, iQog By Rand, McNallv & Co. CAicagci THE INTRODUCTION HOME Geography is usually the llrst work to be taken up in any study of geography because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar from personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know it better than we need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during the school course it is most valuable to make a careful study of the state or group of states in which we live that we may have a better understanding of the geography about us than we can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. In a text -book of geogiraphy we study the relation of one state or group of states to the whole country of which our home region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features that distinguish the country as a whole. In a special text -book devoted to one state or group of states we can learn more about our ovifn region, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, its products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable also as a reference volume to which we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which needs to be answered at once. In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large features which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons the student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. In this state, as in other regions, topography and climate pointed out the path of development that communities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the pages that follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded the life of the state. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in its growth, and then the study of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain the reasons for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. Certain facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- politic which we call the state. That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. Tlic I ntrodncti : n THE TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. WISCOXSIX AS A WHOLE Position and Size . Sui-face and Soil Geological Growth Glaciation Drainage Climate Scenery Native Animals and Plants Native Peoples Early History .... PAGE 7 Settlement iS Agriculture ly Live Stock . . . • 21 Minerals and Mining 22 Manufacturing Transportation 24 27 Government 29 Education Population and Rank 30 32 PART //. THE (GROWTH AXD DEVELOPMEXT OF CITIES AXD TOWXS Distribution and Gain in Population Towns of the Milwaukee Region Towns on or near Lake Michigan Rock River Valley Towns .... Towns of the Green Bay- Fox River Trail West Shore of Green Bay and Jlenominee River Towns PAGE 33 35 36 38 39 41 Wolf River Valley Towns 41 Towns of the Lead and Zinc District . . . .41 Wisconsin Valley Towns 42 Towns of the Upper Mississippi Valley ... 43 Lake Superior Towns 44 Towns of the Highland Region 45 PART III. STATISTICS AXD AIDS TO TEACHERS Reference Tables 46 Questions 4g Collateral Readings 51 Inde-x 52 A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS PAGE I A Political Map . " 8 A Relief Map 10 A Phj'sical Map 10 Isle Wisconsin, the Old Land of Missouri and the Adjacent Areas 11 The Mean Annual Rainfall 14 The Mean Annual Rainfall at Pine River and Viroqua from 1895 to 1905 14 The JNIean Temperature in January and July . . 15 The Earliest Explorations and Settlements . . iS The Value of Farm Products per Scjuare Mile, Census of igoo 19 The Production of Oats per Square Mile, Census of 1900 19 PAGE The Production of Rye per Square Mile, Census of 1900 20 The Yield of Potatoes per Square Mile, Census of 1905 20 Proportions of Persons Engaged in Each Class of Occupation, Census of 1900 21 The Production of Hay and Forage per Square Mile, Census of 1900 21 The Yield of Tobacco per Square Mile, Census of 1900 22 The Number of Cattle per Square Mile, Census of 1900 22 The Distribution of Minerals in the state oi Wis- consin 23 [4] THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DlAGRXMS-^Continned The Amount of Water Power (1,000 Horse Power) Used in Manufactures 24 The Growth of Manufactures hi Millions of Dollars at Each Federal Census 24 The Development of Water Power on the Fox River -5 The Value of Lumber and Timber Products per Square Mile, Census of 1900 .... The Prodiiction of Butter in Millions of Pounds, TS50 to lyoo The Prodviction of Cheese in Millions of Pounds, 1S50 to 1 000 The Location of Principal Cheese and Butter Factories 26 26 26 26 The Value of Manufactured Products per Scjuare Mile, Census of 1900 The Harbor of Superior The Congressional Districts The Leading Educational Institutions . . . . The Country of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population, Census of igoo The Population and the Density of Population per Siiuare Mile at Each Federal Census . The State of Birth of the Native-Bom Popidation, Census of 1900 The Density of Urban Population, Census of 1900 . Milwaukee and Vicinity Map of Superior and Vicinity 27 29 3° Til 32 44 A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Trail Through the Pines. . . . Frontispiece Limestone Bluffs along the Mississippi River . . 7 Valley of the Rock River north of Janesville . .11 Stand Rock 12 East Bank of Devils Lake, Sauk County ... 12 Brunett Falls, Chippewa River 12 Junction of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers '3 Scene on Turtle River, Iron County .... 13 Overlooking Lake Mendota 13 Dalles of the Wisconsin 15 On the Shore of Oconomowoc Lake . ... 16 Lake Geneva '^ State Fish Hatchery near the Shore of Chequa- megon Bay, Bayfield 16 Black Hawk, a' Famous Chief '7 Battle Hollow near Victory 17 Pere Marcpiette, French Jesuit Missionary and Explorer '* A Wisconsin Cornfield 20 Field of Sugar Beets near Janesville ....21 Harvesting Hay, Douglas County 21 Iron Mine near Hurley 23 View of a Zinc Mine of Southwestern Wisconsin . 23 Granite Quarry in Marinette County .... 24 Limestone Quarry near Wauwatosa .... 24 Wisconsin River at Grand Rapids 25 Scene in the Dairy Building, University of Wisconsin 27 Interior View of a Wagon Works at Racine . . 27 Interior of a Great Machine Shop at Milwaukee. 28 Transporting Railroad Ties down the Streams of Northern Wisconsin 28 On the Mississippi River Looking Southwest from La Crosse 28 View of the Railroad Yards at Superior . . .29 The Ship Yards at Superior 29 A View of the University Grounds 3° The State Capitol at Madison 3° Bird's-eye View of Milwaukee 34. 35 Milwaukee Public Library and Museum . . .35 Bird's-eye View of Waukesha 36 Spoke-driving Machine 3^ Scene in Kenosha, Showing Soldiers' Monument and the Beautiful Simmons Memorial Library . 36 A Characteristic Scene in the Busy Harbor of Sheboygan .37 Great Chair Factory at Sheboygan 3 7 View of the Dry Docks at Manitowoc . . -37 The State Historical Library, Madison ... 38 Beloit College jS Interior of a Large Woolen Mill, Beaverdam . . 39 Point Lookout, near Green Bay 4° Oshkosh as Seen from Lake Winneliago ... 40 View of Dunlop Square, Marinette 41 A Great Plant for Separating Ore from Rocks, Platteville 4i Interior of Great Sash, Door, and Moulding Factory, Wausau 42 River Front in Business Section of La Crosse . . 43 Bird's-eye View of Eau Claire 43 Iron and Steel Works at Ashland . . . • • 45 THE TRAIL THROUGH THE FIXES THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN By J. A. Merrill, Professor of Geography, Superior State Wormal School, Superior, Wisconsin. I. WJSCi^XSIX AS A WHOLE Position and Size. Wisconsin is situated in the northern part of the United States and near the center of the great interior plain of North America. It has contact with two of the greatest commercial water ways of the world, the Mississippi River (Fig. i) on the west, and the Great Lakes of the St. Law- rence River system on the north and east. (Fig. 2.) Its naturally fertile lands, its health- ful climate, its comparatively even surface, making possible railroad building at mod- erate cost, and its superior facilities for trans- portation by water have favored its rapid agricultural and commercial development so that Wisconsin now is one of the leading states of the Union. Before Wisconsin Territory became a state, it included on the north the territory extend- ing to the source of the Mississippi and to Canada; on the northeast all territory now included in the northern peninsula of Michi- gan; while on the south it stretched to the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, includ- ing the site of the present city of Chicago. These strips of territory were cut off and given to the commonwealths of which they now form parts, to satisfy certain claims made by those states against the United States Government. As Wisconsin was the last state made out of the Northwest Terri- tory, it was given all the area that was left, and provision was afterward made for the building of a canal between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. The boundary of the state extends along Lake Superior for a distance of about 130 miles, and along Lake Michigan for approxi- mately 300 miles. To the northeast lies the peninsula of Upper Michigan, and on the south the state joins Illinois at the parallel of 42 degrees, 30 minutes north. The meridian of 92 degrees, 20 minutes west separates the state from Minnesota as far south as the St. Croix River, from which point the western MM6|^^ -^^^^'^>^^!iH '' -I^I^S^ ®4^" ' ^^ fc_. ,^ .^iiP^li^ ^_ ..^IH t, ft;ak..i^il i& ,c*«i.' .;■ - ^^g^^ . A ^Bl^» ^91 T} mm i •rvrr- w'^Tm • " ^■^^ i-^ .'--^>^ i^^^^^^Hraifet*'l ' ' *:^ -■:■»" Im^ lifcu ^B ' "j ^■ngM^Mu^g^ol^ m^ Sir ^ ^ih^ '5 m^^^^ — ^^mm^ ■ Fir,. I. A view of the picturesque limestone bluffs along the Mississippi River. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Ok X. >. .2 J3 3 o ^■5 a. b/: C oj ^ > o 3 -^ ^ +-■ ■ 3 § k O ^ O o ^ i! . o C ' § ^ 7' • 5 O 3 — 4J OJ -^ m .0 M O fcC ^ JC p. fi bjo^- O 'Z: " c .a o ^ fc A -^ M 5i t; jj — ■" ^ 5 >. c ■ O O ^ ^ .S «! o o 0) o C M •- < 1-; o -►^ ^ yl C •" 3 o u O O .S t- - O .2 rt j:2 CO o 'o u ^'^ 3 ::: M ^ — C y: .-- HH 3 a> M •« ■^J 1-. 3 3 3 O 3 3 o CO d ft i f a o 3 ST ^ ''^ -^ o -^ lO THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Fig. Courtesy of E. C. CaHe. ^4 relief map of Wisconsin. deriving their eariy prosperity from the lum- ber industiy. Mtich of this region is sandy, with an underlying granite or sandstone rock, which makes a fertile soil, favoralsle for the growth of cereals and vegetables, but preemi- nently so for grass. Naturally, therefore, as the lumbering industry declines, fanning and dairying are coming to take its place. The soils in the southern part of the state are exceedingly fertile, and are well adapted to diversified farming. They are especially fitted for the growth of cereals, in which the state ranks high, and also for tobacco. As has already been seen waterfalls and rapids have resulted from the work of the ice sheet. These falls furnish water power (Fig. 9) in al:)undance. As a result industries which could be carried on by w^ater power ha\'e developed in all parts of the state out- side the driftless area. i\round these favor- able situations large manufacturing cities have grown up, as they have in similar situ- ations throughout the glaciated region. The soil of the state resulting from the glacial invasion is varied in character and exceed- ingly fertile. In the vicinity of Lake Superior and Green Bay, where the land has risen and the waters have receded, there is a plain of red clay, while in the northern part of the state the glaciers left sandy loam and alluvial deposits. The southern part of the state has sandy and loamy soil, but the principal source of strength is the limestone (Fig. 39) which underlies the entire district. Geological Growth. The history of the growth of Wisconsin's land area is most interesting. This history began ages and ages ago, when nearly all of North America, as well as nearly all of the other continents, was covered by the ocean. At that time a strong mass of crystalline granite rock, which we call Isle Wisconsin (Fig. 5), extended above the water in the region of what is no\\' known as northern Wisconsin. The highest parts of this ancient isle are now to be found near the boundary between Wis- consin and Michigan. (Fig. 4.) The weather acted on the surface of this t,ooo to 1,300 Jeet above 1,300 feet Fig. 4. A physical map of Wisconsin. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN II rock as it does on th;ii of rocks to-day, sepa- rating it in pieces, which were then col- lected and carried away by the strean\s and deposited in the water surrounding the island. The detritus brought to the ocean by the streams was sorted by the action of the water. The coarse pebbles and sand were dropped near shore, while the mud, mixed with the pulver- ized fragments of ani- mal shells and other hard parts of the ani- mals of this long-ago time, was carried farther out. Lime deposits are largely composed of such fragments of the harder parts of animals, and in many locali- ties these evidences of an animal life may be found in the solid rocka Such remains .we call fossils. In this way sandstone was OLD Fig. 5. formed close to the shore of Isle Wisconsin and limestone farther to the south where the water was deeper and more quiet. As the sea receded and exposed new areas of land surface, the streams cut deep gorges in the rising area, and thus basins and valleys were developed. Dur- ing the hundreds of thousands of years that have elapsed since the appearance of the first Isle Wisconsin, the lands may have been Isle Wisconsin, the old land of Missouri, and raised and lowered the adjacent seas. , . , several times, the rivers and the atmosphere have been con- stantly at work, and step by step the land has developed until it reached its present form. (Fig. 3.) During these long, long ages many kinds of animals and plants have in turn developed in the sea or have been Fig. 6. The valley of the Rock River north of Jaticsvilic. looking north. This stream from its source to Janesville flows through a region covered by glacial drift. 12 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN nourished on the soil. While these have now all passed away and new ones have taken their places, yet we have learned of their forms and of the conditions amid which they lived through the study of their fossil remains found buried in the rocks. Glaciation. In recent geo- logical times and yet long, long ago from the standpoint of human history, Wisconsin, like other northern states of the Union, was invaded by the Great Ice Sheet. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 1 80.) The glacial ice came from the north and northeast, and was so rigid and heavy that it smoothed the surface by largely removing the surface soil in some high places and by piling up the debris in lower regions. Thus the shape of the surface was greatly Fig. 7. btand Rock, valley of the Wisconsin. A fine example of land sculpture on resistant or strong rock. Fio. 8. East bank of Devils Lake, Sauk County. Observe at the left the drift brought down and piled up during the glacial invasion. changed, and the Wisconsin of to-day is vastly different from the Wisconsin that could have been seen before the ice occupied the region. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 180 and p. 94,) In Wisconsin there were two periods of glacial advance, and the ice passed over the whole region with the excep- tion of a small irregular corner in the southwestern part, which we call the driftless area, around which the arms of the glacier passed. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 180.) The running waters from the melting ice and the rains began to flow along the lowest lines in the irregular surface. The water accumulated in the hollows and formed lakes; where the old valleys were completely obscured the rivers had to follow entirelv new paths. As they have cut down their chan- nels they have in many cases cut into a mass of solid rock buried beneath the glacial detri- tus. At such points waterfalls (Fig. 9) and gorges have been formed. The lakes, gorges, and falls due to the action of the ice sheet and the rivers (Fig. loj are often scenes of beauty which attract many visitors even from long distances. Drainage. The greater part of the state is drained by the tributaries of the Mississippi River. The only exceptions of importance Fig. 9. Brunett Falls, Chippewa River. Falls and rapids which afford much valuable water power are characteristic features of the rivers of the glaciated areas. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 13 are the basin of the Fox River, which is drained into Green Bay, and that of the Mihvau- kee River, which drains direct- ly into Lake Michigan, their waters finally reaching the Atlantic through the St. Lawrence. Smaller streams flowing into Green Bay are the Menominee River, which forms part of the northeastern boundary' of the state, and the Peshtigo and Oconto rivers. The divide which separates the waters of the Mississippi from those of the St. Lawrence River is but a few miles from and almost Fig. 10. .1 scene on Turtl- Iron County. River. CoutlMT'uf R 1; Thwaites. State Historical SotUty. 3Ia^isoD. Fig. II. TIic junction of the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers. The Wisconsin River is seen in the foreground. parallel with Lake Superior. It passes south- eastward along the boundary between Wisconsin and Michi- gan, and then extends south- ward between the Wisconsin and Wolf-Fox rivers in a ridge that is almost parallel with Lake Michigan. (Fig. 3.) The northwestern ])art of the state is drained by the St. Croix and the Chippewa rivers, both of which, like the Fox, were of great service to the state in the past, because they afforded excellent transportation for boats and logs. The Wisconsin River (Fig. 11), an important tributary of the Mississippi and the largest and most beautiful river in the state, rises far toward the northeastern border. It flows south, then southwestward across the state, draining a large and productive basin. Although interrupted by many falls and rapids, it is navigable for 200 miles to Portage, where a short canal connects it with Fox River, thus giving an easy water route from the Mississippi to the Great Lakes. For these reasons it was a significant factor in the early industrial development of the state and was an important route of trade and travel when water routes were the only pathways along which people could easily move. The Rock River (Fig. 6), which rises in Fond du Lac County near Lake Winnebago, flows southward into IlHnois, and is the out- let for the many picturesque lakes of south- eastern Wisconsin. The drainage into Lake Superior is by shorter rivers, among which are the St. Louis, Brule, and Montreal. The first and last mentioned rivers form part of the natural boundaries of the state. The headwaters of if 'TS^I® ■h m^^ g^: ^:.<^- :0n Fig. 12. Overlooking Lake Mendota, Fourth Lake, Madison. 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Fig. 13. The mean animal rainfall of Wisconsin. continental. The state is washed on the north and east by the waters of two of the Great Lakes — Superior, with an area of 32,000 square miles, and Michigan, with 2 2,400 square miles, or a combined area about equal to that of the whole state. This situation modifies the temperature of both winter and summer, produces an abundance of rainfall (Figs. 13 and 14), and renders the climate far more favorable to agriculture than it otherwise would be. The average annual storm track of the United States passes toward the east through northern Wisconsin. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 187.) As the winds on the east side of a cyclonic storm are from the south and east, and those on the west side from the north and west, the temperature and moisture of the Great Lakes on the north and east are carried over the land and modify the climate. More sud- den and extreme changes occur both summer and winter in the southern part than in the northern part of the state, where the north- east winds from the lakes render the climate more stable, although colder in the spring and warmer in the early winter. While the climate differs considerably in the different parts of the state, it is less changeable and more favorable to agricul- ture than that of states farther west which have a more distinctlv continental climate. Ai'crage the St. Croix and the Brule are in the same swamp in Douglas County, and, therefore, like the Wisconsin-Fox portage, this natural water way became an important trade and travel route for early explorers. Climate. Wisconsin, situated as it is near the center of the North American Continent, is subject largely to the conditions common to all great land areas, and has a climate marked by much sunshine and high tempera- ture in summer, and by <» clear sky with low tem- perature in winter. (Fig. 15.) Such a climate is a ■'° wide contrast to the cli- mates of southern France and northern Italy, coun- tries which lie in the same latitude as Wisconsin, but near enough to the ocean to be affected by its warm southwesterly winds. The cliiuate of Wiscon- 1 -J. 1 P'NE RIVER. VIROQUA. Sm, however, is not purely p^ j_,_ xhe mean annual rainfall at Pine River and Viroqua from 1893 to igoj. - — - -- — Ai crage ... 2S 13 hu lies — 8. §. I & %: THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 15 FiCt. 15. The mean temperature of Wisconsin in January and July. Scenery. The scenery is surpassingly beautiful in many parts of the state. In the driftless area and within the Dalles of the Wisconsin (Fig. 16) and the St. Croix rivers, the results of land sculpture on strong rocks (Fig. 7) are seen in forms that are both gro- tesque and picturesque. The glacial (Fig. 8j lakes of the state, which are estimated to exceed 2,000 in number, afford varied and attractive scenery, as well as an abun- dance of fish and game. The Apostle Islands (Fig. 18), lying far to tlie north in Lake Superior, are widely known be- cause of their delightful summer climate and the beauty of their scenery. The cool, pure air, with a preponderance of sunshine, the attractive scenery, the many beautiful, clear lakes (Fig. 19), the cold, well-stocked trout streams, of which there are 5,000 miles in the state, the abun- dance of game, and the health-giving pine forests make Wisconsin one of the most famous summer resort regions in America. Every year in summer thousands of people from the cities and regions farther south seek the lakes and islands of Wisconsin to rest and recuperate amid their health-giving scenes of unrivaled natural beauty. (Fig. 17.) Native Animals and Plants. The native fauna of Wisconsin is varied, although many of the wild animals have been driven out by the advance of civilization. The early explorers were attracted to the forests and marshes in their search for furs. The fur- bearing animals have almost all disappeared, while the wolf, black bear, and fox are still seen only occasionally. Deer in large num- bers are found in the northern counties. Waterfowl of all kinds are abundant in the lakes, while fishing in the streams, in the smaller lakes, and in Lake Superior yields abundance of sport and profit. Wisconsin has long been interested in maintaining and increasing desirable food fish in its waters. This work is carried on through a State Fish Commission and each year increasing Fig. 16. A view in the Dalles of the Wisconsin, the beauty of its scenery. A region famous for i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN numbers of brook, rainbow, and lake trout, pike, bass, and whitefish are sent from the five hatcheries (Fig. i8) to be planted in the waters of inland lakes and streams and in those of the Great Lakes. Wild rice flourishes in the greatest abun- dance in the marshes and along the lakes, "^^^4' i*^ "j^'jfe"""'" ■^^'W Fig. 17. On the shore of Oconomowoc Lake in the famous lake region of Waukesha County. and forms no inconsiderable part of the food of the Indians. Grasses cover the open areas of the northern counties where the forests have been cut away. Berries and nuts grow wild in all parts of the state and are a source of considerable profit. Native Peoples. The early settlers had many serious encounters with the Indians. Fig. 19. .i fi)ie view oj Lake Geneva. This is one of the most beautiful sheets of water found in Wisconsin. Tlie principal native tribes of the region were the Pottawottomies, who occupied the islands about Green Bay, the Menominees grouped around the mouth of the river that bears their name, the Winnebagoes at the head of the bay, the Mascoutens, the warlike Sacs and Foxes along the shores of the Fox River, the Chippewas grouped about the shores of Lake Superior, and the Kickapoos in the southwestern part of the state, with hostile bands of Sioux from beyond the Mis- sissippi constantly oppressing them. The dif- ficulties between the races which had existed from early times culminated in the Black Hawk War in 1832. (Fig. 21.) Black Hawk Fig. 18. The State Fish Hatchery near the shore of Chequamegon Bay. Bayfield. The fish ponds and hatchery buildings are seen in the foreground and beyond the bay is Madeline Island, the largest of the beautiful islands that form the Apostle group. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN (Fig. 20), the chief of the Sacs, who had been driven out of the territory, returned with his warriors; a bloody war fol- lowed, during which the power of the Indians was broken for- ever within the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Early History. For many years after the discovery of America, the Indians wandered over the territory now included in Wisconsin, securing a living from the forests, waters, and soil. Their long occupation of the land is told by the mounds they built and the rude pictures and characters they carved upon the rocks. No state is richer in remains of prehistoric peoples than is Wisconsin, which has yielded many treasures to students of ethnology. E\'entually the French established them- selves in Canada and spread slowly toward the great rivers in the heart of the country. The first white man to visit the present state of Wisconsin was Jean Nicolet, a French explorer, sent by Champlain. In 1634 Nico- let (Fig. 23) entered Lake Michigan through the Strait of Mackinac, skirted the northern shore of the lake, then floated down its great arm. Green Bay. On Wisconsin soil, ^vhere the Menom- inee enters the bay, Nicolet found a settlement of Me- nominee Indians, and a little farther on came to the country of the W i n n e b a g o e s . Reaching Fox From a nih<«raph portrait in MtKenny'B "Hietory of the loitiBD Tribes cf North America" and repriiduce'l by peruiiesbn of the Chicago Historical tiociety. Fig. 20. Black Hawk, a fanipus chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born in Kaskaskia. III., i~66. died in Iowa, iS'tS. Fu',. 21. Battle llollnw near Victory, where Black Hawk was defeated. Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, and Zachary Taylor were all officers in the Black Hawk War. River, he followed that stream until it widened into Lake Win- nebago, where he came to the site of the present city of Osh- kosh, and then to a village of the Mascouten Indians. Later, 1 658-1 659, came two fur traders, Radisson and Gro- seilliers. Following Nicolet's path, they moved up Green Bay and the Fox River, port- aged across to the Wisconsin River near the present city of Portage, and followed the Wis- consin, it is said, down to the Mississippi. This route from Canada to the Mississippi, known as the Fox-Wisconsin route, became one of the most famous of American water ways, and was used by the French for more than a century. In 1661 Radisson and Grn- seilliers built a stockade on the southern shore of Lake Superior near Ashland. x\ little later Nicholas Perrot built rude forts on Lake Pepin and near the present site of Prairie du Chien. Perrot discovered the lead mines in southwestern Wisconsin, and was one of the most picturesque figures in the exploration of this region. Thus the wilder- ness which is now Wisconsin was opened up for missionaries and traders. (Fig. 23.) The situation of the water ways of Wisconsin was most fortunate for the early explorers. By means of the Fox - Wisconsin route they could easily reach the Mississippi River i8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN then, traverse the St. Croix and Chippewa rivers of Wisconsin, reach the thousand lakes of IMinnesota, or go down the ilississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Along this route came Allouez, who, 1665-71, built the first French missions in Wisconsin, and later, 1673, Joliet and Marquette. (Fig. 22.) Settlements followed these explorations, and the French, sometimes helped by the Eng- lish, though often severely har- assed by them, held nominal possession of the country until 1763, when, with all the other possessions of France in Amer- ica, this region was ceded to the English. Permanent set- tlements, such as Green Bay, Prairie du Chien, Milwaukee, and Portage were now foiTned in se^'eral parts of the state. These posts flourished under the rule of the Eng- lish, which terminated legally in 1783 but not literally until after 1812. Until created a ter- ritory in 1836, Wis- consin formed, first a part of the Northwest Territory, then of the territories of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. In 1848 it was admit- ted into the Union as a state. Settlement. The first visitors and settlers to the region were French, the few settlements planted between 1764 and 1790 all owing their From an old painting ai^eA R. RooB. 1669, dlacoTered at Montreal, ISOT. Fig. 22. Pere Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer. One of the most noted pio- neers of Xeiv France. Fig. 23. TIte earliest explorations and settlemenrs in Wisconsin. begitmings to the French Jiab- itants, as the pioneers were called. As fur trading long remained the chief business' of the country, conditions changed slowly. In 1822 the lead mines in the southwestern section began to attract atten- tion, and am.ong others who came in were people from the Southern states who brought with them their slaves. In 1828, the lands having been bought fromi the Indians, people in great num- bers poured into the region. After the close of the Black Hawk War settlers began to come in from the farming dis- tricts of New England and New York, and from states farther west. With their coming Wisconsin became Americanized rapidly. About 1840 a large colony of Germans arrived at Mihvaukee. Since that time the population of the state has been increased by immigration from other parts of the United States (Fig. t?i2 3) as well as from Germany, Poland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Canada and other foreign countries. (Fig. 61.) The immigrants from these countries have proved intelligent, in- dustrious, law-abiding, and progressive, and have contributed largely to the develop- ment of Wisconsin. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 19 Fig. 24. The value of farm products per square mile, census of iQoo Agriculture. The fertile soils, the abun- , dant and well-distributed rainfall, the tem- perate climate, and the comparatively level, well-drained surface confbine to give Wis- consin high rank as an agricultural state. (Fig. 29.) The limestone in the southern part underlies a soil that is exceedingly fer- tile and favorable to the growth of all kinds of agricultural products. By far the most important product is oats. In 1905, 2,500,000 acres were devoted to the crop and 98,500,000 bushels were raised. (Fig. 25.) Among the states Wisconsin ranked third in production, only Illinois and Iowa exceeding it. An excellent quality of corn (Fig. 27) is produced, and in value the crop stands second to that of oats. While raising 55,000,000 bushels in 1905, the state ranked thirteenth among the corn states. Our state is fourth among barley-producing states, standing below Minnesota, California, and North Dakota. It raises more rye (Fig. 26) than any other state in the Union ex- cept Pennsylvania. In Wisconsin the yield of wheat is unimportant, the state standing twenty-third. With a crop of 439,000 bushels it comes sixth in production of buckwheat. In the total production of cereals Wisconsin ranks ninth among the states, notwith- standing the fact that nearly one-half of the state is not yet recovered from the prime- val forest. The value of the yield was nearly $50,000,000, or considerably more than one- half that of the entire crop value of the state. (Fig. 24.) In other profitable crops the state also makes a good showing. Great quantities of excellent potatoes (Fig. 28) are raised. While exceeded by New York, the state rivals Pennsylvania, Maine, and Michigan for second place. A large part of the crop is sold out of the state, anrl much of it is manufactured into starch. In 1905, Port- age County witli 3,220,000 bushels, or more than one-tenth of the total crop, had the largest yield; but AA''aushara and W^aupaca counties, rivals for second place, had larger yields per square mile. Fig. 25. The production of oats per square mile, census of iQoo. 30 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN About 330,000 bushels of onions were grown in 1900, Brown and ililwavikee counties leading with more than one-half the total crop to their credit. Peas and beans are grown abundantly; and in the same year the state ranked fourtli in pro- duction of peas, raising 1,098,000 bushels, and stood fifth in beans. Sugar beets (Fig. 30) flourish and increasing areas are devoted to the culture of beet root. Wisconsin now ranks sixth among the states producing beet ^f^.'M lus'iKla per aq.,Tn. and Fig. 26. Tlie production of rye per square mile, census of igoo. sugar. ]\Iaple sugar and sirup, honey, and sorghum are some of the minor products of Wisconsin. Both soil and climate are preeminently adapted to the growth of grasses and forage crops. About 2,000,000 acres are devoted to grass, the yield of hay being more than 3,000,000 tons. (Figs. 31 and 32.) Wisconsin is one of the leading tobacco- producing states of the Union. Its crop of 53,800,000 pounds in 1905 entitled it to sixth place. Dane and Rock counties have Fig, .4 Wisconsin cornfield. Here pumpkins have been s.roii'n bciTjcecn the corn ro'a.'s. about three-fourths of the state's tobacco acreage and produce about three-fourths of the total amount raised. Dane County, how- ever, is by far the larger producer. (Fig. 2,2,-) All varieties of hardy fruits flourish in this lake-tempered climate. While an annual yield of more than 1,000,000 bushels of apples, 26,000 bushels of cherries, and 12,000 Less than 2^0 bushels per square mitt '2J0 to 1,000 bushels per square tllile iifOoo to 3,000 bushels per square mile Ij.ooo to 4,000 bushels per square mile and aver Fig. 28. The yield of potatoes per square mile, eensHS of iQo^. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 21 Ail occupatictts Agriculture Mauji/actures _ Domestic and perscfuil sci-i'i 7 tduiporiaticn and trade Fig. 29. Proportion of persons engaged in each class of occu- pation in Wisconsin, census of igoo. rrc/esiicnal service . Mining Fisliing bushels of plums make a valuable addition to the farm crops, the most satisfactory results are obtained from the cultivation of small fruits. Grapes yield annually about 570,000 pounds, raspberries more than 2,000,000 quarts, strawberries 7,000,000 quarts, and »« <^^*. .•L^iit**INIii#^ r^^'^. Fig. 30. .-1 field of sugar beets near Janesville. currants 1,000,000 quarts. Wisconsin is one of the three states in which cranberries are produced in commercial quantities. While 60 per cent of the cranberry crop is grown in Massachusetts, Wisconsin produces about iii,- 000 bushels a year, or a little more than one-tenth of the total crop. Live Stock. Grazing of ex- cellent quality is afforded by the fine grass, and in the rais- ing of live stock Wisconsin ranks high. In 1900, the value of live stock in the state was very nearly $100,000,000. In this year there were more than Fig. 32. The production of hay and forage per square mile, census of igoo. 2,000,000 cattle (Fig. 34) in the state, the total value being nearly $47,000,000. Of this great number many were slaughtered at the local markets and at Chicago. The raising of sheep has contributed much to the prosperity of Wisconsin, many localities being especially adapted to the industry. The sale of wool brings to the state about $1,500,000 annually. Because of the excellent grass lands Fig. 31. Harvesting hay in Douglas County, northern W isconsin. 22 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 'j,000 to 15.000 lbs. p. sq. m. and over Fig. 33. The yield of tobacco per square mile, census of iQoo. dairying (Fig. 48) has become a great and growing industry. Among the industries of the state dairying, in igoo, held fourth place; in 1905, it advanced to second place. Few states have as many fine dairy cows as has Wisconsin. With 1,032,000 milch cows it ranked fourth, in 1900, among the dairy states, being surpassed in number only by New York, Iowa, and Illinois. In the same year nearly 500,000,000 gallons of milk were produced, only three states. New York, Iowa, and Pennsylvania, exceeding this production. While a large part of the product went to the markets of Milwaukee and Chicago to be used as fresh milk and more than 260,000,000 gallons of milk and cream went from the farm to factories to be manufactured into butter, cheese, and condensed milk, nearly 35,000,000 pounds of butter were made on farms. The milk product of the state in 1905 was about 600,000,000 gallons. In 1900, Wisconsin had about 8,500,000 fowls of all kinds and produced 46,000,000 dozens of eggs. Bees are raised on miany farms and honey is an important minor product. Wisconsin produces annually about 3,000,000 pounds of honey, which has a market value of $275,000. Minerals and Mining. The mineral resour- ces of Wisconsin are of great value and have played a most important part in the development of the state. (Fig. 37.) The iron districts found in the outskirts of the Wisconsin Island — only a small part of which, however, lie within the boundaries of Wisconsin — are among the richest and most valuable known. They have furnished mil- lions of tons of iron ore to the markets of the world. The most importfint iron-producing districts are the Penokee-Gogebic Range (Fig. 37), with its shipping port at Ashland; the Menominee district, shipping point Menom- inee, ilich.; and the Baraboo district, opened recently. As much of the iron ore of the Mesabi Range, in Minnesota, is shipped from the mammoth ore docks at Superior, that district contributes not a little to the com- mercial advancement of Wisconsin. In 1905, Fig. 34. Tlie number of cattle per square mile, census of jQoo. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 23 Wisconsin mined 859,200 tons of iron ore (Fig. 35), a gain of 78 per cent over the out- put of the year before. While this output gives it fifth place among iron-producing states it is in no comparison with that of Minnesota and Michigan, which stand first and second, and is even less than one-third that of Alabama, third in rank. Zinc and lead are mined in the south- western part of Wisconsin, and the industry, as recently developed, is a most important source of revenue to the state. These lead Fig. 35. An iron mine near Hurley. Here is sliozvji the shajt lioiisc and near by the stock pile oj iron ore. mines, first worked in 1685 by Perrot, the French explorer, had been abandoned or had been worked only in a small way since i860 until within the last few years. Recently in this sec- tion, mining, especially that of zinc (Fig. 36), has made tre- mendous strides forward. The Wisconsin zinc ore is shipped largely to the smelters of Illi- nois for reduction. While copper deposits are found in the vicinity of Supe- rior and Ashland, copper is not mined. There are valuable deposits of graphite near Junction Citv, and the product is mined and manufactured into paints and lubricators. Fig. 37. The distribution of minerals in Wisconsin. No coal is found in Wisconsin, but owing to the fact that all parts of the state are accessible to the harbors of the Great Lakes, coal from the Pennsylvania fields may be obtained at cheaper rates than in many places nearer the coal fields. Clay of excellent quality suitable for the Fig. Vieiv OJ a zinc mine in the great zinc and lead district oj southwestern Wisconsin. 24 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN manufacture of brick and tile is widely dis- tributed over the state. In 1900 it yielded a product valued at $1,800,000. Building stone of high quality is found and quarried in many parts of the state. Granite (Fig. 38) is found in the Old Wisconsin Isle, sandstone in the region of Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and the Potsdam area south of Isle Wisconsin, while limestone (Fig. 39) is quarried in the southern counties. Manufacturing. In recent years the man- ufacturing interests of Wisconsin have had a remarkable growth. (Figs. 41 and 49.) This is due, not only to the great supply of Fig. 38. View of a portion of a great granite quarry in raw materials near at hand, but also to the valuable water power afforded by the Wis- consin (Fig. 43), ^lenominee, Fox (Fig. 42), Chippewa (Fig. 9), and Rock rivers, and to the remarkably easy access to the markets of the eastern and middle states. Especially in the valley of the Fox have manufactures been encouraged because of the abundant water power afforded by the river. This power has been largely utilized by numerous mills and factories that have sprung up all along the shores of the river. All of the middle and northern sections of the state .were once covered with rich Cnurttsy of A. L, Story. Fig. 39. i^cenc at a great limestone quarry near Waiiwatosa. forests, hence lumbering has been and still _ remains the largest and most M^HHH important industrj^ in the state. U In 1900, nearly 22,000 people were engaged in this industry, the total output being valued at $57,000,000. (Fig. 44.) Wiscon- sin ranks second in the produc- tion of lumber, and in many cities the manufacturing of fur- niture and the turning out of planing-mill products have be- come thriving industries, the value of the combined output being more than $22,000,000 in 1905. This amount was about c..««yofw.A..,„b.,s. equally divided between the Marinette County, factories and the mills. Fine water power (Fig. 40) and excellent iSqo. iSSo- 3 10 20 30 4" S" bo 70 .So 90 100 • 1 1 ^^ Fig. 40. The amount of water power (i,ooo horsepower) used in manufactures in Wisconsin. jgoo iSqo iSSo iSyo /*o iSso Fig. 41. The growth of manu- factures in Wisconsin in mil' lions of dollars at each Federal census. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 25 facilities for shipping have resulted in the establishment of flour- ishing flouring and grist-mill industries. In 1905, the aggregate value of the products of all these establish- ments was more than $28,000,000. In Wisconsin dairy- ing is the second in- dustry in importance, and in the manufac- ture of dairy products (Fig. 47) the state stands second only to New York among dairy states. In 1905, Wis- consin led all others in production of butter (Fig. 45), stood second in the making of cheese (Fig. 46), and fifth in amount of condensed milk turned out. The total amount of but- ter produced was 123,025,000 pounds and of this 88,000,000 pounds were turned out of factories; the cheese product was 111,880,- 000 pounds and less than 2,000,000 repre- FlG. 42. sented that made on farms. In the same year about 11,500,000 pounds of condensed milk was manufac- tured, or more than three times the amount made in 1900. As the northern part of the state is preeminently a dairy region., with the development of this section this industry is increasing rapidly. The extensive for- ests of hemlock in the upper Fox River basin have favored the tan- ning of leather, which has become a flourish- ing industry. This in- dustry usually yields an annual product valued at more than $20,000,000, and gives Wisconsin third place in the country. A large and growing business has sprung up in the making of leather gloves. Only New York surpasses Wisconsin in this industr\^ Wood pulp, used in the manufacture of WATER POWER ON THE FOX KlVliK Location of Locks Scale 5 10 1 3 StntttteM iUi The development of water power on the Fox River. Fig. 43. The Wisconsin River at Grand Rapids. .A viciu nf one of the largest paper mills in the state, of the building may be seen the dam that furnishes tlw power for the plant. At the right 26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN I ?l,0O0 (o SL'.SOO "' I ^-,M> p. eq. m. and over Fig. ^4. The value of lumber and timber products per square mile, census of iQoo. paper, is also produced in great quantities, the output in 1905 reaching a value of more than $17,000,000. This shows an increase of nearly 65 per cent in five years. The extensive raising of live stock in Wisconsin has led to the establishment of large slaughter houses. Eleven well-equipped plants exist in the state, with a total product in a single year valued at $13,000,000. 30 35 40 45 5° 55 bo 65 7° 75 So JQOO iS^ — J«5b__ !Sfo-- iSto^- 'tSso_ _ *iqoo _ _ aSqo lSSo__ 1S70. _ 1 1 ' 1 ' i 1 1 1 ' 1 i i ■ i Fig. 45. The production of butter ^j pounds, i8jo-igoo. ' , ' ' ' ' 1 1 , I ] 1 : 1 I 1 • 1 1 1 * I Fig. 46. The production of cheese in Wisconsin in millions of pounds, i8§o-igoo. "While the larger part of the iron ore mined in the state is shipped down the lakes, there are four blast furnaces for the manufacture of iron (Fig. 86), and the state ranks high in the manufacture of iron machinery. The out- put of foundr}' and machine-shop products makes that the third industry in the state. The development of the West and the South- west has brought about a great demand for agricultural machinery, of which Wisconsin has produced a large share. Its annual out- put is valued at about $10,000,000, and is exceeded only by that of Illinois, Ohio, and New York. The larger part of the zinc ore is shipped to mills outside the state, but zinc works are in operation at Mineral Point. Here also high grade sulphuric acid is pro- duced from the fumes of roasting ores. This acid is used in the making of paper. The large yield of barley and the manu- facture of malt led to an extensive produc- tion of malt liquors. The output in 1905 was worth more than $28,000,000. In impor- tance it is the fourth industry in the state. Fig. 47. The locations of the principal cheese and butter factories in Wisconsin. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 27 Fig. 48. Scene in the Dairy Building, University of ]Visconsin. Tlic students arc making cheese. The local production of large quantities of sugar beets and tobacco makes the manufac- turing of beet sugar and of tobacco products important industries. In 1904, the output of granulated sugar was 27,000,000 pounds, and nearly 6,000,000 pounds of tobacco was manufactured into cigars, cigarettes, and chewing tobacco. The large deposits of limestone encourage the manufacture of lime, of which Wisconsin produces more than 200,000 tons annually, being exceeded in this output by Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, and Maine. Transportation. Wisconsin is bountifully supplied with transportation routes, both water and rail. Along the western bound- ary extend 200 miles of navigable rivers, Fig. 49. The value of manufactured products per square mile, census of igoo. Fig, 50. Interior view of a wagon works at Racine. Here the liubs and spokes for the wheels are being manu- factured. Notice the stack of wheels at the right ready for the tires. while the Great Lakes on the north and east are important parts of the world's most famous inland transportation route. Over their waters thousands of vessels ply each year, carrying the products of the fields, forests, and mines of the West to the con- sumer in the East, and returning laden with manufactured articles from the factories, and coal from the mines of the East for the consumers in the great West. Harbors have been developed at the mouth of every important stream flowing into Lake Michigan or Lake Superior. (Fig. 55.) Through these ports millions of tons of freight are received and sent out annually. Chief among these is the city of Superior, at the head of navigation on Lake Superior, and having one of the finest natural harbors in the world. (Fig. 55.) This harbor is formed by two series of sand bars that have been thrown across the lake by the waves,' making two bays. These bays give forty- nine miles of protected coast line. In this 2 a THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Fig. 51. A vieiv of the interior of a great machine shop at Milwaukee. harbor more than 18,000,000 tons of freight are handled each year, and of this more than one- half is handled at the docks at Superior. (Fig. 56.) More freight is handled in the Duluth- Superior Harbor than any other inland harbor in the United States. It is claimed that from records of the seacoast cities, which, however, include only foreign commerce, this harbor at the head of the lakes is shown to rank third in America in the amount of traffic by water. The quantity of freight passing from Lake Superior through the canal at Sault Ste. ]Marie exceeds 35,000,000 tons annually, or is more than twice as much as passed through the Suez Canal in 1900. This fact proves con- clusively that the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence form by far the most important inland water way in the world. The rivers of the state also afford trans- portation routes of great value. Ever;/ year millions of feet of logs and lumber are rafted (Figs. 52 and 53) down the rivers of northern Wisconsin, and hundreds of miles of these rivers are navigable for boats of considerable size. In the early days, rivers were used constantly by boats; and the United States • • • • i iii frrt i l iiiBliTiir •" 7 Fir,. 53. Transporting railroad ties down the streams of northern Wisconsin. Fig. 52. On the Mississippi River looking southwest from La Crosse. Xear the shore may be seen the first "string" to which the rafter is preparing to tic the second "string." Then it will push the whole down stream Government, at great expense, provided locks and canals to make the Fox- Wisconsin route from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River navigable for vessels. To-day these rivers, which played so important a part in the industrial development of the state, are comparatively little used. Railroads reach almost every portion of the middle and southern parts of the state, and are rapidly extending their lines over the northern part. ^lilwaukee is the meeting place of many important lines from the west and south, while Superior (Fig. 54) is the terminus of several lines of road that extend from the Pacific coast. In 1906, Wisconsin THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 29 Fig. 54 . A view of the railroad yards at Superior. Here may often be seen four thousand cars loaded with wliea, ready for shipment. had 7,000 miles of railroads with combined gross earnings of nearly $50,000,000. Government. The act authorizing Wis- consin to form a state constitution was passed by Congress in August, 1846. The constitution framed by the first constitu- tional convention was rejected by the people, but on May 13, 1848, a constitution was adopted, which, with sixteen amendments, still remains in force. The legislative de- in odd-numbered years. Special sessions may be called by the Governor at any time. The executive department of the state consists of a Governor, Lieutenant-governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and Attorney-general, who are elected in Novem- ber of the even-numl'jered years and serve two years; and a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is elected in April, and whose term is four years. The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court of seven judges elected by the people at large, and Circuit courts pre- sided over by judges elected from the seven- teen districts into which the state is divided. The Supreme Court must hold at least one session each year at the capital, and the Circuit courts must hold sessions at least twice a year in each county within a judi- cial district. Milwau- kee County forms a district by itself; all other circuits contain three or more counties. A probate judge, whose term is two years, and justices of partment of the state consists of a Senate of thirty-three members and an Assembly of one himdred members elected by the quali- fied voters of their respective districts. Bills may originate in either house. By passing both houses and receiving the Governor's sanction they become laws, or, if vetoed by the Governor, by repassing both houses by a two-thirds vote. Each member receives for each regular session five hundred dollars, and ten cents per mile in going to and returning from the capital. The regular meeting begins on Wednesday after the first Monday in January, Fig. 55. The harbor of Superior. the peace are elected by voters in each county Fig. 56. The ship yards at Superior. 3° THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Fig. 57. The Congressional districts of Wisconsin. The officers of the counties are a sheriff, coroner, registrar of deeds, district attorney, county treasurer, and county superintendent of schools, elected by the people for terms of two years. These officers are responsible to the Governor of the state, and the sherifT is not eligible for reelection to succeed himself. All of the counties are divided into town- ships. For the purpose of collecting taxes and disbursing funds many counties have a township board consisting of a trustee, a clerk, and a treasurer. Each county elects a board of supervisors which is entrusted with the levying of the taxes and the dis- bursing of the county funds. The state sends eleven representatives to the lower house of the National Congress. (Fig. 57.) Wisconsin had a population, in 1905, of 2,228,949, which is an increase since 1890 of nearly 23 per cent. This included 441,403 men of militia age. The State Capitol (Fig. 59) is at Madison, Fig. 58. A view of the University grounds at Madison from the dome of the caPitol. Fig. 59. The State Capitol at Madison. situated between the beautiful lakes of ilen- dota (Fig. 11) and ]\Ionona. The capital city is also the home of the State Historical Library. (Fig. 75.) This is the largest and most complete library in the ;\Iiddle West and the most complete in American history west of the city of New York. Education. Recognizing that education is the best foundation for intelligent progress, as well as for good citizenship, Wiscon- sin early provided liberally for free education, and no other state has a more complete edu- cational system. Free public instruction, established in 1S48 by the constitution, has come to include all grades from the kindergarten to the univer- sity. In 1904, six and one-half THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 31 millions of dollars were spent for public education in the state. At the head of the educational system stands the State Uni- versity. It is located at Madison, on the banks of Lake Men- dota, and consists of fifteen buildings val- ued at two millions of dollars. It has 270 pro- fessors and instructors, and is attended annii- ally by about 4,000 students. The equip- ment of the University in all departments is most complete. The State Agricul- tural College and Experiment Station (Fig. 48) is a part of the State University. How- ever, it is partly supported and controlled by the United States Department of Agriculture. There is an experimental farm in connection with the college which affords practical instruction in all departments of farming. Wiscon As an outgrowth of the value and influence of this school, the legis- lature has authorized the establishment of county agricultural schools. These schools ^9' are designed to bring the agricultural insti- tution within reach of every farmer. Under this act two schools, located at Wausau and Menominee, have been opened. The work of Horace Mann for normal schools in Massachu- setts was not with- out its effect on the pioneers of Wisconsin. Through their efforts provision was made in the state in 1857 for the establishment of normal schools. However, it was not until 1866 that the first normal school in Wisconsin was opened at Platteville. Since then normal schools have been opened at Whitewater, Oshkosh, educational institutions of THE LEADING EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF WISCONSIN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Lawrence College, M. E., Appleton. Bcloit College, Non-sect., Beloit. University of Wisconsin, State, Madison. Milton College, Seventh Day Bapt., Milton. Concordia College, Luth., Milwaukee. Marquette College, R. C Milwaukee. Milwaukee Academy, Non-sect., Mil- waukee. S Milwaukee-Downer College, Non-sect., Milwaukee. 9 St. Lawrence College, R. C, Mt. Calvary. 10 College of the Sacred Heart, R. C, Prairie du Chien. 1 1 Ripon College, Non-sect., Ripon. 12 Northwestern Lfniversity, Luth., Water- town. 13 College of the Sacred Heart, R. C, Watertown. PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS 14 State Normal School, La Crosse. 15 State Normal School, Milwaukee. 16 State Normal School, Oshkosh. 17 State Normal School. Platteville. 18 River Falls State Normal School. River Falls. 1 9 State Normal School, Stevens Point. 20 Superior State Normal School, Superior. 21 State Normal School, Whitewater. COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR TEACHERS 22 Buffalo County Training School, Alma. 23 Langlade County Training School, Antigo. 24 Eau Claire County Training School, Eau Claire. 25 Crawford County Training School, Gays Mills. 26 Wood County Training School, Grand Rapids. 27 Rusk County Training School, Lady- smith. 28 Manitowoc County Training School. Mani- towoc. 29 Marinette County Training School, Mari- nette. 30 Dunn County Training School, Menomi- nee. 31 Lincoln County Training School, Merrill. 32 Green County Training School, Monroe. 25 Waupaca County Training School, New London. 34 Price County Training School, Phillips. 3 5 Green Lake County Training School, Princeton. 36 Barron County Training School, Rice Lake. 37 Sauk County Training School. Reeds- burg. 35 Richland County Training School, Rich- land Center. 39 Polk County Training School, St. Croix Falls. 40 Vernon County Training School, Viroqua. 41 Marathon County Training School, Wau- sau. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN River Falls, Milwaukee, Stevens Point, and Superior, and provision has been made for one at La Crosse. In these schools the courses of study are especially adapted to the prepa- ration of teachers, and each has a model, or training school, in which the theories of teaching are practically applied. The state has always been mindful of the interests of the rural schools. Since the nor- mal schools could not supply the demand for teachers in rural districts, county training schools (Fig. 60) were authorized, and sixteen counties in the state have established, and a number of others have made. pro\'ision for, such schools. These schools and the county agricultural schools are sup- ported by state and county jointly. The state encourages also rural, village, and high schools that reach an ap- proved standard, by granting certain sums of money for their maintenance. To keep these schools up to the required grade, the State Superintendent appoints inspectors for high schools, graded schools, and rural schools, who visit the schools and assist in improving them. This aggressive educational policy has had its effect, and notwithstanding the fact that 25 per cent of the population are foreign born, the illiteracy is but 4.7 per cent. In addition to the state schools there are many schools of high grade that are classed as universities, colleges, and academies. Ireland Dt-nvtark _ . Bohemia Alt other cotijiij-ics _ Most important among them are Lawrence College, located at Appleton; Beloit Col- lege, at Beloit (Fig. 76) ; and Ripon College, at Ripon. They have been established about as long as the State University and rank among the foremost of the smaller colleges of the country. ('Fig. 60.) Population and Rank. Wisconsin in 1905 contained 2,228,949 inhabitants. In 1900, it held 2,069,042 people, with this number ranking thirteenth in population among the states of the Union and ninth among those included in the Mississippi Basin group. The average density of population in 1900 was 38 per square mile (Fig. 62), the state with this density exceeding the country as a whole and standing just below West Virginia with 38.9 and just above Georgia with 37.6. By 1905 the density had in- horn population and creased to 40.9 per square the percentage of per- -r ^ i. -l sons from each sped- mile. The state has a large foreign-born population, numbering in 1900 515,971, or about one-fourth of all its people. (Figs. 61 and 63.) Thus we see that of every one hundred persons living in Wisconsin at this time, practically twenty-five were born out- side of the United States, and of this number Per cent " '° ^° J° 40 J° bo 7° So 00 ioo Total foreign born fafitlattctt Germany i\'orway Canada Sweden England, Wales, Scotland Fig. 61. The country of birth of the foreign fied country living in Wisconsin, census of IQOO. iqoo.. iSqo - iSSo- tSyo- rSlm- iSso- JS40 _ rSjo . 1S20. ksS to-s O.Otf '5" Fig. 62. The population in hundreds of thousands and the density of population per square mile at each Federal census. Per cent Total po/nlatipn Native to state _ _ _ i\Vw York Illinois Minnesota Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania Iowa All other states 30 40 S" Fig. 63. The state of birth of the native-born population and the percentage of persons from each specified state liv- ing in Wisconsin, census of igoo. of foreign born not less than twelve were born in Germany. Among the ]\Iississippi Basin states only North Dakota, with 35.4, and ^Minnesota, with 29.9 per cent, exceeded it in foreign population. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 33 11. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOP- MENT OE CITIES AND TOWNS. Distribution and Gain in Population. While the population of Wisconsin's cities and towns is increasinij steadily, the number of their inhabit- ants (Fig. 64) is still much smaller than that of the inhabitants of the farms and villages. If we include all places of more than 4,000 people, in 1905 the cities and towns of Wisconsin held only little more than one-third the population of the state. With this we may contrast New York, with three- fourths of her people in places of more than 4,000 and with more than one-half of them in one city; and Illinois, with places of 4,000 or over holding more than one-half of her people, and with more than one-third of her inhab- itants in one city. Milwaukee, Wiscon- sin's greatest city, in 1820 a little Indian trad- ing post, to-day is the twelfth city in the Union industrially as well as in size. Its situation, on a fine harbor on the west shore of Lake Michigan, one of the Great Lakes — in pioneer days the chief highway of travel between East and West — commanded excellent transportation facilities; surrounded by a coun- try rich in natural resources, it invited trade. These advantages of position, good transporta- tion, and abundant resources early attracted a high class of immigrants, many of whom were sturdy, industrious Germans. It followed natur- ally, therefore, that the place steadily grew in size and importance and early became a center of great business and manufacturing interests. Lying from 600 to 700 feet above sea level — from 60 to 128 feet above the level of the lake — and overlooking a splendid harbor, Milwaukee The I'clttfive sue of inenrp: citicB nmi tiUlnijes is ahuwn by the sue of Iht cirdex Fig. 64, has a fine situation and is one of the most beautiful cities in the Northwest. Wooded areas at the extreme north and south ends of the city extend far out into the lake, the shore line sweeping from north to south in a broad, deep curve. Behind this circling shore line the land rises abruptly, rimming the blue waters of the magnificent bay which forms the city's har- bor. The city, divided by the Milwaukee River and its tributaries, the Menominee and the Kin- nickinnic, now covers an area of about thirty scjuare miles, crossed by many miles of wide streets, a large part of which is substantially paved. (Fig. 65.) For several miles the river extends through a fine valley, where lie the chief shipping and manufacturing interests ^9' of the city. The greater portion of the river within the city limits is docked and of service for heav}- navigation. One branch stretches northward through the business district; along the south branch, which is available for the larg- est lake craft, industrial enterprises are thickly clustered. The river is crossed by a number of bridges, and there are four viaducts, the one extending over the Valley of the Menominee being a mile long. Lying between the lake and the north branch, and gently sloping to the west and north from the river, are the highlands, the chief residence district of the city. The city throughout is well and handsomely built, and its public and private buildings include many noteworthy structures. Chief among the public buildings and institu- tions are the City Hall, occupying a triangular block; the Court House of brown sandstone; the United States Government Building, a mass- ive granite structure; the Public Library and The density of urban pofiilation in Wisconsin, census of igoo. 34 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Museum, the Layton Art Gallery, the Milwaukee Auditorium, the Chamber of Commerce, the Athense- imi, Squadron Armory, and a number of handsome churches. (Figs. 66 and 68.) Easy access to raw ma- terials of farm, forest, and mine and far-reaching trans- portation facilities both by rail and water have given the citj" a wide variety of manufactures. Of these iron, steel, and heavy ma- chinery lead in importance. Next in value come leather, packed meats, beer, and malt tonics. Among other products are found flour, railroad rolling stock, men's clothing, and automobiles. Milwaukee's many indus- trial establishments (Fig. 51) include a machine construct- MILWAUKEE AND VICINITY bCALL 4"* Sttitute .Vital ti> .int i-.c/i Fig. 6;; ing plant, a tinware manufactory, and tanneries that are among the largest in the world. While the city's industrial interests far out- rank its commercial, two factors — cheap trans- portation b}- water and fast transportation by land, have united to make the city a great col- lecting and distributing center. With its wide, safe harbor Milwaukee has attained a commanding position in commerce, rank- ing fifth among the Great Lake ports. Coal is the chief item, Milwaukee being one of the leading coal receiving ports on the Great Lakes. Millions of tons, destined for use in local in- dustries or to be distributed throughout the western states, are received at this port annually. The city's railroad facili- ties are excellent. Five great lines, covering a length of more than 25,000 miles, reach its doors. Con- necting it with all impor- tant cities east, west, north, south, this great length of steel roadways encourages an ever-increasing land traffic. Electric lines afford easy access to surrounding towns and country. No city surpasses Milwaukee in her efforts to advance educational interests. One of the first cities in the United States to establish kinder- garten schools, she has also been one of the first to make trade schools a part of her public school system. The state's largest normal school is Milwaukee and vicinity. Fig. 66. .4 bird's-eye view of Milwaukee looking sotithiuest over a section embracing some of the most notable buildings in the city. The Gover)iment Building, first on the left, faces on Wisconsin Street, one of the main thoroughfares. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 35 found here. The city has the sixth largest and one of the most noteworthy museums of the coun- try, and its Layton Art Gallery contains a fine collection. The public library is well equipped, having nearh' 200,000 volumes. (Fig. 67.) Milwaukee has a fine park system, covering about 500 acres, with abundant trees, fine lawns, walks, and drive- ways. Juneau Park, on the lake front, com- memorates by name and monument the founder of the city. It also contains a statue of Leif Ericson, whom legend credits as having found his wa}- to this region on his visit to America. Towns of the Milwaukee Region. Among the near-by places surrounding Milwaukee, and practically a part of the city though beyond its limits, we find a number of flourishing industrial towns and several health and pleasure resorts. About two miles south of the city stands Ctidaliy, with its great meat-packing plants and large chemical works; eight miles beyond is South Milwaukee, largely engaged in making steam dredges, wire and wire cable, and mineral wool. To the west of the city and distant about h^^^M - i» 3 w^Bt^^^^^^ fi^^ Sir 'k ^^^^^^v IS*»*— — wij K^jji^ ^1 181 ■S^r^; J!p HE iln ^lyif..,. 4 i'am,. kjkLJr^ 1^^ j^SBi^^ai^^^^^^^AHHiii 'nJSS^^ 19B9B -^!:^^J; IVBHR^^^I B B|ji| Mil ifia ^^^^^ijj^^H BB ■ Fig. 67, Tlic Milmaiikcc Public Library and Museum Close by the building stands a noteworthy statue of George Washington. ' si.\ miles, is West Allis, the seat of immense machine shops; north- ward a few miles from West Allis is Waiiwa- tosa, chiefly devoted to residences, the homes of Milwaukee business men ; here are located a number of county insti- tutions. (Fig. 39.) Just 1 J c y o n d the wester n boundary of Milwaukee and not far from Wau- watosa, lie the State Fair Grounds. Southeast of Wauwa- tosa and nearer the city, is a National Soldiers' Home, accommodating 2,400 inmates and sur- rounded by 400 acres of beautifully kept grounds. Much farther to the northeast of Wauwatosa is North Milwaukee, the seat of various busy indus- tries. On the lake shore eastward from that place and closely connected with Milwaukee, is I'Vhilcfish Bay, a much frequented summer resort. Still farther westward in the Milwaukee region lie Wankcslia and Ocoiiomowoc, widely known as health and pleasure resorts. Wauke- sha, on the Little Fox River, seventeen miles from Milwaukee, owes its popularity to its valu- able mineral springs, famous the world over. It has an important trade in mineral waters and " 'TTW^'^W-i?' ■ ":7*p.-'''>»-; Fig. 68. A continuation of the view presented in Fig. 66, but looking west. The City Hall stands conspicuously in the center, while the dense city stretches away to the northwest. 36 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Fig. dg. A bird's-eye view of Waukesha, a popular summer resort, widely known for its mineral springs and noted for the beauty oj its scenery. is the seat of iron works, steel bridge works, and a canning factory. Several sanitariums, the State Industrial School for Boys, and Carroll College are located here. (Fig. 69.) About fifteen miles beyond Waukesha, in the midst of countless small lakes many feet above Lake Michigan, is Oconomowoc , one of the most beautiful and inviting resorts in the West. (Fig. 17.) Here are many magnificent estates and handsome dwellings, the homes of summer residents. Towas on or near Lake Michigan. On or near the lake, south and north of Milwaukee, lie other cities and towns which have become important implements and is the seat of large carriage and wagon works. (Fig. 70.) Here foundry', machine shop, and leather industries are also represented, while among newer industries the manufacture of automobiles is chief. Situated on the shore of the lake, which lies niore than sixty feet below, and at the mouth of Root River, it has a good harbor and a large lake commerce, while connection with two important railroads gives it an excellent trade by rail. It is the seat of Racine College. Directly south of Racine stands Kenosha, a city of varied manufactures, of which the leather industry has long led in importance. The manufacture of automobiles is now one of its leading industries. Here is situated Kemper Hall, a well-known school for young women. (Fig. 71.) C)n Fox River, westward from and in the same county as Racine, lies Burlington, with various flourishing industries and excellent ship- ping facilities. Most important of the lake cities north of Milwaukee is Sheboygan, the sixth city in size in Fig. 70. A spoke-driving machine in one of Racine's great wagon and carriage factories. as manufacturing or trade centers. Chief among those to the south of the city are Racine and Kenosha, industrially the second and third cities in Wisconsin. Racine, the third city in the state in size, also ranks third in the Union as a center for the manufacture of agricultural Fig, 71. A .scene in Kenosha, showing the Soldiers' Monument and the beautiful Simmons Memorial Library. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 37 Fig. .4 characteristic scene in the busy harbor of S thriving city is one of the leading ports in th Wisconsin. It lies at the mouth of Sheboygan River, adjacent to a rich farming and dairying region, and has a large trade in fish, lumber, and farm products. It has great cheese warehouses and coal and salt docks. Among Wisconsin's industrial cities it also ranks sixth. Furniture, toys, foundry and machine shop products, carriages, leather and leather goods are among its manufactures. It has one of the largest chair factories in the world. (Figs. 72 and 73.) Directly west from and on the same river as Sheboygan, is the busy town of Sheboygan Falls, which also makes furniture; westward still farther, at the crossing of two railroads, is Ply- mouth, a flourishing center of industries and with a large trade in cheese. Southwest of Plymouth, about halfway between Sheboygan and Milwaukee, stands West Bend, the countv seat of Washington County, where we find a pocket-book factory, a foundry, and other industrial plants. Eastward, directly on the lake shore and closely connected with Sheboygan and Milwaukee by steam and trolley lines, is Port Washington, county seat of Ozau- kee County, with foundries, chair factories, a brewery and brick yards. Southwest of that place is the busy town of Cedarbitrg. Twenty-five miles directly north of Sheboygan, on Lake Michigan, lies Manitowoc, at the mouth of the river of the same name. A railroad town with a good harbor, it has a large trade in grain, flour, leather, and dairy products. c stale. Thi Fig. 7^. .1 great chair factory in Sheboygan. Tin's is said to be the largest chair factory in the world. Fig. 74. A view of the dry dock at Maniioivoe. Here many lake vessels are brought for repair. Among its industrial interests are a ship building plant and manufactories for school and chtirch furniture. (Fig. 74.) Two Rivers, farther northward, owes its name to two streams, the Michicott and the Neshota, which, uniting here, form its harbor. It has varied manufactures and large fishing interests; three hundred times each year it sends out a carload of fish. Still farther north- ward on the lake is Kcivannec, the flourishing county seat of Kewau- nee County. Beyond that place lie the busy towns of Algoma and Sturgeon Bay. A canal connects 38 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Fig. 75. The State Historical Liurury at MaJison. This handsome building houses one of the most notable libraries in the country, and is visited by scholars and students from all sections. Sturgeon Bay, which is the county seat of Door County, with Lake Michigan, three miles away. Here are a foundry, manufactories for lumber, canneries, and a shipyard and dry dock. Rock River Valley Towns. In the rich farm- ing and dairying region of the Rock River Val- ley (Fig. 6) are some of the most flourishing and attractive places within the state. Here, finely situated between lakes Mendota (Fig. 11) and Monona, with Waubesa and Kegonsa lakes situated a little to the south, lies Madison, the capital of the state. Because of its healthful location and the beauty^ of its surroundings, Madison is becoming famous as a summer resort. It is also widely known as an educa- tional center, being the seat of the State Uni- versitv and of the Library and Museum of the State Historical Society. Crowning a hill in the center of a public park stands the capitol (Fig. 59), and on College Hill, one mile west, are the buildings of the University of Wisconsin. (Fig. 58.) At the foot of the university cam- pus stands the building of the State Historical Society (Fig. 75), which contains one of the most notable reference libraries in the country. On the north shore of Lake Mendota is situated the State Hospital for the Insane, and a few miles to the south lies the State Fish Hatchery. Three great railroads afford excellent trans- portation facilities for the town, which has important commercial interests and a number of flourishing industries. Stoitghton, fifteen miles southeast of Madison, and not far from Kegonsa Lake, famous for its boating, fishing, and bathing, is a thriving town with manufactures of ploughs, carriages, and wagons. Southeast of that place about twenty miles, and lying on both sides of Rock River, is Jancs- villc, county seat of Rock County. In the center of a fine farming region, it has an important trade in grain, dairy products, and beet sugar, (Fig. 30). The river here affords abundant water power and many flourishing industries have sprung up. Chief among its industrial plants are woolen, and flouring mills, machine shops and foundries, and agricultural imple- ment works. Janesville is the chief railroad center of south central Wisconsin. Here is a state school for the blind. Still farther south, on the east side'of Rock River, and at the cross- ing of two railroads, is the busy, progressive citv of Bcloit. It is in the heart of a rich agri- cultural section, for which it is the trade center. Its various manufactures include wood-working and paper-mill machinery, gasoline engines, agri- cultural implements, and windmills. Beloit Col- lege (Fig. 76), founded in 1847, is located here. North of Janesville, on the left bank of Rock River, is Edgcrtoii, an important shipping point for tobacco and the seat of several cigar fac- tories; up the river, twelve miles to the north- east of that place, lies Fort Atkinson, with varied manufactures, including dairy supplies, sleighs. >^7;t , A Ml, / 1 #■ — v,_^ V y fy^XvL ^~ "^N Na\ '// ^^ - -^^A"*! f J ^^ ■•'V S,-;. i^^A/'/ 4 .-■''"^^^ H^^fc^ /^ ^^^m/ ^BbB; d lH ^ ^^KmM M Bjjj^ / 1 1 » "^j&^^MnN^W ■1 I^^^Il k. -'* >*^l \4H hItv J ^nnf I \M H ^^^H bmVm ■Hji / / ^^Hnl 1 iH .V H PJBp nciw^^^p [tMihI -h^^ismm n "|tu|)p SV' *' 'MF^^^Rfll m j3 1 HnfT^i I'liiR* - -^&Uss hI 9^a Bl WBBMM BH Fig. 76. Beloit College. One of the leading as well as one of the oldest educational institu- tions in the state. THE GECJC.RAPilY OF WISCONSIN 39 carriages, and turniture. .V few miles beyond Fort Atkinson, and on the same river, lying in a fertile farming region, is Jefferson, also a flourishing trade and manufacturing center, its chief industrial establishments being foun- dries, machine shops, woolen and flouring mills. About eight miles to the northwest of Jeffer- son, on the east shore of Rock Lake, we find Ldkcmills, a pleasant summer resort. Farther to the northwest, is Waterloo, a trade center for fine farming and dairying interests. Continuing north from Jefferson, on Rock River, on the border line of Jefferson and Dodge counties, we find the growing city of Waterlown. With good railroad facilities and surrounded by a fine agri- cultural country, it has an excellent trade and varied manufactures; the Northwestern Uni- versity and College of the Sacred Heart are located here. About twenty miles northeast of Watertown, near the source of Rock River, and adjacent to Horicon Marsh, a paradise for sportsmen, is Horicon, and a few miles to the east of Horicon is the thriving town of May- villc. At the southeast end of Beaver Lake, northwest of "Water- town and directly west of Horicon, is Beaver- dam, a growing manufacturing city, with cotton, woolen, and flouring mills and other important industrial interests. (Fig. 77.) Here is Way- land Academy. South from Beaverdam lies Columbus, the center of large canning and brew- ing interests. In the extreme northern end of the valley stands Waitpuu. which has manufac- tures of carriages, ploughs, windmills, boots, and shoes. It is the seat of the State Prison. Among the towns in the valley eastward from Janesville, we find the well known summer resorts. Lake Geneva and Dclavau . Lake Geneva is beautifully situated on a lake of the same name (Fig. 19), and, on a high elevation on the north shore of the lake, is the Yerkes OVjservatorv of the University of Chicago. The town shares in the rich dairying interests of the surrounding region. Dclavan, near Delavan Lake, has fine mineral springs and is the seat of the State School for the Deaf. To the northeast of Delavan lies Elkhorn, the count}^ seat of Wal- worth County; and about fifteen miles to the northwest, midway between Milwaukee and Madison, is Whitewater, a beautiful residence town, and the distributing point for a rich agri- cultural district ; its principal shipments are live stock, dairy products, and dairy supplies; the town is best known as the location of a flourishing normal school. Most important among the towns south of Madison and west of Janesville is Monroe, the trade center for a fine farming and dairying region. Here are manu- factured condensed milk, cheese, lumber, and farming imple- ments. Here is Green County Training School for Teachers. To the east of Monroe we find Brodhcad, a railroad town with thriving in- dustries; and northeast of that place Evansville. also an industrial center. Towns of Green Bay -Fox River Trail. All along this pathway of explorer, missionary, fur trader, and settler, rich in historic associations, many flourishing cities and towns, have sprung up. (Fig. 42.) Chief among these places are Oshkosh, the fourth, and Green Bay, the eighth, city in size of the state. Situated on the west shore of Lake Winne- bago, on both sides of Fox River where it enters the lake, and at the crossing of important rail- roads, Oshkosh is the greatest industrial center in the interior of the state. (Fig. 79.) It is the seat of large lumber and planing-mill indus- tries and turns out, among other manufactures, fvirniture, carriages, wagons, machine shop and 7 I nti'rwr .>/ ci Uiri:,c u'oolcji mil! at Beaver lain, a fionnsliiiig manufacturing city in the Rock River Valley. 40 THE GEOGRAPHY (3F WISCONSIN foundry products. Osh- kosh has a picturesque and healthful situation and is a favorite sum- mer and fishing resort. Here is located a state normal school. Not far away, on Lake Poygan, lies W iuiicconne , a summer resort affording great attractions to sportsmen; and on Fox River, about six miles south of that place, is the thriving town of Omro. Grccu Bay. oldest of Wisconsin cities, is finely located on the Fox River at the head of Green Bay and at the junction of four railroads. Hand- some public and pri\-ate buildings and a beau- tiful park add to its attractiveness. (Fig. 78.) Its fine harbor admits the largest lake steamers and the city has an extensive trade in lumber, fish, and grain. Here also are varied flourishing manufactures. A few miles south on both sides of the river, here spanned by a bridge 1,600 feet long, is Dcpcrc, with abundant water power used by many busy manufactories, the chief being for paper. It lies in a fine farming country and has a large trade in cattle, grain, and other farm products. Nearby are limestone quarries. In the heart of Fox River Valley, in a region notable for its water power, the population has centered in a cluster of thriving industrial towns. First among these places, on a plateau seventy feet above the Fox River and near the rapids, stands Applcton. It lies in the midst of a wide farming area and, with splendid water power, is the seat of extensive manufactures. These include wood pulp, paper, flour, woolens, furniture, other wood products, and farming Fig. 78. Point Lookout, near Green Bay. implements. A series of locks here and at other points along the river renders it navigable for steamboats between Green Ba}- and Lake Winnebago. Here is Lawrence College. Kau- kaiiiia, on the same side of the river, seven miles northeast of Appleton, also has fine water power and is the center of thriving industries; here, among other plants, are pulp and paper mills, flouring and planing mills, a large railroad shop, and brick and tile works. A little farther up the river, at its outlet at the north end of Lake Winnebago, we find the twin cities of Neeiiah and Mcuasha, industrially one flourishing city. To the abundance of good water power is due the growth of varied manu- factures. Menasha's industries include paper, woolen and knitting mills, awoodenware factor}', and lumber interests. Among other industrial plants, Neeiiah has lumber and flouring mills. Finely situated at the south end of Lake W^innebago, about twenty miles southeast of Oshkosh, is Fond dii Lac, a flourishing manu- facturing center. It is the county seat of the county of the same name, and competes with Appleton for third place in size in the valley. Among its industrial plants are foundries, rail- road and machine shops and manufactoiies for furniture and leather goods. Westward, on the east bank of the Fox River, we find Princeton, with a County Training School for Teachers, and Berlin, chief towns of Green Lake County. Berlin lies adjacent to valuable granite quarries and to a district devoted to the culture of the iiniriifra Fig. 7q. Oslikosh as seen from Lake Winnebago. It is one of the leading nianiifactitring eities of the state: and is also a popular summer and yachting resort. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 41 iicltc cranberry; manufactures flourish, the town being especially known for its glove industry. West Shore of Green Bay and Menominee River Towns. On the west shore of the bay, and to the north of the city of Green Bay, is Oconto, the county seat of Oconto County, with exten- sive lumber interests and a large trade in fish. About thirteen miles northeast of that place, and six miles from the ba}\ is Pcshtigo, a lumber town and the seat of railroad shops. Continuing northward we reach Marinette (Fig. 8oj, chief city on the northeast border of the state. It lies on Green Bay at the mouth of Menominee River and opposite Menominee, Michigan, with which it is closely connected by bridges, and by steam and electric roads. With excellent railroad facilities and a fine harbor, it has an extensive lake commerce and a good trade by rail. It is the most important lumber center of the Northwest and in addition to paper and pulp mills, iron works and other industries, has large factories for gloves and knit goods. A County Training School for Teachers is here. North from Green Bay, on or near the Menomi- nee River, lie IVausankcc and Florence. Waii- saukee, about twenty-five miles northwest of Marinette and not far from the river, is a railroad and lumber town. Florence, on the Menominee, much farther to the north, is the county seat of Florence County and a shipping point for ore and lumber. Wolf River Valley Towns. The greater part of this tributary valley of the Fox is included in the lumber region of the state, and here a number of thriving towns have grown up, their prosperity due chiefly to lumber interests. Chief among these places is Shawano, at the crossing of two railroads, and the county seat of Shawano County, where lumber, paper, and wood fiber are manufactured. Clintonville, to the south- west of Shawano in a good farming region in Waupaca County, is a market town with a large trade, especially in potatoes, and a flouring mill and sash and door factory. South of that place, at the meeting of the Wolf and Embarrass rivers in Waupaca County, is New London, the seat of thriving lumber interests, a chair factory, and a large condensed milk plant; it has a County Training School for Teachers. To the west of New London, about sixteen miles, is Waupaca, which turns out lumber, flour, and woolens, but which is best known, perhaps, for the beautiful chain of lakes lying just to the west of the town. Towns of the Lead and Zinc District. In the extreme southwest corner of the state, between the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, in a region long known for rich deposits of lead and zinc, we find a cluster of busy towns. Platteville, the center of the most important zinc and lead interests in the state (Fig. 81), and Mineral Point, the seat of thriving zinc and acid works, are the chief towns of the district. At the crossing of two leading railroad lines, and in a farming and mining region, Platteville has large shipments of meat, dairy products, and ore; Wisconsin's oldest normal school is located here, and here is found the only mining trade school in the United States. Directly northwest of Platteville, in the heart of a fertile agricultural country, lies Lancaster, one of the Fig. 81. .4 great plant for separating ore from rocks, Platteville. 42 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WLSCONSIN leading stock-shipping points in the state. To the southeast, on the Pecatonica River, stands Darlington , the county seat of Lafayette County, a busy industrial town, also a trade center for a fine farming region. Ten miles southwest of that place lies the flourishing railroad town of Sliulls- biirg. To the northeast of Platteville, and directly north of Mineral Point, stands Dodgc- ville, county seat of Iowa County, where farming implements, wagons, and cheese are manufac- tured; near by are zinc and lead deposits. Wisconsin Valley Towns. A beautiful river, affording a broad highway for travel, wide areas of fertile farming land, vast tracts of merchant- able timber, and abundant water power invited exploration and encouraged settlement. Natur- ally with this wealth of advantages many trade and industrial centers grew up and flourished within the valley. Wausau, Stevens Point, and Merrill, in the cen- ter of this long, narrow valley, are the chief cities of the region. Wausau, county seat of Marathon County, larg- est of the valley's cities, lies in the midst of a fine farming and dairy- ing region and adjacent to granite quarries and timber supplies; the Big Bull Falls provides splendid water power at this point, and among ^•aried manufactures are extensive lumber prod- ucts (Fig. 82), sandpaper, sawmill machinery, flour, leather, and canned vegetables; here is located a County Training School for Teachers. Stevens Point, county seat of Portage County, on the river thirty-five miles south of Wausau, also with abundant water power, has large manu- factures of lumber, paper and wood pulp, and is the seat of a State Normal School. Eighteen miles north is Merrill, county seat of Lincoln County, another thriving industrial center with large lumber industries, the seat of tanneries, and with a County Training School for Teachers. Northward, and in the same coinity as Merrill, Fig. 82. Interior of one moulding factories for is Tomahawk, with a tannery, pulp, paper, and lumber mills, iron works, box and pail factories, and other industrial plants. Directly on the river, fifteen miles southwest of Stevens Point, is Grand Rapids, the countv seat of Wood County, where splendid water power (Fig. 43) is utilized in the manufacture of lumber, paper, wood pulp, furniture, and other products. A fine bridge spans the river at this point. Here is a County Training School for Teachers. To the northwest of Grand Rapids, midway between Stevens Point and Wausau, lies Marshficld, the market for one of the great- est dairying and stock-raising regions in the Northwest; besides stock and dairy products, it has a large trade in baled hay, and is the seat of veneer and ex- celsior factories. Going southward from Marshfield we find Nccedah, New Lisbon. Maitston, and Elroy. a cluster of thriving towns in Juneau County. Mansion, the county seat, with the advan- tages of excellent water power, is the center of growing industries. ( )n Baraboo River, east of Mauston, and much far- ther south, lies Baraboo, county seat of Sauk County; here good water power encouraged the location of industries, and there are thriving woolen, flouring, saw, and planing mills, railroad shops, breweries, a large creamer}-, and a fruit- canning plant; Baraboo is in one of the most picturesque regions of the state: three miles to the south lies Devils Lake (Fig. 8), much used as a resort in summer, and to the north Kilhonru City, near the Dalles (Fig. 16) of the Wisconsin, where the delightful air, pure, clear water, and wonderful scenery annually attract increasing numbers. Northwest of Baraboo, and also in Sauk County, is Reedsburg, a center of growing industries, and the seat of Sauk County Training School for Teachers. To the southwest of that place lies Richland Center, county seat of Rich- of the great sasi:, Joor, ami which Wausau is noted. THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 43 land County, the market town for a great but- ter and cheese industry, and with a large trade in li\-e stock and thriv- ing manufactures of lumber, excelsior, barrels, cheese boxes, and butter tubs; here is a County Training School for Teachers. To the southeast of Kilbourn City, at a sharp bend in the river, stands Portage, which owes its name to its loca- tion at the old carrying place — now occupied by a Government Ship Canal — between the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, where explorer and fur trader carried their canoes overland ; among other manufactures it has hosiery and knit goods, flour and brick. Near by are the remains of old Fort Winnebago, founded in 182S. Far- ther down the valley, in Grant County, we reach Boscobcl, with various thriving industries. Towns of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Fol- lowing closely on the heels of explorer and set- tler, on the shore of this great highway (Fig. i) and all along the many tributaries stretching far into the valley, the ever-increasing population has grouped in an astonishing number of thriv- ing cities and towns. La Crosse (Fig. 83), splendidly situated on the Mississippi, at the meeting of the beautiful valleys of the Black and the La Crosse, is the largest city of the group, the fifth city in size in the state, and rivals Oshkosh for fifth place among Wisconsin's industrial cities. Among its varied industries the manufacture of flour ranks first, its mills turning out 6,000 barrels daily; other manufac- tures are malt liquors, lumber and planing mill products, tobacco, cigars, carriages, and wagons. La Crosse is also an important ship- ping point for grain. It is the county seat of La Crosse County, has fine II /''.'(■ hiisnic.^ (\-li\iu ,if /,u ( r, FrG. 84. .4 bird's-eye view of Eatt Claire. public buildings, and is the site of a State Nor- mal School. Northeast- ward from La Crosse in Mon- roe County, in the valley of the La Crosse, are Sparta and Toniah. Sparta, the county seat of the count}-, directly on the river, has manufactures of flour and tobacco, and is the location of a State Public School for Dependent Children. At Toinah. which has saw, lumber, and flouring mills, there is a Government Indian School. Going southward from Sparta we reach Viroqiia, the county seat of Vernon Count3^ from where large quantities of live stock, dairy products, and leaf tobacco are shipped ; a County Training School for Teachers is here. Westward, near the river, is Battle Hollow (Fig. 21), the scene of a struggle in the Black Hawk War. Still farther south we come to Prairie dii Chieii, one of the oldest towns in the state. Settled in 1783, the village, with Fort Crawford, the ruins of which may be seen near by, was taken by the British in 1812 and held until 1816. Its manufactures include woolens and pearl buttons. Here are fine artesian wells, and the city has one of the best sanitariums in the valley. On the Black River, about five miles north of La Crosse and in the same county, is the thriv- ing town of Onalaska, and much farther up the valley of the Black, Black River Falls, county seat of Jackson County. Here the river fur- nishes abundant water power, which is begin- ning to be used by- growing industries. To the northeast of Black River Falls, in a pros- perous stock-raising and farming region, lies Neillsville. county seat of Clark County, which has thriving manufac- tures of flour, lumber, and furniture. Northwestward from 44 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN La Crosse, in Buffalo County, we find, on the .Mississippi, Fountain City and Alma, and to the north and east of Alma, Mondovi, all growing towns. Alma, the county seat of the county, has a County Training School for Teachers. To the northeast of Fountain City, on the Trem- pealeau River lies Arcadia, the chief town of Trempealeau County. Beyond these places we reach the tributary valley of the Chippewa with the flourishing towns of Eaii Claire and Chippewa Falls. Eau Claire (Fig. 84), second city in size in this region, is the outlet of the Chippewa lumber district. With abun- <;lant water power and ad- jacent to timber lands, it naturally has become the center of great lumber inter- ests. Besides extensive lum- ber mills it has foundries, paper and linen mills, and factories for furniture, refrigerators, and sawmill machinery. Three public parks, a library, and fine school buildings add to its attractiveness; here is a Cotmty Training School for Teachers. To the southwest of Eau Claire, and on the same bank of the Chippewa, lies DitranJ, the county seat of Pepin County. Chippewa Falls, on the Chippewa River a few miles to the northeast of Eau Claire, also with abundant water power, is a center of large and growing mdustries. Its industrial plants turn out beet sugar, lumber, woodenware, flour, shoes, gloves, woolens, and foundry products. The county seat of Chippewa County, it has a large court house, a public library, and the buildings of the State Home for Feeble Minded and for the Insane. Directly east of Chippewa Falls, is Stanley, a growing railroad town. Southeast of Eau Claire and in the same county, lies Augusta, a center of flourishing manufactures of lumber and flour. Northwest, Fig. 85. Map of Superior atui vicinity. on Red Cedar River, is Menominee, the county seat of Dunn County, with thriving industries, including lumber and flour, brick and foundry and machine shop products; the Stout Train- ing Schools for Manual Training and Domestic Science, a County Training School for Teachers, and a School of Agriculture, are located here. In the tributary valleys west of Menominee lie Spring Valley. Ellsworth, River Falls, and Prescott, a group of flourishing towns, all in Pierce County. Chief of the group is River Falls with water power utilized by rolling mills and a starch factory; here is a State Normal School. Ells- worth, southeast of River Falls, is the county seat. To the north, in St. Croix County, we find Hudson, New Richmond, and Glen- li'ood, another cluster of thriving towns. Hudson, county seat and chief city of the county, lies on the east bank of the St. Croi.x, here navigable for large steam- boats; the town has brew- eries, car and repair shops, bo.x, sash and door factories, and a large market trade. Farther to the northeast in Barron County, the popu- lation has centered in the busy and growing towns of Rice Lake, Barron, and Cumberland. Rice Lake, on the Red Cedar River, the chief city of the county, in the center of a rich farming and dairying region, is the seat of milling and lumbering''interests ; a County Training School for Teachers is here. Barron, about nine miles southwest of that place, is the county seat. Northward from Barron lies Shell Lake, county seat of Washburn County. East and farther to the north, we find Hayward, the county seat of Sawyer County, with large sawmills, and the location of a Government Indian School. Lake Superior Towns. In the extreme north- western part of the state in a region adjacent SUPERIOR AND VICINITY Scale THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 45 to rich ore deposits, stands Superior, the second city of the state in size and commercial impor- tance, and Ashland (Fig. 86), the outlet of the Penokee-Gogebic Iron District. Superior, at the western extremity of Lake Superior, with a splendid harbor (Figs. 55 and 85), and at the meeting point of six great rail- roads, has unrivaled transportation facilities and an extensive trade both by water and rail. (Fig. 54.) The city is an important shipping point for grain, lumber, and iron ore, and has great docks for receiving and distributing coal. Here are located lumber and steel mills and important shipyards where are built many large steel freight boats. (Fig. 56.) The growth of Superior has been phenomenal, the number of its people more than doubling between 1890 and 1900 and increasing nearly 45 per cent, in the next five years. Much of historic inter- est centers about the site of this Wisconsin city, Radisson and Groseilliers making it their headquarters in 1 66 1 and Du Lhut estab- lishing a trading post there in 1680. A State Normal School is located at Superior. Asliland, also an im- portant lake shipping port, lies on Chequamegon Bay, one of the finest harbors on the Great Lakes. Its exports include large quantities of lumber and iron ore, and it is the seat of flour- ishing lumber mills, blast furnaces, foundries and machine shops, and pulp works. It is the county seat of Ashland County and has excel- lent schools. Northward, in and beyond Che- quamegon Bay and in view of the city, lie the Apostle Islands, rich in historic associations and beauty of scenery and yearly visited by increas- ing numbers of tourists. About ten miles east of Ashland is Odanah, with lumbering interests, and to the north of Ashland on the west shore of Chequamegon Bay, Washburn, the county seat of Bayfield County, Washburn has a good harbor and Iro)! a]id slccl iron ore exports grain, lumber, and brownstone and has a number of thriving industries. On the lake, twelve miles farther to the northeast, lies Bay- field, a favorite summer resort. It is the seat of a State Fish Hatchery (Fig. 18), has exten- sive fisheries, a fish-packing plant, and quarries. In the same county, westward from Ashland, is Iron River, a growing lumber town, and still far- ther to the west in Douglas County, the thriv- ing railroad town of Lake Ncbagamon, where lumbering is carried on. Towns of the Highland Region. Here and there in the valleys of the Highland a number of thriving towns have grown up. Chief among these places in the valley of the Wisconsin are Antigo and Rhinelandcr. Antigo, the county seat of Langlade County, on the extreme southern edge of the Highland, turns out extensive manufactures of wood- enware, is the seat of flouring and lumber mills, breweries, foun- dries, and railroad shops, and has a County Train- ing School for Teachers. Rhinelandcr , the county seat of Oneida County, about thirty-six miles to the north and west of Antigo, is on the Wis- consin River where it receives the Pelican, the Pelican Rapids affording fine water power for large lumber interests, factories for paper, refrig- erators, and veneers, and for boiler and iron works. Still farther north in the valley stands Eagle River, the county seat of Vilas County. On the Montreal River, at the crossing of two railroads and directly on the border of the state, stands Hurley, the county seat of Iron County, an outlet for ore (Fig. 35) from the Gogebic Range and for lumber. Far to the south of that place on the Big Elk, a tributary of the Chippewa, we find Phillips, the county seat of Price County, and the site of a County Training School for Teachers. Continuing south- ward we reach the edge of the Highland and Medjord, the county seat of Taylor County. •urks at Aihland, a great center. 46 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN ///. STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS Statistics of the State of Wisconsin by Counties, Federal Census of 1900 and 1910. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Duor Douglas Dunn Eau Claire. . . . Florence Fond du Lac . Forest Grant Green Green Lake. .. Iowa iron Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee. . . . La Crosse Lafayette Langlade Lincoln. Manitowoc . . . Marathon . . . . Marinette Marquette , . . . Milwaukee. . . . Monroe Oconto Untida Outagamie . . . Ozaukee Pepin Pierce P.jlk Portage Price Racine Richland Rock Rusk St. Croix Sauk Sawyer Shawano Sheboygan . . . Taylor Trempealeau . Vernon Vilas Walworth Washburn . . . . Washington. .. Waukesha. . . . Waupaca Waushara. . . . Winnebago. . . Wood ORGANI- ZATION SS2 856 861 866 818 853 856 836 845 S53 846 818 S39 836 SSI 856 856 S36 885 836 8?5 859 820 893 853 8S3 856 850 852 8si 846 880 866 836 851 879 836 834 856 851 885 851 8S3 8sS 8S3 8S3 836 879 836 846 836 QOI 838 838 883 856 836 87 S 856 8si 893 S36 S83 836 846 851 851 838 S56 6S2 930 878 1,497 518 662 881 317 l,9.iS 1,200 776 557 1,188 884 454 1,319 844 620 498 720 1,421 ',157 576 364 763 786 978 548 700 274 327 47S 634 8SS 885 S90 1. 532 1.396 451 228 915 1,080 QOO 634 226 238 543 933 800 1,241 323 576 706 711 820 1.342 1. 135 510 96s 7 34 702 907 562 834 423 562 749 639 472 7S5 POPULATION 1910 8,604 21,965 29.114 15.9S7 54,098 16,606 9.026 16,701 32,103 30,074 31.129 16.2S8 77.43S 47.436 1S.711 47.422 25,260 32,721 3.381 51 ,610 6,782 39.007 21.641 15.491 22.497 8,306 17.075 34.306 19.569 32.929 16.7S4 43.996 20,075 17,062 19,064 44,978 55,054 33,812 10,741 433,187 28,881 25,657 11,433 49.102 17.123 7.577 22.070 21.367 30.94s 13.795 57.424 18,809 55,538 11,160 25,910 32,869 6,227 31,884 54.888 13.641 22,028 28,116 6,019 29,614 8,196 23.7S4 37 100 32.7S2 18.SS6 62 116 30,583 1900 9,141 20,1 76 23,677 14,392 46,359 16,76s 7,478 17.07S 33,037 25,848 31,121 17,286 69,435 46,63: 17,583 36,335 25,043 31,692 3,197 47,589 I . ^06 38.881 22.719 15,797 23,114 6.616 17,466 34,789 20,029 21,707 17,212 42.007 20.059 12.553 16,269 42,261 43,256 30.K22 io,so9 330.017 28,103 20,874 8,875 46,247 16,363 7,005 23,043 17.801 29.483 9,106 45,644 19,483 51,203 26,830 33,006 3,503 27,475 50,345 1 1,262 23,114 28,351 4,929 20.259 5.521 23.589 35.229 31.615 15.972 58,225 25,865 1890 6,889 20.063 15,416 7,390 30,164 15,907 4,303 l6,6j9 25,143 17,708 28,350 15,087 50,578 44,084 15,682 13,468 22,604 30,673 2,604 44,oS8 1 .01 2 36,651 22,732 15,163 22,117 15,707 33.530 17.121 15.581 16,153 38,801 20,265 9.46s 12,008 37.831 30,369 20. ,504 9,676 236,101 23,211 15,009 S,oio 38,690 14,943 6,932 20,38s 12,968 24,708 5,25s 36,268 19,121 43,220 23,139 30,575 1,977 19,236 42,489 6,731 18,020 25, 111 27,860 2,926 22,751 33,270 26,704 13,507 S°,097 18.127 FARM PKOPERTY INCLUDING LIVE STOCK * 4,214,007 1 ,030.000 6,374,063 615,578 13,431,078 9.892,567 1,670,203 13,225.038 8,227,687 10,330.664 21,062,925 6,808,630 45,093,903 41,185,085 6,027,645 722,109 8,748,003 6,939,454 304,006 31,274,129 113.355 26.305,272 20.770,174 10,472,224 16,823,981 160,160 7,100,396 25,421.946 8.378,389 11,167,37s 7,762,206 9,298,824 20,015,551 2,275,044 1.724,431 20j275,o86 10,688,438 2,850,096 5,389.342 28,373,622 11.858,166 5,891,809 506,628 16,711.062 11,497,728 3,254,906 10,733,104 6,458,007 8,577,154 1,147,805 25,570,940 10,572,133 20,974,313 12,022,751 16.740,044 291,133 9,3°7,3l8 21,756,901 1,983.091 11,923.019 13,556,799 145,401 24,590,235 702,311 20,060,303 27,021,943 12,478.155 9,262.138 17.471,199 6.199.758 PRODUCTS NOT FED TO LIVE STOCK $ 882.955 241,203 1,056,385 123,070 1,693,003 1,700,043 349,366 1,663,588 1,352,134 1,304,210 2.842,733 1,257,924 7,053,339 5,007,178 1,014,125 106,785 1,435,604 1,202,655 94,292 4,022,893 16.008 3,996.123 3.038.570 1,406,458 2,557,961 39,104 1.261,086 3,454,289 1,218,539 1,466,748 1,119,539 1,521,423 2,876,78s 379.249 398,298 2,622,107 1,713,544 441,507 058,311 2.220,260 2,027.417 834,744 105,539 2,239,639 1,222,335 612,518 1,873,744 1,025,1 16 1,450,432 253,333 1,879,190 1,783,445 4,353,215 1,820,148 2,725,361 SO, 104 1,306,02s 3,058.622 305,056 1,876,059 2,356,560 19.606 3.305.S03 140,21 1 2,310,976 3,070.001 1,815,641 1.750.178 2,233,350 705,164 MANUFAC- TURES $ 87.303 6,426,259 1,480,220 3,070,016 5,686, 186 464,025 173,054 910,218 4.537,176 1,297,458 1.278,161 604,703 5,892,362 4,012,429 074,741 8,033,218 2,123,056 5,661,41s 41,835 6,993,880 76,164 1,307.405 1.715.624 1,1 10,360 1,469,227 1,185,581 510,083 5,129,707 785. 6S7 7,944,813 956.974 9.S07.887 822.153 1,289,081 4,554,102 4,785,576 7,463.1 16 6,972,616 441,743 140.252.383 1.594. 664 2.597.916 3.139.307 9.1 27.604 1,980,197 261 .823 1,1 18,421 1,221 .507 2.S10.263 1,682,1.^1 15,643,783 795,448 8,090,447 3,028,821 1,876,650 984,198 1,770,751 9,652,106 2,1 52,671 1,111,882 709,669 1,875.130 2.515.S72 81S.O18 1,808,599 2.292,786 1,936,737 447,050 13,848,239 3,787,275 COUNTY SEAT Friendship Ashland Barron "Washburn Green Bay Alma Grantsburg Chilton Chippewa Falls . . Neillsville Portage . , , Prairie du Chien . Madison Juneau Sturgeon Bay . . . Superior Menomonie Eau Claire Florence Fond du Lac .... Crandon Lancaster Monroe Dartford Dodgeville Hurley Black River Falls Jefferson Mauston Kenosha Kewaunee La Crosse Darlington Antigo Merrill Manitowoc Wausau. Marinette Montello Milwaukee Sparta Oconto Rhinelander Appleton Port Washington. Durand. Ellsworth Balsam Lake. . . . Stevens Point . . . Phillips Racine ... Richland Center.. Janesville Ladysmith Hudson Baraboo Hayward Shawano Sheboygan Medford Whitehall Viroqua Eagle River Elkhom Shell Lake West Bend Waukesha Waupaca Wautoma Oshkosh Grand Rapids . . . POPULATION 1910 276 11.504 1.449 3.830 25.236 1 ,011 721 I.S30 8,803 1.957 5. 440 3.140 25.531 1.003 4.262 40.384 5.036 18.310 1.S3S 18.797 1.833 2.329 4.410 *527 1.701 1.917 2.582 1.701 21.371 1.839 30.417 1.808 7.196 8,680 13,027 16,560 14,610 1.104 373.857 3.973 5,629 S.637 16.773 3.792 1.S03 1.005 279 8,692 1,94s 38,002 2,652 13,894 2,352 2,810 6,324 2,869 2,923 26,398 1,846 703 2 059 1 141 1.707 902 2,462 8,740 2.789 064 33,062 6,521 1900 588 13,074 1,493 6,814 18,684 1,201 612 1,460 8,094 2,104 5,459 3,232 19,164 So I 3,372 31,001 5,655 17,517 1.824 15.110 706 2.403 3.927 450 1.865 2,267 1,938 2,584 1,718 11,606 1,773 28,805 1,808 5,145 8,5.n Il,7b6 12,354 16,195 1,325 285,315 3,555 S.646 4.99S 15.085 3.010 1,458 1.052 757 9,524 1,820 29,103 2,321 13,185 3,259 5,751 2,720 1.863 22,962 1 758 600 1,950 1.356 1. 731 1,823 2,1 19 7.419 2,912 1,060 28,284 4,493 *Census of 1905 The Population of Wisconsin at Each Federal Census from 1840 to I9IO. YEAR RELA- TIVE RANK POPULATION INCREASE IN TEN YEARS PERCENT- AGE OF INCREASE DENSITY PER SQ. MILE YEAR RELA- TIVE RANK POPULATION INCREASE IN TEN YEARS PERCENT- AGE OF INCREASE DENSITY PER SQ. MILE 1840 30 24 IS IS 30,94s . 305.391 775.881 1,054,670 274,446 470,490 278,789 886! 9 1541 35-9 o.S 5.6 14.2 19.4 1880 1890 16 14 ■3 13 1.315.497 1,686,880 2,009.042 2,333.800 260,827 371.383 376,030 264,818 22.3 12.8 24.2 311 38.0 42.2 1910 THE GEOGRAPnY OF WISCONSIN 47 State or Country of Birth of the Population. STATE NUMBER Native to State 1,304.018 New York 58.338 Illinois 33.331 Minnesota 24,234 Michigan 22,888 Ohio 10,036 Pennsylvania 16,470 Iowa 11,032 Indiana 8.646 Vermont 6,008 Massachusetts 5,760 Maine 5,4i8 Missouri 3,608 South Dakota 2,810 Nebraska 2,653 All other states and territories 21,315 Native population . . 1,553,071 Total population COUNTRY NUMBER Germany 242,777 Norway. Canada Poland Sweden Ireland En^;land Denmark Bohemia Switzerland Austria Holland Scotland Belgium Russia All other countries . Foreign population. 61,575 33,051 30,421 26,106 23.S44 17.00s 16,171 14.145 7,666 7.310 6,406 4.560 4.412 4.243 14.401 S15.071 2.060,042 Population of the Principal Cities of Wisconsin at Each Federal Census from 1850 to 191 o. CITY Milwaukee ... Superior Racine Oshkosh La Crosse .... Sheboygan ... Madison Green Bay. ... Kenosha Fond du Lac. . Eau Claire. . . . Appleton Wausau Beloit Marinette .... Janesville .... Manitowoc . . . Ashland Chippewa Falls Watertuwn . . . Waukesha. . . . Stevens Point. Merrill Antigo Beaver Dam . . West Allis. . .. Grand Rapids. Baraboo S. Milwaukee . . Menasha Marshfield. . . . Neenah Rhinelander . . Oconto Portage Menomunie. . . Two Rivers. . . Stoughton. . . . Kaukauna. . . . Berlin De Pere Platteville Monroe Sturgeon Bay. Sparta Rice Lake Ft. Atkinson. . Washburn. . . . Pt. Washington. Ripon Cudahy Tomah New London . Waupun .... Wauwatosa. . Whitewater . Burlington . . Prairie du Chien Plymouth . . . Lake Geneva Oconomowoc Hartford . . . Mineral Point . . Shawano Tomahawk .... Hudson 857285, 384 31 002 ,062 417 ?oS 531 236 371 707 310 773 560 125 610 804 7 504 803 29 740 602 ,680 106 75S 645 521 324 ,002 ,oSi 783 734 637 620 440 036 850 761 ,717 ,636 477 452 410 262 973 068 ,877 830 792 .730 ,001 419 3S3 ,362 346 224 21 140 .004 ,070 054 082 925 923 907 810I 5 001 102 2,84 So 5 062 164 684 606 1 10 517 085 354 436 195 18s 7S6 ,074 .004 437 410 524 537 14s 128 204,468 11,083 21 ,014 22,836 2 '1,090 16,359 13.426 0,00o 6,532 12,024 17,415 11, 860 9,253 6,31s 11,523 10,836 7.710 9.956 8.670 8.755 6,?2I 7,8g6 6,800 4.424 4,222 493 751 302 589 240 954 998 ,646 .459 .655 .7S4 .431 .115 ,489 1O38 i340 .927 .372 .555 ,002 ,043 ,010 ,818 ,366 ,840 ,74 ,185 ,84 ,40s ,526 ,232 ,257 ,585 ,880 ,632 ,99 .863 .291 .259 1,702 4,60s 4.581 3.450 S.083 2.658 5.219 5. 143 5.491 2.S70 2.470 4.667 4.149 3.625 2,740 3.76S 2.105 2.795 2,130 2,283 1.659 3.358 2,100 2.050 2.757 4,350 2,043 3.131 1.503 2.297 2,729 1,296 2,604 1,505 I,Sl6 2.885 1S80 1870 1S60 1S50 15.5S7 71.440 16,031 IS. 748 14.50S 7.314 10,324 7,464 5,030 13.004 lo,r 10 8,005 4.277 4.700 2,750 O.oiS 6.367 3.9S2 7.883 2.960 4.449 3.416 1,350 3.266 3.144 669 4,202 4.171 4.346 2.580 2,05 1.353 834 3.353 1.054 2,687 3.293 1,199 2.387 362 1,969 1,386 3.117 1.24s l,8oS 2,353 3.617 1,611 2,777 1,052 1.969 2,174 1,343 2,015 800 2.298 45,246 9,S8o 12,663 9.270 5.310 0,1 70 4,666 4.300 12,764 2,203 4.518 1,340 4.396 8.7S0 S.168 2.507 7.550 2.633 1,810 3.265 1,115 1,52s 2,484 2.655 2.655 3.045 1.365 985 2.777 1.372 2.537 3.40S 2.314 2,010 2,976 837 1,01 5 1,935 1.589 2,700 997 1,40 1.748 20,061 7,822 6,oS6 3.S60 4.262 6,611 2.275 1.565 5.450 2.330 543 4.098 7,702 3.OS0 5.302 1.436 148 2.764 1.360 1,436 1,296 884 3.870 1,440 50S 930 1,284 468 1,720 1,097 699 2.389 I.S68 Population of the Principal Cities— -Continued CITV 1910 1000 1890 iSSo 1870 i860 1850 Waupaca Stanley 2,780 2,675 2,652 2,615 2,582 2,523 2,513 2,462 2.450 2,352 2.320 2,282 2,082 2,061 2,050 1,001 1,088 1,975 1.972 1.960 1,957 1,948 1,017 2,012 2.387 2,321 2,225 2,584 2,349 2,192 2,119 2,244 2,127 1.392 1.819 1.737 2,287 1.977 1.595 1.296 2.038 1.277 1.331 2.115 1,876 860 1.273 1.798 Reedsburg Jefferson Columbus Edgerton West Bend 547 2,176 1,888 461 1,360 802 550 288 1,058 1,688 Delavan Ladysmith 1,540 2,403 l,Sl5 1.738 1,864 1,950 2,008 1,631 1.543 1.165 l.ois 1.523 1,270 1,783 1,408 1,069 1,051 048 I,o6S 762 1.490 720 Mayville Algoma Evansville Viroqua River Falls 741 272 Park Falls N Fond du Lac 2,104 1,820 1.938 1.936 2,261 1,050 170 1.427 Phillips BlackRiverFalls I.IOI ■■570I The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Wisconsin and Facts about their Industrial Plants, Census Bulletin 56, 1905. CITY NUMBER OF PLANTS NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS AMOUNT OF WAGES PAID VALUE OP PRODUCT 1,532 148 45 98 135 150 108 72 85 103 ss 44 76 37 73 37 73 84 34 32 42 37 43,540 6,504 4.354 6.034 4.863 2,644 2,486 1,343 2,566 2,111 1.045 2.471 1,321 1.361 1.348 1,64s 1.085 1,476 1.518 727 744 598 Sao.oio.ooo 3,155,086 2,243,644 2,165,1 28 2,110,628 l,o65,o,i6 1,217,03s 746,283 1,055,470 870.302 807,450 1,430.420 533.261 737.944 600,257 861,581 851.443 813,311 672,322 355.051 320,876 215.574 $138,881,545 Racine 16,458,965 12.362,600 10,086,648 Oshkosh 8,796,705 6,672,457 Fond du Lac 5,599.600 4,644,457 Beloit 4,427,816 3,846.038 3,601,558 Merrill 3,2bo,6i8 Chippewa Falls 2,200.881 2,o()S.487 Stevens Point 1,516,072 Value of Agricultural Products of Wisconsin, Rank of State in Production, Leading County, Census of 1900. PRODUCT RANK OF STATE VALUE OF PRODUCT LEADING COUNTY 16 10 9 21 3 '"s 23 I 4 10 3 4 24 14 I ,} .U 10 1 1 8 $82,026,316 48.595. 728 8,048,511 1,117.683 17,931.685 IS.905.822 6,916.93s 5.ii5.,S46 2,443.946 281,481 19,267.700 392,177 5.826.552 2,006,324 824,603 206,216 154.310 2,898,091 18,020 850,292 267,301 136,086 26.779.721 4,854,020 1,461,279 270,742 Dane Dane All vegetables Milwaukee All fruits .... Monroe Oats Dane Corn Dane Barley Wheat . St. Croix Rye Manitowoc Juneau Dane Washington Portage Miscellaneous vegetables. . . . Peas Milwaukee Manitowoc Brown Tobacco Dane Juneau Grapes and small fruits Monroe Dane Eggs Wool Fond du Lac Vernon 48 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Value of Live Stock Owned in Wisconsin, Rank of State, and Leading County, Census of 1900. LIVE STOCK RANK OP STATE VALUE OF LIVE STOCK LEADING COUNTY LIVE STOCK RANK OF STATE VALUE OP LIVE STOCK LEADING COUNTY I I 8 9 Sg.i. 521.430 46,S40,4iS 34ol6.47S 7.5«o.423 Dane Dane Dane Grant Sheep 14 33 15 I I S4. 510.356 243.493 3,398.427 377.105 Cattle Rock Dane Bees Sauk Dairy and Factory Products in Twenty-five Leading Counties of Wisconsin, State Census of 1905. MILK PRODUCED ON FARMS COUNTY POUNDS Dane 216.Sg6.758 Jefferson 187.061,372 Walworth... 166,818.643 Sheboygan. .. 162,265.681 Green i4g,4Q7,3i4 Fond du Lac 143,029.533 Trempealeau. 130,1 30, gs 3 Sauk 128,680.867 Grant iio.S42,g84 Waukesha... . 115,184,390 Manitowoc. . . 1 14,871,401 Dodge 113.932,651 Monroe 112, 509, 762 "Waupaca. . . . 107.192,973 Outagamie.. . 106.053,330 Rock 103,649.858 Buffalo 96,1 18,595 Iowa 93. 000. 379 La Crosse. ... 92,621,969 Brown 91, 68 1,515 Clark 91,610,314 Lafayette. . . . 91.204.943 Vernon 91,165,110 Washington. . 86,982.388 Winnebago . . 83,531.227 BUTTER MADE ON FARMS COUNTY POUNDS Marathon 1,218,637 Vernon 1,177,923 Jefferson 1,084,281 Outagamie 1,026.880 Grant 085,702 Dane 968.658 Winnebago 900,685 Columbia 888,838 Waukesha S47.241 Sauk 813.014 Pierce 79S.020 Dunn 754.649 Barron 745.073 Shawano 733.939 Rock 697.936 St. Croix 6S7.807 Monroe 678,304 Clark 672,186 Door 654,247 Brown 646,552 Oconto 622,053 Juneau 619,612 Trempealeati — 618,093 Manitowoc 613.316 Calumet 590,651 BUTTER PRODUCED IN CREAMERIES COUNTY POUNDS Jefferson 6,345,891 Dane 5. 359. 034 Walworth 4,985,222 Monroe 3.456,254 Fond du Lac 3,353.116 Rock 3,046.036 Sauk 2,927,161 Trempealeaxi. ... 2 .820.O42 Dodge 2,777.768 Waupaca 2,773,624 Grant 2,397,168 Waukesha 2,356,823 La Crosse 2,347,064 Waushara 2.159,548 Clark 2,123.540 Buffalo i,86S,sog Polk 1,832.582 St. Croix 1,831,987 Dunn 1,771.424 Winnebago 1,730,443 Portage. . 1,684,357 Chippewa 1,589,754 Racine 1.430,602 Kenosha. ...... 1,414.873 Barron 1,413.414 CHEESE PRODUCED IN FACTORIES COUNTY POUNDS Dodge 13,255.660 Sheboygan 1 1,622,155 Green 10,529,907 Manitowoc 7,726,477 Iowa 5.732,843 Outagamie 5,086,355 Lafayette 4,760,762 Dane 4,587.092 Fond du Lac... 4,018,796 Washington.. . 3,71 1,905 Brown 3,442,026 Richland 3,288,828 Calumet 3,092,377 Kewaunee 3,030,1 29 Winnebago 2,379,636 Waupaca 2,361,225 Shawano 2,241,450 Grant 1.909,948 Sauk 1,631,794 Clark 1,529.000 Ozaukee 1,472,787 Marathon 1,123.708 Buffalo 965,021 Door 880,226 Jefferson 875,188 VALUE OF ALL DAIRY PRODUCTS COUNTY AMOUNT Dane $2,301,053 Walworth 2,275,849 Dodge 2,152,880 Jefferson 1,899,575 Racine 1,578,485 Sheboygan. . . . 1,465,785 Green 1,452,437 Fond du Lac. . 1,369,438 Waukesha .... 1,211.216 Monroe 1,063.249 Sauk 1,060.256 Waupaca 1,017.010 Rock 1,01 1 ,940 Grant 1 .001.2S9 Winnebago . . . 959.576 Manitowoc... . 947,910 Outagamie. . . . 924,053 Vernon 904,922 Trempealeau. . 90^,786 Lafayette 861.638 Brown 854.395 Iowa 854.158 Washington.. . 827,672 La Crosse 827.336 Clark 773. S17 The Leading Manufactures of the State of Wisconsin and Some Facts Concerning the Industries, Census Bulletin 56, 1905. INDUSTRY Lumber and timber products Cheese, butter, and condensed milk Foundry and machine-shop products Liquors, malt , Flour and grist-mill products Leather, tanned, curried, and finished . . . - Paper and wood pulp ... Slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale. Furniture Planing-mill products Iron and steel Agricultural implements Malt. Printing and publishing Carriages and wagons Clothing, men's, factory Boots and shoes Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railroad companies Tobacco, chewing, smoking, snuff, cigars, and cigarets. . . Bread and bakery products Hosiery and knit goods Mattresses and spring beds Electrical machinery, apparatus, and suj^plies Boxes, wooden, packing Gas, illuminating and heating Canning and preserving, fruits and vegetables Structural iron work Trunks and valises Stoves and furnaces Enameling and enameled goods Confectionery Food prejiarations Gloves and mittens, leather Cooperage Automobiles Brick and tile Mineral and soda waters PLANTS 576 2,360 319 139 389 53 52 14 100 149 14 52 29 726 311 97 53 30 767 532 37 20 23 52 33 40 19 i6 zi 3 33 16 21 77 6 141 156 $37,677,205 5.897.418 45.349.606 53.349.054 10,545,861 30,409,164 24,408,918 4,689,064 15.510.777 8.866.582 6,138.555 20.837,9g5 13,097.965 6,605,200 9,751,420 3,685,963 3.577.649 3,916,005 3.153.256 2,593,208 4,370,904 1.938,584 6,329.351 1,911,811 18,868,572 2,670,510 2,180,551 2.571.097 2,591,149 3,023.740 1.336.361 1.329.593 1,206,584 1,515.435 I 240,006 3,051,666 1,406,635 NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS 28,118 22,298 13.S90 4.872 I-35I 5.556 6,338 1.483 9,212 4.727 2,397 3.569 535 3.891 3,506 2,811 3,226 5.444 2,810 1. 714 4.224 1.415 1,204 1,612 911 1,196 799 1. 217 1.359 1,497 1,196 362 1,396 1.014 - 520 1.638 357 AMOUNT OF WAGES PAID $13,857,446 1,328,076 7.878,133 2,860,297 719. 6S2 2,686,904 2,987,777 727,164 3.549.758 2,227,069 1.381,553 1.885,775 354.981 1,910,139 1,724.017 949.885 1,247,765 3,127,564 1,195.748 765.457 1,181,498 785.037 672,812 589,390 464,465 391.631 403.201 458,322 665,652 489.865 307,263 156,301 437.327 469,666 299,624 685,725 161,053 MATERIAL $15,818,278 26,406,185 11,577,021 5,i84,5g4 24,756,140 19.870,887 10,692,290 13.684,979 5. 387. 741 6,906,760 6,751,966 3.519.856 6.937,298 2,015,937 3,725.358 3.478,516 4,220,098 3,071.077 2.186,248 3. 151.027 2,270,472 1,508,439 1,020,359 1,857,964 818,966 1,709.797 1,587,267 1,438,614 1.019,270 1. 251. 838 1,439,276 1.020,252 1,338.968 1,074,632 845.348 553,370 653.692 VALUE OF PRODUCT $44,395,766 29.994.791 27.463,334 28,692,340 28,352,237 25.845.123 17.844,174 16,060,423 11,569.591 1 1,210,205 10,453.750 10,076,760 8.740,103 7.564.008 7. 511. 392 6.525.276 6,513.563 6,511.731 6,345.914 5,380.84s 4,941.944 3.527.587 3. 194. 132 2,924.579 2,910,667 2,847,127 2,847,440 2,561,060 2.444.667 2,358,600 2,348,046 2,21 1,425 2,208,705 1 ,892,605 1.875 259 1.847.727 1,734.870 THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN 49 SUGGESTIVE OUESTIONS TO ACCOMPANY THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN Position and Size, (i) Locate Wisconsin in relation to the United States and to the Great Interior Plain of North America. (2) What commercial water ways are accessible? (3) Mention four features that have greatly aided its agricultural and commercial develop- ment. (4) Compare the original territory of Wis- consin with the state of Wisconsin. (5) What is the latitude of the southern boundary of the state? Of the Apostle Islands? (6) What is the extreme length of the state in degrees and minutes? In miles? Trace the water boundaries. (7) Compare Wisconsin with the other Mississippi basin states as to area, giving rank. (8) AVhat is meant by commercial develo])ment ? Surface and Soil, (i) What is meant by drainage waters ? Of what basin are the St. Croix and Wisconsin rivers a part? In what way does the Great Lakes Basin finally drain into the Atlantic Ocean ? (2) AVhat is volcanic rock? What story does it tell of what happened ages ago? (3) How does northern and cen- tral Wisconsin of fifty years ago compare with the same region to-day? (4) Compare natural resources, industries, character of people, means of transporta- tion, cities. (5) What is water power? (6) Explain the terms "glaciated region" and "glacial inva- sion." (7) How has the work of the ancient glacier liindered the farmer of to-day? How has it helped him? (8) State the varieties of soil found in Wiscon- sin and the locality in which each is found. What soil prevails in your section, and what is the leading product ? (g) Is Wisconsin likely to increase in agri- cultural importance' In manufacturing? Geological Growth, (i) What science enables us to read the record of the growth of land area? Has it always remained the same? What recent happenings inake you realize that the earth's surface is still changing? (2) What and where was the Isle Wis- consin? (Fig. 5.) Is any part of it still in existence? (3) How does the weather act on the surface of rocks? (4) What is detritus? How is it distributed by the action of water? (5) How are the basins and valleys formed in new land area ? (6) What is meant by the "old land of Missouri?" (7) How long do you think the geological growth of the surface may have con- tinued ? (8) Is the character of the surface and soil undergoing any changes now? Note the changes you have observed after a heavy rainfall . Glaciation. (i) What was the Great Ice Sheet? What ]:)art of the United States was affected by it ? (Adv. Geog., Fig. 180.) (2) How do we know that it ever existed? (3) What causes ice sheets? (4) What was the effect of this heavy, rigid ice on the earth's surface? (5) In Fig. 7 Stand Rock is shown. What caused its peculiar shape ? (6) Is the rock formation in Fig. 16 from a similar cause? (7) What and where is the driftless area? (8) How were glacial lakes formed ? What changes did these often make in the rivers? What effect followed? (9) What natural features of the state were the result of the great ice sheet ? Drainage, (i) AVhat river with its tributaries drains the greater part of the state? What rivers drain into Lake Michigan? Into Lake Superior? (2) What river system is included with the basin of the Great Lakes? On Fig. 3 locate the divide that separates the waters of the Mississippi from those of the St. Lawrence. (3) Trace a water route from Portage to New Orleans. From Portage to Rochester, N. Y. (4) What special service have the St. Croix and Chippewa rivers rendered the state? (5) What early explorers used the Fox- Wisconsin route? The St. Croix-Brule? (6) Trace a water route from tlie Mississippi River to the Great Lakes. (7) In what ways have rivers helped to determine the location of cities and railroads? (8) Describe fully the Wisconsin River; the Rock; the Fox; the St. Louis; Brule; Montreal; St. Croix. (9) Of what value to Wisconsin are her lakes? (10) Explain the terms "sea level;" "above sea level;" how is the measurement inade ? Climate, (i) What inland climatic conditions prevail in most large land areas? (2) In what way do the Great Lakes modify the climate ? (3) Is this generally true of large bodies of water? (4) What do you understand by the term "mean annual rainfall?" (5) Consult the inap (Fig. 13) and find a record for your vicinity. (6) What wind usually brings rain to Wisconsin ? What is the average annual storm track ? (7) Which has the more equable climate — the northern or the southern part? Why? State result of this on products and industries. (8) Is the climate as favor- able to agriculture as that of the states farther west ? (g) What means are employed to render land fruitful, by the people of a state in which the average rainfall is low, or unevenly distributed? (10) Find on Fig. 15 a red line (isotherm) marked 70 degrees; near what places does it pass? (11) What does this line show? Explain the term "average annual temperature." (12) Find the isotherm nearest your home; what is your annual average ? (13) Who attends to measur- ing the rainfall and the temperature? Is the fall of snow counted as rainfall ? Why ? Scenery, (i) What is scenery? What makes scenery beautiful? (2) What are the Dalles of the Wisconsin and St. Croix rivers? What river of the Pacific slope is famed for its Dalles? (3) What is a glacial lake ? About how many are there in the state ? (4) What islands are noted for beauty of scenery? In what way are these connected with a natural feature of the state? Native Animals and Plants, (i) AVe are told that plants and animals existed ages ago, that do not exist now. How is this known? (2) Define fauna, and THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN flora. {3) What class of animals has nearly all disappeared ? (4) What wild animals are still found ? Where? (5) Describe their habits. (6) What is the State Fish Commission? (7) The text mentions "hatcheries" and also speaks of "planting." Explain these terms. (S) Distinguish the food fish of the state. (9) What are the game and fish laws of Wis- consin ? Who is the state game warden? (10) Describe bark and foliage of six native forest trees. Sketch each tree to show shape. Native Peoples, (i) Name and locate the native Indian tribes occupying the state before its exploration and settlement. (2) Select five Indian names that ha\-e been given to natural features. (3) Where were the Sioux Indians located ? (4) What and when was the Black Hawk War? What famous president, as a young man, enlisted in this war? (5) What evidences exist showing that the Indians occupied the state for a long time ? Early History and Settlement, (i) What is eth- nology? What are prehistoric remains? (2) Who was the first white man to visit what is now Wisconsin ' State how and why he came. (3) Trace his route and name the cities that now exist along it. (4) Who followed Nicolet' When and why? (5) Explain the tenn "portaged." (6) Where and when was the first settlement made? (7) Who was Nicholas Perrot ? (8) What were the French missions? (g) What caused the French to give up this territory? (10) Why did the rule of the English legally terminate in 1783, but literally not until 1812? (11) What causes naturally fixed the location of the first settlements? (12) Were settlements made rapidly during the early days? Why'' (13) Where did the settlers come from after the Black Hawk War ' After 1S40' (14) AVhat motive prompted these immigrants? Agriculture, (i) What gives Wisconsin its rank as an agricultural state ? (2) What per cent of its popula- tion is engaged in agriculture ? (3) What is the most important product ? Why ? (4) Among the states what is Wisconsin's rank in the production of oats? (5) Cereals make what proportion of the entire crop value? (6) What are forage crops' AVhat per cent of the entire land surface of the state is devoted to grass? (7) What counties lead in the production of potatoes; onions; tobacco? (8) What small fruits are grown profitably ? What hardy fruits ? (g) In what kind of soil do cranberries thrive ? (10) Which coiuities yield the greatest value of farm products (Fig. 24)? Are they the most fertile ' (11) Why is so much attention paid in AVisconsin to having good agri- cultural schools ? (12) In wheat production AA^isconsin ranks low-, yet one of the principal wheat ports of the U. S. is located here. AA'here is it ' AA'hat causes this? Live Stock, (i) AA'hat is live stock? Why does AA'isconsin rank high in this occupation ? (2) AA^hat conditions are favorable to the raising of sheep' (3) How is wool sold ' (4) What is dairying ? AA'hat rank does it take among the industries of the state ? (5) How does the state rank with others in the number of milch cows? (6) AA'hat state surpasses it? (7) What disposition is made of the milk ? (8) What other com- mercial products than butter are derived fro:n milk ? Minerals and Mining, (i) AA'hat are mineral resources? (2) AA'here are the iron-producing dis- tricts in the state? (3) AA'hat other iron districts con- tribute to its commercial welfare ? (4) Locate the two principal ore-shipping cities of AA'isconsin. (5) How many tons of iron ore were produced in i go 5? In 1 904 ? (6) When were the lead mines first worked and by whom ? (7) What becomes of the zinc ore mined in the state? What is a smelter? (8) Does the lack of coal increase the cost of fuel? Why? AA'hat other state furnishes most of the coal ' (g) What is graphite ? Where found ;■ Into what product is it manufactured' (10) What are clay products? (11) Name the different kinds of building stone and state where found. AVhich is the most valuable? Manufacturing, (i) AA'hat three factors have mate- rially aided the development of manufacturing in the state ? AA'hat per cent of the population is engaged in this occupation' (Fig. 2g.) (2) Find the growth in millions of dollars since 1850. State the proportion of water power used in i goo as compared with that used in 1870 (Figs. 40 and 41). (3) AA'hich is the most important industry in the state? (4) AA'ill this indus- try increase or decrease in importance? (5) AA'hat is wood pulp ? (6) What natural conditions are favor- able to the flouring and grist-mill industries? (7) AA'hat is the second industry in importance ? (8) AA'hat part of the hemlock and oak tree is used in tanning leather? (g) AA'hat state surpasses AA'isconsin in the manufacture of gloves? (10) AA'hat is the third indus- try in the state? (11) AVhat is malt? (12) AVhat are malt liquors? (13) AVhat products are manufac- tured from sugar beets; tobacco? (14) AA'hat caused the establishment of slaughter houses ? Transportation. ( i ) What is the most famous inland water transportation route in the world ? (2) AA'hat is meant by developing a harbor ? (3) Describe the har- bor of Superior. (Fig. 55.) AA'hat are docks? (4) How many tons of freight are handled annually in this harbor? How does it rank with other United States inland harbors? (5) With the harbors of sea-coast cities? (6) How does the tonnage of the canal at Sault Ste. Marie compare with that of the Suez Canal ? AA'hat does this prove ? (7) What do you understand by a navigable river ? AA'hat is meant by the head of navigation? (8) AA'hat are locks? How many are there on the Fox River between Lake AA'innebago and Green Bay? (Fig. 42.) (g) How many miles of railroad in the state? In your section of the state, what lands of transportation are used ? (10) Sketch a map of Wisconsin showing leading lines of transpor- tation. This should include railroads, river routes, and lake harbors — with the ten largest cities. Show THE GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN your particular location on the map with regard to these, putting in the connecting line. Government, (i) When was the territory of Wis- consin organized? When made a state ? (2) What is a constitutional convention? (3) Describe the legis- lative department of the state; the executive; the judicial. (4) How many counties in the state? (5) Distinguish the officers of your county. (6) What are the duties of a probate judge? Of the justice of the peace? (7) What is a township board? Aboard of supervisors ? (8) What is meant by the county treas- urer? The state treasury? The city treasury? (9) How is Wisconsin represented in Congress ? (10) What is the vState Capitol? The State Historical Library? (11) Name ten noted Wisconsin men. Education, (i) When was the free public school system established? What grades are included? What amount of money is annually spent for educa- tion? (2) Where is the State University located? State Agricultural College? (3) What are county agricultural schools? (4) When and where was the first normal school opened? What is a nonnal school ? (5) Explain the terms "rural," "village," and "high" schools. (6) What are county training schools? (7) How is the entire school system supervised or super- intended "' Population and Rank, (i) Give increase in popu- lation of Wisconsin from igoo to 1905. (2) What was its rank in the Union in 1905 ? In the Mississippi Basin group ? (3) What is peculiar about the nation- ality of the population of Wisconsin? (Fig. 61.) (4) What state of the Mississippi Basin exceeded it in this respect ? Cities of Wisconsin, (i) How does the distribution of population in Wisconsin compare with that of Illinois? With New York? What causes this differ- ence? (2) What advantages led to the location of Milwaukee ? (3) Describe the present city as to nat- ural districts, public buildings and institutions, indus- trial, commercial, and educational interests, with factors of harbor and railroads. (4) State the reasons for the natural grouping of the towns of the state. (5) Distinguish and locate on your own map the towns of the Milwaukee region. (6) How is the second group of towns divided ? (7) Name and locate in their respective group the ten largest cities as to size. Locate six in the order of industrial rank. (8) Describe Racine as to situation, industries, transportation facilities, and important institutions, (g) What points of interest are located at Kenosha? At Burlington? (10) State causes of the growth of Sheboygan. (11) What are coal and salt docks? (12) What town of this group has a large trade in cheese? (13) On the ordinary lake steamer, how long would it take you to go from Sheboy- gan to Manitowoc? (14) AVhat two distinguishing industrial interests are located at Manitowoc ? (15) What natural advantages have aided the growth of the towns of the third group? (16) Describe the capital of Wisconsin. (17) What town is the chief railroad center of this region ? In what does its trade consist? (18) Locate Beloit and distinguish as to industries. (19) What kind of soil is needed in the raising of sugar beets ? Tobacco? (20) Locate a ship- ping point for each in this group. (21) Where is the Yerkes Observatory ' (22) What historical interest is attached to the towns of the fourth group ' What is the chief city ? (23) Locate and distinguish these towns: Depere, Kaukauna, Neenah, Menasha. (24) Compare the towns of Fond du Lac and .-Vppleton as to location, size, and industries. (25) What are granite quarries? What is a cranberry marsh? (26) Locate the chief town of the fifth group. What is the distinguishing industry of this region? (27) To what do the Wolf River Yalley towns owe their prosperity ? (28) Locate as to counties the lead and zinc district. Describe Platteville and Mineral Point. (29) What four advantages made the Wisconsin \'alley attractive to settlers? What town manu- factures sand paper? Wood pulp? Boxes and pails? Furniture? Yeneer and excelsior ? (30) Locate Portage and explain its historical interest. C31) Which is the largest town of the upper Mississippi Valley group !" What common product distinguishes most of these towns? (32) Locate these: Chippewa lumber district; a beet sugar factory; a starch factory. (33) Sketch the district and locate the Lake Superior towns. Describe Superior. (34) Where are the Peli- can Rapids? Explain the term "an outlet for ore." SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING Bancroft, History of Wisconsin. Geikie, Elementary Lessons in Physical Geography. Hinsdale, Old Northwest. Legler, Leading Events in Wisconsin History. Long, Secrets of the Woods. Ways of the Wood Folks. Wilderness Ways. McMurray, Pioneers of the Mississippi Valley. Parker, Uncle Robert's Geography. Parkman Club, Publications. Robinson, E. V., Commercial Geography. Russell, Glaciers of North America. Lakes of North America. Shaler, First Book of Geology. Origin of Valleys and Lakes, pp. 1 13-129. Thwaites, Down Historic Water Ways. The Jesuit Relations. United States Geological Survey, 1906, Lumber Industry and Mineral Resources. Wisconsin, State Census and Department Reports. Wisconsin State Historical Society, Publications. THE INDEX The figures imlosed tn parentheses refer to illustrations, all other figures refer to pages- heavier type is used for the more important references. 45 , 3S. Agricultural products, value of, 47. Agricultural schools, 31. 32, 44- Agriculture, 19-21. Algoma, 37- Allouez, 18. Alma, 3r, 44. Animals, Native, is, i"- Antigo, 31. 45. Apostle Islands, 9, IS, 45- Appleton, 3r, 32, 40. Arcadia, 44. Ashland, 17. 22,23.4s; County,4S. Augusta, 44. Baraboo, 42; iron district, 22; River, 42. r J 1. Barley,ig, 26; value of product, 47. Barron, 44; County, 44; County TraminK School, 31, 44- Battle Hollow, 17, 43. Bayfield, 16, 45 ; County, Beans, 20, 47. Beaverdam, 39. Beaver Lake, 39- Bees, 22, 48. Beloit,3i,32,38:CoUege,3i.3 Berlin, 40. Big Bull Falls, 42- Big Ells River, 45- Black Hawk, 16, 17. Black Hawk War, 1 6, 1 7 . ' i. 43 Black River, 43- Black River Falls, 43- Boscobel, 43- Boundary, 7. 9, 13- Brodhead, 39. Brown County, 20. Brownstone, 45. Brule River, 13, 14. Buckwheat, ig; value of, 47- Buffalo County.44 ; School. 31. 44- Building stone, 24. Burlington, 36. Butter, 22, -'5. 26, 43, 4». Carroll College, 36- Cattle, 21, 22, 40, 48. Cedarburg, 37. , , Census, Federal and state. 40. Champlain, 17. „ Cheese, =2, 25. 26, 37.39.42,41, 4». Chequamegon Bay, 45. Chippewa County, 44. Cliippewa Falls, 44. Chippewa River, 12. 13. 18 24. 44. 45 Brunett Falls, 1 2. Cities and Towns. Growth and development of, 33-45. Clark County, 43- Climate, 14. ClintonviUe, 41- College of the Sacred Heart, 3r, 39- Columbus, 39. Concordia College, 31- Congressional districts, 30. Copper, 23. Corn, 19; value. 47- County Training Schools, 32- Crawford Co. Training School, 31- Crawford, Fort, 43- Cudahy. 35- Cumberland, 44- Dairying, lo. 22, 25,27,37.38.39.42. Dairy products, 22, 25, 37, .38, 30, 41, 42, 43. 44; value. 47. 48. Dane County, 20. Darlington, 42. Delavan, 39; Lake, 39- Depere, 40. Devils Lake. 12, 42. Dodge County, 39. Dodgeville, 42. Door County, 38. Douglas County, 14. 45- Drainage, 12-14. Dunn County, 44 ; Training School, 31. 44. Durand, 44. Eagle River, 4S. Eau Claire, 31, 43, 44', County Training School, 31, 44. Edgerton, 38. Education, 30-32; 31. Eggs, 22, 47- Elkhorn, 39. Ellsworth, 44. Elroy, 42. Embarrass River, 41. Evansville, 39. Farm products, value of, 19, 47. Fish hatcheries, 16. 38, 45. Florence, 41; County, 41. Fond du Lac, 40; County, 13. 40- Fort Atkinson, 38, 39. Fountain City, 44. Fox River, 7. 13, 14. 16, 17. 24, 25, 28. 36, 39, 40, 41, 43. Fruit, 20, 21, 47. Gays Mills, 31. Geneva, Lake, 16, 39. Geological growth, 10-12. Glaciation, 10, 12. Glenwood, 44. Government, 29, 30. Grand Rapids, 31, 42. Granite, 10. 24. 40, 42. Grant County, 43. Graphite, 23. Green Bay,i 0,13,16, 1 7. 1 8.39,40,41. GreenCountyTrainingSchool, i t ,39 Green Lake County, 40; Trainmg School. 31. 40. Groseilliers, 17, 45. Hay and torage,2o.2i ,57 ; baled,42. Hayward, 44. History, early, 17, 18. Honey, 20, 22, 47. Horicon, 39. Hudson, 44. Hurley, 45. Indians, 16, 17, 18; Schools, 43, 44. Iowa County, 42. Iron, 22, 23, 26, 34- 3'i. 41-42, 45. 4'*- Iron County, 45; Iron River, 45. Isle Wisconsin, 10. 11. 24. Jackson County, 43- Janesville, 38, 39. Jefferson, 39; County, 39. Joliet, 18. Junction City, 23. Juneau County, 42." Juneau Park, 35. Kaukauna, 40. Kegonsa Lake, 38. Kemper Hall, 36. Kenosha, 36. Kewaunee, 37; County, 37. Kilbourn City, 42, 43- Kinnickinnic River, 33- La Crosse, 31. 32, 43, 44'. County, 4V. River, 43- Ladysmith, 31. Lafayette County, 42. Lake Geneva, 39. Lakemills, 39. Lake Nebagamon, 45- Lancaster, 41. 42. „, ■ . Langlade County, 45; Training School, 31, 45- Lawrence College, 31, 32. 40. Lead, 17. iS, 23, 41, 42. Limestone, 10, 11, 19, 24. 27. 40 Lincoln County, 42; Training School. 31, 42. Live stock, 21, 26, 39. 42, 34' 48. Lumber, 37-45; and timber prod- ucts. 24, 39. 42, 43; value 26.48. Lumbering, 9, 10, 24, 39. Madison, 30. 3i. 38, 39. . Manitowoc, 31, 37; County Train- ing School. 31; River, 37. Manufacturing, 24-27; cities, sta- tistics of, 47; manutactures, growth of, 24, leading, 48; value of product 27, 48. Marathon County, 42; Training School. 31. 42. . T ■ Marinette, 31. 4i; County train- ing School. 31. 41. Marquette College, 31. Marquette, P6re, iS. Marshfield, 42, Mansion, 42. Mayville, 39. Medford, 45. Menasha, 40. Mendota, Lake, 13, 3o, 31. 38- Menominee, 3r, 44; iron district, 22; River, 13, 16, 17, 24, 33, 41. Merrill, 31. 42. Mesabi Range (Minn.), 22 Michicott River, 37. Milk, 22, 48; condensed, 25, 39, 41. Milton, 31 ; Milton College, 3 r . Milwaukee, 18, 22, 28, 31, 32, 33- 35, 36,37.39;mapof. 34; County, 20, 20.; River, 13. 33. South, 35. Milwaultee Academy, 3 1 . Milwaukee-Downer College, 31. Mineral Point, 26. 41, 42. Mineral Springs, 35. 39- Minerals and mining, 22-24; distribution of minerals, 3; see also names of minerals, 2. Mining trade school, 41. Mississippi River, 7, 9. i-. i3. iS. 17. r8, 28, 41, 43. 44- Mondovi, 44- Monona, Lake, 30. 38. Monroe, 31. 39; County, 43. Montreal River, 13. 45- National Soldiers' Home, 15. Necedah, 42. Neenah, 40. NeiUsviUe, 43. Neshota River, 37. New Lisbon, 42. New London, 31. 41. New Richmond, 44. Nicolet, Jean, 17. North Milwaukee, 3S. Northwest Territory, 7.18- Northwestern University, 31. 39- Oats, 19; value, 47- Occupations, 21. Oconomowoc, 35. 3°; Lake 16. Oconto, 41; County. 41; River. 13 Odanah, 45. Omro, 40. Onalaska, 43. Oneida County, 45- Oshkosh, 17. 31. 39, 40, 43 Ozaukee County, 37- Peas, 20, 47- Pecatonica River, 42. Pelican Rapids, 45. Penokee-Gogebic Range. 22. 45. Peoples, natne. 16. Pepin County, 44. Pepin, Lake, 17- Perrot, Nicholas, 17, 23. Peshtigo, 41; River, 13. Phillips, 31. 45- Pierce County, 44. Plants, 15, 16. Platteville, 31. 4'. 42- Plymouth, 37. „ , , Polk County Training School, 31. Population, 32, 4<'. 47; and rank. 32; cities, principal, 47; coun- try or state of birth, 32, 47; density of, 32; density of urban, 33: distribution and gain in, 33; foreign bom 32; native, 32. Port Washington, 37- Portage,i3,i7,iS,43;County,i9.42. Position, 7. Potatoes, 10, 20, 47. Potsdam, area. 24. Poultry, 22, 48. Poygan, Lake, 40. Prairie du Chien, 17. 18, 31, 43. Prescott, 44. Price County, 45; Training School, 31, 45- Princeton, 31. 4° Racine, 36; Racine College. 36. Radisson, 17, 45. Rainfall, mean annual, 14. Red Cedar River, 44- Reedsburg, 31. 42. Rhinelander, 45. Rice Lake, 31. 44. Richland Center, 31. 42. Richland County, 43; Training School. 31, 43- Ripon, 31, 32; Ripon College. 31, 32. River Falls, 31, 32. 44; Stale Nor- mal School. 31, 44. Rock County, 20, 38. Rock Lake, 39. Rock River, 11. 13, 24, 38. 39. Root River, 36. Rusk County Training School, 31. Rye, 13; production, 2o;value47. St. Croix County, 44. St. Croix Falls, 31. St. Croix River, 7,9, 13, 14. 15. 18,44. St. Lawrence College, 31. St. Louis River, 13. Sandstone, 10, 11, 24. Sauk County, 42; Training School, 31. 42- Sawyer County, 44. Scenery, 15. Settlement, 18. Shawano. 41 ; County. 41. Sheboygan, 36, 37; River, 37. Sheboygan Falls, 37. Shell Lake, 44. Shullsburg, 42. Size, 7. Soil, 9, 10. Sparta, 43. Spring Valley, 44. Stanley, 44. State Agricultural College 31. State Fish Commission, 15. State Historical Library, 30. 38. State Home for Feeble-Minded and Insane, 44. State Hospital for the Insane, 38- State Industrial School for Boys, 36. State Prison, 30- State Public School for Dependent Children, 43. State School for the Blind, 3.4. State School for the Deaf, 39- Statistics and aids to teachers,46-48. Steel, :u. 45. 48; bridge works. 36. Stevens Point, 31. 32, 42. Stoughton, 38. Stout Training Schools 44. Sturgeon Bay, 37. 38. Sugar beets, 20, 27;sugar, 27, 38, 44. Superior, 22, 23. 27, 28. 31, 32, 45; harb'ir al . 27, 28. 29; 44. Superior StateNormalSchool,3i, 45. Surface, 9, 10. Taylor County, 45. Temperature, mean, 15. Tobacco, 10. 20, 27, 38, 43, 48; value, 47; yield of 22. Tomah, 43. Tomahawk, 42. Transportation, 27, 28. Trempealeau, County, 44; River, 44. Two Rivers, 37. University of Wisconsin, 31, i2. 38 Vernon County,' 43 ; School. 31.43. Vilas County, 45. Viroqua, 31, 43; 14- Walworth County, 39- Washburn, 45; County.44. Washington County, 37. Waterloo, 39. Water power, 10, 24, 25. 38, 40, 42, 43, 44. 45; amount of. used in manufactures 24; develop- ment of on Fox River. 25. Watertown, 31, 39. Waubesa, Lake, 38. Waukesha, 35, 36. Waupaca, 41; County. 19. 41; County Training School. 31, 41 Waupun, 39. Wausau, 31, 42. Wausaukee, 41. Waushara County, 19. Wauwatosa, 35. Wayland Academy, 39. West Allis, 35. West Bend, 37. Wheat, 10. Whitefish Bay, 35- Whitewater, 3 1 . 39. Winnebago, Fort, 4^ Winnebago, Lake, 13. 17, 39. 4°- Winneconne, 40. Wisconsin River, 7.9. 13. 14. iS .'7. 24.2S,4i.4 2.43.4S;Dalles, 15,42. Wolf River, 13, 41. Wood County, 42 ; Training School, 31. 42. Wool, 21. Yerkes Observatory, 39. Zinc, 23, 26, 41, 42. ll