Please handle this volume with care. The University of Connecticut Libraries, Storrs hbl,stx HV 5297.M4C7 History of the temperance reform i 3 T1S3 DDbEMTTE VD I o -«4 Ji^-v HISTORY OF THE TEMPERANCE REFORM IN MASSACHUSETTS, 1813— 1883. BY GEORGE FABER CLARK, Author of the History of Norto7i, and Past Grand Chief Templar of the I. O. of G. T. of Mass. " Woe unto him that giveth his neighbor drink, * * * and maketh him drunken." — Hab. ii. 15. BOSTON : CLARKE & CARRUTH 340 and 344 Washington St. 1888. H V ^1 Copyright, iSSS, By George F. Clark. All risrhts reserved. Press of David Clapp & Son, Boston. PREFACE From boyhood we have been interested in the temperance movement, and have also been connected with different organizations of temperance workers. As the history of this reform has been closely identified with the history of the State, for three-fourths of a cen- tury, we have sought to rescue from oblivion a record of the noble work that has been done by the earnest men and women, who have enlisted in this holy war against the "gigantic crime of crimes," the liquor traffic. For some years, in the relaxation from other duties, we have gathered the materials here brought together. We have culled from a wide field, including the written or printed records and reports of the principal societies, the statements of prominent members, and the files of temperance and other papers. We have not referred to all our sources of information, because it would too much encumber the pages with notes. We have endeavored to be accurate in our statements. Yet we cannot vouch for their reliability in all cases, especially of names, as many of them have been taken from news- papeis* Where we have had no trustworthy records, and no definite information has been furnished, some IV PREFACE. errors may occur. Probably some societies have had no mention, for the reason we knew nothing of them. We should gladly have given the pictures of several other prominent workers in the various departments of the reform, but were unable to secure them. By comparing the state of things at the commence- ment of the reform with the present aspect of affairs, we can readily see what progress, in the providence of God, has been made since the first permanent society was organized in the State. Yet the time may never come when men will cease to worsliip at the shrine of Bacchus. But we are sure, if the future laborers in this noble cause are as faithful as were its pioneers, the power of the saloon will be greatly diminished, and many will rejoice in the freedom wherewith sobriety shall make them free, who otherwise would have gone down to dishonored graves. Though not free from imperfections, we trust the book will in some degree be acceptable to all who in their own chosen sphere have sought to stay the ravages of intemperance. If so, our labor will not have been in vain. GEORGE F. CLARK. HUBBARDSTON, MASS. Feb. 24, 1888. CONTENTS, &c. Chapter. Preliminary I. — The Massachusetts Society ir. — The American Society . . III. — The Legislative Society IV. — Deacon Giles's Distillery V. — Temperance Union . . VI. — The Fifteen Gallon Law, VII. — The Cold Water Army . VIII. — The Washingtonians IX. — The I. O. OF Rechabites . X. — The Sons of Temperance . XI. — The Daughters of Temperance XII. — The Temple of Honor . . . XIII. — The Cadets of Temperance . XIV. — The Crusaders of Temperance XV. — The Temperance Watchmen . XVI. — The Carson League .... XVII. — The Prohibitory Law . . . XVIII. — State Liquor Agency . . XIX. — The Million Dollar Fund XX. — Bands of Hope XXI. — The I. O. of Good Templars XXII. — The Washingtonian Home XXIII. — The Temperance Alliance XXIV^. — The Constabulary Force 1 Page, I 7 i8 25 30 34 39 44 47 54 56 67 72 78 81 S3 86 95 99 102 104 124 126 ^35 VI CONTENTS. XXV. — The Young Home Guards XXVI. — Juvenile Templars, &c. . . . XXVII. — The Good Samaritan Brotherh XXVIII. — The Prohibitory Party . . XXIX. — Total Abstinence Society . . XXX. — Catholic Total Abstinence Unio XXXI. — Reform Clubs XXXII. — Woman's Temperance Union . XXXIII. — Woman's Prohibitory League XXXIV. — Constitutional Amendment . XXXV. — Presentations and Welcomes XXXVI. — Rum Riots and Mob Law . . XXXVII. — Temperance Newspapers XXXVIII, — Temperance Conventions . od 140 142 144 156 i6[ 165 171 177 180 1S3 194 201 225 LIST OF PORTRAITS. George F. Clark Op. Title Page Mrs. Sarah A. Leonard 123 Rev. a. a. Miner, D.D 134 Henry D. Gushing, Esc^. 155 INDEX. Abstainers, early, page 2. Agent, State Liquor, 95 ; opposition to appointment of Geo. P. Burnham, 96; appointed, 96; in-egularity in office of, 96; arrest of, 97; imprisonment of, 98; removal of, 98. American Society, organization of, 19; members of, 19; officers of, 20, 25; agent of, 21 ; funds of transferred, 23. B Bands of Hope, organized by whom, 102; officers of, 102. Cadets of Temperance, where originated, 78; introduced into Massachusetts, 79; Patrons of, 80; why disbanded, 80; Grand Section of, 81. Carson League, object of, 85 ; funds of, how raised, 85. Catholic Union, when organized, 161; officers elected, 163; change of organization, 164; officers of, 165. Cheever, Rev. George B., dream of, 31; defence of, 32; im- prisonment of, 33. Cold Water Army, name of, 45 ; badge of, 46 ; influence of, 46. Committee, first legislative, on liquor law, 86. Commissioners, County, first to refuse license, 87; anti-license do. nominated, 88. Congress, resolve of, 4, Constabulary law, enacted, 93. Constabulary force created, 137; generally efficient, 138; num- ber of, 139; amount of money collected by, 139. Constitutional Amendment, movement favoring a, 180; or- ganized effort for, 181; J. B. Finch advocate of, 182; peti- tioners for, leave to withdraw, 181, 182; legislative action on, 183. X INDEX. Temperance Union, 35; Cold Water Army, 45 ; original Washingtonian, 48; Parent Washingtonian of Mass., 51 ; Rechabite, 55; Sons of Temperance, 61; Daughters of Temperance, 71; Temple of Honor, 73; Cadets of Tem- perance, 79; Watchmen, 84; Bands of Hope, 103; Good Templars, 119; Temperance Alliance, 129; Home Guards, 140; Young Volunteers, 142; Juvenile Templars, 143; Samaritan Brotherhood, 145 ; Total Abstinence Society, ISS; Reform Clubs, 167; W. C. T. U., 173; Prohibitory League, 179. Presentations, to J. B. Gough, 183-185; to S. F. Holbrook, 185; to Gov.'Briggs, 186; to ex-Mayor Qiiincy, 187; to William B. Spooner and Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., 191. Presidents of Conventions, 35, 51, 89, 90, 127, 147, 149, 150, 156, 162,173, 181, 225, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234-238, 240-245,247- 249, 251-254, 256, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 267. Prohibitory declaration, 147; resolutions, 148-150. Prohibitory party, call for convention, 151 ; vote to make no nominations, 152. Prohibitorv electors, 1S72, names of note, 153; 1876, names of note, 154. Prohibitory Law. bill for passed, 91 ; vetoed, and re-enacted, 91 ; opposition to, 92 ; unconstitutional clause of, 92 ; new bill passed, 92 ; attempted repeal of, 92 ; hearing on repeal, 93; majority against repeal, 94; when repealed, 94 ; new enacted, 94. R Rechabites, motto of, 55; tents of, 55; female branch of, 56. Reform Clubs, first, 166 ; Red Ribbon and motto of, 167 ; Blue Ribbon and motto of, 167; object of, 168; divisions in, 168, 171 ; permanent secretary of, 170; death of secretary, 170; permanent organization of, 170. Riot, at Pittsfield, 19+; at Boston, 195, 196, 199. S Sermon of Rev. Increase Mather. 3 ; of Rev. I. Loring, extract from, 4. Sons of Temperance, originated in New York, 57; introduced into Massachusetts, 58; first Division of. 58; first officers of Grand Division, 60; motto of, 61 ; colored question in, 62; action of National Division, 63; of Grand Division, 63; public demonstration of, 64; rebellion in, 65; annual meeting of, 66 ; officers of, where found, 66. Spooner, William B., favors sale of cider, &c., 132 ; requested to resign, 13: Striped Pig. account of, 43^ INDEX. XI Talbot, Thomas, vetoes license bill, 95 ; defeated, 95. Temperance Society, first in State, 6; Temperance Alliance, motto of, 127; object of, 128; first officers of, 12S; annual meeting of, 129; incorporated, 130; resolutions of, 131, i3-> ^33 ; officers of, 135. Templars, I. O., of Good, first Lodge of, 105; motto of, 10^; degrees of, 108; petitioners for Lodge in Massachusetts, 109; Orient Lodge, no; Grand Lodge of, 113; charges against chief otiicer, 114; colored members of, 117; R. W. G. Lodge, receptions of, 118; women members of, 120; colored question in, 121 ; Second Grand Lodge in ALassa- chusetts, 122; the branches unite, 123. Templars, Juvenile, Superintendents of, 143. Temple of Honor, first Society of, 73 ; Grand Temple of N. Y., and National Temple, 74; departments of, 75; mottoes ofj 75,76; first Temple in Massachusetts, 76; Grand Temple of Massachusetts, 77. V/ Warren, Dr. J. C., notice of, 16. Washingtonians, original, 47; visit Boston, 49; Society in ALassachusetts, 51; mass meeting of, 52; decline, cause of, 53- Washingtonian Home, object of, 124; where located, 125. Watchmen, Temperance, where originated, S3 ; names of clubs, 83 ; convention of, 84. Welcomes, to Philip S. White, 186; to Rev. Father Mathew, 187 ; to Hon. Neal Dow, 18S, 192 ; to Hon. Henry Wilson' 190; to Hon. James H. Rapier, 192: to Hon. John P. St. John, 193. Woman's Crusade, 172. Womans C T. U., formation of, 173; ofiicers of, 173, 177; efii- ciencjof, 174; division in, 175; death of secretary of, 177. Woman's Prohibitory League, origin of, 177; when formed, and motto of, 178; officers of, 179; dissolution of, 180. HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE IN MASSACHUSETTS. PRELIMINARY. Intemperance is not like some other vices pecu- liar only to modern times. For nearly six thousand years it has been, not only " the pestilence that walketh in darkness," but also ''the destruction that wasteth at noon-day." All along the history of the world, and " in every walk of life, intemperance, like an undying worm, has gnawed at the vitals and cor- rupted the life-blood of the fairest and purest of earth." It has destroyed all that was best and noblest in human nature. Its mildewing influence and withering blight have made sad havoc with the physical, mental and moral life of those created in the image of God, and ''destined for glory and honor and immortality." Notwithstanding the unwearied and unselfish labors of myriads of generous-hearted men and pure-souled women, — notwithstanding its criminality and evils have been portrayed time and again in "thoughts that breathe and words that burn," — it is still abroad in the world doing its work of destruction, crushing with remorseless energy beneath its heathen Juggernaut thousands upon thousands of its deluded devotees. 2 2 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE Yet, from the earliest historic times, there is evi. dence to show that its debasing influences have been known ; — the voice of warning has been raised against it, and means have been devised to stay its fearful ravages, and yet the noble work is not com- pleted. More than six hundred years before the Christian era, and for a long period, we are told that the Kings of Egypt practised total abstinence from strong drink. Herodotus, an ancient Greek his- torian, informs us that the Persians were *' strangers to the taste of wine, and drank water only." More than five hundred years before Christ one of the great commandments of Buddha, the Chinese prophet, was ''drink not liquors that intoxicate and disturb the reason." Probably the oldest temperance pledge on record was that taken by the Rechabites more than twe nty- four centu ries a^'O, and is found in the BoolT of •jp -ef^miah, c ha p, xxw ^ — "\/Vpwill drink no wme. The Nazarites also were total abstaine rs, as waT^so^ tTie Prophet Daniel, and many other Old Testament characters. The wise man ot old exhofted^HTs hear- efs to "look~hot upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth its color in the cup, when it moveth itself aright ; at the last it biteth like a serpent and sting- eth like an adder." And Habakkuk said, " Wo unto him that giveth his neighbor drink, that puttest thy bottle to him and makest him drunken also." And further down in the calendar of time we are told that no drunkard shall inherit the kingdom of God. Mahomed forbid the use of intoxicating liquors to his followers. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 3 The statutes of England, to punish and suppress intemperance, date back nearly six hundred years. The foundation of all license laws was laid in Eng- land in the year 1545. In 1606 a law declared that drunkenness was a loathsome and odious sin, and the foundation of many crimes, — and it provided that every person who shall be drunk should pay a fine of five shillings, or be put in the stocks. On a second conviction the person was to be bound to good behavior. It considered drunkenness a crime. During the first year of Governor Winthrop's administration, in Boston, in the year 1630, he gave up the practice of drinking the health of friends, and wished others to do likewise. The Massachu - setts Colony, in_ i63J^_llC>rdered^ that no_ p erson shall sell either wine or strong water w ithout leave from the Gover nor or Deputy Governor.'"' And J^lymouth Colony, in i6.s6, or dered, "That none be suffered to retail jwine/stron^_wat er or beer, either within doors or without, exce pt in inns or victualling houses allowed .'' All along the history of the Colonies and the State may be found enactments to restrain the sale of intoxicants. The earliest modern pledge we have found is that of Rev. Robert Bolton, of Broughton, England, dated April 10, 1637, wherein he declares he "will never pledge any health, nor drink a whole carouse in a glass, cup, bowle or other drinking instru- ment, except necessity doe require it." In 1673, Dr. Increase Mather, of Boston, preached two ser- mons entitled, "Woe to Drunkards," from the text. 4 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Isa. xxviii. i, wherein the woefuhiess and the misery of the drunkard were portrayed in strong terms. Not far from the same time George Fox, one of the leaders of the Friends, or Quakers, both in this country and in Europe, condemned iTTe manufac- ture, sale and use of alcoholic liquors j __and his sect was amo ng the first to become abstain ers~7rornThe use of such drink s. Rev. Israel Loring, of Sud- bury, in his election sermon before the General Court of Massachusetts, in 1737, spoke very strongly against "the sin of Drunkenness," which he said had ''dreadfully increased amongst us," and de- nounced the licensing of unqualified persons to sell liquors, who "will not care how much they corrupt their neighbors, if they can gain by it themselves." Speaking of licensed houses, he asked, " What are they up and down in a town but so many Traps and snares to catch and destroy the lovers of strong drink ? " He furthermore inquires, " Can nothing now be done, by the Legislature, for the removal of these Nuisances.^" On the 27th of February, 1777, Congress passed the following : " Resolved, That it be recommended to the several legislatures of the United States immediately to pass laws, the most eflectual, for putting an immediate stop to the pernicious practice of distilling, b}- which the most extensive evils are likely to be derived, if not quickly prevented. " Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia, in 1779, published an article against the use of liquor in the army, and IN MASSACHUSETTS. 5 subsequently in a tract called the attention of the country to the " Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind." A large and respectable body of physic ians memoralized Congress, in 17907 relative to the ev'il ettects ot distilled spirlty. They say '' that a great proponion of the nTOsT oT)stinate, powerful and mortal diseases which affect the human body are produced by distilled spirits ; that they are not only destructive of health and life . . . but tend to degrade our species as intelligent be- ings. " They declare ''that the habitual use of distilled spirits in any case whatever is wholly un- necessary," and they entreat Congress*' to impose such heavy duties upon all distilled spirits as shall be effectual to restrain their intemperate use in our country." Ephraim Kirby and thirty-four others of Litch- field, Ct., in 1787, have the honor of forming the first organization against the evils of intemperance in this country, by the adoption of a pledge, which in the course of the year was signed by many others. A portion of it was in these words : " We mutually agree, that hereafter we will carry on our business without the use of distilled spirits as an article of refreshment, either for ourselves or those whom we may employ ; and that instead thereof we will serve our workmen whh wholesome food, and the common simple drinks of our own production." Probably cider was one of these "simple drinks." In a speech before the Massachusetts Legislative Temperance Society, January 15th, 1845, Governor 6 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE George N. Briggs stated that the first Temperance Society of the State was formed in Adams, his native town, in the year 1792, ''which," he said, "exerted a very beneficial influence." We have been able to learn nothing further relative to its history. A temperance pledge, we are told, was written by Micajah Pendleton, and received some signatures during the year 1800, in Nelson County, Virginia. We know nothing definite relative to it. Dr. Billy J. Clark, of Moreau, Saratoga Co., N. Y., April 9, 1808, was instrumental in organizing a Temperance Society with forty-three members, and soon afterwards a Temperance Library was formed. Their Constitution declared that '' No member shall drink rum, ghi, whiskey, wine, or any distilled spirits, or compositions of the same, or any of them, except by the advice of a physician in case of actual disease (also excepting wine at pubhc din- ners), under a penalty of twenty-five cents, provided that this article shall not infringe on any reh'gious ordi- nance." Again, ''No member shall be intoxicated under a penalty of fifty cents." Furthermore, " No member shall ofler any of said liquors to any other member, or iu"ge any other person to drink thereof, under a penalty of twenty cents for each ofie ice." We cannot but smile at the looseness with which these provisions against the use of intoxicating liquors were drawn by the originators of the first Temperance Societies in our country. They were doubtless the best measures that could then be adopted. And even against these provisions there IN MASSACHUSETTS. were many opponents. No stringent measures could have been accepted at first. We are now prepared to trace the history of the Temperance Reform in Massachusetts in the subsequent pages of this book. CHAPTER L THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF INTEMPERANCE. Ox the 26th of June, 181 1, the General Association of Massachusetts appointed Rev. Samuel Worcester, D.D., Rev. Jedediah Morse, D.D., Rev. Abiel Abbot, Rev. Benjamin Wads worth, Reuben D. Mus- sey, M.D., William Thurston, Esq., Joseph Torrey, M.D., and Jeremiah Evarts, Esq., a committee to cooperate with other committees in devising measures to prevent some of the threatened mischiefs result- ing from the excessive use of spirituous liquors. After several meetings for consultation, it was finally decided to organize a State Society for the Suppres- sion of Intemperance. A sub-committee, consisting of Dr. Worcester, Dr. Torrey and Mr. Wadsworth. was appointed to prepare a constitution. These individuals presented a draft of a constitution to the general committee, by whom it was accepted. By them it was laid before a meeting of the citizens of Boston, Feb. 4th, 1813. Another meeting was held at the State House, the next day, Feb. 5th, when 8 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE the constitution was further considered and finally adopted. A society was then formed, and assumed the name of ** The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Ijite7Hpcrance.'' The object of the Society was declared to be "to discountenance and suppress the too free use of ardent spirits, and its kindred vices, profaneness and gaming ; and to encourage and promote temperance and general morality. " No person was eligible to membership who was not of a fair moral reputation. The annual meetings were to be held in Boston, on the next Friday after the general election. Special meetings could also be called. An annual address, or sermon, was to be given by some person selected for that purpose. Thirty members constituted a quorum for the choice of officers. The officers were a President, three Vice-Presi- dents, a Corresponding and a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer, and eight Councillors w^ho constituted a Board of Council. All clergymen of the State, expressing a desire to become members or subscribing to the constitution, were admitted without the payment of the regular fee of two dollars. The constitution could only be altered at the annual meeting and by a two thirds vote of the members. The Society was fully organized Feb. 6th, by the choice of the following officers, viz. : President, Hon. Samuel Dexter. Vice Presidents, Gen. John Brooks, Dr. John Warren and Hon. Benjamin Pickman. Corresponding Secretary, Rev. Abiel Abbot. Record- ing Secretary, Rev. Joshua Harrington. Treasurer, IN MASSACHUSETTS. • 9 Samuel H. Walley. Councillors, Rev. Dr. Kirkland, Rev. Dr. Lathrop, Rev. Dr. Worcester, Rev. Mr. Pierce, Nathan Dane, Esq., Hon. Timothy Bigelovv, Richard Sullivan, Esq., and Jeremiah Evarts, Esq. Thus was successfully put in operation the first permanent Society, in Massachusetts, for the refor- mation of the drinking customs of the people, and the parent of all the subsequent organizations for the overthrow of the great bane and curse of humanity. At the annual meeting, May, 1814, a committee was chosen to see what could be done by the printing and circulation of tracts for the purpose of enlightening the community relative to the evils of intemperance. The selectmen of Boston, having met with some difficulty because they withheld licenses from some persons, the Society chose a committee in 18 16, to confer with them on the sub- ject. This led to the forwarding of a petition to the Legislature asking them "to revise and amend the act for granting licenses to retailers of ardent spirits." At subsequent meetings committees were appointed to confer with the selectmen of the town, and later with the Mayor of the city, relative to the great objects of the Society, and thus to secure municipal cooperation. The Council of the Society, in their report June 2d, 1820, express their conviction ''that laws must be one of the powerful instruments in reforming the intemperate and in preventing intem- perance." And this conviction has only been deepened as time has rolled on. 10 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE The Society at their meeting, May 28th, 1824, " Voted, That the members be requested to sign an obligation that tliey will not distribute liquors to those employed by them to labor." Another advanced step was taken in 1827, when the Council chose a committee to confer with the city government in reference to the prevention of the sale of spirituous liquors, on the Common, on public days. Soon after, the municipal authorities, at the request of many persons prohibited the sale of liquors in places of public resort, which was pro- ductive of much good. For some years, though still holding their meetings, the Society appears to have been rather inefficient. But the formation of another and more aggressive Society, in 1826, aroused the members from their lethargy, and at their annual meeting, in 1827, many new members were admitted; the old President declined a reelection, and Dr. John C. Warren was chosen in his stead, and a new impulse was thereby given to their operations. Measures were soon taken to interest physicians in this great work of reform. At a meeting of the Massachusetts Medical Society, June 6th, 1827, Dr. Warren offered a series of resolutions urging the discontinuance of alcoholic medicines whenever sub- stitutes could be found, and the warning of patients of the danger of forming fatal habits from their use, and offering a prize of fifty dollars for the best essay pointing out the dangers likely to arise from the disuse of stimulating drinks, '^and also the effects of IN MASSACHUSETTS. II the use of vinous and ardent spirits on the different organs of the animal economy." The resolutions were adopted with great unanimity. There were several competitors for the prize, and it was awarded to Dr. William Sweetser. So great was the influence of this essay that soon after, or in Feb. 1832, seventy- five physicians of Boston declared, in a manifesto they put forth, that " Men in health are never benefited by the use of ardent spirits — but the use of them is a frequent cause of disease and death, and renders diseases from other causes more difficult to cure, and more fdtal in termination." At a meeting of the Society in the hall of the House of Representatives, March 8th, 1830, where a large audience was assembled, it was resolved, that to subdue the habit of intemperance was worthy of the best efforts of philanthropists and patriots — recommended entire abstinence from the use of ardent spirits by all classes of the comm.unity — affirmed that the habitual use of wine was not necessary, nor salutary, and the diminution of its use would be beneficial. An animated discussion followed, and a strong opposition was shown to the resolutions relating to wine. A substitute was offered, affirming that the low cheap wines of Europe were favorable to the cause of temperance. Finally, in the interest of harmony, both resolutions relative to the use of wine were rejected, and the lovers of wine gained a temporary triumph. 12 HISTOI^Y OF TEMPERANCE In the spring of 183 1, the question of appointing an agent for the Society was discussed, and some money was raised to defray the expenses. The practicability of starting a temperance paper was considered in the autumn of the same year. The Temperance Journal was the result, the first number being issued at the commencement of the year 1833. Letters and tracts were freely circulated some months previous to the publication of the Journal. Several meetings were held during the summer of 1833, which led to the adoption of a total abstinence pledge from ardent spirits, but the President ruled that the old members were not bound to this pledge, unless they signed it, and it does not appear to have had many signatures. The Society held a meeting at Worcester, in connection with a conven- tion there assembled, Sept. i8th, 1833, and chose a committee to confer with a convention committee relative to making the Society an organization of all the friends of temperance in the State. The movement was successful A new constitution w^as reported, and the name was changed to " The Massa- dmsetts Tevipcrance Society. " The following pledge was adopted: ^' Its members pledge themselves that they will not iise distilled spirit as a drink, nor provide it as an article of refresliment for their friends, nor for per- sons in their employment ; that they will not engage in the manufacture of ardent spirit, nor traflic in the same ; and that, in all suitable ways, they will dis- countenance its use in the community." IN MASSACHUSETTS. 13 This was quite an advance from the beginning of the Society. Any citizen of the State could become a member by signing the constitution. All officers of other Temperance Societies, adopting the principle of entire abstinence from ardent spirits as a drink, became members cx-officio. The officers were the same as in the old Society, except there were only four Councillors instead of eight. The board of officers constituted the Council of the Society. The constitution could be altered at any annual meeting, notice having previously been given in one or more papers, two weeks before the meeting.* For several years the Society continued to print and circulate papers and tracts, and use other means of awakening an interest in the cause. A resolution was adopted in 1838, expressing the conviction that all license laws should be repealed and a law enacted making the retailing of ardent spirits a penal offence. It was during this year that the '' fifteen gallon laiu'' was passed. In order that the Society might receive and hold funds, given or bequeathed to it, an act of incorpo- ration was passed by the Legislature, March 5th, 1845, by which it was enabled to hold property to the amount of fifty thousand dollars. The names of the corporators were John C. Warren, Moses Grant, Walter Channing, Stephen Fairbanks, Henry Ed- wards, Charles Brow^n, &c. The act of incorporation was unanimously accepted, March 25 th, and a new constitution was adopted. The conditions of mem- * For the entire constitution, see " When will the Day Come ? " p. loi, &c. 14 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE bership were a fee of five dollars, and the annual payment of two dollars. In other respects the con- stitution was similar to that of the old one.* Sub- sequently the Council met and chose John C. Warren, Moses Grant, and Charles Brown, a committee to receive the legacy bequeathed to the Society by John Parker. Early in the spring of 1848, the Council authorized the President to call a meeting to welcome Rev. Father Theobald Mathevv, on his arrival in this country. There was a meeting Dec. i6th, 1848, to make arrangements for presenting a testimonial to Hon. Josiah Ouncy, Jr., Mayor of the city. The presen- tation took place Jan. ist, 1849, an account of which we shall give elsewhere. The President was requested May 19th, 1849, to invite Father Mathew to take rooms at the Adams House, and Dea. Grant was to make arrangements for his reception. The Society, in 1852, memorial- ized the Legislature for further protection from the sale of intoxicating drinks. The following resolution was adopted by the Council, May 14th, 1856, on the death of their President : "Whereas it has pleased the Disposer of all events to remove from us our highly respected friend, Dr. John Collins Warren, for nearly thirty years President of the Massachusetts Temperance Society, the Council deem * See " When Will the Day Come? " p. 114. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 5 it a duty to express their sincere regret at the loss of one who for many years devoted much of his time and hibur to the cause on which the welfare and happiness of society so essentially depend." Dr. Warren bequeathed to the Society the sum of two thousand dollars, the income of which has been devoted to the dissemination of temperance litera- ture. The Society received a new lease of life in 1871, by the transfer to its treasury, from the American Temperance Society, of a fund of nearly five thou- sand dollars, on condition that Rev. J. W. Chickering, D.D., should be appointed its agent to be continued as such while he was able to perform the duties ; and when he should not be, as in case of his death &c., then some other person should be appointed in his place. One thousand dollars were to be paid yearly to Dr. Chickering towards his salary out of the proceeds of the fund thus transferred, until the funds were exhausted. These conditions were accepted by the Massachusetts Society. Mr. Chickering was appointed Corresponding Secretary and agent, and five hundred dollars additional was voted to his salary. Further particulars of the transfer of these funds will be given in the subsequent history of the "American Temperance Society." The Massachu- setts Society still lives, and Dr. Chickering continues its agent, in connection with his work relative to the Congressional Temperance Society ; and after an honorable career of more than seventy years it is l6 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE deserving of the gratitude of aU the unfaltering friends of temperance for the very important work of taking the initiatory steps for the suppression of intemperance, by calling the attention of the com- munity to the evils resulting from the use of strong drink. For thus, by degrees, it led the way to more decided and aggressive measures for the restriction of the liquor traffic, and the promotion of individual sobriety. Probably it did the best thing that could be done, at first, to prepare the way for the genuine gospel of temperance which came in process of time. The community, at the start, were not ready to ac- cept the doctrine of total abstinence from all alcoholic drinks, or even from distilled liquors. The hand of God seems to have been in the movement, guiding it, step by step, from a moderate use to a complete ^mise of all intoxicants. Without a word of disparagement to the others, probably Dr. Warren, who for so many years was its President, was its most distinguished member. For more than thirty years he was the Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Harvard College Medi- cal School, and was most thoroughly cognizant of the deleterious effects of alcoholic drinks upon the human system. Gradually he gave up the use of strong wines, and finally ceased to drink wines of any character. He says in his Journal, '* If I had never tasted wine, my life would have been more healthy, longer and more comfortable." Doubtless many others could give the same testimony. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 7 The following have been some of the officers of this Society : Presidents. Hon. Samuel Dexter, 1813-16. Hon. Nathan Dane, 1S16-21. Hon. Isaac Parkek, 1821-27. John C. Warren, M.D., 1827-56. Hon. Stephen Fairbanks, 1857- Rev. Andrew Bigelow, D.D., ^^H- Hon. Jacob Sleeper, 1877- Vice-P residents. Gen. John Brooks, 1813-16. John Warren, M.D., 1813-16. Hon. Benjamin Pickman, Jr., 18 13-16. Rev. Eliphalet Porter, D.D., 1816-31. Jndge Artemas Ward, 181 6-21. Judge Samuel Haven, 181 6-21. Hon. William Prescott, 1821-26. Judge Thomas Dawes, 1821-24. Rev. William Jenks, D.D., 1824-32. Rev. Abiel Abbot, D.D., 1826-29. Amos Lawrence, Esq., 1829-33. Hon. Nathan Dane, 1831-32. Hon. William Sullivan, 1833-35. Hon. Horace Mann, 1835-38. Hon. Jonathan Phillips, 1838-39. Samuel Dorr, Esq., 1839-44. Hon. Stephen Fairbanks, 1845-57. Richard Gridley, Esq., 1857- Hon. Jacob Sleeper, -*]1- Hon. William B. Spooner, 1877-80. 1 8 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Secretaries. Rev. Joshua Huntington, 1813-16. John Tappan, Esq., 1S16-1S. William Thurston, Esq., 1818-22. Rev. Henry Ware, Jr., 1822-23. Dr. John Ware, 1823-27. Levi Bartlett, 1S27-29. Joshua B. Flint, 1S29-33. J. Gridley Stephenson, 1833-34. Dr. Walter Channing, 1834-48. Henry Edwards, 1848-49. Moses Grant, 1849- J. Sullivan Warren, 1853-66. J. Sweetser, 1866- E. G. TiLESTON was in office in 1874 and 1875, Harvey N. Shepard in 1876 and 1877, J. Wesley Barber was the Secretary in 1885, but when elected we do not know. CHAPTER II. THE AMERICAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. A FEW individuals met together in Boston some- time during the Autumn of 1825, to consider the question, '' What shall be done to banish intemper- ance from the United States.''" Doubtless the interest awakened by the operations of the Society for the Suppression of Intemperance had led others IN MASSACHUSETTS. I9 to see that drunkenness was making fearful ravages in the community. The result of the conference was the determination to form an Ajuerican Temper- ance Society, whose cardinal principle should be abstinence from strong drink. A correspondence with individuals was soon opened, and a convention of interested men was held in Boston, January loth, 1826, of which Hon. George Odiorne was chairman, and Rev. William Jenks, D.D., was secretary. Prayer was offered by Rev. Timothy Merritt. Jere- miah Everts introduced the following resolutions : 1st. That it is expedient that more systematic and more vigorous efforts be made by the Christian public to restrain and prevent the intemperate use of intoxi- cating liquors. 2d. That an individual of acknowledged talents, piety, industry and sound judgment, should be selected, and employed, as a permanent agent, to spend his time, and use his best exertions for the suppression and pre- vention of the intemperate use of intoxicating liquors. " A Committee was then appointed to prepare a Constitution, and the meeting adjourned to February 13th, 1826. At this meeting the Constitution that had been prepared was adopted, and the following persons were elected members of the Society, viz. : Rev. Leonard Woods, D.D., Rev. Justin Edwards, Rev. Warren Fay, Rev. Benjamin B. Wisner, Rev. Francis Wayland, Rev. Timothy Merritt, Hon. Mar- cus Morton, Hon. Samuel Hubbard, Hon. William Reed, Hon. George Odiorne, John Tappan, Esq., 20 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE William Ropes, Esq., James P. Chaplin, M.D., S. V. S. Wilder, Esq., and Enoch Hale, M.D. The design was to make it, as far as possible, a national insti- tution, by the formation of auxiliary societies in the different States. But the first officers were all, or nearly all, of Massachusetts. The Constitution provided that there should be elected additional members, of such persons as *' abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors," as shall best accord with the design of the institution. Any abstainer, who should pay not less than thirty dollars, was made an honorary member, and any one, paying not less than two hundred and fifty dollars, was made an honorary Vice-President. The Society was to meet annually, and to choose by ballot a President, Vice- President, Corresponding and Recording Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, and an Executive Committee of five. The Executive Committee were to raise funds, appoint agents in different parts of the country, and have a general oversight of the work to be done. The work of propagating the principles of the Society was put into the hands of the Corresponding Secretary, who was to use all proper methods, by addresses and otherwise, to renovate the habits and customs of the community, so that temperance may universally prevail. The first officers were, Hon. Marcus Morton, President ; Hon. Samuel Hubbard, Vice-President ; William Ropes, Esq., Treasurer ; Rev. Leonard Woods, D.D., Rev. Justin Edwards, John Tappan, Esq , Hon. George Odiorne, Esq., and S. V. S. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 21 Wilder, Esq., Executive Committee. It does not appear who was the Secretary, but it is supposed tliat Rev. Justin Edwards was the Corresponding Secretary and Agent. On the 12th of March fol- lowing the organization, the Society chose eighty- four additional members from the northern and middle States, and the Executive Committee pre- sented an address to the public. After enumerating the evils and wretchedness of intemperance, they say : " The American Society for the Promotion of Tem- perance have, therefore, after devout and deliberate attention to the subject, resolved, in the strength of the Lord, and with a view to the account which they must render to Him for the influence they exert in the world, to make a vigorous, united and persevering effort, to produce a change of public sentiment and practice with regard to the use of intoxicating liquors. For tills pur- pose, they deem it of primary importance that they should obtain an adequate fund for the support of a man of suitable qualifications, in the office of Secretary, who shall devote himself to the service of the Society, and, in the various ways pointed out in the Constitution, labor to promote its object. " In the winter of 1827, about seven thousand five hundred dollars were raised to sustain a general agent. Rev. Nathaniel Hewit, of Fairfield, Ct., was appointed temporarily the agent. On his resigna- tion. Rev. Justin Edwards held the position for some years. *' Temperance, in the view of those who formed this Society, is the moderate and proper 22 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE use of things beneficial ; and abstinence from things hurtful." And, perhaps, no better definition can be given at the present time. Under the guidance of Rev, Mr. Edwards, the work of reform was carried on in earnest, and much was done to arouse the community to a realizing sense of the dangers and immoralities resulting from the use of ardent spirits. His reports for several years were stereotyped and bound in a volume, and designated as " Permanent Temperance Documents," and they contain a vast fund of important information and history. It is wonderful what an array of facts and arguments are embodied in them, all tending to show that the use of liquors, as a beverage, was a violation of the laws of God as revealed in the human constitution. In these reports it was shown : ist, that it was immoral to drink intoxicating liquors ; 2d, that the manufac- ture of them, to be so used by others, was immoral ; 3d, that the licensing of the sale of these liquors, thus giving their sale a legal sanction, was an im- morality ; 4th, that the use, manufacture and sale of them, violated the great principles of the Christian religion ; 5th, showed how alcoholic beverages were destructive of the physical and moral natures of men. Thus these clear-headed and far-sighted re- formers went directly to the root of the matter, and thereby proved how thoroughly they had studied the subject, and comprehended the demoralizing influence of these drinks. In fact, subsequent re- searches have been unable to add much to the information given by these temperance pioneers. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 23 Before 1832, the Society was instrumental in organizing- similar societies in many of the States. At a national temperance convention, held at Philadelphia, in May, 1833, the officers of the Amer- ican Temperance Society, with those of the State societies, were requested to act as a society to be known as the American Temperance Union. But this society was not fully organized until 1836. Rev. John Marsh was made secretary, with head-quarters at New York city. From that time, or soon after, the American Temperance Society ceased to em- ploy an agent, and devoted most of their energies to the publication and circulation of temperance docu- ments, leaving the other work to be done by the Temperance Union. In 1852, they printed and sent forth eighty thousand copies of the Temper- ance Journal, extra, containing the Maine Law, and other kindred matters. The Society, however, con- tinued to live until 1871, when it transferred its funds to the Massachusetts Temperance Society, and ceased its labors, as appears from records that have been furnished, — which were, in substance, that the American Temperance Society was in pos- session of about five thousand dollars — that Rev. J. W. Chickering, D.D., the secretary and agent of the Suffolk Temperance Union, was doing a work simi- lar to that of the late Rev. Justin Edwards, D.D., for whose support the fund was raised ; and, as it had become desirable that both of the above-named societies should be dissolved, because other societies had taken their places, it was therefore decided, June 24 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE 1st, 1 87 1, that a transfer of the funds be made to the Massachusetts Temperance Society, located at Bos- ton, on condition that a sum not exceeding one thou- sand dollars a year should be paid to Rev. Dr. Chick- ering, their agent, who should visit churches, aid Pas- tors,presenting the total abstinence cause in its Christ- ian aspects through the pulpit, the Sabbath School, and the press. And so long as he was able to perform the duties he should be continued in the agency, and when no longer able, some other per- son should be appointed for the performance of these duties. Charles Stoddard, Esq., their Treasurer, was authorized to make the transfer of funds when- ever the Massachusetts Society should vote to accept the gift on the terms named. June 12th, 1871, the Massachusetts Society, through their Council, accepted the funds offered, and appointed Dr. Chickering as their agent, and voted him five hun- dred dollars additional salary out of their own treasury, as has already been stated in previous pages. Rev. Dr. Edwards, for many years the Corre- sponding Secretary of the American Society, was, in fact, its leading spirit — the life and soul of its noble work. Probably the temperance cause is more indebted to him than to any other man for its suc- cess in the early stages of the reform. Perhaps, in the whole history of the cause, no one has done so much as he to oppose the drinking customs of society. And he deserves to be held in perpetual remembrance for his great labors, his untiring zeal, IN MASSACHUSETTS. 25 and his thorough consecration to the endeavor to lift his countrymen out of the slough of ebriety. Our admiration of the man grows stronger and stronger each year, as we realize more and more what vast results have come, and will yet come, out of his unselfish devotion, amidst obloquy and rebuke, to this cause, which is '* the cause of all mankind." He died July 23d, 1853. The full list of the officers of this Society we have been unable to learn. Hon. Marcus Morton, the first President, continued in office until 1831. Hon. Samuel Hubbard succeeded, and held the office for many years, and Enoch Hale, M.D., was its Record- ing Secretary for a long period. CHAPTER III. LEGISLATIVE TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. A MEETING of the members of the Lesfislature w^as held, in accordance with a previous notice, in the House of Representatives' hall, on the evening of March 15th, 1833, "to consider the expediency of establishing a State Temperance Society." Hon. Barker Burnell, of Nantucket, was chosen chairman, and Charles Calhoun and Luther S. Cushing were appointed secretaries. Prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Blagden, Chaplain of the Senate. 26 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Rev. Dr. Edwards, Secretary of the American Temperance Society, gave some account of the recent formation of the Congressional Temperance Society. Mr. Phillips, of Salem, offered this reso- lution, which was adopted : " That it is expedient, at this time, for those members of the Civil Government of this Commonwealth, friendly to the cause of temperance, to form themselves into a Society for the purpose of promoting the cause by their example, as citizens, and their exertions as members of the Government." The Constitution for the government of the Society, prepared by Mr. Phillips, was then adopted. The Preamble declared that "As the use of ardent spirits is not only unnecessary, but injurious, as it tends to produce pauperism, crime and wretchedness, and to hinder the efhcacy of all means for the intellectual and moral benefit of society, and also to endanger the purity and permanence of our free institutions ; and as one of the best means for coun- teracting its deleterious effects is the influence of united example : Therefore we, members of the Legislature of Massa- chusetts, and others, recognizing the principle of Absti- nence from the use of Ardent Spirits, and from the traffic in them, as the basis of our union, do hereby agree to form ourselves into a Society ; and for this purpose adopt the following Constitution." The name adopted was " TJie Alassachiisetts Leg- islative Temperance Society ^ The object was to IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2/ discountenance the use of and the traffic in ardent spirits in the community. All members and past members of the Legislative, Executive and Judicial branches of the government, on signing the Consti- tution, became members of the Society. The officers were to be a President, four Vice-Presidents, a Secre- tary, Treasurer and Auditor, to be chosen annually. In addition to these officers, seven other persons with them constituted an Executive Committee, to promote the objects of the Society. An annual meeting was to be held during the session of the Legislature, and special meetings could also be called by the President. The Constitution could be altered by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting. The following officers were then chosen : Pres- ident, Governor Levi Lincoln ; Vice-Presidents, Lieutenant-Governor Samuel T. Armstrong, Hon. William B. Calhoun, Theron Metcalf, Esq., Hon. William Sullivan ; Secretary, Alfred D. P^oster ; Treasurer, Nathaniel Miller, M.D. ; Auditor, Henry Alarsh, Esq. ; Executive Committee, Hon. Samuel Hoar, Hon. Barker Burnell, Hon. Stephen C. Phil- lips, Hon. Ira Barton, Hon. Henry Hubbard, Hon. David Mack, Jr., Hon. Seth Whitmarsh. One hundred and sixty members were enrolled the first year, besides nine former members of the Legislature ; but, as the session was near its close when the Society was formed, no subsequent meet- ing was held in 1833. The annual meeting for 1834 was at the State House, January 28th, — Mr. 28 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Calhoun, a Vice-President, in the chair. A com- mittee was appointed to procure signatures to the Constitution, and then an adjournment was carried to the 31st inst., when William Sullivan acted as chairman, and Governor John Davis was elected President, and the other officers were chosen. Ford & Damrell, the publishers, presented to the Society two hundred copies of the Temperance Journal for distribution, and the same number of a pamphlet, entitled, " An examination of the License Law of Massachusetts." A vote of thanks was given to the late Governor Lincoln for his interest in the cause, with the hope that his example would be followed by all the Governors in the United States. At a subsequent meeting, the Temperance Journal, of Boston, was commended to the friends of temper- ance. Four meetings were held during the session of 1835. At one of these meetings, L. M. Sargent, the author of the famous "Temperance Tales," offered this resolution : *' That it is the duty of the friends of temperance, by the abolition of all intoxicating drinks, to rear the superstructure of that temple of concord whose founda- tions they have laid in the abolition of ardent spirits." After 1835 the records of the Society, so far as they have been found, are very incomplete, and for several years no records appear. The original pledge of the Society was simply against the use of ardent spirits. Li 1842 the Constitution was remodelled, and this pledge adopted : IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2() " The members of tliis Society aj^ree that they will wholly abstain from the use of intoxicating drinks, from the traffic in them, and from the furnishing of them to others, — and that they will in all suitable w\ays discountenance the use of such liquors throughout the community." From the formation of the Society, up to 1853, the Governor of the State was always the President. In that year John H. Clifford was Governor. The Worcester Cataraet said that Clifford was " a wine bibber, and would not subscribe to the pledge." Emory Washburn was Governor in 1854, but for some reason was not the President, and in some subsequent years the Governor did not occupy the position. After about 1855 it is supposed that the Society did not hold regular yearly meetings. The last notice of any meeting that we have seen was in March, 1866. We have found lists of officers for about a dozen years, containing the names of many honored citizens of the State, and among them per- haps none more worthy of praise than that of Hon. George Nixon Briggs, a firm and unfaltering friend of sobriety, at all times, and in all places, public and private. 30 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER IV. DEACON GILES' DISTILLERY. As the history of this matter forms a part of the history of the temperance reform in Massachusetts, we will give a brief sketch of it. For many years, before any public demonstration was made against the liquor traffic, and for some years after, distilleries by many people were deemed a blessing to the community. They provided a ready market for any surplus grain that was raised. They enhanced the value of the orchard, and fur- nished employment to many people. Consequently the business was considered respectable ; and mem- bers of churches, and even deacons eno-asred in it without any detriment to their moral character or standing in society. But, after a few years of tem- perance work, it dawned upon the minds of some that these distilleries were a source of evil rather than good, for they were sowing the seeds of drunk- enness and poverty, and helping to fill the jails and prisons with victims ; and therefore deserved the condemnation rather than the commendation of the community. But they were generally owned by men of wealth and respectability, and it was hard to arouse public sentiment against them. Yet it IN MASSACHUSETTS. 31 was felt that something must be done to bring about a change. In the city of Salem there were several distilleries in full blast, in the year 1835. At that time there was settled in the place a young clergyman named George B. Cheever, an ardent temperance advocate. He frequently passed by one or more of these eslab- lishments, where an immense quantity of ardent spirits was annually sent forth, leading, as he be- lieved, large numbers of persons into pauperism and degradation ; and he was led to consider how he could best make a successful assault upon these drunkard- making institutions. At length he dreamed a dream, that was not all a dream, and published it in the Salem Landmark of February, 1835, under the title of ''Inquire at Amos Giles Distillery^' wherein he showed the demoralizing tendency, both physical and moral, of the liquor business. The article pro- duced a great excitement. All the makers, dealers and users of strong drink felt that a gross outrage had been committed, and that the offender should pay the penalty of his temerity. One of the four distillers, who was a deacon, and a man of respecta- bility, from certain passages or allusions in the dream, where the owner was said to be a deacon and kept Bibles for sale, and that some of his em- ployes had fallen into his vats, felt that he was the person meant, and that thereby his character had been injured, commenced a suit for libel against the author of the dream. Mr. Cheever pleaded not guilty of the charge, but declared that his object 32 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE was simply, by the use of fiction, to portray the evils and unchristian character of the manufacture of spirituous liquors. In his masterly defence, before the court, among other things he said : " If any man is at a loss for a motive to the publica- tion of the article, let him contemplate for a moment the nature of the traffic in ardent spirits. Let him cast his eye over the vast catalogue of human crime and misery. There are no enormities vs^hich the business of distilling does not produce, no extravagancies of Iniquity to which It does not lead. It is literally the wholesale manufacture of Iniquity of everv description. It would challenge the ingenuity of mankind to show that It Is any thing else. I stand here accused of crime In attacking a trade, which in itself Is the production of all crime, and has occasioned more criminal litiga- tion than all other causes. I stand here accused of violating the laws of my country in attacking a business whose direct, inevitable, supreme, and incessant result. Is the trampling under foot, and defiance, and destruc- tion of all law and all obligation, human and divine. I am here to answer to a charge of defaming the char- acter, and wantonly and maliciously Injuring the peace of families and individuals, In vividly depicting an employment which Is nothing but ruin to the character and death to the peace of thousands of families, and hundreds of thousands of individuals. I am arraigned as a criminal at this bar for disturbing the peace of the Commonwealth, and the domestic happiness of Its households, In attacking a business whose positive, unchangeable operation is to fill the Commonwealth with brawls, riots, poverty and anguish. You cannot IN MASSACHUSETTS. "33 show that the business of distilling is any t\un^ else. It tends to break up all social order, prostrate all bar- riers of law, set fire to all violent human passions, and whelm all institutions of blessedness, domestic, civil and religious, in one blasting, fiery tide of ruin. It leaves no man's character, no man's property, no man's family safe. I stand here accused of crime in attacking this infernal traffic, and painting its conse- quences in colors but too faithful to the life." Towards the close of his address, he said : " I ask for an acquittal, because I am guiltless of the crime for which I am arraigned before you. I have assaulted no man's character, — I have injured no man's family, — I have committed no offence against the laws of my country. For the sake of freedom in the pro- clamation of truth, I am unwilling that an unrighteous and oppressive verdict should be sustained and sanc- tioned b}' the decision of this court. For the s-ake of justice, I am unwilling to be punished for a crime perance, I am unwilling that the distillery interest, productive in this region of such incalculable misery, should here find a shield." But his plea was of no avail ; for so aroused and incensed against him was the public mind that the jury pronounced him "guilty" of libel, and he was sentenced to imprisonment for thirty days in the Salem jail. He submitted quietly to the decree of the Court. But his imprisonment was a triumph rather than a disgrace. His room in the jail was carpeted by the 4 34 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE ladies, who felt that he was suffering for fidelity to his convictions. They also furnished him with a sumptuous fare during his confinement. Besides his imprisonment, Mr. Cheever was publicly horse- whipped on the street by the foreman of the dis- tillery named Ham. The prosecution and condem- nation of Mr. Cheever did not injure him in the least. But it did do an immense injury to the liquor business, by calling the attention of the community, far and near, to the fearful and demoralizing re- sults of the whole liquor traffic. The enemies of temperance could hardly have done any thing so damaging to themselves as their attempt to crush the heroic young man who had dared to expose the corrupting influences of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. For the prosecution proved a most powerful ally to the great temperance reform, then comparatively in its infancy ; and furthermore, it shows us how the wrath of men sometimes re- dounds to the great good of our common humanity. CHAPTER V. MASSACHUSETTS TEMPERANCE UNION. Delegates from several different Societies, to the number of more than four hundred, met in con- vention at the Odeon, Boston, February 2ist and 22d, 1838, for the purpose of forming a new tern- IN MASSACHUSETTS. 35 perance organization, that should take a step in advance of any other in the State. It was called to order by Rev. Gardner B. Perry, of Groveland, and prayer was offered by Rev. Justin Edwards, D.D., of Andover. John Tappan, of Boston, was :hosen permanent President ; Rev. John Pierce, of Brookline, and five others, Vice-Presidents, with Mark Doolittle, of Belchertown, and three others as Secretaries, Rev. Dr. Edwards introduced a resolution favoring the formation of a Society ''for the purpose of pro- moting; in all suitable ways, total abstinence from the use, as a beverage, of all intoxieating drinks ^ Quite an earnest discussion follo\Yed, and finally the resolution was adopted with only two dissenting voices. A Constitution was subsequently reported, and a Society organized under the name of the '' Massachusetts Temperance Union." The object of the Society was set forth in the pledge, which was in these words : "We, whose names are annexed, agree to abstain entirely from the use of all intoxicating liquors, as a common beverage ; that we will not by traffic or other ways furnish them for such purposes, and that we will use our influence to do away their use throughout the community." The officers of the Union were to be a President, Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, and an Exec- utive Committee of five. Presidents of County Societies, with a total abstinence pledge, were to 36 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE be Vice-Presidents, cx-officio. The officers elected were, President, John Tappan ; Vice-Presidents, John Reed, Moses Grant, Ebenezer Alden, Alfred D. Foster, Mark Doolittle, Thomas Longley, Reuben A. Chapman, George N. Briggs, Oliver Crocker, George Russell and Levi Farwell ; Secretary, Charles C. Converse ; Treasurer, Charles Tappan ; Auditor, Charles Stoddard ; Executive Committee, Gardner B. Perry, Henry Edwards, Charles O. Kimbalh Theophilus R. Marvin, Harrison Gray. Thus was formed and officered the first Total Abstinence Society of ^Massachusetts. This Society was deemed too radical by some of the old temper- ance workers, and they stood aloof from it. So in every adv^anced step taken, in this great reform, a portion of the professed friends of the cause were not prepared to go forward, and opposed progress. A series of resolutions was adopted, requesting all c'vizer.s to abstain fron* the u"^^ of i'^toxic^tir'^ drinks ; that the county commissioners, who had refused to grant licenses, deserved the thanks of the community ; that the licensing of liquor-selling was inconsistent with the public good, and ought to be discontinued ; that the Legislature should not license the traffic, but should defend the people from its evils ; that the statute granting licenses ought to be repealed ; that the furnishing of liquor to heathen nations ought to be reprobated and abandoned ; that every family in the State should circulate temperance literature, &c. A memorial to the Leofislature, askins: for the total repeal of all IN MASSACHUSETTS. 3/ license laws, was adopted, and Asahel Huntington, Thomas Whittcmore, Sherman Leland, John Pier- pont, Moses Grant, Walter Channing and Ebenezer Alden, were appointed to present it to the Legisla- ture.* It was a strong document, and had much influence in inducing the General Court soon after to enact the " Fifteen Gallon Law," so famous in the temperance annals, and really the first prohibi- tor}' law of the State. We have found no records of the Union, and can therefore speak only in a general way of its work. It early endeavored to train up the children as teetotalers, by the forma- tion of '' Cold Water Armies," and other means. Some of the time it had in its employ three Agents. Nathan Crosby, for many years, until his death, Judge of the Lowell Police Court, had, for a time, the general supervision of its operations, and edited the Journal, Tracts and Almanacks, &c., which the Society circulated. Dr. Charles Jewett, who was general lecturer, and Samuel Stew- art, of Ireland, who worked principally among his countrymen, were employed by the Society. Moses P. Parish was also an agent in 1841. During this year were distributed 90,000 tracts, 55,000 Almanacks, and 241,000 copies of the Journal. This shows somewhat the means and methods used to advance the cause of sobriety. They sought to obtain funds by donations and memberships of one dollar each ; and 4,000 members and donors were at one time reported. The expenses of the * For Alemorial, see American Temperance Journal, Vol. 2, p. 38. 38 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE Society in 1841 were over $6,000. It took a deep interest in the Washingtonian movement, and came very near being swallowed up in that wonderful reform. Judge Crosby, speaking of the Washing- tonian reform, says : "It caused a revulsion in public opinion and action, which deranged the operations of the Union and divided our forces Into squads, cliques," &c. ' The Society declared that temperance men should support temperance hotels, boats, groceries, &c., and no others. In the report of 1841 they say that the principal impediments to total abstinence were fashion, public festivities, weddings and cider. And most of these are at the present time among the chief obstacles to be encountered. The Union became financially embarrassed in 1842, and sent forth a circular to the friends of temperance asking for aid, which they doubtless obtained, as in 1845 the Temperance Standard was published under their direction. How long the Union continued its opera- tions we know not. It was alive as late as 1853, for we have found a list of officers chosen that year. John Tappan was President down to 1843 ; Rev. Gardner B. Perry, a year or two previous to 1845. Ebenezer Alden was chosen President in September of that year, and held that office in 1853. The first Secretary, James C. Converse, was reelected until 1842, when Loring Norcross was chosen, and re- mained in that position so long as we have learned the history of the Society. It is a source of much IN MASSACHUSETTS. 39 regret that we arc obliged to content ourselves with so meagre an account of this Society, which first emblazoned on its banner the only safe motto — *' Total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks'' CHAPTER VI. THE FIFTEEN GALLON LAW, &C. As this law was really the first Prohibitory Statute of the State, and as it caused a great amount of ex- citement, while in force, we have concluded to give a short account of it. The noble work done by Rev. Justin Edwards and his faithful associates of the American Temperance Society, from 1826 and onward, in calling the atten- tion of the community to the immorality of the liquor traffic, and especially after the refusal of some of the county commissioners in 1832 or thereabouts to license the sale of ardent spirits, had prepared the way, and the question of enacting a law^ forbidding such sale in the State was agitated in the Legislature and out of it. During the winter of 1835 a bill passed the House of Representatives against the sale of liquor in a less quantity than twenty-eight gallons, but it did not become a law. Yet the idea was not abandoned. Hence at a State Convention in Boston, February 21st, 1838, it was declared "that 40 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the practice of licensing men to traffic in intoxica- ting liquors, to be used as a beverage, is inconsistent with the welfare of the community, and ought not to be continued," and that the statute granting licenses "ought to be repealed forthwith." A com- mittee, consisting of Asahel Huntington, Rev. Thomas Whittemore, Sherman Leland, Rev. John Pierpont, Moses Grant, Walter Channing, M.D., and Ebenezer Alden, M.D., was appointed to me- morialize the Legislature, then in session, upon the subject. This memorial was forthwith presented to the General Court, and closed in these words : "Your memorialists pray that all laws authoriznig the sale of intoxicating drinks, within this Common- wealth, may be repealed; and that such sale maybe made penal, with such exceptions and under such con- ditions as to your honorable body may seem good." More than one thousand five hundred other per- sons petitioned the Legislature to the same effect. The Committee, to whom the matter was referred, re- ported a bill repealing all existing license laws, and forbidding the sale of spirituous liquors in less quantity than twenty-eight gallons, except by licensed apoth- ecaries and physicians. The result was that, with some modifications of the bill, the famous law was approved by the Governor, April 19th, 1838, forbid- ding the sale of ardent spirits in less quantity than fifteen gallons, that should be delivered and carried away at one time, except by licensed apothecaries and practising physicians, who could sell liquors "to IN MASSACHUSETTS. 4I be used in the arts or for medical purposes only." It passed "both branches by overwhelming major- ities;" in the House by 229 yeas to 106 nays ; in the Senate by 24 yeas to 9 nays. It took effect on the first of July, but could not operate against any licenses granted previous to that date. Hence many licenses were granted before July, which would hold good, we think, until the following April. Boston of course opposed the law, and a determined effort was made to elect a Legislature who would repeal it. An appeal to the country people of Massachusetts, by a committee opposed to the law, was made. A reply to this was published July 2d, signed by Jona- than Phillips, James Savage, E. Brooks, Geor?;e S. Hilliard, Horace Mann, and others. The Avar upon the law went on during the fall election, but a majority of both houses of the Legis- lature were opposed to its repeal. Soon after the meeting of the General Court, in January, 1839, Harrison G. Otis and nearly seven- teen hundred others asked for the repeal of the law. Jonathan Phillips and about thirty-two thousand males, and thirty-four thousand females, remonstra- ted against its repeal, and prayed that the law might remain intact. A large joint special committee was appointed by the Legislature, to whom the whole sub- ject was referred. The hearing commenced Jan- uary 29th, and closed February 20th, 1839. Three reports from the committee were made. The ma- jority favored the principles of the law, but sug- gested some modifications, in order to allay irritation 42 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE and remove some objections of its opponents. Another report authorized taverns to sell, to be drunk on the premises, and retailers to sell to be carried away. The third report favored repeal. The whole subject was referred back to a select committee of the House to present a new draft of a bill containing principles settled by the House. The committee reported a bill including wine among the prohibited liquors. Taverns were to sell to travel- lers only. The minimum amount was reduced to three gallons. The bill was rejected by a vote of 253 to 186. The Senate then sent down a similar bill, and the House reduced the minimum amount to one gallon, and then rejected the bill by a vote of 295 to 119. A vote was subsequently taken on the repeal of the law of 1838, but the repeal was not carried — yeas 164, nays 223. So the law re- mained unmodified. The opponents of the law, though defeated, were not destroyed. They rallied their forces for another battle. The question of repeal entered again into the State election of 1839, and a majority of the Legislature elected favored repeal. Marcus Morton was elected Governor by one majority. He was opposed to the law, and urged its removal from the statute book. He had previously been President of the American Tem- perance Society, and his recommendation of the repeal of the law was a great surprise to the tem- perance community. The Legislature made short w^ork of its repeal, in February, 1840, by a vote in the House of 280 yeas to 160 nays, and in the IN MASSACHUSETTS. 43 Senate of 27 yeas to 10 nays.* Thus, after a brief existence of less than two years, this law was slaughtered to appease the demands of the drink fiend ; and great was the rejoicing of those who had been instrumental in its death. But its friends felt that in this as in other cases "Truth crushed to earth shall rise again," and hence bided their time. The Striped Pig. One of the episodes, connected with the Fifteen Gallon Law, was that familiarly known as " The Striped Pig'' In the autumn of 1838, soon after the law went into operation, there occurred a mil- itary muster in the town of Dedham. A shrewd Yankee conceived the . idea of evading the law and of making a little money out of the operation, besides gratifying the taste of the lovers of strong drink. So catching one of his pigs, he painted it with stripes of red and black, alternating with the natural white. He then went to the selectmen of the town and secured a license to exhibit the dis- guised animal, in a tent on the muster field, the admission fee being fixed at four-pence half-penny, or six and a quarter cents. Above the tent he raised a flag, with the picture of a hog upon it, announc- ing that a rare curiosity in the shape of a striped pig was on exhibition within. At first there were * About 24,000 persons asked for its repeal in 1839, and nearly 50,000 remonstrated against it. 44 HISTORY OF TEMPERANXE but few persons disposed to visit the wonderful creature. Probably the Yankee fear of being hum- bugged kept them back. But now and then one, IDcrhaps in the secret, went into the tent, and on coming out the word ' was quickly telegraphed through the crowd that they could see the strange freak of nature and have a glass of grog gratis ! This intelligence created quite a furor among the multitude, and large numbers visited the strange animal, and came out with smiling faces, smacking their lips with evident gratification. They were doubtless thoroughl}^ satisfied that this was the most remarkable show that they had ever witnessed. It was indeed a huge joke, which the lovers of strong drink through the entire State greatly en- joyed, and over which even some temperance men were disposed to have a good laugh. CHAPTER VII. THE COLD WATER ARMY. Soox after the formation of the Massachusetts Temperance Union, in 1838, they conceived the idea that great benefit would result to the com- munity from the instruction of the young in the principles of total abstinence. They reasoned that if they could save the children from acquiring a love for alcoholic drinks, there would be eventually a IN MASSACHUSETTS. 45 temperate community, and all would be saved from a drunkard's life and a drunkard's doom ; in fact that the great hope of the temperance reformers was in the training up of the children in the path of sobriety, so that when grown to adult age they would not depart from that path. Hence all through the State their agents oriranized the children into what were called " Cold Water Annies'' We are told that the name of " Cold Water Army " originated with Rev. Thomas P. Hunt, of Pennsylvania, who was in his day a noted temperance lecturer, and who visited many of the towns in the Commonwealth and awakened a great interest in both parents and children, in the new idea of saving the young from an intemperate life. He was a very quaint and amusing speaker. His addresses were keen and forcible, yet generally within the comprehension of his youthful auditors. The chld^'-^n h- '^ ^r^cuient nicnjcs, v/ore b?.dn;es, carried banners in all their processions, and sang songs, which were of no less interest to the parents, who generally met with them, than to the children. The pledge was set to music, and was sung with great glee at all the meetings. It was in these words : " This youthful band Do with our hand The pledge now sign — To drink no Wine, Nor Brandy red To turn the head, 4^ .IISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Nor Whiskey hot That makes the sot, Nor fiery Rum To turn our home Into a hell, Where none can dwell, Whence peace would fly, Where hope would die. And love expire ' Alid such a fire : — So here we j^ledge perpetual hate To all that can intoxicate." The badge of the armies was a satin ribbon, on which was the picture of a fountain, and also a pro- cession of the army marching to a grove, where a collation was to be served. The influence of this movement upon the young was very marked indeed, and many of our most active temperace men, at the present time, date their interest in the cause to their connection with the Cold Water Army, when they marched with music and banners, being at the time only six, eight or ten years old. Recently, in conversation with a merchant who took the army pledge when he was but six years old, he said that no act of his life had made so deep an impression upon his mind, and he had kept the pledge inviolate, having never taken any other. Great expectations were raised by the enthusiasm produced by these juvenile societies and gatherings. A paper, in the interest of this move- ment for the young, was published two or three IN MASSACHUSETTS. 4/ years, called the Cold Water Army, of which we shall speak more particularly hereafter. But the great interest that had been aroused, in a few years became very much diminished by the wonderful, yet somewhat brief, movement of the Washington- ians, who absorbed almost the whole attention of the community. Yet for several years these youth- ful organizations existed in various parts of the State. Even as late as 1862, some of these societies were known to be alive and active. CHAPTER VIII. THE WASHINGTONIANS. Ox the evening of April 2d, 1840, six devotees of the bottle, namely, William K. Mitchell, John F. Hoss, David Anderson, George Steers, James Mc- Curley and Archibald Campbell, met at Chase's Hotel, in Baltimore, Md., for a convivial time. A Baptist minister was announced to speak that even- ing upon the subject of temperance. These six men discussed the matter for some time, and it w^as finally agreed that a part of them should go and hear the address and give a report of it to the others. While commenting upon the address, after their return, Mr. Steers said, let us form a society and make Bill Mitchell president. All agreed to the proposition, and seemed pleased with the idea 48 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE of having a temperance society of their own. The following Sunday they met again, and occasionally drank, and further discussed the matter. It was finally agreed that a pledge should be prepared and signed the next day. Monday morning Mr. Mitchell wrote the following Pledge : "We, whose names are annexed, desirous of form- ing a society for our mutual benefit, and to guard against a pernicious practice, which is injurious to our health, standing, and fiimilies, do pledge ourselves, as gentlemen, that we will not drink any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider." The first name attached to the pledge was that of David Anderson, and the last of the six was that of William K. Mitchell. In the evening of that day they met and organized a society, of which Mr. Mitchell was chosen president, and Mr. Hoss secre- tary, They then decided th it each member should pay an adjoining tee of twenty-iive cents, and twelve and a half cents as weekly dues, and each man should do what he could to secure members-. They assumed the name of the " Washingtoiiian Temper- ance Society'' They met weekly, and as their numbers increased, they moved from time to time to larger and more attractive quarters. After a few weeks, the question arose, What can w^e do to make our meetings interesting } The President suggested that each one should relate his experi- ence, and he immediately proceeded to tell what he had passed through during the last fifteen years of IN MASSACHUSETTS. 49 inebriation, and the advantages he had derived from signing the pledge. This was the origin of that wonderfnl movement. Soon after the first anniversary of these Baltimore reformers, arrangements were made for two of them to come to Boston, and form a society. A meet- ing was held for their reception, at the Marlboro' Chapel, April 8th, 1841, at which addresses were made by William Ladd,* the noted friend of peace, and the earnest advocate of a congress of nations, Mr. Torry, Captain Holbrook and William B. Spooner. The expected delegates from Baltimore were not present. Another -meeting was held at the Odeon, on Sunday evening, the nth of April, but none of tlie reformers from Baltimore put in an appearance. The meeting was addressed by several individuals, and more than two hundred signed the total absti- nence pledge. Deacon Moses Grant presided at a meeting held on the 14th of April. He stated that two Washingtonians were present from Baltimore, and would address the citizens. He then intro- duced Mr. Hawkins, who was received with great applause, and spoke with much feeling and fluency for an hour, and won the full sympathy of the audi- ence by his simple story of the drunkard's life. He was followed by Mr. Wright, who made an earnest address, and was loudly cheered at its close. Mn William B. Spooner offered a resolution, pledging the temperance men of Boston to assist these Washingtonian leaders in holding meetings, and * He died the next day of heart disease. 50 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE securing the attendance of drinking men. The Mercantile Joimial oi the 15th instant, in allusion to the meeting, said, " We feel confident that an extra- ordinary influence is to be given to the progress of reform through their exertions. God speed the end." Both Hawkins and Wright spoke again at the Odeon, April 15th, to a crowded house, and again at the Marlboro' Chapel on the i6th, where the interest was very great, and three hundred and seventy-seven signed the pledge ; and old, gray- haired men wept like children. Two immense meetings were held on Sunday evening, the i8th of April — one at the Bethel Church (Father Taylor's), the other at the Odeon, and many pledges were taken. A large meeting was held at Faneuil Hall on the 2 1st instant, and other meetings followed. The Boston Washington, or Parent Society, was formed at the Marlboro' Chapel, April 26th, 1841, and one hundred and fifty persons joined, and were addressed by Mr. Hawkins. The officers of the Society were chosen April 28th, of which Samuel F. Holbrook was president, and James Burns sec- retary. This Society continued in existence for a number of years. Many other societies were soon formed in various parts of the State. Yet there was no particular bond of union between them, but they were practically independent of each other. A State Convention of the Washingtonian Tem- perance Societies was held at the State House, May 26th, 1842. The number of delegates was so IN MASSACHUSETTS. 5 I large that all could not gain an entrance to the Representatives' Hall. Hon. Seth Sprague, of Duxhury, was President, and besides several Vice- Presidents, there were four Secretaries. A proces- sion was formed, under the direction of Captain William S. Baxter, consisting of more than three thousand people, with several bands of music, and passed through a number of the streets. The next day The MassacJiiLsetts Washington Total Abstinence Society was organized. Its object, as subsequently declared in an address, was mainly to collect such facts as are directly connected with the temperance reform. Hence its aims were ''neither the refor- mation nor the support of the reformed."* Walter Channing, M.D., of Boston, was chosen President ; Charles Wade, of Boston, Corresponding Secretary ; A. J. Locke, of Charlestown, Recording Secretary ; Joshua Buffum, of Boston, Treasurer. There were twelve Vice-Presidents, and a Statistical Committee of like number. The terms of membership were, signing the pledge, and the payment of an annual fee of fifty cents. The President and Vice-Presidents were to present an address and report quarterly. The President was also required to call an annual convention when the officers were chosen. The officers constituted an Executive Committee. This was their Pledge : "The members of this Society agree that they will never again drink any intoxicating liquors, except when * See Address, June 20, 1844, Antiquarian Library, Worcester. 52 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE prescribed by a medical attendant, or in case of wine at tbe communion ; and that they will not provide them for their friends, or for persons in their employ- ment ; and that they will in all suitable ways discoun- tenance the use of them in the community ; and that they will use their utmost endeavors to reclaim and re- store to temperance all who are unfortunately addicted to drunkenness." Agreeably to the Constitution annual conventions were -held about the first of June for several years. An immense mass meeting was held on Boston Common, May 30th, 1844. About fifteen thousand persons, including many children, joined in a pro- cession under the direction of S. A. Walker, Esq., as chief marshal. It was estimated that more than forty thousand people were on the Common at one time. Two large stands were erected, from which addresses were made during the day. The song, "The Teetotalers are Coming," was sung, Rev. John Pierce, of Brookline, prayed, Governor George N. Briggs presided. Among the speakers was William K. Mitchell, of the famous six original Washingtonians. "The Drunkard's Dream" and other pieces were recited. The Hutchinson Family sang, the bands of music played, and addresses by various persons were made during the day. At the evening session, in Tremont Temple, an admission fee of twenty-five cents was charged to meet ex- penses, and yet the Temple was crowded to its utmost capacity. The Hutchinsons sang, William R. Stacy presided, and addresses were made by Gov- IN MASSACHUSETTS. 53 ernor Briggs, S. F. Holbrook, William K. Mitchell and John B. Gough. Another large and enthusiastic convention was held in Tremont Temple, May 29th, 1845. The call was numerously signed by representative Wash- ingtonians, asking their brothers, of the whole United States, to come together for "renewed effort in our heaven-born cause," &c. Samuel A. Walker presided, A series of resolutions was adopted, and addresses were made by numerous persons. In 1843 it was stated that since 1841, in eighty-nine towns, 56,660 males, 23,353 females, and 18,150 children — in all, 98,163 had signed the pledge; of which number, 13,575 were reformed inebriates. It was also reported that 1,241 professors of religion had refused to sign the Pledge. A portion of the churches looked with distrust upon this movement, because they regarded it in some measure as anti-religious, or at least tending in that direction. Many of the leaders were unedu- cated, and their addresses were not always of an elevated character. But they were actuated by a" sincere desire to save others from a drunkard's degradation. They chose to conduct their meet- ings in their own way, without dictation from any one. After a remarkable success of a few years the Washingtonians began to wane, and ceased to exert much influence in the community. Their societies were disbanded or ceased to hold meetings. This was because there was no direct bond of union among them, and especially because they had no 54 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE systematic method of raising and disbursing the funds needed to carry on their noble effort of re- claiming the drunkards of the land. But, for the great good accomplished during their short career, they deserve to be held in perpetual remembrance by e\'ery friend of humanity. CHAPTER IX. THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF RECHABITES. Rev. T. F. Parker, in his " History of the Modern Temperance Movement," says that on the 25th of August, 1835, the first secret temperance society was instituted at Talford, Lancaster County, England, under the title of " The Independent Order of RecJiabitesy They were a total abstinence organ- ization, and a benefit institution, providing for all their members in case of sickness and death. Per- sons of health and good morals, between the ages of fourteen and fifty, were eligible to membership. Others, not desiring benefits, could become hon- orary members by the payment of a small fee. The different societies were called Tents. They took their name from the ancient Rechabites, mentioned in the Scriptures, who refused to drink wine. By whom the Order was introduced into Massachusetts we do not know. But we learn that Covenant Tent IN MASSACHUSETTS. 55 No. I, was instituted at Boston, December 2cl, 1842. The Pledge of the Order was in these words : " I liereby dechire that I will abstain from all intox- icating liqnors, and will not give, nor ofier them to others — except in religious ordinances, or when pre- scribed by a medical practitioner. I will not engage in the traffic of them, and in all suitable ways will dis- countenance the use, manufiicture and sale of them ; and, to (he utmost of my power, I will endeavor to spread the principle of abstinence from all intoxicating liquors." The motto of the Order was, ''Temperance, Fortitude and Justice." So far as we can learn this organization was never very popular in this State. Being of foreign origin, it was not so well adapted to the American mind. Yet we have no reliable information relative to its history here. We learn, however, that in 1845 there were eighteen Tents in existence, viz. : Covenant and United Brothers, of Boston ; Harmony, of South Boston ; Massasoit, of East Boston ; Norfolk and Golden Rule, of Roxbury ; Olive Branch, Monu- ment and Bunker Hill, of Charlestown ; Blue Hill, of Milton ; Crystal, of Haverhill ; Lady Washington, of Lowell ; Coral Reef, of Amesbury ; Sagamore and Agawam, of Lynn ; Naumkeag, of Salem ; Sama- ritan, of Marblehead ; Afton, of South Reading. There were one or two Tents in existence a few years ago, and possibly there may be some now. It is stated that, in 1848, they had 253 primary Tents, 56 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE 25 district Tents and 14,253 members in sixteen of the United States and Canada. We learn also that there was a female branch of the Order, called the " United Daughters of Rechaby And we find that, in 1846, there were eleven Tents of the Daughters, viz. : Samoset, of East Boston ; Norfolk, of Roxbury ; Unity, of Lynn ; United Daughters, of Charlestown ; Eastern Star, of South Boston ; North Star and Eidelity, of Boston ; Siloam, of Salem ; Crystal, of Haverhill ; Lady Washington, of Lowell ; Coral Reef, of Amesbury. Furthermore, that information relative to them could be had of Mrs. J. Crowshaw, E. S. M., of Roxbury, or of Mrs. H: Averill, of Charlestown. Further, we have no knowledge relative to the Order. CHAPTER X. THE SONS OF TEMPERANCE. In the latter part of September, 1842, John W. Oliver, his brother Isaac J. Oliver, James Bale and George McKibbin, of New York City, all active Washingtonians, had a consultation relative to the formation of a new temperance organization on the basis of total abstinence and mutual benefit. The result was the issuing of a call, signed by the above- named gentlemen and six others, for a meeting on IN MASSACHUSETTS. 57 Thursday evening, September 29th, 1842, at No. 71 Division Street, to organize a society on the basis we have indicated, to be named ''The Sons of Temperance." Sixteen persons attended the meeting. Daniel H. Sands was chosen Chairman, and John W. Oliver, Secretary. It was decided to form a society, to be called, New York Division No. I, Sons of Temperance. A draft of a consti- tution was presented by J. W. Oliver, and adopted. It was signed by the sixteen persons present, viz. : John W, Oliver, James Bale, Ephraim L. Snow, Daniel H. Sands, George McKibbin, Isaac J. Oliver, J. Mackellar, Thomas Swenarton, William B. Tomp- kins, Francis W. Wolfe, J. H. Elliot, John Holman, Henry Lloyd, Edward Brusle, Thomas Edgerley and Joseph K. Barr. A committee on form of initiation was appointed. The next night, September 30th, at another meeting, further progress was made. October 7th, the fol- lowins: officers of the Division were elected : David H. Sands, Patriarch ; Ephraim L. Snow, Associate ; John W. Oliver, Recording Scribe ; James Bale, Financial Scribe ; George McKibbin, Treasurer ; Thomas Edgerley, Conductor ; Thomas Swenarton, Sentinel. The form of initiation was adopted Octo- ber iith, and the members were duly admitted. At subsequent meetings the work of perfecting the organization was continued. On the 7th of Decem- ber, a constitution for the Fountain Head, or Grand Division, was adopted. The Grand Division, pro tempore, met December loth, and chose these offi- 58 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE cers : Daniel H. Sands, G. W. P. ; E. L. Snow, G. W. A. ; J. W. Oliver, G. S. ; James Bale, G. T. ; Evan Griffith, G. Chap. ; Thomas Eclgeriey, G. Con. ; F. W. Wol^, G. Sent. Soon after, Divisions No. i of New Jersey and Nos. 2 and 3 of New York were formed. January 9th, 1843, the Grand Division of New York was organized, taking the place of the Fountain Head or temporary society. D. H. Sands was chosen G. W. P. ; John P. Joralemon, of New Jersey, G. W. A. ; J. W. Oliver, G. W. S., together with the minor officers, and the Order was fully equipped for the work in hand. Some time in the spring of 1843, a number of persons, formerly connected with the Rechabites in Boston, dissatisfied in some respects with that organization, withdrew from it. But, desiring some similar method of promoting the temperance cause, they were ready to join any movement to that end. Not long did they wait. Very soon Ephraim L. Snow, a former resident of Boston, and an officer of the New York Grand Division, came to Massa- chusetts, and on May 14th, 1843, at Rechabite Hall, instituted Washington Division No. i. Sons of Temperance. It was composed of the following persons : C. W. Dennison, W. Easterbrook, Lewis Boutelle, W. S. Baxter, William Clark, Samuel Ellis, D. W. O'Brien, J. J. Johnson, William R. Stacy, D. S. Tarr, R. K. Potter, W. E. Mellish and Insley Jewett, who were the petitioners for a charter. The officers elected and installed were, W. S. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 59 Baxter, W. P. ; William R. Stacy, W. A. ; Samuel Ellis, R. S. ; W. Easterbrook, F. S. ; Lewis Boutelle, Treasurer. The meetings were subsequently held at Rechabite Hall, corner of Court and Cornhill streets. Not long after the institution of this Divis- ion, one of the Rechabite Tents gave up its charter and most of its members joined the Division. In a few monthj much of the interest subsided, and the Division became so financially embarrassed that less expensive rooms were taken. The meetings were thinly attended, and much opposition to them was manifested by the Washingtonians and some relig- ious bodies. But in spite of this they finally became an active Division, until some time in the early fall of 1854, their charter was surrendered. C. A. Webster and James Balch, of Salem, having been initiated into the Boston Division, soon after obtained the petition of Henry C. Tuttle and eleven others for the charter of a Division in Salem. The charter was granted, and February 23d, 1844, Hen- field Division No. 2 was instituted by Samuel Ellis, assisted by delegates from Boston. The principal officers were, Henry C. Tuttle, W. R ; James Balch, W. A. ; Caleb A. Webster, R. S. This Division has been a prosperous one, and is still in existence. Boston Division No. 3 was instituted May 22d, by officers of Washington Division No. i, at Wash- ington Hall. Only eight members were in attend- ance, and four of these had withdrawn from the parent Division. The three principal officers were, 60 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Edmund Burke, W. P. ; George W. Appleton, W. A. ; Henry P. Lewis, R. S. This Division struggled with poverty and opposition for nearly a year. For the first six months but few regular meetino-s were held. Sometimes the Division met on the stairs of the hall ; sometimes on the sidewalk in front, with from one to three members present. It afterwards became prosperous and did good work. Its charter was surrendered about the first of June, 1850. Bunker Hill Division No. 4 was organized May 25th, 1844, 3.t Charlestown. Thirteen persons formed the Division, two of whom were from the parent Division. The chief officers were, John H. Scott, W. P. ; Daniel Fosdick, W. A. ; Elijah P. Brigham, R. S. It was quite prosperous for some years, and surrendered its charter in the early part of 1854. A sufficient number of Subordinate Divisions having been formed, Samuel Ellis, J. W. Appleton, William S. Baxter, H. C. Tuttle, E. Burke, William R. Stacy, James Balch, J. H. Scott, William Clark, C. A. Webster, William Easterbrook, David S. Tarr and Daniel Fosdick, petitioned for a charter to open a Grand Division in Massachusetts. The charter was dated June 12th, 1844, and the same day the Grand Division was formed at Rechabite Hall, 75 Court Street. P. W. P. Ellis, having been author- ized to do so, instituted the Grand Division. The following officers were chosen : Samuel Ellis, G. W. P. ; William R. Stacy, G. W^ A. ; Edmund Burke, G. S. ; William Clark, G. T. ; H. C. Tuttle, G. Chap. ; IN MASSACHUSETTS. 6 1 David S. Tarr, G. Con. ; James Balch, G. Sent. The Constitution of the Grand Division of New York, with slight alterations, was temporarily adopted. Voted to meet on the first Mondays of July, October, January and April. G. W. P. Ellis was authorized to act as proxy for the best interests of the Division, &c. G. W. A. Stacy was chosen a representative to the next meeting of the Grand Fountain Head of the Order. At this time there were less than one hundred and forty contributing members in the State. For many years the Order was a beneficiary institution. The Pledge was in these words : '' I, without reserve, solemnly pledge my honor as a man, that I will neither make, buy, sell, nor use as a beverage, any Spirituous or Malt Liquors, Wine or Cider.'' The motto of the Order was " Love, Purity and Fidelity." At the first annual session of the Grand Division in October, 1844, there were eight Subordinate Divisions, and three hundred and eighteen contribu- ting members. The revenue of the Grand Division was $50. All the efforts to spread the Order had been gratuitous. In such a wretched condition were the finances of the Grand Division for the first five quarters, that no quarterly reports were pub- lished for fear of breaking up the Order by exposing its insolvent condition. Private contributions came to the aid of the Grand Division, and at the end of 62 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE sixteen months there was a little surplus in the treasury. At the annual session in October, 1845, there were nineteen Divisions in the State, with about nine hundred and fifty members. At the end of another year the membership had more than doubled. In four years from the organization of Division No. i, there were sixty-three Divisions in the State. From that time to this the Order has had its seasons of prosperity and of adversity. In 1857 the number cf Divisions was reduced to twenty- seven. Then a growth commenced, and the largest number of Divisions (200) was reached in 1861. The largest number of members was in i860, when there were 16,446. Up to October, 1870, four hundred and twenty^eight Divisions, out of five hundred and thirty-nine instituted, had surrendered their charters — on an average of about sixteen jDcr year. A committee of the Grand Division, in January, 1850, reported in favor of the admission of honorary members, and the report was adopted, but we do not learn that such members were ever admitted. Previous to April, 1850, the question of Degrees had been agitated, but the Grand Division declared *'that Degrees are not necessary to the welfare of the Order." This was a very wise and just conclu- sion. In July, 18 4Q, William H. Day, a colored man, w^s admitted to the Grand Division of Ohio, but, at a su"BsequenL nieellng ot the Grand Division, it declared that ''it was contrary to the original intention of the founders of our Order ; socially IN MASSACHUSETTS. 63 wrong to compel the whites to associate with the blacks ; contrary to the highest interests of the Order, and at war with its harmony and prosperity." An appeal was taken to the National Division, which, at its session at Boston in June, 1850, under the gag rule, by a vote of seventy-four yeas to six nays, sustained the action of the Ohio Grand Divi s- ion, and the admission of ne groes was "declared improper and_ _inegal." There w^as only one yea, Samuel Ellis, from Massachusetts. Charles W. Slack, William R. Stacy and William A. White, of IMassachusetts, together with Joshua Nye, Jr., of Maine, Edward P. Hill, of New Hampshire, and Edward Stacy, of Connecticut, voted nay. Subse- quently, Mr. Slack presented an earnest protest against the action of the Grand Division, signed by himself and others. William A. White immediately resigned his position as representative to the National Division. At the July session of the Mas- sachusetts Grand Division, the committee to whom the subject was referred, reported that Massachu- setts ''promptly, fully and expHcitly disavows" the decision of the National Division, and declared that "its action at its last session in reference to negroes is a mere nullity, having no binding force whatever," and thanked the representatives who resisted the unconstitutional endeavor to abridge the rights of subordinates. This report was adopted by a vote of Sy yeas to 10 nays. Thus e mphatically did the jjrand D ivision of Massachusetts "c^ dci i iii the pr cr ^ slaverv action ot the National Division" 64 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE On the nth of June, 1850, during the session of the National Division at Boston, there was a grand demonstration in its honor. Some four oj five thousand persons joined in procession and marched about the city with music and banners. In the afternoon there was lield on the Common a mass meeting. The multitude were addressed by- General S. F. Carey, of Ohio, Rev. T. P. Hunt, of Pa., Philip S. White, of Pa., Rev. John Pierpont, of Mass., William R. Drinkard, of Va., George Cop- way, the Ojibwa Indian Chief, and Dr. Charles Jewett, of Mass. Two great meetings were held in the evening, — one at Tremont Temple, where addresses were made by P. S. White, General Carey, Mr. Copvvay, and others ; the other was held in a Tent, at the Public Garden, where Mr. Van Was;- ner, of N. Y., Mr. McClure, of Me., and others spoke. There was a large social gathering and levee, on the evening of the 12th, at the house of Deacon Moses Grant. After refreshments, Dr. J. C. Warren, President of the Massachusetts Tem- perance Society, made a congratulatory address. He was followed by General Carey, Mr. Parsons, of Ky., Mr. Carpenter, of Eng., Mr. Johnson, of N. B., Rev. T. P. Hunt, and George Hall, of N. Y. A movement was made in 185 1 looking to a union of the Sons with the Cadets, a youths' organization, but it did not succeed. But at the session of the Grand Division in 1854, provision was made whereby young men between the ages of sixteen and eighteen could be admitted to the Order, but with no right IN MASSACHUSETTS. 65 to vote or hold office. The privilege was also given to Subordinate Divisions to admit non-beneficiary members. Lady visitors were also allowed admission, but could not vote or take part in the proceedings. At a later date the Grand Division favored the general admission of ladies, as tending to create a renewed interest in the Order. Subordinate Divis- ions had however the full control of this matter. Soon after the action of the Grand Division relative to the admission of ladies, some of the Divisions ''welcomed them to the worthy," and in 1857 there were 8y6 visitors reported. The largest number of lady visitors at any time was in April, 1861, when there were 22,355. Before the annual session of 1863, the question of admitting ladies to full mem- bership was referred by the Grand Division to the Subordinates. A majority of one favored full mem- bership. A considerable majority favored lady membership without interfering with lady visitors. A majority were opposed to any restrictions upon the ladies holdino- office. Ladies were elected to office previous to October, 1866; for, at the session of the Grand Division that month, Sarah Phillips, W. P. of No. 84, Salem, was initiated, and was probably the first lady Worthy Patriarch of the State. Edwin G. Walker, a colored man, w^as admitted to the Grand Division in October, 1862, whereupon Crystal Fount Division No. 16, of Boston, rebelled, and refused to recognize the Deputy of the Division or the officers of the Grand Division, and soon after 6 66 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE its charter was revoked. In the mean time, Ark of Safety Division No. 82, of Boston, rebelled, and their charter was revoked. These two Divisions resolved themselves into the Independent Order of the Sons of Temperance. In his report to the Grand Division, relative to this rebellion, the G. \V. P., William Mecorny, said, " the time is past when we are to ignore the subject of human rights. If we are required by this Order to trample upon these rights, then I say perish the institution rather than it should do the mean thing." In about a year Crystal Fount Division was reorganized under a new charter. This was not satisfactory to some of the old members, who, in 1875, asked for the return of the original charter. This led to a long and bitter controversy. The Grand Division refused to restore the old charter, and the Division finally acquiesced in the decision. The annual meeting of the Grand Division for many years was held on the third Wednesday of October. But at the October session, 1873, the annual session was changed to April, so that in April, 1 874, a new list of officers was chosen. The work accomplished by this Order has been an incalculable blessing to many who have been saved from a drunkard's fate through its instrumen- tality. It still lives, a beacon light to all who are lost in the mazes of a depraved appetite. A list of the officers of the Grand Division can be found in the published Journals of their proceedings. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 6/ CHAPTER XI. DAUGHTERS OF TEMPERANCE. This organization originated in the City of New- York, where the first union was instituted, October 2 1 St, 1843. It was auxiliary to, or had a close con- nection with, the Sons of Temperance. Mr. D. H. Sands and J. W. Oliver, prominent members of the Sons, assisted in its formation, and w^e presume in some measure prepared the Ritual and Constitution. Soon after, there sprung up a sort of opposition Order, called " The Independent DaiLghUrs of Tem- perance'' The New England Washingtonian of May 31st, 1845, says a society of Washingtonian ladies, calling themselves by the above name, was then in existence, at Salem. They w^ere formed on a plan somewhat similar to the Sons of Temperance — a mutual relief association. The date of its organi- zation, or the names of its officers, is not given. It was probably Independence Division No. i. Sep- tember 26th, 1845, Washington Division No. 2 was instituted at Boston, by Mrs. Jane Dakin, P. S. of Independence Division No. i. Sixteen members w^ere initiated. The three chief officers were, F. N. Getchell, P. S. ; Mrs. R. Wedge, A. S. ; Miss C. M. Abbott, R. S. Union Division No. 4 was organized at Waltham, October 31st, 1845, by Mrs. Dakin. Sixty ladies were present. Mrs. H. N. Jackson was the P. S. ; Mrs. Davis, A. S. ; Miss Sarah Stone, R. S. Martha Washington Division No. 6 was formed 68 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE at Newbuiyport, March 2ist, 1846, by Mrs. Chip- man, and three other ladies of Salem. The chief officers were, Mrs. A. H. Johnson, P. S. ; Mrs. S. Page, A. S. ; Mrs. M. E. Welch, -R. S. Chosen Friends' Division No. 7 was instituted at Spring- field, May, 1846, by Mrs. E. A. French and Miss W. R. Blanchard, of Boston. Mrs. Mary Hankerson was the P. S. ; Miss Mary Dunham, A. S. ; Miss Laura A. Bugbee, R. S. Some other Divisions were formed, but when, especially Nos. 3 and 5, we have no information. In the latter part of 1846, two members of the original New York Union came to Boston, and organized Boston Union No. i, and gave them authority to form other unions in New England. The chief officers were, Mrs. David S. Tarr, Mrs. E. T. Kingsley and Mrs. John F. Coles, who was Secretary. Crystal Fount Union No. 2 was insti- tuted at East Cambridge, January 7th, 1S47, ^J fourteen members of the Boston Union. Mrs. Wat- son B. Hastings was P. S. ; Mrs. Horatio Hovey, A. S. ; Mrs. Lewis Daily, R. S. Mrs. D. S. Tarr, Mrs. E. T. Kingsley and Mrs. J. F. Coles organized Olive Branch Union No. 3, at Plymouth, February 8th, 1847. There were sixteen applicants for the charter. Chief officers, Mrs. Betsey Bradford, P. S. ; Mrs. Cordelia H. May, A. S. ; Mrs. Charlotte C. Sylvester, R. S. Mrs. Emeline Gardner and Mrs. Piercy, of the New York Grand Union, assisted by Mrs. Blackmar and Mrs. Hankerson, instituted Seconet Union No. 4, at Charlestown, February IN MASSACHUSETTS. 69 I2tli, 1847. There were forty applicants for the charter. The chief officers were, Susan S. Stetson, P. S. ; Nancy D. Hoit, A. S. ; Sarah G. Keyes, R. S. Probably measures had previously been taken for the formation of a State Grand Union ; and such a Union was organized, at Boston, February 15th, 1847, we presume by Mrs. Gardner and Mrs. Piercy, of New York. Mrs. Lydia B. Macy, of Nantucket, was chosen G. P. S., and Mrs. Eliza J. Blackmar, G. S. S. The accounts we have gathered from the news- papers are somewhat confusing, doubtless owing to there being two separate organizations in existence at the same time. '' The Excelsior,'' of April 15th, 1847, I'eports the following Unions, viz. : Nantucket No. I, of Nantucket ; Pleasant No. 2, of New Bed- ford ; Chosen Friends No. 3, of Springfield ; Seconet No. 4, of Charlestown ; Lady Washington No. 5, of Boston ; Waltham No. 6, of Waltham ; Chelsea No. 7, of Chelsea ; Crystal Fount No. 8, of Boston. This would seem to indicate that some of both Orders had come under the jurisdiction of the Grand Union. After the formation of the Grand Union, we presume efforts were made to unite all the daughters under its authority, so as to put an end to all rivalry. Hence at the annual session in Octo- ber, 1848, W. P. S. Lewis, of the National Union, which was formed in April, in 1848, was allowed to make a statement relating to the " Original Daugh- ters of Temperance." Also, Sister Rich, of the New York Grand Union, was granted liberty of JO HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE speech, and stated that the original Daughters of Temperance of Massachusetts desired to come under the jurisdiction of the Grand Union. It was then voted to receive them on the same terms as new Unions ; that their past presiding officers be initia- ted into the Grand Union when the Union decided to become Subordinate. During the session, B. C. Kingsley, S. W. Tarr, A. G. Hawkins and S. A. Davis, of Boston Union No. i, were admitted to the Grand Union. The East Cambridge Union also asked admission, which was granted. Although the Grand Union of New York, which had previously been the head of the Order, was represented in the convention that formed the National Union, they soon after assumed that the National Union was not legally organized, and there- fore they were still the lawful head. The National Union, in September, 1849, ^^^^ forth a circular proving, we think, that they were properly organi- zed. The National Division of the Sons of Tem- perance recognized them as the legal head. The Grand Union of Massachusetts, in July, 1848, unani- mously accepted the National Union as the authori- tative head. And yet the matter was not definitely settled, for the Grand Union of IMassachusetts, in July, 185 1, had the question under discussion whether they should declare themselves independent of the National Union. But this project was withdrawn at the October session of the same year. This seems to have ended the trouble. Soon after the admis- sion of lady visitors to the Sons, in 1854, the Order IN MASSACHUSETTS. 7 1 of the Daughters of Temperance became practically extinct. The object of the Daughters was ''to im- prove the moral and social condition, and elevate the female character ; and by a unity of cooperation, advance the cause of '* Virtue, Love and Temper- ance' [which was their motto], "and provide for the hour of sickness and misfortune." Their Pledcfc was : " No sister shall make, buy, sell or use as a beverage any Spirituous or Malt Liquors, Wine or Cider, but shall in all ways discountenance the use of them in the community." Constitutionally no person could become a mem- ber under fifteen years of age, and all candidates must sign a certificate of good health, it being a benefit institution. It took counsel of the Sons in the management of its affairs. Something more than fifty unions were formed, with a membership at one time of nearly two thousand. The leading officers of the Grand Union, in 1848, were, Lydia B. Macy, G. P. S., and Mercy J. Dunklee, G. S. S. ; in 1849, Anna B. Richardson, G. P. S., and M. J. Dunklee, G. S. S. ; in 1850, Susan S. Stetson, G. P. S., and M. J. Dunklee, G. S. .S ; in 1851, Jane C. Pond, G. P. S., and M. J. Dunklee, G. S. S. ; in 1852, Louisa Gleason, G. P. S., and Caroline M. Crane, G. S. S. ; in 1853, Margaret S. Bullard, G. P. S., and M. J. Dunklee, G. S. S. Mrs. Lydia B. Macy and Eliza J. Blackmar were delegates at the formation of the National Union, ^2 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE and Mrs. Macy was elected Treasurer. The dele- gates, in 1849, were, Mrs. Macy, A. B. Richardson and M. J. Dunklee ; in 1850, Mrs. Macy, A. B. Richardson, S. S. Stetson and M. J. Dunklee; in 185 1, Mrs. Macy, A. B. Richardson, M. J. Dunklee, S. S. Stetson and J. E. Pond. We have found no later lists of delegates, but i^resume they must have been chosen. These are all the facts we have been able to gather relative to the Order. Some persons who had doc- uments that would have helped us, could not find time to hunt them up, and hence our account is more meaore than it otherwise would have been. CHAPTER XII. THE TEMPLE OF HONOR. Some prominent members of the Sons of Tem- perance were the originators of the Templars of Honor and Temperance, and they intended to make it a further development of their Order. While the members were to be strictly pledged to temperance, it was thought that by the incorporation of other features into the organization, the fraternal relations could be strengthened and greater benefits derived than were possible with any society where total abstinence was not a fundamental principle. IN iSIASSACHUSETTS. 73 The first Society was instituted in the City of New York, on the 5th of December, 1845, consist- ing of A. D. Wilson, R. T. Trail, and forty-three others, all of whom were Sons of Temperance. They took the name of Marshall Temple No. i Sons of Temperance. John Murphy was chosen Worthy Chief Templar ; John A. May, W. V. Tem- plar ; and P. L. P. Durando, Worthy Recorder. Negotiations were carried on for two or three years to induce the Sons of Temperance to adopt the Temple of Honor as an official branch of their organization, and that none but Sons of Temper- ance were to be connected with it. But the Sons finally decided not to accept them as an integral part of their Order, and in 1849 ^^^ connection with the Sons was severed, and the Order became entirely independent. The officers, under different names, were similar to those of the Order to which the original members belonged. No one could hold an elective of^ce wdio w^as under twenty-one years of age. Every member, in case of sickness, w^as enti- tled to benefits, and also in case of death to a funeral benefit. The Temple could not dissolve itself so long as ten members opposed such action. No per- son, except white males of good character, eighteen years of age and upwards, was eligible to member- ship. Thus women and the colored people were excluded from membership. The Pledge was in these words : " We will not make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any Spirituous or Malt Liquors, Wine or Cider, or any 74 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Other Alcoholic beverage, whether enumerated or not; but will use all honorable nieans to prevent their manu- facture or sale, or the traffic therein, and this pledge we will keep and maintain inviolate." The Pledge was made life-long, in 1848, by adding these words, ''to the end of life." A belief in the existence of God was made a condition of member- ship. In addition to the initiatory degree, in the subordinate Temples, three other degrees were created, "Love, Purity and Fidelity." Several Subordinate Temples having been organi- zed, the Grand Temple of New York was instituted January i6th, 1846, with R. T. Trail as G. W. Tem- plar, E. Winchester G. \V. V. Templar, and Luke Hassert G. W. Recorder. Five Grand Temples hav- ing been formed, viz.. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts and Ohio, a National or- ganization was effected November 5th, 1846, with A. D. Wilson as Most Worthy Templar, T. L. Murphy M. W. V. Templar, and R. T. Trail as M. W. Recorder. In 1852, the name was changed from the National Temple to the Supreme Council of the Templars of Honor and Temperance. In 1850 arrangements were made for the admis- sion of white females, sixteen years of age and upwards, and all Templars in regular standing were eligible to what was called the "Social Temple." Eventually the Social Degree Temple was formed, composed of those who were members of the Social Temple and in possession of the Social Degree of Fidelity. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 75 The department, called the Council, is composed of those possessing the degree of Select Templar, and are active members of a Subordinate Temple. The Grand Council is composed of acting and past Chiefs of Council. The Grand Temple has for its membership all acting and past W. C. Templars of Subordinate Temples. In addition to this there is what is called the ** Inner Temple" of the Grand Temple, consisting of the Grand Temple members, who are alsu members of the Social Degree Temples, and past Sister-Presiding Templars. This depart- ment has the control of all matters relating to the Social Temples. The National or Supreme Temple consists of such acting and past G. W. T.'s and acting and past G. W. V. T.'s as are annually chosen from the several Grand Temples, as representatives to the Supreme Head of the Order. There are also three degrees of the Council, viz.. Tried, Approved and Select Templars, adopted in 1850. In the Social Temple there are the three degrees of Love, Equality and Fidelity, adopted in 1855. Thus this Order presents the most intricate com- bination of machinery of any temperance organiza- tion within the State. Whether all is necessary to promote tlie temperance cause each one must judge for himself. The ritual of the Order and the constitutions have been changed and perfected from time to time as circumstances seemed to require. The motto of Subordinate Temples is, '' Truth, Love, Purity and Fidelity;" of the Councils, ^'Jus- j6 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE tice, Truth and Mercy ; " of Social Temples, '' Love, Equality and Fidelity." Some of the Sons of Temperance of Massa- chusetts having learned of the existence of the Temple of Honor at New York, Mr. Alexander T. Wilkinson and nineteen others signed a petition for a charter, and Mr. Wilkinson took the petition to New York, and on February 20th, 1 846, was duly initiated into Marshall Temple of Honor No. i. He then presented the petition for a Temple in Massa- chusetts, which was granted, and he was deputized to open Trimount Temple No. i of Massachusetts. He instituted the Temple, February 28th, 1846, at Union Hall, Boston. The officers elected were, William R. Stacy, W. C. T.; William Clark, W. V. T. ; G. Whistler Marsh, W. R. ; John F. Coles, W. A. R. ; John Ackers, W. F. R. ; David S. Tarr, W. Treasurer ; Hubbard W. Swett, W. U. ; S. N. Skin- ner, W. D. U. ; Joseph Swett, W. G. ; R. H. Tower, W. S. ; A. T. Wilkinson, P. W. C. T. The members of the Temple determined to extend the Order and secure a Grand Temple as soon as possible. Essex Temple No. 2 was instituted, at Salem, April 6th, 1846, by William R. Stacy and the offi- cers of Trimount Temple, of Boston. The principal officers were, C. A. Webster, W. C. T. ; J. N. Fel- ton, W. V. T. ; D. R. Peabody, W. R. United Brothers No. 3 was organized, at Spring- field, April 8th, 1846, by William R. Stacy. The IN MASSACHUSETTS. "JJ officers were, G. W. Wilson, W. C. T. ; W. Ilanker- son, W. V. T., and E. S. Jenks, W. R. Washington Temple No. 4 was instituted, at Bos- ton, April 4th, 1846, by William R. Stacy, assisted by the officers and members of Trimount Temple. The officers were, J. Brown, W. C. T. ; M. Allen, W^ V. T.; A. Bickford, W. R. Friendship Temple No. 5 was organized, at South Boston, April 27th, 1846, by William R. Stacy and members of Trimount Temple. The officers were, James E. ]\Iiller, W. C. T. ; , Appleton, W. V. T. ; John Hovey, W. R. Nazarite Temple No. 6, of New Bedford, was in- stituted June 23d, 1846, by William R. Stacy. The officers were, David Sylvester, W. C. T. ; Elisha W. Kempton, W. V. T., and David Sylvester, Jr.,W. R. A sufficient number of Subordinate Temples hav- ino- been formed, a charter was secured from the Grand Temple of New York for the opening of a Grand Temple in Massachusetts. It was dated July 14th, 1846, and the Grand Temple was insti- tuted Jiily 1 6th, at Boston, by D. G. W. C. Templar John Murphy of New York. The officers elected were, A. T. Wilkinson, G. W. T. ; David Sylvester, G. W. V. T. ; Henry Taylor, G. W. R. ; John Brown, G. W. Treasurer ; George W. Wilson, G. W. U. ; R. E. Tarrant, G. W. G. ; William Clark, P. G. W. T. Who was chosen Grand Chaplain does not appear. Mr. A. T. Wilkinson, who instituted the first Temple in the State, who was the first G. W. Tern- 7^ HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE plar, and the first representative to the National Temple, was in 1886 the only one of the original members of the Order in Massachusetts then con- nected with it. We have not been furnished with information that would enable us to give a history of the Grand Temple of Massachusetts since its organization. But like all the other societies it has doubtless had its seasons of prosperity as well as of adversity. We regret that a history of the Order, by one of its officers, that was promised us, was not furnished. Trimount Temple No. i is still, 1886, in existence. In 1885 there were in Massachusetts forty-five Temples, with a membership of one thousand seven hundred and thirty-three ; also, eighteen Councils and thirteen Social Temples. CHAPTER XIII. THE CADETS OF TEMPERANCE. We have been unable to secure as definite infor- mation relative to the " Cadets" as we desired. But such facts as we have been able to glean from vari- ous sources, we here present, yet they may not be perfectly reliable. It is stated that this Order orig- inated at Catasanqua, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1845, and was originally called the ''Juvenile Sons IN MASSACHUSETTS. 79 of Temperance," and was designed to be under the supervision of that organization. Soon after, a similar society was started at Philadelphia and Ger- mantown, and was soon brought to the notice of the Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance of Penn- sylvania, and the name of Cadets of Temperance was subsequently taken. In December, 1846, W. H. Stokes, of Germantown, prepared a Blue-book, Constitution, &c., and regular work was commenced. In January, 1847, R. M. Foust and William A. McKee took hold of the movement, and gave it a new impulse. At a somewhat later period the different sections that had been instituted united and adopted Mr. Stokes's plan. The organization embraced young men between the ages of twelve and eighteen, and no one could remain a member after he w^as eighteen. A Grand Section was instituted, at Philadelphia, Februar}^ 22d, 1847, which exercised authority as the supreme head of the Order until the formation of the National Section. The Pledge was in these words : " I do sincerely promise that I will not make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any Spirituous or Malt Liquors, Wine or Cider ; and that I will abstain en- tirely from the use of Tobacco, in every form, as long as I remain a member of the Order." The organization of the Cadets was introduced into Massachusetts by Philip S. White, M. W., Patriarch of the Sons of Temperance, during his So HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE visit to the State in 1847, when he instituted Tri- Mountain Section No i, at Boston. Neilson Sec- tion No. 2 was shortly afterwards formed, at Salem. Other sections were subsequently organized, but we have no definite information about them. Twenty- three Sections were reported in existence in ]\Iay, 1848. Each Section elected annually an officer called Worthy Patron, who was a member of the Sons of Temperance in good standing. This offi- cer was cx-officio the head of the Section, and was empowered to make such decisions as he deemed needful to promote the good of the Order. He could call to his assistance two other Sons of Tem- perance. In 1850, there were four Sections in Boston, one of which was composed of colored youth. The Order probably had a prosperous be- ginning, for we learn that about the year 1850, William R. Stacy was instrumental in placing the Cadets upon a good foundation, having succeeded in organizing over sixty Sections in the course of two years. But at no distant period most of them had been disbanded for the want of proper help and encouragement. Fisher A. Kingsbury, of Wey- mouth, seems to have been greatly interested in the success of the Cadets, and the Section, of which he was the Patron, was one of the last to surrender its charter. In i860 the Order was revived and flourished for a time, but never regained its former prosperity in the State. And very soon after the admission of young men under eighteen years of age to the IN MASSACHUSETTS. 8 1 Sons of Temperance, the Order became extinct or nearl}^ so. The Grand Section was organized, at Boston, June 3d, 1848, of which the officers were, William R. Stacy, G. P. ; Rev. J. T. Adams, G. V. P. ; Luke P. Lincoln, G. S. ; E. P. Brigham, G. T. ; John Warner, G. C. ; Jonathan Wright, G. G. ; S. E. Packard, G. W. CHAPTER XIV. THE CRUSADERS OF TEMPERANCE. It appears that on the first of October, 1847, application was made by a large number of indi- viduals, of Boston, to the Grand Temple of Honor for a charter to form a new Temple. The charter committee refused to grant the charter. The peti- tioners met on the 29th of October and adopted a form of organization, and took the name of the '* Cochituate Brotherhood." Edwin A. Wadleigh was elected President, and W. E. Kingman, Secre- tary ; and regular meetings were held for some weeks. Li the mean time a committee was appointed to confer with the officers of the Grand Temple, relative to the charter, and they had assurances that their petition for a charter would be acted upon previous to December 24th. This was not done, 82 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE and hence on that date the petitioners voted to withdraw the application, and passed a series of resolutions denouncing the treatment they had re- ceived. They also decided to form an independent organization, and committees on work and regalia- were appointed. Mr. Wadleigh, December 31st, sent a letter resigning his office as President and as chairman of the committee on work. J. W. Millar was chosen President in his stead, and other vacan- cies were filled. A Constitution was reported at a meeting, January 7th, 1848. The committee on work, consisting of George B. Parrott, J. E. Paine and W. E. Kingman, on February 4th, 1848, insti- tuted ^^ CocJdttiate Brotherhood'' No. i, of the Order of the Crusaders of Temperance. The elective officers were ten in number, and the appointed five. The first four officers were George B. Parrott, C, K. ; Joseph E. Paine, A. C. K. ; John W. T. Stod- der, K. of C. ; W. E. Kingman K. of W. The meaning of these initials is a mystery to us. At first, membership with the Sons of Temperance was made a pre-requisite to admission to their ranks. But this was subsequently not required. Trancred Brotherhood No. 2 was formed at Taun- ton, May 4th (.?), by George B. Parrott, S. C. K., as- sisted by members of the Cochituate Brotherhood, of Boston. The first four officers were, E. T. Wilson, C. K. ; George H. Babbitt, A. C. K. ; G. E. Shattuck, K. of C, and A. A. Leach, K. of W. Wessacumcon Brotherhood No. 3, located at Newburyport, was chartered before March 24th, IN MASSACHUSETTS. 83 1849, ^^^ ^^'^s soon organized. The four chief offi- cers were, Moses E. Cook, C. K. ; John G. Pearson, A. C. K. ; Augustus Safford, K. of C, and Samuel Brookings, K. of W. We have learned nothing more ^concerning the Order, but we presume that it had a short life and died for want of popularity. CHAPTER XV. THE TEMPERANCE WATCHMEN. This association of teetotalers had its origin in the town of Durham, Maine, and was born in April, 1849. ^^ ^v^s a Secret Order, and ten members were necessary to form a Club. They had no initia- tion fees or regular dues. But assessments upon members were made as needed to meet the current expenses. The object was to encourage and assist the drunkard to give up his cups, and also to sup- port and enforce the law prohibiting the sale of liquors. The first Club formed in Massachusetts appears to have been at Chelsea, but the date is unknown. Twenty Clubs were reported in March, 1852, located in the following places, viz. : Chelsea, two in Boston, Canton, East Cambridge, Lowell, Fair- haven, New Bedford, Natick, Worcester, Charles- 84 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE town, Salem, Lynn, Wilmington, Westfield, Law- rence, Stoughton, Sherburne, Sterling and Belcher- town. Their Pled2:e was in these words : " I solemnly promise, on my sacred word and honor, without any equi^i'ocation or mental reservation, that I will not use Intoxicating Liquors, henceforth and for- ever, except in accordance w^th the known opinion of learned and temperance physicians, of the present day ; and I furthermore promise that I will use my best en- deavors to discourage the manufacture, sale and use of Alcoholic beverages." The last of July, 1852, George W. Bungay, George T. Fobes and E. W. Jackson, in an address to the people, called upon the various existing temperance organizations for support. A convention of Watch- men Clubs was held in Boston, October 5th, 1852, of which J. H. Blackman was President and S. B. Weston Secretary. A committee, relative to the extension of the Order, recommended that a lecturer be employed to organize Clubs, and that a depot for the sale of the necessary supplies be opened in Boston. They declared that every true friend of the cause should labor politically and otherwise to secure the full triumph of prohibition ; that the Watchmen were calculated to promote the tem- perance cause and sustain the Anti-Liquor Law. A State Committee of J. H. Blackman, J. N. Peck, William H. Brewster, George W. Bungay, S. B. Weston, Artemas L. Chase and J. W. Goodrich were chosen. The Order probably did not have a long life. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 85 CHAPTER XVI. THE CARSON LEAGUE. This "League" was organized for the purpose of exterminating the grog-shops and of overthrowing the Hquor traffic,, by combining the money, political and judiciary power of the State against the great enemy of humanity. This was to be done through the ballot box in all the towns and cities, if possible, by the election of men to office who were opposed to the legal sale of alcoholic drinks. Each member gave his note for the amount he was willing to be assessed — paying a certain percentage of it each year. Thus the necessary funds to carry on the operations of the. Society were to be secured. The originator of the League, we are told, was T. L. Carson, of Elbridge, N. Y. And from him came the name. The League is supposed to have been introduced into Massachusetts, in 185 1, but how numerous was the organization or of how long con- tinuance we have no definite information. We pre- sume it w^as not received with much favor here, and soon ceased to exist. It may, perhaps, have sug- gested the idea of the million dollar fund for the suppression of the liquor traffic, of which we shall speak hereafter. S6 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER XVII. THE PROHIBITORY LA^AT. Soon after the organization of the Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, in 1813, an auxiliary society was formed, at Danvers, which in 1825 took the name of the ''Danvers Moral Society;''' and in 1830, it chose a committee of five to memoriahze the Legislature to alter the existing laws concerning licenses. The memorial was referred to the judi- ciary committee, and some modification of the law was the result. The House of Representatives, May 30th, 1 83 1, chose a committee "to consider the propriety of revising the laws of the Common- wealth relative to licenses for the sale of liquors." This is believed to have been the first legislative committee ever appointed on the liquor law. The town of Danvers, March 4th, 1833 — " Voted, that it is not expedient to license the sale of Ardent Spirits within the town, and that the select- men be hereby instructed to withhold their approbation of such licenses." This vote was written and introduced by Samuel P. Fowler, who, in 1886, was living at the age of eighty-seven years. It was stated at the centennial celebration of the town, in 1852, that, "Danvers was the first town that took action, in its corporate capacity, against licensing the sale of intoxicating IN MASSACHUSETTS. 8/ liquors." This, however, is not true, for the town of Easton, in March, 1830" — "Voted, that the selectmen shall not approbate any person to sell distilled Spirits in town ; " and may therefore have been the first town to take such action. As early as 1832, the sale of ardent spirits was prohibited in Barnstable, Bristol and Plymouth counties, by the County Commissioners, in whom was then vested the power to grant licenses. This was the voice of the people, expressed through the ballot box, by the election of Commissioners op- posed to license.* In the winter of 1833, ^ petition was presented to the Legislature asking for a stat- ute " Prohibiting the traffic in ardent spirits in the Commonwealth, under such penalties as [the Gen- eral Court in their] wisdom should judge proper." The petitioners say such a law " Would be produc- tive of the highest and best interests of the Com- monwealth." The Legislature failed to enact the desired law. At a convention in Worcester, July 1st, 1834, these resolutions, presented by ''Mr. Bolles," were unanimously adopted : " That the traffic in Ardent Spirits is morally wrong, and ought to be neither licensed nor tolerated by law. That all license laws ought to be repealed, and the sale of Ardent Spirits made a penal oflence." * Thomas Weston, Jared Whitman and John CoUamore of Plymouth, are reported to have been the first Commissioners to refuse licenses. 88 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Again, at a convention, in Boston, February 2ist, 1838, it was declared that the hcensing of the sale of liquors ought to be discontinued, and that legis- lation should defend the community from the evils of license. Thus the opposition to the legal sale of intoxi- cating drinks continued to increase to such an extent, that, in 1837, there were six of the fourteen counties in the State where no licenses were grant- ed.* Other counties soon followed in this move- ment, until 1847, when prohibition prevailed almost through the entire State. In May, of that year, licenses were refused in the city of Boston, by the casting vote of the mayor, the Hon. Josiah Ouincy, Jr. The next year licenses were again refused in the city. The aldermen of Boston, on the fourth of March, 1849, by a unanimous vote declared against licenses, — the mayor, Hon. J. P. Bigelow, being alone in their favor. The temperance sentiment was almost a unit in favor of prohibition, and men of all parties voted in support of such a measure. Thus the way was prepared for the adoption of a prohibitory law soon after it was enacted in Maine. At a County Convention, held September 9th, 1 85 1, in Newburyport, Rev. Thomas W. Higginson, of that city, presented a resolution, that was adopted, * At a Convention in Concord, Middlesex County, October 17th, 1837, thirty towns being represented, it was voted " to nominate a list of candi- dates for County Commissioners who think the public good does not require the sale of Ardent Spirits in the County." And Joel Fuller, of Newton, Joel Adams, of Townsend, and William Livingston, of Lowell were nominated. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 89 proposing to address a circular to the leading tem- perance men of Maine, inquiring as to the residts of prohibition in that State. Mr. Higginson was the chairman of the committee of inquiry. Other parties of the State immediately took action, and a State Convention, to consider the matter, was held at Worcester, October ist, 185 1, at which there were about eight hundred delegates. Hon. Nathaniel P. Banks, Jr. was chosen President. This large convention "decided, by a rising and unanimous vote," that the principles of the "Maine Law" must sooner or later be legislatively adopted, and practically applied for the suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops in the Commonwealth. A plan of operations to bring about such a result was adopted. A State Central Committee of nine was appointed to have a general supervision of the matter. Two delegates from each County were chosen to cooperate with the central board. One or more persons in each town were to be selected to assist in the circulation of petitions to the General Court, and also of documents throughout the State in favor of a prohibitory law. The petition to the Legislature was readily signed by the leading citizens and others of the State. As a specimen of the interest manifested we will state that the petition from Worcester was ninety-four feet long, and contained the names of two thousand two hundred and twenty legal voters, and three thousand eight hundred and ninety-three others. Most of the petitions having been returned to head- 90 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE quarters, at Boston, a convention was held in Tremont Temple, of that city, January 2ist, 1852, for. the purpose of presenting the mammoth petition to the Legislature. The petition contained 133,312 names, asking for the abolition of the " drinking houses and tippling shops," at the head of which stood the honored name of Hon. George N. Briggs, late Governor of the State. Hon. Asahel Huntington, of Salem, was the President of the Convention. After some rousing speeches, a procession was formed under the direction of Colonel Robert Cowden, and started for the State House. It was headed by a large ''Jenny Lind" sleigh, drawn by four horses, carrying the petition and the presentation com- mittee, with a banner inscribed, " T/ie voice of MassacJmsctts,'' " 130,000 petitioners for the Maine Law." There were about five thousand persons in the procession, marching four abreast, consisting of the Central C ommittee, the Grand Division of th e Sons of Temperance, Sub ordinate Divisions of tlie Sons of Temperance, a nd other Ten2perance organ- iz ations, with ba nngrs and musi^c. At half-past twelve, P. M., the procession halted in front of the State House, and amid the chaers of the thousands who filled every available space around the building, the petition was carried into the Representatives' Hall and placed in front of the Speaker's desk. Unanimous leave was granted for the immediate presentation of the petition, which was done by Horace E. Smith, of Chelsea, in a very appropriate speech. It was referred to a joint special commit- IN MASSACHUSETTS. 9 1 tee of three from the Senate and seven from the House. The Convention then returned to Tremont Temple, where congratulatory addresses were made by various speakers. After the presentation of the monster petition, others in its aid came in nntil the whole number "Amounted tO^^ lmnrl- nnf> hnnrlrprl nnrl riyty thounanj^]^ of whi ch nearly seventy-five t housand were legal ^^^voteiiS— , ~~ " ■ A bill, embodving the pr inciples of the *' Maine L a\v." was subsequently reported, and passed th e House in April, by a vote of 230 to 1 26. There was a disagreement between the two houses about referring it to the people. But in May it passed both houses, referring it to the people, without the secret ballot, and it was consequertly vetoed by the Governor, Hon. George S. Boutwell, who desired the secret ballot. After some disagreement, the Legislature passed a new bill, without the clause referring it to the people, to go into effect in sixty days. The final vote was, in the House, 187 yeas and 164 nays. In the Senate the vote stood 21 yeas and 14 nays. It was approved by the Governor, May 22d, 1852, and took effect the following July. The m a j ri tv of the Leo;islature, passing the law,' was C^mp ojgd of D(?"''orrr1^'^ and Free Soilers. A convention was held, at Worcester, on the 23d and 24th days of the following June, to strengthen the sentiment in its favor, and it issued an address to the people, wherein they beg the friends in the 92 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE State to cast their votes only for persons pledged to the support of the law. They say — "The cause demands that we send no men to the Legislature who will not cast aside party ties where they may conflict with the interests of temperance." Of course there was a vigorous opposition to the law by the friends of strong drink. An attempt wQg ]-|-,rir1p in tji ^ Legislature of iS^;^ to repeal the law, but it failed. Li the fall of iS^^ the four can- ^I ^idates fo r GoverUiTT were questioned relative to their te mperance principles. All we re c^ilprrt^ vn- cluding Henry Wilson, the Free Soil candidate. Another unsuccessful attempt to repeal the law was made in the winter of 1854. The vote on repeal was 80 yeas and 183 nays. But very soon after this, action the Supreme Court of the State rendered a decision, which, while it sustained the search and seizure clause of the fourteenth section of the law, declared that the manner of enforcing this clause was unconstitutional, because it did not give the defendant a fair trial. Immediately after this decision was rendered, an attempt was made to amend the law so as to conform to the Court's de- cision, but the Senate opposed it. The following Legislature of 1855 was controlled by the ''Know- Nothing" or American party. A new liquor bill was presented to them and passed with only a few dissenting votes in the House, and without a divis- ion in the Senate, and went into effect on the 20th of May, in that year. Several able lawyers were employed in the framing of the bill. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 93 This law in all its features was sustained in the Courts, but there was a resolute opposition to it in the State. The more thoroughly it was executed the stronger was the opposition. A bill for the better enforcement of the law passed the Legisla- ture in 1864, but was vetoed by Governor Andrew. The next year the Constablery bill, a pet measure of Governor Andrew, became a law, and under the direction of the Chief Constable, the rumsellers were driven into close quarters. Hence in the win- ter of 1867, when nearly all the dram-shops in the State were closed, a determined effort was made to break down the law. Under the lead of Alpheus Hardy, a prominent Republican and Churchmem- ber, a large number of petitions were sent to the Legislature asking for "a judicious License Law, for the regulation and control of the sale of spiritu- ous and fermented liquors in the Commonwealth." There were 62,341 remonstrants against Mr. Hardy's petition.* A hearing on the question of repeal was had before a legislative committee, commencing February 19th, and continuing until April 3d, there being twenty-seven hearings. The friends of repeal employed, at great cost, Ex-Governor John A. Andrew and Hon. Linus Child, as counsel. The opposition to repeal was gratui- tously managed by William B. Spooner, Esq. and Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D. A majority of the com- * This was the statement of the Temperance Alliance. The liquor committee say there were 34,963 legal voter petitioners, and 25,863 legal voter remonstrants, and 14,471 women and non-voters. 94 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE mittee reported a bill in favor of license. Two or three minority reports were made. On the question of the repeal of the law, there was a majority of ninety-seven in the House against it. Thus the desperate efforts of the rum power were defeated. But the opp osition to the law rallied their forces, "and tormed an al liance of Republicans and Demo- crats, known as the T. L. JL. or .Personai I.iberty" J.e^^ornp^ They carried the matter into the fall elec-" tion, voting- only for those favorable to repeal, and thus secured a majority of the Legislature of 1 868, opposed to the law ; and it was repealed during the session of the General Court of that year, and a license law was substituted. But so odious was the enactment of the license law that Governor Bullock refused to sign it, but allowed it to become a law. He characterized it as *' destructive to the influence of the family and fireside ; adverse to good morals ; and repugnant to the religious sentiment of the community." The law was repealed because it was enforced, and not because it was a dead letter. The legislature that removed it from the statute book was morally and intellectually weak. The Spring- field Republican said it was "rank with the odor of corruption." The license law was unpopular, and was repealed the next year, and a modified prohibi- tory law was enacted instead — cider being exempt from its provisions. Under the lead of several prom- inent temperance men and jDoliticians, the law in 1870 was further modified so as to allow the sale of beer, &c., unless an express vote to the contrary IN MASSACHUSETTS. 95 was passed by the several towns in the State. The law was again changed in 187 r so that beer could not be sold unless the towns voted "yes." The ale, porter and beer clause of the law was repealed in 1873, but the sale of cider was still allowed, though not to be drunk on the premises. A license bill passed in 1874, but was vetoed by the acting Gov- ernor, Thomas Talbot. The followinsf autumn Mr. Talbot was a candidate for the office of Governor, but enough Republicans voted for William Gaston, a Democrat, to elect him. And when the Legislature, then elected, took their seats, in 1875, the present license law was enacted and went into operation on the first of May in that year. It has proved to be as destructive to the good influences of home and sound morals as Gov- ernor Bullock declared such a law would be. And similar results will surely continue so long as the sale of alcoholic liquor is legalized by the State. CHAPTER XVIII. STATE LIQUOR AGENCY. By a law, enacted in 1855, the Governor was re- quired to appoint a State Agent, w^hose place of business should be in Boston, to keep and sell pure liquors to the several town agents, and to them only, 9^ HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE for medicinal and mechanical purposes. A heavy penalty was provided for the adulteration of the liquors in the agency, or for selling to other than town or city agents. In the spring of 1858 it be- came necessary to fill a vacancy that had arisen in the office of the Agent. It was rumored that the Governor intended to appoint to the position Mr. George P. Burnham, who had become quite noto- rious by the publication of a book relative to the " Heji Fever,'' wherein, according to the Temper- ance Visitor, he exulted *'unblushingly over the manner in which he had humbugged the com- munity." Consequently he was not deemed, by the friends of temperance, a suitable person to take charge of the agency where there was so great an opportunity for fraud. The State Temperance Committee sent a delegation of its members to wait upon the Governor relative to the appointment. They reported on the seventh of April, 1858, ''that they had waited upon Governor Banks, in relation to said agency, and that he stated he would not do any thing in relation to the agency which would injure the temperance cause; and would not appoint a man who would not be as satisfactory to the tem- perance committee as the one who had held the office." But subsequently he appointed Mr. Burn- ham, in opposition to the wishes of the temper- ance people. In a few months after his appointment, rumors of irregularity in the agency were afloat, and the State Committee took measures to ascertain IN MASSACHUSETTS. 97 whether the agency was entitled to public con- fidence. The sub-committee, to whom the matter was referred, reported September ist, 1858, that they had called upon Mr. Burnham and found noth- ing very suspicious ; and that the opportunities for deception were less than they had expected. But during the extra session of the Legislature, in the fall of 1859, the Commissioner was charged with malfeasance in office, and an order of inquiry was introduced into the House October 28th of that year, relative to the adulteration of liquors, kept at the State Liquor Agency. A special committee of investigation was appointed, with power to send for persons and papers. They reported November 4th, 1859, that George P. Burnham, the State Commis- sioner for the sale of Liquors, had been summoned before them, but had refused to produce certain books required by the committee. The House ordered him to be arrested to answer for contempt. The Attorney-General was also directed to take legal measures for inspecting the records of the agency, and to prosecute any breach of the law. Burnham was subsequently arraigned at the bar of the House. The Speaker was directed to propound to him certain questions. Permission *was given him to reply in writing, and to employ counsel ; and John A. Andrew managed the case for him. Under his advice, Mr. Burnham refused to produce certain books and papers, which he claimed did not belong to the agency, or Commissioner. Having failed to answer the questions satisfactorily, or to produce 8 98 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the books, he was declared to be in contempt of the House, and the Sergeant-at-Arms (John Morissey), was ordered to commit him to the Suffolk County Jail for twenty-five days, unless he should sooner produce the books and papers called for. He was therefore taken to jail November ninth. But sub- sequently signifying his willingness to produce the books he was again before the House November fifteenth. But when asked if he would produce the books, he answered *'No." He was then returned to jail. A writ of habeas corpus was issued in his favor, but the Supreme Court refused to grant it, holding that he was properly and legally held in custody. On the 23d of November a motion was made in the House to liberate Burnham, but it was lost by a large majority. Sixteen days were spent in the in- vestigation of the matter. The committee reported the facts elicited, and also two bills to amend the law relative to the agency. Charges were brought against Burnham, by the District Attorney of Suffolk, for the adulteration of the liquors of the agency, and he was put under $5,000 bonds to answer to the charges. Some of the indictments were withdrawn and the case w^as continued. Other indictments were subsequently dropped from the docket, and the case ended without a trial. But Burnham was removed from office. The enemies of temperance regarded the agency with suspicion, and there were frequent reports that impure liquors were sold. Some of the town agents would not buy liquors IN MASSACHUSETTS. 99 of the Commissioner, but bought elsewhere a cheaper article ; and this led many not knowing the facts to censure the agency. Several attacks were made upon Mr. Porter, the Commissioner in 1864, but an analysis of the liquors showed the falsity of the charges. Another attempt was made in 1866 to destroy the confidence of the people in the Commissioner, and many behaved there was fraud. But no proof, we think, of such fraud was secured. With the repeal of the prohibitory law, in 1868, the liquor agency came to an end. CHAPTER XIX. THE MILLIOxH DOLLAR FUND. At a State Convention of the friends of prohi- bition, held in Tremont Temple, September 12th and 13th, 1853, Mr. Bravo C. Dunbar, of Easton, submitted the proposition of raising a fund of one million dollars to aid in the enforcement of the law throughout the entire Commonwealth. The propo- sition, at first, was not received with much favor. But subsequently, Mr. Dunbar moved that a com- mittee be appointed to consider the feasibility of his plan. Rev. Edward Otheman, Rev. Edward Beecher, D.D. and Hon. Samuel Hoar constituted lOO HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the committee. The idea seemed to meet with very general favor, and before the adjournment of the convention ten thousand dollars were pledged towards the proposed fund. Moses Mellen, Treas- urer of the State Temperance Committee, was appointed Treasurer of the proposed fund. Mr. Dunbar was appointed agent for raising money in Bristol County. Subscriptions w^ere rapidly received from all parts of the State, and the whole amount required was pledged before the seventh day of February, 1854. The following is the text of the Pledge for raising the money : " For the purpose of paying such expenses as the Massachusetts State Temperance Committee may judge necessary and proper, in order to sustain and enforce the present Liquor Law of this Commonwealth, or any similar Prohibitory Statute, against the traffic in intoxi- Ciiting liquors as a beverage ; and in order otherwise to promote the cause of temperance, as the State Com- mittee may judge best, we, the undersigned, promise and agree to subject to equal assessment, the sums annexed to our names respectively, — the assessment to be made by the Massachusetts State Temperance Com- mittee, — not exceeding one per cent, in any one year, and to be paid, on notice of the assessment, to the Treas- urer of said State Temperance Committee. The engage- ment hereby entered into, by us, not to take effect until the sum of one million dollars, at least, shall have been thus subjected to assessment, and to be terminated at the option of the subscriber, on a year's notice to that effect having been given to the Treasurer of the State Tem- perance Committee, and on the payment of all assess- IN MASSACHUSETTS. lOI ments, no liabilities whatever bein^^ thereafter, by such withdrawing subscriber, on the sum to which he here subscribes : provided nevertheless, that upon the request of persons representing one-tenth of the whole amount subscribed, a meeting of the stockholders shall be called by the State Temperance Committee, at which meeting said stockholders, by a vote of a majority present, may assume entire control of all the funds, and all matters pertaining to the within subscription." This sum, at first, was assessed one-half of one per cent. At other times the assessments were of the full one per cent, allowed by the terms of sub- scription. But as persons died, or withdrew their subscription, the amount realized dwindled from the ten thousand dollars a year, originally intended, to seventy -five dollars paid in 1872, v/hicb, so far as we can learn, was the last payment made to the State Temperance Alliance, which had taken the place of the old State Temperance Committee, to whose treasury the money was originally paid. This plan of raising money was a wise one, and was productive of much good, as it furnished ready and reliable means for carrying on the work. And such a fund, at the present time, for the further- ance of prohibition, would be of great value, and ought to be raised for the promotion of this great work of reform. For money is needed in this as in every other noble and philanthropic cause. I02 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER XX. BANDS OF HOPE. In the spring of 1857, Peter Sinclair, of Scotland, who was one of the originators of the Bands of Hope there, arrived in this country, and soon began to gather the children together, and was very apt and happy in his addresses to them. We think he was the leader in the organization of the Bands of Hope in this State, which, in a great measure, though on a somewhat different plan, took the place of the Cold Water Armies. Under the fostering care, first of the State Temperance Committee, and subsequently of the State Temperance Alliance, these Bands became very numerous in the State. A Constitution for their government, and a Ritual for the admiss'on of members, were prepared. The officers were, an adult Superintendent and two adult assistants ; a President, Vice-President, Secre- tary, Treasurer and an Executive Committee, who were to be chosen quarterly. The Superintendent and assistants formed a board of management. Persons between the ages of seven and twenty were eligible to membership, and were admitted by a vote and the payment of a five cent fee. Adults could be made honorary meuibers by the payment of twenty-five cents annually. The following was the Pledge, to be repeated in concert at regular meetin2:s : IN MASSACHUSETTS. IO3 " I hereby solemnly pledge myself to abstain from the use of all Spirituous and INIalt Liquors, Wine or Cider as a beverage ; from the use of Tobacco in every form, and from all Profanity." The clause relative to tobacco and profanity was optional. All the members at the meetings and celebrations wore a badge of red, white, or blue ribbon, lettered '' Band of Hope," with the picture of a fountain underneath, and this motto : '' ' Tis here ive pledge perpetual hate To all that can intoxicated In the course of a few years several somewhat different rituals, &c., had been prepared. A Band of Hope Songster was also printed, containing numerous hymns, suitable for the use of members at their weekly or monthly meetings. These Bands have been productive of much good, and have gen- erally been successful where a Superintendent, adapted to their management, was selected. These Bands are not so numerous now as formerly. They may be found in connection with some Sunday Schools. A constitution and ritual, for the use of Bands of Hope, under the Superintendence of the Grand Lodge of Good Templars, has, within a few years, been prepared and used to some extent, together with a temperance catechism. 04 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER XXI. THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS. The origin of the " Independent Order of Good Templars," like that of some other noble humanita- rian institutions, is involved in some obscurity. It is said that in 185 1 there were in Oneida County, N. Y., three lodges of what were called the Knights of Jericho, with a very fantastic ceremony, and that on the motion of Leverett E. Coon, the name was changed to that of "Good Templars." Be this as it may, it is morally certain that in 1851 there were about a dozen lodges of Good Templars in Oneida County, of which Westley Bailey, of Utica, was the head, and of one of which Leverett E. Coon was a member. They were strictly a temperance organi- zation. The records of Lodge No. i were burned some years ago, so that the exact date of organiza- tion is unknown. They had a small printed ritual of about thirty pages, and are reported to have had one unwritten degree of the Red Cross. Early in 1852 Mr. Coon removed from Utica to Syracuse, and organized Excelsior Lodge No. 14. A convention met at Utica in the early part of July of that year, for the purpose of forming a Grand Lodge. Mr. Coon and T. S. Truair were delegates from Excelsior Lodge. At the convention some trouble arose between Mr. Coon and Mr. Bailey, who was a IN MASSACHUSETTS. IO5 leading member ; but the convention sustained Mr. Bailey, whereupon Mr. Coon, considering himself ill-used, retired from the meeting, as did also his associate, Mr. Truair, and returned to Syracuse. At the next meeting of their lodge the action of the delegates was approved. Mr. Coon then proposed to his Lodge to secede from the Utica Order, and to take the name of ''The Independent Order of Good Templars." The Lodge voted to do so. The No. of the Lodge was then changed from No. 14 to No. I, and the motto was also changed from ''Friend- ship, Hope, and Charity" to ''Faith, Hope, and CJiarity'' Some alterations were likewise made in the password and signs to protect them against intrusion from the old Order. Mr. L. E. Coon was W. C. T., and Mr. J. S. Walter was W. S. of the Lodge. Ver}^ soon after this a temperance convention was held in Syracuse, and one of the prominent speakers was Nathaniel Curtis, of Ithaca, a reformed inebriate of the Washingtonian School. Mr. Coon was so well pleased with him that he invited him to his house, interested him in the new Order of Good Templars, conferred on him the obligation of the Order, and instructed him in the private work. About this time Mr. Coon and others, of Lodsre No. I, organized Eureka Lodge No. 2 at Fayette- ville, near Syracuse — he styling himself G. W. C. T., being at the head of the Order. On the 24th of July, Mr. Curtis, of Ithaca, organized Forest City Lodge No. 3, in that city. I06 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE A call was subsequently issued by Mr. Coon for a convention of the Order to assemble at Syracuse on the 17th of August, 1852. Five delegates were chosen from each Lodge, but only nine were pres- ent, viz. : Leverett E. Coon, E. A. Bogue, J. S. Walter and William J. Stoddard, from No. i ; James H. Eaton, E. P. Clark and Daniel Rider of No. 2, and Nathaniel Curtis and Charles Hildebrant of No. 3. L. E. Coon called the convention to order, and, on his motion, James H. Eaton was appointed chairman. No ladies attended this convention, though several had been admitted to the Order. By request, Nathaniel Curtis explained the objects of the meeting, and said that he felt the Order " was eventually to do a great work for the cause of temperance." The convention then proceeded to the election of officers, and the following were chosen, viz. : Nathaniel Curtis, G. W. C. T. : James H. Eaton, G. W. V. T. ; Charles Hildebrant, G. W. S. ; William J. Stoddard, G. W. T. Daniel Rider was appointed G. Chaplain ; E. P. Clark, G. M. ; E. A. Bogue, G. Guard, and L. E. Coon was invited to take the chair of P. G. W. C. T. Much routine work was done, and the design of a seal was adopted. Mr. Coon was doubtless disappointed because he was not chosen G. W. C. T., and soon left Syracuse and was lost sight of. The next session of the Grand Lodge was held at Ithaca, November 9th and loth, 1852, at which time there were twelve Lodges. Garry Chambers was chosen G. W. C. T., and Rev. H. P. Barnes, G. IN MASSACHUSETTS. lO/ W. S., both of whom were initiated at tliat session. P. G. W. C. T. Curtis was appointed travelling agent. Voted to hold two sessions per year, in June and December. In June, 1853, there were ninety- three Lodges in existence — seventy-four in New York, and nineteen in Pennsylvania, with three thousand seven hundred and forty members. At the annual session, December 5th and 6th, 1853, Rev. D. W. Bristol was chosen G. W. C. T., and Mr. Barnes w^as reelected G. W. S. Up to this time there had been no G. W. Counsellor. N. W. Davis was then chosen, and the offices of the Supporters were abolished. Provision was also made for the organization of a '' Grand National Lodge " whenever five Grand Lodges had been in- stituted. When the Grand Lodge met in annual session, in December, 1854, N. W. Davis was chosen G. W. C. T., and H. P. Barnes was reelected G. W. S. Five Grand Lodges, including New York, had then been organized, viz. : in Pennsylvania, Canada West, Iowa and Ohio, and arrangements were made for the formation of the R. W. G. L. at Cleveland, Ohio, on the i6th of May, 1855, which in due course of time was accomplished, and James M. Moore, of Kentucky, was chosen R. W. G. T. and Mrs. Mary C. Ruckman, of Pennsylvania, R. W. G. S. Hon. Garry Chambers, Rev. H. P. Barnes, and Rev. D. W. Bristol did much to shape the policy of the Order in its infantile days. To Mr. Bristol in a great measure belongs the honor of bringing the I08 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE organization out of the crude state in which he found it in 1853, The whole ritual was revised, and the three degrees of the Heart, Fidelity and Royal Virtzce, were prepared by him. They were beautiful in conception, and related to the duties we owe to ourselves, to others, and to God, in this great reform ; and if no change had been made destroying their harmony, we feel sure the degrees would not, as now, have fallen into almost total oblivion. Let us now turn to Massachusetts. The G. W. S., in his report, December, 1854, speaks of two Lodges *' in Massachusetts," but gives neither name nor location. In 1856 he reports ''subor- dinate Lodges in Massachusetts," and states that $1.68 had been received from the State. At the session in 1858, he says, ''No advices from King Philip Lodge No. i, Fall River, Mass." Thus we learn the name and locality of one Lodge ; all is mere conjecture relating to the others. Both must have soon ceased to exist. In the autumn of 1858, Samuel Evans, of Boston, an earnest temperance man, and a good speaker, learned some facts relating to the Independent Order of Good Templars, and took measures for the formation of a Lodge in Boston. Through his influence, a respectable number of ladies and gentle- men met on the 21st of September, 1858, at Inde- pendence Hall, No. 16 Howard Street, to consult relative to the formation of a new temperance association. Alfred F. Chapman was chosen Chair- 1 IN MASSACHUSETTS. lOQ man, and M. Bradstreet Moody, Secretary. Mr. Evans, says the record, stated "that he had re- cently received a letter from the Right Worthy Grand Secretary of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Good Templars of North America," and after readinsf the letter and explaining somewhat the working and principles of the Order, he advocated the formation of a Lodge. It was then moved by J. Henry Davis, and miani- mously voted that each person present be invited to sign a. petition for the charter of a Lodge of Good Templars, to be located in Boston. The following are the names of the petitioners, viz. : Samuel Evans, Alfred F. Chapman, Jane T. Evans, John A. Appleton, Jr., M. Bradstreet Moody, Gardner S. Cheney, George Marshall, E. L. Mitchell, James Fillebrown, J. Henry Davis, George L. Barnard, Nellie K. Breasha, Susan C. Munroe, Lydia D. Tukey, Caroline M. Abbott, Mary Ann Marshall, Mary L. Foster, Eliza Learned, Munroe T. Ouimby, Edgar A. Conant, Elisha P. Chapman, A. T. Ben- nett, Mary A. Fleming, Laura A. Doolittle, Matilda Hunt, Mary Ann Jones, Frederick Smith, M. Jennie Lovejoy, Emma M. Vivian, B. F. Wright, Charles N. Barnard, John Crowell, A. A. Hazelton, J. Edwin Hunt, J. F. Dearborn, Henry Johnson, George White, J. F. Truman, Kate Chapman, Oran J. Gard- ner, Samuel C. Rice, Ellen L. Leavens and Annie Bristow\ This petition was duly forwarded to the the head-quarters of the Order, and on the i8th of October, 1858, the R. W. G. Lodge granted a char- ter to open Orient Lodge No. i. no HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE After some preliminary meetings and addition of members, Orient Lodge was instituted, October 25th, 1858, at Independence Hall, No. 16 Howard Street, by D. R. W. G. Templar, William K. Rhodes, of Portland, Maine. The officers elected were : Alfred F. Chapman, W. C T. ; Julia H. Towle, W. V. T. ; Nellie K. Breasha, W. S. ; G. S. Cheney, W. T. ; Caroline M. Abbott, W. I. G. ; Charles N. Barnard, W. O. G. ; George B. Ford, \V. Chaplain ; I\I. B. :\Ioody, W. A. S. ; Samuel Evans, W. F. S. ; J. Henry Davis, W. M. : J. A. Appleton, Jr., W. D. M. ; Lydia D. Tukey, W. R. H. S. ; Sarah H. Field, W. L. H. S. E. L. Mitchell was appointed R W. C. T. All applications for charters were to be sub- mitted to the Lodge for approval. A. F. Chapman was chosen D. D. G. W. C. T. Thus the Order started here under favorable circumstances. Orient Lodge did a good work for some years, but sur- rendered its charter February 2d, 1864. The charter of Crescent Lodge No. 2, of Charles- town, was granted to Benjamin F. Wright and thirty-two others, and was instituted January 5th, 1859, by A. F. Chapman, who instituted all the other Lodges previous to the formation of the Grand Lodge. The three principal officers were, Benjamin F. Wright, W. C. T. ; Louisa Gilbert, W. V. T., and Richard Newton, W. S. The charter was sur- rendered in the autumn of 1861. Washington Lodge No 3, of IMarblehead, was in- stituted January 8th, 1859. The charter was granted to J. H. Orne and forty-six others. Chief IN MASSACHUSETTS. I I I officers, J. H. Orne, W. C. T. ; Joseph Roundy, W. V. T. ; William Gilley, Jr., W. S. Tliis Lodge became extinct by the burning- of its charter in Mystic Lodge No. 4 was instituted at Chelsea, February 4th, 1859. George White and twenty- five others were the petitioners for a charter. The first officers were, Samuel Evans, W, C. T. ; Elsina L. Goodale, W. V. T ; William E. Gilman, W. S. The charter was surrendered April 26th, i860. John C. Haynes and thirty-one others were granted a charter for Franklin Lodge No. 5, of Bos- ton, and the Lodge was instituted January 31st, 1859. The first officers were, Charles W. Spear, W. C. T. : Abby F. Wade, W. V. T., and Oscar Lawrence, W. S. The Lodsfe lived but a few months. It died of indifference and disputes on points of Order. Goodhue Lodge No. 6, of Roxbury, was instituted February 17th, 1859. The charter was granted to Charles F. Bryant and twenty-nine others. The first officers were, Benjamin W. Goodhue, W. C. T. ; Mary M. Brooks, W. V. T., and B. Franklin Ayers, Jr., W. S. The name was subsequently changed to ''Elliot." The charter was surrendered in the autumn of 1861. The cause was discord. Hawkins Lodge No. 7 was instituted at Cam- bridgeport, February 22d, 1859, under a charter granted to James Fillebrown and thirty-two others. Its first officers were, James Fillebrown, W. C. T. ; Hosea Jewell, W. V. T. ; George A. Deering, W. S. 112 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE Its charter was revoked in May, 1879, ^^r insub- ordination. Pioneer Lodge No. 8, of Braintree, was instituted March 8th, 1859. Samuel A. Bates and others were the petitioners for the charter. The first officers were, Samuel A. Bates, W. C. T. ; Myra F. Willis, W. V. T. ; Jonathan French, 2d, W. S. Internal divisions and outside opposition broke it down. It made but one return to the Grand Lodge, and its charter was revoked for failure to meet and make returns. Union Lodge No. 9, of Weymouth, was instituted March 26th, 1859, i-^der a charter granted to Fisher A. Kingsbury and fourteen others. The first officers were, Fisher A. Kingsbury, W. C. T. ; Deborah M. Gushing, W. V. T. ; George A. Gushing, W. S. This Lodge surrendered its charter in 1884. Fraternity Lodge No. 10, of Boston, was insti- tuted March 12th, 1859. I^s charter was granted to I\I. Bradstreet Moody and twenty-eight others. The first officers were,' M. B. Moody, W. G. T. ; Mrs. Anna L. J. Mitchell, W. V. T. ; John E. Brad- ley, W. S. It gave up its charter in November, i860. Fallulah Lodge No. 11, of Fitchburg, whose char- ter was granted to George F. Merriam and thirty- eight others, was instituted March 30th, 1859. ^^ still holds its charter and is doing its appropriate work. The first officers were, George F. Merriam, W. G. T. ; Garoline M. Lowe, W. V. T. ; Frank G. Russell, W. S. IN MASSACHUSETTS. II3 The requisite number of Lodges being organized, twenty persons now applied to the R. W. G. Lodge for permission to form a Grand Lodge, viz. : A. F. Chapman, i\L B. Moody, Annie L. J. Mitchell, Mary Anna Marshall, Myra F. Willis, Eliza A. Billings, Deborah M. Gushing, W. O. Haskell, B. F. Wright, G. A. Gushing, Joseph Roundy, James Fillebrown, Abby F. Wade, J. H. Davis, J. H. Orne, G. W. Spear, Hosea Jewell, Samuel A. Bates, J. D. Stone and Samuel Evans. The application was success- ful, and on the 19th of April, 1859, j^^^^ ^^^ months and one day from the date of the charter of Orient Lodge No. I, a convention of delegates from the Subordinate Lodges assembled at Orient Hall, 385 Washington Street, Boston, and the Grand Lodge of IMassachusetts was duly organized by Alfred F. Ghapman, D. D. R. W. G. Templar, who was espe- cially commissioned for this purpose. Nineteen delegates were present during the day from ten Lodges. The following of]ficers were chosen : Alfred F. Ghapman, G. W. G. T. ; Gharles W. Spear, G. W. G. : Myra F. Willis, G. W. V. T. ; M. B. Moody, G. W. S. ; Hosea Jewell, G. W. T. The appointed officers were, J. H. Orne, G. W. Ghaplain ; James Fillebrown, G. W. M. ; Annie L. J. Mitchell, G. W. D. M. ; Deborah M. Gushing, G. W. G.* The offi- cers elect, with the exception of the G. W. G. T., were installed by the Instituting Officer, and he was then obligated as G. W. G. T. by the Grand Ghap- *It had been previously voted that there should be but one Guard. 9 114 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE lain Orne. The constitution of the Grand Lodge of Canada was adopted for three weeks, and then an adjournment to the loth of May took place. At that time the Grand Lodge assembled to com- plete its organization. J. H. Orne was chosen re- presentative to the R. W. G. L, Samuel Evans entered a written protest against the legality of the election of A. F. Chapman, as G. W. C. T., on the ground that he was not a delegate from any Lodge to the convention for the formation of the Grand Lodge. The R. W. G. T. subsequently decided that, after a Grand Officer had been duly. installed and entered upon the discharge of his duties without objection, he could not be interfered with. A minority of the Grand Lodge were strongly opposed to Mr. Chapman, but the majority thought him the best qualified for the position, because, as Deputy of the State, he was more familiar with the princi- ples of the Order than any other member. At a subsequent meeting, Mr. Ev^ans brought serious charges against the presiding officer, but so far as we can learn they were not sustained. We are of the opinion that Evans was not a little piqued, because, as the leader in introducing the Order into the State, he was not placed at the head of affairs. Our limits will not allow us to go much into details relative to the history of the Grand Lodge since its formation. At the adjourned session. May loth, 1859, Constitutions and By-laws were adopted for the Grand and Subordinate Lodges, and the design for a seal was completed. The original IN MASSACHUSETTS. II5 Grand Lodge Constitution required representatives to be chosen annually from each Subordinate Lodge, which was entitled to two representatives for every fifty members or less, and one additional represen- tative for every other fifty members or fraction thereof. None but Grand Lodge Officers or Rep- resentatives could vote. Subsequently, in 1861, the Constitution was altered so that P. W. C. T.'s and P. W. V. T.'s only were entitled to seats in the Grand Lodge. October 19th, 1859, Burial and Dedication Rituals were adopted. April 26th, i860, the Grand Lodge Constitution was so amended as to have the sessions held on the second Wednesday of April and October, instead of the third Wednesday of those months. June 17th, 1 86 1, at a special session a new draft of Constitution was adopted, to go into effect after the October session. This changed the sessions of the Grand Lodge to the fourth Wednesday of Feb- ruary and August. At the annual session of 1870 another change of sessions was made to the third Wednesday of March and September. A Constitution for Union Degree Lodges was accepted at the annual session of 1866. At an adjourned session, April 3d, 1867, a new draft of Grand, Subordinate and Degree Lodge Constitutions was adopted as a substitute for the old ones. An attemj^t was made in September, 1873, to adopt the uniform constitution provided by the R. W. G. Lodge, but it failed by one hundred Il6 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE and eighty-one majority. Several amendments to the constitutions were adopted September, 1875. At other times the constitutions have been tinkered more or less. At the organization of the Grand Lodge, the R. W. G. L. were asked to have the ritual amended " so as to meet the intellectual wants of the Order." In i860 the attention of the R. W. G. L. was called to the importance of having but one ritual, there being at that time three different ones in use in this State. In 1862 the Grand Lodge undertook to make a ritual for itself, with the hope that the R. W. G. Lodge would accept it. A Bos- ton clergyman was initiated into the Order and paid $200 for writing a ritual. It was printed, and subsequently, in 1863, revised by a Committee of the Grand Lodge, but rejected by the R. W. G. L. Thus was more than $300 of the Grand Lodge funds squandered. One of the foundation principles of the Order is the entire prohibition of the traffic of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, and opposition to license in any form. During the Personal Liberty League movement, in 1867, the Grand Lodge stood up man- fully against the repeal of the prohibitory law ; and at its semi-annual session authorized the Subordinate Lodges to expel members who openly favored a license law. Three or four Lodges rebelled against this decree and their charters were revoked. This action caused the loss of many members, but the cause was strengthened by their departure. The Grand Lodo^e has also been true to human IN MASSACHUSETTS. II/ liberty, and admitted colored members to its ranks, and has sent two colored delegates to the R. W. G. Lodge.* Daring the excitement in the Order, caused by the "colored question" in 1876, the Grand Lodge took strong ground in favor of the universal equality of the whole human family, and declared that its "future loyalty to the Right Worthy Grand Lodge depends upon its unqualified loyalty to humanity." At the organization of the Grand Lodge there were 566 members in the State. In 1868 the number was 25,940. In 1866 there were 66 new Lodges instituted; in 1867, 147; in 1868, 44; in 1869, 6^. During these years many persons joined the Order out of mere curiosity, and under the ex- citement then prevalent, who soon left because they had no love for temperance. And from 1869 to 1873, 178 Lodges became defunct, and more than 11,000 members were lost.f The whole number of Lodges instituted up to March, 1883, in 284 towns and cities, was 631. The whole number of members initiated in this * The first colored man admitted to the Order was James R. Jones, of Oswego, N. Y., and on December 6th, 1853, he was admitted to the Grand Lodge of that State without a word of opposition. How different was the action of the Grand Lodge of Missouri in 1855. They "expelled" and declared the charter of Lonora Lodge forfeited because "a negro slave" had been admitted while the Lodge was under the jurisdiction of the R. W, G. Lodge. The first colored man admitted to the Order in Massachu- setts is believed to have been George W. Lowther, of Syriac Lodge No. 21, of Milford. fFor the number of members each year from 1859 to 1887, and also the names of the officers of the Grand Lodge each year, see page 349 of the Grand Lodge Journal for 1887. Il8 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE State to that date, was 115,290. The whole number initiated into the Grand Lodge was 4,341. Seven- teen different individuals have held the office of G. W. C. T., eight have been G. W. S., nine G. W. T. No G. W. V. T. or G. W. M. has ever been reelected. Two sisters have been G. W. C. and one G. W. Chaplain. Nine members of the Grand Lodge have been officers of the R. W. G. L. One, J. H. Orne, held the office of R. W. G. Templar for three years ; and Sister Amanda Lane, now Sister Root, was R. W. G. V. Templar three years, as was also Sister Sarah A. Leonard three years. The R. W. G. Lodge has twice held its Annual Session in Boston. First, in 1866, when, on the evening of the 23d of Ma}^, a grand enthusiastic reception was given them in Music Hall, by the Good Templars of the State — the body of the house being filled with members of the Subordinate Lodges in regalia, the R. W. G. L. occupying the platform. Rev. George F. Clark, P. G. W. C. T., presided. The address of welcome was given by E. L. Mitchell, G. W. C. T. It was responded to by Hon. S. D. Hast- ings, of Wis., R. W. G. T. Other addresses were made by Hon. James Black, of Pa., R. W. G. C, Rev. John McLane, G. W. C. T., of Canada West, Hon. S. B. Chase, of Pa., P. R. W. G. T., and Rolla A. Law, of 111., R. W. G. S. In 1874 the reception of the R. W. G. Lodge was on the evening of May 27th, in Tremont Temple, which was filled to overflowing by members of the Order and others. General George P. Hawkes, G. IN MASSACHUSETTS. II9 W. C. T., presided. The address of welcome was given by J. H. Ornc, P. R. W. G. T., and it was responded to by Hon. S. D. Hastings, of Wis., R. W. G. Templar. Other five-minute speeches were made by Miss Isabella T. Armstrong, of England, Hon. S. B. Chase, R R. W: G. T., of Pa., Hon. Joshua Nye, G. W. C. T., of Maine, William Crowhust, of Gal., Thomas Barkley, of Scotland, Mrs. McLellan Brown, G. W. C. T., of Ohio, Dr. Oronhyatekha, P. G. W. C. T., of Canada, Rev. John Russell, P. R. W. G. T., of Mich., Mrs. M. B. O'Donnell, P. R. W. G. V. T., of N. Y., Wallace Crenelle, G. W. C. T., of Ky., John Brown, of Wales, Rev. James Ouinn, of Newfoundland, Rev. D. R. Durgan, of Neb., and Rev. M. H. Neely, of Texas. Of course no history of an organization is com- plete which does not state the principles on which it is founded. One object of the Good Templars was to bring the old and the young together in a sort of temperance family circle, which was never done before. Here all men, women and youth stand on an equality. Again from the beginning, the benefit system, which has caused so much trouble in other organizations, was wisely discarded. The Pledge is for life, and is as follows : "No member shall make, buy, sell, use, furnish, or cause to be furnished to others as a beverage, any Spirituous or Malt Liquors, Wine or Cider ; and every member shall discountenance the manufacture, sale, and use thereof, in all proper ways." 120 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE No person can be admitted into the Order who does not avow his ''full belief in the existence of Almighty God, the Ruler and Governor of all things." Tlius the pledge is taken under a sense of religious obligation. Ten names are requisite to secure a charter, and, so long as ten members op- pose it, the charter cannot be surrendered. All persons of good moral character are eligible to membership who are twelve years of age and up- wards. The officers of the Subordinate Lodge, who may be of either sex, are elected each quarter. Those of the Grand Lodge are chosen annually. The Good Templars were the first Temperance Society to do full justice to women. They clearly recognize their influence as a most powerful auxiliary in this great reform. Excelsior Lodge No. i, at once after its re-organization, opened its doors to women, and Mrs. T. S. Truair, of Syracuse, was the first woman initiated into the Lodge. Several were ad- mitted to Forest City Lodge immediately after its institution. As women have suffered more terribly than any other class from the manifold evils of in- temperance, it was felt that they should have a voice and a vote in all measures desio;ned to overthrow this monster foe of our race. We believe the sexes were made to live together, and to work together in every noble reform. The wisdom of man and the love of woman should always be conjoined to accom- plish the best results. For God is wisdom and God is love. He is both Father and Mother to us all. We trust therefore that men and women will labor IN MASSACHUSETTS. 121 together in this good cause until every slave of a depraved appetite is set free. The organization has done much to prepare the women of the land for the full exercise of the elective franchise, which will be given them at no distant day, and which they will heroically wield for the overthrow of the rum power and the drinking customs of society. May God speed the day ! We have already alluded to the excitement caused by the "color question" in 1876. But it is proper that some account of it should be given in connec- tion with the history of the Order. The trouble was caused by the attempt of some members of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge to place the colored members in a subordinate position to the white, in opposition to the decision of the Right Worthy Grand Templar Hastings, made in 1866, as follows : " Our Order knows no distinction on account of color. ... In forming Lodges of colored persons, proceed in all cases as though they were white. I do not understand that our Order takes into account the color of a person's skin any more than it does the color of his hair or eyes." This decision was approved by the highest branch of the Order. But it stirred up the ire of many Southern members, and efforts were made to break its force in some respects. Hence, in 1872, the Right Worthy Grand Lodge receded from the high moral ground it had previously taken, and practically surrendered to the demands of the Southerners. 122 HISTORV of temperance But we are happy to record that the representatives from Massachusetts, George S. Ball, A. P. Burgess and Hannah Bailey, voted against this wrong. Yet the contest went on for a time longer, until finally, at the session of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge, in 1875, a vote was passed that virtually ostracised the colored people. Failing to secure the rescinding of this vote at the session of 1876, at Louisville, Ky., the British delegates, and those of some other jurisdictions, withdrew from the body and reorganized on the basis of universal brother- hood, taking the name of " TJie Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the World,'' and thus the Order was rent in twain. Some sort of a compromise was attempted, so as to induce the seceding Grand Lodges to return, but it utterly failed. A second Grand Lodge, in this State, under the leadership of Dr. William Wells Brown, an able colored man and one of the seceders from the Right Worthy Grand Lodge, was formed December 31st, 1877, and, though it was never numerically strong, it was a standing protest against the injustice they believed to have been done to the colored people. For ten years each of these two organizations claimed to be the rightful head of the Good Tem- plar Order. But, in 1886, some decisions made by Right Worthy Grand Templar Finch, relative to the colored members, placing them substantially on the same footing as the whites, attracted the attention of the other branch of the Order, and led to a cor- respondence looking to a reunion of the two bodies. Mrs. SARAH A. LEONARD. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 123 Delegates from each party met at Boston in Sep- tember, 1886, and in the spirit of Charity, one of the cardinal principles of the Order, a basis of union was agreed upon. The two bodies met in separate annual session at Saratoga in May, 1887, and after an earnest and prayerful consideration of the ques- tion, a most fraternal reunion was effected ; and henceforth we may look for harmonious efforts to save the fallen of every race and clime, and to pre- vent others from becoming the slaves of intemper- ance. Thus the Order from a very small beginning has spread over the whole civilized world, having more than eighty Grand Lodges, and two Worthy Grand Lodges, embracing a membership of about six hun- dred thousand — the largest temperance organization on the face of the earth. Their field is indeed the world ; their principles, total abstinence and prohi- bition ; their mission, to " save the fallen and to prevent others from falling" into the mire of intem- perance. Surely "a nobler moral object than this never called true men and women together in council." As one of the ablest and most efficient lady mem- bers of the Grand Lodge, Mrs. Sarah A. Leonard deserves honorable mention. She has held the office of Grand Secretary for eleven years, with the entire satisfaction of her constituents. And, as has been stated, for three years she held the position of Right Worthy Grand Vice Templar, in the highest branch of the Order. She has been indefatigable 124 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE in her endeavors to promote the good of the cause she represents. Her visits to the various Lodges in the State are always very heartily welcomed. She is quite a fluent and popular speaker, and has well earned all the honors that have been conferred upon her. CHAPTER XXII. THE AVASHINGTONIAN HOME. This institution was founded in November, 1857, and was originally known as the '* Home of the Fallen." But at its incorporation, March 26th, 1858, it took the name above given. It came into exist- ence through the influence of certain men and women of Boston, who thought that something should be done for the reformation of those ine- briates, who, sensible of their degradation, might desire to again become useful and respectable. Animated by this desire they determined to make " an effort to save the lost through intemperance, and make alive again those who were dead to society through dissipation." It was begun as an experi- ment. It has been continued because it has proved a success in raising the fallen from their wretched- ness. The founders were fully persuaded that all drunkards were not criminals, past all hope of a IN MASSACHUSETTS. 125 better condition, but were convinced that through kindness and sympathy many inebriates could be rescued and restored to their right mind. Soon after the opening of the "Home" the ser- vices of Dr. Albert Day were secured as Superin- tendent. He was said to possess a " marvellous patience, an unaffected cordiality, a quick and lively sympathy," which at once established confidence between him and the patient. He remained in charge several years, and was then absent for a time, but has since resumed his old position. The institution has changed its location several times, but is now permanently located at the corner of Dartmouth Street and Warren Avenue. During the first year of its existence the Home was sup- ported by voluntary subscriptions, and by receipts from those patients able to contribute to their sup- port. At one time the State became its almoner, and for a time contributed from three to six thou- sand dollars per year to its support. We are told that it is now entirely a private institution. Among those who have been admitted to the institution, and thereby reformed, are, " clergymen, doctors and lawyers, merchants and mechanics. All classes have contributed to their number." Among those saved through its instrumentality " are men of bright talents, of vigorous minds, of large capacity for the sphere of life in which they are placed." All this is very good indeed. But if the State would close up all those miserable dram-shops where drunkards are made, there would be very few in- 126 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE mates to such an institution as this. '' When will the day come ?" * CHAPTER XXIII. THE MASSACHUSETTS TEMPERANCE ALLIANCE. During the session of the State Convention, at Worcester, October ist, 185 1, a State Central Com- mittee of nine was appointed to take charge of the movement for a prohibitory law. After the passage of the law, in 1852, they continued to have the gen- eral supervision of the temperance interests of the State. The number of members was subsequently enlarged to over forty, until 1858, when it was felt that a more permanent and popular organization should be created for the purpose of consolidating public sentiment in favor of the law, and of doing such other work as would tend to promote the cause in the Commonwealth. Late in the autumn of that year, Dr. Charles Jewett suggested a plan for the formation of a State Society, with auxiliaries in the various towns, and also the publication of a temper- ance newspaper. No definite action appears to have been taken until a meeting of the Committee, Jan- * We were promised a full account of the Home, but it has not been received. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 12/ iiary 5th, 1859, w^ien the matter of reorganization was referred to the lecture committee, with full powers. This committee, on the 2d of February following, reported a plan of organization which was accepted. At the meeting, March 2d, a constitution for a State Temperance Alliance was adopted, and measures were taken to interest the people in the new movement, and also to solicit membership. The motto of the new Society was, " Total Absti- nence for tJie Individual, and Prohibition for the State.'' The old temperance committee were to have charge of affairs until September, when the members should meet and choose officers. Agents were immediately put into the field to canvass for membership and the needed funds. A public meeting of the Alliance was held in the Bromficld Street Church on Friday of " Anniversary Week," in May, when the objects of the Society were fully explained. At the last meeting of the State Committee, August 2d, 1859, ^ committee was appointed to prepare for the annual meeting, which was held September 13th, in the Meionaon hall, Boston. William B. Spooner, who had been chairman of the temperance committee, was the temporary chairman. Dr. Jewett explained the practical objects of the Alliance. Hon. Henry Wilson was President of the Convention, assisted by Moses Grant and twenty others as Vice-Presi- dents. Edward Otheman and two others were Secretaries. Prayer was offered by Rev. S. W. Coggshall. Addresses were made by several per- 128 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE sons. Rev. Dr. E. O. Haven reported an address to the people. It declared that " An organization is needed, direct in its aims, sim- ple in its machinery, and so transparent and palpably correct and commendable, as to awaken the respect of every good man tliat examines it. Such an organiza- tion is the Temperance Alliance." The address called upon the temperance people to come forward and assist " in the great work of redeeming the State from the power of the de- stroyer." The objects of the Alliance were declared to be : " First, to educate the public sentiment of the State to seek familiarity with temperance truths and princi- ples, so that the mass of the people shall see that wis- dom and safety, interest and duty, all lie in the direc- tion of Total Abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. Secondly, to wield and direct the existing public senti- ment of the State, with the addition of what we hope to create, for the thorough enforcement of our excellent prohibitory law, in those parts of the State where its enforcement is now neglected, and to render it impos- sible for the liquor interest to secure, at any future period, the repeal of the law, or a modification which will impair its efficiency." A list of officers for the Alliance was chosen, viz. : Hon. Asahel Huntington, President ; Hon. George Grennell, and twenty others, Vice-Presidents ; Rev. Edward Otheman, Secretary, and William R. Stacy, Treasurer ; with an Executive Committee consist- IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 29 ing of William B. Spooner, Henry D. Cashing, Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., and thirty-two others. The Constitution declared that the name of the Society should be '^ TJic Massachusetts Temperance Alliance'' The annual meeting was to be held in September.* The officers were to be a President, fourteen Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and an Ex- ecutive Committee of not less than twenty-four members, who were to choose a Treasurer and Auditor. The Pledge was as follows : "The members of this Association pledge to each other and the world, that they will abstain from the use, as a beverage, of all intoxicating liquors; that they will not manufacture or traffic in them to be thus used ; that they will discountenance such manufacture, traffic and use by others ; and that they will make direct and persevering efforts to extend the principles and bless- ings of temperance, and to recover the intemperate to habits of sobriety." All contributors to the ''Million Fund," and all who paid an annual fee of one dollar, were consti- tuted members. The payment of ten dollars secured a life membership. Two-thirds of the members, present at an annual meeting, could amend the Constitution. Agents were immediately sent forth, who, besides addressing the public and securing membership, spoke to Sunday Schools, and organized many * At the annual meeting, September 30th, 1876, it was voted that the next annual meeting should be held in January, 1878, and it has subsequently been held in that month. Hence no annual report was made in 1877. 10 130 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Bands of Hope among children. A slight change in the Constitution was made in 1861. In 1862 the Alliance divided the State into districts of a dozen or fifteen towns each, for the purpose of frequent meetings to awaken a new interest in the cause. The Worcester North East, and the Worcester and Middlesex Temperance Unions had been previously formed. In 1864 the Alliance organized the Suffolk Temperance Union, with the idea of reaching the pulpits of Boston, through Rev. J. W. Chickering, D.D., who was to have charge of that work. The Secretary of the Alliance was also directed to visit the Churches of the different denominations in the State, and present the religious aspects of the cause to the various congregations. This work was carried on for a series of years. A systematic plan of visit- ing the public schools was carried into operation in 1865, by agents, who circulated the pledge against the use of alcoholic liquors and tobacco. The Alliance was the first Society, in the State, to take up this all-important work among the school children. As early as June, 1865, action was taken looking to a convention to consult about using the ballot box in aid of the cause. An act of incorporation was secured in the early part of 1866, and on February 28th, of that year, the act was accepted and officers were chosen. As early as 1861, the Alliance took ground in favor of a Metropolitan Police, and in 1863 urged the ap- pointment of such a force before a committee of the Legislature. Governor Andrew opposed this idea, IN MASSACHUSETTS. I3I but favored a State Constabulary, which was created in 1865. Though not what the Alliance wanted, they gave this board of officers their hearty support. The chief efforts of the Alliance have been of a moral character. Yet, in his report, in 1868, the Secretary, Rev. William M. Thayer, said : " Whenever the Prohibitorj- Liquor Law has been as- sailed at the polls, and in the Legislature, the Alliance has defended it. It has repudiated the licensing of the sale of intoxicating liquors as impracticable and un- holy." The following resolve was passed unanimously, October 14th, i858 : "• That a committee of three be appointed by the Alliance to cooperate with the Executive Committee of the Prohibitory Committee^ or otherwise, in doing such work as may be necessary to secure the nomination and election of such candidates for the Legislature as shall be in favor of the repeal of the present license law, and the reenactment of a prohibitory law." After the repeal of the Prohibitory Law, in 1868, some of the members of the Alliance favored the enactment of a law allowing the sale of cider, beer, &c. Rev. Dr. Miner, at a meeting of the com- mittee, February 24th, 1869, offered this resolution, which was adopted, viz. : '' That should temperance men assent to the exemp- tion of cider or other small drinks from the operation of the Prohibitory Law, it will prove the most disas- trous misfortune that has yet befallen oiu" cause." 132 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Time has verified this declaration. At a meeting of the Committee, April 28th, 1869, there seems to have been a difference of opinion between the President, Mr. Spooner, and some of the members respecting the sale of alcoholic liquors, and a com- mittee was chosen to confer with him. The report of the interview not being satisfactory, it was voted. May 5th, that the President of the Alliance be re- quested to resign his office. At a meeting. May 1 2th, Mr. Spooner declined to resign because he was elected by the Alliance, and not by the Execu- tive Committee. He stated that the difference between him and the committee was that he favored the exemption of cider and light beers from the operations of the Prohibitory Law, and denied that he had misrepresented the Alliance. A motion to reconsider the vote, asking him to resign, was in- definitely postponed. The following resolution was passed, July 28th, 1869: "Whereas William B. Spooner, Esq., is heartily in sympathy with the State Temperance Alliance in the work now before us ; therefore resolved, that the vote by which he was requested to resign his office is hereby rescinded." But at the annual meeting, in September follow^- ing, the President reiterated his conviction that "the sale of the lighter and slightly intoxicating drinks should be unrestricted by law." The Alli- ance, however, affirmed the opposite opinion, and the President declined a reelection. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 33 It was resolved by the Executive Committee, July 28th, 1869: " Tliat we cordially approve of the call for a State Temperance Convention, issued by the State Prohib- itory Committee, and we earnestly request our friends, throughout the State, to cooperate in making it a suc- cess." August 31st, 1870, a Committee was chosen to congratulate Wendell Phillips on his nomination for the office of Governor. Some question having been raised about the position of the Alliance, the Secre- tary, Rev. William M. Thayer, in his report for 1876, defines its status in these words : " The Alliance endorses every vote that means Pro- hibition. Some of us vote with the third party. A few vote inside of the Democratic party. A majority vote inside of the Republican party. The Alliance heartily and equally commends every vote they give for Prohibitory candidates, it does not spend a dollar or a dime for the benefit of any party. It sustains the principle of Prohibition, It endorses the opponents of the liquor traffic, and opposes the friends of license, wholly irrespective of the party to wdiich they belong." In order to prevent all misunderstanding, about the first of January, 1878, the Alliance declared that it " Will not hereafter decline anv policy, or anv work, bearing on this issue [the drink traffic], because it is political, but will in all respects take such action there- on, political or otherwise, as it may deem expedient." 134 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE This honest avowal of purpose, in harmony with its previous course, brought upon the Society a terrific storm of abuse from those w^edded to a party, and the Secretary resigned his office. The annual meeting, in January, 1879, was a very exciting one, and some ill feeling was generated. An attempt was made to prevent the Secretary from reading his annual report, but without avail. At the annual meeting, in January, 1880, another attempt was made to change the status of the Society, The whole session was one of great excite- ment. An effort w^as made to disband the Alliance and destroy the organization, but in vain. The old President, Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., w^as triumphantly reelected. A considerable number of the opposition then, and soon after, withdrew their membership. General harmony has since prevailed, though the efficiency of the Society has been somewhat weak- ened. But it has done much to keep alive the sen- timent of prohibition. In fact it is the only organi- zation in the State that has taken a practical stand against the legalized sale of strong drink. Of all its officers, no one has been more faithful and uncompromising in favor of prohibition than Rev. Dr. Miner, wiio for many years has been its honored President. No man in the State has so thoroughly comprehended the great question in- volved in the sale of alcoholic drinks as has he. Though reviled, misrepresented and denounced by the devotees of the saloon, he has stood firm, know- ing that he was serving God and man by his un- Rev. A. A. MINER, D.D. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 35 flinchino- devotion to that cause which is to abolish the drinking customs of society. Every temperance man and woman owes him a large debt of gratitude for his brave opposition to the infamous law which says to the saloon keeper, ''for gold you may mul- tiply paupers and criminals, and make worse than widowed wiv^es, and more than fatherless children, and the State will sustain you in your nefarious business ! " The Presidents of the Alliance have been, Asahel Huntington, one year ; William B. Spooner, from September, i860, to September, 1869; Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., one year from 1869; Z. L. Raymond, from September, 1870, to November 29th, 1871, when he resigned ; Rev. Dr. Miner was chosen in his place, and has been constantly reelected. The Secretaries have been. Rev. Edward Otheman, the first two years ; Rev. William M. Thayer, from September, 1861, until January, 1878; C. A. Hovey, from 1878, until he left the State in 1884; George M. Buttrick, from 1885 onward. CHAPTER XXIV. THE CONSTABULARY FORCE. After the enactment of the Prohibitory Law, in some places the people seemed to rest satisfied with having secured it, and hence made no particu- 136 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE lar effort to execute it. Especially, in the cities and larger towns, there was hardly an honest attempt to enforce it. The question of creating a Metropolitan Police, for the City of Boston, was brought to the attention of the Legislature by the Temperance Alliance in February, 1861. And none too soon; for the Chief of Police for that city, in his report in 1862, said that ''the sale of intoxicating liquors is beyond the control of the Police." This confession simply meant that no genuine effort to enforce the law had been made. Yet he further stated that " the number of arrests in the city for drunkenness amounted to over ten per cent, of the whole popu- lation." Hence the friends of prohibition were fully convinced that a police force, amenable to some power outside of the city authorities, was needed to execute the law. In the spring of 1862 the matter was again discussed by the Alliance, but owing to the near adjournment of the Legislature, the subject was not brought to their attention, but a committee was chosen to look after the matter, and the State was districted for the purpose of holding meetings to create a sentiment in its favor, and a memorial to the Legislature was prepared late in the autumn of the year, praying for the establishment of a Police Force, in Boston, who would be likely to discharge their duty. Other parties also petitioned the Legislature in favor of the project. A hearing was granted the petitioners, and on March i8th, 1863, C. M. Ellis, Esq., addressed the committee in an able argument IN MASSACHUSETTS. 13/ urging that the poUce of Boston should no longer take and hold office at the will of the Mayor and Alder- men, but that the State should assume the power of their appointment and removal. A bill was pre- pared, providing that three persons should be named by the Governor, to nominate and appoint all police officers of the city, to whom the police force should be accountable. But for some reason the matter was referred to the next Legislature. In the winter of 1864 the Legislature instructed a committee to " consider and report what are the obstacles to the enforcement of the laws of the Commonwealth, in relation to the sale of intoxicat- ing liquors, and what additional legislation, if any, is needed to secure such enforcement." One of the obstacles was found to be the placing of liquor dealers upon the jury, and a bill, prepared by Hon. Robert C. Pitman, a member of the Senate, for the better enforcement of the laws, was enacted. One section of it provided that no person should serve as a juror who was engaged in any unlawful busi- ness or occupation. Governor Andrew was opposed to the bill, and vetoed it. A bill for a police force for Boston passed the Senate by a good majority in 1865, and would probably have been accepted by the House if Governor Andrew had not opposed it. He favored the creation of a State Constabulary force which he could use, if necessary, in any part of the Commonwealth ; and he would sanction nothing different. Though this was not what the friends of prohibition desired, they accepted it rather than 138 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE have nothing, and the law was approved May i6th, 1865. The second section, among other provisions, declared that the '•'- Constahle and his deputies shall at all times obey the orders of the Governor in relation to the preserva- tion of the public peace, or the execution of the laws throughout the Coinmonwealth ; and it shall be their duty to see that the laws of the Commonwealth are observed and enforced ; and that they shall especially use their utmost endeavors to repress and prevent crime, by the suppression of liquor shops, gambling places and houses of ill-fame." This law was based upon the sound principle that the power which enacts the laws should see that they are enforced, and not nullified by officers amenable only to cities or towns. Another bill, to prevent persons " declared criminals by the laws of the Commonwealth " from serving on juries, was enacted in 1865, but received an executive veto. The Constabulary, in most cases, proved very efficient, and did much to suppress the violation of all laws. In some of the cities the police were hostile to the Constabulary, and sought to **embar- rass its operations as far as they could without appearing to be rebellious." They were said, in some instances, to connive with the rumsellers and gamblers to defeat justice. In the first report of the Chief Constable, January, 1866, he said, ''The assistance of police officers and constables of cities and towns cannot be depended upon to any great IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 39 extent in the matter, and in some cases it has been directly refused." Hence the law, in 1866, was so amended as to make it •' The duty of the Constables of the several towns and cities of the Coininouwealth, City Marshal, Chief of the Police, and ail other police officers, to aid the Chief Constable of the Commonwealth and his deputies." The force was unpopular with all disposed to be law-breakers, and consequently many reports calcula- ted to impair their efficiency were freely circulated. That there were some bad men on the force, who sought to prevent the execution of the laws, cannot be doubted. Information was sometimes conveyed to the offenders that they were to be arrested, and hence no liquor was found when the officer appeared. Some of the force were removed because of their treachery ; others because of their fidelity — for it was evident that those who sat upon the throne did not desire a too rigid enforcement of the law. The force at first, we think, consisted of only about forty men. In 1867 it had been increased to one hundred and fifty. It was afterwards dimin- ished, and in 1874 it numbered seventy men. From January ist, 1867, to October ist of the same year, the force collected for violations of the law, $109,639 36 over and above their expenses, putting this amount into the State treasury. This shows that the law was pretty thoroughly enforced. In his official report, the Chief Constable said, " Up to the sixth of November, 1867 (when a repeal legisla- 140 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE ture was elected), there was not an open bar known in the entire State, and the open retail liquor traffic had almost entirely ceased." The cry was not then '' the law cannot be en- forced," but rather ''the people will not submit to its enforcement," and hence the move for its repeal. So odious was the Constabulary to the criminal classes and their friends, that a determined effort was made to break it down in 1871. But a legisla- tive investigation showed that it was doing much good, and the attempt failed. A bill for the abolish- ment of the force passed the Legislature in 1874, but was vetoed by the Acting Governor, Thomas Talbot. But its enemies subsequently secured its abolishment, and thus a strong arm in favor of " law and order " was broken. CHAPTER XXV. THE YOUNG HOME GUARDS. In April, 1864, during the progress of the great civil war, Rev. James M. Usher, the Editor of The Nation, issued in his paper a call for Temperance Volunteers among the young, who were to be en- rolled under the following Pledge : " We, the undersigned, having resolved to volunteer in the Temperance Arm}', and become members of IN MASSACHUSETTS. T4I " The 7'oii7?g Ho7J7C Guards^ do hereby declare our allegiance to Temperance and Purity, and faithfully promise that we will henceforth drink no Intoxicating Liquors as a beverage ; that we will use no tobacco, and that we will not be guilty of profanity. May the Lord God keep us faithful to this Pledge." Any one thus enrolled was entitled to a beautiful Diploma, signed by the commanding officer, on the payment of fifteen cents for the same. Any boy or girl procuring the names of fifteen volunteers would receive a Diploma gratis. The Pledge was quite numerously signed by the young people in some parts of the State. Among the earliest volunteers were more than one hundred from the town of Stow. As however there was no regular organization of these Home Guards, and therefore no meetings were held, the recruiting did not last a great while. The interest in the matter almost entirely subsided after the close of the war in 1865. But nevertheless we are of the opinion that the enrolment of these young persons was not without its influence for good. It aroused the spirit of patriotism within them, and awakened a determination to do what they could, especially to oppose the tyrannical and selfish old King Alcohol, the great enemy of the human race. 142 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER XXVI. THE JUVENILE TEMPLARS, &C. The importance of Temperance work among the children was brought before the Grand Lodge of Good Templars by their chief officer in his annual reports in 1864, '65, '66 and '6y, but nothing was done until the latter year, when the Grand Worthy Chief Templar stated that a society had recently been organized in the State under the name of the '* You7ig Temperance Volujiteers." A committee of five was appointed to cooperate in the formation of these societies. A Constitution and Ritual were adopted, embracing the Pledge as follows : "I hereby agree neither to buy, sell, or use as a bev- erage any alcoholic drinks whatever, including Wine, Cider, Fermented Beer, and Domestic Wines; and that I will do all I can to prevail on others to do the same." The initiation fee was twenty-five cents, and the quarterly dues not less than five cents. Very few societies wxre ever formed, and the end of them soon came. One or two other attempts to form juveiiile societies, under the auspices of the Grand Lodge, were made, but failed. The Right Worthy Grand Lodge of Good Templars, in 1874, adopted a Constitution and Ritual for Juvenile Templars, to be under the supervision of the Grand Lodges in each State. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 43 did not look upon this movement with much favor. The Pledi:;e was in these words : '' You do most solemnly promise and pledge that you will never, so long as you live, make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any Spirituous or IMalt Liquors, Wine or Cider. You also promise to abstain from the use of Tobacco in any form. You also promise that you will never take the name of God in vain, or use profane or wicked words." • Up to the meeting of the Grand Lodge, in Sep- tember, 1874, only one Juvenile Temple had been formed, and that was in Lawrence. Mrs. Flora W. Bowker w^as chosen Superintendent of the Order. In March, 1876, there were eight Temples, with three hundred and sixty-eight members. In 1880, Mrs. M. O. Stevens was appointed Superintendent by the Chief Superintendent of the United States, but no funds were given her with which to carry on the work. Mrs. Lizzie M. Robinson was chosen Superintendent in 1882, and subsequently some funds were placed at her disposal, and she was at liberty to organize secret or open societies as would serve the cause best in different localities. But a small portion of the young of the State since then have been connected with any active organization, so far as we are informed. 144 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER XXVII. THE GOOD SAMARITAN BROTHERHOOD. The united association of *' Tlie Good Samaritan Brotherhood" originated with Mr. Mark Allen, of Woburn, a somewhat eccentric man, but a true friend of temperance. Feeling a necessity for a society to promote the temperance cause, benev- olence and brotherly love, on a platform broad enough for the human family to stand upon, irre- spective of race, color, religious or political faith, wherein there should be no religious services or political tests, he determined to found an organiza- tion based upon the story of the ''Good Samaritan," and embracing also some of the features of other secret societies, with a total abstinence pledge. He prepared a ritual and constitution, and on the 8th of April, 1868, he and a friend took upon them- selves the solemn obligation of the Brotherhood. Others soon joined them, and Abraham Lincoln Assembly No. i was instituted on the i8th of April. One rule of the Order was that the name of no officer should be made public without his consent, and the same rule applied to membership. Mark Allen was elected Worthy Chief Ruler, and John H. Bulpitt Worthy Recording Secretary. The chief objects of the society were to rescue the victims of intemperance, assist their neighbors in distress, raise up the fallen, and throw around them such in- fluences as would enable them to stand up as men. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 45 They acknowledged an Almighty Power, upon whom they were dependent, but it was not made a requisite of membership. No civil or religious title was to be given at their meetings or on their rec- ords. They adopted this Pledge : " No member shall make, buy, sell, or use as a bev- erage, any spirituous or intoxicating liquors." This was explained as not prohibiting these liquors "when used m good faith for medicinal pur- poses." Membership consisted of males fifteen years old and upwards, having a character for integ- rity and honesty. The admission fee was at least fifty cents for those over eighteen, and twenty-five cents for young persons. By a two-thirds vote of any Assembly, worthy females, of fifteen years and upward, could be admitted to wdiat was called the " Social Circle " of Good Samaritan Sisters. By a three-fourths vote, females could be admitted to full membership, but were not eligible to the offices of \V. C. R., W. V. R. and W. Treasurer. Soon after the organization of the first Assembly, a board of organization was formed, of which Mark Allen w^as President and John H. Bulpitt Secretary. This board were to have the general supervision of the Brotherhood. It continued in existence until the formation of the General Assembly of America. Good Will Assembly No. 2 was instituted, at Lynn, June 25th, 1869, of which Lucien B. Gould was W. C. R. and Lewis L Whippen was W. R. S. 11 146 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Pilgrim Assembly No. 3 was formed at Boston, December 29th, 1869. The officers not reported, Washington Assembly No. 4 was organized at West Lynn, January loth, 1870. The names of officers withheld. The District Assembly of Massachusetts was formed at Woburn, April i8th, 1870, just two years from the institution of the first local Assembly. Mark Allen was elected Right Worthy Chief Ruler, and Owen S. Warland Right Worthy Secretary. The General Assembly of America was instituted, at Lynn, July 29th, 1870, by Past Right Worthy Chief Ruler, Mark Allen, President of the board of organization. The officers elected for two years were, Mark Allen, of Woburn, Most W. C. Ruler ; Albert A. Carlton, of Lynn, Most W. V. Ruler; Lucien B. Gould, of Lynn, Most W. Secretary ; James A. Snow, of Lynn, Most W. Treasurer ; William A. Knight, of Lynn, Most W. Guide; Stoughton B. Holden, of Lynn, Most W. Watch- man. When the General Assembly of America was formed, there were local Assemblies in Connecticut, Ohio and Illinois. The District Assembly was composed of acting and past W. C. Rulers of the local Assembly. The General Assembly of America was made up of acting and past R. W. C. Rulers, and acting and past R. W. V. Rulers. The motto of the Order was " Walk humbly, deal justly, love mercy.'' Under this was a five pointed IN MASSACHUSETTS. I47 star, with a Hebrew word upon it, and surrounded by the words, '' Temperance, Truth, Mercy, Humility, Justice." Of the subsequent history of this unique society we are ignorant, but we presume it had a brief ex- istence. CHAPTER XXVIIL THE PROHIBITORY PARTY. At a temperance convention held in Boston, February I2th and 13th, 1840, a resolution strongly favoring the voting only fcr members of the legisla- ture who were opposed to license, was adopted by a large majority. But a vigorous protest was made against it on the ground that it was introducing temperance into politics. It was, however, the sowing of good seed. A temperance convention was held at Worcester, June 23d and 24th, 1852, Hon. Myron Lawrence being the President. It made the following declara- tion : " We solemnly pledge ourselves to each other and the world, that in the future exercise of our suffrage, we will in no case cast our votes for men whose elec- tion would hazard (he existence, or efficient enforce- ment, of our law for the suppression of the liquor traffic." 148 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE And yet a few months later, John H. CHfford, an enemy of the law, was elected Governor over Horace Mann, a life-long friend of the cause. A Xew Eng- land temperance convention was held at Boston, October 3d and 4th, 1866, at which Hon. R. C. Pitman read an essay upon the political duties of temperance men. This essay was referred to a committee, who subsequently reported the following resolution, which was adopted by the convention : " We heartily endorse the sentiments in the address of Judge Pitman, and believe that political action, by the friends of temperance, is indispensable to the further progress of the temperance cause." But no direct movement was made for the forma- tion of a political temperance party until after the repeal of the prohibitory law in 1868. Then a call, signed by nearly five thousand citizens of the State, was issued for a convention, at Tremont Temple, Boston, on May 13th of that year, *' To consider the political duties of the friends of prohibition at the present crisis'' The convention consisted of over thirteen hundred members, and w^as very enthu- siastic. Hon. Robert C. Pitman presided. After a full discussion of the state of affairs, this resolution was adopted : " That this convention appoint a State Temperance Committee, and that we authorize them to call a State Convention, if they shall deem it necessary, for the purpose of nominating candidates for State officers in favor of prohibition." IN MASSACHUSETTS. I49 Accordingly a prohibition committee, consisting of five at large, and one from each senatorial dis- trict, was chosen. This committee, in August, addressed an appeal to the Republicans of the State urcfino- them " To select delegates to the approaching Republican State Convention, who on this [the temperance] ques- tion, truly represent the Republican party ; men who in its behalf will demand, wnth no ambiguous voice, the repeal of the present license law, and a return to the former policy of the Commonwealth." At a prohibitory convention, in Tremont Temple, Boston, March i8th, 1869, Rev. D. C. Eddy, the President, said in his opening remarks ; " We are here to declare war, secret and open, public and private, social and moral, political and religious, ceaseless and eternal, on this traffic, until it shall become an outlaw, and driven from society." The adoption of the following resolution seems to indicate that the Republicans were then becoming a little unsound on the prohibitory question : " That if the Republican party of Massachusetts shall seek to save its life, by shirking its duty to the great cause, it will lose it ; but if it shall risk its life, in the fearless discharge of its duty, it will ennoble and pre- serve it." Among the speeches on the occasion was one by William B. Spooner, advocating a modification of 150 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the law so as to allow the sale of cider and beer, but the whole convention voted against such a scheme. There was another convention, at Tremont Tem- ple, August 17th, 1869, ''to consider the political dtctics of the friends of prohibition at the present time.'' Hon. P. Emory Aldrich was president of the convention. In a resolution they called " npoji the political parties of the ConinionwealtJi to insert in their platforms the approval of proJiibition as a prin- ciple right in itself, and of the highest benefit to the people,'' &c. A State prohibitory committee was chosen, and also delegates to the National Prohibi- tory Convention, to be holden at Chicago in Sep tember. The attempt to modify the law of 1869, so as to allow the sale of ale, porter, beer, &c., unless disap- proved by the several towns, and the indifference of many professed temperance men to the prohibi- tion question, led to the assembling of a convention in Tremont Temple, February i6th, 1870, ''to con- sider the moral, legal and political duties of the Jionr." Hon. Whiting Griswold was the President, and, after an animated discussion, this resolution was adopted : " That the organization of an independent political party, making the suppression of the liquor traffic an avowed issue, is an indispensable necessity." This was. the first direct step towards the forma- tion of a third party. The events following this convention deepened the conviction of the need of a IN MASSACHUSETTS. I5I political temperance party ; and a large number of persons in the State signed a call for a convention to organize such a party. At a meeting numerously attended in Boston, July 2d, 1870, of those favorable to an independent political party, the following persons were appointed to call a convention for that purpose, viz, : E. Trask, of Springfield ; H. D. Gushing, of Boston ; George S. Ball, of Upton ; J. H. Grossman, of Lynn ; A. P. Burgess, of Chelsea; George P. Hawkes, of Tem- pleton ; George F. Glark, of Stow ; A. R. Parsons, of Northampton ; Edwin Ghase, of Holyoke ; J. H. Orne, of Marblehead ; A. P. Sampson, of East Bridgewater ; S. W. Hodges, of Boston ; Gorodon Spaulding, of Ganton ; A. J. Ghurch, of Wellfleet. It was decided that it should be a delegate conven- tion. The call was issued July 25th, and it urged "all who are in favor of independent political action" to send delegates to the Meionaon, in Boston, on the 17th of August, 1870.* The convention, when as- sembled, put a full State ticket in nomination, with Wendell Phillips at the head, as the candidate for Governor, who at the polls in November received almost 22,000 votes ; yet not more than half of these were cast by prohibitionists, as he was also the candidate of the labor reformers, &c. He would doubtless have received a larger prohibition vote if he had promptly accepted their nomination. Thus the Prohibition Party was successfully inau- * Full proceedings of the Convention may be found in The Nation, August 25th, 1870. 152 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE gurated, in the State, and its influence was very salutary. Another prohibition convention was held October 4th, 1871, when Hon. Robert C. Pitman was nominated for Governor. He received about 6,600 votes — some of those who voted the ticket the previous year having ''fallen from grace." A cir- cular signed by some leading men of the party was sent, in August, 1872, to many prohibitionists, calling for a conference on the 27th of the month (the day previous to the assembling of the State Convention), to consider the propriety of recom- mending to the convention to make no nominations for the coming fall election. Most of those who met favored the idea of making no nominations, and doubtless would have so recommended, but for the vigorous protest of the Chairman of the Prohib- itory State Committee, who denounced the project to forestall the action of the convention, as extremely unfair, as the convention would be abundantly capa- ble of judging for itself what it was best to do ; and that no other body of men had any authority in the matter. Hence no definite action was taken. At the convention, the next day, Henry D. Cush- ing moved that the convention make no nominations for State officers, and supported his motion in a speech of some length, in which he said, while op- posed to a State ticket, he was in favor of a national ticket, and would support it if he voted alone. After much discussion, Mr. Cushing's motion was adopted by a small majority, and no nominations were made, but a State Committee was chosen. IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 53 One reason, and perhaps the principal one, why nominations were opposed, was because it was felt that Governor William B. Washburn was a sound prohibitionist, and it would not be well to vote against him. We presume another reason was that some of the party were not prepared to vote the national ticket, and hence did not want a State ticket in the field. But an electoral ticket in favor of James Black and John Russell for president and vice-president, was subsequently nominated, and received a small number of votes, probably about one hundred.* The next year, 1873, no convention was called, as there was no disposition to antago- nize Governor Washburn. In 1874 the prohibitionists generally supported Thomas Talbot, the Republican candidate, whose course as acting Governor, in heroically vetoing the license bill, passed by the Legislature, was perfectly satisfactory to them. But in the fall of 1875 a full prohibitory ticket was nominated, with Hon. John I. Baker as the standard bearer, who received 9,124 votes. The next year, 1876, was the Presidential year, and Mr. Baker was again the gubernatorial candidate, and received 12,274 votes. An electoral * The electors were Henry D. Gushing, of Boston, and Ezra S. Conant, of Randolph, at large. District No. i, M. W. Nickerson, of South Den- nis ; No. 2, Nathan Beale, of East Abington ; No 3, Samuel W. Hodges, of Boston ; No. 4, George H. Vibbert, of East Boston ; No. 5, A. E. Whitney, of Lynn ; No. 6, J. H. Orne, of Marblehead ; No. 7, L. D. Barrows, of Lawrence ; No. 8, William Wells Brown, of Gambridge ; No. 9, George F. Glark, of Mendon ; No. 10, E. W. Gofifin, of Orange; No. 11, Lucius Holmes, of North Adams. 154 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE ticket, in favor of Green Clay Smith and Gideon T. Stewart, for president and vice-president, received some two hundred or more votes.* Robert C. Pitman was the nominee for Governor, in 1877, and received 16,354 votes, a portion of which were cast by friends of woman suffrage. For several succeeding years the prohibitory vote was largely decreased ; many, who had previously acted with the party, for some reason doubtless satisfac- tory to themselves, went back to their former party affiliations. In 1880, a large number of delegates from the State attended the National Convention at Cleve- land, Ohio, which nominated Neal Dow and Rev^ H. A. Thompson, as candidates for president and vice-president, and the electors on that ticket in Massachusetts received 682 votes. The canvass of 1884, — it being the Presidential year, — was an exciting one. About twenty dele- gates from the State attended the National Conven- tion at Pittsburg, Pa., July 24th, which nominated John P. St. John and William Daniel, for president and vice-president. They received in Massachusetts 9,923 votes, and about 153,000 in the country. Hon. Julius H. Seelye was the candidate for Gov- * The electors at large were, George F. Clark, of Mendon, and Henry D. Gushing, of Boston. District No. i, John Blackmer, of Provincetown ; No. 2, G. M. Winchester, of Brockton ; No. 3, Magnus Ventres, of Boston ; No. 4, J. M. Brown, of Ghelsea; No. 5, William S. Oakman, of Boston; No. 6, Charles P. Wellman, of Marblehead ; No. 7, Samuel B. Maynard, of Marlboro' ; No. 8, John Tucker, of Watertown ; No. 9, T. A. Smith, of Westboro'; No. 10, E. P. Gibbs, of Dana; No. 11, Solomon F. Root, of Hinsdale. iSlfii tlllSI tUM- HENRY D. GUSHING, Esq. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 155 ernor, and had 8,581 votes — showing- that the tide of prohibition was rising. One of the most earnest and devoted men among the founders and prominent leaders of the Prohibi- tory Party was Henry D. Gushing, Esq. For years he had labored in the temperance work, and early saw that there was no hope of success through either of the old political parties. Hence by voice and by pen he exposed what he considered the unre- liability of their professions, and proclaimed the need of a party thoroughly united against the liquor traffic, so infamous and demoralizing in its charac- ter. He was a bachelor, and a man of some wealth, and he gave freely of his means for the building up of a party having no complicity with the saloon business. For two or three years he paid most of the expense incurred in the work of prohibition, and without his aid the movement would have been less successful. He was faithful unto the last, and at his death, in the fall of 1881, he left five per cent, of his property for the benefit of the cause he had so persistently advocated and greatly loved. His memory will long be cherished by those who knew his honesty of purpose, his steadfast adherence to principle, and his unswerving loyalty to the cause of humanity. Speaking of the temperance movement, to which he had devoted the best years of his life, he said in his will — '' I commend that cause to my heirs, and hope they will sustain it by example, monc}', influ- ence and votes."' It has been well said : 156 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE " The deeds of such men live after them, and it is for those who would do the g:reatest amount of sfood in the temperance work to seek to emulate such true and noble examples, ever daring to proclaim the right, and to live in harmony with their proclamations." CHAPTER XXIX. MASSACHUSETTS TOTAL ABSTINENCE SOCIETY. During the autumn of 1870, Mr. William B. Spoon er, who for some years previous had been the President of the Temperance Alliance, but having become dissatisfied, or at least not being in full ac- cord with its policy, held occasional consultations with those sympathizing with him, relative to the formation of a State Society whose aim should be the promotion of temperance through " moral and relio'ious ao'encies " alone. The result was that early in the year 1871, a call signed by himself and many others was issued for a convention at Tre- mont Temple, Boston, on the 2 2d of February, 1871. A large number of ladies and gentlemen assembled at the time and place designated. Rev. J. M. Usher called the convention to order, and Rev, D. C. Eddy offered prayer. The permanent officers were, Hon. E. S. Tobey, President ; William C. Greene, B. R. Jewell and James P. Magee, Secretaries ; Hon. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 15/ William Claflin and over eighty others, Vice-Presi- dents. On taking the chair, Hon. E. S. Tobey made an address. William B. Spooner stated that a large number of persons had been invited to speak, and moved "that the speaking be confined to those invited until they had spoken." This motion was opposed, as it was considered, by some, as an at- tempt to forestall the action of the convention. Mr. Spooner thought those issuing the call '' had the right to get up such a convention as they deemed expedient." Exactly how the matter was settled does not clearly appear from the printed proceedings, which seem to have been carelessly made. Addresses were made by Rev. W. B. Wright, Rev. Dr. Wells, Rev. A. J. Patterson, Rev. Dr. Lorimer and IMr. Towne. A series of resolutions was introduced and finally adopted, recognizing the Providence of God ; regarding total abstinence as Christian temperance ; pledging themselves to con- vert the people to total abstinence ; that they should work by moral and religious agencies, but not in opposition to other societies ; that they would organ- ize auxiliary associations ; recognizing the impor- tance of educating the young in temperance princi- ples ; and inviting all public men to abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors. A constitution and pledge were reported. The preamble set forth the object of the society, which was to be called the ''Massachusetts Total Absti- nence Society." Membership consisted in signing 158 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the pledge, and the payment of one dollar. The payment of ten dollars made a life member, and twenty dollars a life director. The pledge was to *' abstain from the use of all intoxicating liquors," &c. The officers were to be a President, not less than twenty-five Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected annually. A motion was made to amend the pledge as reported, by adding the words ''wine, cider and malt liquors." This drew forth a long discussion, the leaders of the convention opposing, but others advocating the amendment, which seems to have been adopted. The Pledge is in these w^ords : " The members of the Society pledge themselves each to the other, that they will not make, buy, sell, nor use as a beverage, nor countenance the use by others of any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider ; and that they will make direct and persevering efforts to extend the principles and blessings of total absti- nence." Addresses w^ere subsequently made by several individuals. A resolution favoring the enforcement of a strict prohibitory law was offered, but ruled out of order by the chairman. The officers of the Society were, William B. Spooner, Esq., President, and Hon. William Claflin and nearly forty others, Vice-Presidents. It does not appear from the printed official report that any Secretary or Treasurer was chosen. William C. Greene was in fact the Secretary. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 159 Soon afterwards Mr. Benjamin R. Jewell was ap- pointed the general Agent of the Society, and vigorous efforts were made to educate the people by means similar to what had been for years used by the Temperance Alliance, viz., lectures, sermons, &c., but the speakers, unlike those of the Alliance, were not allowed to advocate prohibition in their addresses. At the first annual meeting, the President is reported to have said that they ''designed to work solely by moral suasion, and if members wanted to use other modes they must go outside of the Society." In the furtherance of its work the agent of the society addressed Sunday Schools, and urged pastors to bring the subject of total abstinence to the attention of their congregations. The public schools were also visited, and, with the consent of school committees, the pledge was circulated among the pupils for signatures. Prizes were for a time offered to members of Grammar and High Schools for temperance essays. For some years the Society did not prosper to the satisfaction of its founders, but later it has been very prosperous in a financial way, and has had the hearty sympathy of many of the temperance men and women of the State, because it was not so pronounced in favor of legal measures to suppress intemperance as some others. Recently it has fa- vored the adoption of a prohibitory amendment to the State Constitution. The Society was incorporated under the general l60 HISTORY OF TEMPERA^XE laws of the State in 1875. The first meeting of the corporators was held on the 7th of April, 1875. William C. Greene was chosen clerk. So much of the old constitution as had reference to the offices of President, Secretary and Treasurer, was adopted as a part of the by-laws. William B. • Spooner was chosen President, and William C. Greene Secretary. At a subsequent meeting a full code of by-laws was adopted, which were similar to the original con- stitution of the societ)^ The number of vice-presi- dents, at one time, was nearly two hundred and seventy-five. A large number of lecturers have been employed for some years, more or less of the time. Every true friend of the temperance cause feels that the moral teachings of this Society have been all-important, and rejoices in all the good it has done. Mr. Spooner continued its President until his death, October 28th, 1880. He was a man of wealth, and gave freely of his abundance in sup- port of the Society. Hon. John D. Long succeeded him as President, and after him Hon. Oliver Ames. For several years, Mr. B. R. Jewell has been the Secretar}^, as w^ell as the General Agent. IN MASSACHUSETTS, l6l CHAPTER XXX. CATHOLIC TOTAL ABSTINENCE UNION. For quite a number of years previous to 1871, there existed various Catholic Total Abstinence Societies, scattered throughout tlie State, yet hav- ing no particular connection with each other. Each one did what it could in its own locality to promote the cause of temperance. It was felt that more good would result if these several societies could join hands and cooperate with each other in behalf of the great cause of sobriety, which had saved so many from a life of degradation and misery. Ac- cordingly, in the spring of 1871, a call was issued by some of the leading members of the Catholic Total Abstinence Societies, in and around Boston, to "the different temperance societies of the State, to send five delegates to a convention to be held Tuesday, May 30th, 1871, at 9 o'clock, A. M., in the Cathedral Chapel on Washington and Castle Streets, Boston." This was signed by Rev. M. F. Flatley, James W. Dumphy, John A. Duggan, Owen Rogan, Forbes Gandsey, W. E. O'Flaherty, John O'Brien, William Coveny, Jeremiah Harrigan, Michael H. Glass, J. Finnigan, J. Sheehan, Martin Gill, Joseph Farrell, D. J. Crowley, John E. Clancy. This call had '* the approval of the Right Reverend the Bishops of Boston and Springfield," and of the pastors of the signers. 12 l62 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE In response to this invitation, delegates from different societies assembled at the place and time above mentioned. The proceedings were opened with the celebration of Solemn High Mass, con- ducted by Rev. William A. Blenkinsop, of South Boston, and assistants. A sermon was preached by the Rev. VV. P. McOuaid, of Boston Highlands. The delegates and clergy then adjourned to the Chapel, and the convention was called to order by William Coveny. Mr. James W. Dumphy was tem- porary Chairman, and John A. Duggan Secretary. The clergymen present were invited to take part in the proceedings. Forty-four societies were repre- sented by two hundred and ten delegates. The permanent officers were, Rev. A. Sherwood Healy, of Boston, President ; Right Reverend John J. Williams, of Boston, Right Reverend P. T. O'Reilly, of Springfield, Honorary Vice-Presidents. There were also twenty-three regular vice-presidents. John A. Duggan, of Boston, and two assistants were secre- taries. The President on assuming the chair made an excellent address. Rev. M. F. Flatley moved the formation of a Catholic Total Abstinence State Union. This was unanimously voted. Resolutions were adopted recognizing total abstinence as the great safeguard from intemperance ; pledging them- selves to use all laudable efforts to discourage the use of intoxicating beverages ; urging the Catholics, where there are total abstinence societies, to unite with them ; appealing to Catholic women to support IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 63 the societies ; thanking the Bishop of Boston for the use of the Cathedral, and thanking the press for publishing the call. The constitution gives the name of " The MassacJiusctts Catholic Total Absti- nence Union'' to the organization. The object was to know and make known the advantages of total abstinence. To entitle a society to membership, it must subscribe to the constitution and pay an ad- mission fee of five dollars, and a per capita tax of ten cents a year for each member. The officers were, a Director, who should be the Right Reverend Bishop of Boston, or a clergyman appointed by him ; a President, two Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, a Re- cording and a Corresponding Secretary, who should be a board of government, and hold, in trust, all property of the Union, call meetings, &c. Annual meetings were to be held, each society to be repre- sented by three delegates. Some changes were sub- sequently made in the constitution. The officers chosen were, James W. Dumphy, of Boston, Presi- dent ; Patrick Diggins, of Worcester, and Stephen Murphy, of Salem, Vice-Presidents ; Rev. M. F. Flatley, of Boston, Treasurer ; John A. Duggan, of Boston, Recording Secretary ; Thomas F. Lotus, of North Adams, Corresponding Secretary. Within a year from the formation of this State Union ten other similar unions had been organized, and a National Union was instituted, at Baltimore, Md., on the 22d of February, 1872, but Massachu- setts was not represented. In 1873 an invitation was received to join the Union of America, and the 164 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE State Union appears to have been represented in the National Union at their meeting in October, 1873. The following year the State Union voted to ratify ^the National Union, and three delegates v;ere sent. There were seventy-three societies in the State, and seven thousand six hundred and seventy- nine members in 1873. There were also reported twelve Cadet Bands, with a membership of twelve hundred and thirty-four members. An important change in the State Union took place at the annual meeting. May 30th, 1877, by the division of it into two bodies — the eastern societies taking the name of the CathoUc Total Abstinence Union of the archdiocese of Boston, and the west- ern assuming the name, October lOth, 1877, of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of the Springfield diocese. There seems to have been no ill-feeling that caused the separation, and the original Union bid the Springfield Union a hearty God-speed. Some of the societies in the western part of the State found it difficult to be represented, and, as they paid a per capita tax they considered it ''tax- ation without representation." Finally it was thought that the temperance cause would be best subserved by a separation. Another reason doubt- less was that the original diocese of Boston, embracing the whole State, had become the arch- diocese of Boston, extending to Worcester, and a new diocese of Springfield had been created, includ- ing the rest of the State. The societies probably preferred to have a Union in their own diocese. IN MASSACHUSETTS. l6$ There were, in 1886, four Unions in the State, — the Essex County, tlie Boston, the Springfield and the Providence, which last includes Bristol, Barn- stable and part of Plymouth counties, and the State of Rhode Island. So that now the Unions are diocesan rather than state. These organizations have been productive of much good, and are destined, we think, to become very important factors in the redemption of the State from the curse of intemperance. The following persons have been Presidents of the State and the archdiocese of Boston Unions : 1871, James W. Dumphy ; 1872, William Coveny; 1873-4, P. J. Flatley; 1875, Rev. P. A. McKenna ; 1876-S, Rev. Hugh R. O'Donnell ; 1879, J. R. Murphy; 1880, Rev. P. A. McKenna; 1881, Jeremiah G. Finnessey ; 1882-3, Joseph J. Killey ; 1884, Hugh R. O'Donnell. The original Secretary, John A. Duggan, remained in office until 1883, when he resigned, and William H. Brine was chosen. Several persons from Massa- chusetts have held office in the National Union. CHAPTER XXXL REFORM CLUBS. The first '' Reform Club " movement was started January 19th, 1872, at Gardiner, Maine, under the leadership of Joshua K. Osgood, who had been l66 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE intemperate for some years. At the commencement eight persons signed the pledge, and soon many other inebriates in that vicinity followed their exam- ple, and much interest was awakened. At a meet- ing of the Executive Committee of the Massachu- setts Temperance Alliance, in the following April, measures were adopted to induce Mr. Osgood to come to Massachusetts and institute Reform Clubs. He commenced his labors under the auspices of the Alliance, in June, by holding personal interviews and conversation with intemperate men. Some circum- stances were unfavorable at first, but in the course of about three months he organized five Clubs. The first one, we are told, was at Charlestown. One at East Boston soon had nearly three hundred members. Another, at Lowell, more than a thou- sand. Thus for two or three years he labored in Maine and Massachusetts. At the suggestion of the State Alliance, under whose direction he was laboring, he did also some faithful work in New Hampshire. Such was the origin of this important movement. In about a year after Mr. Osgood commenced his labors, there were nineteen Clubs in Massa- chusetts, and more than eleven thousand and six hundred signatures to the pledge had been secured under the supervision of the Alliance. For three or four years Mr. Osgood labored a portion of the time in the employ of the Alliance, they furnishing most of the speakers for the Club meetinsfs. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 6/ At a Camp-meeting, held at Old Orchard Beach, Maine, in 1875, Mrs. L. Ward, of Massachusetts, invited Dr. Henry A. Reynolds to come to the Bay State for the purpose of organizing Reform Clubs. He accepted the invitation, and the first Red Rib- bon Club was instituted at Salem, September 19th, 1875, when twenty-three signed the pledge. The work went bravely on, and in less than one year seventy Clubs had been formed. Dr. Reynolds took for the motto of his Clubs, ^^ Dare to do rigJit^ Some time subsequent to the Red Ribbon move- ment, Mr. Francis Murphy came to Massachusetts and organized " Blue Ribbon Clubs," with the motto '' CJiarity for all and Malice to none.'' The Red Ribbon Clubs, however, seem to have been the most successful. Many Clubs were also instituted by other persons. For a time these Clubs appear to have been independent of each other. The fol- lowing was their Pledge : " We, the enrolled members of the Temperance Reform Club, do solemnly promise before God and these witnesses, that we will never make, buy, sell, or use as a beverage, any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider ; and that we will, in all proper ways, discour- age the manufacture, sale, and use of the same." At the suggestion of Dr. Reynolds, a State Con- vention of the Red Ribbons was held at Lowell, May 1 2th, 1876. Thirty-seven Clubs were repre- sented. H. C. Bowers, of Waltham, was President, and George H. Hanson, of Lynn, Secretary. The 1 68 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE aims and objects of the meeting were set forth in a series of resolutions, viz. : Opposition to the rum- seller ; no religious tests but the golden rule, and no politicians tolerated ; the abolition of the sale and use of strong drink ; freedom "from all entang- ling alliances with Church or State." While adher- ing to the Red Ribbon, they extend the hand of fellowship to all reformed men, and approve of juvenile organizations. They recommended another convention during the year. Soon after, the Boston Clubs called a meeting, at Boston, on July 19th, 1876. About fifty Clubs were represented by nearly two hundred delegates. " It was a very noisy gathering," and but little good was accomplished. There was a meeting of the Red Ribbons, at Boston, December 28th, 1876, attended by nearly seven hundred representatives. This meeting was rather a stormy one, caused, says George W. Penniman, by '' the action of a few dis- satisfied representatives . . . who seemed to come more for personal distinction than for the cause of temperance." At the Waltham meeting, April 14th, 1877, it was voted to have four meetings per year, and regular quarterly meetings have since been held. The convention held at Ouincy, in the fall of 1879, was composed of about two hundred delegates. A fierce storm was raised by the nomination of Miss Gertrude H. Hixon, of Sharon, for Secretary. The President decided that none but men could hold office. But after a long debate Miss Hixon was IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 69 elected. Subsequently Mr. Henry II. Faxon offered a resolution that in all future Red Ribbon meetings ladies should be eligible as delegates. After a heated discussion, the resolution was adopted by a vote of 74 to 64. As soon as the vote was an- nounced, it was declared that "the convention had disgraced the movement by admitting women," and the defeated party, led by the President, E. D. Flynn, left the hall, taking their credentials with them, affirming that they were the genuine " Red Ribbon men." The bolters assembled in the street and organized. They then voted that women had no more rioht in the club-meetino-s than men had in the Woman's Temperance Union, for the constitu- tion only made males, over sixteen years of age, eligible to membership. The seceders included twenty-two Clubs, about half the convention. Reso- lutions, introduced into the original convention, to adhere strictly to the Reynolds plan, were re- jected. A small convention of thirty-three delegates from Clubs representing the majority, at Quincy, met at Charlestown, January 15th, 1880, and organized a State Club, with J. Gallagher, of Cambridge, as President, and J. B. Devine Secretary. But so far as we can learn, this society never met again. But a few days later, January 21st, 1880, some of the members attended the seceders' convention at Am- herst. A sort of platform was there adopted, as a basis of future work, viz. : allegiance to the general principles of Dr. Reynolds ; more active work for 170 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the cause, and less talk about reliance upon God ; acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union ; the careful training of the young in temperance principles ; that there should be harmony among all friends of the cause, and that the men should vote as they pray. At a meeting held in Ware, July 21st, 1880, it was voted that the name of Red Ribbon should be dropped, and that of " Reform Clubs of Massachu- setts " retained. The office of permanent Secretary was established at the Natick session, October 20th, 1880, and George W. Penniman was elected to that position. He remained in office until July 19th, 1882, when at a meeting of the Club at Haverhill he resigned, as he was soon to leave the State. He was then presented with a handsome copy of Web- ster's unabridged Dictionary, as a token of respect from the several clubs there represented. Rev. Louis E. Charpiot, of Boston, who for several years had taken a prominent part in the temperance re- form, widely known and respected by all, was elected permanent Secretary. But, sad to relate, while passing from the meeting to the cars for Boston, he was stricken down with apoplexy, and died within two hours at the Eafrle House, whither he was carried from the street where he fell. A permanent organization of the Reform Clubs of Massachusetts was effected at a session, held October 4th, 1882, and Oliver J. Rand, of Cam- bridge, was elected President, and Samuel R. Mc- Cready Secretary, with a vice-president from each IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 71 of the Congressional Districts. Henceforth all clubs represented in the association were required to pay one dollar fee towards defraying the expen- ses. At the session, October loth, 1883, Samuel R. IMcCready was chosen President, and J. R. Has- som, of Natick, Secretary. The annual meeting, October 20th, 1885, was a very stormy one, a minority opposing the reelection of Mr. McCready as President. He secured the office, but it led to a division of the society. While there has been at times much diversity of opinion among the members upon some matters discussed at their meetings, yet we think much good has been accomplished by the movement, and many have been saved from a drunkard's life and a dishonored grave. CHAPTER XXXIL WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIOxM. In the autumn of 1873, what has since been known as the '' Woman's Grusade " commenced in the town of Washington, Ohio, and it soon spread into other places and awakened an interest in many of the States. About twenty gentlemen, principally clergymen, met in Boston on the 2d of February, 1874, to consider the plan adopted by the ladies at the west. After considerable discussion it was decided to inaugurate a similar movement in Massa- 172 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE chusetts, and Worcester was selected as the place for commencing a raid upon the liquor sellers. A preliminary meeting, to consider how to commence operations, was held at Worcester towards the latter part of February. On the 26th of the month a com- mittee of clergymen decided in favor of a forward movement against intemperance. Large meetings followed. Five hundred ladies held a meeting, March 3d, Mrs. Susan A. Gifford presiding, and made preparations for active work. An Executive Committee of four ladies from each religious society was soon appointed to take charge of the Crusade. Three bands of praying women, of twelve or fifteen persons in each, visited about twenty saloons on the 19th of March. The next day three bands con- tinued the work with somewhat varying success. The interest awakened spread into other towns, and meetings were held in various places. Before the month closed a large meeting was held in Bos- ton. Some of the clergy made the crusade the theme of their discourses. Thus the agitation was carried on, not exactly as had been done in Ohio, however, until a large State convention of women assembled at Worcester, Octo- ber 8th, 1874, and recommended the formation of a Woman's State Union. Accordingly a call for a convention was soon issued, which closes with these words : " Women of Massachusetts ! The world has known you as foremost in all great and good enterprises. In this wonderful movement of God, we call upon you, in IN MASSACHUSETTS. 173 the spirit of Christian love, to liclp us lift up His stand- ard against the enemy that liatli come in like a flood." Agreeably to the call the convention met at the Warren Avenue Baptist Church, in Boston, Novem- ber 1 2th, 1874. Mrs. Mary Draper was elected President, and Mrs. L. B. Barrett Secretary. A Constitution for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was adopted. The object was "the inaugu- ration of measures for bringing to bear the moral power of woman agair.st the crime and cruelty of the rum traffic." The officers were to be a presi- dent, six vice-presidents, a treasurer, a recording and corresponding secretary, with a State Commit- tee of one from each Cono-ressional District — all of o whom were to constitute an Executive Committee. The Pledge adopted was in these words : " We. the undersigned, solemnly pledge ourselves to abstain from the use of all intoxicating beverages, and to discountenance their use by others, and to avoid the use of all intoxicants for cookery or table purposes." In their Constitution they agree " To work for the reclamation of the fallen ; to pre- vent the young from contracting tastes and habits which eventuate in drunkenness, and for the creation of a high moral and religious sentiment in favor of total absti- nence from all that may intoxicate." The officers of the Union were, Mrs. Susan A. Gifford, of Worcester, President ; Mrs. Dickerson, of South Boston, Mrs. Mary Draper, of Boston, Mrs. 174 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Washburn, of Worcester, Mrs. Bradford, of Fitch- burg, Mrs. J. E. Taylor, of Springfield, and Mrs. Bradley, of Chelsea, Vice-Presidents ; Mrs. L. B. Barrett, of Boston, Recording Secretary ; Miss M. V. Bell, Corresponding Secretary ; Mrs. M. A. King, of Boston Highlands, Treasurer. The meeting was addressed by several ladies, and twelve delegates were chosen to attend a National Convention to be held at Cleveland, Ohio, the following week. The Union thus formed has done a very effective work, and been one of the most faithful organiza- tions in the State. In a few months after the Union was formed, the license law was enacted, and an earnest effort was made to counteract its delete- rious influences. By lectures and conventions, the members sought to warn the public of the dangers threatening the country from the legalized sale of alcoholic drinks. Their brave, determined and con- sistent protest during the years 1875, '^6 and 'jj to the Legislature against the infamous law, shows their devotion to the cause. The simple and direct petition, *' We respectfully pray your honorable bodies to repeal the present License Law and to reenact the Prohibitory Law," was their form of appeal. In the autumn of 1877 they took strong prohibi- tory ground, and urged the support of Hon. Robert C. Pitman for Governor. But in 1879, through the influence of prominent politicians, they withdrew their support from the Prohibitory party and took what was called '' non-partisan " ground, or in other IN MASSACHUSETTS. 175 words gave their influence in favor of one of the lead- ing- parties in the State. This led to a division in their ranks. A very exciting meeting of the Union was held October 22d, 1879, ^^^^^ ^^^^ struggle between the two parties commenced. One contended, ac- cording to the Boston Journal of the next day, for prohibition, and in favor of the third party — the other that the work should be carried on " inde- pendent of any political affiliations." Finally, with- out choosing officers and amid considerable confu- sion, the meeting was adjourned to the 6th and 7th of November. Immediately another meeting was held to protest against the action of the majority, and much excitement followed, which was ended by the janitor w^ho declared that the room was wanted for another meeting. A separation of the two wings was the result, of which we shall speak in another connection. At the adjourned meeting, in November, the majority, instead of asking the Legislature as they had done to repeal the License Law, voted to ask for a law allowing w^omen to vote on the question of granting licenses for the sale of strong drink. This was thought by some to be a surrender of prohibi- tion to local option. The Union, in 1881, earnestly advocated a prohibitory amendment to the State Constitution, and in 1883 they resolved : " That we believe the Prohibition party of Massa- chusetts stands for right principles, as enunciated in its recent platform, as no other party does; and we there- fore endorse its position and bid it God-speed." 176 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE But in 1884 a motion to reaffirm this resolution was lost. In 1885 it was again substantially adopted. The Union has been untiring in its efforts to indoc- trinate the children in the principles of temperance by the organization of juvenile societies of various names, and by pleading for instruction in the com- mon schools relative to the nature of alcohol and its effects upon the human system. Through their wise and persistent efforts, in a great measure, was secured the passage of the law of 1885, which re- quires such instruction to be given in all our public schools. This is a most important achievement, and of itself fully justifies their right to be. This is what has long been needed, and the law should be enforced throughout the Commonwealth. The Union has also done most efficient work in another direction. It has circulated a large amount of tem- perance literature through the community, — one of the most effective means of enlightening the public mind, and will produce good fruit. Earnest lecturers have also gone up and down the land, proclaiming the gospel of sobriety. And in many other ways they have been untiring in their efforts to overthrow the demon of intemperance. The Union was incorporated under the laws of the State, October i6th, 1877. In 1883 there were one hundred and thirty-five auxiliary Unions, with a membership of eleven thousand. Being denied the elective franchise the members of the Union are generally free from party preju- dice. Yet they see very clearly that the saloons IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 7/ cannot be overthrown without votes in the legisla- ture against them. Hence they recognize the im- portance of the ballot, and are anxious to use it for the destruction of the liquor traffic. And may God hasten the day when it shall be given them. Mrs. S. A. Gifford served as President two years. In 1876 Mrs. Mary A. Livermore was elected, and held the office until she declined a reelection in 1884. Miss Elizabeth S. Tobey succeeded her. Mrs. L. B. Barrett, the original secretary, continued in office until her lamentable death. May 24th, 1884. Miss Elizabeth P. Gordon was her successor. Mrs. Barrett was the life and soul of the Union. Thor- oughly devoted to the cause, she was ''instant in season and out of season " in her -labors, and no doubt her death w^as hastened by her untiring efforts in this field of duty. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN PROHIBITORY LEAGUE. This League grew out of a division of sentiment that sprung up in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1 879. The management of the Union was not satisfactory, in some particulars, to all its mem- bers. And we are told '' when in the gubernatorial campaign of 1879 the W. C. T. U. lent its influence 13 I7S HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE to the election of the Republican candidate, the dissatisfaction could not be suppressed." A few delegates regarded the vote simply to ask the Legis- lature to allow them to say "Yes" or " No " on the license question, "as a most fatal mistake," and therefore opposed it as thoroughly as they possibly could. They felt indeed that " the W. C. T. U. had th;;^ agreed to tolerate the License Law by a large majority, and the only prayer they would present to the law-makers would be for suffrage under it." It seemed to the minority that the others were ready to compromise with license by only asking to vote against it. Hence they felt compelled to take an independent stand in favor of prohibition, and ask the Legislature for that and nothing short of it. Therefore, at a " neighborhood meeting," held in Salem, December ist, 1879, after earnest prayer and grave deliberation, seventy-nine women declared in a positive manner in favor of an organization to be known as the " Massachusetts Woman's Christian Prohibitory League." Only fifty-four, however, en- rolled themselves as members. All were veterans in the battle against the direful evils of intemper- ance. All had labored faithfully in behalf of the wretched victim, only to see him fall again and again, and too often go down to the grave a bloated inebriate, the direct result of the legalized dram- shop. They adopted as their motto, ''In God we Trustr A Constitution was presented and accepted. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1/9 Any woman subscribing to the Constitution and willing- to labor for the objects of the League, was eligible to membership. The offit;ers were to be a President, a Vice-President, in each county, a Sec- retary, Treasurer, and an Executive Committee of not less than twenty, to be chosen annually. Monthly meetings were also to be held. Auxiliary societies were desired. The ^. . money from any body of Christian women furnished a right to act in the meetings of the League. The Pledge was in these words : " W^e, the undersigned, women of Massachusetts, believing that intemperance is the greatest foe to the welfare of our country, and that in order to overthrow and exterminate this foe, the traffic in intoxicating liquors must be prohibited by law — do hereby agree to work together, depending alone upon God for wisdom and direction, and use our utmost endeavors to secure the enactment and enforcement of a Prohibitory Law in our vState ; and to abolish the use of intoxicating liquors for drinking purposes, whether as beverages or as medicines, or at the Lord's table ; also in all cook- ing." The officers elected were, Mrs. Ellen M. H. Rich- ards, of Charlestown, President ; Mrs. Mary O. Stevens, of Peabody, Secretary ; Mrs. Lydia F. Pool, of Chelsea, Treasurer ; Mrs. Mary G. Ward, of Salem, Chairman of the Executive Committee. Several vice-presidents were also chosen. The League held regular monthly meetings and occasionally special ones. It regularly each year asked the Legislature iBo HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE to repeal the License Law, and through its officers has been heard before the Liquor Law Committee. For several years the League held its meetings at the Baptist Bethel, in Boston, the pastor of which has invariably extended to them his hearty sym- pathy. Frequently its meetings have been addressed by some prominent prohibitionists of the State, and thus its members have been encouraged to labor on in faith, believing that in due season they shall reap the rewards of their fidelity if they faint not. They all along considered themselves as an inte- gral part of the W. C. T. U., but on more advanced grounds. In December, 1886, the W. C. T. U., hav- ing substantially adopted their platform, the League was virtually dissolved and the name was changed to the " Massachusetts Christian Prohibitory and Equal Suffrage League," and men were admitted to membership. The original officers, chosen in 1879, continued in office until the change of the organi- zation. CHAPTER XXXIV. PROHIBITORY CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. The first direct movement for a prohibitory con- stitutional amendment was made by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, who through their IN MASSACHUSETTS. l8l chief officers invited several prominent workers to meet in conference, September 5th, 1882. About forty individuals responded. It was finally decided to hold a convention on the 28th of the month, to promote some organized effort to secure such an amendment. A committee was selected to make the needed arrangements. The convention assembled at the time specified. Rev. Julius H. Seelye, D.D., President of Amherst College, was chosen President, who made a most earnest address, on taking the chair. There was a long list of vice-presidents, and Rev. Richard Eddy was the chief secretary. Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, and J. L. Swift spoke at considerable length. Hon. R. S. Frost presided during the afternoon session, and addresses were made by Hon. H. W. Blair United States Senator from New Hampshire, Rev. O. P. Gifford, Mrs. Mary A. Livermore and others. Resolutions favorable to the object of the convention were adopted. A permanent committee was chosen to attend to the needed work of circula- ting petitions to the Legislature, &c. Subsequently meetings were held in some of the cities and larger towns, and the names of about thirty-nine thousand were secured, asking the Legislature for the desired amendment. But they were given leave to with- draw. The work however was renewed in the fall of 1883. A meeting was held in Boston, December 27th, of that year, and a State Committee to have charge of the canvass was chosen. Hon. John B. 152 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Finch, of Nebraska, was employed as lecturer. In a few weeks the signatures of over one hundred and four thousand persons were obtained to peti- tions for the amendment, nearly fifty thousand of which were of legal voters. But again there was ''leave to withdraw " granted by the Legislature. The services of Mr. Finch were secured for the fall of 1884, to begin about the first of September, and to continue at least six months. Mr. Finch, foreseeing that the coming Presidential campaign would be an exciting one, and that the sentiments of temperance men would be divided, suggested to the committee the propriety of postponing his lec- tures until after the election. But it was decided otherwise. He began work in the heat of the con- test. Favoring the election of John P. St. John, he met with a decided opposition. The meetings were small ; and he left the field until the middle of November. But so bitter were a portion of the temperance men against Mr. Finch, for his adhesion to Mr. St. John, that no substantial progress could be made, and there was a further postponement of the lectures. The work was resumed under many discourage- ments in January, 1885. But so strong was the opposition that it was difficult to make arrangements for the meetings or to secure a good audience. Mr. Finch confined his addresses strictly to the matter of the amendment, but it was of no avail. Realizing the state of things, he was anxious to withdraw from the field and relieve the committee of their IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 83 embarrassment, caused by the opposition to him, but was not allowed to do so. The Legislature was still hostile to the project. In the fall of 1886, in their annual convention, the dominant party of the State expressed a seem- ing willingness to have the proposed amendment submitted to the people. But the Governor, in his inaugural message, virtually recommended high license instead, saying nothing about the amend- ment. Towards the close of the legislative session of 1887, a resolve favorable to the amendment passed the Senate (June ist), by a vote of 15 to 10. It was defeated in the House, June 8th, by a vote of 139 to 74 — not the required two-thirds vote. The matter was reconsidered June 14th, and again defeated by a vote of 135 to Ji. But the end is not yet. CHAPTER XXXV. PRESENTATIONS AND WELCOMES. In this chapter we give some account of valuable testimonials and hearty welcomes tendered to some temperance men for distinguished service to the cause. At a meeting in Tremont Temple, May 2d, 1844, '' An elegant silver medal was presented to John B. 1^4 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Gough, accompanied by some eloquent remarks by Rev. E. H. Chapin, which called forth from Mr. Gough an off-hand expression of gratitude, sincere, warm and gushing." On one side of the medal were the following words : " Presented TO John B. Gough, BY THE Boston Quartette Club, AT THE Tremont Temple, Mat 2, I844. On the opposite side was a fountain playing from a shell, beneath wdiich was inscribed, " The Fountain of Life. " Around the edge was engraved the names of the donors — F. A. Lydston, S. P. Currier, W. H. Bur- beck, J. B. Hector. The edge of the medal was massive and elegantly chased. *'A grand temperance gathering" was held at Taunton, in the fall of 1844, which was addressed by Mr. Gough. During the exercises, "An elegant Bible, purchased by the Ladies' Total Abstinence Society of the town, was, on their behalf, presented to Mr. Gough by Samuel L. Crocker, Esq., accom- IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 85 panied by a neat and pertinent address." Mr. GoLigh ''most heartily thanked the hidies for this expression of their regard for him as a humble advo- cate of temperance." The same autumn, the Young Ladies' Temper- ance Society, of Boston, presented Mr. Gough with a silver Cup, at a meeting in Tremont Temple. Mr. Gough "received it with becoming grace," said the Boston Mail, " and made a very effective speech on the occasion." At the evening meeting, in Tremont Temple, on the day of the great Washingtonian demonstration, May 30th, 1844, Governor Briggs, with some appro- priate remarks, presented "a beautifully wrought silver Goblet to Mr. Samuel F. Holbrook, late Pres- ident of the Boston Washington Total Abstinence Society, as a complimentary and well-deserved tri- bute to his long, faithful and efficient services in the Washingtonian cause." Mr. Holbrook returned thanks to the donors, and then filling the goblet with water, requested the Governor to take the Jirst teetotal draught from its brim, which was done amid " repeated thunders of applause " by the delighted audience. At a meeting of the Parent Washington Total Abstinence Society, at Tremont Temple, February 23d, 1846, Samuel F. Holbrook, Esq., in behalf of 1 86 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the Societ}^, presented to Governor George N. Briggs a "splendid gold Medal," as a token of their appreciation of his laborious efforts in the cause of temperance. The medal was inscribed oi one side as follows : " A Token of aficction from the Parent W. T. A Society, of Boston, to George N. Briggs, Governoi of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Presented Feb. 23, 1846. W. R. Stacy, President; E. S. Kins- ley, R. K. Potter, D. W. O'Brien, John F. Coles, Vice-Presidents; E. S. Price, Secretary; D. S. Tarr, TieasLirer." On the reverse side : "" Sir, — The Society which presents yon this medal duly appreciate your zeal in promoting the cause of Total Abstinence from all intoxicating drinks. That you may live long, and continue a f^iithful laborer in the glorious cause, is the ardent wish of the contri- butors." His Excellency responded in a very feeling and able address, on receiving the valuable testimonial. Other interesting speeches were made. A great meeting was held in Tremont Temple on the " evening of March Sth, 1 847, to welcome Philip S. White, the Most Worthy Patriarch of the Sons of Temperance. The Temple was crowded to over- flowing, and Mr. White spoke over an hour, giving an exposition of the Order of the Sons of Temper- ance. The members of the Grand Division of Massachusetts occupied the platform in the rear of the speakers. Subordinate Divisions, in regalia, IN MASSACHUSETTS. I 8/ and a large delegation of the Daughters of Temper- ance, occupied the body of the house, while the galleries were thronged with friends and the public generally, forming one of the most brilliant demon- strations the Order had witnessed in the State." The question of licensing retail liquor sellers came before the Boston Board of Aldermen, May 13th, 1847. On taking the vote there was a tie. The Mayor, Josiah Ouincy, Jr., then gave his vote in the ngative, thus forbidding the legal sale of liquors in the city. After his retirement from office, a number of the leading citizens of Boston, in con- nection with the Council of the Massachusetts Tem- perance Society, on the 8th of January, 1849, called upon Ex-Mayor Ouincy, and after cordial greetings and an address from the venerable J. C. Warren, M.D., stating the objects of the meeting. Alderman Moses Grant, in behalf of the company, presented to Mr. Ouincy "a. very elegant silver Pitcher and Tray, accompanied with resolutions of the highest respect and gratitude for his services in the cause of temperance during the three years of his mayor- alty." Mr. Quincy accepted the testimonial in a very eloquent and feeling address. Father Theobald Mathew, the distinguished Catholic temperance advocate, from Ireland, arrived in America in the summer of 1849. A public re- ception was given him at Boston, July 24th, of that 1 88 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE year. He rode through the streets in a beautiful barouche, seated between Dr. J. C. Warren and Dea- con Moses Grant, followed by a long procession of citizens, Moses Kimball, Chief Marshal, with music and banners, amid the enthusiastic plaudits of the multitude. An address of welcome, in the morning, was given by Dr. J. C. Warren, President of the Massachusetts Temperance Society, to which the distinguished guest made a very eloquent reply. In the afternoon, from a stage erected on the Com- mon, Governor Briggs, surrounded by more than fifteen thousand people, presented the national guest to them, and commended the temperance cause in a speech of great power and pertinence, to which Father Mathew responded. There was music by the bands, and addresses by Deacon Moses Grant, Rev. A. A. Miner, Rev. R. C. Waterston, Father Taylor and others. The next day, July 25th, Father Mathew was formally received at the City Hall by Mayor Bigelow, and he was introduced to the mem- bers of the city government. On the 26th he was welcomed to Worcester, by Mayor Chapin. There was a jubilee at Faneuil Hall that evening, in his honor, Ex-Mayor- Ouincy presiding. On his return from Europe, a reception was given Hon. Neal Dow, of Maine, at Tremont Temple, Nov. 19th, 1857. On the platform were many distinguished friends of temperance. The body of the house was occupied by the public. The galleries IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 89 were filled with Sons of Temperance, in regalia and w'ith banners, presenting an imposing appearance. Hon. Henry Wilson presided, assisted by fifty vice- presidents. Prayer was offered by Rev. John Pier- pont. Mr. Wilson, in a brief speech, stated the object of the meeting. Robert C. Pitman, Esq., of New Bedford, welcomed Mr. Dow in behalf of the general temperance community. Rev. C. L. Mc- Curdy followed with an address in behalf of the Sons of Temperance. At the close, the Sons gave three hearty cheers for Mr. Dow. Twelve young Misses then sang the following song, written by Hodges Reed, Esq., of Taunton : " Our doubly honored guest to greet In joyful crowds we come, — Safely returned from fatherland, We bid him welcome honie. Hail ! hail ! to the cold water chief I A wreath to deck his brow! A youthful band we're here to sing A welcome to Neal Dow. " To many a sequestered cot, Where rags and iniin reigned, To many a palatial home Where rum ruled unrestrained. The Maine law came ; and in those homes Peace reigns, and plenty now, — And grateful hearts that gladly sing A welcome to Neal Dow. " It brings relief to many a wife Whose cup is filled with gall ; And many a child it saves, to mourn No more a father's fall. IQO HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Thej' all throughout the land and world, Could they come hither now, Would clap their hands with jov and sing A welcome to Xeal Dow. "The field grows fruitful by its power, Trade pays and labor thrives, The stricken bark outrides the storm, The engine safely diives. Hail ! hail ! to the cold water chief! A wreath to deck his brow ! Join all with grateful hearts the song Of welcome to Xeal Dow." Mr. Dow, on rising to respond, was received with great enthusiasm, and spoke most eloquently. Ad- dresses were also made by Rev. Samuel Wolcott of Providence, R. I., and Peter Sinclair of Scotland. The next morning a complimentary breakfast was given Mr. Dow at the Adams House. About one hundred and fifty sat down to the tables. A. H. Twombly, of Boston, presided. Addresses were made by Mr. Twombl}^, Mr. Dow, Hon. A. C. Bars- tow of Rhode Island, George S. Phillips of England, C. W. Slack and Rev. A. A. Miner of Boston, Edw^in Thompson of Walpole, Hon. Robert A. Rantoul of Beverly, Deacon Moses Grant and Rev. Arthur B. Fuller of Boston. On the return of Hon. Henry Wilson from Wash- ington, a grand reception and welcome was given him at Tremont Temple, April 15th, 1867. Hundreds were unable to gain an entrance to the Temple. IN MASSACHUSETTS. IQI William B. Spooner, Esq., presided, and made an extended address on introducing the guest of the evening. Senator Wilson was rapturously greeted as he came forward and made an eloquent response. Other speeches were made by Hon. John B. Alley and Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., after which a hymn of welcome was sung. There was a Grand Temperance Jubilee at Tre- mont Temple, May 27th, 1867, on the occasion of the presentation of two magnificent Dore Bibles to William B. Spooner, President of the Temperance Alliance, and to Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., President of Tufts College. These two gentlemen during the Legislative hearing, in the winter of 1867, relative to the repeal of the Prohibitory Law, had manfully conducted the opposition to repeal, and defended the temperance cause without hope of fee or reward, against the wiles and sophistries of its enemies, who employed Ex-Governor Andrew and Hon. Linus Child as their attorneys. On the entrance of Messrs. Spooner and Miner to the Temple they were given a most hearty ovation. Hon. Henry Wilson presided, and spoke in his usual earnest manner. Rev. Willard F. Mallalieu, in a graceful speech, presented the Bible to Mr. Spooner, who made a fitting response. Rev. E. P. Marvin pre- sented, in some jvell-chosen words, the Bible to Dr. Miner, who also responded most appropriately. Other speeches followed by Rev. O. T. Walker and 192 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Rev. J. B. Dunn. It was the united ovation of all the temperance organizations. A breakfast reception was tendered Hon. Neal Dow, at the Quincy House, December i8th, 1S67, on his return from a fifteen months lecturing tour in Europe. About one hundred and fifty friends of temperance were assembled. William B. Spooner presided, and expressed his satisfaction that so many were present to welcome the resolute, heroic and successful champion of temperance. Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., welcomed the honored guest. Mr. Dow replied with a felicitous speech that was fre- quently applauded. That noble friend of humanity and staunch teetotaler of many years, William Lloyd Garrison, made an eloquent address, and was followed by Rev. D. C. Eddy, D.D., Rev. J. M. Manning and others. The meeting ended with three cheers for the author of the *' Maine Law." The Temperance Alliance gave a reception, at Wesleyan Hall, on Tuesday evening, Dec. 14th, 1875, to Hon. James H. Rapier, of England, Parlia- ment agent of the United Kingdom Alliance. A hundred and fifty ladies and gentlemen partook of a bountiful collation. Rev. Dr. Miner presided, and welcomed the noble advocate of temperance. Mr. Rapier was warmly received, and in an earnest speech thanked the assembly for their generous greeting, &c. He was followed by William Lloyd IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 93 Garrison, Hon. Robert C. Pitman, Hon. John I. Baker, Henry H. Faxon, Henry D. Gushing and others. A cordial welcome was given to Ex-Governor John P. St. John, of Kansas, in the Mechanics' Building, Boston, February 22d, 1883. The recep- tion was under the joint auspices of the No License Union and the Olympian Glub, with the cooperation of the Good Templars, Temple of Honor, Sons of Temperance, Temperance Alliance, Woman's Christ- ian Temperance Union, Reform Club Association, and other temperance workers of Massachusetts. In the afternoon about fifteen thousand children and adults were present. Six hundred children sang, and Hon. J. P". C. Hyde welcomed St. John to Massachusetts. The honored guest made an address to the children. In the evening a large number of prominent Prohibitionists were present. Hon. J. F. C. Hyde presided. John B. Gough wel- comed Mr. St. John to Boston, to whom the re- nowned Ex-Governor responded. There were other speeches by Governor Litchfield of Rhode Island, Hon. J. B. Grinnell of Iowa and Rev. Dr. Miner. The meeting closed with the singing of "America," when large numbers were introduced to the hero of the day. 14 194 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE CHAPTER XXXVL RUM RIOTS AND MOB LAW. Under this head we shall record such outrages upon the property and persons of temperance men, supposed to have been the work of the devotees of strong drink, as we have been able to gather from various sources. Probably there were some com- mitted earlier than any here given. In October, 1844, a band of rioters entered the office of the Pittsfield Cataract, between ten and twelve o'clock at night, and in the presence of the editor, T. D. Bonner, and one or two friends, de- stroyed type and other valuable property belonging to the establishment. Five persons, Dwight R. Stetson, Angelo Stevens, Julius Bannister (one of the proprietors of the Berkshire Hotel), Freeman Sacket and Martin Hastings, were arrested as par- ticipants, and bound over to Court to answer to the charge, but with what result we are not informed. On the night of October 13th, 1846, a valuable monument, belonging to Jesse W. Goodrich, the zealous editor of the Worcester Cataract, was badly injured. It was supposed to have been the work of rum, as he was a fearless- advocate of temperance. Friday night, October 23d, 1846, the "midnight messengers of rum " being incensed against Jacob Beane, of Worcester, who had assisted in the prose- cution of the rumsellers, made an attempt to decoy and assault him, but failing in this, "with stones IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 95 and other arguments smashed in one of the windows of " his boarding-house. The next night the front windows of Hon. Abijah Bigelow's office, on Front Street, and of the office of Elisha Fuller, Esq., on Main Street, also those of Colonel William R. Bliss's boot shop, were ''all smashed in, and some of them completely demolished by paving stones, and other such-like cogent and conclusive memorials in behalf of rum, riot and rebellion to laws." The selectmen offered $200 reward for the detection of the scoun- drels, and Edward Earle offered $100 reward for the detection of those who assaulted Mr, Beane's boarding-house. *' The midnight game of window-breaking was played" at Pittsfield in November, 1846, upon the residence of Theodore Hinsdale, Esq., a magistrate, of Thomas Gold, Esq., a lawyer, and of Rev. Dr. Todd, Pastor of the Congregational Church — all of whom were ardent friends of temperance. The Total Abstinence Society of Boston held a meeting in Faneuil Hall, March 30th, 1847, for the purpose of discussing the license question. Deacon Grant, as President, undertook to read a series of resolutions, but was prevented by the rum rowdies. He said although it was his right to preside, he would resign the position to some other person if it was desired. Peter Brigham was nominated, and he was chosen. Deacon Grant then called for Mr. Brigham, who came forward, in the gallery, and said as the meeting was called by the Boston Temper- ance Society, he wished the Deacon to preside, 190 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE though he would take the chau" if the meeting desired it. Deacon Grant then introduced J. C. Clure, who, amid much confusion, attempted to speak. Mr. Brigham then came upon the platform and asked that Deacon Grant's resolutions be heard. But the noise only increased. Mr. Brigham moved an adjournment, and put the motion himself and declared it a vote, and thus the meeting ended. The Executive Committee of the Society subse- quently made an appeal to the public. For the third time. May 7th, 1847, "the drunk- ard makers of Boston, with Peter Brigham at their head, entered Faneuil Hall and disgracefully dis- turbed a meeting of the Boston Temperance Society, drove Deacon Grant, the President, from the plat- form, and completely broke up the meeting." Mr. John B. Gough was announced to speak in Faneuil Hall, October 21st, 1847, i-^nder the auspices of the Boston Total Abstinence Society. Deacon Grant occupied the chair. The hall was crowded, and a mob undertook to break up the meeting. From the Excelsior, of October 30th, we learn that soon after Mr. Gough commenced speaking there were cries of "or2;anize," "orsanize," ''Peter Brigham," ''Peter Brigham," &c. The rowdies forced themselves upon the platform and tried to get possession of the chairs. Mr. Gough was struck on the head with a chair. Constable Ellis was thrown from the platform. Two of the intruders were knocked off, and blows become general until Mr. Taylor, the superintendent, shut off the gas. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1 97 The City Marshal soon appeared with a posse of police. They were hailed with clieers, and cleared the platform of all who had no right there. The number of rioters was not large, and no arrests were made. The Boston Atlas, speaking of the affair, said, ''While the multitude were anxious to listen to him [Mr. Gough], he was utterly prevented from being heard by the shouting, hissing, bawling and stamp- ing of — shall we tell it to the nation } — a real mob in the cradle of American Liberty ! A i?iob com- posed of course of such only as may have good cause to dread the fervid eloquence of a humble man lately rescued from the destroyer, and now laboring day and night to save others ! This is in Boston ! Thi-s is in Faneuil Hall ! ! " When order was restored Mr. Gough made an eloquent speech. An assault was made by the rum fiends, Friday night, June i8th, 1847, upon the house of Timothy Gilbert, of Boston, and also of W. H. Jameson. Windows in both the upper and lower stories of the houses were broken, by throwing in bottles of some filthy compound. The carpets and furniture were very much injured, as was doubtless the intention. The next night, between eleven and twelve o'clock, the house of Deacon Moses Grant was assaulted by a gang of cowardly ruffians. Four bottles filled with coal tar were thrown simultaneously against the four large front windows. Three of the bottles broke the windows and went into the house and were broken in pieces, and the carpet and furniture were besmeared with the contents. Two rooms 198 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE were completely bespattered with the foul stuff. One bottle fell in the sleeping room of Deacon Grant, doing much damage. Mr. and Mrs. Grant were absent, and only two or three members of the family were at home, who were almost suffocated with the noxious gas that was emitted by the filthy ingredients of the bottles. Some miserable wretches, on the night of May 3d, 1850, deposited on the second floor of the south half of Flagg's building, in Worcester, near the mayor's office, a loaded iron bomb-shell of about six inches diameter, where it exploded a little before midnight, shivering to atoms all the glass windows, and some of the doors of the offices near by, and severely damaging the premises. The building con- tained the Quinsigamond Bank, a store, several lawyers' offices, including that of Mayor Chapin. It was supposed to be the work of the rum rascals of the city, on account of a recent order of the Mayor and Aldermen to the City Marshal to close up all places of unlawful amusements, in bowling and billiard places, where intoxicating liquors were sold as a beverage. A reward of $1,000 was offered for the arrest of the villains. The following Mon- day night. May 6th, another similar bomb-shell was exploded near the house of Constable Warren. Jubal Harrington was arrested, on charge of the deed, and put under bonds of $2,000 for appearance at court. He appears to have run away before the day of trial, and his bondsmen were defaulted. George C. Taft was also arrested and used as a wit- ness against Harrington. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 199 A temperance meeting was held at Boston, in Faneiiil Hall, May 27th, 1852, and was largely attended by friends of the new Prohibitory law. William B. Spooner was temporary chairman, and after a few remarks invited Rev. Dr. Beecher to lead in prayer. While the names of the officers were read, "quite a large number of rowdies and drunken fellows began to make a disturbance, and for nearly an hour there was a riotous demonstra- tion such as is seldom seen or heard in Boston." About nine o'clock a force of watchmen entered the hall and arrested some of the ringleaders. Peace being restored, the meeting proceeded, and speeches were made by several persons. Hon. Neal Dow, of Maine, was then introduced, and commenced speak- ing. "But the drunken rowdies outside raised a hideous noise," which was soon quelled by the watchmen, and an alarm of fire drew the mobocrats away. A vote of thanks was tendered the watch- men for their efficient services. Two men called at the door of Mr, Edward Draper, of Worcester, September nth, 1852, but he, from their remarks suspecting mischief, at- tempted to close the door. One of the men threw a large stone at him, which severely wounded him in the face. The assailants then fled. About the same hour, two men called at the house of Lewis Thayer, and represented that Mr. Draper wished to have him come to his house. Mr. Thayer refused to go. One of the ruffians then knocked him down. On his rallying, the other man aimed another blow 20O HISTORY OF TE]MPERANCE which Mr. Thayer dodged. The family were aroused by the noise, and the villains decamped. The Spy said, ''No doubt that these attacks have been in- duced by the enforcement of the liquor law." This was probably the case, for mob law is generally the aro-ument of the rum seller and his votaries. The fruit trees of Lew^is Thayer, of Worcester, were girdled in August, 1852. A Mr. Irwin, of Southbridge, a zealous temper- ance man, had his barn and contents destroyed by fire, December 24th, 1852. Two days afterwards, Mr. Bugbee, a watchman in Mr. Irwin's grist-mill, was knocked down by a negro and two Irishmen and badly bruised and left for dead, after being rob- bed. The assailants were arrested. An attempt was made on the 22d of February, 1854, to blow up the Methodist Church at Chester Factories. It was done by firing a keg of powder with a slow fuse. The resulting fire was extin- guished, but the building was so totally wrecked that it could not be repaired. It had been used by the Carson League (a temperance organization), for its meetings, and that was supposed to be the cause of tlie desecration. The selectmen offered a reward of $200 for the arrest of the guilty parties, but we have learned nothing further in reference to the affair. About ten o'clock on the evening of June 6th, 1867, some unknown miscreant threw two bottles of a vile liquid through the window of one of the par- lors of Daniel M. Spooner's house on Boylston IN MASSACHUSETTS. 201 Street, Boston. One of the bottles broke, and the contents caused considerable damage by soiling the carpets, walls, &c. Mr. Spooner was unaware of any reason why such a mean outrage should be per- petrated on him. It was supposed, however, that the villain made a mistake, and intended the assault for the house of William B. Spooner, a few doors distant, who, during the previous winter, at the State House, in connection with Rev. Dr. Miner, had heroically conducted the hearing in opposition to the repeal of the prohibitory law. Mr. Spooner, himself, so understood it, and we think very gen- erously paid his neighbor for the damage done. Several bottles of coal tar were thrown on the night of October i6th, 1867, aimed at the house of Rev. A. A. Miner, D.D., on Green Street, but only one of them hit his house. The villains either did not know which was his house, or else were too drunk to hit the object at which they aimed. As none of the bottles entered the dwelling the injury w^as very trivial. CHAPTER XXXVII. TEMPERANCE NEWSPAPERS. The National Philanthropist was the first temperance newspaper published in Massachusetts, and probably in the world. It was a folio, of four 202 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE columns per page, and was *' Devoted to the sup- pression of intemperance and its kindred vices, and to the improvement of general morality." Its motto was, ^^ Moderate drinking is the dozvnJiill road to intemperance and drunkenness^ It was published at Boston, Mass., by Rev. William Collier, and printed by Howe & Norton, at 14 State Street. The paper had the hearty approval of '' The Massa- chusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemper- ance," the first State Society in America. The first number of the Philanthropist was dated March 4th, 1826. The second, April 8th ; the third, May 20th ; the fourth, May 27th — and thereafter it was issued weekly, at 32.50 per year. From the issue of number six, for a time, it was printed by Nathaniel H. White, at No. 11 Merchants' Hall, over the post-office. The second volume, com- mencing May 5th, 1827, was issued at $2.00 per year, in advance. January 4th, 1828, the paper was enlarged a little. March 2rst, 1828, Mr. Collier sold the paper to Nathaniel H. White, the previous printer, who enlarged it somewhat, and employed William Lloyd Garrison as its editor, who held the position only to the following fourth of July, when he voluntarily withdrew, and Mr. White became the editor, as well as proprietor, for a few weeks. Rev. Mr. Collier, its founder, purchased the paper, August 29th, 1828, and it was printed by William R. Collier, who shortly became associate proprietor. The connection of the Colliers with the Philanthro pist closed January 9th, 1829, when it was purchased IN MASSACHUSETTS. 203 by James B. Yerrington, the proprietor of TIic Itivcstigator, of Providence, R. I. The two papers were united January i6th, under the name of National Philanthropist and Investigator, with Rev. WilHam Goodell as edito^*^ who had pre- viously edited the Investigator. A new volume commenced with this change, with the mottoes, " Qcltivate political knowledge and virtue ; presei've equality and freedom ; bnt avoid licentiousness T " Gather ivealtJi from your fertile soil, but dash the chalice of luxury fjvm your lips.'' " To preserve our Republican Institutions, a nationality of principles as ivell as of interests must be promoted'' The con- solidated paper was published at No. 36 Washing- ton Street, Boston. Its publication was suspended August 29th, 1829, temporarily, for the want of funds, and Mr. Goodell entered the lecture field to secure the material aid needed. On the 28th of the following October, it was again issued by Rev. William Goodell and Rev. Phineas Crandall, as editors and proprietors. Mr. Crandall had pre- viously, for about two years, published the Genius of Temperance, at Gardiner, Maine. The two papers were united and called the National Philanthro- pist and Investigator, and Genius of Temperance. About the first of July, 1830, Mr. Goodell, with the paper, removed to New York, and its publication ceased in Massachusetts. The chief cause of its removal was the publication of another temperance paper, started in 1829; and it was considered inex- pedient to publish the two papers in the same State. 204 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE The Journal of Humanity, and Herald of the Ameidean Temperance Society, was a weekly paper, published by Flagg & Gould, at Andover, Mass. It was the organ of the American Temperance Society, and Rev. Edward W. Hooker became its editor. The first number was issued May 27th, 1829, at $2.00 per year, in advance^ It was a five column paper, of four pages, with the motto, '' RigJiteoiisucss exaltcth a nation, bnt sin is a reproach to any people.'' Early in 183 1, ''Rev. E. W. Hooker [its editor], after the judicious discharge of his duties till the paper had taken a strong hold on the interests of the community, resigned his connection with the Society, and Mr. E. C. Tracy was appointed editor in his stead." How long the paper lived we do not know. The latest issue we have seen was Vol. 4, No. 40, Feb. 21st, 1833. It probably lived some time longer, and exerted a good influence. The Temperance Journal, — a four column monthly paper of four pages, — was started about the first of January, 1833. Ford & Damrell were the publishers of Vol. 2, No. 6 (June, 1834), at the corner of State Street and Wilson's Lane. They dissolved partnership February 7th, 1835, and for a time it was published by John Ford. In 1838, a new series of the paper was commenced, with the title of Temperance Journal and Total Abstinence Gazette, with the motto, '' Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging.''' It was about the size of the first series, and was published by Whipple & Damrell, IN MASSACHUSETTS. 205 No. 9 Cornhill. William S. DamrcU was the pub- lisher of Vol. 10, No. I (January, 1842), for the Massachusetts Temperance Union. Nathan Crosby and Charles Jewett had, at different times, been its editors previous to January, 1845, at which time the editorial chair was assumed by Daniel Kimball, which he occupied about three years. The paper was sold to William Kilmer, in November, 1847, and the next month was purchased by Jesse W. Goodrich, who became its editor at the commence- ment of the i6th volume (January, 1848), and it was subsequently, for a time, published at No. 8 Con- gress Street, Boston, and then at No. 5 Central Exchange, W^orcester, Mass. It entered upon its 2 1 St volume in 1853, and is supposed to have been published by Higgins 81 Crandall, of Worcester. But when its publication ceased we have not learned. The Boston Spy, — a weekly, four page and f(3ur column paper, published by Kidder & WVight, 32 Congress Street, at $1.00 per year, and edited by Richard Hildreth, — began its life about the first of January, 1840, with the motto, '' Without feai^, with- out favor.' ' In the issue of February 26th, 1840, it claimed to be the only weekly paper, in -the State, devoted principally to temperance. It probably died young. The Morning Star a?id Temperance Advocate came into existence probably in May, 1841. It was a daily, four page and five column paper, pub- 206 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE lished by James Burns, No. i Congress Square, at $3.00 per year. It was an independent sheet, not connected with any Society, nor under the direc- tion of any body of men. The editor said, " We ad- vocate total abstinence on otir oiun hook.'' Isaac F. Shepard is supposed to have had charge of the paper for a time. We know not how long its pubUcation continued, but we presume it was short lived. Cold Water Army a?id Yojct/is Pic-nic was a small four page weekly paper, of three columns, and about fourteen inches long. It was published at No. 9 Cornhill, by the Massachusetts Temper- ance Union. It was born probably in September, 1 841. Five numbers had been issued in October, 1 841, by a Mr. Shepard. It had as a vignette a fountain, and a picture representing a procession of children marching with banners. William S. Dam- reir was tlie printer, and Nathan Crosby its editor for some period of its life. The only number we have seen was that of December 29th, 1842 (Vol. 2, No. 18). About fifteen thousand copies were printed the first year. Its life was short. Cold Water Cup. The FitcJibiirg Sentinel, of May 6th, 1873, says — ''In 1842, a temperance paper called the Cold Water Cnp was set afloat [there] under the auspices of Mr. William C. Elleck, and was printed by William J. Merriam. The Cold Water Cup was completely dry in about six months." We have no further information relative to it. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 20/ The Essex Washikgtonian is supposed to have been born at Lynn, about the first of March, 1842. The motto was, " Total abstinence from all that in- toxieatcsr It was a foho of six columns, published by Christopher Robinson, at ;^2.oo per year. In the issue of February ist, 1844 (Vol. 2, No. 47), the editor, William Bassett, who had occupied the chair for a few months, gave his valedictory, and Henry Clapp assumed the editorial pen. The editor, Jan- uary 9th, 1845, announced that "this paper will be issued henceforth under a new name. The demands of our increasing list of subscribers, as well as the spirit of the age, require that we should have no platform narrower than humanity. Our next num- ber will appear under the comprehensive and signifi- cant title of The Pioneer." The paper continued to be an advocate of temperance. The motto was, '' Hnnianity first : every thing else afterivai'dsT At the commencement of volume five (March nth, 1846), it took the name of Lynn Pioneer. The Herald of Freedom, of Concord, N. H., w^as merged with the paper, November 5th, 1846, and was called Pioneer and Herald of Freedom, being still in part devoted to temperance. George Bradburn became the editor, March 8th, 1848, with Henry Clapp as corresponding editor ; and the motto, ** Humanity," &c., was dropped. It entered upon its 7th volume in 1849, but we have not learned the date of its death. 208 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Hampden Washingtonian began its career the first of January, 1842. It was owned by A. G. Tan- natt, formerly editor of the Hampden Joiirnal. It was a Aveekly folio, of six columns, at $1.00 per an- num. In July, 1846, Tannatt was still the editor, with B. S. Richardson as publisher, wdio, in 1847, was both editor and proprietor. The motto of the paper was, '^ Kindness for the victim; and for the tempter, lazv." It died on the first of January, 1848, for the "want of sustenance." The Waterfall and Washingtonian Mirror was brought into life, at Worcester, in February, 1842, by Lewis Metcalf as proprietor, and J. W. Goodrich as editor. It was half the size of the y^gis. In violation of the contract between Metcalf and Goodrich, as claimed by the latter, the former sold the paper to S. D. Church and E. R. Fiske. The relation between the new proprietors and Mr. Goodrich, the editor, soon became so unpleasant that he withdrew from the editorial chair in Decem- ber, 1842. Mr. Goodrich, with others, then prepared to publish a new paper, to be called the Worcester County Cataract. But before the paper was issued, the printing presses of both papers were destroyed by fire. Negotiations were started by the friends of the new paper to purchase the other, but were not then successful. The Waterfall was bought in November, 1843, by M. Spooner, and by him sold December 27th, 1843, to the proprietors of the Worcester County Cataract, which was started IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2O9 March 22d, 1843, and the consoHdated paper was called the Cataract and Waterfall, or Massachu- setts WasJiiiigtoiiian. With the issue of the second volume (March 20th, 1844), this paper was enlarged, and the name chanired to Massachusetts Cataract and Worcester County Waterfall. It was published January, 1845, at 171 Main Street, with a new vignette, emblematical of the union of the Waterfall and Cataract, representing a total wreck of Alcohol's ship, distillers, and all their appurtenances, cider mills, &c., going over the cataract and waterfall, with a large number of teetotalers standing by with banners, rejoicing at the result. On purchas- ing (on the 23d of December, 1847) t\\Q Massachusetts Standard and Temperance Journal, of William Kil- mer, the paper was christened the Massachusetts Cataract and Temperance Sta7idard, and was pub- lished at Worcester and Boston. The Dew Drop, pubhshed at Taunton, was bought August 31st, 1848, and that name was added to the previous one. The paper was sold at the close of the tenth volume (March loth, 1853), by Goodrich & Brown to Rev. Phineas Crandall and Rev. David Higgins of Wor- cester, who proposed to issue a new paper named The Temperance Agitator and Massachusetts Cataract. The Middlesex Washingtonian is supposed to have begun life in 1842, and was published at Low- ell. It was edited by Daniel Kimball, in 1844, and at the commencement of 1845 the name was changed to the Temperance Standard, "one of 15 2IO HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE the best temperance papers in the country." It was of six columns, and was edited and published by Mr. Kimball, and became the organ of the Massa- chusetts Temperance Union ; " or, in other words, of the old-fashioned teetotal movement." Mr. Kim- ball's losses on the paper, in about two years, amounted to $3,000. In July, 1847, ^^^ appealed to its friends to secure him two thousand additional subscribers, or it must cease to exist, as he was seriously in debt. Not receiving the needed aid, the paper passed into the hands of William Filmer about the first of November following, and by him it was soon transferred to the Massachusetts Cata- ract, as we have previously stated. Mr. Kimball, in his valedictor}^, said he had been seven years in the exclusive service of temperance, and had ^' been graciously preserved from yielding to the tempta- tions of the cup." The Berkshire County Washingtonian began its short career about 1842, at Pittsfield. It lived less than a year. It was a good sized folio, but from what we can learn was not very interesting, though the editor, whose name we have not learned, was said to be "a very nice man." He left the town in disgust, having sunk five hundred dollars in the operation. The Dew Drop, a youth's paper, was a folio of three columns, having its birth at Taunton, April 18th, 1843. It was edited by a young lady, and IN MASSACHUSETTS. 211 published by B. W. Williams every fortnight, at fifty cents per year. It had the picture of a man and woman standing at a well with the niotto, " This is the diiiik that God has given, Distilling in the shoivers of heaven'' Mr. Williams assumed the editorial management October 24th, 1843. The second volume was en- larged by the addition of about two inches to the length, and the picture was removed. It became the organ of the Bristol County Total Abstinence Society in August, 1844. Volume third (April 15th, 1845) was enlarged to four columns, and corre- spondingly in length, and was issued weekly at ^i.oo per annum. Its motto was, '^ Kindness for the vietiiJi ; and for the tempter, law T With the fourth volume it was enlarged to five columns, and without any particular change it continued until August 31st, 1848 (Vol. 6, No. 20), wdien, as already stated, it was sold and incorporated into the Massa- chusetts Cataract and Standard at Worcester. Boston Washingtonlan. The Worcester Cat- aract of April 26th, 1843, says ''the first number of this paper (late Boston and Loivell Teetotaler), edit- ed by Charles W. Dennison, and published weekly by Theodore Abbot, has made its appearance." It was a folio of five columns — price $1.00 per year. Its motto w^as, " This is not the canse of factioii, nor of party, nor of any individual, but the canse of tuii- versal mankind^ The name was changed Novem- 212 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE ber 25th, 1843 (Vol. 2, No. 31), to the New Eng- land Washingtonian. Mr. Dennison retired from the editorial chair in February, 1844, and Edmund Burke took his seat. In July following, H. P. Lewis and R. K. Potter became the publishers. On entering the fourth volume, January 4th, 1845, it was enlarged and came out in a new dress, pub- lished by White, Lewis & Potter, with Burke as editor, at ;$2.oo per year. On the first of November, 1845, Lewis retired from the firm, and the following December Burke went South, and John F. Coles assumed the editor's chair. At the commencement of the year 1847, i^s size was somewhat increased, and it claimed to be the largest temperance paper in the world, and was issued as the So/is of Temper- ance Organ. It was the first paper in Massachusetts which took the cause of the " Sons " under its pro- tection. For two or three years previous, it had been in a measure devoted to their interests. The Rechabite and Family Instructor was united with it in December, 1847. William A. White, with Sylva- nus Cobb, Jr., as assistant, became its editor in December, 1848, while its former editor J. F. Coles acted as travelling correspondent during his southern tour. The paper was sold to William A. White, in February, 1849, '^^^^ i^"* November following, Charles W. Slack was associated \vith Mr. White. The name was changed to New Englander, April 6th, 1850. At the close of the year 1850, it being also the close of the ninth volume, it was bought by Reynolds & Nourse, publishers of the Farmer and Rambler. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 213 The Quarterly VisrroR was published, about 1842, by the Massachusetts Temperance Union, and gratuitously circulated through the State, but for how Ions: a time we are uninformed. The Advocate commenced its life in New Bed- ford, in the early part of 1844. It was published weekly, by Henry Tilden, and was said to be "a large, well filled and well printed paper." The Worcester Cataract of January 21st, 1845, says, that "much to the discredit of the teetotalism of New Bedford, 'The Advocate' of that city, an excel- lent paper, has just expired for want of support." The Cataract was established at Pittsfield, in July, 1844, — some time after the death of the Wash- ingtonian, — by T. D. Bonner, who had charge of it for about two years. " It was spicy, sharp and somewhat abusive." Four men who had endorsed for the editor, we are told, lost $100 each in the enterprise. From Bonner, it passed into the hands of Kingsley & Axtell, who managed it about eigh- teen months, when its name was changed to The Voice of Truth, and was under the care of an asso- ciation of gentlemen. " It was independent in the expression of its views, and stands alone in the honor of having its office mobbed." Its list of sub- scribers was finally sold to an Albany, N. Y., paper. The Rechabite and Family Instructor was started, we are told, about 1846, S. T. Cobb 214 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE being editor and publisher. In December, 1847, according to a previous statement, it was united with the New England Washingtoniar. The Anxiext Pledge, a weekly temperance paper, was published about the first of January, 1846, at No. 40 Main Street, Charlestown, by Phineas Mixter. " It was devoted to Total Absti- nence in general, and the Rechabites in particular." It was of small size, but hoped by good patronage to grow larger in time. Price $1.00 per year. The publisher died in a few months, and that event probably caused a suspension of the paper. Sons of Temperance Signal was published, in 1846, by Heydock & Adams, at $2.00 per year; devoted to the Order of the Sons of Temperance. It was said to be ''of large size, good paper and type, and has a very pretty and appropriate head." We have learned nothing more about its history, except it was alive October 24th, 1848. Excelsior, a Journal of the Sons of Temperance, was published at 142 1-2 Washington Street, Boston, by Philemon Stacy, Charles. W. Slack, Warren Richardson, William Filmer, Hubbard W. Swett and James M. W^ Yerrinton. Slack and Yerrinton were the editors, with Rev. E. H. Chapin as princi- pal contributor. Though dated May ist, 1847, the first number was really issued April 15th. It was a good sized paper, neatly printed, and at $2.00 per IN MASSACHUSETTS. 215 year. It was heartily endorsed by Philip S. White, Most Worthy Patriarch of the Sons, and by some of the Divisions. Others opposed it, and it created some ill-feeling-, and marred the harmony of two sessions of the Grand Division, it being regarded by some as a rival of the New England Washing- tonian, and likely to interfere with the prosperity of that paper. The connection of Filmer and Swett ceased September 13th, 1847, and Stacy, Richard- son & Co., became its publishers. About the first of March, 1848, the office was removed to No. 5 Milk Street. Mr. Yerrinton withdrew, as editor, about the close of 1848, and Mr. Slack remained as the sole editor. Rev. Mr. Chapin continued his connection to the close of the second volume. The third Volume (April 28th, 1849), appeared with a new head. The editor spoke hopefully of its future prosperity, but alas ! for the mutability of earthly things, for on the 26th of May following it ceased to live. It was sold to William A. White, the owner of the New England Washingtonian. It was found that the two papers could not be supported. In his farewell, the editor -said, ''By a unanimous conclusion and with the utmost friendliness towards its competitor. Excelsior signified its willingness to retire, and leave the field in the possession of its elder contemporary. This we now do. Patrons, readers, friends, all — farewell." The Cadet, devoted to the Juvenile Order of Cadets of Temperance, came into existence in April, 2l6 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE 1848, at Lowell. It was published semi-monthly, by J. T. Adams, at twenty-five cents per year. Its history is, to us, a blank. The Cadets' Advocate and Morjiing Star was issued as a monthly previous to August 24th, 1850, by Thompson, Donovan & Co., at North Bridge- water. It was edited by several members of the Cadets as their organ. William R. Stacy, of Boston, was in some way connected with it. It was re- moved to Boston previous to November i6th, 1850, and in some measure sustained the interests of the Daughters of Temperance. The Massachusetts Life-Boat. About two years after Mr. B. W. Williams sold the Dew Drop to Goodrich & Brown, of Worcester, on the 22d of August, 1848, he commenced the publication of the Massachusetts Life-Boat, the volume and num- ber following consecutively from where the Dew Drop ended, so that the first issue must have been the last of August, 1850. The earliest number we have seen was that of May 19th, 1852 (Vol. 8, No. 6), B. W. Williams editor and proprietor. No. 22 School Street, Boston, $1.00 per year. It was a five column folio, with the motto, " The ivise enter and are safe ; fools remain by the zvreck and perish.'' Mr. Williams conducted the paper until September, 1 2th, 1854 (Vol. 10, No. 22), wdien it was merged in the Evening TelegrapJi, a daily paper, published by Williams, Morse & Co., in part, at least, devoted to the temperance cause. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 21/ Te:\iperance Agitator and Massachusetts Cat- aract, came from the press March 17th, 1853, and was published by Higgins & Crandall, at Worcester. Davdd Higgins was editor, and P. Crandall corre- sponding editor. It was really a continuation of the old Cataract under a new name. In about a year it took the name of Independent Journal and Tem- perance Agitator. P. Crandall & Son were the pub- lishers, and the former the editor. It was a folio of six columns, at $1.00 per year. Towards the close of 1854, it was enlarged to seven columns, and the price was $1.50, with D. Higgins as editor and pub- lisher. How long it lived we know not. The Temperance Visitor was a weekly paper, born April 25th, 1857, at No. 43 Commercial Street, Boston. Its owners were Adams & Weston. It was of five columns, and at $1.00 per annum. It was enlarged October 29th, 1857, to seven columns, and issued from No. 91 Washington Street, at $1.50 per year. Mr. Sylvanus B. Wes- ton's connection with it ended about the first of January, i860, and thenceforth it was controlled by Thomas Adams & Co., until about the first of June, 1 86 1 (.^), when it ceased to visit its patrons. The Sea was commenced in 1858, at Boston, and was a decided advocate of temperance among the seamen, and w^as extensively circulated among them for several years. Rev. C. W. Dennison being the editor. 2l8 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE The Temperance Alliance, a monthly paper, the organ of the Massachusetts Temperance Alli- ance, appeared in June, 1859, ^^ ^o. 11 Cornhill. It was of eight pages, and at fifty cents per year. Dr. Charles Jewett was its editor. Early in 1861 he felt compelled to give up the position, which he had held, ex-officio, as one of the Alliance agents, on account of a "larger income" needed ''to meet his pecuniary engagements." Rev. E. Otheman, the Secretary of the Alliance, then occupied the chair until the paper was suspended in March, 1861, for the want of funds. The Washington IAN, a weekly paper of eight pages, entered upon its short career. May 5th, i860. It was owned by Wright & Potter, No. 4 Spring- Lane, and the subscription price was $1.00 per year. It was edited by Thomas M. Brown, and was the Sons of Temperance organ. Only ten or twelve numbers were printed, when the subscription list was transferred to the Visitor, already noticed. The Temperance Reformer, a monthly of eight pages, was started on its career in June, 1862, at 75 cents per year, by Edward L. Mitchell, No. 24 Congress Street. He was both editor and owner. During its existence it was the only temperance paper in the State. Its circulation was small, and it lived only a single year. In his valedictoiy, the editor presented the following epitaph for the tomb- stone of his dear little child : IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2ig " Died, in Boston, on the first of May, 1S63, The Thmperaxce Refoumeu, at the tender aee of one year It died of want — of want of breath ! In midst of plenty — starved to death! Thousands to \t g-ood wis/ies gave, But not one cent its life to save." The Nation.- a Journal for the People ; "devoted to temperance, popular information, labor, home and country " — was a folio paper of six columns, started January 23d, 1864, at No. 27 Cornhill, Bos- ton, by Rev. James ]\I. Usher, at $2.00 per year. The price was advanced to $2.50 on the 20th of August following. With the commencement of the third volume, j\Ir. Usher's name appeared as editor and proprietor, with able editorial assistance. A little chansfc was also made in the headins; of the paper. From March, 1867, to the end of the year, wdiile Mr. Usher was in Europe, Rev. William M. Thayer, Rev. E. Otheman, R. F. Fuller, Mrs. Phebe A. Hanaford, S. T. Cobb and Moses IT. Sar- gent, had the editorial management. With the fifth volume, January, 1868, it was enlarged by the addi- tion of one column, and in February of that year Rev. William j\I. Thayer became the managing edi- tor. At the commencement of the seventh volume, in 1870, another column was added ; and in the fol- lowing April, Mr. Thayer's connection with the paper ceased. For some time, Rev. Louis E. Char- piot was its editor. The paper and its subscription list were sold, in November, 1872, to the Daily 220 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE N'ezvs Company, and thus died with the issue of number 49, volume 9. When it started, it was the only temperance paper in the State, and also, of any prominence, in New England. Temple of Honor Organ, Vol. i, No. i, was dated at Boston, July i6th, 1864. It was a folio of seven columns ; one page of which was devoted to temperance, and the rest to real estate matters. It was published by Samuel G. Greene. On the ist of October, 1864, it was changed to a quarto, and edited by A. D. Welch. It was " devoted to the interests of the Order of Templars of Honor and Temperance, and general home reading." It was probably short lived. The Weekly Templar was issued about the first of January, 1865, and the subscription price was ^2.50 per year, Addington D. Welch being its edi- tor. It was in the interest of the Temple of Honor. The date of its death is unknown. The Good Templar of New England made its advent September ist, 1865, with E. L. Mitchell as editor and publisher, at 35 cents per year. It was a monthly, of four pages, devoted to the interests of the Independent Order of Good Templars, and soon became the official organ of the Grand Lodges of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Mr. Mitchell sold out to Charles C. Roberts, March ist, 1867, and he continued its publication at No. 24 Congress IN MASSACHUSETTS. 221 Street until the commencement of the third volume, September ist, 1867, when it was issued as a semi- monthly, at $1.00 per year. Mr. Samuel T. Cobb became its editor in March, 1868. With the begin- ning of the fourth volume, it was enlarged to eight pages, and it assumed simply the name of TJie Good Templar. With the issue of the sixth volume, Sep- tember, 1870, the name was changed to TJie Tem- perance Press, and it became a weekly at $2.00 per year, with Rev. A. P. Burgess as editor. It sup- ported the nominees of the Prohibitory party for State officers. It passed away from earth July 27th, 1872, with the issue of number 30, volume 7. Our Order ; a Journal of the Sons of Temper- ance, — was a small folio, published by an associa- tion of the Sons of Temperance, at No. 39 State Street, under the direction of Isaac W. May and S. W. Hodges. The first number was dated Decem- ber 29th, 1866, but it soon died. The Sunbeam was a weekly, of eight pages, issued under the direction of the Boston Temper- ance Association, of which Benjamin R. Jewell was the President. The object of the Association was the publication of " a live, active and earnest " temperance paper. It began its short career of six weeks March 2d, 1867. Star of Temperance entered upon life, in a pamphlet form, June, 1867. Its projector was 222 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Henry Barstow, of Duxbury. The form was changed' to a three column folio, in July, 1867, and was pub- lished monthly until November of that year. The people of the town manifested "a. lack of interest" in it, and hence its list of subscribers was transfer- red to the "Youth's Temperance Banner," of New York City. Temperance Album, "devoted to the temper- ance reform," was an eight page semi-monthly, edited by James L. Bowen. Its life began March 15th, 1870, at North Adams, Angell & Mandeville publishers. Subscription price was $1.25 per year. About the first of July following it became the offi- cial organ of the Grand Temple of Honor. It was purchased by E. H. Sheaf e, March ist, 1872, and removed to Boston; — "Devoted to the interests of the Temple of Honor, Good Templars, Sons of Temperance, and temperance generally." It was enlarged March ist, 1873, and the price increased to $1.50, — E. H. Sheaf e, editor and proprietor. With the issue of July 15th, 1876, Mr. Sheafe's connection with it terminated, and it became the property of the "Album Publishing Company," with L. H. Weeks as its editor, but its career closed a few months subsequently. The Lowell Star came into life at Lowell, July i6th, 1870, with George H. Blake as editor. It was a small semi-monthly folio, at 50 cents per year, and was the organ of the Lowell Good Tem- plars, but died in infancy. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 223 The Temperance Fountain was the child of the Massachusetts Total Abstinence Society, and started on its mission in June, 1872. It was a small folio, and was sold at two cents a copy, and was published somewhat irregularly for three years or more. It was a child's paper, and had for its motto : " [fv pledge perpetual Jiate To all that ea?i intoxicate J' The Temperance Advocate, devoted to ''Right- eousness, Temperance, and Judgment to Come," was published occasionally, at East Boston, in 1872, by M. H. A, Evans, and was a folio of seven col- umns. ''Terms: Peruse, Ponder, Practise." The Sons of Temperance Monitor, a folio of three columns, had its birth at Brookfield, in Sep- tember, 1874. It began life as a Division paper, with C. H. Whittemore as editor. Soon after it was printed and devoted to the general interests of the "Sons," and was published at 50 cents per year. The Temple Star ; an Organ of the Temple of Honor, and of temperance generally, — made its appearance in June, 1875, at Southbridge. It was edited and published by George M. Whitaker until November, 1884. A. H. Lewis then took the edi- torial pen till February, 1885, when he purchased it. The paper was a monthly of eight pages. 224 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE The Temperance Cause started in July, 1878, under the auspices of the Massachusetts Total Abstinence Society, a monthly of 12 pages, and three columns per page, at 25 cents a year. Benja- min R. Jewell was editor. The Press came forth from the press, November 1st, 1882, with W. W. Marple editor and proprietor, at Boston. It was a monthly folio of three columns per page, at 50 cents per year. Its motto, taken from a speech of President Garfield, was, ''States- manship consists ratJiei' in fenioving the causes, tJian in pimisJiing or evading results.''' It lived about three years. The Public Good, with the motto, '' Persuade, Prevent, ProJiibit, Protect — The People,'' and devoted to the principles of the Prohibition party, began its weekly career October 8th, 1885, at Boston, George Kempton being both editor and proprietor. The subscription price was $1.00 a year. It was of eight pages, with three, and afterwards four columns to the page, but was not enlarged. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 22 5 CHAPTER XXXVIII. TEMPERANCE CONVENTIONS. Ix the previous pages we have given some account of the gatherings which formed the " Society for the Suppression of Intemperance" and the ''Amer- ican Temperance Society." We now purpose to give some account of the various State Conven- tions, except those when societies were organized, or were annual meetings of societies ah'eady in ex- istence, that have been held for the advancement of the temperance cause. The history of the tem- perance work is not complete without allusion to these conventions that have done so much to arouse public attention to the different methods of work. The first State Convention, of which we have found any record, met at Worcester, in the First Parish Church, September i8th and 19th, 1833, on a call from the Massachusetts Society, — " To consider the best means of extending, by a gen- eral diffusion of information, the principles of abstinence from the use of ardent spirits throughout our country." The Massachusetts Society was summoned to meet at the same time and place. About five hundred delegates of distinguished men, from all parts of the State, responded to the call. Hon. Levi Lincoln, Governor of the State, presided, and was assisted by Dr. John C. Warren and three 16 226 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE Other vice-presidents, with Emory Washburn and three other secretaries. A committee of one from each county was raised, to consider in what manner it was most expedient to proceed for a more com- plete and efficient temperance organization in the Connnonwealth. At the afternoon session various matters of busi- ness were attended to, and fifteen resolutions were reported for consideration, viz. : Satisfaction at the formation of the Congressional and Massachusetts Legislative Societies ; in reference to the abolish- ment of the liquor rations of the army and navy ; relative to the good results of not providing liquors for merchant, coasting and fishing vessels ; that the increase of temperance hotels and stores is removing a great cause of intemperance ; urged all temperance societies to hold meetings on the last Tuesday of February, 1834; that the friends of temperance should collect statistics ; that each county society should look after the work within its limits ; that editors, advocating temperance, are rendering good service to the community ; that if young men of literary institutions would join temperance societies it would promote the cause ; that the influence of females has been highly salutary ; that the liquor traffic was morally wrong ; that physicians be re- quested to seek for some substitute for alcohol in medicine ; that good men ought to cooperate with the friends of temperance, and that past success calls for gratitude and increased effort. On the second day various miscellaneous matters IN MASSACHUSETTS. 22/ were attended to, and a committee to address the people was chosen. Mr. J. Tappan made a report relative to a more complete organization of the State. It recommended a State Society, with county auxiliaries ; that the officers of county societies be e.v-officio members of the Executive Committee of the State Society ; that each county society send delegates to the annual meetings of the State or- ganization. They also advised that the Massachu- setts Society, having somewhat changed its consti- tution and title, be adopted as the State Society. The report was adopted. Every family was urged to provide themselves with some temperance publi- cation, so that the young may learn the 6vils result- ing from the use of ardent spirits. The repeal, or modification, of existing license laws was suggested. Rev. Dr. Edwards read an address to the public. Dr. Metcalf,-of Mendon, urged the securing of phy- sicians' names to be added to the seventy-five of Boston. It was declared that ardent spirits were not useful in health, but were causes of disease and death. Thanks were presented to several persons, and the convention closed with prayer by Rev. Mr. Walker.* 1834. Agreeably to a call from the Boston Young Men's Temperance Society, in connection with other socie- ties of Lowell, Salem and Springfield, delegates to * The Proceedings, with names of delegates, are in Antiquarian Library at Worcester. 22S HISTORY OF TEMPERANXE the number of more than four hundred assembled in Rev. Mr. Abbot's Church, at Worcester, July 1st, 1834. Prayer by Rev. Mr. Abbot. Horace Mann, of Boston, presided, assisted by Emory Washburn, of Worcester, and three other vice-presi- dents, with Dr. John W. Graves, of Lowell, and three others as secretaries. The President made an appropriate address on taking the chair. Vari- ous documents were presented by the Massachu- setts Society. At the afternoon session the Governor and clergy of the town were invited to seats in the convention. It was declared that those societies and individuals, abstaining from the use of wines and fermented liquors, were "entitled to the warmest approbation of this convention." Young men were urged to form societies, pledged against the use of all intoxicating beverages. The session of the second day was opened by prayer from Rev. John Goldsbury, of Hardwick. A series of resolutions on license laws was- reported. The efforts of females were declared essential to the promotion of temperance ; that teachers ought to form societies among their pupils ; that seamen need more efforts in their behalf, and that every town should have a young men's society ; the incon- sistency of legislation favorable to schools, and yet licensing schools of vice, was pointed out ; also in building prisons and forbidding crime, and yet licens- ing what fills the one and promotes the other. On motion of Mr. Bolles, the liquor traffic was declared IN MASSACHUSETTS. 229 morally wrong, and that the sale of liquors should be made a penal offence. Temperance houses were recommended to the patronage of the public; that selling liquors to the heathen ought to be reproba- ted ; that the traffic in ardent spirits by a ''Justice of the Peace " was a reproach to the State, and that a temperance agent should be employed. A com- mittee was appointed to draft an address to the young men of the State. This committee appended to their address a petition to the Legislature to re- peal all license laws, on the ground that the licensed traffic is a political and moral evil, and should be forbidden. Rev. Mr. Taylor, of Boston, prayed, and the convention closed.* 1835. In response to a call from the Council of the Massachusetts Society, a convention met in the Odeon, at Boston, September 23d, 1835. Prayer by Rev. Dr. Edwards. His Honor S. T. Armstrong was chosen President, Hon. James Fowler, of Westfield, and two other vice-presidents, with Wil- liam Porter, of Lee, and four others as secretaries. Resolutions were reported that the plan of absti- nence, adopted by so many young men, w^as a cheer- ful indication ; that the knowledge of the nature and effects of liquor would increase the blessings of temperance ; that the exportation of liquors is im- moral and ought to be discontinued ; that others * Proceedings, with names of delegates, in Antiquarian Library at Wor- cester. 230 HISTORY OF TEMPERANCE should adopt the plan of those shipmasters who exclude liquors from their vessels ; that reduced insurance on temperance vessels was beneficial, and would promote the safety of property and life. In the afternoon other resolutions were reported : that license was not for the public good, and should be abandoned ; that the increase of temperance houses was auspicious, and should be preferred to others ; that the traffic increases the burdens of the people and should be abandoned. On the second day of the convention the license resolutions were discussed. It w^as declared that all temperance societies should adopt the total absti- nence pledge ; and that licenses were not for the public good. Also, that a temperance depot ought to be established in Boston ; that the cause com- mends itself to the educated and wealthy ; that the cause is wholly of a moral character ; that all should seek for light on the subject; that the reform is not of a temporary character. They rejoice that woman's influence is generally in favor of the cause, and commend the American Temperance Society for collecting and publishing facts.* There was a feel- ing that the printed report did not fairly represent the doings of the convention, and Rev. Justin Ed- wards printed some strictures upon it. 1837. The Journal of the American Temperance Union, volume I, page 181, says that on October 17th, 1837, * Proceedings in Antiquarian Library, Worcester. IN MASSACHUSETTS. 23 I the first anniversary of the New England Temper- ance Society of colored people was held in the Bel- knap Street Church, Boston. The meeting was addressed by several gentlemen, and among others Rev. Dr. Channing, who " expressed his high grat- ification in witnessing the purpose and plans " of the colored people in the temperance cause. Dea- con Moses Grant said they might rely upon the cooperation and sympathy of the Massachusetts Society, who would supply them with publications, &c. We have learned nothing more about the Society. 1839. A call having been issued by the officers of the Massachusetts Temperance Society and the Massa- chusetts Temperance Union, more than six hundred delegates assembled in convention, in the Odeon, at Boston, January 30th and 31st, "/