F 232.S96W7 ^*i~ Sussex county, ^^^ 3 T15 3 DD532SM5 3 ^/ |b F 232 S96 W7 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/sussexcountytaleOOvirg SUSSEX COUNTY A TALE OF THREE CENTURIES SUSSEX COUNTY COURTHOUSE (1828) SUSSEX COUNTY A Tale of Three Centuries COMPILED BY WORKERS OF THE WRITERS' PROGRAM . OF THE WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA Illustrated American Guide Series SPONSORED BY The Sussex County School Board Talmage D. Foster, Superintendent 1942 VIRGINIA CONSERVATION COMMISSION State-wide Sponsor of the Virginia Writers' Project FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY Brigadier-General Philip B. Fleming Administrator WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION Howard O. Hunter Commissioner Florence Kerr Assistant Commissioner R. S. Hummel State Administrator COPYRIGHT 1942 BY SUSSEX COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD, WAVERLY, VIRGINIA PRINTED IN U. S. A. WHITTET t SHEPPERSON, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA Foreword The need in our schools for a history of Sussex County has been evident for years. No serious effort has been made by anyone to record in one volume some of the many interesting events in the growth and development of this county. In 1937, with this situation in mind, I began to collect material for such a history to be mimeographed and issued as a small bulletin. The principals and teachers throughout the county were very helpful in gathering data. Very soon, however, I realized that even this project required more time than I could take from my regular office work and duties as Superintendent of Schools. An application was, therefore, made to the Works Progress Administration for clerical assistance. Miss Rosa Coker, Miss Nannie Calder, secretary in my office, and I worked on the records in the library of the Virginia State Board of Education and the archives of the Virginia State Library. What we had begun as a small project for our spare time grew and grew until, within a few weeks, we realized that we were not equipped to complete the task as it should be done. In a short time the Works Progress Administration funds were exhausted, and our aid from this source was discontinued. A school building program under the Public Works Administration, together with our regular duties, forced us to abandon the project entirely for a time. Some time later, I heard of the fine work in the field of historical research being done by the Virginia Writers' Project under Mrs. Eudora Ramsay Richardson. Application was made for the Work Projects Administration, through the Virginia Writers' Project, to enlarge upon the original idea and complete the history of Sussex County with special emphasis on the growth of the school system. I am, therefore, greatly indebted to the workers on the Virginia Writers' Project and especially to Mrs. Richardson for the fine work they have done on this history. I am indebted to the many Sussex County people who have con- tributed information contained in the following pages. I am grateful to Miss Mary A. Stephenson and Miss Maria Parker for some of the local historical facts. There are, no doubt, some errors and many omissions. I am sure, however, the reader will understand the tremendous task involved in compiling this history. It is my hope that from this effort the people of Sussex will become more conscious of the past and more alive to the future of their native county. Talmage D. Foster Superintendent of Schools Waverly, Virginia January 23, 1942 Preface I ike topsy, this book "just growed" and went on growing. When it was to be merely the story of public schools in Sussex County, _^the Virginia Writers' Project undertook the task of completing research competently begun by Talmage D. Foster, County Superin- tendent, and preparing the book for publication. At my suggestion Mr. Foster agreed to include sections dealing with statewide education, with private schools in Sussex, and with the historical background of the county. After the completion of a book we knew to be far from definitive, our sponsor's appetite for history began to take on such startling proportions as to cause me to regret having thrown Mr. Foster the first tempting morsel. Since much of his county's past lay buried in musty records, he argued, why not expand the historical sketch? The work was well under way when our sponsor thought up the appendices. One list, of course, called so imperatively for another that it once looked as though the tail would wag the dog. The book is representative of many people's research. A former assistant state supervisor wrote the first drafts of Part II and Part III. I revised Part II; Mary T. McMullan rearranged and corrected Part III; and I wrote Part I and supervised the research basic to the book as a whole. Mrs. McMullan was my first assistant in gathering and checking material. Project research workers upon whose notes we de- pended were Alanson Crosby, Helen Leech, Bessie W. Tiller, Beulah Graves, J. Luther Kibler, J. B. Cook, Grant Jennings Smith, Maude Dewberry, and Catharine Horsley. H. Ragland Eubank served many times as consultant and brought the bibliography to its final form. The manuscript was typewritten by Edith Eanes and proofread by Elizabeth Kratz and Nora Moon, who can decipher my hieroglyphics, run down my insertions, and interpret my motives like a trio of Philadelphia lawyers. Mr. Foster was an untiring sponsor. He furnished the lists of teachers and pupils and the data for the sketches of schools and read the manu- script in its various stages. Specific information he sent us from the county, moreover, provided clues. Both the sponsor and the Virginia Writers' Project gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Verbon B. Kemp, Executive Secretary of the Virginia State Chamber of Com- merce, who lent the competent services of Philip I. Flournoy in the taking of the photographs. John Sherwood Widdicombe, Assistant State Supervisor, arranged the illustrations and wrote the captions. If the research and writing of this book had been a one-person under- taking, years would have been required to complete the task, for the data were obtained entirely from primary sources with no other history of the county available as a guide. The technique of collaborative effort enables many skills to be employed. Assignments were sent to the library. Facts were unearthed and transcribed on cards, headed, docu- mented, and checked. From the assembled cards, I wrote the narrative. Mrs. McMullan then returned the first draft to the library and super- vised the rechecking of every reference. Before the manuscript reached the typist, Miss Kratz and Mrs. Moon had read it in order to be sure that the rules of the accepted style book had not been violated in such matters as capitalization, hyphenization, and other horrors that cause writers not to sleep o' nights. Similar procedure was used in the pre- paration of the appendices. So in the writing of this book, as in all the other activities of the Virginia Writers' Project, It is not the individual Or the army as a whole, But the everlasting teamwork Of every bloomin' soul. Eudora Ramsay Richardson State Supervisor Contents Foreword 5 T. D. Foster, Division Superintendent Preface Eudora Ramsay Richardson, State Supervisor 0/ the Virginia Writers 3 Project PART I Historical Background Chapter 1. "Over the River from Jamestown" (1607-1754) . . 13 Chapter 2. Tears of Touth (1754-1776) 34 Chapter 3. Liberty and Life (1776-1800) 47 Chapter 4. Expansion (1800-1865) 67 Chapter 5. Aftermath and Beyond ( 1866- 1 goo) 91 Chapter 6. The Towns Flourish (igoo-ig42) 99 PART II Wisdom Hath Builded her House Chapter 1. The First Two Hundred Tears in Chapter 2. Free Primary Schools 117 Chapter 3. Academies and Seminaries 126 Chapter 4. Public Education 134 PART III Sketches of Schools Chapter 1. Courthouse District 151 Chapter 2. Henry District 163 Chapter 3. Newville District 176 Chapter 4. Stony Creek District 184 Chapter 5. Wakefield District 199 Chapter 6. Waverly District 214 PART IV Appendices Appendix A County Officers 239 Appendix B Veterans of Major Wars 250 Appendix C Early Land Grants 267 Appended D Educators and Educational Statistics ...... 293 Bibliography 305 Index 312 Part I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Chapter i Over the River from Jamestown 1607-1754 On February i, 1754 an act for the creation of Sussex County became effective. 1 The petition handed the General Assembly the year before by those inhabitants of Surry County living south of the Blackwater River had brought to fruition what had long been in their minds. 2 Vast distances delayed the proper fulfillment of legal, religious, and commer- cial affairs, and the time had come when courthouse and parish church should be of easier access. The severance accomplished was natural and logical. The homes located in the fertile southern part of Surry County had not been established without all the perils and hardships that ac- company the settling of any new country. During the seventeenth cen- tury restrictions forbade settlement of frontier lands south of the Black- water River. An order of Council, however, dated August 23, 1702, provided that "Land on ye South side Blackwater Swamp should be Laid open after the 20th of November then next coming, and that all her Majesties Subjects should have full liberty to take up & Patent the sd Lands in the accustomed manner." 3 Even before the legal bars had been lifted people had trickled in and begun to shape their lives in one common mold of daily existence. With religion, crops, houses, foods, amusements, and customs more or less alike, it was but natural that they should want conformity in their local government. Beginning at Seacock Swamp on the Southampton side, the new county's line of cleavage, as the General Assembly directed, was made to extend by "a straight course to Black water, at the mouth of Coppo- hank, and up Black water to the line dividing . . . Surry from the county of Prince George." 4 To the north remained truncated Surry; to the south sprawled Sussex County, child in name only of the rolling green downs and sea-pounded chalk cliffs that comprise England's Sussex. When the first colonists stepped in 1607 upon the green peninsula they called Jamestown, the land forming the south bank of the wide [13] James River was the home of numerous Indian tribes. 5 Between two creeks that eventually received the names of Upper and Lower Chip- pokes, dwelt the Quioughcohanock, whose towns Chawapo, Quioughco- hanock, and Nantapoyac, and surrounding fertile corn fields looked down on the ebb and flow of the river tide. Over this tribe ruled Pepiscumah (Pipisco), a friendly chief who invited the adventurers of 1607 to visit his town even before they settled at Jamestown. In the shadowy pine forests surrounding this strip of land lived other tribes of Algonquin stock, the Powchay-ick, Weyanoke, Coppohank, and "the nation of Seacocks." South of these were the Nottoway, an isolated Iroquoian group. 6 At least two Nottoway towns lay in the area of future Sussex — one on Corroneesus Swamp and the other on Assamusick Swamp. In recent years bowls, pipes, and other relics have been found at these two sites. During the first decade after the palisades and blockhouses of "James Towne" had gone up, the efforts of the colonists were directed, more or less, to exploration. Then, once familiar with the contours of the land they had chosen to settle, its climate, soil, and produce, they turned their attention to the real object of their coming — establishment of a permanent English colony on James River. Indian arrows and toma- hawks, famine, change of charter, and internal dissension were weathered as they came, and by the time Sir Thomas Dale — deputy governor under Lord Delaware — set sail for England in 161 6, the colony had reached a stage resembling permanency. Six settlements lay between Henricus and far away Dale's Gift on the Eastern Shore, but none lay "over against Jamestown." Here the Indians still held sway. In 161 7, however, the colonists began to select plantations along these lonely shores. Martin's Brandon on Upper Chippokes Creek, settled that year by reason of a special patent, became the first wedge in the attempt to establish private plantations. Not until 16 19 was an- other laid out on the south side of the James. In the spring of that eventful year Christopher Lawne's ship arrived with one hundred immigrants and settled at Warrasquoyake in present Isle of Wight County; and Sir George Yeardley arrived as governor with authority to put in effect "the Great Charter of privileges, orders, and Laws," which brought about representative government. 7 As the settlers on Lawne's Creek were getting the plantation in order, four corporations were created, and each "hundred and particular plan- tation" in these divisions was granted the right to elect two burgesses for [14] the General Assembly that met July 30, 1619 at Jamestown. 8 The "hundred," a term borrowed from the name used to designate sub- divisions of the English shire, was an extensive area that had been granted to a society. A "plantation" was a large single farm or a group of farms granted to one or more individuals. The House of Burgesses, which began its career in 1 6 1 9, was the first democratically elected leg- islative body in the New World. With the governor and the Council, it made up the Virginia General Assembly, which, composed now of the Senate and House of Delegates, has continued through the years the representative government that America believes worth defending. The Corporation of James City spread its limits north and south on both sides of James River. On the north, its bounds near the river corresponded roughly to those of present James City and Warwick counties taken together; and on the south, to those of Surry and Isle of Wight. From the southern part of James City were sent as burgesses Captain Christo- pher Lawne and Ensign Washer, representing Lawne's Plantation. Within a few years other plantations sent burgesses: Pace's Paines, represented by William Perry and John Smyth; Hog Island, by John Chew and Richard Tree; Warrasquoyake, by Robert Savin, Thomas Jordon, Richard Bennett, and Nathaniel Basse. 9 The south side of the James City Corporation soon had three representatives in the governor's council: George Sandys, appointed in 1621; Nathaniel Basse, in 1630; and Henry Browne, in 1634. 10 In the several years that followed, many grants were sealed to the colonists. 11 The London Company meanwhile undertook to transport great multitudes of people and cattle to Virginia. 12 Many of these were settled on the south side of the James, where stability and peace pre- vailed until March 22, 1622, the day the Indians, in one concerted effort, did their utmost to wipe out the English colonists on both sides of the river. Jamestown, fortunately, escaped. Chanco, a young Indian belonging to a tribe on the south bank of the James, unfolded the plot to Richard Pace of Pace's Paines, who hastened immediately over to Jamestown with the frightening story. News of the "fatall blow of the Massaker" in Virginia reached England in July. By Christmas of the same year, the colony had recovered from the setback and was preparing to profit from the bitter lesson. In the reprisals that followed, the colonists swooped down on the Indians inhabiting both sides of the river, slaughtered many, burned their houses, and cut down their corn crops. Against the Quioughcohanock George Sandys led several expeditions. 13 [15] Strewn along the river bank "over against James Cittie" in 1625 were several plantations: Basse's Choice, patented in 1621 by Nathaniel Basse; Bennett's Plantation, owned by Edward and Robert Bennett and their nephew, Richard Bennett, who became governor in 1652; John Pollington's Warrasquoyake Plantation; Hog Island, patented by John Utie and John Bailey and occupied among others by Ralph Hamor; Rolfe's Greek, owned by Thomas Rolfe, who later described it as being between "Smiths Fort old Feild and the Divills woodyard swampe;" Burrows' Hill, patented in 1624 by John Burrows; Pace's Paines, occu- pied by Richard Pace, Francis Chapman, and Thomas Gates; and — almost opposite Jamestown — Crouch's Creek or Sandys' Quarter, where the poet George Sandys, then treasurer of the colony, had, among other properties, "a house framed for silkworms, a garden of an acre, and a vineyard of two acres." On this, "the Salisbury side" of the James City Corporation, were eighteen dwellings, five stores, four tobacco houses, one stone house, one silk house, and four "forts" (stockades). The houses, with the exception of the stone building, were of wood and gen- erally "within palisadoes." 14 In 1634 the General Assembly discarded cumbersome corporations as political divisions of the colony and created in their place eight counties, one of which was James City, including the present county and extending across the James southward. In this territory lay the future county of Sussex. 15 From the beginning the planters along the river's marshy south side had considered themselves a part of the "chief cittie." From Jamestown came replacements of broken or spent weapons of defense; snaphaunce pieces, matchlocks, pistols and swords, armor, corselets, quilted coats and coats of mail, and powder and lead. Many people settled on what had come to be called the Surry Side owned land on the shore opposite, and nearly all attended church at Jamestown, for James City Parish co- incided with the limits of the corporation. As settlements increased, "lusty oar strokes" hurried the colonists' shallops, barques, skiffs, and barges over to Jamestown for visits that became in 1633 commercial necessities, for in that year an act required the inhabitants of the south side of the river to bring their tobacco, long the "money crop," to the public warehouse at Jamestown. 16 Marriages were a natural result, and the people on both sides of the river were blended at an early date. John Burrows of Burrows' Hill married the widow of Jamestown's Reverend Richard Buck, and Commissary James Blair and William [16] Edwards of Jamestown, in the latter part of the century, took as wives the daughters of Benjamin Harrison of Surry ( 1 645- 1713), from whom the Harrisons of Sussex claim descent. Records, by the way, throw in relief — and rather amusingly — the career of this Sarah Harrison, daughter of the first Benjamin, progenitor of Signers and Presidents. This girl apparently outmoderned the mod- erns. She solemnly engaged herself to one William Roscow and signed the following betrothal compact, which was recorded April 28, 1687: These are to C'tifye all persons in ye World, that I, Sarah Harrison, Daughter of Mr. Benja. Harrison, do & am fully resolved & by these presents do oblige myself (& cordially promise) to Wm. Roscow never to marry or contract marriage with any man (during his life) only himself to confirm these presnts I the abovesaid Sarah Harrison do call the Almighty God to witness so help me God. Amen. (Signed) Sarah Harrison. Nevertheless, shortly thereafter Sarah engaged herself to Dr. James Blair, founder of the College of William and Mary. The headstrong girl took matters into her own hands at the wedding. When the minister, reading the words from the ritual that the bride was to repeat after him, came to the part that had to do with the wife's obedience, Sarah said in a clear voice, "No obey." Twice the minister repeated the words, and twice Sarah said, "No obey." Then, because the bridegroom made no protest, the minister proceeded with the ceremony — and Sarah never promised to obey Parson Blair. 17 Perhaps, if William Byrd's secret diary is to be credited, it would have been better if Sarah had been under her husband's thumb. Here is a bit of gossip as passed on by William Byrd II : I was very much surprised to find Mrs. Blair drunk, which is growing pretty common with her, and her relatives disguise it under the name of consolation. We dined at Mr. Bland's and then rode to Commissary Blair's . . . Mrs. Blair was sick and talked very (simply) , 18 When the whole story is told, there is no small wonder that Mrs. Blair needed consolation. Among her troubles were those in which the governor figured. At best Nicholson was a queer fellow, and at worst he must have been intolerable. He fell in love, for instance, with Martha Burwell, who had already bestowed her affections upon a young man of her own choosing. When the girl would not heed his suit and her [17] parents would not intervene, he declared that if Martha married the other man he would cut the throats of the bridegroom, the officiating clergyman, and the justice who issued the license. Of course, he did nothing of the sort when Martha Burwell married young Armistead. 19 In view of Francis Nicholson's bad disposition, it must have caused Sarah Harrison Blair some concern that her husband and the governor were never on good terms with each other. Even when she was horribly insulted, Nicholson took no step to have her wrongs redressed. "Col. Park finding that he had got in so with the Govr . . . grew so insolent that he forgot all rules of moderation and civility." Wanting to "vent his spleen" against Parson Blair, he found a way to humiliate Sarah. Now the Blairs, having no pew of their own, sat in Bruton Parish Church with the Lud wells. Colonel Park did not attend services, for the minister had preached against the Colonel's favorite sin. Neverthe- less, "about the month of January in the year 1695-6 he came one Sunday suddenly to Church & rushing in with a mighty violence ... he seized Mrs. Blair by the wrist . . . and pulled her out of the Pew." When the case came before the governor and council, the terse opinion was given in these words, "That it did not lie before them." 20 Since the college, founded by Parson James Blair, closely touched the Sussex area, and since relatives of Sarah Harrison took up land in the county that was soon to be, the affairs of the Blairs bear at least indi- rectly upon the story of Sussex. As genial Sir Francis Wyatt began his second governorship in 1639 and the colony's first brick church rose to dominate the peninsula of- Jamestown, the increased population beyond the pencil-line of green that marked the James River's south bank found its prescribed religious and civic duties eased by the creation of Lawne's Creek Parish, west of the creek of that name, and Chippokes Parish, west of that. The bounds of Lawne's Creek were described as being "from the mouth of Hogg Island creeke along the river to Lanes Creeke, And ... to the head of the uppermost branches of the said creeke, ... to the head of the branches of Chippoaks Creeke westerly, and thence to the mouth of Chippoaks Creeke." The western boundary of Chippokes Parish (renamed South- wark in 1647), first "northwest upon the Suncken Marish," was subse- quently moved to Upper Chippokes Creek. Both parishes later extended southwestward through unsettled territory to the Carolina line. 21 The creation of a parish was generally but the prelude to a county. Thus did it happen on the south bank of the James River. In 1652 [18] Surry County was created, a vast territory beginning at the muddy south side of the James and slanting southwest through limitless pine forests cut by the sinuous length of three rivers, the Blackwater, Notto- way, and Meherrin. 22 Surry's plantations hugged the marshy shore line from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes Creek. Hog Island, Swann's Point, Four Mile Tree, Pace's Paines and other plantations looked across at the safety of Jamestown. To the south lay unexplored forests, threaded with Indian trails, filled with bear and deer, and dotted here and there with Indian villages. Through these woods for three days in 1609 Quioughcohanock braves had led Nathaniel Powell and Anas Todkill in a vain search for Sir Walter Raleigh's lost colony. 23 The area that is now Sussex, occupied as it was by Indians, contained no white settlers to suffer from the Indian Massacre of 1 644, which was led by the aged Opechancanough — brother of Powhatan and chief whose diabolical cunning had been responsible for the slaughter of 1622. Directly as a result of the second massacre, however, the county that was later to be known as Dinwiddie saw the establishment of Fort Henry, a stronghold established against Indian attacks. Abraham Wood, the commander of Fort Henry, fired the imagination and in- creased the knowledge of the colonists through his expeditions south- westward into unknown territory and indirectly started the expansion that was to continue through many decades to come. Though Wood's explorers scarcely touched the future Sussex, they influenced the open- ing of the lands south of the Blackwater. The first of the expeditions set out from Fort Henry in 1650 and followed Indian paths twisting southwest. By the time Sir William Berkeley started on his unhappy second administration in 1660, the Indians on the Surry Side had become ineffectual. As part of the treaty of 1646, 24 following the second massa- cre of 1644, the General Assembly had enacted that the James River Indians should not "come in to hunt or make any abode nearer the English plantations than the lymits of Yapin the black water, and from the head of the black water upon a straite line to the old Monakin Towne." 25 The pine-covered land that was to become Sussex County was still a wilderness from which death in Indian guise had ceased to issue, for the ignominious decline of the aborigines had already set in. A forerunner of subsequent vassalage occurred in 1654, when a boy of the "nation of Seacocks" was indentured for "fower years." The Surry [19] Side Indians, by 1662, had become mere pilferers, required by law, whenever they came "within English bounds," to wear badges of bright cloth bearing the name of their town. The Weyanoke, the great tribe that had migrated from both sides of the James after the treaty of 1 646 and settled south of the Blackwater River, had lost their strength, like the others; and their property had been absorbed by the English. By 1670 the Weyanoke had only 15 "hunters," the Maharineck (Meherrin) 50, and the two Nottoway towns but 90, all of which did not prevent the south side of the James from being caught in the tangle of defenses planned against the menace of rising Indians in 1676, when Surry con- tributed 40 men, under Captain Roger Potter, who were "garrisoned at one ffort or defenceable place neare Richard Atkins upon the black water." 26 Sir William Berkeley, who had become governor in 1642, had with- drawn to his home at Green Spring near Jamestown during the Crom- wellian era. With the restoration of Charles II, however, he returned to power. The old governor, always a despot, had lost the benevolence that had characterized his first administration and during his second term became a high-handed and autocratic despot. The right to elect representatives to the House of Burgesses, which the colonists had won and held by the hardest of struggles, was utterly lost during the i66o's. The colonists had always contended that taxes should be imposed only by the representatives of the people. Now the House, absolutely con- trolled by the governor, passed heavy and unfair assessments in the making of which the rank and file of Virginians had no part. In 1670, moreover, an act was passed limiting the voters to landholders only, though the per capita tax was levied against all persons — truly taxation without representation. As a result, the poor became poorer and the rich richer. In addition, tobacco was bringing a low price. Leadership for the revolt was found in the person of Nathaniel Bacon, who settled at Curies Neck in Henrico County in 1674. The young man came of an old and distinguished English family. He had been educated at Cambridge, and he had traveled extensively before migrating to Virginia. Almost immediately upon his arrival in the colony he was made a member of the Council. Though an aristocrat, he at once espoused the cause of the people. The Indians, whose atrocities alarmed the colonists and against whom there was demand that the governor take action, were the militant Susquehannock and Doeg of Maryland and northern Virginia. A con- [20] certed campaign by the colonists against the Indians who lived along Piscataway Creek and in Maryland and who had been pillaging in Northern Virginia resulted in the defeat of the Susquehannock. Where- upon, Colonel John Washington — the great-grandfather of George Washington — and Colonel Isaac Allerton of Westmoreland County joined with Colonel John Truman of Maryland, determined to put an end to marauding. When — during a truce — several Indians were unjustifiably murdered by the whites, the Susquehannock attacked Vir- ginia's entire western frontier, enlisting other tribes as allies. The gover- nor, having authorized an expedition to be led by Sir Henry Chicheley, suddenly disbanded the militia and made no attempt to stop the atroci- ties the Indians were committing against the colonists. The infuriated people were declaring that the governor, seeking to protect his personal profits derived from the fur trade, was in league with the Indians. Then it was that Nathaniel Bacon took matters in his own hands and de- manded that the governor grant him a commission to proceed against the marauders. The governor refused and declared Bacon a rebel. Many people on the Surry Side of Charles City County then rallied to the support of the young leader. A band of Bacon's followers fortified themselves in "Allen's Brick House," now known as Bacon's Castle. For months disaster had been predicted, for the omens had been bad. During many nights a blood red comet had flashed through the sky, "streaming like a horse's tail westward . . . and settling towards the northwest." Thousands of pigeons in flight had darkened the sky and, roosting at night, had broken the limbs of great trees. Swarms of flies, "as big as the top of a man's little finger," had risen from holes in the earth and had eaten the leaves of the trees. Apparently the time had come for action, for certainly no calamity could be worse than the plight of Virginians in that year of 1676. When the governor saw that the people meant business, he ordered an election — the first that had been held since 1661. Bacon was elected to the House of Burgesses, pardoned by the governor, and reinstated as a member of the Council. That the rebellion was not brought about solely by the uprising of the Indians is proved by the record of Bacon's activities in the legislative halls of Jamestown, for immediately he sought to right the wrongs the people were suffering. Through his ef- forts universal suffrage was restored, and laws were enacted requiring frequent election of the vestries of parishes and auditing of public ac- [21] counts, and prohibiting trade with the Indians, long terms of office, excessive fees, and the sale of liquors. The rebellion was not to end so quickly, however. Bacon learned that the governor was plotting against him, left Jamestown — not having received the commission to proceed against the Indians — and concen- trated his attack upon the government rather than upon the savages. During the struggle that followed, the governor signed the commission that Bacon had been seeking and shortly thereafter fled to the Eastern Shore. The young leader, then in control, put his liberal laws into practice. Emboldened by his success, he sent a British guardship to the Eastern Shore to capture Berkeley. The captain, however, betrayed the rebels and turned over the ship and crew to the governor. When Berkeley returned to Jamestown, Bacon stormed the capital, burned it, and issued to the people a proclamation to the effect that, if England should champion the governor's cause, the people must defend their liberties or abandon Virginia. Then he set out upon a tour of the colony. In Gloucester County he died of a fever. Though the rebels, having lost their leader, were apparently defeated, a spark was ignited that has never been extinguished in Virginia. The fury of the old governor knew no bounds. Charles II, hearing the news, is said to have exclaimed, "That old fool has hanged more men in that naked country than I have done here for the murder of my father." But Sir William Berkeley was recalled to England, where he died within a year. As a result of the rebellion better days dawned for the colony. 27 The year after the rebellion men of Surry who "did Supply the late Rebell Nat: Bacon Junior with men, Armes, Ammunition, and pro- visions towards the prosecution of ye Indian warr," sent to the General Assembly a lengthy petition setting forth the grievances that had prompted the rebellion. The Assembly was too constantly in session; one meeting in two years would be enough. The per diem paid the burgesses was excessive. Taxes were distressingly high. The county was "destitute of Ammunition," though great quantities had been paid for by the colonists. Since men of Surry served in defense without pay, why should commanders not do likewise, since they were "farr better able to Serve without pay" than were the poor petitioners? Clerks and sheriffs were exacting high fees from innocent persons, "pretending that ye Court hath formerly allowed it." Moreover, it would be better to have [22] sheriffs serve but one year. At the end of the list of 21 grievances, the petitioners acknowledged the support they had given to Bacon and frankly declared their readiness to obey "y e Sd Assembly Soe that Assembly may not Increase our Suffring by further being Chargeable to us." Indeed humility was not among the virtues possessed by citizens of Surry in the year 1677. 28 The bold words of the petition were penned during the reign of terror that followed the rebellion. In January of 1677 Governor Berke- ley had ordered the sheriff of Surry to seize the estate of Robert Kay and "send over his Sheep to the Green Spring." Whereupon Samuel Swan certified that "he did seize and inventory said estate on 30th January 1677." 29 William and Elizabeth Rookeings, whose father was condemned by martial law and died in prison, found a friend in one W. Wyat, who petitioned that the orphans' estate be secured "until the King's pleasure be known therein." 30 Prosperity was not to come to the colony immediately after the de- parture of Sir William Berkeley, for Charles II continued to look to Virginia for the revenues of which he was much in need. Tobacco, therefore, was not only held down in price but was heavily taxed. In 1 680 the tobacco crop was large. This meant, of course, still lower prices and still higher taxes. The colonists saw only one solution to their prob- lem: less tobacco must be grown. The king, however, would have no cessation of planting. Strangely enough, the "Tobacco Rebellion" was led by Robert Beverley, a planter who had sided with Berkeley four years before. Night riders, working after the manner of the Ku Klux Klan of a later day, cut the young plants in the field, utterly defying His Majesty's orders. So Virginians continued stubbornly to defy oppression and injustice. By 1688 the colonists living to the north of the Blackwater, having seen that a step was taken toward alleviation of their suffering, began to look with eagerness toward the fertile territory south of that stream through which the Indians furtively wandered, and over a vast area there began a battle that would wear itself out on the rocks of time. That year the governor and council submitted to the king a petition from subjects who declared that they desired to move to Pamunky Neck and the south side of the Blackwater as "a meanes of safety to those poore Remnants of Indyans," and further argued that the land, if seated, would add to the revenue of the colony. 31 In answer the Gen- eral Court ruled, on April 16, 1690, that former acts assigning definite [23] territory to the Indians had prohibited grants or surveys for grants "on ye South side of Blackwater swamp." 32 However, a ray of hope was found in an act passed in 1691 "for the better defense of the country," which redefined the line of demarkation — "from the head of the cheife . . . branch of the black water to the upper part of the old Appamat- tocks Indian Town feild and thence to the upper end of the Manokin town" — and provided that no surveyor "within three years next" should "presume to lay out or survey any land or lands without the same . . . until the said three years ... be expired." 33 But before the expiration of the three-year period, King William and Queen Mary had granted, in 1693, their royal charter for the College of William and Mary, and among provisions for sources of income for the institution was one di- recting that 10,000 acres in Pamunky Neck and 10,000 acres south of the Blackwater be held for the college in free and common soccage 34 — only upon the quit rent of two copies of Latin verses delivered annually at the governor's house on every 5th day of November. The tract south of the Blackwater lay altogether in territory that subsequently became Sussex County. 35 Now began a bombardment of the General Assembly with petitions of the people asking that "the Inhabitants be permitted to enter for & take up any of the said lands." Governor Edmund Andros, on November 2, 1693, replying to a message from the House of Burgesses, stated: "I think it necessary to remind you, that their Majts having by their Royall Charter granted to the Colledge ten thousand Acres of land on Black- water & ye like quantity in pamunkey necke, those Lands ought to be first laid out & then further direction will be given therein." 36 Dr. James Blair in "A Memorial concerning Sir Edmund Andros" wrote in 1697 as follows: "because some of the best of this Land had been illegally taken up by others, the Governors of the College, appre- hending that in the surveying of it they might meet with disturbance from those illegal pretenders, petitioned the Governor and Council that by proclamation . . . they would signify the King's Grant to the Inhabi- tants ... so they might peaceably enter into the same in the name of the College, . . . To this Petition it was answered that care should be taken therein. But after long waiting there was no care taken to inform the Inhabitants; . . . the consequence was that upon both those tracts . . . the College survey was violently stopped by breaking the chain and carrying away the Surveyor's Instruments, which obliged the College, instead of the peaceable possession they expected, to commence a tedious [24] and expensive suit of Law with those illegal pretenders ; which they were forced at last for one of the Tracts to accommodate upon disadvantage- ous terms, persisting that their Judges (who were this same Governor & Council) were . . . full of prejudice against them, . . . And for the other tract, . . . the Governor by a bold stroke before the cause was decided, signed patents to others for all the good Land . . . and that in such large quantities that one of his favorites had no less than 13,000 acres of it in his patent and another 10,000, and all the rest very large quantities, expressly contrary to his Majesty's charter to the College; for by that charter the College was to have the first choice. But this was such an intollerable contempt of the King's authority that Sir Edmund's friends in England . . . gave him better advice than to go through with it, and accordingly . . . Sir Edmund prevailed with his Virginia friends to surrender their patents to him again, till the land in controversy should be legally divided." 37 This was but the beginning of long and bitter controversy. George Williamson, surveyor of Surry and Isle of Wight counties, was haled into court for the part he was alleged to have played in the illegal tak- ing up of grants. When he appeared on March 31, 1697 without any "account of his entrys on the Blackwater with him," he was ordered to bring to the next general court "Copies of all his entrys by him made on the Black Water from the first of his Surveyorship." 38 Later Mr. Williamson, having been able to show no authority for his surveys of the college land, 39 was suspended as "insufficient and unqualified." 40 Gaining momentum, the controversy over the college lands crossed the Atlantic and figured prominently in the Conference of Lambeth, held on December 27, 1697. Here are some of the comments made by the gentlemen in attendance : William Byrd — As to the Lands, my Lord, the Law is open, the Governor cannot hinder people of their rights. John Povey — My Lord, the Land on the South side of Black water was all along designed to be opened and there was an Order for opening it in my Lord Effingham's time. James Blair — But it is very certain that it was kept shut over till the College's Charter was brought into Virginia. John Povey — Were there no Inhabitants upon the place? 41 James Blair — None that had legal Patents. The Surveyors were all prohibited to Survey there and till that prohibition was taken off we could not get a Surveyor even to survey the College Land. [25] It is no small wonder that a pleasant place like the college lands in Sussex should have caused considerable bickering on the part of Vir- ginians desirous of profiting by their migration to one of the British colonies. Complaint and supplication were the order of the day — and the matter of the college lands was no exception. On November i, 1697 it was recorded that "y e Trustees of ye Colledge of Wm & Mary, have not taken up ye Land given them by his Matie on black water Swamp & Pomunky Neck, to ye great prjudice & hindrance of his Majties Sub- jects, who are ready to enter for & take up land there And it not appear- ing that any Surveys are returned into ye Secretarys Office, of What Land they have taken up. The Gent of Ys [this] board who are Trustees are desired to acquaint ye rest of ye Trustees therewth for effectuall care therein." 42 On October 7, 1698 a survey was recorded of "a certain quantity of Land on the South Side of the blackwater Swamp;" 43 and on June 21 of the following year the council ordered that sheriffs proclaim "through- out their Respective Baliwicks" that commissioners appointed to settle claims to Blackwater lands would sit in Surry on September the twen- tieth. 44 The considerable wrangling looked toward solution when Gov- ernor Francis Nicholson, who had succeeded Sir Edmund Andros in 1698, took a hand and on June 21, 1699 ordered all persons who ex- pected any "benefitt by any Claime ... on the Southside of Blackwater ... to the honoble Genii Court in October next." 45 Despite the legal procedure, persons — said a record of December 19, 1700 — "doe dayly goe out thither and without any Lawfull Power seat and Occupy" the lands on the Blackwater. 46 But the law was taking its course, for on August 11, 1 70 1 Theodorick Bland reported to the Council that "he had made severll Surveyes" on the south side of Blackwater, 47 and that a few days later ten burgesses and five councillors — including William Byrd, Charles Scarborough, Matthew Page, Benjamin Harrison, and John Custis, who was appointed in the place of Robert Carter — met "to Consider ye best and properest method to settle all matters Relate to ye Indian affairs & Concluding all Busines relateing to Pomonkey Neck and Black Water Lands." 48 Accordingly, the following patents were issued — and in most proper manner — on September 4, 1 70 1 : to Francis Epes, William Epes, and Littlebury Epes for 1,000 acres; to Richard Smith for 550 acres; to William Parham for 450 acres; to Edmund Irby f° r 399 acres; to Robert Carlisle for 100 acres; to Robert Sinelly, Thomas Giles, Joseph Bridger, Lewis Sinelly, and William Sinelly for [«6] 2,098 acres; to Thomas Reeves for 740 acres; to George Pierce for 200 acres; to William Hunt, for 4,342 acres; to William Jones, Senior, for 600 acres; to John Freeman, for 300 acres; to John Poythres, for 350 acres; to Thomas Thrower and George Pasmore, for 680 acres; to Thomas Wynne, for 200 acres; and to Richard Gourd, for 100 acres. 49 On April 25, 1704 Governor Nicholson told the House of Burgesses that the "Severall Addresses and Papers" presented him concerning the land on the Blackwater had been sent to England and that he was then waiting "her Majests gratious Commands about the matter So that these places may be as soon seated as the rest of the ffrontiers are." 50 An argument of the petitioners — naturally enough — was that freedom to patent the college lands would prevent emigration to the Province of Carolina. On May 10, 1705 the burgesses, in an attempt to persuade Nicholson to allow the college lands to be surveyed and settled, dangled before him prospects of large sums to be derived by quit rents from college lands. He was "heartily Sorry," the governor replied two days later, but he could not comply with the request, since "her Majestys Royall Commands Concerning The said Lands" had not been re- ceived. 51 Queen Anne, in response to the petitions of the people, finally re- voked that part of the college charter assigning the two tracts for sup- port of the college, and Governor Edward Nott on June 22, 1706 an- nounced to the General Assembly that as soon as he could advise with "ye Councill in settling proper Rules for preventing all disputes that may happen about priority of Entries," he would "forthwith give direc- tions for Laying open the Land in Pomunky Neck, and whenever the bounds of ye Counties on ye South side black water swamp are setled according to the Act agreed on, this Session, the Like permission" would be given "for making Entries there." 52 Soon thereafter the straight north-south lines that form the bounda- ries of the south-side counties were run, the General Assembly having enacted : That "whereas many inconveniencys attend the inhabitants of . . . Prince George, Surry, Isle of Wight and Nansemond, by reason of the uncertainty of the bounds ... on the south side the Black Water Swamp," the surveyors of the several counties shall "lay out the Black Water Swamp . . . and . . . reduce the same into one straight line, from which said line so reduced, a perpendicular shall be raised, and a line run parallel to that perpendicular from the head of the bounds of each [27] of the said counties . . . shall hereafter be the dividing line of each county backwards as farr as this government extends." 53 With the defining of boundaries, there was an immediate influx of patentees to the territory that was to be Sussex County, for "Sir Edmund Andros opened the tracts to all mankind so that we could have no Tenants, since every man was free to take Land in fee in the same place." 54 Though this first college-land project was defeated by the stubbornness of large landowners, the General Assembly, in 1718, voted an appropriation of £1,000 — furnished chiefly by large land- owners — for the support of the college, 55 and of this sum £150 was in- vested in 2,119 acres on the Nottoway and lying in the counties of Prince George, Surry, and Brunswick, with £476 used to purchase 17 slaves to work the plantation 56 known as Nottoway Quarter. Among others who early established claims to the college lands and by their quit rents supported the cause of education were Arthur Allen and his son, John Allen, 57 and Nathaniel Harrison. 58 At the risk of anticipating the narrative by many years, the story of the college lands must be told — and right speedily. Despite all com- plaints of irregularity, recurrent in the executive journal, patents were recorded and quit rents were collected. As early as 1701 patents for Blackwater lands had been granted to Francis Epes, William Epes, Littlebury Epes, Richard Smith, William Parham, Edmund Irby, Robert Carlisle, Thomas Reeves, and George Pierce. 59 In 17 10 John Boiling (1676- 1 729) — son of Robert Boiling and Pocahontas' grand- daughter, Jane Rolfe — and a man by the name of Robert Hix took up four hundred acres. 60 Later Hix assigned his interest to Lewis Greene. Thomas Swan, who lived at Swan's Point in present Surry County and is buried beneath a stone that is inscribed most properly but fails to mention his many children and multiplicity of wives, entered for land that caused "Diverse pretenders" more than a deal of trouble. 61 On March 17, 1801 John Mason, William Harrison, and Hugh Belsches, writing to the college, mentioned the following persons as owners of the lands once intended to yield dividends for the encouragement of genius : William Harrison, Lucy Atkins, John Mason, William Underbill's estate, Thomas Moss, Lewis Parham, Samuel Smith, Richard Christian, and Peter Jennings. Other persons appearing in papers at the College of William and Mary as owning college lands in 1801 are Joseph Stephenson, John Potts, William Scoggin, Samuel Willcox, Benjamin Smith's Estate, Robert Watson's Estate, Richard Tomlinson, William [28] Harrison, Pleasant Hunnicutt, Howell Adkins, Harris Cotton's Estate, John Moss, Hugh Belsches, Richard Wilkerson, McDonald Anderson, David Sturrock, Thomas Lessenberry, Bathurst Claiborne, Joshua Haw- thorne, Joseph Hill, Thomas Dunn, Joell Ellis's Estate, and Robert Hill. Indeed, for many years to come the story of the college lands is sprinkled through the records. In 1771 William and Mary was declared to be "indebted to John Edmonds, Sussex County Surveyor, for his survey of the College lands." 62 In 1801 the lands north of Coppohank Swamp were occupied by Mary Anderson, Benjamin Kitchen, Robert Lamb, Henry Jordan, and William Birdsong, and those to the south were occupied by Richard Andrews' estate, Archer Richardson, Randall Richardson, Nicholas Willson's estate, John Ellis, William Maget, Wil- liam Carroll, and Benjamin Ellis. 63 Furthermore, at the College of Wil- liam and Mary the sequel to the story can be found. Here are the following records of college sales : ON JOSEPH'S SWAMP To William Harrison, April 27, 1802, 100 acres for $166.67; to Richard Christian, April 27, 1802, 205 acres for $128.34; to Lucy Dunn, April 27, 1802, 380 acres for $554; to David Sturrock and David Brad- ley, April 27, 1802, 136 acres for $272; to John Mason, Sr., April 27, 1802, 333 acres for $416.16; to Joseph Hill, April 28, 1802, 100 acres for $148.11; to Samuel Smith, June 14, 1802, 100 acres for $165.67; to John Potts, August 5, 1802, 511 acres for $851.67; to Wm. Harrison, Jr., August 5, 1802, 892J/2 acres for $765.84; to Lewis Parham, June 4, 1802, 180 acres for $300; to Fielding Vaughan, May 2, 1803, 310 acres for $775; to Henry Wilkerson, August 5, 1802, 65 acres for $86.67; to Littleberry Jennings, Feb. 18, 1804, in acres for $92.50; to Hugh Belsches, August 5, 1807, 102 acres for $185; to Benjamin Harrison, May 13, 1820, 220 acres for $880; to John Raines Mason, July 9, 1821, 647 acres for $1,294; to Thomas Parham, July 9, 1821 about 194 acres for $726; to Waddill Johnston, July 7, 1826, 81 acres for $243; to Burwell C. Harrison, January 30, 1835, two tracts of 183 acres and 121 acres for $250; to Thomas Niblett, January 1838, two lots — one of 107 acres, another of 168 acres; to John C. Potts in 1838, 631 acres for $946, in five lots purchased by Josiah Harrison, Pleasant Hunnicutt, Richard Tomlinson, Robert Watson, and a man that was unnamed; to John Lessenbury, January 7, 1841, 115 acres for $250; and to John R. Moore, Nov. 4, 1857, 268 acres for $500. t«9] ON COPPOHANK SWAMP To Benjamin Ellis, April 27, 1802, 565 acres for $1,165; t0 Elizabeth Holdsworth, April 27, 1802, 118 acres for $236; to Jesse Bailey, Execu- tor of John Zodak, April 27, 1802, 166 acres for $266.26; to John Ellis, April 27, 1802, 130 acres for $195, formerly leased to Thomas Richard- son by the President of William and Mary; to Joseph Andrews, April 27, 1802, 225 acres for $375; to William Carroll, June 11, 1802, 120 acres for $200; to William Magett, June 14, 1802, 100 acres for $133.30; to Benjamin Kitchen, August 5, 1802, 233 acres for $388.34; to Stephen Andrews, August 5, 1802, 221 acres for $368.34; and to Benjamin Richardson, August 5, i860, 235 acres for $4i2. 64 So it would appear from the records that prior to i860 college lands upon Coppohank Swamp had been sold to the extent of 2,1 13 acres, and on Joseph's Swamp to the extent of 8,439. In fact, all the land set apart for the support of education had definitely and irrevocably entered into private ownership, the discrepancy between the amount sold and the original 10,000 acres being due perhaps to faulty surveys. But while education and lands set aside for its maintenance were becoming issues of moment, the removal of the government to Middle Plantation (Williamsburg) in 1699 served as a prelude to the expansive eighteenth century. By 1724 there were 394 families in Southwark, "one of the frontier parishes," which, according to the Reverend John Cargill, was "20 miles broad and inhabited a 100 miles in length." The minister worked diligently for 16,000 pounds of "Aranaco Tobacco" a year, tilled the glebe lands, and held services in "a mother Church and two Chappels of Ease." The youth were "Catechised in Lent," and the Negro slaves were baptised and taught, when their masters permitted. In the entire parish there was neither public school nor parochial library, though the minister had a library of his "own purchase." There was "a town of Indians made up of the Scattered Remains of 4 or 5 towns seated on the frontiers." 65 In Lawne's Creek Parish, which the Reverend John Warden said — though he exaggerated with respect to length — was "120 miles long and hardly 10 miles broad upon the River," there were "700 tithables, White and Black; . . . some Indians bond and free, and some negroes bond and free;" and a church and chapel 30 miles apart. 66 Through this sparsely settled forest of loblolly pines and oaks cloak- ing the south bank of the James, William Byrd II led his group of woodsmen and surveyors in March 1728/29 toward the coastal island [30] at which they would begin to survey the line dividing Virginia and North Carolina. The following month, when spring was "pretty for- ward," they returned, crossed Nottoway River at Bolton's Ferry and "took up . . . Lodgings about three Miles from thence, at the House of Richard Parker." The following day, Sunday, they "order'd Notice to be sent to all the Neighborhood that there would be a Sermon at this Place, and an Opportunity of Christening their Children." An over- cast sky, however, "got the better of their Devotion," wrote Mr. Byrd, "and what, perhaps, Might Still be a Stronger motive of their Curio- sity." 67 Nor did the inquisitive Mr. Byrd let slip the opportunity to visit the Nottoway town that stood near by. Within the village lived some two hundred Indians, the only ones "of any consequence," he wrote, "now remaining within . . . Virginia." Battles, smallpox, and rum had taken their toll, and those that remained had profited nothing from the at- tempted education at Fort Christanna, near present Lawrenceville, and at the College of William and Mary. Except for guns as a substitute for arrows, the tribe had changed in no wise the customs of their ances- tors. Their bodies were smeared with the traditional bear's oil, the women labored while the men fished and hunted, and their abode con- tinued the bowerlike hut, furnished only with mats, which had so interested the first colonists. Against the background of thumping drums the tribe began to dance and sing, the men's bodies painted "in a hideous manner," the women's mahogany skin showing through the "red and blue match coats." Summarily, Mr. Byrd dismissed them as a malodorous, dirty, and unappetizing lot. 68 Gradually such ferries as Bolton's began to disappear before the on- slaught of many bridges that looped together the land separated by meandering streams. Across the Nottoway went up Swede's Bridge, authorized in 1736, 69 and another at Hunt's Landing, which was but "lately built" in 1740 when its dilapidated condition made repairs necessary to accommodate the increasing coaches, wagons, chairs, and chariots. 70 Over Freeman's Bridge much traffic had passed by 1745, while Peter's Bridge near Hunting Quarter had been long in use by 1768. 71 In 1733 Surry County and its two parishes had ceased to sprawl southwest to North Carolina, when a line was run from the Nottoway at the mouth of Chetacrie Creek straight south to the Meherrin, thence east along the Meherrin. Then that part of Surry southwest of this [31] line was added to Brunswick County, and the ends of Surry's two long parishes were annexed to St. Andrew's Parish. 72 Parochial divisions were again torn asunder in 1738, when complaint by "the ministers and inhabitants" of the "great difficulties and inconveniences" to which they were subjected caused the sections of Southwark and Lawne's Creek north of the Blackwater to be joined as Southwark, and those south of the river to be "united and erected" into Albemarle Parish, its limits prematurely outlining those of Sussex County. 73 In the 15 years that followed, Virginia's growing-pains increased. Fourteen counties and several towns were created; the explorers Sally, Patton and Walker, and Christopher Gist blazed trails through the mountain wilderness; the Lees and Washington, in the guise of the Ohio Company, reached tenacious hands towards the fertile land beyond the mountains; William Stith published his history of Virginia. In this important era Sussex County was created. REFERENCES 1 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 6, p. 384. 2 Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1752- 1758, p. 32. 3 Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia, Vol. 3, p. 48. 4 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 6, p. 384. 5 Tyler, Cradle of the Republic, p. 12. 6 Ibid, pp. 208-10; Bohannon, Old Surry, pp. 67-72. 7 Brown, The First Republic in America, pp. 288, 293. 8 Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1619-59, p. 205. 9 Stanard, Colonial Virginia Register, p. 54; Hening's Statutes, Vol. 1, pp. 138-139. 10 Hening's Statutes, pp. 154, 178; Stanard, Colonial Virginia Register, pp. 30-33. 11 Brown, First Republic in America, pp. 407-20. 12 Kingsbury, Records of the Virginia Company of London, Vol. 4, pp. 551-58. 13 Brown, First Republic in America, pp. 466-68, 485. 14 Tyler, Cradle of the Republic, p. 206. 15 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 1, p. 224. 16 Ibid, pp. 204-06. 17 Virginia Historical Magazine, Vol. 31, p. 84. 18 Byrd's Secret Diary, pp. 11, 27. 19 Squires, Through Centuries Three, pp. 243-4. 20 Perry, Historical Collections, Vol. 1, pp. 26, 27. 21 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 1, pp. 277-78. 22 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 1, p. 373. 23 Smith, Travels and Works, Vol. 1, p. 158. 24 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 1, pp. 323-25. 25 Ibid, p. 325. 26 Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 328. 27 Stanard, Bacon's Rebellion. 28 Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1659-93, PP- 1 11-13. 29 Calendar of State Papers, London Series, p. 9. 30 Ibid, p. 54. 31 Executive Journals, Vol. 1, p. 304. 32 Ibid, p. 136. 33 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 3, pp. 82-85. 34 Executive Journals, Vol. 1, p. 311. 35 Ibid, p. 304. 36 Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1659-93, P- 477- [3a] 37 Perry, Historical Collections, Vol. i, pp. 10-29. 38 Executive Journals, Vol. 1, p. 362. 39 Ibid, p. 364. 40 Ibid, p. 366. 41 Perry, Historical Collections, pp. 36, 57. 42 Executive Journals, Vol. 1, p. 373. 43 Ibid, p. 390. 44 Ibid, p. 457. 45 Ibid, pp. 466-67. 46 Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 1 19. 47 Ibid, p. 178. 48 Ibid, pp. 182-83. 49 Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1695-1702. pp. 283-84. 50 Ibid, 1 702- 1 71 2, p. 48. 51 Ibid, pp. 115, 124, 220. 52 Ibid, pp. 233-35. 53 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 3, p. 480. 54 Perry, Historical Collections, Vol. 1, pp. 44-45. 55 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 4, p. 74. 56 Tyler, Williamsburg, the Old Colonial Capital, p. 130. 57 Executive Journals, Vol. 3, p. 376. 58 Ibid, p. 511. 59 Journals of the House of Burgesses, pp. 283-84. 60 Executive Journals, Vol. 3, pp. 244-45. 61 Ibid, pp. 77-80. 62 Archives, William and Mary College Library. 63 Ibid (Letter to president and Masters of the College on Valuation of Lands on Joseph's Swamp, p. 17). 64 Sussex County Deed Books. 65 Perry, Historical Collections, pp. 306-08. 66 Ibid, pp. 288-89. 67 Byrd, History of the Dividing Line, Vol. 1, pp. 70-1. 6S Ibid, pp. 72-4. 69 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 4, p. 530. 70 Ibid, Vol. 5, p. 107. 71 Ibid, p. 175. 72 Ibid, Vol. 4, pp. 355-56. 73 Ibid, Vol. 5, pp. 75-6. 33 Chapter 2 Years of Youth 1754-1776 Sussex was organized as a county when resentment against Robert Dinwiddie was at its height. The governor had reached Virginia on November 20, 1751. A Scot, prompted perhaps by the well-known thrift of the clans, he had inaugurated a policy so unpopular as to cause several counties to send petitions to the General Assembly of 1753. Two men later associated with Sussex were among those appointed to inform the governor of the protest from "sundry Inhabitants of this Colony." 1 They were Augustine Claiborne, later clerk of the Sussex Court, and Benjamin Harrison. 2 When Gray Briggs and John Edmunds went over to Williamsburg early in 1754 3 to be the first burgesses from Sussex County, the assembly was awaiting word from the King that would either condemn or uphold the governor. And here was the tempest in a teapot : Dinwiddie had sought to pick up a bit of change by charging one pistole (a gold coin equivalent to about $3.60) for affixing his name to land patents ; and the colonists were no end upset. The gover- nor's answer to the address that Claiborne and Harrison helped prepare had been most unsatisfactory. Whereupon stronger words had been penned, expressing "Concern to find by his Honour's Answer to the Address of the House, That the Demand of a Pistole, as a Fee for the Use of the Seal, is made by his Directions," and acquainting "his Hon- our, that it is the undoubted Right of the Burgesses, to inquire into the Grievances of the People, of which we take the above Demand to be one." Furthermore, the address clearly stated that "the Terms and Conditions upon which his Majesty, and his Royal Predecessors, have been pleased to grant their lands to the Inhabitants of this Colony" could not be "altered or infringed." The fee, moreover, was said to deter settlers from taking up land in the frontier counties. 4 Because the governor was unyielding, the burgesses framed an address to the king and commissioned the attorney general, Peyton Randolph, to deliver it. 5 [34] Meanwhile, they passed a resolution declaring "That whoever shall hereafter pay a Pistole, as a fee to the Governor, for the use of the Seal to Patents for Lands, shall be deemed a Betrayer of the Rights and Privileges of the People." 6 The descendants of men who had "thrust out" Governor Harvie in 1635 and had rebelled against Berkeley in 1676 were not afraid to defy a governor. As usual the battle was eventually won by the colonists. One initial mistake, however, was not enough wholly to mar an ad- ministration that was on the whole progressive. Under Governor Din- widdie, Virginia was divided in 1752 into four military districts, each with its own officer. Sussex County, falling into the Southern District, was commanded by George Washington. 7 There was reason indeed to strengthen defenses and military organizations : France — seeking to gain possession of the West and Northwest, which belonged to Virginia by the royal charter granted to the London Company in 1609 — was plan- ning a line of forts to extend from the Great Lakes to the Spanish Floridas. Without fortifications on the Virginia frontiers, settlers in the western part of the colony were not safe, and additional lands would certainly not be patented. Having obtained from the Indians permis- sion to erect a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, Dinwiddie in 1 753 had appointed the 2 1 year-old George Wash- ington to acquaint the French with his plans. The young man delivered the warning message that paved the way for the French and Indian War, in which he was later to achieve his first fame and the military preparation that enabled him later to command the American forces during the Revolution. By the death first of Colonel Joshua Fry and then of the British General, Edward Braddock, Washington succeeded to the command of two important expeditions. Sussex County undoubtedly furnished its share of volunteers to ac- company Washington. Captain Henry Harrison was a member of the military expedition led by General Edward Braddock against the French in Western Pennsylvania and was present at Fort Duquesne in 1755 when the British general was killed and George Washington assumed command. Captain Harrison, the son of Benjamin Harrison ( 1745) of Berkeley, lived at Hunting Quarter in Sussex. He was a brother of Benjamin Harrison (1 726-1791), signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and uncle of President William Henry Harrison (1773- 184 1 ) . 8 Certain it is that Captain James Wyche was paid for conduct- ing Sussex soldiers to Fredericksburg. 9 The captain, moreover, was one [35] of the first gentlemen of Sussex to subscribe to the oath of justice for the new countv. In 17=^ he married Leah Maclin of Brunswick. That his /DO connubial felicity- ended five years later is attested by his widow's then obtaining letters of administration on his estate. 10 Sussex County, immediately after its creation, entered upon an expansion that was to continue for many years without interruption. The new county developed its resources: cleared land and built unpre- tentious dwellings surrounded by dairy, smokehouse, and other build- ings; planted tobacco, wheat, and corn: erected water grist mills on the sinuous Nottoway and Blackwater rivers : worked the slaves it could not profitably hire out; raised cattle, hogs, and sheep; laid out apple and peach orchards; railed against the abuses and malpractices of ware- house tobacco pickers who had banded into a partnership to enforce uniform pay from frugal planters: 11 fulminated against increasing to- bacco levies and excessive ferriage rates across the James: and, with it all. found time for diversion in lotteries, horse races, balls, cock fights, and salubrious excursions on horseback or in more comfortable "chairs." Echoes from the outside world that trickled into placid Sussex caused no flurries of excitement. There were county affairs, however, that caused considerable excite- ment. For instance, a hog owned by Henry Tyler bore testimony to the fine corn produced in Sussex. The animal was four years old in April 1769 when he was accorded space in the Virginia Gazette. He was three and a half feet high, said the news item, about nine and a half feet long, and his weight was "near twelve hundred." 12 All was not gayety, however. The very month of the county's forma- tion — back in January 1754 — there had been a murder that for years to come struck terror to the hearts of Sussex folk. Benjamin Hyde and Mary, his wife, with their three children had been killed by "their own Negro Man!" "The Man was murder'd in the Field," wrote the Rev- erend William Willie in the Albemarle Parish Register, "and all the rest in the House: all their heads were cut off; only the last, an Infant, had its brains dashed out. The Negroe was the most obdurate Wretch, I ever convers'd with: for nothing That I co'ld say to him, cou'd pre- vail upon him to own it to be Wrong!" 13 It is not strange, therefore, that fear of slave uprising hovered over the county and that in 1767, when a slave styled "a great Newlight preacher," who was thought to be stirring up the Negroes to insurrection, was tried, convicted, and whipped. The account in the Virginia Gazette of the poor preacher's [36] subsequent escape is pathetic enough. Th "about 35 yeai . about E -:. the right knee bent in more than the left." Pie veral scars on his back from a severe whipping he lately had a: ~urt- hou-e." With him were a brother, "about 25 years of nd Dinah, "an old wnech (sic) , very large near 6 feet high.' But the turf helped Sussex gentlemen to forg Among the approximately 50 stallions and 30 blooded mares im- ported into Virginia between 1740 and :~~' \ Joll) Roger, "the first horse that gave distinction to the race stock of Virginia-' 1 This thoroughbred, first owned by Ralph Wormeley - - .xered at stud in 1767 by Timothy Rives, who lived near Freeman's Brici". '■' I it was rather Captain Henry Harrison — owner of large H nting Quarter plantation — who dominated the racing field in Sussex : id thereby added his name to those who founded the Virginia race of thoroughbreds. The "noted horse Silver Heels/ 3 sold in :~~2 by the captain's brother. Nathaniel Harrison, was from the Hunting Quarter stable. 16 Xor was Silver Heels without competitors. "The beautif blooded" Merry Tom was owned by Peter Randolph of Sterling belonged to David Mason: and among the other impertrd horses that stood from time to time in Sussex were Aristotle and Fearnaught. 1 * More democratic and no less stimulating than the race was the cock-pit. At Sussex Courthouse in April 1768 the : ''E \ :- wick and Sussex Gentlemen" had a "match of cocks," 30 to a side, an event that doubtless whetted the sportsmen's appetite for the evening event: "a ball, for the reception for the Ladies and Gentle- men." 19 Two years later almost to a day, they were at it ?~?. this time against the "Charles City . . . Gentlemen "- But not all social events took place at the courthouse village; there were the ordinaries — lone sentinels of the crossroads — that served flip, punch, toddy, rum. and wines to convivial-minded gentry, arti- sans, and travelers. Sometime about 1760 John Ferdinand Dalzid Smyth, a physician with a flair for writing, arrived at Blandford now a part of Petersburg), then turned south, crossed Swede's Bridge over the Nottoway, doubtless passed Moore's Ordinary, which John Freeman was then keeping on the Petersburg Road, and arrived at Stewart's Ordinary "to breakfast," a repast consisting of "toasted Indian hoecake and very excellent cyder." Afterwards, the future author of A Tour in the United States continued south over the [37] Meherrin at Hicks' Bridge, "remarkably lofty and built of timber, as all in the southern part of America appear to be." 21 Stewart's Ordi- nary, better known as Stewart's Shop — up to 1768 the livelihood of James Stewart — was still in existence in 1777, when a "valuable assortment of carpenters and Joiners Tools" and "several blooded Mares and Colts" were advertised to be sold there, a not unusual spot for sales of all kinds, including slaves, for "15 or 20 likely Slaves" were advertised to be sold at John Sand's Ordinary the same year (1777). 22 Accounts of early days in Sussex show a commingling of work and gayety and beneath it all a persistent vein of literary appreciation that had cropped up, not in creation, but in the books listed in inven- tories of estates belonging to men of every caste — blacksmith to landed proprietor. In 1732 the estate of John Cargill, rector of Southwark Parish, had 275 bound books "besides newspapers and pamphlets; and books lent out." The library of John Edmunds, burgess from Sussex, consisted in 1770 of "100 titles books" and "20 titles pamphlets," an enviable collection for the time. 23 Albemarle Parish, formed from Southwark and Lawne's Creek par- ishes on November 1, 1738, had as vestrymen in 1754 when Sussex County was formed — Robert Jones, Jr., Thomas Avent, James Chap- pell, Moses Johnson, Ephraim Parham, Augustine Claiborne, James Gee, Howell Briggs, and John Mason, Jr. 24 The parish in time had four churches — all except one named after the Revolution : St. Mark's, St. Andrew's, St. Paul's, and Nottoway. The Reverend William Willie, rector of the parish from its formation in 1738 until his death in 1776, served the four churches. "We have," said Bishop Meade in 1857, "an old tattered register, which seems to have begun in 1738, and at the bottom of each page is the name of William Willie, minister. It con- tinues until 1776 with the same name. ... It states the births, baptisms, deaths, marriages, sponsors, names of masters, of bond and free, black and white. So methodical and pains-taking a man . . . was, it is to be hoped, a worthy minister in other respects." 25 An examination of the records, however, indicates the bishop to have been doing wishful thinking that had little foundation in fact, for part of the Reverend Mr. Willie's career can be reconstructed. The first mention of his being in Virginia was made by Commissary James Blair who on July 17, 1738 added the following postscript to a letter he wrote the Bishop of London: [38] My Lord there is one Mr Willie has been with me to recommend him to yor Lop for orders. He has a good character as to his life. But there being no vacancy here, I went no farther. 26 Two years later the good Parson Blair again reported : Mr. Willie, who says he had not the Kings Bounty, because there was no Parish vacant ready for him, having since obtained a parish, and giving good satisfaction by his diligence, has gott his Vestry to recom- mend him to your Lop, for that bounty, if it is not too late, as your Lop will see by the inclosed from his Vestry, which they desired me to trans- mit to your Lop. 27 There can be little doubt that the Reverend Mr. Willie saw to it through persistence and any other method at hand that the bounty was forthcoming, for the gentleman — spiritual though his calling was — interested himself in material gains. He was, moreover, one of the largest slaveholders in Sussex. 28 In November 1754 we find him on a committee of clergymen appointed to present to the powers in England "a true state of the Present condition of the Church here in Virginia." 29 It will be remembered, moreover, that the orthodox clergy of that day were considerably concerned about the material status of the Church they served. In the parsons' fight for larger remuneration the Reverend Mr. Willie played his part. From the early days of the colony the ministers' salaries had been paid in tobacco, fixed in 1696 at 16,000 pounds annually. 30 In 1755 the General Assembly enacted that all tobacco debts be paid in currency at the rate of 16 shillings 8 pence per hundred pounds 31 and three years later reenacted the law. 32 The vestry of Albemarle in 1759 tendered Mr. Willie a cash salary equiva- lent to 16,000 pounds of tobacco at two pence a pound. That year, however, tobacco was selling at a fabulously high price. Accordingly, the minister refused to accept the money. Finally, however, he took the cash but was careful to record in his parish book that the sum was "Reed by me in Such a Manner as not to Opperate against me any further ... if I should see fit to bring an Action at Law for a great Sum not thinking my Self as Minister as aforesaid to Submit to the Late Act of Assembly for Paying off Transfer Debts at 2d per pound." 33 So it happened that the Reverend William Willie aligned himself with the parsons against whom Patrick Henry argued in the Parsons' Cause, which was tried at Hanover Courthouse in 1763. It will be recalled that the Reverend James Maury brought the suit and that the court found in his favor. The clergy had already appealed to the [39] king, who had sided with them. Maury had asked for back salary from 1 758. Not content with the favorable verdict, the parson had then permitted a jury to be called to determine whether or not he had sustained any damages. It was in the damage suit that Patrick Henry won his first fame as an orator. The king, he said, had forfeited all rights to his subjects' obedience; and the clergy had changed from shepherds to wolves. The young lawyer's defeat was a victory, for the jury decided in Maury's favor but awarded but one penny damage. 34 That very year Mr. Willie was protesting that land adjoining the glebe did not make sufficient money for him, obtaining from the church- wardens compensation and a new lease; 35 and later he was getting a bit of money for this and that he claimed to have purchased. 36 In the revival that swept Southside Virginia in the early 1770's Mr. Willie had no part. Religious dissenters had flourished south of the James with the same tenacity as elsewhere. As early as 1657 the jus- tices of Surry County summoned before them two people — Quakers — for entertaining "heinous tenets," thus laying the foundation for nu- merous subsequent prosecutions as other religions came to grope their way for a firm hold among the Anglicans. In 1771 the vestry of Albemarle Parish ordered a new church built and Nottoway Church repaired. 37 On February 24, 1772 the Baptists of Sussex, finding themselves "restricted in the Exercise of their Religion, their Teachers imprisoned . . . and the Benefits of the Toleration Act denied them," petitioned to be "treated with the same kind Indulgence in religious Matters as Quakers, Presbyterians, and other Protestant Dissenters enjoy." 38 The petition was referred to the Committee on Religion, 39 which the next day reported "the Petitions of sundry Inhabitants of the Counties of Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Sussex, and Amelia of the Society of Christians called Baptists" to be reasonable. 40 Subsequently "a Bill for extending the Benefit of the several Acts of Toleration" passed through two readings but was not put to a vote. Other petitions from Virginians either died in committee or were laid on the table. 41 Thus religious freedom in Virginia was postponed. In Sussex County, however, the Baptists continued their work. Raccoon Swamp Baptist Congregation (since 1853 called Antioch), 42 constituted on June 13, 1772 by John Moore and William Browne, gave the Baptist denomination many of its early leaders. Its first minister, John Meglmore (1730-1799) served the congregation 22 years. 43 James Bell (1745- 1778), of the Raccoon Swamp Congrega- te] tion, became minister of Sapony Church, near the present town of Stony Greek. 44 The Sapony congregation was organized in 1773 with James Rivers as the first pastor. 45 In this church, badly damaged by gunfire during the War between the States, was held in August 1777 the first "undisputed" meeting of the Baptist Association. 46 But more later of the Baptists! It was the newly organized Society of Methodists that caused such clergymen as the Reverend William Willie not to sleep o' nights. Worst of all, there were ordained brethren of the Established Church — such as the Reverend Devereux Jarratt of Dinwiddie closeby — who fraternized with the reforming group. It was due largely to Mr. Jar- ratt that Methodism got its start in Southside Virginia. The Reverend Jesse Lee, once chaplain to Congress, tells of "an out-pouring of the spirit" that was brought about in 1770 and 1771 through the preach- ing of Mr. Jarratt and that resulted in the organization of "the people into a society, that they might assist and strengthen each other." 47 "In the year 1772," Mr. Lee continues, "the revival was more con- siderable, and extended in some places, for fifty or sixty miles round." 48 Early the next winter Mr. Jarratt welcomed to Bath Parish one Robert Williams, a Methodist exhorter, who had reached Norfolk the year before. Since at that time Methodism had not broken away from the Church of England, Jarratt gave his support to the society with the hope that through religious revival the Established Church might be able to resist the inroads of the Baptists, then rapidly gaining ground through- out Sussex. Day by day the great revival gained momentum, as Deve- reux Jarratt's testimony bears witness. "In the counties of Sussex and Brunswick" he wrote, "the work from the year 1773, was chiefly car- ried on by the labours of the people called Methodists. The first of them who appeared in these was Mr. Robert Williams who, you know, was a plain, artless, indefatigable Preacher of the Gospel. ... He came to my house in the month of March, in the year 1773. The next year others of his Brethren came, who gathered many Societies, both in this neighborhood, and in other places, as far as North Carolina" 49 In 1773 the Petersburg Circuit was formed, which included Sussex County. 50 The following year the name was changed to the Brunswick Circuit, and more territory was added. In May of 1776 a quarterly meeting was held in the Brunswick Circuit. Then, according to Jesse Lee, "the windows of heaven were opened indeed, and the rain of divine influence continued to pour down for more than forty days." 51 [41] However, the Reverend Mr. Willie of Albemarle Parish was not among the ministers of the Established Church who extended hos- pitality to the reformers. On July 9, 1775 he recorded in his register that Richard Hill "had join'd himself to the Methodists, sign'd their association, had frequent meetings at his House!" Willie must have been influential at Hill's deathbed, for the minister was able to write unctuously that Hill "but, a few Hours before his Death, gave Charge that no Methodist should ever preach under his Roof!" 52 Meanwhile Willie had been making many inconsequential notes in the parish register, such as: John Ray March/17/1770/ the poor man got drunk at what they call'd; a Treat by James Bell a Candidate for the County — fell into Joseph's Swamp, and was drown'd: I wish others may take warning from this! April 16th 1770 he died of Fitts . . . 53 /Mo/D./Year/ Christopher Rires . . . July 16 1772 This poor man was struck dead by Lightning, on his way home from Sussex Court! In Company with him were Tim: Rives, Jer: Atherton & Wot Wylie who were likewise struck down; but recover'd They had gone into a Barn, on the Road-side, to shelter themselves from the Rain. 54 While the great Methodist revival was still sweeping the country, William Willie passed on to whatever reward there is for the ma- terialistic apostle of the status quo. On July 18, 1776 William An- drews was appointed rector of Albemarle Parish "upon the special condition that he accomodate himself at his own expence with a House to reside in, till Miss7\f. Willie our late incumbents widdow remove from the Glebe." 55 Since the formation of Sussex, moreover, Virginia had been ap- proaching revolution. In 1765 Patrick Henry again defied British policy. The Mother Country had passed the Stamp Act, which im- posed a tax upon American commodities, and the young patriot had introduced into the House of Burgesses resolutions condemning the legislation. Henry, in proposing the resolutions, merely said again what the colonists had claimed from earliest days — that the General Assembly should "have the only and sole exclusive right and power [42] to lay taxes and impositions upon the inhabitants of this colony." Warming to his own oratory, however, he exclaimed, "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third — " "Treason! Treason!" cried members of the House of Burgesses. Then Henry continued, " — and George the Third may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it!" Sitting as delegates from Sussex County were David Mason and John Edmunds. Both were veteran legislators, for Edmunds had sat in the House continu- ously since 1754 and Mason since 1758. During the terrible days that followed, men of Sussex cast their lot with the patriots; when the House of Burgesses, dissolved by Governor Dunmore, formed itself into the First Virginia Revolutionary Convention, David Mason still represented Sussex. John Edmunds had died, however, in 1770 and had been succeeded first by James Bell, then by Richard Blunt, and finally by Michael Blow. 56 Mason and Blow were the Sussex delegates to the First Convention, which opened in Williamsburg on August 1, 1774, pledged supplies to Boston, suspended transatlantic debts and commerce, and elected delegates to a Continental Congress. 57 At the Second Convention, which was held at St. John's Church in Rich- mond, Mason was in attendance; but Michael Blow had been suc- ceeded by Henry Gee. These delegates from Sussex heard Patrick Henry's impassioned plea for liberty or death and, with their con- freres, helped pass resolutions for "embodying, arming and disciplin- ing" the militia and took steps toward establishing manufactories to make both arms and other commodities. 58 Mason and Gee continued to represent Sussex as the Third Convention provided for a Com- mittee of Safety, for the raising of regular regiments, and for dividing the colony into 16 military districts; 59 as the Fourth Convention con- demned Governor Dunmore and announced that Virginia was ready to protect itself "against every species of despotism;" 60 and as the Fifth Convention declared Virginia a free and independent state and instructed delegates to the Continental Congress to propose separa- tion from Great Britain. 61 David Mason and Henry Gee were for a long time leaders in the county. Both were vestrymen of Albemarle Parish, held many another public office, and served on the first Committee of Safety appointed in Sussex County. Other members of the Sussex committee were Michael Blow, chairman, John Cargill, William Blunt, John Peters, James Jones, Richard Parker, William Nicholson, Robert Jones, John [43] Mason, Jr., George Rieves, Augustine Claiborne, and George Booth. 62 At the Second Virginia Convention David Mason was a member of the committee that drafted the resolutions for embodying the militia. 63 During the Fifth Convention he served on the Committee of Propo- sitions and Grievances, 64 on the Committee of Public Claims, 65 and on the committee that framed the Declaration of Rights and the State Constitution, 66 and both Henry Gee and David Mason at this convention were members of the Committee on Privileges and Elections. 67 The Committees of Safety in the various counties set about at once to solidify sentiment against British oppression and diligently sought out and brought to judgment persons disloyal to the colonists' cause. It happened in Sussex that the shadow of suspicion early fell upon Michael Blow, the chairman of the Committee of Safety. When charges were preferred at a meeting held at the courthouse on Sep- tember 25, 1775, Michael Blow asked to be allowed to vacate the chair in order to make his defense, and Dr. Thomas Peete was unani- mously elected to replace him. In answer to the charge that he had uttered "expressions inimical to the common cause of America," Michael Blow "with great candour informed this Committee, that true it is, that in private conversations with many persons, he had unguardedly, but with no design or intention to prejudice our most noble and just stand against the designs of a tyrannical, wicked, and venal Administration and Parliament, expressed his disapprobation of some particulars of the proceedings of the late Convention held at Richmond, particularly in regard to. the wages of the officers of the intended forces to be raised, and the resolutions that took place on the petition of certain Britons; but declared, upon his honour, that he had no intention, in his said conversations, any ways to inflame the minds of the people, and was extremely sorry to find it had been so construed." Having heard the statement of their chairman, the committee deliberated wisely and unanimously resolved "from a retrospective view of the conduct of the said Michael Blow, Esq., and the zeal he has shown in the common cause" to recommend that all persons "consider him as a zealous friend to American Liberty." That the committee had no reason to regret its tolerance is attested by the record of Michael Blow during the war years that followed. 68 Moreover, on May 8, 1775 — more than four months earlier — [44] Michael Blow had signed as chairman of the Committee of Safety scathing resolutions condemning Governor Dunmore for "seizing the powder in the publick magazine," declaring the "act conceived in secrecy, and brought forth in darkness; the design of which was evidently to render . . . this colony defenseless, and lay it open to the attacks of a savage invasion." The resolution, further stating "that it is absolutely necessary that this country be put into the best posture of defense possible," provided for musters under Captains Moore, Judkins, and Mason at Brown's Quarter; under Captains Jones, Smith, Hill, and Marrable at the High Hills; and under Captains Nicholson, Parker, Reeves, Irby, and Harrison at "the plantation lately belonging to Captain James Jones." Each member of the com- mittee pledged a £10 contribution for the purchase of ammunition. It is scarcely conceivable that the signer of these resolutions would have made treasonable utterances. 69 After the Continental Congress adopted on July 4, 1776 the Decla- ration of Independence, phrased by Thomas Jefferson, Virginians knew that the future depended upon the whole-hearted efforts of a people determined to be free. REFERENCES 1 Journal of the House of Burgesses, 1752- 1758, p. 121. 2 Ibid, p. 132. 3 Ibid, p. viii. 4 Ibid, p. 141. 5 Ibid, pp. 154, 169. 6 Ibid, pp. 152-5. 7 Ibid, pp. 104-05. 8 Keith, Ancestry of Benjamin Harrison, pp. 50-51. Will of Benjamin Harrison in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 3, pp. 124-31. 9 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 7, p. 230. 10 William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 14, p. 60. 11 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 8, pp. 69-1 11. 12 Virginia Gazette, April 13, 1769. 13 Albemarle Parish Register, Pt. 2, p. 64. 14 Virginia Gazette, October 8, 1767. 15 Harrison, Equine F. F. Vs, pp. 60-61. 16 Virginia Gazette, April 2, 1772. 17 William and Mary Quarterly (2), Vol. 9, p. 315. 18 Tyler's Quarterly, pp. 301-02. 19 Virginia Gazette, March 17, 1768. 20 Ibid, March 8, 1770. 21 Smyth, A Tour in the United States, Chap. X, pp. 73-81. 22 Virginia Gazette, December 19, 1777. 23 Virginia Historical Magazine, Vol. 10, pp. 400, 403. 24 Albemarle Parish Vestry Book, 1742-1787, pt. 1, p. 106. 25 Meade, Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia, Vol. 1, p. 312. 26 William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol. 20, p. 132. 27 Ibid, p. 134. [45] 28 Albemarle Parish Register, 1739- 1778, pt. 2, pp. 96-172. 29 Perry, Historical Collections, Vol. 1, pp. 418, 424-5. 30 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 3, p. 152. 31 Ibid, Vol. 6, p. 568. 32 Ibid, Vol. 7, p. 240. 33 Albemarle Parish Vestry Book, pt. 1, p. 148. 34 Virginia, A Guide to the Old Dominion, pp. 365-6. 35 Albemarle Parish Vestry Book, pt. 2, pp. 196-7. 36 Ibid, p. 241. 37 Virginia Gazette, August 13, 1772. 38 Journal of the House of Burgesses, 1770-1772, p. 186. 39 Ibid, p. 188. 40 Ibid, p. 194. 41 Ibid, 1 773- 1 776, pp. 221, 225. 42 Cappon, "Bibliography of Original Baptist Church Records," in the 7th Annual Report of Archivist of University of Virginia Library, 1937, p. 22. 43 Taylor, Virginia Baptist Ministers, Series 1, pp. 63-4. 44 Ibid, pp. 172-3; Semple, History of Virginia Baptists, pp. 452, 463-4. 45 Ibid, pp. 442, 464. 46 Ibid, p. 452. 47 Lee, A Short History of Methodists in the United States, p. 43. 48 Ibid, pp. 43-4. 49 Jarratt, Brief Narrative of Revival of Religion in Virginia, pp. 5, 6, 9, 10. 50 Lee, A Short History of the Methodists in the United States, p. 49. 51 Ibid, p. 55. 52 Albemarle Parish Register, pt. 2, p. 70. 53 Ibid, p. 68. 54 Ibid, p. 69. 55 Albemarle Parish Vestry Book, pt. 2, p. 296. 56 Stanard, Colonial Register, pp. 131-200. 57 Brenaman, Virginia Conventions, pp. 14-15. 58 Purdie, Proceedings of Conventions, March 20, 1775, pp. 8-18. 59 Ibid, July 17, 1775, pp. 3-36. 60 Ibid, pp. 56-9. 61 Ibid, May 6, 1776, p. 32. 62 Ibid, p. 45. 63 Ibid, July 17, 1775, P- 8. 64 Ibid, May 6, 1776, p. 8. 65 Ibid, p. 45. 66 William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 7, p. 3. 67 Purdie, Proceedings of Conventions, May 6, 1776, pp. 13, 34. 6S Force, American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. 3, p. 794. 69 Virginia Gazette, July 7, 1775. [46] Chapter 3 Liberty and Life 1776-1800 Exactly a fortnight after the adoption of the Declaration of Inde- pendence Sussex set up a county organization under the common- wealth through the organization of a new county court. On July 18, 1776 justices for the first time swore allegiance not to the king of England but to the Commonwealth of Virginia. Thus the record runs: At a Court held for Sussex County, the 18th day of July, 1776, being the first court held for this County under the glorious Independency of American Liberty. Present: David Mason, Henry Gee, Michael Blow, Richard Parker, William Blunt-Gents Justices. The several magistrates present as above took the oath to be true and faithful to the Commonwealth of Virginia, injoined to be taken by a late ordi- nance of Convention. William Claiborne, Jr., clerk of this court being absent, ordered that Augustine Claiborne be appointed deputy clerk of this court pro tempore. . . . James Jones, Sheriff; Henry Tazewell and Littleburry Mason, attorneys at law; and William Blunt, Surveyor of lands, severally appeared and took the oath to the Commonwealth as also did Na- thaniel Dobie and Robert Magee, constables, also Henry Gee as vestryman of Albemarle Parish took the said oath. 1 As rumors of war were transmuted into war itself, Sussex County girded on its sword. An act of the General Assembly in 1775 had provided that the colony be divided into 16 military districts, that minute men be recruited in each, and that Sussex be grouped with Southampton, Surry, Brunswick, Prince George, and Dinwiddie. 2 In the raising of "levies" the Committee of Safety in each county was required to appoint a captain, a first and a second lieutenant, and an ensign. 3 When an order in 1776 eventuated in the raising of six addi- [47] tional battalions, Sussex was again required to appoint lieutenants and an ensign. 4 In 1775, moreover, Virginia had twice seen her men rush to arms. On April 20 of that year Governor Dunmore ordered the gunpowder stored in the public magazine in Williamsburg to be removed to a warship, rilled his palace with marines, and threatened to "proclaim liberty to the slaves and reduce Williamsburg to ashes." 5 But, as Patrick Henry approached with troops, the Governor saw fit to pay £320 for the stolen powder. As soon as the little army was dispersed, however, Dunmore matched the words uttered by Berkeley a hundred years before and declared Patrick Henry an outlaw. People of Vir- ginia were remembering the speech the orator of the Revolution had made in Richmond early that spring: "Gentlemen may cry 'Peace! Peace!' but there is no peace. The war is actually begun!" The first Revolutionary battle on Virginia soil was fought at Great Bridge near Norfolk on December 9, 1775. Lord Dunmore, the month before, had formally declared the colony in revolt. At Great Bridge Virginia "Shirt men," poorly equipped militia acting upon authority of the Committee of Safety, routed the governor's defending forces. Whereupon Dunmore took to his ships and celebrated New Year's Day by bombarding Norfolk. When firing ceased, the riflemen con- tinued to plunder and burn buildings until two-thirds of the city lay in ashes. In February the rest of the town was burned by order of the colonial government to deprive Dunmore and his Tories of shelter. Men of Sussex valiantly offered to aid Norfolk's homeless citizens. On January 29, 1776, before the complete demolition of the city, Augustine Claiborne of Sussex extended the following sympathetic invitation: This committee from tender feelings for their poor suffering and distressed brethren of the borough of Norfolk, who . . . are, by the tyrannical, cruel, and destructive executioner of ministerial vengeance, Lord Dunmore, and his banditti of blacks, and Scotch Tories and Jacobites, reduced to the most afflicting want of every necessary support of life, have resolved to exert themselves ... in providing houses for the reception of as many of those poor people as they can, with a sufficient quantity of land to cultivate, to which this committee, in the most affectionate manner, invite them; hoping thereby ... to alleviate their anxiety, and remove their distresses, in being thus provided for by their brethren beyond the reach of Lord Dunmore's oppressive hand, and the dreadfull effects of his nocturnal designs and robberies ; declaring, at the [48] same time, that this invitation does not proceed from those base, ungen- erous, and selfish views, suggested by his Lordship in his late publication, but from motives that his Lordship and his abettors appear to be entire strangers to. 6 During the months that followed the Norfolk disaster Sussex en- tered earnestly upon a program of military preparedness. To Captain James Mason fell the task of organizing the minutemen of the county. Adequate equipment was the most urgent need. Indeed the soldiers who marched from Sussex to aid endangered Suffolk carried borrowed guns. Though the fighting of the Revolution during the first years was in the North, far South, and Northwest, Virginia was called upon to furnish provisions, leaders, and companies of soldiers. At the same time it was imperative that home defenses be strength- ened. On May 10, 1776 the Virginia Convention resolved that 1,300 men, "consisting of minutemen and militia," be raised and sent to the assistance of North Carolina. Fifty soldiers were to be sent from Sussex as a part of the first battalion. 7 After Colonel David Mason on June 8, 1776 accounted for £120 advanced him for the purchase of arms and received his bond, 8 war- rants for ammunition and supplies were issued promptly in his name and in the names of other Sussex Revolutionary officers. Among those on record are the following: June 14, 1776 ... to David Mason Esquire for the use of sundry persons, for twenty one pounds fifteen shillings and four pense, for Blankets, Ruggs and Potts furnished the Companies ordered from Sussex County to North Carolina, . . . And another warrant for twenty pounds, on account, to purchase provisions for the said Companies. 9 February 7, 1776 ... to Capt. Mason for £72 for the recruiting service in Sussex county — bond 'xe as last. 10 June 2jth 1776 ... to Henry Tazewell Esquire for the use of William Mason for Twelve pounds ten shillings for his attendance & services as Com- missary to sundry minute men of the new raised Battalions at Sussex court-house. 11 June 28th 1776 ... to David Mason Esq. & use of George Rivers for Fifty one pounds sixteen shillings and two pence half penny for provisions furnished [49] sundry minute men of the new raised Battalions, stationed at Sussex Courthouse. 12 August 20th 1776 ... to Captain James Mason for One hundred and fifty six pounds two shillings and one penny for the Pay and rations of his Company of Sussex Minute Men to the 2jth of last month. 13 August 20th 1776 ... to Captain James Mason for nine pounds Six Shillings and nine pence for the use of William Dunnel, for provisions to a Guard and Eleven Highlanders & use of a Team from hence to Sussex and back to York. 1 * August 31^ 1776 ... to Captain George Reeves for Two hundred and thirty three pounds twelve shillings and one penny for the amount of a Pay Roll of his Volunteer Company from Sussex and for their rations and forage to this day Also thirty two pounds seven shillings and six pence for nine Guns delivered Cap* Judkins Company of the same County. 15 April 2nd 1779 ... to Capt. David Mason for ye use of Colo Michl [Michael] Blow of Sussex £2610 on acct. to recruit ye Cont/ Army agreeable to law (BondExrf.) 16 July 3 d 1780 . . . Colo Geo. Elliotte is appointed the Agent for collecting the spe- cific tax at Petersburg as advised the 29th may last & is directed to collect ye tax given (except wheat) from ye Counties of ... & is at Liberty to deliver ye Articles he shall collect in ye several counties to any Continental comissary or QM at Petersburg or at ye following places . . . Sussex ... at any place on ye public road leading f'm Petersbg to Taylors ferry on Roanoke. . . . 1T During these years Sussex was working for the common cause and not for its own protection. Among commissioners named by the gover- nor on November 29, 1777 to execute the act "for Speedily Clothing the Troops raised by this Commonwealth now in Continental Service" were four citizens of the county — Augustine Claiborne, William Dunn, James Jones, Charles Judkins, and Nathaniel Dunn. 18 From the beginning Sussex had done its part. After aiding Norfolk and Suffolk, the county harbored eleven of the two hundred British prisoners — Highlanders they were — taken from the ship Oxford, which had been captured by James [50] and Richard Barron. Under the eagle eye of a single guard the poor fellows were crowded into two wagons and bumped over the sandy roads that led to their new prison in Sussex. 19 In February 1777 Sussex had contributed its share of men to protect Hampton, the York River area, and Williamsburg from three British ships of line, which had appeared in Hampton Roads. Fear produced by the arrival of another "large fleet" in August had drained Sussex again of militia- men to "counteract the wicked Designs of the Enemy," while in Oc- tober a division of Sussex militia was ordered to reinforce the garrison at Portsmouth, considered inadequate against the "four Men of War" just arrived in Hampton Roads. 20 On all fronts Virginians were in the leadership or prominent in the ranks of fighting men. Washington battled in the North, NathanaeJ Greene in the South, and George Rogers Clark of Virginia went to the Northwest to prevent England from annexing Virginia territory to Canada and in order to capture Hamilton — the Governor of Can- ada. A giant of a fellow, who had been landed as a lad in Prince George County not far from Sussex, was covering himself and his state with glory, to which legend has added much. The name of the hero was Peter Francisco. Many guesses are current concerning his origin. It is said that later in life he threw a man over a fence and a horse after him, and that single-handed he could haul huge cannon uphill. It is a matter of record, however, that he joined the Conti- nental Army and distinguished himself in several battles, that George Washington presented him with an enormous sword, that he fought gallantly at King's Mountain in North Carolina, and that later he did away in hand-to-hand combat with a party of British dragoons whom he encountered in Virginia. That Virginians were fighting on several fronts outside of their state does not mean, however, that the citizens who remained at home sat in idleness, for Virginia knew full well that its time was to come. For Sussex County that time came during 1781 — as it did in varying degrees for the rest of the state. The harrying of the coast continued. Sir George Collier took temporary possession of Portsmouth in 1779; Leslie landed a force there in September 1780; and on December 31, 1780 Benedict Arnold brought a "British fleet of 27 Sail" into the Chesapeake Bay. The year 1781 saw the British reach Virginia in full force. Governor Thomas Jefferson, the man who had phrased the Declaration of [51] Independence and who had been a leader in Revolutionary thinking, was a prize worth taking back to England. So it happened that Gen- eral Cornwallis, having had one success in the Garolinas and some failures, marched toward Virginia and sent Tarleton, with cavalry and two companies of mounted infantry to find how the Meherrin and Nottoway rivers might be crossed. 21 From Colonel Simcoe's Mili- tary Journal the story of the British march through Southside Vir- ginia is told as follows: It being reported that Lord Cornwallis was near Petersburg, Lieut. Col. Dundas embarked with 500 men, on the 23rd [February 1781] . . . to make a diversion in his Lordship's favour; but more certain advices of his operations being received, he returned. Lt. Col. Simcoe was informed by Gen. Phillips, that he had received an order from Lord Cornwallis to meet him near Petersburg [May 7, 1781]. Lt. Col. Simcoe pressed Gen. Arnold to let him march towards Hali- fax, in order to gain information of Lord Cornwallis, from whom no account had arrived; it was not thought prudent to make a detachment while M. Fayette was supposed to be so near [May 9, 1781]. Lt. Col. Simcoe went immediately to Gen. Arnold, and again applied to march towards Lord Cornwallis . . . the General assented, and . . . the Queen's Rangers, both cavalry and infantry, marched towards the Nottoway, on the road to Halifax [May 10, 1781]. Lt. Col. Simcoe pro- ceeded, ... to the Nottoway river twenty-seven miles from Petersburg, where he arrived early the next morning [May 11, 1781]. . . . The cav- alry went on to Col. Gee's, a rebel militia officer: he attempted to escape, but was secured, and refusing to give his parole, was sent pris- oner to Major Armstrong. The cavalry proceeded in the afternoon to Hicks's ford, on the Meherrin, twenty-five miles from the Roanoke, within a few miles of the river stood Col. Hicks' house. He was deceived, and believed the party to be an advanced guard from M. Fayette's army : from him the first information was received of Lord Cornwallis, and that his Lordship was certainly at Halifax, twenty miles from the Meherrin; and that it was reported his advanced guard had passed that river. Lt. Col. Simcoe's hopes of being in time to facilitate his Lord- ship's passage were at an end ; there was still a probability, if any militia were in his front, of being of service. Col. Hicks accompanied the party to Hicks's ford, where some militia were assembled. Serjeant Wright, who commanded the advanced guard on the approach to Hick's, halted and returning to Lt. Col. Simcoe, told him, that he had entered into conversation with one of the sentinels; that the militia consisted of a Captain and thirty men; and that he had passed upon them for their friends: if he, Lt. Col. Simcoe, thought proper, he would relieve the whole party. Wright was directed to execute his intentions: the rebel [5a] Colonel was shown, at a sufficient distance, as a friend, and Lt. Col. Simcoe and the Militia officer assisting, the whole party was assembled, their sentinels relieved, and their arms piled and secured before they were undeceived: they were then marched into a house, and their paroles given them. The Captain and others being selected as guides, the party crossed the ford. ... It was understood that Lt. Colonel Tarleton had passed the Roanoke; that a Major of militia, who had commanded the post at Hicks's ford, was gone with a small party to reconnoitre. . . . In the middle of the night, Wright brought in an express from a captain who had been detached by M. Fayette for intelligence ... his dispatches . . . confirmed the account of Col. Tarleton having passed the Roanoke. . . . The party soon arrived on the banks of the Roanoke, and . . . joined Lord Cornwallis's army. His Lordship being on the opposite side of the river, Lt. Col. Simcoe passed over to him; and a spy from Gen. Phillips had reached him a few hours before: it was Lt. Col. Simcoe's melan- choly office to add to his Lordship's public anxieties, the intelligence of the irrecoverable state of health in which Gen. Phillips lay. The cavalry refreshed themselves at Jones's house; his Lordship passed the river that evening, and Lt. Col. Simcoe sat out on his return. He marched by the direct road to Hicks's ford, where he found Lieut. Col. Tarleton, who had made a circuit to his right from Halifax, and had arrived there a few hours after Lt. Col. Simcoe left it : the rebel Major who had been to reconnoitre, fell into his hands. . . . the party halted that night at Col. Hicks's. Lt. Col. Tarleton marched the next morning and proceeded to Colonel Gee's plantation: soon after the Queen's Rangers marched and rejoined their infantry at Nottoway bridge where they passed the night. . . . Lt. Col. Simcoe, with a few dragoons, return- ing to Petersburg. The Queen's Rangers returned to Petersburg that evening [May 19, 1781]; and his Lordship's whole army arrived there the next day, the 20th of May. Meanwhile General Benedict Arnold had landed at Westover, not far from Sussex, and had marched against Richmond — then only a village with small chance of resisting a large force. The Continentals of Southside Virginia were in real danger, for they had long been lacking supplies of all kinds. A pitiable little act of 1780 for "supply- ing the army with clothes, provisions, and wagons" throws light upon this situation, for Sussex County was allotted only "forty suits." 22 The fighting men were few in number. On September 11, 1781 Colonel Benjamin Blunt wrote General Muhlenburg that he had collected in Southampton, Sussex, Dinwiddie, Greensville, and Amelia counties militiamen "amounting to five hundred and ten Infantry and thirty nine Horse." 23 Later Colonel Blunt reported to Governor Nelson that he expected Nansemond, Southampton, Greensville, Brunswick, Din- [53] widdie, and Sussex counties to furnish "a considerable number" of horses. 24 Tarleton's pillaging, moreover, did not help the situation, for this general was a past master in the art of taking whatever he needed wherever he might find it. Augustine Claiborne gave an illuminating account of his suffering at the hands of the raiding British. According to the story, "Tarleton and his gang of thieves" paid him a visit and took "six valuable naggs." He had already, it seems, "furnished the service with two of his best." 25 But the war was soon to end. From Petersburg the British marched to Yorktown and to the defeat that led to the permanent establish- ment of these United States of America. In the House of Delegates, which came into existence after the adoption of the state constitution of 1776, Sussex had been represented through 1779 by Henry Gee and Gray Judkins; in 1780 by Nathaniel Newsum and David Mason; and in 1781 by Gray Judkins and Na- thaniel Dunn. Sussex, Southampton, and Dinwiddie made up one of the early senatorial districts. The first representative was David Mason of Sussex. It will be recalled that Henry Gee was a Sussex delegate to all the Revolutionary conventions, and that David Mason represented the county in all but the first. These liberals served Vir- ginia well during the first and most trying years of the Common- wealth's history, holding up the hands of three pioneer governors — Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Nelson. With the Revolution at an end and independence established, Sussex — along with other Virginia counties — began to play its part in the affairs of the new commonwealth. It was grouped with Bruns- wick, Greensville, Prince George, Dinwiddie, Mecklenburg, Lunen- burg, Amelia, Cumberland, and Powhatan to form a congressional district. 26 Perhaps the county folk had little realization of the great problems of state that were threatening the new republic. They had troubles and problems of their own, however. There was, for instance, the state and county problem that had to do with disestablishment of the Church of England, which had long held both secular and religious powers. In 1776 death had rid Albemarle Parish of the Reverend William Willie, 27 and one William Andrews had become rector on condition that he "submit to be upon the same foundation with the rest of the clergy in this Government." But the British gentleman suffered a twinge of nostalgia in 1781, joined himself to the forces of Cornwallis, and became chaplain of the garrison at Yorktown. 28 [54] After the defeat of the British, he was captured, of course. Here, moreover, is a letter Governor Nelson wrote to Gornwallis, which reflects little credit upon the clergyman: T ^ [Camp before York] Octr. 21, 1 78 1 I have received your verbal Message respecting two Citizens of this State the ReW. Mr. Wra. Andrews & the Rev: ?l .aw f WS - . . ■■'.'" ! V/-".'-- Sussex, for people gather to gossip and trade and straighten out legal tangles that aren't half as important as the comradeship they make possible. The twentieth century has brought about a modicum of industrializa- tion in Sussex. The predominant resources of the county, lumber and agricultural products, have defined sharply the trend of industry. Lum- ber developed numerous ramifications — logging camps, sawmills and planing mills, mills for manufacturing baskets and boxes used in ship- ping truck, cooperages, stave mills, and furniture factories. Canneries rose to conserve the abundant truck; and smokehouses to cure meat of the razor-back hog. From gins poured forth ever-increasing bales of cotton; and from grist mills came meal and flour. Yet it is Arachis Hypogea, more familiarly the peanut, that has left its indelible stamp on the width and breadth of the county. Torn from the ground in infinite variety, Jumbo, Belle of Wakefield, Eclipse, Justice, Spanish are sent first to cool warehouses and thence to the various processing plants, frame hulks that dominate almost all the towns. According to United States Census Reports, there were in 1937, 14 manufacturing establishments in Sussex, employing an average of 512 workers, paying $276,551 in wages, using materials that cost $293,598. The figures available for 1939 present an interesting comparison: nine- teen manufacturing establishments, 424 workers, wages that amounted to $209,982, materials that cost $283,822, and products valued at $703,- 355. In 1937 the value added by manufacture was $429,221; and in !939? $4 j 9j533- Every figure had decreased except that representing the number of establishments. The retail trade in the county achieved a peak in 1939, however. The 141 establishments produced sales amounting to $1,567,000. The 47 stores selling food and the general stores selling food and much besides accounted for $763,000 of the total; general merchandise for $80,000; apparel stores for $19,000; furniture — this item including radios — for $21,000; the automotive industry for $229,000; filling stations for $200,- 000; eating and drinking places for $99,000; drug stores for $54,000; and what-nots of this and that for all the rest. But twentieth century industry was not sufficiently powerful to cause Sussex to forget those age-old agricultural pursuits that had brought livelihood through all the years. Though King Peanut — not Mr. Pea- nut in Sussex — still held sway, the nut that lived in its lowly habitat had rivals above the ground. The United States Census of 1940 reports [105] 1,236 farms in Sussex, ranging in size from three to a thousand acres. The farms, with their buildings, were valued at $3,642,022 or an average of $2,947 each. The farm implements and machinery were valued at $298,634. There were in the county 2,423 cattle and calves. Cows to the number of 1,320 produced 443,653 gallons of milk and 83,194 pounds of butter, of which 41,392 gallons of milk and 13,770 pounds of butter were sold. The hogs and pigs — fed, of course upon peanuts so that their important parts can be converted into the best of Virginia hams — were produced to the astounding number of 6,397. Chickens there were, too, prolific feathered things that brought forth 204,720 dozen eggs. Corn, which Indians taught colonists to grow and Virginians have subsequently put to various uses, was produced to the amount of 279,408 bushels; hay to the amount of 11,602 tons; Irish potatoes to the amount of 13,267 bushels; sweet potatoes to the amount of 25,967 bushels; and tobacco to the amount of 593,329 pounds. Through the years weekday concentration upon industry, agriculture, and other mundane pursuits has not obliterated the part religion has always played in the lives of Sussex folk from the days of the early dis- senters, the first Methodist exhorters, and even before there were con- siderable groups outside the membership of the Established Church. Most of the 12,485 people of the county attend church from the cradle to the grave. (And, by the way, that population figure shows an in- crease over the 12,100 of 1930, which recorded a drop from the 1920 population of 12,834 and from the all-time peak of 13,664, which had been achieved in 19 10.) The Negroes of Sussex, constituting two-thirds of the county's population, are preponderantly Baptists, with a sprink- ling that profess allegiance to other evangelical denominations. Among the white communicants are members of almost all churches current in America. The former Established Church, which all but went out of existence in Sussex after the Revolution, has gained adherents in recent years. St. Andrew's Church at Littleton, successor to the earlier church of the same name, was built in 1882. Its building is now used as a resi- dence. The Episcopal Church at Waverly was built in 1931. The congre- gation traces its origin to a mission established here in the 1880's. The Holy Trinity Episcopal at Jarratt, after having been closed for almost 20 years, was reopened in 1940. There has been no revival of the Episcopal Church at Wakefield, which ceased to be in 19 10. The Cath- olic Mission of St. Francis of Assisi at Jarratt began its career in 1878. The Methodists, Christians, and Baptists, however, have continued the [106] dominant denominations, with churches easily accessible to all the people of the county. For some strange reason the soil of Sussex has never been conducive to the growth of Presbyterianism. 27 Citizens of Sussex County have played a large part in the American struggle for democracy. Though no settlement was here in 1619, when the handful of English colonists — aided by the Liberals in the Parlia- ment of Great Britain — achieved the first representative legislature in the New World, or before 1635, when Virginians "thrust out" a gover- nor who disregarded their rights, in these early fights for self-govern- ment were men whose descendants later patented land in what is today Sussex County. People who moved to the area of Sussex, moreover, participated in Bacon's Rebellion, America's first bloody revolt against tyranny; and citizens of Sussex took part in the struggle that led to the Declaration of Independence; in the Revolutionary War; and in the establishment of the new republic. Though sectional misunderstanding prevented their sharing in extending democracy to Negroes, they ac- cepted with good grace the new order that came as an aftermath of the War between the States. Though Sussex representatives in the Gen- eral Assembly voted against ratification of the nineteenth amendment, statesmen born in Sussex championed the enfranchisement of women, which was the top rung of the ladder leading to the achievement of democratic forms. Sussex County today, like the rest of Virginia, has a heritage that imposes obligations. All that we are and all that we have come in large part from the toil, the heartaches, the bloodshed of generations that have gone before. The struggle, however, is not at an end. To hold what America has achieved and to make this real in the lives of the people, boys and girls must undertake a task even greater than that which confronted the first settlers on Blackwater and Joseph swamps. REFERENCES 1 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of 1901-02, p. 504. 2 Acts of Assembly, 1901-02, pp. 776-77. 3 Ibid, 1899-1900, pp. 670-71. 4 Ibid, 1901-02, pp. 120-21. 5 Ibid, 1899-1900, p. 1 192. 6 Ibid, 1924, p. 53. 7 Ibid, 1906, p. 63; 1922, p. 81; 1924, p. 293. 8 Ibid, 1904, pp. 83-84. 9 Ibid, 1899-1900, p. 1 198. [107] 10 Ibid, 1 910, p. 453. 11 Documents of the House of Delegates, 1908, p. 4. 12 Journal of the Senate, 1918, p. 29. 15 Journal of the House of Delegates, 1918, p. 6a. 14 Journal of the Senate, 1920, p. 173. is Journal of the House of Delegates, 1920, p. 273. 16 Ibid, 1927, pp. 170, 173, 284; Journal of the Senate, 1927, pp. 69, 275-76. 17 Richmond Times-Dispatch, November 8, 1928. 18 Acts of Assembly, 1878-79, pp. 138-39. 19 Ibid, 1889-90, pp. 697-98; 1891-92, pp. 699-700; 1895-96, pp. 361-62. 20 Ibid, 1914, p. 120; 1926, pp. 801-24. 21 State Corporation Commission, Division of Banking. 22 Acts of Assembly, 1901-02, pp. 511-12. 23 Report of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 1903, pp. 95, 107. 24 Acts of Assembly, 1930, pp. 573"97- 25 Commonwealth Magazine, November, 1939. 26 Report of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 1940-41, p. 312. 27 Squires, The Rise of the Presbyterian Church in Tidewater. Part II. WISDOM HATH BUILDED HER HOUSE Chapter i The First Two Hundred Years The charter of 1606 granted the Virginia Company of London for purposes of colonization contained also the germ of an educational movement, for counsel was given to propagate the "Christian religion to such People as yet live in . . . miserable ignorance of the true knowl- edge ... of God," and to bring "the Infidels and Savages ... to human civility and ... a settled and quiet government." 1 Subsequently idealistic plans to convert the Indians played no small part in the life of the col- onists, and to this end gifts for the purpose had begun to flow into the treasury of the company even before Captain Christopher Newport's expedition started for the New World. . In February 1620 an anonymous donor, "Dust and Ashes," placed in the hands of the Virginia Company of London £550 for the purpose of founding a school to educate Indian youth. This money the com- pany diverted into the iron works on Falling Creek, directing that the revenue derived therefrom should educate 30 Indian children. 2 Mean- while other plans brewed. Sir George Yeardley arrived in the colony in 1619 with elaborate instructions, based on a plan engendered the year before by the Virginia Company, for the establishment of the University of Henricus, a free college designed for the education of Indian youth and the planters' children. The quarterly court set aside ten thousand acres of land for cultivation, tenants were settled thereon, in 1620 an "overseer" was appointed, and a contract was let for the bricks to be used in the main structure. 3 While the university was on the verge of coming into being, some "gentlemen and Mariners" of the Royal James, a ship returning from the East Indies during 1619 and 1 62 1, were induced by the boat's chaplain, the Reverend Patrick Copeland, to contribute money for the establishment of a free school for white children in Virginia to be called the East India School. 4 A patent for one hundred acres of land, which now include Hopewell, was pro- cured, a master was appointed, and steps had been taken to build a [in] house, when the Massacre of March 22, 1622 wiped out the enterprise together with the other embryonic educational ventures. 5 Pushed aside by the colonists' more vital need for self-preservation, education was held in abeyance until 1634 when a bequest from Ben- jamin Syms provided for the establishment of the Syms Free School in Elizabeth City County — the first institution in Virginia effectively pro- viding free education. In a short while this school was joined by another enterprise of the same type — the Eaton Free School — founded by a gift from Dr. Thomas Eaton. Governor William Berkeley's now classic remark in his report of 1671, "But I thank God there are no free schools," was far from the truth. The Syms and Eaton schools were but a day's ride from Jamestown; elsewhere lay at least six others — one of these, endowed by Captain John Moon in c.1655, in adjoining Isle of Wight County. 6 The close of the seventeenth century saw a revival of interest in the education of Indians. A legacy left the College of William and Mary in 1 693 by Robert Boyle, a celebrated scientist, was used for the education of Indian boys, 20 of whom were soon admitted to the school. Braffer- ton Hall, one of the present college buildings, erected in 1723, was the building later used. Until the Revolution, Indians formed a part of the. student body of the College of William and Mary. 7 Other schools for Indians were also instituted — notably, Governor Alexander Spotswood's school at Fort Christanna, which was established in 1 7 14. Taught by the beloved Reverend Charles Griffin, it was de- signed to teach the English language and the Christian religion. This school, which in 1 7 1 5 had 70 pupils, was moved to the BrafTerton school in 1723. 8 The few endowed free schools that followed in the wake of the first two established were insufficient to provide adequate education for the colony's increasing number of children. Parallel with this type of edu- cation were parish schools, tutors, Old Field schools, and academies and seminaries. For a long while the plight of orphans — "very much abused and prejudiced in their estates by the negligence of overseers and guardians" — had been a problem in the colony. To correct this condition, the law of 1643 was passed by which all guardians were "injoyned ... to edu- cate and instruct" the orphans "in rudiments of learning and to pro- vide for them necessaries according to the competence of their estates." 9 This regulation was followed in 1 646 by the passage of the first appren- [112] ticeship law requiring a certain number of children of indigent parents "to be sent up to James Gitty ... to be imployed in the public flax houses under such master and mistresse as shall be there appointed, In carding, knitting and spinning." 10 Similarly in 1672, another law was passed empowering "justices of peace in every county ... to place out all children, whose parents are not able to bring them up apprentices to tradesmen," and, in addition, the church wardens were required to give "an account annually at their orphants court of all such children within their parish." 11 Actually, however, the colonial parishes did very little toward using their funds for the education of poor children in private schools. On the other hand, the interlocking church-state system existing in the colony had fostered another medium of education — the parish school fre- quently taught by the parish minister, who shared with a vestry of 12 members the duty of directing the ecclesiastical division in both civil and religious matters. In many instances there was no actual school- house, and the minister traveled here and there giving instruction in homes. Out of this type of education later grew the schools that offered classical education to the children of the wealthier families. About the middle of the colonial period, a few free endowed parish schools were founded, usually placed by their benefactors under the con- trol of the vestry. The instructor engaged was licensed by the Bishop of London or by the governor of the colony. In many instances the Bishop of London licensed persons not only to teach in Virginia but to set up private schools of their own with authority to charge tuition. The endowed parish school established in Westmoreland County in 1689 was the one attended from 1743 to 1747 by George Washington. In a few instances there were in towns semi-private and semi-endowed schools offering both elementary and advanced courses. An outstand- ing example of this type was the school founded in Norfolk in 1728. 12 The wealthier planters, however, turned to other media of education. "Home" to them was still England, and back they sent their sons to be molded in traditon and thought by English schools. In most of the great plantation homes, however, tutors were employed. If the family was large, the tutor concentrated his efforts on the children of his employer. In many cases, however, the school increased in size as children from neighboring plantations were invited to share both instruction and expense. England and Scotland furnished most of these tutors, who burnished young aristocratic minds with such basic subjects as litera- [»3] ture, rhetoric, and mathematics. A few were Huguenots, who taught all subjects in French. Occasionally, an educated man, anxious to settle in the colony, was brought over as indentured servant and placed in charge of a tutorial school. Nor was the education of girls neglected. Throughout the colonial period coeducation existed. Girls were admitted to the endowed free schools, where they were expected to master the three R's, fine needle- work, music, and dancing. Only in rare instances were girls sent abroad to study. A governess was employed instead, or the girls attended the tutorial school with their brothers. The "old field school" came into being the latter part of the nine- teenth century. The building occupied a field unsuited for cultivation — hence the name — and the school was taught sometimes by the local rector, a man generally trained in an English or Scottish university. This was not a free institution. A fee was paid by every pupil who entered. Benches lined the interior and fronted the teacher's armchair, while around the walls were fixed writing desks — smooth sloping boards firmly attached to their supports. At these the advanced pupils practiced "copy" with quill pens on unruled paper as they perched on three- legged stools. Once the old field school course was completed, the young man, more often than not, went to the College of William and Mary, which in turn sent to European universities those students des- tined for professions. 13 Higher education, since its set-back in 1622, had received no thought from the legislature until March 1660/61, when an Act of Assembly provided for the establishment of a college "for the advance of learn- ing, education of youth, supply of ministry, and the promotion of piety." 14 Even then, nothing was accomplished until 1691 when the Reverend James Blair was sent to England to procure a charter. Before he returned two years later with a charter for the College of William and Mary, enthusiastic Virginians had subscribed liberally towards the foundation of the school and a royal grant of ten thousand acres of land on the south side of Blackwater River had been made, revenue from which was to aid the institution. Thus the area that later became Sussex County contributed its share to the economic welfare of the second oldest college in the United States. Tutors and private grammar schools for the moneyed class and charity education for the indigent children continued throughout the eighteenth century. In only one phase was there a slight change, the [1.14] replacing to some extent during the Revolutionary period of the earlier forms of private schools by the classical type of preparatory school that included elementary courses. Virginia's horizontal practice of private schools for the rich, and free or charity schools for the poor was firmly rooted, and it was long before popular education as a State function developed. Shortly after his election as governor o> Virginia in 1779, Thomas Jefferson submitted to the Assembly his plan for education — "A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge." Generally, it was an attempt to safeguard democracy by educating the people; spe- cifically, it sought to remove the blight of pauperism from free educa- tion. According to the plan, each child, regardless of class or condition, could be assured of three years free primary schooling; the more pro- ficient students were then to undergo training in a secondary — grammar — school; and finally, an elect number of these showing superior intel- lectual attainments were to receive free education at the College of William and Mary. The state was to be divided into districts of five or six square miles, called hundreds, in each of which a school was to be established and supported by taxation. Each school was to be under the supervision of three aldermen chosen annually by the electors qualified to vote for delegates. Unfortunately, the fear of centralization — evi- denced by the provision of a direct tax locally imposed — weakened Jefferson's plan. The bill was tabled until 1 796 when the Assembly passed an act pro- viding for a system of primary schools that incorporated most of the pro- visions of Jefferson's bill. The purpose of the bill, however, was defeated by the inclusion of one amendment: "The Court shall first determine the year in which the first election of the aldermen shall be made and until they so determine, no election shall be made." The courts, of course, took particular pains not to "determine the year," for an elec- tion; as a consequence no schools were established. 15 Prompted by Governor John Tyler, the assembly of 18 10 created the Literary Fund, which still functions in Virginia. By this law all "escheats, confiscations, fines, penalties and forfeitures, and all rights in personal property, accruing to the commonwealth as derelict" were to be "appropriated to the encouragement of learning." 16 In 1816, when the Literary Fund was increased by $1,210,550, the return of a loan to the Federal government made during the War of 181 2, the directors of the Fund, envisaging an education system with- out recourse to a school tax, offered a plan for the establishment of [»5] primary schools, academies, and a university. The Fund, however, was insufficient for this ambitious program, and it was not until 1818 that a bill was passed — under the stimulus of Jefferson's lash — to establish a system of primary and secondary schools, district colleges, and a uni- versity. 16 As only the primary schools and the university were founded, the result was a feeble sub-structure, a vigorous top and nothing be- tween by which free school children could climb upward. To inaugurate and maintain the primary schools, the bill directed the courts of each county to appoint school commissioners who were to set up the schools and then determine the number of poor children to be educated. Being men of means, and hence averse to a plan of educating the poor at the expense of the rich, they did not hasten to fulfill their duties. The malignant "orphan fixation," so long associated with free primary education, was present from the beginning, and contributed its share to the adverse sentiment in the state that delayed acceptance of a public school system until late nineteenth century. REFERENCES 1 Thorpe, Colonial Charters, Vol. 7, p. 3784. 2 Neill, The English Colonization of America, pp. 1 17-136; Bruce, Virginia Iron Manufacture, pp. 4, 5. 3 William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 18, Second Series, p. 475. 4 Neill, English Colonization in America, pp. 124-35. 5 Bruce, Institutional History, Vol. 1, p. 349; William and Mary Quarterly, Vol 18, Second Series, pp. 483, 493. 6 Bruce, Institutional History, Vol. 1, pp. 357, 360. 1 Tyler, The College of William and Mary, p. 1 1 . 8 Ibid, p. 23-23. 9 Herring's Statutes, Vol. 1, pp. 260-61. 10 Ibid, p. 336. 11 Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 298. 12 Wells, Parish Education, pp. 23-52. 13 Bruce, Institutional History, p. 331. 14 Hening's Statutes, Vol. 2, p. 25. 15 Shepherd's Statutes, Vol. 2, pp. 3-5. 16 Virginia, A Guide to the Old Dominion, p. 190. Il6] Chapter 2 /. Free Primary Schools The permissive nature of the provisions incorporated in the primary school law of 1818 paved the way to defeat. Placed under local control, the county schools, once they were started, labored under overpowering difficulties, foremost of which was the stigma of pauperism attached to the whole system. The prejudices of the parents of indigent children against being considered objects of charity were reconciled but slowly. With a paucity of pupils, the commissioners of many counties frequently did not spend the annual allotment from the Literary Fund. Other em- barrassments arose. Unable to obtain satisfactory teachers at the pay offered, the commissioners were frequently obliged to send the indigent children to "pay schools." Many teachers of private institutions, more- over, refused to admit poor children to their classes for the meager stipend of a few cents a day per pupil. In addition, few school com- missioners took their duties seriously. In their reports to the president and board of the Literary Fund, some made no attempt to conceal either their indifference, lack of enthusiasm, or discouragement. The first meeting of the Sussex County School Commissioners was held July 3, 1823. ^ n August the treasurer of the board received $2,050.02, the "arrearages" due from the Literary Fund. 1 On November 30 the commissioners sent in their first report on the "progress and state of the primary schools under their direction." Nothing, actually, had been accomplished. "Owing to the unfavourable season of the year for making up schools, or for engaging the proper objects of the law, to the schools already existing," but more particularly because several of the commissioners had been ill, "no steps" had "been yet taken to carry the law into effect." The funds in the treasurer's hands were intact, but hopes were entertained that they could be "soon applied to promote the benefit of the persons immediately in the view of the law" 2 Quite different was the commissioners' report of 1824. Each com- missioner, at a meeting held March 5, had been authorized to educate [117] "any number of children not exceeding ten." As a consequence, 62 children had been selected from a list of 123 poor children and dis- tributed among 19 schools. Ten dollars a pupil was the annual tuition rate. 3 The first comparatively adequate report by the school commis- sioners was not made until 1829. Statistics, however, were not lacking. In 1826, 78 out of 155 poor children listed in Sussex were sent to 17 schools; in 1827, 77 out °f x 5° were sent to 20 schools; in 1828, 44 out of 140 were sent to 22 schools; and in 1829, 78 out of 150 were sent to 25 schools.* Application of the act for the creation of school districts in counties, passed February 25, 1829, was contingent on the school commissioners' belief that the educational funds allotted could be employed to better advantage by a division of the county into "convenient districts, con- taining not less than three, nor more than seven miles square." If adopted, the inhabitants of any district could then have built "a good and sufficient school-house of wood, stone or brick," provided they voluntarily contributed three-fifths of the building cost. The school, however, had to be "constituted into a free school for the instruction, without fee or reward, of every free white child, within said district," and subject to the control of "three trustees, two to be appointed by the school contributors within the district, and one by the School Com- missioners for the county." A similar proviso applied to the employment of "a good and sufficient teacher," to be placed only after being "ex- amined and accepted" by persons designated for that purpose. A hun- dred dollars designated as part of the teacher's annual salary had to be equalled or surpassed by voluntary contributions from the district's inhabitants. Acceptance of this act was purely optional; the legislators, however, inserted certain limitations. Foremost was a restraining hand placed on the treasurer of the school commissioners. Henceforth he was prohibited from paying out any money for the education of poor children, "except on the order of a School Commissioner, accompanied by the account of the school master," who was allowed for the education of each poor child four cents for each day's actual attendance. This paltry per diem tuition fee remained until i84i. B Repercussions of this act were woven into the Sussex School Com- missioners' lengthy and revealing report sent in the following September (1829): In most cases the Commissioners applied to the parents of the chil- dren before they entered them at school, and promised that they should [us] attend regularly, and it is thought that where the teachers attend reg- ularly to their schools they should be paid. The Commissioners antici- pate considerable difficulty in complying with that part of the law re- quiring school masters to keep an account of each day's actual attend- ance of every child sent to school. It is believed from the efforts that have been made, that no teacher (that deserves the name) will take children at four cents a day for each day's school attendance, and be compelled to furnish an account on oath. The consequence will neces- sarily be that they must be sent to incompetent teachers or not sent at all. ... at an adjourned meeting held on the 5th March, 1824, they authorized each Commissioner to educate any number of children not exceeding ten. The expense of educating that number would not near consume the amount in hand in one year. It was believed that it would be best not to use the whole amount in one year, if we would find the proper objects, but by retaining a part of the funds to be added to the annual quota for several years, the benefits would be more extensive and in the end more useful. . . . Notwithstanding all the prejudices that exist against the system, there has been expended every year consider- ably more than the annual quota, and . . . the Commissioners are grad- ually reducing the fund in hand, and will shortly have only the annual quota to depend upon. It will also be seen how inadequate that will be to supply the wants of the poor of this county. In no year have half the indigent children in the county been educated, hence it will be seen how oppressively the present law (that refuses the annual quota because Commissioners have in hand more than the year's quota . . . ) will oper- ate upon these Commissioners. The funds are in the hands of the pres- ent and late Treasurer, . . . and can be commanded at any time, and the Commissioners think the law ought to be changed so as to operate on those only who keep their funds in the hands of their Treasurer, or otherwise improperly employ them without applying them to the end designed. The most of the provisions of the late law on the subject, in the Commissioners' opinion, so far from promoting the objects intended by that and former laws, will have a tendency to embarrass the opera- tions of the efficient School Commissioners, and prevent them from em- ploying any part of their funds to that advantage they might otherwise have done. They have had to combat the prejudices of the people from the commencement of their duties, which they are pleased to say were in a measure giving way, and they had promised themselves that they could hereafter have made their funds more extensively useful, but for the difficulties and restrictions imposed by the late law. 6 From 1830 through 1839 the school commissioners drafted no illum- inating reports. Eighty-five children were selected in 1830 to attend 32 Sussex schools, for which the average individual expense was $3.57. In all, $303.33 was paid out during the year for tuition and "other ex- [»9] penses," but more money was necessary, so the commissioners thought; in fact, "a less sum than $600 would not be sufficient to educate the indigent children in the county." All children educated that year had "been benefitted," in the commissioners' opinion, and in making selec- tions there had been "no preference given to boys or girls." 7 Of an estimated 200 poor children in the county, 45 were selected in 1 83 1 for education in 22 schools. Daily attendance increased from an 81- to an 88-day average and expenditure per child to $3.94. In 1832 five members of the board were absent from the annual meeting, and as a consequence the accounts of some schoolmasters were not presented. Ninety-five poor children were sent to 25 "common schools," however, and $338.95 was expended. 8 From another source came in 1839 a more enlightening summary of the whole primary educational system. In January of that year the Second Auditor, who was also the superintendent of the Literary Fund, sent to the General Assembly the following optimistic report : ... In order to form a correct estimate of the degree of efficiency attending the operation of the system, it must be considered that the persons to whom the management of this great trust is committed, are almost uniformly amongst the most respectable and highly esteemed citizens of each county, that the schools are either selected or established by them, that the practice of examining into the qualifications and characters of the teachers, and the conduct and progress of the chil- dren, is rapidly extending, and that every child is required by law to be entered by name by a commissioner. It must also be known that no teacher is paid unless his account is rendered in a form which calls for the name and age of every child, the names of their parents or next friends, the dates of their entrance at school, the exact number of days each child attends, the branches of learning he is engaged in, the descrip- tion of books he uses, and the progress he makes; that this account is sworn to before a magistrate, and supported by the certificate of the local commissioner who entered the children, accompanied by his order for payment of the account; and that a considerable number of the teachers are men of respectability, moral worth and good education. Under such regulations and management, no doubt, it is confidently believed, can be entertained for a moment by any dispassionate mind, that much good has been effected by the labours of the commissioners, and that the proportion of indigent poor, who can now read, write and cypher, cannot otherwise than be vastly greater than it was before the establishment of the system. Diligently and faithfully carried into execu- tion, the system cannot fail greatly to advance the interest of the whole community. The fact that a youth, educated under it, has, by means of his correct deportment, his industry and his rapid improvement in his [120] studies, acquired the esteem and confidence of all who know him, not- withstanding the extreme poverty of his parents, cannot do otherwise than stimulate members of the same class, possessing by nature good hearts and fine minds, but growing up in habits of idleness and its con- comitants, to rouse themselves, and to do likewise . x* Outstanding claims due certain schoolmasters in 1 840 and the opera- tion of a "majority of schools" during the year were insignificant items compared with the commissioners' lament over lack of school attend- ance. If parents could be persuaded to send their children to school, ran their report, "more could be benefitted by the fund in this county." Still, at an expense of $394.23, 99 children had been sent to 15 schools. 10 The 1 840 Federal census of Sussex, however, was at variance with these figures. Fifty-two out of 198 pupils that had been sent to ten existing "primary and common schools" were public charges. In addition, there were in the county 294 illiterates over 20 years of age. Only statistics accompanied by laconic reports were made by the school commissioners during the next four years. Expenditures varied : in 1841, the total amounted to $403.50; in 1843, to $525.17; in 1844, to $461.66; and in 1845, to $344. 38. 11 In 1841 the tuition fee for "each day's actual attendance" of each pupil was raised to five cents by a law, which added that no teacher could receive additional compensation unless it was "ascertained, either by examination of a committee of the school commissioners, or in some other satisfactory manner," that he possessed "a fair moral character, and other proper qualifications for conducting a school of respectable grade." 12 The educational convention held in Richmond in 1845 — one °f a series between 1841 and 1857 that reflected the growing sentiment in favor of extending educational opportunity — proposed that most of the million and a half dollars then in the Literary Fund should be applied toward the free schools, the remaining sum necessary for support to be made up by county taxation. The General Assembly incorporated these provisions into an act passed March 5, 1846, making its adoption by counties optional. 13 Along with the majority of counties, Sussex turned the opportunity down. 14 The ruling class feared that education of the masses would cause social upheaval. Incorporated in this act was a clause creating the office of superin- tendent of schools, the new officer to be elected "by viva voce vote" of the commissioners of each county. Chief among his duties were these : ( 1 ) to assume the duties of the treasurer and clerk of the school commis- [121] sioners and submit to them annually a treasurer's account, after which, upon certification, it was to be submitted to the superintendent of the Literary Fund; (2) to keep a register of all children entered at school; (3) to require reports from the commissioners containing the number, ages, names, and sexes of the children within their respective districts, with the children entitled to instruction especially designated; (4) to make a report at the annual commissioners' meeting upon the condition of the school system; and (5) to fix the compensation of teachers per diem for the instruction of indigent children. Under this act was appointed, probably in 1 847, the first superintend- ent of Sussex schools, Benjamin F. Eppes, for in the commissioners' report for that year mention is made of books "furnished by the teach- ers and paid for by the superintendent." The commissioners wrote that a "larger sum could be advantageously expended in the education of poor children if their attendance could be procured," and laid blame on the parents who, "generally destitute of education themselves," cared "very little about their children's attendance at school." Furthermore, the commissioners had, "in some instances," visited the schools, and — "as far as their observation" enabled them to judge — found the chil- dren progressing well. The teachers, employed by the people in the neighborhood and not by the commissioners, were, so the commission- ers thought, "quite competent to teach the poor." Finally, the commis- sioners confessed that they were "not aware of any defect in the system," because their experience was "too limited to enable them to form a proper idea of its advantages." 15 In 1849 Benjamin F. Eppes inserted in his report these slyly humorous words : . . . The superintendent states that he has visited the schools in his district on several occasions. He has no suggestions to make to the board, as they have already agreed that he shall pay no account until after the 30th of September annually, believing as they do that his compensation is a mere pittance for the services rendered. None but a superintendent of schools can tell the trouble and consumption of time he is called upon to make, when the board have not acted as ours. The superintendent is pulled this way by a commissioner and then by a teacher for the whole day when at the courthouse or other public gathering. He has no moment he can devote to his private matters, or a little familiar conversation with a female. Time is money, is an old axiom, and should ever be borne in mind, and when a man's time is taken he ought to be compensated for it. In this county his salary is barely over above the minimum limit of ten dollars; yet the clerk of [122] the county gets three dollars for merely transcribing what it has caused the superintendent weeks to accomplish. The law says we are to meet at October court, as a board, and act upon the claims and settle up the affairs of the olcTconcern, but pro- vides us no place to meet, affixes no penalty for the school commis- sioners neglecting to meet, and does not say who is to present delinquent commissioners for failing to attend the meeting of the board, but says a fine of ten dollars is to be assessed against all who fail to attend these meetings, who have not previously served twelve months, and still further that no one shall be excused from serving who has not already served five years. There is a little inconsistency in this I think. Then again poor children are entitled to the benefit of the school fund. Who are poor children? Thomas makes plenty of money to educate his chil- dren, but spends it in whiskey. Dick has good land, but had rather hunt than work. Should the commissioners enter such children and thereby pay a bonus to drunkenness on the one hand and laziness on the other, when the fund is not adequate to educate the children of the industrious poor who have worked hard, but whose land, from long cultivation, re- fuses to return a plentiful supply? Then, are children at our poor- houses to be educated out of the fund? If so, the commissioner in whose district it is placed will absorb the most of the fund. Many other radical objections might be urged against the entire system, but the present on the whole is as good as you may expect. 16 That the poor children attended school irregularly or not at all had been a problem for a long while. In 1850 Sussex's indigent children averaged but 66 days of attendance. The Second Auditor, in his report that year, declared "The well known insufficiency of the funds applied to the education of the poor from the public treasury" to be one of the underlying causes of the failure of public education. The commissioners, in their attempt to afford instruction to as many children as possible, frequently placed a group with a teacher for as many days' attendance as the money allotted would pay for. The result was a few days' attend- ance by each pupil. By way of solution, the Second Auditor suggested that the school commissioners select only the more promising children. 17 This, as well as other problems, apparently was obscured in the minds of the Sussex school commissioners by red tape. B. F. Eppes condemned the "miserable system" and declared that it "should be abolished," for he had "to see the good resulting from it." 18 The practice of selecting pupils from among the poor was adopted by the Sussex county commissioners the following year. In their report for 1 85 1, after stating that they had no power to regulate the govern- ment of the schools, they said : [123] . . . The qualifications of the teachers they believe to be as good as the small sum which they possess will command. They have no choice generally in the selection of teachers — the scholars entered are taken by the teachers as objects of charity and not for the compensation they receive. The fund being insufficient to educate the poor of the county, the commissioners have made selections from among the children, giv- ing the preference to those who would be most likely to attend the schools regularly. 19 The same year brought forth other changes. In Sussex, William D. Taylor succeeded Mr. Eppes as superintendent, while for the state at large came official recognition of free education. Through revision of the constitution, it was provided that one-half of the capitation tax might be applied to free primary schools. John T. J. Mason succeeded Mr. Taylor as superintendent of Sus- sex primary schools the following year ( 1852) , and the number of school commissioners was increased from 11 to 19. Two years later (1854), when granted the privilege of increasing "the per diem allowance for the tuition of indigent children to an amount not exceeding eight cents a day," these commissioners, together with those of Greensville County, compromised on the sum of six cents. 20 The Second Auditor's Report for that year showed the influence of the new law : The increased rate of tuition now authorized has had the effect to procure the services of competent teachers. An improvement, however, might be made in this respect, if the boards of school commissioners appoint a committee to examine those who propose to teach, and refuse to employ those found upon such examination to be incompetent. They are clearly authorized to do this by the law which prescribes their duties . . . This examining committee should ascertain the moral as well as the mental qualifications of those who propose to teach, and should reject those found deficient in either. There are but nine counties and two towns acting under this system. The primary school system is limited to the instruction of the indigent children of the commonwealth, and for that purpose is well adapted, and works beneficially. The district free school system is designed to educate all classes, the rich as well as the poor. The former system is compulsory upon each county, and the latter left optional with the council of a city or town having a corporation court, and to the voters of each county. It is not my purpose to discuss the advantages of the one over the other system. It is deemed safe to leave this important subject where it now is, with the voters of the counties and the cor- porate authorities of the several cities and towns . . . 21 [124] The reports sent in by the School Commissioners of Sussex from 1824 through i860 reveal a steady increase in the number of schools for a period of 31 years, the peak being reached in 1830, when 32 schools were open. Following this, the schools either increased in size or were consolidated, for in 1 860 only 1 6 schools were in operation, although 46 more pupils were enrolled than in 1824. The tuition for these schools attended by both poor children and those who paid fluctuated slightly during the years that primary schools were in existence. From 1824 to 1829, tne tota l amount per pupil was $10 a year; from 1829 to 1841, four cents a day for actual attendance; from 1841 to 1850, five cents a day; from 1851 to 1854, four cents a day; and from 1854 to i860, six cents a day. 22 Except for the chary allusions made in the reports of the school commissioners and superintendents, nothing definite is known about the actual conditions existing under this system. Isolated names of teachers crop up every now and then, but for the most part they are as unknown as the location of the schools in which they taught. During the war years of 1861-1865 tne progress of education was necessarily retarded. When normalcy returned, gone forever was the inadequate and stigmatizing primary school for indigent children. Another day had dawned when the true principles of democracy were to be incorporated into the edu- cational system. REFERENCES 1 Journal of the House of Delegates, 1830-31, Doc. 4, p. 35. 2 Ibid, 1824-25, Account of Literary Fund, p. 29. 3 Ibid, 1825-26, Account of Literary Fund, p. 21. 4 Ibid, 1830-31, Doc. 4, p. 17; Ibid, 1828-29, P- 16; Ibid, 1827-28, p. 17. 5 Acts of Assembly, 1828-29, PP- 13-16. 6 Journal of the House of Delegates, 1830-31, Doc. 4, p. 35. 7 Ibid, 1831-32, Doc. 4, pp. 16, 34. 8 Ibid, 1832-33, Doc. 4, pp. 16, 35. 9 Ibid, 1839, Doc. 4, pp. 2-3. 10 Ibid, 1841-42, pp. 20, 37. 11 Ibid, 1842-43, Doc. 4, p. 18; Ibid, 1844-45, Doc. 4, p. 21; Ibid, 1845-46, p. 21: Ibid, 1846-47, p. 31. 12 Acts of Assembly, 1840-41, p. 51. 13 Ibid, 1845-46, pp. 30-37. 14 Ibid, 1845-46, 1846-47. 15 Documents of the House of Delegates, 1848-49, No. 5, p. 96. 16 Ibid, 1850-51, Doc. 4, p. 74. 17 Ibid, 1852, Doc. 4, p. 11. 18 Ibid, p. 82. 19 Ibid, 1852-53, Doc. 4, p. 71. 20 Journal of House of Delegates, 1853-54, p. 291. 21 Documents of House of Delegates, 1855-56, No. 8, p. vi. 22 Journals and Documents of the House of Delegates, 1824-60. [125] Chapter 3 Academies and Seminaries Private and expensive secondary schools flourished from the Revolu- tion to the War between the States. During these years 218 academies or seminaries were chartered, 127 for boys, 71 for girls, and 20 coeduca- tional. A few were endowed, but the majority were supported by tuition fees that mounted as the years went on. In a few instances only did the state apportion small amounts from the Literary Fund for their upkeep. 1 Adapting itself to the conditions of a changing economic life, the academy injected applied science into the classic curriculum inherited from former days. To mathematics, rhetoric, and languages — modern and ancient — were thus joined such practical subjects as navigation, engineering, surveying, and other sciences. The Virginia female academies or seminaries displayed a surprising scope and quality in the instruction they offered. A very few dispensed the intellectual fare then given the sturdier sex, expecting the young ladies "to study philosophy from the original text of the master and use no easy compendiums." Most, however, were daintily promising to "temper the severities of arithmetic to the delicacy of the female mind," and to join to instruction in music, French, and dancing the intricacies of shell-work, bead- work, and the making of wax flowers. Latin per- sisted, however, "to strengthen the mind," and it was not until the 1 830's that natural sciences began to be included in the courses of study. A growing criticism of this superficial education given girls, coupled with a nation-wide educational awakening, eventually led to the found- ing of schools that offered to women the same educational opportunities extended young men. A classical academy was projected in Sussex as early as 1777. On September 12 of that year, this timely announcement was published in The Virginia Gazette: EDUCATION. The great Want of public schools for the Education of Youth and the important Advantages arising to the Community from [126] a proper cultivation of the human Mind in its early State, together with the Expectations of a Recompence for discharging with Credit, so laborious and useful an undertaking, have induced the Rev. Mr. Andrews and Mr. Swinton, to form a Resolution of opening a School at the Glebe, in Sussex, at Christmas next. As a knowledge of Latin and Greek has always been judged necessary for some Professions in civil and active Life, Gentlemen who choose to send their Children will have them instructed in these Languages after the most approved Methods. And as teachings Boys only these, who are to be brought up to Trade and Business, or the Mechanical Arts, is rather spending their time to little Purpose: they will be enabled to acquire a grammatical Knowledge of their own Tongue, and taught to read with Propriety the best English Authors, Writing, Accompts, Geography, and the most use- ful Branches of the Mathematicks and French. The strictest Care will be taken of their Morals and decent Behaviour, and they will be guided in the Paths of Religion according to the Doctrine of the Church of England. The Price of Board in the Neighbourhood is, at present, £ 1 2 a Year, finding themselves Bedding. Tuition £5 a Year, . . . The academy movement, however, seems to have started in Sussex when the trend toward scientific subjects was beginning to influence the curricula of the secondary schools. Paralleling these were gradually established numerous schools for girls, varying in size and educational scope. On February 28, 1835 the Union Academy of Sussex was in- corporated. If the school actually came into existence, names of the principals, teachers, and students have all been obscured by the fog of time. The welfare of this institution lay entirely within the hands of a board of trustees, whose names in the act of incorporation are followed by a delineation of their duties : Be it enacted by the general assembly, That John Y. Mason, John Cargill, George Blow, William Thornton, William Parsons, John J. Prince, John Q. Moyler, German B. Gill, William Briggs, junior, Cyrus P. Dillard, John E. Parham, John R. Chambliss, Thomas P. Rives, Littleton Lanier, and Nathaniel Harrison be, and they are hereby con- stituted a body politic and corporate, by the name and style of "The Trustees of the Union Academy of Sussex;" and by that name, shall have perpetual succession and a common seal, may sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded in any court of law or equity. 2. The said trustees and their successors, or a majority of them, shall be capable in law to purchase, receive and hold, to them and their suc- cessors forever, any lands, tenements, rents, goods and chattels of what kind soever, which may be purchased by, or devised or given to them, for the use of said academy, and to lease, rent, sell, or otherwise dispose [187] of the same in such manner as to them shall seem most conducive to the interest of the academy. They shall have power to appoint a treasurer, and such tutors and officers as may be deemed necessary, and to make and establish, from time to time, such by-laws, rules and regulations, not contrary to the constitution and laws of this state or of the United States, as they may judge necessary for the good government of the said academy. In case of the death, resignation, or legal disability of any one or more of said trustees, the vacancy or vacancies shall be supplied by the remaining trustees, or a majority of them. 3. Be it further enacted, That the treasurer shall receive all moneys accruing to the academy, and all property delivered to his care, and pay or deliver the same to the order of a majority of the trustees; and before he enters on the duties of his office, shall give bond with such security and in such penalty as a majority of the trustees may direct, payable to the trustees and their successors, and conditioned for the faithful discharge of the trust reposed in him, and that he will, when- ever required, render a true and just account of all moneys, goods and chattels which may come into his hands by virtue of his office; and it shall be lawful for a majority of the trustees to obtain judgment on such bond, by motion in any court of record in this commonwealth, against the said treasurer and his security or securities, his or their executors or administrators, upon giving ten days previous notice of such motion. 2 The Federal Census of 1840 gives for Sussex County seven academies and grammar schools with an attendance of 165 pupils. On January 7, 1842 a bill to incorporate the trustees of Littleton Academy passed the House of Delegates, and on January 31, 1842 the bill was confirmed by the Senate: Be it enacted. That George Blow, William Parsons, Francis E. Rives, William Parker, John H. Walker, Joseph H. Parker, Thomas D. Brown, Cyrus F. Dillard, Benjamin W. Belsches, John B. Freeman, John F. Zills, Nathaniel B. Birdsong, Henry E. Scott, William Harrison, Charles Urquhart and Charles N. Briggs, be and they are hereby constituted a body politic and corporate, by the name and style of "The Trustees of Littleton Academy" in the county of Sussex; and by that name shall have perpetual succession and common seal, may sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, with power to purchase, receive and hold, to them and their successors forever, any lands, tenements, rents, goods and chattels of what kind soever, which may be purchased by, or be devised or given them, for the use of the said academy, and to lease, sell, rent, or otherwise dispose of the same, in such manner as may seem most conducive to the interests of said academy. Provided, That the lands, goods and chattels, so authorized to be held, shall not exceed to amount or value, fifty thousand dollars: And provided also, That not [188] less than a majority of the trustees for the time being, shall be suf- ficient to authorize the sale of any real estate belonging to the said academy. ^ The said trustees and their successors shall have power to appoint a president, treasurer, librarian, tutors, and such other officers as they may deem proper, and to make and establish from time to time, such by-laws, rules and regulations, not contrary to the laws of this state, or of the United States, as they may judge proper for the good government of said academy. Five of the trustees shall constitute a board for the transaction of business, and any vacancy or vacancies amongst the trustees, occasioned by death, resignation or legal disability, shall be supplied by appointment of the board. 3 Though the story of the Littleton Academy is all too sketchy, the names survive of a few students who found board at Laurel Grove, the home of Mrs. Downman — widow of Dr. Robert P. Downman. Among the lads sheltered here were Blair Pegram of Smithfield and Benjamin Drew of the Wakefield section, both later in the Confederate Army, and Augustus Dobie, who became superintendent of the Norfolk schools. About 1850 the academy was moved to the farm of Augustus J. Stephenson, close by the Jerusalem Plank Road, and was converted into a day school for the children of the neighborhood. Among the teachers here were T. P. Poiner, A. M. Adkins, Lawson Bailey, and finally Pembroke Parker, who enlisted in the Confederate Army when the War between the States sounded taps for many southern academies. After peace was declared, the building housed a Negro school. It was razed in 1879. Among the influential men known to have guided the youth of the county is David Sturrock, preacher and teacher, who married Mary Parham of Sussex and worked in the county from 1767 until about the end of the century. His old account book, still preserved, proves that his school, operated from 1772 to 1798, drew pupils from Surry, Prince George, Dinwiddie, Chesterfield, and Southampton, as well as Sussex. He taught the sons of Colonel Edmund Ruffin, Colonel Peter Poythress, Gray Briggs, Richard Cocke, Peter Randolph, William Gary, Timothy Rives, John Moss, Thomas Lessenburry, Colonel Peter Eppes, George Rives, Thomas Peterson, Robert Batte, William Green, William Jones, William Parsons, John Thweat, and Colonel Richard Bland. "" The following excerpts from the book indicate that tuition was seldom paid in specie: [129] 1779 JOHNTHWEAT Dr. Dec. 19 To tuition of John & Archibald Thweat iomos. at the rate of 16 bushels wheat & 100 shads 1779 ROBERT BATTE Dr. Dec. 19 To l /. 65 The per capita cost in Sussex for elementary instruction in 1941 was $51.66 for the white pupils, $14.37 for the Negro. The state-wide county averages for 1939-40 were respectively $27.11 and $17.68. The Sussex per capita cost of secondary education in 1941 reached $71.83 for the white pupils, $41.28 for the Negro. The state-wide county per capitas were respectively $48 and $28.40 in 1939-40. The total per capita for the counties of the state, including elementary and secondary instruc- tion, was $42.61 in 1939-40. Mr. Foster points out in his report for 1941 that the relatively high cost for white education in the Sussex schools "is due to small enrollment in correspondingly small classes, or teacher load. It is not a result of high salaries paid teachers in Sussex County. 5 ' 66 The school enrollment in 1941 of 925 white and 2,021 Negro pupils, making a total of 2,946, shows a decrease of 24 white and 37 Negro pupils. The average attendance of 760 white and 1,427 Negro pupils [145] represents a decrease of 59 white and 24 Negro children. The percentage of attendance for the session of 1 80 days was 90 for the white pupils, 80 for the Negro — as compared with the year before, a decrease of two per cent in white and one per cent in Negro schools. A survey of the statistics for the preceding five-year period shows a rapid decrease in elementary white enrollment, with a nearly static high school enroll- ment. 67 The loss of 713 school children between 1935 and 1940, or a school population of 3,864 instead of 4,577, is offset by a definite gain in literacy. The 212 illiterates reported in 1935, or 12 whites and 200 Negroes, fell to 50 in 1940, or one white and 49 Negroes. 68 The Parent-Teacher Associations and the Leagues are active in all the Sussex schools. In the white schools these organizations raised $2,063.56; in Negro schools, $2,367.82. The money was used to support extra-curricular activities. 69 The Sussex business man or woman, accustomed to meeting one or more of the county's 16 school buses — 14 loaded with white pupils, 2 with Negroes, and transporting a daily average of 476 white pupils and 63 Negroes, with no accidents in 1941 — would be surprised if told that 40-odd years ago pupil transportation at public expense was criticized as smacking of paternalism and socialism. Such an innovation, it was as- serted, would establish a dangerous precedent by encroaching on paren- tal authority. Even the forward-looking superintendent, Dr. W. H. Ruffner, did not foresee school consolidation and its twin, pupil trans- portation. To the sparsely settled communities, with too few pupils to employ a teacher, he recommended patient resignation. With others of his time he thought only in terms of school-to-children. 70 The reversal today, children-to-school, was to be conditioned by twentieth-century facilities. Again Sussex was in the vanguard. Back in 1903, a conference of superintendents in Richmond discussed transportation, road improve- ment, and consolidation of small weak schools. 71 By 1907-08 the state superintendent reported that 69 horse-drawn wagons were conveying children to schools. Sussex County the next year listed three wagons for the Waverly, Wakefield, and Stony Creek districts. 72 It was then one of 47 Virginia counties providing transportation. 73 "From the beginning, part of the pupils from Owen school in the Henry district were trans- ported to the Jarratt schools in what were known as 'kid wagons/ drawn sometimes by horses, but more often by mules. As one-room schools disappeared before the consolidation trend, more children were [146] conveyed to Jarratt in this manner. In time the wagons gave way to trucks with canvas covers, and these in turn yielded to the present school busses." 74 Similarly, Virginia moved slowly in establishing school libraries. Sus- sex, however, kept pace with the rest of the state. It was not until 1 890 that the state superintendent, John E. Massey, welcomed "a growing disposition on the part of school authorities to establish libraries." 75 In 1895 few schools had libraries, though the teachers of Lynchburg and Roanoke were taking "practical steps" to fill the need. 76 The educational renaissance of the early twentieth century loosened the purse strings of the General Assembly and brought about in 1908 an appropriation of $5,000 for school libraries — a paltry sum compared with the $100,000 of 1 94 1. 77 Sussex County enters the records in 1908-09 with $166.93 expended for school libraries. About ten years later Sussex reported eight schools with libraries and a total of 2,123 volumes. 78 After 20 years Sussex was one of 43 counties spending annually more than two thou- sand dollars for books. 79 In the session of 1940-41 the Sussex school libraries had 21,568 volumes — 15,539 for the white and 6,029 f° r tne Negro schools. The books were valued at $1 8,443. 80 REFERENCES 1 Thorpe, Constitutions and Charters, Vol. i, p. 3871. 2 Ibid, Vol. 7, pp. 3892-93. 3 Superintendent's Report, 1871, p. 6. 4 Ibid, 1885, p. 115. 5 Confederate Military History, Vol. 3, p. 755. 6 Superintendent's Report, 1885-86, p. 115. 7 Ibid, 1871, p. 191. 8 Ibid, p. 149. 9 Ibid, p. 170. 10 Ibid, p. 171. 11 Ibid, p. 154. 12 Ibid, p. 195. 13 Southside Virginia News, May 30, 1940. 14 Superintendent's Report, 1871, p. 134. 15 Ibid, p. 48. [147] 16 Ibid, 1872, pp. 17-90, 125. 17 Ibid, pp. 125, 143, 161, 178, 189, 203. 18 Ibid, 1873, pp. 80, 95, 98. 19 Ibid, 1874, PP- 45. 74- 20 Ibid, 1875, pp. 10, 13, 27. 21 Ibid, 1877, p. 26. 22 Ibid, 1879, pp. 11, in. 23 Ibid, p. x. 24 Ibid, 1880, pp. 28, 31, 51, 86. 25 Ibid, 1885, p. 284. 26 Tyler, Men of Mark in Virginia, Vol. 4, pp. 415-16. 2T Superintendent's Report, 1889-90, p. 82. 28 Ibid, 1890-91, p. 95. 29 Ibid, pp. xix, xx, xxiii. 80 Ibid, 1900-01, pp. no, 124. 31 Thorpe, Constitutions and Charters, Vol. 7, pp. 3932-34. 32 Dabney, Universal Education in the South, Vol. 2. 33 Superintendent's Report, 1905-06, p. 19; 1909-10, p. 17. 34 Ibid, 1891, p. 181. 35 Ibid, 1892-93, pp. xxxix, xl. 36 Ibid, 1872, p. 73. 37 Ibid, 1890-91, pp. 166-67; 1892-93, pp. xxxiii, xxxiv. 38 Ibid, 1926-27, p. 26; 1936-37, p. 85. 39 Acts of Assembly, 1922, p. 737; 1928, pp. 1 186-1227. 40 Ibid, 1869-70, pp. 403, 408. 41 Ibid, 1876-77, p. 9. 42 Ibid, 1883-84, pp. 177-78; 1884, p. 119. 43 Ibid, 1887, pp. 305-06. 44 Ibid, 1902-3-4, p. 806. 45 Ibid, 1928, p. 1202. 46 Ibid, 1902-3-4, p. 804; Code, 1919, sec. 654. 47 Acts of Assembly, 1928, p. 1203; 1936, p. 502; Code, 1936, sec. 653. 48 Morrison, The Beginnings of Public Education in Virginia, p. 54. 49 Minutes of the Teachers' Convention and of the Education Association of Virginia, 1863, pp. 1-16. 50 Virginia Journal of Education, November, 1940, p. 91; January, 1899, p. 24. 51 Dabney, Universal Education in the South, Vol. 1, p. 139. 52 Virginia Journal of Education, 1896, pp. 226, 334. 53 Ibid, January, 1926, p. 192. 54 Dabney, Universal Education in the South, Vol. 1, p. 139. 55 Virginia Journal of Education, October, 1907, pp. 17, 18. 56 Jackson, History of Virginia State Teachers' Association, pp. 1-5. 57 Dabney, Universal Education in the South, Vol. 1, pp. 103, 105. 58 Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 433. 59 Ibid, pp. 445-47- 60 Heatwole, History of Education in Virginia, p. 365. 61 Superintendent's Report, 1939-40, p. 247. 62 County Superintendent's Report, 1941. 63 Superintendent's Report, 1939-40, p. 276. 64 County Superintendent's Report, 1941. 65 Ibid. 66 Superintendent's Report, 1939-40, p. 216. 67 County Superintendent's Report, 1941. 68 Ibid, 1940, 1 941. 69 Ibid, 1 941. 70 Superintendent's Report, 1871, p. 38. 71 Ibid, 1902-03, p. xxxv. 72 Ibid, 1907-08, p. 241. 73 Ibid, 1910-n, p. 501. 74 Southside Virginia News, May 30, 1940. 75 Superintendent's Report, 1890-91, p. 170. 76 Ibid, 1895-96, p. xlviii. 77 Acts of Assembly, 1908, p. 562; Virginia Journal of Education, September, 1941. 78 Superintendent's Report, 1922-23, p. 81. 79 Ibid, 1939-40, p. 145- 80 County Superintendent's Report, 1941. [148] Part III. SKETCHES OF SCHOOLS [149] Chapter 1 Courthouse District SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS (TRUSTEES) 1870 D. M. Feild (2 years); Samuel C. Hood (1 year); William S. Thornton (2 years) . 1871 Samuel C. Hood, (reappointed for 3 years) . 1872 Dr. J. A. Winfield (vice S. C. Hood); D. M. Feild (reappointed) . 1873 William S. Thornton (reappointed). 1874 „..Dr. John A. Winfield (reappointed). 1876-77 Judge C. L. Cocke. 1885.. Samuel Cox (secretary); William H. Hood; W. P. Wynne. 1895 Dr. Joel Crawford; A. E. Dobie; William H. Hood. 1896 Dr. Joel Crawford; A. E. Dobie; William H. Hood. 1906 W. T. Freeman; S. J. Parsons; J. C. Brownley. 1908-? W. H. Mason. 1908-17 Dr. Joel Crawford (elected to legislature in 19 17) ; G. T. Partridge. 1908-21? R. L. (Bob) Prince. 1909-17 G. T. Partridge. I9i4?-i7?„ S. J. Parson. 19 1 7-2 1 W. A. Owen; Lorraine L. Edwards. 1917-20 M. D. Magee. 1920 T. Carey Leath; Otto Wachsmann (resigned after a few months during 1921-22) . 1922 Lorraine L. Edwards; T. Carey Leath (clerk) ; J. R. Wachsmann. 1923 M. D. Magee. Other members : J. H. Dobie. (List incomplete) [151] WHITE SCHOOLS Historical Sketches ♦ COMAN'S WELL SCHOOL This is thought to have been the first public school in Courthouse District. Before its establishment in 1872, local children attended a pri- vate school at Coman's Well and the academy for larger boys near the J. M. Tyus farm. This public school was first housed in a back room of a store and later in an office, both owned by J. B. Freeman. Although it started with an enrollment of nine boys and nine girls, failure to main- tain an average daily attendance of ten pupils caused the school to be closed in 1878. It was reopened in 1885 and continued until 1895, when the teacher and the pupils were transferred to Yale. NUMBER 26 SCHOOL This school, doubtless deriving its name from the 26 acres on which it was located, was operated near the present Booker Negro School from 1872 until 1887. The school was conducted in a room with three small windows. It was neither ceiled nor plastered and was but poorly shingled. It did not have desks and blackboards and the other aids to instruction that are used today. But it did have an open fireplace. Water was obtained in the summer from a well — after the "wiggle tails" or mosquito larvae had been "scared away" — and in the winter, from a branch. BLACKHEAD SIGN POST SCHOOL This school, located approximately three miles directly east of the courthouse village, was established about 1880. It was one of the schools that were consolidated with Sussex High School in 1909. BOOKER SCHOOL In 1887, the year that No. 26 school closed, this school began, with an enrollment of 33. After 22 years of service, it was consolidated in 1909 with Sussex High School. [152] YALE SCHOOL The first Yale School, located near the present home of Mrs. W. A. Owen, was operated between the years 1889 and 1905 and was taught by Mrs. Rosa Sledge. Another Yale schoolhouse, now the residence of John Zimmerman, was built in 1895 and had a room added two years later to accommodate increased enrollment. When it was discontinued in 1907, some of the pupils went to Sussex and the rest attended the "Red School House" on C. G. Kitchen's farm near Antioch Church. "Red School House," which originated from the "Green Bud" school that had been operated at various points for about 60 years, was built in either 1907 or 1908. Larger enrollment caused the second room to be added in the summer of 191 1 and, for the session of 19 16- 17, brought in a third teacher, who held classes in a vacant house across the road. The present Yale School was built in 191 7 on land bought from the Dobie estate. Its construction was fostered to a great extent by W. W. Edwards, then county superintendent and later this school's second principal. During the session of 19 18-19 two teachers taught in the same room, much to the pupils' confusion. Two rooms were added, however, in 1919-20. The following session, 1920-21, for the first and last time, Yale School was an accredited four-year high school. In 1926 all pupils above the sixth grade were sent to Sussex High School; the fifth and sixth grades went in 1937, and the following year, 1938, grades one through four. This completed the consolidation of Yale School with the Sussex School. WEST HOPE SCHOOL The needs of the children of West Hope, a small village that had grown up around a lumber camp, caused this school to be built in 1899. It was continued until 1909, when it was consolidated with Sussex High School. PROVIDENCE SCHOOL Providence School, named for a church that once stood near the site, was established in 1905, on land owned by Mrs. M. S. Graves Bobbitt near the Rogers' farm, to take care of about 40 children who had no convenient way of reaching Yale School. Its only teacher, Lizzie Graves, taught all elementary and some high school work. It was consolidated in 1909 with Sussex High School. [153] SUSSEX HIGH SCHOOL Sussex High School, established in 1909 by the consolidation of the Booker, West Hope, Blackhead Sign Post, and Providence schools, be- gan with an enrollment of 60 pupils. For a while it was a four-year high school. Only three years of high school work were taught from 19 15 until 1926, when Sussex High School absorbed all pupils above the sixth grade in Yale School. Although from then on the school was a four-year high school, it was never accredited. In 1937 the fifth and sixth grades from Yale came to Sussex, and the following year, 1938, grades one through four were moved to Sussex. At its June 1940 meet- ing the County School Board adopted a resolution approving consolida- tion of the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh grades of Sussex High School with the Stony Creek High School. Reasons for this resolu- tion were the declining enrollment of Sussex School, which had kept it from being accredited, and the lack of adequate vocational courses in the curriculum at Sussex. The consolidation increases efficiency and saves the Courthouse and Stony Creek districts approximately $4,000. Patrons and supporters of the Courthouse District met June 25, 1940, and voted for consolidation of the above grades, leaving 6 grades with 36 pupils and 2 teachers at Sussex. The school was closed at the end of session 1941, and all white pupils in the Courthouse District were trans- ported to the Stony Creek High School. Faculties Teachers COMAN'S WELL SCHOOL Mrs. Clara Taylor Freeman.. 1 872-1 878 George H. Rose 1887-1889 Fannie Freeman 1885- 1887 Lizzie Graves 1889- 1895 (Mrs. J. W. White) NUMBER 26 SCHOOL George Rose 1872-1877 Sally Wynne 1880-1883 Samuel E. Briggs 1877-1880 Lettie Wynne 1883-1887 BLACKHEAD SIGN POST SCHOOL Mrs. D. Pennington 1880- 1889 Mattie Hood 1893- 1895 Mattie Coggin 1 889-1 891 Addie Edwards 1895- 1898 Ida Brown 1892- 1893 Nellie Clements 1 898-1 901 154] Maria Parker 1 90 1 - 1 905 Nellie Jones 1 905- 1 906 Annie Moore 1 906- 1 907 Kate Cobb 1 907- 1 908 Virginia Mason 1 908- 1 909 BOOKER SCHOOL Minnie Bishop 1 887- 1 889 Ida Brown 1 890- 1 892 Hester Rogers 1 892- 1 896 Birdie Ellis 1 896- 1 899 Rosa Brownley 1 900- 1 902 Nellie Clements 1 902- 1 905 Ann Eliza Hood 1905- 1909 YALE SCHOOL Principals Alma Camp 1 9 1 1 - 1 9 1 2 Grace Norris 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 3 (Mrs. W. A. Owen) Grayson Hoof nagle 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 7 W. W. Edwards 191 8-1 920 Edgar Stinson 1 920-1921 James W. Scoggin 1 921-1922 Albert W. Scoggin 1 923-1 925 E. C. White 1 925-1926 Rosa Sledge Lizzie Graves Maria Parker.... 189 7- 1899; Anna Marks Leah Briggs Mr. Reese Alma Camp Grace Norris Janet Carr Lena Humphries Miss Babb Viola Raiford Pearl Hale Margaret Creighton Grace Haverstock Miriam Norris. Lelia Marshall.. 19 17-19 19; Lelia Parsons Alma West Julius Fanney Nellie Garrett Alma Shorter Anna T. Via Mrs. Edgar Stinson Miss Thomas Until Chris Miss Dugger 1920- After Chris .1895- 1905- .1907- .1908- .1910- .1910- 1911- .1912- ■1913- 1913- .1914- .1914- .1916- .1916- .1916- 1920- •1917- • I9I7- 1918- .1918- .1918- 1919- 1920- .1920- Teachers 889 Marion Swift 1920 906 Louise Fleetwood music, 1920 907 Anna Vries 192 1 908 Helen Cogal 192 1 911 Annette Gee 1921 911 Lillian Prince 1922 911 Cyrilla Cockes 1922 912 Sadie Fisher 1922 913 Lorena Wilcox 1923 914 Lizzie M. Hollingsworth 1923 914 Catherine Grizzard 1923 916 Louise Hatch 1924 916 Margaret S. West 1925 917 Annie Grizzard White 1925 917 Mrs. S. M. Fisher 1927 918 Belle Flowers 1927 921 Lilla West 1927 921 Lorena Miles 1929 922 Mary Magee 1931 921 Frances Owen 1934 919 Paige Magee 1935 920 Betty Harrison 1936 920 Elizabeth Coggin 921 Patsy Barham 921 Lelia Cockes mas Susie Cocks. 921 Gertie Kitchen mas 1921 1921 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1924 1926 1926 1927 1925 1926 1927 1929 1928 i93i 1934 1935 1938 1936 1937 [155] WEST HOPE SCHOOL Rosa Brownley 1 899- 1 900 Becky Erquehart 1 901- 1902 Rosa Sledge 1902- 1903 Lula Edwards 1 903- 1 9 1 4 Mattie Rainey 1 904- 1 905 Tommie Rainey 1 905- 1 906 Ella Hamilton 1906- 1907 Gertrude Bendall 1 907- 1 9 1 8 Miss Hitchcock 1 908- 1 909 PROVIDENCE SCHOOL Lizzie Graves 1 905- 1 909 SUSSEX HIGH SCHOOL Principals Pleasant M. Mills 1909-1910 G. R. Pankey 1910-1912 H. L. Saville 1912-1914 Virginia Campbell 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Ruth Harding 19 15-19 17 Effie Wrenn 191 7-1 922 (Mrs. E. M. Parham) Albert W. Scoggins 1922- 1923 James Scoggins 1923- 1924 J. A. Savedge 1924-1926 E. C. White 1926-1930 R. C. Barbee 1930-193 1 T. J. Stanley 193 1-1932 J. Allen Cook 1932-1934 L. W. Harding i934-*937 Arnold Poole 1 937- 1940 Teachers Estelle Fitchet 1 909- 1 9 1 o Virginia Mason 1 909- 1 9 1 o Lizzie D. Graves 1909-19 10 Alleen Poole 1 9 1 o- 1 9 1 1 Susie Poole 19 10-19 14 Helen Hay 1910-191 1 Sue B. Cook 1911-1912 Eunice Lipscomb (substitute) 191 1 Anna Briggs 191 1-1913 (Mrs. W. G. Slade) Annie Norris 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 3 Anna Diedrich 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 6 (Mrs. F. J. Jackson) Ruth Harding 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 5 Edythe Ballard 1913- Margaret Nichols 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Eva Orr 19 15- 19 16 Carolyn Pope 1915-191 7 Effie Wrenn 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 (Mrs. E. M. Parham) Emma Haskins 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Annie Leigh Brooks 19 18- 1920 (Mrs. J. R. Hunnicutt) Mabel Prince 1918-1921 Helen Brooks 191 8-192 1 Pearl Hale 1 9 1 9- 1 92 1 Beatrice Anderson 1 9 1 9- 1 92 2 (Mrs. L. L. Edwards) Mary M. Southall 1920-1922 Bessie Clark 1921-1923 Irene Joyner 1921-1923 James W. Scoggins 1921-1922 Lucy Raines 192 2- 1924 Frances Rose 192 2- 1924 Elizabeth Feild 192 2-1 931 Therma Valentine 1923- 1926 Sue Parker 1923-1930; 1937-1940 Alberta Smith 1 926- 1927 Lorena Wilcox 1926- 192 7 J. A. Savedge.. 1 926-2 7; 28-31; 37-40 J. L. Francis 1927-1928 Marguerite Stephenson 1 92 7- 1 928 Lula Eppes Williams 1927-1941 Stella Magee 1928-193 1 Louise Garnett 1 930- 1 93 1 Lilla West 1931-1937 Lucille Clay 1931-1 936 Arnold Poole 1 93 1 - 1 937 Mabel Prince 1931-1 939 Louise Eubank 1 937- 1938 Frances Owen 1 938- 1 94 1 Mary B. Gwaltney 1939-1940 [156] Ella Owen-.between 1875-95 Carrie A. Freeman 1 Ellen M. Hood 1 Mary A. Parker 1 Ida Brown 1889- 1890; 1 Grace Coggin 1 M. E. Damerson 1 Birdie Ellis 1 Ann E. Hood 1 Nannie Drewry 1 F. Maude Jones 1 Rosa Sledge 1 Rosa Brownley 1 (Mrs. R. D. Owen) Emma Hart 1 Other Teachers ; 1900-08 Mary Atkins 1895- 1896 885-1895 Minnie Bailey 1896- 1897 882-1883 Minnie Dunn 1896-1897 885-1889 Mary Hiscock 1908-1909 893-1895 Rosebud Johnson 1908-1909 892-1893 Blanche Joyner 1908- 1909 892-1893 Mr. Reese 1910-1911 892-1894 Margaret Nicholas 1914-1915 892-1897 Kate E. Gleary 1917-1918 893-1894 Carrie Cowherd 19 17-19 19 893-1895 Olivia Simmons 1917-1918 893-1895 Alice Parsons 1919-1920 894-1897 Mary Holmes 1921-1922 Mary Woods 1922- 1923 894-1895 Graduates 1921 Sadie Dunn Mary Gilliam Ellie Harrell YALE SCHOOL Ellen Kitchen James Parsons Inel Williams Serena Williams 1912 Mary Ellis 1913 Josie Ellis Pearl Hale Paul Harrup Malon Partridge 1914 John Bobbitt Howard Clements Lizzie Hawkins Moss Wren 1915 Sue Cole 1916-27 Sussex offered only three years of high school work. SUSSEX HIGH SCHOOL 1927 William Briggs Cocke, Jr. Irene Grace Hogwood Ruby O'Dell Murphy Annie May Parker 1928 Helen Berg Stashie Dooboi Samuel O'Lenick 1929 Clara Mitchell Brewer Mary Marion Landa James Thomas Magee Mary Magee Osier Parsons Elizabeth Wills 1930 Thelma Mary Brewer Ildegirt Cunningham Dunn [157] Lynwood Slade Dunn Millard Dallas Magee, Jr. Waldemar Schubert Lewis James Shanko 1931 Nicholas J. Gominick Percy L. Grammer Daniel V. Kubrock Anne Frances Owen Thomas Earl Thornton Lawrence W. Wesson 1932 Isaiah Kubrock Herbert Schubert 1933 Goldie Maude Brewer Jessie Garland Cocke Florence Ryland Hunnicutt Philip Landa Emily Paige Magee Lily Elizabeth Magee George L. Murphy, Jr. William A. Owen Solon Wallace Parsons 1934 Joseph Thomas Dunn Ruth Frances Dunn John M. Kubrock Mary Elizabeth Lilly 1935 Alexander Bondranko Alma Drewry Dunn Robert Henry Murphy Arthur W. Parker, Jr. Lillian Shanko 1936 Anne Luzelle Bishop Elsie Harris Dunn Norris Wilson Owen 1937 Benjamin T. Bishop Dola Mardelle Brewer Harvey M. Dunn Felix T. Ellis, Jr. Mary Louise Kubrock John J. Lilley, Jr. 1938 Estelle Ellis Lucye Thomas Murphy Thomas Daniel Owen Garland Slade Parker Wilson Shanko John Zimmerman 1939 Charlie Bondranko Milton Bondranko William Bondranko Edith Hope Dunn Ruby Dunn George Carroll Harrup Joseph Mason Hunnicutt Ruthie Virginia Kubrock Lillian Rebecca Overstreet James Wilfred Parker Frank Edward Schubert 1940 George Bondranko Junius Edward Chappell Thomas Graham Cox Jesse Fleetwood Dickerson Margaret Bell Dunn Daisy Ellis Frances Louise Harrup Marilyn Adele Kitchen Melvin Riedel Lilley Gladys O'Lenick Charles Richard Schubert [158: NEGRO SCHOOLS Historical Sketches ♦ NEW HOPE SCHOOL This school, the only one that has been in this community, was located about a quarter of a mile east of the courthouse village on old State 40 until a church was built that served as a classroom for several years. Then a building i8'x2o', erected "near the branch" in 1886, was used until 19 1 2. After the enrollment had passed the hundred mark, the school was moved "farther up the hill" and a 12' section added. This building, in turn, was superseded by the present structure, which was erected in 1925-26. BOOKER SCHOOL (No. 2) In 1888 this school occupied a one-room log house, which contained a large fireplace, a table and chair, and one "primary chart." It continued unchanged until 1895 when, on an acre procured by the school board near Booker, there was erected a building measuring 1 6'x25', which had six windows, a table and chair, stationary desks, a globe, a map, and charts. Water was obtained from an open well. Within a few years the school acquired a library and was enlarged by an addition of approxi- mately I2'xi6'. Finally, in 1934, a new one-room building about 2i'x36' was constructed. The present-day furnishings include, together with the library and sufficient desks, a modern wood stove and a fire extinguisher, two coat closets, and blackboards. LOCO SCHOOL Aware of the need of a Negro school in the locality, the school board in 1 90 1 converted the discontinued white school located on the Hali- fax Road near the present Tyus home into the Loco School for Negroes. Forty-eight pupils were enrolled the first year under Josie Turner. Within three years, the enrollment had increased to 75 pupils. To ac- commodate this increase an addition was made to the building in 1904. A new and modern school, 24'x48', was constructed in 1938 at a cost of $2,300. The school lot contains three acres. [159] HUNTING QUARTER SCHOOL This evolved about 19 15 from a private school built by B. J. John- son. For a while the school was supported by about ten families that in time "were not able to pay" and sent their children to Loco. When the distance to Loco proved too much for the smaller children, the parents appealed successfully to the church and to the school board. The church contributed to the construction of a building on its grounds; the school board paid half the teacher's salary for the 1919-20 term and thereafter regularly assumed payment of the whole. In 1935 the Hunting Quarter Baptist Church donated three acres of land on which the school board constructed in 1937 a new and modern building, 24/X48', at a cost of $2,300. HICKORY HILL SCHOOL Two women, Hanna A. Young and Annie Vaughn, by means of benefit entertainments and direct solicitation, raised the money that founded this school in 19 12. The growth through the years of its initial enrollment of from 20 to 25 pupils caused the building to be enlarged in 1924. In 1937 the Hickory Hill Baptist Church donated 1.3 acres of land on which the school board constructed a new and modern building, 24/X48', at a cost of $2,300. YALE SCHOOL The first Yale school for Negroes was established in 1909 in a house owned by S. J. Parson, located at Junction, four miles from Yale. When John Massenburg, who was interested in the education of his children, submitted a list of 20 prospective pupils to W. W. Edwards, the superin- tendent, Lou Blow was engaged as teacher. About five years later the patrons decided Junction was inconveniently located for many pupils and had the school moved into the Negro Lodge Hall at Yale. Here the immediate enrollment of about 40 so crowded the hall that patrons began raising funds to buy land for a more commodious build- ing. Shortly after the third term opened, the school was closed for lack of a teacher. During the next two years the number of children in the community who attended Hickory Hill School increased, and John Massenburg prevailed upon Mr. Edwards to reopen the school. The teacher, Pearl Elam of Waverly, found an enrollment of 50. During the eighth and ninth terms of the revived school, its last teacher, Inez Cypress, spurred on by an enrollment of almost 60 pupils, [160] worked with John Massenburg and Dennis Walton for a new school. Upon the advice of the superintendent, T. D. Foster, John Massenburg, acting for the patrons, bought two acres from W. N. Edwards for a school site, paying $200. When title to the land was procured, Mr. Foster sent Mr. A. P. Kubrock, carpenter, to assist the patrons in erect- ing a building at a cost of $1,200 to the school board. That school, com- pleted in the summer of 1930, continues in operation. Faculties Teachers NEW HOPE SCHOOL Mr. Taylor (white) Lou Robinson (white) George Rose (white) Lucy Pennington (white).... Claiborne Harvell Lavinia Penn 1 885- 1 886 Sidney Pride 1 886- 1 889 Fannie Clayton 1 889- 1 893 Gertie Colson 1 893- 1 894 J. Thomas Newsome 1894- 1897 Mary B. Winfield 1897- 1900 Annie B. Hall (Mason) 1900- 1938 Eva Fowlkes 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Virginia Somerville 1938- .... BOOKER SCHOOL No. 2 Mrs. Sidney Pride.... 1886-89; 1890-92 Andrew Johnson 1 888- 1 889 Peter Harrison 1 892- 1 895 Sallie L. Stith 1895-1933 Mae Stith (Jackson) *933 _I 934 Peacolia Lemley 1934- * 937 Alida Bernard 1 93 7- 1 938 Edna Garlic 1938- 1940 Ida Richardson 1 940- 1 94 1 Lois Lassiter 1941- LOCO SCHOOL Josie Turner.... 1901- 1903; 1909-19 12 Eva Veniver 1 903- 1 904 Josie Jordan 1905- 1907 Sallie V. Griffith 1907-09; 19 16- 17 Rowena Eubank 1909-11; 1919-20 Rosa Andrews 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 5 Maggie Brown..i9i7-i9i9; 1926- 1927 Ethel Lewis 1 9 1 9- 1 92 1 Ardena D. Croom.... 192 1-23; 1925-26 Eliza Harris 1923- 1924 Bessie Hester 1924- 1925 Hattie Mason (Scott) 1927-1928 Mae Stith (Jackson) 1928-1933 Florence Schocklyn 1 933- 1 934 Jeannette Walker 1 934- 1 935 Nannie Booth 1 935- 1 93 7 Mary Bond (Jackson) *937- HUNTING QUARTER SCHOOL Lucy Freeman 1 9 1 9- 1 920 Mabel Mathews 1 9 1 9- 1 920 Irene Taylor 1 920- 1 92 1 Eva R. Wells 1920-1923 Mrs. J. F. Harris 1 921 -1922 Agnes Jones 1 923-1 925 Bessie Hester 1925- 1928 Cornelia White 1928- 1930 Mary Hodgkins 1930-193 1 Mattie Newsome (Jackson) 1931- . . . . Miss Johnson Virginia Scott - . . . . [161] HICKORY HILL SCHOOL Martha Gilliam (private teacher) 1 9 1 3 Mattie Louis (first to be employed by the county ) .. 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Ruth Allen 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 6 Evelyn Adam 1916-1917 Thelma Jones 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 8 Carrie Freeman 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Effie Massenburg (private teacher) 19 19-1920 Alice Green 1 920- 1 92 1 Elnora Callis 1920- 1922 Bessie Griffin.... 192 2- 1923; 1 Louise Blow Cargill 1 Margaret Cherry 1 Lorraine Parker 1 Mary Holmes 1 Bessie Grant 1 Annie Newsome 1 Alease Adkins (Delk) 1 Hattie Williams (Richardson) 1 Lelia Thrift 1 927-1928 923-1927 928-1929 929-1931 931-1932 932-1935 935-1936 936-1938 938- .... 941- YALE SCHOOL Lou Blow Junction, 1909- 19 13 Eliza Hines Junction, 19 13-19 14 Rachel Spencer.... Junction, 19 14-19 15 Georgia Colman..Lodge Hall, 1 9 1 5- 1 7 Lourina Sears Lodge Hall, 4 weeks, 191 7 Pearl Elam Lodge Hall, Annie V. Peace.. ..Lodge Hall, 1920-23 Eliza Harris Lodge Hall, 1 term Lena Wright Lodge Hall, 1 term Frances Powell-Lodge Hall, 1923-1924 Mattie Newsome.Xodge Hall, 1924-25 Inez Cypress.. ..Lodge Hall, 1925- 1926 Virginia Russell 1928- 1929 Martha Boothc.new building, 1929-31 Mary Hodgkins 1 93 1 - 1 932 Margaret Long 1 932- 1 933 Dianah Edwards Mitchell.... 1933- 1936 Margaret Jones 1936- 1938 Catherine Carrington 1 938- 1 939 Violet Onley 1 939- 1 940 Lucille Patterson 1 940- 1 94 1 Irene Tyler I 94*- Other Teachers John H. Briggs 1 892-1 897 E. G. Colson 1892-1894 Francis A. Glover 1892-1895 Indie Pryor 1 892- 1 893 Fannie Roberts 1 892- 1 893 Sallie Moody 1 893- 1 895 Helen B. Pryor 1893- 1897 Hattie Colson 1 894-1 895 George Hines 1 894- 1 895 Fannie Robertson 1 894- 1 896 Lavania Dilliad 1 896- 1 897 Hannah Young 1 896- 1 897 Laura Bell 1 908- 1 909 Elizabeth Harris 1 9 1 1 - 1 9 1 3 Martha Gilliam 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 4 Lou Wright 19 19-1920 Alice Green 1 922- 1 923 Frances Powell 1 923- 1 924 [162] Chapter 2 Henry District SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS (TRUSTEES) 1870 Robert H. Hammond (2 years); William N. Jarratt (3 years); John D. Prince (1 year). 1 87 1 George H. Bailey (vice William N. Jarratt); Dr. Robert Mason (vice John D. Prince). 1872 Robert H. Hammond (reappointed). 1873 E* r - R- J- Grammer (vice Dr. Robert Mason, elected supervisor); George H. Bailey (reappointed). 1874 Dr. R. J. Grammer (reappointed). 1875 Dr. G. S. Feild (vice Robert H. Hammond) . 1878 Samuel V. Drewry; James H. Grizzard; C. D. Mason. 1890-1908? ....Charles Mason; A. F. Owen; W. H. Moore; Tom Parker; Billie Moore; Judge Person; John A. Prince. 1908 C. M. Brown; J. A. Johnston; L. M. Creath. 1911-12 C. M. Brown; B. T. Horne;R. D. Owen. 1922-23 C. M. Brown; B. T. Home; C. F. Owen (clerk); J. H. Batte. (In a deed dated August 30, 1922 are listed: J. H. Batte, chairman; C. F. Owen, clerk; A. L. Gilliam). 1923-27 C. F. Owen. 1928 J. A. Owen. (List incomplete) [163] WHITE SCHOOLS Historical Sketches WEST VIEW SCHOOL Samuel Emory came from the North in 1872, settled on a farm near Jarratt, and became the teacher that year of the West View Public School, which had been established on the Saunders farm near the Halifax Road (US 301), about two miles north of Jarratt. The build- ing was an unpainted frame structure of one room — barren of window shades or draperies and furnished with home-made desks and benches. Doubtless this was the school referred to in the successful application made February 26, 1875 to the State Board of Education by the Henry District school trustees "for authority to allow a certain school in the district to continue with an average attendance of 12 pupils." In 1875 Mr. Emory was succeeded by Miss Lou Creath; and she, in 1879, by Mrs. Amanda D. Chambliss, who taught here until 1882, when the school was closed, and Mrs. Chambliss and her 46 pupils were trans- ferred to Jarratt. Mrs. W. H. Batte was a graduate from this school. BORDER SCHOOL Mrs. Amanda D. Chambliss, who was graduated at the age of 17 with high honors from Miss Willard's School for Girls in Troy, New York, returned to Sussex County, passed a teacher's examination, and began her teaching career in 1874 at the Border School, which was built for her. This one-room structure of pine logs was located near the Sussex-Greensville County dividing line on the B. A. Bailey farm near Allen's Road, about a mile northwest of Jarratt. The benches had no backs and were unpainted. About 1878 the school had 46 pupils enrolled. The Border School was discontinued in 1879 when Mrs. Chambliss succeeded Miss Lou Creath at the West View School. JARRATT SCHOOL Some time during the winter of 1882 a public school in Jarratt began, with Mrs. Amanda D. Chambliss as teacher. The school was [164] located in a building on the west side of the Atlantic Coast Line Rail- road at the crossing on Grigg Avenue, some 75 yards south of the Grigg House, the residence of Dr. T. F. Jarratt (1941). In the following year (1883), a schoolhouse was built on the east side of the railroad. The equipment of this frame building, part of the Ray Williams residence (1941), consisted of home-made desks and benches, a tin heater, a water bucket and dipper, and one innovation — an easel blackboard 2'x3' in size. The pupils used slates. School opened at nine in the morning and closed at half past three in the afternoon. The building, conveniently located just across the railroad from the Catholic Church and parochial school, was later bought by the Catholic Church to house its teachers and priests who came from Richmond during week ends. In 1892 Farley's store — in which Mrs. Tom Lyon had conducted a private school — was bought, and in September a graded school was opened in the two-room building, with Mrs. Amanda D. Chambliss as principal from 1892 to 1894 and Miss Susie White of Petersburg, Virginia as assistant from 1892 to 1893. Located directly on the Hali- fax Road at the northwest corner of the present school lot, this build- ing — first known as Farley's Store and Bar — has survived to the present day, but is now disintegrating rapidly. Pupils entered at the age of five, and attended for a term that lasted generally five months, Janu- ary to May. No one was "graduated," according to Mrs. Minna F. Person. The "scholars," as they were called, "finished." Indoors, such games were played as "Blind Man's Buff," "Fishing," and "Tag;" while outdoor games consisted of "Hide and Seek," "Drop the Hand- kerchief," and "Cat," a game similar to the present-day soft ball. The advanced class was instructed in the afternoon in spelling and was assigned three columns of "dictionary." A week of perfect answers placed a pupil on the honor roll. Early in the twentieth century, public schools were located in Henry District at Jarratt, Grizzard, Gray, Harrells, and Owen. The school at Gray was eventually moved to the Gilliam neighborhood, and the one at Owen was transferred, first to Jones' Church, then back to the Halifax Road at Loco, near the present Tyus house. Eventually this school was discontinued, and in 1901 its building began to be used by the Loco Negro School. In Jarratt at the turn of the century the one white school was a two-story building with about six rooms. In 1908 the Henry District [165] School Board (C. M. Brown, J. A. Johnston, and L. M. Greath), to- gether with W. W. Edwards, superintendent, began plans for estab- lishing a high school at Jarratt. By the autumn of 1909, an addition had been made to the Jarratt school building large enough to accom- modate teachers and pupils of the high school. O. B. Ryder, principal during 1909-10, had as teacher Ethel Chewning (1908-10), Adelaide Everett, Genevieve Eubank (1909-15), and Carrie Ratcliffe (1909-16) . The next year, 19 10- 11, T. Stuart Luck was principal, and had as teachers Hattie Robertson (Mrs. B. F. Jarratt) (1910-13) and Nannie Bennett (Mrs. C. F. Owen) (1910-13). From the beginning, some of the pupils from the Owen school were transported to the Jarratt schools in what were known as "kid wagons," vehicles drawn sometimes by horses but more often by mules. As one-room schools disappeared before the consolidation trend, more and more children were conveyed to Jarratt in this manner. In time, the wagons gave way to Model T Ford trucks with canvas covers; and these, in turn, yielded to the present-day all steel school buses. During the session of 1911-12, when more space was needed, the school board had the room used as an auditorium divided into two classrooms and a new auditorium built as a separate unit. The prin- cipalship of Hartwell S. Adkins (191 2-1 4) began this term, and two new teachers were added to the faculty: Susie Robinson (191 1- 13) and Effie B. Wrenn (Parham) (1911-13). The barn-shaped auditorium, recalled Miss Bernie Jarratt, who graduated in 19 19, "had posts going up through it and had an enor- mous, high stage. During my days we wrapped these posts in crepe paper of the class colors and stuck ferns all between the wrappings for each commencement occasion. It was awfully ugly; painted yellow and blue and brown. Trimmed in crepe paper it must have been a scream! But that was the yearly custom. It was also the custom to have a stenciled cut-out of the class motto in class colors across the back of the stage. But we had high class commencements lasting five nights consisting of Greek plays and the like! Everybody in town got at least three new dresses for the biggest social event of the Jarratt year. Brick ice cream was sold and the crowds lingered for hours in social conver- sation." The old school building was used until the session of 1922-23, the year the school at Grizzard was discontinued and the final consolida- tion of schools in Henry District was accomplished. Then, following [166] the regulations of the State Board of Education, the present building was erected, the school board in charge of the construction consisting of G. M. Brown, B. T. Home, and C. F. Owen. Mr. Brown was suc- ceeded by J. H. Batte. The old building was taken down and rebuilt elsewhere as a Negro school, which was used until it burned several years later. Jarratt's present brick school building accommodates 9 teachers and about 200 students, of whom 60 are enrolled in high school. In conjunction with academic work are a two-year commercial course, a nursing course, and a music course. Equipment consists of a new library, a moving picture projector, a mimeograph machine, a com- munity room provided with a complete kitchen, and various courts and fields for athletic contests. Between 191 2, the year of the first graduating class, and 1941 there have been 165 graduates. During the session 1939-40 the enrollment increased approximately 50 as a result of the location of the Johns-Manville plant. An addition made to the Jarratt High School was used for the first time at the beginning of the session of 1939-40. It includes a library, library workroom, infirmary, and music room. The cost of the addition and equipment was approximately $15,000, 45 per cent of which was received from the Public Works Administration. In 1923 the Greensville County School Board appropriated $5,000 toward the construction of the Jarratt High School. Although the building cost between $30,000 and $35,000, the Greensville County School Board held a deed for one-third undivided interest. Before the addition was made in 1938-39, the Sussex County School Board pur- chased the one-third interest owned by Greensville County for $4,000. This amount is being paid in the form of tuition charged Greensville County pupils in attendance at the Jarratt school. The payment will be completed in 1942. Faculties JARRATT SCHOOL Principals Marietta Kendall Lyon 1894-1896 O. B. Ryder 1909-1910 Ella Harrison prior to 1907 T. Stuart Luck 19 10-19 n Fannie Whitehead prior to 1907 Hartwell S. Adkins 19 12- 19 14 Susie Mountcastle prior to 1907 A. R. Crabtree 19 14- 19 16 [167] Edloe B. Snead 19 16-19 18 Titus W. Beasley 19 18- 19 19 W. O. Tune 1919-1920 Vernon L. Guy. 1920- 1923 R. L. Burruss 1923-.... Teachers Amanda D. Chambliss 1882- 1897 Courtney Batte 1 892- 1 896 (Mrs. C. P. Crowder) Susie White 1892- 1893 Emma H. Brown 1893-1897 (Mrs. O. C. Wright) Ethel Chewning 1 908- 1 9 1 o Janet Forbes 1 908- 1 909 Carrie B. Ratcliffe 1908-19 16 Adelaide Everett 1909- 19 10 Genevieve Eubank 1 909- 1 9 1 5 (Mrs. Bill Haupt) Ruth Jarratt 1 909- 1 9 1 9 Annie Wall Parker.. 1 909-1 1 ; 19 16-17 Hattie Robertson 1 9 1 o- 1 9 1 3 (Mrs. B. F. Jarratt) Nannie Bennett 1 9 1 o- 1 9 1 3 (Mrs. C. F. Owen) Susie Robinson 1 9 1 1 - 1 9 1 3 (Mrs. Jim Turner) Effie B. Wrenn 19 11- 19 13 (Mrs. E. M. Parham) Anna Tucker Andrews 19 13-19 14 (Mrs. Jonas Tyus) Annie Norris 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 5 (Mrs. Bill Dawe) Anna Briggs 1913-1914; 1916-1917 (Mrs. Willie Slade) Hazel Gary 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Katharine Grizzard 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 7 ; 1921-1923; 1927-1930 Pearl Justice 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 (Mrs. Philip Freeman) Virginia Williams 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 6 Lelia Ames 19 16-19 17 Marjorie Helm 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Sallie Holland 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 8 Daisy Home 19 16-1920 (Mrs. Walter Finney) Jannette LaCross 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Alma Raiford 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Ruth Elliott 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 8 Augusta Wright 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 8 Virginia Eppes 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Florence Jarratt 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Nellie Payne 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Helen Davenport (Kline).. ..1918-1 919 Louise Rowlett 1 9 1 8- 1 920 (Mrs. C. C. Wingo) Mary Field Person Sparling.. 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Jennie Allison 19 19-1920 Hazel Redman 19 19-1920 (Mrs. Feild Batte) Elvira Miller (Abernathy)..i9i9-i94o Laura Bitson 1 920- 1 92 1 Emma Carmen 1 920-1 921 Mrs. I. A. Denny 1920-1921 Elizabeth Forbes 1920- 1924 Myrtle Jenkins 1 920- 192 1 Virginia Bundick 1 920- 1 92 2 (Mrs. Archer Mayes) Mildred Garter 1 92 1- 1 922 (Mrs. Jimmy Williams) Mary Swift 1 92 1 - 1 922 Eunice Wynne 1921-1924 (Mrs. Howard Short) Richard W. Caldwell 1922-1923 Stella Martin 1 922- 1 923 Gertrude Prince 1922- 1923 (Mrs. J. B. Gibson) Dorothy Crowder 1 923- 1 925 (Mrs. Prince Cheatham) Janet Freeman music, 1923- 1925 Janie Elam 1923- 1925 Mary Finnegan 1 923- 1 925 Elizabeth Jarratt 1924- 1 926 Hattie Elizabeth Williams.... 1924- 1932 (Mrs. Lucas Hobbs) Lucy Parsons 1925- 1926 Grace Puckett (Burruss)... .1925- 1933 Lula Eppes Williams....music, 1925-26 Audrey Sharp 1925- 1927 Hattie Lee Williams 1 926-1 931 Ora Flora 1926- 1928 Elizabeth Spenser 1 926- 1 928 (Mrs. C. D. Pennington) Mamie Pedreau Lindamood music, 1927- Emma Brown.. 1927-1928; 1933-1940 (Mrs. C. C. Marks) Garnie Atkinson Hamilton.. 1928- 1935 Lucy Partridge 1 928- 1 940 Kathleen Harrison 1928- 1 94 1 Mabel Baird (Redman) 1932- .... [168] Elizabeth Feild (Jarratt) 1935- Josephine Saville Diggs 1939- 1940 Monroe Leigh 1 940- 1 94 1 Dora Bouldin 1 940-1 941 Marjorie Loutzenhizer Graham 1940- Billie Pittman 1 940- 1 94 1 (Mrs. G. S. Cornwell) Dorothy Robbins 1941- . Florence Lafoon 1941- • Susan Brown Graham J 94 I_ • Marie Crowder 1941- • Note : A few of the above taught part of the time in other schools in Henry Dis trict. Teachers in Other Schools Samuel Emory. 1872- 1875 Amanda Chambliss 1874- * 882 Lou Creath 1875- 1879 Emma Hart 1892- 1894 Mattie Todd Grizzard 1892- 1897 Mrs. G. B. Peters 1892- 1893 Mary Jarratt 1 893- 1 894 (Mrs. Frank Bain) Bessie Weeks 1 894- 1 897 Nannie Drewry 1 894- 1 895 Sallie Bailey 1 896- 1 897 Jennie Bailey 1 908- 1 909 Pearl Warren 1 908- 1 909 (Mrs. William Watkins) Gertrude Bendall 1 Estelle Fitchett 1 May Moore 1 (Mrs. Joe Hood) Blanche Joyner 1 Carrie Mason 1 Virginia Grizzard ( Little ) . ... 1 Louise Clements 1 Bessie Mason 1 Alma Briggs 1 Grace Hoverstock 1 Katharine Griffin 1 908-1909 909-1910 909-191 1 909-1910 910-1911 912-1914 9i3-i9i4 914-1916 915-1916 916-1917 920-1921 Graduates 1912 Florence Jarratt Evelyn Tyus Mary Tyus 1913 Elizabeth Jarratt Carrie Owen Charles Owen Lelia Parsons Annie Mae Tyus 1914 Gertrude Prince Kathleen Prince 1915 Isabel Feild Ruth Harwood Elvira Miller Mary Feild Person JARRATT SCHOOL 1916 Henry Batte Pearl Harrell Daisy Home Jesse Jarratt Fannie Owen Jimmie Owen Albert Parker George Parson Scott Parson Lucy Wright 1917 John Chappell Fleming Patterson 1918 Ruth Bowen Lucy Ann Brown Dorothy Crowder Elizabeth Feild [«6 9 ] Gladys Miller Willie Brown Williamson 1919 Bernie Jarratt Mamie Partridge Inez Prince Lillian Cora Prince Hazel Redman 1920 Clara Chappell Charles Philip Crowder Frances Gilliam Richard Dudley Owen 1921 Emma Brown Susan Brown Wilma Harrell Elliott Miller J. Clements Owen Leslie Parsons Willie Parsons Eugenia Patterson 1922 Fannie Mitchell Katie Partridge Estelle Prince Kermit Redman 1923 Thelma Brown Mabel Chappell Bernice Dunn Marie Griffin Blanche Harrell Maye Leath Andrew Owen Lucy Partridge Eugene Rawlings India Rawlings 1924 Minna Brown Francis Lindamood Harwood Owen 1925 Gertrude Batte Isabelle Brown Belle Flowers Maye Seaborne 1926 Virginia Cox Byrdie Parson Sarah Person Kathleen Sanford Kennon Spiers 1927 Louise Braxton Batte Louise Pryor Crowder George Richard Leath William Brownley Owen Ovid Orrell Redman Robert Jarratt Spiers 1928 Martha Idell Griffin Rosa Slade Owen Julia Jarratt Wray 1929 Frances Tenessee Kanipe Mary Ella Poole Willie Merton Rawlings Edith Wright Seaborne Emily Belle Smith Lorine Covington Thompson 1930 Courtney Parthenia Crowder Gordon Adelbert Harrison Mary Virginia Harrison Virginia Grizzard Sanford 1931 Emma Teresa Lindamood Nannie Byrd Owen Rebecca Jarratt Owen Evelyn Mae Smith Julian Ferguson Thompson Elizabeth Chappell Wheeler 1932 Jasper Person Home, Jr. Richard Briggs Home Daniel Simmons Spiers [170] 1933 Thomas Nathaniel Brigstock Ethel Albertha Kientz Ernest Rawlings Owen Herbert Andrew Owen Charles Aubrey Sanford 1934 Ezell Shufford Hilton Edna Elaine Jones William Oscar Leath Anna Rebecca Mayes Clayton Monroe Thompson Henry Layton Wheeler Annie Laurie Wiseman 1935 Nicholas Jarratt Brown Ruth Cox Flowers Mildred Frances Harrell Ellen Louise Mayes Charles Franklin Owen Everette Benjamin Parson, )\ Mary Christine Ricks Ethel Nanon Spiers Margarette Ellis Thompson Horace Lee Williams Irma Lesta Williams 1936 Dorothy Wright Grant Benjamin Thomas Home, Jr. Mildred Rose Owen 1937 Louise Parham Applewhite Edna Winston Harrup Pearl Proctor Hinton Emily Louise Owen Mary Bennett Owen Alverda L. Ricks John Grizzard Smith Bernard Justice Wheeler 1938 Dorothy M. Burruss Margaret Chappell Hannah Lindamood Alice Proctor Josie M. Vincent Mary Webb 1939 Mary Viola Flowers Virginia Mae Harrell John Briggs Parker Beverly Clarke Ricks Virginia Louise Vincent 1940 Charlotte Virginia Barnes Helen Virginia Finney Frances Rebecca Gordon Alma Winfred Harrell Helen Frances Home Lola Lee Jones Samuel Aurelius Owen Oscar Eugene Parker Ellen Vivian Rauhe Katherine Pearl Smith Reva Starling Wilma Forest Williams 1941 Orrin Felton Harrell James Robert Scott, Jr. Mary Anne Jarratt Nancy Kirk Neal Frances Elizabeth Prince Mildred Rebecca Vincent Sara Frances Flowers Seniors IQ41-42 John Feild Batte Emily Carter Mary Louise Grant Pauline Harrell Samuel Shelton Home Katharine Ivey Dorothy Reese Parkei Thomas Parsons, Jr. Bynum Proctor Eleanor Rae Webb [171] NEGRO SCHOOLS Historical Sketches BETHLEHEM (FIELD'S CHAPEL) SCHOOL Field's Chapel, as this school was originally called, was founded about 1878. Until 1883 tne teachers were white. Three years later, John Walton gave an acre of land located north of and adjoining the Bethlehem Church lot to be used for school purposes only. A school was erected here, and the name was changed to Bethlehem School. The Walton donation, however, was made by a deed with a faulty title; as a consequence, in 1921 or 1922, the school league purchased from the Gray Lumber Company three acres of land south of and adjoining the Bethlehem Church lot. Here a four-room school was erected in 1922 or 1923. This building burned during the Christmas holidays of 1923 (see Grizzard School, p. 173), and in 1925 the present two-room school building was erected on the same site. JEFFERSON SCHOOL This was first a private school established at Chapel Hill in 1908 by the Jefferson families, who paid the teacher and contributed the school building. The initial enrollment of 15 pupils rapidly increased. In time, the school was taken over entirely by the county. In 19 12 Jefferson School was rebuilt to accommodate the increased enrollment. In 1928 or 1929 the school was moved to a new building on US 301 about one mile from Jarratt. Increased enrollment about 1931 caused the addi- tion of another classroom and another teacher. In 1937 one of the classrooms was enlarged, and closets were added. The county has provided much of the school's necessary equipment, such as filing cabinet, globes, maps, and a pump. Recently the league purchased a coal stove for each classroom at a cost of $80. The enrollment ( 1940-41 ) was 185 pupils, with an average attendance of 112, who are taught by 3 teachers. RIVERS (GRAY'S SHOAL) SCHOOL In 19 14 J. R. Rivers bought an old shanty from a sawmill company, had it torn down, and used the material in the construction of a small [172] schoolhouse on the Dobie farm on Butts' Road. Galled Gray's Shoal, the school continued to increase until a hundred pupils were enrolled. At this stage, a building similar to the shanty was bought and the material used to enlarge Gray's Shoal School. In 1927, the year after the name had been changed to Rivers School, a movement to collect $500 for a new building was started by the patrons. In 1930 the present building was erected by the School Board at a cost of $1,890. GREATH (NUMBER FIVE) SCHOOL Opened by Isaac Smith in a private house on the Halifax Road (US 301), the school, some years later, was moved about a mile down the road to a log building erected expressly for the purpose. Here Mr. Smith continued as the teacher. Subsequently the school was moved back to its former location on the Halifax Road, then to a place on the Henry Road. At the suggestion of the school board, the Creath school league bought the building that was used by a white school and located opposite J. M. Tyus* gate, and the school board moved this structure to land procured from L. M. Creath. Eventually the one-room Creath or Number Five School, as it was called, was increased by the addition of a one-room school building moved from Jerusalem Church. About 19 13 the Creath and Jerusalem schools were consolidated at Creath and now occupy two large rooms. The last addition was made in 1937. There are 2 teachers, an enrollment of 128, and an average attendance of 106. GRIZZARD SCHOOL In 1924, 40 children from the southern part of the community served by the Bethlehem School, which had burned the year before, were assigned to the white school building at Grizzard under the instruction of Ruth Harvey, one of the two Bethlehem teachers. In 1937, when Earnest Harrell — owner of the Grizzard school building — resumed control of his property, the School Board built the present Grizzard School at a cost of $2,300. [173] Faculties Teachers BETHLEHEM (FIELD John Grizzard (white) 1878-1879 John Wicks (white) 1879- 1880 Billie Wicks (white) 1 880-1 881 Mr. Mason (white) 1881-1883 John Brown 1 883- 1 885 Sidney Winfield 1 885- 1 887 Eddie Wyatt 1887- 1889 Mary Jackson 1 889- 1 890 Mary Locket 1 890- 1 896 Ada Jones 1 892-1 893 Eliza Marks 1 893- 1 896 Sophia Lewis 1 896- 1 897 Rebecca Mason 1897-1899 Mary Parkham Broadnax.... 1899- 1900 S CHAPEL) SCHOOL Mrs. W. D. Mason 1900- 1902 Mary West 1 902-1 9 1 Eva Wells 1 904- 1 9 1 o Amy Coleman ( Wright )....i 91 1-191 7 Nannie D. Mason....i9i6-22; 1930-39 Elizabeth Austin 1 920- 1 92 1 Francis Powell 1 92 1- 1 923 Eva Logan 1 922- 1 924 Ruth Howey 1 922-1 924 Ethel Code 1924- 1925 Lee Cade 1925- 1926 Eva Kennedy Pegram 1926- 1928 Esther Northington 1 928- 1 930 Dorothy Kirby (Daughtry) 1939- .... JEFFERSON SCHOOL Margaret Jefferson 1 Bessie Jones 1 Emma Givins 1 Rosa Andrews 1 Chanie Stokes 1 Eva Logan 1 Lottie Henderson.... 19 1 7-183 Hattie Jefferson 1 Lillie McKneal 1 Gennette Hardy Christine Williams Annie Christian 1 Alea Roberts 1 908-1909 910-1911 911-1913 9I3-I9I4 9I4-I9I5 9I5-I9I7 1921-22 918-1919 918-1920 925-1926 926-1929 Margaret Jones 1 Charlotte Brown 1 Naomi Dillard 1 Mattie Walker 1 Ella Lockett 1 Murrie Weed 1 Elgin Lowe 1 Alice Lowe 1 Rufus Hart 1 T. J. Lawrence 1 Mamie Alexander 1 Leroy Richardson 1 Ruby Harrison 1 929-1930 930-I93I 93I-I932 93I-I932 932-1935 932-1934 934-1936 935- 936-1938 938-1940 938-1941 940- 941-.... RIVERS (GRAY'S SHOAL) SCHOOL Jessie Harris 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 6 Rosa E. Harris 1914-1917 Sallie Seaborne 1 9 1 7- 1 920 N. Y. Woodruff 1920-192 1 Arnetheia B. Hopson 1922-1923 Viola Roberson 1922- 1924 Adelle Jones (Ford) 1922-1924 Hattie Mason 1924- 1926 Dorothy Gregory 1 926- 1 92 7 Annie Newsome 1927-34; 1936-39 Mamie Smith 1 934- 1 935 Sussie Wiggins 1 935- 1 936 LaRose Gilbert 1 939- 1 940 Castene Parker 1940- .... CREATH (NUMBER FIVE) SCHOOL Isaac Smith 1910-.... Kate Ramsey 1916-1917 Laura Johnson 1915-1917 Agnes Nightingale 19 17-19 18 Adelle Jones (Ford) 19 15-19 16; Evelyn Cooper 19 17-19 18 191 7-192 1 Jessie G. Bassett 1920-1923 [174] Nannie D. Mason 1922-1930 Genevieve Burroughs 1923- 1 924 Mercelyn Wynn 1924- 1 925 Eva Logan 1924- 1926 Lola Diggs 1 926- 1 92 7 Lizzie Newsome 1 92 7- 1 928 Fannie Smith Williams 1928- 1929; 1930-1935 Ida B. Mangum 1929-1930 Margaret Jones 1 930- 1 93 1 Kate L. Loyd 1931-1932 Ethel Ford 1 932-1 934 L. L. Mitchell 1934- 1938 Mae Smith Beanum 1935- . . . . William Mackey 1 938- 1 940 Andrew Kennard 1 940- 1 94 1 Cornelius Harrison I 94 I_ GRIZZARD SCHOOL Ruth Howey last half of term, 1923-1924 Vivian Price 1924- 192 7 Mae Stith 192 7- 1928 Alberta Hauser 1928- 1929 Lillian Thompson 1 929- 1 930 Catherine Smith 1 930-1 931 Maggie Clark 1931-1932 Bessie Williams 1 932- 1 934 Annie Newsome 1 934-1935 Alease Adkins 1 935- 1 936 School not open 1936-1937 Lelia Brown I937-193 8 Nannie Speed 1938- .... Eloise Bridgeforth. HASSEDIAH SCHOOL ..1 925- 1 92 7 Nellie Green. 1927-1928 Lizzie Tabb 1 Mary Willis 1 C. B. Betters 1 Mary Parham 1 Augusta L. Pryor 1 Emma Taylor 1 Nannie Bassett 1 E. W. Wyatt 1 Frank Mason 1 Mary Winfield 1 Nannie Duke 1 W. E. Knox 1 908- 1 909; 1 Sadie Twyne 1 Laura Bell 1 Other Teachers 892-1893 Carrie Rawlings 1909-19 10 892-1893 Ruth Drew ....1912-1913 893-1894 Mary Smith 1912-1913 893-1894 B. F. Harris ....1913-1914 893-1895 Lillian Davis 19 14-19 15 893-1895 Gertrude Harrison 19 15-19 16 894-1895 N. Y. Woodruff 1916-1917 894-1895 Emily Major 1918-1919 895-1896 Annie Mason 1918-1919 895-1896 Ruby Brodnax 19 19- 1920 896-1897 Clarey Stokes 19 19-1920 912-1913 Beatrice Lee 1920-1921 908-1909 Maria Dickins..... 1924-1925 909-1910 [175 Chapter 3 Newville District SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS (TRUSTEES) 1870 Richard L. Dobie (reappointed 1871 ) ; B. W. Belsches; Dr. Henry G. Briggs (reappointed 1873) . 1872 George H. Dillard (vice R. L. Dobie, reappointed 1874) ; J. J. Dillard (vice B. W. Belsches) . 1875 0. H. Inman (vice Dr. Henry C. Briggs) . 1887 J. T. Rowland. 1887-90 Frank R. Brown; R. B. Dobie; Whit Dillard. 1 888- 1 908 L. James Chappell. 1 890- 1 905 N. A. Savedge. 1 892-? R. H. Stephenson, Sr. 1905-07 J. F. Parker. 1907-10 N. A. Savedge. 1907-17 R. H. Stephenson, Sr.; Frank L. Birdsong. 1910-24 Dr. G. T. Neblett. 1917-22 William H. Roach. 1922-24 William T. Parker (chairman) ; Mrs. George H. Blood. 1 924-26 Hamilton King. 1926-32 E. Warren Neblett. 1932 R. H. Stephenson, Jr. Other members: Frank B. Brown; Frank L. Birdsong; William H. Roach, R. H. Stephenson, Sr. (List incomplete) [176] WHITE SCHOOLS Historical Sketches NEWVILLE SCHOOL The first free school in Newville District is thought to have been in the Newville Academy Building, one mile south of Newville Church on the Homeville-Newville Road. At one time the school was taught in the yard of Colonel George Dillard at Ingleside. Eventually it was moved to a site called "Ivey's," one mile north of Newville Church on the Disputanta-Newville Road. It was removed to the Old School Building at Newville Church and later to a log cabin near Neblett's Mill, near the farm of Dr. C. P. Neblett. Here the school was taught by Thomas Birdsong. Its last removal was back to Newville Church neighborhood, in a one-room frame building where it remained until discontinued in I909- LITTLETON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL The first public school in the vicinity of Littleton was held between 1872 and 1880 in an office at Laurel Grove, the home of Mrs. Lucy At- kinson, now owned by W. T. Parker. Children who attended came from homes almost on the Southampton line, some walking four to five miles each way. During the first years patrons supplied firewood and paid the rent. In 1880, on two acres bought by the school board from Dr. Brown, a one-room structure was built opposite Mrs. Atkinson's near St. Andrew's Church. Eight years later the school was moved to Mr. Savedge's farm, below his store, and thence, in 1896, nearer Littleton, on the location now occupied by the Negro school. MASON'S OR SUNNY SIDE SCHOOL About 1885 Dr. John R. Mason, who lived on the Cabin Point Road, in the upper end of Newville District, gave an acre of land for the build- ing of this school. Dr. Mason's niece, Nannie Taylor, taught the first session. Here the school remained until 191 1. Later, to adapt it to the shifting centers of school population, it was moved from place to place. [177] In 19 13 it was at Lipp's Corner. One of the locations during its wander- ings gave it the name of Porter Crossroads School. It was closed in the spring of 1923, and the pupils were transferred to Disputanta. HOMEVILLE SCHOOL This community had its original public school, taught by Bertie Ellis in Spratley's old store building at the crossroads near Homeville. This school continued through the first five months of 1 89 1 . The next year Homeville School was located in a former school removed from St. Andrew's and rebuilt near the crossroads on Dr. Briggs' land. In 1899- 1900 it became a two-room school. HOMEVILLE HIGH SCHOOL Homeville High School was formed by a consolidation of three one- room schools: Homeville, Littleton, and Newville. It opened October 4, 1909 with an enrollment of 63 pupils, 54 of whom were in the grades and 9 in high school. During its first year the curriculum embraced only two years of high school work, but thereafter it operated as a three-year high school. In 1929 it was made an elementary school, and the high school pupils were transferred to Waverly. The school records, continuous from 19 13, were destroyed when the building burned in 1937. Faculties Teachers NEWVILLE SCHOOL 884-1909 Thomas Birdsong 1879-1880 Emily King Ellen Neblett 1879-1880 Mrs. Anthony John Marable 1 880-1 881 Alice Burt Sally Wynn 1 881- 1882; 1883- 1884 Fannye Harrison George Rose 1882-1883 Bob Jones LITTLETON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL J. Harper Shelton 1872-1884 Maude Jones 1901-1902 Florence Birdsong 1884-1885 Mary A. Savedge 1904-1906 Maggie Shelton 1885-1898 Florence Young 1906-1907 Elizabeth Marable 1898-1899 Ella Edwards 1907-1908 Helen Walker 1899-1901 Kate Cobb 1908-1909 [178] MASON'S OR SUNNY SIDE SCHOOL Nannie Taylor.... 1884-85; 1890 Feb. 1891 Helen Rainey Nicholson 1887- 1890 Florence Young 1 891-1893; 19 12 Maggie Rainey 1 893- 1 894 Bertie Ellis 1894- 1895 Maybelle Saunders (Elmore). .1 909- 1 1 A. J. Burkett 1909-1913 Geneva Babb (Bailey) 1913-1916 Arline Hollingsworth 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 6 Jeanette Seeds 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 8 Emily Scarborough 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 No School 1 9 1 9- 1920 Eva Harrup 1920- 192 2 Mae Jones 192 2- 1923 HOMEVILLE SCHOOL Bertie Ellis 1891; 1895-1897 Emma Hart 1891-1892; 1897- 1899 Ida Young 1 892-1 893 Rev. G. C. Smith 1899- 1900 Florence Young 1900-02; 1906-07 Blanche Young 1 90 1 - 1 902 Janet Strachan 1 903- 1 904 W. W. Edwards 1904- 1905 Helen Maxey 1905- 1906 Kate Cobb 1907- 1908 Johnetta Babb 1 908- 1 909 HOMEVILLE HIGH SCHOOL Principals F. H. Winfrey 1909-1910 William Walker Cowles 1923-1925 Mary A. Savedge 19 10-19 19 Mary Brooking 1925- 192 7 Katherine Timberlake 19 19-1920 Hugh Wilkerson 192 7- 1929 J. A. Savedge 1920-1923 Teachers Nellie Carneal 1 909- 1 9 1 o Mary V. Pierce 1909-19 10 Cora Brooking 1 9 1 0- 1 9 1 3 Grace Norris..March-June, 19 10-19 11 Sarah Johns 1 9 1 o- 1 9 1 5 Mary Brooking 191 1-1914 Marjorie Thompson 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 6 Emily King 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Josie Ellis 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 6 Frances Andrews 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 7 Jennie Bailey 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Emma Jenkins 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Lucille Blood....one month, 19 17-19 18 Mary Stephenson 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Sue Parker. 19 17-19 18; 1930- 193 7 Mary Brinkley..half session, 19 17- 19 18 Margaret Peters Lamb half session, 1917-1918 Josephine Burton 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Blanche Short 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Ava Marshall (Stephenson) 1919-1920 Evelyn Marshall 1 9 1 9- 1 920 Alma Shields 19 19-1920 Louise Trotter. 1 920-1 921 Robbie Lee Rainey 1 920-1 921 Alma Shorter 1 920- 1 92 1 Annie Via 1920-192 1 Virginia James 1 92 1 - 1 92 2 Lucille Fuller 1 92 1 - 1 922 Annie Grizzard..i 921 -1922; half term, 1922-1923 Lucille Dunn 1922- 1923 Hattie Johnson 1922- 1923 Nannie Birdsong half term, 1922- 1923; 1924-1929 Virginia Williams....half term, 1923-24 Marian Norris....half term, 1923- 1924 James Persons 1 923- 1 924 Eleanor Harrell 1 923- 1 924 Fannie Bell Mitchell 1924- 1925 Maggie Lee Matthews 1924- 1925 Annie Newell 1 925- j 926 Katherine Blanton 1925- 192 7 Mabel Hupman..— 1926-1927 [179] Louise Baker (Parker) 192 7- 1930; Elizabeth Field 1931-1935 I 935" I 936 Leslie Bradshaw 1936-1937 Glorene Parker 1927-1929 Mrs. G. B. F. Traylor - Gladys Bailey 1 929- 1 93 1 Other Teachers Sallie E. Wrenn 1892-93; 1895-97 Estelle Hollingsworth 1913-1914 Marian Rainey. 1894- 1895 Eula Williams 19 14-19 16 Lucie Mason 1896- 1897 (Mrs. C. B. Harrell) Ruth Shelton 1896-1897 Mamie Thweat 1916-1917 Alma West 1908-1909 Mrs. J. R. Bailey 1919-1920 Janet Garr 1913-1914 Ethel Glazebrook 1922-1923 [180] NEGRO SCHOOLS Historical Sketches JACK COLE SCHOOL Free schools for Negroes in this community began about 1867, with John Reed (white) teaching in a privately owned building located approximately one mile north of the present school on the Cabin Point Road. This first effort was discontinued after several years. The present school is named after a native Negro, Jack Cole, who furnished the property and building for the education of local children before the state assumed that responsibility. This school was about 500 yards from the school's present location. Jack Cole School as established by the state had one room. Increased enrollment caused another room to be added in 1924, the community and the county school board each sharing half the expense. It continued as a two-room school until 1938, when it again became a one-room school. LITTLETON SCHOOL This school began in 1875 with about 50 pupils at the Old Academy building located near Mr. Savedge's Store. When it was discontinued in 1880, leaving Littleton without a school, the enrollment was between 55 and 60 pupils. The children attended Homeville School, where Scrap Lowery was teaching, until 1902. In that year school was opened in Littleton in a building erected by the people near Pleasant Grove Church on land given by the Surry Lumber Company. At this time the school board did not employ the teacher. About 60 students were enrolled. The number of children at- tending from Littleton section caused the school to be moved in 19 10 to its present place in a building formerly used as a white school. Between 19 17 and 19 19 there was no school in Littleton because the patrons could not afford one. In 1937 additional land was purchased and a room 24/X48' was added at a cost of $2,300, at which time it became a two-teacher school. NEWVILLE SCHOOL This school was established by the county in 1 878. Previously, instruc- tion had been given in an old academy (owned by John Parham, a rela- [181] tive of Hamilton King) , which at one time was used by white people. The initial enrollment reached nearly one hundred students. They were and continued to be taught by one teacher. Five years after the building was painted and given a new ceiling in 19 15, a room was added. This was done in the hope that, since the enrollment was large, it would be made a two-teacher school. HOMEVILLE SCHOOL This school was established in 1885 to instruct the great number of idle and illiterate children in this section. Beginning with 60 children, Homeville Colored School grew during the years and was ultimately enlarged in 1931 on its present site. PLANK ROAD SCHOOL This school, called "The Sand Bar School" after the name of its first location, was opened in 19 12 as a private school near Neblett's Bridge. Its initial period saw an enrollment of 35 to 40 students. But from 19 16 through 19 19 there was no teacher, and the pupils were sent to New- ville School. In 1 9 1 9 it was made a public school, though conducted in a private building, and in 1920 Ula B. Williams became the first teacher to be employed by the county. When additions were made to Hall School nearby, "The Sand Bar School" was closed and moved in 192 1 near the Plank Road Baptist Church. On this site, whence it took its present name, the attendance in- creased to about 80. In 1929 the school board purchased two acres of land, and in 1930 the Order of St. Luke's donated the present building and one acre of land. Faculties Teachers JACK COLE SCHOOL John Reed (white) 1867 Sirestime Pollard 1931-1932 Willie Jenkins 1893- 1894 Mary Holmes 1 932-1 934 Oliver C. Houston 1894-1896 Mary Randall 1932-1934 Ada Peace Jolly 1924- 1928 Tealye Baylor 1 934- 1936 Lizzy Newsome 1 928-1 931 Rebecca James 1 934- 1936 Betty Barracks 1928-1929 Lillie Ford 1936-1938 Eloise Banks 1929- 1930 William Mackey 1936- 1938 Ethel Johns 1930- 1932 Ruth Rivers 1938- 1939 [i8 2 ] Alie Boyd I939-I94 1 Elizabeth Winston 1 94 Miss Babbs Miss Barrett Miss Chambers Fannie Coren Robert Gibbons Sarah Gregory Claiborne Harvel Willie Hicks Anna Parham Ben Richardson Anna Walker Charles Warren LITTLETON SCHOOL Scrap Lowery 1875 Eliza Spratley 1 877- 1 878 Nora Perkins.... 1878-1880 Carrie V. Ford 1902-1908 Josephine Sykes (employed by pa- trons) 1908 Mary E. Dugger 1908-19 10 Mary Carr 1910-191 1 Sarah Taylor 191 1-1914 Hester Young 19 14- 19 16 Eva Stith (employed by patrons) 1916-1917 Novella Springfield 1 920- 1 92 1 Mrs. Spaulding 1 Lillian Morgan 1 Lillian Colden (Mason) 1 Doretha Williams 1 Lucille Holliday 1 Hattie Howell 1 Mary Holloway 1 Mabel Ellis 1 Lorraine Parker 1 Elgin Lowe 1 Wilbert Corprew 1 Nethel Harris 1 921-1922 921-1924 923-1929 929-1930 930-1932 932-1933 933-1934 934-1936 936- 937-1940 940-1941 941- NEWVILLE SCHOOL Charlotte Coleman 1 878- 1 883 Louise Jenkins 1 883- 1 890 Willie Hewlett 1 890- 1 896 Mary E. Dugger 1896- 1902 Lelia French 1902- 1907 Carrie Bland 1 907-1 908 Alma Pryor 1 908- 1 909 Peachie (Blanchie?) Carr....i909-i9i2 Sallie Branch 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 5 Ula M. Ballard (Williams) 19 15- 1917; 1918-1920; 1931- Leona Edwards 1917-1918 Mabel Gee 1920- 1925 Eileen Hassell 1925- 1926 Viola Mangrum 1926- 192 7 Ella Trent 192 7- 1928 Mabel Gilliam 1928- 1929 Dorothy Diggs 1929- 193 1 HOMEVILLE SCHOOL William H. Jones 1885- 1897 Annie Boiling 1897- 1899 Mary Berry 1899- 1909 Agnes Jones 1909- 19 10 Mammie Williams. 1 9 1 o- 1 9 1 1 Annie L. Freeman 1911-1912 Sussie Buckner 1912-1915 Daisy Graves 1921-1924 Trulay Godwin 1922- 1924 Flossie Hale 1924- 1932 Bessie Branch 1932- 1933 Elnora Hill..... i933-*934 Florence Schocklyn 1 934-1 935 Louise Eley *935- PLANK ROAD SCHOOL Louise Parker..i9i2-I9i4; 1915-1916 Lorraine Parker 1931-1936 Lucy M. Parker 1914-1915 Katherine Ruffin.... 1936-.... Ula Ballard (Williams) 1920-193 1 Other Teachers Ida F. Cowen 1908-1909 Lucy M. Parker 1920-192 1 Mary Neverson 1912-1920 Lucy Lloyd 1921-1922 Annie L. Freeman 1915-1917 B. M. Spaulding 1922-1923 Daisy Graves 1919-1921 [183] Chapter 4 Stony Creek District SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS (TRUSTEES) 1870 T. A. Harrison (3 years); T. J. Eppes (2 years); T. A. Eppes (1 year). 1 87 1 Andrew F. Eppes (vice T. A. Eppes); T. V. Harrison (vice T. A. Harrison). 1872 Dr. G. S. Feild (vice T. J. Eppes) ; Dr. G. S. Feild (reap- pointed . 1873 R. W. H. Parsons (vice A. F. Eppes); T. V. Harrison (reappointed). 1874 F. J. Eppes (vice Dr. George S. Feild, resigned) ; B. F. Harrison (vice R. W. H. Parsons, resigned); B. F. Har- rison (reappointed). 1880 E. R. Wilson; Robert Robinson; J. E. Baugh. 1882 E. R. Wilson; J. M. Hunnicutt; Thomas Hunt. 1898 E. L. Lee; A. J. Hawks; W. T. Saunders. 1903 Henry F. Mitchell; W. T. Saunders; D. B. Kennedy; T. J. Jackson. 1918-22 B. F. Mitchell; D. B. Kennedy; B. F. Jarratt; I. A. Prince; Louis F. Garter. 1922 1. A. Prince. Other trustees — Rufus Bobbitt; F. E. Poole; Thomas Jackson. (List incomplete) [184] WHITE SCHOOLS Historical Sketches CONCORD-GROSHAW NEIGHBORHOOD The first public school in Concord-Croshaw neighborhood was started in Concord Church in 1871, with Charles Cogbill as teacher. A year later complaints against using the church for secular purposes caused the school to be discontinued. The following year classes, attended by about 25 pupils, were con- ducted by Charles Cogbill in a blacksmith's shop located near the present Croshaw School. Presumably about 1873, a l°g building was put up and used until its place was taken in 1879 by a frame building. Here the school remained until it was closed ten years later. Another school existed during 1880-89 in a log house "on the Slate place," located on land given by "the Mitchells," two miles from the run beyond Concord. It was known as the Slate School. These schools were discontinued in 1889, when a drive for better educational advantages in the community resulted in the establishment of three schools: Number One (Concord School), Number Two, and Number Three. NUMBER ONE (CONCORD) SCHOOL This school was established in 1889 in a one-room building across the road from the present Negro school near Concord Church. In its first years there was an average enrollment of from 25 to 30 pupils. It was operated until Croshaw School was opened in 1906. NUMBER TWO SCHOOL Before this school was built in 1889, Mattie Henderson is said to have taught in a building in the neighborhood of Little Mill and Huske. Number Two School was established at the crossroads — "about a mile east of Wade Poarch's." It was continued here until 1898, when it was superseded by the Kennedy and Sandy Field schools. [185] SANDY FIELD (OR HUCKLEBERRY) SCHOOL This was one of two new one-room schools (see Kennedy School) that were built after the discontinuance of Number Two School in 1898. It was on the Stony Creek-Concord Road about a quarter of a mile from R. M. Winfield's place. In 1906 it was consolidated with Concord School into a one-room school on the Croshaw farm, where it became known as Croshaw School. KENNEDY SCHOOL Upon the closing of Number Two School in 1898, this one-room school was built on land belonging to Mrs. Carrie Smith, approxi- mately two miles from "Public Road." About 45 pupils were enrolled for the first year, 1899. The school burned in a forest fire during the summer of 19 12, and for the session 19 12- 13 classes were held in E. W. Hayes* home. When rebuilt in 19 13 on Public (or Wyatt's) Road, it included seven grades. In 1922 the pupils were enrolled in the new Stony Creek School. NUMBER THREE SCHOOL In 1889, when the Eppes School divided, this school was established in a one-room frame building about one mile west of Grant's Store. It was operated until 19 10. CROSHAW (OR PINE FOREST) SCHOOL One-room Croshaw School was opened in 1906 after the closing of the Sandy Field and Concord schools. It began with an enrollment of 25 to 30 pupils. Another room was added five years later, and in 19 14 the primary grades were transferred to a building near by, and a third teacher was employed. During the session of 191 2-13 eight grades were taught; the ninth was added the following session; and the tenth in 1914-15. A new brick building containing four rooms was completed before the beginning of the 1921-22 term. In the fall of 1928 a teacher, Louise Poole, and some of the pupils were transferred to Stony Creek School. They were joined by the rest of the school at the opening of the 1931- 32 session. The building and land were sold in June 1941 to Lee Par- sons for $925. [.86] MILL SWAMP-SAUNDERS SCHOOL Apparently the first school in this neighborhood was taught in 1881 by J. A. Spiers in a one-room log cabin built by patrons. Five years later the county erected a one-room frame building, i6'xi8', on an acre bought from T. N. Peebles near the point at which Route 602 crosses Indian Swamp. Here about 40 pupils were instructed in "all grades." In 1897 the county put up, "on the land of the late W. T. Saunders," a larger one-room building. The first teacher here, Hesta Lee, taught for five years. The school was consolidated in 191 2 with Stony Creek School. EARLY SCHOOL NEAR RAILROAD TRACKS About 1889-90 a one-room school stood near the Atlantic Coast Line Railway close to the present Garter farm. STONY CREEK SCHOOL An early one-room school was located on the site of the grandstand of the present Stony Creek School. Because of insufficient funds and a low average attendance public funds were withdrawn and the school was privately conducted. In 1889-90 Josephine Freeman taught its 15 to 20 pupils. Later the building was abandoned and moved. Today it is used as a warehouse by W. T. Freeman Company. JACKSON'S SCHOOL This school was on the old Jackson place, now Mitchell farm, near Evans' Bridge. Although the date of its existence is not known, it seems to be the link between an early school located on the site of the grandstand and the first Stony Creek High School. STONY CREEK HIGH SCHOOL The story of this school begins about 1895, when Mr. Bitner gave land in Stony Creek for the construction of a three-room building. E. L. Lee — according to his daughter, Mrs. R. L. McCreight — became a member of the school board at this time with the definite purpose of having a good public school established in the community. After this had been accomplished, he resigned. Sometimes during the next 13 years the enrollment justified two teachers; more often, however, only one. [187] In the summer of 1908 three rooms were added, making the building two stories. Upon this enlargement the curriculum was extended to include high school subjects, marking the actual beginning of Stony Creek High School. Students were first graduated in 191 2. The class of that year was composed of Lucille Crowder (Mrs. Saunders) and Ellen Fuller (Mrs. D. P. Mayes). Five of Mrs. Mayes' children have graduated from this school, and another is in attendance now (1941). A modern brick building was erected in 1921-22 at the junction of routes 40 and 301. Although named the F. M. Edwards High School, it is better known as the Stony Creek High School. The commence- ment exercises of 1922 were held in the new building, but the school itself did not occupy it until the following fall. In 1926 a levy of 25 cents per hundred dollars was found insufficient to pay the interest and create a sinking fund to pay off the bonded indebtedness incurred for school needs in Stony Creek school district. Declaring an emergency, the Legislature on March 17 authorized the levying of an additional tax, not to exceed 20 cents on one hundred dollars, on all property subject to local taxation for public school purposes. During the years that followed, many internal and external im- provements were made to the Stony Creek High School, and much modern equipment was procured. In 1938 new facilities included two classrooms, a music studio, an infirmary, a library, and a separate building to house a vocational agriculture shop and classroom and a home economics course. At this time also a commercial department was introduced. The next year (1939) cou rses were offered in voca- tional agriculture and home economics. On January 9, 1940 the older part of the building burned. School was continued the remainder of the term in the addition to the original building, in the home economics and agriculture building, and in a drug store on the property that had been purchased by the school board to house the first five school grades. This misfortune was followed on May 26 by the death of Emmett C. Harrison, principal of the school from 1924 to 1940. Mr. Harrison, a native of Richmond County, who had made his home in Stony Creek for a number of years, had been mayor, chairman of District D, Vir- ginia Cooperative Education Association, teacher of the Bible class in the Methodist Sunday School, and a leader in all branches of religious, civic, and fraternal activities of the community. [188] At the June 1940 meeting the board approved the addition of an extra grade between the present seventh and eighth grades. For this no high school credits are given. This plan was favored by the superin- tendent, principals, and parent-teacher associations; and the State Board of Education was requested to allow this extra grade in all schools wherever possible in the county, beginning with the term 1940-41. In October 1940 the school board awarded a contract to C. E. Nuckols to rebuild the Stony Creek School. The specifications and plans for this building were drawn by the Division of School Buildings, State Board of Education, Richmond, Virginia. A one-story addition was completed in May 1941. It contains six classrooms, principal's office, teachers' lounge, boys' and girls' lavatories, large lunchrooms, and an auditorium completely equipped with stage and picture booth. The cost of building and equipment was approximately $65,000. Ad- ditional land to provide proper playground space and facilities was purchased in June 1941 from Mrs. Martha B. Crowder for $1,250. Faculties Teachers CONCORD-CROSHAW NEIGHBORHOOD Charles Cogbill 1871-73; 1877-79 Eva Bingham..Slate School, - Thomas Harrison 1 879-1 881 Susie Young.. ..Slate School, ......... Ella Beville (Harrison) 1882- 1886 Carrie Mure....Slate School, - Jennie Bingham 1887-1889 Stuart Houser.-Slate School, ........ . NUMBER ONE (CONCORD) SCHOOL Susie Young 1892-1894 Bessie Peebles -.... Annie Chappell 1895-1897 Minnie Holden -.... Mary Jarratt (Bain) - Willie Mason NUMBER TWO SCHOOL Etta Bingham before 1892 Meadie Field 1894- 1897 Eva Bingham before 1892 (Mrs. Charlie Brown) Gertie Young before 1892 Ella Beville (Harrison) 1896-1897 Ida Muir 1892-1894 Ella Hamilton 1897-1898 SANDY FIELD (OR HUCKLEBERRY) SCHOOL Essie Marks 1898-1900 John Down 1903-1904 Ella Beville (Harrison) 1900-1901 Fannie Owen 1904-1905 Lottie Baxter 1901-1902 Virginia Mayes 1905- 1906 [189] KENNEDY SCHOOL Grace Owen 1899-1910 (Mrs. W. W. Ware) Nellie Witham 1910-191 1 Mabel Saunders 191 1-1913 Dr. G. P. Kennedy 191 2- 19 14 Janet Carr 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 5 Eunice Gilliam 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 6 Lottie Rideout . 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 7 Hennie Harrison 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 8 Helen Winfield 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Bernice Clarke 1 9 1 9- 1 920 Nannie Birdsong 1 920-1 921 Eva Harrup 1920- 1 92 1 NUMBER THREE SCHOOL Ella Beville (Harrison) 1894- 1896 Mary Ellen Owen 1894-1897 (Mrs. J. A. Fannin) Carrie Rose 1 908- 1 909 Virginia Mayes 1 908- 1 9 1 o Ella Hamilton Grace Johnson Sadie Jones , Mary Mundell Meadie Field (Brown) CROSHAW (OR PINE FOREST) SCHOOL Principals Lottie L. Cralle 1904- 1905 Ellen Fuller 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 3 (Mrs. D. P. Mayes) Idora Fuller I 9 I 3~ 1 9 I 7 (Mrs. J. W. Poole) Willis E. Zehmer 1922- 1923 Louise Rose 1924- 1927 (Mrs. W. P. Rice) Marie Rose 1 92 7- 1 928 (Mrs. L. I. Fraher) Teachers Virginia Mayes (Marks). ...1906- 1908 Sadie Jones 1 908- 1 9 1 o Grace Houser (Mrs. W. D. Prince) Lundy Hardaway 191 1-1912 (Mrs. Luther Spain) Grace Owen 19 12-19 17 (Mrs. Walter Ware) Ethel Adams 1 908- 1 9 1 o Louise Fuller....i9i5-i9i7; 1920-192 1 (Mrs. Frank Justice) Miss Malcolm 19 17-19 18 Evelyn Coman 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Kate Jenkins 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Bessie Richardson 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 9 Idora Fuller 19 19- 1924 (Mrs. J. W. Poole) Eunice Washer 1 9 1 9- 1 93 1 (Mrs. Floyd Hayes) Inez Prince... 19 19-1920 Mae Elliott 1 922- 1 923 Bernice Loehr 1923- 1924 Pattie Jeter 1 923- 1 924 Audrey Sharpe 1924- 1925 Lucy Parsons 1 924- 1 925 Susie Parsons 1925- 1926 Marie Rose 1926- 1927 (Mrs. L. I. Fraher) Louise Poole....i927-i928; 1929-1931 (Mrs. Harding) Belle Flowers 1928-1929 (Mrs. Ryland Dunn) Teachers MILL SWAMP-SAUNDERS SCHOOL J. A. Spiers 1881-1887 Lucille Norris 1909-1910 Zephia Jones 1886 Emily King 19 12-19 14 Hesta Lee 1 892-1 901 Sue Raines Susie Grant 1908- 1909 Marion Rainey - . . . . [190] Hattie Thomas Nannie Myers Lottie Baxter Virginia Mayes Fannie Briggs Myrtle Saunders. EARLY SCHOOL NEAR RAILROAD TRACKS Marion Rainey. Lulu Smith Mr. Jeffreys STONY CREEK SCHOOL Josephine Freeman 1889- 1890 Fannie Freeman (Mrs. George Eppes) (Mrs. J. W. White) Laura Harrison JACKSON'S SCHOOL F. Maude Jones 1892-1893 Ida Muir Captain Jack Winfield STONY CREEK HIGH SCHOOL Principals Elizabeth Edwards 1 909- 1 9 1 2 (Mrs. N. R. Hoyle) Ruth Thomasson 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 3 Ethel Greene 1913-1915 (Mrs. Gustav Peterson) J. W. Freeman 1915-1916 Frances Broaddus 1 9 1 6- 1 920 Nettie Brower Jones 1 920-1 921 William Cliff 1921-1922 A. R. Marshall 1922-1923 J. R. Williamson 1923-1924 Emmett C. Harrison 1924-1940 George W. Cox, Jr 1940- .... Teachers Hattie Thomas before 190 1 Willie Mason before 1901 Carrie Freeman before 1901 Hesta Lee 1 90 1 - 1 902 Musa King Baugh 1902- 1904 Lottie Baxter 1 904- 1 905 Lottie L. Crawley (Cralle).. 1905- 1906 Alice Cobb 1 905- 1 906 Katherine Clark 1907- 1909; music, 1922- (Mrs. I. A. Prince) Bessie Jones 1 906- 1 907 Annie Martin 1 907- 1 909 (Mrs. T. Edwin Johnson) Sarah Rise (Nottingham). ...1909-19 12 Jennie Bailey... 1 909- 1 9 1 1 (Mrs. C. H. Dale) Janet Freeman music, 1909-19 11 Kate L. Cobb 1909-1917 Cora Briggs (Buchanan).... 1910-1912 Pearl Justice.. .. 191 1-1914; 1918-1920; 1922-1925 (Mrs. Philip Freeman) Ellie Prince music, 1 iMary Percivall 1 Virginia Mason 1 (Mrs. Thomas Crowder) Eulalia Stewart 1913-16 j (Mrs. S. H. Winfield) Kellie Scales 1 Mary Ellis 19 14-19 16; 1 (Mrs. George Burt) Mary Tyus 1 (Mrs. T. W. Baicy) Kate Lewis 1 Victoria Lewis 1 Bessie Scoggins 1 E. B. Alexander 1 Clara Lee 1 (Mrs. F. M. Hardaway) Nettie Brower Jones 1 Nellie Harris 1 Pearl Jones 1 Helen Horton 1 (Mrs. Geo. R. Fannin) Marie Moose 1 9II-I9I7 912-1913 912-1914 1920-21 914-1916 924-1926 9I4-I9J7 915-1916 9i5-i9i7 915-1921 916-1917 916-1917 917-1918 917-1918 917-1918 917-1927 918-1920 [191] Ellen Broaddus Carrie Owen Isabelle M. Feild (Mrs. Hubert Galting) Gary Saunders Effie Wrenn Parham i 1923-1924; Marguerite Willis Virginia Trotter Jeanette Seeds Vivian Coleman Marshall.... Virginia Reese (Mrs. Francis Rose) Elizabeth Stegeman May Williams (Mrs. Richard Patterson) Elaine Scott Elizabeth Eubank Joanna Savedge Mary Gilliam Nellie Binford Cecilia Hiller (Magee) Mabel Britton Emily Walcott (Field) Trittie Ware 1918-1920 Hattie Lifsey 192 7- 1928 1919-1920 W. D. Barr 1928-1929 1920-1921 Gertrude Batte 1928-1929 (Mrs. Floyd Daughtry) 1920-1921 Louise Poole (Harding) 1928-1929 921-1922; Emma Brown 1929-1933 1 925- 1 935 (Mrs. C. C. Marks) 1921-1922 Lillian Sturgis 1929-193 1 1921-1922 (Mrs. Roberson Doughty) 1921-1922 Julia Coleman 1929-1940 1922-1923 Frances Hardy (Blood) 1931-1941 1922-1926 Rebecca Owen 1933-1940 Mary Overbey 1 935- 1 936 1922-1923 Frances Britton 1936-1937 1 923- 1 924 Florence Hunnicutt Thornton.... 1937- 1939; 1940- 1923-1924 Varina Britt 1938-1939 1923-1924 Katie Key 1939- • • • 1924-1926 J. A. Spivey i939-*94 1924-1925 A. T. Poole 1940-.. . 1925-1926 Maxine Hawks 1940-194 1926-.... Frances Wiley 1941-... 1926-1928 Lula Eppes Williams 1941- • • . 1926-1928 Frances Owen 1941-... 1926-1940 Other Teachers Mrs. J. E. Bough 1892- 1893 Mattie Coggin 1892- 1893 L. J. Bingham 1893-1894 Minta Baugh 1893- 1897 Ida Music 1893- 1894 Linda Magee 1895- 1896 Lucy Owen 1895- 1896 Sarah Stuart 191 1-1912 Gracie Dawson 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 3 Mary Traylor 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 3 Nan Atkinson 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 4 (Mrs. Gilmer Craddock) Graduates STONY CREEK HIGH SCHOOL 1912 Lucille Crowder Ellen Fuller 1913 Lulu Freeman Eppes Idora Diantha Fuller Carroll Prince Kennedy Clara Elizabeth Lee 1914 Acree Scarborough Gordon Scarborough 1915 Louise Fuller Lucille Garter Effie Neaves 1916 Mary Louise Fannin Oscar Kennedy Marie Neaves Richard Robinson Catherine Smith Tilghman Winfield [192] Pf IP- LITTLE MILL NEGRO SCHOOL Near Stony Creek (1938) Itl SIf 111 IP i ~ PPP ps® ■; --■■'■■■ '■' -"'■' \ PINEY GROVE NEGRO SCHOOL Near Wakefield (1938) 1917 Beulah Lois Bengal Annie Louise Houser Thomas Frances Rose Helen Winfield 1918 Willie Bass Everette Harrison Marks Pattie Epps Neaves Louise Rose May Williams 1919 Amanda Cobb Mildred Garter Henrietta Hardy Eva Harrup Taylor Lee George Watt Marks John Prince Eunice Washer Linda Grace Webb 1920 Lizzie Cobb Janie Bell Collins Andrew Hogwood Mary Houser Lucy Raines Alberta Smith 1921 Kenneth Bengal Mary Wachsmann 1922 Minnie Field Mary Lee Garter Virginia Lee Orian Neaves Thelma Parker 1923 Lucy Parsons Susie Parsons Marie Rose 1924 Linwood Best Frank Dickinson William Garter Vaiden Hogwood Richard Rose 1925 Darby Bain Elizabeth Bain Adrian Hayes Gertrude Kennedy Laura Poole Louise Poole Elizabeth Rose Ellie Twisdale Charline Williams 1926 Beulah Collins Frances Hardy Janet Mayes Virginia Stallings 1927 Vernita Elizabeth Barnes Muriel Beckton Collins, Jr. Florence Hilda Hitchcock Prince Emmett Lewis Frances Ella Mason Hazel Virginia Poarch Arnold Travis Poole Ernest Wright Rose Fannie Marie Spiers Mary Marian Tereta 1928 Virginia Pleasant Bain Dorothy Elizabeth Croshaw Margaret Hartley Greene Clarice Belle Mayes Laura Gertrude Poole Marvin Bruce Rose Minnie Louise Thornton Lyla Louise Watson Reginald Eocco Kennedy Lawrence Edward Spiers Nellie Polly Tereta 1930 Henry Burruss John Meade Field Marion Virginia Harville Virginia Hortence Hitchcock Alice Lee Mayes Minnie Beatrice Mayes Nina McKenney Bernice Matilda Poarch Virginia Ann Prince Mary Vaidenia Thornton 193] Virginia Belle Twisdale Rena Elizabeth Winfield 1931 Blanche Bain George Granville Burruss Ruth Thelma Crowder Eva Smith Hardy Wilber Greenaway Mayes Frances Agatha Mays Margaret Graves Rose Roberta Heartwell Rose Sue Hunt Rose William Carr Thornton 1932 Amos Thornton Chappell Christine Herbert Greene Nellie Eppes Mason George Temple Murrell Orpha Hayes Poarch Annie Cleeman Poole Charles Baird Powell Lulu Crittenden Powell James Melvin Rideout Thomas Hunt Rose Paul Tereta Meda Elizabeth Warf Lillie Mabel Wills Eva Lundie Winfield 193 3 Willie Alma Abernathy Victor Simmons Collins John Thomas Harville Ada Spain Little Ruth Idora Mays Nathaniel Proctor Peebles, Jr. Garland Wright Poarch Pauline Odell Poarch Annie Dorothy Poole William Daniel Prince, Jr. Katherine Remokerko Theo Foster Rose Edith Pauline Smith 1934 Eunice Virginia Croshaw Belle Etheldred Mayes Bernard Marks Poole George Milton Tanner Leo Max Tereschenko 1935 Lucille Elizabeth Brown Helen Morton Collins Minnie Richelieu Dobie Gordon Stanley Feild, Jr. William Lawson Freeman Sarah Epps Harville Jessie Thornton Hayes Eva Virginia Lewis Hugh Cabbell Lewis Mary Ellen Mays Maud Vashtie Neaves Virginia Alyce Neaves Olga Remorenko 1936 Mary Helen Baicy John Wilber Barnes Francis Belsches Harville Ann Louise Hitchcock Orville Heath Hitchcock Joseph Greenaway Mayes, Jr. Nellie Marie Murrell Ruby Leigh Parson Thomas Briggs Peebles David Milton Prince Mary Katherine Rose Joseph Frank Slade Helen Brown Smith Louise Tereschenko Martin Max Tereschenko Katherine Wills John Andrew Winfield 1937 Sarah Pauline Brown James Spencer Croshaw Marie Neaves Crowder Lucy Ann Meade Dobie Emily Alese Hardaway Katherine Eppes Jarratt Eunice Vaughn Lewis James William Mays Broaddus Wade Poarch Estelle Mabel Poarch Frank Remorenko Ellie Terretta Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1938 Carter Leonard Barnes Evelyn Ruth Collins Ernest Reams Croshaw William Thomas Hall Vernon Lawrence Hobbs 194 James Gordon Lewis James Russell Lewis Dorothy Elizabeth Mayes Mildred Mae Mayes Beulah Carolyn Parker Mary Elizabeth Peebles John Thomas Poarch Mary Leola Prince John Nelson Rideout Mildred Ann Rose Bryant Dewees Winfield, Jr. 1939 Frances Blunt Baicy Geraldine Snead Clements Ann Prince Duane Lummie Elizabeth Fuller Margaret Virginia Jolly Gladys Lucille Oakley Annie Dobie Peebles Edna Elizabeth Poarch Ernest Edward Simmons Florence Vera Tereschenko Blanche Louise Wills Willie Earle Wilson Lewis Mason Winfield 1940 Elizabeth Thomas Baicy Elinor Vinita Bobbitt Mary Rebecca Brown Thomas Franklin Crowder Mary Elizabeth Frye Lily Smith Garter Mary Jacquelyn Harte Emily Irene Jolly Ida Belle Jolly Eva Virginia Mayes Edith Florence Mays Ethel Evelyn Oakley George Lee Parson, Jr. John Stuart Prince George Rufus Spiers James Douglas Thornton Carl Eldridge Tudor Margaret Elliott Warf Bessie Mae Wilson 1941 Margaret Belle Dunn Richard Franklin Dunn Daisy Ellis Jean Follette Garter Ceasar Garland Gerecke Wilbur Earl Gerecke Embra Winfield Hardaway, Jr. Elsie Hogwood Marilyn Adele Kitchen Catharine Leath Lewis Claiborne Goodwyn Lewis Benjamin Floyd Morgan, Jr. Margaret Eppes Neaves Thomas Nathaniel Peebles Kathryn Temperance Poarch Margaret lone Poarch Palmer Douglas Ricks Alice Virginia Rideout Berry Joseph Rideout, Jr. Robert Theodore Thornton Marjorie Webb Seniors, 1Q41-42 Beulah Mae Bishop Henry Lee Bishop, Jr. John William Brown, Jr. Lena Erma Conner Frances Elizabeth Conwell Morton Lee Conwell, Jr. Thomas Leslie Cox Marvin Wood Dunn Ruth Darden Dunn Erma Elaine Frye George Allen Hall, Jr. Clinton Leonard Harville Helen Spotswood Hunnicutt John Brooks Hunnicutt Frederick Robertson Jarratt Adelaide Elizabeth Kitchen Joseph Isaiah Koliadko Helen Elizabeth Lewis Wilbur Thornton Lewis Audrey Estelle Mayes Kenneth Winfred Owen Virginia Parson Hattie Elizabeth Poarch William Osborne Poarch Ethel Leona Podruchney David Whitfield Poole Nannie Elizabeth Poole Charles Wilbur Prince, Jr. Richard Thomas Tucker, Jr. Marjorie Anne Winfield Ida Zimmerman [195 NEGRO SCHOOLS Historical Sketches LITTLE MILL SCHOOL The first school for Negroes of this community was begun by volun- teer (white) teachers soon after the War between the States for chil- dren who were not at work. Later a night school was operated for adult Negroes. From these beginnings evolved the Little Mill School of today. In these early schools grade levels were designated by names such as "Speller" and "Dictionary." The present two-room building was constructed by the school board in 1936 at a cost of $3,300. HAWKS SCHOOL Established by the state in 1885, this school opened with an enroll- ment of about 70 pupils. The first building burned in 191 7. The follow- ing year a new school was built, which still continues in use. BRANCH, CROSHAW, OR CONCORD SCHOOL The Branch School was established in 1904. Three years later, however, because the enrollment had dropped from 20 to 7, the school was discontinued. In 19 15 several families employed a teacher and financed a school for one term. In 1923 Mrs. Annie Jackson, Super- visor, assisted by Mr. Croshaw, reopened the school. Through their influence classes supported by the county were held in private houses. The temporary name honored Mr. Croshaw. The present school build- ing was constructed by the school board in 1934 at a cost of $1,000 and was called "Concord." STONY CREEK SCHOOL This school apparently had its genesis in a private academy owned and operated by Lucy Birchett (white) of Petersburg. From about 1870 to 1876 Miss (or Mrs.) Birchett taught the sons and daughters of former slaves. Eight teachers, some of whom perhaps were white, gave instruction from 1876 to 1897. During this period the classes, which are thought to have been supported privately, were held in homes and in the church. The school was probably taken over by the county in 1897, for in that year it had its own one-room building, located near the present Stony [196] Creek High School. No change followed until 1921, when another room, "separate and distinct from the other," was rented. In this year W. W. Edwards, the superintendent, was asked for the use of a school that had been vacated by white pupils. When the superintendent named a price of $1,500, a disappointed committee approached I. A. Prince, through whose influence a six-room building was provided without cost. Sometimes with three teachers, now with two, this build- ing has continued to house the Stony Creek School. HUSKE COLORED SCHOOL In order to relieve the crowded condition in the two-teacher Little Mill School the school board erected a new building at Huske in 1938 at a cost of $2,300, on a two and one-half acre lot purchased from Mayes and Crowder. The school opened the first year, 1938-39, with an enrollment of 67. Some of the pupils formerly attended Creath and Stony Creek. Most of them, however, were pupils who had attended Little Mill. Faculties Teachers LITTLE MILL SCHOOL Mr. Caldwell (white) 1875-1879 Marie Grays 1927-1928 Samuel Harris (white) 1879-1882 Gladys Whitten 1928-1929 Ella Beverly (white) 1882-1884 Gladys Wyatt 1929-1930 Ella Harris (white) 1884- 1888 Catherine Lumpkins .1 930-1 931 William E. Knox 1888-1921 Myrtie Tucker 1930-1931 Martha Blue 1889-1891 Catherine Tucker 1930-1931 Bessie Brooks.... 189 1-1 892 ; 19 14-19 16 Iris Garner 1 931- 1932 Picola Myrick 1916-1917 Annie Walker 1931-1932 Marie Jefferson 1918-1921; 1923- Manie Peace 1932-1938 1925; 1927-1930 Rebecca Fountain (James). .1933-1934 (Mrs. W. E. Knox) Leroy Richardson 1934- 1940 Olive Brooks 1921-1922 Vanburean Hall 1938-194 Verlina Sampson 1921-1922 Charles Cross 1940-194 Viola Rountree 1923-1925 W. L. Harrison 1941- . . . Florence Selden 1924-1926 Queen Scott 1941- . . . Frederica Tyler 1925-1926 Miss Drew -... Alice Pryor 1926-1927 Ansolette Morris -... HAWKS SCHOOL Sydney Windfield 1885-1892 Sallie Stith 1896-1898 Grace Berry 1892-1893 Frances Glover 1898-1900 Peter W. Harris (Harrison?). .1893-97 Annie Johnson 1900-1901 Robert E. Givens 1893- 1896 Mattie Bryant 1901-1903 [•97] Nellie Ford 1903- 1905 Annie Mac 1903- 1905 Willie Johnson 1905- 1907 Lillian Wood 1906-1910 Beatrice Banks 1910-1913 Elsie Joyner 191 1-1913 H. Smith - Lizzie Newsome 1914-1927 Vivian Scott 1927- 1928 Ellen Miller 1928- 1929 Hazeline Smith I 9 2 9" I 934 Mae Stith Jackson *934-i935 Sarah Reece 1 935- 1938 Eunice Reed 1938- 1940 Fannie Edden 1 940-1 941 Isabel Gardner J 94 I_ BRANCH, CROSHAW, OR CONCORD SCHOOL Ella Harrison Branch, 1904-1906 Alease Adkins I 933* I 934 Helena Griffin 1 934-1 935 Margaret Jones 1 935- 1 936 Rebecca Massenburg.... Concord, 1936- 1939 Virginia Smith Concord, 1 939-1 941 Estelle Grant 1941- .... R. (Roxanna?) Wyatt-Branch, 1906- 1907 J. P. Cooke Branch,i9i4-i9i5 Maggie Brown (Mabry) Croshaw, 1924-1927 School not open 1927-1933 STONY CREEK SCHOOL Lucy Birchett (white) 1870-1875 William Warner 1875- 1877 Michie Farlou 1877- 1880 Mrs. Ladoun 1880- 1884 Mr. Vincent 1 884- 1 889 John Moore 1889- 1893 Sydney Winfield 1893- 1894 Frank L. Mason 1894-1897 Robert E. Givens 1897-1898 Mary J. Berry 1898-1900 John Haskins 1 900-1 901 Luvenia Scott 1 901- 1908 Nellie Ford 1908-19 10 Mabel Ford 19 10-19 12 Agnes Jones... .1912-1919; 1921-1924; 1925-1929 Cora (Cara?) Smith 1912-1913 Carrie McKenzie 1 9 1 3- 1 9 1 4 Mrs. Elizabeth C. Bradshaw.. 19 19-21 Martha Boiling 1921-1922 Robnetta Harris 1 Marion C. Young 1 Virginia Bailey 1 Elizabeth Austin 1 Annie Peace 1 S. L. Perry 1 Clarene Coles 1 Alexander Corprew 1 George H. Binford 1 Esther Wright 1 E. W. Maxwell 1 Grace Washington 1 Emmett Miller 1 Russell Bowling 1 Theodore W. Hall 1 Murrie Wead (Taylor) 1 Clarence Batts 1 Lillie Ford 1 Littleton Alston 1 922-1923 922-1925 922-1925 924-1926 925-1928 926-1927 927-1928 928-1929 929-1930 929-1930 930-1931 930-1934 931-1932 932-1933 933-1935 934-1938 935-1940 938- .... 940- HUSKE SCHOOL Castene Parker 1938-1940 Elizabeth Silver 1941- . . . . Marion Law 1 940-1 941 Other Teachers Mary J. Berry.. 1892- 1893; 1895-1897 Carrie McKenzie 1908-1909 Frank L. Mason 1892-1894 Mary Winfield.. 1892- 1895; 1896- 1897 Roxanna Wyatt 1 892- 1 893 W. W. Wyatt 1892-1893 L. A. Knox 1894-1895 Lillian Bagnalls 1 908- 1 909 Annie McKenzie 1 908- 1 909 R. E. Harcus 1909-19 10 R. A. Jones 1909-1910 Elsie Jordon 1913-1914 Sallie Graves 19 17-19 18 Marcelline Wynne 192 2- 192 3 S. L. Perry 1924-1925 [■98] Chapter 5 Wakefield District SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS (TRUSTEES) 1870 Walter W. White (1 year) ; Everett M. Ellis (2 years) ; Thomas J. Drumwright (3 years) . 1871 Richard E. Burton (vice Walter W. White) ; H. C. Bur- ton (reappointed for 3 years) ; Maxmillian William Herbert (vice Everett M. Ellis) (clerk) . 1872 Maxmillian Wm. Herbert (clerk; reappointed); H. C. Burton. 1873 D. A. Marks (vice T. J. Drumwright). 1874 H. C. Burton (reappointed). 1875 E - G- Scott - 1877 J onn N - Bam 1884 M. Herbert; R. T. West; Norman Caple (Negro). 1887 John H. Harris; C. M. Pond; Maxmillian Herbert. 1889 W. F. Haskins; Maxmillian W. Herbert; T. H. Har- grave. 1897; 1904 Warner F. Richardson; Mac West; T. T. Allen. Prior to 1905....A. F. Mathews; T. T. Allen. 1905 William H. Savedge; Warner F. Richardson; Dr. J. E. White. 1906 William H. Savedge; Dr. J. E. White; T. T. Allen; Cap- tain J. R. Bell (vice Dr. J. E. White) . 1 907- 1 1 Warner F. Richardson. 1911-14 L. B. Faison (vice William H. Savedge); N. B. Pond; Dr. T. M. Raines. 1915 L. B. Faison; N. B. Pond; Dr. T. M. Raines; C. H. Seeley. 19 16-17 L. B. Faison; C. T. Hamlin; C. H. Seeley. 1918-22 Marvin Allen; L. B. Faison; J. S. White. 1922-25 J. S. White. 1925-27 Marvin Allen. 1927 Gilbert T. Allen. (List incomplete) [199] WHITE SCHOOLS Historical Sketches DRUMWRIGHTS SCHOOL About 1870 a school was established at Drumwright's Mill, located between Wakefield and the farm of Tucker Bain. Thomas J. Drum- wright, the teacher from 1870 to 187 1, is said to have paid more atten- tion to the mill than to the children. Mr. Drumwright, however, was on the Board of School Commissioners from 1870 to 1872. OLD BAILEY PLACE SCHOOL Between 1870 and 1876 a school was located at the old Bailey Place between Wakefield and the farm of Tucker Bain. Among the teachers were Samuel V. Watkins (1871-73), "who had the reputation of being rather lazy," and Mrs. Sarah Briggs, mother of Mrs. Effie Marshall, of Richmond, Virginia, who taught from 1873 to I ^7^- SCHOOL ON THE BAILEY FARM In 1879 another school was established on the farm now owned by John Howell Bailey. Teachers here included Rosa Ellis (1879-80) — later Mrs. Parsons — and Hack Bailey (1880-86) — later a dentist. SCHOOL AT RICHARDSON'S STORE OR OWEN'S GROVE From the 1880's until about 1897 a school was operating at Richard- son's Store at 54 Mile Siding and Owen's Grove. Among the teachers were Ella Beale, Sally Wynn, Pearl West (Mrs. W. M. Harrison), Alice Straughan, C. Wesley Richardson, Mamie Stevens, John W. Pond, Sallie Q. Moyler (later Mrs. John W. Pond), Colonel J. E. West, later lieutenant-governor, and Samuel T. Drewry, who became an engineer and surveyed the land on which the first brick school in Wakefield was built. FORMER WAKEFIELD SCHOOLS In Wakefield between 1880 and 1886 a school was in operation over the store of L. F. Bain & Son, a building used also for two other purposes — parties and Sunday School. [200] STONY CREEK HIGH SCHOOL (1941) WAKEFIELD HIGH SCHOOL (1919) Subsequently, in an old building that stood "in the corner of the field opposite the Bank of Sussex and Surry," a school was operated by a changing list of teachers: Hack Bailey; Nat Newman; Laura Harrison; J. H. Shelton, later a judge, and father of Mrs. Maggie Stephenson, Littleton, Virginia; Sallie White, later Mrs. J. E. Richardson; and T. T. Allen, father of G. T. Allen, present member of the school board. In 1886 the school was moved to the old Masonic Hall, now the home of Wilbur Morris, and T. T. Allen and a Mr. Eggleston (1886-89) De " came the teachers. SCHOOL BETWEEN THE T. F. NICHOLSON FARM AND WAKEFIELD Growing sentiment for a school building culminated in the purchase from T. F. Nicholson of land located between Mr. Nicholson's home and Wakefield. Here was built a three-room school building, the first owned by the town, in which many of Wakefield's present-day citi- zens began their scholastic careers. On the first Monday in October 1889 the school opened with Samuel T. Drewry as teacher. There were desks, something unknown up to then, and a communal cup served to quench thirsts with water from an open well. The term consisted gen- erally of seven months, except when a teacher married. Then the ses- sion terminated. The enrollment was about 60 pupils; but, because farm work interfered with attendance, the average seldom rose above 50. The school was not graded but was divided into two sections: the high department taught by the principal, and the low department taught by his assistant. The scope of the work, however, bridged the gap from first grade through Algebra and Latin. The teachers were paid according to the certificates they had received after an examination given by the county superintendent. The salary for a teacher with a second grade certificate was $20. With two years' experience she was entitled to a first grade certificate and an average salary of $25. A heavy enrollment sometimes boosted a salary $5 more. The principal received $30 or $35 a month. Several young, inexperienced principals were supplanted during the session of 189 7- 1898 by John Marable, recommended as an excellent teacher. To procure his services, the people made up an extra purse and paid him the excessively high salary of $75 a month. It was said, how- ever, that he proved "to be an old wornout man who probably had once beeri a good teacher." His principalship lasted one year. [201] Following his departure, the school continued its successful work until, some 1 8 years after its foundation, sentiment for a school in Wake- field finally predominated and the school yielded to the new order. A Negro family now lives in the building. WAKEFIELD HIGH SCHOOL After the idea of establishing a school in Wakefield had crystallized in the minds of William H. Savedge, Warner Richardson, and Captain J. R. Bell, the school board of 1906- 1907, it was decided that funds should be procured by floating a $10,000 school bond. Stimulated by the threat of increased taxes, opposition by the townspeople was violent. Nevertheless, the school board prevailed, the bond was floated, and Wakefield saw Sam Drewry, a former teacher, survey the land on which the brick school building slowly took shape. Sometime during the session of 190 7- 1908 the principal, Mr. Selby, and the teachers, Lois Watkins and Miss Dobie, moved with their pupils from the old three-room school outside of town to the new, well- equipped building in Wakefield. During the first complete school session, 1908- 1909, the Victorian Literary Society was formed, and the following year Wakefield High School had its first graduating class, Mary Harris (Mrs. J. J. Temple, Petersburg, Va.) and Pattie Hargrave (Mrs. Goldbarth, New York), both of whom had come from an advanced class in the Waverly School. There were no graduates the following year ( 1 9 1 1 ) , but at the com- mencement of 1 9 1 2 Wakefield High School presented the first group of graduates whose work had been done entirely in the school. In addition, it was the first class to publish an annual and the first to be entertained by the juniors, thus inaugurating the custom of Junior-Senior recep- tions. During this year German, normal training, and a course of methods and practice teaching were added to the curriculum, and the first Sussex County Fair was held, a memorable event in the lives of the school children thereafter. During the session of 19 12-19 13 Wakefield High School was placed on the list of accredited schools. Annuals were published by all grad- uating classes until the session of 19 15- 19 16, when there was a lapse. During the following session ( 19 17- 19 18) courses in agriculture, taught by C. H. LaCrosse, and in home economics, taught by Grace Klapp, were added to the curriculum, and the school's name was changed to Wakefield Agricultural High School. [202 1 In January 19 19 the school building was completely destroyed by fire of undetermined origin. No one was injured. To prevent any inter- ruption, substitute buildings were immediately procured. Comman- deered for the emergency were the old Methodist Church, which stood next to the present church, the old Masonic Hall, its site now occupied by the town hall, the frame building across the street and opposite the school, and the house now occupied by the Hargrave family. Graduat- ing exercises were held in the Methodist Church. The new school that rose in its place was being built rapidly in 1920, and the class of 1920- 192 1 was the first to graduate from the finished building. On March 5, 1922 the system of student government was established. Approved March 20, 1924 by the General Assembly was "An act to authorize the county school board of Sussex county to borrow money to pay off the existing indebtedness of Wakefield school district . . . and to issue bonds therefor; and to provide for a tax to pay the principal and interest on such bonds." The sum to be borrowed was not to exceed $6,000, and the bonds issued were to be paid by an annual levy on all property subject to local school taxation in Wakefield District to pay the interest on the bonds and to provide a sinking fund to enable the county school board to begin payment of the principal three years after the bonds were issued. In 1935-36 commercial courses were added to the high school curricu- lum. In 1936-37 the industrial arts courses were added. These courses were sponsored by the Wakefield Ruritan Club. Many graduates not destined for college returned to matriculate in these practical subjects. The first stage curtain was painted by Hamilton King and presented to the school during the session of 1923- 1924. In 1937 the school board purchased a red velvet curtain, and in 1939 a 16mm De Vry motion picture projection machine. It is a far cry from the three-room school just outside Wakefield to the well-equipped modern building, efficient faculty, multiple courses, extra-curricular activities, and excellent library, which serves both pupils and the community. The school endeavors to give the pupils every advantage. Concentra- tion is on academic subjects and such practical courses as business, shop- work, agriculture, and home economics. Athletics, plays, and music have a large part in the extra-curricular activities. As much is done for [203] the first-grade children. They "make store," play in an orchestra, and use typewriters as an aid to correct spelling. Of the many clubs formed that have stimulating influences are the Glee Club, Home Economics Club, Future Farmers of America, and the Athletic Club. A students' cooperative association — formerly the Junior League — is an active and worthwhile organization. Cooperation with patrons is best evidenced by the Parent-Teacher Association, long a part of the school under the varying names of Civic League and Community League. Faculties Teachers SCHOOL AT RICHARDSON'S STORE OR OWEN'S GROVE Ella Beale May Bridges (Mrs. O. E. Richardson) Holly Drewry Samuel T. Drewry Laura Harrison Sallie Q. Moyler (Mrs. J. W. Pond) Nat Newman John W. Pond Zettie Rawlings (Mrs. B. A. Zills) C. Wesley Richardson J. H. Shelton Laura Simms Mamie Stevens Alice Straughan Alma West J. E. West Pearl West Sallie White (Mrs. J. E. Richardson) Annie Wilkinson Sally Wynn SCHOOL BETWEEN THE T. F. NICHOLSON FARM AND WAKEFIELD Samuel T. Drewry.. 1889- 1890; Pearl West 1892 Sally Wynn 1892 Carrie Allgood 1893 Addie Rawlings 1 893 L. E. Stephenson 1894 Lila Carper Griggs 1894 (Mrs. J. R. Bell) Virginia Peters 1895 E. L. Rogers 1895 Ida Wells 1895 Drewry Hinton 1896 Mrs, D, M. Hinton 1896 1893- Marion Roney 1896-1897 1894 John Marable 1897-1898 -1893 Blanche Baird (Moffett)....i897-i902 -1894 Jessie Donnan 1898-1902 -1896 Emma Arwood 1902-1904 -1895 Ida Muir 1902-1904 -1896 S. V. Watkins 1904-1905 -1896 Lula Beale 1904-1906 Louise Jarratt 1 904- 1 906 -1896 (Mrs. G. P. Applewhite) -1896 Mr. Selby 1906-1908 -1897 Belle Dobie 1907-1908 -1897 Lois Watkins 1907-1908 -1897 Willie Davis [204] WAKEFIELD HIGH SCHOOL AND WAKEFIELD DISTRICT Principals J. J. Lincoln 1908-1915 R. H T. C. Hutton 1915-1916 S. R. Gay 1916-1918 P. I. Leadbetter 1918-1920 R. G. Hutchenson 1920-1922 Cook 1 92 2- 1925 Robert Bowling 1 925- 1 926 E. M. Estes 1926-1935 J. L. Francis *935- • ■ • • Teachers Thomas J. Drumright Samuel C. Watkins Sarah Briggs Rosa Ellis (Parsons) Hack Bailey T. T. Allen Mr. Eggleston Gertrude Bain Minnie Blanton Mildred Brent (Mrs. R. A. Savage) Jane Cook Catherine Drewry Christine Ellis (Mrs. William Williams) Myrtle Haupt Florence I. Young (Mrs. Robert Miller) Daisy Chapman Lola Hedgepeth Lucy Robins Florence Broaddus Minnie Freeman 1 9 1 o- 1 1 Ellen Broaddus Louise Ferguson John E. Martin Richie McCrow Mary E. Turpin Alma West Frances Broaddus Virginia Ellis Caroline McCrow Varina Bailey (Mrs. Floyd Jenkins) Leth Duncanson Eva Epps Evelyn Hatcher. Greyson Hoofnagle (Mrs. Frank Bane) Evelyn Hurff (Mrs. Mac Cross) 1870- 1871- 1873- 1879- 1886- 1886- 1908- 1908- 1908- 1908- 1908- 1908- 1908- 1909- 1909- 1909- 1910- ; 191 1911- 1911- 1911- 1911- 1911- 1911- 1912- 1912- 1912- 1913- 1913- 1913- 1913- 1913- 871 873 876 880 886 889 889 910 909 913 909 909 910 909 912 910 910 9" 9ii 2-13 9i3 912 912 913 913 915 9i5 9i3 913 9i7 915 9i4 9i5 915 Pearl Ellis Lotta Hamlett Olive Harris Evelyn Hatcher Jeanette Bryce Mary Huff Pearl Justice (Mrs. Philip Freeman) Bradley Clarke Bessie Dillon Brenda Griffin (Doggett).... Vivian Gwaltney Sarah Johns Beatrice Mason (Mrs. S. R. Gay) J. A. Savedge Leah Stephenson Lola Bulls (Pettus) Kate Cobb Gladys Holloman (Barlow).. Gladys Hufford Grace Klapp C. H. LaCrosse Erie Laine 19 17-19 18; Bessie Clarke (Drewry) Christine Ellis (Williams). 1913-1915 Louisa Glassell (Christopher Sam Hill R. G. Hutchenson Nita Marshall Josephine Burton.. 19 19-22; Elizabeth Cox Ruby Hines Mary Love Jones.. 19 19-23; (Mrs. G. T. Allen) Esther Kline Marion Thompson (Mrs. R. F. Bain) Betty Sue Bailey Edna Branch 914-1915 9I4-I9I5 914-1916 9I4-I9I5 9I5-I9I7 915-1916 915-1917 916-1917 916-1917 916-19 1 7 916-1922 916-1919 916-1918 9 1 6- 19 1 8 916-1920 917-1918 917-1919 917-1918 917-1920 917-1918 917-1918 919-1920 918-1919 music, 918-1919 ..1918-22 918-1920 918-1919 918-1920 940- 919-1920 919-1920 933- 919-1920 919-1922 920-1922 920-1921 [205 Ethel Branch Sallie Carroll Willa Morris (Mrs. Edwin Allen) Eliza Ramsey Rita Gilmer Ellie Harrell Guy Kirby Mary Sue Pope (Herbert).. Lucy Wright (Mrs. Shelton Fraher) Mary Bristow Arlene Chambers Lillie Ferguson Mary Fugate Ruth Guy Louise McCain Bessie Miller Mary Simmons Chloe Wells Rachel Aylor Helen Buchannon Rachel Buchannon Helen Jackson Rose Jackson Bettie Wirt Louise Bristow Louise Harman (Mrs. Thomas Reams) Blanche Johnson Ruby Johnson Mary Sue Jolliff (Mrs. W. M. Leach) Virginia Lee Clarissa Winslow Mrs. Robert Bowling E. M. Estes Elizabeth Forbes Inez Bailey (Mrs. H. J. Drewry) Evelyn B. Field ( Griffin )..i Margaret Hamlet Mary Morris (Roberts) Eunice Ross A. R. Williams Lillian Livesay.. 1 9 2 7- 1 9 2 8 ; Helen Goodwyn Bernice Loehr Merle Senger (Mrs. Harry Bickers) W. T. Smith 1920-192 1 Lucile Eastham (Michie).... 1928-193 1 1920-192 1 J. L. Francis 1928-1934 1920-1921 Lucile Pond 1928-1931 (Mrs. G. L. Munford) 1920-1922 Kathleen Sanford 1928-1932 1921-1922 (Mrs. Walter Harrison) 1921-1922 Elizabeth Wingo Gleason (Morris) 1921-1922 1928-1940 1921-1922 Mary Traylor 1929-1930 1921-1922 Louise Baker 1930-1933 (Mrs. Waverly Parker) 1922-1924 Irma Phillips 1930-1935 1 922- 1 924 (Mrs. H. B. Stephenson) 1922-1923 Gertrude Rice 1930-1933 1922-1924 Florence Stephenson I93 I_I 935 1922-1924 Lucie Taylor i93 I_I 934 1 922- 1 924 (Mrs. J. L. Long) 1922-1926 J. S. Bryant i934-*939 1 922- 1 926 Frances Culbreth (Dean)... .1935- 1936 1922-1923 Virginia Orange 1935-1940 1923-1924 (Mrs. W. H. Savedge, Jr.) 1923-1924 Jane Coulbourn l 9'$5- l 9'5§ 1 923- 1 924 (Mrs. J. L. McLemore, Jr.) 1923-1926 Grace Kerr i935-*937 1923-1928 Elizabeth Wheeler I935-J937 1923-1925 Florence Shelbourne 1936-1937 1924-1925 R. B. Waite 1936-1937 1924-1927 Fay Bryant (Savedge) 1937-1940 Paige Magee 1 937- 1 938 1924-1925 Samuel C. Meislin 1937-1938 1924-1926 Lois Phipps 1937-1939 1 924- 1 926 R. C. Gibson part time, 1938-194 Dorothy Young 1 938- 1 94 1 924- 1 928 Arline Garnsey 1 939- 1940 1924-1925 Evelyn Rogers 1939- . . . 1 925- 1 926 Ruth Moffitt Jan.-June 194 1925-1926 Jennie Spratley 1940-.. . 1 926- 1 936 (Mrs. J. B. Nicholson, Jr.) 1926-1928 Helen Minor (Gibson) 1940-194 Edward P. Green 194 926-1930; Maria Louise Snead 194 l 9"S?>- • • • • Dorothy Kitchen 194 1 926- 1 92 7 Elizabeth Bodwell 194 1926-1927 Ella Beale 1 926- 1 929 Samuel T. Drewry 1926-1927 Laura Harrison 1936-1939 N. G. Newman 1927-1928 John W. Pond 1 92 7- 1 929 C. Wesley Richardson 1927-1931 J. H. Shelton Mamie Stevens 1927-1928 Alice Straughan [206] J. E. West Pearl West (Mrs. W. M. Harrison) Sallie White (Mrs. J. E. Richardson) Sally Wynn Graduates WAKEFIELD HIGH SCHOOL 1910 Mary Harris (Temple) Pattie Hargrave (Goldbarth) 1912 Ada Bailey Chauncey Barrett Virginia Barrett Ray Brittle Grace Faison Thomas Oliver Gwaltney Olivia Morris Mary Traylor Virginia Williams 1913 Ray Bailey Josie Burton Annie Clark Ira Clements Hettie Hargrave Victoria Jones Jack Murphy Mary Stephenson Mary West 1914 Oscar Brittle Myrtle Fischer Miriam Morris Mary Pond Naomi Pond Wallace White 1915 Bradley Clark Mattie Edwards Lawrence Frederick Lottie Kate Jenkins Mary Jenkins Mary Morris Miriam Pond Lillian Robertson Leah Stephenson Rebekah Stephenson Annie Traylor 1916 Lucile Burton Irma Fuqua Winston Fuqua Hazel Hines Nannie Harwell Walter Seeley Louise Ware Marcia White 1918 Margaret Allen Virginia Bailey Bessie Clark Jane Cobb Ruby Faison Marshall Ware 1919 Isaac Boykins Edna Branch Ethel Branch Rebecca Gwaltney Rebie Hines Will Holt Clarence Pond Lillian Turner Alfred Williams 1920 Hilda Bailey Elsie Cooper Robert Duncan Eula Faison Winnie Hines Raymond Kitchen Baird Moffett [207 1921 Eula Barker Lyda Cornwell Rebecca Duncan Sarah Faison Loreathea Fredenburg Hester Peebles Lee Pond Eugene Robertson Elizabeth Scarborough Inez West 1922 Ruth Branch Dahlia Hines Mary Knight Elizabeth Payler Clarence White 1923 Hannah Allen Bernice Branch Naomi Branch Eric Eggleston Kathryn Fredenburgh Ruby Freeman Edgar Jones Helen Pond Joel Presson Stella Presson 1924 Caleb Branch Sallie Branch Thelma Butler Lester Cornwell Bertha Denson Joseph Eggleston Katherine Hatch Nan Holt Alton Jones Bessie Knight Catherine Moffett Vivian Rollings Stella Rollings Ruth Scarborough Frances White Herman Whitfield Lucy Windsor 1925 Gladys Bailey Nick Barker Daisy Cox Julia Emily Drew Vuna Freeman Coleman Hines Mazie Lee Hines Orice Hines Phil Hines Amos Laine Louise Pittman Lilla West 1926 Garnie Atkinson Edith Bailey Ethel Bailey Pearl Burgess Minerva Carroll Ray Clark Mary Cox Beatrice Drew Louise Ellsworth West Faison Felix Freeman Audrey Hines Eugene Laine Lizzie Price Louise Robertson Wilmer Rowe Gaynell Savedge 1927 Evelyn Barrett Julian Clark Arthur Laine Lena Laine Elizabeth Pursell Mildred Robertson Elizabeth Stephenson Jessie Stuart White Nannie Worrell 1928 Edward Bailey Edgar Barrett Marie Cox Alma Eure L. B. Faison Lawrence Long Evelyn Richardson 1929 Maude Cox Mildred Faison [208] Annie Johnson Elizabeth Lambdin William Savedge 1930 Julia Allen Tazewell Daughtrey Ruby Goodrich Evelyn Hargrave Kenneth Lambdin Sarah Spivey 1931 Elizabeth Barker Annie Burkette Katherine Burgess Truehart Burgess Virginia Cornwall Virginia Lambdin Miriam Richardson 1932 Edna Eure Edith Hargrave Garland Harwell Virginia Hines Woodrow Laine Rives Pond James Savedge Emmett Scarborough Lindwood Waltham Lois White Wilson Whitfield 1933 Annie Laurie Bailey Herbert Bishop Mary Daughtrey Elwood Harris Jessie Laine Manley Long Billie Morris Ernest Drewry Stephenson 1934 Bill Allen Joe Allen Thomas Barker Bayliss Carson Leroy Cornwall Blanch Griffin Charlie Harwell Elmo Pittman Florence Pond Lelia Pursell Charles Traylor 1935 Helen Bailey Evelyn Beale Annie C. Branch John Robert Branch Annie Lee Cobb John Daughtrey Jack Nicholson, Jr. 1936 H. J. Bailey Francis Barker Ida Bryant Claude Callaham Dorothy Cornwall Elsie Faison Dorothy Gaultress Elva Griffin Garland Morris Emmett Richardson Lottie May Robinson Charlie Travis 1937 Charles Anderson Bernice Babb W. D. Bailey Clara Bain Elizabeth Bain Louis Beale Carolyn Boothe Margaret Boothe Catherine Davis 1938 Carol Barrett Mary Bishop Eleanor Boothe Frances Branch Marion Pittman Margaret Revelle Mary Charles Robertson 1939 Sadie Forrest Anderson Albert Wilson Beale 20 9 ] Mary DeVany Bishop Frances Ann Branch John Sears Carson Lillian Earl Clarke Robert Lee Faison, Jr. Charlene Whitmore Goodrich Barbara Jane Gray Mary Jane Hargrave Mildred Lois Jenkins Ann Woodley Morris Pattie Jane Morris Vera Ercell Pittman 1940 Robert Lee Beale Ishmuel Edison Branch Ina Ellie Bryant Alma Leclare Griffin Janette Virginia Kitchen Mildred Frances Kitchen Rebecca Lou Kitchen Margaret Florence Wooten Vernard Laydon Worrell, Jr. 1941 Tenant Pearson Allen Robert F. Bain, Jr. Faye Beale Grace Elizabeth Branch Frances Ivalee Burkett James W. Cobb R. Myrick Cobb, Jr. Turner M. Drewry, Jr. Joseph O. Glazebrook, Jr. Cephus Edwin Goodrich Albert M. Laine Joseph Lawrence Murphy Doris R. Pittman Ann Richardson Eva Joy Seeley Amy Morriss Stephenson Doris Evelyn Watkins Seniors, 1941-42 Marvin Ferrell Bailey William Henry Eure Maurice Elmer Grubbs Betty Lee Knight Lummie Louise Magee Dorothy Loraine Murphy Lois Virginia Murphy Thomas Owen Nicholson Nancy Sheldon Rose John Lillious Seely Marguerite O'Deal Stephenson Frank Lewis Worrell [aio] NEGRO SCHOOLS Historical Sketches SEACORRIE SCHOOL Established near Seacorrie Swamp in 1875, Seacorrie School was eventually moved to its present and more convenient location. The school was abandoned in 1938. PINEY GROVE SCHOOL Started in 1878 with Norman Caple as teacher, the school now known as Piney Grove was first held in small Elam Church, located about six miles from the school's present location. A series of teachers followed. Inconveniently situated for the majority of pupils, the school was moved in 1909, at the request of the patrons, to Piney Grove Church, which was used by permission of W. W. Edwards. Later, Piney Grove School was established in a one-room building erected for the purpose. Subsequently another room was added through the efforts of Joseph N. Gray (teacher in 1899) . This building continued in use until 1937, when the present school, 24/X48', was erected by the school board at a cost of $2,300. WAKEFIELD NEGRO SCHOOL The first school for Negroes in Wakefield was established in a church in 1884 by W. H. Andrews. From an initial enrollment of between 10 and 15 pupils, the number constantly increased, necessitating larger quarters. In 1898 the school was transferred to the old Odd Fellows' Hall; in 1905 it occupied the True Reformers' Hall; in 1907 Mars Hill Methodist Church housed temporarily the school; and in 19 10 it was moved again, this time to the new Odd Fellows' Hall. Five years later (19 15) the school trustees of Wakefield District bought from E. A. and Cassie L. Hatch a plot of ground for $150, on which was erected a two-room structure that served as a school until 192 1, when increased enrollment necessitated the addition of a third room. [QII] Faculties Teachers SEAGORRIE SCHOOL Norman Caple 1 875-1 878 Sally Moody 1 878-1886 Joseph Grey 1886-1888 Jim Bailey 1888-1889 Annie Harris... .1889-1895; 189 7- 1900 Jennie Griggs.... 1895- 1897; 1900- 1907 Hattie Yancy 1 907- 1 9 1 2 Florence Chappell 1 9 1 2- 1 9 1 5 Annie Peace 1 9 1 5- 1 9 1 6 Annie E. Dannely 1925-1926 Ruth D. Sykes 1926-1928 Kathleen Hutchinson 1928- 1929 Mattie Williams 1929- 1930 Loretta Carver 1 930-1 931 Ruth Mason I 93i- I 934 Grace Washington 1 934- 1 935 Mary Bond 1935- 193 7 Helen Langston 1 937- 1938 PINEY GROVE SCHOOL Norman Caple 1878- 1884 J. Woodus 1884-1886 A. D. Owens 1886- Willie Drewitt 1886-1894 Joseph N. Gray 1894-1904 Sarah Batts 1904- 1905 Ellen Warren 19 16-19 18 Harriett Wyatt 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Ella Wyatt 1 9 1 8- 1 9 1 9 Haley M. Jones 1919-1921 Essie Parker 1 92 1 - 1926 Trulay Godwin 1924- 1928 Mary H. Morris 1926-1927 Lilia Raines 192 7- 1928 Mrs. J. R. Bradley 1928-1929 Charlotte Johnson 1928- 1929 Ruth Morgan 1929- 1930 Gertrude Stewart 1 929- 1930 Athalia Binford 1 930- 1 93 1 Ida Mangrum 1 930- 1 93 1 Susie Robinson 193 1-1 934 Eileen Hassell 193 1-1 935 Mrs. S. L. Randolph 1934-1935 Paul Lowe until December, 1935 Gladys Owen 1 935- 1 938 Mannin Jackson 1 936- 1 93 7 Inez Parham 1938- 1939 Mary Jones 1939- 1940 Eunice Reed 1940- .... WAKEFIELD NEGRO SCHOOL W. H. Andrews 1884- Samuel Gray 1886- William Ricks 1887- Sarah Bailey 1 888- A. D. Owens 1891- Laura Bailey 1900- Joseph N. Gray 1904- Jim Bailey 1905- Edward Spratley 1 906- Delia W. Owens 1907- Grace Jones 1908- Lillian Rice 1910- Alma France 191 1- Martha E. Jefferson 1915- Ruby Broadnax 1915- 1886 Evelyn Adams 1 1887 Eva Wells 1 1888 Blanche Adams 1 1 89 1 Blanche Harrison 1 1900 Alice J. Terrell 1 1904 Joseph N. Gray 1 19 18 Alice T. Jackson 1 1906 Ellen Warren 1 1907 Georgia Joyner 1 1908 Mattie Newsome 1 1 9 10 Irene Williams 1 191 1 McNorna B. Cralle 1 19 15 Mrs. A. B. Taylor 1 19 16 A. B. Taylor 1 1916 L. T. Binford 1 [212] 9I5-I9I6 916-I9I7 9 1 7-19 18 917-1918 918-1920 918-1925 918-1920 920- 921-1923 921-1924 924-1926 925-1926 926-1927 926-1927 927-1928 Susie Johnson 1927-1928 Walter Scott 1931-1932 Trulay Godwin 1928-.... Joseph Butcher 1932-1933 Miles Ballard 1928-1929 John Henderson 1933-1936 E. W. Maxwell 1929-1930 David Graves 1936-1938 George Binford 1930-1931 Rufus Hart 1938- .... Other Teachers Margaret Johnson 1892-1893 Grace Jones 1913-1916 A. S. Winfield 1893-1894 Ethel Adams 1916-1918 W. J. Ricks 1896-1897 Martha E. Jefferson 1917-1919 S. V. Watkins 1908-1909 Isabel Anderson 1917-1918 Hattie Young 1908-1910 Florence Chappel 1919-1922 Lottie Graves 1909-1910 Ruby Broadnax 1918-1919 Sarah Batts 19 10-19 12 Flora Green 19 19-1920 Lelia Rice 191 1-1912 Annie Peace 1922-1925 Jannie Grigg 1912-1914 Merceline Wynne 1923-1924 Mamie Hall 1912-1913 Leola Poole 1925-1926 [213] Chapter 6 Waverly District SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS (TRUSTEES) 1870 J. R. Capel (1 year); J. W. Paddon (2 years); E. T. Chappell (3 years). 1871 James R. Parham (vice E. T. Chappell); J. R. Capel (reappointed for 3 years). 1872 John T. Harris (vice J. R. Parham); H. T. West (vice J. R. Capel) ; J. H. Paddon (reappointed) . 1873 J- T. Harris (reappointed). 1874 H. T. West (reappointed). 1875 E. H. Chappell (vice J. H. Paddon). 1877 John T. Harris. 1881 E. T. Chappell; H. T. West; John T. Harris; R. T. West and P. Fleetwood, successors to H. T. West and E. T. Chappell. 1894-1908 R. T. West (chairman); P. Fleetwood (clerk). 1908 R. T. West (chairman); J. E. Wilcox (clerk). 19 1 3 Casius W. Parsons 1922 R. T. West (chairman); J. E. Wilcox (clerk); C. H. Sheffield. 1922-25 U. O. Coulbourn. 1925-28 Garland Gray. 1928-35 U. O. Coulbourn. 1935 Dennis W. Hartz. (List incomplete) [214] WHITE SCHOOLS Historical Sketches SCHOOL No. i This public school was established in Waverly in 1871. WAVERLY PUBLIC SCHOOL The first free public school in Waverly district was established in 1870 in a small building located just above Briggs Spring, some five hundred yards back of the residence of the late S. V. Ellis. The enroll- ment was approximately 20 pupils. "Tink" Dobie, brother of Joe Dobie who taught in the Spring Hill School, was a teacher — perhaps the only one — during the two-year existence of this school. In 1872 the school at Briggs Spring was discontinued. Subsequently, the school board purchased four and a half acres in Waverly and had a one-room frame building constructed on the por- tion now located between O. P. Higgins' residence and the present high school building. Actually, the building was nothing more than the old Sunnyside Sunday School building, formerly located on the farm of W. V. West just across the road from the residence of Mrs. J. D. Robinson, which building had been taken down and rebuilt facing Main Street near land through which Coppahaunk Avenue was sub- sequently run. Twenty-five pupils comprised the initial enrollment, and Sam Drewry was one of the first teachers. The session, for a number of years, ran only five months, from March to July. On Sunday church services were held in the building. In 1884 this building burned. It was immediately replaced by a two- story structure consisting of one lower and one upper room, a large hall, and a vestibule. This school building over which two teachers presided continued in use for a decade. In 1892 the Waverly district school trustees were authorized by act of General Assembly to "divide into lots, sell and convey so much of the land held by them ... as they may deem proper and desirable over and above one acre," and to use the proceeds for the "general improvement of the public school prop- erty in the town of Waverly." The result of this was the construction [2.5] in 1894 of a one-story frame building facing Coppahaunk Avenue on the site of the present elementary school building. This structure con- sisted of four classrooms, a hall, and a small front porch. Because it was too large for the pupils in attendance, only three of its rooms were used until the turn of the century, when increased enrollment necessi- tated a fourth teacher and the use of the neglected room. This build- ing continued as Waverly's school until 1908, when, as part of a pro- gram of expansion, the present two-story brick building was con- structed. On the first floor were four classrooms and a principal's office; on the second, two classrooms and an auditorium. In the base- ment were toilet rooms, a science laboratory, and a furnace room. Economic conditions subsequently thwarted attempts to increase the size of the school plant until 1932, when enlargement of the school facilities was urged. The Waverly school district was bonded and the first annex to the building erected in 1908 was constructed. Started in October 1932, the building was completed in March of the following year. It consists of six classrooms, two rest rooms, a music room, an infirmary, a picture booth, and a modern auditorium with four hun- dred opera seats and a well-equipped stage. At the same time the playground was increased to approximately seven acres. During the same year (1933) the brick building erected in 1908 was remodelled to include a large library room on the first floor, two additional class- rooms, and a principal's office on the second floor. Regular moving pictures were shown on Friday and Saturday nights for the public from June 1934 to June 1940. The high school theater was closed after the opening of the new and modern theater down town. On Saturday, April 4, 1936, during a regular show, the picture booth was burned. At this time, the machines, twelve reels of films, and all supplies and materials in the booth and attic were destroyed. Considerable damage was done to the inside of the roof and rafters. The ceiling and walls of the sixth grade classroom and the auditorium were damaged, as well as the window draperies. The school board collected $4,318.97, the full amount of damage caused by the fire. The building was repaired during the summer and no time from school work was lost. The introduction of high school courses into the Waverly School occurred about 1894. By 1908 the school had become an accredited high school and presented its first graduating class, with two graduates, classes that contains 20 typewriters; a room, especially treated for [916] *d ,! > JARRATT HIGH SCHOOL (1923, 1939) WAVERLY HIGH SCHOOL (1908, 1933, 1939) John Eppes Martin and Alma Camp. The school's curriculum has had many variations. At one time a normal training course was offered pupils for the last two years of their high school studies. Though satis- factory, the course was abandoned as the state normal schools increased in importance. A commercial course, inaugurated in 1922, has re- mained a valuable unit of the curriculum. It offers a thorough two- year study of typing, shorthand, and bookkeeping. The Waverly High School is not only accredited by the Virginia State Board of Education but, since 1929, has been the only school in Sussex County to qualify as a member of the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. The five buildings that have been constructed on the present school grounds evidence the continued growth and improvement of the Waverly school. Included in the school's equipment today are such educational features as two standard 35mm and one 16mm motion picture projectors used to present educational films; a power printing press operated by students to print programs, stationery, handbills and similar materials; a library of four thousand books; a well- equipped science laboratory, which will accommodate 60 students; uniforms and band instruments sufficient for 30 students, and vest- ments for 60 members of the glee club ; a radio, an electric phonograph, and a public address system; steel filing cabinets for all teachers, to- gether with such educational aids as maps, charts, duplicators, and a mimeograph; 20 typewriters used in the commercial department; and a playground containing fields for football and baseball, two tennis courts, swings, seesaws, slide, and two ladders for small children. In a well-managed cafeteria hot lunches are served daily, including 30 free lunches to underprivileged children. Consolidation of the Homeville elementary school with Waverly High School brought the enrollment up to 337 pupils during the ses- sion of 1937-38. In 1940 the enrollment had increased to 348. In September 1938 further additions to the Waverly High School were made, with the help of $8,500 donated by Garland Gray and a P. W. A. grant of 45 per cent of the total cost ($68,000) . This annex adequately meets the vocational needs of a large percentage of the students whose formal education will not continue beyond high school. The new building and equipment, first used during the session of 1939-40, include a home economics department for the training of girls in the practical management of home life; a room for commercial [217] sound, for band and instrumental music practice. This room will satisfactorily accommodate the four year-old school band, at present numbering 40 members, which has received a rating of "superior" on two occasions in competition at the State Music Festival. Included also is a spacious and well-equipped gymnasium where the social as well as the physical life of students is being for the first time adequately developed and where elementary pupils are given three, and high school students two, physical education classes weekly. At the end of the gymnasium is an industrial arts shop, including office and mechani- cal drawing room, with power and hand tools sufficient for classes of 25 pupils. At the same time a large school bus garage was built with P. W. A. aid at a cost of $7,000 on a lot across the street from the school. It has an oil pit and a tool room, and can accommodate six buses. In front of the garage lot, which was purchased from Mrs. John West, is located the Masonic Hall, moved to this location by agreement, when the original Masonic lot was bought by the county school board for construction of the annex. The athletic field too has been extended and more fully equipped. Land has been purchased from O. P. Higgins to make an entrance from Main Street, and the grandstand has been enlarged. In addition, the athletic field was lighted, during the summer of 1940, by the Waverly baseball club for night baseball but was used only one season. In the school work itself the establishment of an eighth grade to the elementary school was put into effect during the session of 1940-41. The administrators believe that such a plan will reduce the high per- centage of failures in the first year high school, improve the achieve- ment of pupils in high school, and help to reduce the number of pupils who withdraw from high school because of failing work. The necessity of postgraduate work will thereby be reduced. Beginning with the ses- sion of 1940-41, the age requirement of children entering the first grade was six as of July 1 rather than October 1. At a meeting of the Sussex County School Board on June 6, 1941 the age of admission was changed to September 1, beginning the session 1941-42, in accordance with a recommendation of the State Board of Education. SPRING HILL SCHOOL As a one-room frame building, this school was located from 1872 to 1880 in the front yard of the present H. S. Wheeler farm. In 1880 [218] it was moved to M. T. Clements' place near Spring Hill. After at least six years here it was moved again near the boundary line between M. T. Clements' and E. D. Hundley's farms. In 19 10 the school board purchased land for the school on the Shingleton Road near the Coul- bourn farm, and here it remained until discontinued in the spring of 1923. The building and lot, which were sold to the First National Bank in 1926, were acquired again in 1929 and used for a Negro school until June 1938. CHAPPELL HILL SCHOOL The people of this community in 1878 erected a one-room school on farmland donated by Edward Chappell. Both lumber and labor were supplied voluntarily. The site was Ole (sic) Cross Spring. This spring, which still flows freely, is about two hundred yards from Raines Crossing, in the direction of Cooks Bridge, and about one hundred yards to the left in a tract now owned by Frank Pulley. The proximity of natural water was a strong factor in locating the school. The first sessions lasted five months, beginning usually in March and going through July or August. There were seven elementary grades. Bob Jones, one of the earliest teachers, "freely used the rod to discipline the pupils." Enrollments that varied between 50 and 60 students declined in the last decade of the nineteenth century. In 1905 the building was torn down and moved to approximately three-quarters of a mile from Raines Crossing, in the direction of Waverly, on the left side of the old Disputanta Road. This land was part of the Edward Chappell estate also. The change was made at "the demands" of Sam Little, a patron of the school. Until the rebuild- ing was completed, the home of the late W. H. Ford was used. Chap- pell Hill School continued here until about 1922-23, when the children were transported to Waverly. MARABLE CROSSROADS OR WALNUT HILL SCHOOL This one-room school, located in a grove at Marable's Crossroads where State 40 and County 655 now join, was operated for approxi- mately ten years around the beginning of the twentieth century, with 10 to 20 children enrolled. After it was closed, the pupils attended the four-room school in Waverly. [219] Faculties WAVERLY HIGH SCHOOL AND WAVERLY DISTRICT A. F. Burt 1890- Nellie Marshall 1891- C. F. Pretlow 1892- W. C. Marton 1893- Roger Charnock 1 894- Thomas Sanford Hart 1895- J. J. Powers 1901- Ovid Rogers 1902- D. Jennings Sipe 1904- W. B. Coggin 1905- W. F. Dunaway 1907- O. B. Ryder 1910- "Tink" Dobie 1870 Sam Drewry 1872 Mrs. Ellis 1 875. Alia Johnson 1875 (Mrs. J. E. Burton) Bob Jones 1875 Mrs. Simmons 1 875 Lula Parsons Spain 1875- Jessie F. West 1880- Willie Deputy 1 885 Jim Parham 1887 Salabel McAllister 1 89 1 Emily F. King.. 1892- 1895; 1896 Ruth Shelton 1892 Victoria Drewry (Barker)... .1894 Addie Rawlings 1892- 1893; ^95 Mamie Stevens.. 189 2- 1893; 1896 John Baird 1893 Roger Charnock 1893 Mattie Coggin 1893 M. P. Rainey 1893 Mary Sue West 1893 Pearl West 1 893 (Mrs. W. M. Harrison) Nora Young 1 893 (Mrs. John H. Rogers) Corinne Jeffries 1 894 M. G. Ellis 1895 Mary Fleming 1 895 F. J. Jeffries 1895 Annie Martin.... 1895- 1897; 1903 (Mrs. T. Edwin Johnson) Principals 1 891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1901 1902 1904 1905 1907 1910 1911 T. S. Luck 1911-1912 A. B. Bristow 1912-1914 W. D. Cox 1914-1917 J. M. Shue 1917-1921 George A. Peek 1921-1923 R. C. McDanel 1923-1924 B. A. Brann 1924-1926 C. A. Edwards 1926-1928 E. E. Givens 1928-1932 Ira O. Beaty 1932-1936 M. B. Leavell 1936- .... Teachers 872 874 891 891 891 891 891 886 887 888 892 897 893 899 896 897 894 894 894 894 894 894 -1895 895 896 896 896 906 Mrs. A. B. Mallory 1895-1897; 1902-1903 Lucy Mason 1895- 1896 Bessie Peebles 1 895- 1 896 Blanche Baird (Moffett) 1896- 189 7 George Fallum 1896- 1897 Emma Hart 1896- 1897 Zetter Rawlings 1896- 1897 Florence Young 1896- 1897 (Mrs. Isam Inman) Gertrude Jarratt 1 90 1 - 1 902 (Mrs. J. H. Batte) Blanche Fleetwood 1 902- 1 903 (Mrs. J. F. Baird) Susie Norvell 1902- 1903 Ethel Plummer 1 902- 1 904 Mamie Holland 1905- 1906 (Mrs. W. V. Leathers) Mildred Brent 1907- 1908 (Mrs. Richard Savedge) Linda Barnes 1 908- 1 909 Nellie Carneal.. 1908- 1909; 19 10- 19 11 Adelaide Everette 1 908- 1 909 Jennie Godwin (Manes) 1908-1909 Edna Sharpe 1 908- 1 909 Sallie Tucker 1 908- 1 909 Minnie Waite (Lawhorn).... 1908- 1909 Gladys Bell 1909-191 1 Ethel Brown 1 909- 1 9 1 o Carrie Carruthers 1 909- 1 9 1 1 (Mrs. G. F. Johnson) [220] Lizzie Cofer 1 909- 1 9 1 o (Mrs. J. A. Harris) Winnie Parsons Nina Smith (Mrs. C. C. Cox) Alma West 1899- 1902; 1 Josephine Reed (Johnson) 1911; 1916-1918; Alma Camp (Mrs. Uriah Carpenter) Frances Broaddus Charlotte Gilliam.— igi 1-12 Mary J. Griffith Olive Myers Lizzie Smith (Mrs. Geo. Waite) Ruth Thomason Margaret Braswell Helen Elliott Lizzie Faison Isabell Flournoy (Mrs. J. F. West) Maud Pritchard (Mrs. A. B. Bristow) Katie Winfrey Elsie Coleman Susie Daniel Leth Duncanson (Mrs. Walker Kasey) Grace Roach (Mrs. Felix T. Ellis) Gladys Roberts Myrtle Benson Kate Cobb Minnie Diedrich (England). 1916; Eva Taylor Eppes music, Etta Hancock Kate Lewis Helen Gardner Greyson Hoofnagle (Mrs. Frank Bane) Catesby Jones Mary Duncanson... .1915-16 Josie Ellis Kathleen Bland Mary Ellis Mary S. Leith Julia D. Mills Varina Bailey 909-1910 909-1912 909-1910; 9i5-i9!9 1909- 920-1921 9 10-19 1 1 9x1-1913 ; 1914-15 911-1914 91 1-1913 911-1912 91 1-1912 912-1914 912-1913 912-1913 912-1917 912-1914 912-1914 913-1914 913-1914 913-1916 913-1914 913-1914 914-1916 914-1915 1914- 930- 914-1916 914-1915 9i4-!9i5 915-1916 915-1916 915-1916 ; 1921-27 915-1917 9 16-19 1 7 916-1917 916-1917 916-19 1 7 9 16-19 18 Louise Fleetwood. ...music, 19 16- 1 918; 1924- (Mrs. C. C. Arnold) Elizabeth Geye 1 9 1 6- 1 9 1 8 Bernard W. Oliver 1916-1917 Pearl Tuck 19 16- 1920 Edna Hutchinson 1 9 1 6- 1 92 1 Margaret Marquis until Christmas, 1917 Margaret B. Atkinson ( Roller).. 191 7- 1919 Gladys Carley 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 8 Lucy Getlind 1917-1918 Lilia Mackay 19 17-19 18 Fannie X. Godsey 1917-1918 Helen Massie 1 9 1 7- 1 9 1 8 Rebie Turner 19 17-19 18 Marv Traylor 1 9 1 7- 1 923 (Mrs. K. W. O'Geary) Ruby A. Broocks 19 18-19 19 Bessie Eberosin 19 18- 19 19 Sue Ayres 19 18-192 1 Martha Bass 1918-1921 Ida Wessells 1918-1921 (Mrs. Henry Waverly Jarratt) Emma Burton 19 18- 1922 Adelaid Cunningham 1 9 1 9- 1 920 Lola Fleetwood 19 19- 1920 (Mrs. Moss Live say) Gertrude Lee 19 19- 1920 Mary Willis 1919-1921 Lois Johnson 1920-192 1 May Johnson 1920-192 1 Laura Lifsey 1920-192 1 Gladys Pratt 1920-192 1 (Mrs. C. C. Hamilton) Ollie Hollingsworth Stiers.... 1920- 1922 Aileen Chambers 1921-1922 E. F. Hager 1921-1922 Julia Hager 1921-1922 Katherine Hargrave 1 92 1- 1 922 Roxie Phlegar 1921-1922 Dorothy Riggan 1921-1922 Juanita Taylor 1921-1922 Elizabeth Eubank 1921-1923 (Mrs. Geo. Short) Annie Mezoff 1 921- 1923 (Mrs. Frank Knottex) Mary Southall 1921-1924 (Mrs. J. J. Howard) Grace Cooper 1922- 192 3 Gayle Hartz (Ellis)..i922-23; 1925-26 [221] Lizzie Hollingsworth (Dew) Mrs. H. B. Kenney Mary Peck Long Ella Mezoff Florence Whitaker O. L. Gilliam Louise Fuqua Ethel Daughtrey Virginia Trotter (Mrs. J. A. Brosnaham) Inez Bailey (Mrs. H. J. Drewry) Myrtle White Foster-music, Mildred Pulliam Nell Richardson Marie Ricks (Edwards) Elizabeth Hicks (Mrs. C. P. Heartwell) Eleanor Doggett.. 1923-26; Elizabeth Rogers (Mrs. J. T. Sprague, Jr.) Henrietta Hardy (Mrs. Milton Sarran) Fannye L. Boothe Helen Frothingham (Smith Esther Jacobs India Rawlings Louise Motley (Mrs. E. C. Wilson) Mary Bohannon Elizabeth Bradshaw Willard Gardwell Sue Fisher (Mrs. T. K. Burton) Virginia James (Mrs. J. S. Shakelton) Doris Beale (Mrs. Jerome Kilmartin) Margaret West Mrs. G. A. Edwards Ruth Fitchett Alice Gox May Leath (Garr) Sara Levy (Mrs. David Goldberg) Stella Lotts (Mrs. Talmage Magann) M. B. Leavell Sarah Seward Mamie Smith (Mrs. E. G. Fitzgerald) Alice Cook 1922-1923 1922-1923 1922-1923 1922-1923 1922-1923 1922-1925 1922-1925 1922-1926 1922-1925 1922-1926 1918-1923 1923-1924 1923-1924 1923-1925 1923-1925 1929- 1924-1926 1924-1926 1924- ) ..1925-26 1925-1926 1925-1927 1925-1932 1926-1927 1926-1927 1926-1927 1926-1927 1926-1927 1926-1930 1926-1930 1927-1928 1927-1928 1927-1929 1927-1930 1927-1931 1927-1931 1927-1936 1928-1931 1928-1933 1930- Thomas Lindsey band, 1930- 1932; 1936- Stache Hoff (Leavell) 1930- 1938 Martha Seabury 1 93 1 - 1 93 2 (Mrs. Edward A. Watt IV) Jane Beale 1 93 1 - 1 934 (Mrs. Maurice Herndon) Hannah Allen 1 93 1 - 1 93 7 Virginia Harrison 1 932- 1 93 7 (Mrs. Ray Williams) J. A. Savedge i93i- ! 937 John N. Waddell 1 933-1934 Barbara Kester 1 934- 1 936 Marcia Smith 1 934- 1 936 (Mrs. D. W. Peterson) Greta Hisey 1936- 1939 (Mrs. P. M. Kilmartin) Ruth Parker 1 936- 1938 (Mrs. Tall Jones) E. B. Taylor 1 938- 1 939 Elizabeth Wheeler 1 937- 1938 (Mrs. Claude Wells) Dorothy Wise 1 937- 1938 Betty Harrison 1 937-1 94 1 (Mrs. Lee Thacker) Jean Pollard 1 938- 1 939 (Mrs. Richard Harville) Virginia Orange home economics, 1938-1939 (Mrs. W. H. Savedge, Jr.) Louise Eubank 1938- R. G. Gibson-industrial arts, part time, 1938-1941 Frances Lyons 1 938- 1 94 1 (Mrs. W. D. Temple) Ethel Weiss 1 938- 1 940 Mary Jack Clary 1939-1940 Thelma Houpe 1939- J. D. Johnson III 1939-1940 Jean Scott 1 939- 1 940 R. W. Gifford 1940-194 Ella Harrison 1940- . . . Virginia Hall 1 940- 1 94 Ellen Fairlamb 1 940- 1 94 Mary Alice Smith 1941- George Rowe 1941- Aleze Hardaway 1941- Helen Young 1941- Emily Owen 1941- Molly Barrett ■ Mrs. M. I. Baugh ■ [222] Maud Ellis (Mrs. W. V. West) Ella Hamilton John Marable Carrie Rose Elnor Simmons Antoinette Virginia Stinnett Nannie Baird West Graduates 1908 Alma Camp John Eppes Martin 1909 Pauline Cheatham Irene Cox Minnie C. Diedrich Mabel M. Harris J. Leo Wilcox 1910 Anna Elizabeth Diedrich Kenny Nicholas Ellis Elizabeth Owen Faison Joseph Shelly Fitchette Marie Fitchette Esther Ellen Harris Emma Grace Little Annie Moxley Norris Elizabeth Clara Rich 1911 Ada Fleetwood Willie Martin Oscar H. West Barry Wetzler 1912 Janette Carr Ray Tate 1913 Susie Daniel Wilbur Ellis Louise Fleetwood Arline Hollingsworth Devany Norris William Ralph John West WAVERLY HIGH SCHOOL 1914 Ethel Adams Marie Baird Wallace Ford Edith Neblett Margaret Purdue Amy Williams Eula Williams 1915 Electa Beveard Fannye Boothe Dorothy Fitchett Eunice Gilliam Nathan Grant Sara Hall Dennis Hartz Gayle Hartz Roman Tate Ethel Voorhees Ruth Wilcox 1916 Julius Fanney Myrtie Goodrich Marvin Gray Frances Hall Estelle Hollingsworth Lelia Jennings Ben Livesay May Martin Jeanette Seeds Paul Wetzler 1917 Philip T. Blood Amelia Louise Diedrich Lola Mae Fleetwood Herman Aubrey Ford Marion Gatewood Kilmartin Garland Gray 223 Moss Dewey Livesay John T. Mezoff Rufus D. Norris Mary Elizabeth Richardson Virgie Richardson Iva Elsie Studebaker Herbert Warrenton West 1918 Allen Adams Ruby Avent Nannie Birdsong Fitzhugh Carr Alvah Gray George Jones Jerome Kilmartin Hinton Livesay Vada Thompson Richard West 1919 Sannie Baird Emma Boothe Annie Grizzard Sybil Payne Edwin K. Richardson Lillie Spain E. Carl White 1920 Magdalene Boothe Loreen Glazebrook Susie Grant Clyde Grizzard May Jones Mabel Neblett Reginald Payne Lucy Richardson Joanna Savedge Nellie Williams 1921 Thelma Cole Mary Lee Foster Doris Gilliam Lizzie Mae Hollingsworth Evelyn Ann Little Cora Lane McDowell Annie Mae Mezoff Ella Marie Mezoff Annie Rebecca Moss Virginia Catherine Moss Gladys Murphy Mary Sue Pope Henry Thomas West Wilson Emmett Westbrook Nannie Belle Wrenn 1922 Mary O'Lean Baird Laurie Lee Bishop Warren Henry Blood Mary Elizabeth Clarke Mabel Eugene Fronfelter Ethel Gilliam Elizabeth Gwaltney Nannie Baird Harrison Georgeanna Lindsey Edna Marie Murphy Annie Elizabeth Newell Emmett Alfred Newell Susie Virginia Newell Marvin Pierce Price Nell Douglas Price Sarah Elnor Sale Virginius Ackrell Savedge Ruby May Sharpe Ollie Mina Webb George Chapman White Hattie Elizabeth Williams 1923 Mabel Arlene Bryant Fay Ishmael Carr Mammie Lee Claude George Diedrich Cornelia Elizabeth Ford Annie Bernice Loehr Madeline Rawlings Mary Frances Rogers Lydia Scarborough Asa Elmore Seeds Jannie Louisa Sharpe Viola Audrey Sharpe 1924 Marian Bryant James Foster Irma Kilmartin Myrtle Little Berta Mae Newell Annie Sharpe Ernie Webb Marcell White Mabel Williams [224] ■ m WAVERLY NEGRO HIGH SCHOOL Formerly Sussex County Training School (1923) j&i$^P& JEFFERSON NEGRO SCHOOL Near Jarratt (1928, 1931, 1939) 1925 Katherine Coker Mary Diedrich Edith Glazebrook Ruth Goodrich Nell Holdsworth Mary West Olive West Lillian White Emma Wrenn 1926 Howard Corl Lillian Council James Harrison Thaddeus Harrison Myrtle Scarborough Harry Sharpe Thelma Sharpe John William Waite 1927 Rosa Coker Elizabeth Council Arnold Fleetwood Elizabeth Harwell Neil Neblett Elmer Tyus Rebecca Vaughan Ruby Westbrook 1928 Eileen Baird Oscar Coulbourn Percy Gilliam Garland Grammer Ruth Knoeller Rodman Lilly Irma Phillips George Sharpe Ethel Tyus Alfred Wilkins 1929 Mabel Baird Mary Baird Nannie Calder Blanche Clements Audine Neblett John William Rountree Mary Waite 1930 Ruth Bain Purnell Baird Merlin Beveard Susie Brittle Lillian Bush Audrey Council Robert Diedrich Henry Grammer Martha Higgins Ernest Horton Inez Johnson Hinton Neblett Josephine Rountree Louise Waite Mildred Wheeler 1931 St. John Arnold Howard Atkins John Diedrich Randolph Grammer Vivian Hamlett West Harwell Evelyn Home Morton Johnson Margaret Lindsey Marianne Norris Sam Phillips Melba Rice Elizabeth Richardson 1932 Miles Carpenter Jane Coulbourn Earl Council Aubrey Grammer Dartha Harrison Martha Harrison Floyd Johnson Mary Knoeller Rosemond Knoeller Henry Lilly Elsie Sharpe Gordon Titmus Chamberlain Townes Woodrow Westbrook 1933 Robert W. Arnold, Jr. Dorothy Beveard Helen Bishop [225 Frances Britton Catherine Carpenter Bertha Clements John Irvin Coulbourn Walter Daniel, Jr. Harvey Fleetwood, Jr. Helen Grammer Frances Harris May Johnson Joseph Kilmartin Mildred Lewis Elizabeth Maifeld Lucy Moore Benjamin Neblett James Neblett William Parker, Jr. Daphne Sheffield Grover Sheffield John Thorpe Mildred West 1934 Leslie Chappell Bradshaw Margaret Briggs Margaret Maurice Britton Libby Beatrice Clements Helen Louise Cox James Cecil Cox Iris Ganelle Dewell Ernest Burton Hancock Hazel Mae Harris Iola Elizabeth Harris Alonza Franklin Johnson Alice Rebecca Lewis Bessie V. Magee Gertrude Albina Thorpe Meryl Olive Westbrook 1935 Louise Beale Edith M. Birdsong Meade Bradshaw Ellis Clarke Virginia Faison Edwards Grammer Landon Home Jane Lindsey Theresa Maul Robert Parker Herman S. Richardson Virginia Bell Richardson Juanita Rose Mary Sheffield Cabell West Frances West Oscar West, Jr. 1936 Dorothy Bailey James Cecil Baird Douglas Briggs Beatrice Carpenter Evelyn Chesson Darcy Paul Davis, Jr. Zuliene Anderson Gordon Juanita Grammer C. B. Harrell, Jr. Elizabeth Harrell O. P. Higgins, Jr. Eiffel Tower Lowe Catherine Mavor Mary Virginia Rose Henry Smith Frances Elizabeth White Margaret Ursula Wright Sarah Roberta Wright 1937 Frances Lucile Bishop Mary Frances Carpenter Mary Kathryn Chesson Ruth Ferrell Chesson James Nicholas England, Jr. Bessie Virginia Gale Lawrence S. Hardy, Jr. Marguerite Jennings Thomas Reed Johnson Vernon Lee Jones Paul Carpenter Lindsey Harry Raymond Maifeld Mary Virginia Parker Mabel Elizabeth Rideout Charles Nicholas Sharpe, Jr. Virginia Estelle Slade Katherine Baird West 1938 Mary Prince Arnold Florence Bishop Helen Branch Edgar Carpenter John Chamberlain Eva Mae Clements Ethel Daniel [226 Robert England Horace R. Higgins Clarence Hughes, Jr. Huntley Johnson Bobbie Kilmartin Jane Lyon Besse Neblett Arthur Lee Richardson Joyce Savedge Louise Sykes Ruth Tyner Vaughan 1939 Frances Elizabeth Bendall Rebecca Ghesson Carrie Lelia Clements Hazel Marie Clements Helen Louise Clements Annie Marie Daniel Mary Ernestine Ellis Cordelia Lenora Gale Mary Ethel Grammer Robert Clifton Hughes Thomas Clinton Johnson Huntas Layne Joyner Frank O. Knoeller Alberta Regina Maifeld Constance Mae Mitchell William S. Parker Ruth Margaret Phillips Mary Edna Raines Elizabeth Julia Sacks Robert Harper Stephenson, III Hartwell G. Stoneham, Jr. Frederick Warren Williams 1940 Nellie Florence Bage Sarah Lena Barrett Lula Belle Beale Mary Jane Chamberlain Lillian Margaret Cox Donna Louise Dowling Ruby Denhart Ellis Charles Crawley England Kathryn Garnett Faison Ruth Leigh Hawkins Mary Virginia Home William Garland Johnson Dorothy Mae Kelley Gladys Wanda Maifeld Frances Murat Neblett Robert Beveard Neblett John Robert Norris Raymond Lee Raines Charles Clarence Rawlings, Jr. Lewson Derrickson Stoneham Nancy Page Sykes Pauline Frances Walker Cullen Franklin Wimmer 1941 Harriet Amelia Carpenter Dorthie May Corl Elmer Hubert Council Virginia Frances Dale Betty Fleetwood Daniel John Hiram Duncan Violet Katharine Freeman Amelia Frances Gaidowsky William A. Higgins Mary Ellis Hughes Margaret Ruth Jones Tressie Viola Jones Glenice Amelia Loehr Mary Virginia O' Geary Grover Brooking Parker Hilma La'Rita Richardson Virginia Marie Rideout Charles Marshall Stephenson James Andrew Thorpe Charlie Everett Wheeler Seniors, 1941-42 David Paul Barrett Erma Marie Bishop Henry Caroline Briggs Maywood W. Chesson, Jr. Patsy Jane Dale Georgianna Ellis Ida Melvina England Elmon Taylor Gray Wesley Harris Johnson, Jr. Mary Ashton Joyner William F. Knoeller Herman Howell Lilley Corene Louise Morgan Frank Hains Moss Dennis Traylor O'Geary Anselum Timothy Savedge, Jr. Augustus Graham Stephenson Thomas Mills West, Jr. [227 NEGRO SCHOOLS Historical Sketches SPRING HILL (No. 2) SCHOOL When this school — located at an unknown date near Mr. Joe White's farm — was vacated by white pupils who went to a building on the road near Shingleton farm, it was used for Negro children. Upon its establishment between 40 and 50 pupils enrolled. In 1909 the school board decided it could not afford the rent of the building any longer, and the school was discontinued. In 1929 the Spring Hill School near Shingleton farm formerly used for white children was opened for colored children. It was closed in June 1938 when the enrollment dropped to about 12. The school board paid a part of the cost of transporting these children to the Sussex County Training School in Waverly. SUSSEX COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL The Waverly Negro School began in the Reconstruction epoch. A Mr. Hiccock, a Northerner interested in Negro welfare, built for the Negroes employed on his farm a church located on or near the site of the First Baptist Church (Negro) now standing in Waverly. In 1872, when no money was available to build the theoretical "school No. 2" for Negro children, Mr. Hiccock permitted instruction to be given in the church on his farm. In time, increased church membership caused a second building to be erected; whereupon the school trustees bought the church building erected by Mr. Hiccock, moved it a short distance away, and converted it into the first public school building for Negroes in Waverly. Virginia Morgan Marable, grandmother of W. T. Daniel, official of the Bank of Waverly, was the first teacher. At the request of a Mr. Pitman, teacher in the Waverly Negro School about 1900, an assistant was appointed. Thereafter, until 19 14, the faculty averaged 2 teachers, except during the session of 1908- 1909, when with an enrollment of 52 pupils, 5 teachers were employed. During the session of 1908- 1909, the Jeanes agent, Lillian S. Bag- nail, launched a successful campaign for improving Waverly Negro School. The old two-room building stood at the upper end of New [228] Street, facing the Norfolk and Western Railroad. Wood was kept in one room, and classes were held in the other. Feeling that the building was a "disgrace to the Town of Waverly," Lillian Bagnall made a strong appeal to the school board for aid. Favorable action was taken. The school board and patrons together had the old building renovated. Both rooms were ceiled, floors were laid, windows were cut, toilets were installed, and the building was painted. Desks, pictures, and a bookcase were bought, and another teacher was added to the staff. The grounds were leveled, flowers were planted, trees were white- washed, a woodhouse was built, and the school yard was enclosed with a fence. In addition, new equipment was obtained, and industrial work was included in the curriculum. Two years later (1911), through the efforts of Maud Lewis, then the Jeanes' agent, a third room was added, brick walks were laid, a tennis court was constructed, and athletic equipment was purchased with money raised by the pupils. In 19 14, under the administration of another Jeanes' agent, Louise Winston, a front porch and a coal- house were added to the building, pictures and coat-closets were placed in the rooms, and a teacher — the third for the staff — was employed for the new classroom. By 19 1 6 the enrollment of Waverly Negro School had reached 136 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 125. There were three teachers and seven grades. Additional space and another teacher were imperative needs recognized by both patrons and school trustees. At a meeting of the patrons, Annie A. Jackson, the Jeanes' agent, was appointed to negotiate for the rental of a dilapidated old hall standing near the Waverly Negro School. The owner of this two-room building, a resident of Spring Branch, allowed the sum necessary for repairs to be deducted from the rent. With the approval of W. W. Edwards, then superintendent, the hall was reconditioned. One room, destined for classes, was furnished with desks, "as good as new," pro- cured from the white high school of Petersburg. Sewing machines, a kitchen range, cooking utensils, and tools for shop work and garden- ing, all donated by the General Education Board, were installed in the second room — the industrial room. This expansion brought to the faculty another grade teacher — making four in all — and a boys' industrial instructor. At this time the session lasted seven months. In 1920 instruction was extended through the eighth grade, with the assurance that if the school were taught [229] successfully, two more teachers would be added to the staff and the term lengthened to eight months. Annie A. Jackson voluntarily taught cooking to the eighth grade girls one day in each week. Finally, W. W. Edwards, superintendent, procured a sum of money to aid in building a county training school in Waverly provided the people would buy two acres of land. Through the Jeanes' agent's appeal, $250 was raised, and the land on which the present building is located was bought. In March 1923 the new building of six classrooms, auditorium, principal's office, and library was ready for occupancy under the name of County Training School. The following year (1924) another teacher was employed, the number of grades was increased to nine, and the session was lengthened to nine months. A seventh teacher was added to the staff in 1925, and the grades were increased to ten. Unfortunately, lack of space in the new building necessitated re- moval of the industrial work back to the old building, a fourth of* a mile away. Realizing the great loss of time occasioned by this, the Jeanes' agent saw the immediate necessity of a home economics build- ing. The superintendent, T. D. Foster, agreed and in a short while procured from various sources financial assistance to aid in erecting the building. A sum of $3,200 was then raised under the sponsorship of the Jeanes' agent. When completed, the structure had cost $5,300. At the beginning, the progress of the County Training School was hindered by lack of proper housing. The few children who entered were placed in various homes in the neighborhood, an unsatisfactory plan frowned upon by the majority of people, who thereupon refrained from sending their children, though all appreciated highly the oppor- tunity offered by a high school institution. The efforts of Annie A. Jackson to correct this condition successfully culminated in 1931, when, at a meeting of the County- Wide League Conference, it was decided to purchase an old church building op- posite the school that was then offered for sale. Then, through the cooperation of the superintendent, T. D. Foster, and the local school board, money was borrowed from the Bank of Waverly to convert the building into a dormitory of 14 rooms. The Southern Education Foundation contributed generously toward the installation of a heat- ing unit and bathroom fixtures. Hampton Institute gave the furniture and blankets. The building now accommodates 8 teachers and 14 students from rural districts, all taking high school courses save one. [230] At the 1934-35 session another year was added to the high school course, making four in all. In 1937 another room was built. The campus now containi more than nine acres. THE JEANES FUND The million dollar fund established by Anna Thomas Jeanes for the improvement of small Negro schools in the southern states was turned over to trustees in 1908. Shortly after, during the same year, the Negro Rural School Fund, Anna T. Jeanes' Foundation, was instituted in Virginia and directed to administer the revenue allotted the state. In 1909 the trustees of this fund wisely appointed Lillian Sophronia Bagnall the first Jeanes' agent of Sussex County. Her principal duties were, at first, to introduce and supervise simple forms of industrial work in the various Negro schools. In addition to this, however, she was given free rein to establish any line of neighborhood improvement. In order that school work and home life should have a closer union, teachers in every community were given instruction in domestic and manual arts. Opposition from parents resulted, but as the benefits of this alliance became more and more evident in the homes the adverse feeling gradually disappeared. Finally, leagues were organized in all schools. These bodies worked in conjunction with pupils to improve the condition of schoolhouses, then little better than shacks, and school grounds. When money was necessary in this improvement program, the Jeanes* agent met with each league and encouraged members to pledge monthly amounts of money for school improvements. Neatness, orderliness, and thrift, she pointed out, would be the natural result of agreeable surroundings. The contrary would result from the chaos of a shack. Lillian Bagnall ap- pealed to the school board, which, in turn, met with the various leagues in an endeavor to inaugurate immediate improvements. The results of this were manifold. One school was removed to a more desirable loca- tion, and two were enlarged. New foundations replaced old ones under some of the buildings; doorsteps were built; window panes were in- stalled; and new roofs were added. Fresh whitewash was applied to many buildings, and one was painted. School yards were beautified with shrubs, and walks were laid. Overshadowing these was one major improvement — the school term was extended. In 1909 the Waverly School, one of 19 Negro schools in Sussex County, was greatly improved through the efforts of Lillian S. Bagnall. [231] Nor was it the lone recipient of these benefits. During one school ses- sion, $891.71 was raised by the other schools for improvements to their buildings. Of this amount the Negro schools at Stony Cre^ll and Little Mill raised respectively $25 and $100 toward making an addition to their one-room buildings in order that they might have a two- teacher school. The somewhat meager fruit of the industrial work incorporated in the school curriculum was on display in the first school exhibit. At the second exhibit, which consisted of 895 pieces, Governor William Hodges Mann made an address on "The Great Value of Industrial Training," Dr. A. A. Graham, of Hampton, Virginia, spoke on "The New Era in Educational Work," and Dr. R. R. Moton, Secretary of the Negro School Fund, made a forceful speech on "Work, the Solu- tion of the Problem." In 191 1, after two years of diligent work that had accomplished much, Lillian S. Bagnall was called to another field, leaving behind her a solid foundation on which all Jeanes' agents who followed could build successfully. Under Maud E. Lewis, her successor, work under the Jeanes' Foun- dation continued to grow. She went into homes and taught the rudi- ments of hygiene. Under her stimulating guidance dwellings, out- houses, and trees were whitewashed, and flower gardens decorated yards that had been barren. Toilets were installed where none had ever been. The school children were taught health habits, and athletic equipment was bought. Another room was added to the Little Mill School and a new teacher employed. The Jerusalem and Creath Schools were consolidated. These improvements were accomplished through the cooperation of the school trustees. In 1 9 14 Maud Lewis was succeeded by Louise Winston, who found, despite all that had been accomplished, much more to be done. She taught simple home industries in the schools and procured many im- provements for the Waverly Negro School. Through her efforts both junior and senior leagues were kept alive. After her marriage in 19 16, she was followed in the Jeanes' work by Mrs. Annie A. Jackson, ap- pointed at the suggestion of Dr. Arthur D. Wright, at that time State Supervisor of Negro Education. From the beginning Annie A. Jackson realized that more teachers were needed at Stony Creek, Waverly, and Bethlehem schools and better buildings at the Jack Cole, Bethlehem, and Stony Creek schools. [232] ■ : -*v j i#ii:. vv '- r-s-f% - : v-; -" :fm mM;Mm>-' WAVERLY NEGRO HIGH SCHOOL Agriculture and Home Economics Building (1928) Lumbering is the most important industry in Sussex. More than a third of the county is woodland, and the large total output of numerous saw mills includes ties, poles, posts, veneer, and planking. Through cooperation of the county superintendent and the school trustees, a two-room school was erected at Bethlehem, and two teachers were appointed. At Stony Greek a building, formerly used as a white school, was appropriated and a second teacher added. At Annie A. Jackson's suggestion the Jack Cole School League raised $250 to demolish a dilapidated old shack and to remove to its present site and repair a one-room building that had been used as a white school. This is the building now in use. During the past few years the responsibility of raising money for building purposes has gradually shifted from the shoulders of the Jeanes' agent to others, and the work of the Jeanes' agent has been focused more and more on the supervision of industrial work and teaching. To accomplish this, the Jeanes' agent has organized the teachers in groups and meets with them each month to discuss ways of improving classroom instruction. From 19 1 8 to 1922 the Jeanes' agent organized among the women and girls of the various county communities cooking and canning clubs. Demonstrations were held to which the women went with baskets and dishpans loaded with fruits and vegetables. In appreciation of the services and instruction of Annie Jackson, the clubs awarded her in 1923 a gold medal. Coinciding with this work were the outstanding accomplishments of the industrial classes of the Negro schools. In recent years no less than three thousand pieces have been on display at the annual exhibit. With the hearty cooperation of the superintendents and trustees, the Jeanes' teachers have accomplished much in Sussex County. The result of industrial work produced through their expert guidance has made the members of their race realize more and more the great ad- vantage offered them through the medium of the fund established by the little Philadelphia Quakeress, Anna Thomas Jeanes. Faculties SUSSEX COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL Principals R. Henry Lewis 1883-1884 W. E. Knox 1920-1929 Annie A. Jackson 1914-1916 C. W. Yearwood.. 1929-1941 William Ruffin 1916-1917 Nathaniel L. Tyler 1941- . . . . [233] Industrial Supervisors Lillian S. Bagnall 1909-1911 Louise Winston 1914-1916 Maud E. Lewis 1911-1914 Annie A. Jackson 1916- . . . . Teachers Virginia Morgan Marable (white) R. Henry Lewis Willie A. Hewlett 1893- Mr. Pitman Florence Pitman 1 908- Julia Archer 191 1- Louise Winston 191 1- Martha Johnson 1914- Olivette Rawlings 1 9 1 4- Bessie Brooks 19 16- Ruby James 19 16- Myrtle Johnson 1 9 1 6- Kate Ramsey 1 9 1 6- Hester Young 1 9 1 6- Florence Chappell 1922- Leona Gilliam 1 924- W. B. Godwin 1924- Ola Pretlow 1924- Ursula Brown 1926- Ethel Lewis 1 926- Mattie Newsome 1926- Maud Taylor 1927- Mabel Williams 1927- Inez Cypress Parham 1928- Clementine Lundy 1928- Degora Plummer 1 930- Dorothea Williams 1 930- P. M. Morton 1930- Loretta Carver 193 1- Emily Fraser 193 1- Clara Scott 193 1- Gracie Coleman 1932- Clarice Pretlow 1932- 1871 1886 1897 1900 1909 1914 1914 1915 1915 1923 1923 1923 1923 1923 1926 1925 1930 1927 1927 1928 I93i 1935 1928 1938 I93i i93i 1935 1932 1932 1932 1934 1933 Hattie Howell 1 933- Naomi Winston 1933- Ruth Brown 1 934- Elnora Hill 1934- Mary Tyler J934- Bernice Dunston J 935 _ Mary Henderson (Jones).... 1935- Florence Schocklyn 1 935- Lucy Francis 1 935- Mabelle Schocklyn 1 935- Rubinette Waters 1 936- Nannie Booth 193 7- Inez Luke 1 93 7- Annie Bowling 1938- Delois Caul 1938- Hortense Brown 1938- Catherine Carrington 1 939- Ruth Harris 1939- Theima Harris *939- Addie Moore !939 - Lucille Stewart ^939- Eva Mae Washington 1940- Florence Costen 1940- Mary Holmes 1940- Mary Wise 1940- Virginia Lewis 1 940- T. J. Lawrence 1941- Gladys Williams i94 I_ Vanburean Hall 1 94 1 - Washington Ruffin - Annie Peace - Mrs. Henry Lewis - 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1936 1939 1938 1939 !936 1937 1938 1939 1939 1939 1940 1940 1 94i 1940 1940 1940 194 194 Other Teachers B. J. Richardson 1890- W. A. Drewitt 1892- Mary E. Duggar 1892- Sallie Moody 1 892- Mrs. L. J. Parker 1892- Mary McCrae 1893- W. J. Ricks 1893- Carrie V. Shands 1894- Mrs. W. T. Ruffin 1895- Sarah Dabney 1 896- Joseph W. Gray 1896- Iola Ghambliss 1908- 1891 Joseph N. Gray 1908-1909 1894 Alice A. Morris 1908- 1909 1893 Olivette Jackson 1915-1916 1893 Celestine Nelson 1915-1917 1893 William Ruffin 191 7-1920 1894 Grace L. Jones ( Washington )....i9 17- 1894 1930 1896 Mattie Prior 1918-1919 1897 Russell Boiling 1921-1924 1897 Sara G. Johnson 1923-1924 1897 Alease Adkins 1932-1933 1910 [234] Graduates SUSSEX COUNTY TRAINING SCHOOL 1927 Lewis W. Adkins Alease Adkins Mary Belches Alease Virginia Jones 1928 Jesse Jackson Belches Robert Lee Belches Paul Carrington Lowe Juber Jones Lowe Elma Beatrice Pegram 1929 Bernard Batts Jones Ida Frances Pegram 1930 Arneta Lovma Banks Theodore Dunbar Banks Louise Beatrice Eley Mae Belle Smith Charles Nathaniel Williams 1931 Arminta Balease Coles Roger Thomas Hite Elsie Mae Judkins Flossie Leah Young 1932 Waverly Thomas Jones John Walter Ruffin Vanilla Ursula Wyche 1933 Gladys Evelyn Lowe Cossie Wilson Reed Katherine Blanch Ruffin 1934 Allbright St. Clair Banks Vesta Vance Harrison Walter Edward Lowe Atlas Alberta Wyche 1935 Naomi Geraldine Johnson 1936 Andrew Melkiah Bracey Lucille Virginia Patterson Bernice Elaine Pegram Alice Virginia Smith Hattie Maude Williams John Francis Wooden 1937 Theodore Roosevelt Boykin Eloise Purvis George Mary Lue Neverson Adline Louise Ruffin Queen Elizabeth Scott Eva Mae Simmons Ethel Violet Williamson 1938 Evelyn Wheatley Drew Willie Morse Drew Florence May Graves Blanche Graves Lloyd Carl Lee Scott 1939 Estelle Louise Drew Emily Sue Massenburg Maria Louise Pegram 1940 Leon Philip Adkins John Winston Brown Julia Hyreatha Jackson Cora Ardell Jones John Russell Lowe Edna Mae Melton Julia Dorthiea Scott 1941 Leonard Alton Gilliam Ellen Rebekah Hamlin Fred Hardy, Jr. Daisy Mae Hill Mattie Thelma Parham Leon Alfred Saunders Jesse Carrington Williams Seniors, ig4i-42 Ruth Elizabeth Hardy Nola Mae Jackson Eddie Jones, Jr. Ada Belle Jones Gwendolyn Odell Massenburg Joseph Frederick Newsome Hortense Stith Elmira Louise Warren Rosa Anne Whitfield [235] Part IV. APPENDICES Appendix A — County Officers Appendix B — Veterans of Major Wars Appendix C — Early Land Grants Appendix D — Educators and Educational Statistics [237 APPENDIX A COUNTY OFFICERS Legislative Officers Members of the House of Burgesses 1 754- 1776 Members of the State Senate 1 776-1942 Members of the House of Delegates 1 776-1942 Supervisors 1 870-1942 Judicial Officers Justices of the County Court 1754-1866 Judges of the County Court 1870- 1904 Judges of the Circuit Court 1820- 1942 Executive Officers Clerks 1754- 1942 Sheriffs 1 754- 1 942 Commissioners of the Revenue 1 785- 1 942 Treasurers 1 871 -1942 Commonwealth's Attorneys 1869-1942 The names of members of the House of Burgesses were taken from The Colonial Virginia Register by William G. and Mary Newton Stanard. The list of men who served in the Senate and House of Delegates was found in A Register of the General Assembly of Virginia by E. G. Swem and John W. Williams and The General Assembly of Virginia by E. Griffith Dodson. Other lists in this appendix were gleaned from the following sources: manuscript lists in the Archives Division of the Virginia State Library; the Albemarle Parish Register and the Albemarle Parish Vestry Book; Sussex County order books, will and deed books, and personal property books; the War rock-Richardson Almanack and the Franklin Almanack; Reports of the Secretary of the Com- monwealth; Bulletins of the Virginia State Library; Men of Mark in Virginia by Lyon G. Tyler. [239 LEGISLATIVE OFFICERS Members of the House of Burgesses 1754-1776 Gray Briggs i754- J 758 James Bell 1 770-1 771 John Edmunds 1754-1769 Richard Blunt 1773-1774 John Ruffin 1754 * Michael Blow 1775-1776 David Mason 1 758- 1 776 •In place of John Edmunds who had accepted a surveyor's place. Members of Revolutionary Conventions David Mason and Henry Gee Members of State Senate 1JJ6-IQ42 DINWIDDIE, SOUTHAMPTON, SUSSEX David Mason 1776; 1779-1781 Thomas Ridley 1790-1800 Edwin Gray 1 777-1 778 Benjamin Wyche 1800-1804 Augustine Claiborne 1779 John Pegram 1804- 1808 John Jones 1780- 1783 James Trezvant 1808-18 12 Jesse Brown 1784- 1788 Joseph Goodwyn 181 2-1 813 Joseph Jones 1788- 1789 John Gargill 181 3-1820 SUSSEX, SURRY, SOUTHAMPTON Benjamin W. Johnson 1 820-1 821 Archibald Atkinson 1839- 1843 William B. Goodwyn 1821-1823 Robert Ridley 1843-1844 Edmund Ruffin 1823-1826 William A. Spark 1844-1847 John Y. Mason 1 826-1 831 Thomas H. Daniel 1 847-1 851 Francis E. Rives 1 831- 1836 William B. Shands 1852- 1854 Joel Holleman 1836- 1839 William W. Cobb 1855- 1858 SUSSEX, SOUTHAMPTON, GREENSVILLE Thomas H. Urquhart 1859- 1863 Richmond F. Dillard 1863- 1865 SUSSEX, PRINCE GEORGE, DINWIDDIE George W. Boiling 1865- 1867 GREENSVILLE, DINWIDDIE, SUSSEX David G. Carr 1 869-1 871 George P. Barham 1883- 1884 William N. Stevens.. 187 1-79; 1881-82 J. C. Dunn 1885- 1888 Samuel Pickett 1879- 1880 Leonidas Yarrell 1889- 1892 GREENSVILLE, SUSSEX, SURRY, PRINCE GEORGE George W. Jackson 1893-1896 Alexander R. Hobbs 1901-1916 R. B. Hartley 1897-1900 Sidney B. Barham, Jr... 1916-1919 [240] GREENSVILLE, SUSSEX, SURRY, PRINCE GEORGE, AND HOPEWELL William B. Cocke 1920- 1924 Robert W. Daniel 1936- 1940 W. O. Rogers 1924-1936 Garland Gray 1940-1944 Members of House of Delegates 1776-1942 SUSSEX Henry Gee 1776-1779 Nathaniel Cargill 1811-1815 Gray Judkins.-i 776-79; 1781-82 ; 1783 William Parham 1811-1816 David Mason 1780-1782 Hugh C. Belsches 1815-1817 Nathaniel Newsum 1 780-1 781 Benjamin B. Rosser 1816-1817 Nathaniel Dunn 1781-82; 1786-87 William Shands, Jr 1817-1819 Michael Baily 1782 John Nicholson 1817-1818 Sterling Harwell 1783 Richard Eppes 1818-19; 1820-23; Thomas Edmunds.... 1784-86; 1 787-9 * 1826-31 John Howell Briggs 1784-1789 John Huson 1819-1822 Benjamin Wyche 1791 ; 1796-98 William P. Wyche 1819-1820 John Mason... .1791-1795; 1798-1802; James M. Smith 1822-23; 1825-26 1804-05 Joseph Mason 1823-1825 George Boothe 1790 William Harrison 1823-1825 William Massenburg 1 792-1796 James Dillard 1825-1830 Robert Boothe 1 797-1799 Jesse Hargrave 1831-32; 1834-37 Robert Smith 1799-1800 William B. Pegram 1832-1834 Benjamin Peete 1800-01; 1802-04 John J. Prince 1838-1841 John Cargill 1801-1804 John H. Walker 1841-1844 George Dillard 1804-05; 1806-10 John B. Freeman 1844- 1847 Miles Selden, Jr 1805- 1806 William Briggs 1847- 1848 John Jarratt 1805-1811 John E. Nicholson 1848-1850 GREENSVILLE AND SUSSEX Richmond F. Dillard 1850-51; William T. Lundy 1855-1864 1852-54 Benjamin W. Belsches 1864- 1865 W. R. S. Weaver 1853-1854 PRINCE GEORGE AND SUSSEX T. H. Daniel 1865-1867 SUSSEX W. N. Stevens 1869-1871 Henry M. Lemmon 1874-1877 J. H. Van Auken 1871-1875 H. H. Harrison 1877-1879 GREENSVILLE AND SUSSEX Henry D. Smith 1879-1880 C. S. Parson 1891-1892 Samuel G. Harrison 1 88 1 - 1 884 P. F. Weaver 1 893- 1 894 B. D. Tillar 1885-1887 J. H. Murfee 1895-1896 B. F. Jarratt 1887-1888 John Chaplin 1897-1898 Richard B. Hartley 1889-1890 Alexander King 1899-1900 [«*»] W. H. Purdy 1901-1904 Joel Crawford 1914-1915 J. E. Person 1904-1908 J. S. Weaver 1908-19 10 Leonidas D. Yarrell 1910-1912 Thomas H. Howerton 19 12-19 14 R. B. Hartley 1914-1915 W. R. Cato 1916-20; 1924-28 William D. Prince.... 1920-24; 1928-30 Robert F. Bain 1930- 1934 Floyd J. Daughtrey.. 1 934-38; 1942-44 Marvin L. Gray 1938- .... Members of the Board of Supervisors 1870-1942 COURT HOUSE DISTRICT R. W. H. Parsons 1870-1871 T. S. Morgan 1871-1872 T. J. Sledge 1872-1874 R. A. Mason 1874-1876 J. W. Greene 1876-1880 R. A. Mason 1880-1882 E. T. Thornton 1882-1883 J. H. Mason 1883-1886 A. E. Dobie 1886-1892 W. M. Neblett 1892- 1894 A. H. Wynne 1894-1896 W. Crawford 1 896- 1 898 A. E. Dobie 1898-1907 S. J. Parsons 1907-1915 William T. Blow I 9 I 5~ I 9 I 7 R. F. Moss 1917-1919 S. J. Parsons 19 19-1923 W. T. Hunnicutt 1923- .... HENRY DISTRICT L. R. Bailey 1870-1875 John Prince 1875- 1876 R. H. Hammonds 1876-1877 J. B. Jarratt 1877- 1882 A. J. Leavelle 1882-1887 R. Wachsmann 1 887- 1 892 C. F. McChesney 1892-1896 R. Wachsmann 1896- 1898 S. J. Drewry 1898- 1903 J. M. Tyus 1903-1911 J. L. Gilliam 1911-1915 J. M. Tyus igis-ig^ J. L. Gilliam 1919-1923 J. M. Tyus 1923-1927 A. H. Crowder 1927-1935 J. W. Harrell i935-!939 R. D. Owen *939- • • • • NEWVILLE DISTRICT William H. Mitchell 1870- 1872 Whit. H. Dillard 1872-1873 D. T. Rowland 1873-1874 R. L. Dobie 1874-1876 H. C. Briggs 1876-1879 J. J. Dillard 1879-1880 J. H. Shelton 1880-1882 R. L. Dobie 1882-1886 J. W. T. Lee 1886-1888 R. L. Dobie 1888-1894 J. W. T. Lee 1894-1896 E. H. Birdsong 1896-1900 T. A. West 1900-1911 George H. Blood 1911-1923 J. M. Grant 1923-1935 B. B. Bevard 1935- STONY CREEK DISTRICT J. H. Van Auken 1 870-1 871 C. E. Shaw 1871-1872 J. A. Riddick 1872-1873 — • — • 1 873- 1 874 James A. Winfield 1874-1875 H. M. Lemmon 1875-1876 D. H. Ladue 1876-1883 W. H. Mason 1883-1889 J. N. Winfield 1889-1892 B. F. Mitchell 1892-1896 A. J. Hawks 1896-1898 Thomas Hunt 1898- 1900 A. J. Hawks 1900-1915 F. E. Poole 1915-1923 J. G. Mayes 1923-1939 E. W. Hardaway I 939- • • • • [242] WAKEFIELD DISTRICT H. Q. Moyler 1870-1872 B. B. Harris 1872-1874 B. T. Wilson 1874- 1875 David A. Marks 1875-1883 B. B. Harris 1882-1883 W. P. Baine 1883-1886 J. A. Owen 1886-1888 J. R. Bell 1888-1889 George H. Blood 1889-1892 David A. Marks 1892-1896 B. W. Brittle 1896- 1900 J. A. Brittle 1900-1911 A. N. Holt 1911-1912 W. F. Richardson 19 12-19 19 A. W. Holt 1919- WAVERLY DISTRICT James H. McNash 1870-1872 Alonzo W. Johnson 1872-1873 James S. Ellis 1873-1875 P. Fleetwood 1875-1880 H. F. Scott 1880-1886 S. S. Ellis 1886-1889 R. T. West 1889-1894 S. V. Ellis 1894-1898 W. M. Harrison 1898-1903 S. V. Ellis 1903-1923 M. H. West 1923-1931 C. C. Cox 1931- [243 JUDICIAL OFFICERS Justices of the County Court 1754-1866 John Avent, 1 754 James Jones, 1754, *755, 1756, 1766, 1769, i77i William Lightfoot, 1754, *756 James Mason, 1754 John Mason, 1754, *755, 1766, 1769, 1771, 1777 Nicholas Massenburg, i754> l 755> 1756, 1766 Edward Petway, 1754, 1755, 1756 Thomas Vines, 1754, i755> 1756 James Wyche, 1754, J 755, 175^ John Wyche, 1754 Howell Briggs, 1755 James Gee, 1755, 1 75 6 James Ghappell, Jr., 1756 Laurence Gibbons, 1756, 1766, 1769, 1771 William Gilliam, Jr., 1756 William Hall, 1 756 Thomas Hunt, 1 756 John Irby, 1 756 David Mason, 1756, 1766, 1769, x 77i, 1777 Robert Nicholson, 1756 John Nicholson, 1756 Thomas Vaughan, 1756, 1766, 1769, 1771, 1777 James Bell, 1766, 1769 Michael Blow, 1766, 1769, 1771, 1777 William Blunt, 1766, 1769, 1 771, 1 777 George Booth (Boothe), 1766, 1769, I77i, 1777 John Cargill, 1766, 1769, 1 777, 1798, 1799, 1801 Henry Gee, 1766, 1769, 1 77 1, 1777 Solomon Graves, 1 766, 1 769 John Hunt, 1766, 1769 Ephraim Parham, 1766, 1769 William Parham, 1766, 1769, 1771 Richard Parker, 1766, 1769, 1 77 1, 1777 George Rieves, 1766, 1769 John Walker, 1766, 1769, 1 771 Jesse Williamson, 1766, 1769 Nathaniel Wyche, 1766, 1769, 1 77 1, I79I Richard Blunt, 1771 Nathaniel Harrison, 1 77 1 Robert Jones, 1 77 1, 1777 Thomas Peele, 1 77 1 John Peters, 1 77 1 Robert Petway, 1 77 1 I sham Smith, 1 77 1 Richard Blow, 1777 Augustine Claiborne, 1777 Richard Harwell, 1777, 1786 Peter Jones, 1777 Gray Judkins, 1777 William Mason, 1777, 1 791 George Rivers, 1777 Lewis Thorp, 1777 Gyrel Avery, 1786 John Trezvant, 1787 Henry Harrison, 1791 Pleasant Hunnicutt, 1791, 1801, 181 7 Littlebury (Littleberry) Mason, 1791, 1801 Thomas H. Rives, 1791, 1795, 1801, 1822 Benjamin Wyche, 1791, 1801 Benjamin Peete, 1797, 1798, 1801 Robert Booth, 1795, 1801 Charles Nicholson, 1 795 Micajah Blow, Jr., 1798, 1801 Thomas Booth, 1798, 1801 Henry Brown, 1798, 1799, 1801 Samuel Gilliam, 1798, 1801 John Massenburg, 1798, 1801 William Massenburg, 1798, 1801, 1802, 1804 John R. Mason, 1798, 1801 John Howell Briggs, 1801 John Trizvant, 1801 William M. Parham, 1800, 1802, 1807, 1808 Jesse Barker, 1802 Samuel Broadnax, 1802 [244] John R. Davies, 1802, 1807 George Dillard, 1802 Wright Ellis, 1802 Thomas Hunt, 1802, 1807 John Jarratt, 1802 Robert Jones, 1802 Daniel Nevis, 1802 Robert F. Nicholas, 1802 Robert T. Nicholson, 1802 John Romaine, 1802 Benjamin B. Rosser, 1802 John R. Davis, 1806 John Nicholson, 1806, 1807 John Nicholas, 1802, 1807 William Dobie, 1808 John Edmunds, 1808 Joseph Mason, 1808, 1822 William S. Parham, 1808 Howell Seaborne, 1808 Hugh C. Belsches, 1814, 1818 George Blow, 18 14 Nathaniel Cargill, 1814 Thomas Shands, 18 14 Walter Spratley, 18 14 Henry J. Harrison, 1818, 1824 Frederick Jackson, 1 8 1 8 William E. Massenburg, 18 18 William Shands, 1818 William P. Wyche, 18 18 John Jarratt, 1820, 182 1 John M. Banister, 1822 William J. Cocke, 1822 Henry Mason, 1822 William Thornton, 1822 William O. Chambliss, 1824 James Dillard, 1824 Thomas P. Hardeway, 1824 William Harrison, 1824 Fielding Rose, 1824 James M. Smith, 1824 James R. Parham, 1824, 1866 Robert Eldridge, 1827 Robert Kay, 1827 John E. Parham, 1827 Edwin Pegram, 1827 William H. Pegram, 1827, 1832 Thomas P. Rives, 1827 John E. Nicholson, 1830 Joseph Atkins, 1832 Thompson Atkins, 1832 Peyton P. Bailey, 1832 Joseph P. Barham, 1832 Arthur M. Bowen, 1832 William Briggs, Jr., 1832 John Cole, 1832 Andrew H. Cox, 1832 James Davis, 1832 Scott Davis, 1832 Cyrus Dillard, 1832 John L. Dunn, 1832 Hatch D. Gaston, 1832 William L. Goodpasture, 1832 Jesse Hargrave, 1832 Ro Houston, 1832 Solo. McDonald, 1832 Zach Mitchell, 1832 William Porter, 1832 John J. Prince, 1832 William Scott, 1832 Isaac Spratt, 1832 Charles Tate, 1832 James Taylor, 1832 John Thomas, 1832 Joseph Thomas, 1832 Thomas Thomas, 1832 Henry B. Thompson, 1832 John M. Townsend, 1832 A. B. Trigg, 1832 Samuel Williams, 1832 William C. Banister, 1837 Henry Birdsong, 1837 Thomas D. Brown, 1837, 1852 John J. Eldridge, 1837 Thomas Massenburg, 1837 John Q. Moyler, 1837 Richard H. Parham, 1837 John Wingfield, 1837 Henry W. Eppes, 1841 John B. Freeman, 1841, 1857 John Goodrum, 1841 Henry Moore, 1841 John W. Potts, 1 84 1 John H. Walker, 1841 William N. Jarratt, 1843, 1852, 1856, i860, 1864 George W. S. Parham, 1843, 1852 Benjamin W. Belsches, 1846, 1866 Edwin Best, 1846 William Blow, 1846 Richmond F. Dillard, 1846, 1850, 1852, i860, 1864, 1866 Gorman B. Gill, 1846 Joseph R. Gilliam, 1846 William J. Harrison, 1846, 1850 [245] Robert H. Mason, 1846, 1852, 1856, i860, 1864 William T. Parham, 1846 William D. Taylor, 1846, 1852, 1856, i860, 1864, 1865 Robert A. Chappell, 1850 Benjamin F. Eppes, 1850, 1852, 1856, i860, 1864 Thomas A. Harrison, 1850 Edward C. Land, 1850, 1864 James H. Mangram, 1850, 1852 John R. Mason, 1850 Joseph W. Mason, 1850 John E. Nicholson, 1850, 1852, 1856 Joseph H. Parker, 1850 John E. Rives, 1850, 1852, 1856 James M. Rogers, 1850, 1852, 1856, i860, 1864 Richard E. Thornton, 1850, 1856, i860 Joseph Briggs, 1852 William Briggs, 1852, 1856, i860, 1864, 1865 Richard L. Dobie, 1852 Thomas J. Drumwright, 1852, 1856 William T. Dunn, 1852 George Feild, 1852 James M. Green, 1852, 1856, i860 William J. Hartley, 1852, 1856 William Parsons, 1852 John Prince, 1852, 1864 Thomas W. Gee, 1853, 1856, i860, 1866 John R. Briggs, 1854, 1856, 1864 Robert A. Rainey, 1855, 1856 Alexander Aldridge, 1856, i860 Joseph J. Dillard, 1856, 1864 Thomas J. Eppes, 1856, i860, 1864 Samuel C. Hood, 1856, i860, 1864 James T. Parker, 1856 James W. Pond, 1857 Jesse Whitehorn, 1857, i860, 1864 James D. Howie, i860, 1864 William E. Prince, i860, 1864 Lemuel F. Bain, 1864 Henry E. Briggs, 1864 Edward T. Chappell, 1864, 1866 John H. Ellis, 1864 W. H. Parsons, 1864 Thomas E. Peebles, 1864 James A. Riddick, 1864 John W. Wilson, 1864, 1867 William S. Thornton, 1865 Joseph H. Bailey, 1866 R. W. H. Parsons, 1866 J. Harper Shelton, 1866 Judges of the County Court 18JO-1904 Charles L. Cocke 1870- 1874 J- W. Shelton. W. S. Goodwyn 1874-1881 J. F. West R. W. Arnold 1881-1887 1887-1893 1893-1904 Judges of the Circuit Court 1820-1942 Richard Parker 1 820-1 831 John F. May 1832-1837 John Y. Mason 1838-1841 James H. Gholson 1842- 1846 John W. Nash 1850-1864 Richard H. Baker 1865- 1869 E. P. Pitts 1870-1871 S. S. Weisiger 1871-1885 B. A. Hancock 1887-1904 J. F. West 1904-1923 M. R. Peterson 1923-1939 Robert W. Arnold 1940- .... [246] EXECUTIVE OFFICERS County Clerks *754'*94* TERM OF OFFICE Augustine Claiborne 1 754- 1 7 76 William Presley Claiborne.... 1 776-1 780 John Cocke 1 780-1 785 Michael Bailey. 1 785-1 796 James C. Bailey 1 796-1824 John J. Prince 1824-1825 Littleton Lanier 1825- 1845 John J. Prince 1846-1861 George W. Prince 1861-1866 TERM OF OFFICE William H. Hickok 1869- George W. Prince 1870-.... T. S. Morgan 1871-1872 J. D. Thornton 1873-1875 Joseph H. Dobie 1875- 1888 J. D. Owen 1888-1894 L. P. Hargrave 1894-1904 R. D. Norris 1 905-1918 Jesse Hargrave 1919- Sheriffs 1 7 54- 1 942 WHEN APPOINTED OR ELECTED James Ghappell 1 754 John Mason .1 755 James Gee* Thomas Vaughan 1 766 Richard Parker 1776 William Blunt 1778 ■-""Robert Jones 1782 David Mason 1 784 George Rives 1 786 Lawrence Smith 1 790 Green Hill 1792 Richard Harwell 1 793 Mason Harwell 1 795 Benjamin Wyche 1 795 Pleasant Hunnicutt 1 796 Nathaniel Wyche 1 798 Robert Boothe 1800 Thomas Rives 1802 Benjamin Peete 1804 Micajah Blow 1806 John Cargill 1807 John R. Mason 1809 Thomas Hunt 1 8 1 1 John Trezvant 181 2 Henry Brown 18 14 Benjamin Wyche 1816 Pleasant Hunnicutt 181 7 WHEN APPOINTED OR ELECTED William M. Parham 1818 John Jarratt 1820 Thomas E. Rives 1822 John Nicholson 1824 Thomas Hunt 1826 William Parham 1 828 John Cargill 1830 Charles Tate 1832 George Blow 1832 William Parham 1 834 Henry Mason 1836 William Thornton 1 838 Henry J. Harrison 1840 William O. Chambliss 1842 Robert Eldridge 1 844 John E. Parham 1846 Jesse Hargrave 1 848 Cyrus Dillard 1850 William Harrison 1852 James H. Mangum 1856 William Harrison 1 860 James H. Mangum 1862 R. L. Dobie 1864 W. H. Mitchell 1868 J. W. Grant 1869 R. M. Dobie 1870 L. P. Hargrave 1872 "Date of appointment can not be ascertained [247 WHEN APPOINTED OR ELECTED R. E. Thornton 1873 L. P. Hargrave 1874 George D. Grizzard 1883 G. D. Grizzard 1889 WHEN APPOINTED OR ELECTED Joseph D. Prince 1900 J. J. Faison 1914 W. B. Hale 1915 T. B. Fannin 1923 Commissioners of the Revenue 1783-1942 1783-1787 Robert Jones Jesse Williamson 1787-1795 William Nicholson David Graves 1 795- 1 805 David Graves John Chappell 1 805- 1 82 1 James Pennington John Chappell 1821-1825 Littleton Lanier 1825-1837 John J. Prince 1837-1843 Thomas K. Moyler 1 843- 1 844 Cyrus F. Dillard 1 844- 1 845 Thomas K. Moyler 1 845- 1 854 Edward C. Land 1 854- 1 856 James D. Thornton Edward C. Land 1 856- 1 858 T. S. Simmons Edward C. Land 1858-1860 T. S. Simmons T. J. Drumwright 1 860- 1 864 Albert R. Cotton T. J. Drumwright 1 864- 1 866 Louis P. Hargrave Henry C. Briggs 1866-1868 L. P. Hargrave H. Q. Moyler 1868-1870 L. P. Hargrave John R. Dick H. Q. Moyler 1 1870-1871 L. P. Hargrave R. H. Hammond J. N. Winfield George H. Dillard J. R. Parham H. Q. Moyler 1871-1872 George R. Bobbitt R. H. Hammond Joseph N. Winfield George H. Dillard J. R. Parham Thomas J. Drumwright 1872-1873 George R. Bobbitt R. H. Hammond R. J. Tucker George H. Dillard A. T. Dobie J. H. Dobie 1873-1874 W. E. M. Thornton C. M. Sykes R. J. Tucker George H. Dillard J. T. Corbill E. M. Ellis 1874-1875 George R. Bobbitt E. R. Hood Joseph N. Winfield George H. Dillard E. M. Ellis 1875-1879 A. T. Dobie George H. Dillard 1879-1883 George W. Jackson George H. Dillard 1883-1887 R. L. Mason W. H. Morris 1887-1891 R. L. Mason R. H. Lewis J. J. Faison 2 lReplaced Dick in 1870 2Replaced Lewis in 1890 [248] 1891-1895 John S. Bobbitt E. L. Best 8 George W. Jackson F. L. Birdsong 3 J. Walter Harrison 7 J. J. Faison W. H. Moore* 1916-1928 1 895- 1 899 1908- 19 1 2 J. Walter Harrison George E. Bailey F. L. Birdsong W. H. Moore G. O. Wrenn L. F. Garter 5 G. O. Wrenn 1928-1932 1 899- 1 904 1912-1916 J. Walter Harrison J. E. Person Thomas Hunt J. J. Faison G. O. Wrenn 1932- M. H. West 1 904- 1 908 3Replaced Bobbitt in 1905 ^Replaced Pennington in 1907 BReplaced Hunt in 191 3 T. J. Pennington sReplaced Moore in 191 1 Treasurers 1871-1942 7Replaced Best in 1915 TERM OF OFFICE TERM OF OFFICE J. H. Van Auken. John B. Jarratt John W. Paddon. W. G. Leavelle 1871-1874 John B. Jarratt 1888-1907 1874-1875 Robert A. Brown 1907-1923 .1875-1879 A. D. Seeds 1923-1936 1879-1888 W. O. Rogers 1936- Commonwealth's Attorneys 1 869- 1 942 TERM OF OFFICE B. J. Eppes -1869 R. W. Arnold 1870-1874 R. T. Wilson 1874-1875 Charles L. Cocke 1875-1883 S. T. Drewry 1883-1890 TERM OF OFFICE William B. Cocke 1 890-1913 Thomas H. Howerton 19 13-1928 John H. Cole 1928-1940 John A. Ridley 1941- • • • • [249] APPENDIX B VETERANS OF MAJOR WARS The Revolutionary War The War of 1812 The War between the States The First World War The lists of Revolutionary veterans were obtained from the following sources: Proceedings of the Fifth Revolutionary Convention; A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services; Executive Journals of the Council of State; Hening's Statutes; Calendar of State Papers; Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia, edited by H. R. Mcllwaine; List of Revolutionary Soldiers of Virginia, by H. J. Eckenrode; Virginia Militia in the Revolutionary War, by Joseph Thompson McAllister; Virginia Soldiers of 1776, compiled by Louis A. Burgess; Historical Register of Virginians in the Revolution . . ., John Hastings Gwathmey. The lists of veterans of the War of 181 2 were obtained from the following sources: Muster Rolls of the Virginia Militia in the War of 1812; Report of the Secretary of War, 1835. The list of veterans of the War between the States was obtained from the photostatic copies of original muster rolls in the War Department, Washington. The list of veterans of the First World War was obtained from the Office of the State Adjutant General. * Indicates names supplied by residents of Sussex County but not found on the official muster rolls. f Indicates names supplied by Pension Bureau, State Comptroller's Office. [250] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR OFFICERS Brigadier General Nathaniel Cargill *Colonel Richard Avery Colonel Michael Blow Colonel Benjamin Blunt *Colonel Augustine Claiborne *Colonel Buller Claiborne Colonel Henry Gee ♦Colonel William Heath Colonel Gray Judkins Colonel David Mason Colonel Meriweather •Colonel William Prince *Colonel John Rives Major Thomas Edmunds *Major John Mason Major William Mason *Captain Howell Briggs Captain Nathaniel Dunn *Captain Thomas Edmunds *Captain James Gee ♦Captain Josiah Harrison Captain Richard Harwell Captain Judkins Hunt Captain Hartwell Marrable Captain James Mason ♦Captain Nathaniel Mason Captain John Massenburg ♦Captain Nathaniel Newsum Captain John Powell Captain George Rives Captain Lawrence Smith ♦Captain Henry Tazewell Captain Jesse Williamson ♦Lieutenant Richard Blow Lieutenant John Gilliam ♦Lieutenant Nicholas Massenburg ♦Lieutenant William Massenburg Lieutenant Edmund Moss Lieutenant Thomas Newson Lieutenant Edward Powell ♦Lieutenant Robert Rochelle ♦Dr. Richard Harrison, Surgeon ♦Dr. Charles Land, Surgeon Ensign Nathan Wren Paymaster Littlebury Mason ♦Sergeant Benjamin Andrews Sergeant Michael Booth ♦Sergeant Isham Inman ♦Sergeant Holmes Jones ♦Sergeant Joshua Moss Corporal Julius Hite ♦Bailey, Henry ♦Bailey, Michael ♦Blow, Richard ♦Bonner, John ♦Briggs, John ♦Camp, John ♦Cargill, John ♦Chappell, Benjamin ♦Chappell, James III ♦Chappell, John ♦Chappell, William Clark, John ♦Cocke, John ♦Dobie, Nathaniel ♦Drake, Newsome ♦Edmunds, John Evans, William Felts, Frederick ♦Feild, George ENLISTED MEN ♦Flowers, Abraham ♦Heath, Howell Hewett, James ♦Hill, Green ♦Hill, James ♦Hill, Michael ♦Holloway, Thomas ♦Jarratt, Henry ♦Jones, James ♦Jones, Nicholas ♦Jones, Richard Lee, James Lewis, sailor on the Tempest, Negro slave of Miss Jane Sturdi- vant. Lyster (or Lester), Wil- liam ♦Maggett, William [*5«] Miles, Joseph ♦Moore, Matthew ♦Parham, John ♦Prince, Joseph ♦Raines, Nathaniel Rawlings, Howell Richardson, Randolph ♦Rives, Robert Roland, Burwell Roland, William ♦Rose, Richard Shands, William, Sr. Stacy, Simon Whitehorn, Thomas ♦Wiggins, Wilson Wilburn, William Wilkerson, Thomas Winfield, Harris Wrenn, John THE WAR OF 1812 Captain Isaac Mitchell's Company, Fifteenth Regiment, Virginia Militia. OFFICERS Isaac Mitchell.... Richard Eppes.... Jacob Mitchell— John Mitchell John Brown Henry W. Eppes. Joel Jones Captain .Lieutenant Ensign —Sergeant —Sergeant —Sergeant —Sergeant Nicholas Jarratt Corporal Thomas Malone Corporal Henry W. Adams Corporal Harrison Randolph Corporal David Rainey Drummer George Bailey Fifer Bailey, William Bass, Joshua Booth, Green H. Brill, Wiley Brister, William Curtis, Robert Davis, Joel Davis, Thomas P. Edwards, John Eppes, Francis Graves, George Grigg, Jessee Hogwood, Carter Judkins, Frederick J. PRIVATES King, Bowling M. Kitchen, Enos Loftin, Augustine Malvre, Thomas, Jr. Mosley, James Murtland, Jessee Newsome, Charles Parham, Leonard Parrish, David Peebles, Thomas C. Pool, Chadrick P. Rainey, Robert Spiers, Adam Spiers, Henry Spiers, James Stewart, Charles Washer, John Whitehorne, Burwell Whitehorne, John Williams, Jessee Winfield, James Winfield, John Wingfield, Joel T. Wingfield, William Woodford, John Zells, Morress Captain Littleton Lanier's Company, Second Regiment, Virginia Militia OFFICERS Littleton Lanier Captain Robert Rochelle Lieutenant Walter Blunt Ensign Joseph Jarrad Sergeant John Jarrad Sergeant Thomas Peete Sergeant John C. Owen Sergeant Augustine Shands Corporal Gilliam Fletcher Corporal George Birdsong Corporal Jessee Hargrave Corporal Adkins, Micajah H. Atkinson, Johnson Bains, Benjamin Bains, Zachariah Barrett, Edmond Birdsong, Benjamin Birdsong, James PRIVATES Birdsong, Thomas Blow, George Booth, Richard Bryant, Burwell B. Bryant, Frederick Bryant, Nelson Chappell, Zenos [252] Christian, Charles Clarke, Frederick H. Clarke, John Clarke, Littleberry Cooper, Robert B. Cotton, Cary Cotton, Pleasant Davis, Charles Davis, Samuel Davis, William Ellis, Micajah Ellis, Richard Ellis, William B. Fason, James Graves, Thomas Hallcome, George Hargave [Hargrave], Da- vid Hargrave, George Hargrave, John Hargrave, Joseph Hargrave, Robert Harrup, Gilliam Helvin, George Hines, Willie Hite. Robert Hobbs, Henry Jarrad, Thomas B. Jones, Caleb Judkins, George Judkins, Samuel W. Little, Jessee Murphy, Warren Scoggin, James Underhill, Henry Names Supplied from County, Not in Musters. Nathaniel Harrison Cargill General George Blow Colonel Henry Magee Major Nathaniel Drew Land Captain John Mitchell Captain James Seaborn Captain Jones Wilbourne Captain Thomas Dunn Heath Lieutenant Henry Jarratt Ensign W. O. Chambliss Jack Harrup THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES Company D, Thirteenth Regiment, Cavalry OFFICERS Winfield, Benjamin F Captain ♦Parsons, W. H ist Lieut. Winfield, John F ist Lieut. Gary, William T 2nd Lieut.; ist Lieut. Leonard, Theo L Jr. 2nd Lieut.; 2nd Lieut.; ist Lieut.; Capt. ; 2nd Lieut. *Thornton, James T 3rd Lieut. Brittle, Mills B...ist Sergt. ; Jr. 2nd Lieut.; 2nd Lieut.; ist Lieut,; Jr. 2nd Lieut. *Dunn, Robert C ist Sergt. Jennings, Luther R 2nd Sergt.; ist Sergt. *Turner, John H 4th Sergt. Downman, Robt. P 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt. Neblett, Wm. M 5th Sergt.; 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt.; 3rd Sergt. MaGee, W. H. J ist Corpl.; 5th Sergt.; 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.; 4th Sergt. Dobie, John W 2nd Corpl. Jones, Jas. Robt 3rd Corpl.; ist Corpl.; 5th Sergt.; 4th Sergt.; Private; 5th Sergt. ♦Kirby, John W 4th Corpl. Neblett, Wm. P 4th Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; ist Corpl. Bobbitt, G. R 5th Corpl. [253] PRIVATES ♦Atkinson, Charles H. fBailey, Leighton W. Bain, William E. Barker, W. H. A. Bobbitt, J. P. Bobbitt, Thomas F. Brittle, B. W. Brittle, G. G. G. Bailey, L. W. Brown, John N. Brown, Robert W. # Brown, Thomas D. Carroll, P. W. Cocke, C. L. Cousins, J. W. Crowder, James J. Crowder, Richard Crowder, Thomas Dabney, C. L. Davis, J. L. Davis, J. R. Davis, M. N. Davis, Richard B. Ellis, T. H. Eppes, John W. Faison, Milton F. Freeman, Loftin B. Garrett, James William Grammar, J. D. ♦Grammar, S. (C.) Grammer, J. D. ♦Grant, Elixha H. ♦Grant, Julious ♦Grant, Thomas W. Green, James W. Grizzard, Richard L. ♦Grizzard, William H. ♦Gwaltney, Benjamin F. Harris, B. B. Harrup, Thomas Hartley, Erastus G. Hatch, A. Helvin, Robert D. Hobbs, James D. Hobbs, R. F. Hogwood, George W. Holt, Charles H. Home, William L. Hundley, Chastaine PI. Jackson, James A. (and Sergt.) Jennings, George J. Jennings, John R. Johnson, R. or P. ♦Jones, E. W. Jones, George M. ♦Jones, James L. Jones, John Y. (2nd Corpl.) Jones, John T. (4th Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; 4th Sergt.) ♦Jones, Marvin Lewis, John W. Lewis, Richard W. Lilly, John M. (3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.) Maitland, Peyton ♦Marable, John S. Marrable, Emmett P. ♦Mcgee, W. H. ♦Miller, R. A. Mitchell, Emmett Moore, Mathew H. ♦Morris, Thomas A. ♦Morris, William H. Moss, James M. Mumford, Matthew fNeblett, Edwin S. ♦Neblett, W. M. ♦Neblett, B. D. Neblett, E. L. Neblett, F. D. Neblett, J. D. (5th Sergt.) Nunnally, D. P. Overby, William E. ♦Parker, John W. Parker, R. F. (1st Sergt.) Parsons, A. D. Parsons, A. (S. or L.) Parsons, Joseph E. Parsons, Theo. A. ♦Pennington, Edward T. Perdue, B. J. ♦Pittman, James H. ♦Pond, Thomas A. Poole, J. (or I.) W. Porter, Jesse G. Porter, John W. Porter, Patrick H. ♦Powell, Anerson N. Pretlow, R. H. ♦Pritchett, W(thin) R. Rawlings, James M. Rawls, C. R. (2nd Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.) Rawls, John A. Rawls, John Robert (4th Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.) ♦Robertson, P. H. Robinson, Patrick H. (1st Corpl.) ♦Rodgers, Samuel J. Roe, Robert H. ♦Rohr, S. C. ♦Rollings, William J. ♦Sacra, W. T. Sledge, T. J. Smith, J. E. Spain, Luther J. Spiers, William J. ♦Thorp, E. E. ♦Wall, L. I. Wall, L. J. Wellons, Joseph W. Wellons, Z. W. West, Richard C. White, E, T. White, G. P. A. White, James T. White, James W. White, John fWhite, John W. ♦Wilkinson, Elliot ♦Wilkinson, Leo E. Winfield, R. M. fWinfield, William J. Womack, J. T. Wrenn, Edward M. [254] Company H, Thirteenth Regiment, Cavalry OFFICERS Blow, William N Captain Walters, Joseph H Captain & Quartermaster Moyler, Henry Q i st Lieut. Chambless, W. B Lieut, on Brigade Staff ♦Harrison, R. P Lieut. & 2nd Adjutant of Company Walker, H. B Lieut. & Quartermaster Birdsong, Samuel J 2nd Lieut. Thorp, Peter H.. < 2nd Lieut. Dillard, Thomas A ist Sergt.; private Dillard, Whitmel H Sergt.; 4th Sergt. ; 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt. ♦Dillard, William L Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt.; ist Sergt. Adkins, W. L Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt.; ist Sergt. Barker, James E Sergt.; 2nd Sergt.; private Parker, James A Sergt. McCourt, Charles Sergt. Major of Regiment ♦Weaver, P. T Sergt. Major of Regiment Chappell, John L Corpl. ; ist Corpl.; 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt. Anthoney, Peyton (T. or L.) Corporal Adkins, John D Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.; ist Corpl.; 5th Sergt. Dobie, Almonte T Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; 5th Sergt.; 4th Sergt. ♦Johnson, General Scout ♦Pryor, Roger A .. General Scout Chappell, W. E Courier Cav. Headquarters Ellis, L. H Courier Cav. Headquarters ♦Johnson, L. L Detailed Civil Service Winston, A. C Detailed Civil Service ♦Pennington, W. H Detailed Civil Service Parsons, R. W. H Detailed Civil Service Baird, Oscar H , Detailed Med. Depart. Ellis, F. J Detailed Amb. Corps Glover, W. E Detailed Amb. Corps Velines, P Quartermaster Dept. Bell, W. N. Com. Dept. Adkins, Aetius ♦Adkins, Albert L. ♦Adkins, A. P. Adkins, Thomas W. Bain, Robert R. ♦Barham, Thomas A. ♦Barker, Joseph E. ♦Barnes, R. R. ♦Bauling, George H. ♦Bell, W. W. Bendall, Isaac S. Bendall, J. R. PRIVATES ♦Bendall, J. S. ♦Bendall, Oliver Bendall, William P. Birdsong, Algenon S. Birdsong, Benjamin R. Birdsong, Henry ♦Bishop, Joseph A. Blow, George W. Briggs, Andrew ♦Briggs, Henry C. ♦Brock, C. H. ♦Buell, Samuel ♦Capell, Joseph A. Chappell, A. J. ♦Chappell, Edward ♦Chappell, George B. ♦Chappell, J. E. Chappell, Joseph H., Jr. Chappell, Joseph H., Sr. ♦Chappell, Robert Chappell, William D. Chambliss, John R. ♦Cocke, John W. Cocke, Richard A. [255] ♦Cotton, John A. Cox, John W. ♦Dillard, Joseph J. ♦Dillard, Thaddeus E. ♦Dillard, William E. Dobie, John W. ♦Dobie, R. A. Dobie, R. N. *Dobie, Richard L. Dobie, Rufus M. fDrewry, Samuel J. ♦Ellis, C. F. ♦Ellis, Everett M. fEllis, Felix J. ♦Ellis, Napoleon B. Feild, Theophilus A. Fitzhugh, Waverly ♦Foster, H. B. ♦Freeman, J. J. Freeman, James P. Gilliam, George W. ♦Gregg, F. G. ♦Gregg, Richards ♦Gregg, William Griggs, Francis G. Gwaltney, Junius K. Gwaltney, Robert (I. or J.) Gwaltney, William Gwathmey, James K. Gwathmey, Robert T. Gwathmey, William H. ♦Hamserger, W. Hargrave, Baffin L. Hargrave, Louis P. Harrell, James B. fHarrison, A. F. Harrison, Benjamin F. ♦Harrison, James H. Harrison, John W. Harrison, Richard S. ♦Harrison, R. T. Harrison, Rufus K. Harrison, Samuel G. ♦Harrison, T. E. Harrison, Thaddeus J. Harrison, Trezevant Harrison, William Harwell, James B. ♦Heath, L. M. ♦Hogwood, G. G. Holt, Leonidas D. Holt, Patrick H. ♦Horn, Richard A. Hunnicutt, John A. ♦Hunnicutt, Joseph A. Hunnicutt, Walter J. Hunnicutt, William P. Hunt, William P. ♦Jarratt, John B. Jelks, Joseph A. Jelks, Nathaniel T. ♦Jelks, Thomas ♦Jelks, Thomas W. Jones, Andrew S. ♦Jones, Edward ♦Jones, Henry ♦Jones, James R. Jones, Joseph Henry Jordon, Junius (I. or J.) Jordon, Littleton E. Kelley, Hugh G. King, Limbra (S. or L.) Lamb, William E. ♦Laud, Thomas E. ♦Lee, J. W. T. ♦Lewis, Richard S. Little, Jessie Little, John R. Little, Samuel Machin, Austin Marable, John M. H. ♦Marable, William H. Mason, George T. ♦McGlamore, James ♦Moore, J. T. Moore, John T. H. ♦Morgan, Thomas P. Morgan, Thomas S. Morris, John T. ♦Neblett, Neblett, Francisco D. Newsom, William E. ♦Norris, Attreus Norris, John R. Norris, Thomas A. Norris, William E. Parham, James R. Parker, Albert B. Parker, Joseph S. Parker, Joseph W. ♦Parker, Richard Parker, Richard A. Parker, William H. H. Pennington, T. J. ♦Potts, Sidney Presson, John N. ♦Raines, Nathaniel Rains, Benjamin F. Rives, George E. ♦Robinson, E. B. Saunders, John B. ♦Saunders, Junius B. ♦Scott, Walter B. ♦Seaborn, George ♦Shaffer, John ♦Shelton, J. Harper ♦Smith, J. C. Smith, John E. Spain, J. D. Spratley, Charles W. Spratley, William W. Thornton, W. E. ♦Thorogood, C. T. Vellines, Flavius L. Vellines, Patrick H. West, John West, Richard G. ♦West, Richard R. White, Anthony D. ♦White, R. T. White, Robert W. Williamson, Joseph L. ♦Woodson, William W. ♦Woodward, 256] Company E, Sixteenth Regiment, Volunteers OFFICERS Hammons, Robert H Captain Chambliss, Theod. James ist Lieut. Bailey, Joseph H 2nd Lieut.; ist Lieut.; Capt. Owen, Thomas M., Jr.. .2nd Lieut. ; 3rd Lieut. ; 2nd Lieut. ; 3rd Lieut. ; 2nd Lieut. Broadbent, William Wallar 3rd Lieut.; Capt. Payne, William T ist Sergt. ; 2nd Lieut. Davis, Thomas M 3rd Lieut. Heath, John N...., „ 2nd Sergt.; ist Sergt. Bass, Robert K 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt. Parker, Albert B 4th Sergt. Moore, Matthew H 3rd Corpl. Bendall, Oliver P 4th Corpl. Adams, Charles A. Adams, George W. *Avent, H. D. A vent, John H. Bailey, George W. Bailey, L. R. *Bailey, W. E. Barham, John R. Bass, James P. *Bass, W. E. Bass, William J. Bendall, Isaac S. Bendall, Richard J. *Birdsong, B. Birdsong, Meritt A. Bishop, B. Bishop, James N. Bishop, T. J. Bobbitt, William R. Browder, Junius C. Bryant, Albert D. Champion, James S. Chappell, James L. Cox (Cock, Cocks), Jo- seph N. Cox (Cock, Cocks), John R. (2nd Corpl.; 3rd Sergt; 2nd Sergt.) Cox (Cock, Cocks, Cockes), Samuel M. Davis, Adolphus B. (3rd Corpl) Davis, William G. PRIVATES *Devany, J. H. Dunn, Albert M. Eppes, Edward H. Eppes, Howard H. Ezell, Patrick H. Ezell, Robert F. Farmer, A. Farmer, David T. Farmer, J. N. Farmer, John A. Farmer, Obediah *Ferginson, T. N. Ferguson, F. M. Fox, Benjamin F. (3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.) Fox, Junius K. Fox, Thomas J. (ist Corpl.; 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.) Gibbs, William H. Graves, James R. (3rd Corpl.; ist Corpl.) *Gregg, Edmund Grigg, John E. Grizzard, Albert W. C. Grizzard, Algernon F. Grizzard, James R. Grizzard, John W. Grizzard, Richard L. Grizzard, Robert P. Harrison, William H. Hartley, Joseph P. Helvin, Junius [257] Herzog, Adolphus Hitchcock, William A. Hood, Charles M. Hood, Samuel C. Horn, James W. (4th Corpl; 2nd Corpl; 4th Sergt.; 5th Sergt.) Home, Richard H. Hughes, G. W. Hughes, Joseph Hunnicutt, John A. Ingram, L. S. or L. L. *Ingram, P. Irby, M. A. Ivey, John H. (4th Corpl; 3rd Sergt.) Jackson, George W. (3rd Corpl; 5th Sergt.; 4th Sergt.) Jackson, James A. Jarratt, Theo. *Kirby, *Kirkland, W. Lambeth, R. P. Lester, William Lewis, Richard W. Magee, Alexander C. Mason, Anthony P. Mason, J. A. *Mason, William Miller, R. *Moore, T. N. Neblett, James M. Northcross, Benjamin F. Northcross, John B. Nunnally, Edward Thomas *Owen, A. H. Owen, A. T. Owen, E. L. Owen, Jarius *Owen, Zip Parker, John J. Partridge, Fenton F. Pope, Benjamin J. * Prince, William Puckett, David Ragland, Carroll I. (or J.) Ragland, Clement J. Ragland, W. H. Richardson, James B. Robinson, Robert H. Rogers, Joseph W. Rowland, Charles W. Rowland, Nathaniel ^Rowland, Philip Rowland, Rufus E. ^Rowland, William Schafer, John P. Sledge, John H. (4th Cor pi.; 2nd Cor pi. 1st Corpl.) Spiers, Richard P. Tatum, William T. Tudor, William E. Turner, Robert W. Vasser, Levi C. *Walker, Hugh B. * Walters, Joseph H. Walton, C. M. *Weaver, Peter Weeks, John G. Wells, R. H. Wells, R. S. Westbrook, John W. Whitehorn, Joseph S. Whitehorne, Frederick P. Whitehorne, Joseph W. Whitehorne, Richard J. Wilburn, W. H. Wilkerson, Thornton E. Wilkinson, J. W. Wilkinson, T. E. Williams, Phillip T. Williams, W. H. *Williamson, J. Lewis Wilson, F. Wilson, J. H. Winfield, Joseph N. Winfield, Richard M. Withers, James W. Womble, Joseph H. Wynn, John Stith Wynn, William T. zel, Adolphus Company A, Forty-first Regiment, Infantry OFFICERS T. Junius Eppes Captain William A. Parham 1st Lieut.; Colonel; Captain James W. Greene 2nd Lieut. George H. Rose 2nd Lieut.; 3rd Lieut.; Capt.; Private Benjamin F. Jarratt 2nd Sergt.; 1st Sergt.; 1st Lieut.; Capt. Alpheus H. Wynne 3rd Sergt.; 2nd Sergt.; 2nd Lieut.; 1st Lieut. John (I. or J.) Pace 4th Sergt.; Private; 3rd Sergt. Algernon S. Holleman 5th Sergt.; 4th Sergt.; Jr. 2nd Lieut. Norfleet T. Hancock 5th Sergt. John T. Cross 3rd Sergt.; Private John W. Moore 2nd Sergt. Robert E. Whitehead 4th Sergt. Andrew (I or J.) Wrenn 1st Sergt. Robert T. Marable 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt.; 1st Sergt. James S. Scarborough Corporal William H. Harrison Corporal Richard Home Corporal Alondress L. L. Hargrave Corpl.; 1st Corpl.; Private Nathaniel Greene Corporal A. Junius Chappell 3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; 3rd Corpl. Benj. F. Whitehorne 4th Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; 5th Sergt. Levi W. Whitley 3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; 4th Sergt.; 3rd Sergt. Burton J. Travis 4th Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.; 4th Corpl. George W. Murphy 2nd Corpl.; 1st Corpl.; 4th Sergt. Richard H. Dunn Private; 3rd Corpl.; 2nd Corpl.; 1st Corpl.; Private William M. Ellis 4th Corpl.; 2nd Corpl. Oliver C. Inman * 4th Corpl.; 3rd Corpl.; 1st Corpl. [258] PRIVATES Adkins, C. H. Adkins, J. K. P. Adkins, John W. Adkins, W. H. Albertis, William L. Andrews, William F. Bain, Henry Bain, Jesse L. Barrett, John R. Bass, S. P. Beale, Jordan Beale, William J. Birdsong, W. H. Boykin, John R. fBranch, R. W. Brittle, Charles E. Glanton, S. Williamson Goker, Robert W. Connelly, Robert *Conversten, W. Creath, Thomas Creath, William Crumpler, Joshua Davis, L. W. Douglas, Martin Doyle, John Drake, Andrew Drewry, David *Drewry, Samuel Eppes, Edmund P. *Faison, Jim Felts, Henry *Flayson, T. N. Flemming, William Freeman, James W. Gilliam, James R. Gilliam, Joseph H. Gwaltney, Junius K. Harbord, Joseph S. Hargrave, James S. Hargrave, William (E.) Hargrave, R. P. Harris, J. H. *Harrison, Higgins, James H. Hill, John M. Hines, Mansfield Hoffert, Charles *Holloman, Alonza Holloway, Jesse P. Hunnicutt, Walter Inman, Francis M. Inman, Henry C. * Johnson (or Johnston), Benj. J. Johnson, Robert H. Johnson, William *Jones, Jordan, Junius (I. or J.) Joyner, Lemuel (S. or L. or F.) *Joyner, Stith Kitchen, Henry Lewis, Benjamin J. Lundy, Alfred E. *Livesay, W. J. *Magee, Richard Magee, William R. *Mann, J. H. Marable, David A. J. Marable, Robert T. Marable, W. R. J. *McEmey, Peter McGee, William T. *Miles, J. H. Mitchell, John (I. or J.) Moore, Alexander H. D. Moore, Presley P. T. Neblett, Williamson Nosworthy, Henry T. Nosworthy, James B. *Pace, James Parker, William M. Pennington, John W. Peters, Joseph H. B. Pond, Jesse F. *Pope, Elbert Raiford, Giles Rawlings, Joseph T. Richardson, Benjamin F. Richardson, Quincy J. *Robertson, *Rogers, George Rowe, James M. Rowe, Junius M. Rowland, Thomas (I. or JO Scott, G. W. Scott, J. A. Scott, Theophilus Sharp, Alfred S. Sharp, C. R. Sheffield, Edwin L. Shelton, Jesse H. Spain, Alexander A. Thompson, Joel T. *Thornton, E. E. Thornton, William Travis, George A. Tyus, Joseph T. *Walton, J. I. Walton, John W. *Wells, J. T. Wells, Thos. Jos. or Jos. Thos. West, William B. *White, German P. A. White, Peyton H. White, William W. Whitehorne, Benjamin F. *Whitley, A. C. *Wills, Shannon Wilson, Benjamin F. [259 t Veterans in Other Companies Bishop, E. W Company B, 12th Battalion, Artillery Boothe, William Henry Company D, 44th Virginia Battalion Chappell, John Thomas A Sergeant, Company F, 12th Virginia Infantry Corprew, Oliver H. P Major, 6th Virginia Infantry Davis, Ely Company G, 61st Virginia Artillery Drew, Washington Confederate States Navy Foster, Tilman V Sergeant, Company K, 13th Virginia Cavalry Gill, C. C Company G, 6th Virginia Cavalry Grant, Samuel B Simms Battalion, U. S. Marine Harris, W. T Company E, 13th Virginia Cavalry Home, Robert H Company G, 61st Virginia Infantry Jackson, Joseph Francis Company E, 16th Infantry Jones, James T 13th Virginia Cavalry Kitchen, Algenon S Company G, 61st Virginia Infantry Kitchen, John German Company B, 9th Virginia Infantry Lee, George W Company I, 12th Virginia Infantry Little, Joseph William Company I, 18th Mississippi Regiment Marks, David A Company D, 17th Virginia Infantry Mitchell, William H Company F, 12th Virginia Regiment Mitchell, William Robert Company F, 12th Virginia Infantry Mumford, J. I Company D, 16th Virginia Infantry Parson, Thomas Wiley Company H, 9th Virginia Infantry Parsons, Henry Harrison Company H, 9th Virginia Infantry Perkins, David T Company D, 41st Virginia Regiment Pollard, Thomas Poindexter Company B, 12th Virginia Infantry Powell, W. H Company E, 56th Virginia Infantry- Richardson, Rives Briggs Company K, 6th Virginia Infantry Savedge, J. T Virginia Battery, Reserve Artillery Spain, B. M Company G, 41st Virginia Infantry Spiers, James Alva Company H, 9th Virginia Infantry Stone, William B Company C, 41st Virginia Infantry Thornton, William Company H, 13th Virginia Cavalry Tudor, T. B...., Company G, 61st Virginia Infantry West, John R Company H, 13th Virginia Cavalry Winneld, William Ishiam Company E, 13th Virginia Cavalry Wrenn, Lawrence J Company B, 44th Virginia Infantry Wyatt, James F Company E, 26th Virginia Infantry ^Companies Unknown Barrett, Benjamin E. Haddon, W. R. Hamlett, William O. *Harris, J. T. Holleman, Edmond Scar- borough Hunt, Thomas *Johnson, W. B. Kitchen, O. J. ♦Little, J. H. Mitchell, B. F. Newsom, R. S. Owney, John Tyler Richardson, Charles C. Spain, W. Emmett Tinch, James R. Vaughan, William S. Weeks, William Henry [260 THE FIRST WORLD WAR Blow, William T. Cobb, Walter Westray Cook, James Burton, Jr. Cotton, J. Henry ♦Ellis, Wilber R. *Ford, H. Aubrey Army — White OFFICERS Ford, William Wallace Gray, Marvin L. Gwaltney, Thomas Oliver Hargrave, Pattie E. Kennedy, Carroll Prince Moss, Joseph Ramey Parson, Andrew Daniel Smith, Clarence Eugene ♦Stoneham, H. G. West, Oscar Henry Wetzler, Barry ♦Wilcox, J. Leo OFFICER— WOUNDED Herbert, Julius M. Abernathy, Otis L. Abernathy, Walter E. Adkins, Herbert S. ♦Allen, Edwin O. Arnold, Claiborne C. Bagwell, Charlie E. Bailey, Louis E. Bain, Robert F. Barker, Sidney H. Barrett, James S. Barrett, Rinal E. Barrett, Willie A. Batte, Pryor H. Batte, William Henry Bendall, Hugh M. Birdsong, Emmett B. Birdsong, Hita J. Blow, Thomas W. Bobbitt, Thomas M. Bobbitt, Wesley B., Jr. Booth, John B. Brewer, Joe C. Brockwell, George A. Brown, George F. Brown, Louis Burton, Guy H. Burton, Guy H. Burton, Willie H. Byrdsong, Benjamin Franklin ENLISTED MEN Cannon, James D. Cannon, Wilfred M. Carpenter, Allen B. Carpenter, Hugh B. ♦Carr, Fitzhugh L. ♦Carr, Floyd B. Casady, Verner J. Chappell, Herbert H. Chappell, John Robert Chappell, Robert W. Chappell, Waverly E. Cheatham, George E. Cheatham, Joseph A. Cheyne, Wallace L. ♦Clarke, Claude R. Claud, Milton E. Coker, William B. Cornett, Lee A. Cotten, George C. Diggs, James L. Dooboi, Peter Drake, Olin D. Drewry, James Ray- mond) Drewry, Jesse F. Drewry, Walter L. ♦Duanc, George P. Evans, James Faison, William H. Fanney, Elmo [ 2 6i] Fannin, George R. ♦Firebaugh, P. A. Flowers, William O. Forkner, Granville B. Fuller, Crawford S. Grammer, J(oel) A. Grant, Alvan L. Grant, Joseph Nathan Greer, William L. Grice, Enoch P. Grizzard, Andrew J. Gwaltney, Byron B. Gwaltney, Herman L. Gwaltney, Hinton H. Hancock, James Robert Harrell, Allen W. Harrell, Joseph B. Harrell, William S. ♦Harrison, George May Harrup, Ernest H. Harte, Joseph E. Hartz, Dennis W. Herbert, Harry E. Holland, Harvey P. Hollemon, McKinley Homes, Fred Home, Willie R. Huber, George A. Johnson, William E. Jones, Clyde Jones, Ryal H. Jones, Selden W. Jones, Willard S. Joyner, William B. Justice, Bernard W. Kastor, Joseph M. Kelley, Bernard W. Kitchen, Erling S. Kitchen, Julian B. Kitchen, William W. Kruse, Michael Laine, Frank G. Land, William M. Lanier, Beaulah Lilly, Paul H. Litton, Elbert S. Liversay, Hunter A. Livesay, Ben E., Jr. Livesay, John D. Livesay, Moss D. *Livesay, W. Hinton Mann, Cecil Martin, Thomas R. Mason, George C. *Mason, Thomas F. Massenburg, James L. Maull, Paul H. May, John F., Jr. Mezoff, John J. Mitchell, Harold L. Mitchell, Robert B. Mohar, Louis, Jr. * Moody, Howard Morris, Victor R. Moss, Alfred O. Murphy, Charlie C. Neblett, Floyd E. Neblett, Jack M. Norris, Rufus D., Jr. Norris, Walter Devaney Oleinick, Philip J. O'Neal, Gay B. O'Neal, Iris A. Padgett, William R. Parson, Edward S. Parson, George W. Partridge, Willie M. Payne, James W. Person, John K. Phelps, Edward Pittinger, Charles S. Pittman, Jay W., Jr. Pond, Charles H. *Pond, Paul J. Poole, R. E. Prince, Sidney Rawlings, Charles C. Redman, Charles F. Richardson, George W. Roach, William H. Robinson, Lucius F. Rogers, Charles S. Rogers, Vernon L. Rogers, Webster V. Rose, Thomas E. Rose, Thomas F(rancis) Rowling, Willie Sabrovitch, John A. Sapp, Lester N. Saunders, Bennie E. Saunders, Sterling T(homas) Scarborough, Robert S. Scott, John H. Seeley, Wilbur E. Shelton, Walter H. Shepherd, Hugh Bilbro Shepherd, James L., Jr. Shepherd, Thomas J., Jr. Shores, Joseph J. Sinclair, William T. Slate, Ralph L. Smith, Hillie B. Spiers, James H. Spivey, Stith G. Stafford, Will I. Stephenson, Robert H., Jr. Stump, Cleophus P. Tate, George E. Thompson, Taylor E. Thorp, Henry D. Tomlinson, Lloyd Tyus, Jonas Wade, Crawford Rich- ardson) Walton, Richard S. Weaver, Fred West, H. Warrington Wetzler, Barry Wheeler, Robert T. Winfield, Tillman Wooldridge, Robert G. Chappell, William F. *Coffer, Paul A. Ellis, John J. DEAD Evans, George R. Holloway, Richmond W. Jarratt, Cary F. Parsons, Cassius P. Tatum, Harvey F. Wrenn, Edwin F. Brockwell, William E. Brown, James D. Bullock, George W. Chappell, Robert V. WOUNDED Harrell, George N. Herbert, Albert C, Jr. Jankovsky, George Johnston, William M. Lewis, Clifford E. Parham, William S. Savior, William M. Scarborough, Alton J. Sheffield, Obie W. [262] Army — Negro Artis, Benjamon T. Artis, William Avens, Milson Bailey, Elija Bailey, Fred L. Bailey, James Bailey, James A. Bailey, Louis H. Bailey, Richmond N(a- poleon) Barlow, Herbert G. Barnes, Buddy Barnett, Clarence P. Barrett, Robert Bartley, Willie Birchett, Andrew Birchett, Tom Blakes, Johnson H. Blakes, Josephus Bonner, Calvin E. Bonner, James W. Booth, Thomas C. Boykin, David Briggs, Winfield E. Britt, Emmette Britt, Smith Britt, Thomas Brown, Benjamin H. Brown, Eddie Brown, Edward W. Brown, James Brown, James A. Brown, John H. Brown, Joseph D. Brown, Richard Brown, Thomas Brown, William Brown, William H. Burrow, Howard R. Burrow, John Burrow, Melville Burrow, Peter H. Burrow, William A. Butcher, Charlie J. Cargill, Purnell J(ack- son) Chamblis, Charlie Chambliss, Darsey Chambliss, Docia ENLISTED MEN Chambliss, Willie Chaveous, Henry Chejrry, Frank Cole, Branch Cole, McKinley Coleman, Bossie Coles, Fred R. Cook, Thomas J(effer- son) Cousin, John C. Curling, Thomas Curtis, Percy Cypress, Charlie Cypress, Howard Cypress, John Davis, Dorcie Davis, Isaac Davis, Ishmer Davis, Sidney Davis, Wilber Dennis, Percy Diamond, Mervin H. Diggs, Richard Dillard, Spiris Dobie, Goldie Dobie, Jack Dobie, Peter Douglas, William Doyle, John Drew, James A. Drew, Langston A. Easley, Junius Eastes, Lloyd Edwards, James H. Elam, Ulysses S. Ellis, James Eppes, Harrison Eppes, Purnell Epps, Junius Epps, Tink Epps, Willie Erquhart, Benjamin H. Faison, Waverly Felts, Kalie Fitchett, James C. Flowers, Accie Flowers, Charles H. Flowers, George Flowers, Nathaniel Foreman, Robert L. Freeman, Ben, Jr. Freeman, James Freeman, John Freeman, Sam (Jr.) Gay, Robert Gilbert, Henry Gilliam, Horace M. Gilliam, Joseph Gilliam, Richard A. Givens, Eugene Givens, John D. Good, John Thomas Goode, Caleb Goode, Frank Goode, Jeff Goode, Richard Goode, Twizzie Gooden, Smith Goodwyn, George Grady, Lee A. Graves, Charlie Graves, James Graves, John A. Graves, John H. Gray, Junious W. Gray, Thomas Grays, James Green, Bennie Green, Langston Green, Walter Green, Walter Griffin, George Gurley, Purnell E. Hall, Elijah Hamlin, James Hamlin, John L. Hamlin, Percy Hamlin, Peter Hargrave, Richard Hargrove, Ben Harris, Clarence M. Harrison, George G. Harrison, Isaac Harrison, Johnie Harrison, Major E. Harrison, Norfleet Harrison, Willie Harvell, Everett [263] Harvell, Herbert Harvell, Jimmie Harvell, Theodore Hatch, Jim Heath, George Heath, Harry T. Heath, Richard R. Hicks, Spencer C. Hill, Adolphus Hill, Bernard Hill, Clifton H. Hill, Eddie Hill, Frank H(enry) Hill, George Hill, Limious Hill, Luther A. Hill, Nathaniel Hill, Neal Hill, Robert Hill, Rufus Himlams, Thomas Hines, Barclay H. Hines, John T(homas) Hines, Tom Holmes, Harvey Howell, John Hunt, Thomas Hux, Johnie O. Jackson, Eddie Jackson, Eddie Henry Jackson, James Jackson, John Jackson, Joseph Jackson, Leslie Jackson, Otis Jefferson, Benjamon Jefferson, Lin Johnson, Amous Johnson, Charlie Johnson, Chelsia T. Johnson, Clarence Johnson, Doctor Johnson, Lewis Johnson, Sill Jones, Chester Jones, Everett Jones, George Jones, Golden Jones, James Jones, James Jones, John M. Jones, Link Jones, Rastus Jones, Richmond F. Jones, Samuel F. Jones, Wesley Jones, William Jones, Willie Joyner, George Wash- ington Judkins, Causey Kee, Willie Key, Sitney King, Archer King, James E. Land, Sunny Lewis, John W. Lowe, Walter N. Loucas, William A. Lowry, Freddie D(ug- las) Lucas, Archer Lundy, Charlie Lundy, Joe Main, David Malone, Bossie Malone, Charles Marks, Willie Mason, Caleb Mason, Frank L. Mason, Henry Mason, Hugh Mason, James D. Mason, James H. Mason, John Mason, John Mason, John J. Mason, Prince Lee Massenberg, Patrick H. Massenberger, Charles Massenburg, Frank Massenburg, James Massenburg, John Massenburg, Thomas May, Arthur May, George May, Spencer McKinzie, Clarence Mead, Walter Meyler, Bob Mitchell, Theodore T. Moore, Charlie Moore, Major Morgan, Andrew L. Myrick, Jessie J. Myrick, John Myrick, McKinley Neaves, Percy Nickels, Allen Nickelson, Irwin T. Nickerson, Henry Owen, William A. Owens, Herbert Owens, Robert Parham, Albert Parham, Clifford Parham, James Parham, Joseph F. Parham, McKinley Parham, Richard Parhane, Walter L. Parker, Emmit Parker, Emmitt Parker, Floyd Parker, George W. Parker, John Parker, Junius Parker, Matthew Parker, Nurnie Parker, Robert Parker, Thomas Parker, Willie L. Parm, Joe Patterson, Refuge Patterson, William H. Peace, Gershon S. W. Peace, Joseph L. Pegram, George Perry, Luther Perry, Ollie Peters, Herbert C. Pitts, Waverly G. Porter, Elijah Prince, Henry Pulliam, Levy Ransom, Charlie Reed, Joseph E. Reese, Buck Rice, Sabre George Richardson, Alexander Ricks, Ramy Riddick, William Ridley, Arthur Ridley, Edward Ridley, Walter Roberts, Cailey L. [264] a* k'JU'J win m or iiWKse wico «Ave ruEia uvks anhas a lauivis MMttflEiBS -• hi If », l.AC»tV2f< •• ' ■'■ I a. m<: $«« v at**. l&r$0» *JUtLf4l3*Xt ;. &.ji<;;4t#*ui «t. «*nv*Auac# fk«jfAHf .1. <.*1'<**|»IE >. r. ha ecu pi jtttMpfc, . *; Milium* :;.v- .'■•re;-' •• f a •a *, it .f «m*i;« : I, <(, 'JXA.WM £ #. '.tA1«KI . ,.. ^ ' • .; ■ • .-'■■ - - ■■.:.. ;.■■■. . ■ .. ah& ■■■.:,.■,■ : •A r jw«:*a * :;4 i'Si'j's" : ' : Monument to Company "B" Volunteers and other veterans from Sussex County in World War I. Bronze plaque on a granite block in Waverly. Robertson, Robert Robinson, John H. Robinson, John Robinson, Morselus Robinson, Richard Rochell, George Roney, Lee Rose, Collie *Rose, Johnnie Rose, Luther Ruffin, Charles A. Ruffin, Percy Ruffin, Peter R. Seaborn, Richard Seaborn, Stephen D. Seldon, Samuel Sills, James W. Sills, Lee Sills, Peter Simpson, Thomas Skands, Clarence L. Smith, Allen Smith, Clarence W. Smith, Eddie Smith, James Smith, Joseph B. Smith, Moses Smith, Oscar Smith, Sidney Smith, Square Smith, Willie Spears, James S. Spencer, Herman Dixie Stile, John Stitch, Norman Stith, Allen Stith, Ned L. Springfield, Isaac Sumlin, John Sydnor, Douglas Sykes, Burton Sykes, John Taylor, Garfield Taylor, Ivory Taylor, Johnie Threatt, Otis Tiller, Joseph Tims, Tom Tompkins, Gary Trisvan, Cephus Trisvan, Leroy Tucker, George B. Tuell, Walter Turner, Charlie W. Turner, John Tyler, William Urquhart, Eldridge Urquhart, William T. Vaughn, Jesse Vincent, Richard Walker, Eddie Walker, Johnie Walker, Robert Walker, Rosevelt Walthall, Willie L. Ward, Junius Washington, Percy Washington, Wesley Wilkes, Jerry Wilkins, Eddie Wilkins, Willie Williams, David Williams, Dock Williams, Henry Williams, Henry R. Williams, Ollie Williams, Peyton Williams, Raymond Williams, Robert L. Williams, Sunny Williams, Thomas Wooden, Elbert T. Wyatt, Harvey Wyatt, John W. Wyche, Frank Wyche, Howard Wyche, James E. Wyche, Robert E. Wyche, Timothy O. Wynn, Urius Young, Alphonzo Young, Hurley Young, Johnnie Bailey, Junius Coleman, Thomas Hamlin, Tom Harrison, Samuel DEAD Hogens, Freddie Jones, Willie Key, Clarence Massenburg, John S. Rivers, Peter Ryland, John G. Waltney, Hugh G. WOUNDED Fields, Frank Graves, William Abernathy, Thornton Jones Blood, George Warren Boyd, Herbert Briggs, Walter Bryant, Roland Eugene Burkett, Jerome Elmer Navy Carpenter, Allen Burk- holder Chappell, Claude Little- ton Clements, John William Cobb, William Macklin [265] Daniels, Thomas Willis Drewry, Turner Monroe Fuller, Louis Freeman, Philip Edward Glazebrook, Joseph Ogden Green, Thomas, Jr. Hopkins, David Alex- ander Houser, Frank Leon ♦Jarratt, Robert Bell Kelley, Wayne Harold Kelley, Louis Edward Maif eld, Freddie William Mason, Edward Parham Mayes, Archer Daniel Mayes, Cary Dibrel Mitchell, Robert Bryan Partridge, Malon Frank- lin Pond, Hugh Butler Richardson, James Oliver Robertson, Dudley Skin- ner Savedge, James Aetius Spratley, Nicholas Tun- stall Stallings, Gilford Leroy Westbrook, James Sam- uel ♦White, Roger M. Williamson, Rosvill Wyche, Herbert Clabin Naval Reserve ENLISTED MEN Drewry, Walter Leslie Landman, John Julius Sheffield, Angelo Daniel Jarratt, Robert Bell Martin, John Eppes ♦Coffer, Alonza Marine Corps ENLISTED MEN Sabrovitch, Paul Thompson, Edwin Boardman [266] APPENDIX C Early Land Grants The lists of land grants were obtained from the original patent books preserved in the Land Office in the State Capitol. Some of the lands listed are re-grants. A few tracts included lay partly in Sussex and partly in one or more adjoining counties. The dates given for lands granted before 1752 are old style. [ 2 6 7 ] LAND GRANTS IN SUSSEX AREA BEFORE ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY, 1702- 1754 Patent Book No. 9 George Blow, Oct. 28, 1702 65 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, on a swamp commonly known as Seacock. James Jones, Oct. 28, 1702 634 acres on the south side of the Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of Myory Swamp. William Cock, May 1, 1706 580 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. Benjamin Harrison, May 1, 1706 1,000 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the mouth of a small branch through Nottoway Town. Thomas Bently, May 1, 1706 150 acres south of Blackwater Swamp. Francis Clements, May 2, 1706 1,000 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp and on the north side of Nottoway River, adjoining the Indians' land. Patent Book No. 10 Joseph Wall, Dec. 19, 171 1 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the mouth of a branch on the southwest side of Seacock Swamp. William Hunt, Dec. 19, 171 1 140 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning "near Henry Bedingfield's fence." William Hunt, Dec. 19, 171 1 1 90 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, between Hunt's other land and George Wyche's land. Thomas Barrow, Dec. 19, 1 7 1 1 128 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a hickory in the College Land's line. Thomas Waler, Nov. 13, 17 13 340 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater, adjoining land of James Allen. Robert Warren, Nov. 13, 1 7 1 3 65 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the line of the Nottoway Indians' land and a corner of Philip Ludwell's land. [269 Robert Jones, Nov. 13, 1 713 120 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the southeast side of the Spring Swamp. Francis Stead, Nov. 13, 17 13 100 acres in a fork of the Cypress Branch on the south side of Nottoway River. Francis Mayberry, Nov. 13, 171 3 125 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of the Hornet Swamp. George Wyche, Nov. 13, 17 13 400 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning at a corner of William Hunt's land. Thomas Harrison, Nov. 13, 17 13 180 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining his other land. William Rayney, Nov. 13, 1 713 250 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the southwest side of Raccoon Swamp. James Stanton, Nov. 13, 17 13 700 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of Bly's Branch at a corner of Samuel Briggs' land. John Jones, Nov. 13, 1 7 13 330 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater, beginning on the east side of Jones' Hole Swamp "at the going over of the gum log." Henry Jones, Nov. 13, 1 7 13 250 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the southeast side of the Flat Swamp. Thomas Harrison, Nov. 13, 1 713 180 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a red oak, a corner of the lands of Thomas Chappell, James Jones, and Thomas Harrison. William Edmunds, Nov. 13, 17 13 830 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of Austin's Branch. Nathaniel Phillips, Nov. 13, 17 13 180 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a line of the College Land and a corner of Jeremiah Ellis' land. Thomas Halleman, June 16, 1714 220 acres on the south side the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a red oak, thence near the head line of Richard Halleman's land. John Baker, June 16, 17 14 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a pine, a corner of Joseph Wall's land. William Rogers, June 16, 17 14 220 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the southeast side of Coxahonk [Coppahaunk] Swamp, at a corner of the College Land. [270] James Binam, June 16, 1 7 1 4 140 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the mouth of a branch on the north side of Coppahaunk Swamp. Samuel Briggs, June 16, 1 714 290 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of Bly's Branch. Thomas Eldridge, June 16, 17 14 370 acres on the southwest side of the Warwick Swamp, south of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a pine on the south side of Hale's Branch. Nathaniel Harrison, June 16, 17 14 510 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Assamoosic Swamp, at the mouth of a small branch through the Nottoway Town fields. James Binam, June 16, 17 14 330 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the mouth of the Cattail Branch. Charles Savidge, June 16, 17 14 120 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of Seacock Swamp. William Glover, June 16, 1714 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the mouth of the Town Swamp. Walter Lashly, June 16, 17 14 280 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of Cypress Branch. Henry Harrison and Philip Ludwell, June 16, 17 14 6,305 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning at the mouth of a branch on the south side of Hunting Quarter Swamp, which divides the land of Benjamin Harrison. (This tract lay in both present Sussex and present Southampton). Henry Harrison, June 16, 17 14 350 acres on branches of the Blackwater Swamp, adjoining his own land and that of John Barker. (Formerly granted to John Symons, Oct. 20, 1704). Charles Briggs, June 16, 1 714 275 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of Proctor's Branch. Hinshea Guillam, June 16, 1 7 1 4 550 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of the Cypress Swamp. Nathaniel Harrison, June 16, 17 14 1,720 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Assamoosic Swamp at the mouth of Secauris Swamp. John Jones, June 16, 17 14 170 acres on the south side the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining his other land and that of Benjamin Harrison. [271] Francis Clements, June 1 6, 1 7 1 4 5 1 6 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of the Spring Swamp. Philip Ludwell, June 16, 17 14 930 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning near Assamoosic Swamp on the west side. Jeremiah Ellis, June 16, 1714 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of a branch of the Coppahaunk Swamp about half a mile above the College Land. Thomas Hunt, June 16, 17 14 200 acres on the south side the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the northwest side of Coppahaunk Swamp at a corner of the College Land. William Jones, June 16, 1714 280 acres on the northeast side of Nottoway River, beginning at the mouth of Jones' Hole Swamp and being part of 600 acres of land granted to the said Jones on Oct. 24, 1701. John Freeman, Dec. 16, 17 14 300 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning at a great pine near Comesius Swamp, adjoining land of Henry Jones. Thomas Blunt, Dec. 16, 17 14 320 acres on the south side the main Blackwater Swamp. John Nichols, Dec. 16, 17 14 270 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a gum upon the swamp side, in the line between Prince George and present Sussex. George Pasmore, Dec. 16, 17 14 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining land of William Jones and Henry Jones. Thomas Pitman, Dec. 23, 17 14 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at Thomas Holliman's line on the east side of the Raccoon Branch. Thomas Harrison, Dec. 23, 17 14 180 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of Thomas Chappell's and James Jones' lands. William Brown, Dec 23, 1714 250 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of his other land. Richard Parker, Aug. 16, 1715 540 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of Austin's Branch. John Mason, March 23, 17 15 80 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of Cotten's Branch. Joseph Wall, March 23, 17 15 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, and on both sides of the Wildcat's Branch. [272] George Booth, March 23, 1 7 1 5 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Indian Swamp. John Groves, March 23, 17 15 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of the Beaverdam Swamp. John Moore, March 23, 17 15 130 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning at a pine on the south side of the Island Swamp. Marmaduke Brown, March 23, 17 15 200 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the river bank, at a corner of the land formerly belonging to Benjamin Harrison. Thomas Jones, March 23, 1 7 15 370 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of the Hardwood Swamp, at a line of the land lately belonging to Benjamin Harrison. Christopher Atkinson, March 23, 1 715 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the swamp side at a corner of William Evans' land. Christopher Atkinson, March 23, 1715 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining his own land. William Rose, March 23, 17 15 1 00 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the mouth of a branch on the south side of Coppahaunk Swamp. Thomas Wilkason, March 23, 17 15 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of the College Land, east of Joseph's Swamp. Nathaniel Maloon, March 23, 1715 215 acres on both sides of Sapony Creek, beginning on the west side of the creek, adjoining land of Thomas Thrower. Thomas Poythress, March 23, 17 15 180 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of the Woodyard Swamp. Charles Gillum, March 23, 1715 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway river, beginning on the river's bank, at a corner of Marmaduke Brown's land. John Rayburn, March 23, 1 715 80 acres on the south side of Stony Creek. William Edwards, March 23, 17 15 350 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Little Swamp. James Kerney, March 23, 17 15 80 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Chincapin Swamp. [273] Robert Hunnicutt, March 23, 17 15 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of Warwick Swamp, thence to a corner of Hunnicutt's other land. William Clary, March 23, 1 71 5 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, on the south- west side of the Chincapin Swamp. Nicholas Cocke, March 23, 17 15 130 acres on the southwest side of Nottoway River, beginning on the river's bank at a corner of John Jones' land. Thomas Horton, March 23, 1 715 145 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, and on the north side of the Chincapin Swamp. Thomas Thrower, March 23, 1 715 125 acres on the south side of Stony Creek, and on the east side of Sapony Creek. John Jackson, March 23, 1 7 15 140 acres on the southwest side of Monk's Neck Creek. Hugh Golitely, March 23, 1 715 200 acres on the north side of the Three Creeks "in the Counties of Surry and Isle of Wight" [present Sussex and Southampton]. Nicholas Partridge, March 23, 1 715 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining lands of Elizabeth Carlile and Charles Sledge. William Williams, March 23, 1715 295 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of the Black Swamp. John Ivy, March 23, 17 15 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of the Pigeon Swamp. Samuel Clarke, March 23, 1 7 15 250 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the line on the land formerly belonging to William Randolph, on the west side of Assamoosic Swamp. Jarvis Winfield, March 23, 17 15 150 acres on the south side of Stony Creek, adjoining land of Thomas Thrower. Charles Sledge, Aug. 14, 17 16 100 acres on the north side of a small branch, near Elizabeth Carlile's land and adjoining Sledge's other land. Charles Sledge, Aug. 14, 17 16 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of the land formerly belonging to William Randolph. John Mason, Oct. 31, 17 16 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining the College Land. [274] James Mathews Oct. 31, 17 16 140 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of Marma- duke Brown and land lately belonging to Benjamin Harrison. Thomas Tomlinson, Oct. 31, 1716 195 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of the land belonging to William Randolph, deceased. William Wythe, Oct. 31, 17 16 150 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, on the west side of a branch and on the north side of the Hunting Quarter Swamp. Joel Barker, Oct. 31, 1716 1 70 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, in the upper parish and adjoining the College Land. Richard Bland, April 1, 171 7 800 acres on the south side the main Blackwater, beginning at the line of Island's land "where the dividing line twixt Prince George & Surry [present Sussex] crosses it." Jethro Barker, April 1, 171 7 165 acres on the southwest side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning between the mouths of two branches on the swamp side. Jehue Barker, April 1, 171 7 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of the Town Swamp. Benjamin Giddeon, April 1 , 1 7 1 7 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the line of the College Land. John Poythres, July 15, 171 7 267 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater, beginning on the south- west side of the Indian Swamp. Peter Mitchell, Jan. 22, 171 7 220 acres on the north side of Nottoway River and on the east side of the Hardwood Swamp. Henry Harrison, Jan. 22, 171 7 1,000 acres in the Parish of Southwark, beginning on the east side of Har- rison's Branch. Benjamin Harrison, Jan. 22, 171 7 1,530 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of the Hunting Quarter Swamp. Mathew Sturdivant, Jan. 22, 171 7 100 acres on the south side of Nottoway River and on west side of a small branch. Thomas Goodwyn, Jan. 22, 171 7 425 acres on both sides of the Warwick Swamp, beginning on the south side of the swamp, at a corner of James Jones' land. Robert Webb, Jan. 24, 1717 280 acres on the northeast of the Raccoon Swamp, beginning by the side of the swamp. [275] William Heath, Jan. 24, 17 17 325 acres on the southwest side of the Warwick Swamp, beginning "where the dividing line betwixt Surry [present Sussex] & Prince George counties crosses the same." Silvanus Stokes, Jan. 24, 171 7 200 acres on the north side of the Raccoon Swamp, beginning a little below the mouth of the Double Branch. Robert Proctor, Jan. 24, 171 7 80 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the swamp side below the mouth of the Cattail Branch. Richard Fitzpatrick, March 18, 1 7 1 7 2 1 5 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the line of the College Land on Coppahaunk Swamp. John Marker, July 12, 1718 446 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of William Hunt. Thomas Eldridge, July 12, 17 18 190 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of James Minge's land on Joseph's Swamp. William Jones, July 12, 17 18 100 acres on both sides of Sapony Creek, adjoining land of Nathaniel Maloon. Edmund Barrow, July 12, 17 18 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of Snake Branch. James Stanton, July 14, 1 7 1 8 130 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning by the river at Hunt's corner tree. William Hunt, Nov. 12, 17 18 1,120 acres on the southwest side of Nottoway River, by the side of the Hunting Quarter Swamp adjoining land of William Hunt. Lewis Green, July 11, 1 7 1 9 375 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the bank of the river, thence on Chetekosaw Swamp. Henry Harrison and William Brown, Southwark Parish churchwardens, July 11, 1719 500 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of the Woodyard Swamp, thence by the side of Freeman's Branch — patented for a glebe. Patent Book No. i i Robert Judkins and John Thorp, Feb. 20, 1 719 1 75 acres on the southwest side of Nottoway River, beginning by the side of the river at a corner of William Hunt's land. Giles Underhill, Feb. 21, 1720 133 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of the College Land on Joseph's Swamp. [276] Lewis Green, Feb. a I, 1720 425 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on thr rivrr bank at a corner of the land lately surveyed for the glebe of the Parish of Southwark. Lewis Green, Feb. 21, 1720 195 acres on the south side of Nottoway river, beginning on the river bank. Lewis Green, Feb. 21, 1720 145 acres on the north side of Nottoway river, beginning at a corner of the land lately surveyed for the glebe of Southwark Parish. Lewis Green, Feb. 21, 1720 200 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the river and adjoining his other land and the Woodyard Swamp. Henry Harrison, June 22, 1722 70 acres on the northeast side of Nottoway River. George Wyche, June 22, 1722 1 15 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning by the river, at a corner of his present land. Samuel Chappell, June 22, 1 722 150 acres on the south side of the Assamoosic Swamp. Charles Gee, June 22, 1722 425 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side the Warwick Swamp. Thomas Tomlinson, June 22, 1722 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning by the swamp, at a corner of Tomlinson's other land, thence to an ash on Warwick Swamp. Robert Boiling, July 26, 1722 1,150 acres on both sides of Nottoway River, beginning at the mouth of the Island Swamp on the south side of the river. Thomas Jones, June 22, 1722 2,119 acres on both sides of Nottoway River, part in Prince George and part in present Sussex, beginning at the mouth of Bullskin Creek on the north side of the river, in Prince George. John Pasmore, Feb. 18, 1722 100 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning by the river at a corner of Pasmore's other land, thence to the Island Swamp. John Cargill, Feb. 18, 1722 250 acres on the south side the Assamoosic Swamp, adjoining land of Thomas Simmons. John Cargill, Feb. 18, 1722 350 acres on the south side of the Assamoosic Swamp, adjoining his other land. John Mitchell, July 27, 1722 150 acres on the east side of Harris' Swamp. Charles Leath, Feb. 18, 1722 1 70 acres on Harris' Swamp and on the north side of Nottoway River. [377] Christopher Robertson, Feb. 18, 1722 80 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the southwest side of a branch of Southwest Swamp, at a corner of William Maloon's land. William Shands, Feb. 18, 1722 250 acres on the west side of Joseph's Swamp, beginning in a fork of the upper branch, at a corner of Harrison's land. John Jeffreys, Feb. 18, 1722 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of Seacock Swamp, thence by the side of Wall's Branch. William Johnson, Feb. 18, 1722 225 acres on the south side the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Black Swamp, at a corner of the land lately belonging to William Randolph. Robert Fellows, Feb. 18, 1722 125 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the west side of Fellows' Branch. Thomas Peters, Feb. 18, 1722 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning at a corner of John Barker's land. Thomas Peters, Feb. 18, 1722 130 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning at a corner be- tween lands of John Barker and Thomas Peters. Philip Ludwell, Feb. 18, 1722 415 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning at the line of John Barker's land and a corner of Thomas Peters' land. William Cooke, Feb. 18, 1722 175 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning by the swamp, at a corner of James Jones' land. George Maybury, Sept. 5, 1723 1 1 5 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning at a pine on the west side of the Woodyard Swamp. Thomas Mitchell, Sept. 5, 1723 135 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the west side of Hardwood Swamp. Philip Jones, Sept. 5, 1723 180 acres on the north side of Nottoway River and on the south side of Sapony Creek. Andrew Lester, Sept. 5, 1723 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of a small branch at a corner between lands of Henry Harrison and William Thomas. Jethro Barker, Sept. 5, 1723 120 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side the Beaverdam Meadow Branch. Robert Webb, Sept. 5, 1723 205 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of the Raccoon Swamp. [278] John Mitchell, Sept. 5, 1723 440 acres on the north side of Nottoway River between Mitchell's land and that of Robert Boiling. William Edmunds, Sept. 5, 1723 170 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, near Austin's Branch. William Phillips, Sept. 5, 1723 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the swamp at a corner of Joseph Wall's land. William Maloon, Sept. 5, 1723 195 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the southeast side of Southwest Swamp. John Roberts, Sept. 5, 1723 235 acres on the north side of Seacorrie Swamp, adjoining land of Thomas Bentley. Silvanus Stokes, Sept. 5, 1723 380 acres on the south side of Nottoway River and on both sides of the Raccoon Swamp. Nicholas Callaham, Sept. 5, 1723 350 acres on the south side of Nottoway River and on both sides the Hunt- ing Quarter Swamp. John Mitchell, Sept. 5, 1723 290 acres on both sides of the Reedy Branch, north of Nottoway River. James Massingall, Sept. 5, 1723 350 acres on the north side of Seacorrie Swamp, adjoining land of Thomas Bently. Charles Maybury, Sept. 5, 1723 250 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of John Guillum. John Thrower, Sept. 5, 1723 295 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of Southwest Swamp, at a corner of Lewis Green's land. Sylvanus Stokes, Sept. 5, 1723 365 acres on the south side of Nottoway River and on both sides of the Raccoon Swamp. Robert Wynn, Sept. 5, 1723 475 acres on the north side of Stony Creek, adjoining land of Daniel Tucker. Robert Mitchell, Sept. 5, 1723 320 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of Hardwood Swamp, at a corner of Thomas Jones' land. John Guillum, Sept. 5, 1723 240 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of Southwest Swamp. Charles Briggs, Sept. 5, 1723 200 acres on both sides of Harrison's Branch, and on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. [279] Charles Briggs, Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on the south side of Coppahaunk Swamp, adjoining his other land. Peter Bagley, Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, and on the south side of Cotton's Branch. George Booth, Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, adjoining Booth's other land. William Saunders, Sept. 5, 1723 90 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of the Black Swamp. Thomas Hamlin, Sept. 5, 1723 145 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Pigeon Swamp near the lower end of the Beaver Pond. John Bell, Sept. 5, 1723 135 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of James Kerney's land. Amos Times, Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of the Cabin Branch at the line of John Barker's land. John Hancock, Sept. 5, 1723 250 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Great Branch. Henry Mitchell, Sept. 3, 1723 150 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the west side of Hardwood Swamp. David Poythress, Sept. 5, 1723 250 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of the Indian Swamp, adjoining his own land. Robert Mitchell, Jr., Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of Thomas Mitchell and Thomas Jones. John Tomlinson, Sept. 5, 1723 145 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Black Swamp. John Davis, Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on Harris 5 Swamp and on the north side of Nottoway River. John Hatley, Sept. 5, 1723 125 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of Thweat's Branch. John Jones, Sept. 5, 1723 95 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of Sapony Creek. James Anderson, Sept. 5, 1723 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of the Pigeon Swamp. [280] Nathaniel Harrison, Dec. 14, 1723 2,450 acres on the east side of Joseph's Swamp, adjoining land lately be- longing to Valentine Minge. Lewis Green, Feb. 20, 1723 135 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning by the river at a corner of Ephrain Parham's land. William Andrews, Feb. 20, 1723 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of Coppahaunk Swamp. William Hynes, Feb. 20, 1723 90 acres on the south side of the Assamoosic Swamp, beginning at the line of John Cargill's land. Peter Vincent, Feb. 20, 1723 125 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of the Sawpit Branch. William Smith, Feb. 20, 1723 190 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of Snake Branch. Samuel Hargrove, Feb. 20, 1723 190 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of Richard Hill's land. Richard Hill, Feb. 20, 1723 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of his present land. Patent Book No. 12 Richard Blow, July 9, 1724 300 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Seacock Swamp. John Hallyman, July 9, 1724 78 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. Richard Woodroofe, July 9, 1724 250 acres on both sides of the Hunting Quarter Swamp, on the south side of Nottoway River. Robert Whitehead, July 9, 1 724 100 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning by a small branch. Benjamin Harrison, July 9, 1724 200 acres on Harris' Swamp, and on the north side of Nottoway River. John Richardson, July 9, 1724 75 acres on the north side of the Spring Swamp. Thomas Dunn, July 9, 1724 125 acres on the north side of Guillum's Branch, and on the south side of Nottoway River. William Crips, July 9, 1 724 300 acres on the northwest side of Hart's Branch. [28!] William Read, July 9, 1 724 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River and on both sides of Sapony Creek. Howell Edwards, July 9, 1724 230 acres on the south side the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of the Wildcat Branch. Joell Barker, July 9, 1724 170 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining his own land. Charles Briggs, July 9, 1724 230 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Seacock Swamp. Andrew Simon, July 9, 1724. 1 1 5 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Town Marsh. William Rose, July 9, 1 724 130 acres on both sides of Myery Branch, and on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. William Pittman, July 9, 1 724 240 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at the line of the land formerly belonging to Richard Hallyman. Adam Topley, July 9, 1724 75 acres on the south side of the Spring Swamp. John Higgs, July 9, 1724 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. Samuel Blackgrove, July 9, 1 724 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of Seacock Swamp at a corner of Charles Savidge's land. William Lee, July 9, 1724 300 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, and on both sides of the great branch of the Hunting Quarter Swamp. William Brittle, July 9, 1724 215 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of Snake Branch. William Harper, July 9, 1724 200 acres on the north side of Nottoway River and both sides of Sapony Creek. William Simes, July 9, 1724 95 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. Joseph Carter, July 9, 1724 63 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. John Simmons, July 9, 1724 240 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Cattail Branch. Nathaniel Corbits, July 9, 1724 640 acres on the east side of Joseph's Swamp. [282] George Hamilton, July 9, 1 724 135 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of Lewis' Branch. Benjamin Harrison of Charles City, Oct. 23, 1724 340 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, and on the east side of Freeman's Branch. John Simmons, Nov. 5, 1724 500 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of the Cattail Branch. Richard Woodroofe, Nov. 5, 1724 655 acres on both sides of the Hunting Quarter Swamp. Benjamin Harrison, Feb. 22, 1724 470 acres on the south side of Nottoway River and on both sides of Jack's Branch. John Brown, Feb. 22, 1724 200 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the west side of Freeman's Branch. John Rose, Feb. 22, 1724 165 acres on both sides of the Reedy Branch and on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. Lewis Green, Feb. 22, 1724 400 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning at the mouth of Stony Creek. Joseph Collyer, Feb. 22, 1724 380 acres on Barker's Reedy Branch, in the Parish of Southwark. Nathaniel Harrison, July 17, 1725 550 acres on the east side of Joseph's Swamp, beginning at a corner of the College Land. John Doby, Aug. 17, 1725 235 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the west side of Joseph's Swamp. William Jones, Aug. 17, 1725 400 acres on the north side of Nottoway River and on both sides of Sapony Creek. Andrew Lester, Aug. 17, 1725 145 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a line of Henry Harrison's land. John Tomlinson, Aug. 17, 1725 70 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. John Stokes, March 24, 1725 250 acres on the north side of the Spring Swamp. Lambert Tell, March 24, 1725 220 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of the Flat Swamp. Robert Rogers, March 24, 1725 1 00 acres on the south side of Raccoon Swamp. [283] Richard Felts, March 24, 1725 140 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of Dunn's Branch at a corner of Henry Harrison's land. John Evans, March 24, 1725 285 acres on south side of Nottoway River and on north side of the Little Swamp. John Evans, March 24, 1725 200 acres on the south side of the Little Swamp. Robert Inman, March 24, 1725 150 acres on the south side of the Little Swamp. Charles Mayberry, March 24, 1725 145 acres south of Nottoway River and on the north side of Raccoon Swamp. Benjamin Cooper, March 24, 1725 100 acres on the south side of Raccoon Swamp. Nathaniel Philips, March 24, 1725 95 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning at a corner of Henry Harrison's land. Edward Pennington, March 24, 1725 485 acres on the south side of Hunting Quarter Swamp. John Groves, March 24, 1725 145 acres on south side of main Blackwater Swamp, beginning at a corner of the College Land. Thomas Capell, March 24, 1725 345 acres on the "main side" of Raccoon Swamp. Philip Bailey, March 24, 1725 145 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of John Hatley and Alexander Horton. Cornelius Loftin, March 24, 1725 200 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on south side of the Cypress Branch. John Jones, March 24, 1725 435 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, between the Raccoon Creek and Spring Swamp. Charles Webb, March 24, 1725 145 acres on the south side of the Raccoon Swamp. Charles Judkins, March 24, 1725 375 acres on the north side of Spring Swamp. Edward Clanton, March 24, 1725 150 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of John Guillum. Thomas Wiggins, March 24, 1725 150 acres on the north side of Raccoon Swamp. Henry Harrison, March 24, 1725 430 acres on north side of Nottoway River. [284] . Daniel Tucker, March 24, 1725 215 acres on both sides of Stony Greek, and on the north side of Nottoway River. William Jones, March 24, 1 725 150 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, and on the Spring Swamp. William Hamlin, March 24, 1725 235 acres on both sides of the Spring Swamp. Richard King, March 24, 1725 190 acres on the south side of Hunting Quarter Swamp. Robert Magee, March 24, 1725 285 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, adjoining land of Henry Harrison. Nicholas Partridge, March 24, 1725 350 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining Partridge's other land. Gregory Rawlings, March 24, 1725 250 acres on the south side of Spring Swamp, and south of Nottoway River. Patent Book No. 13 Richard Norcross, Oct. 31, 1726 100 acres on south side of Nottoway River and in the fork of the Spring Swamp. John Worsden, Oct. 31, 1726 375 acres on south side of Assamoosic Swamp. Henry Mitchell, June 16, 1727 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of Jones' Hole Swamp. William Bradley, June 16, 1727 150 acres on the south side of main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of Hart's Branch. William Cook, June 16, 1727 190 acres on south side of main Blackwater Swamp. William Cook, June 16, 1727 175 acres on the south side of main Blackwater Swamp, adjoining land of William Cook and James Jones. Mathew Sturdivant, June 16, 1727 230 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of the Cabinstick Swamp. John Barker, June 16, 1727 100 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. James Cain, June 16, 1727 1 00 acres on the north side of Nottoway River. Charles Leath, June 16, 1727 400 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the northwest side of the Gum Swamp. 385] Thomas Peters, June 16, 1727 430 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning "near the main roadside that goeth to the Nottoway bridge." William Davidson, June 16, 1727 200 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. John Threewitt, Oct. 13, 1727 175 acres on the south side of Nottoway River and on both sides of the Cabinstick Swamp. William Jones, Oct. 13, 1727 375 acres on the south side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of the Flat Swamp. Nicholas Jarrard, Oct. 13, 1727 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of Barker's Branch. William Harris, Oct. 13, 1727 250 acres on both sides of the Raccoon Swamp. Isaac Hall, Oct. 13, 1727 200 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of the Turkey Cock Swamp. William Pettiway, Oct. 13, 1727 350 acres on the north side of Nottoway River and on both sides of the Indian Swamp. Robert Jones, Oct. 13, 1727 100 acres on the south side of Assamoosic Swamp. James Jones, Oct. 13, 1727 1 50 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. William Brimm, Oct. 13, 1727 220 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the northwest side of Snake Branch. William Rainey, Oct. 13, 1727 240 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, adjoining the Woodyard Swamp. William Atkeison, Oct. 13, 1727 150 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the northeast side of Gregory's Branch. William Edmunds, Oct. 13, 1727 280 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of the Cabin Branch. Robert Jones, Oct. 13, 1727 190 acres on the south side of Assamoosic Swamp. Thomas Taylor, Oct. 13, 1727 285 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. William Peebles, Oct. 13, 1727 200 acres south of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the west side of Black Swamp. [286] John Mitchell, Oct. 13, 1727 640 acres on both sides of Harris' Swamp and north of Nottoway River. William Shands, Oct. 13, 1727 270 acres south of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the east side of Cotton's Branch. Nicholas Maggett, Oct. 13, 1727 380 acres on the south side of the main Blackwater Swamp. John Williamson, Oct. 13, 1727 1 75 acres south of Nottoway River, beginning on the north side of the Cypress Branch. Henry Johnson, Oct. 13, 1727 80 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning by the side of the river. William Rogers, Sept. 28, 1728 100 acres on the north side of the Cypress Branch. Nicholas Bush, Sept. 28, 1728 100 acres on the north side of Nottoway River, beginning on the east side of Austin's Branch. John Allen, May 8, 1729 115 acres south of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the south side of the Old Town Marsh. Samuel Tatum, Sept. 27, 1729 80 acres south of the main Blackwater Swamp, beginning on the north side of the Mill Swamp. Nathaniel Robinson, Sept. 27, 1729 200 acres north of Nottoway River, beginning on the south side of South- west Swamp. Stephen Houseman, Sept. 28, 1730 16 acres on the west side of Joseph's Swamp. Alexander Boiling, Sept. 28, 1730 250 acres north of Nottoway River, beginning on the northwest side of the Cross Branch. All the following grants are described as designating lands now included in present Sussex — south of the Blackwater and north of the county's southwestern boundary. Patent Book No. 14 PATENTEE DATE ACRES PATENTEE DATE ACRES Richard Parker Sept. 28, 1728 220 Nicholas Jones Sept. 28, 1728 235 Bray Hargrove Sept. 28, 1728 280 Thomas Wilson Sept. 28, 1728 300 Marmaduke Guissett Sept. 28, 1730 200 George Briggs Sept. 28, 1728 100 James Chappell Sept. 28, 1730 135 Joseph Kenn Sept. 28, 1728 335 Abraham Parham Sept. 28, 1730 150 Robert Atkins Sept. 28, 1728 150 William Jones Sept. 28, 1730 420 William Tomlinson Sept. 28, 1728 190 Samuel Maget Sept. 28, 1730 480 Matthew Wilkason and .William Parham Sept. 28, 1728 75 George Ezell Sept. 28, 1728 350 [287] PATENTEE DAT John Wilburn Sept. 28, John Ivy Sept. 28, John Jackson Sept. 28, George Rawlings Sept. 28, Clement Hancock June 26, Henry Peebles Aug. 25, Lambert Tell Aug. 25, James Mitchell Aug. 25, Joseph Bell Aug. 25, Robert Webb Aug. 25, Nicholas Harford Aug. 25, Stephen Cawdle Aug. 25, John Pennington Sept. 17, Edward Farrington Sept. 17, Richard Bland Sept. 17, Henry Harrison Apr. 11, William Johnson Apr. 11, Hinshia Gillum Apr. n, Henry Mitchell Sept. 28, William Edmunds Sept. 28, Thomas Felts Sept. 28, William Hines Sept. 28, PATENTEE DATE ACRES 1728. 1728. 1728. 1728. I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- I73I- 1732. I732- 1732. 1732. 1732. 1732- I732- 190 135 '195 600 370 240 250 380 250 100 50 195 200 50 240 240 250 400 200 75 285 180 Josiah Barker Sept. 28, 1732 195 William Winkles Sept. 28, 1732 100 Joel Barker Sept. 28, 1732 100 William Eppes Sept. 28, 1732 185 Peter Green Sept. 28, 1732 50 John Hancock Sept. 28, 1732 620 John Barker Sept. 28, 1732 145 Nathaniel Tatum Sept. 28, 1732 50 Simon Murphy Sept. 28, 1732 140 William Barker Sept. 28, 1732 95 Joseph Moody Sept. 28, 1732 150 Peter Bagley. Sept. 28, 1732 170 William Edmunds Sept. 28, 1732 50 James Washington Sept. 28, 1732 225 Henry Barker Sept. 28, 1732 175 Richard Bullock Sept. 28, 1732 80 Samuel Briggs Sept. 28, 1732 250 Silvanus Stokes Sept. 28, 1732 1445 Lewis Green Sept. 28, 1732 235 Richard Blunt Sept. 28, 1732 450 Francis Felts Sept. 28, 1732 125 Patent Book No. 15 Simon Murphy June 20, 1733 400 John Jones June 20, 1733 „ 545 Charles Battle June 20, 1733 140 William Winfield Sept. 12, 1733 300 Peter Green Sept. 28, 1732 180 Peter Randall Feb. 28, 1733 180 William Lawry Feb. 28, 1733 265 William Burgess Feb. 28, 1733 85 James Cane Feb. 28, 1733 190 William Briggs Feb. 28, 1733 300 William Bradley Feb. 28, 1733 150 Thomas Jones Feb. 28, 1733 1020 John Stokes Mar. 23, 1733 430 Edward Scarborow Apr. 6, 1734 115 John Richardson May 25, 1734 120 Benjamin Richardson.... May 25, 1734. 185 Robert Wallace May 25, 1734 100 William Hart May 25, Benjamin Harrison May 25, William Hart May 25, William Vaughan May 25, John Mitchell Aug. 1, Valentine Williamson Aug. 1, Nicholas Partridge Aug. 1, William Bridges Aug. 1, Samuel Tatum Aug. 1, John Mitchell Aug. 1, William Bridges Aug. 1, John Gillion Jan. 27, Thomas Harrison Feb. 27, John Mason Mar. 24, Matthew Whitehead Mar. 24, John Mason. Mar, 1734- 100 1734- "75 1734 140 1734- 400 1734- 175 1734- 275 1734 630 1734- 425 1734 150 1734- 300 1734- 230 1734 190 1734 350 1734 335 1734 425 24, 1734 673 Henry Mannering July George Maybury Jan. Patent Book No. 16 6, 1735- 10, 1735- 125 225 William Knight Jan. John Wilkason Jan. 10, 1735 285 10, 1735 200 John Hatley June John Battle July John Freeman Aug. Patent Book No. 17 5, 1736 200 William Rose Mar. 17, 1736 300 jo, 1736 460 John Curtis June 10, 1737 300 2, 1736 350 Robert Judkins Jan. 2, 1737 100 Patent Book No. 18 William Parr July 20, Robert Judkins July 20, Nathaniel Maloon July 20, Charles Leath July 20, Richard Jones Mar. 26, John Bain June 29, James Sammon June 29, Thomas Alsbrook June 29, 1738 44° John King June 29, 1739 85 1738 295 Amos Horton June 29, 1739 100 1738 1050 Thomas Mitchell June 29, 1739 375 1738 263 Nicholas Callyham Sept. 22, 1739 250 1739 350 William Rogers Sept. 22, 1739 95 1739 200 Philip Harwood Mar. 12, 1739 100 1739 100 Benjamin Ellis Mar. 12, 1739 150 1739 50 Bartholomew Figures Mar. 12, 1739 150 [288] Patent Book No. 19 PATENTEE Francis Sharp Mar. Henry Tyler Aug. Hollum Sturdivant Aug. Henry Sturdivant Aug. John Mason Aug. William Cripps Aug. Carter Crafford Aug. John Wynn Aug. Robert Wynne Aug. Anthony Ratlief Aug. Thomas Wren Aug. Joseph Pittiway Aug. DATE ACRES 12, 1739 400 20, 174O 275 20, 174O 150 20, 174O 350 20, 174O 275 20, 174O 200 20, 174O l8o 20, 174O I50 20, 174O. 4OO 20, 1740 200 20, 1740 350 20, I74O 250 PATENTEE DATE ACRES John Allen Aug. 20,1740 1150 John Rottenbury Aug. 20, 1740 350 William Evans Aug. 20, William Harper.... Sept. 16, Richard Reeves Sept. 16, John Woodard Sept. 16, William Whittington Sept. 16, John Williamson June 1, Benjamin Adams July 25, John Knight July 25, James Murray July 25, John Andrews Aug. 20, 740.. 740.. 740.. 740.. 740- 741.. 741- 741- 741.. [741.. 43* 387 400 220 150 240 345 540 320 200 Patent Book No. 20 Patrick Dempsie Oct. James Banks Oct. Timothy Ezell Oct. Robert Farrington Oct. Lemuel Lanier Jan. Robert Wynne Jan. Marshall Leat Mar. John Stephens Mar. Howell Briggs Mar. Henry Lee Mar. Charles Maybury Mar. William Partin Mar. Robert Seat Mar. Richard Avery Mar. Henry Sawry Mar. John Clanton Mar. Hinsheah Guillum Mar. Jeremiah Bullock May Robert Bullock May Samuel Stokes r May Thomas Pennenton May Robert Sandyford. May Howell Briggs May David Jones May Jones Stokes May 1741- 1741.. 1741. 1741- 1741- 1741- 1741.. 1741- 1741. 1741.. 1741. 1741- 1741- 1741.. 1741- 1741. 1741- 1742- 1742.. 1742.. 1742- 1742.. 1742- 1742.. 1742.. 100 William Clifton May 20, 383 Thomas Oliver May 20, 145 Thomas Dunn May 20, 240 William Land May 20, 200 William Atkieson May 20, 80 James Chappell May 20, 70 Burwell Maclemore May 20, 450 Thomas Atkinson May 20, [380 Nathaniel Hood May 20, 100 William Woodland May 20, 34° John Weaver May 20, 220 Samuel Briggs May 20, 270 Richard Knight May 20, 75 Walter Lashly May 20, 400 Richard Knight July 30, 13° William Bradley July 30, 100 William Heath July 30, 335 Joshua Rowland July 30, 285 Silvanus Stokes July 30, 250 Henry Blow Mar. 30, 200 Joseph Elbeck June 30, 44° Robert Nicholson June 30, 480 Thomas Moore June 30, 35° James Parham June 30, 375 1742- 1742.. 1742.. 1742. 1742- I742-. I742-. 1742.. 1742- 1742- 1742- 1742. 1742.. 1742- 1742- 1742 100 1742 285 1742.. 1742.. 1743- 1743- 1743- 1743- 1743- 200 175 350 280 300 270 190 295 200 350 250 180 200 200 400 190 500 39o 500 330 300 385 Patent Book No. 21 Thomas Clifton July 30, 1742.. Edward Harris Nov. 22, 1742.. William Bradley July 30, 1742.. Thomas Rose Mar. 30, 1743.. 140 283 50 43o Joseph Elbeck Mar. 30, 1743 390 Daniel Roberts Mar. 30, 1743 140 William Andrews Mar. 30, 1743 125 John Brittle Mar. 30, 1743 230 John Hills Mar. 30, 1743 375 Edward Ellis June 30, 1743 145 Peter Hawthorne June 30, 1743 195 John Jeffries Aug. 30, 1743 70 William Rogers Aug. 30, 1743 400 Thomas Atkins Aug. 30, 1743 95 Patent Book No. 22 John Jones Aug. 30, 1744 190 John Warberton Aug. 30, 1744 275 James Massingall* July 10, 1745 190 George Wyche Aug. 1, 1745 320 * Re-granted to Henry Freeman. James Matthews Aug. 1, 1745 450 Richard Woodroof Aug. 20, 1745 100 Lambert Tell Sept. 20, 1745 250 James Sammon Sept. 20, 1745 98 John Hunt Sept. 20, 1745 104 Thomas Matthews Aug William Gillum Aug Edward Eccles Aug. 30, 1743 244 Anselm Bailey Aug. 30, 1743 380 Patent Book No. 23 30, 1743 318 William Winn Aug. i, 1745.. 30, 1743 250 Moses Johnson Aug. 1, 1745. Richard Pepper Aug. 1, 1745- 475 168 [289] Patent Book No. 24 PATENTEE DATE ACRES Richard Bland Mar. 5, 1745 135 Henry Jarrard Mar. 20, 1745 650 William Brittle Mar. 20, 1745 380 Nathaniel Malone June 5, 1746 178 William Smith June 5, 1746 95 Silvanus Stokes June 5, 1746 390 William Cragg June 5, 1746 340 PATENTEE DATE ACRES James Chappell July 25, 1746 68 Jarvis Winfield Aug. 28, 1746 263 Edward Shelton Aug. 28, 1746 125 George Booth Aug. 28, 1746 1140 William Harper Sept. 25, 1746 80 Joseph Scouts Sept. 25, 1746 200 George Long Sept. 25, 1746 265 Samuel Cornwell Mar. James Bains June Nathaniel Felts Aug. Robert Seat Aug. William Knight Aug. William Harper Aug. Simon Murphy Aug. Edward Powell Jan. Francis Hutchins Jan. James Davis Jan. Thomas Wade Jan. Thomas Hunt Jan. John Farrington Jan. James Cain Jan. Francis Felts Jan. Thomas Wilkerson Apr. Matthew Sturdivant Apr. Jeremiah Bullock Apr. William Brown Apr. Thomas Cocke Apr. Joseph Hart Dec. Hartwell Marable Dec. Joseph Hix Dec. William Felts Dec. Nicholas Jones Dec. Humphrey Baylis Dec. Robert Nicholson Dec. Robert Nicholson Dec. John Goodwin Dec. William Longbottom Feb. Henry Brown May Samuel Cornwell June George Robinson June John Irby Aug. Benjamin Moss Aug. Thomas Butler Aug. Thomas Granthom Aug. Thomas Felts Aug. Richard Blunt Aug. John Ellis Aug. Richard Andrews Aug. Joseph Lane Oct. John Bell Oct. Richard Hewson Jan. John Pennenton Oct. James Carter Jan. Thomas Brewer Jan. Richard Blow Jan. Patent Book No. 25 1745- 1746.. 1746.. 1746.. 1746.. 1746.. 1 746.. 1746-. 1746.. 1746- 1746.. 1746.. 1746.. 1746- 1746.. 130 Robert Farrington Jan. 375 James Massingall Jan. 300 William Richardson Jan. 433 Thomas Peeple Jan. 630 Curtis Land Jan. 500 Thomas Newsom Jan. 203 Richard Northcross Jan. 73° William Rainey Jan. 70 Nathaniel Chambliss Jan. 17° Edward Buckner Jan. 35° John Baines Jan. 270 Gregory Rawlings Jan. 270 John Curtis Jan. 270 Richard Carter Jan. 180 Patent Book No. 26 5, 1748. 5, 1748. 5, 1748. 5, 1748- 5, 1748. 195 William Ezell Apr. 330 John Davis Apr. 230 James Hearn Aug. 795 Thomas Clary Aug. 300 Robert Land Aug. !2, 1746 • 154 12, 1740 - 254 12, 1746 ■• 54 12, 1746 ... 115 12, 1746 - 60 12, 1746 - 154 12, 1746 - 338 12, 1746 - 145 12. 1746 ... 400 12, 1746 ... 250 12, 1746 - 150 I2 > 1740 - 195 12, 1746 -• 90 I2 ; I746..... - 564 5, 1748 - 215 5, 1748 ... 215 20, 1748 - 254 20, 1748 -- 43° 20, 1748 — 225 Patent Book No. 27 1748- 1748- 1748- 1748. 1748- 1748- 1748. 1748. 1748. 1748. 1749- 204 William Winkfield July 25, 1749 450 100 Henry Sturdivant Sept. 5, 1749 236 128 John Threewitts Sept. 5, 1749 214 160 Thomas Newsom Sept. 86 Robert Petway Sept. 440 John Threewitts Sept. 240 Richard Cocke Sept. 178 William Loftin Sept. [i 90 William Winkfield Sept. 335 Henry Richardson Sept. 790 Robert Owen _ Dec. 749 749 749 749 749 749- 5, 1749 I7i 5, 1749 4°o 400 125 325 215 115 450 Patent Book No. 28 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- 1747- . 100 John Spain Jan. 12, 1747. 75 Joseph Glover Apr. 1, 1749. . 340 William Hancock June 20, 1749- ■ 235 John Richardson June 20, 1749. . 235 Benjamin Harrison June 20, 1749. . 500 William Currell June 20, 1749. .1070 George Briggs Sept. 5, 1749. . 285 Richard Felts Sept. 5, 1749. . 180 Isaac Robinson Sept. 5, 1749- . 400 William Brown Sept. 5, 1749- . 280 Joseph Harwood Sept. 5, 1749- . 635 George Briggs Sept. 5, 1749. . 200 Augustine Hargrove Sept. 5, 1749. 80 Henry Sturdivant Sept. 5, 1749- . 125 William Smith Sept. 5, 1749.. . 175 George Robertson Sept. 5, 1749- . 475 Henry Johnson Sept. 5, 1749- 300 200 250 200 730 325 197 90 115 400 188 236 225 330 104 22 60 290 PATENTEE DATE ACRES Joseph Rowland Sept. 5, 1749 375 Benjamin Gray Sept. 5, 1749 320 PATENTEE DATE ACRES Nathaniel Briggs Sept. 5, 1749 9 John Maclemore Sept. 5, 1749 100 Patent Book No. 29 Lemuel Hargrave Dec. Timothy Ezell Dec. Nicholas Calliham Dec. William Banks Dec. Timothy Ezell Dec. Anselm Bailey June Lemuel Hargrave June James Macklin and John Macklin June Thomas Sandiford June Samuel Tatum June Francis Hutchings June Richard Huson June Nathaniel Malone June 15, 1749 ... 25 15.- 1749 ... 44O 15, 1749 - I90 15, 1749 ... 203 15, 1749 -. 293 1, 1750 ... 200 1, I750 ... 400 ,, I750 - 340 1, 1750 ... 380 1, I750 ... 63 1, I750 - 54 1, X750 --- 135 !, I75O-... ... 45 12, 1750 IOO 10, 1 751 225 3. i75i "50 William Rachel July 12, 1750 254 Thomas Gussitt July 12, 1750 200 Kannon Row July Edmund Ruffin Apr. Ephraim Parham Nov. John Bonner Apr. William Parham Apr. William Johnson Apr. Philip Harwood Apr. Richard Jones July William Davidson Aug. Richard Wiggins Aug. Thomas Wallace Aug. io, 1751. 10, 1751. 10, 1751. 10, 1751. 5, I75i- 5, I75I- 5, I75I- 5, I75I- 225 975 168 580 030 250 204 Patent Book No. 30 William Smith June i, 1750 350 William Bell June 1, 1750 384 John Wilkerson July 12, 1750. 42 Richard Norcross July 12, 1750 229 Henry Mitchell Nov. 3, 1750 172 Henry Manwaring Nov. 3, 1750. 200 Henry Manwaring Nov. 3, 1750. 92 David Jones Nov. 3, 1750 278 George Cornet Nov. 3, 1750. 217 Francis Eppes Nov. 3, 1750 260 George Cornet Nov. 3, 1750 288 John Birdsong Nov. 3, 1750 338 John Carter. — Nov. 3, 1750 182 Augustine Curtis Nov. 3, 1750. 430 LAND GRANTS IN SUSSEX AFTER ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY, 1 754-1 773 Jarvis Windfield July William Moore July James Cain July Thomas Heath July William Parham July Robert Petway July William Allen. July David Hind _ July Thomas Atkins Sept. Mary Brown „ Sept. Joshua Rowland Sept. David Hunter Sept. John Edmunds Sept. Patent Book No. 31 James Bass Sept. io, 1755 130 Richard Cocke Sept. 10, 1755 336 Henry Meecham Sept. 10, 1755 100 David Hunter. Sept. 10, 1755 175 Thomas Renn Sept. 10, 1755 64 Major Tiller Sept. 10, 1755 39 John Gilbert Sept. 10, 1755 100 William Hutchings Sept. 10, 1755 78 Richard Hill Sept. 10, 1755 102 David Hunter Sept. 10, 1755 214 William Rowland Sept. 10, 1755 265 James Chappell - Sept. 10, 1755- 636 I755-- 1755-- I755-- I755-. I755-. I755-- I755-- I755-- I755-- I755-- 1755-- I755-- I755-- 75 28 98 90 28 50 83 136 477 829 200 142 John Hargrove Nov. William Banks Feb. Philip Bailey Feb. Thomas Clary Feb. John Irby Mar. John Edmunds Mar. Robert Jones Apr. Benjamin Hancock. Patent Book No. 32 1, 1754. 175 Thomas Gresswit May John King June 12, 1755 60 is, 1755 7i 12, 1755 67 13, 1755 1576 13, 1755 1832 3, 1755 10 .May 15, 1755 154 15= Robert Jones Sept. io, Robert Jones, Jr Jan. 24, Travis Griffis Feb. 14. Elizabeth Bellima Mar. 10, John Rachel Mar. io, Patent Book No. 33 Eppes Moore Aug. 16, 1756 92 William Thompson Aug. 16, 1756. 40 Thomas Renn Aug. 16, 1756 48 Benford Pleasants Aug. 16, 1756. 370 Edward Pettway. Aug. 16, 1756 143 James Nicholson Aug. 16, 1756 93 Benjamin Ellis Aug. 16, Nathaniel Feltz, Jr Aug. 16, John Sills Aug. 16, Thomas Hersie Aug. 16, John Judkin, Sr Aug. 16, Jacob Jones Aug. 16. 1755 304 1755 32 1755 213 1756 79i 1756 146 1756 133 1756- 154 1756 199 1756 450 1756 333 1756 104 1756 200 1756 164 [291 PATENTEE DATE ACRES William Spain Aug. 16, 1756 354 James Horn, Jr Aug. 16, 1756 254 John Hancock Aug. 16, 1756 199 Stolman Wynne Aug. 16, 1756 168 William Cooper Oct. 29, 1757 250 John Morgan Aug. 9, 1758 75 David Clanton Sept. 28, 1758 80 Matthew Parham, Jr Sept. 28, 1758 39 John Thomlinson Nov. 25, 1758 150 Jacob Newsum Mar. 28, 1759 193 William Roberts July 4, 1759 465 Peter Green Oct. 31, 1759 1100 PATENTEE John Mason Nov. Jesse Jones Mar. Valentine Williamson.. ..May Henry Tyler May Richard Knight May Henry Freeman Aug. Charles Partin Aug. David Pennington Aug. Richard Northcross Aug. Sampson Newsum Sept. James Chappell, Jr Sept. Thomas Davis Sept. DATE ACRES 83, 1759- 445 3, 1760. 244 29, 1760 456 29, 1760 1454 29, 1760 365 20, 1760 230 20, 1760 170 20, 1760 250 20, 1760 158 IO, 1760 180 IO, 1760 150 10, 1760 240 Patent Book No. 34 Thomas Atkeison Mar. Abraham Brown Mar. William Knight Mar. Walter Lashley, Jr Mar. Thomas Newsum Mar. John Watkins Mar. Matthew Whitehead Mar. Robert Boiling Nov. David Hunter. Feb. John King Dec. Thomas Avent May Richard Jones May Thomas Mitchell May Benjamin Richardson....May 12, Shelly Booth Aug. 10 Patent Book No. 35 Joshua Hartshorn July 7, 1763 18 Thomas Myers Aug. 30, 1763 254 Nicholas Massenburg July 7, 1763 62 John Stokes Aug. 30, 1763 54 Henry Gee Aug. 30, 1763 123 William Blunt June 27, 1764 26 Charles Judkins Aug. 30, 1763 250 Patent Book No. 36 John Mason, Jr July 27, 1764. 68 Benjamin Wyche Sept. 26, 1764 200 George Long Aug. 15, 1764. 920 Nathaniel Peeples Mar. 21, 1765 230 Thomas Goodwynne Aug. 15, 1764 100 Bartholomew Betts Sept. 16, 1765 104 Henry Moss Aug. 15, 1764. 23 Thomas King July 10, 1766 241 Howell Briggs Sept. 26, 1764. 4012 William Rogers, Jr July 10, 1766 133 1756.. 1756 1756 1756 1756-- 1756 1756 1756 1757 1757 1759 1759 1759 1759 1759 . 200 Richard Jones Aug. - 344 John Hood Aug. .214 Joshua Wren June . 158 Henry Blow July 92 William Roberts July . 235 Samuel Cornwell . 140 Isaac Mason. Sept. .1436 Morris Dunn Sept. . 214 Charles Baker Feb. . 176 Thomas Man Aug. • *93 James Stewart Aug. . 175 Henry Sharpe Feb. . 113 Henry Sharpe Feb. . 138 Thomas Vaughan Feb. . 193 David Mason Oct. 10, 1759 902 10, 1759 175 10, 1760 160 15, 1760 495 15, 1760 680 165 10, 1760 264 26, 1760 190 14, 1761 100 7, 1761 145 7, 1761 440 14, 1 761 200 14. 1761 150 14, 1 761 100 15, 1760 1 167 Richard Pepper. Patent Book No. 37 July 10, 1767 264 John Bell July 20, 1768 117 Patent Book No. 38 10, 1769 20 Richard Stewart. -July 1769- 395 David Blanks July Patent Book No. 39 Thomas Griffin Aug. 27, 1770 179 Stith Parham Feb. 16, 1771 344 John Bell, Jr Aug. 27, 1770 no James Stewart Mar. 16, 1771 75 Patent Book No. 40 James Chappell Aug. 3, 1771 370 Peter Cain Aug. John Lamb Aug. 3, 1771 30 William Connelly. Aug. John Fort June 20, 1772 41 Richard Avery Aug. Henry Briggs Aug. 1, 1772 65 1, 1772 244 1, 1772 210 1, 1772 101 Benjamin Rogers Aug. Hollom Sturdivant Aug. Patent Book No. 41 ii 1772 45 i> 1772 35 Pettway Johnson Mar. i, 1773 1780 Michael Blow Mar. 1, 1773 400 Thomas Fisher Mar. 1, 1773 113 Josiah Freeman June 15, 1773 50 Taddy Jarrard June 15, 1773 701 Joseph Lane June 15, 1773 79 Ambrose Grizzard June 15, 1773 575 [292] APPENDIX D Educators and Educational Statistics County Superintendents of Primary Schools 1849-1860 Commissioners for Primary Schools 1843- 1860 State Superintendents of Public Instruction 1870-1942 Superintendents of Sussex Schools 1871-1942 Illiteracy Table 1850- 194.0 Children of School Age in Sussex County I 935 an d 1940 Tables List of Textbooks 1844-1942 [293] COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS Benjamin F. Eppes, 1849- 1850 William D. Taylor, 1851 John T. J. Mason, 1852- 1858; i860 COMMISSIONERS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS, 1843- 1860 David G. Potts.... 1843- 1844 John E. Nicholson.. 1843- 1845 William Thornton 1843- 1844; 1846 William T. Parham 1843- 1846 John M. Williamson 1843- 1845 Cyrus F. Dillard 1843-1846 Henry W. Eppes 1843-1846 John Owen 1 843- 1 846 John J. Prince 1843- 1846 William S. Thornton 1843-1846; 1852-1854 John W. Potts 1 844- 1 846 William H. Pegram 1845-1849 1851-1852 Joseph R. Gilliam 1847- 1848 John E. Parham 1847- 1849 William N. Jarratt 1847; 1849 Robert A. Chappell 1847- 1849 Joseph W. Mason 1847; 1 849-1 851 William D. Taylor 1847- 1850; 1852 William Parsons 1 847- 1 852 George Feild 1847- 1852 Thomas D. Brown 1848 Joseph W. Morson 1848 Benjamin W. Belsches 1848 George Bailey 1 848- 1 850 Thomas J. Drumright 1848- 1858; i860 Benjamin F. Eppes.... 1848- 1850; 1852 Richard E. Thornton 1849- 1858 Thomas S. Simmons.... 1849- 1858; i860 John Parham 1 849 Gennan B. Gill 1849; 1 851-1852 R. F. Dillard 1850 E. B. Gill 1850 Thomas A. Harrison 1850 J. J. Bendall 1850-1851 Joseph H. Parker 1 850-1 851 Richard L. Dobie 1850-1854; 1856-1858 A. J. Leavell 1851-1854; 1856-1858; i860 Isaac J. Benall 1852 Robert Eldridge 1 852 James S. Ellis 1851-1854; 1856-1858; i860 E. G. Scott 1852-1855; 1858 James T. Parker 1852-1856; 1858; i860 George W. S. Parham 1 852-1 858; i860 J. T. J. Mason 1852-1858; i860 James H. Mangrum 1853- 1857 William T. Dunn 1853- 1858 James D. Howie 1853- 1858 James H. Marable 1853- 1858 John W. Hunnicutt... .1853-1858; i860 James E. Ellis 1854; 1858 Joseph Briggs 1 854- 1 855 William Andrews 1854- 1858; i860 R. J. Dobie 1855 J. T. Ellis 1855 A. J. Sewell 1855 E. G. Land 1855-1858; i860 R. F. Parker 1857 J. A. Cotton 1858; i860 Commissioners Whose Districts Have Not Been Identified, 1875- 1877 William Howe 1 875 D. M. Field 1875 J. J. Dillard 1875 S. M. Cox 1877 Ed. R. Wilson 1877 R. H. Robinson - 1877 George H. Bailey 1877 [295 STATE SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION William H. Ruffner March 5, 1870-March 15, 1882 R. R. Farr March 15, 1882-March 15, 1886 John L. Buchanan March 15, 1886-January 1, 1890 John E. Massey January 1, 1890-March 15, 1898 Joseph W. Southall March 15, 1898-February 1, 1906 Joseph D. Eggleston, Jr February 1, 1906-January 1, 19 13 Reaumur C. Stearnes January 1, 1913-February 1, 19 18 Harris Hart February 1, 1918-January 1, 1931 Sidney B. Hall January 1, 193 1 -August 31, 1941 Dabney S. Lancaster September 1, 1941- SUPERINTENDENTS OF SUSSEX SCHOOLS, 1 871 -1942 NAME ADDRESS Sussex and Greensville.... John K. Mason Hicksford-1871-Dec. 31, 1872 Sussex and Greensville.... William H. Briggs Hicksford 1873- 1878 Sussex Dr. H. Caroline Briggs..Littleton 1878- 1883 Sussex W. N. Blow Littleton 1883-1885 Sussex Rufus K. Harrison Stony Creek 1 885- 1 888 Sussex Junius Edgar West Waverly 1888- 1890 Sussex J. F. West Waverly 1 890-1 891 Sussex Alexander King Waverly 1 89 1 - 1 899 Sussex Joseph R. Bell Wakefield 1899- 1905 Sussex W. W. Edwards Burts 1905-1907 Sussex and Prince George.-W. W. Edwards Waverly 1907-1916 Sussex and Prince George.-A. B. Bristow Hopewell 1916-1920 Sussex and Prince George.-W. W. Edwards Yale 1920-192 1 Sussex W. W. Edwards Yale 1921-1925 Sussex T. D. Foster Waverly 1925- .... ILLITERACY These figures, except for 1935, were taken from the records of the United States Bureau of Census, and represent the number of illiterates 10 years old and over. The figures for the year 1935 were taken from the school census and represent the number between the ages of 7 and 20. No figures were available for the years i860, 1880, and 1890. While the illiterates in the table below, prior to !935> d° not represent the same ages as those in the census of 1935, it is in- teresting to note the decrease. YEAR WHITE NEGRO TOTAL 1850 284 3 141 3425 187O 361 3405 3766 1900 153 3066 3219 19 10 90 2374 2464 1920 IO4 1942 2046 1930 66 1927 1933 1935 I2 2I2 22 4 1940 1 49 50 [296] CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE IN SUSSEX COUNTY (White) DISTRICT 1935 1940 Courthouse 195 114.. Henry 165 154.. Newville 104 96.. Stony Creek 252 183... Wakefield 212 128.. Waverly .., 322 269.. Total 250. DECREASE .... 8l ..... II 8 69 84 53 PERCENT DECREASE .41 . 6 . 8 -27 .40 .16 % % % % % % -944- .306. .24.4% Courthouse 564.. Henry 698. Newville 467- Stony Creek 681.. Wakefield 426.. Waverly 49 1.. Total 3327. County Total White and Negro 4577- (Negro) 433- 7i6. 352- 604.. 382.. 433- .2920. .3864. 131- . 18 115- 77- 44. 58. Increase). -23 % . 2. 5% .24 % .1 I % TO % T? % .407 12.2% ■713- 15-5% [297] o 2 ^^ ^ a ^ a SL ^ CO CO CM rnco COCO « « lO (On6 c* co oi *W OlO N CO ~ O r^co "* O OS Oi r}«co CO O CT5CO o «■* <£> -* NCO CO CO o co in oScb I CO co <* * C > u w « CM co co « O CM CO m m m o rj« OS oS "* (O CO -00 Sfe-S CO CO m CTi CO cm m cm m o co -t 1 CM o cq r^cd 4-co « « M M a a o o U U J-)CO 6 •"• NNCOffl CO CO CO CO .y « 3 « 2 o "O rt a 2 fc a .a J -2 T3 O 4) I | ■5 ° [298] ft K § £ is" §.2 O W to J» 9 fc « 3 J; ft o, * £fe Sfe Sfe Sfe s* £ ££ %^ »* ti £* £* £* ££ £z £* ££ £* [299 FINANCES Total Other Value of Teachers' Educational School Capital Year District Salaries Costs Property Outlay 1870-I Court House Stony Creek Henry Total 260.OO 305.OO 145.25 710.25 20.00 93-06 40.00 I53.06 1871-2 Court House Stony Creek Henry Newville Waverly Wakefield Total 1,160.50 745-00 472.50 79L25 320.OO 39O.OO 3,869.25 25.OO 9.OO 150.OO 184.OO 1875-6 County 4,830.00 3,043.43 140.OO 1 880- 1 4,319.16 4,688.31 I,I9L33 1885-6 6,463.91 5,780.70 4,IOO.OO 1 890- 1 7,183.26 4,418.26 6,925.00 1,550.19 1895-6 7,555-84 4,208.40 13,150.00 1,409.80 1900-OI 8,848.18 2,634.68 13,170.00 1905-06 10,104.19 8,52541 I2,6oo.OO 1910-I I 21,559-37 16,936.50 50,500.00 1915-16 29,158.40 29,510.40 W N. 6l,200.00 9,078.16 2,078.72 1920-21 62,470.63 79,579-16 130,000.00 1925-26 70,998.25 55,978.11 W N. 95,000.00 45,000.00 3,053-6l 1930-31 68,194.31 71,642.97 W N. 228,200.00 59,400.00 1931-2 64,909.81 67,801.24 W N. 228,000.00 59,000.00 1932-3 55,798.47 98,606.68 W. N. 250,000.00 59,000.00 24,938.40 1933-4 52,815.01 75,735-91 W. N. 290,000.00 60,000.00 9,071-43 1934-5 55,650.37 67,275-88 W. N. 290,000.00 60,000.00 3,788.33 1935-6 57,816.17 95,3^-42 W.265,000.00 2,644.64 N. 55,000.00 1936-7 59,771.30 104,488.24 W. N. 265,000.00 65,000.00 18,328.33 1937-8 61,228.46 91,178.33 339,000.00 12,923.31 1938-9 67,276.49 201,079.02 W. N. 393,000.00 72,150.00 U5,I76.39 1939-40 69,63955 154,857.09 441,100.00 33,442.38 1940-41 76,546.15 110,646.68 W. N. 416,500.00 88,250.00 63,000.00 [300] LIST OF SUSSEX COUNTY TEXTBOOKS 1 8 44- 1 8 45 McGuffey's Reader, Holmes' Reader; Davies' and Peck's Arithmetic; Harvey's Grammar; Maury's Geography; Holmes' History, Mozelle's History; Webster's Dictionary; Ellsworth's Copybook for writing. 1870-1871 Curriculum: arithmetic, geography, grammar, orthography, reading, writing. 1871-1872 McGuffey's Reader; McGuffey's Speller; Davies' Arithmetic; Buillon's Grammar; Guyot's Geography. 1884 To the regular list were added: "Virginia: a History of Her People" and "Stories of the Old Dominion," both by John Esten Cook. 1 928 -1 942 *ELEMENTARY GRADES Reading: Grades 1-7: Child Development Reader, Books 1-4; Happy Hour Reader, Books 1-4; Elson Basic Reader, Books 1-6; Coe-Christie's Story Hour Reader, Books 1-4; Geeks-Skinner's Story and Study Reader, Books 1-5; Lewis-Rowland's New Silent Reader, Books 1-7; Baker-Thorndike's Everyday Classics Reader, Books 1-5; Elson Gray's Literary World 6th and 7th Readers; Carpenter's Geographical Reader. Arithmetic: Grades 1-7: Upton's Arithmetic Workbook, Numbers 1-3; Lennes' Test and Practice Sheets, Numbers 1-5; Webster's Arithmetic Number Book, Book 1 , and Work and Play in Numberland, Book 2 ; Knight-Ruch's Arith- metic Workbook, Numbers 1-7; Brueckner's New Curriculum Arithmetic, Books 1-2, and Advanced Book, and New Curriculum Workbook, Books 3-7; Smith-Luse's Problem and Practice Arithmetic, Books 1-2; Smith's Modern Primary Arithmetic and Modern Advanced Arithmetic. Writing: Grades 1-7: Locker's Easy Method Writing Books. Drawing: Grades 1-7: Practical Drawing Book; Stafford-Rucker's Art Appre- ciation. Spelling: Grades 2-7: Starch-Mirick's Test and Study Speller, Books 2-7; Almack-Staffelbach's Stanford Speller, Books 2-7. Social Studies: Grade 3: Atwood-Thomas's Home Life in Faraway Lands; Stull-Hatch's Journeys Through Many Lands. Grade 5: Rug-Krueger's The Building of America, and Man at Work: His industries; Riley-Chandler's Our Republic; Freeland- Adam's America and The New Frontier. Language: Grades 3-7: Smith-McMurry's Language Series, Books 1-2; Bard- well's Elementary English in Action, Books 1-2, and Advanced Book; Rader-Daffendall's Doorway to English, Books 1-2; Ferris-Keener's Essen- tials of Everyday English, Books 3-6. *White and Negro schools used the same textbooks, grades 1-7, in 1933-34 with these excep- tions; Negro schools did not have history in the fourth grade, arithmetic workbooks, music or drawing in any grades. [3 0I J Music: Grades 3-7: McConathy-Meissner's Music Hour Series, and Progressive Music Series. Geography: Grades 4-7: Frye-Atwood's New Geography, Books 1-2; Smith's Human Use Geography, Books 1-2; Atwood-Thomas' The Earth and Its People; McGuire-Phillips' Adventuring in Young America. History: Grades 4.-7: Smith's Our Virginia; Willis- Saunders' Story of Virginia; Wayland's History of Virginia; Southworth's What the Old World Gave the New; Freeland's America's Progress in Civilization; Riley-Chandler's Our Republic; Stull-Hatch's Our World Today. Health: Grade 4: Turner-Collins' Health Training. Hygiene: Grade 5: Ritchie's Primer of Hygiene. Grades 6-7: Ritchie-Collins' Primer of Sanitation and Physiology. Civics : Grade 7: Hughes' Elementary Community Civics, and Building Citizen- ship; Capen-Melchior's My Worth to the World. Safety: Grade 7: Kreml's Public Safety. Agriculture: Grade 7: Duggan's Agriculture for Southern Schools. HIGH SCHOOL GRADES History: Webster's Early, and Modern, European History, and History of Mankind; Latane's History of the United States; Muzzey's History of American People; Wirth's Development of America; Mumford's Our World of Work; Rogers' Story of Nations. Civics: Beard's American Citizenship; Hughes' Building Citizenship; Smith- Davis' Government in the United States; Forman's Advanced Civics; Dunn's Community Civics; Long's Government and the People; McBain's Government and Politics in Virginia. English: Lewis-Hosic's Practical English; Clark-Starnes' Highway to English, Book 1 ; Low's English for Immediate Use ; Wheeler's Grammar at Work. Literature: Metcalf's English Literature, and American Literature; Green- low-Elson's Literature and Life, Book 1 ; Miles-Stratton's Literature and Life, Book 2 ; Miles Pooley's Literature and Life, Books 3-4 ; Manual with Literature. Composition: Huntington's Elements of English Composition; Claxton-Maginnis's Effective English; Wooley's Handbook of Composition. Science: Peabody-Hunt's Human Biology, and Biology and Human Welfare; Fairchild's Economics; Pieper-Beauchamp's Everyday Problems in Biology; Wood-Carpenter's Our Environment; Webb-Dedcost's Early Steps in Science; Black's Laboratory Experiments in Practical Chemistry; McGill- Bradbury's Chemistry Guide & Laboratory Exercises; Black-Conant's New Practical Chemistry. Mathematics: Brueckner's Mathematics for 8th Grade; Moore-Miner's Prac- tical Business Arithmetic; Miner-Elwell's Business Arithmetic; Strayer- Upton's Junior Mathematics, Book 2 ; Wells-Hart's New High School Alge- bra, High School Algebra, Plane Geometry, Solid Geometry; Robins' Plane Trigonometry; Robinson's Plane Trigonometry (Tables). [302 Latin: Place's Beginning Latin; Bennett's Latin Grammar; Foster-Arms' First Year Latin; Berry-Lee's Second Year Latin; Scott's Latin, Books 1-2; Bennett's New Latin Composition; Walker's Caesar's Gallic War; Knapp's Virgil's Aeneid ; D'Oage's Select Orations of Cicero. Shorthand: Hunter's Graded Readings in Shorthand; Gregg's Speed Builder; Leslie's 1st and 2nd Manual for Functional, and Functional Method Dic- tation. Bookkeeping: Baker's 20th Century Bookkeeping and Accounting. Typing: Sorelle-Smith's Typing Technique and Projects; Webb's Simplified Typewriting; Gregg's Typing Manual, and Rational Typing. Industrial Arts: Berg- Wing's Essentials of Metalworking ; Peterson's 101 Metalworking Projects; McGee's Industrial Arts Design; Griffith's Wood- working for Secondary Schools; Devette's 101 Problems in Woodwork; Shaver's Furniture Boys Like to Make. Safety: Fitzgerald's Drive and Live. 303] BIBLIOGRAPHY Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia. State publication. Issued after each session of the legislature; Richmond: Division of Purchase and Printing,* 1 808- 1 940. Annual Report of the Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries . . . Virginia State publication. Richmond: Division of Purchase and Printing,* 1928- 1941. 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Hot Springs, Virginia: McAllister Publishing Company, 19 13. 337 p. McCabe, James D., Life and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee. New Orleans and New York: Blelock & Company; Cincinnati, Richmond, and St. Louis: National Publishing Company, 1867. 717 p. Mcllwaine, Henry Read, editor, Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia, 1680- 1739. Virginia State Library publication. 4 vols.; Richmond: Superintendent of Public Printing,* 1925-30. *Virginia's official publishing agency has been successively the Printer to the Commonwealth, Public Printer, the Superintendent of Public Printing, and the Division of Purchase and Printing. [308 , editor, Journals of the Council of the State of Virginia, 1776-81. Virginia State Library publication. 2 vols. ; Richmond : Division of Purchase and Printing,* 1931-32. , editor, Legislative Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia, 1 680- 1 7 75. 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Abstracts of Virginia land grants, 162 3- 1800. 5 vols, (only Vol. I printed) ; Richmond: the compiler (The Dietz Press), 1934. 677 p. Palmer, William P., Sherwin McRae, and H. W. Flournoy, editors, Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts, 1652-1781 . . . State publi- cation. 11 vols.; Richmond: Superintendent of Public Printing, 1875-93. Pay Rolls of Militia Entitled to Land Bounty. Compiled from original manu- script documents. Virginia State publication. Richmond: The Public Printer. 1851. 494 p. Perry, William Stevens, compiler. Historical Collections Relating to the Amer- ican Colonial Church. Vol. I — Virginia, 585 p. 5 vols.; Hartford, Con- necticut: Church Press Company, 1870. Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829-30. With the Virginia constitution of 1830. Richmond: Ritchie and Cook, 1830. 9i9 P- The Proceedings of the Convention . . . Held at Richmond [in March, 1775]. Virginia State publication. 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Richmond and Petersburg newspapers, 1 807-1 941. Copies preserved in the Vir- ginia State Library, Richmond, and in the William R. McKenney Free Library, Petersburg. Robinson, Morgan Poitiaux, "Virginia Counties: Those Resulting from Vir- ginia Legislation," Bulletin of the Virginia State Library, Vol. 9, Janu- ary-April-July, 19 1 6. Richmond: Superintendent of Public Printing, 19 16, 283 p. Semple, Robert B., A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists of Vir- ginia. Revised and extended by G. W. Beale (first edition in 1810) ; Rich- mond: Pitt & Dickinson, Publishers, 1894. 536 p. Smyth, J. F. D., Tour in the United States of America . . . London: G. Robin- son, and J. Sewell, 1 784. 400 p. # Southern Historical Society Papers. A monthly; Richmond: 1876- 19 14. Squires, W. H. T., Through Centuries Three. Portsmouth, Virginia; the author (Printcraft Press, Inc.), 1929. 605 p. Stanard, Mary Newton, and William G. Stanard, compilers, The Colonial Vir- ginia Register. Albany, New York: Joel Munsell's Sons, Publishers, 1902. 249 P- Stanard, Mary Newton, The Story of Bacon's Rebellion. New York and Wash- ington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1907. 181 p. Sussex County (Virginia) Order Book, 1754-56, and Order Book (guardians' accounts), 1754-87. Photostats preserved in the Division of Archives, Virginia State Library, Richmond. Sussex County deed books, 1754-59, * 759-63, 1763-68, 1768-72. Photostats pre- served in the Division of Archives, Virginia State Library, Richmond. Sussex County will books, 1754-64, 1764-72, 1772-85. Photostats preserved in the Division of Archives, Virginia State Library, Richmond. Sussex County land and personal property tax books, 1 782-1941. Manuscript volumes preserved in the Division of Archives, Virginia State Library, Richmond. Sussex County Supervisors' Records (minutes of the board of supervisors), 1 870- 1 904. Preserved in the Clerk's Office, Sussex, Virginia.. Tarleton, Sir Banastre, A History of the Campaigns of iy8o and ijSi in the Southern Provinces of North America. Dublin: Colles, Exshaw, White, H. Whitestone, Burton, Byrne, Moore, Jones, and Dornin, 1787. 533 p. Taylor, George Boardman, Life and Times of James B. Taylor. Philadelphia: The Bible and Publication Society, 1872. 359 p. Taylor, George Braxton, Virginia Baptist Ministers. Biographical sketches. Third, fourth, fifth, and sixth series; Lynchburg: the author (J. P. Bell Company, Inc.), 19 12-15, 1935. [310] Taylor, George Keith, Substance of a Speech Delivered in the House of Dele- gates of Virginia on the Bill to Amend the Penal Laws of This Common- wealth. Richmond: the author (Samuel Pleasants), 1796. 36 p. Thorpe, Francis Newton, compiler, The Federal and State Constitutions, Colon- ial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America. 7 vols.; Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1909. The Tribune Almanac for the Tears 1838 to 1868, Inclusive. Reproduction of 31 annual issues, including numbers of "The Politician's Register" and "The Whig Almanac." 2 vols.; New York: The New York Tribune, 1868. Thrift, Minton, Memoir of the Rev. Jesse Lee with Extracts from His Journals. New York: N. Bangs and T. Mason, 1823. 360 p. Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Holdcroft, Virginia: 1919-42. Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, The College of William and Mary: Its History and Work. Richmond: the author (Whittet & Shepperson), 1907. 96 p. , The Cradle of the Republic. Second edition; Richmond: the author (The Hermitage Press, Inc.), 1906. 286 p. , History of Hampton and Elizabeth City County, Virginia. County publication. Hampton, Virginia: the Board of Supervisors of Elizabeth City County, 1922. 56 p. -, editor, Men of Mark. Biographical sketches. 5 vols., first series; 1 vol. second series; Washington and Richmond: Men of Mark Publishing Com- pany, 1906-09, 1936. The Virginia Historical Register ... A quarterly; Richmond: 1848-53. Virginia land patents. Original manuscript volumes preserved in the Land Office, State Capitol, Richmond. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. A quarterly; Richmond: 1893- 1942. The Virginia Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration, The Negro in Virginia. New York: Hastings House, Inc., 1940. 380 p. , Prince William, The Story of Its People and Its Places. Richmond: (Whittet & Shepperson), 1941. 261 p. -, Virginia, A Guide to the Old Dominion. Reprint (first published in 1940) ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1941, 710 p. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. General index, additions, and corrections. United States Government publication. Series I-IV, 70 vols., 128 books; Washing- ton: United States Government Printing Office, 1 880-1 901. The Warrock-Richardson Almanack. Richmond: 18 14-1942. Wells, Guy Fred, Parish Education in Colonial Virginia. Teachers College, Columbia University Contributions to Education, No. 138. New York: Columbia University Press, 1923. 95 p. William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. Williamsburg, Vir- ginia: 1892-1919, 1921-42. [3"] Index Adams, John, 62 Adams, John Quincy, 72, 73 Adkins, A. M., 129 Adkins, Howell, 29 Adkins, John G., 75 Agriculture: butter, 106; cattle, 106; chickens, 106; corn, 106; cotton, 93; grains, 93; hay, 106; hogs, 106; milk, 106; peanuts, 94, 105; pota- toes, 106; tobacco, 93, 106; truck, 93; values, 1940, 106 Albemarle Parish, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 47, 54, 55, 97 Albemarle Parish Register, 36 Alexandria Conference, 58 Alien and Sedition Laws, 62, 63, 67, 73 Allen, Arthur, 28 Allen, G. T., 201 Allen, John, 28 Allen, T. T., 103, 201 Allen, William, 60, 64 Allen's Bridge, 86 Allerton, Isaac, 2 1 Allison, John, 130 Anderson, Mary, 29 Anderson, McDonald, 29 Andrews, Joseph, 30 Andrews, Richard, 29 Andrews, Stephen, 30 Andrews, W. H., 211 Andrews, William, 42, 54-5, 97 Andros, Edmund, 24-5, 26, 28 Annapolis Conference, 59 Antioch Church, 153 Aristotle, 37 Arnold, A. W., 97 Arnold, Benedict, 51, 52, 53 Arnold, Robert W., 94, 102 Asbury, Francis, 56, 58 Atherton, Jerome, 42 Atkins, Lucy, 28 Atkins, Richard, 20 Atkinson, J. M. P., 142 Atkinson, Lucy, 177 Atlantic Coast Telephone Co., 99-100 Avent, Thomas, 38 Bacon, Nathaniel, 20-23 Bacon's Castle, 21 Bacon's Rebellion, 20-23 Bagnall, Lillian Sophronia, 144, 228-9, 231, 232 Bailey, B. A., 164 Bailey, C. H., 104 Bailey, Hack, 200, 201 Bailey, Jesse, 30 Bailey, John, 16 Bailey, John Howell, 200 Bailey, Lawson, 1 29 Bailey, Robert, 80 Bain, L. F. & Son, 200 Bain, P. D., 103 Bain, Tucker, 200 Baird, Oscar H., 89 Bank of Southside Virginia, 1 03 Bank of Stony Creek, 104 Bank of Sussex and Surry, 103 Bank of the United States, 72 Bank of Waverly, 102 Bannister Boarding School, 132 Baptists, 40, 41, 55-6, 57, 97-8, 106, 107 Barham, Sidney B., 10 1 Barron, Richard, 50-51 Basse, Nathaniel, 15, 16 Basse's Choice, 16 Bath Parish, 4 1 Batte, J. H., 167 Batte, Robert, 129, 130 Batte, Mrs. W. H., 164 Beale, Ella, 200 Beauregard, P. G. T., 86 Beddingfields Oldfield, 79 Bell, J. R., 202 312] Bell, John C., 83 Bell, James, 40, 42, 43 Belfield, 88 Belsches, Alexander, 130 Belsches, Benjamin, 89, 128 Belsches, George, 130 Belsches, Hugh, 28, 29 Belsches, James, 130 Belsches' Mill, 88 Bennett, Edward, 16 Bennett, Richard, 15, 16 Bennett, Robert, 16 Bennett's Plantation, 16 Berkeley, William, 19-23, 35, 1 12 Best, E. L., 103 Bethlehem Church, 172 Beverley, Robert, 23 Bill of Rights, Federal, 62-3 Bill of Rights, Virginian, 62 Birchett, Mrs. or Miss, 133 Bird, Henry D., 76 Birdsong, Nathaniel B., 78, 128 Birdsong, William, 29 Black, William, 64 Black Laws, 72 Blackwater River, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 36, 95 Blackwater Swamp, 13, 25, 26, 27, Blaine, James G., 95 Blair, James, 16-18, 24-5, 38-9, 11 Blair, John, 59 Blair, Sarah Harrison, 17-18 Bland, Richard, 129 Bland, Theodorick, 26 Blow, George, 70, 74, 75, 80, 127, Blow, Lou, 160 Blow, Michael, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50 Blow, Richard, 63 Blow, William Nivison, 85, 89, 137 Blunt, Benjamin, 53 Blunt, Richard, 43 Blunt, Thomas, 63 Blunt, William, 43, 47 Bobbin, Mrs. M. S. Graves, 153 Boiling, Jane Rolfe, 28 Boiling, John, 28 Boiling, Robert, 28 Boiling's Bridge, 86 Bolton's Ferry, 31 Booth, George, 44, 57 Booth, Robert, 63 Boydton Plank Road, 87 Boyle, Robert, 1 1 2 Braddock, Edward, 35, 65 Bradley, David, 29 Brcckenridge, John C, 83 Bridger, Joseph, 26 Briggs, Charles N., 75, 128 Briggs, George, 64 Briggs, Gray, 34, 129 Briggs, H. Caroline, 137 Briggs, John Howell, 57, 58, 59 Briggs, Howell, 38 Briggs, Rebecca Dillard, 135 Briggs, William, 75, 127, 135, 136, 137, 140 Broadbent, William Wallace, 89 Brodnax, William, 64 Brown, C. M., 166, 167 Brown, John, 83 Brown, Thomas D., 78, 128 Brown, Leslie H., 104 Browne, Henry, 15 Browne, William, 40 Brunswick Circuit, 56 Bruton Parish Church, 18 Bryan, William Jennings, 96 25, Buchanan, James, 82, 83 Buck, Richard, 16 79 Burgess, A. S. H., 82 Burrows, John, 16 4 Burrows' Hill, 16 Burwell, Martha, 17, 18 Butler, B. T., 86 Butts, Edward, 78 Byrd Reorganization Plan, 10 1 128 Byrd, William, 17, 25, 26, 30-31 Cabin Point, 87 Calhoun, John C, 72 -8 Camp, Alma, 217 Campbell, David, 73 Caple, Norman, 211 Cargill, John, 30, 38, 43, 67, 74, 75, 80, 127 Cargill, Nathaniel, 70 Carlisle, Robert, 26, 28 Carroll, William, 29, 30 Carter, Robert, 26 Cass, Lewis, 82 Catholic Mission of St. Francis of Assisi, 106 Catholics, 106 Cato, William Rufus, 10 1 [313] Chambliss, Amanda D., 133, 140, 164-5 Chambliss, John R., 82,84,85,87,89, 127 Chanco, 15 Chandler, J. A. C, 143 Chaplin, John, 100 Chapman, Francis, 16 Chappell, Edward, 219 Chappell, James, 38, 63-4 Chappell, Robert W., 81, 94 Charitable Association of Learning No. 1 of Sussex County, Virginia, 143 Chesapeake, 68 Chew, John, 15 Chewning, Ethel, 166 Chicheley, Henry, 2 1 Chippokes Parish, 18 Christian, Richard, 28, 29 Christians, 57-8, 106-7 Church of England, 41 : disestablishment of, 41, 54-6, 67 Claiborne, Augustine, 34, 38, 44, 47, 48, 50, 54, 63, 76 Claiborne, Bathurst, 29 Claiborne, William, 47, 64-5 Claiborne, William Charles Coles, 65 Clanton, Joseph, 75 Clark, George Rogers, 5 1 Clark, William, 67 Clay, Henry, 72, 73, 82 Clements, M. T., 219 Cleveland, Grover, 95 Cobb, R. L., 94 Cockburn, George, 69 Cocke, George, 130 Cocke, Richard, 129 Cocke, William B., 10 1 Cocke, William J., 70, 75, 78 Cogbill, Charles, 185 Coggin, W. W., 94 Coggin's Point, 87 Cole, Jack, 181 College Lands, 24-30 Collier, George, 51 Collins, M. B., 103 Colton, William H., 75 Coman's Well, 78, 132 Conference of Lambeth, 25 Constitution, Alexandria, 91 Constitution, Federal, Amendments: first ten, 62-3; thirteenth, 91; four- teenth, 91-2; fifteenth, 92; eigh- teenth, 10 1 ; nineteenth, 101 Constitutions, Virginian : 1830, 76; 1850, 82; 1870, 92, 134; 1902, 99, 139 Convention, Virginia Ratification, 1788, 59 Conventions, Virginia Revolutionary, 43-4, 49, 54 Cooperative Education Association, 139 Copeland, Patrick, 1 1 1 Coppahaunk School, 131 Coppahaunk (Coppohank) River, 13 Coppohaunk (Coppohank) Springs, 78, 131 Coppahaunk (Coppohank) Swamp, 29, 30, 93 Coppahaunk (Coppohank) Tavern, 131 Cornwallis, Lord, 52-3, 54-5, 97 Cosbeys, Dabney, 80 Cotton, Harris, 29 Courthouse District, 133, 135 Courthouses, 79-80 Courtland (Jerusalem), 71 Crawford, William, 72 Creath, Lou, 164 Creath, L. M., 166, 173 Crouch's Creek, 16 Crowder, Martha B., 189 Curies Neck, 20 Cushing, Jonathan P., 142 Custis, John, 26 Cypress Chapel, 58 Cypress, Inez, 160-61 Dabney, C. W., 143 Dale, Thomas, 14 Daniel, W. T., 228 Davis, Charles Hall, 99 Davis, Westmoreland, 101 Davis's Tavern, 78 Debt, Virginia, 95-6 Declaration of Independence, 45, 47 Delaware, Lord (Francis West), 14 Democrats, 75, 96 Dillard, Cyrus F., 75, 128 Dillard, Cyrus P., 127 Dillard, George, 177 [314 Dillard, James Hardy, 144 Dillard, Richmond, 132 Dillard, William, 78 Dillard House, 104 Dinwiddie, Robert, 34, 35 Dobie, Augustus, 129 Dobie, Joe, 215 Dobie, Nathaniel, 47 Dobie, "Tink", 215 Douglas, Stephen A., 83 Downman, Robert, 64, 70 Downman, Robert P., 129 Downman, Mrs. Robert P., 129 Doyle, L. W., 94 Drew, Benjamin, 129 Drewry, Samuel T., 200, 201, 202 Drumwright, Thomas J., 200 Dunmore, Lord (John Murray), 43, 45, 48 Dunn, John L., 75 Dunn, Lucy, 29 Dunn, Nathaniel, 50, 54 Dunn, Thomas, 29 Dunn, William, 50 Dunnel, William, 50 East India School, 1 1 1 Eaton Free School, 1 1 2 Eaton, Thomas, 1 1 2 Edmonds, Howell, 79 Edmunds, James, 70 Edmunds (Edmonds), John, 29, 34, 38, 43 Edmunds, Thomas, 57, 58, 59 Edwards, William, 16, 17 Edwards, W. N., 161 Edwards, W. W., 160, 166, 21 1, 229, 230 Education Association of Virginia, 142 Educational Act of 1846, 12 1-2 Educational Act of 1922, 141 Educational Conventions, 1845-1857, 121 Educational Journal of Virginia, 142-3 Elam, Pearl, 160 Eldridge, John J., 75 Eldridge, Robert, 75 Ellis, Benjamin, 29, 30, 64, 75 Ellis, Joell, 29 Ellis, John, 29, 30 Ellis, J. S., 94 Ellis, Mica j ah, 75 Ellis, Spratt, 102 Ellis, S. V., 215 Ellis' Chapel, 56, 57, 58 Elliotte, George, 50 Embargo Act, 68 Emory, Samuel, 164 Epes, Francis, 26, 28 Epes, Littlebury, 26, 28 Epes, William, 26, 28 Episcopalians, 106 Eppes, B. F., 122-3, I2 4 Eppes, Junius, 85 Eppes, Peter, 129 Eppes, Richard, 71 Eubank, Genevieve, 166 Everett, Adelaide, 166 Fearnaught, 37 Federalists, 62, 73 Feild, George, 89 Feild, George S., 133 Fillmore, Millard, 82 First World War, 1 o 1 Fisheries, 100 Fleetwood, Harvey, 102 Fleetwood, P., 94, 99, 102 Ford, W. H., 219 Fort Christanna, 1 1 2 Fort Duquesne, 35 Fort Henry, 19 Fort Powhatan, 69 Foster, T. D., 145, 161, 230 Four Mile Tree, 19 Francisco, Peter, 51 Freeman, John, 27, 37, 64 Freeman, John B., 128, 152 Freeman, Josephine, 187 Freeman, Philip, 103 Freeman, W. T., 103 Freeman's Bridge, 31, 37, 88 "Free Silver", 96 Fry, Joshua, 35 Gabriel, 71 Game, 100 Garfield, James A., 95 Gary, Elizabeth, 131 Gary, George, 131 Gary, Nancy, 131 Gary, Polly, 131 Gary, William, 129, 131 Gates, Thomas, 16 t3«5] Gay, F. W., 103 Gee, Charles, 74 Gee, Henry, 43-4, 47, 54 Gee, James, 38 General Education Board, 229 Giles, Thomas, 26 Gill, German B., 127 Gilmer, Thomas Walker, 73 Gist, Christopher, 32 Glebe, 127 Goldbarth, Pattie Hargrave, 202 Goodrum, John, 75, 78 Gourd, Richard, 27 Graham, A. A., 232 Grant, Ulysses S., 86-7, 92, 95 Graves, Lizzie, 153 Gray, 104 Gray, Joseph N., 2 1 1 Gray Lumber Company, 172 Great Bridge, Battle of, 48 Greeley, Horace, 95 Green, Fred, 130 Green, William, 129, 130 Greene, Lewis, 28 Greene, Nathanael, 51 Green Spring, 20, 23 Gregg, D. M., 88 Griffin, Charles, 1 1 2 Grigg, Richard B., 75 Grizzard, 104 Gwaltney, Mrs. James, 132 Hamilton, Alexander, 62, 72, 73 Hammard, M. B., 76 Hammond, Robert, 84 Hamor, Ralph, 16 Hampton, Wade, 87-8 Hampton Institute, 230 Hancock, Winfield S., 95 Hardaway, Henry S., 75 Hargrave, Jesse, 74 Harper's Ferry, 83, 89 Harrell, Earnest, 173 Harris, A. W., 96 Harris, Matthew, 93 Harrison, Benjamin, 17,26,29,34-5,79,81,95 Harrison, Benjamin J., 78 Harrison, Burwell C, 29 Harrison, Elizabeth Avery, 65 Harrison, Emmett C, 188 Harrison, Henry, 35, 37, 64, 65, 70 Harrison, Josiah, 29 Harrison, Laura, 201 Harrison, Nathan, 37 Harrison, Nathaniel, 28, 37, 65, 127 Harrison, Pearl West, 200 Harrison, William, 28-9,63, 70, 75, 89, 128 Harrison, William Henry, 35, 75, 81 Hart, H. B., 103 Hartley, R. B., 103-4 Harvie, John, 35 Harvey, Ruth, 1 73 Harwell, Mark M., 75 Hatch, Cassie L., 2 1 1 Hatch, E. A., 211 Hawthorne, Joshua, 29 Hayes, E. W., 186 Hayes, Rutherford B., 95 Heath, William, 64 Heist, W. H., 103 Henderson, Mattie, 133, 185 Henricus, University of, 1 1 1 Henry, Patrick, 39-4°, 42-3, 4®, 54, 59 Hickory Hill Baptist Church, 160 Hicks' Bridge, 38 Hicks's Ford, 52-3 Higgins, O. P., 215, 218 Hill, Joseph, 29 Hill, Richard, 42 Hill, Robert, 29 Hix, Robert, 28 Hog Island, 15, 16, 19 Hogg Island Creek, 18 Hogwood, Charles, 79 Holcomb's Legion, 85 Holdsworth, Elizabeth, 30 Holliday, Frederick W. N., 96 Holt, John, 64 Holt, Lucy Mason, 143 Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, 106 Homeville, 104 Hoover, Herbert, 102 Home, B. T., 167 House of Burgesses, 14-15 Houston, Samuel, 77 Hundley, E. D., 219 Hunnicutt, Pleasant, 29 Hunt, Benjamin, 64 Hunt, William, 27 Hunting Quarter, 31, 37, 65 Hunting Quarter Baptist Church, 160 Hunting Quarter School, 133 [316} Hunt's Landing, 31 Hyde, Benjamin, 36 Hyde, Mary, 36 Indian Tribes: Appomattox, 24; Cop- pohank, 14; Doeg, 20; Meherrin, 20; Nottoway, 14; Powchay-ick, 14; Quioughcohanock, 14, 19; Sea- cocks, 14, 19; Susquehannock, 20, 21 j Weyanoke, 14, 20 Insurrections, 71 Industry, 94: canneries, 105; cotton, 95» I0 5j farming implements, 94; f ertiliz* rs, 94 ; grain, 94 ; grist mills, 105; hay, 94; livestock, 81; lum- ber, 93, 95, 103, 105; meat-curing plants, 105; peanuts, 94, 103, 105 Irby, Edmund, 26, 28 Jack Cole School League, 233 Jackson, Andrew, 72, 73, 81 Jackson, Annie A., 229, 230, 232 Jackson's Avengers, 85 James City Corporation, 15, 16 Jamestown, 13-14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22 Jamestown Exposition, 100-01 Jarrad, Joseph, 75 Jarratt, 86, 87, 88, 104, 133, 143 Jarratt, Benjamin, F., 85, 89 Jarratt, Bernie, 166 Jarratt, B. F., 103 Jarratt, Devereux, 41 Jarratt, Elizabeth Wilborn, 89 Jarratt, Hattie Robertson, 166 Jarratt, John, 76 Jarratt, John Braxton, 89 Jarratt, Nicholas, 64 Jarratt, R. B., 76 Jarratt, T. F., 165 Jarratt, William N., 76, 89 Jeanes, Anna Thomas, 144, 231, 233 Jeanes Fund, 144, 228-33 Jefferson, Thomas, 45, 5i, 54, 61, 63, 67, 73, 82, 1 15 Jefferson School, 133 Jeffries, William S., 75 Jenkins, Willis A., 139 Jennings, Littleberry, 29 Jennings, Peter, 28 Jerusalem Plank Road, 88 John Brown's Raid, 83 Johns-Manville Corporation, 103, 104, 167 Johnson, B. J., 133, 160 Johnston, J. A., 166 Johnston, Waddill, 29 Jolly Roger, 37 Jones, James, 43, 45, 47, 50, 64 Jones, Peter K., 92 Jones, Robert, 38, 43, 79 Jones, William, 27, 129 Jones Preparatory School, 131 Jones's Church, 131 Jordan, Henry, 29 Jordon, Thomas, 15 Joseph's Swamp, 30, 42 Judkins, Charles, 50 Judkins, Gray, 54 Kautz, A. V., 86, 88 Kay, Robert, 23 Kello, Samuel, 78 Kemper, James Lawson, 96 Key, Robert, 75 Kibler, J. Luther, 143 King, Alexander, 100 King, Hamilton, 182 Kitchen, Benjamin, 29, 30 Kitchen, C. G., 153 Klapp, Grace, 202 Know Nothings, 83 Kubrock, A. P., 161 LaCrosse, C. H., 202 Lafayette, 52, 53 Lamb, John, 89 Lamb, Robert, 29 Land, John W., 75 Land, Nathaniel D., 75, 78 Langston, John Mercer, 96-7 Lanier, Littleton, 75, I2 7 Laurel Grove, 129 Lawne, Christopher, 14-15 Lawne's Creek, 14, 19 Lawne's Creek Parish, 18, 30, 32, 38 Lawne's Plantation, 15 Lebanon Church, 57 Lee, E. L., 187 Lee, Fitzhugh, 85, 96 Lee, Hesta, 187 Lee, Jesse, 41, 56 Lee, Robert E., 83, 84, 86 Lee, Richard Henry, 59 [317] Lee, W. H. F., 87 Leopard, 68 Leslie, Alexander, 51 Lessenberry, Thomas, 29 Lessenburry, Thomas, 29, 129 Lessenbury, John, 29 Lewis, Maud E., 229, 232 Lewis, Meriwether, 67 Lightfoot, William, 60 Lincoln, Abraham, 83, 91 Literary Fund, 1 15-16, 117, 120-21, 126, 134 Little, Sam, 219 Littleton, 78, 86 Littleton Academy, 128-9 Livestock, 81 London Company, 15 Long, John W., 103 Louisiana Territory, 67 Lowery, Scrap, 181 Luck, T. Stuart, 166 Lyon, Mrs. Tom, 132, 165 Madison, Dolly, 69 Madison, James, 58-9, 68, 69 Magee, Robert, 47 Maget, William, 29 Magett, Samuel, 64 Magett, William, 30 Mahone, William, 95-6 Mahone, Mrs. William, 103 Mahonism, 96 Manakintown, 58 Mann, William Hodges, 232 Marable, David, 89 Marable, George, 64 Marable, John, 201 Marable, John H., 89 Marable, Robert Thomas, 89 Marable, Virginia Morgan, 228 Marshall, Effie, 200 Martin, John Eppes, 2 1 7 Martin, Joseph, 77 Martin's Brandon, 14 Martin's Gazetteer, 78 Mason, Albert G., 75 Mason, David, 37,43,44,47,49,50,54 Mason, George, 59, 62 Mason, Henry, 75 Mason, James, 49, 50 Mason, John, 28, 29, 38, 57, 64 Mason, John K., 135, 136 Mason, John R., 29, 63, 67, 70, 177 Mason, John T. J., 124 Mason, John Y., 76, 82, 127 Mason, Joseph, 75, 80 Mason, Littleberry, 85 Mason, Littleburry, 47, 85 Mason, Thomas, 75 Mason, William, 49 Masons, 104 Massacre of 1622, 15, 71 Massacre of 1644, T 9 Massenburg, John, 160-61 Massenburg, William, 57, 80 Massey, John E., 139, 141, 147 Massinburg, Thomas, 75 Maury, James, 39-40 Maxwell, William H., 78 May Campaign of 1905, 139 May, David, 94 May, J. F., 94 Mayes, Ellen Fuller, 1 88 McClurg, James, 59 McCreight, Mrs. R. L., 187 Meade, William R., 38, 97 Meglmore, John, 40 Merrimac, 85 Merry Tom, 37 Methodists, 40-42, 56-8, 97-8, 106-7 Metz, Lula D., 143 Millboro, 78 Mill Swamp-Saunders School, 132-3 Mitchell, John, 69 Monitor, 85 Monroe, James, 67, 72 Montague, A. J., 139 Moon, John, 1 1 2 Moore, John, 40 Moore, John R., 29 Moore's Ordinary, 37, 64 Morris, Wilbur, 201 Morrison, Alexander, 130 Morrison, Elizabeth, 130 Morrison, John, 130 Morrison, Theodorick, 130 Moseley, Richard, 85 Moss, John, 29, 129 Moss, R. F., 103-4 Moss, Thomas, 28 Moton, R. R., 232 Mount Vernon Conference, 59 Moyler, James Edward, 89 [318] Moyler, John Q., 75, 127 Muhlenburg, John Peter, 53 Nantapoyac, 14 Nat Turner's Insurrection, 71 Navigation, 69-70, 77, 80 Neblett, C. P., 177 Negro Vote, 92, 96-7 Nelson, Thomas, 53, 54, 55 New Market Monument, 89 Newman, Nat, 201 Newport, Christopher, 1 1 1 Newsum, Nathaniel, 54 Newville Academy, 131, 177 Niblett, Thomas, 29 Nicholson, Francis, 17-18, 26, 27 Nicholson, T. F., 103, 201 Nicholson, William, 43 Nott, Edward, 27 Nottoway Church, 38, 40 Nottoway Navigation Company, 70 Nottoway Parish, 55 Nottoway Quarter, 28 Nuckols, C. E., 189 Odd Fellows' Hall, 2 1 1 Ogden, Robert Curtis, 139 O'Kelly, James, 57-8 Opechancanough, 19, 71 Order of St. Luke's, 182 Owen, C. F., 167 Owen, Nannie Bennett, 166 Owen, R. D., 99 Owen, Mrs. W. A., 153 Oxford, 50 Pace, Richard, 15-16 Pace's Paines, 15-16, 19 Page, Matthew, 26 Painter, F. V. N., 143 Pasmore, George, 27 Panic of 1873, 96 Panic of 1893, 96 Parent-Teacher Association, 146 Parham, Ephraim, 38 Parham, John, 75, 127, 131, 181-2 Parham, Lewis, 28, 29 Parham, Mary Ann, 129, 132 Parham, Thomas, 29 Parham, William, 26, 28, 69, 70, 75, 80 Parham, William Allen, 84, 85, 89 Parham, William T., 75 Parham's Store, 78 Parke, William, 64 Parker, Henry, 78 Parker, Joseph H., 128 Parker, Pembroke, 129 Parker, Richard, 31, 43, 47 Parker, William, 64, 78, 128 Parker, W. T., 177 Parson, S. J., 160 Parsons' Cause, 39 Parsons, Lee, 186 Parsons, Rosa Ellis, 200 Parsons, William, 75, 127, 128, 129 Pasteur, Alice, 133 Patton, James, 32 Peabody, George, 144 Peabody Fund, 144 Peete, Thomas, 44 Pegram, Blair, 129 Pendleton, Edmund, 59, 63 Pennington, James, 70 Pennington, John, 64 Pennington, Joshua, 64 Pepiscumah (Pipisco), 14 Perry, William, 15 Person, Minna F., 165 Person, Sallie, 132 Peters, John, 43 Peters, William, 68 Peter's Bridge, 31, 86 Peterson, Thomas, 129 Phelps-Stokes, Caroline, 144 Phillips, William, 52, 53 Pierce, Franklin, 82 Pierce, George, 27, 28 Pierpont, Francis H. 91-2 Piscataway Creek, 21 Plank Road School, 133 Pleasants, John Hampden, 73 Poiner, T. P., 129 Polk, James K., 82 Pollington, John, 1 6 Pond, John W., 200 Pond, Sallie Q. Moyler, 200 Poorhouse, first, 78-9 Populations: 1790,60; 1800,63; 1830, 70, 77; 1870, 93; 1890, 94-5; 1930, 106; 1940, 106 Potter, Roger, 20 Potts, John, 28, 29 Potts, Thomas, 75 Povey, John, 25 [319] Powell, Nathaniel, 19 Powhatan, 19 Poythress, John, 27 Poythress, Peter, 129 Presbyterians, 40 Prince, I. A., 103 Prince, John J., 75, 127 Prince, William D., 10 1-3 Protestant Episcopal Church, 56-7,67,97 Pulley, Frank, 2 1 9 Quakers, 40 Quioughcohanock, 14 Raccoon Swamp Baptist Church, 40 Railroads, 94, 229: Atlantic Coast Line, 100, 104; At- lantic and Danville, 93; Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, 93, 94; City Point, 77; Greensville and Din- widdie, 99; Norfolk and Petersburg, 81, 93; Norfolk and Western, 93, 100, 229; Petersburg, 76-7; Peters- burg and Weldon, 86, 87, 100; Richmond and Danville, 100; Rich- mond and Petersburg, 77, 100; Southern, 93, 100, 104; Sussex County, 93; Surry, Sussex and Southampton, 93; Virginian, 100, 104 Raleigh, Walter, 19 Randolph, Edmund, 59 Randolph, Peter, 37, 129 Randolph, Peyton, 34 Randolph, Virginia, 144 Ratcliffe, Carrie, 166 Ray, John, 42 Readjuster Party, 95-6 Reams Station, 87 Reconstruction Act, 91-3 Reed, John, 181 Reeves, George, 50 Reeves, Thomas, 27, 28 Religious Freedom, Act for Establishing, 57 Republicans (Democrats), 62, 73-4 Republicans, 82 Revolutionary Conventions, 54: First Convention, 43 ; Second Con- vention, 43; Third Convention, 43; Fourth Convention, 43 ; Fifth Con- vention, 44, 49 Richardson, Archer, 29 Richardson, Benjamin, 30 Richardson, C. Wesley, 200 Richardson, James E., 103 Richardson, Randall, 29 Richardson, Sallie White, 201 Richardson, Thomas, 30 Richardson, Warner, 202 Richmond Enquirer, 73 Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser, 73-75, 131, 132 Ridley, Robert, 82 Rieves, George, 44 Rieves, Timothy, 64 Ritchie, Thomas, 73 Rivers, George, 49 Rivers, J. R., 172 Rives, Anthony, 130 Rives, Charles, 130 Rives, Christopher, 42 Rives, Francis E., 128 Rives, George, 129 Rives, Thomas P., 127 Rives, Timothy, 37, 42, 129, 130 Roads, 81, 100 Robertson, Wyndham, 73 Robinson, Mrs. J. D., 215 Rochelle, Robert, 68 Rogers, Philip, 99 Rogers, W. O., 101 Rolfe, Thomas, 16 Rookeings, Elizabeth, 23 Rookeings, William, 23 Roscow, William, 17 Rose, Fielding, 75 Rosenwald Fund, 144 Rosenwald, Julius, 144 Rosser, Thomas L., 85 Rottenberry's, 64 Ruffin, Edmund, 70, 129 Ruffin, William F., 70 Ruffner, William Henry, 133, 134, 137, 140, 143, 146 Rutherfoord, John, 73 Ryder, O. B., 166 St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, 38, 106 St. Andrew's Parish, 32 St. Mark's Church, 38 [320] St. Paul's Church, 38 Sand Bar School, 133 Sand's Ordinary, 38 Sandys, George, 15, 16 Sandys' Quarter, 16 Santa Anna, 77 Sapony Church, 41, 87 Saunders, Lucille Crowder, 188 Saunders, W. T., 187 Savedge, William H., 202 Savin, Robert, 15 Scarborough, Charles, 26 Schaefer, Martin, 95 Schaefer, Mrs. Martin, 95 Schofield, John M., 92 Scoggin, William, 28 School Boards, selection of, 141 -2 School Buses, 146, 166 School code of 1928, 141 School commissioners, 1 17-19, 122-5 School districts, act creating, 118: Courthouse, 151- 162: Blackhead Sign Post School, 152, 154-5; Booker School, 152, 155; Booker (Negro) School, 159, 161; Co- man's Well School, 152, 154; Green Bud School, 153; Hickory Hill School, 160, 162; Hunting Quarter School, 160, 161; Loco School, 159, 161; New Hope School, 159, 161; Number 26 School, 152, 154; Providence School, 153, 156; Red School House, 153; Sussex High School, 152, 154, 156, 157-8; West Hope School, 153, 156; Yale School, 153, 155, 157; Yale (Negro) School, 160, 162 Henry, 93, 133, 135, 163-75: Beth- lehem School, 172, 174; Border School, 164; Creath School, 173, 174-5; Grizzard, 173, 175; Hasse- diah School, 175; Jarratt School, 164-71; Jefferson School, 172, 174; Rivers School, 172, 174; West View School, 164 Newville, 93, 131, 136, 176-83: Homeville School, 178, 179; Homeville High School, 178, 179- 80; Homeville (Negro) School, 182, 183; Jack Cole School, 181, 182-3; Littleton School, 177, 178; Littleton (Negro) School, 181, 183; Mason's or Sunny Side School, 177-8, 179; Newville School, 177, 178; Newville (Ne- gro) School, 181 -2, 183; Plank Road School, 182, 183 Stony Creek, 93, 133, 135, 140, 1 84-98: Branch, Croshaw, or Con- cord School, 196, 198; Concord- Croshaw Neighborhood School, 185, 189; Croshaw or Pine Forest School, 186, 190; Hawks School, 196; Huske, 197, 198; Jackson's School, 187, 191; Kennedy, 186, 190; Little Mill, 196, 197-8; Mill Swamp-Saunders School, 187, 190-91 ; Number One School, 185, 189; Number Two School, 185, 189; Number Three School, 186, 190; Sandy Field School, 186, 189; School near A. C. L. Tracks, 187, 191; Stony Creek School, 187, 191; Stony Creek High School, 187-9, ^s-S; Stony Creek (Negro) School, 196-7, 198 Wakefield, 199-213: Bailey Farm School, 200; Drumwright's School, 200; Nicholson's Farm School, 201-2, 204; Old Bailey Place School, 200; Piney Grove School, 211, 212; Richardson's Store or Owen's Grove School, 200, 204; Seacorrie (Negro) School, 211, 212; Wakefield High School, 202-10; Wakefield (Ne- gro) School, 211, 212-13 Waverly, 93, 136, 140, 214-35: Chappell Hill School, 219; Marable Crossroads or Walnut Hill School, 219; Number One School, 215; Spring Hill School, 218-19, 228; Sussex County Training School, 228, 235; Wav- erly High School, 215-18, 220- 27; Waverly Public School, 215-18 Schoolfield, John H., 78 School libraries, 147 School Reports: 1829, 1 18-19; 1830, 119, 120; 1839, 120-21; 1840, 121; 1841, 121; 1847, 122; 1849, 122, [321] 123; 1851, 123-4; 1854, 124; 1871, 143; 1872, 136; 1874, 136-7; 1875, 137; 1876, 137; 1877, 137; 1878, 137; 1880, 137; 1882, 137; 1885, 137, 138; 1889, 138; 1890, 138; 1891, 139-40; 1900, 138; 1935, 146; 1941, 145-6 Schools, Consolidation of, 146-7 Scott, Henry E., 75, 128 Scott, Winfield, 72, 82 Seaborn, George, 89 Seaborn, James, 89 Seacock Swamp, 13 Seymour, Horatio, 95 Shands, R., 85 Shelton, J. Harper, 131, 201 Siege of Petersburg, 86-7 Silver Heels, 37 Silver Star Society, 95 Simcoe, John G., 52-3 Sinelly, Lewis, 26 Sinelly, Robert, 26 Sinelly, William, 26 Slater Fund, 144 Slater, John F., 144 Slaveholders, 1790, 60-61 Slave Traffic, 75-6 Sledge, Rosa, 153 Smith, Alfred E., 102 Smith, Benjamin, 28 Smith, Carrie, 186 Smith-Hughes Act, 140 Smith, Isaac, 1 73 Smith, Isaac A., 143-4 Smith, John, 55 Smith, Richard, 26, 28 Smith, Samuel, 28, 29 Smith's Fort, 16 Smyth, John, 15 Smyth, John Ferdinand Dalziel, 37 Southall, John T., 75 Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, 217 Southern Education Foundation, 144, 230 Southwark Parish, 30, 32, 38 Spiers, J. A., 112, 187 Spotswood, Alexander, 1 1 2 Spratley, Thomas, 85 Spring Hill Church, 58 Stackhousse, Mrs., 131 Stamp Act, 42 State Board of Examiners and Inspectors, 140, 141 State Music Festival, 2 1 8 Stephens, Alexander H., 84 Stephenson, Augustus J., 129 Stephenson, Joseph, 28 Stephenson, Maggie, 201 Stephenson, W. A., 103 Sterling, 37 Stevens, Mamie, 200 Stewart, James, 38 Stewart's Ordinary, 37-8 Stith, William, 32 Stony Creek, 41, 86, 87, 103 Stony Creek Warehouse, 78 Straughan, Alice, 200 Stuart, J. E. B., 89 Sturrock, David, 29, 129 Sussex Courthouse, 86, 93, 104 Sussex Circuit (M. E.), 57 Sussex Confederate Defenders, 85 Sussex Fifteenth Regiment, 85 Sussex Light Dragoons, 84-5, 89 Sussex Riflemen, 69, 84 Sussex Sharpshooters, 85, 89 Sussex Training School, 144 Swan, Thomas, 28 Swann's Point, 19, 28 Swede's Bridge, 31, 37 Syme, John, Jr., 65 Syms, Benjamin, 1 1 2 Syms Free School, 1 1 2 Tariff of 1832, 72 Tarleton, Banastre, 52-4 Taylor, Alexander, 130 Taylor, Anna Durant, 132 Taylor, George Keith, 63 Taylor, John, 63 Taylor, Nannie, 177 Taylor, William D., 124 Taylor, Zachary, 82 Taylor's School, 132 Tazewell, Henry, 47, 49 Tazewell, Littleton Walker, 73 Teacher Certification, 140-41 Teachers' Reading Circle, 143 Telegraphy, 80 Temple, Mary Harris, 202 Thornton, William, 80, 127 Thornton, V. A., 103 Thrower, Thomas, 2 7 322] Thweat, Archibald, 130 Thweat, John, 129, 130 Tilden, Samuel J., 95 Tobacco Rebellion, 23 Todkill, Anas, 19 Tomlinson, Richard, 28, 29 Tower Hill, 65 Treaty of Ghent, 69 Tree, Richard, 15 Trezvant, James, 76 Troopers, 79 True Reformers' Hall, 2 1 1 Truman, John, 21 Turner, John D., 78 Tyler, Henry, 36 Tyler, John, 81, 84, 115 Tyus, J. M., 152, 173 Underhill, William, 28 Union Academy, 127-8 Urquhart, Charles, 128 Urquhart, John, 76 Utie, John, 1 6 Vaiden, V., 104 Van Buren, Martin, 74-5, 77, 81-2 Vaughan, Fielding, 29 Venable, Edward C, 97 Verell, John, 64 Vincent, G. L., 99 Virginia, 89 Virginia Company of London, 1 1 1 Virginia Education Association, 142-3 Virginia Gazette, 36, 126-7 Virginia Journal of Education, 143 Virginia Military Institute, 89 Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, 96 Virginia School Journal, 143 Virginia Teachers' Association, 142 Virginia Teachers' Bulletin, 143 Virginia Teachers' Cooperative League, 142 Wakefield, 86, 93, 102-3, 136, 139, 140 Wakefield Episcopal Church, 106 Wakefield Ruritan Club, 203 Walker, Gilbert C, 92 Walker, John H., 75, 78, 128 Walker, Thomas, 32 Walnut Hill, 89 Walton, Dennis, 161 Walton, John, 1 72 Warden, John, 30 Wars: French and Indian War, 35; Revolutionary War, 47-66; War of 1 81 2, 68-9; War between the States, 83-89; Spanish-American War, 96 Warrasquoyake Plantation, 16 Warrasquoyake, 14, 15 Warren, G. K., 88 Washer, Ensign, 15 Washington, George, 21, 35,51,59,61-2,65,83, 113 Washington, John, 2 1 Washington, Lewis W., 83 Watkins, Lois, 202 Watkins, Samuel V., 200 Watson, Robert, 28, 29 Waverly, 84, 93-4, 102-3, Io6 , 13 l Waverly Alliance Hypothecation Warehouse, 94 Waverly Institute, 133 Waverly Masonic Hall, 2 1 8 Waverly Telephone and Telegraph Company, 95, 99 Wells, H. H., 92 Wesley, John, 56 West, C. D., 99 West, Jesse F., 102, 138 West, Mrs. John, 218 West, Junius Edgar, 94, 101, 102, 138, 200 West, R. T., 102 West, W. V., 215 Wheeler, H. S., 218 Whigs, 73, 81-2 White, Joe, 228 White, John L., 103 White, M. J. W., 102 White, Susie, 165 Wilkerson, Henry, 29 Wilkerson, Richard, 29 Willcox, Samuel, 28 Williamson, George, 25 William and Mary, College of, 17, 24-31, 112, 114 Williams, Ray, 165 Williams, Robert, 41 Williams, Roger, 55 Williams, Ula B., 182 Willie, William, 36, 38-42, 54-5, 97 Willson, Nicholas, 29 Wilson, J. H., 86, 87 323 Winfield, B. F., 85 Wylie, William, 42 Winfield, Joel T., 75 Wynn, Littleton, 70 Winsor, 64 Wynn, Sally, 200 Winston, Louise, 229, 232 Wynne, Thomas, 27 Wood, Abraham, 19 Wythe, George, 59 Wormeley, Ralph, 37 Wright, Arthur D., 144 Yale, 104 Wyatt, Francis, 18 Yeardley, George, 14, in Wyche, Benjamin, 57, 64, 75, 80 Yorktown, 54 Wyche, Edmund, 71 Wyche, James, 35-6 Zills, John F., 128 Wyche, John M., 78 Zimmerman, John, 153 Wyche, Leah Maclin, 36 Zodak, John, 30 Wyche, William, 70, 71 [324 University of Connecticut Libraries