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A NEW 
 
 . 
 
 UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 RATIONS, EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS 
 LAKES CANALS MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, CAPES, CAVERNS, CATARACTS AND GROTTOES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 KNOWN WORLD, 
 
 WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE 
 EXTENT, BOUNDARIES AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH COUNTRY; THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS 
 MANNERS AND RELIGION OF THE INHABITANTS; THE TRADE, MANUFACTURES, AND CURIOSITIES, 
 OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS, WITH THEIR LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE, BEARING AND DIS- 
 TANCE IN ENGLISH MILES FROM REMARKABLE PLACES ; AND THE VARIOUS HIS- 
 TORICAL EVENTS BY WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN DISTINGUISHED. 
 
 
 ORIGINALLY COMPILED 
 
 BY R. BROOKES, M. D. 
 
 THE WHOLE RE-MODELLED AND THE HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT BROUGHT 
 DOWN TO THE PRESENT PERIOD, 
 
 By JOHN MARSHALL, ESQ. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR, INCLUDING THE POPULATION OF THE UNITEf 
 STATES FOR 1840; A DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS INDIAN TRIBES IN NORTH AMERICA} 
 
 AND CONTAINING A 
 
 BRIEF DICTIONARY OF COMMERCE, 
 
 GIVING AN ACCOUNT OK 
 
 ALL THE MONEYS IN THE KNOWN WOULD, 
 
 AND ALL THE MINERALS, VEGETABLKS, ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISHES, AND INSECTS, THAT ARE 
 IMPORTANT TO COMMERCE; ALL THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL AND MONIF.D INSTI- 
 TUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS; AND NOTICES OF MANUFACTURES 
 AND COMMERCE IN DIFFERENT PLACES AND COUNTRIES 
 THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY PHILLIPS & SAMPSON. 
 
 1847. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, by 
 
 W. Marshall & Co., 
 
 In the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Tn presenting a new edition of the Gazetteer to the public, it 
 became a question of no little moment, whether simply to alter the 
 returns of the population of the several states, counties, districts, 
 territories, and towns in the United States, as given from the 
 Census of 1830, or to add a supplement to the work, containing an 
 entire new return of the population in conformity with the Census 
 of 1840, which has just been officially printed. The latter course 
 was deemed most advisable, partly on account of the number of 
 new corporate towns, counties, and states, which have sprung into 
 existence within the last ten years; and partly because the volume 
 would thus present the results of two distinct returns of the popu- 
 lation; and the reader could thus, be furnished with the best data 
 for estimating the growth or decay of any particular town, city, 
 county, or state. The publisher, in accordance with this view of 
 the case, has caused a complete Census of the United States to be 
 prepared from the original papers, printed by order of Congress, 
 the names of the towns, &c, being digested into alphabetical order, 
 so as to correspond with the body of the work. This arrangement 
 is certainly most convenient for reference; and it affords the most 
 ready and satisfactory means of comparison between the past and 
 present state of the country, with reference to the chief element of 
 national prosperity, the population. 
 
d 
 
 
 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1840. 
 
 Maine, 501,71)3 
 
 New Hampshire, 284,574 
 
 Massachusetts, 737,099 
 
 Rhode Island, 108,830 
 
 Connecticut, 309,978 
 
 V rmont, 291,948 
 
 New York, 2,428,921 
 
 New Jersey, 373,300 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,724,033 
 
 Delaware, 78,085 
 
 Maryland, 409,232 
 
 Virginia, 1,239,797 
 
 North Carolina, 753,419 
 
 South Carolina, 594,398 
 
 Georgia, 091,392 
 
 Alabama, 590,750 
 
 Mississippi, 375,051 
 
 Louisiana, 352,411 
 
 Tennessee,. 829,210 
 
 Kentucky, 779,828 
 
 Ohio, 1,519,407 
 
 Indiana, 085,806 
 
 Illinois, 476,183 
 
 Missouri, 383,702 
 
 Arkansas 97,574 
 
 Michigan, 212,267 
 
 Florida territory, 54,477 
 
 VViskonsin territory, 30,945 
 
 Iowa territory, <, 43,112 
 
 District of Columbia, 43,712 
 
 Total, 17,002,566 
 
 Total number of Persons on board of 
 vessels of war in the United States 
 naval service, June 1, 1840 0,100 
 
 Grand total of the United States,. .17,068,666 
 
 AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF EACH DESCRIPTION OF PERSONS IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 FREE WHITE PERSONS. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 Under five years of age, 1,270,790 
 
 Of five and under ten, 1,024,072 
 
 Of ten and under fifteen, 879,499 
 
 Of fifteen and under twenty, 756,022 
 
 Of twenty and under thirty, 1,322,440 
 
 Of thirty and under forty, 800,431 
 
 Of forty and under fifty, 530,508 
 
 Of fifty and under sixty, 314,505 
 
 Of sixty and under seventy, 174,220 
 
 Of seventy and under eighty, 80,051 
 
 Of eighty and under ninety, 21,079 
 
 Of ninety and under one hundred,. . 2,507 
 Of one hundred and upwards, 470 
 
 7,249,266 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 Under five years of age, 1,203,349 
 
 Of five and under ten, 980,921 
 
 Often and under fifteen, 830,588 
 
 Of fifteen and under twenty, 792,107 
 
 Of twenty and under thirty, 1,253,395 
 
 Of thirty and under forty, 779,097 
 
 Of forty and under fifty, 502,143 
 
 Of fifty and under sixty, 304,810 
 
 Of sixty and under seventy, 173,299 
 
 Of seventy and under eighty, 80,562 
 
 Of eighty and under ninety, 23,904 
 
 Of ninety and under one hundred,. . 3,231 
 
 Of one hundred arid upwards, 315 
 
 6,939,842 
 
 Total number of free white persons, 14,189,108 
 
 White persons included in the foregoing, who are deaf and dumb, under fourteen 
 
 years of age, 1,919 
 
 White persons included in the foregoing, who are deaf and dumb, of fourteen and 
 
 under twenty-five, 2,056 
 
 White persons included in the foregoing, who are deaf and dumb, over twenty-five, 2,707 
 
 White persons included in the foregoing, who are blind, „ 5,024 
 
 White persons included in the foregoing, who are insane and idiots at public charge, 4,329 
 
 Wh-.te persons included in the foregoing, who are insane and idiots at private charge, 10,179 
 
 Total number of persons employed in mining, 15,203 
 
 Total number of persons employed in agriculture, 3,717,750 
 
 Total number of persons employed in commerce,... 117,575 
 
 Total number of persons employed in manufactures and trades, 791,545 
 
 Total number of persons employed in navigation of the ocean, 50,025 
 
 Total number of persons employed in navigation of cahals, lakes, and river, 33,007 
 
 ' T1 ofou number of persons employed in learned professions,. 65,236 
 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 FREE COLOURED PERSONS. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 Under ten years of age 56,323 Under ten years of age, 55,009 
 
 Of ten and under twenty-four, 52,799 Of ten and under twenty-four, 50,562 
 
 Of twenty-four and under thirty-six,.. 35,308 Of twenty-four and under thirty-six,.. 41,073 
 
 Of thirty-six and under fifty-five, 23,258 Of thirty-six and under fifty-five, 30,385 
 
 Of fifty-five and under one hundred,.. 13,493 Of fifty-five and under one hundred,.. 15,728 
 
 Of one hundred and upwards, 286 Of one hundred and upwards, 361 
 
 186,467 
 
 199,778 
 
 Total number of free coloured persons, 386,245 
 
 SLA VES. 
 
 MALES. 
 
 Under ten years of age, 422,599 
 
 Often and under twenty-four, 391,131 
 
 Of twenty-four and under thirty-six. 235,373 
 
 Of thirty-six and under fifty-five 145,264 
 
 Of fifty-five and under one hundred,. 51,288 
 Of one hundred and upwards, 753 
 
 1,240,408 
 
 FEMALES. 
 
 Under ten years of age, 421,470 
 
 Of ten and under twenty-four, 390,075 
 
 Of twenty-four and under thirty-six, 239,787 
 Of thirty-six and under fifty-five,. . . . 139,201 
 Of fifty-five and under one hundred, 49,692 
 Of one hundred and upwards, 580 
 
 1 ,240,805 
 
 Total number of slaves, 2,487,2)3 
 
 Total aggregate,* 17,062,566 
 
 Slaves and coloured persons included in the foregoing, who are deaf and dumb,. . . 977 
 
 Slaves and coloured persons included in the foregoing, who are blind, 1,S92 
 
 Slaves and coloured persons included in the foregoing, who are insane and idiots at 
 
 private charge, 2,093 
 
 Slaves and coloured persons included in the foregoing, who are insane and idiots at 
 
 public charge, 833 
 
 Total number of pensioners for revolutionary or military services, 20,797 
 
 Total number of universities or colleges, 173 
 
 Total number of students in universities or colleges, 16,233 
 
 Total number of academies and grammar schools, 3,242 
 
 Total number of students in academies and grammar schools, ,. . 104,159 
 
 Total number of primary and common schools, 47,209 
 
 Total number of scholars in common schools, 1,845,244 
 
 Total number of scholars at public charge, 408,264 
 
 Total number of white persons over twenty years of age who cannot read and write, 549,693 
 
 * Total number of persons on board of vessels of war in the United States naval service, June 
 1 1840 6.100; making the total aggregate of the population of the United States, 17,068,606. 
 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 AGGREGATE AND INCREASE OF EACH DESCRIPTION OF PERSONS IN THE 
 UNITED STATES IN 1830, AND 1840. 
 
 WHITE PERSONS. 
 
 Under 5 years of age, , 
 5 and under 10, . 
 10 and under 15, . 
 15 and under 20, . 
 20 and under 30, . 
 30 and under 40, . 
 40 and under 50, . 
 50 and under GO, . 
 60 and under 70, . 
 70 and under 80, . 
 80 and under DO, . 
 90 and under 100,. 
 100 and upwards, . 
 
 Total number of Whites,. 
 
 1830. 
 Males. Females. 
 
 972,980 
 
 782,075 
 
 069,734 
 
 573,196 
 
 956,487 
 
 592,535 
 
 367,840 
 
 229,284 
 
 135,082 
 
 57,772 
 
 15,806 
 
 2,041 
 
 301 
 
 921,934 
 
 750,741 
 
 638,856 
 
 596,254 
 
 918,411 
 
 555,531 
 
 356,046 
 
 223,504 
 
 131,307 
 
 58,336 
 
 17,434 
 
 2,523 
 
 238 
 
 5,355,133 
 
 5,171,115 
 5,355,133 
 
 10,526,248 
 
 1840. 
 Males. I Females. 
 
 1,270,790 
 
 1,024,072 
 
 879,499 
 
 756,022 
 
 1,322,440 
 
 866,431 
 
 536,568 
 
 314,505 
 
 174,226 
 
 80,051 
 
 21,679 
 
 2,507 
 
 476 
 
 7,249,266 
 
 1 ,203,349 
 
 986,921 
 
 836,583 
 
 792,163 
 
 1 ,253,395 
 
 779,097 
 
 502,143 
 
 304,810 
 
 173,299 
 
 80,562 
 
 23,964 
 
 3,231 
 
 315 
 
 6,939,842 
 7,249,266 
 
 14,189,108 
 
 FREE COLOURED PERSONS. 
 
 Under 10 years of age, . 
 10 and under 24, . 
 24 and under 36, . 
 36 and under 55, . 
 55 and under 100,. 
 100 and upwards, . 
 
 Total number of Free Coloured Persons,. 
 
 43,675 
 43,079 
 27.050 
 22,271 
 11,509 
 269 
 
 154,453 
 
 47,329 
 48,138 
 32,541 
 24,327 
 13,425 
 336 
 
 166,146 
 154,453 
 
 320,599 
 
 56,323 
 
 52,799 
 35,308 
 28,258 
 13,493 
 286 
 
 186,467 
 
 55,069 
 56,562 
 41,673 
 30,385 
 15,728 
 361 
 
 199,778 
 186,467 
 
 386,245 
 
 SLA YES. 
 
 Under 10 years of age, . 
 10 and under 24, . 
 21 and under 36, . 
 36 and under 55, . 
 55 and under 100,. 
 100 and upwards,. . 
 
 Total number of Slaves, 2,008,043 
 
 352,498 
 312,567 
 
 185,585 
 
 118,880 
 
 41,545 
 
 748 
 
 347,665 
 308,770 
 185,786 
 111,877 
 41,436 
 676 
 
 1,011,823 
 996,220 
 
 9G6,220 
 
 422,599 
 391,131 
 235,373 
 145,264 
 
 51,288 
 753 
 
 1,246,403 
 
 421,470 
 390,075 
 239,787 
 139,201 
 411,692 
 580 
 
 1,240,808 
 1,246,403 
 
 2,437,213 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 White Persons, 
 
 Free Coloured Persons, 
 
 Slaves, 
 
 On board vessels of war, (white,) 
 
 Increase of White persons, 10 years. 1830 to 1840 
 
 Increase of Free Coloured Persons, 10 years, 1830 to 1840 
 
 Increase of Slaves, 10 years, 1330 to 1840, 
 
 The same ratio of increase for the next ten years would give in 1850: 
 
 White Persons, 
 
 Free Coloured Persons, 
 
 Slaves, 
 
 1830. 
 
 10,526,243 
 
 320,599 
 
 2,008,403 
 
 11,130 
 
 12,866,020 
 
 1840. 
 
 14,189,108 
 
 386,245 
 
 2,487,213 
 
 6,100 
 
 17,068,666 
 
 34 per ct 
 20j per ct. 
 23^ per ct. 
 
 19,015,478 
 
 463,593f 
 
 3,077,926 
 
 22,556,997| 
 
( 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 
 
 1830, 
 
 AND 1840, 
 
 
 Also, the increase per cent, for each 1en years, and for fifty years,- and the class of each 
 
 stale ac- 
 
 cording to its pi 
 
 csent numerical strength. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Numerical 
 
 STATES. 
 
 1790. 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1840. 
 
 strength 
 1840. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 
 90,540 
 141,899 
 
 151,719 
 183,702 
 
 228,705 
 214,300 
 
 298,335 
 246,161 
 
 399,455 
 
 209,328 
 
 501,793 
 284,574 
 
 13 
 22 
 
 New Hampshire, .... 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 378,717 
 
 423,245 
 
 472,040 
 
 523,287 
 
 010,408 
 
 737,699 
 
 8 
 
 
 09,U0 
 
 69,122 
 
 77,031 
 
 83,059 
 
 97,199 
 
 108,830 
 
 24 
 
 
 238,141 
 
 251,002 
 
 202,042 
 
 275,202 
 
 297,075 
 
 309,978 
 
 20 
 
 
 85,410 
 340,120 
 184,139 
 
 154,465 
 586,750 
 211,949 
 
 217,713 
 
 959,049 
 24 -VkV, 
 
 235,704 
 
 1,372,812 
 
 277,575 
 
 280,652 
 
 1,913,006 
 
 320,823 
 
 291,948 
 
 2,428,921 
 
 373,306 
 
 21 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 New York, 
 
 
 
 434,373 
 
 002,305 
 
 810,091 
 
 1,049,458 
 
 1,348,233 
 
 1,724,033 
 
 2 
 
 59,096 
 319,728 
 
 04,273 
 
 341,548 
 14,093 
 
 72,074 
 
 380,540 
 
 24,023 
 
 72,749 
 
 407,350 
 
 33,039 
 
 70,748 
 
 447,040 
 
 39,834 
 
 78,0S5 
 
 469,232 
 
 43,712 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 
 District of Columbia,. 
 
 
 748,308 
 393,751 
 
 880,200 
 478,103 
 
 974,622 
 555,500 
 
 1,065,379 
 
 638,829 
 
 1,211,405 
 
 737,987 
 
 1,239,797 
 753,419 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1849,073 
 
 345,591 
 
 415,115 
 
 502,701 
 
 581,185 
 
 594,393 
 
 11 
 
 
 82,548 
 73,077 
 
 102,101 
 220,955 
 
 252,433 
 400,511 
 
 340,987 
 564,317 
 
 510,823 
 687,917 
 
 691,392 
 
 779,828 
 
 9 
 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 
 35,791 
 
 105,602 
 45,365 
 
 4,875 
 8,850 
 
 251,727 
 
 230,700 
 24,520 
 40,352 
 12,282 
 70,550 
 20,845 
 
 4,762 
 
 422,813 
 
 581,434 
 147,178 
 
 75,448 
 
 55,211 
 153,407 
 
 66,586 
 
 127,901 
 
 8,896 
 
 14,273 
 
 681,904 
 
 937,903 
 
 343,031 
 
 136,621 
 
 157,445 
 
 215,529 
 
 140,455 
 
 309,527 
 
 31,639 
 
 30,388 
 
 34,730 
 
 829,210 
 
 1,519,407 
 
 685,866 
 
 375,651 
 
 476,133 
 
 352,411 
 
 383,702 
 
 590,756 
 
 212,207 
 
 97,574 
 
 54,477 
 
 5 
 3 
 10 
 17 
 14 
 19 
 16 
 12 
 23 
 25 
 21 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Florida Territory,.. .. 
 
 ; Wiskonsin Territory, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30,945 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45,112 
 
 29 
 
 ! On board U. S. vessels, 
 
 3,929,827 
 
 
 
 
 11,130 
 
 0,100 
 
 
 
 5,305,940 
 
 7,239,814 
 
 9,638,191 
 
 12,866,020 
 
 17,008,0(10 
 
 Increase pa 
 
 cent, each ten years. 
 
 
 From 1790 to 1800 
 
 35 per cent. 
 
 
 From 1800 to 1810 - 
 
 36^ per cent. 
 
 
 From 1810 to 1820 
 
 33 per cent. 
 
 
 From 1820 to 1830 - 
 
 33,^ per cent. 
 
 
 From 1830 to 1840 
 
 32^ per cent. 
 
 
 Average increase each 10 years for the 
 number of inhabitants 
 
 ast fifty years, 34 15-100 per cent., at this 
 
 rate the 
 
 in the United States would be: 
 
 
 In 1850 
 
 22,872,268. 
 
 
 In 1860 . 
 
 - 30,649,182. 
 
 
 Inl 
 
 370 
 
 
 
 
 41,070,: 
 
 362. 
 
 
CENSUS 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 YEAR 18 40. 
 
 Names of Places. Population, i 
 
 Abbeville Dist., S. C 29,351 
 
 Abbeville, Medina co., O. . . .55 
 Abbott, Piscataquis co.,Me. 6(Jl 
 Abington, Luzerne co , Pa. 1,770 
 Abington, Montgom'y co., Pa.1,704 
 Abington, Plymouth county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,214 
 
 Abington, Wayne co., Ind. 923 
 Aboite. Allen county, Ind.. .'235 
 Accomack County, Va.. .17,0'JG 
 Acton, Middlesex co., Mass. 1,121 
 Acton, Windham co., Vt. . .170 
 Acton, York county, Me. 1,401 
 Acworth. Sullivan co., N. H. 1,450 
 Adair County, Kentucky, 8,40(5 
 Adams, Allen county, Ind. 303 
 Adams,Berkshireco.,Mass.3,703 
 Adams, Champaign co., O. 970 
 Adams County, Illinois, 14,470 
 Adams County, Indiana, 2,204 
 Adams County, Miss. . . .19,434 
 Adams County, O! i io, . .. .13,183 
 
 Adams County, Pa 23,044 
 
 Adams, Coshocton co., O. . .838 
 Adams, Darke county, O. . .087 
 Adams, Guernsey co., O. . .867 
 Adams, Hamilton co., Ind. 512 
 Adams, Henry county, O.. . 188 
 Adams, Hillsdale co., Mich. 534 
 Adams, JeOerson co.,N. Y. 2,296 
 Adams, Monroe co., Ohio,. .898 
 Adams, Muskingum co., O. 988 
 Adams, Seneca count)', O. 1,230 
 Adams, Washington co., O. 792 
 Addison, Addison co., Vt. 1,232 
 Addison, Champaign co., 0. 190 
 Addison, Gallia co., Ohio,. .692 
 Addison, Oakland co., Mich. 537 
 Addison, Shelby co., Ind. 1,234 
 Addison, Somerset co., Pa. 1,301 
 Addison, Steuben county, 
 
 New York 1,920 
 
 Addison, Wash'lonco.,Me. 1,053 
 Addison County, Vt. . ..23,583 
 Addition to Marion, Mercer 
 
 county, Ohio, 131 
 
 Adrian County, Missouri, 1,949 
 Adrian, Lena wee co., Mich. 2,496 
 Aid, Lawrence county, O. 609 
 Air, Bedford county, Pa. 1,453 
 
 Alabama, 590,756 
 
 1 
 
 Names of Places. Popn'ation 
 
 Alabama,Geneseeco., N.Y. 1,798 
 Alamo, Kalamazoo co., Mich. 194 
 Albany, Berks county. Pa. 1,057 
 Albany, Bradford co., Pa. . .803 
 Albany City, Albany co., 
 
 New York, 33.721 
 
 Albany County, N. Y.. . .68,593 
 
 Albany. Orleans co., Vt 920 
 
 Albany, Oxford co., Me (i'.il 
 
 Albany, Stratford co., N. H. 406 
 Albemarle County, Va.. .22,924 
 Albion, Calhoun co., Mich. 932 
 Albion, Kennebec co.,Me. 1,624 
 Albion, Oswego co., N.Y. 1,5(13 
 Alburirh, Grand Isle co.,V't. 1 ,314 
 Alden^Erie county, N.Y. 1,984 
 Aledon, Ingham co., Mich. 221 
 
 Aleppo, Greene co., Pa 650 
 
 Alexander, Athens co.. O. 1,45! 
 Alexander, He n ton co., Mo. 1,015 
 Alexander County, Illinois, 3,3 13 
 Alexander, Genesee co , 
 
 New York, 2,242 
 
 Alexander, Licking co., O. 200 
 Alexand?r,Wash'tonco.,Me. 513 
 Alexandria (borough. )Hun- 
 
 tingdon county, Pa 574 
 
 Alexandria, Grafton co., N.II 1,284 
 Alexandria,Jeffe'n co.,N.Y. 3,^75 
 
 Alexandria, D. C 8,459 
 
 Alexandria. Hunterdon co., 
 
 New Jersey, 3,420 
 
 Alford, Beikshire co., Mass. 481 
 Alfred, Alleghany co., N.Y. 1,630 
 Alfred, York county, Me. 1,408 
 Algansi, Branch co., Mich. 421 
 Allegan, Allegan co., Mich. 634 
 Allegan County, Mich.. . .1,793 
 Alleghany, A rmstrong co., Pa. 1 ,83! I 
 Alleghany, Cambria co., Pa. 1,066 
 Alleghany City, Alleghany 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 10,089 
 Alleghany County, Md , 15,690 
 Alleghany County, N.Y. 40,975 
 Alleghany County, Pa. . .81,2:15 
 Alleghany County, Va. ..2,749 
 Alleghany, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,225 
 
 Alleghany, Potter co., Pa.. .238 
 Allciihany, Somerset co.,Pa. 633 
 Alleghany, Venango co.,Pa. 804 
 
 Naaies of Pfares. Popn'ation. 
 
 Allegheny. West inn re la mi 
 
 cou ni y, Pennsylvania. . .2,641 
 Allen, Alley hany en , N.Y.. .867 
 AMen County, Indiana,. . .5,942 
 Allen County, Kentucky, 7,329 
 AM. -n County, Ohm, ..."..9,079 
 Allen, Cumberland co , I 'a. 2, 122 
 Allen, Darke county. O . . . 194 
 Allen, Hillsdale co ', Mich. 466 
 Allen, Noble county, Ind. .179 
 Al!en,NorthampV i nco.,P-n.2,547 
 Allen. Union county, Ohio, 713 
 Allenstown, Merrimack co., 
 
 New 1 1 impshire, 455 
 
 Allentown, (borough,) Le- 
 high county, Pa.' 2,493 
 
 Allison, Clinton county. Pa. 643 
 Almond, Alleghany co., N.Y. 1,434 
 Alna, Lincoln county, Me.. .900 
 Als.ee. Berks county, Pa. 2,498 
 Alstead, Cheshire co., ML 1,454 
 A I ton City, Madison en., 1 1 1. 2,340 
 Alton, Strafford Co.. N. 11.2.002 
 Aluchua County, E F. ..2,282 
 Aitianda, Allen co . Ohio,. 280 
 Amanda, Fairfield co ., O. 1,987 
 Amanda, Hancock co , () 490 
 Ambi'v, Lucas count v, O. . .452 
 Amboy, Oswego co., N. Y. 1,070 
 
 Amelia County, Va 10,320 
 
 America, Dutchess co., N. Y. 2,179 
 Ames, Athens county, O. 1,431 
 Amesbnry. Essex county, 
 
 Massachusetts^ .'.2,471 
 
 Amherst County, Va 12,576 
 
 Amherst, Erie county, N.Y. 2,451 
 Amherst, Hampshire co , 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,550 
 
 Amherst, Hancock co., Me. 196 
 Amherst. Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,565 
 
 Amherst, L'irrain co., O.. . 1,181 
 
 AmiteCounty, Miss 9,511 
 
 Amity, Alleghany co.,N.Y. 1,354 
 Amity, Aroostook co., Me.. . 169 
 Amity, Berks county, Pa. 1,664 
 Amity, Erie county, Pa. . . .560 
 Amsterdam, Montirmnery 
 
 county. New York, 5,333 
 
 Am well, 1 1 ii nterdon county, 
 
 New Jersey, 3,071 
 
ARMSTRONG 
 
 ( 10 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. Names of Places, Population 
 
 A mwell, Washington co., Pa. 1,536 Aroostook County, Me. ..9,413 
 
 Aneram,C»lumbiaco.,IN.Y. 1,770 Arrow Rock, Saline oo.,Mo. 2,09:5 
 
 Anderson District, S. C. 18.49:1 Ascension Parish, La 6,95] 
 
 Anderson County, Ky . . .3,452 Ash, Monroe co , Mich 049 
 
 Anderson County, Tenn. 5,658 Ashbumham,Worcesterco., 
 
 Anders.. n, Hamilton co.,0. 2,311 Massachusetts, 1.652 
 
 Anderson. Rush co., Ind. 1,423 Ashby, Middlesex co.,Mass. 1,246 
 
 Anderson, Warrick co.. Ind. 348 Ashe County. N. C 7,467 
 
 Anderson, Oxford co . Me. 551 ! Ashfield, Franklin ro..Mass.l,6IO 
 
 Ande^ Delaware co., N.Y. 2.176 
 Andover,Alleghany co.,N. Y. 848 
 Andover, Ashtabula co.. O. 881 
 Andover. Essex co., Mass. 5,207 
 Andover, Merrimack Co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1.168 
 
 Andover, north surplus, 
 
 Oxford county, Maine. . . .45 
 Andover. Windsor co., Vt 877 
 Angelica, Alleghany co., 
 
 New York 1,257 
 
 Angola, Steuben co . Ind. . .166 
 Annapolis City. Anne Arun- 
 
 Ashford, Cattaraui/us co., 
 
 New York, 1,460 
 
 Ashtabula, Ashtabula co.,0.1, 704 
 Ashtabula County, Ohio, 23 724 
 Assumption, Louisiana, . .7,141 
 Aston, Delaware co., Pa. . .1,469 
 Astoria Township, 3 North 
 
 range. 1 E, Fulton co., 111. 64 
 Asylum, Brad lord co., Pa . .047 
 Athens,(boroutjr|i,)Bradford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . .435 
 Athens/Bradford co , Pa. 1.532 
 Athens, Calhoun co., Mich. 134 
 
 del county, Maryland,. .2,792 Athens County. Ohio, . . 10,100 
 Anne Arundel c»., Md. 20,532 | Athens, Coot county, 111. 1,662 
 Annsborg,Wash'tonco„Me. 23 Athens, Crawford co.. Pa.. .408 
 
 Annsville, Oneida c.,N.Y. 1,765 
 Annsville. Lebanon co^Pa.2,049 
 Anson, .Somerset co., Me. 1,041 
 
 Anson County, N.C 15.077 
 
 Antis. Huntingdon co.. Pa. 2,156 
 Antoine, Clark county, A rk. 245 
 Antrim. Greeneastle, (bo- 
 rough.) Franklin co., Pa. 931 
 Antrim, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire 1,225 
 
 Antrim. Crawford co., O. . .261 
 Antrim. Franklin co.. Pa. 3,130 
 Antrim,Shiawasseeco.,Mi<?h 1 17 
 Antwerp,Jeffersonco.,N.Y.3,l09 
 Anlwerp, Van Buren co.,Mich. 316 
 Appalachicola District, S. C. 7,712 
 Apple Creek Cape Girar- 
 deau county 1,3: '3 
 
 Apple Creek, Greene co., 111. 1,566 
 Appl* River,JoDaviessco.,IU 5~>0 
 Appleton Waldo co., Me.. .801 
 Appling County, Georgia, 2.062 
 Appoquinimink, New Cas- 
 tle county, Delaware, . .3,075 
 Aquacknock, Passaic co., 
 
 New Jersey ....2.483 
 
 Arcadia, Wayne co., N Y. 4,0-0 
 Archer, Harrison co , O.. . 1,012 
 Argentine,Geneseeco.,Mich.l77 
 Argyle, Penobscot co.. Me. 527 
 Aig'yle, Washington c> . 
 
 New Jersey, 3,1 1 I 
 
 Arkansas 97,574 
 
 Arkansas. Ark. co., Ark. . . .646 
 Arkansas County, Ark.. .1.346 
 Arkwright, Cliatauque <;<>., 
 
 New York 1,418 
 
 Arlington, Bennington co , 
 
 V, i„ont 1,038 
 
 Armada, Macomb co., Mich. 652 
 Armagh, (borough,) Indiana 
 
 county . Penns\ I van ia, . . . 152 
 
 Athens. Greene co , N.Y 2.3-7 
 Athens, Harrison co., O. . .1,430 
 Athens, Somerset co., Me. 1 .427 j 
 Athens, ( to wn,) At hens co.,0.7 10 
 Athens,(township,) Athens 
 
 county, Ohio 1,503 
 
 Athens. "Windham co . Vt. 378 
 Athol, Warren co., N.Y.. .1,210 
 Athol, Worcester co., Mass. 1,591 
 Atkinson. Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire 557 
 
 Atkinson,Piscataquisco.,Me,704 
 Atlantic County, N J. . . .8,726 
 
 Atlas, Lapeer co.. Mich 660 
 
 Attala County, Missouri. 4.303 
 Attic ., Genesee Co., N.Y. 2,710 
 Attlebnrough, Bristol co , 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,585 
 
 Atwater, Portage co , O.. . .755 
 Auburn, CfCyuga co.. N. Y. 5,626 
 Auburn. Geauga co., O . .1,198 
 Auburn, Richland Co., O. I 016 
 Auburn, Susquehanna co., Pa. 1,1 13 
 Auburn,Worcesteren.,Mass. 64!) 
 Audubon,Monl goinery CO., [11.93 
 Auglaird, Allen co., Ohio,. .7:52 
 Auglaize, Paulding co , O. 208 
 Augusta, Carroll co.. O. . . 1.234 
 Augusta City, Bracken co., 
 
 Kentucky 7ts6 
 
 Augusta City, (Richmond 
 
 county.) Georgia, 6.463 
 
 Augusta County, Va . .. .10,628 
 Augusta, Kennebec co.,Me.5,3l6 
 Augusta, Northumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania. 2.400 
 Augusta, Oneida co .N.Y 2,175 
 Augusta, Washtenaw co.. 
 
 Michigan, 646 
 
 Aurelius, Cayuga co., ,\.Y. 2,645 
 Aurelms. Ingham co., Mich. 148 
 Aurelius, Washington co., 0.886 
 
 Armagh, Mitllm CO., Pa. 1,468 Aurora, Erie county . N Y. 2,009 
 Armstrong County, Pa. 28,365 | Aurora. Hancock co.. Me 140 
 Armstrong Indiabacn.,Pa. 1,054 Aurora, Portage co.. Ohio, 906 
 Arnistjong,Vanderburg co., Au Sable, Clin 'on co., N.Y. 3,222 
 
 Indiana, 869 Austerlitz, Columbia co.,N.Y. 2,091 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 A ustinburg, Ashtabula co.,t). 1 ,047 
 A ustin town, Trumbull c».,0. 1,245 
 Autauga County, Ala ..14.342 
 Auxvau*,Callaway co.,Mo.l,l64 
 Averill. Essex county, Vt. . . 11 
 Avery's Gore, Addison co.,Vt. 78 
 Avery s Gore, Franklin co..Vt. 35 
 Avon. Franklin co.. Me. . . .827 
 Avon, Hartford co..Conn. 1,001 
 Avon,Livingston co.,N Y. 2,999 
 Avon, Lorrain county. O. 1.220 
 Avon, Oakland co., Mich. 1.630 
 
 Avoyelles Parish. La 6 116 
 
 Aztalantnwn. Jefferson co., 
 
 Wiskonsin 250 
 
 Bailey vi lle.Washinglon Co., 
 
 Maine 329 
 
 Bain bridge. Berrien co.,Mich.251 
 Bainbridge. Chenango co . 
 
 New Ymk ~ 3,324 
 
 Bainbridge, Geau a Co., O. 988 
 Baker, Broome co.. N. Y. 1.259 
 Baker County. Georgia, . .4 226 
 Bakersfield, Franklin co, Vt. 1.258 
 Balance of Beaver. Colum- 
 biana county. Ohio 1,765 
 
 Balance of Butler. Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio 1,585 
 
 Balance of Centre, Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio 1 707 
 
 Balance of Elk Run. Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio. ... 1 ,053 
 Balance of Green. Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio 1,300 
 
 Balance of Hanover.Coluin- 
 biana county . Ohio 2.082 
 
 Balance of Knox. Colum- 
 biana county, Oho. 1,884 
 
 Balance of Liverpool. Co- 
 lumbiana countv. Ohio.. .593 
 Balance of Madison. Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio. 1.300 
 Balance of Middletown. Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio. 1,538 
 Balance of Perry. Colum- 
 biana county. Ohio 788 
 
 Balance of S ileni. Colum- 
 biana county. Ohio .... 1.749 
 Balance of Springfield Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio. 1.026 
 Balance of St. Clair, Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohm. i.ti,'!4 
 Balance of Unity. Colum- 
 biana countv. Ohio 1,692 
 
 ; Balance of West. Colum- 
 biana county. Ohio ....1.647 
 I Balance of Yellow Creek, 
 
 Columbiana county. O. . .805 
 Bald Eagle, Clinton co.,Pa. 1,178 
 Baldwin, Cumberland co., 
 
 Ma ne 1.134 
 
 Baldwin County, Georgia. 7,250 
 
 Baldwin County, Ala 2,'.i51 
 
 Baley, Benton co.. Ark 373 
 
 Bill." Benton co , Ark 375 
 
 Ballston, Saratoga co., N. Y. 2.044 
 
 Ballville, Sandusky CO.,0. 1.007 
 Baltimore, Baltimore CO., 
 
 M rvl md I '2.313 
 
 B ltimore County, Md. 134,579 
 
 Baltiii >co.,Md., 1st Dist.0jO88 
 
 Baltimore co.,Md.,2dDist. 7,335 
 
BEAR CREEK 
 
 Nam sof Places. P pulation. 
 
 Baltimore co., Md., 3d Dist. 2,898 
 Baltimore co., Md., 4th Dist. 5,7li!) 
 Baltimore co., Md., 5th Dist. 4,985 
 Baltimore, Sussex co., Del. 2,24 I 
 Baltimore, Windsor eo., Vt. 155 
 Bangor, Franklin co., N.Y.' 1,289 
 Bancror city, Penobscot co., 
 
 Maine, 8.627 
 
 Barbour eo., Ala 12,024 
 
 Barbouisville, (town,) Knox 
 
 county, Kentucky, 224 
 
 Bardstown, city, Nelson co., 
 
 Kentucky, 1,492 
 
 Baring, Washington co., Me. 370 
 Barkhamstead, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut 1.573 
 
 Barlow, Washington co.,0. 1,011 
 Barna id, Piscataquis Co.. Me. 153 
 Barnard. Windsor co., Vt. 1.774 
 Barnet, Caledonia co., Vt. 2,030 
 Barnstable. Barnstable co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 4,301 
 
 Barnstable co., Mass 32,548 
 
 Barnstead, Strafford countv, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,945 
 
 Barnwell District, S. C. 21,471 
 Bane, Huntingdon co., Pa. 2,225 
 Barre, Orleans co.. N. Y. 5.530 
 Barre, Washington co., Vt. 2,120 
 Barre, Worcester co., Mass. 2,751 
 
 Barren co.. Ky 17,288 
 
 Barring-ton, Cook co., III. . . 292 
 Barrintrton, Bristol co., R.I. 549 
 Barnngton, Strafford co.. 
 
 New Hampshire,.... 1,844 
 Barnngton, Yates co., N. Y. 1,868 
 
 Bany, Barry co., Mich 343 
 
 Barry county, Michigan, 1,078 
 Bairy county, Missouri, . .4,705 
 Harry, Schuylkill eo.. Pa. . .639 
 B art, Lancaster co., Pa. . . 1 ,859 
 Bartholomew, Chicot co., Ark. 315 
 Bartholomew co., hid. . . 10.042 
 Bartholomew, Jefferson co., 
 
 Arkansas, 148 
 
 Bartlet, Coos co., N. H 700 
 
 Bartlet, Jefferson co., Pa. . . 259 
 
 Barton, Orleans co., Vt 829 
 
 Barton, Tioga co., N. Y. . .2,324 
 Batavia, Branch co., Mich. 400 
 Batavia. Clermont co., < ). 2, f-7 
 Batavia, Genesee co.. N. Y. 4,219 
 Batavia, Geauga county. O. 771 
 Batchelder's Giant, Oxford 
 
 county, Me 3 
 
 Bath, Allen county, Ohio, 1,382 
 Bath County. Kentucky, 9,703 
 Bath County, Virginia. . . 4,300 
 Bath, Grafton co., N. H.. .1 595 
 Bath, Greene county, O.. . 1,721 
 
 Bath, Lincoln co., Me 5,141 
 
 Bub, Steuben co., N. Y.. .4,915 
 
 Bub, Summit co., 1,425 
 
 B'Ule Creek, Calhoun co., 
 
 Michigan, 993 
 
 Ba ugh man, Wayne co ,0. 1,741 
 
 Bay. Ottawa county, 231 
 
 Bayou Mason, Chicot co., Ark. 455 
 Bazetta, Trumbull co., O. 1,034 
 Beach Island, Hanc'k co., Me. 8 
 Bear Creek, Columbia co., Pa. 1,91)5 
 Bear Creek, Gallatin co., 111.. .5h 
 Bear Creek, Mont'y co., Mo.. .445 
 
 ( n ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Beardstown, Cass co.. III. . .330 
 Bearfield, Perry county,*). 1,455 
 Bear Island, Hancock e,o.,Me. !l 
 Beaufort countv, N. C. . . 12.225 
 
 Beaufort Dist., S C 35,794 j 
 
 Beaver county, Pn 29,308 
 
 Beaver, Beaver co., Pa 445 
 
 Beaver, Boone co., Ill 230 
 
 Beaver, (borough,) Beaver 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 551 
 Beaver, Crawford CO., Pa. . .734 
 Beaver, Guernsey co., O. 1,842 
 Beaver, Pike countv, O. . .1,099 
 Beaver, Union co., Pa. . . 2,009 
 Beaver. Venango co., Pa. 1,011 
 Beaver Creek, Greene co., 
 
 Ohio, 1.707 
 
 Beaver Dam, Erie co., Pa. 1,081 
 Beccaria, Clearfield co.. Pa. 389 
 Beckett, Berkshire co., Mass. 1,342 
 Beddington, Wash, co., Me. 104 
 
 Bedtord County., Pa 29,335 
 
 Bedford County, Tenn. 20,540 
 
 Bedford Comity, Va., 20,203 
 
 Bedford, Bedford co., Pa. 1,721 
 Bedford, (borough) Bedford 
 
 county, Pa. 1,022 
 
 Bedford", Calhoun co., Mich. 220 
 Bedford, Coshocton co.,0. 1,141 
 Bedford, Cuyahoga co., O. 1,244 
 Bedford. Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, loo 
 
 Bedford. Meigs countv. O. 567 
 t Bedford, Middlesex co., Mass. 929 
 Bedford, Monroe co., Mich. 499 
 Bedford, Trimble co.. Ky.. .148 
 Bedford. Westchester CO., 
 
 New Y»rk, 2,822 
 
 Bedminster, Bucks co., Pa. 1,040 
 Bedmister, Somerset co., 
 
 New Jersey 1,589 
 
 Beekman, Duchess county, 
 
 New York, '.1,400 
 
 Berkoiaritou n, Clinton co., 
 
 New York, 2,709 
 
 Belchertow n, Hampshire 
 
 county, Mass 2,554 
 
 j Belfast Academy Grant, 
 
 Aroostook co.. Me 141 
 
 Belfast, Alleghany co., N. Y. 1,040 
 
 ; Belfast, Bedtord co.. Pa. . . 720 
 
 Belfast. Waldo co., Me. . .4,18b' 
 
 I Belgrade, Kennebec co., Me. 1 748 
 
 | Bell, Clearfield co., Pa 301 
 
 Bellefonte, Centre co., Pa. 1,032 
 
 Bellevievv, Calhoun Co.. 111. 173 
 
 Bellevtew, Washington co., 
 
 Missouri 7 1.227 
 
 Bellevue, Eaton co., Mich. 529 
 Bellingham, Norfolk co., 
 
 .Massachusetts 1,055 
 
 Bell mont, Franklin co., N.Y.472 
 Bellville. Essex Co., N.J. 2,466 
 Belmont county, Ohio,. .30,901 
 Belmont. Waldo co., Me. 1,378 
 Belpre, Washington co., O. 1,200 
 
 Belvrdere, Boon co.. Ill 098 
 
 Belvidere, Lamoille co., Vt. 207 
 Benedicta, or. No. 2, 5th 
 
 range, Aroostook co., Me. 222 
 Bennett's Bayou, Izard co., 
 
 Arkansas, 282 
 
 Bennington county, Vt. 10,872 
 
 BETHEL 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Bennington. Bennington 
 
 county. Vermont, .... 3,429 
 Bennington, Delaware co.,0. 1,051 
 Bennington, Genesee co., 
 
 New York, 2,710 
 
 Bensalern, Bucks co., Pa. 1.731 
 Benson, Rutland co., Vt. 1,043 
 
 Benton county, Ala 14.200 
 
 Benton county, Ark 2,228 
 
 Benton county, Mo 4,205 
 
 Benton, Hocking co., O. . . 448 
 Benton, Linn county, Mo.. .413 
 Benton, Macon county, Mo. 330 
 Benton. Newton co., Mo. .. 744 
 
 Benton, Peoria co., Ill 297 
 
 Benton, Polk CO., Mo 490 
 
 Benton. Taney co. Mo 340 
 
 Benton county, Tenn 4,772 
 
 Benton, Wayne co.. Mo. . . 425 
 Benton, Yates eo., N. Y.. .3,911 
 Benionville, Benton eo, Ark. 134 
 Bergen countv. N. J. . . 13 223 
 Bergen, Genesee co, N. Y. 1,832 
 Bergen, Hudson co., N. J. 5,255 
 
 Berkeley county, Vi 10,972 
 
 Berkley. Bristol Co., Mass. .886 
 
 Berks county. Pa 04 509 
 
 Berkshire county, Mass. 41.745 
 Berkshire, Delaware co., O. 1,4<>7 
 Berkshire, Franklin co., Vt. 1,»18 
 Berkshire, Tioga co., N. Y. 956 
 Berlin, (borough,) Somerset 
 countv, Pennsylvania, . . 524 
 
 Berhn, Coos co., N. H 116 
 
 Berlin. Delaware eo., O. . . 827 
 
 Berlin, Erie co., 1,628 
 
 Berlin, Franklin co., Me-. . . 442 
 Berlin, Hartford co., Conn. 3.411 
 Berlin, Holmes c-»., O. . . 1.149 
 Berlin, Kn-x county, O. 1,091 
 Berlin, Rensselaer co., N.Y. 1,794 
 B rim, est. Clair Co., Mich. 255 
 Berlin, (town,) Milwaukee 
 
 countv, Wiskonsin, .... 199 
 Berlin, Trumbull co.. O.. .1,283 
 
 Berlin, Wayne co., Pa 488 
 
 Berlin, Washington co., Vt. 1,598 
 Berlin, Worcester co., Mass.. .763 
 Beiuadotte township. 5 N. 
 
 range, 2 E. Fulton en., 111.206 
 Bernard's, Somerset co., N.J. 2,1 159 
 Bernardston, Franklin co.. 
 
 Massachusetts 992 
 
 Bern, Berks county, Pa.. .3,149 
 Berne, Albany co., N. Y. 3,740 
 Berne, Athens county, O.. .381 
 Berne Fairfield co.. O. . . 2419 
 Berrien, Berrien co., Mich. 543 
 Berrien county, Mich. . . 5,011 
 
 Bertie county, i\. C 12,175 
 
 Bertrand, Berrien co., Mich. 1 ,298 
 Berwick, Adams co., Pa.. . I,4h2 
 Berwick. York co., Me.. . 1,698 
 Bethany Genesee co., 1\.Y. 2,2-6 
 Bethany. New ilaven co. 
 
 Connecticut 1.171 
 
 j Bethany, Wayne co.. Pa. . .2 '9 
 Bethel, Bedfo'rd co., Pa. . . 1,402 
 
 i Bethel, Berks Co., Pa 1.458 
 
 Bethel, Branch co., Mich. ..335 
 
 j Bethel, dark Co., 2,033 
 
 Bethel, Delaware co,, Pa.. . 380 
 Bethel, Lebanon co., Pa. 1,602 
 
BLACK 
 
 Namf's a"" Places. Population 
 
 Bethel, Miami county, O. 1 ,574 
 
 Bethel, Monroe co., 6 54.") 
 
 Bethel, Ox foid co., Me. . . 1,994 
 
 Bethel, Posey co., Ind 449 
 
 Bethel, Sullivan co., N.Y. 1,483 
 Bethel, Windsor co., Vt. 1,886 
 Bethlehem, Albany co., N.Y. 3,238 
 Bethlehem, Coshocton co., 
 
 Ohio, , : 827 
 
 Belii!ehem,Graflnn co.,.\.H. 779 
 Bethlehem, Hunterdon co., 
 
 Ne w Jersey 2,370 
 
 Bethlehem, Litchfield Co., 
 
 Connecticut 776 
 
 Bethlehem. Northampton 
 
 count y, Pennsylvania, 2,080 
 Bethlehem, Stark co., Ohio, 2,010 
 Beverly, Essex co., Mass. 4,080 
 Beverly, Washington co., O. 315 
 Bibb county, Alabama, . . 8.28-1 
 
 Bibb count v, Georgia 0,802 
 
 Biddeford, "York co., Me. 2,574 
 Big Heaver, Heaver co., Pa. 1,339 
 Big Creek, Crawford co., Ark. 225 
 Big Creek, Phillips co., Ark. 302 
 Big Creek, Rives co., Mo. 431 
 Big Creek. Van Buren co., 
 
 Missouri, 1,106 
 
 Bigelow township, Franklin 
 
 county, Missouri, 37 
 
 Big Flats, Chemung co., 
 
 New York 1,375 
 
 Big Island, Marion co., O.. .554 
 Big Lick, Hancock Co., O. 430 
 Big Prairie, New Madiid 
 
 count}', Missouri, 624 
 
 Big River, Jeflerson co., Mo. 065 
 Big Springs, Seneca co.. O. 025 
 Billenca, Middlesex county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,632 
 
 Bingham., Poller co., Pa. . . 453 
 Bingham, Somerset co., Me. 751 
 Birdsall, Alleghany co.,N.Y. 328 
 Birmingham, (borough,) Al- 
 leghany co.. Pa 1.554 
 
 Bi rm i no- 1 i.t m, (borough,) Hun- 
 tingdon co.. Pa. 235 
 
 Binning I id in. Chester co., Pa. 312 
 Birmingham, Delaware co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 605 
 
 Black Brook, Clinton co., 
 
 New York 1,064 
 
 Black Creek, Mercer co., O. 339 
 Blackford county, Ind. . . 1,226 
 Black Island, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine, 30 
 
 Black Hawk, Miami co., Ind. 67 
 Black Hawk, Shelby co., 
 
 Indiana, 102 
 
 Black Lick, Indiana co, Pa. 2,028 
 Black, Posey county, Ind. 2,526 
 Black Hiver, Independence 
 
 county, Arkansas, 461 
 
 Black River, Lawrence co., 
 
 Arkansas, 350 
 
 Black River, Lorrain co., 0. 668 
 Black River, St. Francois 
 
 county, Missouri, 101 
 
 Black River, Washington 
 
 county, Missouri, 685 
 
 Black River, Wayne c»,Mo. 528 
 Black Rock, Eric co., N. Y. 3,625 
 
 ( 12 ) 
 
 Fftimea of Places. Population. 
 
 Black Water, Pettis co.,Mo. 107 
 
 Bladen county, N. C a ,082 
 
 Blair, Huntingdon co., Pa. 1,370 
 Blairsville, (borough,) In- 
 diana county, Pa 000 
 
 Blakely, Luzerne co., Pa. . .570 
 Blanchard, Hardin co., O.. .241 
 Blanchard, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine, 270 
 
 Blanchard, Putnam co., O. 683 
 Blanchard, (town) Hancock 
 
 county, Ohio,. .......... .71 
 
 Blanchard township, Han- 
 cock county, Ohio, 629 
 
 Blanford, Hampden county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,427 
 
 Bledsoe county, Tenn. . . 5,676 
 Bleecker, Fulton co., N.Y.. .346 
 Blendon, Franklin co., O. . .072 
 Blenheim, Schoharie county, 
 
 New York, 2,725 
 
 BlisshVld,Lenaweeco.,Mich.778 
 Blockley, Philad. co., Pa. 3,318 
 Blockley, West Philadelphia 
 
 (borough,) Philadelphia co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,806 
 
 Bloom, Columbia co.. Pa. 1,774 
 Bloom, Fairfield co., Ohio, 2,301 
 Bloom, Morgan co., Ohio, 1,388 
 Bloom, Seneca co., Ohio, 1,168 
 Bloom, Wood co., Ohio, . . 308 
 Bloom, Scioto co., Ohio, . . .913 
 Bloomfield, (borough) Perry 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 412 
 Bloomfield, Crawford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 564 
 
 Bloomfield, Essex co.,N.J. 2,528 
 Bloomfield, Essex co., Vt.. .170 
 Bloomfield, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 985 
 
 Bloomfield, Jackson co., O. 721 
 B loom field, Kn ox co.,_Ohio, 1,251 
 Bloomfield, La Grange co., 
 
 Indiana, 307 
 
 Bloomfield, Logan co ,0. . .565 
 Bloomfield, Oakland co., 
 
 Michigan, .1,508 
 
 Bloomfie-ld, Richland co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,294 
 
 Bloomfield, Somerset co., 
 
 Maine, 1,093 
 
 Bloomfield/Prumbull co.,0. 554 
 Blooming Grove, Orange 
 
 county, New York, 2,396 
 
 Blooming Grove, Richland 
 
 county, Ohio, 1,495 
 
 Bloomington. Buchanan co., 
 
 Missouri, 022 
 
 Bloomingville, Ogle co., III. 501 
 Blount County, Tenn.,. .11,755 
 Blue Creek, Adams co., Ind. 107 
 Bluehill, Hancock co.,Me. 1,801 
 Blue Mountain, Izard co., 
 
 Arkansas, 301 
 
 Blue River, Hancock co., 
 
 Indiana, 731 
 
 Blue River, Harrison co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,420 
 
 Blue Rock, Muskingum co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,083 
 
 Blvelh's, Marion co., Ark.. .275 
 Blythe, Caldwell co., Mo. . .410 
 
 BOYLSTON 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Boaidninn, Trumbull co., O. 029 
 Bceuff, Franklin co.. Mo.. .1,662 
 
 Bnggs, Centre co., Pa 1,714 
 
 Hoggs. Clearfield co.. Pa. . .295 
 Bois d'Arc, Hempstead co., 
 
 Arkansas, 326 
 
 Bokes Creek, Loo-an co., O. 222 
 Bolivar county, Missouri, 1,356 
 Bolivar, Alleghany co., N.Y. 408 
 Bolivar, Gasconade co.. Mo. 799 
 Bolivar, Jefferson co., Ark. 485 
 Bulton, Chittenden co.,Vt. ..470 
 Bolton, Tolland co., Conn. 743 
 Bolton, Warren co., N. Y. . .937 
 Bolton, Worcester co., Mass. 1,186 
 Bo ml iay, Franklin co., N.Y. 1,446 
 Bond County, Illinois,. . . .5,060 
 Bnnhomme, St. Louis co., 
 
 Missouri 2,516 
 
 Bonne Funne. Howard co., 
 
 Missouri,. .' 980 
 
 Boon, Van Buren co., Mo.. .445 
 Boon, Warwick co., Ind.. .1,722 
 Boone County, Indiana, ..8,121 
 Boone County. Illinois, ..6,705 
 
 Boone County, Ky 10,034 
 
 Boone County, Missouri, 13,561 
 Boone, Franklin co., Mo. . .669 
 Boone. Harrison co., Ind. 2,058 
 Boone Lick, Howard co.,Mo. 1,005 
 Booneville, Cooper co., Mo. 2,581 
 Boonville, Warwick co.,Ind. 240 
 Boon vilie, Oneida Co., N.Y. 5,519 
 Boothbay, Lincoln co., Me. 2,631 
 Boscawen, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,965 
 
 Boston Corner, Berkshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, .. .65 
 Boston, Erie county, N.Y. 1,745 
 Boston, Franulin co., Ark. 224 
 
 Boston, Ionia co., Mich 85 
 
 Boston, Suffolk co., Mass. 03,383 
 Boston, Summit co., Ohio,. .845 
 Boston, Wayne county, 1 nd. 656 
 Botetourt County, Va. . .11,679 
 Bourbon County, Ky., . . 14,478 
 Bourbon, Calloway c"o.,Mo. 1,109 
 Bovey, St. Genevieve co., 
 
 Missouri, 463 
 
 Bovina,DeIawareeo.,N.Y. 1,403 
 (Bow, Merrimack co., N.H. 1,001 
 | Bowdoin, Lincoln co., Me. 2,073 
 JBowdoinhum, Lincoln co., 
 
 Maine 2,402 
 
 Bowen, Madison co., Ark.. .453 
 Bowerbank, Piscataquis CO., 
 
 Maine 165 
 
 Bowles, Franklin county, 
 
 Missouri 1,449 
 
 Bowling Green, Clay co., 
 
 Indiana, 235 
 
 Bowling Green, Licking 
 
 county, Ohio, 1,464 
 
 Bowline Green, Marion co., 
 
 011,0° .....324 
 
 Bowling Green, Pettis co., 
 
 Missouri, 410 
 
 Boxborough, Middlesex Co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 426 
 
 Boxford, Essex co., Mass. . .912 
 Boy Is ton, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 797 
 
BRIDGEWATER 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Bozrah, New London co., 
 
 Conn 1,063 
 
 Braceville, Trumbull co., O. 8S0 
 
 Bracken co . Ky 7,053 
 
 Bradford, Clearfield co., Pa. 556 
 
 Bradford co., Pa 32,700 
 
 Bradford, Essex co., Mass. 2,222 
 Bradford, Lincoln co.,Mo. 1,319 
 Bradford, M'Kean co., Pa. 375 
 Bradford, Merrimack co., 
 
 N. H 8,331 
 
 Bradford, New Haven co., 
 
 Conn 1,323 
 
 Bradford, Orange co., Vt. 1,655 
 Bradford, Penobscot co.,Me.l,000 
 Bradford, Steuben co., N.Y. 1 ,547 
 
 Bradley co., Tenn ^7,385 
 
 Bradley, Penobscot co.,Me. 395 
 Bradley Vale,Caledonia co., 
 
 Vt 50 
 
 Bradon co., Va 2,575 
 
 Brady , Kalamazoo co. ,Mich. 1 , 1 75 
 Brady, Clearfield co., Pa. 692 
 Braintree, Norfolk co., Mass. 2,168 
 Braintree, Orange co., Vt. 1,232 
 Bra in trim, Luzerne co., Pa. 1,355 
 Bralsville,in Sunbury, Mon- 
 roe co , Ohio, 194 
 
 Branch co., Mich 5,715 
 
 Branch, Minersville, (bo- 
 rough,) Schuylkill co., Pa. 1,265 
 Brand), Schuylkill co., Pa 1,422 
 Brandon, Franklinco., N.Y. 531 
 Brandon, Oakland co.,Mich. 442 
 Brandon, Rutland co ,Vt. 2,194 
 Brandt, Erie co., N. Y. 1,088 
 Brandy, William's co., Ohio, 351 
 Brandywine, Chester co.. 
 
 Pa. .1,672 
 
 Brandywine, Hancock co., 
 
 lnd 693 
 
 Brandywine, New Castle 
 
 co, Del 3,387 
 
 Brasher, St. Lawrence co , 
 
 N. Y 2,118 
 
 Brattleboro', Windham co., 
 
 Vt 2,624 
 
 Breathitt co., Ky 2,226 
 
 Breckenridge co , Ky. .. . 8,944 
 Breckenridge co , (excluding 
 
 Hardingsburg,) Ky.... 8,310 
 Brecknock, Berks co., Pa. 935 
 Brecknock, Lancaster co., Pa. 732 
 Bremen, Lincoln co., Me. 837 
 Brentwood, Rockingham 
 
 co.,N. H 888 
 
 Brewer, Penobscot co., Me. 1,736 
 
 Brewer, Pike co., Ark 264 
 
 Brewster, Barnstable co., 
 
 Mass 1,522 
 
 Brewster, Stephenson co., 
 
 Ill 727 
 
 Bricksville, Cuyahoga co., O. 1,124 
 Bridgeport city, Fairfield 
 
 co., Conn 3,294 
 
 Bridgeport, Cook co., 111., 385 
 Bridgeport, Fayette co.,Pa. 788 
 Bridgeport, Warren co.,Mo. 500 
 
 Bridges, Taney co., Mo 256 
 
 Bridgeton, Cumberland co., 
 
 Me 1,987 
 
 Bridgewater, Beaver co.,Pa. 364 
 
 ( 13 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Bridgewater Academy Grant, 
 
 Aroostook co., Me., 51 
 
 Bridgewater, Grafton co., 
 
 N.H 747 
 
 Bridgewater, Oneida co , 
 
 N. Y 1,418 
 
 Bridgewater, Plymouth co., 
 
 Mass 2,131 
 
 Bridgewater, Somerset co., 
 
 N. J 3,983 
 
 Brido-ewater, Susquehanna 
 
 co, Pa 2,082 
 
 Brido-ewater, William's co., 
 
 Ohio, 110 
 
 Bridgewater, Windsor co., 
 
 Vt., 1,363 
 
 Bridport, Addison co., Vt. 1,480 
 Brighton, Beaver co., Pa. 321 
 Brighton, Beaver co., Pa. 902 
 Brighton, Essex co., Vt. 157 
 Brighton, Livingston co., 
 
 Mich 780 
 
 Brighton, Lorrain co.,Ohio, 299 
 Brighton, Middlesex co., 
 
 Mass 1,425 
 
 Brighton, Monroe co., N.Y. 2,336 
 Brighton, Somersetco , Me. 803 
 Brimfield, Hampden co., 
 
 Mass 1,419 
 
 Brimfield, Portage co.,0. 1,153 
 Bristol, Addison co., Vt. 1,233 
 Bristol, Bristol co., R. I. 3,490 
 Bristol, Bucks co., Pa. 2,888 
 
 Bristol co., Mass 60,164 
 
 Bristol co , R.I 6,476 
 
 Bristol, Grafton co. ,N H. 1,153 
 Bristol, Hartfordco., Con. 2,109 
 Bristol, Lapeer co., Mich. 884 
 Bristol, Morgan co., Ohio, 1 ,645 
 Bristol, Ontario co, N.Y. 1,953 
 Bristol, Philadelphia co.,Pa. 1,734 
 Bristol, Trumbull co.,Ohio, 806 
 Broadalbin, Fulton co., N. Y. 2,738 
 Broad Creek, Sussex co., 
 
 Del 2,640 
 
 Broad Kiln.Sussex co., Del. 3,741 
 Broad Top, Bedford co, Pa. 987 
 Brockport, Monroe county, 
 
 N. Y 1,249 
 
 Brockville, Steuben co., Ind. 308 
 Broken Straw, Warren co., 
 
 Pa 1.149 
 
 Bronson, Branch co., Mich. 622 
 Bronson, Huron co., Ohio, 1,291 
 
 Brooke co., Va 7,948 
 
 Brookfield, (borough,) Jef- 
 ferson co , Pa 276 
 
 Brookfield, Fairfield county, 
 
 Conn 1,255 
 
 Brookfield, Madison county, 
 
 N. Y 3,695 
 
 Brookfield, Mil waukee co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 148 
 
 Brookfield, Morgan co., O. 1,426 
 Brookfield, Orange co., Vt. 1,789 
 Brookfield,Strafford co.,N.H. 553 
 Brookfield, Tioga co., Pa. 431 
 Brookfield, (town,) Milwau- 
 kee co., Wiskonsin 143 
 
 Brookfield, Trumbull co., . 1 ,302 
 Brookfield, Worcester co., 
 Mass 2,472 
 
 BRUTUS 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Brookhaven, Suffolk co., 
 
 N. Y 7,050 
 
 Brookline, Hillsborough co., 
 
 N H ? 652 
 
 Brookline, Norfolk county, 
 
 Mass 1,365 
 
 Brookline, Wind ham co., Vt. 328 
 Brooklyn city, King's co , 
 
 N. Y 36,283 
 
 Brooklyn, Cuyahoga co., 0.1,409 
 
 Brooklyn, Ogle co , 111 307 
 
 Brooklyn, YVindhameoiinly, 
 
 Conn 1,478 
 
 Brooks, Waldo co., Me 910 
 
 Biooksville, Hancock co., 
 
 Me l .246 
 
 Broome co., N. Y 22,338 
 
 Broome, Schoharie county, 
 
 N. Y 2,404 
 
 Brothers' Valley, Somerset 
 
 co , Pa 1,548 
 
 Brown, Athens co., Ohio, 257 
 Brown, Carroll co., Ohio, 2.105 
 
 Brown co., Ill 4,183 
 
 Brown co., Ind 2,364 
 
 Brown co., Ohio 22,715 
 
 Brown co., Wiskonsin, 2,107 
 Brown, Darke co., Ohio, 294 
 Brown, Delaware co., Ohio, 908 
 Brown, Franklin co , Ohio, 425 
 Brown, Hancock co., Ind. 749 
 Brown, Knox co., Ohio, 1,210 
 Brown, Lycoming co.. Pa. 208 
 Brown, Montgomery co , 
 
 Ind 1,452 
 
 Brown, Miami co., Ohio, 1,238 
 
 Brown, Mifflin co., Pa 903 
 
 Brown, Paulding co., Ohio, 180 
 Brown , Waahingtonco.,Ind. 1,451 
 Brownfield, Oxford co., Me. 1,360 
 Brownhelm, Lorrain co., O. 934 
 Brownington, Orleans co., 
 
 Vt 486 
 
 Brownstown, Wayne co , 
 
 Mich 793 
 
 Brownsville,Fayetteco.,Pa. 1,362 
 Brownsville, (town,) Ed- 
 
 munston co., Ky 112 
 
 Brownville, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Me 568 
 
 Brownville, Jefferson co., 
 
 N. Y 3,968 
 
 Bruce, Macomb co., Mich. 1,12& 
 
 Brunswick co , N. C 5,265 
 
 Brunswick co., Va 14,340 
 
 Brunswick, Cumberland 
 
 co., Me 4,259 
 
 Brunswick, Essex co , Vt. 130 
 Brunswick, Medinaco.,0. 1,110 
 Brunswick, Rensselaer co., 
 
 N.Y 3 ; 05i 
 
 Brush Creek, Highland co., 
 
 Ohio 1,502 
 
 Brush Creek, Jefferson co., 
 
 Ohio, 757 
 
 Brush Creek. Muskingum 
 
 co., Ohio, .' 1,606 
 
 Brush Creek, Scioto co., O. 401 
 Brush Creek, Washington 
 
 co., Ark 298 
 
 Br ush Valley, Indianaco., Pa. 1 ,822 
 Brutus, Cayuga co , N.Y. 2,044 
 
BURNSIDE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Brutus, Ingham co., Mich. 97 
 
 Bryan co., Georgia, 3,182 
 
 Buccannon, Berrien co., 
 
 Mich 264 
 
 Buchanan co , Mo 6,237 
 
 Buck Creek, Hancock co., 
 
 Ind 224 
 
 Buck, Luzerne co., Pa 307 
 
 Buckfield, Oxford co., Me. 1,629 
 Buckingham, Bucks co., 
 
 Pa 2,482 
 
 Buckingham co., Va. 18,786" 
 Buckingham, Wayne co., 
 
 Pa . 233 
 
 Buckland, Franklin county, 
 
 Mass 1,084 
 
 Bucks co , Pa 48,101 
 
 Bucks,5t. Joseph co.,Mich. 787 
 Bucks, Tuscarawas co., O. 1,547 
 Buckskin, Ross co., Ohio, 1,729 
 Bucksport, Hancock co., 
 
 Me 3,015 
 
 Bucyrus, Crawford co., O. 1,634 
 Buel's Gore, Chittenden 
 
 co, Vt 18 
 
 Buell's Lowell, Washing- 
 ton co., Ohio, 71 
 
 Buffalo, Armstrong co., Pa. 1,820 
 Buffalo, (borough,) Perry 
 
 co., Pa 1,095 
 
 Buffalo, Butler co., Pa. 1,820 
 Buffalo,Guernseyco., Ohio, 1,027 
 Buffalo, Marion co., Ark. 91 
 Buffalo, Morgan co., Mo. 188 
 Buffalo city, Erie co.,N.Y. 18,213 
 Buffalo Grove, Ogle co.,111. 620 
 
 Buffalo, Pike co , Mo 2,174 
 
 Buffalo, Union co, Pa. 1,348 
 Buffalo, Washingtonco., Pa. 1,116 
 
 Bullitt county, Ky 6,334 
 
 Bullock co , Ga. ". 3.102 
 
 Bullskin, Fayette co.,Pa. 1,275 
 Buncombe co., N. C. . 10,084 
 Bunker Hill, Ingham co., 
 
 Mich 93 
 
 Burboise,Gasconade co.,Mo. 316 
 
 Bureau co., Ill 3,067 
 
 Burk River, (town,) Jeffer- 
 son co , Wiskonsin, 53 
 
 Burke co., Ga 13,176 
 
 Burke, Caledonia co., Vt. 997 
 
 Burke co., N. C 15,799 
 
 Burlington, Bradford co., 
 
 Pa 1,118 
 
 Burlington, Burlino-ton cc, 
 
 N.J 3,434 
 
 Burlington, Calhoun co., 
 
 Mich 411 
 
 Burlington. Chittenden co., 
 
 Vt 4,271 
 
 Burlington co., N. J 32,831 
 
 Burlington, Hartford co., 
 
 Conn 12,002 
 
 Burlington, Lickingco.,0. 1,222 
 Burlington, Middlesex co., 
 
 Mass 510 
 
 Burlington, Otsego county, 
 
 N. Y 2,154 
 
 Burlington, Penobscot co., 
 
 Me 350 
 
 Burmington, Shiawassee 
 
 co , Mich 403 
 
 Burnside, Clearfield co., Pa. 556 
 
 ( 14 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Burnes, Shiawassee co., 
 
 Mich 257 
 
 Burnham, Waldo co., Me. 602 
 Burns, Alleghany co. N. Y. 867 
 Burrillville, Newport co., 
 
 R.I 1,982 
 
 Burr Oak, St. Joseph co., 
 
 Mich 286 
 
 Burton, Cattarauo-us co., 
 
 N. Y 530 
 
 Burton, Geauga co.,Ohio, 1,022 
 Bushkill, Northampton co., 
 
 Pa 1,715 
 
 Bushvvick,King'sco.,N.Y. 1,295 
 Busti,Chatauqueco.,N.Y. 1,894 
 Buston, Luzerne co., Pa. 733 
 Butler, (borough,) Butler 
 
 co., Pa 861 
 
 Butler, Butler co., Pa. 1,384 
 
 Butler co., Ala. 8,685 
 
 Butler co., Ky 3,898 
 
 Butler co., Ohio, 28,173 
 
 Butler co., Pa 22,378 
 
 Butler, Darke co., Ohio, 1,116 
 Butler, Knox co., Ohio, 647 
 Butler, Luzerne co., Pa. 514 
 Butler, Mercer co., Ohio, 178 
 Butler, Montgomery co., O. 1 ,896 
 B*utler, Wayne co.,N. Y. 2,271 
 Butter, Branch co , Mich. 234 
 Butter Island, Hancock co., 
 
 Me 8 
 
 Butternuts, Otsego county, 
 
 N. Y 4.057 
 
 Butts co., Ga 5,308 
 
 Buxton, York co., Me. . 2,683 
 Byberry, Philadelphia co., 
 
 Pa 1,055 
 
 Byram, Sussex co , N. J. 1,153 
 Byrd, Brown co., Ohio, 2,421 
 Byrd, Cape Girardeau co., 
 
 Mo 2,275 
 
 Byron, Genesee co., N. Y. 1,907 
 
 Byron, Oxford co., Me 219 
 
 Cabarrus co., N. C 9,259 
 
 Cabell co., Va 8.163 
 
 Cabot, Caledonia co., Vt. 1,440 
 Cache, Greene co , Ark. 804 
 Cache, Monroe co., Ark. 372 
 Cadiz, (town,) Harrison co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,028 
 
 Cadiz, (township,) Harri- 
 son co., Ohio, 1.366 
 
 Caddo, Clarke co , Ark. . 661 
 
 Caddo co., La 5,282 
 
 Caddo Cove, Hot Spring 
 
 co, Ark 207 
 
 Cadron, Conway co , Ark. 312 
 Caernarvon, Lancaster co., 
 
 Pa 1,590 
 
 Caesar's Creek, Greene co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,736 
 
 Cain Creek, (precinct,) Gal- 
 latin co., Ill 1.015 
 
 Cain, Fountain co , Ind. 1,567 
 Cairo, Greene co , N. Y. 2,862 
 Calais, Washington co.,Me. 2.934 
 Calais, Washingtonco., Vt. 1,709 
 
 Calcassieu, La 2,051 
 
 Calcutta, in St. Clair, Co- 
 lumbiana co., O 135 
 
 Caldwell co., Ky 10,365 
 
 Caldwell co., La 2.017 
 
 CANANDAIGUA 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Caldwell co., Mo 1,458 
 
 Caldwell, Essex co., N.J. 2,184 
 Caldwell, Warren co.,N.Y. 693 
 
 Caledonia co., Vt 21,891 
 
 Caledonia, Boone co., III. 147 
 Caledonia, Livingston co., 
 
 N. Y. ; 1,987 
 
 Caledonia, Shiawassee co., 
 
 Mich 114 
 
 Calf Island, Hancockco., Me. 18 
 Calhoun co.,Appalachicola 
 
 District, S. C 1,142 
 
 Calhoun co., Ill 1,741 
 
 Calhoun co., Mich 10,599 
 
 Callaway co., Mo. 11,765 
 
 Calloway co., Ky 9,794 
 
 Calumet co , Wiskonsin, 275 
 Calumet, Pike co., Mo. . 2,743 
 Calvary, Franklin co., Mo. 779 
 
 Calvert co., Md 9,229 
 
 Calvin, Cass co, Mich. . . 209 
 Cambria, Cambria co., Pa. 1,156 
 
 Cambria co., Pa. 11,256 
 
 Cambria, Niagaraco.,iN.Y, 2,090 
 Cambridge, Coos co., N. H. 5 
 Cambridge, Guernsey co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,845 
 
 Cambridge, Lamoille co., 
 
 Vt 1,790 
 
 Cambridge, Lenawee co., 
 
 Mich 644 
 
 Cambridge, Middlesex co., 
 
 Mass 8,409 
 
 Cambridge, Somerset co., Me. 461 
 Cambridge, Washington 
 
 co., N. Y * 2,005 
 
 Camden co., Ga. 6,075 
 
 Camden co , N. C 5,663 
 
 Camden,Gloucesterco.,N.J. 3,371 
 Camden, Hillsdale co.,Mich. 174 
 Camden, Lorrain co , O. . 504 
 Camden, Onekhco.,N. Y. 2,331 
 Camden, Waldo co , Me. 3.005 
 Cameron, Steul>enco., N. Y. 1,359 
 Camillus, Onondaga co., 
 
 N. Y 3,957 
 
 Camp Branch, Warren co., 
 
 Mo 527 
 
 Camp Creek, Pike co., O. 298 
 
 Campbell co., Ga 5,370 
 
 Campbell co., Ky 5,214 
 
 Campbell co., Tenn 6.149 
 
 Campbell co., Va 21.030 
 
 Campbell, Steuben co , NY. 852 
 Campbell, Warwick co., Ind. 959 
 Campion, Grafton co., N H. 1,513 
 Canaan, Athens co., O. . 800 
 Canaan, Columbia co., N. Y. 1,957 
 
 Canaan, Essex co., Vt 378 
 
 Canaan, Grafton co ,N H. 1,576 
 Canaan. Hillsdaleco .Mich. 163 
 Canaan, Litchfield co., Conn. 2,166 
 Canaan, Madison co.,Ohio, 607 
 Canaan, Marion co ,Ohio, 1,027 
 Ca naan, Somerset co., Me. 1 ,379 
 Canaan, Wayne co.,Ohio, 1,827 
 Canaan, Wayne co., Pa. 1,462 
 Canada line, No. 5, 3d range, 
 
 Somerset co., Me 10 
 
 Canada road Somerset co., Me. 6 
 Canadice,Ontarioco., N.Y. 1,341 
 Canandaigua. Ontario co., 
 
 N. Y .' 5,652 
 
CARROLLTON 
 
 Namps of Places. Population. 
 
 Canajoharie, Montgomery 
 
 co., N. Y 5,146 
 
 Canal, Venango co., Pa. . 8G7 
 Candia, Rockingham co., 
 
 N. H 1,430 
 
 Candor, Tioga co., N. Y. 3,370 
 Caneadea, Alleg'y co.,N.Y.l,G33 
 Canfield, Trumbull co.,0. 1,270 
 Canisteo,Steul)enco.,]N. Y. 941 
 
 Cannon co., Tenn 7,193 
 
 Canonsburg, (borough,) 
 
 Washington co., Pa .... 687 
 Canterbury, Merrimack co., 
 
 N. H 1,643 
 
 Canterbury, Windham co., 
 
 Conn 1,786 
 
 Canton, Bradford co., Pa. 1 ,'254 
 Canton, Norfolk co.,Mass. 1,995 
 Canton, Oxford co., Me. . 919 
 Canton, St. Lawrence co , 
 
 N. Y 3,465 
 
 Canton, Stark co., Ohio, 3,299 
 Canton, Washington co., Pa. 1,132 
 Canton Township,? N. range, 
 
 4 E. Fulton co., 111. 762 
 
 Canton, Wayneco., Mich. 1,081 
 Canton, Hartford co.,Conn. 1,736 
 Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland 
 
 co., Me 1,666 
 
 Cape Girardeau, Cape Gi- 
 rardeau co., Mo 1.728 
 
 Cape Girardeau co , Mo. 9,359 
 
 Cape May co , N. J.. .5,324 
 
 Carbondale,Luzerneco., Pa. 2,398 
 Carlin, Calhoun co., III. . 172 
 Carl i n vi I le, Macoupin co., 111. 327 
 Carlisle, Cumberland co., Pa. 4,351 
 Carlisle, Lorrain co., Ohio, 1,094 
 Carl isle, Middlesex co., Mass. 556 
 Carlisle, Schoharie co.,N.Y. 1,850 
 Carlisle's town, (Nicholas 
 
 co.,) Kv 256 
 
 Carlton, Orleansco., N. Y. 2,275 
 Carmel, Eaton co.. Mich. . 85 
 Carniel, Penobscot co., Me. 250 
 Carmel; Putnam co.,N. Y. 2,263 
 Carnarvon, Berks co., Pa. 813 
 
 Caroline co., Md 7,806 
 
 Caroline co., Va 17,813 
 
 CarolFne,Tompkinsco.,N.Y. 2,457 
 Caroudolet.St.Louisco., Mo. 2,093 
 Carroll, Cambria co., Pa. . 696 
 Carroll, Chatauqueco., N.Y. 1,649 
 
 Carroll, Coos co.,-N. H 218 
 
 Carroll co , Ark 2,844 
 
 Carroll co., Ga 5,252 
 
 Carroll co., Ill 1.023 
 
 Carroll co., Ind 7,819 
 
 Carroll co., Ky 3,966 
 
 Carroll co., Md 17,241 
 
 Carroll co., Mo 10,481 
 
 Carroll co., Mo 2,423 
 
 Carroll co., Ohio, 18,108 
 
 Carroll co., Tenn 12,362 
 
 Carroll, Dillsburg bo., York 
 
 co., Pa 244 
 
 Carroll, La 4,237 
 
 Carroll, Ottawa co., Ohio, 262 
 
 Cafr6l! r Perry co., Pa 1,100 
 
 Ca rrol I, Washington co., Pa. 1,235 
 
 Carroll, York co., Pa 771 
 
 CarroIlton,in CentreCarroll 
 
 co., Ohio, 698 
 
 ( 15 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Carrollton (precinct,) Greene 
 
 co., Ill 2,246 
 
 Carrollton, (town,) Greene 
 
 co., Ill 667 
 
 Carryall, Paulding co., O. . 345 
 
 Carter co., Tenn. 5,372 
 
 Carter co, Ky 2,905 
 
 Carteret co., N. C 6,591 
 
 Carthage, Athens co., Ohio, 737 
 Carthage, Franklinco., Me. 522 
 Carver, Plymouth co.,Mass. 995 
 
 Casey co., Kv 4.939 
 
 Cassco.,Ga.1 9,390 
 
 Cass co., Ill 2,981 
 
 Cass co., Ind 5,480 
 
 Cass co , Mich 5,710 
 
 Cass, Ionia, Mich 202 
 
 Cass, Hancock co., Ohio, . 617 
 Castile, Geneseeco.,N. Y. 2,833 
 Casline, Hancock co.,Me. 1,188 
 Castleton, Rutland co.,Vt. 1,769 
 Castletown, Richmond co., 
 
 N. Y 4,275 
 
 Castor, Madison co , Mo. . 624 
 
 Caswell co,N. C 14,693 
 
 Catahoula, La 4,955 
 
 Calen, Steuben co., N. Y. 797 
 Catharine's, Chemung co., 
 
 N. Y 2.424 
 
 Catlin,Chemungco.,N.Y. 1.119 
 Cato, Cayuga co., N. Y. . 2,380 
 Catskill. Greene co.,N.Y. 5,339 
 Cattaraugus co., N. Y. . 28,872 
 Cattawissa, Columbia co., Pa., 2,064 
 Cave Hill, Washington co., 
 
 Ark 923 
 
 Cave in Rock .Gallatin co.,III. 762 
 Cavendish, Windsor co., Vt 1,427 
 
 Cayuga co., N. Y. 50,338 
 
 Cayuta, Chemung co., N. Y. 835 
 Cazeno via, Madison co., N.Y. 4, 153 
 Ceaiey, Phillips co., Ark. . 359 
 
 Cecil co., Md 17,232 
 
 Cecil, Washington co., Pa. 1,027 
 
 Cedar, Boone co., Mo 3,313 
 
 Cedar, Callaway co., Mo. 1,896 
 
 Cedar co., Iowa, 1,253 
 
 Cedar Creek, Allenco., Ind. 189 
 Cedar Creek, Cooperco., Mo. 667 
 Cedar Creek, Sussex co., 
 
 Del 2,420 
 
 Central, St. Louis co., Mo. 1,924 
 Centre, Stephenson co., 111. 269 
 Centre, Butler co., Pa . . .1,834 
 Centre, Carroll co., Ohio, . 441 
 
 Centre co., Pa 20,492 
 
 Centre, Crawford co.,Ohio, 132 
 Centre, Greene co., Pa. . 1,503 
 Centre, Grant co., Ind. . 1,740 
 Centre, Guernsey co., Ohio, 1 ,159 
 Centre, Hancock co., Ind. 722 
 Centre Harbour, Stafford 
 
 co., N. H 579 
 
 Centre, Indiana co., Pa. . 1,615 
 Centre, Lawrenceburgh, 
 Union, Randolph, Csesar 
 Creek, Clay, and all of 
 Sparta south of the state 
 road from Wilmington 
 to Indianapolis. Dearborn 
 
 co., Ind 10,021 
 
 Centre, Marion co.. Ind. 1,452 
 Centre, Mercer cc . 15 
 
 CHARLOTTE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Centre, Monroe co., O. . 2,044 
 Centre, Morgan co., O. . 1,171 
 
 Centre, Perry co , Pa 982 
 
 Centre, Rush co., Ind 1,385 
 
 Centre, Union co., Pa 1,891 
 
 Centre, Wayne co., Ind. 3,058 
 Centre, Williams co., O. . 339 
 
 Centre, Wood co., 96 
 
 Centreville,Township,6 N. 
 
 range 3 E., Fulton co., 
 
 Ill 108 
 
 Centreville, Allegheny co., 
 
 N.Y 1,513 
 
 Ceres, M'Kean co., Pa 625 
 
 Cessna, Hardin co., 258 
 
 Chambers co., Ala 17,333 
 
 Chambersburg, (borough) 
 
 Franklin co., Pa 3,239 
 
 Chambersburg,in WestCo- 
 
 lumbiana co., 82 
 
 Champaign co, 111 1.475 
 
 Champaign co., 6,721 
 
 Champion, Jefferson co., 
 
 N. Y. 2,206 
 
 Champion, Trumbull co.,0. 541 
 Champlain, Clinton co., 
 
 N.Y 3,632 
 
 Chanciford, York co., Pa. 1.439 
 Ch and lerville, Somerset co., 
 
 Me 372 
 
 Chaplain, Windham co., 
 
 Conn 794 
 
 Chapman, Clinton co., Pa. 622 
 Chapman, Union co., Pa. 1,297 
 Chardon, (corporation,) 
 
 Geauga co., 446 
 
 Chardon, (township,) Geau- 
 ga co., 1,064 
 
 ('burette, Warren co ,Mo. 1,332 
 
 Chariton co., Mo 4,746 
 
 Chariton, Howard co., Mo. 3,113 
 Chariton, Macon co., Mo. . 806 
 Charlemont, Franklin co., 
 
 Mass 1,127 
 
 Charles Citv co., Va 4,774 
 
 Charles co., Md 16,023 
 
 Charleston City, S. C. . 29261 
 Charleston District, S. C. 82,661 
 Charleston, Kalamazoo co., 
 
 Mich. 605 
 
 Charleston, Orleans co., Vt. 731 
 Charleston, Penobscot co., 
 
 Me 1,269 
 
 Charleston, Peoria co ,111. 343 
 Charlestown, Chester co., 
 
 Pa 1,039 
 
 Charlestown, Middlesex co., 
 
 Mass 11,484 
 
 Charlestown; Montgomery 
 
 co., N.Y * 2,103 
 
 Charlestown, Portage co., O. 851 
 Charlestown, Sullivan co., 
 
 N. H 1,722 
 
 Charlestown,Tiogaco.,Pa. 1,010 
 Charlestown, Washington 
 
 co., R. 1 923 
 
 Charlotte, Chalauque co., 
 
 N. Y 1,428 
 
 Charlotte, Chittenden co., 
 
 Vt .1,620 
 
 Charlotte co., Va 14,595 
 
 Charlotte, Washington co., 
 
 Me, GG6 
 
CHESTER 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Cliarlton,Saratogaco.,N.Y.l,933 
 Charlton, Worcester co , 
 
 Mass 2,117 
 
 Cliartiers, Washington co., 
 
 Pa 1,C1G 
 
 Chatauqne, Chatauque co., 
 
 N. Y 2,980 
 
 Chatauque co , N. Y 47,975 
 
 Chateaugay, Franklin co ., 
 
 N. Y 2,824 
 
 Chat field, Crawford co., O. 890 
 Chatham, Barnstable co.. 
 
 Mass 2,334 
 
 Chatham co , Ga 18,801 
 
 Chatham, Columbia co , 
 
 N. Y 3.662 
 
 Chatham co., N. C 16,242 
 
 Chatham, Medina co , O. 555 
 Chatham, Middlesex co., 
 
 Conn 3.413 
 
 Chatham .Morris co., N.J. 2,13^ 
 Chatham, Stafford co.,N.H. 522 
 Chatham, Tioga co., Pa. . 689 
 
 Chattooga co., Ga 3,438 
 
 Chazey, Clinton co., N.Y 3,584 
 Checotawaga,Erieco.,N. Y. 1,137 
 Chelmsford, Middlesex co., 
 
 Mass 1,697 
 
 Chelsea, Orange co., Vt. 1.959 
 CheIsea,Suffolkco,Mass. 2,390 
 Cheltenham, Montgomery 
 
 co., Pa 1.053 
 
 Chemung co., N. Y 20.732 
 
 Chemung, Chemung co., 
 
 N. Y 2,377 
 
 Chenango co., N. Y 40,785 
 
 Chenango, Broome co., N.Y. 5,465 
 
 Cherokee co., Ala 8,773 
 
 Cherokee co., Ga 5,895 
 
 Cherokee co., N. C 3,427 
 
 Cherry, Butler co., Pa. . . . 625 
 Cherry, Lycoming co., Pa. 875 
 Cherry Creek, Chatauque 
 
 co., N.Y 1,141 
 
 Cherry field, Washing ton co., 
 
 Me 1,003 
 
 Cherry tree, Venango co., Pa. 598 
 Cherry Valley, Ashtabula 
 
 co., 690 
 
 Cherry Valley, Otsego co., 
 
 N.Y 3,923 
 
 Cheshire, Berkshire co., 
 
 Mass 985 
 
 Cheshire co., N. H 26.42!) 
 
 Cheshire, Gallia co., 791 
 
 Cheshire, New Haven co., 
 
 Conn 1,529 
 
 Chest, Clearfield co., Pa. . . 138 
 C hester, Burlington co., N. J. 2,603 
 
 Chester, Butler co., 190 
 
 Chester, Clinton co., O. .1.784 
 
 Chester co., Pa 57,515 
 
 Chester. Delaware co., Pa. 1,790 
 
 Chester Dist.,S. C 17,747 
 
 Chester, Eaton co., Mich. .195 
 Chester, Geauga co., O. . . .962 
 Chester, Hampden co., 
 
 Mass 1,632 
 
 Chester, Knox co., 1,29:" 
 
 Chester, Meigs co., O. . . .1 ,47f 
 Chester, Middlesexco.,Conn. 974 
 Chester, Morris co., N. J. 1 ,321 
 Chester, Penobscot co., Me. 277 
 
 ( 16 ) 
 
 Namrs of Places. Population. 
 
 Chester, Rockingham co., 
 
 N. H 2,173 
 
 Chester, Wabash co , Ind. 536 
 Chester, Warren co., N. Y. 1,633 
 Chester, Wayne co., O. . 1,993 
 Chester, Windsor co., Vt. 2,305 
 Chesterfield, Burlington co., 
 
 N. J 3,438 
 
 Chesterfield, Cheshire co , 
 
 N. H 1,765 
 
 Chesterfield co., Va 17,148 
 
 Chesterfield Dist., S. C. 8,574 
 Chesterfield,Essexco.,N.Y.2,716 
 Chesterfield, Hampshire co., 
 
 Mass 1,132 
 
 Chesterfield, Lucas co., O. 301 
 Chesterville, Franklin co., 
 
 Me 1,093 
 
 Chesterville, Knox co., O. 283 
 Chestnut Hill, Monroe co , 
 
 Pa 1,318 
 
 Chicago, Cook co.,111 4,470 
 
 Chicago, (precinct,) Cook 
 
 co.,111 363 
 
 Chichester, Menimack co., 
 
 N. H L028 
 
 Chicot co., Ark 3,806 
 
 Chickasaw co., Mi 2.955 
 
 Chili, Monroe co., N. Y.. 2,174 
 Chilisquaqua, Northumber- 
 land co, Pa 1,399 
 
 Chillicolhe, (city,) Ross co., 
 
 Ohio, 3,977 
 
 Chillicothe, Livingston co., 
 
 Mo 614 
 
 Chillicothe, Peoria co., 111. 195 
 Chilmark, Duke's co., Mass. 702 
 China, Genesee co., N. Y. 2,368 
 China, Kennebec co., Me. 2,675 
 China, St. Clair co., Mich. 610 
 
 Chippewa co., Mich 534 
 
 Chippewa, Wayne co., O. 1,787 
 Chippeway, Beaver co., Pa. 610 
 
 Chittenden co., Vt 22,977 
 
 Chiltendon,Rutlandco.,Vt. 644 
 Choconut, Snsque'a co., Pa. 952 
 
 Choctaw co., Mi 6,010 
 
 Choteau, and Gabourne Is- 
 land, Madison co., 111. ...232 
 
 Chowan co., N. C 6,693 
 
 Christiana, New Castle co., 
 
 Del 3,725 
 
 Christian co., 111. 1,878 
 
 Christian co., Ky 15,587 
 
 Christian, Independence co., 
 
 Ark 425 
 
 Cicero, Hamilton co.. Ind. 389 
 Cicero, Onondaga co., N.Y. 2,464 
 Cincinnati, (city,) Hamilton 
 
 co., 46,338 
 
 Cincinnatus, Cortland co , 
 
 N. Y 1,301 
 
 Circleville, (town.) Picka- 
 way co , O 2,329 
 
 Circleville, (township,) Pick- 
 away co., 643 
 
 Claiborne co, Mo 13,078 
 
 Claiborne co., Tenn 9,474 
 
 Claiborne, La 6,185 
 
 Claiborne, Union co., O.. ..497 
 
 Clara, Potter co., Pa 61 
 
 Claremont, Sullivan co., 
 N. H 3,217 
 
 CLEARFIELD 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Clarence, Erie co., N. Y.. 2,271 
 Clarendon, Calhoun co., 
 
 Mich 506 
 
 Clarendon, Orleans co., N.Y. 2,251 
 Clarendon, Rutland co., Vt. 1 ,549 
 Claridon, Geauga co., O. ..897 
 Claridon, Marion co., O. .1,084 
 Clarion, Armstrong co., Pa. 2,239 
 
 Clark, Brown co.,~0 1.290 
 
 Clark, Clinton co., 1,297 
 
 Clark co., 14,595 
 
 Clark co., Ill 7,453 
 
 Clark, Cole co., Mo 853 
 
 Clark co., Mo ,..2,846 
 
 Clark co., O 16,882 
 
 Clark co., Ky 10,802 
 
 Clark, Coshocton co., O....703 
 Clark, Gasconade co , Mo., 621 
 
 Clark, Johnson co., Ark 401 
 
 Clark, Lincoln co., Mo. ..1,213 
 Clark, Montgomery co., Ind. 603 
 
 Clarke co., Ala 8,640 
 
 Clarke co., Ark 2,309 
 
 Clarke co., Ga 1 0,522 
 
 Clarke co., Mi 2.986 
 
 Clarke co., Va 6,353 
 
 Clarke, Pope co., Ark. 296 
 
 Clarksburg, Berkshire co., 
 
 Mass 370 
 
 Clarksfield, Huron co., O. 1,473 
 Clark's Fork, Cooper co., 
 
 Mo 1,147 
 
 Clarkson, in Mid.dletown, 
 
 Columbiana co., 63 
 
 Clarkson, Monroe co., N.Y. 3,486 
 Clarkstown, Rockland co., 
 
 N.Y 2,533 
 
 Clarksville, Alleghany co., 
 
 N. Y 326 
 
 ! Clarksville, Coos co., N. H. .88 
 i Claverack, Columbia co., 
 
 I N. Y 3,050 
 
 J Clay, Allen co., 435 
 
 i Clay co., Ind 5,567 
 
 1 Clay co.,111 3,228 
 
 Clay co., Ky 4,607 
 
 Clay co., Mo 8,282 
 
 Clay, Gallia co., O. 745 
 
 Clay, Highland co., 783 
 
 Clay, Hamilton co., [nd 730 
 
 Clav, Knox co., 1,302 
 
 Clay, Lafayette co., Mo... 1,305 
 Clay. La Grange co., Ind. . . 99 
 Clay, Montgomery co., O. 1,633 
 Clay, Onondaga co., N. Y. 2,852 
 
 Clay, Ottawa co., 176 
 
 Clay, Owen co., Ind 804 
 
 Clay, Palls co.. Mo 1,049 
 
 Clay, Scioto co., 696 
 
 Clay, St. Clair, Mich 387 
 
 Clay, Tuscarawas co., O. . . 864 
 
 Clay, Wayne co., Ind 923 
 
 Claysville, (borough,) Wash- 
 ington co., Pa 292 
 
 Clayton. Iowa, 1,101 
 
 CI ay ton, Jefferson co., N.Y. 3,990 
 Clayton, Perry co., O. . . . 1 ,602 
 Clear Creek, Fairfield co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,698 
 
 Clear Creek, Richmond co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,653 
 
 Clear Creek.Warren co., 0. 2,882 
 Clearfield.Butler co., Pa. .. 1,103 
 
COLD SPRING 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Clearfield county, Pa 7,834 
 
 Clear Spring, La Grange 
 
 county, Indiana, 226 
 
 Clermont, Columbia co., 
 
 New York, 1,231 
 
 Clermont county, Ohio, 23,100 
 Cleveland (city,) Cuyaho- 
 ga county, Ohio, G,071 
 
 Cleveland (township,) Cu- 
 yahoga county, Ohio,. . . .906 
 Clifford, Susquehanna co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,008 
 
 Clifton Park, Saratoga co., 
 
 New York 2,719 
 
 Clifty,Bartholomewco.,Ind. 1 ,082 
 Climax,Kalamazooco.,Mich.301 
 Clinch, Van Buren county, 
 
 Michigan, 250 
 
 Clinton county, Illinois.. .3.718 
 Clinton county, Indiana, .7,508 
 
 Clinton county, Ky 3,8G3 
 
 Clinton county, Mich 1,014 
 
 Clinton county, Missouri, 2,724 
 Clinton county, N. Y. . . 28,157 
 Clinton county, Ohio, ..15,719 
 
 Clinton county, Penn 8,323 
 
 Clinton, Dutchessco.,N.Y. 1,830 
 Clinton, Essex co., N. J. .1,970 
 Clinton, Franklin co., O. ..9GG 
 Clinton, Fugit, and Salt 
 Creek, Decatur co., lnd. 2,435 
 
 Clinton, Iowa, 821 
 
 Clinton, Jackson co., Ohio, 824 
 Clinton, Kennebec co., Me. 2,818 
 Clinton, Knox co., Oliio, . . 920 
 Clinton, Lucas co., Ohio, ..353 
 Clinton, Lycomingco., Pa. 1,193 
 Ciin ton, Macomb co.,Mich. 1,115 
 Clinton, Middlesex co., Ct. 1 ,239 
 Clinton, Putnam co., Ind. 1,218 
 Clinton, Seneca co., O. . . 2,195 
 Clinton, Shelby county, O.. 783 
 Clinton, Vermilion co. jnd. 1,29G 
 Clinton, Wayne co., Penn. .510 
 Clinton, Wayne county, O. 873 
 Clinton Gore, Kennebec 
 
 county, Maine 110 
 
 Clyde, St. Clair co., Mich.. 340 
 Cly mer, Chatauque co.,N.Y. 90!) 
 
 Coahoma county, Mi 1 ,290 
 
 Coal, Northumb'd co., Pa.. 919 
 Coal Brook, Clinton co.,Pa.54G 
 Cobb county, Georgia, .. 7,539 
 Cobleskill, Schoharie co., 
 
 New York 3,583 
 
 Cochecton,Sullivanco.,N.Y.G32 
 Cochocton,Steubcnco.,N.Y.2,9G5 
 Cochran, Marion co., Mo. . . J 96 
 Cocke county, Tennessee, 0,992 
 Coey mans, Albany co.,N.Y. 3,107 
 Coffee counly, Tennessee, 8, 1 84 
 Cohasset, Norfolk co.,Mass. 1,471 
 Coitsville, Trumbull co..0. 1,005 
 Colan, St. Joseph co.,Mich. 420 
 Colbath, Clarke co., Ark. ..109 
 Colchester, Chittenden co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,739 
 
 Colchester, Delaware co., 
 
 New York 1,507 
 
 Colchester, New London 
 
 co., Connecticut, 2,101 
 
 Cold Spring, Cattaraugus 
 counly, New York, 073 
 
 ( 17 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Cold Water, Branch co., 
 
 Michigan, 1,123 
 
 Cole, Benton counly, Mo. . 817 
 Cole county, Missouri,. . .9,280 
 Colebrook, Coos co., N. H. 743 
 Colebrook, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,234 
 
 Colebrookdale,Berksco.,Pa. 1 ,1 24 
 Cole Creek, Montg'y co., Ind. 1,589 
 Colerain, Bedford co., Pa. 1,190 
 Colerain, Belmont co., O. 1,390 
 Colerain, Franklin co.,Mass. 1.971 
 Colerain, Hamilton co., O. .2,272 
 Colerain, Lancaster co., Pa. 1,453 
 Colerain, Ross county, 0. 1.281 
 Coles county, Illinois,. . . .9,010 
 ColesvilIe,B*roomeco.,N.Y.2,523 
 Coleville, Ashtabula co., O. 530 
 College Grant, Coos co., N.H. 3 
 College, Knox county, O.. .232 
 
 Colleton Dist., S. C 25,548 
 
 Collins, Erie county, N. Y. 4,257 
 Columbia, Boone co., Mo. 3,305 
 Columbia, Brad ford co., Pa. 1,421 
 Columbia city, Adair co., Ky. 480 
 Columbia co., East Florida, 2,1 02 
 Columbia county, Geo.. 11,350 
 Columbia county, N. Y. .43,252 
 Columbia, Coos co>, N. II.. .020 
 Columbia county, Pa. . . .24,207 
 Columbia, Fayette co., Ind. 1-2 
 Columbia, Gibson co., Ind. 852 
 Columbia, Hamilton co.,0. 3,043 
 Columbia, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York, 2,129 
 
 Columbia, Jackson co.,Mich. 952 
 Columbia, Lorrain co., 0...876, 
 Columbia, Meigs co., Ohio, G72 
 Columbia, Randolph co., Ark. 080 
 Columbia, Richland Dist., 
 
 South Carolina, 4,340 
 
 Columbia, Tolland co., Conn. 842 
 Columbia, Washington co., 
 
 Maine 843 
 
 Columbiana county, Ohio, 3,504 
 Columbiana in Fairfield, Co- 
 lumbiana county, 273 
 
 Columbus, Bartholomew co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,433 
 
 Columbus city, Franklin co., 
 
 Ohio, 0,048 
 
 Columbus city, Muscogee 
 
 county, Georgia, ..... .3,114 
 
 Columbus, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 1,501 
 
 Columbus county, N. C. . .3,941 
 CoIumbus,Sl. Clair co.,Mich. 155 
 Columbus, Warren co.,Pa. 1,1 GS) 
 Commerce, Oakl'd co.,Mich. 939 
 Comstock, Kalamazoo co., 
 
 Michigan, 024 
 
 Concord, Champaign co..O. 935 
 Concord, Delaware co., O. 1,185 
 Concord, Delaware co.,Pa. 1,057 
 Concord, Erie co., N. Y...3,02l 
 
 Concord, Erie co., Pa 052 
 
 Concord, Essex co., Vt 1 ,024 
 
 Concord, Greene co., Ark. .250 
 Concord, Highland co.,0. 1,014 
 Concord, Jackson co., Mich. 814 
 Concord, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 4,897 
 
 Concord, Lake county, O. 1,130 
 
 CORNISH 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Concord, Lafayette Co., O. 1,014 
 Concord, Miami county, 0.1,034 
 Concord, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,784 
 
 Concord, Ross county, O. 2,549 
 Concord, Somerset co., Me. 577 
 Concord, Wash'g ton co.,Mo. 597 
 
 Concordia parish, La 9,414 
 
 Conecuh co., Alabama, ..8,197 
 Conemaugh, Cambria co., Pa. 1 ,288 
 Conemaugh, Indiana co., Pa. 1,441 
 Conemaugh, Somerset co., Pa. 882 
 Conestoga, Lancaster co., Pa. 2,806 
 Conesus, Livingston co.,N.Y. 1 ,054 
 Conesville, Schoharie co.. 
 
 New York, 1,621 
 
 Conewago, Adams co.. Pa. 899 
 Conewago, Warren co., Pa. 858 
 Conewago, York co., Penn. . 1 .008 
 Conewango, Cattaraugus 
 
 county, New York, ...1,317 
 Congress, Richland co., O. 1,24S 
 Congress, Wayne co., Ohio, 2,O0G 
 Conklin, Broome co., N. Y. 1,475 
 Conneaut, Ashtabula co., O. 2,042 
 Conneaut, Crawford co., Pa. 1 ,534 
 Conneaut, Erie county, Pa. . 1 ,79G 
 
 Connecticut, 309,97tf 
 
 Connellsville, Fayette co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,436 
 
 Connorsville, (town,) Fay- 
 ette county, Indiana 59G 
 
 Connorsville, (township,) 
 
 Fayette co., Indiana,. . .1,372 
 Conquenessing, Butler co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,698 
 
 Conquest, Cayuga co., N.Y. 1,911 
 Constable, Franklin co., 
 
 New York, 1,122 
 
 Constantia, Oswego county, 
 
 New York, 1,476 
 
 Conslantine, St. Joseph co., 
 
 Michigan 751 
 
 Conviss, Calhoun co., Mich. 292 
 Con way county, Arkansas, 2,892 
 Conway, Franklin co., Mass. 1 ,409 
 Conway, Strafford county, 
 
 New Hampshire 1,801 
 
 Conway's Island, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 10 
 
 Cook county, Illinois, . ..10,201 
 Coolbaughs, Monroe co., Pa. 159 
 Cool Spring, Mercer counly, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,934 
 
 Cooper county, Missouri, 10,484 
 Cooper, Kalamazoo co., Mich. 376 
 Cooper, Washington co.,Me. 051 
 
 Coos county, N. H 9,849 
 
 Coosacounty, Alabama,. .0,995 
 Copake,Columbiaco.,N.Y. 1,505 
 
 Copiah county, Mi 8,954 
 
 Copley, Summitcounty,0. 1,439 
 Copperas, Peoria co., HI. ..559 
 Cordova, Cordova precinct, 
 
 Rock Island co., Illinois, ..38 
 Cordova precinct, Rock 
 
 Island county, Illinois,.. .174 
 Corinna, Penobscot co., Mc. 1 ,704 
 Corinth, Orange co., Vt.. .1,970 
 Corinth, Penobscot co., Me. 1,318 
 Corinth, Saratoga co., N. Y. 1,305 
 Cornish, Sullivan co., N. H. 1,726 
 Cornish, Yor'.; counly, Me. .1,203 
 
CRAWFORD 
 
 Names of Pisces. Population. 
 
 Corn plan ter,Yena n go co.,Pa. 427 
 Cornville, Somerset co., Me. 1,140 
 Cornwall, Addison co., Vt.. 1,164 
 Cornwall, Litchfield co., 
 
 Conn 1,703 
 
 Cornwall, Orange co., N. Y. 3,925 
 Corporation of New Haven, 
 
 Cain Creek, Gallatin co., 111. 179 
 Cortland county, N. Y. .'24,007 
 Cortland, Westchester co., 
 
 New York 5,592 
 
 Cortland ville, Cortland co., 
 
 New York, 3,799 
 
 Cortois, Crawford co., Mo. .703 
 Corydon, M-Kean co., Pa. .240 
 Coshocton county, Ohio, 21,590 
 Coshocton, Coshocton co.,0. 025 
 Cossawago, Crawford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,209 
 
 Cote sans Dessein, Calla- 
 way county, Missouri,. . .009 
 Cotton, Switzerland co., Ind. 1,450 
 Cottreville, St. Clair, Mich. 002 
 Council Hill, Jo Daviess 
 
 co., Illinois, 187 
 
 Coventry, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 1,081 
 
 Coventry, Chester co., Pa. 2.020 
 Coventry, Grafton co., N.H. 413 
 Coventry, Kent co., R. I. 3,433 
 Coventry, Orleans co., Vt. 7SG 
 Coventry, Summit co., O. 1,308 
 Coventry, Tolland county, 
 
 Connecticut, 2,017 
 
 Coventry Gore, Orleans co., 
 
 Vermont 10 
 
 Covert, Seneca co., N. Y.. 1,503 
 Covington, (city.) Kenton 
 
 county, Kentucky, 2.020 
 
 Covington county, Ala. ..2,435 
 Covington county, Miss. .2,717 
 Covington, Clearfield co., Pa. 438 
 Covington, Genesee county, 
 
 New York, 2,438 
 
 Covington, Luzerne co., Pa. 590 
 Covington, Miami co., O.. ..331 
 Covington, Tioga co., Pa. . .940 
 Cowan, Wayne co., Mo. . . .432 
 Coweta County, Georgia, 10,304 
 Coxsackie, Greene co.,N.Y.3,539 
 Craftsbury, Orleans co., Vt. 1 ,1 51 
 Craig,Swilzerlandco.,Ind. 1,300 
 Cranberry, Butler co., Pa. 1,822 
 Cranberry, Crawford co., O. 079 
 Cranberry, Venango co., Pa. 942 
 Cranberry Isles, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 239 
 
 Crane, Paulding co., 211 
 
 Cranston, Providence co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 2,902 
 
 Craven County. N. C. ..13,438 
 Cravensville, Daviess co.,Mc. 1,209 
 Crawford, Buchanan co., Mo. 930 
 Crawford County, Ark. ..4,200 
 Crawford County, Georgia, 7,981 
 Crawford County, Illinois, . .4,422 
 Crawford County, Indiana, 5,282 
 Crawford County, Mo.. ..3,501 
 Crawford County, Ohio, 13,152 
 Crawford, Coshocton co.,(). 1 ,1 34 
 Crawford, Crawford co., Q..812 
 Crawford County, Penn. 31,724 I 
 Crawford co., Wiskonsin,. 1,502 
 
 ( 18 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Craw ford, Orange co., N.Y. 2,075 
 
 Crawford, Wash. co. Me 500 
 
 Crawford's Grant, Coos co., 
 
 ^lexv Hampshire, 9 
 
 Cravvfordsville, Montgome- 
 ry county, Indiana,. . . . 1,327 
 Creek, Washington co.,Pa. 2,000 
 Crittenden County, Ark.. .1,501 
 Cromwell, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,140 
 
 Crooked Creek, Carroll co., 
 
 Arkansas,. . 004 
 
 Crooked River, Ray co., Mo. 031 
 Crosby, Hamilton co., O. . .1,870 
 Cross Creek,JefFerson co.,0. 1 ,707 
 Crown Point, Essex co., 
 
 New York 2,212 
 
 Croyden, Sullivan co., N.H. 950 
 Cynthiana, Shelby co., O. 1,022 
 Cynthiana, town, (Harrison 
 
 county,) Kentucky, 798 
 
 Cuba, Allegheny co., N.Y. 1,708 
 Cuivre, Audrain co.,Mo.. . . 183 
 
 Cuivre, Pike co., Mo 2.592 
 
 Cuivre, St.Charles co.,Mo. 1,018 
 Culpepper County, Va. . 1 1 ,393 
 C urnberland,Ada ins co.,Pa. 1,217 
 Cumberland County, Ky. 0,090 
 Cumberland County, Me. 68,658 
 Cumberland County, Va. 30,953 
 Cumberland County, N. C. 
 
 including Fayetteville, 15,284 
 Cumberland County, N.J. 14,374 
 Cumberland Co.. Penn. .10,399 
 Cumberland, Cumberland 
 
 county, Maine, 1,616 
 
 Cumberland,Greeneco.,Pa.l,958 
 Cumberland, Providence 
 
 county, Rhode Island,. .5,225 
 Cumberland Valley, Bed- 
 ford county, Penn 904 
 
 Cumnririgs, Lycoming co., Pa. 509 
 Cummingtown, Hampshire 
 co., Massachusetts, . . ..1,237 
 
 Cumru, Berks co., Pa 2,939 
 
 Curran, Gallatin co., 111.... 801 
 Current River, Randolph 
 
 county, Arkansas, 358 
 
 Currituck County, N. C. .6,703 
 Gushing, Lincoln co., Me. .790 
 Cutler, Washington co., Me. 057 
 Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 20,500 
 Dade County, Georgia, ..1.304 
 Dade co., South Florida, .1,134 
 Dale Countv, Alabama, . .7,397 
 Dallas County, Alabama, 25,1 99 
 Dallas, Luzerne co., Penn. .806 
 
 Dalton, Coos co., N. H 004 
 
 Dalton,Berkshireco.,Mass. 1,255 
 Damascus in Butler, Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio,. . .99 
 Damascus, Henry co., O. ..495 
 Damascus, Wayne co., Pa. 907 
 Dana, Worcester co., Mass. .691 
 Danbury i Fairfieldco.,Conn.4,503 
 Danbury, Grafton co., N. H.800 
 Danbury, Ottawa co., O.. . .515 
 Danbury , Wash i ngton co.,Vt.820 
 Danby, Rutland co., Vt.. .1,379 
 Danby, Tompkins co., N.Y. 2,570 
 Dane County, Wiskonsin, .314 
 Danforth, half township, 4th 
 range, Washington co., Me. .45 
 
 DEERFIELD 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Dansville, Steuben co. N. Y. 2,725 
 Danube, Herkimer co., N. Y. 1 .'■ II ifl 
 Danvers, Essex co., Mass. .5,020 
 Danville, Caledonia co., Vt. .2,633 
 Danville, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 1,294 
 
 Danville, Montgomery co., 
 
 Missouri 1.299 
 
 Danville, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 538 
 
 Danville, (town,) Mercer 
 
 county, Kentucky, ....1,223 
 Danville. Vermilion co., 111. 503 
 Darby, Delaware co., Pa. .1,207 
 Darby, Madison co., Ohio,.. 406 
 Darby, Pickaway co., Ohio, 1,050 
 Darby, Union county, O. . .736 
 Dardanelle, Pope co., Ark. .227 
 Dardienne, St. Charles co., 
 
 Missouri, 1 .005 
 
 Darien, Fairfield co.,Conn. 1 ,080 
 Darien, Genesee co., N.Y, .2,406 
 Darien, (town.) Walworth 
 
 county, Wiskonsin, 232 
 
 Darke County, Ohio,. . .13,292 
 Darlington, Beaver co., Pa. 220 
 Darlington Dist., S. C. ..14,822 
 Darne's Gore, Grafton co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 54 
 
 Dartmouth, Bristol co. Mass. .4,155 
 Dauphin County, Penn. .30, 118 
 Davenport, Del. co., N. Y.. 2,052 
 Davidson County, N. C. 14,006 
 Davidson County, Tenn. 30,509 
 Davidson, Lapeer co., Mich. .69 
 Davidson, Lycoming eo.,Pa. 370 
 Davidson,Rando)phco,,Ark. 355 
 
 Davie County, N. C 7,574 
 
 Daviess County, Indiana, 6,720 
 Daviess County, Ky., . . . .8,331 
 Daviess Co., Missouri,.. .2,736 
 Davis, Fountain co., Ind. ..744 
 Davis, Lafayette co., Mo. ..673 
 Davis, Saline county, Ark. .312 
 Day, Saratoga co., N. Y....942 
 Dayton, Cattaraugus co- 
 New York, 946 
 
 Day ton, (corporation,) Mont- 
 gomery co., Ohio, 6.007 
 
 Dayton, (township,) Mont- 
 gomery co., Ohio, 4.208 
 
 Dearborn County, lnd...l9J327 
 Dearborn, Kennebeck co., 
 
 Maine, 108 
 
 Dearborn Way ne co.,Mich. 1,248 
 De Bastrop, Chicot co., Ark. 270 
 Decatur, Clearfield co., Pa. 385 
 Decatur County, Georgia, 5,872 
 Decatur County, Ind.. . .12,171 
 Decatur, Lawrence co., O. 594 
 Decatur, Marion co., Ind. ..919 
 Decatur, Mifflin co., Penn. 767 
 Decatur, Otsego co., N. Y. 1 ,071 
 Decatur, Van Buren co., 
 
 Michigan, 328 
 
 Decatur, Washington co., O. 439 
 Dedharq, Hancock co., Me. .455 
 Dedham,Norfo!k co.,Mass. 3,290 
 Deep Water, Van Buren co., 
 
 Missouri, 201 
 
 Deer Creek, Madison co., O. 541 
 Deer Cr'k, Pickaway co., 0. 1,374 
 Deerfield, Boone co.. 111.. ..354 
 
DERRY 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Deerfield, Cumberland co., 
 
 New Jersey 2,021 
 
 Deerfield,Franklinco.,Mass. 1,912 
 Deerfield, Livingston co., 
 
 Michigan 440 
 
 Deerfield, Morgan co., O. 1,235 
 Deerfield,Oneidaco.,N.Y. 3,120 
 Deerfield, Portage co., O. 1,184 
 Deerfield, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,950 
 
 Deerfield, Ross county, 0. 1 ,235 
 Deerfield, Tioga county, Pa. 615 
 Deerfield,Van Burenco..Mo. 301 
 Deerfield, Warren co., O. 1,871 
 Deerfield, Warren co., Pa... 450 
 Deering, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire 1,124 
 
 Deer Isle, Hancock co., Me. 2,841 
 Deerpark, Orange co., N. Y. 1,607 
 Defiance, Williams co., O. .944 
 De Kalb county , A la., . . . .5,929 
 De Kalb county, Ga.. . . 10,467 
 
 De Kalb county, 111 1,697 
 
 De Kalb county, Ind 1,968 
 
 De Kalb county, Tenn. ..5,868 
 De Kalb, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 1,531 
 
 Delavan, (town,) Walworth 
 county, Wiskonsin, ..... 154 
 
 Delaware, 78,085 
 
 Delaware county, Ind.. ..8,843 
 Delaware county. N. Y. .35,396 
 Delaware county, Ohio,. 22,060 
 Delaware county, Pa.... 19,791 
 Delaware, Delaware co., 0. 1,019 
 Delaware, Hamilton co., Ind. 753 
 Delaware, Hancock co., O. .451 
 Delaware, Hunterdon co., 
 
 New Jersey, .2,305 
 
 Delaware, Iowa, 168 
 
 Delaware, Juniata co., Pa. .956 
 Delaware, Mercer co., Pa. 2,024 
 Delaware, Pike co., Pa. . . .590 
 Delaware, Ripley co., Ind. 1,258 
 Delaware, Delaware co., O. 898 
 Delaware, Williams co., O. 201 
 Delhi, Delaware co., N.Y. 2,554 
 Delhi, Hamilton co., O. ..1,466 
 Delmar, Tioga county, Pa. 946 
 Demand. Randolph co., Ark. 319 
 Denison, Luzerne co., Pa. ..976 
 Denmark. Ashtabula co., O. 176 
 Denmark, Lewis co., N.Y. 2,388 
 Denmark, Oxford co., Me.. 1,143 
 Dennis, Barnstable county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,942 
 
 Dennis, Cape May co., N.J. 1,350 
 Dennysville, Washington 
 
 county, Maine, 378 
 
 Depeyster, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, 1,074 
 
 Deptfbrd, Gloucester co., 
 
 New Jersey 2,570 
 
 Derby, New Haven county, 
 
 Connecticut, 2,852 
 
 Derby, Orleans co., Vt...l 1.681 
 Derry, Columbia co., Pa. .1,754 
 Derry, Dauphin co., Pa.. .1,816 
 Derry, Hummelstown, (bo- 
 8 rough,) Dauphin co., Pa.. 480 
 Derry, Mifflin county, Pa 1,080 
 Derry, Rockingham county, 
 New Hampshire, 2,034 
 
 ( 19 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Derry, Westmoreland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 3,722 
 
 De Ruyter, Madison co., 
 
 New York, 1,799 
 
 Desha county, Arkansas,. 1,598 
 Desmoines, Clark co., Mo. .435 
 
 Desmoines, Iowa, 5,577 
 
 De Soto co., Mississippi, .7,002 
 Desplaines, Cook co., HI. ..455 
 Detroit, (city,) Wayne co., 
 
 Michigan, 9,102 
 
 Devereaux, Washington 
 
 co., Maine, 28 
 
 De Witt county, Illinois, 3,247 
 De Witt, Onondaga co.. 
 
 New York, .2,802 
 
 Dexter, Penobscot co., Me. 1.464 
 Diana, Lewis county, N.Y. 883 
 Dickson co., Tennessee, .7,074 
 Dickenson, Cumberland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,701 
 
 Dickinson, Franklin co., 
 
 New York, 1,005 
 
 Dimock, Susquehanna co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 998 
 
 Dinsham, Pike county, Pa. 447 
 Dighton, Bristol co., Mass. 1,378 
 Dinsmoor, Shelby co., O. ..500 
 Dinwiddie county, Va. ..22,558 
 District, Berks county, Pa. 583 
 District of Columbia,. . .43,712 
 Dix, Chemung co., N. Y. 1,990 
 Dixfield, Oxford co., Me.. .1,169 
 Dixmont, Penobscot co., Me. 1,498 
 
 Dixon, Lee county, 11! 725 
 
 Dixon, Preble county, O. .1.290 
 Dixville, Coos county, N. H..4 
 Docon, Linn county, Mo.. . .51 
 Dodge county, Wiskonsin,. .67 
 Dodson, Highland co., O. ..795 
 Dogsborough, Sussex co., 
 
 Delaware, 2.324 
 
 Donegal, Butler co., Pa. ..1,615 
 Donegal, Wash'ton co., Pa. 1,747 
 Donegal, Westmoreland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,201 
 
 Dooly county, Georgia,. .4,427 
 Dorchester county, Md.. 18,843 
 Dorchester,Graftonco..N.H.709 
 Dorchester, Norfolk county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 4,875 
 
 Dorset, Bennington co., Vt. 1,426 
 Douglass, Berks co., Pa.. .1 ,133 
 Douglass, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,090 
 
 Douglass, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,617 
 
 Dover, Athens co., O. ... 1 ,297 
 Dover, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 900 
 Dover, Dutchess co., N. Y. 2,000 
 Dover, Lafayette co., Mo. .1,217 
 Dover, Kent county, Del.. 3,790 
 Dover, Lenawee co., Mich. .841 
 Dover, Monmouth co., N. J.. 2, 752 
 Dover, Norfolk co., Mass. ..520 
 Dover, Piscataquis co.. Me. . 1 ,597 
 Dover, Strafford co., N. H.. 0,458 
 Dover, Tuscarawas co., O. 2,247 
 Dover, Union county, O.. . .440 
 Dover, Windham co., Vt.. .729 
 Dover, York count}?, Pa.. 1,930 
 Dovvne, Cumberland co., 
 New Jersey, 1,920 
 
 EAST BETHLEHEM 
 
 Names of riaces. Population. 
 
 Doylestown, Bucks co., Pa.. 2,127 
 Diacut, Middlesex county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,188 
 
 Dresden, Lincoln co.. Me. 1,647 
 Dresden, Muskingum co., 0.819 
 Dresden, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 679 
 
 Drumore, Lancaster co., Pa. 2,268 
 Dryden, Lapeer co., Mich. .805 
 Dryden, Tompkins county.. 
 
 New York, .".5.440 
 
 Duane, Franklin co., N. Y..324 
 Duanesburg, Schenectady 
 
 county, New York 3,357 
 
 Dublin, Bedford co., Pa. ...902 
 Dublin, Cheshire co., N.H.I, 075 
 Dublin, Huntingdon co.,Pa. 053 
 
 Dublin, Mercer co., 705 
 
 Dubois county, Indiana, . .3,632 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa, 3,059 
 
 Duchaynet, Allen co , O. . .709 
 Duck Creek, Kentco., Del.. 3,839 
 Duck Island, Hanc'k co. ; Me. 
 
 Dudley, Hardin co., 349 
 
 Dudley, Henry co., Ind.. .1,650 
 Dudley, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts 1,352 
 
 Dukes county, Mass 3,95b 
 
 Dumrner, Coos co., N. H. . . .57 
 Dummerston, Windham co., 
 
 Vermont 1,260 
 
 Dunbar, Fayette co., Pa. .2,070 
 Dunbartnn, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 950 
 
 Duncan, Linn co., Mo VJt 
 
 Dundaff, (borough.) Sus- 
 quehanna co., Pa 304 
 
 Dundee, Monroe co., Mich. 773 
 Dungannon in Hanover, 
 
 Columbiana co., 47 
 
 Dunkard. Greene co., Pa. 1,292 
 Dunstable, Clinton co., Pa. 841 
 Dunstable, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 603 
 
 Du Page co., Illinois, 3,535 
 
 Du Page, Will co.. Ill 350 
 
 Duplin county, N. C 11,182 
 
 Durham, Bucks co., Pa. . . .091 
 Durham, Cumbeil'd co., Me. 1,830 
 Durham, Greene co., N.Y. .2,813 
 Durham, Middlesex county, 
 
 Connecticut, 1,095 
 
 Durham, Strafford co.,N.H. 1 ,49b 
 Dutchess county, N.Y... 52, 398 
 Duval co., East Florida,. .4,150 
 Duxbury, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,798 
 
 Dyberry, Wayne co., Pa. ..091 
 Dyer county, Tennessee, .4, 484 
 Dyre, Saline county, Ark.. .209 
 Eagle, Alleghanyco., N.Y. 1,187 
 Eagle, Brown county, Ohio, 891 
 Eagle, Hancock county, 0..524 
 Eagle Island, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine, ,1b 
 
 Eagle, Ross co., Ohio, 411 
 
 Earl, Berks county, Pa. ..1,158 
 Earl, Lancaster co., Pa. ..3,982 
 Early county, Georgia,. ..5,444 
 East Baton Rouge parish, 
 
 Louisiana, 8,138 
 
 East Bethlehem, Washing- 
 ton countv, Pa 2,312 
 
EASTON 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 East Bloomfield, Ontario 
 
 county, New York,. .. .1,986 
 East Bradford, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,215 
 
 East Bridgewater,l'ly mouth 
 
 county, Mass ] ,950 
 
 Eastbrook, Hancock co., Me. 155 
 East Brunswick, Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pa 1,230 
 
 East Buffalo, Union co., Fa. 812 
 East Cain, Chester co., Pa. 1 ,757 
 East Carroll county, Ohio, .995 
 Eastchester, Westchester 
 
 county, New York,. 1,502 
 
 East Cocalico, Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .1,9S3 
 East Deer, Allegheny co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,987 
 
 East Donegal, Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. .2,987 
 East Donegal, Marietta (bo- 
 
 rough,)Lancaster co.,Pa. 1,428 
 East Fallowfield, Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .1,170 
 East Feliciana parish, La. 1 1,893 
 East Findley, Washington 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .1,147 
 
 East Florida, 13,051 
 
 East Fork, Iowa, Jo Daviess 
 
 county, Illinois, 527 
 
 East Galena, Jo Daviess 
 
 county, Illinois, 181 
 
 East Goshen, Chester co.,Pa. 740 
 East Greenwich, Kent co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 1,509 
 
 East Haddam, Middlesex 
 
 county, Connecticut, ..2,620 
 East half of township No. 6, 
 
 second range, Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, 73 
 
 Eastham, Barnstable co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 955 
 
 Easthampton, Hampshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, ..717 
 Easthampton, Suffolk co., 
 
 New York, 2,076 
 
 East Hanover, Lebanon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 2,461 
 
 East Hartford, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,389 
 
 East Haven, Essex co., Vt.. .79 
 East Haven, New Haven 
 
 county, Connecticut, ..1,3S2 
 East Hempfield, Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .1,657 
 East Huntingdon, West- 
 moreland co., Pa 1,776 
 
 East Kingston, Rockingham 
 
 co., New Hampshire,. . ..551 
 East Liberty, Allegheny co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 393 
 
 East Lyme, New London 
 
 county, Connecticut, ..1,439 
 East Marlborough. Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. 1,379 
 East Nantmeal, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,171 
 
 East Nottingham, Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .2,048 
 East.on, (borough,) North- 
 ampton county, Pa. . . . .4,865 
 Enslon, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 2,983 ' 
 
 ( 20 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Easton, Bristol co., Mass. .2,074 
 East Penn, Northampton 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . 1,535 
 East Pennsboro,' Cumber- 
 land county, Pa 2,391 
 
 East Pikeland, Ches'r co.,Pa. 717 
 East Pike Run, Washing- 
 ton co., Pa 1,240 
 
 East Portage, Jackson co., 
 
 Mich 532 
 
 Eastport, Washington co., 
 
 Maine, 2,876 
 
 East Providence, Bedford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. .1,019 
 East Rockhill, Bucks co., Pa. 551 
 EastTown, Chester co., Pa. .673 
 East Union, Wayne co., 0. 1,864 
 East Vincent,Chesterco.,Pa.l ,1 94 
 East Whiteland, Chester 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, 1,208 
 
 East Windsor, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,600 
 
 East Windsor, Mercer co., 
 
 New Jersey, 1 ,989 
 
 Eaton county, Michigan,. 2,379 
 
 Eaton, Eaton co., Mich 868 
 
 Eaton, Lorrain county, O. .764 
 
 Eaton, Luzerne co., Pa 782 
 
 Eaton, Madison co., N.Y. .3,409 
 Eaton, Strafford co., N. H. 1 ,710 
 Ebensburg, (borough,) Cam- 
 
 bi ia co., Pa 353 
 
 Eckford, Calhoun co., Mich. 555 
 Economy, Beaver co., Pa. 1 ,283 
 Ecore Fabre, Union co., Ark. 232 
 Ecorse, Wayne co., Mich... 738 
 Eddingburg, Penobscot co., 
 
 Maine, 52 
 
 Eddington, Penob't co., Me. 595 
 Eden, Erie county, N. Y. 2,174 
 Eden, Hancock co., Me... 1,054 
 Eden. Lagrange co., Ind. ..277 
 
 Eden, Lamoille co., Vt 703 
 
 Eden, Licking county, O. ..853 
 Eden, Seneca co., Ohio, ..1,471 
 Edgar County, Illinois, ..8,225 
 Edgartown,Dukesco., Mass. 1,736 
 Edgcomb, Lincoln co., Me. . 1,238 
 Edo-ecoinbe co., N. C ..15,708 
 Edgefield District, S. C. 32,852 
 Edgemont, Delaware co.. Pa. 713 
 Edinboro', Erie county, Pa. 232 
 Edinburg, Portage co., O. 1,095 
 Edinburg, Saratoga county, 
 
 New York, 1,158 
 
 Edmeston, Otsego co., N.Y. 1,907 
 Edmonds, Washington co., 
 
 Maine, 259 
 
 Edmonston County, Ky. .2,914 
 
 Edwards County, III., 3,070 
 
 Edwards, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 956 
 
 Edwardsville, (precinct.) 
 
 Madison co. , Illinois, 248 
 
 Edwardsville, (town,) Ma- 
 dison county, Illinois, ...616 
 Eel Kiver, Allen co., Ind... 317 
 Effingham County, Ga. ..3,075 
 Effingham County. 111., ..1,675 
 Effingham, Strafford Co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,195 
 
 Egrainont, Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, 1,033 
 
 ENFIELD 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Elba, Genesee co., N. Y. .3,161 
 Elba, Lapeer county, Mich. 101 
 Elbert County, Georgia, 11,125 
 Elbridge, Onondaga co., 
 
 New York, 4,647 
 
 Eldred, Jefferson co., Pa. ..395 
 Elizabeth, Allegheny co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 3,317 
 
 Elizabeth, (borough,) Essex 
 
 county, New Jersey,. . .4,184 
 Elizabeth City County ,Va.3,706 
 Elizabeth, Lancaster co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,049 
 
 Elizabeth, Miami co., O. .1,381 
 Elizabeth, (town,) Harden 
 
 county, Kentucky, 197 
 
 Elizabeth, Lawrenceco., 0.1,540 
 Elizabethtown, M'Farlan 
 
 township, Hardin co., III. .797 
 Elizabethtown, Essex co., 
 
 New York, 1,061 
 
 Elizabethtown, Rock-in- 
 
 Cave township, Harden 
 
 county, Illinois, 253 
 
 Elk, Warren county, Pa. ..382 
 Elk, Athens co., Ohio,. ..1,261 
 Elk, Monroe co., Ohio, ....535 
 
 Elk, Venango co., Pa 785 
 
 Elk Creek, Erie co., Pa. .1,649 
 Elk Fork, Pettis co., Mo. ..454 
 Elk Fork.VanBurenco,,Mo. 360 
 Elkhart County, Indiana, 6,660 
 
 Elkhart, Noble co.. Ind. 262 
 
 Elkhorn, (town,) Walworth 
 
 county, Wiskonsin 441 
 
 Elk Horn, Warren co., Mo. 642 
 Elkland, Lycoming co., Pa. 331 
 Elkland, Tioga county, Pa. 710 
 Elk Lick.Somersetco^Pa, 1,495 
 Elk River, Newton co., Mo. 335 
 Elkton, in Elk Run, Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, 68 
 
 Elkton, (town,) Todd co., 
 
 Kentucky, 474 
 
 Elienburg, Clinton county, 
 
 New York, 1,171 
 
 Ellery, Chatauque co.,N. Y. 2,242 
 Ellicottsville, Cattaraugus 
 
 county, New York, 1,084 
 
 Ellington, Chatauque co,, 
 
 New York, 1,725 
 
 Ellington,TolIand co., Conn. 1 ,356 
 Elliot, Chatauque co., N. Y, .2,571 
 Elliot, York co., Maine,. .1,889 
 Elliottsville, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine 60 
 
 Ellsburg, Jefferson co., N. Y. 5,349 
 Ellsworth, Grafton co., N. H. 300 
 Ellsworth, Hancock co., Me. 2,203 
 Ellsworth, Trumbull co., O. . . 998 
 Elmira, Chemung co., N. Y. 4,791 
 Elsinborough, Salem co., N. J. •">'.'• i 
 Elyria, Lorrain co., Ohio, . . 1 ,636 
 Emanuel County, Georgia, .3,129 
 Embdcn, Somerset co., Me. . .983 
 Emmet, Calhoun co., Mich. < .647 
 Enchanted Stream, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 5 
 
 Enfield, Grafton co., N. H.. 1,5 14 
 Enfield, Hampshire co., Mass. !)7(i 
 Enfield, Hartford co., Conn. 2,648 
 Enfield, Penobscot co., Me. ..346 
 Enfield, Tompkins co., N. Y. 2,340 
 
FAIRFIELD 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Enoch, Monroe county, O.. .1,134 
 Enonsburgh, Franklin co., 
 
 Vermont 2,022 
 
 Ephratah, Fulton co., N. Y.. 2,0 1 9 
 Ephratah, Lancaster co., Pa. 2,083 
 Epping, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1 ,235 
 
 Epsom,Merrimack co., N.H. 1,205 
 
 Equality, Gallatin co., Ill 301 
 
 Equality, Miller co., Mo 424 
 
 Equality, (precinct,) Gallatin 
 
 county, Illinois, 2,223 
 
 Erie, borough, Erie co., Pa. .3,412 
 Erie county, New York, ..62,465 
 
 Erie county, Ohio, 12,599 
 
 Erie county, Pennsylvania, 31,344 
 Erie, Monroe county, Mich. . .852 
 Erie, Ottawa county, Oliio, . . . 200 
 Erin, Chemung co., N. Y... 1,441 
 Enrol, Coos county, N. H. . . .104 
 Erving, Franklin co., Mass. . .309 
 
 Erwin, Steuben co., N. Y 785 
 
 Escambia co., West Florida, 3,993 
 Esopus, Ulster county, N. Y. 1,939 
 Essex, Chittenden co., Vt. . .1,824 
 Essex co., Massachusetts,. .94,987 
 Essex county, New Jersey, 44,621 
 Essex county, New York, .23,034 
 Essex county, Virginia, . . .11,309 
 Essex county, Vermont,. . . .6,226 
 Essex, Essex county, Mass. 1,450 
 Essex, Essex county, N. Y.. 1,681 
 Estill county, Kentucky, . . .5,535 
 
 Etna, Licking county, 857 
 
 Etna, Penobscot co., Maine,. .745 
 Etna, town, Licking co. O. . .219 
 Euclid, Cuyahoga co., O. . . 1,775 
 Eugene, Vermilion co., Ind. 1,048 
 Eulalia, Potter county, Pa. . .368 
 Evans, Erie county, N. Y.. .1,807 
 Evesham, Burlington co., 
 
 New Jersey, 5,060 
 
 Ewing, Mercer co., N. J. . . 1 ,01 7 
 Exeter, Otsego co., N. Y. . . 1,423 
 Exeter, Penobscot co., Me.. .2,052 
 Exeter, Berks county, Pa. ..1,91 1 
 Exeter, Luzerne county, Pa. 1,529 
 
 Exeter, Monroe co.,'Mich 235 
 
 Exeter, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 2,925 
 
 Exeter, Washington co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 1,776 
 
 Fabius, Marion co., Mo ] ,340 
 
 Fabius, Onondaga co., N. Y. 2,562 
 Fairfax county, Virginia, 9,370 
 Fairfax, Franklin co., Vt. 1,918 
 Fairfield, Butler county, O. 2,171 
 
 Fairfield county, Conn 49,926 
 
 Fairfield county, Ohio, 21,924 
 
 Fairfield, Crawford co., Pa. 1,213 
 Fairfield, Cumberland co., 
 
 New Jersey, 1 ,935 
 
 Fairfield District, S. C 20,165 
 
 Fairfield, Fairfield co., Conn. 3,654 
 Fairfield, Franklin co., Vt. 2,448 
 Fairfield, Herkimer co., N.Y. 1,836 
 Fairfield, Highland co., O. 3,544 
 Fairfield, Huron county, O. 1,067 
 Fairfield, in Fairfield, Colum- 
 biana county, 181 
 
 Fail-field, Lenawee co., Mich. 837 
 Fairfield, Lycoming co., Pa. 1,376 
 Faii'field, Madison co., 505 
 
 ( 21 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Fairfield, Somerset co., Me. 2,198 
 Fairfield, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,419 
 
 Fairfield, Tuscarawas co., O. 866 
 Fairfield, Westmoreland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,035 
 
 Fairhaven, Bristol co., Mass. 3,951 
 Fair Haven, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 787 
 
 Fairhaven, Rutland co., Vt. 633 
 Fairlee, Orange county, Vt. 644 
 Fairmount, Luzerne co., Pa. 594 
 
 Fairport, Ashtabula co., 611 
 
 Fairview, P>ie county, Pa. 1,481 
 Fairview, York county, Pa. 1,993 
 Fairview Township, 8 N. 
 
 range, 3 E. Fulton co., 111. 116 
 Fall Creek, Hamilton co., 
 
 Indiana, 907 
 
 Fall Creek, Henry co., Ind. 1,635 
 Fallowfield, Crawford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,673 
 
 Fallowfield, Washington co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,203 
 
 Fall River, Bristol co., Mass. 6,738 
 
 Falls, Bucks county, Pa 2,056 
 
 Falls, Hocking co., Ohio, 1,625 
 Falls, Luzerne county, Pa. 2,108 
 Falls, Muskingum co., O. 1,723 
 
 Fallsburg, Licking co., 910 
 
 Fallsburg, Sullivan co., N.Y. 1,782 
 
 Fallstown, Beaver co., Pa 565 
 
 Falmouth, Barnstable coulity, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,589 
 
 Falmouth, Cumb'd co., Me. 2,071 
 Fannet, Franklin co., Pa. . . 1 ,858 
 Farmer, William's co., O.. . . . 281 
 Farmersville, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York, .' 1,294 
 
 Farmington, Franklin co., 
 
 Maine, 2,613 
 
 Farmington, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut 2,04 1 
 
 Farmington, Oakland co., 
 
 Michigan, 1,684 
 
 Farmington, Ontario county. 
 
 New York, 2,122 
 
 Farmington, Strafford county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1 ,380 
 
 Fannington, Tioga co., Pa. ..503 
 Farmington, Trumbull co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,172 
 
 Farmington, Venango co., 
 
 Pa 799 
 
 Farmington Township, 8 N. 
 
 range, 4 E. Fulton co., 111. 285 
 Fauquier county, Virginia, 21,897 
 Fayette, Alleghany co., Pa. 2,484 
 Fayette county, Alabama, 6,942 
 Fayette county, Georgia, .... 6,191 
 Fayette county, Illinois, . . . .6,328 
 Fayette county, Indiana, 9,837 
 Fayette county, Kentucky, 22,194 
 Fayette county, Tennessee, 21,501 
 Fayette county, Virginia, 3,924 
 
 Fayette county, Pa 33,574 
 
 Fayette, Hillsdale co., Mich. 807 
 
 Fayette, Juniata co., Pa 1,291 
 
 Fayette, Kennebec co., Me. 1,016 
 
 Fayette, Lawrence co., 842 
 
 Fayette, Seneca co., N. Y. 3,731 
 Fayetteville, Washington ca, 
 
 Arkansas, 425 
 
 FLOYD 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Fayettcville, Cumberland co., 
 
 North Carolina, 4.285 
 
 Fayston, Washington co., Vt. 635 
 
 Fawn, York county, Pa 859 
 
 Fawn River, St. Joseph co., 
 
 Michigan, 220 
 
 Fearing, Washington co., O. 1,019 
 
 Fell, Huntingdon co.. Pa 911 
 
 Femme Osage, St. Charles 
 
 co., Missouri, 1 ,358 
 
 Fenner, Madison co., N. Y. 1 ,997 
 Fenter, Hot Spring co., Ark. 679 
 Fenton, Genesee co., Mich. 660 
 
 Fentress county, Tenn 3,550 
 
 Ferguson, Centre co., Pa. 1,254 
 Ferguson, Clearfield co.,- Pa. 168 
 Fermanagh, Juniata co., Pa. 831 
 Ferrisburgh, Addison co., Vt. 1 ,755 
 Fifth precinct, Schuyler co., 
 
 Illinois 829 
 
 Finch town, Jefferson ca, 
 
 Wiskonsin, 143 
 
 Findley, Alleghany co., Pa. 1,367 
 Findley, (town,) Hancock co., 
 
 Ohio, 469 
 
 Findley, (township,) Han- 
 cock county, Ohio 554 
 
 First precinct, Schuyler co., 
 
 Illinois, *. 996 
 
 Fishing Creek, Columbia co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 904 
 
 Fishing River, Ray co., Mo. 1,845 
 Fishkill, Duchess co., N. Y. 10,437 
 Fitchburg, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,604 
 
 Fitchville, Huron co., 1 ,292 
 
 Fitzwilliam, Cheshire county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1 ,36G 
 
 Flagstaff township, No. 4, 
 
 4th range, Somer't ca, Me. 64 
 Flatbush, Kings ca, N. Y. 2,099 
 Flat Creek, Pettis co., Mo. 623 
 Flatlands, Kings co., N. Y. 810 
 Flit Rock, Bartholomew ca, 
 
 Indiana, 922 
 
 Flat Rock, Henry co., 475 
 
 Fleming, Cayuga co., N. Y. 1,317 
 Fleming county, excluding 
 
 Flemingsburg, Ky 12,677 
 
 Fleming county, Kentucky, 13,268 
 Flemingsburg, (town,) Fle- 
 ming county, Ky 591 
 
 Fletcher, Franklin co., Vt. . .1,014 
 
 Flint, Genesee co., Mich 984 
 
 Florence, Erie co., 1,655 
 
 Florence, Oneida co., N. Y. 1,259 
 Florence, St. Joseph co., 
 
 Michigan, 528 
 
 Florence, Williams co., 119 
 
 Florida. Berkshire co., Mass.. .441 
 Florida, Hillsdale co., Mich. . .297 
 Florida, Mont'y co., N. Y. 5,414 
 
 Florida Territory, 54,477 
 
 Flowerficld, St. Joseph co., 
 
 Michigan, 281 
 
 Floyd county, (excluding 
 
 Prestonburg,) Kentucky, 6,218 
 
 Floyd county, Indiana, 9,454 
 
 Floyd county, Kentucky, . . 6,302 
 Floyd county, Georgia, . . • .4,441 
 Floyd county, Virginia, . . . .4,453 
 Floyd, Onei'da co , N. Y. . . 1,742 
 Floyd, Putnam comity, Ind. 1,296 
 
FRANKLIN 
 
 Names of Piaces. Population. 
 
 flushing, Belmont co., O. . . 1,683 
 Flushing, Genesee co., Mich. 473 
 Flushing, Queens co , N. Y. 4,724 
 
 Fluvanna county, Va 8,812 
 
 Fond da Lac co., Wiskonsin, 139 
 Forest Lake, Susq'a eo., Pa.. .606 
 Forked Creek, Will co., 111. . . 457 
 
 Forks, Lycoming co., Pa 224 
 
 Forks, Northampton co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, .2,166 
 
 Ferrestburg, Sullivan co., 
 
 New York, . .... .433 
 
 Forsyth County, Georgia, . .5,619 
 Fort Ann, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 3,559 
 
 Fort Covington, Franklin co., 
 
 New York,... 2,094 
 
 Fort Edward, Washington 
 
 county, New York, 1,726 
 
 Fort Fairfield, or letter D-, 
 
 Aroostook county, Me 26 
 
 Foster, Providence co., R. I. 2,181 
 Fountain County, Indiana, 11,218 
 Fourche la Fave, Conway 
 
 county, Arkansas, 343 
 
 Fourche la Fave, Pope co., 
 
 Arkansas, 167 
 
 Fourth precinct, Schuyler 
 
 county, Illinois, 2,370 
 
 Fowler and Ely, 1st range, 
 township, No. 1., Wash- 
 ington county, Maine, 13 
 
 Fowler, Trumbull co.. O. . . 935 
 Fowler, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, . . . , 1,752 
 
 Fox, Carroll county, Ohio,. . 1,491 
 Fox, Clearfield county, Pa. . .319 
 Fox borough, Norfolk co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,298 
 
 Foxcroft, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine, 926 
 
 Fraction of township 4 N., 
 range 4 E., Fulton co., 
 
 Illinois, 13 
 
 Framingham Academy 
 Grant, Aroostook co., 
 
 Maine, 16 
 
 Framingham, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,030 
 
 Francestown, H iilsborough 
 
 county, New Hampshire, 1,307 
 Franconia, Grafton co., N. H. 523 
 Franconia, Montgomeiy co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,183 
 
 Frankford, Cumberland co , 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,263 
 
 Frankford, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York, 3,096 
 
 Frankford, Sussex co., N. J. 2,410 
 Frankford, town, Franklin 
 
 county, Kentucky, 1,917 
 
 Frankfort, Waldo co., Me.. .3,603 
 Franklin, Adams county, O. 1,355 
 Franklin, Adams co., Pa. . . 1,698 
 Franklin, AUegh'y co., N. Y. 955 
 Franklin co., A ppalachicola 
 
 district, Florida, 1.030 
 
 Franklin, Armstrong co., Pa. I,7l3 
 Franklin, Bergen co., N. J. 4,0l0 
 Franklin, (borough,) Ve- 
 nango county, Pa 595 
 
 Franklin, Bradford co.. Pa. . . 351 
 Franklin, Brown co , 1,199 
 
 ( 22 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Franklin, Chicot co., Ark 227 
 
 Franklin, Clermont co., O.. .2,218 
 Franklin, Columbiana co., 
 
 Ohio, 894 
 
 Franklin County, Alabama, 14,270 
 
 Franklin County, Ark 2,665 
 
 Franklin County, Georgia,. .9,83(1 
 Franklin County, Illinois, . . 3,682 
 Franklin County, Indiana, 13,349 
 
 Franklin County, Ky. 9,420 
 
 Franklin County, Maine,. .20,801 
 Franklin County, Mass. . . 28,812 
 
 Franklin County, Mi 4,775 
 
 Franklin County, Missouri, 7,515 
 Franklin County, N. C. . .10,980 
 Franklin County, N. Y. . . 16,518 
 Franklin County, Ohio, . . 25,049 
 
 Franklin County, Pa 37,793 
 
 Franklin County, Tenn. . . 12,033 
 Franklin County, Virginia, 15,832 
 Franklin County, Vermont, 24,531 
 Franklin, Howard co., Mo. 2,015 
 Franklin, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,376 
 
 Franklin, Izard co., Ark 276 
 
 Franklin, Jackson co., O. . . 1,055 
 Franklin, Knox county, O. 1,337 
 Franklin, Lee co., Illinois,. . . .189 
 Franklin, Lenawee county, 
 
 Michigan, . 1,023 
 
 Franklin, Licking co., O. . . 1,131 
 Franklin, Livingston co., Mo. 587 
 Franklin, Lycoming co., Pa.. .529 
 Franklin, Marion co., hid.. . 1,291 
 Franklin, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,280 
 
 Franklin, Monroe co., O. . . 1,137 
 Franklin, Montgomery co., 
 
 Indiana, 947 
 
 Franklin, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,000 
 
 Franklin, Norfolk county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,717 
 
 Franklin, Owen co., Ind 865 
 
 Franklin, Portage co., O. . . 1,497 
 Franklin, Putnam co., Ind. . . 996 
 Franklin, Richland co., O. . .1,490 
 
 Franklin, Ross county, 589 
 
 Franklin, Sevier co., Ark 296 
 
 Franklin, Shelby county, O.. .647 
 Franklin, Somerset county, 
 
 New Jersey, 3,878 
 
 Franklin, Summit co., O. . . 1,436 
 Franklin, Susqu'a co., Pa. . . 515 
 Franklin Square in Salem, 
 
 Columbiana county, 151 
 
 Franklin, town, Milwaukee 
 
 county, Wiskonsin, 248 
 
 Franklin, Coshocton co., 
 
 Ohio, 670 
 
 Franklin, Union co., Ark. . . 649 
 Franklin, Darke county, O. . .300 
 Franklin, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 3,025 
 
 Franklin, Fayette co., Pa. . . 1,396 
 
 Franklin, Floyd co., Ind 606 
 
 Franklin, Franklin co., N. Y. 192 
 Franklin, Franklin co., Vt. 1,410 
 Franklin, Franklin co., O. . .1,116 
 Franklin, Gloucester co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,077 
 
 Franklin, Greene co., Pa. . . 1,486 
 Franklin, Hancock co., Me. . .502 
 
 FRENCH 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Franklin, Harrison co., Ind. . 1,113 
 Franklin, Harrison co., O. . .1,117 
 Franklin, Henry co., Ind. . . 1,532 
 Franklin, Warren co., N. J.. 1,347 
 Franklin, Warren co., O. . . 2,457 
 Franklin, Washington co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,478 
 
 Franklin, Wayne co., Ind. . . 1,149 
 Franklin, Wayne co., Ohio, .1,504 
 Franklin, Westmoreland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 2,320 
 
 Franklin, York co., Pa 819 
 
 Franklinton, Franklin co., 
 
 Ohio 404 
 
 Franklin ville, Cattaraugus 
 
 county, New York,-. 1,293 
 
 Franks, St. Francis co., Ark. 565 
 Frankstown, H untingdon 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . . .1,499 
 Frankstown, (borough,) 
 
 Huntingdon county, Pa. . . 357 
 Frederick County, Virginia, 14,242 
 
 Frederick Comity, Md 36,405 
 
 Frederick, Knox county, O. . .444 
 Frederick, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,217 
 
 Fredericksburg, Muskingum 
 
 county, Ohio, 163 
 
 Fredonia, Calhoun countv, 
 
 Michigan, . ... 343 
 
 Fredonia, Crawford county, 
 
 Indiana, 136 
 
 Fredonia, Licking co., 107 
 
 Freedom, Adams co., Pa 465 
 
 Freedom, Beaver co., Pa 384 
 
 Freedom, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York, 1,831 
 
 Freedom, Henry co., 105 
 
 Freedom, Lafayette county, 
 
 Missouri, 415 
 
 Freedom, Portage co., 888 
 
 Freedom, Strafford county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 926 
 
 Freedom, Waldo county, 
 
 Maine, 1,153 
 
 Freedom, Washtenaw co., 
 
 Michigan, 956 
 
 Freedom, Wood co., 248 
 
 Freehold, Monmouth co., 
 
 New Jersey, 6,303 
 
 Freehold, Warren co., Pa. . . 778 
 Freeman, Franklin countv, 
 
 Maine, ". ... 838 
 
 Freeport, (borough,) Arm- 
 strong county, Pa 727 
 
 Freeport, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 2,662 
 
 Freeport, Harrison co., O. . .1,285 
 Freeport, Stephenson co., 
 
 Illinois, 491 
 
 Freetown, Bristol county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,772 
 
 Freetown, Cortland county, 
 
 New York, .' ... 950 
 
 French Creek, Ghatauque 
 
 county, N^ew York, 621 
 
 French Creek, Mercer co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 981 
 
 French Creek, Venango 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .... 737 
 French, Hartford, Jefferson, 
 
 and Monroe, Adams co., 
 
 Indiana; 331 
 
GEORGETOWN 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Frenehtown, Monroe co., 
 
 Michigan, 833 
 
 Friendship, Alleghany co., 
 
 New York, 1,244 
 
 Friendship, Lincoln co., Me.. .725 
 Fryburg Academy Grant, 
 
 Oxford county, Maine, .... 153 
 Fryeburg, Oxford co., Me.. .1,536 
 Fulton, Callaway co., Mo.. .3,052 
 Fulton County, Illinois, . . 13,142 
 
 Fulton County, N. Y 18,049 
 
 Fulton County, Indiana, . . 1,993 
 
 Fulton, Fountain co., Ind 057 
 
 Fulton, Hamilton co., O. . . 1,500 
 Fulton, Schoharie co., N. Y. 2,147 
 
 Fulton, Sevier co., Ark 333 
 
 Gadsden County, Middle- 
 sex, Florida, 5,992 
 
 Gaines, Orleans co, N. Y.. .2,208 
 Gaines, Tiosa county, Pa. . . 215 
 Gainsville, Genesee county, 
 
 New York, 1,437 
 
 Galen, Wayne co., N. Y. . . 4,234 
 Galena, Jo Daviess county, 
 
 Illinois, 1,843 
 
 Galena, Franklin co., Mo 803 
 
 Gallatin county, (excluding 
 
 Warsaw,) Kentucky,. . . .3,403 
 Gallatin, Columbia county, 
 
 New York, 1,644 
 
 Gallatin County, Ky 4,003 
 
 Gallatin County, Illinois,. .10,700 
 Gallatin, Oavicss co., Mo. . .1,407 
 Callaway, Atlantic co., N.J. 2,208 
 Gallia County, Ohio, .... 13,444 
 Gallipolis, Gallia county, O. 1,413 
 Gaily Rock, Pope co., Ark. . . 219 
 Galway, Saratoga co., N. Y. 2,412 
 Gambier, Knox county, O. . . 292 
 Gardiner, Kennebec co., Me. 5,042 
 Gardiner, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,200 
 
 Garland, Penobscot co., Me. 1,005 
 Garrard County, (excluding 
 
 Lancaster,) Ky 10,000 
 
 Garrard County, Ky 10,480 
 
 Gasconade County, Mo. . . 5,330 
 Gasper, Preble county, O. . . 830 
 
 Gates County, N. C 8,101 
 
 Gates, Monroe county, N. Y. 1,728 
 Geauga County, Ohio,. . . . 10,297 
 Genesee, Alleghany co., N. Y. 578 
 
 Genesee County, Mich 4,268 
 
 Genesee County, N. Y. . . 59,587 
 Genesee, Genesee co., Mich.. .425 
 Genesee, Livingston co., N. Y. 2,892 
 Genesee, Milwaukee co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 238 
 
 Genesee, I'otter county, Pa. . . 127 
 Genesee town, Milwaukee 
 
 county, Wiskonsin, 238 
 
 Geneva, Ashtabula co., O.. .1,295 
 Geneva town, Walworth 
 
 county, Wiskonsin, 595 
 
 Genoa, Cayuga co., N. Y.. .2,593 
 Genoa, Delaware county, O. 1,193 
 Genoa, Livingston co., Mich. 504 
 
 George, Oceana co., Mich 38 
 
 Georges, Fayette co., Pa. . . 2,371 
 
 Georgetown, D. C 7,312 
 
 Georgetown District, S. C. 18,274 
 Georgetown, Essex county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,540 
 
 ( 23 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Georgetown, Floyd co., Ind. . .905 
 Georgetown, Lincoln co., 
 
 Maine, 1,356 
 
 Georgetown, Madison co., 
 
 New York, 1,130 
 
 Georgetown, Scott co., Ky.. .1,511 
 Georgetown, Vermilion co., 
 
 Illinois, 193 
 
 Georgia, 691,392 
 
 Georgia, Franklin co., Vt. . .2,100 
 German, Allen county, O. . . 850 
 German, Bartholomew co., 
 
 Indiana, 839 
 
 German, Cape Girardeau 
 
 county, Missouri, 771 
 
 German, Chenango county, 
 
 New York, 965 
 
 German, Clark county, O. . . 1,666 
 German, Darke county, O.. .1,178 
 German, Harrison co., O. . . 1,369 
 German, Holmes county, O. 1,295 
 German, Lucas county, O. . . 452 
 Gennan, Madison co., Mo. . . 417 
 German, Mercer county, O. 1,499 
 German, Montgomery co., 
 
 Ohio, 2,728 
 
 Gennan Flats, Herkimer 
 
 county, New York, .... 3,245 
 Germantown, Fayette co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,310 
 
 Germantown, Columbia co., 
 
 New York, 909 
 
 Germantown, Philadelphia 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . . .5,482 
 Germany, Adams co., Pa.. .1,553 
 Gerry, Chatauque co., N. Y. 1,288 
 Gettysburg, Adams co., Pa. 1,908 
 Ghent, Columbia co., N. Y. 2,558 
 
 Gibson, Clearfield co., Pa 170 
 
 Gibson County, Indiana, . . 8,977 
 Gibson County, Tennessee, 13,689 
 
 Gibson, Darke county, 276 
 
 Gibson, Gasconade co., Mo. . .808 
 Gibson, Susquehanna CO., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,219 
 
 Gibson, Washington co., Ind. 738 
 
 Gilead, Branch co., Mich 214 
 
 Gilead, Oxford county. Me. . . 313 
 
 Gilead, Calhoun co.,"lU 507 
 
 Gilead, Marion county, O.. .1,150 
 Giles County, Tennessee, 21,494 
 Giles County, Virginia, . . . .5,307 
 Gilford, Stratford co., N. H. 2,072 
 
 Gill, Franklin co., Mass 798 
 
 Gilmanton, Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 3,485 
 
 Gilmer County, Georgia, . . 2,536 
 Gilsum, Cheshire co., N. II.. .050 
 
 Girard, Branch co., Mich 452 
 
 Guard, Clearfield co., Pa. . . 349 
 Girard, Erie county, Pa. . . 2,060 
 Glasgow city, Barren co., Ky. 505 
 Glass Lake, Jackson co., 
 
 Michigan, 1,127 
 
 Glastenbury, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,077 
 
 Glastonbury, Bennington co., 
 
 Vermont, 53 
 
 Glenburn, Penobscot co., Me. 064 
 Glenn, Montgomery co.,N.Y. 3,678 
 Glenville, Schenectady co., 
 
 New York, 3,068 
 
 Gloucester County, N. J.. .25,438 
 
 GRAND RIVER 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Gloucester County, Va. . . 10,715 
 Gloucester, Essex co., Mass. 6,350 
 Gloucester, Gloucester co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,837 
 
 Gloucester, Providence co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 2,304 
 
 Glover, Orleans co., Vt 1,1 19 
 
 Glynn County, Georgia, . . 5,302 
 Goffstown, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 2,376 
 
 Golden, Erie county, N. Y. 1,088 
 Golesburg Township, UN. 
 
 range, 1 E. Kaox co., 111. . .323 
 
 Goochland County, Va 9,760 
 
 Good Hope, Hocking co., O.. .409 
 
 Gorham, Coos co., N. II 156 
 
 Gorham, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 3,001 
 
 Gorham. Lucas co., 342 
 
 Gorham, Ontario co., N. Y. 2,770 
 
 Goshen, Addison co., Vt 621 
 
 Goshen, Allen county, 236 
 
 Goshen, Belmont co., O. . . 1,-880 
 Goshen, Champaign co., O. 1,407 
 Goshen, Clermont co., O. . . 1,442 
 Goshen, Columbiana co., O. 1,392 
 Goshen, Hampshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 556 
 
 Goshen, Hardin county, O. . .550 
 Goshen, Litchfield county, 
 
 Connecticut, 1,527 
 
 Goshen, Macon co., Mo 718 
 
 Goshen, Orange co., N. Y.. .3,889 
 Goshen, Sullivan co., N. IL. .77i_; 
 Goshen, Tuscarawas co., O. 1,88a 
 Goshen Gore, by Flainfield, 
 
 Caledonia county, Vt 44 
 
 Goshen Gore, by Wheelock, 
 
 Caledonia county, Vt 142 
 
 Gosport, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 115 
 
 Gouldsborough, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine, 7,198 
 
 Gouvcmeur, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, 2,538 
 
 Grafton County, N. H. . . 42,311 
 Grafton, Grafton co., N. H. 1,201 
 Grafton, Lorrain county, O.. .713 
 Grafton, Rensselaer co, N.Y. 2,019 
 Grafton, Windham co., Vt. 1,326 
 Grafton, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,943 
 
 Graham, Jefferson co., Ind.. .1,199 
 Grainger County, Tenn. . . 10,572 
 Granby, Essex county, Vt. . . 105 
 Granby, Hamps'e co., Mass.. .97] 
 Granby, Hartford co., Conn. 2,609 
 Granby, Oswego co., N. Y. 2,3»5 
 Grand Blanc, Genesee co., 
 
 Michigan, 782 
 
 Grand Detour, Ogle co., 111. . .308 
 Grand Isle County, Vt.. . . .3,883 
 Grand Isle, Grand Isle co., Vt. 724 
 
 Grand, Marion county, 605 
 
 Grand Prairie, Marion co., O. 717 
 Grand River, Caldwell co., 
 
 Missouri, 302 
 
 Grand River, Carroll co., Mo. 1,001 
 Grand River, Livingston 
 
 county, Missouri, - • 1*«* 
 
 Grand River, Rives co., Mo.. .999 
 Grand River, Van Buren co., 
 
 Missouri, 650 
 
GREEN 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Grand View, Washington 
 
 county, Ohio, 514 
 
 Granger, Alleghany co., N. Y. 1,064 
 Granger, Medina county, O. . . 950 
 
 Grant County, Indiana, 4,875 
 
 Grant County, Kentucky, . .4,192 
 Grant County, Wiskons'in,. .3,926 
 Grantham, Sullivan county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,036 
 
 Granville, Addison'co., Vt. . . 545 
 Granville, Bradford co., Pa. . . 651 
 Granville County, N. C. . .18,817 
 Granville, Hampden co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,414 
 
 Granville, Mercer co., O. . . . '339 
 Granville, Mifflin co., Pa. . ! 1,016 
 Granville, Milwaukee co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 225 
 
 Granville, Muskingum co., O. 156 
 Granville, (town,) Licking 
 
 county, Ohio, 727 
 
 Granville town, Milwaukee 
 
 co., Wiskonsin, 225 
 
 Granville, (township,) Lick- 
 
 ing county, Ohio, 1,523 
 
 Granville, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 3846 
 
 Grape Grove, Ray co., Mo. . .564 
 Gratiot, Muskingum co., O. . . 108 
 Gratis, Preble county, O. . . 1,931 
 Graves County, Kentucky, .7/105 
 Gravesend, Kings co., N. Y.. .799 
 Gray, Cumberland co., Me.. .1,740 
 Gray. Gasconade co., Mo. . . l'o~4 
 Grayson County, Virginia, .9,'o87 
 
 Grayson, Owen co., Ind 475 
 
 Grayston County, Ky. ... 4 461 
 Gr. Barringfon, Berkshire ' 
 
 county, Massachusetts, ^704 
 Great Bend, Susq. co., Pa. . .859 
 Great Egg Harbor, Atlantic 
 
 county, N. J 2 739 
 
 Great Valley, Cattaraugus' ' 
 
 county, New York, 852 
 
 Greece, Monroe co., N. Y.. .3 669 
 Green, Adams county, O. 1086 
 Green, Beaver county, Pa.. . L500 
 i*reen, Brown county, O. 358 
 
 Green Camp, Marion co., 6. .361 
 Wen, Clark county, Ohio, 1,059 
 ^rreen, Clinton county, O. 1 833 
 trreen County, Ky 14212 
 
 Green, Fayettcville, (borough,)' 
 
 franklin co.. P a ° 41 1 
 
 Green, Polk county, Mo,... 599 
 Green, Franklin county, Pa. 2,518 
 Green, Gallia county, O. 1047 
 Green Creek, Sandusky co. ' 
 
 Ohio, 1,186 
 
 Green, Hamilton co., O. . 2,939 
 Green, Harrison county, O. L467 
 Green, Hancock co., Ind.. . . .'837 
 Green, Hocking county, O.. 1.189 
 Green, Lafayette co., O. . . 1622 
 Green, Livingston co., Mo. . .397 
 Green, Monroe county, O. ..937 
 Green, Noble county, Ind. . ' 99 
 Green Oak, Livingston co., 
 
 Michigan, 754 
 
 Green, Bike county, Pa. ". " "l7g 
 Green, Randolph co., Ind. . . 596 
 Green, Richland county, O.. 1,998 
 Green, Ross county, Ohio, 1 ,8 :> 
 
 ( 24 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Green, Scioto co., Ohio, . . 974 
 Green, Shelby county, O. . . 762 
 Green's Fork, Randolph 
 
 county, Ind 1,572 
 
 Green, Summit county, O. 1,536 
 Green, Sussex co., N. J. . . 777 
 Green, Trumbull co., O. . . . 040 
 Greene, Wayne co., Ind. . 1,373 
 Green, Wayne co., O. . . . 1,751 
 Green Village, in Green, 
 
 Columbiana county, O. . . 153 
 Greenbrier County, Va. . . 8,695 
 Greenbrier, Independence 
 
 county, Ark 550 
 
 Greenburg, Westchester 
 
 county. New York, . . . 3,361 
 Greenbush, Rensselaer co., 
 
 N. Y 3,701 
 
 Givencastle, Putnam county, 
 
 Indiana 2,258 
 
 Greene, Chenango co., N. Y. 3,462 
 
 Greene County, 8.321 
 
 Greene County, Alabama, 24,024 
 Greene County, Ark. . . . 1,586 
 Greene County, Ga. ... 11.690 
 
 Greene County, 111 11.951 
 
 Greene County, Mi 1,636 
 
 Greene County, Mo 5.372 
 
 Greene County, N. C. . . 6,595 
 Greene County, N. Y. . . 30,446 
 
 Greene County, 17,523 
 
 Greene County, Pa. . . . 19,147 
 Greene County, Tenn. . . 10,070 
 
 Greene County, Va 4,232 
 
 Greene County, Wiskonsin, 933 
 Greene, Greene co., Pa. ... 01 1 
 Greene, Indiana co., Pa. . . 2,321 
 Greene, Kennebec co., Me. 1,400 
 Greenfield, Bedford co., Pa. 1,830 
 Greenfield, (borough,) Wash. 
 
 county, Pa 264 
 
 Greenfield, Fairfield co., O. 2,138 
 Greenfield, Franklin co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,750 
 
 Greenfield, Gallia co., O. . . 039 
 Greenfield, Hancock co , 
 
 Maine, 223 
 
 Greenfield, Hillsborough 
 
 county, N. H 834 
 
 Greenfield, Huron co., O. . 1,460 
 Greenfield, La Grange co., 
 
 Indiana, 502 
 
 Greenfield. Luzerne co., Pa. 1,430 
 Greenfield, Orange co., Ind. 035 
 Greenfield, Poinsettco., Ark. 283 
 Greenfield, Saratoga county, 
 
 New York 2,803 
 
 Greenfield , Wayne co., Mich. 738 
 Greenland, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 720 
 
 Greenport, Columbia co., 
 
 New York, |,]01 
 
 Greensborough, Henry co., 
 
 Indiana, 945 
 
 Greensboro', Orl'ns co., Vt. 883 
 Greensburg, (borough,) 
 
 Westmoreland co., Pa. . 800 
 Greensburg city, Greene co., 
 
 Kentucky, 585 
 
 Greensburg, Putnam co., O. 276 
 Greenbush, Penobscot co , 
 
 Maine 201 ' 
 
 Greensville County, Ya. . . 6,366 
 
 GUSTAVUS 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Greenup county, Ky , 6,297 
 
 Greenville, Clark co., Ark. 152 
 Greenville, Darke co., O. . . 2,006 
 
 Greenville Dist., S. C 17,839 
 
 Greenville, Erie co., Penn . . 872 
 Greenville, Floyd co., Ind. 1,421 
 Greenville, Greene county, 
 
 New York 2,338 
 
 Greenville, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine, 128 
 
 Greenville, Saline co., Mo. 451 
 Greenville, Somerset co., Pa. 572 
 Greenwich, Berks co., Pa. . 1,629 
 Greenwich, Cumberland co., 
 
 New Jersey, 918 
 
 Greenwich, Gloucester co., 
 
 New Jersey 2,958 
 
 Greenwich, Fairfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,921 
 
 Greenwich. Hampshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 824 
 
 Greenwich, Huron co., O. . 1,1 16 
 Greenwich, Warrenco., N.J. 2,902 
 Greenwich, Washington co., 
 
 ^ New York 3,382 
 
 Greenwood, Columbia co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,217 
 
 Greenwood, Crawford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,171 
 
 Greenwood, Juniata co., Pa., 1,237 
 Greenwood, Millerstown 
 
 (borough ,) Perry co.. Pa., 371 
 Greenwood, Oxford co., Me. 836 
 Greenwood, Perry co., Pa., 725 
 Greenwood, Steuben co., 
 
 New York 1,138 
 
 Gregg, Centre county, Pa., 1,671 
 Greig, Lewis co., N.'Y. . . 592 
 Griffin. Conway co., Ark. . 306 
 Griggs, Van Buren co., Ark., 579 
 Griswold, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut 2,166 
 
 Gross Point, Cook co., III. . 330 
 Groton, Caledonia co., Vt, 928 
 Groton, Erie co.. Ohio, . . 854 
 Groton, Grafton co., N. H. 870 
 Groton, Middlesex county, 
 
 Massachusetts ".2,139 
 
 Groton, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,903 
 
 Groton, Tompkins co., N.Y. 3,618 
 Grove, Allegheny co., N.Y. 023 
 Grove, Clinton co., Pa. . . 239 
 Groveland, Livingston co., 
 
 New York 2,000 
 
 Groveland, Oakland co , 
 
 Michigan __ 655 
 
 Guernsey County, Ohio, . .27,748 
 Guilderland, Albany co., 
 
 New York 2,790 
 
 Guildhall, Essex co., Vt., . 470 
 Guilford, Chcnangoco., N.Y. 2,827 
 Guilford County. N. C. . .111,175 
 Guilford, Franklin co., Pa. 3,125 
 Guilford in Hanover, Co- 
 lumbiana co., Ohio, ... 210 
 Guilford, Medina co.. Ohio, 1,400 
 Guilford, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,412 
 
 Guilford, Piscataquis co., Me. 892 
 Guilford, Windham co., Vt. 1,525 
 Gum Log, Pope co., Ark. . 205 
 Gustavus, Trumbull co., O. 1,159 
 
HAMPTON 
 
 Names < f Paces. Population. 
 
 Guyan, Gallia county, Ohio, 343 
 Gwinnedd, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,589 
 
 Gwinnett County, Georgia, 10,804 
 Habersham County, Ga.. . 7,961 
 Hackensack, Eergen county, 
 
 New Jersey, 2,631 
 
 Hacketash Island, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 18 
 
 Haddam, Middlesex county, 
 
 Connecticut, 2,598 
 
 Hadley, Hampshire county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,874 
 
 Hadley, Lapeer co., Mich., 305 
 Hadley, Saratoga co., N. Y. 865 
 Hague, Warren co., N. Y. 010 
 Hale, Hardin county, Ohio, 267 
 Hale Location, Coos co., N.H. 6 
 Halfmoon, Centre co., Pa. . 1,400 
 Halfmoon, Saratoga county, 
 
 New York, 2,031 
 
 Halifax County, N. C, . . 16,805 
 Halifax County, Virginia,. .25,930 
 Halifax, Dauphin co., Pa., . 2,008 
 Halifax, PIymouthco.,Mass., 734 
 Halifax, Windham co., Vt., 1,39!) 
 Hall County, Georgia, . . . 7,875 
 Hallowell, Kennebec county, 
 
 Maine 4,054 
 
 HamLlin, Brown co., Ind., . 721 
 Hamburg, Calhoun co., 111., 214 
 Hamburg, Erie co., N. Y. . 3,727 
 Hamburg', Livingston co., 
 
 Michigan, 002 
 
 Hamden, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,797 
 
 Hamilton, Adams co., Pa.,. 1,009 
 Hamilton Ban, Adams co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,460 
 
 Hamilton, Butler county, O. 1,409 
 Hamilton County, Illinois, . 3,945 
 Hamilton County, Indiana, 9,855 
 Hamilton County, Middle 
 
 Florida, 1,404 
 
 Hamilton County, N. Y.,. . 1,907 
 Hamilton County, Ohio, . .80,145 
 Hamilton County, Tcnn.. . 8,175 
 Hamilton, Essex co., Mass., 818 
 Hamilton, Franklin co., O., 1,119 
 Hamilton, Franklin co., Pa., 1,719 
 Hamilton, Jackson co., O., . 415 
 Hamilton, M'Kean co., Pa., 52 
 Hamilton, Madison co., N.Y., 3,738 
 Hamilton, Monroe co., Pa., 1,508 
 Hamilton, Van Buren co., 
 
 Michigan, 145 
 
 Hamilton, Warren co., O. . 1,711 
 Hamlin's Grant, Oxford co., 
 
 Maine, 80 
 
 Hammond, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, .... 1 ,845 
 Hampden County, Mass., .37,300 
 Hampden, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 1,409 
 
 Hampden, Geauga co., O., 840 
 H ampden, Penobscot co., 
 
 Maine, 2,003 
 
 Hampshire County, Mass., 30,897 
 Hampshire County, Va., . .12,5295 
 II ampstead, Rock'm co.,N .H. 890 
 Hampton, Hampton precinct, 
 
 Rock Island co., Illinois, . 04 
 
 ( 25 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 H ampton precinct, Rock 
 
 Island county, Illinois, . . 391 
 Hampton, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,320 
 
 Hampton, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 972 
 
 H ampton, Windham county, 
 
 Connecticut, 1,100 
 
 Hamptonburg, Orange co., 
 
 New York, 1,379 
 
 Hampton Falls, Rocking- 
 ham county, N. H., .... 056 
 Hamtramck, Wayne county, 
 
 Michigan, 1,797 
 
 Hancock, Addison co., Vt., 465 
 Hancock, Berkshire county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 922 
 
 Hancock County, Georgia, 9,659 
 Hancock County, Illinois,. . 9,946 
 Hancock County, Indiana, . 7,535 
 Hancock County, Kentucky, 2,581 
 Hancock County, Maine,. ".28,605 
 Hancock County, Mississippi, 3,367 
 Hancock County, Ohio, . . 9,986 
 Hancock, Delaware county, 
 
 New York, 1,026 
 
 Hancock, Hancock co., Me., 760 
 Hancock, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,345 
 
 Handy, Livingstonco.,Mieh., loti 
 Hannibal, Oswego co.,N.Y., 2,269 
 Hanover, Beaver co., Pa.,. . 1,602 
 Hanover, (borough,) York 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 1 ,070 
 Hanover, Butler co., Ohio, . 1,6S0 
 Hanover, Chatauque county, 
 
 New York, 3,998 
 
 Hanover, Cook county, J 11., 288 
 Hanover County, Virginia, 14,968 
 Hanover, Dauphin co., Pa., 2,772 
 Hanover, Grafton eo., N. H., 2,613 
 Hanover, in Hanover, Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, . 424 
 Hanover, Jackson co., Mich., 7J4 
 Hanover, Lehigh county, Pa., 1 ,34 1 
 Hanover, Jefferson co., Ind., 840 
 Hanover, Licking co., Ohio, 943 
 Hanover, Luzerne co., Pa., 1,938 
 Hanover, Morris co., N. J., 3,909 
 Hanover, Northampton co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 382 
 
 Hanover, Plymouth county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,488 
 
 Hanover, Richland co., O., . 1,485 
 Hanover, Shelby co., Ind., . 1,438 
 Hanover, Wash'ton co., Pa., 2,002 
 Hanson, Plymouth county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,040 
 
 Harbor Island, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine, 4 
 
 Harbor Island, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine, 9 
 
 Harbour Creek, Erie co., Pa., 1 ,843 
 Hardiman County, Tenn., . 14,563 
 Hardin, Conway co., Ark., 428 
 Hardin County, Illinois, . . 1,378 
 Hardin County, Ohio,. . . . 4,598 
 Hardin County, Kentucky, 16,357 
 Hardin County, Tennessee, 8,245 
 Hardinsburg city, Brecken- 
 
 ridge county, Kentucky, 634 
 Hardwick, Caledoniaco., Vt., 1 ,354 
 
 HARRISON 
 
 Names of Places. Popu'ation. 
 
 Hardwick, Warrenco.,N.Y., 1,954 
 Hardwick, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,789 
 
 Hardy County, Virginia,. . 7,622 
 Hardy, Holmes county, O., 1,982 
 Hardy ston, Sussex co.,N.J., 2,831 
 i 1 ait; u d County, Maryland, 1 7, 1 2 1 
 H arios, Centre county, Pa., 2,002 
 H;.rkness, Peoria co/lll.,. . 375 
 Harlan County, Kentucky, 3,015 
 Harlem, Delaware co., Ohio, 963 
 Harmer, corporation, Wash- 
 ington county, Ohio,. . . . 692 
 Harmony, Chatauque co., 
 
 New York, 3,340 
 
 Harmony, Clark county, 0-, 1,660 
 Harmony, Delaware co., O, 676 
 Harmony, Perry co., Ind., . 1,764 
 Harmony, Somerset co., Me., 1 ,096 
 Harmony, Susquehanna co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 523 
 
 Harmony, Van Buren co., 
 
 Missouri, 569 
 
 Harmony, Warren co.,N. J. 1,602 
 Harmony, Washington co., 
 
 Missouri, , . . 789 
 
 Harpensficld, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 1,708 
 
 Harperstield, Ashtabula co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,387 
 
 Harpswell, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 1,448 
 
 Harrington, Bergen county, 
 
 New Jersey, 1,130 
 
 Harrington, YVashingtonco., 
 
 Maine, 1,542 
 
 Harris County, Georgia, . . 13,933 
 Harris, Centre county, Pa., 1,978 
 Harris, Ottawa county, O. . 318 
 H arris Gore, Caledoniaco., Vt. 1 6 
 Harrisburg, Dauphin co., Pa. 5,980 
 Harrisburg, Franklin co., O. 81 
 Harrisburg, Lewis co., N.Y. 850 
 Harrodsburg, town, Mercer 
 
 county, Kentucky, .... 1,254 
 Harrison, Blackford county, 
 
 Indiana, 387 
 
 Harrison, Carroll county, O. 1 ,3f 8 
 H arrison, Champaign co., O., 790 
 Harrison, Clay county, Ind. 674 
 Harrison, Cole county, Mo., 547 
 Harrison County, Indiana, 12,489 
 Harrison County, Ky. . . . 12,472 
 Harrison County, Ohio, . .20,099 
 Harrison County, Virginia, 17,669 
 Harrison, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 1,243 
 
 Harrison, Darke county, O. l,Go7 
 Harrison, Fayette co.. Ind. 1,690 
 Harrison, Gallia county, O. 688 
 Harrison, Hancock co., Ind. 31!) 
 Harrison, Harrison co., Ind. 3,253 
 Harrison, Henry co., Ind. . 788 
 Harrison, Hudson co., N. J. 1,156 
 Harrison, Jackson co., O. . 378 
 Harrison, Knox county, O. 833 
 Harrison, Licking co., O. . 870 
 Harrison, Logan county, O. 658 
 H arrison, Macomb co., M ich. 395 
 Harrison, Muskingum co., O., 641 
 Harrison, Owen county, Ind. 401 
 H arrison, Perry co., Ohio, , 1,034 
 
HAW CREEK 
 
 ( 2G ) 
 
 HOCK LING 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Harrison, Pickaway co., O. 1,149 
 Harrison, Potter county, Pa. 497 
 Harrison, Preble county, O. 1,706 
 Harrison, Ross county, O 031 
 Harrison, Scioto county, O. 086 
 Harrison, Van Wert co., 0. 163 
 Harrison, Westchester co., 
 
 New York, - - - - 1,139 
 Harrisville, Medina co., O. 1,255 
 Hart. Warwick county, Ind. 88S 
 Hart County, Kentucky, - 7,031 
 Hartford County, Conn. - 55,628 
 Hartford County, Md. - 17,120 
 Hartford city, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, - - - - 9,468 
 Hartford, Oxford co., Me. 1,472 
 Hartford, Pike county, Mo. 776 
 Hartford, Susqu'a co., Pa. 1,179 
 Hartford (town,) Licking 
 
 county, Ohio, - - - - 1 06 
 Hartford town, (Ohio co.,) 
 
 Kentucky, - - - - 309 
 Hartford (township,) Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio, - - 1,249 
 Hartford, Trumbull co., O. 1,123 
 Hartford, Van Buren co., 
 
 Michigan, 76 
 
 Hartford, Washington co., 
 
 New York, .... 2,1(54 
 Hartford, Windsor co., Vt. 2,194 
 Hartland, Hartford county, 
 
 Connecticut, .... 1,060 
 Hartland, Huron co., Ohio, 925 
 Hartland, Livingston co., 
 
 Michigan, 570 
 
 Hartland, Niagara county, 
 
 New York, - - - - 2,350 
 Hartland, Somerset county, 
 
 Maine, 1,028 
 
 Hartland, Windsor co., Vt. 2,341 
 Hartley, Union county, Pa. 1 ,866 
 H art's Grove, Ashtabula co., 
 
 Ohio, 553 
 
 H art's Location, Coos co., 
 
 New Hampshire, - - 44 
 
 Hartwich, Otsego co., N. Y. 2,490 
 Harvard, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, ... 1,571 
 Harwich, Barnstable county, 
 
 Massachusetts. - - - 2,930 
 Harwin, Litchfield count}-., 
 
 Connecticut. .... 1,201 
 Harwinton, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, - - - - 1,201 
 Hastings, Barry co., Mich. 279 
 igs, Oswego co., N.Y. 1,!)83 
 Hatch and Cleave's Grant, 
 on State's Land, Grafton 
 county, New Hampshire, 4 
 
 Hat Creek, Taney co., Mo. 181 
 Hatfield, i lanipshire county, 
 
 Massachusetts, - - - 933 
 Hatfield, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, ... 895 
 'laverfbrd, Delaware co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, - - - 1,139 
 Haverhill, Essex co., Mass. 4,336 
 Haverhill, Grafton county, 
 
 New Hampshire, - - 2,784 
 Haverstraw, Rockland co., 
 
 New York, .... 3,440 
 Haw ( n<k, Bartholomew 
 county, Indiana, - - - 1,265 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Haw Creek, Morgan county, 
 
 Missouri. 608 
 
 Hawkins County, Term. 15,035 
 llawley, Franklin county, 
 
 Massachusetts, ... 977 
 
 Haycock, Bucks co., Pa. - 1,021 
 
 Hayfield. Crawford co., Pa. 1,401 
 
 Haywood County, N. C. 4 
 
 Haywood County, Tenn. 
 
 Hazle, Luzerne county. Pa. 
 
 Heard County, Georgia, - 
 
 Hearsley, Genesee county, 
 
 Michigan, - - - - - 
 
 Heath, Franklin co., Mass. 
 
 Heath, Harrison co., Ind. 
 
 Hebron, Grafton co., N. H. 
 
 Hebron, Licking county, O. 
 
 Hebron, Oxford county, Me. 
 
 Hebron, Potter county, Pa. 
 
 Hebron, Tolland co., Conn. 1,732 
 
 Hebron, Washington co., 
 
 New York, - - - - 
 
 Hector, Potter county, Pa. 
 
 Hector, Tompkins county, 
 
 New York, .... 
 
 Heidelburg, Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Heidelburg, Lebanon eo., 
 
 Pennsylvania, ... 
 
 Heidelburg, Lehigh co., Pa. 2,354 
 
 Heidelburg, York co., Pa. 1,528 
 
 Hellam, York county, Pa. 
 
 Helt, Vermilion co, Ind. 
 
 Hemlock, Columbia county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, - - - 
 
 Hemplield, Westmoreland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, - 
 
 Hempstead, Queens county, 
 
 New York, .... 
 
 Hempstead County, Ark. 
 
 Henderson County, Ky. - 
 
 Henderson County, N. C. 
 
 Henderson County, Tenn. 11,875 
 
 Henderson, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, - - - 
 
 Henderson, Jefferson co., 
 
 New York, - - - - 
 
 H endersonville , town s! rip, 
 
 12 N. range, 1 E. Knox 
 
 comity, Illinois, - - - 
 
 Hendricks County, Ind. - 11,264 
 
 Hendricks, Shelby county, 
 
 Indiana, ----- 879 
 Henniker, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, - - 1,715 
 Henrico County, Virginia, 33,076 
 Henrietta, Jackson county, 
 
 Michigan, - - - 
 Henrietta, Lorrain co., O. 
 Henrietta, Monroe county, 
 New York, - - - - 
 Henry Clay, Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, ... 
 Henry Comity, Alabama, 5,787 
 Henry County, Georgia, 11,756 
 Henry County, Illinois, - 1,260 
 Henry County, Indiana, - 15,128 
 Henry County, Kentucky, 10,015 
 Henry County, Ohio, - - 2,503 
 Henry County, Tennessee, 14,906 
 Henry County, Virginia, - 1^335 
 Henry, Henry county, hid. 1,318 
 Henry, Iowa, .... 3,772 
 Henry, M a -shall co., Ill ; nois, 1 77 
 
 13,870 
 
 893 
 5,329 
 
 115 
 
 895 
 1,354 
 
 508 
 473 
 
 945 
 162 
 
 2,493 
 119 
 
 5,652 
 3,539 
 
 2,827 
 
 1,421 
 2,125 
 
 957 
 
 4,772 
 
 7,609 
 4,921 
 9,548 
 5,129 
 
 1,555 
 2,480 
 
 271 
 
 - 2,369 
 
 1,271 
 
 1,042 
 632 
 
 629 
 
 7,484 
 
 1,158 
 8,968 
 
 719 
 
 823 
 1,831 
 
 884 
 
 566 
 
 2/7 
 743 
 
 2,085 
 
 891 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Henry, Wood county, Ohio, 213 
 Hepburn, Lycoming co., Pa. 1 ,570 
 Hereford, Berks co., Pa. 1,235 
 Herkimer County, N. Y. 37,477 
 Herkimer, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York, - 
 
 Herman. St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York. .... 
 
 Hermon, Penobscot county, 
 
 Maine, - - - - - 
 
 Herrick, Bradford co., Pa. 
 
 Herrick, Susquehanna co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, - - - 
 
 Hertford" County, N. C. 
 
 IJeymouth, Atlantic county, 
 
 New Jersey, - - - - 
 
 Hickman County, Ky., - 
 
 Hickman County, Tenn. 8,618 
 
 Hicksville, Williams co., 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Hickory Creek, Will co., 
 
 Illinois, - - - - - 
 
 Hickory Grove, Warren co., 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 | Hickory, Mercer co., Pa. 
 Highgate, Franklin county, 
 
 Vermont, 2,202 
 
 Highland County, Ohio, 22,269 
 Highland, Madison co., 111. 1,151 
 Highland, Muskingum co., 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 | Highland, Oakland county, 
 
 Michigan, - - - - 
 
 I Highland, Vermilion co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,653 
 
 Hilbourn, Madison county, 
 
 Arkansas, ----- 367 
 Hill, Grafton co., N. H. . . 999 
 Hilliar, Knox county, Ohio, 1,012 
 Hillsboro', Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, - - - - 1,807 
 Hillsborough county, East 
 
 Florida, 452 
 
 Hillsborough County, N. H. 42,494 
 Hillsborough, Somerset co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,863 
 
 Hillsdale, Columbia county, 
 
 New York, 2,470 
 
 Hillsdale County, Michigan. 7,240 
 Hill's Gore, 4th range, 
 
 Washington county, Me. 30 
 
 Hilltown, Bucks co., Pa., 1,910 
 
 Hinckley, Medina co., O. - 1,2-3 
 
 Hinds County, Mississippi, 19,098 
 
 Hinesburgh, Chittenden 
 
 county, Vermont, - - 
 
 H iiigham, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts, - - - 
 
 Hinkly township, No. 3, 
 
 1st range, Washington 
 
 county, Maine, - - - 
 
 Hinsdale, Berkshire county, 
 
 Massachusetts, - - - 
 
 Hinsdale, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York, - - - - 
 
 Hinsdale, Cheshire county, 
 
 New Hampshire, - - 
 
 Hiram, Oxford county, Me. 1,233 
 
 Hiram, Portage county, O. 1,080 
 
 Hoadlin, Van Wert county, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Hackling, Fairfield co., O. 
 Heckling County, Ohio, 
 
 1,682 
 3,564 
 
 9 
 
 955 
 1,037 
 1,111 
 
 40 
 2,137 
 
 9,7.11 
 
HOFKINTON 
 
 ( 27 ) 
 
 ITHACA 
 
 Names of Places. Population.! Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Hodgdon, Aroostook co., Me. 6G5 Hopkinton, Washington co., 
 
 Hog Island, Hancock county, 
 
 Maine, 12 
 
 Holbrook Island, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 3 
 
 H olden Plantation, Moose 
 
 river, Somerset co., Me 65 
 
 Holden, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,874 
 
 Holdemess, Grafton county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,528 
 
 Holland, Erie county, N. Y. 1,242 
 Holland, Hampden county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 423 
 
 Holland, Orleans co., Vt 605 
 
 Hollidayshurg, (borough,) 
 
 Huntingdon county, Fa.. .1,896 
 Hollis, Hillsborough county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,333 
 
 Hollis, York county, Maine, 2,363 
 Holliston, Middlesex county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,782 
 
 Holly, Oakland co., Mich 429 
 
 Holmes County, Mi 9,452 
 
 Holmes County, Ohio, 18,088 
 
 Holmes, Crawford county, O. 745 
 Homer, Athens county, 0. . . 912 
 Homer, Calhoun co., Mich. . . 824 
 Homer, Cortland co., N. Y. 3,572 
 Homer, Licking county, O. . .201 
 Homer, Medina county, O. . . 660 
 Honesdale, Wayne co., Pa. 1,086 
 Honeybrook, Chester county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,773 
 
 Hooksett, Merrimack county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,175 
 
 Hoosick, Rensselaer county, 
 
 New York, 3,539 
 
 Hope, Waldo county, Me.. .1,770 
 Hope, Warren county, N. J. 1,690 
 Hopewell, Beaver co., Pa. . . 1,603 
 Hopewell, Bedford county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,213 
 
 Hopewell, Cumberland co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,220 
 
 Hopewell, Cumberland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,036 
 
 Hopewell, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,238 
 
 Hopewell, I licking co., O. . .1,150 
 Hopewell, Mercer co., N. J. 3,205 
 Hopewell, Ontario county, 
 
 New York, 1,976 
 
 Hopewell, Perry county, O. 4,544 
 Hopewell, Seneca co., Ohio, . .913 
 Hopewell, (town,) Muskin- 
 gum county, Ohio, 71 
 
 Hopewell, (township,) Mus- 
 kingum county, Ohio, . . 1 ,735 
 Hopewell, Washington co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,596 
 
 Hopewell, York co., Pa 1,905 
 
 Hopkins Academy Grant, 
 
 Penobscot co., Maine, 3 
 
 Hopkins Co., Kentucky, . . 9,17 i 
 Hopkinsville, (town,) Chris- 
 tian county, Kentucky, . . 1,581 
 Hopkinton, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 2,455 
 
 Hopkinton, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,245 
 
 Hopkinton, St. Lawrence 
 county, New York, .... 1.147 
 
 Rhode Island, 1,726 
 
 Horace, Tioga county, Pa 82 
 
 Horicon, Warren co., N. Y. . .659 
 Hornby, Steuben co., N. Y. 1,048 
 Hornellsville, Steuben co., 
 
 New York, 2,121 
 
 Horry District, S. C 5,755 
 
 Horsehead, Johnson co., Ark. 715 
 Horsham, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,182 
 
 Hot Spring County, Ark. . . 1,907 
 Hot Spring, Hot Spring co., 
 
 Arkansas, 361 
 
 Houlton, Aroostook co., Me. 1,597 
 Hounsileld, Jefferson co., 
 
 New York, 4,146 
 
 Houston, Clearfield co., Pa. . . 129 
 Houston County, Georgia,. .9,71 1 
 
 Howard, Cass co., Mich 370 
 
 Howard, Centre co., Pa. . . 1,409 
 Howard County, Missouri, 13,108 
 Howard, Knox county, O. . . 999 
 Howard's Gore, Oxford co., 
 
 Maine, 131 
 
 Howard, Steuben co., N. Y. 3,247 
 Howell, Livingston co., Mich. 321 
 Howell, Monmouth co., N. J. 4,699 
 Howland, Penobscot co., Me. .322 
 Howland, Trumbull co., O. 1,035 
 Hubbard, Trumbull co., O. . 1,242 
 Hubbardston, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,784 
 
 Hubbard ton, Rutland co., Vt. 719 
 Hudson city, Columbia co., 
 
 New York, 5,672 
 
 Hudson County, N. J 9,483 
 
 Hudson, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,148 
 
 Hudson, Lenawee co., Mich. 599 
 Hudson, Summit co., Ohio, 1 ,220 
 
 Huli, Plymouth co., Mass 231 
 
 Hume, Alleghany co., N. Y. 2,303 
 Humphrey, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York, 444 
 
 Humphreys County, Term. 5,195 
 Hunter, Greene co., N. Y. . 2,019 
 Hunterdon County, N. J. . 24,789 
 Huntingdon, Adams co., Pa. 1,431 
 Huntingdon, (borough,) 
 
 Huntingdon co., Pa 1,145 
 
 Huntingdon County, Pa. . .35,484 
 Huntingdon, Fairfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1 ,323 
 
 Huntingdon, Suffolk co., 
 
 New York, 6,562 
 
 Huntington, Brown co., O. 2,362 
 Huntington, Chittenden co., 
 
 Vermont, 914 
 
 Huntington County, Ind. . . 1,579 
 Huntington, Gallia co., O. . . 971 
 Huntington, Lorrain co., O. . 743 
 Huntington, Luzerne co.. Pa. 1,510 
 Huntington, RdSS co., Ohio, 1,169 
 Huntsburg, Geauga co., O. .911 
 Hurley, Ulster county, N. Y. 2,201 
 Huron County, Ohio, . . 23,933 
 Huron, Erie county, Ohio, . 1,488 
 Huron, Wayne co., Mich. . . 307 
 Huron, Wayne co., N. Y. . 1,943 
 Hurricane, Lincoln co.. Mo. 1 ,795 
 , H listen, Centre county. Pa. . 557 
 | Hyde County, N. C. . . . 6,458 
 
 Names of Places. Population, 
 
 Hyde Park, Dutchess co., 
 
 "New York, 2,364 
 
 Hyde Park, Lamo : lle co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,080 
 
 Iberville, Louisiana, .... 8,495 
 Ida, Monroe county, Mich. . 251 
 
 Illinois, 476,183 
 
 Illinois, Calhoun county, 111. . 132 
 Illinois, Pope county, Ark. . 173 
 Illinois, Washington co., Ark. 519 
 Illinois, Pope county, Ark. . 208 
 Imus's, Jo Daviess county, 111. 401 
 Independence, Alleghany 
 
 county, New York, . . . 1,440 
 Independence County, Ark. 3,669 
 Independence, Cuyahoga 
 
 county, Ohio, 754 
 
 Independence, Oakland co., 
 
 Michigan, 830 
 
 Independence, Macon co., 
 
 Missouri, 545 
 
 Independence, Warren co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,284 
 
 Independence, Washington 
 
 county, Ohio, 335 
 
 Indiana, 685,866 
 
 Indiana, Allegheny co., Pa. 2,697 
 Indiana, (borough,) Indiana 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 674 
 Indiana County, Pa. . . . 20,782 
 Indianapolis, (city,) Marion 
 
 county, Indiana, 2,692 
 
 Indian Creek, and Rattan's 
 
 Prairie, Madison co., 111. . 331 
 Indian Creek, Monroe co., 
 
 Missouri, 572 
 
 Indian River, Sussex co., 
 
 Delaware, 1,755 
 
 Indian Stream, Coos co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 315 
 
 Indian Township, No. 2, 
 
 Penobscot county, Me 6 
 
 Industry, Franklin co., Me. 1,036 
 Ineabar, Lafayette co., Mo. . 392 
 Ingham County, Michigan, 2,498 
 Ingham, Ingham co., Mich. . 273 
 [nlet, Fee county, Illinois, . . 450 
 Ionia, Ionia county, Mich. . . 486 
 Ionia County, Michigan, . . 1,923 
 Iowa County, Wiskonsin, . 3,978 
 
 Iowa Territory, 43,112 
 
 Ipswich, Essex co., Mass. 3,000 
 Ira, Cayuga county, N. Y. 2,283 
 Ira, Rutland county, Vt. . . . 431 
 Ira, St. Clair, Michigan, ... 204 
 [rasburgh, Orleans co., Vt. . 971 
 Iredell County, N. C. . . . 1 5,685 
 Irondequoit, Monroe co., 
 
 New York, 1,252 
 
 Iroquois County, Illinois, . 1,695 
 Irwin County, Georgia, . . 2,038 
 Irwin, Venango county, Pa. 1,111 
 Island Creek, Jefferson co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,867 
 
 Isle La Mott, Grand Isle 
 
 county, Vermont, 435 
 
 Isle of Wight county, Va. . 9,972 
 Islesboro', Waldo co., Maine, 777 
 Islip, Suffolk county, N. Y. 1,909 
 Israel, Preble county, Ohio, 1,547 
 Italy, Yates county, N. Y. . 1,634 
 Itawamba County, Missouri, 5,-',75 
 Ithaca, Tompkins co., N. Y. 5,650 
 
JACKSON 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Jackman's Township, So 
 
 merset county, Maine, - 10 
 Jacks, Blackford co., Ind. - 154 
 Jackson, Allen county, O. - 569 
 Jackson, Brown county, Ind. 500 
 Jackson, Brown county, O. J, 253 
 Jackson, Cambria co., Pa. - 623 
 Jackson, Carroll co., Ark. - 281 
 Jackson, Champaign co., O. 1,431 
 Jackson, Clark county, Mo. 559 
 Jackson, Clay county, Ind. 918 
 Jackson, Clermont co., O. - 833 
 Jackson County, Alabama, 15,715 
 Jackson County, Appalachi- 
 
 cola District, Florida, - 4,631 
 Jackson County, Arkansas, 1,540 
 Jackson County, Georgia,- 8,522 
 Jackson County, Illinois, - 3,566 
 Jackson County, Indiana,- 8,961 
 Jackson County, Mi. - - 1,965 
 Jackson County, Mich. - 13,130 
 Jackson County, Mo. - - 7,612 
 Jackson County, Ohio, - 9,744 
 Jackson County, Tenn. -12,872 
 Jackson County, Va. - - 4,890 
 Jackson, Coos county, N. H. 584 
 Jackson, Coshocton co., O. 1,896 
 Jackson, Columbia co., Pa. 265 
 Jackson, Crawford co., O. - 654 
 Jackson, Darke county, O. 303 
 Jackson, Dauphin co., Fa. - 1,164 
 Jackson, Dearborn co., Ind. 1,007 
 Jackson, Fayette co., Ind.- 1,185 
 Jackson, Fountain co., Ind. 960 
 Jackson, Franklin co., Ohio, 784 
 Jackson, Greene co., Pa. - 1,020 
 Jackson, Guernsey co., O. 1,153 
 Jackson, Hamilton co., Jnd. 1,209 
 Jackson, Hancock co, Ind. 1,142 
 Jackson, Hancock co., Ohio, 630 
 Jackson, Hardin co., Ohio, 260 
 Jackson, Highland co., O.- 2,352 
 Jackson, Hocking co., Ohio, 472 
 Jackson, Iowa, - - - - - 1,411 
 Jackson, Jackson co., Mich. 2,773 
 Jackson, Johnson co., Mo. 1,566 
 Jackson, Knox co., O. - - 994 
 Jackson, Lebanon co., Pa.- 2,508 
 Jackson, Livingston co., Mo. 593 
 Jackson, Lycoming co., Pa. 336 
 Jackson, Macon co., Mo. - 373 
 Jackson, Monroe co., Ark.- 167 
 Jackson, Monroe co., Mo.- 2,905 
 Jackson, Monroe co., Ohio, 805 
 Jackson, Montgomery co., O. 1,683 
 Jackson, Morgan co., Ohio, 920 
 Jackson, Muskingum co., O. 960 
 Jackson, Northumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, - 1,584 
 Jackson, Owen county, Ind. 594 
 Jackson, Orange co., Ind. - 529 
 Jackson, Peoria county, 111. 232 
 Jackson, Perry county, O. - 1,700 
 Jackson, Pickaway co., O. 993 
 Jackson, Pike county, Ohio, 1,094 
 Jackson, Polk county, Mo. 1 ,035 
 Jackson, Preble county, O. 1,260 
 Jackson, Putnam co., Ind. - 923 
 Jackson, Randolph co., Ind. 591 
 Jackson, Ripley county, Ind. 4,936 
 Jackson, Rush county, Ind. 91 4 
 Jackson, Sandusky co., O. - 929 
 Jackson, Seneca co., Ohio, 596 
 
 ( 23 ) 
 
 Names cf Places. Population. 
 
 Jackson, Sevier co., Ark.- 383 
 Jackson, Shelby co., Ind. - 1,511 
 Jackson, Shelby county, O. 478 
 Jackson, Stark county, Ohio, 1,547 
 Jackson, Steuben co., Ind. - 397 
 Jackson, St. Genevieve co., 
 
 Missouri, 302 
 
 Jackson, Susquehanna co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, - - - - 754 
 Jackson, Tioga county, Pa. 1,123 
 Jackson, Taney county, Mo. 687 
 Jackson, Tippecanoe co., Ind. 471 
 Jackson (town,) Jackson co., 
 
 Ohio,- ------ 297 
 
 Jackson, (township,) Jack- 
 son county, Ohio, - - - 410 
 Jackson, Trumbull co., O. 1 ,124 
 Jackson, Union county, Ark. 520 
 Jackson, Union county, O. 352 
 Jackson, Waldo county, Me. 653 
 Jackson, Washington co., 
 
 Indiana, ----- 2,463 
 Jackson, Washington co., 
 
 New York, - - - - 1,730 
 Jackson, Wayne co., Ind. - 3,403 
 Jackson, Wayne co., Ohio, 1,645 
 Jackson, Will county, 111. - 1,072 
 Jackson, Wood county, O. 25 
 
 Jacksonburg, Butler co., O. 136 
 Jaffrey, Cheshire co., N. H. 1,411 
 Jailes, Van Buren co., Ark. 338 
 Jamaica, Queen's co., N. Y. 3,781 
 Jamaica, Windham co., Vt. 1,586 
 James, Steuben county, Ind. 314 
 James, Taney county, Mo. 164 
 James City County, Va. - 3,779 
 James Bayou, Scott co., Mo. 948 
 Jamestown, Newport co., R. I. 365 
 Jarvis Gore, Penob't co., Me. 185 
 Jasco, Livingston co., Mich. 395 
 Jasper County, Illinois, - 1,472 
 Jasper County, Indiana, - 1,267 
 Jasper County, Mississippi, 3,958 
 Jasper County, Georgia, - 11,111 
 Jasper, Newton co., Mo. - 185 
 Jasper, Polk county, Mo. - 556 
 Jasper, Ralls county, Mo. - 530 
 Jasper, Steuben co., N. Y. 1,187 
 Java, Genesee county, N. Y. 2,367 
 Jay, Clearfield county, Pa. 362 
 Jay County, Indiana, - - 3,863 
 Jay, Essex county, N. Y. 2,258 
 Jay, Franklin county, Me. 1,750 
 Jay, Orleans co., Vt. - - 308 
 Jefferson, Adams co., Ohio, 937 
 Jefferson, Allegheny co.. Pa. 1,779 
 Jefferson, Allen county, Ind. 108 
 Jefferson, Ashtabula co., O. 710 
 Jefferson, Buchanan co., Mo. 448 
 Jefferson, Cambria co., Pa. 141 
 Jefferson, Cass co., Mich. - 471 
 Jefferson, (city,) Cole co., 
 
 Missouri, 1,174 
 
 Jefferson, Clark co., Mo. - 357 
 Jefferson, Clinton co., Ohio, 474 
 Jefferson, Coos co., N. H. - 575 
 Jefferson, Coshocton co., O. 771 
 Jefferson County, Alabama, 7,131 
 Jefferson County, Ark. - 2,566 
 Jefferson County, (excluding 
 
 Louisville city,) Ky. - 15,136 
 Jefferson County, Georgia, 7,254 
 Jefferson County, Illinois,- 5,762 
 
 JERSEY 
 
 N;.mes of Places. Popula inn. 
 
 Jefferson County, Indiana, 16,614 
 Jefferson County, Ky. - - 36,346 
 Jefferson County, Middle 
 
 Florida, 5,713 
 
 Jefferson County, Mi. - - 11,650 
 Jefferson County, Mo. - - 4,296 
 Jefferson County, N. Y. - 60,984 
 Jefferson County, O. - - 25,030 
 Jefferson County, Pa. - - 7,253 
 Jefferson County, Tenn. - 12,076 
 Jefferson County, Va. - - 14,082 
 Jefferson Co., Wiskonsin, 914 
 Jefferson, Fayette co., Pa. 1,516 
 Jefferson, Franklin co., O. 1,040 
 Jefferson, Grant co., Ind. - 636 
 Jefferson, Greene co., Pa. - 1,295 
 Jefferson, Guernsey co., O. 941 
 Jefferson, Hamilton co., Ind. 167 
 Jefferson, Iowa, - - - - 2,773 
 Jefferson, Jackson co., O. - 752 
 Jefferson, Johnson co., Mo. 748 
 Jefferson, Knox county, O. 988 
 Jefferson, Lafayette co., O. 1,949 
 Jefferson, Lincoln co., Me. 2,214 
 Jefferson, Livingston co., Mo. 502 
 Jefferson, Logan county, O. 1,527 
 Jefferson, Luzerne co., Pa. - 282 
 Jefferson, Mercer co., Ohio, 363 
 Jefferson, Miami co., Ind. - 481 
 Jefferson, Monroe co., Mo.- 1,507 
 Jefferson, Montgomery co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,895 
 
 Jefferson, Morris co., N. J. 1,412 
 Jefferson, Muskingum co., 0. 1,369 
 Jefferson, Noble co., Ind. - 68 
 Jefferson, Owen co., Ind. - 644 
 Jefferson Parish, La. - 10,470 
 Jefferson, Preble co., Ohio, - 2,164 
 Jefferson, Putnam co., Ind.- 1,129 
 Jefferson, Richland co., O. - 2,325 
 Jefferson, Ross county, O. - 871 
 Jefferson, Saline co., Mo. - 765 
 Jefferson, Schoharie county, 
 
 New York, ----- 2,033 
 Jefferson, Scioto co., Ohio, - 578 
 Jefferson, Sevier co., Ark. - 280 
 Jefferson, Switzerland co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,068 
 
 Jefferson town, Jefferson co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 250 
 
 Jefferson, (town,) Madison 
 
 county, Ohio, - - - - 295 
 Jefferson, (township,) Cole 
 
 county, Missouri, - - - 2,043 
 Jefferson, (township,) Madi- 
 son county, Ohio, - - - 607 
 Jefferson, Tuscarawas co., O. 992 
 Jefferson, Wayne co., Ind. - 1 ,289 
 Jefferson, Wayne co., Mo. - 326 
 Jefferson, Williams co., O. 353 
 Jena, Livingston co., Mich. 141 
 Jenks, Jefferson co., Pa. - 20 
 Jenner, Somerset co., Pa. - 1,469 
 Jennings County, Indiana, 8,329 
 Jennings, Fayette co., Jnd. 786 
 Jennings, Putnam co., O. - 360 
 Jennings, Van Wert co., O. 88 
 Jericho, Chittenden co., Vt. 1,685 
 Jerome, Union county, O. 865 
 Jersey City, Hudson co., 
 
 New Jersey, - - - - 3,072 
 Jersey County, Illinois, - 4,535 
 Jersey, Licking co., Ohio, - 932 
 
KELLY'S ISLAND 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Jersey Shore, (borough,) 
 
 J jycoming co., Pa 525 
 
 Jerusalem, Yates co., N. Y. 2,935 
 
 Jessamine, Clark co., Mo 304 
 
 Jessamine County, (exclu- 
 ding Nicholasville,) Ky.. .3,764 
 
 Jessamine County, Ky 9,390 
 
 Jim Henry, Miller co., Mo. . . 322 
 Joachim, Jefferson co., Mo. . . 737 
 Jo Daviess County, Illinois, 6,180 
 John's Island, Han'k co., Me. 4 
 Johnsburg, Warren county, 
 
 New York, 1,139 
 
 Johnson, liarry co., Mich 227 
 
 Johnson, Brown co., Ind 342 
 
 Johnson, Champaign co., O. 1,213 
 
 Johnson County, Ark 3,433 
 
 Johnson County, Illinois, . 3,626 
 Johnson County, Indiana, . 9,352 
 
 Johnson County, Mo 4,471 
 
 Johnson County, Tenn 2,658 
 
 Johnson County, N. C 10,599 
 
 Johnson, Crawford co., Mo. 743 
 Johnson, Gasconade co., Mo. 626 
 Johnson, Gibson co., Ind. . . 1 ,205 
 
 Johnson, Iowa, 1 ,491 
 
 Johnson, La Grange co.. Ind. 275 
 Johnson, Lamoille co., Vt. 1,410 
 Johnson, Licking co., Ohio, . 216 
 
 Johnson, Polk co., Mo 636 
 
 Johnson, Ripley co., Ind 3,257 
 
 Johnson, St. Francis co., Ark. 934 
 Johnston, (borough,) Cam- 
 bria county, Pa 949 
 
 Johnston, Fulton co., N. Y. 5,409 
 Johnston Extended, Cam- 
 bria county, Pa 328 
 
 Johnston, Providence co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 2,477' 
 
 Johnston, Trumbull co., O. . 869 I 
 
 Jolly, Washington co., 582 [ 
 
 Jones County, Ga 1 0,065 
 
 Jones County, Iowa, 471 
 
 Jones County, Mi 1 ,258 
 
 Jones County, N. C 4,945 
 
 Jones, Hancock co., Ind 460 
 
 Jonesborough, Washington 
 
 county, Maine 391 
 
 Joncsport, Washington co., 
 
 Maine, 576 
 
 Jordan, Clearfield co., Pa. . . 329 
 Juliet, Will county, Illinois, 2,558 
 
 Juniata County, Pa 1 1,080 
 
 Juniata, Perry county, Pa. 1,450 
 Junius, Seneca co., N. Y. . 1,594 
 Kalamazoo County, Mich. 7,280 
 Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo co., 
 
 Michigan, 1,290 
 
 Kallamo, Eaton co., Mich. . 139 
 Kanakanick, (town ) Mil- 
 waukee co., Wiskonsin, . 404 
 
 Kane, Greene county, 111 885 
 
 Kane County, Illinois, .... 6,501 
 Kanawha county, Virginia, 13,567 
 Kankakee, Will co., Illinois, 192 
 Keating, M'Kean co., Pa. . . 893 
 Keen. Coshocton co., Ohio, 1.043 
 Keene, Cheshire co., N. H. 2,610 
 Keene, Essex county, N. Y. 730 
 Keetztown, (borough,) Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania, .... 693 
 
 Kelly, Onion county, Pa 788 
 
 Kelly's Island, Ottawa co., O. 68 
 3 
 
 ( 29 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Kelso, Dearborn co., Ind. . 1,450 
 Kelso, Scott county, Mo. . 476 
 
 Kemper County, Mi 7,663 
 
 Kendall, Orleans co., N. Y. 1,692 
 Kennebec County, Maine, 55.823 
 Kennebunk, York co., Me. 2,323 
 Kennebunk Port, York co., 
 
 Maine, 2,768 
 
 Kennett, Chester co., Pa. . 1,221 
 Kensington, Philadelphia co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 22,314 
 
 Kensington, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 665 
 
 Kent County, Delaware, . 19,872 
 Kent County, Maryland, . 10,842 
 Kent County, Michigan. .. .2,587 
 
 Kent County, R. 1 13,083 
 
 Kent, Litchfield co., Conn.. .1,759 
 Kent, Putnam co., N. Y. . . 1,830 
 Kenton, Hardin co., Ohio, . . 299 
 Kenton County, (excluding 
 
 Covington city,) Ky 5,790 
 
 Kenton County, Kentucky, 7,816 
 
 Kentucky, 779,828 
 
 Kershaw District, S. C 12,281 
 
 Key West, (city.) Monroe 
 
 county, South Florida, 688 
 
 Kilkenny, Coos co., N. H 19 
 
 Killbuck, Holmes co., Ohio, . .910 
 Killingworth, Middlesex co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,130 
 
 Killingly, Windham co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,684 
 
 Kilmarnock, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine, 319 
 
 Kimble, Athens co., Ohio, . . 762 
 Kinderhook, Columbia co., 
 
 New York, 3,512 
 
 King and Queen County, 
 
 Virginia, 1 0,862 
 
 Kingfield, Franklin co., Me.. .61 1 
 King George County, Va.. .5,927 
 King William County, Va. 9,258 
 Kingsbury, Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine, 227 
 
 Kingsbury, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 2,773 
 
 King's County, N. Y 47,613 
 
 Kingsessing, Philadelphia co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,339 
 
 King's River, Madison co., 
 
 Arkansas, 345 
 
 Kingston, Delaware co., O. . .657 
 Kingston, Luzerne co., Pa. 2,004 
 Kingston, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,440 
 
 Kingston, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,032 
 
 Kingston, Ulster co., N. Y. 5,824 
 Kingsville, Ashtabula co., 
 
 Ohio, 1.41S 
 
 Kingwood, Hunterdon co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,947 
 
 K insman, Trumbull co., O. . . 953 
 
 Kinzua, Warren co., Pa 237 
 
 Kirby, Caledonia co., Vt 520 
 
 Kirkcnsville, Licking co., O.. .179 
 Kirkland, Oneida co., N. Y. 2,984 
 Kirkland, Penobscot co., Me. 351 
 Kirk wood, Belmont co., O. 2,279 
 K inland, Lake co., Ohio, . . 1,778 
 Kishkiminetas, Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania, .... 2,287 
 
 LAKE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Kitlaning, Armst'g co., Pa. . . 702 
 K ittaning, A rmstrong co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,323 
 
 Kittery, York co., Maine,. . .2,435 
 Knight, Vanderburgh co., 
 
 Indiana, 575 
 
 Knightstown, Henry co., 
 
 Indiana, 467 
 
 Knowlton, Warren county, 
 
 New Jersey 2,307 
 
 Knox, Albany county, N. Y. 2,143 
 Knox, Guernsey co., Ohio, . . .538 
 Knox, Holmes county, O. . . 1,180 
 Knox County, Indiana, . . 10,657 
 Knox County, Illinois, .... 7,060 
 Knox County, Kentucky, . .5,722 
 
 Knox County, Ohio, 29,579 
 
 Knox County, Tennessee, .15,485 
 Knox, Jefferson co., Ohio, . .1,529 
 
 Knox, Waldo co., Maine, 897 
 
 Knoxville township, 1 1 N., 
 
 range 2 E., Knox co., 111. . .414 
 Kortright, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 2,441 
 
 Kosciusko County, Ind 4,170 
 
 Kuler, Van Buren co., Mich. 126 
 
 Lack, Juniata county, Pa 761 
 
 Lacon, Marshall co., 111., .. 1,070 
 Lackawana, Luzerne co., Pa. 363 
 Lackawannock, Mercer co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,1 30 
 
 Lackawaxcn, Pike co., Pa. . . 750 
 
 Lafayette County, Ark 2,200 
 
 Lafayette County, Mi 6,531 
 
 Lafayette County, Mo 6,815 
 
 Lafayette County, Ohio, . . 1 0,984 
 Lafayette, Coshocton co., O.. .848 
 
 Lafayette, Floyd co., Ind 928 
 
 Lafayette, Louisiana, 7,84 1 
 
 Lafayette, Livingston co., 
 
 Missouri, 307 
 
 Lafayette, Marshall co., 111. . . 220 
 
 Lafayette, Medina co., 937 
 
 Lafayette, Onondaga county, 
 
 New York, 2,600 
 
 Lafayette, Owen co., Ind 511 
 
 Lafayette, Peoria co., Ill 316 
 
 Lafayette, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,570 
 
 Lafayette, Union co., Ark. . . 337 
 Lafayette, Van Buren co., 
 
 Michigan 321 
 
 Lafourche Interior, La 7,303 
 
 La Grange, Cass co., Mich. . .769 
 La Grange County, Ind. . . 3,664 
 La Grange, Dutchess co., 
 
 i\ew York, 1,851 
 
 La Grange, Lafayette co., 
 
 Arkansas, 362 
 
 La Grange, Lorrain co., O. 1,001 
 La Grange, Penobscot co., 
 
 Maine, 336 
 
 La Grange, Peoria co., 111. . . 410 
 La Grange, (town,) Oldham 
 
 county, Kentucky, 233 
 
 La Marsh, Peoria co., 111., 320 
 
 Lagrove, Wabash co., Ind. . . 486 
 Lake, Allen co., Indiana, .... 254 
 Lake County, Illinois, .... 2,634 
 Lake County, Indiana, .... 1,468 
 
 Lake County, Ohio, 13,719 
 
 Lake, Cook co., Illinois, .... 277 
 Lake, Logan county, Ohio, 1,175 
 
LAWRENCE 
 
 ( 30 ) 
 
 LIBERTY 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Lake, Stark county, Ohio,. .2,152 
 Lake, (town,) Milwaukee 
 
 county, Wiskonsin, 413 
 
 Lake, Wayne county, Oliio, 1,144 
 
 Lamar, Clinton co., Pa 1,813 
 
 Lamine, Cooper co.. Mo 988 
 
 Lamoille County, Vermont, 10,475 
 Lampeter, Lancaster co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 3,2G9 
 
 Lancaster city, Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 8,417 
 Lancaster, Coos co., N. H.. . 1,316 
 Lancaster, (corporation,) 
 
 Fairfield county, Ohio, . . 3,272 
 
 Lancaster County, Pa 84,203 
 
 Lancaster County, Va 4,628 
 
 Lancaster District, S. C. . . 9,907 
 Lancaster, Erie co., N. Y. . .2,083 
 Lancaster, Jefferson co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,787 
 
 Lancaster, (town,) Garrard 
 
 county, Kentucky, 480 
 
 Lancaster township, Lan- 
 caster county, Pa 809 
 
 Lancaster, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,019 
 
 Landaff, Grafton co., N. H.. .957 
 Landgrove, Bennington co., 
 
 Vermont, 344 
 
 Lanesborough, Berkshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,140 
 
 Langdon, Sullivan county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 615 
 
 Lanquille, Poinsett co., Ark.. .494 
 Lanquille, St. Francis co., 
 
 Arkansas, 195 
 
 Lansing, Tompkins count)-, 
 
 NevvYork, 3,672 
 
 Lansingburg, Rensselaer co., 
 
 New York,.....,. 3,330 
 
 Lapeer County, Michigan,. .4,265 
 
 Lapeer, Lapeer co., Mich 746 
 
 Laporte County, Indiana, . . 8,184 
 Earner, PreMe county, O. . . 1,618 
 La Salle County, Illinois, . . 9,348 
 La Salle, Peoria co., Illinois,. .405 
 tiroe co., Mich. . . 905 
 Lathnore, Adams co., Pa. . . 1,013 
 Lauderdale County, Ala . . 14,4S5 
 
 Lauderdale County, Mi 5,358 
 
 Lauderdale County, Term. . .3,435 
 Laughery, Dearborn county, 
 
 Indiana, ] ,501 
 
 Laurel County, Kentucky,. .3,079 
 Laurel, Hocking co., Ohio, . . 830 
 
 Laurence County, Ark 2,835 
 
 Laurens County, Georgia,. .5,585 
 
 Laurens District, S. C 21,584 
 
 Laurens, Otsego co., N. Y. 2.173 
 Lausanne, Northampton co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,590 
 
 Lawrence, Clearfield co., Pa. 1,032 
 Lawrence County, Ala. . . 13,313 
 Lawrence County, Illinois,. .7,092 
 Lawrence County, Indiana, 11,782 
 
 Lawrence County, Ky 4,730 
 
 Lawrence County, Mi 5,920 
 
 Lawrence County, Ohio, . . 9,738 
 Lawrence County, Tcnn. . . 7,121 
 Lawrence, Lawrence co., O. . .425 
 Lawrence, Marion co., Ind. 1,437 
 Lawrence, Mercer co., N. J. 1,556 
 Lawrence, Stark co. ; Ohio, 2,043 
 
 Names ofl'lr.cps. Population. 
 
 Lawrence, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 1,845 
 
 Lawrence, Tioga co., Pa 888 
 
 Lawrence, Tuscarawas co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,523 
 
 Lawrence, Van Buren co., 
 
 Michigan 243 
 
 Lawrence, Washington co., 
 
 Ohio, 571 
 
 Lawrenceville, (borough,) 
 
 Allegheny county, Pa 867 
 
 Leacock, Lancaster co., Pa. 3,337 
 Leake County, Mississippi, 2,162 
 Leavenworth, Crawford co., 
 
 Indiana 360 
 
 Lebanon, (borough.) Leba- 
 non county, Pa 1 ,860 
 
 Lebanon, Cooper co., Mo. . . 1,009 
 
 Lebanon County, 1'a 21,872 
 
 Lebanon, Grafton co., N.H. 1,754 
 Lebanon, Hunterdon co., N.J. 3,849 
 Lebanon, Lawrence co., Ark. 412 
 Lebanon, Lebanon co., Pa. 4,337 
 Lebanon, Madison co.. N. Y. 1,794 
 Lebanon, Meigs co., Ohio, . . 621 
 Lebanon, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,194 
 
 Lebanon, (town,) Marion 
 
 county, Kentucky, 546 
 
 Lebanon, Wayne co., Pa 366 
 
 Lebanon, York co.. Me 2,273 
 
 Le Bceuf, Erie co., Pa 876 
 
 Ledyard, Cayuga co., N. Y. 2,143 
 Ledyard, New London co, 
 
 Connecticut, 1,871 
 
 Lee, Athens county, Ohio, . . 848 
 Lee, Berkshire co., Mass. . . 2,428 
 
 Lee, Calhoun co., Mich 59 
 
 Lee County, Georgia, ... . 4,520 
 
 Lee County, Illinois 2,035 
 
 Lee County, Virginia, .... 8,441 
 
 Lee, Towa, 6,039 
 
 Lee, Oneida co., N. Y 2,930 
 
 Lee, Penobscot co., Maine, . . 724 
 
 Lee, Strafford co., N. H 926 
 
 Leeds, Kennebec co., Me. . . 1,736 
 Lee's ('reek, Crawford co., 
 
 Arkansas. 555 
 
 Leesburg, Union co., Ohio, . . 726 
 Lehigh, Northampton county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,049 
 
 Lehman, Luzerne co., Pa. . . 527 
 Lehman, Pike county, Pa. . . SCO 
 Leicester, Addison co., Vt. . . 603 
 Leicester, Livingston co., 
 
 New York, 2,415 
 
 Leicester, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,707 
 
 Lemington, Essex co., Vt. . . 124 
 Lemon, Butler county, O. . .2,052 
 Lempster, Sullivan co., N. H. 94 1 
 Lenawee County, M ich. . . 1 7,889 
 
 Lenoir County, N. C 7,605 
 
 Lenox, Ashtabula co., 550 
 
 Lenox, Berkshire co., Mass. 1,313 
 Lenox, Macomb co., Mich. . . 284 
 Lenox, Madison co., N. Y. 5,440 
 Lenox, Susquehanna co., Pa. 800 
 Leominster, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,069 
 
 Leon, Cattaraugus co., N. Y. 1,326 
 Leon County, Mid. Florida, 10,713 
 Leoni, Jackson co., Mich. . .1,067 
 
 N-arai s of Pl.ices. Population. 
 
 Leonidas, St. Joseph co., Mich. 410 
 Le Ray, Jefferson co., N. Y. 3,721 
 Lc Roy, Bradford co , Pa. . . 679 
 Le Roy, Calhoun co.. Mich.. .326 
 Le Roy, Genesee co., N. Y. 4,323 
 Le Roy, Ingham co., Mich. . .110 
 
 Le Roy, Lake county, 898 
 
 Lesear, New Madrid co., Mo. 968 
 
 Leslie, Ingham co., Mich 281 
 
 Letart. Meigs county, Ohio, . .642 
 Letter A, 1st range, Aroos- 
 took county, Maine, 177 
 
 Letter A, 5th range, Aroos- 
 took county, Maine, 15 
 
 Letter A, No. 2, Oxford co.,Me. 54 
 Letter A, Penobscot co., Me. . .29 
 Letter B, 10th range, Pis- 
 cataquis county, Maine, 5 
 
 Letter G, Aroostook co., Me.. .27 
 Letter G, 2d range, Aroos- 
 took county, Maine, 58 
 
 Letter II, and J, 1st and 2d 
 
 ranges, Aroostook co., Me. .198 
 Letter K, 2d range, Aroos- 
 took county, Maine, 69 
 
 Letterkenny, Fran'n co.. Pa. 1,918 
 Levant, Penobscot co.. Me.. .1,061 
 Leverett, Franklin co., Mass. 875 
 Lewis, Brown county, O. . .2,437 
 Lewis and Rehoboth, Sus- 
 sex county, Delaware, . . 1,834 
 
 Lewis, Clay county, Ind 472 
 
 Lewis, Essex county, N. Y. 1,505 
 I ,( i . ; I 'ounty, Kentucky, . .6,306 
 Lewis Countv, Missouri, . . 6,040 
 Lewis County. N. Y. . . . . 17,830 
 Lewis County, Virginia, . . 8,151 
 
 Lewis, Lycoming co., Pa 542 
 
 Lewisburg, (borough,) Union 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . . .1,220 
 Lewisborough, Westchester 
 
 county, New York, .... 1,619 
 Lewiston, Lincoln co., Me. 1,801 
 Lewistown, (borough,) Mif- 
 flin county Pa 2,058 
 
 Lewi>town in Beaver. Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, .... 79 
 Lewistown, Niagara county, 
 
 New York, ..2,533 
 
 Lewistown Township, 5 N. 
 
 range, 3 E. Fulton co., 111. 388 
 Lewisville, Coshocton co., O. . .64 
 Lexington District, S. C. .12,111 
 Lexington, Lafayette county, 
 
 Missouri, 2,355 
 
 Lexington, Greene co., N.Y. 2,813 
 Lexington, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,642 
 
 Lexington, Somerset co., Me. 564 
 Lexington, Stark co., Ohio, 1,637 
 Lexington, St. Clair co., Mich. 413 
 Lexington, (town,) Fayette 
 
 county, Kentucky, 6,997 
 
 Levdt n. Franklin co., Mass.. .632 
 Leydcn, Lewis co., N. Y. . . 2,438 
 Liberty, Adams co., Ohio,. .1,498 
 
 Liberty, Adams co., Pa 773 
 
 Liberty, Butler comity, O.. . 1,479 
 Liberty, Caldwell co., Mo. . . 866 
 Liberty, Clinton co., Ohio, 1 ,049 
 Liberty County, Georgia, . . 7,241 
 Liberty, Columbia co., Pa.. . 1,328 
 Liberty, Crawford co., Mo. . . 205 
 
LINCOLN 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Liberty, Crawford co., O. .1,40!) 
 Liberty, Delaware co., O. . . 811 
 Liberty, Fairfield co., O. . .2,778 
 Liberty, Grant co., Ind. . . . 500 
 Liberty, Guernsey co., O. . 702 
 Liberty, Hancock co., 0. . 592 
 Liberty, Hardin co., O. . . 170 
 Liberty, Henry co., Ind. . 1,813 
 Liberty, Highland co., O. 3,521 
 Liberty, Jackson co., Mich. 525 j 
 Liberty, Jackson co., O. . . 474 
 Liberty, Knox co., O. . . . 1,205 
 Liberty, Licking co., O. . 1,115 
 Liberty, Logan co., O. . . 808 
 Liberty, Macon co., Mo. . . 1,107 | 
 Liberty, Madison co., Mo. 424 j 
 Liberty, Marion co., Mo. . 2,159 
 Liberty, M'Kean co., Pa. 198 
 Liberly, Pope co., Ark. . . 300 
 Liberty, Putnam co., O. . . 125 
 
 Liberty, Ross co., 1,205 
 
 Liberty, Seneca co., O. . . 1,084 
 Liberty, Shelby co., Ind. . 767 
 Liberty, St. Francois co., Mo. GOO 
 Liberty, Sullivan co., N.Y. 1,569 
 Liberty, Susque'a co., Pa. 554 
 Liberty, Tioga co., Pa. . . 1,12S 
 Liberty town, Casey co., Ky. 135 
 Liberty, Trumbull co., O. 1,225 
 Liberly, Union county, O. 927 
 Liberty, Van Wert co., O. 117 
 Liberty, Wabash co., Ind. 471 
 Liberty, Waldo co.. Me. .. 895 
 Liberty, Wash'ton co., Mo. 747 
 Liberty, Wash'ton co., O. 515 
 Liberty, Wood county, O. 215 
 Lick, Jackson county, O. 822 
 Lick Mountain, Conway 
 
 county. Arkansas, 174 
 
 Licking, Blackford co., Ind, 542 
 Licking County, Ohio, . 35,096 
 LickingCreek, Bedford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 824 
 
 Licking, Licking co., O. . 1,215 
 Licking, Muskingum co., 0. 1,051 
 Ligonier, (borough.) West- 
 moreland county, Pa. . . 294 
 Ligonier, Westmoreland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . 2,204 
 Lima, Licking county, O. 739 
 Lima, Livingston co., N.Y. 2,176 
 Lima, township, La Grange 
 
 county, Indiana, 584 
 
 Lima, (village,) La Grange 
 
 county, Indiana, 178 
 
 Limerick, Montgo'y co., Pa. 1,786 
 Limerick, York co., Me. . 1,508 
 Limeston, Clinton co., Pa. 200 
 Limeston County, Ala. . .14,374 
 Limestone, Columbia co., Pa. 646 
 Limestone, Lycoming co., Pa. 800 
 Limestone, Warren co.. Pa. 129 
 Limington, York co., Me. .2,210 
 Lincklean, Chenango co , 
 
 New York 1,249 
 
 Lincoln, Addison co., Vt. . 770 
 Lincoln County, Georgia, 5,895 
 
 Lincoln County, Ky 10,187 
 
 Lincoln County, Maine, .63,517 
 Lincoln County, Missouri, 7,449 
 Lincoln County, N. C. . .25,160 
 Lincoln County, Tenn. . .21,493 
 Lincoln, Delaware co., O. 549 
 
 ( 31 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Lincoln, Middlesex co. Mass. 686 
 Lincol n, Grafton co., N.H. 76 
 Lincoln, Penobscot co., Me. 1,121 
 Lincolnville, Waldoco., Me. 2,048 
 Lindley,Steubenco.,N.Y. 638 
 Lindsey, Benton co., Mo. 811 
 Linn County, Missouri, . 2,245 
 
 Linn, Iowa, 1,373 
 
 Linneus,Aroostookco.,Me. 311 
 Linton, Coshocton co., O. 1,196 
 Lisbon, Grafton co., N. H. 1,682 
 Lisbon, Lincoln co., Me.. 1,532 
 Lisbon, Milwaukee county, 
 
 Wiskonsin, 116 
 
 Lisbon, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,052 
 
 Lisbon, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 3,508 
 
 Lisbon town, Milwaukee 
 
 county, Wiskonsin, . . 116 
 Lisle, Broome county, N.Y. 1,560 
 Litchfield, Bradford co.,Pa. 817 
 Litchfield County, Conn. 40,445 
 Litchfield, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York, 1,672 
 
 Litchfield,Hillsd'eco.,Mich. 691 
 Li tclifield, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, .... 480 
 Litchfield, Kennebec co., 
 
 Maine, 2,293 
 
 Litchfield, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 4,038 
 
 Litchfield, Medina co., O. 787 
 Little Beaver, Beaver co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,254 
 
 Little Black, Randolph co., 
 
 Arkansas, 176 
 
 Little Britain, Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 3,042 
 Little Compton, Newport 
 
 county, Rhode Island, . 1,327 
 Little Creek, Kentco.,Del. 2,050 
 Little Creek, Sussex co., 
 
 Delaware 2,973 
 
 Little Egg Harbour, Bur- 
 lington county, N. J. . . 1,875 
 Little Falls, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York 3,831 
 
 Little Red River, Van Bu- 
 
 ren county, Arkansas, . 317 
 Little Mahony, Northum- 
 berland county, Pa. . . 213 
 Little North Fork, Marion 
 
 county, Arkansas, 190 
 
 Little Prairie, New Madrid 
 
 county, Missouri, .... 436 
 Little Spruce Head, Han- 
 cock county, Maine, . . 6 
 Littleton, Grafton co., N. H. 1 ,778 
 Littleton, Middlesex Co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 927 
 
 Little Valley, Cattaraugus 
 
 county, New York, . . 700 
 Livermore, Oxford co., Me. 2,745 
 Liverpool in Liverpool. Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, 505 
 Liverpool, Perry co.. Pa. . 1,217 
 Liverpool, Medina co., O. 1,500 
 Livingston County, Illinois, 759 
 Livingston County, Ky. . 9,025 
 Livingston, Colu'a co., N."Y. 2,190 
 Livingston County, Mich. 7,430 
 Livingston County, Mo. . 4,325 
 
 LOUTRE 
 
 Karnes of Places. Population. 
 
 Livingston County, N. Y.35,140 
 Livingston, Essex co., N. J. 1,081 
 Livingston, Louisiana, . 2,315 
 Livonia, Livingston co., 
 
 !^ew York, 2,719 
 
 Livonia, Wayne co., Mich. 1,169 
 Lockbourne, Franklin co.,0. 139 
 Locke, Cayuga co., N. Y. 1,654 
 Lockport, Niagara co.,N.Y. 9,125 
 Lockport, Will co., 111.. 2,977 
 Locust Creek, Linn co., Mo. 694 
 Lodi, Athens county, Ohio, 754 
 Lodi, Bergen county, N.J. 687 
 Lodi,Senecacounty, N. Y.2,236 
 Lodi, Washtenaw col.Mich. 1,077 
 Logan, Clinton county, Pa. 1,187 
 Logan County, Illinois, 2,333 
 Logan co., Kentucky, . 13,615 
 Logan County, Virginia, 4,309 
 Logan, Dearborn co., Ind. 1,398 
 Logan, Fountain co., Ind. 919 
 Logan County, Ohio, . . .14,015 
 Logan, Hocking co., O. . 436 
 Logan, Wayne co., Mo. 605 
 London, Madison co.,0. 297 
 London, Monroe co., Mich. 425 
 London, Seneca co., O. . 763 
 London Britain, Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 641 
 London Grove, Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,246 
 Londonderry, Bed fordco.,Pa. 809 
 Londonderry,Chesterco.,Pa. 60S 
 Londonderry, Dauphin co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,990 
 
 Londonderry, Guernsey 
 
 county, Ohio, 1,606 
 
 Londonderry, Lebanon 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, . . 1,762 
 Londonderry, Rockingham 
 
 co., New Hampshire, 1,556 
 Londonderry, Windham 
 
 co., Vermont, 1,216 
 
 Long Island, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine, 114 
 
 Longmeadow, Hampden 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 1,270 
 Long Pond, Som'setco.,Me. 1 
 Long Swamp, Berks co., Pa. 1,836 
 Lorance, Cape Girardeau 
 
 county, Missouri, . . . 1,543 
 Lordstown, Trumbull 
 
 co., Ohio, 1,167 
 
 Loretto, Cambria co., Pa. 157 
 Lorrain, Shelby co., O. . 904 
 Lorrain County, Ohio, . 18,467 
 Lorraine,JefFersonco.,N.Y. 1,699 
 Lorraine, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,482 
 
 LostCreek, Miamico.,0. 1,306 
 Loudon, Carroll co., O. 966 
 Loudon Co., Virginia, 20,431 
 Loudon, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, — . 1,640 
 Louisa County, Virginia, 15,433 
 
 Louisa, Iowa, 1,927 
 
 Louisiana, 352,411 
 
 Louisiana, Chicotco., Ark. 951 
 Louisville City, Jefferson 
 
 county, Kentucky, . 21,210 
 Louisville, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, . 1,693 
 Loutre, Audrianco., Mo. 169 
 
LUMBER 
 
 Names f.f Places. Population. I 
 Lovei. Oxford county, Me. 941 
 Lowell, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 20.796 
 
 Lowell, Orleans co , Vt. 431 
 Lowell. Penobscotco., Me. 205 
 Lowell, Washington co ,0. 92 
 Lower Alloway's Creek, 
 
 Salem county, N. J. . 1,252 
 Lower, Cape May co., N J. 1,133 
 Lower Chanceford, York 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,291 
 Lower Chichester, Dela- 
 ware county, Pa..... 666 
 Lower Dublin, Philada. 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 3.298 
 Lower Franklin co., Ark. 532 
 Lower Indian Township, 
 west of Penobscot river, 
 Penobscot co., Maine, 37 
 Lower Loutre, M ontgomery 
 
 county, Missouri 1,307 
 
 Lower Macungy, Lehigh 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 2,156 
 Lower Mahan tango, Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pa. 1,465 
 
 Lower Mahony, Northum- 
 berland county, Pa. . 1,199 
 Lower Makefield, Bucks 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,550 
 Lower Merion, Montgo- 
 mery co., Pennsylvania, 2,827 
 Lower Middletown, (bo- 
 rough,) Dauphin co., Pa. 756 
 Lower Mount Bethel, North- 
 ampton county, Pa. . 2,957 
 Lower Narazeth, North- 
 ampton county, Pa. 1,201 
 Lower Oxford, Chester 
 
 co., Pennsylvania,. . . 1,222 
 Lower Paxton, Dauphin 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, . . 1,337 
 Lower Penn'sCreek, Salem 
 
 county, New Jersey,. 1,219 
 Lower Providence, Mont- 
 gomery county, Pa. . 1,413 
 Lower Salford, Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,141 
 Lower Sandusky, (town,) 
 
 Sandusky co., Ohio, 1,117 
 Lower Saucon, North- 
 ampton county, Pa. 2,710 
 Lower Smithfield, Mon- 
 roe county, Pa 1,192 
 
 Lower St. Clair, Alle- 
 gheny county, Pa. . . 4,373 
 Lower Swatara, Dauphin 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,258 
 Lower Windsor, York 
 
 co, Pennsylvania, . . 1,687 
 Lowhill, Lehigh co., Pa. 854 
 Lowndes County, Ala. . 19,539 
 Lowndes Co., Georgia, 5,574 
 Lowndes County, Mi. 14,513 
 Lowville,Lewisco.,N.Y. 2,047 
 Lovalhannah, Westmore- 
 land county, Pa 1.130 
 
 Loyalsock.Lycoin'g co.. Pa. 1 .107 
 Lubec, Washington co.,Me. 2,307 
 Lucas County, Ohio, . 0,382 
 Ludlow, Hampden co., Mass. 1,268 
 Ludlow, Washington co., O. 539 
 Ludlow, Windsor co., Vt. 1,363 
 Lumber, Clinton co., Pa. 105 
 
 ( 32 ) 
 
 Names i>f Places. Population. 
 
 Lumberland, Sullivan co., 
 
 New York, 1,205 
 
 Lumpkin County, Ga. . . 5,671 
 Lunenburg County, Va. . 11,055 
 Lunenburg, Essex co., Vt. 1,130 
 Lunenburg, Worcester 
 
 co., Massachusetts, . . 1,272 
 Luray, Licking co., Ohio, 109 
 Lurgan, Franklin co., Pa. 1,143 
 Luzeine County, Pa., . .44,006 
 Luzerne, Fayette co., Pa. 1,715 
 Luzerne, Warren co.,N.Y. 1,284 
 Lycoming County, Pa. 22,649 
 Lycoming, Lycoming co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,917 
 
 Lykens, Crawford co , O. 742 
 Lykens, Dauphin co., Pa. 1,409 
 Lyman, Grafton co., N. H. 1,480 
 Lyman, York co., Mo. . . 1,478 
 Lyme, Grafton co., N. H. 1,785 
 Lyme, Huron co., Ohio, 1,320 
 Lyme, Jefferson co., N. Y. 5,472 
 Lyme, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,854 
 
 Lyndeboro', Hillsborough 
 
 co., New Hampshire, . 1,032 
 Lyndon, Caledoniaco.,Vt. 1,753 
 Lynfield, Essex co., Mass. 707 
 Lynn, Essex co., Mass. . . 9,369 
 Lynn, Lehigh co., Pa. . . 1,895 
 Lynn, Perry county, Ind. 845 
 Lyon, Oakland co., Mich. 1,206 
 Lyons, Cook county, 111. 207 
 Lyons, Ionia co., Mich. . . 497 
 Lyons, Marshall co.,111. . . 382 
 Lyons, Wayne co., N. Y. 4,302 
 Lysander, Onondaga co., 
 
 New York, 4,306 
 
 Macedon, Wayne co.,N.Y. 2,396 
 Machias, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York, 1,085 
 
 Machias, Washington co., 
 
 Maine 1,351 
 
 Machias,Port,Washington 
 
 county, Maine, 834 
 
 Macomb County, Mich. 9,716 
 Macomb, Macomb co.,Mich. 952 
 Macon City, Bibb co., Ga. 3,927 
 Macon County, Alabama, 11, 247 
 Macon County, Georgia, 5,045 
 Macon County, Illinois, 3,039 
 Macon County, Missouri, 6,034 
 Macon County, N. C. ..48,691 
 Macon, Lenaweeco., Mich. 1,146 
 Macoupin County, Illinois, 7,826 
 Madawaska, north of the 
 St. John's river, Aroos- 
 took county, Maine, .. 1,876 
 Madawaska, south of the 
 St. John's river, Aroos- 
 took county. Maine, . . 1,584 
 Madbury,Straffordco.,N.H. 489 
 Madsboro ugh, Hancock co., 
 
 Maine 1,198 
 
 Madison, Allen co., Ind. 185 
 Madison,Armstrongco.,Pa. 1,365 
 Madison, Butler co., O. . . 1,1)35 
 Madison, (city,) Jt fferson 
 
 county, Indiana, 3,798 
 
 Madison, Clark co., Mo. . 528 
 Madison, Clark co., O. .. 1,115 
 Madison, Columbia co., Pa. 1,700 
 Madison County, Alabama,25,706 
 
 MANCHESTER 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Madison County, Arkansas, 2,775 
 Madison County, Georgia, 4,510 
 Madison County, Illinois, 14,433 
 Madison County, Indiana, 8,874 
 Madison County, Ky. ..16,355 
 Madison County, Middle 
 
 Florida, 2,644 
 
 Madison County, Mi 15,530 
 
 Madison County, Missouri, 3,395 
 Madison County, N. Y.. .40,008 
 Madison County, Ohio,.. 9,025 
 Madison County, Tenn. 16,530 
 Madison County, Virginia, 8,107 
 Madison, Franklin co., O. 1,810 
 Madison, Franklin co., O. 1,102 
 Madison, Guernsey co.,0. 1,222 
 Madison, Highland co., O. 1,916 
 Madison, Johnson co., Mo. 453 
 Madison, Jackson co., O.. 724 
 Madison, Lake co., Ohio, 2,800 
 Madison, Lafayette co., O. 765 
 Madison, Lenawee co., Mich. 1,067 
 Madison, Lickingco.,01iio, 1,119 
 Madison, Livingston co., Mo. 350 
 Madison, Louisiana, .... 5,142 
 Madison, Madison co., 111. 589 
 Madison, Madisonco.,N.Y. 2,344 
 M ad ison , Mon tgome ry co., 
 
 Indiana, 463 
 
 Madison, Montgomery co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,594 
 
 Madison, Muskingumco.,0. 1,070 
 Madison, New Hanoverco., 
 
 Connecticut 1,815 
 
 Madison, Perry co., Pa.. . 1,299 
 Madison, Perry co., O. .. 1,167 
 Madison, Pickaway co., O. 850 
 Madison, Polk co., Mo. . . 1,000 
 Madison, Putnam co., Ind. 1,071 
 Madison, Richland co., O. 1,878 
 Madison, Sandusky co., O. 316 
 Madison, Scioto co., Ohio, 830 
 Madison, Sevier co., Ark. 266 
 Madison, Somerset co., Me. 1,701 
 Madison, tow nship, Jeffer- 
 son county, Indiana, .. 2,757 
 Madisonville, town, Hop- 
 kins county, Kentucky, 51 
 Madrid, Franklin co., Me. 368 
 Madiid, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 4,511 
 
 Mad River, Champaignco., 
 
 Ohio, 1,894 
 
 Mad River, Clark co.,Ohio, 1,340 
 Magazine, Pope co., Ark. 241 
 Mahoning, Columbia co., Pa. 1 ,927 
 Mahoning, Indiana co., Pa. 2,890 
 Mahoning, Mercer co., Pa. 3,099 
 MaidenCreek,Berksco.,Pa. 1,749 
 Maidstone,Essex co.,Vt. . 271 
 
 Maine, 501,793 
 
 Malaga, Monroe co., Ohio, 1,442 
 Maiden, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,514 
 
 Malone, Franklin co., N. Y. 3,229 
 Malta, Morgan co., O. .. 1,405 
 Malta, Saratoga co.,N. Y. 1,457 
 Mamakating, Sullivan co., 
 
 New York, 3,418 
 
 Mamaroneck, Westchester 
 
 county, New York, .. . 1,416 
 Manchester, Bennington 
 
 county, Vermont, .... 7,594 
 
MARION 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Manchester, Boon co., 111. . . 127 
 Manchester, Clark co., Ark. 443 
 Manchester, Dearborn co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,428 
 
 Manchester, Essex co., Mass. 1 ,355 
 Manchester, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1 ,695 
 
 Manchester, Hillsborough 
 
 county, New Hampshire, 3,235 
 Manchester, Morgan co.,0. 1,267 
 Manchester, Ontario co., 
 
 New York, 2,912 
 
 Manchester, Passaic co., 
 
 New Jersey, 3,110 
 
 Manchester, Wayne co., Pa. 264 
 Manchester, York co., Pa. 2,152 
 Manguagon, Wayne co., 
 
 Michigan, 307 
 
 Manhattan, Lucas co., O. ..282 
 Manheim, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York, 2,095 
 
 Manheim, Lancaster co.,Pa. 1 ,829 
 Ma niieim, Schuylkill co., Pa.3,44 1 
 Manheim, York co., Pa. ..1,525 
 Manitouwoe County, Wisk. 235 
 Manlius, Allegan co., Mieh...35 
 Manlius.Onoudagaco., N.Y.5,509 
 Manmelle, Poinsett co., Ark. 124 
 Mannington, Salem co., N. J. 2,064 
 Manor, Lancaster co., Pa. 4,152 
 Mansfield, Bristol co.,Mass. 1,362 
 Mansfield, Burlington co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,401 
 
 Mansfield, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York,... 942 
 
 Mansfield, Lamoille co.,Vt. 223 
 Mansfield, Richland co.,0. 1,328 
 Maniifield, Tolland co., Ct. 2,276 
 Mansfield, Warrenco., N.J. 3,057 
 Mantua, Portage co., Ohio, 1,1 87 
 Marathon, Cortland county, 
 
 New York, 1,063 
 
 Marathon, La peer co., Mich.. .92 
 Marble, Mot Springco., Ark.. 167 
 Marblehead, Essex co. Mass.5,575 
 Marbletown, Ulster co., N. Y. 3,8 1 3 
 Mareellus, Onondaoa co., 
 
 New York, °. 2,726 
 
 Marcy, Oneida co., N. Y. . . 1 ,799 
 Marengo, Calhoun co., Mich.. .872 
 Marengo County, Ala. ..17,264 
 Margaretta, Erie c., Ohio, 1,101 
 Mariaville, Hancock co., Me. .275 
 Maries, Gasconade co.. Mo. .359 
 Marietta, (corporation,) 
 
 Washington Co., Ohio, .1,814 
 Marietta Township, 6 N. I 
 
 E. range, Fulton co., III. ..58 
 Marietta, (township,) Wash- 
 ington county, Ohio, 875 
 
 Marine, Madison co., III... 1,038 
 Marion, Allen county, Ind. .465 
 Marion, Allen county .Ohio, 315 
 Marion, Athens co., Ohio, 1,079 
 Marion, Buchanan co., Mo. .737 
 Marion, Centre county, Pa.559 
 Marion, Clinton co., Ohio,. .643 
 Marion, Cole county, Mo.. .807 
 Marion County, Arkansas, 1,325 
 Marion County, Alabama, 5,847 
 Marion County, Missouri, 9,623 
 Marion County, Ohio, ..14,765 
 Marion County, Georgia,. 4,812 
 
 C 33 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Marion County, Illinois, . .4,742 
 Marion County, Indiana, 16,080 
 Marion County, Kentucky,l 1.032 
 Marion County, Tenn. . . .6,070 
 Marion County, Michigan, 3,830 
 Marion District, South C. 13,932 
 Marion, Greene co., Pa. . . .597 
 Marion, Hardin co., Ohio, ..177 
 Marion, Hancock co., Ohio, 501 
 Marion, Hocking co., Ohio, 940 
 Marion, Lafayette co., Ohio, 879 
 Marion, Livingston county, 
 
 Michigan, 345 
 
 Marion, Livingston co., Mo. 210 
 Marion, Mercer co., Ohio. 1,010 
 Marion, Monroe co., Mo. .1,686 
 Marion, Newton co., Mo. ..658 
 Marion, Polk county, Mo. . .865 
 Marion, Putnam co., Ind. .1 ,030 
 Marion, Ray county, Mo. ..902 
 Marion , St. Franqois co., Mo. . . 582 
 
 Marion, Saline co., Mo 763 
 
 Marion, Shelby co., Ind. . . .965 
 
 Marion, Taney co., Mo 335 
 
 Marion town, Marion co.,0.. .570 
 Marion, (township,) Marion 
 
 county, Ohio, 1 ,069 
 
 Marion, Union co., Ark. .. .287 
 Marion, Wash'ton co., Me. ..231 
 Marion, Wayne co., N. Y. 1,903 
 Marlboro', Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,140 
 
 Marlboro', Windham co., Vt. 1,027 
 Marlborough, Cheshire co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 831 
 
 Marlborough, Delaware co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,182 
 
 Marlborough District, S.C. 8,408 
 Marlborough, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 713 
 
 Marlborough, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,101 
 
 Marlborough, Stark co.,0. 1,671 
 Marlborough, Ulster co., 
 
 New York, 2,523 
 
 Marlow, Cheshire co.,N.H... 626 
 Marple, Delaware co., Pa. ..759 
 Marquette co., Wiskonsin, . . . 18 
 Mars, Perry county, Ind.... 734 
 Marshall, Calhoun county, 
 
 Michigan, 1 .763 
 
 Marshall County, Alabama, 7,553 
 Marshall County, Illinois, 1,849 
 Marshall County, Indiana, 1,651 
 
 Marshall County, Mi 17,526 
 
 Marshall County, Tenn. 14,555 
 Marshall County, Virgin i a, 6,1 137 
 Marshall, Oneida Co., N.Y. 2,251 
 Marshall's Island, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 8 
 
 Marsbfield, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts 1,761 
 
 Marshfield, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 1 ,156 
 
 Marshpee, Barnstable co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 309 
 
 Martick, Lancaster co., Pa. 2,453 
 Martin, Allegan co.,Mich.. .116 
 Martin County, Indiana,. 3,875 
 Martin County, North C. . .7,637 
 Martin, Pope county. Ark.. . 120 
 Martinicus Rock, Hancock 
 county, Maine, 10 
 
 MEADV1LLE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Martinicus Island, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine 182 
 
 Martinie Island, Lincoln 
 
 county, Maine, 19 
 
 Martinsburg, Lewis county, 
 
 New York, 2,272 
 
 Martinsburg, (borough,) 
 
 Bedford county, Pa 422 
 
 Mary Ann, Licking co., O. . .866 
 
 Maryland, 469,232 
 
 Maryland, Ogle co., Ill 503 
 
 Mary land, Otsego co., N.Y. 2,085 
 Marysville, Union Co., O. . .360 
 
 Mason, Cass co., Mich 318 
 
 Mason County, Kentucky, 15,719 
 Mason County, Virginia, .6,777 
 Mason, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,275 
 
 Mason, Lawrence co., O. . .685 
 Mason, Marion co., Mo. . .1,953 
 Masonville, Delaware co., 
 
 New York 1,420 
 
 Massachusetts, 737,699 
 
 Massena, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, 2,726 
 
 Massillon, Stark co., Ohio, 1,422 
 Mattamiscontis, Penobscot 
 
 county, Maine, 97 
 
 Matteson, Branch co.,Mich.. .170 
 Matthews County, Va., . .7,442 
 Martinicus Island, Lincoln 
 
 county, Maine, 177 
 
 Martinicus Rook, Lincoln 
 
 county, Maine, 10 
 
 Mauch Chunk, Northamp- 
 ton county, Pa 2,193 
 
 Maumee, Ailen co., Ind. . . 272 
 Maumee city,Lucasco..O.. .S40 
 Maurice River, Cumberland 
 
 county, New Jersey, . . 2,143 
 Maury County, Tennessee, 28,186 
 Maxatawney,Berksco., Pa. 1,897 
 Max field, Penobscot co.. Me.. . 185 
 May field, Cuyahoga co.,0. . . 851 
 Mayfield, Fulton co., N. Y. 2,615 
 Mayfield, Somerset co., Me.. .148 
 Maysville city, Mason co., 
 
 Kentucky, 2,741 
 
 M'Arthur, Logan co., O.. .1,674 
 M'Connelstown, (borough,) 
 
 Bedford county. Pa 486 
 
 M'Cracken County, Ky . .4,745 
 M'Donald, Hardin co., O. . .285 
 M'Donald,JoDaviessco.,Ill . .483 
 M'Donomrh, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 1,369 
 
 M'Donough County, 111. . .5,308 
 M'Henry County, Illinois, 2,578 
 
 Mintosh County, Ga 5,360 
 
 M'Kean County, Pa 2,975 
 
 M'Kean, Erie county, Pa. 1,714 
 M'Kean, Licking co., O. . .1,317 
 M'Lean County, Illinois,. .6,565 
 M-Lean, Shelby co., Ohio,. .513 
 M'Minn County, Tenn.. .12,719 
 M'Nairy County, Tenn. . .9,385 
 M-Veyton, (borough,) Mif- 
 flin county, Pa 346 
 
 Mead, Belmont co., Ohio, 1,496 
 Mead, Crawford co., Pa.. .1,697 
 Mead County, Kentucky, 5,780 
 Meadville, (borough,) Craw- 
 ford county, Pa 1,319 
 
METAL 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Mecca, Trumbull co., O. . . 684 
 Mechanic, Holmes co., O. 1,403 
 Median icsburg, Champaign 
 
 count}', Ohio, 258 
 
 Mechaniesburg, (borough,) 
 
 Cumberland county, Fa.. .G70 
 Mechisses, Washington co., 
 
 Maine, 1,395 
 
 Mecklenburg County ,N.C. 18,273 
 Meek lenburgCounty,Va. 20,724 
 Medfield, Norfolk cc.Mass.. .803 
 Medford, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,478 
 
 Medina County, Ohio, . .18,352 
 M e d i n a , Lenawee co. , M ich. . . 7G0 
 Medina, (town,) Medina 
 
 county, Ohio, G35 
 
 Medina, (township,) Medi- 
 na county, Ohio, 896 
 
 Medvvay, Norfolk co., Mass.2,043 
 Meigs, Adams co., Ohio,. .1,068 
 Meigs, Muskingum co.,0.1,333 
 Meigs County, Ohio,. . . . 1 1,452 
 Meigs County, Tennessee, 4,794 
 Meigsville, Morgan co., 0.1,159 
 Memonie, Jo Daviess co., 111.. . 169 
 Menallen, Adams co., Pa. 2,269 
 Menallen, Fayette co., Pa. 1,377 
 Menard County, Illinois, 4,431 
 Mendham, Morris co.,N.J. 1,378 
 Mendon, Monroe eo.,N. Y.3,435 
 Mendon, Rutland co., Vt. . .545 
 Mendon, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, ..... 3,524 
 
 Menomonee, (town,) Mil- 
 waukee co., Wiskonsin, . .59 
 Mentor, Lake county, O.. .1,245 
 Mentz, Cayuga co., N. Y. 4,215 
 Mequanigo, Milwaukee co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 172 
 
 Mequanigo, (town,) Mil- 
 waukee co., Wiskonsin,. .172 
 Mercer, (borough,) Mercer 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 781 
 Mercer, Butler county, Pa. 1,233 
 Mercer County, Virginia, 2,233 
 Mercer County, Illinois,. .2,352 
 Mercer County, Kentucky, 1 8,720 
 Mercer County, N. J.. . . .21,502 
 
 Mercer County, Ohio, 8,277 
 
 Mexcer County, Pa 32,873 
 
 Mercer, Somerset co., Me. 1,432 
 Meredith, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 1,640 
 
 Meredith, Stafford county, 
 
 .New Hampshire, 3,351 
 
 Meridan, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,880 
 
 Meriwether County, Ga. 14,132 
 Merrimac County, N. li. 36,253 
 Merrimac, St. Louis co., 
 
 Missouri, 1,782 
 
 Merrimac, Franklin co.,Mo. . .245 
 Merrimac, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,1 14 
 
 Merrimac, Jefferson co.,Mo.. .'751 
 Merriman, Crawford co., 
 
 Missouri, 1,111 
 
 Mesopotamia, Trumbull co., 
 
 Ohio, 832 
 
 Metal, Franklin co., Pa. . .1,113 
 Metal, Fannetsburg, (bo- 
 rough,) Franklin co., Pa.. .253 
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Melamora, Lapeer co., Mich.. .350 
 Methuen, Essex co., Mass. 2,251 
 Mexico, Oswego co., N. Y. 3,729 
 Mexico, Oxford co., Me. . . .447 
 Miami County, Indiana,. .3,048 
 Miami County, Ohio, .... 19,688 
 Miami, Clermont co., O.. .2,063 
 Miami, Greene county, O. 1,238 
 Miami, Hamilton co., Ohio, 2,189 
 Miami, Logan county, O. 1,423 
 Miami, Montgomery co., 0.3,259 
 Miami, Saline county, Mo.. .601 
 Miatt, Lawrence co., Ark.. .366 
 
 Michigan, 212,267 
 
 Michilimackinac County, 
 
 Michigan, ."..923 
 
 Middle,Cape May co., N.J. 1,624 
 M iddle Creek, Union co., Pa. . . 562 
 Middleborough, Plymouth 
 
 count}', Massachusetts, 5,0S5 
 Middleburg, Cuyahoga co., 
 
 Ohio,..: 399 
 
 Middleburg, Knox co., O. 1,004 
 Middleburg, Shiawassee co., 
 
 Michigan, 32 
 
 Middlebury, New Haven 
 
 county, Connecticut, . . . .761 
 Middlebury, Schoharie co., 
 
 New York, 3,843 
 
 Middlebury, Addison co., 
 
 Vermont, 3,162 
 
 Middlebury, Genesee co., 
 
 New York, 2,331 
 
 Middlebury, Tioga co., Pa.. .725 
 Middlefield, Hampshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,717 
 
 Middlefield, Otsego co., 
 
 New York, 3,319 
 
 Middle Florida, 26,526 
 
 M iddle Fork, Macon co., Mo. . . 535 
 Middle Paxton, Dauphin 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. .1,560 
 Middle, Peoria county. III.. .402 
 Middlesex, Butler co., Pa. 1,692 
 Middlesex, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,270 
 
 Middlesex, Yates co., N.Y. 1,439 
 Middlesex County, Conn. 24,878 
 Middlesex County, Mass. 106,6 J 1 
 Middlesex County, N. J. 21,893 
 Middlesex County, Va. . . 4,392 
 Middle Smithfield, Monroe 
 
 county; Pennsylvania, 1,144 
 Middleton, Essex co.,Mass.. .657 
 MiddIeton,Statfoi-dco.,N.H.. .482 
 Middleton, VVoodco.,Ohio,. .193 
 Middletown, Butler co.,0.. .809 
 Middletown city, Middlesex 
 
 county, Connecticut, . . 3,511 
 Middletown, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 2,608 
 
 Middletown, Delaware co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,451 
 
 Middletown, Bucks co.,Pa. 2,124 
 Middletown in Butler, Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio,. . .27 
 Middletown, Monmouth co., 
 
 New Jersey, 6,063 
 
 Middletown, Newport co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 891 
 
 Middletown, Rutland co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,057 
 
 Middletown, Shelby co., Ind.. . .70 
 
 MILO 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Middletown, Susquehanna 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 589 
 Mifflin, Allegheny co., Pa. 1,654 
 Mifflin, Columbia" co., Pa. 2,150 
 
 Mifflin County, Pa 13,092 
 
 Mifflin, Crawford co., O. . . 316 
 Mifflin, Cumberland co., Pa.1,412 
 Mifflin, Dauphin co., Pa.. .1,781 
 Mifflin, Franklin co.,Ohio, 825 
 Mifflin, Lycoming co., Pa. 1,224 
 Mifflin, Pikecounty,Ohio,. .666 
 Mifflin, Richland co, Ohio, 1,800 
 Mifflintown, (borough,) Ju- 
 niata county, Pa 420 
 
 Mifflinburg (borough,) Union 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 704 
 Milan, Allen county, Ind . .249 
 Milan, Calhoun county, 111.. .296 
 Milan, Coos county, N. H.. .386 
 Milan, Dutchess co., N. Y. 1,725 
 Milan, Erie county, Ohio, 1,531 
 Milan, Monroe co., Mich. . . 363 
 Miles, Centre county, Pa. 1,198 
 Milford, Bucks co., Pa. . . 2,193 
 Milford, Butler co., Ohio, 1,868 
 Milford, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,455 
 
 Milford, Juniata co., Pa. . . 1,824 
 Milford, Kent county, Del. 2,356 
 Milford, Knox county, O. 1,158 
 Milford, La Grangeco.Jnd.. .298 
 Milford, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,455 
 
 Milford,Oaklandco.,Mich. . 381 
 Milford, Otsego co., N. Y. 2,095 
 Milford, Penobscot co.,Me.. .474 
 Milford, Pike county, Pa. . .648 
 Milford, Somerset co., Pa. 1,632 
 Milford, Union co., Ohio,. . 20] 
 Milford, Worces'r co., Mass. 1,773 
 Mill, Tuscarawas co., O.. .1,225 
 Mill Grove, Steuben co., Ind.. .206 
 Mill Creek, Coshocton co., 
 
 Ohio, 907 
 
 Mill Creek, Erie co., Pa.. .2,682 
 Mill Cieek, Hamilton co., 
 
 Ohio, 6,249 
 
 Mill Creek, New Castle co., 
 
 Delaware, 3,144 
 
 Mill Creek, Union co., O. . . 523 
 Mill Creek, Williams co., O.. .109 
 Millbury, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,171 
 
 Milledgeville, (city,) Bald- 
 win county, Georgia, . .2,095 
 Miller County, Missouri, 2,282 
 Miller, Dearborn co., Ind. 1,209 
 
 Miller, Macon co., Mo 149 
 
 Miller, Polk county, Mo. . . 155 
 Miller, Knox county, Ohio,. .977 
 Millersburg Township, 14 
 N., range 4 W., Mercer 
 
 county, Illinois, 92 
 
 Milford, Williams co., O. . . 175 
 Millsboro', (borough,) Wash- 
 ington county. Pa 312 
 
 Minefield, Uoos co., N. H. . . 12 
 Millsford, Ashtabula co.,0.. .173 
 Milltown, Crawford co., Ind.. .73 
 JVI ill villi-, ( 'umberland co., 
 
 New Jersey, 1,771 
 
 Millwood, Guernsey co.,0. 1,596 
 Milo, Piscataquis co., Me. . . 756 
 
MONROE 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Milo, Yates county, N. Y. 3,986 
 Milton, and part of Weston, 
 
 Wood county, Ohio 124 
 
 Milton, (borough,) North- 
 umberland county. Pa. 1,508 
 Milton, Cass county, Mich. 439 
 Milton, Chittenden co.,Vt. 2,134 
 Milton, Jackson county, O. 912 
 Milton, Jefferson co , ind. 1,280 
 Milton, Miami county, O. 252 
 Milton, Norfolk co. Mass. 1,822 
 Milton, Piscataquis co., Me. 469 
 Milton, Richland co., Ohio, 1,861 
 Milton, Saratoga co., N. Y. 3,166 
 Milton, Strafford co., N. H. 1,322 
 Milton, Trumbull county, 0. 1,277 
 Milton, Wayne co., Ind. 465 
 Milton, Wavne county, O. 1,157 
 Miltonville," Butler co., O. 122 
 Milwaukee County, Wis- 
 
 konsin, 5,605 
 
 Milwaukee, town, Milwau- 
 kee co., Wiskonsin,. 1,712 
 
 Mina,Chatauqueco., N.Y. 871 
 Minden, Montgomery co., 
 
 New York, 3,507 
 
 Mine-a-Brcton, Washington 
 
 county, Missouri, 994 
 
 Mine Creek, Hempstead co., 
 
 Arkansas, 436 
 
 Minerva, Essex co., N. Y. 455 
 Minisink, Orange co., N. Y. 5,093 
 Mino, Mifflin county, Pa. 974 
 Minot, Cumberland co Mc. 3,550 
 Mispilion, Kent co., Del. 3,069 
 Mississinewa, Daike co., O. 127 
 
 Mississippi, 375,651 
 
 Mississippi County, Ark. 1,410 
 Mississippi, Scott co., Mo. 015 
 
 Missouri, 383,702 
 
 Missouri, Boone co., Mo. 2,964 
 Missouri, Clarke co., Ark. 427 
 Missouri, Hempstead co., 
 
 Arkansas, 672 
 
 Missouri, Pike co., Ark. . 295 
 Missouri, Scott co., Mo. . 504 
 Mitchell, Poinsett co., Ark. 414 
 Mobile city, Mobile co., Ala. 12,672 
 Mobile County, Alabama, 18,741 
 Mohawk, Montgomery co., 
 
 New York, 3,112 
 
 Mohican, Wayne co., O. 2,016 
 Moira, Franklin co., N. Y. 962 
 Monaghan, York co., Pa. 770 
 Monday Creek, Perry co., O. 98( I 
 Monegan, Rives co., Mo. 1,105 
 Monegan Island, Lincoln 
 
 count)', Maine, 77 
 
 Monitaw, Howard co.,Mo. 1,482 
 Moniteau, Cole co., Mo. . 1,533 
 Moniteau, Cooper co., Mo. 1,514 
 Monkton, Addison co.,Vt. 1,310 
 Monmouth County, N. J. 32,909 
 Monmouth, Kennebec co., 
 
 Maine 1,882 
 
 Monongahcla City, borough, 
 
 Washington co., Pa. . . 752 
 Monongahela, Greene co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,178 
 
 Monongalia County, Va. 17,368 
 Vlonroe, Adams county, O. 832 
 Monroe, Armstrong county, 
 
 Pennsylvania......... 1,151 
 
 ( 35 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Populatinii. 
 
 Monrce, Ashtabula co., 0. 1,323 
 Monroe, Bradford co., Pa. 1,153 
 Monroe, Butler co., Ohio, 202 
 Monroe, Carroll county, 0. 1,060 
 Monroe City, Monroe co., 
 
 Michigan,.. 1,703 
 
 Monroe, Clermont co., O. 1,628 
 Monroe, Coshocton co., O. 557 
 Monroe, Cook county, 111. 350 
 Monroe County, Alabama, 10,686 
 Monroe County, Arkansas, 936 
 Monroe County, Georgia, 16,275 
 Monroe County, Illinois, 4,481 
 Monroe County, Indiana, 10,143 
 Monroe County, Kentucky, 6,526 
 Monroe County, Michigan, 9,922 
 Monroe County, Mississippi, 9,250 
 Monroe County. Missouri, 9,505 
 Monroe County, N. Y. . 64,902 
 Monroe County, Ohio, . 18,521 
 
 Monroe County, Pa 9,879 
 
 Monroe County, Tenn. . 12,056 
 Monroe County, Virginia, 8,422 
 Monroe, Cumberland co., Pa. 1,570 
 Monroe, Darke county, O. 471 
 Monroe, Fan-field co., Conn. 1,355 
 Monroe, Franklin co., Mass. 282 
 Monroe, Gallatin co., 111. 1,338 
 Monroe, Grant county, Ind. 273 
 Monroe, Guernsey co, O. 940 
 Monroe, Harrison co., O. 1,039 
 Monroe, Holmes county, O. 899 
 Monroe, Knox county, O. 1,249 
 Monroe, Lafayette co., Ark. 504 
 Monroe, Licking co , O. . 1,156 
 Monroe, Lincoln co., Mo. 796 
 Monroe, Livingston co., Mo. 217 
 Monroe, Logan county, O. 1,203 
 Monroe, Luzerne co., Pa. 340 
 Monroe, Madison co., O. 385 
 Monroe, Miami county, O. 1, 104 
 Monroe, Middlesex co., N.J. 2,453 
 Monroe, Muskingum co., O. 918 
 Monroe, Ogle county, III. 135 
 Monroe, Orange co., N. Y. 3,914 
 Monroe, Perry county, O. 999 
 Monroe, Pickaway co, O. 1,346 
 Monroe, Preble county, 0. 1,176 
 Monroe, Putnam co., Ind. 1,346 
 Monroe, Putnam county, O. 509 
 Monroe, Richland co., O. 1,624 
 Monroe, Sevier co., Ark. 216 
 Monroe Township, Hardin 
 
 county, Illinois, 328 
 
 Monroe, (township,) Mon- 
 roe county, Michigan, . 693 
 Monroe, Waldo co., Maine, 1,602 
 Monroe, Washington co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,537 
 
 Monroe, Washington co., Vt. 1,092 
 Monson, Hampden county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,151 
 
 Monson, Piscataquis co., Me. 548 
 Montague, Franklin county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,255 
 
 Montague, Sussex co., N.J. 1,026 
 Montgomery, Benton co., Mo. 633 
 Montgomery City, Mont- 
 gomery county, Ala. . . 2,179 
 Montgomery County, Ala. 24,574 
 Montgomery County, Ga. 1,616 
 Montgomery County, HI. 4,490 
 Montgomery County,Ind. 14,438 
 
 MORGAN 
 
 Names of Places. Population . 
 
 Montgomery County, Ky. 9,332 
 Montgomery County, Md. 14,669 
 Montgomery County, Mo. 4,371 
 Montgomery County, N. C. 10,780 
 Montgomery County, N. Y. 35,818 
 Montgomery County, O. 31,938 
 Montgomery County, Pa. 47,241 
 Montgomery County, Te. 16,927 
 Montgomery County, Va. 7,404 
 Montgomery, Franklin co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 3,217 
 
 Montgomery, Franklin co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,449 
 
 Montgomery, Franklin co., 
 
 Vermont, 548 
 
 Montgomery, Gibson co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,333 
 
 Montgomery, Hampden co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 740 
 
 Montgomery, Indiana co., Pa. 787 
 Montgomery, Mercersburg 
 
 borough, Franklin co., Pa. 1,143 
 Montgomery, Marionco.,0. 552 
 Montgomery, Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . 1,009 
 Montgomery, Monroe co., 
 
 Arkansas, 292 
 
 Montgomery, Owen county, 
 
 Indiana, .. 1,429 
 
 Montgomery, Orange co., 
 
 New York, 4,100 
 
 Montgomery , Richland co., 
 
 Ohio, 2,445 
 
 Montgomery, Somerset co., 
 
 New Jersey, 1,482 
 
 Montgomery, Wood co., O. 609 
 Monticello, Madison co., 111.788 
 Monticello, Wayne co., Ky. 142 
 Montour, Columbia co., Pa. 809 
 Montpelier, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 3,725 
 
 Montrose, (borough,) Sus- 
 quehanna county, Pa. . . 632 
 Montville, Geauga co., O. . .567 
 Montville, Medina co., O. . .914 
 Montville, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,990 
 
 Montville, Waldo co., Me. 2,153 
 Mooers, Clinton co., N. Y. 1,703 
 Moon, Allegheny co., Pa. 1,281 
 Moon, Beaver county, Pa. 748 
 Mooney, Philips co., Ark. 348 
 Mooney, Polk county, Mo. 864 
 Moore, Northampton co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,389 
 
 Moral, Shelby co., Ind. . . 1,146 
 Moravia,Cayuga co., N. Y. 2,010 
 Moreau, Cole county, Mo. 975 
 Moreau, Morgan co., Mo. . .790 
 Morefield,Clark county, O. 1,071 
 Moreiield, Harrison co., O. 1 ,505 
 Moreland, Lycoming co.,Pa. 682 
 Moreland, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,162 
 
 Moreland, Philadelphia co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 469 
 
 Moreland, Scott co., Mo.. .1,318 
 Moretown, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,128 
 
 Morgan, Ashtabula co., O. 643 
 Morgan, Butler co., O. . . 1,726 
 
 Morgan County, Ala., 9,841 
 
 Morgan County, Georgia, 9,121 
 
MOUNT 
 
 Na:n< s of Places. Population. 
 
 Morgan County, Illinois, 19,547 
 Morgan County, Indiana, 10,741 
 
 Morgan County, Ky 4,G<)3 
 
 Morgan County, Mo 4,407 
 
 Morgan County, Ohio, . .20,852 
 Morgan County, Tenn. . .2,600 
 Morgan County, Virginia, 4,253 
 Morgan, Gallia county, O.. 744 
 Morgan, Greene co., Pa. . . 1,094 
 Morgan, Harrison co., Ind. 1,157 
 Morgan, Knox county, O. . .912 
 Morgan, Livingston co., Mo. 178 
 Morgan, Morgan co., Ohio, 1,518 
 Morgan, Orleans co., Vt. . . .422 
 Morgan, Owen county, Ind. 580 
 Morgan, Polk county, Mo. . .870 
 Morgan, Scioto county, O.. .265 
 Morgan, Essex co., N.Y.. .2,595 
 
 Morris County, N.J 25,844 
 
 Mori is, Greene co., Pa.. . .1,162 
 Morris, Clearfield co., Pa. ..214 
 Morris, Huntingdon co.,Pa. 1,516 
 Morris, Knox county, O. . . 1 ,072 
 Morris, Morris co., N. J. . .4,013 
 Morris, Tioga county, Pa. . .120 
 Morris, Washington co., Pa.1,683 
 Morristown, Lamoille co., Vt. 1 ,502 
 Morristown, St. Lawrence 
 
 county. New York, 2.809 
 
 Morrisville, boro'h, Bucks 
 
 county, Pa 405 
 
 Morven, Marion co., Ohio, 980 
 Moscow, Hillsdale county, 
 
 Michigan, 758 
 
 Moscow, Somerset co., Me. 562 
 Mosquito County, East 
 
 Florida, 73 
 
 Mottville, St. Joseph co., 
 
 Michigan, 465 
 
 Moulton, Allen county, O.. .263 
 Moultonboro', Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshire 1,752 
 
 Mount Airy, Greene co., 111. 1,074 
 Mount Desert, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 1,887 
 
 Mount Holly, Rutland co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,356 
 
 Mount Hope, Orange co., 
 
 New York, 1,565 
 
 Mount Joy, Adams co.,Pa. 1,031 
 Mount Joy. Lancaster co., Pa. 2,375 
 Mount Morris, Livingston 
 
 county. New York,. . . .4,576 
 Mount Pleasant, Adams 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, . . . .1,588 
 Mount Pleasant, Barry co., 
 
 Missouri, 587 
 
 Mount Pleasant, (borough) 
 
 Westmoreland co., Pa. . .554 
 Mount Pleasant, Columbia 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,.. .609 
 Mount Pleasant, Jefferson 
 
 county, Ohio, 1,676 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Van Bu- 
 
 ren county, Missouri, ...694 
 Mount Pleasant, Washing- 
 Ion county, Pa 1,203 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Wayne 
 
 co., Pennsylvania 1,359 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Westches- 
 ter county, New York, 7,307 
 Mount Pleasant, West- 
 moreland county , Pa. . .2,123 
 
 ( 36 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Mount Steiling, Madison 
 
 county, Ohio, 152 
 
 Mount Sterling, Muskin- 
 gum county, Ohio, 177 
 
 Mount Sterling, Pettis co., 
 
 Missouri, 1.246 
 
 Mount Sterling,town, Mont- 
 gomery county, Ky 585 
 
 Mount Tabor, Rutland co., 
 
 Vermont, 226 
 
 Mount Vernon, Hillsbo- 
 rough county, N. H 720 
 
 Mount Vernon, Kennebec 
 
 county, Maine, 1,475 
 
 Mo untVer no n,Knox co., 0.2.362 
 Mount Vernon, town, Rock- 
 castle county, Kj- 209 
 
 Mount Washington, Berk- 
 shire county Mass 438 
 
 Mountain, Crawford co., Ark., 497 
 Mountain, Hot Spring co., 
 
 Arkansas, 159 
 
 Mountain, Newton co., Mo. 116 
 Mountain, Washington co., 
 
 Arkansas, 701 
 
 Moyamensing, Philadelphia 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 14,573 
 MuddyCreek,Butlerco.,Pa.l,998 
 Muhlenberg County, Ky. 6,964 
 Muhlenberg, Pickaway co., 
 
 Ohio, 653 
 
 Mulberry, Franklin co., Ark. 614 
 Mulberry, Johnson co., Aik. 242 
 Mullica, Atlantic co., N.J. 1,056 
 Muncy, (borough,) Lyco- 
 ming county, Pa GG2 
 
 Muncy, Lycoming co., Pa. 912 
 Money Creek, Lycoming 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,166 
 Mundy, Genesee co., Mich. 440 
 Munfurdsville, town, Hart 
 
 county, Kentucky, 274 
 
 Munson, Geauga co.,Ohio, 1,263 
 Munster, Cambria co., Pa. ...67 
 Murderkill, Kent co., Del. 4,768 
 Murraj' County, Georgia, 4,695 
 Murray, Orleans co., N.Y. 2,675 
 
 Muscatine, Iowa, 1,942 
 
 Muscle, Ridge Island, Lin- 
 coln county, Maine, 51 
 
 Muscogee County, Ga. ..11,699 
 Musk ego, town, Milwaukee 
 
 county,Wiskonsin, 130 
 
 Muskingum County, O. 38,749 
 Muskingum, Muskingum 
 
 county, Ohio, 1 ,252 
 
 Nankin, Wayne co., Mich. 1,109 
 Nansemond County, Va. 10,795 
 Nantieoke, Broome co., N.Y. 400 
 N an ticoke, Sussex co., Del. 1,978 
 Nantucket County, Mass. 9,012 
 Nantucket, Nantucket co , 
 
 Massachusetts 9,012 
 
 Napier, Bedford co., Pa ..2.468 
 Naples, Cumberland co., Me. 758 
 Naples, Ontario co., N. Y. 2,345 
 Napoleon, Henry co., Ohio, 615 
 Napoleon, Jackson county, 
 
 Michigan, 1,098 
 
 Napoli, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York, 1,145 
 
 Narrows, Macon co., Mo... .211 
 Nash County, N.C 9,047 
 
 NEW 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 Nash and Sawyer's Loca- 
 tion, Grafton co., N. H 17 
 
 Nashport,Muskingumco.,0. 116 
 Nashua, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 6,054 
 
 Nashville City, Davidson 
 
 county, Tennessee 6,929 
 
 Nassau County, E.Florida, 1,892 
 Nassau,Rensselaerco.,N.Y. 3,236 
 Natchitoches, Louisiana, 14,350 
 Natick,Middlesexco.,Mass. 1,285 
 Neave, Darke county, Ohio, 645 
 Needham,Norfolkco.,Mass.l,488 
 ( Nelson, Cheshire co., N. H. 835 
 
 Nelson County, Ky 13,637 
 
 | Nelson County, Virginia, 12,287 
 Nelson, Madison co., N.Y. 2,100 
 Nelson, Portage co., Ohio, 1,398 
 Nescopeck, Luzerne co.,Pa. 1 ,370 
 Neshanock,Mercerco.,Pa. 2,068 
 
 Neshoba County, Mi 2,437 
 
 Nether Providence, Dela- 
 ware county, Pa 1,025 
 
 Nettle Creek, Randolph co., 
 
 Indiana, 812 
 
 Nevisink, Sullivan county, 
 
 New York, 1,081 
 
 New Albany, (city,) Floyd 
 
 county, Indiana, 4,22C 
 
 New Albany in Green, Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio,. . .52 
 New Albany, (township,) 
 
 Floyd county, Indiana, 1,308 
 New Albion, Cattaraugus 
 
 county, New York, . . . .1,010 
 New Alexandria, (borough,) 
 
 Westmoreland co., Pa.. ..427 
 New Alexandria, in West 
 
 Columbiana co., 121 
 
 Newark, Allegan co., Mich. 121 
 Newark, Caledonia co., Vt. 360 
 Newark City, Essex co., 
 
 New Jersey, 17,290 
 
 Newark, Tioga co., N. Y. 1,616 
 Newark, (town,) Licking 
 
 county, Ohio, 2,705 
 
 Newark, (township,) Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio, 1,433 
 
 New Ash ford, Berkshire 
 
 co , Mass 227 
 
 New Baltimore, Greene co., 
 
 New York, 2,306 
 
 New Barbadoes, Bergen co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,104 
 
 New Bedford, Bristol co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 12,087 
 
 New Benton in Smith, Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, ..74 
 Newberg, Cass co., Mich.. .175 
 New Berlin, (borough,) 
 
 Union county, Pa 679 
 
 New Berlin, Chenango Co., 
 
 New York, 3,086 
 
 Newbern, Craven co., N.C. 3,690 
 Newberry District, S. C. 18,350 
 Newberry, Geauga co., O. 1 ,209 
 New Boston, Hillsborough 
 
 county, N. H 1,569 
 
 New Boston Township, 14 
 N., range 5 W., Mercer 
 
 county, Illinois, 75 
 
 New Braintree, Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, ..752 
 
NEW 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 New Brighton, (borough,) 
 
 Beaver county, Pa 981 
 
 New Britain, Bucksco., Pa. 1 ,304 
 New Buffalo, Berrien co., 
 
 Michigan, 123 
 
 Newburg, Orange co., N. Y. 8,933 
 Ne wburg, Penobscot co., Me. 963 
 Newburg, Warwick co., Ind 187 
 Newbury, Cuyahoga co. 0. 1,342 
 Newbury, Essex co., Mass. 3,789 
 Newbury, La Grange co., 
 
 Indiana, 145 
 
 Newbury, Lewisburg (bo- 
 rough,) York co., Pa 249 
 
 Newbury, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 816 
 
 Newbury, Miami co., O... 1,302 
 Newbury, Orange co., Vt. 2,578 
 Newbury, York co., Pa. ..1,850 
 Newburyport, Essex co., 
 
 Massachusetts 7,161 
 
 New Canaan, Fairfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,218 
 
 New Castle, (borough) Mer- 
 cer co.. Pa 61 1 
 
 New Castle County, Del. 33,120 
 New Castle, Coshocton co., O. 905 
 New Castle, Lincoln co., Me. 1,7 12 
 New Castle, New Castle co., 
 
 Delaware, . .2.737 
 
 New Castle, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 742 
 
 New Castle, (town,) Henry 
 
 county, Kentucky, 528 
 
 New Castle, Westchester 
 
 county, New York,. . . .1,529 
 Newcomb, Essex co., N. Y. 74 
 New Cumberland, (borough,) 
 
 Cumberland co.,Pa 284 
 
 New Durham, Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,032 
 
 New Fairfield, Fairfield co , 
 
 Connecticut, 956 
 
 New Fane, Niagara county, 
 
 New York, 2,372 
 
 New Fane, Windham co. Vt.1,403 
 Newfield, Tompkins county, 
 
 New York, 3,567 
 
 Newfield, York co., Maine, 1,354 
 New Garden, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,411 
 
 New Garden in Hanover, 
 
 Columbiana co., 194 
 
 New Garden, Wayne co., 
 
 Indiana, '. 1,890 
 
 New Georgetown in Knox, 
 
 Columbiana co., 218 
 
 New Gloucester, Cumber- 
 land county, Maine,. . .1 ,946 
 
 New Hampshire, 284,574 
 
 New Hampton, Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshne, 1,809 
 
 New H:mover, Burlington 
 
 county, New Jersey,. . .3,045 
 New Hanover co., N. C. 13,312 
 New Hanover, Montgomery 
 
 county, Penna 1,419 
 
 New Hartford, Litchfield 
 
 county, Connecticut,. . .1,708 
 New Hartford, Oneida co., 
 
 New York, 3,819 
 
 New Haven, Addison co., 
 
 Vermont 1,503 
 
 ( 37 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 New Haven, (city,) New 
 
 Haven county, Conn . .12.960 
 New Haven County, Conn. 4 8,690 
 New Haven, Union co., 0.1,270 
 New Haven, Oswego co., 
 
 New York, !,738 
 
 New Hope, (borough,) Bucks 
 
 county, Penna 820 
 
 New Hudson, Alleghany 
 
 county, New York, 1,502 
 
 Newington, Rockingham 
 
 county, N. H 543 
 
 New Ipswich, Hillsborough 
 
 county, N. H 1,578 
 
 New Jersey, 373,306 
 
 New Kent County, Va. ..6,230 
 New Lebanon, Columbia 
 
 county, New York, . . . .2,536 
 New Liberty, (town,) Owen 
 
 county, Kentucky, 227 
 
 New Lima in Beaver, Co- 
 lumbiana co., O. 129 
 
 New Limerick, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 123 
 
 Newlin, Chester co., Pa.. ..728 
 New Lisbon in Centre, Co- 
 lumbiana county, O. ...1,490 
 New Lisbon, Otsego county, 
 
 New York, 1,909 
 
 New London, Chester co., Pa.l ,553 
 New London County, Conn. 4 4 ,501 
 New London, Huron co., O.l ,218 
 New London, Merrimack 
 
 county, N.H 1,019 
 
 New London, New London 
 
 county, Conn. 5,528 
 
 New London, (town,) Ralls 
 
 county, Missouri, 263 
 
 New Lyme, Ashtabula co, 0.527 
 New Madrid County, Mo 4,554 
 New Madrid, New Madrid 
 
 county, Missouri, 1 ,668 
 
 New Market, Highland co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,302 
 
 New Market, Rockingham 
 
 county, N. II 2,720 
 
 New Marlborough, Berk- 
 shire co., Mass 1,682 
 
 New Middletown in Spring- 
 field, Columbiana co., O. 118 
 New Milford, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,974 
 
 New Milford, Susquehanna 
 
 county, Penna 1,148 
 
 New Platz, Ulster co., N.Y. 5,408 
 Newport County, R. I .. .16,874 
 Newport, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York 2,020 
 
 Newport, Luzerne co., Pa. 1.099 
 Newport, Newport co.,R. 1.8,333 
 Newport, Orleans co., Vt. . .591 
 Newport, Penobscotco.,Me.l ,1 38 
 Newport,Sulli van co., N.H. 1,958 
 Newport, Vermilion co., Ind. 192 
 Newport, Wasb'lon co., 0.1,128 
 New Portland, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine,. 1,620 
 
 New Providence, Essex co., 
 
 New Jersey, 832 
 
 New Reading, (town,) Perry 
 
 county, Ohio, 193 
 
 New Reading, (township,) 
 
 Perry county, Ohio, 2,799 
 
 NOBLE 
 
 Names of Places Population. 
 
 Ne w Rochelle, Westchester 
 
 county, New York... . .1,816 
 Newry, Oxford co., Maine, 463 
 New Salem, Franklin co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,305 
 
 New Scotland, Albany co., 
 
 New York, 2,912 
 
 New Sewickley, Reaver co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,740 
 
 New Sharon, Franklin co., 
 
 Maine, 1,829 
 
 New Shoreman, Newport 
 
 county, R. I. 1,069 
 
 Newstead, Erie co., N. Y.. 2,653 
 Newton, Calhoun co., Mich. 235 
 Newton County, Georgia, 11,628 
 Newton County, Mi.. . . . .2,527 
 
 Newton County, Missouri,3,790 
 Newton, Cumberland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,499 
 
 Newton, Delaware co., Pa. 752 
 Newton, Fairfield co., Conn. 3,199 
 Newton, Gloucester co.,N J. 1,863 
 Newton, Licking co., O.. .1,247 
 
 Newton, Miami co.,0 1,242 
 
 N e w to n , M uskingum co., 0. 2.568 
 
 Newton, Pike co., 326 
 
 Newton, Sussex co., N. J. 3,857 
 Newton Township Village, 
 
 Trumbull co., Ohio, 1,456 
 
 Newtown, Middlesex CO., 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,451 
 
 Newtown. Bucks co., Pa .1,414 
 Newtown, Queen'sco.,N. Y. 5,054 
 Newtown, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 541 
 
 New Utrecht, King's co., 
 
 New York, 1,283 
 
 Newville, Cumberland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 654 
 
 New Vineyard, Franklin 
 
 co., Maine, 927 
 
 New Windsor. Orange co., 
 
 New York,.'. 2,482 
 
 New York, 2,428,921 
 
 New York, (city.) New York 
 
 county, New York,. .312,710 
 New York County. N.Y. 312,710 
 Niagara County, N. Y... 31,132 
 Niagara, Niagara co., N.Y. 1.277 
 Niangue, Benton co.. Mo. 372 
 
 Nicholas County, Ky 8,475 
 
 Nicholas County, Va 2,515 
 
 Nicholasville, (town J Jes- 
 samine county, Ky 632 
 
 Nichols, Tioga co., N. Y. .1,986 
 Nicholson, Luzerne co., Pa. 65S 
 
 Nile, Scioto co. ; 860 
 
 Niles. Berrien co., Mich.. .1,420 
 Niles, Cayuga co., N. Y.. .2,234 
 Nitnishillin, Stark co.,0 . . .1,927 
 Nine Mile Prairie,Callaway 
 
 county, Missouri, 2,059 
 
 Nineveh, Barth'mew co., Ind. 854 
 Nippenose, Lycoming co., Pa. 319 
 Niskayuna. Schenectady co., 
 
 New York, 693 
 
 Noble, Buchanan co., Mo.. .546 
 Noble County, Indiana, . .2,702 
 
 Noble, Morgan co , 1,308 
 
 Noble, Noble co., Ind 240 
 
 Noble, Rush co., Ind. .... 1 ,491 
 Noble, Shelby co., Ind. . . . 1,394 
 
NORTHFIELD 
 
 Names nf Place?. Population. 
 
 Noble. Wabash co,, Ind. . . 454 
 Nobleborough, Lincoln co., 
 
 Maine, 2,210 
 
 Noblesville, Hamilton co,, 
 
 Indiana, 1,762 
 
 Nockamixon, Bucks co.. Pa. 2,055 
 Nodaway, Buchanan co., 
 
 Missouri, 1,169 
 
 Noreau, Saratoga co., N.Y. 1,576 
 Norfolk City, "Virginia, 10,920 
 Norfolk County, Mass.. .53,140 
 
 Norfolk Countv, Va 21,092 
 
 Norfolk, Litchfield co.,Conn. 1,393 
 Norfolk, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 1,723 
 
 Norridgewock, Somerset co,, 
 
 Maine, 1,865 
 
 Norristown borough, Mont- 
 gomery county, Pa 2,937 
 
 Norriton, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,411 
 
 North, Harrison co., Ohio, 1,086 
 Northampton, Bucks co., Pa. 1,694 
 Northampton Countv, N.C. 13,369 
 Northampton County, Pa. 40,996 
 Northampton County, Va. ..7,715 
 Northampton, Fulton co., 
 
 New York,' 1,526 
 
 Northampton, Hampshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 3,750 
 Northampton, Lehigh co.,Pa.293 
 Northampton, Peoria co., III. 316 
 Northampton,8ummit co.,0. 903 
 North and South Akron, 
 
 Summit county, Ohio, 1,665 
 North Beaver, Beaver co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,293 
 
 North Berwick,Yorkco.,Me. 1,461 
 Northborough, Worcester 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 1,248 
 North Bradford, New Haven 
 
 county, Connecticut, . .1,016 
 Northbridge, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,449 
 
 North Bridgewater, Ply- 
 mouth county, Mass. . . 2,616 
 North Brookfield, Worces- 
 ter county, Mas?.. . . . . .1,485 
 
 North Brunswick, Middle- 
 sex county, N. J 5,866 
 
 North Carolina, 753,419 
 
 North Castle, Westchester 
 
 county, New York, 2,058 
 
 North Codorus, York co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,540 
 
 Northeast, (borough,) Erie 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 339 
 Northeast, Erie co., Pa.. .1,793 
 Northeast, Dutchess co., 
 
 New York 1,385 
 
 Northeast, Orange co., Ind. 1,027 
 Northern Liberties, Phila- 
 delphia county, Pa. .. 34,474 
 Northern Liberties, unin- 
 corporated, Philadelphia 
 county, Pennsylvania, 3,332 
 Northfield, Franklin county, 
 
 Massachusetts 1,673 
 
 Northfield, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,413 
 
 Northfield, Richmond co., 
 New York, 2,745 
 
 ( 38 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Northfield, Washington co., 
 
 Maine, 232 
 
 Northfield, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 2,013 
 
 North Fork, Gallatin co., 111. 478 
 North Fork, Izard co., Ark. 313 
 North Fork, Newton co.,Mo. 177 
 North Fork, Taney co., Mo. 357 
 North Half, Sl.Clair co.,Ill. 5,652 
 North Hampton, Burlington 
 
 county, New Jersey, .. 6,813 
 North Hampton, Rocking- 
 ham county, N. H 885 
 
 North Haven, New Haven 
 
 county, Connecticut, . . 1,349 
 North Hempstead, Queen's 
 
 county, New York, 3,891 
 
 North Hero, Grand Isle co., 
 
 Vermont, 716 
 
 North Huntingdon, West- 
 moreland county, Pa. ..1,878 
 North Kingston, Washing- 
 ton county, R. I .°2,909 
 
 North Middleton, Cumber- 
 land county, Pa 1,999 
 
 North Moreland, Luzerne 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 887 
 Northport, Waldo co., Me. 1,207 
 Nortli Providence, Provi- 
 dence county, R. 1 4,207 
 
 North Rich Woods, Greene 
 
 county, Illinois, 670 
 
 North Salem, Westchester 
 
 county, New York, . . . .1,661 
 North Sewickley, Beaver 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 2,992 
 North Shenango, Crawford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,210 
 North Stonington, New Lon- 
 don county, Conn 2,270 
 
 North Strabane, Washing- 
 ton county, Pa 1,207 
 
 Northumberland, Northum- 
 berland county, Pa 928 
 
 Northumberland, Saratoga 
 
 county, New York,. . . .1,672 
 Northumberland, Coos co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 399 
 
 Northumberland County, 
 
 Pennsylvania. 20,027 
 
 Northumberland County, 
 
 Virginia, 7,924 
 
 Northwest, Orange co., Ind. 901 
 North Whitehall, Lehigh 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 2,324 
 North Woodbury, Bedford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .1,994 
 Northwood, Rockingham 
 
 county, N. H 1,172 
 
 Northwest Fork, Sussex co., 
 
 Delaware, 3,187 
 
 North Yarmouth, Cumber- 
 land county, Maine 2,827 
 
 Norton, Bristol co., Mass.. 1,545 
 Norton, Oceana co., Mich. . .98 
 Norton, Summit co., Ohio, 1,497 
 Norwalk, Fairfield co.,Con. 3,859 
 Norwalk, Huron co., Ohio, 2,613 
 Norway, Herkimer county, 
 
 New York, 1,046 
 
 Norway.Oxford co.,Maine, 1,786 
 Norwegian, Schuylkill co., 
 
 .. , «w,# it» iiui wtrgian, ocuuy mm co., 
 
 Northfield, Summit co., O. 1,031 1 Pennsylvania, 3,812 | 
 
 NO. 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Norwich, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 4,145 
 
 Norwich, (city.) New Lon- 
 don county. Conn 4,200 
 
 Norwich, Franklin co., O. 731 
 Norwich, Hampshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 750 
 
 Norwich, Huron co., Ohio, 676 
 Norwich, McKean co., Pa. 184 
 Norwich, Windsor co., Vt. 2,218 
 Nottawa, St. Joseph county, 
 
 Michigan, 1,226 
 
 Nottingham, Harrison co.,0. 368 
 Nottingham, Mercer co., N.J. 5,109 
 Nottingham, Rockingham 
 
 county, N. H 1,193 
 
 Nottingham, Washington 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . .993 
 Nottoway County, Va. . . 9,719 
 Novi, Oakland co., Mich. 1,351 
 
 Noxubee County, Mi 9,975 
 
 No. 1, 2d range, Pleasant 
 
 Ridge, Somerset co., Me. 167 
 No. 1, 2d range, West Ken- 
 nebec River, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 63 
 
 No. 1 , 3d range, East Ken- 
 nebec River, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 164 
 
 No. 1, 3d range, West Ken- 
 nebec River, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 85 
 
 No. 1, 4th range, East Ken- 
 nebec River, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 103 
 
 No. 1, 4th range. Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 10 
 
 No. 1, 5th range, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 22 
 
 No. 1, 5th range, Forks 
 Township, Somerset co., 
 
 Maine, 80 
 
 No. 2, Oxford co., Maine,. .386 
 No. 2, 2d range, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 139 
 
 No. 3, 2d range, Franklin 
 
 county, Maine, 47 
 
 No. 3, 3d range, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 106 
 
 No. 3, 5th range, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 100 
 
 No. 3, 6th and 7th ranges, 
 
 Aroostook county, Me. . . 50 
 No. 3, 1st range, Franklin 
 
 county, Maine, 4 
 
 No. 4, 1st range, Oxford 
 
 county, Maine, 4 
 
 No. 4, 2d range, Franklin 
 
 county, Maine, 6 
 
 No. 4, 5th range, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 294 
 
 No. 5, 2d range, Canada 
 
 Road, Somerset co., Me 1 
 
 No. 5, 1st range, Oxford co., 
 
 Maine, 49 
 
 No. 5, 2d range, Oxford co., 
 
 Maine, 42 
 
 No. 6, 5th range, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 43 
 
 Nos. 7, and 9, 5th range, 
 
 Aroostook co., Me 48 
 
 No. 9, 2d range, Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, 12 
 
ONTARIO 
 
 (39 ) 
 
 PANTON 
 
 Namps of Places. Population. 
 
 No. 10,5th range, or Ma- 
 
 sardis, Aroostook co., Me. 140 
 No. 1 1, 5th range, Aroos- 
 took county, Maine, .... 45 
 No. 13, 3d range, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 66 
 
 Nirtida, Alleghany co., N.Y. 2,637 
 Oak ford , Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,712 
 
 Oakham, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,038 
 
 Oakland County. Mich. .23,646 
 Oakland, Oakland co., Mich. 918 
 Obion County , Tennessee, 4,814 
 Oceana County, Michigan, 496 
 Oceana, Oceana co., Mich. 31 
 Oceola, Livingston co.,Mich. 523 
 Oden, Chicot co., Ark. . . .1,134 
 Ogden, Lenawee co., Mich. 286 
 Ogden, Monroe co., N. Y. 2,404 
 Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York 2,526 
 
 Ogle County, Illinois, 3,479 
 
 Oglethorp County, Geo. 10,868 
 
 Ohio, 1,519,647 
 
 Ohio, Allegheny co., Fa. . .1,631 
 Ohio, Beaver county, Pa,. 1,273 
 Ohio, Boone county, III. . . 143 
 Ohio, Clermont county, 0.2,895 
 Ohio county, (excluding 
 
 Hartford.) Kentucky, ..6,283 
 Ohio County, Kentucky.. .6,592 
 Ohio County, Virginia,. .13,357 
 Ohio City, Cuyahorra co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,577 
 
 Ohio, Gallia county, Ohio, 424 
 Ohio, Herkimer co., N. Y.. .692 
 Ohio, Monroe county, Ohio, 908 
 Ohio, (exclusive of Wheel- 
 ing city,) Ohio co., Va. .5,472 
 Ohio, Warwick co., Ind. .. 690 
 Oil Creek, Crawford co., Pa. 738 
 Oktibbeha County, Mi. .. 4,276 
 Old Codorus,York co., Pa. 1,131 
 Old River, Arkansas co., Ark. 281 
 Old River, Chicot co., Ark. 354 
 Oldham County, (excluding 
 
 La Grange.) Kentucky, 7,147 
 Oldham County, Ky. . .. 7,380 
 Oldtovv n, Penobscot co.,Me.2,342 
 01ean,Cattaraugus co.,N.Y. 638 
 Oleans County, Vermont, 13,634 
 
 Oley, Berks co., Pa 1,877 
 
 Olive, Meigs county, Ohio, 743 
 Olive, Morgan county, O. 1,653 
 Olive, Ulster co., N. Y. .. 2,023 
 Oliver, Mifflin county, Pa. 1,907 
 Oliver, Newport, borough, 
 
 Perry county, Pa 423 
 
 Oliver, Perry county, Pa. . 706 
 Olmstead, Cuyahoga co., O. 659 
 Olympus, Muskingum co., 
 
 Ohio, 96 
 
 Omph Gent, Madison co., III. 742 
 Oneida, Eaton co., Mich. . 265 
 Oneida County, N. Y. . . 85,310 
 Oneonta, Otsego co., N. Y. 1,936 
 Onondagajnn-ham co.,Mich. 276 
 Onondaga County, N. Y. 67,911 
 Onondaga, Onondaga co., 
 
 New York, 5,658 
 
 Onslow County, N. C. .. 7,527 
 Ontario County, N. Y. . 43,501 I 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Ontario, Wayne co., N. Y. 1 ,88!) 
 Ontwa, Cass county, Mich. 543 
 Openheim, Fulton co.,N.Y.2,169 
 Orange, Carroll county, O. 1,528 
 Orange, Columbia co., Pa. 833 
 Orange County, Indiana, 9,602 
 Orange County, N. Y. ..50,739 
 Orange County, N. C. . .24,356 
 Orange County, Virginia, 9,125 
 Orange County, Vermont, 27,873 
 Orange, Cuyahoga co ,0. 1,113 
 Orange, Delaware co , O. . 78!) 
 Orange, Essex co., N. J. . 3,264 
 Orange, Fayette oo., Ind. 1,187 
 Orange, Franklin co., Mass. 1,501 
 Orange, Grafton co., N. H. 463 
 Orange, Hancock co., O. . 314 
 Orange, Macomb co., Mich. 193 
 Orange, Meigs county, O. 830 
 Orange, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,329 
 
 Orange, Noble co., Indiana, 242 
 Orange, Orange county, Vt. 984 
 Orange, Richland co., O. 1,840 
 Orange, Rush county, Ind. 1,499 
 Oiange, Shelby co., Ohio, 783 
 Orange, Steuben co , N. Y. 1 ,824 
 Orangeburg District, S. C. 18,519 
 Orange town, Rockland co., 
 
 New York 2,771 
 
 Oranfeville, Genesee co., 
 
 New York, 2,445 
 
 Oregon, Lucas county, O. 264 
 Oregon, Ogle co. Illinois, 425 
 Orford, Grafton co., N. H. 1.707 
 Orient Gore, Aroost'k co, Me. 68 
 Orion, Oakland co., Mich. 769 
 Orland, Hancock co., Me. 1,381 
 Orleans, Barnstable^ co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,974 
 
 Orleans County, N.Y. . 25,127 
 Orleans, Jefferson co., N. Y. 3.001 
 Orleans, Parish and City of 
 
 New Orleans, La. ...102,193 
 Orleans, Orange co., Ind. 1,419 
 Orono, Penobscot co., Me. 1 ,52 1 
 Oronoko, Berrien co., Mich. 335 
 Orrington, Penobscotco., Me. 1,580 
 Orwell, Ashtabula co., O. 459 
 Orwell, Bradford co., Pa. 1,037 
 Orwell, Oswego co., N. Y. 808 
 Orwell, Rutland co., Vt. 1,504 
 Orwigsburg, (borough,) 
 
 Schuylkill co., Pa. ... . 779 
 Osage, Benton co., Ark. . . 655 
 Osage, Carroll co., Ark. . . 660 
 Osage, Miller co., Mo. .. 297 
 Osage, Morgan co., Mo. . 654 
 Osage, Van Buren co., Mo. 307 
 Oshtomo, Kalamazoo co., 
 
 Michigan, 310 
 
 Osnaburg, Stark co., O. 2,333 
 Ossian, Alleghany co., N. Y. 938 
 Ossipee, Strafford co., N.H. 2,170 
 Ostelic, Chenango co., N. Y. 2,827 
 Oswegatchie, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, ... 3,193 
 Oswego'County, N. Y. ..43,619 
 Oswego, Oswego co., N. Y. 4,665 
 Oswego, Potter co., Pa. .. 101 
 Otego, Otsego co., N. Y. 1,919 
 Otis, Hancock county, Me. 88 
 Otis, Berkshire co. Mass. 1,177 | 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Otisco, lona co., Mich. . . 212 
 Otisco, Onondaga co.. N. Y. 1,907 
 Otisfield,Cumb'Iandco.,Me. 1 ,306 
 Otsego, Allegan co , Mich. 480 
 Otsego County, New York,49,628 
 Otsego, Otsego co., N. Y. 4,120 
 Otsego, Steuben co, Ind. 161 
 Ottawa County, Ohio, ...2,248 
 Ottawa, Oceana co., Mich. 190 
 Ottawa, Putnam co., Ohio, 690 
 Otter Creek, Ripley co., Ind. 941 
 Otter Creek, Wayne co., Mo. 425 
 Otto, Cattaraugus co., N.Y. 2,133 
 Ottowa County, Michigan, 208 
 Overton County, Tenn. . 9,279 
 Ovid, Branch County, Mi. 369 
 Ovid, Seneca co.,N.Y. . . 2,721 
 Owasco, Cayuga co., N. Y. 1,319 
 Ovvassa, Shiawassee co , Mi. 234 
 Owego, Tioga county, N. Y. 5,340 
 Owen County, (excluding 
 
 New Liberty,) Ky. . . . 8,005 
 Owen Counhs Kentucky, 8,23-i 
 Owen County, Indiana, . . 8,359 
 Owen, Saline county, Ark. 481 
 Owingsburg City , Bath co.,K y . 25 1 
 Oxford, Butler county, 0.3,388 
 Oxford, Chenango co., N. Y. 3.1 7!* 
 Oxford County, Maine, .38,35! 
 Oxford, Coshocton co., O. 760 
 Ox ford, Delaware co., Ohio, 771 
 Oxford, Erie county, Ohio, 736 
 Oxford, Frankford boroujrh, 
 
 Philadelphia co., Pa. .". 2,376 
 Oxford, Guernsey co., O. 2,252 
 Oxford. New Haven county, 
 
 Connecticut, .1,625 
 
 Oxford, Oakland co., Mich. 574 
 Oxford, Oxford co.,Me. 1,254 
 Oxford, Philadelphia co., Pa. 1 ,582 
 Oxford,Tuscarawasco.,0. 826 
 Oxford, Warren co., N. J. 2,853 
 Oyster Bay, Queen's co., 
 
 New York, 5,865 
 
 Ozan, Hempstead co., Ark. 1,403 
 Page County, Virginia, . .6,194 
 Pahaquarry,Warrenco.,N..J. 370 
 Painesville, Lake co., O. 2,580 
 Pai n t,H i g h land cou n ly ,0. 2,560 
 Paint, Holmes county, O. 1,361 
 Paint, Lafayette county,0. 1,210 
 Paint, Ross county, Ohio, 1,380 
 Paint, Somerset county, Pa. 487 
 Paint, Venango co., Pa. . 491 
 Painted Post, Steuben co., 
 
 New York, 1,674 
 
 Palatine. Montgomery co., 
 
 New York, 2,823 
 
 Palermo, Oswego co., N.Y. 1,928 
 Palermo, Waldo co., Maine, 1,594 
 Palestine, Cooper co., Mo. 1,354 
 Palestine in Unity,Colum- 
 
 biana co., Ohio, 8S 
 
 Pal mer, Hampden co.,Mass. 2,139 
 Palmyra, Lenawee, co.,Mich. 828 
 Palmyra, Pike co., Pa. . . 300 
 Palmyra, Portage co., O. . 1,359 
 PaImyra,Somerset co..Me. 1,500 
 Palmyra, Wayne co., N. Y. 3,549 
 Palmyra, Wayne co., Pa. . 427 
 Pameiia, Jefferson co., N. Y. 2, ! 04 
 
 Panola County, Mi 4,657 
 
 Panton, Addison co., Vt. . . 670 
 
PENDLETON 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Paoli, Orange co., Ind. 2,147 
 Paradise, York co., Pa. 2,117 
 Paris City ,Bourbon co. ,Ky.l, 197 
 Paris, Oneida co., N. Y. 2,844 
 Paris, Oxford county, Me. 2,454 
 Paris, Portage county, O. 936 
 Paris, Slark co., Ohio, 2,474 
 Paris, Union co., Ohio, 789 
 Parish, Oswego co.,N.Y. 1,543 
 Parishville, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York, . . 2,250 
 Park, St. Joseph co., Mich. 331 
 Parke County, Indiana, . 13,499 
 Parker, Butler co., Pa. . 1,3(54 
 Parkrnan,Piscataquis co.,Me. 1 ,235 
 Parkman, Geauga co., Ohio, 1,181 
 Parlin Pond, Som'set co., Me. 9 
 Parma, Monroe co.,N. Y. 2,652 
 Parma, Cuyahoga co., O. 963 
 Parma, Jackson co., Mich. 525 
 Parson's Creek, Linn co..Mo. 501 
 Parsonsfield, York co.,Me. 2,442 
 Part of Li grave and Noble, 
 
 Wabash co., Indiana, 278 
 Pasquotank County, N.C. 8,514 
 Passadumkeag, I'enobscot 
 
 county, Maine, 394 
 
 Passaic County, N. J. . 16,734 
 Passyunk, Philadelphia 
 
 co, Pennsylvania,.. 1,594 
 Paterson,Passaie co.,N. J. 7,596 
 Patok a, Gibson co., Ind. 2,343 
 Patrick County, Virginia, 8,032 
 Patricktown Plantation, 
 
 Lincoln co., Maine, .. 506 
 Patterson, Putnam co ,N.Y. 1,349 
 Patton, Centre co, Pa. . 473 
 Paulding (Jounty,Georgia, 2,556 
 Paulding County, Ohio" . 1,034 
 Pavilion, Kalamazooco , 
 
 Michigan, 283 
 
 Paw, Lee co., Illinois,.. 168 
 Pawlino-'s, Dutchess co, 
 
 New York 1,571 
 
 Pawtueket, Bristol co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,184 
 
 Paxton, Ross co, Ohio, 1,226 
 Paxton. Worcester co., Mass. 670 
 Peachain, Caledonia co., Vt. 1,443 
 Peach Bottom, York co., Pa. 1,074 
 Pease, Belmont co., O. 2,451 
 Peeble's township, Alle- 
 gheny county, Pa . . 1,820 
 Peepee, Pike co., Ohio, 919 
 Pelham, Hampshire co., Mass. 956 
 Pelham, Hillsborough 
 
 co., New Hampshire,. 1,003 
 Pelham. Westchester co., 
 
 New York 789 
 
 Pembroke. Genesee co., 
 
 New York, 1,970 
 
 Pembroke, Merrimac co , 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,336 
 
 Pembroke, Plymouthco., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,258 
 
 Pembroke, Washington 
 
 co., Maine, 1,050 
 
 Pemisco, New Madrid 
 
 co., Missouri, 278 
 
 Pendleton County, Ky. 4,455 
 Pendleton County, Va. 6,940 
 Pendleton, Niagara co., 
 
 New York, 1,098 
 
 ( 40 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Pendleton, St. Francois co., 
 
 Missouri, 387 
 
 Penfield, Calhoun co., Mich. 377 
 Penfield, Monroe co., N. Y. 2,842 
 Penn, Cass county, Mich. 415 
 Penn, Chester co., Pa.,. . . .663 
 
 Penn, Clearfield co.. Pa 336 
 
 Penn, Lycoming co., Pa.. . .354 
 
 Penn, Morgan co., 1,119 
 
 Penn, (north and south,) 
 
 Philadelphia co., Pa.... 3,342 
 
 Penn. Perry county, Pa 39 
 
 Penn, Petersburg borough, 
 
 Perry county, Pa 203 
 
 Penn, Union county, Pa.. 2,280 
 Pennfield, Lorrain co.,O...405 
 Pennington, Lickingco.,0. 1,244 
 Pennington, Union co.,Ark. 914 
 Pennsburg, Chester co., Pa. 933 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,724,033 
 
 Penobscot County, Me. ..45,705 
 Penobscot, Hancock co , 
 
 Maine, 1,474 
 
 Peoria County, Illinois,. .6.153 
 Peoria, Peoria co., Illinois, 1,467 
 Pepperell, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,571 
 
 Pequannock, Morris co., 
 
 New Jersey 5,190 
 
 Perkins, Erie county, 0....839 
 Perquimans County, N.C. 7,346 
 Perrington, Monroecounty, 
 
 New York, 2,513 
 
 Perry, Allen county, Ind.. .293 
 
 Perry, Allen county, 565 
 
 Perry, Armstrong co, Pa. 1 ,122 
 Perry, Brown county ,0.. .1,869 
 Perry, Carroll county, O. .1,344 
 Perry, Clay county, Ind... .483 
 Perry County, Alabama, 19,086 
 Perry County, Illinois, . . 3,222 
 Perry County, Indiana, . . 4,655 
 Perry County, Kentucky, 3,089 
 Perry County, Mississippi,! ,889 
 Perry County, Missouri, 5,760 
 
 Perry County, Ohio, 19,344 
 
 Perry County, Pa 17,096 
 
 Perry County, Tennessee, 7,4 19 
 Perry, Coshocton co., O.. .1,339 
 Perry, Fairfield county, 0.1,172 
 Perry, Fayette county, Pa. 1,350 
 Perry, Franklin county, O. 1,037 
 Perry, Gallia county, O. . . 972 
 Perry, Genesee co., N. Y. 3,082 
 Perrv, (in part,) Wood co , 
 
 Ohio, 12 
 
 Perry, Jefferson co., Pa. . . 1,076 
 Perry, Johnson co., Ark. . . 510 
 Perry, Lake county, Ohio, 1,339 
 
 Perry, Lawrence co., 663 
 
 Perry, Licking county, O.. .994 
 Perry, Logan county, O.. .1,014 
 Perry, Marion co., Ind. . . 1,510 
 
 Perry, Miami co , Ind 593 
 
 Perry, Monroe county, O.. .982 
 Perry, Montgomery co., 0. 1,881 
 Perry, Muskingum co., O. 1,061 
 Perry, Noble county, Ind.. .464 
 Perry, Pickaway co., O. . . 1,277 
 
 Perry, Pike county, 558 
 
 Perry, Putnam county, O.. .266 
 Perry, Richland co., O. . . 1,853 
 Perry, Shelby county, O. . .863 
 
 PICKENS 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Perry, Stark co., Ohio, . . 2,209 
 Perry, St. Franyois co., Mo. 977 
 Perry, Tippecanoe co., Ind. 807 
 Perry, (township,) Wood 
 
 county, Ohio, 550 
 
 Perry, Tuscarawas co., O. 1,381 
 Perry, Union county, Pa. 1,254 
 Perry, Washington co.,Me. 1,008 
 Perry, Wayne co., Ind. . . 1,744 
 Perry, Wayne county, O. 2,079 
 Perrysburg,Wood co.,Ohio, 1,065 
 Perrysburg, Cattaraugus co., 
 
 New York 1,660 
 
 Perrysville, Vermilion co., 
 
 Indiana, 420 
 
 Persia, Boone co., Mo. . . 2,222 
 Persia, Cattaraugus co.,N.Y. 392 
 
 Person County, N. C 9,790 
 
 Perth, Fulton co., N. Y 737 
 
 Perth Amboy, Middlesex 
 
 county, New Jersey, . . 1,303 
 Peru, Bennington co., Vt.. .578 
 Peru, Berkshire co., Mass. 576 
 Peru, Clinton co., N. Y, . .3,134 
 Peru, Delaware co., Ohio,. .737 
 Peru, Huron co., Ohio, . . 2,000 
 Peru, Miami county, Ind. . .961 
 Peru, Oxford county, Me. 1,002 
 Peru, Pike county, Mo. . .1,178 
 Peterborough, Hillsborough 
 
 county, N.H 2,163 
 
 Peters, Loudon, (borough,) 
 
 Franklin county, Pa 340 
 
 Peters, Franklin co., Pa.. .1,939 
 Peters, Washington co.,Pa. 1,024 
 Petersburg! - !, (borough,) 
 
 Huntingdon county, Pa. 196 
 Petersburg, Dinwiddie co., 
 
 Virginia, 11,136 
 
 Petersburg in Springfield, 
 
 Columbiana county, O. . .187 
 Petersburg Rensselaer Co., 
 
 New York, 1,901 
 
 Petersham, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,775 
 
 Petit Jean, Conway county, 
 
 Arkansas, 351 
 
 Pettis County, Missouri,. .2,930 
 Pettis, Macon co., Missouri, 384 
 Pewaukee, Milwaukee co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 222 
 
 Pharsalia, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 1,213 
 
 Phelps, Ontario co., N. Y. 5,563 
 Phelpstown, Ingham co., 
 
 Michigan, 121 
 
 Philadelphia, (city,) Phila- 
 delphia county, Pa. . .258,037 
 Philadelphia County, Pa. 258,037 
 Philadelphia, Jefferson co., 
 
 New York, 1,888 
 
 Phillipsburg, Beaver co.,Pa. 338 
 
 Phillips County, Ark 3.547 
 
 Phillips, Franklin co.,Me. 1,312 
 Pliillipston, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 919 
 
 Phillipstown, Putnam co., 
 
 New York 3,814 
 
 Phipsburg,Lincoln eo.JVIe. 1,657 
 Pickaway County, Ohio, 19,725 
 Pickaway, Pickaway co., O. 1,572 
 Pickens County, Ala., . .17,118 
 Pickens District, S. C. . . 14,356 
 
PITTSFORD 
 
 ( 41 ) 
 
 PORT 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Pickerings island, Han- 
 cock county, Maine,.. 14 
 Pierpont,Graf'tonco.,N.H. 1,057 
 Pierpont, St. Lawrence 
 
 co., New York, 1,430 
 
 Pigeon, Vanderburgh co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,352 
 
 Pike, Alleghany co., N.Y. 2,176 
 Pike, Berks county, Pa.. 790 
 Pike, Bradford county. Pa. 1,518 
 Pike, Brown county, Ohio, 792 
 Pike,Coshocton county, O. 1,115 
 Pike, Clark county, Ohio, 1,436 
 Pike, Clearfield co., Pa.. 676 
 Pike County, Alabama,.. 10,108 
 Pike County, Arkansas, . 969 
 Pike County, Georgia, ,. 9,176 
 Pike County, Illinois, ..11,287 
 Pike County, Indiana, .. 4,769 
 Pike County, Kentucky, 3,561 
 Pike County, Mississippi, 6,151 
 Pike County, Missouri,. .10,646 
 Pike County, Ohio, .... 7,626 
 Pike County, Pennsylvania, 3,832 
 Pike, Knox county, Ohio, 1,218 
 Pike, Madison county, O. 529 
 Pike, Marion county, Ind. 1,587 
 Pike, Perry county, Ohio, 1,668 
 Pike, Potter county, Pa. 139 
 Pike, Stark county ,"Ohio, 1,409 
 P ikeville, town, P ike co.,Ky. 92 
 Pilesgrove, Salem co., N.J. 2,477 
 Pinckney, Lewis co., N.Y. 907 
 Pinckney, Warren co., Mo. 424 
 Pinckney ville, Perry co.,1 II. 62 
 Pine, Allegheny co., Pa. 1,770 
 Pine, Armstrong co., Pa. 1,227 
 Pine Creek, Clintonco.,Pa. 572 
 Pine Creek,Jefferson co., Pa. 628 
 Pine Grove, Schuylkillco., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,605 
 
 Pine Grove, Warren co., Pa. 1,385 
 Pine Plains, Dutchess co., 
 
 New York, 1,334 
 
 Pink, Wayne co., Ohio, . 1,610 
 Pinkham's G rant, Coos co., 
 
 New Hampshire 39 
 
 Pinkney, Calhoun co.Mieh. 201 
 Piqua, Miami co., Ohio,. 1,481 
 Piscataquis co., Maine,. .13,138 
 Piscata way, Middlesex co.. 
 
 New Jersey, 2,828 
 
 Pitcher.Chenangoco., N.Y. 1,562 
 Pitkin, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 396 
 
 Pitt, Allegheny co., Pa.. . 6,002 
 
 Pitt County, N. C 11,806 
 
 Pitt, Crawford county, O. 424 
 Pi ttsburgli , Alleghany co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 21,115 
 
 Pittsfield, Berkshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,74? 
 
 Pittsfield, Lorrainco., Ohio, 704 
 PiUstield, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,719 
 
 Pittsfield, Otsego co., N.Y. 1,395 
 Pittsfield, Rutland co., Vt. 615 
 Pittsfield, Somerset co., Me. 951 
 Pittsfield, Washtenaw co., 
 
 Michigan, 1,151 
 
 Pittsford, Hillsdale co., 
 
 Michigan, 641 
 
 Pittsford, Monroe co., N.Y. 1,983 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Pittsford, Rutland co., Vt. 1,927 
 Pittsgrove, Salem co., N. J. 2,390 
 Pittston, Kennebec co.,Me. 2,460 
 Pittstown,Luzerneco.,Pa. 1,1 10 
 Pittstown, Rensselaer co., 
 
 New York 3,784 
 
 Pittsylvania County, Va. 26,398 
 Placentia Island, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 32 
 
 Plain, Franklin county, O. 1,264 
 Plain, St. Francis co., Ark. 1 92 
 Plain, Stark county, Ohio, 1,838 
 Plain, Wayne county, O. 2,134 
 Plain, Wood county, Ohio, 273 
 Plainfield, Allegan co.,Mich. 397 
 Plainfield, Northampton 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, .... 1,501 
 Plainfield, Otsego co.,N.Y. 1,450 
 Plainfield, Sullivan co., N.H. 1,552 
 Plainfield, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 880 
 
 Plainfield, Willcounty.IH. 525 
 Plainfield, Windham co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,384 
 
 Plaistow, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 626 
 
 Plantation No. 1, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 88 
 
 Plantation No. 7, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 64 
 
 Plantation No. 8, Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine, .. . 31 
 Plantation No.l0,Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 19 
 
 Plantation No. 23, Wash- 
 ington county, Maine,. 122 
 Planters, Phillips co., Ark. 375 
 Plaquemine Parish, La.. 5,060 
 Platte, Buchanan co., Mo. 462 
 Platte County, Missouri,. 8,913 
 Platteau, Jefferson co., Mo. 504 
 Plattekill, Ulster co., N.Y. 2,125 
 Plattsburg, Clinton co.,N. Y. 6,416 
 Pleasans, Grant co., Ind . . 420 
 Pleasant.Brown co.,Ohio, 1,970 
 Pleasant, Clark co., O. . . 1,091 
 Pleasant, Fairfield co., O. 2,030 
 Pleasant, Franklin co., O. 807 
 Pleasant, Hancock co., O. 252 
 Pleasant, Hardin co., Ohio, 569 
 Pleasant, Knox county, O. 888 
 Pleasant, Madison co., Ohio, 936 
 Pleasant, Marion co.,Ohio, 1,414 
 Pleasant, Putnamco., Ohio, 328 
 Pleasant, Seneca co., Ohio, 974 
 Pleasant, Steuben co., Ind. 356 
 Pleasant, Switzerl'd co., Ind. 1,662 
 Pleasant, Van Wert co.,0. 192 
 Pleasant, Wabash co., Ind. 531 
 Pleasant, Warren co., Pa. 190 
 Pleasant Grove, Jo Daviess 
 
 county, Illinois, 190 
 
 Pleasant Valley, Dutchess 
 
 county, New York, . .. 2,219 
 Plenfield, Hampshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 910 
 
 Plum, Allegheny co., Pa. 1,953 
 Plum, Venango co., Pa. . 1,174 
 PlumCreek, Armstrongco., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,216 
 
 Plum River, Jo Daviess 
 
 co., Illinois, 317 
 
 Plumstead, Bucks co., Pa. 1,873 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Plunket'sCreek, Lycom- 
 ing co., Pennsylvania, 277 
 Plymouth and Eaton Grant, 
 
 Aroostook county, Me. 63 
 Plymouth, Ashtabula co.,0. 705 
 Plymouth, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 1,625 
 
 Plymouth co., Mass 47,373 
 
 Plymouth, Graftoneo.,N. H. 1,281 
 PlymouthGrant, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 200 
 
 Plymouth, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,205 
 
 Plymouth, Luzerne co., Pa. 1,765 
 Plymouth, Montgomery 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, ... . 1,417 
 Plymouth, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts 5,281 
 
 Plymouth, Penobscotco., 
 
 Maine, 843 
 
 Plymouth, Richland co., O. 1,934 
 Plymouth, Wayne co., Mich. 2,163 
 Plymouth, Windsorco., Vt. 1,417 
 Plymouth, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 834 
 
 Pocahontas County, Va. 2,922 
 Pocono, Monroe co., Pa. 973 
 Poinsett County, Ark. . 1,320 
 Point, Northumberland 
 
 co., Pennsylvania,. .. . 746 
 Point, Perry county, Ind. 578 
 PointCoupee, Louisiana, 7,898 
 Point Remove, Conway 
 
 co., Arkansas, 295 
 
 Pokagon, Cass co., Mich. 516 
 Poland, Chalauque co., 
 
 New York J,087 
 
 Poland, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 2,360 
 
 Poland, Trumbull co., O. 1,583 
 Polk County, Missouri, 8,449 
 Polk County, Tennessee, 3,570 
 Pomfret, Chatauque co., 
 
 New York, 4,566 
 
 Pomfret, Windham co., 
 
 Connecticut 1,868 
 
 Pomfret, Windsor Co., Vt. 1,774 
 Pompey, Onondaga co., 
 
 New York, 4,371 
 
 Pom pton, Passaic co., N.J. 1,437 
 Pond Island, Hank cn.,Me. 11 
 Pontiac, Oakland co., Mich. 1,904 
 Pontotoc County, Mi. . . 4,591 
 Pope County, Arkansas, 2,850 
 Pope County, Illinois, . . 4,004 
 Poplin, Rockingham co , 
 
 New Hampshire,. ... . 429 
 Portage, Alleghany co., 
 
 New York, 4,721 
 
 Portage County, Ohio, . . 22,965 
 Portage County, Wiskonsin, 1,623 
 Portage, Hancock co., O. 676 
 Portage, Kalamazoo co., 
 
 Michigan, 446 
 
 Portage, Ottawa co., Ohio, 347 
 Portage,St.CharIesco,Mi. 512 
 Portage, Summit co., Ohio, 718 
 Portage, Wood county, O. 199 
 Port Byron Precinct, Rock 
 
 Island county, Illinois, 377 
 Port Byron, Port Byron 
 Precinct, Rock Island 
 county, Illinois, 62 
 
PREBLE 
 
 Nnmes of Places. Population. 
 
 Porter. Cass co., Mich. 556 
 Porter County, Indiana, 2,162 
 Porter, Delaware co., Ohio, 67S 
 Porter, Huntingdon co., Pa. 879 
 Porter, Jefferson co., Fa. 977 
 Porter, Niagara co., N. Y. 2,177 
 Porter, Oxford co., Maine, 1,133 
 Porter, Scioto county, O. 1,015 
 Port Huron, St. Clairco., 
 
 Michigan, 1,113 
 
 Portland, Chatauoue co., 
 
 New York, 3,136 
 
 Portland, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine 15,218 
 
 Portland, Erie county, O. 1,433 
 Portland, Ionia co , Mich. 441 
 Port Lawrence, Lucas co ,0. 831 
 Portsmouth County, Va. 6,477 
 Portsmouth, New port co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 1,706 
 
 Portsmouth, Rockingham 
 
 county, N. H......... 7,837 
 
 Portville,Cattaraugusco., 
 
 New York, 462 
 
 Posey County, Indiana, . 9,683 
 Posey, Clay county, Ind. 1,201 
 Posev, Fayette co., Ind. . 1,113 
 Posey, Harrison co., Ind.. 1,374 
 Posey, Rush county, Ind. 735 
 Posey, Switzerland co., Ind'. 2,103 
 Posey, Washington co., Ind. 1,591 
 Potsdam, St. Lawrence 
 
 co., New York 4,473 
 
 Potter County, Pa 3,371 
 
 Potter, Centre co., Pa. . . 1,787 
 Potter, Yates co., N. Y. . 2,244 
 Potl strove Montgomery 
 
 co., Pennsylvania, . . . 1,361 
 Potts town, (borough,) Mont- 
 gomery county, Pa. . . 721 
 Pottsville,(borough,)SL'huyl- 
 
 kill county, Pa 4,345 
 
 Pouo-hkeepsie. Dutchess 
 
 co° New York, 10,006 
 
 Poultney, Rutland co., Vt. 1,878 
 Poultney,Steubenco.,N.Y. 1,784 
 Poundndge, Westchester 
 
 county, New York, . . 1,407 
 Powhatan Count}', Va. . 7,924 
 Pownal, Bennington co.,Vt. 1,613 
 Pownal, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 1,210 
 
 Prairie, Arkansasco., Ark. 142 
 Prairie, Audiran co., Mo. 221 
 Prairie, Carroll co., Ark. 399 
 Prairie, Franklin co., Ark. 500 
 Prairie, Franklin co.,Ohio, 606 
 Prairie, Henry co., Ind. . 1,721 
 Prairie, Holmes co., O. . 1,249 
 Prairie, Howard co., Mo. 1,863 
 Prairie. Madison co., Ark. 400 
 Prairie, Montgomeryco.,Mo. 775 
 Prairie, Washington co.,Ark.2,l 82 
 Prairie Rond, Kalamazoo 
 
 county. Michigan, . . 623 
 Prairieville, Milwaukee 
 
 co., Wiskonsin, 450 
 
 Prattsburg, Steuben co., 
 
 New York, 2,455 
 
 Prattsville. Greene co., 
 
 New York, 1,613 
 
 Preble, Adams co., Ind.. 164 
 Preble County, Ohio, . . 19,482 
 
 ( 42 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Preble, Cortland co., N.Y. 1,247 
 Preble, Pike co., Ohio, . . 513 
 Prescott, Hampshire co , 
 
 Massachusetts, 780 
 
 Prescott, Washington co., Mi. 793 
 Preston, Chenango co., N.Y. 1,1 1 7 
 Preston County, Virginia, 6,>li6 
 Preston, New London co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,727 
 
 Preston, Wayne co., Pa. 534 
 PrestonburiT, (town,) Floyd 
 
 county, Kentucky,. .. . 84 
 Price, Monroe county, Pa. 391 
 Prince Edward County, Va.14,069 
 Prince George County, Va. 7,175 
 Prince George's County, 
 
 Maryland, 19,539 
 
 Prince's Grove, Peoria co., 111. 351 
 Princess Anne co., Va.. . 7,285 
 Princeton, Gibson co., Ind. 573 
 Princeton, Mercerco., N.J. 3,055 
 Princeton, Schenectady 
 
 co., New York, 1,201 
 
 Princeton, Washington 
 
 co., Maine 157 
 
 Princeton, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,347 
 
 Prince William County, Va. 8,144 
 Prospect, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 548 
 
 Prospect, Waldo co.. Me. 3,492 
 Providence County, R. 1. 34,902 
 Providence, Luzerne co., Pa. 1,169 
 Providence, Providence co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 23,171 
 
 Providence, Saratoga co., 
 
 New York, 1,507 
 
 Providence, (township,) Lu- 
 cas county, Ohio, .... 160 
 Providence, (village,) Lucas 
 
 county, Ohio, 130 
 
 Province town, Barnstable 
 
 county, Massachusetts. 2,122 
 Pulaski County, Indiana, 561 
 Pulaski County, Arkansas, 5,350 
 Pulaski Co., (excluding 
 
 Somerset,) Kentucky, 9,382 
 Pulaski County, Georgia, 5,389 
 Pulaski County, Kentucky, ! 1,1 120 
 Pulaski County, Missouri, 6,529 
 Pulaski County, Virginia, 3,739 
 Pulaski, Jackson co., Mich. 394 
 Pulaski, Williams co., O. 279 
 Pultney, Belmont co., O. 1,747 
 Pu-jheta, Allen county, O. 768 
 Putnam County, Georgia, 10,260 
 Putnam County, Illinois, 2,131 
 Putnam County, Indiana, 16,813 
 Putnam County, N. Y.. . 12,825 
 Putnam County, Ohio,. . 5,189 
 Putnam, Livingston county, 
 
 Michigan, .". 597 
 
 Putnam, Muskingumco., O. 1,071 
 Putnam, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 784 
 
 Putney, Windham co., Vt. 1,383 
 Pymatuning, Mercerco., Pa. 1,793 
 Queen Anne County, Md. 12,633 
 Queensbury, Warren co., 
 
 New York, 3,789 
 
 Queen's County, N. Y. .30,324 
 Quemahoning, Somerset 
 
 co., Pennsylvania,.... 924 
 
 RECOVERY 
 
 | Names of Places. Population. 
 Quincy, (city,) Adamsco.Ill. 2,319 
 Quincy, Branch co., Mich. 498 
 Quincy, Franklin co., Pa. 2,503 
 Quincy, Gadsden co., Mid- 
 dle Florida, 655 
 
 Quincy, Norfolk co.,Mass. 3,486 
 Quincy, Putnam co., N.Y. 1,659 
 Rabur County, Georgia, 1,912 
 Raccoon, Beaver co., Pa. . 871 
 Raccoon, Gallia co., O. . 1,610 
 Racine County , Wiskonsin, 3,475 
 Radnor, Delaware co., O. 1,174 
 Radnor, Delaware co., Pa. 1,205 
 Ragged Island, Lincoln 
 
 co., Maine, 17 
 
 Rahway, Essex co., N. J. 2,533 
 Raisin, Lenawee co., Mich. 1,117 
 Raisinville, Monroe co.,Mich. 683 
 Raleigh, Wake co., N. C. 2,244 
 Ralls County, Missouri,. . 5,670 
 Ramapo.Rockland co.,N.Y. 2,222 
 Randolph, Cattaraugusco., 
 
 New York, 1,233 
 
 Randolph, Coos co., N. H. 115 
 Randolph County, Ala.. 4,973 
 Randolph County, Ark.. 2,196 
 Randolph County, Georgia, 8,276 
 Randolph County, Illinois, 7,944 
 Randolph County, Ind iana,10,634 
 Randolph County, Mo.. 7,198 
 Randolph County, N. C. 12,875 
 
 Randolph County, Va 6,208 
 
 Randolph, Crawford co., Pa. 1,040 
 Randolph, Montgomery 
 
 co., Ohio, 1,774 
 
 Randolph, Morris co., N.J. 1,801 
 Randolph, Norfolk county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,213 
 
 Randolph, Orange co.. Vt. 2,678 
 Randolph, Portage co., O. 1,649 
 Randolph, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 991 
 
 Range, Madison co., Ohio, 820 
 Rankin County, Miss.. . 4,631 
 Raphoe, Lancaster co., Pa. 3,557 
 
 Rapides, Louisiana, 14,132 
 
 Rappahannock county, Va. 9,257 
 Raritan, Hunterdon co., N.J. 2,510 
 Ravenna, Portage co.^O. 1,542 
 Rawlings, Greene co., III. 993 
 Ray Count}', Missouri, . . 6,553 
 Ray, Macomb co., Mich. 805 
 Raymond, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 2,032 
 
 Raymond, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 989 
 
 Raynharn, Bristol co., Mass. 1,329 
 Raysville, Henry co., Ind. 246 
 Readfield, Kennebec co., 
 
 Maine, 2,037 
 
 Readfield, Oswegoco., N.Y. 507 
 Reading, Adams county, Pa. 1,026 
 Reading, Berks county, Pa. 8,410 
 Reading, H illsdale co., Mich. 33 1 
 Reading, Middlesex co , 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,192 
 
 Reariing,Steubenco.,N.Y. 1,541 
 Reading, Windsor co. Vt. 1,363 
 Readington, Hunterdon 
 
 co., New Jersey, 2,373 
 
 Readsboro', Bennington 
 
 co., Vermont, 767 
 
 Recovery, Mercer co., O. 298 
 
RICHMOND 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Red Bank, Armstrong co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 3,078 
 
 Redding-, Fairfield co., Conn. 1 ,675 
 Redford", Wayne co., Mich. 1,108 
 Red Hook, Dutchess co., 
 
 New York, 2,829 
 
 Red Lion, New Castle co., 
 
 Delaware, 1,401 
 
 Red River, Lafayette co., Ark. 631 
 Redstone, Fayette co., Pa. 1,159 
 Reed, Seneca county, Qhio, 1,214 
 Reed's Creek, Lawrence 
 
 county, Arkansas, 450 
 
 Rehoboth,Brislol co.,Mass.2,lG9 
 Reily, Butler county, Ohio, 1,758 
 Renisen, Oneida co., N. Y. 1,638 
 Rensselaer, W ayne co., M ich. 464 
 Rensselaer County, N.Y. 60,295 
 Rensselaerville, Albany co., 
 
 New York, 3,705 
 
 Republican, Jefferson co., 
 
 Indiana, 1.548 
 
 Reserve, Allegheny co., Pa. 1,443 
 Reynoldsburg, Franklin co., O. 309 
 Rhea County, Tennessee, 3,985 
 Rhineback, Dutchess co., 
 
 New York, 2,659 
 
 Rhode Island, ,.. 108,830 
 
 Rice, Sandusky county, O.. .385 
 Richfield, Henry co., Ohio, ..83 
 Richfield, Huron county, O. 1,599 
 Richfield, Lapeer co., M ich. . . 1 93 
 Richfield, Lucascounty,0.. .204 
 Richfield, Otsego co., N.Y. 1,680 
 Richfield, Summit co., O. 1,108 
 Richford, Franklin co.,Vt.. .914 
 Richford, Tioga co., N. Y.. .939 
 Rich Hill, Green co., Pa. 1,384 
 Rich Hill, Muskingum co., 0. 1 ,424 
 Richland, Belmont co., 0.3,748 
 Richland, Bucks co., Pa.. .1,781 
 Richland, .Cambria co., Pa.l,03S 
 Richland, Clinton co., O.. .1,385 
 Richland County, Ohio, 44,532 
 Richland, Crawford co., Ark.. . 399 
 Richland. Darke co.,Ohio,. .577 
 Richland District. 8. C .16,397 
 Richland, Fairfield co., 0. 1,992 
 Richland, Fountain co., Ind. 2,0 18 
 Richland, Guernsey co., O.. .1,777 
 Richland, Henry co., Ohio,. .542 
 Richland, Hancock co.,0.. .332 
 Richland, Holmes co.,0.. .1,092 
 Richland, Jackson co., O. . .518 
 Richland, Kalamazoo co., 
 
 Michigan, ,...518 
 
 Richland, Jefferson co., Ark.. .594 
 Richland, Madison co., Ark. . .452 
 Richland, Marion co., Ohio, 1,147 
 Richland, Miami co., Ind., .362 
 Richland, Morgan co., Mo. 1,021 
 Richland, Oswego co., N.Y. 4,050 
 Richland, Phillipsco., Ark.. .580 
 Richland, Putnam co., O. . .388 
 Richland, Rush co., Ind.. .1,266 
 Richland, Scott county, Mo. . .523 
 Richland, Steuben co., Ind. . . 141 
 Richland, Venango co., Pa. 1,385 
 Richland, Washington county, 
 
 Arkansas, 353 
 
 Richmond, Ashtabula co.. 
 
 Ohio, .'.384 
 
 Richmond, Berks co., Pa. 1,997 
 
 ( 43 ) 
 
 Names of Flaces. Population. 
 
 Richmond, Berkshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,097 
 
 Richmond City, Henrico 
 
 county, Virginia, .... 20,153 
 Richmond City, Wayne co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,070 
 
 Richmond, Cheshire co., N.H. 1,165 
 Richmond, Chittenden co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,054 
 
 Richmond County, Ga. 11,932 
 Richmond County, N. C. 8,909 
 Richmond County, N. Y. 10,965 
 Richmond County, Va. . . 5,965 
 Richmond, Crawford co., Pa. 771 
 Richmond, Howard co., Mo. 2,642 
 Richmond, Huron co., O. . .306 
 Richmond, Lincoln co., Me. 1,604 
 Richmond, M acomb co., M ich. 602 
 Richmond, Ontario co., N. Y. 1 ,937 
 Richmond, Ray co., Mo.. .2,611 
 Richmond, town, (Madison 
 
 county,) Kentucky, .... 8522 
 Richmond, Tioga co., Pa. . .742 
 Richmond, Washington co., 
 
 Rhode Island 1,361 
 
 Rich Woods, Miller co.. Mo.. .370 
 Richwoods, Wash. co., Mo.. .857 
 Ridge, Hancock co., Ohio,. .477 
 Ridge, Prairie county, 111. 2,690 
 Ridge, Van Wert co., O. . . 211 
 Ridgebury, Bradford co., Pa. 1,214 
 Ridgefield, Fairfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,467 
 
 Ridgeville, Lorrain co., O.. .818 
 Ridgeway, Jefferson co., Pa.. .195 
 Ridgeway, Orleans eo., N.Y. 3,554 
 Ridley, Delaware co., Pa. 1,075 
 Riga, Monroe co., N. Y. . . 1,984 
 Riley, Pope co., Arkansas. . .393 
 Riley, Putnam county, O. 658 
 Riley, St. Clair co., Mich. ..114 
 Riley, Sandusky co., Ohio, 426 
 Riley township, Oxford co.,Me.. .51 
 Rindgc, Cheshire co., N. H. 1,161 
 Ripley, Chatauque co., N.Y. 2,197 
 Ripley County, Indiana, 10,392 
 Ripley County, Missouri, 2,856 
 Ripley, Holmes county, 0. 1,269 
 Ripley, Huron county, O.. ,805 
 Ripley, Montgomery co., Ind.. .950 
 Ripley, Rush county, Ind. 1,922 
 Ripley, Somerset co., Me. . .591 
 
 Ripton, Addison co., Vt 357 
 
 Risdon, Hancock co.. O. . . .27 
 Riverhcad, Suffolk co., N. Y. 2,449 
 Rivers, Jackson co., Mich.. .400 
 Rives Count}', Missouri,. .4,726 
 Roane County, Tenn. . . 10,948 
 Roane, Lafayette co., Ark.. .703 
 Roanoke County, Virginia, 5,499 
 Roanoke, Randolph co., Ark.. .308 
 Roaring Creek, Columbia 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . 1,855 
 Roark, Gasconade co., Mo. 727 
 Robb, Posey county, Ind. 1,098 
 Robbinston, Wash'n. co., Me. 822 
 Rohertson County, Tenn. 13,801 
 Robeson, Berks co., Pa. . .2,016 
 Robeson County, N. C. .10,370 
 Robinson, Allegheny co., Pa. 1,694 
 Robinson, Perry co., Ind. 1,004 
 Robinson, Wash'ton co., Pa.. .860 
 Rochester, Beaver co., Pa.. .548 
 
 ROUND 
 
 Names of Plnce=. Popnlatfc 8. 
 
 Rochester, Lorrain co., O. . .487 
 Rochester City, Monroe co., 
 
 New York, ...20,191 
 
 Rochester, Peoria co., 111. . .165 
 Rochester, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,864 
 
 Rochester, Stafford county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 2,435 
 
 Rochester, U Ister co., N.Y. 2,674 
 Rochester, West Columbi- 
 ana county, Ohio, .65 
 
 Rochester, Windsor co., Vt. 1 ,396 
 
 Rock, Jefferson co., Mo 755 
 
 Rock County, Wiskonsin, 1,701 
 Rockbridge County, Va. 14,284 
 Rockcastle County, Ky.. .3,409 
 Rock Creek, Bartholomew 
 
 county, Indiana, G85 
 
 Rockdale, Crawford co., Pa. . .767 
 Rockford.Caldwell co.,Mo.. .740 
 Rock Grove, Stephenson 
 
 county, Illinois, 262 
 
 Rockingham County, N. C. 13,442 
 Rockingham County, N.H. 45,771 
 Rockingham, Windham co., 
 
 Vermont, 2,330 
 
 Rock Island County, Hi.. .2,610 
 Rockland, Berks co., Pa.. .1,649 
 Rockland County, N. Y. 11,975 
 Rockland, Sullivan co., N.Y... 826 
 Rockland, Venango co., Pa. 1,198 
 Rockport, Cuyahoga co., O. 1 ,235 
 Rockport, Essex co., Mass.. .2,650 
 Rock Village, Will co., III.. .344 
 Rocky Bayou, Izard co., Ark. 1 80 
 Rocky Ford, Boone co., Mo. 1,697 
 Rodman, Jefferson co., N.Y. 1,702 
 Rollin, Lenawee co.,Mich.. .581 
 Rome, Ashtabula co., O. . . 765 
 Rome, Athens county, O.. .86(J 
 
 Rome, Bradford co., Pa 817 
 
 Rome, Crawford co., Pa. . . 737 
 Rome, Kennebec co., Me.. .987 
 
 Rome, Lawrence co., 879 
 
 Rome, Lenawee co., Mich. 1,128 
 Rome, Oneida co., N. Y.. .5,680 
 Romulus, ISeneca co., N.Y. i2,\.':i." 
 Root, Montgomery co., N. Y. 2,979 
 Rootslown, Portage co., 0. 1,112 
 Rose, Carroll county, O.. .1,593 
 Rose, Jefferson co., Pa. . . 1/12). 
 Rose, Oakland co., Mich. . . 415 
 Rose, Wayne co., N. Y. . . 2,03c 
 Ross, Allegheny co., Pa.. .1,675 
 Ross, Butler county, O.. . 1,521 
 Ross County, Ohio, .... 27,460 
 Ross, Greene county. O.. .1,337 
 Ross, Jefferson county, O.. .929 
 Ross, Kalamazoo co., Mich.. .386 
 
 Ross, Monroe eo., Pa 987 
 
 Rossie, St. Lawrence co,, 
 
 New York, 1 ,553 
 
 Rossville, Butlereo., Ohio, 1,143 
 Rossville, Muskingum co., O.. . 160 
 Rost raver, Westmoreland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . 1,880 
 Rotterdam, Schenectady co., 
 
 New York 2,284 
 
 Rouletts, Potter co., Pa. . . 152 
 Round Grove, Marion co., Mo. 911 
 Roundhead, Hardin co., O. 569 
 Round Prairie, Callaway 
 county, Missouri, 1,019 
 
RYE 
 
 "Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Royalton, Berrien co., Mich. 146 
 Rowan County, N. C. . .12,109 
 Howe, Franklin co., Mass.. .703 
 Rowland, Hillsdale co., Mich.. . 83 
 Rowley, Essex co., Mass. 1,203 
 Roxborough, Philadelphia 
 
 county. Pennsylvania, 5,797 
 Roxbury, Cheshire co., JN. H.. .286 
 Roxbury, Delaware co., N.Y. 3.01 3 
 Roxbury, Litchfield co.,Conn. . . 971 
 Roxbury, Morris co., N. J.. .2,231 
 Roxbury, Norfolk co., Mass. 9,089 
 Roxbury, Oxford co., Me. . . 227 
 Roxbury, Wash'ton co., O. 1,08(5 
 Roxbury, Wash'ton co., Vt. 784 
 Royal Oak,Oaklandco.,Mich.. .860 
 Royalston, Worcester co , 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,607 
 
 Royalton, Cuyahoga co., 0. 1,051 
 Royalton, Lucas co.,()hio,. .401 
 Royallon, Niagara co.,N.Y. 3,549 
 Royalton, Windsor co., Vt. 1,917 
 Ruddle, Independence Co., 
 
 Arkansas, 1,323 
 
 Ruggles, Huron co., O. . . 1.245 
 Rumford, Oxford co., Me. 1,444 
 Rmnley, Harrison co., O. 1,039 
 Rumney, Grafton co., N.H. 1,1 10 
 Rundle, Cape Girardeau 
 
 county, Missouri, 5S0 
 
 Rupert, Bennington co., Vt. 1,080 
 Ruscomb Manor, Berks co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,189 
 
 Rush, Monroe co., N.Y.. .1,929 
 Rush, Northumberland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,028 
 
 Rush, Schuylkill county, Pa.. .370 
 Rush, Susquehanna co., Pa. 1 ,039 
 Rush, Tuscarawas co., O. 1,293 
 
 Rush, Dauphin co., Pa 247 
 
 Rush, Centre co., Pa 317 
 
 Rush, Champaign co., O. 1 ,226 
 Rush County, Indiana,. .1(5,456 
 Rush Creek, Fairfield co., 
 
 Ohio, 2,424 
 
 Rush Creek, Logan co., O. 1,077 
 Ru^hford, Alleghany co., 
 
 New York, 1,512 
 
 Rushville, Rush co., Ind. 2,146 
 Russell County, Alabama, 13,513 
 Russell County, Kent ucky,4,238 
 
 Russell County, Va 7,878 
 
 Russel],Geatigacounty,0.. 742 
 Russell, Hampden co., Mass. . . 955 
 Russell, Putnam co., Ind. 1,503 
 Russell, St. Lawrence co., 
 
 New York, 1,373 
 
 Russellville, town, Logan 
 
 county, Kentucky,. .. .1.190 
 Russia, Herkimer co.', N. Y. 2,298 
 Russia, Lorrain co., Ohio. 1,302 
 Rutherford County, N.C.I 9,202 
 Rutherford County ,Tenn. 24,280 
 
 Rutland County, Vt 30,699 
 
 Rutland, Jefferson co. ,N.V. 2,0! '0 
 Rutland, Meigs county, 0. 1 .410 
 Rutland, Rutland co., Vt.. .2J708 
 Rutland, Tioga county, Pa.. .692 
 Rutland, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts, ] ,200 
 
 Rye, Perry county, Pa 451 
 
 Rye, Rockingham co., N.H.l ,205 
 Rye, Westchester co., N.Y. 1,803 
 
 ( 44 ) 
 
 Names o" Places. Population. 
 
 Ryegate, Caledonia co.,Vt. 1,223 
 
 Sabine, Saline co., Ark 907 
 
 Salem, (borough,) West- 
 moreland co., Pa 204 
 
 Salem, Champaign co., O. 1,402 
 
 Salem County, N. J 16,024 
 
 Salem, Essex co., Mass.. .15,082 
 Salem, Franklin co., Me. . . 561 
 Salem, Highland co., Ohio, 1,004 
 Salem in Perry, Columbi- 
 ana county, Ohio, 842 
 
 Salem, Jefferson co., Ohio,2,044 
 Salem, Luzerne co., Pa.. .1,009 
 Salem, Meigs co., Ohio, . . 940 
 Salem, Mercer county, O. . .579 
 Salem, Mercer county, Pa. 1,980 
 Salem, Monroe co., Ohio, . .900 
 Salem, Muskingum co., O. 1,002 
 Salem, New London co., Ct.. .815 
 Salem, Orleans countv, Vt.. .299 
 Salem, Ottawa county, O.. .104 
 Salem, Rock ing'm co., N.H. 1,408 
 Salem, Salem co., N. J. . . 2,007 
 Salem, Shelby county, O. 1,158 
 Salem, Steuben co., Ind. . . 190 
 Salem, town, Livingston 
 county, Kentucky,. .... .233 
 
 Salem, Tuscarawas co., O. 1,121 
 Salem, Warren county, 0. 2,958 
 Salem, Washington co , Ind. 1 ,083 
 Salem, Washtenaw county, 
 
 Michigan, 1,364 
 
 Salem, Washington co., N.Y. 2J855 
 Salem, Washington co., O.. .881 
 Salem, Wayne county, Pa.. .849 
 Salem, Westmoreland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,892 
 
 Salina, Onondaga co., N.Y. 1 1,013 
 Saline County, Arkansas, 2,661 
 
 Saline County, Mo 5,258 
 
 Saline, Cooper count}', Mo. 1,227 
 
 Saline, Gallatin co., Ill 991 
 
 Saline, Hempstead co., Ark. 1,192 
 Saline, J p fTerson co.,Ohio,. .963 
 Saline, Miller co., Missouri, . .489 
 Saline, Ralls county, Mo.. .919 
 
 Saline, Sevier co , Ark 354 
 
 Saline, St. Genevie ve co., Mo.. .510 
 Saline, Washtenaw county, 
 
 Michigan, 1,390 
 
 Saling, Audrain co., Mo., . .209 
 Salisbury, Addison co.,Vt.. .942 
 Salisbury, Essex co., Mass. 2,739 
 Salisbury, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York 1,859 
 
 Salisbury, Lancaster co., Pa. 3,959 
 Salisbury, Lehigh co., Pa. 1,438 
 Salisbury, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 2,551 
 
 Salisbury, Meigs co., O. . .1,5(19 
 Salisbury, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,329 
 
 Saluda, Jefferson co., Ind. 1,285 
 Salt Creek. Cook Co., 111. . . 289 
 SaltCreek, Hocking co., O.. .821 
 Salt Creek, Holmes co., O. 1,739 
 Salt Creek, Marion co.,0.. .607 
 Salt Creek. Muskingum co., 
 
 Ohio,. ..' 1,252 
 
 Salt Creek, Pickaway co.,0. 1,814 
 Salt Creek, Wayne co., O. 1,401 
 Salt Lick, Faye"tte co., Pa. 1,91 1 j 
 Salt Lick, Perry co., O.. . 1,243 1 
 
 SCHOHARIE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 Salt Pond, Saline co., Mo. 585 
 Salt River, Audrainca, Mo. 833 
 Salt River, Pike co., Mo. 316 
 Salt River, Ralls co., Mo. 942 
 Saltzburg, (borough,) Indi- 
 ana county, Pa 335 
 
 Sampson County, N. C 12,157 
 Sand born ton, Strafford co., 
 
 NewHampshire, 2,745 
 
 Sand Creek, Bartholomew 
 
 county, 'Indiana, 1,003 
 
 Sandgate, Bennington co. Vt. 776 
 Sand isfield, Berkshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,464 
 
 Sand Lake, Rensselaerco., 
 
 New York, 4,303 
 
 Sandowre, Rockingham co. 
 
 New Hampshire, 525 
 
 Sandstone. Jacksonco.,Mich. 654 
 Sandusky County, Ohio, 10,182 
 Sandusky, Crawford co., 0. 679 
 Sandusky, Richland co.,0. 1,465 
 Sandusky, Sandusky co.,0. 579 
 Sandy, Stark co., Ohio,. . 1,265 
 Sandy, Tuscarawas co., O. 1,444 
 Sandy Creek, Mercer co., Pa. 1,96 
 Sandy Creek, Oswego co., 
 
 New York, 2,423 
 
 Sandy Creek, Venango co. Pa. 929 
 Sandy Lake, Mercerco., Pa. 1,566 
 Sandiston, Sussex co., N. J. 1 ,209 
 Sandwich, Barnstable co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,719 
 
 Sandwich, Strafford county, 
 
 New Hampshire, 2,625 
 
 Sanford, Broome co., N.Y. 1,173 
 Sanford, York co., Maine, 2,233 
 Sangamon County, III. . 14,176 
 Sangersfield, Oneida co., 
 
 New York, 2,251 
 
 Sangerville, Piscataquis 
 
 co., Maine, 1,197 
 
 Sangus, Essex co., Mass. 1,098 
 Saranac, Clinton co..N.Y. 1,462 
 Saratoga County. N.Y. .40,553 
 Saratoga, Saratoga co., N.Y. 2,624 
 Saratoga Springs, Saratoga 
 
 county, New York, 3,384 
 
 Sarcoxie, Newton co.. Mo. 557 
 Sardinia, Erie co.,N.' Y . . 1,743 
 Saugerties, Ulster co , N. Y. 6,210 
 Sauk County, Wiskonsin, 102 
 Savannah City, Chatham 
 
 county, Georgia, 1 1 ,214 
 
 Savannah, Way ne co., N.Y. 1 ,7 1 8 
 Saverlon, Ralls co., Mo. 880 
 Saville, Perry county, Pa. 1,283 
 Savoy, Berkshire co., Mass. 915 
 Saybrook, A shtabula co., O. 934 
 Saybrook, Middlesex co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,417 
 
 Scales's, Jo Daviess co., Ml. 343 
 Sea rborough, Cumberland 
 
 county, Maine, 3,172 
 
 Scarsdale, Westchester co., 
 
 New York, 255 
 
 Schaghticoke, Rensselaer 
 
 county, New York,. . . 3,389 
 Schenectady City, Schenec- 
 tady county, New York, 6,784 
 Schenectady Co., N. Y.. 17,387 
 Schodac, Renssel'rco., N.Y. 4,125 
 Schoharie County, N.Y. 32,358 
 
SEVILLE 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Schoharie, Schoharie co., 
 
 New York, 5,534 
 
 Schroepel, Oswego co., N. Y. 2,098 
 Schroon, Essex co., IS". Y. . . 1 ,660 
 Schuylkill, Chester co., Pa. 2,07!) 
 Schuylkill County, Pa. . . 29,053 
 Schuylkill, Schuylkill co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,334 
 
 Schuyler County, Illinois, . . G,972 
 Schuyler, Herkimer co., N. Y. 1,798 
 Scio, Alleghany co., N. Y.. .1,156 
 
 Scioto County, Ohio, 11,192 
 
 Scioto, Delaware co., Ohio, . . 877 
 
 Scioto, Jackson co., Ohio, 931 
 
 Scioto, Pickaway co., Ohio, . .904 
 Scipio, Hillsdale co., Mich. . . 034 
 Scipio, Meigs county, Ohio,. .940 
 Scipio, Seneca co., Ohio, . . 1 ,556 
 Scipio, Cayuga co., N. Y. . .2.255 
 Scituate, Providence co., R.I. 2,090 
 Scituate, Plymouth county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,886 
 
 Scott, Adams county, Ohio,. .916 
 Scott, Brown county, Ohio, 1,101 
 
 Scott, Iowa, 2,140 
 
 Scott, Cortland co., N. Y. . .1,332 
 Scott, Marion county, O. . . 854 
 Scott, Montgomery co., Ind.. .890 
 Scott, Sandusky co., Ohio, . . 684 
 Scott, Vanderburg co., Ind. 1 ,2 1 3 
 
 Scott, Wayne county, Pa 365 
 
 Scott County, Arkansas, . . 1 ,094 
 
 Scott County, Illinois, 6,215 
 
 Scott County, Indiana 4,242 
 
 Scott County, Kentucky, 13,668 
 Scott County, Mississippi, 1 ,053 
 Scott County, Missouri, . . 5,974 
 Scott County, Virginia,. . . .7,303 
 Scottsville, (city,) Allen co., 
 
 Kentucky 215 
 
 Scriba, Oswego co., N. Y. . .4,051 
 Scriven County, Georgia, . . 4,794 
 Scrubgrass, Venango co., Pa. 1 .076 
 Seabrook, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,302 
 
 Seal, Pike county, Ohio, . . 1,835 
 Searcy County, Arkansas.. . . 936 
 Searsburgh, Bennington co., 
 
 Vermont, 120 
 
 Searsmont, Waldo co., Me. 1,374 
 
 Seavill, Hancock co., Me 1 29 
 
 Sebago, Cumberland co., Me. 707 
 Sebee, Piscataquis co., Me. 1,110 
 Second Precinct, Schuyler 
 
 county, Illinois, 961 
 
 Sedgwick, Hancock co., Me. 1,922 
 Seekonk, Bristol co., Mass. 1,996 
 Sempronius, Cayuga co., 
 
 New York, 1,304 
 
 Seneca County, N. Y 24\874 
 
 Seneca County, Ohio, . ... 18,1 28 
 Seneca Fails, Seneca co., 
 
 New York, 4,281 
 
 Seneca, Guernsey co., O. . . 1 ,35!) 
 Seneca, Lenawee co., Mich. . .581 
 Seneca, Monroe co., Ohio,. . 1 ,348 
 Seneca, Ontario co., N. Y.. .7,073 
 Seneca. Seneca ccWrity, O. 1 ,393 
 Sennet, Cayuga co., N. Y.. .2,060 
 Sergeant, McKean co., Pa. . . 278 
 Sevier County, Arkansas,. .2,810 
 Sevier County, Tennessee, 0,442 
 Seville, Medina county, O. . . 249 
 4 
 
 ( 45 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Sewar J, Schoharie co., N.Y. 2,088 
 Sewickly, Westmoreland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 1,573 
 Shade, Somerset co., Pa. . . 1 ,052 
 Shaftsbury, Bennington co., 
 
 Vermont, I ,S85 
 
 Shalersville, Portage co., O. 1,28-1 
 Sharriokin, Northumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 1 ,983 
 Shandaken, Ulster co.. N.Y. 1.455 
 Shajpleigh, York co., Me. . . 1 ,510 
 Sharon, Franklin co., Ohio,. .728 
 Sharon, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 251 
 
 Sharon, Litchfield co., Conn. 2,407 
 Sharon. Medina county, O. 1,315 
 Sharon, Norfolk co., Mass. 1,076 
 Sharon, Potter county, Pa. . . 259 
 Sharon, Richland co., Ohio, 1,675 
 Sharon, Schoharie co., N.Y. 2,520 
 Sharon, Windsor co., Vt. . .1,371 
 Shawangunk, Ulster co., 
 
 New York, 3,886 
 
 Shawnee, Allen county, O. . .439 
 Shawnee, Fountain co.. Ind. 1,439 
 Shawnee Precinct, Gallatin 
 
 county, Illinois, 2.642 
 
 Shawneetown, (Shawnee,) 
 
 Gallatin county, Illinois, . . 802 
 Sheboygan County, Wisk. . . 133 
 Sheffield, Ashtabula co., O. . .0-4 
 Sheffield, Berkshire count)', 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,322 
 
 Sheffield, Caledonia co., Vt. .821 
 
 Sheffield, Lorrain co., 521 
 
 Sheffield, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 1 ,524 
 
 Sheffield, Warren co., Pa. . . 116 
 Shelburn, Chittenden co./Vt. 1.098 
 Shelburne, Coos co., N. H. . . 350 
 Shelburne, Franklin co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1 ,022 
 
 Shelby County, Alabama,. ."0,112 
 Shelby County, Illinois, .... 6,659 
 Shelby County, Indiana, . . 12.01)5 
 Shelby County, Kentucky, 17,708 
 Shelby County, Missouri, . .3,056 
 
 Shelby County, Ohio 12,154 
 
 Shelby County, Tenn 14,721. 
 
 Shelby, Jefferson co., Ind. . .2,120 
 Shelby, Macomb co., Mich. 1.202 
 Shelby, Orleans co., N. Y.. .2,043 
 
 Shelby, Polk county. Mo 451 
 
 Shelby, Tippecanoe co., Ind. 727 
 Shelbyville, Shelby co.. Ind. . .446 
 Shelbyville, (town,) Shelby 
 
 county, Kentucky, 1 ,335 
 
 Shelden, Genesee co., N.Y. 2,353 
 Shelden, Franklin co., Vt.. .1,734 
 Shellsbury, (borough,) Bed- 
 ford county, Pa 316 
 
 Shelter Island, Suffolk co., 
 
 New York,. 379 
 
 Shenandoah County, Va.. .11,018 
 Shenango, Beaver co.. Pa.. .1,435 
 Shenango, Mercer co., Pa.. .1,356 
 Sherburne, Chenango co.. 
 
 New York, 2,791 
 
 Sherburne, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 995 
 
 Sherburne, Rutland co., Vt.. .4 ( J8 
 Sheridan, Calhoun county, 
 Michigan^ 534 
 
 SMALL 
 
 Names of Places. Population 
 
 Sheridan, Chatauque co., 
 
 New York 1,883 
 
 Sherman, Chatauque co., 
 
 New York, 1,099 
 
 Sherman, Fairfield co., Ct. . . 938 
 Sherman, Huron co., Ohio, . .692 
 Sin rrhan, St. Joseph co , 
 
 Michigan GW 
 
 Sherwood, Branch co., Mich. 307 
 Sheshequin, Bradford co., 
 
 Pi nrisylvania 1,010 
 
 Shewsbury, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,481 
 
 Shiawassee County, Mich.. .2,103 
 Shiawassee, Shiawassee co,, 
 
 Michigan, 426 
 
 Shippen, Cumberland co., Pa. 184 
 Shippen, McKean co., Pa. . . 184 
 Shippen Tioga county. Pa. . .192 
 Shippensburtr, Cumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania. .. 1,473 
 Shirley, Huntingdon co.. Pa. 1 ,174 
 Shirley, Middlesex co., Ma . 95" 
 Shirley, Piscataquis co., Me. . . 190 
 Shirleysbtrrg, (borough .) 
 
 Huntingdon co., Pa 247 
 
 Shrewsbury, (borough.) 
 
 York county, Pa 340 
 
 Shrewsbury, Lycoming co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 282 
 
 Shrewsbury, Monmouth co., 
 
 New Jersey, 5,917 
 
 Shrewsbury, Rutland co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,218 
 
 Shrewsbury. York co., Pa.. .1,328 
 Shoal Creek, Newton co., Mo. 738 
 Shoreham, Addison co., Vt. 1,674 
 Short Creek, Harrison co.,0. 2,022 
 Shuteslmry, Franklin co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 987 
 
 Sidney, Delaware co., N. Y. 1,732 
 Sidney, Kennebec co., Me.. .2,190 
 Sidney, Shelby county, O. . . 71 3 
 Silver Creek, Cass co., Mich. 183 
 
 Silver Creek County, 111 524 
 
 Silver Creek, Greene co., O. 2,447 
 Silver Creek, Stephenson 
 
 county, Illinois, 530 
 
 Silver Lake, Susquehanna 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .... 907 
 Silver Spring, Cumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . . . 1,938 
 
 Simpson County, Ky 6,537 
 
 Simpson County, Mi 3,380 
 
 Simsbury, Hartford co., Ct. 1,896 
 Six Miles County, Illinois,. . 1,034 
 Sixth Precinct, Schuyler 
 
 County, Illinois, 954 
 
 Skelton, 'Warwick co., Ind. 1 ,287 
 Skeneateles, Onondaga co., 
 
 New York, 3,981 
 
 Skippack and Pcrkiomen, 
 
 Montgomery co., Pa 1 ,485 
 
 Skowhegan, Somerset co., 
 
 Maine, 1,584 
 
 Slippery Rock, Beaver co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,224 
 
 Slippery Rock, Butler co., Pa. 1,507 
 Slippery Rock, Mercer to., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,066 
 
 Sloystown, (borough,) So- 
 merset county, i'a . . 35 ' 
 
 Small Pox, Jo Daviess co., III. 35i 
 
SOUTHBOROUGH 
 
 Nanirs of Places. Population. 
 
 Smith, Barry county, Mo. . .1,799 
 Smith, Belmont co., Ohio, . . 1,956 
 Smith County, Mississippi, 1,961 
 Smith Countv, Tennessee, 21,-179 
 Smith, Posey county, Ind. . . 685 
 Smith, Washington co., Pa. 1,345 
 Smitlifield, Bradford co., Pa. 1.427 
 Smithfield, Jefferson co.,0.. .2,095 
 Smitlifield, Madison county, 
 
 New York, .". 1,699 
 
 Smitlifield. Providence co., 
 
 Rhode Island, 9,534 
 
 Smithfield, Somerset co., Me. 789 
 Smithtown. Suffolk county, 
 
 New York .1,932 
 
 Smithville, Chenango co., 
 
 New York, 1,762 
 
 Smyrna, Aroostook co., Me. 184 
 Smyrna, Chenango co., N.Y. 2,246 
 Smythe County, Virginia,. .6,522 
 Snowshoe, Centre co., Pa. . . 162 
 
 Snyder, Jefferson co., Pa 291 
 
 Society Land, Hillsborough 
 
 county, New Hampshire, . . 133 
 Sodus, Wayne co., N. Y. . . 4,472 
 Solesburv, Bucks co.. Pa. . . 2,038 
 Solon, Cortland co., N. Y.. .2,311 
 Solon, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, . .774 
 Solon, Somerset co., Maine, 1,139 
 Somerford, Madison co., O. . . 761 
 Somers, Preble county, O. . . 1 ,820 
 Somers, Tolland co., Conn. 1,621 
 Somers, Westchester co., 
 
 New York 2,082 
 
 Somerset, Belmont co., O.. .1,933 
 Somerset, (borough.) So- 
 merset county, Pa 638 
 
 Somerset, Bristol co., Mass. 1.005 
 Somerset County, Maine, . 33,912 
 
 Somerset County, Md 19,508 
 
 Somerset Countv, JS. J. . . 17,455 
 
 Somerset County, Pa 19,650 
 
 Somerset, Hillsdale co., Mich. 716 
 Somerset, Niagara co., N. Y. 1,742 
 Somerset, Perry county, O. . . 947 
 S imerset, Somerset co., Pa. 2,711 
 Somerset, (town,) Pulaski 
 
 county, Kentuck}', 238 
 
 Somerset, Wash'ton co., Pa. 1,620 
 Somerset, Windham co., Vt. . .262 
 Somersworth, Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 3,283 
 
 South Amboy, Middlesex- 
 county, New Jersey, . • . .1,825 
 Southampton, Bedford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,543 
 
 Southampton, Bucks co., Pa. 1,256 
 Southampton County, Va. 14,525 
 Southampton, Cumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 1,484 
 Southampton, Franklin co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1 ,703 
 
 Southampton, Hampshire 
 
 county, Mass. 1,157 
 
 Southampton, Somerset co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 755 
 
 Southampton, Suffolk co., 
 
 New York, 6,205 
 
 South L'eaver, Beaver co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,024 
 
 South Berwick, York co., Me. 2,3 14 
 Southborough, Worcester 
 
 county, Mass 1,145 
 
 ( 46 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Southbridge, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, ..2,031 
 
 South Bristol, Ontario co., 
 
 New York 1,275 
 
 South Brunswick, Middle- 
 sex county, N.J 2,797 
 
 Southhury, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut 1,542 
 
 South Carolina, 594,398 
 
 South Creek, Bradford co., Pa. 484 
 South Easton, (borough,") 
 
 Northampton co., Pa 661 
 
 Southeast, Orange co., Ind. 1,247 
 Southeast, Putnam co., N.Y. 1,910 
 Southfield, Oakland co,.Mich. 1 ,061 
 Sonthficld, Richmond co- 
 New York, ...1,619 
 
 South Fork, Clarke co., Ark. 212 
 South Fork, Izard co., Ark.. .337 
 South Fort. Monroe co., Mo. 731 
 South Hadley, Hampshire 
 
 countv, Massachusetts, . . 1,458 
 South Half, St. Clair co., 111. 7,979 
 South Hampton, Rocking- 
 ham county, N. H 462 
 
 South Haven. Van Buren 
 
 county, Michigan, 99 
 
 j South Hero, Grand Isle co., 
 
 Vermont, 664 
 
 | South Huntingdon, West- 
 moreland county. Pa 2,793 
 
 Soulhington, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut 1,887 
 
 Southington, Trumbull co., 
 
 Ohio, -. 889 
 
 South Kingston, Washing- 
 ton county, Rhode Island, 3,717 
 South Middleton, Cumber- 
 land county. Pa 2,055 
 
 Southold, Suffolk co., N. Y. 3,907 
 Southport, Chemung co., 
 
 New York, 2,101 
 
 South Reading, Middlesex 
 
 county, Massachusetts, . . 1,51? 
 South Rich Woods, Greene 
 
 county, Illinois, 773 
 
 South River, Marion co., Mo. 744 
 South Shenango, Crawford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 1,324 
 South Strabane. Washing- 
 ton county. Pa 1 ,075 
 
 Southwark, Philadelphia 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . 27,548 
 Southwest, Warren co., Pa. ..201 
 Southwest, Orange co., Ind. • .998 
 South Whitehall, Lehigh 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 2,290 
 Southwick, Hampden co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,214 
 
 South Woodbury, Bedford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .. 1,950 
 South Zanesville, Muskin- 
 gum county, Ohio, 76 
 
 Spadra, Johnson co., Ark. . . 1 ,451 
 Spafford, Onondaga county, 
 
 New York, 1,873 
 
 Sparta, Crawford co., Pa 632 
 
 Sparta, Livingston county, 
 
 New York, ."...5,841 
 
 Sparta, Noble county, Ind. . . 245 
 Spartanburg District, S. C. 23,669 
 Spencer County, Indiana,. .6,305 
 Spencer County, Kentucky, 6,581 
 
 SPRING 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Spencer, Guernsey co., O. ..1,66!) 
 Spencer, Medina county, O. . .551 
 Spencer, Pike county, Mo. . . 837 
 Spencer, Ralls countv, Mo. .1,780 
 Spencer Stream, Somerset 
 
 county, Maine, 6 
 
 Spencer, Tioga co., N. Y. . .1,532 
 Spencer, Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts 1 ,604 
 
 Spottsylvania County, Va. 15,161 
 Sprigg, Adams county, O.. .1,976 
 Spring, Centre county, Pa. 1 ,793 
 Spring, Crawford co., Pa. . . 1,616 
 Spring Arbour, Jackson co., 
 
 Michigan 775 
 
 Spring Creek, Miami co.,0. 1,444 
 Spring Creek, Warren co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 435 
 
 Spring Creek, Will co.. 111. ..649 
 ld s Allen co., Ind. . . 110 
 Id, Bradford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,487 
 
 Springfield, Bucks co., Pa. . 2,072 
 Springfield, Burlington co., 
 
 New Jersey 1,632 
 
 Springfield, (city,) Sanga- 
 mon county, Illinois, 2,579 
 
 Springfield, Delaware co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 860 
 
 Springfield, Erie co., Pa 2,344 
 
 Springfield, Essex co., N. J. 1,651 
 
 Springfield, Gallia co., 991 
 
 Springfield, Hamilton co., O. 3,092 
 Springfield, Hampden co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 10,935 
 
 Springfield, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 984 
 
 Springfield, Jefferson co., O. 1,077 
 Springfield, La Grange co., 
 
 Indiana, 429 
 
 Springfield, Lucas co., 443 
 
 Springfield, Mercer co., Pa. 1,804 
 Springfield. Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, .... 695 
 Springfield, Muskingum 
 
 county. Ohio 1,091 
 
 Springfield, Oakland co., 
 
 Michigan 573 
 
 Springfield, Otsego county, 
 
 New York, 2,382 
 
 Springfield, Penobscot co., 
 
 Maine, 546 
 
 Springfield, Richland co., 
 
 Ohio 1,686 
 
 Springfield, Rives co.. Mo. . . 453 
 
 Springfield, Ross co., 1 ,063 
 
 Springfield, Sullivan co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1 ,252 
 
 Springfield. Summit co., O. 1,663 
 Springfield, (town,) Clark 
 
 county, Ohio, 2,062 
 
 Springfie Id, (township,) 
 
 Clark county, Ohio 2,349 
 
 Springfield . Washington 
 
 countv, Kentucky 598 
 
 Springfield, Williams co., O. .359 
 Springfield, Windsor co., 
 
 Vermont, 2,625 
 
 Springfield, York co.. Pa. . . 1,207 
 Springfield town, in Spring- 
 field, Columbiana co.. 89 
 
 Spring Garden, Philadel- 
 phia county, Pa 27,849 
 
ST. CLAIR 
 
 Names oi" Places Population. 
 
 Spring Garden, York co., 
 
 Pennsylvania", ],8l9 
 
 Spring Hill, Fayetle co., Fa. 2,385 
 Spring Hill, Hempstead CO., 
 
 A rkansas, 802 
 
 Springport, Cay ugaco.N.Y. 1,890 
 Spri 112 port, Jackson county, 
 
 Michigan, .". .294 
 
 Spring Prairie, Walworth 
 
 county, IViskonsin, 531 
 
 Spring River,Lawrence co., 
 
 Arkansas, 545 
 
 Springville, Susquehanna 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . .926 
 Springwater, Livingston co., 
 
 New York,- 2,332 
 
 Spring Weils, Wayne co., 
 
 Michigan, 916 
 
 Springyard, Barry co., Mo. 1,032 
 Sprncehead, Hancock co.,Me. 12 
 Stafford County, Virginia, 8.454 
 Stafford, Genesee co., N.Y. 2,561 
 Stafford, Mtuimoul.ii county, 
 
 New Jersey, 2,149 
 
 Stafford, Stafford co., N. H. 2,021 
 Stafford, Tollan d co., Con n, 2,4 69 
 Stamford, Bennington co., 
 
 Vermont, GG2 
 
 Stamford, Delaware county, 
 
 New York, 1,681 
 
 Stamford, Fairfield co., Ct. 3,516 
 Stamper's Creek, Orange 
 
 county, Indiana. 699 
 
 Standish, Cumberland co., 
 
 Maine, 2,198 
 
 Stanford, Dutchess county, 
 
 New York, .2,278 
 
 Stanford, (town.) Lincoln 
 
 county. Kentucky, 2G3 
 
 Stanton, Miami county, O. 1220 
 Stark County,IHinois,. . .. 1,573 
 
 Stark County, Indiana 149 
 
 Stark County, Ohio, 
 
 Stark, Coos county, N. H. 349 
 Starkey, Yates co", N. Y. 2 426 
 Sta rks" Herkimer co. ,N.Y. 1,766 
 * Starks, Somerset co., Me. 1,559 
 Starksboro ugh, Addison co., 
 
 Vermont 1,263 
 
 Star, Hocking- county, O. . .(522 
 Stedtson, Penobscot co., Me. (ill) 
 Stephenson county, III. . 
 Stephen town, Rensselaer 
 
 county. New York, 2,753 
 
 Sterling, Brown county, O. 608 
 Ht.Alban's.Fianklinco.. 
 St.Alban's, Licking co.,< -. I,3t'5 
 St. Alban's, So; I, §64 
 
 St.Aiigustine,.(city,) E. 
 St. Augustine, township 8, 
 
 No.l, East range, Fulton 
 
 county , Illinois 61 
 
 St. Barnard, Louisiana, .. .3.2:57 
 St. CliarJesyLpuisiana, .. .5,700 
 St. Charles, St. Charles co., 
 
 . uri, 
 
 St. Charles County, Mo.. .7,91 ! 
 St. Clair County, Alabama, 5,638 
 St. Cla'rrCoun'ty, lUinois, 13,631 
 St, Ciair Cbunty, Mich. . .4.606 
 St. Clair, Bedford co., Pa. 1,488 
 St. Clair, Butler count! ,0.1.174 
 St. Clair, St. Clair co.. Mich. 413 
 
 ( 47 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 St. Croix County ,Wiskonsip,809 
 St. Ferdinand, St. Louis co., 
 
 Missouri, 3,079 
 
 St. Francis County, Ark.. .2,499 
 St. Francis, Philiips county, 
 
 Arkansas ' 
 
 St. Francis,Wayne co., Mo. 662 
 St. Francois County, Mo. 3,211 
 St. Francois, St. Frangois 
 
 county, Missouri, 558 
 
 St. Genevieve County, Mo.3,148 
 St. Genevieve, St. Gene- 
 vieve county, Missouri, 1,007 
 St. George, Chittenden co., 
 
 Vermont 120 
 
 St. George, Lincoln co., Me. 2,094 
 St. Georges, New Castle 
 
 county, Delaware, 3,1 "27 
 
 St. Helena, Louisiana,. . . .3,525 
 
 St. James, Louisiana 8,548 
 
 St. James, Scott co., Mo 298 
 
 St. John Baptist, Louisiana, 5,776 
 St. John's County, K. F.. .2,694 
 St. John's, Franklin co., 
 
 Missouri, 1,908 
 
 St. John's, New Madrid co., 
 
 Missouri, 580 
 
 St. Johnsbutgh, Caledonia 
 
 county, Vermont, 1 ,887 
 
 St.Johnsvili- . aery 
 
 county, New York I,! 23 
 
 St. Joseph, Allen co.. Ind. . .227 
 St. Joseph County, Ind. 
 St. Joseph County, Mich. 7,06,8 
 St. Joseph, Williams co., O. 192 
 St. Joseph's, Berrien co., 
 
 Michigan, 1 39 
 
 St. Landry Parish, La. . :15.233 
 St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. 56,706 
 St. Louis, (city,) St. Louis 
 
 county, Missouri 16,469 
 
 St. 1 .oui's County, Mo. . 
 St. Louis, (township.) St. 
 
 Louis county, Missouri, 8.1 16 
 St. Martin, Louisiana, . . 
 St Mary's and Root, Adams 
 
 county, Indiana, 1,104 
 
 St. Mary's County, Md. 13,224 
 
 St. Mary's, (town,) Mercer 
 county, Ohio. 570 
 
 St. Mary's, (township,) 
 Mercer county, Ohio,. .. .945 
 
 I CO., 
 
 Missouri, 1,518 
 
 St. Tammany, Louisiana, 4,598 
 homas, Franklin CO., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,725 
 
 Sterling, Cayi F.Y.2,;>33 
 
 Sterling, Lamoille co.;Vt.. . 193 
 
 y'ne co., Pa., . 
 Sterling ,'Macotnb co., Mich. 677 
 Sterling, Windham county, 
 
 Connecticut, 1.099 
 
 Sterling. Worcester county, 
 
 Massachusetts LC47 
 
 Steuben County, Indiai 
 Steuben County, N. Y.. '. 46,133 
 Steuben. Oneida co., 
 I . ! eh, Steuben co., Ind:. .148 
 Steuben, Waslrton co., Me. 884 
 Steubcnville, Jefferson co., 
 
 Ohio, 5,203 
 
 STU YVES ANT 
 
 P ami s of I'iaces. Popu'ation. 
 
 Stewart County, Tenn. . .8,587 
 Steuartson, Coos count}', 
 
 New Hampshire, 630 
 
 Still water, Saratoga county, 
 
 New York, .2,733 
 
 Stillwater, Sussex co., N.J. 1,176 
 Stock, Harrison county, O. 935 
 Stockbridge, Berkshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,992 
 
 Slockbridge, Inghatn co., 
 
 Michigan, : 385 
 
 Stockbridge, Madison co., 
 
 ^ New York, .2,320 
 
 Stockbridge, Windsor co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,418 
 
 Stockholm, St. Lawrence 
 
 county, New York. 2,995 
 
 Stockport, Columbia co., 
 
 New York, 1,815 
 
 Stockton, Chatauque co., 
 
 New York '2,078 
 
 Stoddard,Chesiiireoo.,N.H.I,206 
 Stoddard County, Mo. ....3,153 
 
 Stokes County, N. C 11,265 
 
 Stokes, Logan county, O. . .299 
 Stokes, Madison county, O. 770 
 Si .iR'liam, Middlesex co., 
 
 achuselts, 1,017 
 
 Stoneham, Oxford co., Me... 313 
 Stonelick, Clermont co .0. 1,477 
 St< hes, Hamilton co., Ohio, 740 
 Stonington, New London 
 
 county, Connecticut, .3,898 
 St« ny< !reek,Henry co.,lnd.l,242 
 Stony Creek, Randolph co., 
 
 Indiana, 951 
 
 Stony Creek. Somerset co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,248 
 
 S'tougb.ton,Noi folk co., Mai 
 
 Stow, Middlesex co . Mass. 1,230 
 
 Stow, Oxford co., Me 37(5 
 
 Slow, Summit county, O. . 1,533 
 Creek j Cumberland 
 
 county, New Jersey 846 
 
 St v. e, Lamoille count y,Vt. 1,371 
 ie, Adams co., Pa. . . 1 ,376 
 Strafford County, N. H. 61,127 
 Stratford. Orange co., Vt. 1,762 
 S rasburg, Lancaster co , 
 
 Pennsylvania, 4,155 
 
 Stratford, Coos co., N. II. . .441 
 ,1, Fairfield co., Ct. 1,808 
 Stratford, Fulton co., N. Y. 500 
 Stratham, Rockingham co , 
 
 New Hampshire, 875 
 
 Stratum, Windham co., Vt. 341 
 Strawberry, Lawrence co., 
 
 A'tkahsas 453 
 
 Street'sbbTbiigh,Portage go., 
 
 Ohio, ! 983 
 
 Strip, north, No. 1, Han- 
 cock County, Maine 23 
 
 Strong, Franklin co., Me. 1.109 
 srsville, Cuyahoga co.. 
 
 Ohio, 1,151 
 
 Stroud, Monroe co., Pa., 1,206 
 Stroudsburg, (borough,) 
 
 roe county, Pa 407 
 
 Stuart County, Georgia, 12,933 
 Stuifbridge, Worcester co., 
 
 usetts, 2,005 
 
 Stuyvesant, Columbia co.. 
 
 New York, 1,779 
 
SUMNER 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Sudbury, Middlesex en.. 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,422 
 
 Sudbury, Rutland eo., Vt.. .790 
 Suffiel J,Hartford eo.,Conn. 2,669 
 Suffield. Portage co., O. . .1,2)2 
 Suffolk County, Mass. . .95,773 
 Suffolk County, N. Y.. ..32,469 
 Sugar Creek, Armstrong 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,852 
 Sugar Creek, Benton co., 
 
 Arkansas, 4G0 
 
 Sugar Creek, Barry co., Mo. 810 
 Sugar Creek, Greene co., 
 
 Ohio 2,309 
 
 Sugar Creek, Hancock co., 
 
 Indiana, 010 
 
 Sugar Creek, Montgomery 
 
 county, Indiana, G50 
 
 Sugar Creek, Newton co., 
 
 Missouri, 280 
 
 Susrar Creek, Putnam co., 0. 500 
 Sugar Creek, Shelby co.. 
 
 Indiana, 1,048 
 
 Sugar Creek, Stark co., O 1,862 
 Sugar Creek, Tuscarawas 
 
 county, Ohio, 1,450 
 
 Sugar Creek, Venango co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,093 
 
 Sugar Creek, Wayne co., 
 
 Ohio, 2.223 
 
 Sugar Grove, Lee co., 111. . .390 
 Sugar Grove, Warren co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,002 
 
 Sugar Loaf. Carroll co..Ark. 140 
 Sugar Loaf, Columbia co., Pa. 937 
 Sugar Loaf, Crawford co., 
 
 Arkansas 213 
 
 Sugar Loaf,Luzerneco.,Pa. 1,306 
 Sugar Loaf. Marion co., Ark. 143 
 Sugar Loaf, Van Buren co., 
 
 Arkansas 77 
 
 SugarTree Bottom,Carroll 
 
 county, Missouri, 321 
 
 Sullivan, Cheshire co.,N.H.49G 
 Sullivan, Lorrain co., O. . . .781 
 Sullivan County, Indiana. 8,315 
 Sullivan County, N. H.. .20,340 
 Sullivan County, N.Y.. .15,629 
 Sullivan County, Tenn.. .10,730 
 Sullivan, Hancock co , Me. 049 
 Sullivan, Madison co., N.Y. 4,390 
 Sullivan, Tioga co., Pa. . . 1,378 
 
 Sully, Marion cb , O 870 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Hot Spring 
 
 county, Arkansas, 334 
 
 Summerhill, Cambria co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,005 
 
 Summerhill, Cayuga co., 
 
 New York, 1,440 
 
 Summerhill, Crawford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,638 
 
 Summersfield, Monroe co., 
 
 Michigan 395 
 
 Summit County, Ohio, ..22,560 
 Summit, Cook county, III.. .310 
 Summit, Milwaukie co , 
 
 Wiskonsin 335 
 
 .Summit, Schoharie county, 
 
 New York '.2,010 
 
 Summit Town. Mil wan ;ie 
 
 count)-. Wiskonsin, 330 
 
 Sumner County, Trim . .22,445 
 Sumner, Ox fold co., Me. 1,209 
 
 ( 48 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Sumter County, Georgia, 5,759 
 Sumter County, Alabama, 29,937 
 Sumter District, S. 0.. .27,892 
 Sumter, Wayne co., Mich.. .193 
 Sunbury, Monroe co. ,Ohio,l ,157 
 Sunbury, Northumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,108 
 Sunderland, Bennington 
 
 county, Vermont, 438 
 
 Sunderland, Franklin co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 719 
 
 Sunfish, Pike county, Ohio, 318 
 Superior, Washtenaw co., 
 
 Michigan 1,398 
 
 Superior, Williams co., O.. .100 
 Surrounded Hill, Monroe 
 
 county, Arkansas, ......105 
 
 Surry, Cheshire co , N. H. 481 
 
 Surry County, N. C 15.079 
 
 Surry County, Virginia,. .6,480 
 Surry, Hancock co., Maine, 857 
 Susquehanna, Cambria co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 301 
 
 Susquehanna County, Pa. 21, 195 
 Susquehanna, Dauphin co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,452 
 
 Susquehanna, Lycoming 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . .271 
 Sussex Counly,Delaware,25,093 
 Sussex County, N J.. ..21.770 
 Sussex County, Virginia, 11,229 
 Sutton, Caledonia co., Vt. 1,008 
 Sutton, Meigs county, 0.1,099 
 Sutlon,Merrimackco.,N.H. 1,302 
 Sutton, Worcester co., Mass. 2,370 
 Swan, Hocking county, O. 759 
 Swan, Noble county, lnd.. .207 
 Swan, Taney county, Mo. 009 
 Swan Creek. Lucas co., O 494 
 Swan Island, Hancock co., Me. 233 
 Swanton, Franklin co.,Vt. 2,312 
 Swanville, Waldo co , Me. 919 
 Swanzey, Bristol co ,Mass. 1,484 
 Swanzey, Cheshire co., N.H. 1,755 
 Swatara, Lebanon co., Pa. 1,500 
 Sweden, Monroe co., N.Y. 1,884 
 Sweden, Oxford co , Maine, 070 
 
 Siveden, Potter co., Pa 153 
 
 Sweet Home, Clark co., Mo. 249 
 Switzerland C mnty, lnd 9,920 
 Switzerland, Monroe co., O. 982 
 Sycamore, Crawford co.,0. 900 
 Sycamore, Hamilton co.,0 3,207 
 Sylvania, Lucas county, O 420 
 Symmes, Hamilton co., O. 1,034 
 Symmes, Lawrence co., O 472 
 Tnghkanic, Columbia co., 
 
 New York 1,074 
 
 Talabassee City. Leon co., 
 
 Middle Florida 1,010 
 
 Talahatchie County, Mi. 2.985 
 Talapoosa County, Ala . .6,444 
 Talbot County, Georgia, 15.027 
 Talbot County, Mary land, 1 2,090 
 TaliaferoCounty,Geoigia.5,l90 
 Talladega County, Ala . . 12,587 
 Tall madire, Oceana co.,Mich. 139 
 Tallm'adge, Summit co.,0. 2,134 
 Tainaqna. borough, Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pa 405 
 
 Tamworlh, Strafford Co.. 
 
 N(-w Hampshire 1.717 
 
 Taney County, Missouri, 3,204 
 
 T1SHAMINGO 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Tate, Clermont co., Ohio, 2,364 
 Tatnall County, Georgia, 2.724 
 Taunton, Bristol co , Mass. 7,045 
 Taylor Creek, Hardin co., O. 400 
 Taylor's, Greene co., 111. 1,558 
 Taylorsville, Muskingum 
 
 county, Ohio, 785 
 
 Taylorsville, town, Spencer 
 
 county, Kentucky, 398 
 
 Tazewell County, Illinois, 7,221 
 Tazewell Count}' .Virginia, 0,290 
 
 Teavo, Rives co., Mo 852 
 
 Tecumseh, Lenawee co., 
 
 Michigan, 2,503 
 
 Tee, Carroll county, Ohio, 1,372 
 Tekonsha,Calhounco.,Mich.375 
 Telfair County, Georgia. 2,763 
 Temple, Franklin co., Me. 955 
 Temple, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 576 
 
 Templeton, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1 ,776 
 
 Tennessee, 829,210 
 
 Terrebonne. Louisiana, . .4,410 
 Territory north of Albion, 
 
 Kennebec county, Maine, 89 
 Tewkesbury, Hunterdon 
 
 county, New Jersey,.. .1,944 
 Tewksbury, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 906 
 
 Texas, Kalamazoo co., Mich. 249 
 Texas, W'ayne county, Pa. 1,094 
 Thetford, Orange co., Vt. 2,065 
 Third Precinct, Schuyler 
 
 county. Illinois, 862 
 
 Thomas County, Georgia, 0,706 
 Thomaston,Lincolnco.,Me.0,227 
 Thompson, Geauga co., O 1.028 
 Thompson, Pike co., Ark.. .390 
 Thompson, Seneca co., O 1,404 
 Thompson, Sullivan county, 
 
 New York, '. 2,010 
 
 Thompson, Susquehanna 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . .325 
 Thomson. Delaware co., O. 000 
 Thomson,Windham co.,Ct. 3,535 
 Thorn, Perry county, Ohio, 2,007 
 Thornapple, Barry co.,Mich 99 
 Thombury, Chester co., Pa 230 
 Thorn bury, Del a ware co.. Pa. 075 
 Thorn Creek, Will co.. III. 318 
 Thorndike. Waldo co., Me. 897 
 Thornton, Cook co., Ill ..306 
 Thornton, Grafton co., N. H. 1.045 
 Ticonderoga, Essex co., N.Y. 2,109 
 Tiffin, Adams co., Ohio, 1,540 
 Tiffin, Williams co., Ohio, 322 
 Tinicum, Bucks co., Pa.. . 1.770 
 Timcum, Delaware co., Pa. 153 
 Tinmouth, Rutland co., Vt. 780 
 
 Tioga County, N.Y 20.527 
 
 Tio^a County , Pa 15.498 
 
 Tioga, Tiooa county. N.Y 2.404 
 
 Tioga, Tioga co., Pa 791 
 
 Tionesta, Jefferson co., Pa. . .27 
 Tionesta, Venango co., Pa. 035 
 
 Tippah County, Mi 9,441 
 
 Tippecanoe co., lnd Li. 724 
 
 Tm> pec a noe,Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana I ,374 
 
 Tipton County .Tennessee, 0,800 
 Tisbury, Dukes co., Mass. 1,520 
 Tishamingo County, Mi. 0,081 
 
TOWNSHIP 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Tiverton, Coshocton co., O. 665 
 Tiverton, Newport co., R. I. 3,183 
 Tobahannah, Monroe co., Pa. 594 
 Toboyne, Perry co., Pa. ..1,442 
 Toby, Armstrong co., Pa. 1,829 
 
 Todd County, Ky 9,991 
 
 Todd, Huntingdon co., Fa. 780 
 Toledo, (town) Lucas co., 0. 1,222 
 Tolland County, Conn. 17,992 
 Tolland, Hampden co., Mass. 627 
 Tolland, Tolland co., Conn. 1,566 
 Tompkins County, N.Y. 37,948 
 Tompkins, Delaware co., 
 
 New York, 2,035 
 
 Tompkins, Jackson county, 
 
 Michigan, 209 
 
 Tompkinsville, town, Mon- 
 roe co., Ky 188 
 
 Tonne wanta, Erie co.,N.Y. 1,261 
 Topsfield, Essex co., Mass. 1,059 
 Topsfield, Wash, co., Me.. . 188 
 Topsham, Orange co., Vt. 1,745 
 Topsham, Lincoln co., Me. 1,883 
 Torrington, Litchfield co.,Ct. 1,707 
 Total population of United 
 
 States, 17,068,666 
 
 Towamensing, Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . . 763 
 Towamensing, Northamp- 
 ton county, Pa 1,847 
 
 Towanda, (borough,) Brad- 
 ford co., Pa 912 
 
 Towanda,Bradford co.,Pa. 1,002 
 Town, except, city, Fairfield 
 
 county, Conn 1,276 
 
 Town, except city, New 
 
 London co., Conn 3,039 
 
 Town, except city, Middle- 
 sex county, Conn 3,699 
 
 Townsend, Huron co., O. . .863 
 Townsend, Middlesex co., 
 
 Mass 1,892 
 
 Townsend,Sandusky co^, O. 692 
 Townsend, Windham co.,Vt. 1,345 
 Township A, 2d range, 
 
 Aroostook co., Me 6 
 
 Township B,Oxford co.,Me. 11 1 
 Township C,Oxford co.,Me. 29 
 Township, letter E, Frank- 
 lin county, Maine, 77 
 
 Township, No. I, 2d range, 
 
 Aroostook co., Me 104 
 
 Township, No. 1, 2d range, 
 
 Washington co., Me 12 
 
 Township, No. 1, 3d range, 
 
 Aroostook co., Me 24 
 
 Township, No. 1, 3d range, 
 
 Fianklin co., Me 52 
 
 Township, No. 1, 4th range, 
 
 Aroostook conniv. Me. ...69 
 Township, No. 1, 4th range, 
 
 Franklin county, Maine, 163 
 Township. No. 2, Hancock 
 
 county. Maine 27 
 
 Township, No. 2, 1st range, 
 
 Franklin co., Me 9 
 
 Township. No. 2, 2d range, 
 
 Aroostook co., Me 43 
 
 Township. No. 2, 2d range, 
 
 Franklin co., Me 82 
 
 Township, No. 2, 2d range, 
 
 Washington co., Me 53 
 
 Township, No. 2,3d range, 
 Aroostook co., Me 14 
 
 ( 49 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Township, No. 3, Penobscot 
 
 county, Maine, 22 
 
 Township, No. 3, 1st range, 
 
 Franklin county, Maine, . . .7 
 Township, No. 3, 2d range, 
 
 Aroostook county, Maine, 20 
 Township, No. 3, 2d range, 
 
 Fianklin county, Maine, 216 
 Township, No. 3, 2d range, 
 
 Washington county, Me.. 47 
 Township, No. 3, 3d range, 
 
 Piscataquis county, Maine, 28 
 Township, No. 4, Penobscot 
 
 county, Maine, 41 
 
 Township, No. 5, 3d range, 
 
 Aroostook county, Maine,. .9 
 Township, No. 7, Penobscot 
 
 county, Maine, 30 
 
 Township, No. 9, Aroostook 
 
 county, Maine, 50 
 
 Township, No. 9, 3d range, 
 
 Washington county, Me.. .48 
 Township, No. 9, 4th range, 
 
 Washington county, Me. .49 
 Township, No. 11, 1st range, 
 
 Aroostook county. Maine, .66 
 Township, No. 14, Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, 153 
 
 Township, No. 18, Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, 35 
 
 Township, No. 19, Washing- 
 ton countv, Maine, 62 
 
 Township, No. 21, eastern di- 
 vision, Wash'ton co., Me.. .26 
 Township, No. 21, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 37 
 
 Township, No. 33, Hancock 
 
 county, Maine, 32 
 
 Township, 3, range 8, Penob- 
 scot county, Maine, 29 
 
 Township, 3 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .501 
 Township, 3 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .524 
 Township, 3 N., range 3 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, .. 98 
 Township, 4 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, ..548 
 Township, 4 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois,. .538 
 Township, 4 N., range 3 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .347 
 Township, 5 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .706 
 Township, 5 N., range 3 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, 1,055 
 Township, 5 N., range 4 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .423 
 Township, 5 N., range 5 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, .. 24 
 Township, 6 N., range 3 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .717 
 Township. 6 N., range 5 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois. . .346 
 Township, 6 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois,. .331 
 Township, 6 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Fullon comity, Illinois. . .488 
 Township, 6 N., range 4 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois . . 663 
 Township, 7 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Fulton county. Illinois,. .170 
 Township, 7 N., range 2 E.. 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois,. .403 
 
 TOWNSHIP 
 
 Names of Planes. Population. 
 
 Township, 7 N., range 3 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .596 
 Township, 7 N., range 4 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, 1,261 
 Township, 7 N., range 5 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois,. .378 
 Township, 8 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Fullon county, Illinois, . .415 
 Township, 8 N., range 3 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .750 
 Township, 8 N., range 4 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois, . .706 
 Township, 8 N., range 1 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois,. .452 
 Township, 8 N., range 2 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 384 
 Township, 8 N., range 3 W., 
 
 W T arren county, Illinois, . .20 
 Township, 8 N., range 4 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, . .82 
 Township, 8 N., range 5 W., 
 
 W'arren county, Illinois, 103 
 Township, 8 N., range (> \V'., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 144 
 Township, 8 N. ; range 7 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, . . 3 
 Township, 8 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Fulton county, Illinois.. .564 
 Township, 9 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 2L8 
 Township, 9 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Knox countv, Illinois, . . 335 
 Township, 9 N., range 1 W., 
 
 Warren county. Illinois, 225 
 Township, 9 N., range 5 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois. 314 
 Township, 9 N., "range 2 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 168 
 Township, 9 N., range _3 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 255 
 Township, 9 N., range 4 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois. 201 
 Township, 9 N., range 6 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 108 
 Township, 10 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 616 
 Township, 10 N., range 1 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 343 
 Township, 10 N., range 2 E., 
 
 Knox county. Illinois, . . 490 
 Township, 10 N., range 2 W„ 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, . .7? 
 Township, 10 N., range 3 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois,. .72 
 Township, 10 N., range 4 W., 
 
 W T anen county, Illinois, . .84 
 Township, 10 N.. range 5 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 317 
 Township, 10 N., range 6 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, . .57 
 Township, 11 N., range I E., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 592 
 Township, 1 1 N.. range 1 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 396 
 Township, 11 N.. range 2 E., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 733 
 Township, 1 1 N., range 2 W., 
 
 Warrerwcnunty, Illinois, 906 
 Township, II N.. range 3 W., 
 
 Warren county. Illinois. .342 
 Township, 11 N.. range 4 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois. .218 
 Township, 1 I N.. lange 5 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 333 
 
TOWNSHIP 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Township, 12 N-., range 1 E., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 856 
 Township, 12 N'.,' range 2 K., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 113 
 Township, 12 N., range 1 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 305 
 Township, 12 N..ranu-e 2 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 179 
 Township, 12 N., range 3 W., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 453 
 Township, 12 N., range 4 VV., 
 
 Warren county, Illinois, 140 
 Township, 13 N., range 1 E., 
 
 Knox county, Illinois, . . 41G 
 Township, 13 N., range I W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois, . . 87 
 Township, 13 N., range 2 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. . 140 
 Township, 13 N., range 3 vV., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. .115 
 Township, 13 N., range 4 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. .112 
 Township, 13 IN., range 5 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. .102 
 Township. 14 N., range 1 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois. . . 99 
 Township, 34 N., range 2 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. .102 
 Township, 14 JN.. range 3 WV, 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois. . . 71 
 Township, 11 N., range 4 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois, . .245 
 Township, 14 N., range 5 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. .449 
 Township, 15 JN., range 1 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois.. .3! 1 
 Township, 15 N., range 2 W., 
 
 Meicer county, Illinois, . . !)3 
 Township, 15 N., range 3 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois, . . 72 
 Township, 15 IN., range 4 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois, . . 22 
 Township, 15 N.,range 5 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois, . .204 
 Township, 15 N., range 6 W., 
 
 Mercer county, Illinois,. . . .8 
 Township, 27 N., range 11 E., 
 
 4th Principal Meridian, 
 
 Winnebago county, III.. .474 
 Township, 28 N., range 10 E., 
 
 4th Principal Meridian. 
 
 Winnebago county, [11 
 Township, 2j N., range 11 E., 
 
 4tli Principal Meridian, 
 
 Winnebago county, II!.. .100 
 Township, 43 N., range 1 E., 
 
 3d Principal Meridian, 
 
 Winnebago county, 111.. .538 
 Township,43 N., ran res 2 and 
 3d Principal Meri 
 nebago county, III. . .191 
 Township, 44 N., range I E., 
 
 3d Principal Meridian. 
 
 Winnebago county, I!!. . .(J::-) 
 Township, i I 2 il., 
 
 3d Princ idian, 
 
 Winneb igo county, ill., 559 
 hip, 45 A*., range 2 ;;.. 
 
 3d Pjincipal Meridian, 
 
 Win;. rjty, II!.. ,302 
 
 Township, 4 1 IN., range '■'< E., 
 
 3d Principal Meridian, 
 
 Winnebago coun'y, III. . .401 
 
 ( 50 ) 
 
 Karnes of Places Population. 
 
 Township, 45 N., ranees 2 
 and 3 E., 3d Piincipal Me- 
 ridian, Winnebago co., III. 48 
 Township, 46 N., range 2 E., 
 3d Principal Meridian, 
 Winnebago county, III. . .337 
 Township, 40 N., ranges 2 
 and 3 E., 3d Principal Me- 
 ridian, Winnebago co., III. 337 
 
 hip, 46 N., range 3 E., 
 Third Principal Meridian, 
 Winnebago county, 111. . .26 A 
 Tredyfrin, Chester co., Pa. 1,715 
 TremontjBuchrinan co., Mo. 539 
 Trenton, Delaware co.. O. 1,188 
 Trenton, Hancock co.,?,;. 
 Trenton, Mercer co., IN. J. 4,035 
 Trenton, Oneida co., N. Y. 3,178 
 Trenton, Butler county, O. 151 
 Triangle, Broome co,,N.Y. 1,092 
 Trigg County, Kentucky, 7,710 
 
 Trimble county, Ky 4,480 
 
 Troup County. Georgia, 15,733 
 Troupsburg, Steuben co., 
 
 New York 1,171 
 
 Troy, Athens county, O. 1,050 
 Troy, Br dford co., Pa. .. 1,004 
 Troy, Cheshire co., N. H. . .683 
 Troy, (city,) Rensselaer co., 
 
 New York 19,334 
 
 Troy, Crawford county, Pa. 554 
 Troy, Delaware county, O. 838 
 Troy, Fountain co., Ind.. . 1,719 
 Troy, Geauga county, ( I. 
 Troy, Lorrain county, O. . .289 
 Troy, Miami county^ O. . . 1 ,351 
 Troy, Oakland co., Mich. 1,4-2 
 Troy, Orleans county, Yt.. .856 
 Troy, Richland county, 0. 1,939 
 Troy, (town,) Walworth co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 432 
 
 Troy, Waldo county. Me. 1,375 
 Tmy, Wood county, Ohio, 383 
 Trumbull County, Ohio, 38,407 
 Trumbull. Ashtabula co., O. 43S 
 Trumbull, Fairfield co..Ct. 1,2 15 
 Truro,Barnstablee 
 Truro, Franklin county, O. 1,1(13 
 Tr u x to n, Cortland co., N.Y. 3,058 
 Tuf'ionboFouoli, Strafford 
 
 countv, N.H 1,28] 
 
 'Fully. Onondaga co., N.Y., 1,663 
 
 'Fully, Van Wert co., 99 
 
 Tulpehr>cken,Berksco.,Pa,i ,V- 1 
 Tunbridge,Oran!re co.,Y I 
 
 Tunica County, Miss 821 
 
 Tun kh an nock, Luzerne co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, i 933 
 
 Turbet Juniata county, Pa. 1,319 
 Turbut, Northumberland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 Turin, Lewis county, N. Y. 1,704 
 Turkey Foot, Somerset co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 .4 22 
 
 Turner. Ox ford countv, Me. 2,479 
 Turtle CreekjShelbj co.,0. 746 
 TurtleCreek, Warren eo. 0.4,947 
 Tuscaloosa, (city,) Tusca- 
 loosa count i , 1 ,949 
 uosa County, Ala. 16,583 
 TuscaiawasL'oun; \J )hio, 25,631 
 Tuscarawas, Coshocton co., 
 Ohio, 455 
 
 UNION 
 
 Names of riaces. Population. 
 
 Tuscarawas. Stark co., O. 1,792 
 Tuscarora,Bradford co..Pa. 1 ,020 
 Tuscarora, Juniata co., Pa. 1,018 
 Tuscola, Saginaw co.. Mich. 55 
 Twelve Mile, Madison co., 
 
 Missouri, 412 
 
 Twiggs County, Georgia, 8,422 
 TwrnTDarke county, 5.. .1,030 
 Twin, Preble county, O. 1,675 
 Twin, Ross county, Ohio, 2,195 
 irgh, Summit co., O. 1,039 
 Tyler County, Virginia,. .0,054 
 Tymoehtee, Crawford co., O. 1,625 
 Tyngsborough, Middlesex 
 
 county, Massachusetts, . .870 
 Tyre, Calhoun county, 111. 187 
 Tyre, Seneca co., N. Y. . .1,506 
 Tyringham, Berkshire co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,477 
 
 Tyrone, Adams co.. Pa . . . .75(5 
 Tyrone, Fayette co., Pa.. .1,189 
 Ty ror.e,Huntingd'n co.,Pa. 1,226 
 Tyrone, Livings nco., Mich. 394 
 Tyrone, Perry coiin 
 Tyrone, Steuben co.,N.Y. 2,122 
 
 Tyrrel County, N.C 
 
 I it c Scott co., Mo.. . 1,058 
 
 lister, Bradford co., 1'a.. . 1,053 
 Ulster County, New York, 45,b22 
 
 Ulysses, Potter co., Pa 371 
 
 Tompkins co., N. Y . 2,976 
 Unadilla, Livingston co., 
 
 Michigan .643 
 
 Unadilla, Otsego co., N. Y. 2,272 
 Una. dull, Chittenden co., Yt. 1,441 
 Un i ncorpora ted t< . w n s hips', 
 noith of Lincoln. Penob- 
 scot county, Maine, 147 
 
 Union, Allen county, Ohio, 669 
 Union and Perry, Vander- 
 burgh county, indiana, 1,241 
 Union, Belmont co., Ohio, 2,126 
 Union, Berks county, Pa. 1,272 
 Union, (borough,) Fayette 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. .1,710 
 Union, Bedford co., Pa. . . 1 .029 
 Union, Branch co., M cli,. ;507 
 Union, Broome co., K. Y. . .3,165 
 Union, Brown county, O. 3,316 
 Union, Butler county, O. 1,823 
 Union, Cape Girardeau co., 
 
 Missouri, 763 
 
 Union, Carroll county, O. . . ~8:t 
 Union. Champaign co.,0. 1,249 
 Union, Clermont co., Oij: 
 Union, Clinton county. O. 3,284 
 Union County, Arkans 
 Union County, Georgia,. .3,152 
 | Union County, Illinois,. . .5,524 
 | Union County, ' 017 
 
 Union Countv. Kentu 
 Uni -, Ohio, . .'. . 
 
 j Union County, Pa 22 
 
 Union District, S. C 1 
 
 Union, Erie .593 
 
 Union, Essex county . IN. J. 1,482 
 Union, Fa yeite coun'y. 1 'a. 2.723 
 Union, Gloucester c-., N.J. 1,074 
 Union, Grant county, lnd. 593 
 Union, Greene co.. Ark. . . .526 
 Union, Hancock co., Ind. . .176 
 Union, Hancock co., Ohio,. .037 
 Union, Highland co., O.. .1,089 
 
UPPER 
 
 ffamfis nf Places. Population. 
 
 Union, Huntingdon co., Pa. 817 
 Union, Johnson co., Ark. . 114 
 Union, Knox county, Ohio, 1,05)8 
 Union, Lafayette co , Ohio, 1,945 
 Union, Lawrence co., Ark. 259 
 Union, Lawrence co., O. .1,034 
 Union, Licking county, O. 1,637 
 Union, Lincoln county, Me. 1,784 
 Union, Lincoln county, Mo. 1,188 
 Union, Logan county, O. 832 
 Union Parish, Louisiana, 1,838 
 Union, Luzerne county, Pa. 1,242 
 Union, Madison county, O. 1,350 
 Union, Marion county, Ark. 287 
 Union, Marioncounty, Mo. 1,002 
 Union, Mercer county, O. 566 
 Union, Miami county, hid. 584 
 Union, Miami county, O. 1,967 
 Union, Mifflin county, Pa. 1,221 
 Union, Monroe co., Mo. . 737 
 Union, Monroe county, O. 1,35(5 
 Union, Montgomtyco.,Ind. 2,943 
 Union, Morgan county, 0. 1,328 
 Union, Muskingum co.,0. 1,625 
 Union, Pope county, Ark. 291 
 Union, Putnam county, Q. 401 
 Union, Ross county, Ohio, 2,632 
 Union, Rush county, lnd. 1,480 
 Union, St. Francisco., Ark. 613 
 Union, St. Genevieve co., 
 
 Missouri, 266 
 
 Union, Saline county, Ark. 152 
 Union, Schuylkill co., Pa. 906 
 Union, Scioto county, O. 575 
 Union, Shelby county, lnd. 955 
 Union, Tioga county, Pa. 288 
 Union, Tolland co., Conn. 664 
 Union, (town.) Muskingum 
 
 county, Ohio, 151 
 
 Union, Tuscarawas co.,0. 945 
 Union, Union county, O. . 694 
 Union, Union county, Pa. 1,630 
 Union, Van Buren co., Ark. 207 
 Union, Warren county, O. 1,617 
 Union, Washington co., Mo. 1,317 
 Union, Washington co., O. 888 
 Union, Washington co., Pa. 858 
 Unionville, Dutchess co., 
 
 New York, 1,498 
 
 United States, Total Popu- 
 lation, 17,068,666 
 
 Unity, in Unity, Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio,. . . 204 
 Unity, Sullivan co., N. H. 1,238 
 Unity, Waldo county, Me. 1,457 
 Unity, Westmoreland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 3,003 
 
 Upper, Cape May co., N.J. 1,217 
 Upper, Crawford co., Ark. 1,144 
 Upper, Lawrence co., O. . 1,180 
 Upper AUoway's Creek, Sa- 
 lem county, N. J 2,235 
 
 Upper Alton, (precinct,) 
 
 Madison county, 111.. . . 1,103 
 Upper Alton, (town.) Madi- 
 son county, Illinois,. . . 1,002 
 Upper Bern, Berks co., Pa. 2,906 
 Upper Chichester, Delaware 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. 475 
 Upper Darby, Delaware co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,489 
 
 Upper Dublin, Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania,. 1,322 
 
 ( 51 ) 
 
 Names r,f Dace?. Population 
 
 Upper Freehold, Monmouth 
 
 county, New Jersey,. . 5,026 
 Upper Hanover, Montgo- 
 mery county, Pa 1,467 
 
 Upper Mahantango, Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pa. 1,291 
 
 Upper Mahony, Northum- 
 berland county, Pa. . . . 1,131 
 Upper Osage, Carroll co., 
 
 Arkansas, 478 
 
 Upper Oxford, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,277 
 
 Upper Loutre, Montgome- 
 ry county, Missouri, . . . 545 
 Upper Macungy, Lehigh 
 
 county, Pennsylvania.. 1,769 
 Upper Meriot^MontL'ome- 
 
 ry county, Pennsylvania, 2,804 
 Upper Milford, Lehigh co., 
 
 Pennsylvania \ . 3,081 
 
 Upper Mount Bethel, North- 
 ampton county, Pa. . . . 2,643 
 Upper Nazareth, Northamp- 
 ton county, Pa 1,118 
 
 Upper Paxton . Dauphin co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,814 
 
 Upper Penn's Neck, Salem 
 
 county. New Jersey,.. 1,854 
 Upper Providence, Delaware 
 
 countv, Pennsylvania, . 780 
 Upper Providence, Mont- 
 gomery county, Pa. . . . 2,244 
 Upper St. Clair, Alleghany 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. 2,302 
 Upper Salford, Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. 1,301 
 Upper Saucon, Lehigh co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2.072 
 
 Upper Makefield, Bucks co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,490 
 
 Upper Swatara, Dauphin 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . 1,205 
 Upper Tulpehocken, Berks 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. 2,911 
 UpperWindsor,York co.,Pa. 1,310 
 Upson County, Georgia, 9,408 
 Upton, Worcester co., Mass. 1,466 
 Urbana, Steuben co., N. Y. 1,884 
 Urbana, (town,) Champaign 
 
 county, Ohio 1,070 
 
 Urbana, (township,) Cham- 
 paign county, Ohio, .. .. 1,386 
 Utica, (city.) Oneida co ., 
 
 New York, 12,782 
 
 Uwchland, Chester co.,Pa. 1,565 
 Uxbridge, Worcester co , 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,004 
 
 Vallee, Jefferson co., Mo. 584 
 Valley, Columbia co., lnd. 633 
 Van Buren, Brown co., lnd. 417 
 Van Bureh, Clay co , lnd. 538 
 Van Buren County, Ark. 1,518 
 Van Buren County, Mich. 1,910 
 Van Buren County, Mo.. 4,693 
 Van Buren, Crawford co., 
 
 Arkansas, 1,233 
 
 Van Buren, Darke co., O. 421 
 Van Buren, Grant co., lnd. 174 
 
 Van Buren, Iowa, 6,146 
 
 Van Buren, La Grange co., 
 
 Indiana, 284 
 
 Van Buren, Onondaga co., 
 New York, 3,021 
 
 VINEGAR 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 Van Buren, Polk co., Mo. 511 
 Van Buren, Shelby co., O. 596 
 Van Buren, (town,) Han- 
 cock county , Ohio, ... . 74 
 Van Buren. (township,) Han- 
 cock county, Ohio, 402 
 
 Van Buren, Wayne county, 
 
 Michigan, ;..'.. 940 
 
 Vanderburgh County, lnd. 6,250 
 VanRensselaer,Ottavvaco., 
 
 Ohio, 27 
 
 Van Wert County, Ohio, 1,577 
 Varick, Seneca co., N. Y. 1,971 
 Vassalborough, Kennebec 
 
 county, Maine, 2,952 
 
 Vaugine. Jefferson co.,Ark. 1,339 
 Velmont, Arkansas co., Ark. 283 
 Venango, Butler co., Pa. . 322 
 Venango County, Pa. . . 17,900 
 Venango,Crawfordco., Pa. 1,299 
 Venango, Erie county. Pa. 812 
 Venice, Cayuga co., N. Y. 2,105 
 Venice, Seneca county, O. 1,222 
 Vergennes, (city,) Addison 
 
 county, Vermont, 1,017 
 
 Vermilion County, 111. . . 9,303 
 Vermilion Count}', lnd. . 8,274 
 Vermilion, Vermilion co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,540 
 
 Vermilion, Erie county, O. 1,334 
 Vermilion, Richland co..O. 2,402 
 Vermont Township, 4 N., 
 range 1 E , Fulton co., III. 126 
 
 Vermont, 291,948 
 
 Vermontville, Eaton co., 
 
 Michigan, 182 
 
 Vernon, Clinton co.,0. . . 1,434 
 Vernon, Crawford co., Pa. 1,240 
 Vernon, Hancock co., lnd. 492 
 Vernon, Oneida co., N. Y. 3,043 
 Vernon, Richland co.,0. 1,042 
 Vernon, (town,) Milwaukee 
 
 county, Wisconsin, ... . 187 
 Vernon, Shiawassee county, 
 
 Michigan 373 
 
 Vernon, Sussex co., N. J. 2,395 
 Vernon, Scioto county, O. 902 
 Vernon, Tolland co.,Conn. 1 ,435 
 Vernon, Trumbull co., O. 789 
 Vernon, Washington co., 
 
 Indiana, . . . 1,936 
 
 Vernon, Windham co., Vt. 705 
 Vernon, Oneida co., N. Y. 4,504 
 Versailles, Allcg'y co.. Pa. 1,456 
 Versailles, (town,) Wood- 
 ford county, Kentucky, 1,044 
 Vershire, Orange co., Vt. 1,198 
 Vestal, Broome co., N. Y. 1,253 
 Veteran.Chemungco., NY. 2,279 
 Vevay, Ingham co., Mich. 223 
 Victor, Ontario co., N. Y. 2,393 
 Victory, Cayuga co., N. Y. 2,371 
 Victory, Essex county, Vt. 140 
 Vienna, Genesee co., Mich. 212 
 Vienna, Kennebec co., Me. 891 
 Vienna, Oneida co., N. Y. 2,530 
 Vienna, Trumbull co., O. 969 
 Vigo County, Indiana,. . 12,076 
 Villanovia, Chatauque co., 
 
 New York, 1 ,655 
 
 Vinalhaven,Waldoco.,Me. 1,951 
 VinegarHill, Jo Daviessco., 
 Illinois, 174 
 
WALWORTH 
 
 Names of Plac-s. Population. 
 
 Vineyard, Barry co., Mo. 567 
 Vineyard, Washington 
 
 co., Arkansas, 837 
 
 Vinton, Athpnsco.,Ohio, 227 
 Violet, Fairfield co., O.. 2,378 
 Virgil, Cortlandco., N. Y. 4,502 
 
 Virginia, 1,239,797 
 
 Virginia, OassCounty, III. 254 
 Virginia, Coshocton co.,C). 1 ,102 
 Volina, Cass co., Mich.. 417 
 Volney,Osweooco.,N.\ r . 3,155 
 Vol untow n, W i n d ' tn co.,Ct. 1 ,1 8(5 
 Wabash, Adams co , Ind. 206 
 Wabash County, Illinois, 4,240 
 Wabash County, Indiana, 2,750 
 Wabash, Fountain co., Ind. 1,135 
 Wabash, Gibson co., Ind. 331 
 Wabash, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,009 
 
 Wableau, Rives co., Mo. 886 
 Waconda, Carroll co., Mo. 1,011 
 Waddam's Grove, Stephen- 
 
 son county, Illinois,.. 347 
 Wadesbor', (tovvn,)Callo- 
 
 way co.', Kentucky,. .. 1(55 
 Wadsworth ,Medina co.,0. 1 ,481 
 Waitsfield, Washington 
 
 co., Vermont, 1,048 
 
 Wake County, N. C. , . 21,1 18 
 Wakefield, Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,306 
 
 Wakeman. Huron co.,C). 702 
 Walden, Caledonia c.o.Vt. 913 
 Waldo, (borough,) Lincoln 
 
 county, Maine 3,661 
 
 Waldo County, Maine,. 41,509 
 WaldoPlantation, Waldo 
 
 county, Maine, 721 
 
 Wales, Erie co., N. Y.. . 1 ,987 
 Wales, Hampden co., Mass. 686 
 Wales, Kennebec co., Me. (558 
 Walker, Centre co., Pa.. 1,180 
 Walker, Cole co., Mo.. . 1,354 
 Walker County, Alabama, 4,032 
 Walker County, Georgia, 6,572 
 Walker, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,056 
 
 Walker, Juniata co., Pa. 1,423 
 Walker, Rush co.. Ind.. 1,032 
 Walkill. Orange co., N.Y. 4,268 
 Wallingford.Nevv Haven 
 
 county, Connecticut,. 2,255 
 Wallingford, Rutland co., 
 
 Vermont 1,608 
 
 Walnut, Fairfield co., Ohio, 2,006 
 Walnut, Gallia co., Ohio, (536 
 Walnut,Holmesco.,Ohio, 1,099 
 Walnut, Montnom'vco.,Ind. 813 
 Walnut,Fhillipsco.,Ark. 510 
 Walnut. Pickaway co.,(). 1,708 
 Walpack, Sussex co., N. J. 728 
 Walpole, Cheshire co., N. 11. 2,015 
 Walpole, Norfolk co., Mass. 1,491 
 Waltham, Addison co., Vt. 283 
 Waltharn, Hancock Co., Me. 231 
 Waltham, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts 2,50 1 
 
 Walton County, Georgia, 10,209 
 Walton Co., W. Florida, 1,451 
 Walton, Delaware co., N.Y. 1,846 
 Walton, Eaton co., Mich. 116 
 WalworthCounty,Wiskon- 
 
 sin, 2,611 
 
 ( 52 ; 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Walworth, (town,) Wal- 
 worth co., Wtskonsin, 22(5 
 Walworth,Wayne co., N.Y.I, 734 
 Wantage, Sussex co..N.Y. 3,908 
 Ward, Athens countv, O. 543 
 Ward, Randolph co ,'lnd. 1,138 
 Wardsboro', Windham 
 
 co., Vermont, 1,102 
 
 Ware County, Georgia,. 2,323 
 Ware, Hampshire co., Mass. 1,890 
 Wareagle,Mndison co.,Ark. 758 
 Wareham, Plymouth co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,002 
 
 Warminster,Bueks co.,Pa. 934 
 Warner, Merrimack co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 2,139 
 
 Warren, Belmont co., O. 2,408 
 Warren, (borough,) War- 
 ren county, Pa 737 
 
 Warren,Bradfbrdco.. Pa. 1.308 
 Warren, Bristol co., R. I. 2,437 
 Warren County, Georgia, 9,709 
 Warren County, Illinois, 6,739 
 Warren County, Indiana, 5,656 
 Warren County, Ky.. . . 15 i U\ 
 Warren County, Mi.. .. 15,820 
 Warren Countv, Missouri, 4,253 
 Warren Countv, N. C. .12,010 
 Warren County, N. J.. . .20,3(56 
 Warren County, N. Y.. .13,422 
 Warren County, Ohio,. .23,141 
 
 Warren County, Pa 9,278 
 
 Warren County, Terin. 10,803 
 Warren County, Virginia. 5,627 
 Warren, Franklinco., Pa. 062 
 Warren,Graftonco.,N.H. 933 
 Warren, Herkimer co., 
 
 New York, 2,003 
 
 Warren. Jefferson co.,Ohio, 1,945 
 Warren, Lincoln co., Me. 2,228 
 Warren, Litchfield co., Ct. 873 
 Warren, Macomb co.,Mich. 337 
 Warren, Marion co., Ind. 1,374 
 Warren, Marion co., Mo. 1,514 
 Warren, Putnam co..Ind. 2,201 
 Warren.Somerset co.,N.J. 1,601 
 Warren, Tuscarawasco.,0. 1,173 
 Warren, Washington co..O. 931 
 Warren, Wash'ton co.,Vt. 943 
 Warren, .Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,290 
 
 Warren Township Village, 
 
 Trumbull co., Ohio,. . 1,996 
 Warrensburg,Warrenco., 
 
 New York", 1,468 
 
 Vv r arrensburg, Johnson 
 
 co., Missouri, 1 ,228 
 
 Warrensville, Cuyahoga 
 
 co., Ohio, 1,082 
 
 Warrington.Bncks co.. Pa. 037 
 Warrington,York co., Pa. 1,340 
 Warrior's Mark, Hunting- 
 don county, Pa 1,689 
 
 Warsaw,Geneseeco., N.Y. 2,841 
 Warsaw, (town,) Gal latin 
 
 county, Kentucky,,.. 600 
 Warwick County, Ind.. 6,321 
 Warwick Co., Virginia,. 1,456 
 Warwick, Bucks co., Pa. 1,259 
 Warwick, Franklin Co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,071 
 
 Warwick, Kent co., R.I.. 6,726 
 Warwick,Lancasterco.,Pa. 3,725 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Warwick, Oranjre co., N.Y. 5,1 13 
 Warwick/Tuscarawas co., 
 
 Ohio, 864 
 
 Washington, Adams co., Ind. 262 
 Washington,AUenco.,Ind. 595 
 Washington, Allen co., O. 457 
 Washington, Belmont 
 
 co., Ohio, 1,387 
 
 Washington, Bergen co., 
 
 New Jersey 1,883 
 
 Washington,Berks co.,Pa. 1,210 
 Washington, Berkshire 
 
 co., Massachusetts,. . .. 991 
 Washington, Blackford 
 
 co., Indiana, 143 
 
 Washington, (borough.) 
 
 Washington co., Pa.. . 2,062 
 Washington,Brownco.,Ind. 384 
 Washington, Brown co., O. 848 
 Washington, Buchanan 
 
 co., Missouri, 484 
 
 Washington, Burlington 
 
 county, New Jersey,. . 1,630 
 Washington, Cambria co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,266 
 
 Washington, Carroll co. ,0, 1,024 
 Washington,Clarkeco.,Mo. 314 
 Washington,Clay co.,Ind. 1,046 
 Washington, Clermont 
 
 co., Ohio,... 2,100 
 
 Washington, Clinton co.,0.1, 1 70 
 Washington,Columbiana 
 
 county, Ohio, 812 
 
 Washington, Coshocton 
 
 co., Ohio, 1,029 
 
 Washington Co., Ala . . . 5,300 
 Washington Co., Appala- 
 
 ohicola District, Florida, 859 
 Washington County,Ark. 7,148 
 Washington Co., Ga . . . 10,565 
 Washino-ton County, 111. 4,810 
 Washington Co., Ind.. . . 15,269 
 Washington County, Ky. 10,596 
 Washington County, La. 2,649 
 Washington County, Me. 28,327 
 Washington County , Md. 28,350 
 Washington County, Mi. 7,287 
 Washington County, Mo. 7,2155 
 Washino-ton County, N. C. 4,525 
 Washington County, N.Y .4 1,080 
 Washington County, O. . 20,823 
 Washington County, Pa. 41.279 
 Washington County, R.l. 14,324 
 Washington County.Tenn.l 1,751 
 Washington County, Va. 13,001 
 Washington County, Vt. 23,506 
 Washington County, Wis- 
 
 kons'm, 343 
 
 Washington, Darkeco.,0. 889 
 
 Washington, U. C 23,364 
 
 Washino-ton, Dutchess co., 
 
 New York, .2,833 
 
 Washington, Erie co , Pa. 1,551 
 Washington, Fayette co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,515 
 
 Washington, Franklin co.,0. 813 
 Washington, Franklin co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,404 
 
 Washington, Gibsonco., Ind. 640 
 Washington, Gloucesterco., 
 
 New Jersey, 1,545 
 
 Washington, Grant co., Ind. 530 
 Washington, Greene co., Pa. 936 
 
WASHINGTON 
 
 ( 53 ) 
 
 WEARE 
 
 Names of Places. Topulatinn. 
 
 Washington, Guernsey en., 
 
 Ohio,". 1,153 
 
 Washington, Hamilton co., 
 
 Indiana, 1.284 
 
 Washington, Hancock co.,O.809 
 Washington, Hardin co . 0. '203 
 Washington, Harrison co., 
 
 Indiana, 721 
 
 Washington, Harrison co., 
 
 Ohio/. 1,022 
 
 Washington, Hocking co., 
 
 Ohio, 1.124 
 
 Washington, Hoi niesen.,0. |,-J(J1 
 Washington, Independence 
 
 county, Arkansas 3-18 
 
 Washington, Indiana co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,893 
 
 Washington. Iowa, 1,594 
 
 Washington. Jackson co., 0. 481 
 Washington,Jeff"sonco , Pa. 307 
 Washington, John'n co., Mo., 4713 
 Washington, Lafayette co., 
 
 Missouri, 458 
 
 Washington, Licking co., O. 1,348 
 Washington, Lincoln co., 
 
 Maine, 1,000 
 
 Washington, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,022 
 
 Washington, Li vingstonco., 
 
 Missouri, 107 
 
 Washington, Logan co., O. 517 
 Washington, Luzerne co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,255 
 
 Washington, Lycoming co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,829 
 
 Washington, Macomb co., 
 
 Michigan 1,314 
 
 Washington, Marion co., la. 1,859 
 Washington, Marion co., O. 8S0 
 Washington, Marion, Sand 
 
 Creek, Jackson, Clay and 
 
 Adams. Decatur co.. Ind. 9.730 
 Washington, Mercer co., O 214 
 Washington, Miami co.,6. 1,101 
 Washington, Monroe co., 
 
 Missouri 1,307 
 
 Washington, Monroe co., O. 5'.!3 
 Washington, Montgomery 
 
 county, Ohio, 2,210 
 
 Washington, Morris co., 
 
 New Jersey, 2,451 
 
 Washinglon, Muskingum 
 
 county, Ohio, 1,488 
 
 Washington, Noble co.,Ind., 259 
 Washington. Ogle co., III.. .620 
 Washington, Orange co., Vt. 1.359 
 Washington, Owen co., Ind. 1,222 
 Washington, Pickaway co., 
 
 Ohio/ 1,194 
 
 Washington, Polk co., Mo 417 
 Washington, Preble co., O. 2,459 
 Washington, Putnam co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,872 
 
 Washington, Randolph co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,219 
 
 Washington, Richland co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,914 
 
 Washington, Rush co., Ind. 1,103 
 Washington, Sandusky co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,074 
 
 Washington, Scioto co , O. 053 
 Washing ton, Sevier co., Ark. 5lti 
 Washington, Shelby co.,0. 1,08b 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Washington, Stark co., O. 1,389 
 Washington. Sullivan Co.. 
 
 New Hampshire, 1.103 
 
 Washington, Taney co., Mo. 275 
 Washinglon. Tippecanoe 
 
 county, Indiana, 809 
 
 Washington. Tuscarawas 
 
 county, Ohio 978 
 
 Washington, Union co.,0 151 
 Washington, Union co., Pa. 1,1 35 
 Washington, Van Wert co., 
 
 Ohio, 47 
 
 Washington, Warren co.,0. 1,300 
 Washington. Washinglon 
 
 county. Indiana 1 .992 
 
 Washington, Wayne co., Ind. 1,935 
 Washington, Waynesho- 
 
 rongh, Franklin co., Pa. 799 
 Washington, Westmoreland 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 2,004 
 Washington. Williams co , 
 
 Ohio. ... 98 
 
 Washington. Wood co., O. 196 
 Washington. York co.,Pa. 1,220 
 Washingtonville in Green, 
 
 Columbiana county, O. . .107 
 
 Washita. Louisiana 4 040 
 
 Washtenaw County, Mich., 23,571 
 Waterbuiy .New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, ,3,008 
 
 Waterbury, Washington 
 
 county. Vermont 1,992 
 
 Waterfbrd. (borough.) Erie 
 
 countv, Pennsylvania, . . .403 
 Waterford, Caledonia co., Vt. 1,388 
 WaferfordjErie county, Pa. 1,144 
 Wa'erford, Gloucester CO., 
 
 New Jersey, 3,467 
 
 Watt rford, New London 
 
 county, Connecticut, . .2,331 
 Waterford, Oakland co., 
 
 Michigan, 940 
 
 Waterford,Oxfordco.,Me. 1,381 
 Waterford, Saratoga Co., 
 
 New York, 1,824 
 
 Waterford township, 4 N., 
 
 range 3 E.,Fultoncn, 111. 105 
 Waterford, Washington co. 0. 1 ,166 
 Waterford, York co., Me. 1,944 
 Waterloo, Athens Co., O.. . .741 
 Waterloo, Fayette co., Ind. 920 
 Waterloo, Seneca co., N.Y. 3,036 
 Watertown, Jefferson co., 
 
 New York, 5,027 
 
 Watertown, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,442 
 
 Watertown, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,810 
 
 Watertown, (town,) Jeffer- 
 son county, Wiskonsin,. .218 
 Watertown, ( township,) 
 
 Washinglon county, O. 1,127 
 Water town, (village,) Wash- 
 ington countv, Ohio, .... 120 
 Waterville, Grafton co., N.H. 03 
 Waterville, Kennebec co., 
 
 Maine, 2,971 
 
 Waterville, Lamoille co.,Vt. 610 
 Waterville, (tow nship,) Lu- 
 cas county, Ohio, 505 
 
 Waterville, (village,) Lucas 
 
 county, Ohio, 190 
 
 i Watcrvliet, Albany co. ; N.Y. 10,411 
 
 Names of P aees. Population 
 
 Watkins, Crawford co.,Mo. 739 
 Watson, Lewis co., N. Y. 1,707 
 Watlsburg,(horough,) Erie 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . .131 
 Wan watosa, Mil waukee co., 
 
 Wiskonsin, 342 
 
 Waverlv, Lincoln co., Mo. 1,133 
 Wawarsing, Ulster co., N. Y. 4,014 
 Wavland. Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 998 
 
 Wayne, Adams co.. Ohio,. .854 
 Wayne, Allen co., Ind . .2,080 
 Wayne, Allen county, O. . .401 
 Way ne, Arinslrongco ,Pa. 1,875 
 Wayne, Ashtabula co., O.. .767 
 Wayne, Bartholomew co., 
 
 Indiana, 954 
 
 Wayne, Belmont co.,Ohio, 1,734 
 Wayne, Butler county, O. 1,426 
 Wayne. Mifflin county. Pa. 1,350 
 Wayne, Monroe county, O. 084 
 Wayne, Montgomery Co., • 
 
 Indiina, 1,805 
 
 Wayne, Montgomery co., 
 
 Ohio , 1 045 
 
 Wayne. Muskingum co.,0. 1,270 
 Wayne, Noble county, Ind. 148 
 Wayne. Owen county, Ind. H34 
 Wayne, Picka way co., O. . .779 
 W'ayne, Randolph co., Ind. 001 
 Wayne, Schuylkill co.,Pa. 1,021 
 Wayne. Scioto county, O 1,844 
 Wayne, Steuben cp., N. J. 1,377 
 Wayne, Tippecanoe co., 
 
 Indiana, 1,541 
 
 Way ne, Tuscarawas co, 0. 2,142 
 Wayne, Warren co., O. ..3,392 
 Wayne, Wayne co , Ind.. .2.412 
 Wayne, Wayne co., O. . .1,843 
 Wayne, Cass co., Mich . . .335 
 Wayne, Champaign co., 0. 1,300 
 Wayne, Clei mont co.. O. . .970 
 Wayne, Clinton co., O. . .1,300 
 Wayne, Clinton co , Pa. . . .307 
 Wayne, Columbianaco ,0. 1,080 
 Wayne County, Georgia, 1,258 
 Wayne County . Illinois,. .5,133 
 Wayne County, Indiana, 23,290 
 Wayne County, Kentucky, 7,399 
 Wayne County. Missouri, 2,120 
 Way neCounty, Michigan, 24, 173 
 Wayne County, Missouri, 3,403 
 Wayne County, N. C. . .10,891 
 Wayne County, N. Y. . .42,057 
 Wayne Countv, Ohio, . .35,808 
 Wayne County, Pa. . ...11,848 
 Wayne County, Tenn. . .7,705 
 Wayne, Crawford co., Pa.. .723 
 Wayne, Darke county, O.. .732 
 Wayne, Erie county, Pa. . .738 
 Wayne, Green county, Pa. 938 
 Wayne, Hamilton co., Ind. 798 
 Wayne, Henry co., Ind.. .1,708 
 Wayne, Jefferson co., O.. . 1,740 
 Wayne, Kennebec co.,Me. 1,201 
 Wayne, Kno.v county, O. 1,276 
 Wayne, Lafayette Co., O. 1,540 
 Wayne, Marion co., O. . .1,959 
 Wayne, Mercer co., Ohio,. .377 
 Waynesfield, Lucas co., O. 450 
 Weakley County, Tenn.. .9,870 
 Weare, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire. 2,375 
 
WESTCHESTER 
 
 Names of P] ices. Population. 
 
 Weathersfield, Trumbull 
 
 county, Ohio 1 ,44? 
 
 Weathersfield ^Windsor co., 
 
 Vermont, 2.081 
 
 Webster, Lincoln co., Me. 1,134 
 Webster, Monroe co., N.Y. 2,235 
 Webster, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,403' 
 
 Weesaw, Berrien co., Mich. 142 
 Weissenburg, Lehigh co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,427 
 
 Welborn, (town,) Conway 
 
 county, Arkansas, 193 
 
 Welborn, (township. J Con- 
 way county, Arkansas, . .490 
 Weld, Franklin co., Me. 1,045 
 Wellfleet, Barnstable co., 
 
 Massachusetts, ^.?,~1 
 
 Wellington, Lorrain co., O. 781 
 Welli no-ton. Piscataquis co., 
 
 Maine, . .' 722 
 
 Wells, (between disputed 
 
 lines,) Mason co., Mo. . .179 
 
 Wells. Brad for J co.. Pa 873 
 
 Wells County, Indiana,. .1,823 
 
 Wells. Jefferson co., Ohio, 1,492 
 
 Macon co., Mo., . . . .501 
 
 Rutland co„ Vl 740 
 
 Wells, York county, Me. 2,978 
 Wellsville in Yellow Creek, 
 
 Columbiana county, O. . .759 
 Wendell, Frank lin co., Mass. 875 
 Wendell, Sullivan co., N.H. '795 
 Wendham, Essex co., Mass. 689 
 vVenlock, Essex county, Vt. '28 
 Wentworth,Graftoncq.,N.H.l,l"l9 
 Went worth's Location.! 
 
 county. New Hampshire,. .25 
 
 Wesley, Wash'tori co., Me. 255 
 
 ^Washington co.,0. 1,1 32 
 
 West. Huntingdon co., Pa. 1,629 
 
 West Almond, Alleghany 
 
 county, New York, 803 
 
 West Baton Rouge. La. . .4.6:38 
 West Be t hie lie in, Washing- 
 ton county, Pa 1,743 
 
 Bloomfield, Oakland 
 
 county, Michigan 938 
 
 West Bloomfield, Ontario 
 
 county, New York,. . . .2,094 
 Westborough, Worcester 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 1,658 
 Boylston, Worcester 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 1,187 
 West Bradford, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 .502 
 
 West Bridgewater, Ply- 
 mouth county, Mass. . .1,201 
 '.rook, Cumberland 
 
 county, Maine, 4,116 
 
 rook, Middlesex co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,182 
 
 West Brunswick, Schuyl- 
 kill county. Pa 1,701 
 
 hiffalo, Union co.,Pa.1, 460 
 WestCaln,Chestercn., Pa. 1,383 
 I lambridge, Middlesex 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 1,363 
 West Chester, (borough,) 
 
 Chester county, Pa '2,1 "2 
 
 WestchesterConnty^.- 1 
 Chester, Westell 
 
 county. New York 4.151 
 
 ( 54 ) 
 
 Namei of Places. Population. 
 
 West Cocalic >. Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . 1,229 
 West Deer. Alleghany co.. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,414 
 
 West Donegal, Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . .2,510 
 West Earl, Lancaster co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,723 
 
 Westerlo, Albany co., N.Y. 3,096 
 Westerly, Washington co.. 
 
 Rhode Island; .: 1,912 
 
 Western, Oneida co., N.Y. 3,488 
 West FairLee, Orange co., Vt. 824 
 Westfall, Pike county, Pa. 359 
 West Fallowlield, Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1.717 
 West Feliciana parishJLa.10,910 
 Westfield Academy Grant, 
 
 Aroostook county, Me 3 
 
 Westfield, Chatauque co.. 
 
 New York, 3.199 
 
 Westfield, Delaware co.,(). 1,019 
 Westfield, Esses co.,N. J. 3.150 
 Westfield. Hampton co , 
 
 Massachusetts 3,526 
 
 Westfield, Medina co., O. 1,030 
 Westfield, Orleans co., Vt. 370 
 Westfield, Richmond co., 
 
 New York, 2,326 
 
 Westfield, Tioga co., Pa 921 
 
 West Findley, Washington 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . 1 ,187 
 
 West Florida, 5,454 
 
 Westford, Chittenden co., Vt. 1,352 
 West ford, Middlesex co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,436 
 
 Westford, Otsego co.,N.Y. 1,478 
 Fork, Washington cq., 
 
 Arkansas 418 
 
 West Galena. Jo Daviess 
 
 county, Illinois, 434 
 
 West Goshen, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 81 4 
 
 West Greenville, Mercer 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, . .626 
 West Greenwich, Kentco., 
 
 Rhode Island, 1,415 
 
 West half of township No. 
 
 6, Penobscot county, Me. 187 
 West h amp ton, Hampshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, . .759 
 Weslhaven, Rutland co.,Vt. 774 
 West Hempfield, Colum- 
 bia, (borough,) Lancaster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. .2," 19 
 West Hemp fie Id. Lane aster 
 
 county, Pennsylvania. 1,913 
 Westland, Guernsey co.,0. 1,075 
 West Manchester, York co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,262 
 
 WestMarlborough. Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. .1,043 
 West Middle town, borough, 
 
 Washington county, Pa. 260 
 West Milford, Passaic co., 
 
 New Jersey 2,103 
 
 Weslm in s ter,W i n d h a m c o., 
 
 Vermont, 1 .556 
 
 West minster. Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts 1 ,645 
 
 West Monroe. Oswego co., 
 
 New York,' 91.8 
 
 Westmore, Orleans co.,Vt. 122 
 
 WHEATFIELD 
 
 ■ JVames of Plares. Population. 
 
 Westmore Isle, Hancock 
 
 countv, Maine, 139 
 
 Westmoi ty, Pa. 42,699 
 
 Westmoreland Connty,Va:8,0'l9 
 Westmoreland., Cheshire 
 
 county, New Hampshire, 1, 546 
 Westmoreland, Oneida co., 
 
 New York, 3,105 
 
 West Nantmeal (Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,731 
 
 West Newbury, Essex co., 
 
 Massachusetts. 1 ,560 
 
 West Nottingham, Chester 
 
 county. Pennsylvania, . .607 
 Weston, Aroostook co., Me 249 
 Weston, Fairfield co.,Conn.2,560 
 Weston, Middlesex CO., Mass. 1 ,092 
 Weston, Windsor co., Vt. 1,032 
 Weston.Wood county, O. . .415 
 West Pe'rin, Schuylkill co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,362 
 
 West Pennsboro', Cumber- 
 land county, Pa 1,867 
 
 West P i ketand, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 733 
 
 West Pike Run, Washing- 
 ton county, Pa. .947 
 
 Westpbrt, Bristol cb., Mass. 2,820 
 West port, Essex co., N.Y. 1,932 
 Westporlr, Fairfield co., C 
 Westport, Lincoln co., Me. 955 
 West Providence, Bedford 
 
 county, Pennsylvania,. . 1,643 
 West River, Randolph co., 
 
 Indiana, 916 
 
 West Rockhill, Bucks co., 
 
 Pe n n s y 1 v a n i a , .1.63! 
 
 WestSaiem, Mercerco.yPa. 2.52-; 
 West Springfield, Hampden 
 
 co'linty, Massachusetts, 3,626 
 West Stoefibridge, Berk- 
 shire county. Mass 1,448 
 
 West Town, Chester coi.Pa. 924 
 WesiTurin, Lewis county, 
 
 NewY r ork. .2,042 
 
 Westville, Frank lin county, 
 
 New York .1,028 
 
 Westville in Smith, Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, 63 
 
 Westville, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 643 
 
 West Vincent, Chester co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,232 
 
 West Whiteland, Chester 
 
 county, Pennsylvania; 1,085 
 West Windsor, Mercer co., 
 
 New Jersey 1 ,536 
 
 West Zanesville, Muskin- 
 
 rnim county, Ohio, 279 
 
 Wethersfield, Genesee co., 
 
 New York, 1,123 
 
 Wethersfield, Hartford co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,824 
 
 Weybridge, Addison co., Vt. 797 
 Weymouth, Norfolk e .. 
 
 Massachusetts, 3,738 
 
 Wharton, Fayette co.. Pa. 1,325 
 Wharton, Potter co., Pa. . . 171 
 Whately, Franklin countv - , 
 
 Massachusetts,. , ".1,072 
 
 Wheatfield, Niagara co , 
 
 New York 1,657 
 
 Wheatfield, Perry co., Pa . .617 
 
WHITING 
 
 Names Of Placed. Population. 
 
 Wheatland, Hillsdale co., 
 
 Michigan,. ....718 
 
 Wheatland, Monroe county, 
 
 New York 2;871 
 
 Wheeler, Steuben co., N.Y. 1,294 
 Wheelmg,Belmont co., O. 1,389 
 Wheeling, (city,) Ohio co., 
 
 Virginia, . .'. 7,885 
 
 Wheeling, Guernsey co., O. 909 
 Wheelock.Caledonia eo.,Vt. 881 
 V* hetstonei Crawford co., O. 1,124 
 White, Benton county, Mo, 298 
 White, Cambria co., pa. . . 438 
 White, Carroll county, Ark. 222 
 While, Sevier county, Ark. 166 
 While County, Arkansas,, .("-id 
 W T hite County, Illinois, ..7,019 
 White County, Indiana,. .1,832 
 While County, Ten n. .. 1U,747 
 White Clay Creek and Perc- 
 
 eader, New Castle co., Del. 4 , 1 57 
 White Creek, Washington 
 
 county. New York, ....2,195 
 White Deer, Union co., Pa. 1 ,252 
 White Eyes, Coshocton co., 
 
 Ohio, 997 
 
 Whitefield, Coos co., N. 11. 751 
 Whitefield, Indiana co.. Pa. 1 ',664 
 WhitehVld, Lincoln co., Me. 2,150 
 White Hall, (town,) Greene 
 
 county, Illinois 295 
 
 Whitehall, Washington co., 
 
 New York, 3,813 
 
 White Lake, Oakland co., 
 
 Michigan,. 549 
 
 Whitely, Greene co., Pa. 2,043 
 White Marsh, Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 2,079 
 White Oak, Franklin co., 
 
 Arkansas 795 
 
 White Oak.Highland co.,0. 887 
 White Oak, Ingham county, 
 
 Michigan .".-270 
 
 Whitepaine, Montgomery 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1,224 
 White Pigeon, St. Joseph 
 
 county, Michigan, 680 
 
 White Plains, Westchester 
 
 county, New York, .... 1,087 
 White River, Benton co., 
 
 Arkansas, 321 
 
 White River, Gibson co., 
 
 Indiana, 700 
 
 White River, Hamilton co., 
 
 Indiana, 1.31:1 
 
 White River. Marion co.,Ark.339 
 White River, Independence 
 
 county, Arkansas, 5."..'', 
 
 White R.iver,Izard co.. Ark. 551 
 White River, Randolph co., 
 
 Indiana, 2,227 
 
 While River, Washington ' 
 
 county, Arkansas, 492 
 
 Whitesides County, IIJ. ..2,514 
 Wiiitestown, Oneida co., 
 
 New York, 5,156 
 
 White Yv r ater, Hamilton co., 
 
 Ohio |,883 
 
 Whitely County, Indiana, 1,237 
 
 Whitely County, Ky 4,673 
 
 Whitford, Monroe co., Mich. 363 
 Whiting-, Washington co., 
 
 Maine, 402 
 
 ( 55 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Whiting, Addison co., Vt.. .659 
 Whitingham, Windham co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,391 
 
 Wilbraham, Hampden co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,804 
 
 Wilcox County, Ala., .. 15,278 
 Wilkesbarre, (borough,) Lu- 
 zerne county, Pa 1,718 
 
 Wilkesbarre, Luzerne CO., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,513 
 
 Wilkes County. Georgia, 10,14 i 
 Wilkes County. N. C. . .12.577 
 Wilkesville, Gallia co., O. .738 
 Wilkins. Alleghany co., Pa. 2,163 
 Wilkinson County, Ua. . .6.842 
 Wilkinson County, Mi.. 14,193 
 Will County, Illinois, .. 10,167 
 Willet. Cortland co., N. Y. 872 
 Williams, Northampton co., 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,937 
 
 Williams, Benton co., Mo. . 32!) 
 Williams County, Ohio,. .4,465 
 Williams' College Grant, 
 
 Aroostook county, Me. .. 85 
 Williamsburg, (borough,) 
 
 Huntingdon county, Pa. .637 
 Williamsburg, Clermont co., 
 
 Ohio, 1,450 
 
 Williamsburg Dist.,S.C. 10,327 
 Williamsburg, Hampshire 
 
 county. Massachusetts, 1,309 
 Williamsburg, Kings co., 
 
 New York: 5,094 
 
 Williamsburg, Piscataquis 
 
 county, Maine 131 
 
 Willramsfield, Ashtabula 
 
 county, Ohio, 892 
 
 Williamson County, III. . .4,457 
 WiHiamsdrj County. Term. 27,006 
 Williamson, Wayne county, 
 
 New York, ..' 2,147 
 
 Wifliamsport, (borough ) 
 
 Lycoming county, Pa. . 1,353 
 Williamsport. in Madison, 
 
 ( lolumbiana county, O. . . .84 
 Wiliiamstown, Berkshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 2,153 
 Wiliiamstown, Hancock co., 
 
 Ohio, 28 
 
 Wiliiamstown, Orange co., 
 
 Vermont, 1.620 
 
 Wiliiamstown, Oswego co., 
 
 New York, 842 
 
 Williamsborough, Bnrli 
 
 ton county. New 
 Willington, Tolland county, 
 
 Connecticut, 1,268 
 
 Williston, Chittenden co., Vt. 1,554 
 Willistown, Chester co., Pa. 1,460 
 Willoughby, Lake co., O. 1,943 
 Willow Fork, Morgan 
 
 Missouri 1,146 
 
 Wills, Guernsey co., Ohio, 1,916 
 WillsboroughjTioga co.,Pa. 369 
 Willsborough, Essex co., 
 
 New York 1,658 
 
 Willshire, Van Wert co., O. 431 
 Wilton. Schenectady co., 
 
 New York, 1,438 
 
 Wilmington, (city,) N 
 
 Castle county, Del 8.367 
 
 Wilmington, Lssex co., N.Y. 928 
 Wilmington, Greene co., 111. 1,219 
 
 WOLCOTT 
 
 Names 'o'fPlao -. Population. 
 
 Wilmington, Middle i :-. i o., 
 
 Massachusetts, 859 
 
 Wilminoton, Windham co., 
 
 Vermont, 1,296 
 
 Wilmot. Merrimack county. 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,2 J 3 
 
 Wilmurt, Herkimer co.JN.Y. 60 
 Wilna, Jefferson co., N.Y. 2,591 
 Wilson, Audrian co., Mo. . .334 
 Wilson County, Tenn. . .24,460 
 Wilson, Niagara co., N.Y. 1.753 
 Wilson, Piscataquis co., Me. 70 
 Wilton, Fairfield co., Conn. 2.056 
 Wilton, Franklin co., Me. 2,198 
 Wilton, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,033 
 
 Winchden, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 1,754 
 
 Winchester, Adams co., 0. 1,121 
 Winchester, Cheshire co., 
 
 New Hampshire 2,065 
 
 Winchester, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1 .666 
 
 Winchester, Scott co., III.. .720 
 Winchester, (town.) Clark 
 
 county, Kentucky, . ..1,047 
 Windfield, Herkimer co,, 
 
 New York 1,652 
 
 Windham, Bradford county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 879 
 
 Windham County; Conn. 28,071 
 Windham County. Vt. . .27,442 
 Windham, Cumberland co.. 
 
 Maine, 2.303 
 
 Windham,Greeneco.,N.Y.2,4i7 
 Windham, Luzerne co.,Pa. 1,647 
 Windham, Portage co., O.. .907 
 Windham, Rockingham co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 926 
 
 Windham, Windham co., 
 
 Connecticut, 3,382 
 
 Windham,Windharri c.o.,V't. 757 
 Windsor, Ashtabula CO., 0. 876 
 Windsor, Berks co.. Pa. . .2,882 
 r, Berkshire county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 897 
 
 Windsor, Broome co„ N.Y. 2,368 
 r County ,1 ■ 
 
 ■, Hartford co.,Ct. 2,283 
 Windsor, Hillsborough co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 177 
 
 Windsor, Kennebec co., Me. 1,789 
 Windsor, Lawrence co., O. 815 
 Windsor, Morgan co.. (). 1,279 
 Windsor, Will ! \ i. 2,744 
 
 Wing, Lucas county, 0. . . 145 
 Winball, Bennington co.,Vt. 576 
 Winnebago County, III.. .4,609 
 Wiunebugo County. Wisk. 135 
 Winnebago, Lee county. III. KA7 
 Winskw, Kennebec co.jMe. 1.722 
 
 Winston County, Mi 4,650 
 
 i >,Kennebec co.,Me. 1,915 
 Wirt, Alleghany co., N. Y. 1,207 
 % Li ; co , Me. 2,314 
 Wisconisco, Dauphin co.,Pa.489 
 Wiskonsin Territory, . . 30,945 
 Woburn, Middlesex county, 
 
 Massachusetts 2,9:13 
 
 Wolcott, Lamoille co,, Vt. 910 
 Wolcott, New Haven co., 
 
 Connecticut, 633 
 
 Wolcott, Wayne co., N.Y. 2,48! 
 
WOOLWICH 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Wollj Lycoming co., Pa. . . 786 
 Wolf Creek, Mercer co., Pa. 1,732 
 Wolf Island, Scott co., Mo. 534 
 Wolfboro', Strafford co., 
 
 New Hampshire, 1,918 
 
 Wmnelsdorf, (borough,) 
 
 Berks county, Pa 849 
 
 Woodberrv, Huntingdon co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 2,102 
 
 Woi.dbrid;:e, Hillsdale co., 
 
 Michigan 226 
 
 Woodbndge, Middlesex co., 
 
 New Jersey, 4,821 
 
 Woodbridge, New Haven 
 
 county, Connecticut, . . . .928 
 Woodbury, Litchfield co., 
 
 Connecticut, 1,947 
 
 Woodcock, Crawford co.,Pa. 1,921 
 Wood County, Ohio, ....5,337 
 Wood County, Virginia, 7,923 
 Wooden Ball Island, Han- 
 cock county, Maine, 7 
 
 Wooden Ball' Island, Lin- 
 coln county, Maine, 9 
 
 Woodford, Bennington Co., 
 
 Vermont, 487 
 
 Woodford County. Ky. 11,740 
 Woodhull, Shiawassee co,, 
 
 Michigan,.. 147 
 
 Woodhull, Steuben co.,N.Y. 827 
 Woodstock,Grafton co.,N.H. 472 
 Woodstock, Lent wee Co., 
 
 Michigan,. ............ .074 
 
 Woodstock, Oxford co., Me., 819 
 Woodstock, Ulster co., N.Y. 1,691 
 Woodstock, Windham co., 
 
 Connecticut,. . .. . . ...3.054 
 
 Woodstock, Windsor co., Vt. 3,3j5 
 Woodville, Sandusky co., O. 486 
 Woolwich, Gloucester co., 
 
 New Jersey, 3,676 
 
 Woolwich, Lincoln co.. Me. J ,416 
 
 ( 56 ) 
 
 Names of Places. Population. 
 
 Wooster, (corporation,) 
 
 Wayne county, Ohio, 1,913 
 Worcester County, Mass. 95,3 1 Pi 
 Worcester County, Md. 18,377 
 Worcester, Montgomery co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 ,200 
 
 Worcester, Otsego co., N.Y. 2,390 
 Worcester, Washington co., 
 
 Vermont, 1 587 
 
 Worcester, Worcester co., 
 
 Massachusetts, 7,497 
 
 Worthino-ton, Franklin co., 
 
 Ohio, ;. 440 
 
 Worthington, Hampshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 1,197 
 WorthiniTton, Richland co., 
 
 Ohio 1,842 
 
 Wrenlham, Norfolk county, 
 
 Massachusetts, 2.915 
 
 Wnghtstown, Bucks co.,Pa. 708 
 Wrightsville, (borough,) 
 
 York county, Pa 672 
 
 Wyalusmg, Bradford co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1,400 
 
 Wysox, Bradford co., Pa. 1,871 
 Wythe County, Virginia, 9.375 
 Xenia. Green county, O. 4,913 
 Yalobusha County, Mi.. .12,248 
 Yancey County, N. C. .. 5,962 
 Yankee Springs, Barry co., 
 
 Michigan 130 
 
 Yarmouth, Barnstable co., 
 
 Massachusetts, .2,554 
 
 Yates, Orleans co., N. Y. 2,230 
 
 Yates County. N. Y 20.444 
 
 Yazoo County, Mississippi, 10,480 
 Yellow Creek, Linn co.,Mo. 388 
 Yellow Creek, Stephenson 
 
 county, Illinois,. 174 
 
 Yonkers, Westchester co., 
 
 New York 2,968 
 
 York, Athens county. 0. IfiQ] ' 
 
 ZANESV1LLE 
 
 NamesofPlac.es. Population. 
 
 York, Belmont county, O. 1,294 
 York, (borough,) York co.. 
 
 Pennsylvania 4,779 
 
 York County, Virginia, . .4.720 
 York County, Maine, . . 54,034 
 
 York County, Pa 47,010 
 
 York, Darke county, Ohio, 369 
 York Dist.,S.C. (first part,) 14,702 
 York, (second part,) .... 3.681 
 York, York county, Maine, 3,111 
 York, York county, Pa. . .1,294 
 York, Livingston co., N. Y. 3,049 
 York, Lucas county, Ohio, 435 
 York, Morgan county, O. 1,032 
 York, Noble county, Ind. ..289 
 York, Sandusky co., O. . .1,301 
 
 York, Steuben co., Ind 191 
 
 York, Switzerland co., Ind. 1 ,331 
 York, Tuscarawas co.. O. . .865 
 York, Union county, Ohio, 439 
 York, Van Wert co., Ohio, 181 
 York, Washtenaw co., Mich. 1,146 
 Yorke, Medina county, O.. .781 
 Yorkshire, Cattaraugus co.. 
 
 New York, 1,292 
 
 Yorktown, Westchester co., 
 
 New York 2,819 
 
 Young, Indiana co.. Pa. . .1,116 
 Young, Jefferson co., Pa. 1,321 
 Yountrston, Trumbull co., 
 
 Ohio, 999 
 
 Youno-stown. (borough-,) 
 
 Westmoreland co., Pa. . . 415 
 Youno-stown, Trumbull co., 
 
 Ohio, 654 
 
 Ypsilanti, Washtenaw co., 
 
 Michigan, 2,419 
 
 Znne, Logan county, O. . . 1,021 
 Zanesville, (town.) Muskin- 
 gum county, Ohio, . . . .4,766 
 Zanesville, (township,) Mus- 
 kingum county, Ohio, , . 355 
 
NEW UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER, 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 AA 
 
 A A, the name o e '3 rivers, in Western Europe, 
 viz. 1st, rises ( n Samogitia, runs through the 
 Duchy of Courland into the bay of Riga; 2nd, in 
 Saxony, falling into Lake Blanken ; 3d, in Switz- 
 erland, falling into Lake Lucerne ; 4th, do. into 
 Lake Walstadten ; 5th, do. into the Aar river; 
 Gth, in Westphalia, falling into the Wehr; 7th, 
 do. into the "V echt ; 8th, do. into the Ems ; 9th, 
 in Holland, falling into the Vecht,at Swartsluys ; 
 10th, do. into the Oldyssel ; 11th, in Overyssel, 
 falling into .ake Giter ; 12th, in Brabant, falling 
 into the Dommel ; and 13th, in pas de Calais, 
 France, falling into the sea at Gravelines. 
 
 .-Jack, the name of a river in Switzerland, and 
 of two others in Suabia, md also of a town in 
 Suabia, abouf 30 miles N. of Constance. 
 
 Aahans, the chief town of a small district of the 
 same name, in the government of Munsier, one 
 of tiie Prussian states, in the province of West- 
 phalia. 
 
 Aain-Charain,n village near Jerusalem, said to 
 be the p.aoe where Zacharius lived. It is fre- 
 quented by pilgrims ; and near it there is a con- 
 vent, a lame elegant building, with a handsome 
 cupola. and under •*, an extraordinary fine mosaic 
 pavement; the aV ar, which is a very splendid 
 one. encompassed with marble steps, is said to be 
 built on the very spot where John the Baptist 
 wis born. 
 
 Author g, one of the four bishoprics of the Pen- 
 insular province of Jutland, being the most 
 northerly part, and about 120 square miles in ex- 
 tent; containing about 90,000 inhabitants. The 
 chief town, of UnJ same name, is situate on the 
 giuth coast of the Gulf of Lymfiord, in N.lat. 57. 
 3. K. long. 7. 56. Next to Copenhagen it is the 
 most considerable town in Denmark. It has an 
 exchange for merchants; the episcopal palace, 
 two churches, two poor-houses, a hospital, con- 
 vent and cathedral school-house, are all respecta- 
 ble edifices ; aM it has a considerable trade in 
 corn, herrings, rire-arms, saddles, gloves, &c. It 
 was taken by the Swedes in 1643 and 1658 
 
 Aa.r, a large river in Switzerland, which rises 
 in a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in the S. of the 
 canton of Bern, and running N. W. through the 
 whole extent of the lake of Brienz and Thun to 
 Bern, takes a circuitous course to Soleure ; 
 whence it flows E. to Arburg, and N. E. to Brugg ; 
 below which, being joined by the Reuss and 
 Limmati . it falls intc 'he Rhine opposite Wald- 
 schut; also the name of two other rivers, one ris- 
 
 AA 
 
 ing in the Grand Duchy of the lower Rhine, 
 falling into the Rhine, the other rising in Nassau, 
 falling into the Lahn. 
 
 Aargau, formerly a district, but formed into a 
 canton of Switzerland ; about 650 sq. m. in ex- 
 tent. Pop. in 1798 about 130,000. 
 
 Aarhuus, the second of the four bishoprics of 
 Jutland ; it is a very fruitful district, on * u <^ v 
 side of the Peninsula, extending for about 60 m. 
 along the shore of the Cattegat, bounded on the 
 W. by the bishopric of Viborg, intersected by 
 numerous streams, abounding with fish, and is 
 richly adorned with forests. It contains the res 
 idences of a great portion of the nobility of Den- 
 mark. The chief town of the same name is sit- 
 uate on the coast, in 56. 10. N. lat. 10. 13. E. lo-~ 
 The town is divided into two unequal parts, by 
 water conveyed from a lake about 15 m. in the in- 
 terior. It is large and populous ; and has si., 
 gates, iwc principal churches, two market-places ; 
 a university, a free-school, and a well-endowed 
 hospital, and has a considerable trade in grain, 
 timber, &c. 
 
 Aarcn's Island. See St. Malo. 
 
 Aaronsburg, t. Northumberland Co. Pa. It is 
 situated a little more than a mile E. of Elk creek, 
 which unites with Penn's creek, falling into the 
 Susquehanna, 5 m. below Sunbury 
 
 Aaronsburg, p.t. Centre Co. T'i. 15 m. E. 
 Bellefonte. 
 
 Aback or IVeltenburg, a market town in Lower 
 Bavaria, seated on the Danube, 7 in. from Ratis- 
 bon. It is defended by a citadel, and is remark- 
 able for Roman antiquities, as well as for its min- 
 eral waters, which are celebrated for curing 1 vari- 
 ous diseases. Long. 11. 56. E. lat. 48. 53. N. 
 
 Abade, or Sheick Abode, a village of Egypt, on 
 the left bank of the Nile, 80 m. S. of Cairo ; im- 
 mense architectural ruins testify its having been 
 the site of a great and populous city. 
 
 Abadeh, a considerable town at the mouth of 
 the Tigris, province of Fars, Persia. 
 
 Abakansk, a town situate on a branch of the 
 river Yenisei, in the province ot Kolhyvane, 
 government of Tobolsk, Asiatic Russia. It was 
 founded in 1707, and rebuilt in 1725, and since 
 fortified : some ancient tombs with fine inscrip- 
 tions, bespeak it to have been a place of impor- 
 tance, prior to the conquest of Siberia by Russia 
 N. lat. 54. E. long. 91. 14. 
 
 Abalalc, a town in the vicinity of Siberia, eele 
 hrated for an image of the Virgin, which is visit 
 A 2 
 
ABU 
 
 ABE 
 
 ed by many pilgrims, and carried in procession 
 annually to Tobolski. 
 
 Abana, a river of Syria, called in Scripture, to- 
 gether with Pharpar, rivers of Damascus. — See 
 2 Kings v. 12. 
 
 Abancay, a province of Peru, S. America ; the 
 Chief town thereof, of the same name, is situate 
 about GO m. N. W. of Cuzco. There is also a 
 river of the same name flowing through the pro- 
 vince, and another town in Cuenca, province of 
 Quito. 
 
 Mario, a considerable town of Italy, in the vi- 
 cinity of Padua, distinguished for its hot sulphu- 
 reous baths. 
 
 Abasela, or Abgah, a country of Asiatic Russia, 
 lying between the Caspian and Black Seas. The 
 inhab. are estimated at about 150,000, subsisting 
 chiefly by hunting and plunder, and speaking a 
 language peculiar to themselves. 
 
 Aba-Ujvar, a palatinate of Upper Hungary, 
 about 700 sq. m. in extent, divided into 102 par- 
 Lines. Pop. about 120,000. 
 
 Abb, a town in Yemen, Arabia. 
 
 Mbcnkall, a village, 12 m. from Gloucester, 3 
 from Newnham, Eng. noted for a mineral spring, 
 very efficacious in the cure of cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 Mberbury or Alberbury, a large parish, divided 
 into 5 townships, in Shropshire, and 4 others in 
 Montgomeryshire, containing together 1,946 in- 
 habitants. The village of Alberbury is 7 m. W. 
 of Shrewsbury. Pop. 332. It was formerly the 
 site of an alien priory and castle. 
 
 Abbeville, a considerable town of France, in the 
 department of Somme, and late province of Pi- 
 cardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the riv- 
 er Somme divides into several branches, and sep- 
 arates the town into two parts. It is pretty well 
 peopled ; has a woollen manufactory, besides 
 manufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 15 m. E. from 
 the British Channel, 20 N. W. from Amiens, 52 
 S. of Calais, and 80 N. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 5. 
 lat. 50. 7. N. 
 
 Mberton, a village near Pershore, noted for a 
 bitter aperient mineral spring ; also another vil- 
 lage, 6 m. S. of Colchester. 
 
 Abbeville, a district of S. Carolina, about 700 sq. 
 m. in extent. The lands are agreeably diversified 
 with hill and dale, well watered and productive. 
 Pop. 28,134. The chief town of the same name 
 is situate on Savannah river, 118 m.W. by N. of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Mbeyfcale, a parish in Connello, Upper Barony, 
 co. of Limerick, Ireland, containing, in 1821, 
 3,070 inhab. The village contains 437 of the in- 
 hab. It had formerly a monastery, and in the vi- 
 cinity are the ruins of Purt Castle. 
 
 Mbeij- Green, a village, in the parish of Lesmah- 
 gow, co. of Lanark ; 6 m. S. W. of the town of 
 Lanark. It had formerly an abbey, and also a 
 priory. The entire parish of Lesmahgow con- 
 tained 5,592 inhab. in 1821. 
 
 Abbey-Holme, a quarter of the parish of Holm 
 Cultram. co. of Cumberland. Pop. of the entire 
 parish in 1821 , 2,772, and of the Abbey quarter, 
 758, which is pleasantly situate on the river Wa- 
 ver, 27 m. N. of Penrith. 
 
 Mbcyleix, a parish in Cullinagh Barony. 
 Queen's Co. Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 5,485. The 
 town is sometimes called Clonkyne, and contains 
 about 2,000 of the inhab. 48 m. S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Abbotstown, p.t. York Co. Pa. 
 
 Abbcyville, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 143 m. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Abb's Head, St.. a promontory, forming the 
 
 southern extremity of the Frith of Forth, lyinor m 
 the parish of Coldingham and the co. of Berwick, 
 Scotland, about 10 miles N. of Berwick, and the 
 same distance S. from Dunbar. W. long. 2. 8. 
 lat. 55. 55. N. 
 
 Abda, a small but fertile prov. of Morocco. 
 
 Abenrade, or Apenrade, a town of Denmark, in 
 Sleswick, now very flourishing, being double the 
 extent it was formerly, and built in a better taste. 
 It is seated on a spacious open bay in the Little 
 Belt, surrounded on three sides by high moun- 
 tains, which render the harbour safe. Pop. about 
 3,000. Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 55. 3. N. 
 
 Abcnsperg or Abensberg, a town in the circle of 
 Regen, Bavaria, seated on the Abens, near tJu 
 Danube, 15 m. S. W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Aber, a village in Caernarvonshire, N. Wales. 
 6 m. E. from Bangor, on the direct road from 
 London to Holyhead. Pop. 625. 
 
 *„• There are 15 towns and villages in Wales, 
 to which the word Aber is prefixed, which signi- 
 fies the fall of a lesser water into a greater, and 
 usually refers to a place situate at the mouth of a 
 river. 
 
 Aberbrothock, or Arbroath, an ancient royal burgh 
 and sea-port, situate at the estuary of the river 
 Brothock, parti} 7 in a parish of the same name, 
 and partly in that of St. Vigeans, in the co. of 
 Forfar, Scotland, 56 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, 
 in 56. 34. N. lat. and 2. 35. W. long. William I. 
 surnamed the Lion, king of Scotland, founded a 
 magnificent abbey at Arbroath, in 1178, and con- 
 ferred upon it very extensive immunities. Some 
 vestiges of the building still remain to attest its 
 former grandeur. A harbor was formed in 1194, 
 to the eastward of the present one ; the impor- 
 tance of the town declined with the devastation of 
 the abbey, during the ruthless period of the refor- 
 mation. The commerce of the town revived about 
 the year 1738, when the linen manufacture was 
 introduced, which progressively extended up to 
 the commencement of the war in 1793, when it 
 was vastly promoted by the increased demand 
 for sail-cloth. 4,000 to 5,000 tons of shipping be- 
 long to the town, part of which is employed in 
 the importation of flax, deals, &c. from the Bal- 
 tic. A public library was established in 1727 ; a 
 new town-hall has been more recently erected, 
 and the town at large has undergone considera- 
 ble improvement. The harbour at spring tides 
 will only admit vessels of about 200 tons burthen, 
 but being exceedingly well sheltered and commo- 
 dious, and easily made, it affords security to ves- 
 sels of easy draught of water. Arbroath is, how- 
 ever, a manufacturing rather than a commercial 
 town. It has 3 fairs annually, 31st of Jan. 3rd 
 Wed. of June, and 18th of July. Pop. in 1821 
 8,972. 
 
 Abereorn, a village and parish, in the co. of Lin- 
 lithgow, Scotland, on the S. bank of the Frith of 
 Forth, 12 m. W. of Edinburgh. A monastery ex- 
 isted here in the 7th century ; and the castle ol 
 Abereorn was a place of great strength in the fa 
 milv of the Douglasses. It was dismantled in 
 1445, and no trace of either monastery or casl'e 
 now remains. Abereorn still gives the British 
 title of Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl to a 
 branch of the family of Hamilton. The Roman 
 wall is said to have begun in this parish. The 
 village has increased in importance since 1810, by 
 its contiguity to the Union Canal. Pop. in 1821 
 1,044. 
 
 Abereorn, v. Effingham Co. Geo. 18 m. .N. Sa 
 vannah 
 
ABK 
 
 ABE 
 
 Aberdeen, the principal city in the North of 
 Scotland, situated on the coast of the German 
 ocean, at the efflux of the rivers Dee and Don, 
 127 in. N. E. from Edinburgh It has an obser- 
 vatory ; in Ion. 2. 29. W. lat. 57. 9. N. Under 
 the denomination of Aberdeen are comprehended 
 two towns, distinguished as the Old and New, 
 which, however, are almost united by their re- 
 spective suburbs. 
 
 Aberdeen, Old, formerly Aberdon, in the parish 
 of Old Machar, or St. Machar, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on an eminence near the mouth of the river 
 Don, about a mile north of the New Town. It 
 is of great antiquity, and was of some importance 
 so long ago as 893, when, according to tradition, 
 king Gregory the Great conferred on it some pe- 
 culiar privileges, but no authentic records are ex- 
 tant prior to 1154. By charter, the free burgess- 
 es of the town are vested with the power of choos- 
 ing their own magistracy, who are a provost, 3 
 bailies, a treasurer, and council, with the deacons 
 of 6 incorporated trades. The town consists 
 chiefly of one long street. There is a neat 
 town-house, a new building, and a Trades Hos- 
 pital for decayed freemen and their widows, and 
 a hospital for 12 poor men, founded by Bishop 
 William Dunbar, in 1532. But the chief orna- 
 ment of Old Aberdeen is the large and stately fa- 
 bric of King's College, founded by Bishop Elphin- 
 stone, in 1494, situated on the S. side of the town. 
 It is built round a square, with cloisters on the 
 south side. The structure contains a chapel, li- 
 brary, museum, common hall, and lecture-rooms, 
 with a long range of modern houses, for the ac- 
 commodation of the professors and students. The 
 library and museum are well furnished. The old 
 town, being formerly the seat of a bishop, had a 
 most magnificient cathedral, first founded in 1154, 
 but the present edifice was begun by Bishop Kin- 
 nimonth, in 1357, and was 80 years in building ; 
 it was dedicated to St. Machar, but like many 
 others it fell a sacrifice to the religious frenzy of 
 the reformers. Two very antique spires, and one 
 aisle, which is used as a church, are all that is now 
 left. In this cathedral there was a fine library, 
 which was also destroyed. Over the Don at Old 
 Aberdeen, there is a noble Gothic bridge, built by 
 Bishop Cheyne, in 1281, of one arch, G7 feet span 
 and 34 1-2 high from the surface of the river. On 
 both sides it rests on a solid ledge of rock. The 
 population of Old Aberdeen and parish was 3,901 
 in 1801, and 18,312 in 1821. 
 
 Aberdeen, New , is the capital of the shire of Aber- 
 deen. For extent, trade and beauty, itfar exceeds 
 any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on 
 a gentle eminence, rising from a small bay, form- 
 ed by the river Dee, over which there is an elegant 
 bridge of 7 arches, rebuilt in 172-*, the first having 
 been built by Bishop Dunbar, in 1532. The streets 
 are numerous, spacious, and well paved ; the 
 houses are built of granite, (from adjoining quar- 
 ries) generally four stories high, remarkably neat 
 and elegant, having almost universally, gardens in 
 their rear. The whole town is about two miles 
 in circumference, and in 1821 contained a popu- 
 lation of 21,484. The municipal government is 
 vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of guild, 
 treasurer, town-clerk, a town council, and 7 dea- 
 cons of incorporated trades. The town is a royal 
 burgh, and uniting with Aberbrothock, Brechin, 
 Inverbervie, and Montrose, sends a member to 
 parliament. New Aberdeen is graced with an 
 elegant college, founded by George Keith, the 
 Earl Marischal of Sctland, in 1593. Its other 
 
 public buildings are the town-hall, market-house, 
 the house of the Aberdeen Banking Company, 
 a cross, an octagon building of curious work- 
 manship, a dispensary, infirmary, and lunatic asy- 
 lum, a poor-house, bridewell, gaol, and extensive 
 barracks. An elegant street from the S. is con- 
 tinued over an arch of cut granite, 132 ft. span, 29 
 in height, and 40 wide between the parapets. 
 Aberdeen had formerly several religious houses ; 
 besides the university, there is a respectable gram- 
 mar school and several alms-houses, and upwards 
 of 20 places for religious worship. The harbour 
 was formerly dangerous, but has been rendered 
 safe and commodious, by a pier 1,200 ft. in length, 
 and 38 in perpendicular height ; and the construc- 
 tion of wet docks, authorised by an act of parlia- 
 ment, in 1810. Aberdeen was formerly celebrated 
 for the manufacture of knit stockings, and woollen 
 fabrics generally, which, although still carried on 
 to some extent, are now superseded in importance 
 by the linen and cotton manufactures, which, in 
 all their branches, are carried on to a great extent. 
 There is a valuable salmon fishery in the Dee ; a 
 considerable number of vessels are built at Aber- 
 deen, and about 40,000 tons belong to it. It has 
 several public breweries, rope works, iron foun- 
 deries, &c. and three fairs annually on the 31st 
 Jan. 3rd Wed. in June, and 13th of July ; a canal 
 19 m. in length to Inverary, contributes not a lit- 
 tle to the advantage of both places. 
 
 Aberdeen, a county of Scotland, bounded on the 
 N. W. by Banffshire, and the Deveron ; on the N. 
 and N. E. by the German Ocean : on the S. by the 
 co. of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth; and on the 
 W. by Elgin, and Inverness-shire. It is divided 
 into 8 districts ; the S. part is wild, rugged and 
 mountainous, some of the hills rising to the height 
 of 4,000 ft. above the level of the sea, covered in 
 some parts, with extensive natural forests ; the N. 
 part is bleak and barren ; but the midland parts of 
 the co. are more fertile ; and since the period of 
 1786, have undergone improvements equal to any 
 part of Scotland. Its rivers are the Dee, Don, 
 Ythan, Bogie, Urie, Ugie, Cruden ; and the Dev- 
 eron, for many miles forms its boundary with the 
 co. of Banff; all of which abound more or less, 
 with salmon, and on the Ythan some valuable 
 pearls have been found. Its mineral productions 
 are various, but none of much note, except the 
 granite, the exportation of which constantly em- 
 ploys several 100 tons of shipping. 
 
 Aberdeen, p.t. Brown Co. Ohio, on the river 
 Ohio, opposite Maysville. 
 
 Ahrrdour, a parish in the N. of Aberdeenshire, on 
 the S. coast of Murray Frith. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,495 
 also anothei parish and village 2 m. W. of Burnt- 
 Island, in the co. of Fife, Scotland. Pop. in 
 1821, 1,489. 
 
 Aberford, a town in the W. riding of York- 
 shire, 9 m. N. of Ferrybridge, on the direct road to 
 Durham ; it has a market on Wed. and 4 fairs 
 annually. Pop. of the parish 900, of the town 
 579. 
 
 Aberffroic, a village pleasantly situate near the 
 coast of Caernarvon bay, on the isle of Anglesea 
 9 m. W. of Llangefni, on the direct road from 
 Bangor to Holyhead ; it had formerly a palace, 
 at which 11 Princes of Wales are said to have 
 resided. It has 4 fairs annually, 7th March, Wed. 
 after Trinity, 23rd Oct. and 11th Dec. Pop. in 
 1821, 1,204." 
 
 Abergavenny, a town of Monmouthshire, situ- 
 ate at the confluence of the river Gavenny with 
 the Usk, over the latter is a fine bridge of 15 
 
Alii 
 
 ABY 
 
 arches: 11 m. W. of Monmouth; it has the ad- 
 vantage of a collateral cut from fhe canal, from 
 Brecon to the British channel : there are some 
 considerable iron works in the vicinity, and it also 
 participates in the flannel manufacture. It has 
 a considerable market on Tues. and 3 fairs annu- 
 ally, on May 1st, Tues. after Trinity, and Sep. 
 25th. Pop in 1801, 2,573, and in 1821, 3,388. 
 
 Abergele, a town in Denbighshire, Wales, 
 pleasantly situate on the coast of the Irish sea, 
 on the direct road from Chester to Holyhead, 7 
 m. W. of St. Asaph, and 224 from London; it is 
 mucli frequented in the summer season for bath- 
 ing, has a market on Sat. and 3 fairs annually. 
 Pop. in 1601, 1,748, in 1821, 2,317. 
 
 Abergwuly, a village near Carmarthen, S. 
 Wales, situate at the confluence of the river Guil- 
 ly with the Towy. It contains the only episco- 
 pal palace, belonging to the see of St. David's. 
 Pop. in 1821,2,183. 
 
 Abernetky, a town in Perthshire, Scotland, 
 seated near the junction of the Erne, with the 
 Tay, 7 m. from Perth. It is said to have been 
 the seat of the Pictish kings, as well as the see 
 of an archbishop. In the town church-yard is a 
 round tower 74 feet high and 48 in circumference, 
 the only one besides that of Brechin in Scotland. 
 It participates in the manufactures of Perth, and 
 has three fairs annually. Pop. of the parish in 
 1821, 1.701. Also the name of another parish, 
 from 150 to 180 sq. m. in extent, partly in Elgin 
 and partly in Inverness-shire, abounding with 
 natural forests of fir, which form an extensive 
 traffic. Pop. in 1821, 1,968. 
 
 Aberystwitk, a town of S. Wales, in Cardigan- 
 shire, seated on the Ystwith near its confluence 
 with the Rydiol, where they fall into the bay of 
 Cardigan, over the Rydiol is a handsome stone 
 bridge. It lies 207 m. W. N. W. from London, 
 and 3!) N. E. from Cardigan. It was formerly 
 fortified with a castle, and defended with walls ; 
 but both are now in ruins. It is, however, a 
 flourishing town, having a great trade in lead, a 
 considerable fishery of herrings, cod, and whit- 
 ings, and a good weekly market on Monday ; 
 about 8,000 tons of shipping belong to this town. 
 In the bathing season, it is much frequented as a 
 fashionable watering place. Loner. 3. 58. W. lat. 
 52. 25. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,556. 
 
 Abex, a country of Africa, on the Red Sea, 
 which bounds it on the east; on the west it is 
 bounded by Abyssinia and Nubia, on the north 
 bv Egypt, and on the south by the coast of Ajan. 
 The chief towns are Arkeko, or Ercoco, and Sua- 
 quam ; which last is the capital, and the seat of 
 the governor. It is subject to the Turks ; and is 
 very sandy and barren, being destitute of water. 
 The heat is excessive, and the air unhealthy to 
 Europeans. In the mountains are forests of ebo- 
 ny trees, abounding with wild beasts. It is 500 
 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. The inhabi- 
 tants are Mahometans. 
 
 Abingdon, a market and borough town in Berk- 
 shire, England, and, with the exception of Read- 
 ing, the chief town in the co. It is situate on 
 the S. bank of the river Thames, 6 m. N. W. of 
 Oxford, and 56 m. S. W. from London. It is a 
 place of great antiquity, and has frequently been 
 the abode of royalty. The market-place is spa- 
 cious, in the centre of which is a respectable edi- 
 fice, a spacious hall, supported by lofty pillars, in 
 which the summer assizes for the co. are held, the 
 spac beneath serving for a market-house. The 
 market for grain and malt, on Mon. and Fri. is 
 
 very great, and it has a considerable manufacture 
 of coarse Hnen, sacking, &c. It is divided into 
 two parishes, each having a church, and sends 
 one member to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 5,137. 
 Abingdon, t. Harford Co. Md. 26 m. N. E. Bal 
 timore. 
 
 Abingdon, p.t. capital of Washino-ton Co. Va 
 320 m. W. S. W. Richmond. 
 
 Abington,p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m. S. E. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,423. 
 
 Abo, a sea-port, and chief town of what was 
 formerly Swedish Finland, but which was wrested 
 from that power, by Russia, in 1808. The port 
 and town of Abo are finely located in N. Iat. 60. 
 27. W. long. 22. 18. at the southern extremity of 
 the Promontory of Finland, on the E. shore of 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, where it forms its junction 
 with the Gulf of Finland. Under the Swedish 
 government, Abo was the see of a bishop, suffra- 
 gan of Upsal, and had a university, founded by 
 Queen Christina, in 1640, endowed with the 
 same privileges as that of Upsal ; and also a 
 school, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, for 300 
 scholars. It was the seat of the conference where 
 the treaty of peace was concluded between Russia 
 and Sweden, in 1743. The town has flourished 
 considerably since its transfer to Russia; its chief 
 trade is in timber, deals, and grain. Pop. sibout 
 12,000. 
 
 Abomey, a populous town, the capital of the 
 kingdom of Dahomey, on the Gold Coast of Af- 
 rica. N. lat. 7. 50. E. long. 0. 55. Pop. about 
 25,000. 
 
 Aboukir, a town of Egypt, in N. lat. 31. 18. E 
 loner. 30. 38, about 6 leagues E. of Alexandria 
 A British army of 12,000 men, commanded by 
 Sir Ralph Abercrombie, landed here in 180] 
 The bay, formed on the W. by a neck of land, on 
 which the town is situate, and on the E. by anoth- 
 er neck of land which bounds the Rosetta branch 
 of the Nile, is very spacious, and will forever be 
 memorable in history, as the scene of one of the 
 most splendid and decisive naval battles on re- 
 cord, in which 9 French ships of the line were 
 taken, and 2 others destroyed, by Lord Nelson, on 
 the 1st Aug. 1798. 
 
 Abrantes, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 seated on the Tagus, 45 miles E. by N. of Lisbon, 
 and belonging to a marquis of that title. It is 
 situated on high ground, surrounded with gar- 
 dens and olive-trees, and contains about 35,000 
 inhabitants, and has 4 convents, an hospital, and 
 an alms-house. 
 
 Abrolhos Islands, dangerous shoals «»n the coast 
 of Brazil, S. lat. 17. 58. W. long. 38. 26. 
 
 Abruzzo, one of the four great provinces of Na- 
 ples, bounded on the E. by the gulf of Venice, on 
 the N. and W. by Ancona, Umbria, and the 
 Campagna di Roma, and on the S. by the Terra di 
 Lavoro and Molise. It is divided into two parts by 
 the river Pescara, called Ulteriore and Citeriore. 
 The former has Aquila, and the latter Sulmona, 
 for its capital. It is fertile in corn, rice, fruits, 
 saffron, vines, and olives. Pop. about 590,000. 
 
 Abs, a town in France, in the department of 
 Ardeche, formerly the chief town of Vivares. and 
 a bishop's see, now in a very ruinous state. 
 
 Aboutige, a town in Upper Egypt, on the site 
 of the ancient Abotis, near the Nile, where great 
 quantities of poppies grow, of which the natives 
 make the best opium in the Levant. Long. 33. 
 E. lat. 26. 30. N. 
 
 Abtrcom.be, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. .1. 
 
 Abyo or Abuyo, one of the Philippine islands, 
 
ACA 
 
 :i 
 
 ACQ 
 
 in the East Indies between Mindanao and Luzon. 
 Long. 122. 15. E. lat. 10. N. 
 
 Abyssinia, a kingdom on the E. side of Africa, 
 extending, in length, from about the 9th to the 
 17th deg. of N. lat. and at its southern base, 
 from about the 35th to the 43rd dcg. of E. long, 
 and at the N. from about the 35th to the 38th of 
 do. forming an area of about 140,000 sq. m. 
 bounded on the *N. by Sennaar, on the E by the 
 Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, and on the S. and W. 
 by very undefined limits, and countries very lit- 
 tle known. A range of rugged mountains of 
 considerable altitude, extending along the whole 
 line of coast of the Red Sea, shut in Abyssinia, 
 and nearly exclude it from all advantages of mari- 
 time intercourse. Some fine and fruitful plains 
 pervade the southern part of the teritory, but the 
 prevailing characteristic of Abyssinia is moun- 
 tainous and wild, and its inhabitants are as rude 
 and ferocious as their country is wild and rugged. 
 Its climate is various, but on the whole fine; it 
 is exceedingly rich in vegetable productions, both 
 of utility and beauty. The elephant, rhinoceros, 
 buffaloes, leopards of various species, zebra, and 
 especially the liytena, abound ; the latter is particu- 
 larly ferocious and destructive ; there are no ti- 
 gers, and the lion is not common; there are vari- 
 ous other wild animals, as well as the domestic 
 ones common to Europe ; the horses are strong 
 and handsome, and there is a species of oxen with 
 horns 4 ft. in length, and 20 inches in circumfer- 
 ence at the root; the hippopotami and crocodile 
 are common to the swamps and rivers which flow 
 into the Nile. Amongst the numerous feathered 
 tribes common to the country is the golden and 
 black eagle, and some owls of extraordinary size 
 and beauty ; bees abound to such a degree, that 
 honey, in the southern parts of the country, forms 
 the staple article of production, and standard of 
 value in exchange for all other commodities, and 
 constitutes the principal article of food; locusts 
 commit great devastation, and there is a species 
 of fly extremely annoying and even destructive 
 to the cattle in the rainy season. The whole of 
 the external traffic of Abyssinia is carried on at 
 Massowah, a small island on the coast of the Red 
 Sea, in N. lat. 15. 34. E. long. 39 37. where ele- 
 phants' teeth, rhinoceros' horns, gold-dust, honey, 
 wax. and slaves are exchanged for spices, iron, 
 lead, copper, tin, and manufactured goods jjener- 
 ally. The country is formed into three great di- 
 visions. 1st. Tigre, N. of which the chief towns 
 are Adowa, Antalo, Dixan, and Axum; 2nd Am- 
 hara. W. of the Tacazze river, of which Gondar 
 and Empras are the chief towns, and the former the 
 capital of the whole kingdom; 3rd. Shoa Efat, S. 
 of which Ankober and Tegulet are the chief 
 towns. The Abyssinians profess to be Christians, 
 nnd some of their churches are spacious edifices, 
 but their religious ceremonies are made up of the 
 crude formalities of the Jewish worship, and of 
 the Greek Christians. Their language is a dia- 
 lect of the Arabic ; of th.- extent of the pop. it is 
 difficult to form even a conjecture. 
 
 Acapulco, a town of Mexico, on the shores of 
 the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 16. 55. N. and 100. 54. 
 W. long. During the domination of Spanish 
 rule in South America, Acapulco was the princi- 
 pal trading town of all New Spain; one, and 
 sometimes two ships, annually, of several 100 
 tons burthen, used to arrive from the Philippine 
 Islands, laden with all the choicest productions of 
 Asia, to be exchanged for the gold and silver of 
 Mexico; but this intercourse ceased with the wars 
 
 which followed the French revolution in 1792, 
 since which period to the present time (1832) the 
 commerce of all S. America has been exposed to 
 numerous vicissitudes, and Acapulco has sunk 
 into the utmost insignificance. Its harbour is ca- 
 pacious and secure, being formed into a basin by 
 the small island of Rogneta, and defended by a 
 fort on the N. W. The town contains only about 
 4,000 inhabitants, and is exceedingly unhealthy v 
 the temperature prevailing as high as 9G, and 
 hardly ever below 86 of Fahrenheit. 
 
 Acasabastlan, a river of Mexico, in the province 
 of Vera Paz, which runs into the Gulf of Dolce 
 There is also a village of the same name, in the 
 province of Chiapa. 
 
 Accomack, a Co. of Virginia, forming the N 
 part of a promontory, bounded on the W. by 
 Chesapeake Bay, and on the E. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, extending from the S. E. corner of the 
 State of Maryland. Pop. 19,656. Drummond- 
 town, 207. m. E. by N. of Richmond, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Acheen, a kingdom, forming the N. W. part of 
 the island of Sumatra, the head of Point Pedro, 
 the most northerly part being in 5. 42. N. lat. and 
 95. 35. E. long, and extending about 50 m. E. by 
 S. During the early period of the intercourse of 
 Europe with Asia, by the Cape of Good Hope, 
 Acheen was a powerful state and carried on an 
 extensive trade with the Malay and Coromandel 
 coasts, and other parts of Asia; and on the Por- 
 tuguese successively attempting to form a settle- 
 ment upon the Island of Sumatra, in the early 
 part of the 16th century, they were completely 
 expelled by the Achenese, and although consider- 
 ably declined in power and importance, the Ache- 
 nese are still an active, and when compared with 
 other Asiatics, an efficient and industrious people 
 The chief town of the same name, is situate on 
 a river about 2 m. from the bay formed by King's 
 Point, in N. lat. 5. 33. and 95. 17. E. long, and 
 Point Pedro above mentioned. 
 
 JlchiU, an island, forming part of the Co. of 
 Mayo, on the western coast of Ireland, in 54. 7. 
 N. lat. 10. 31. W. long. 
 
 Jlchmim, a town of Egypt, the residence of an 
 emir, or prince of the country. It has manufac- 
 tures of coarse cottons, and stands on a smali 
 eminence, on the right bank of the Nile, 200 m 
 S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 56. E. lat. 26. 40. N. 
 
 Achonnj, a populous parish, in Leney Barony, 
 co. of Sligo, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 12,990. 
 
 Jlchorstown, p. village in Middletown, Colum- 
 bia Co. Ohio, 160 m. N. E. Columbus. 
 
 Aehen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Magdeburg, with a citadel, on the Elbe, 5 m. 
 N. W. of Dessan. 
 
 Acldum, a village 12 m. from York, where the 
 body of the Emperor Severus, who died at York, 
 was burnt to ashes, agreeably to the custom of 
 those times. 
 
 Acoma, or St. Esteran de Acorn a, a town of 
 New Mexico, seated on a hill, with a good castle-. 
 The town is ascended by a flight of steps cut 
 out. of the rock. It was formerly the capital of 
 that province. Long. 104. 15. W. lat. 35. 0. N. 
 
 Aconcagua, one of the provinces of Chile, in- 
 tersected by the 32d degree of S. lat. and 70th of 
 W. long. It is inconsiderable both in extent and 
 population. There is a town of the same name, 
 and also a river running through the province- 
 and that of Quillota into the sea. 
 
 Aequo, a town of Tuscany, noted, for its warm 
 baths, 15 in. E. of Leghorn. 
 
ADA 
 
 10 
 
 ADR 
 
 Acqui, a town of Italy, in the Duchy of Mont- 
 ft-rrat, on the river Bormia; it has considerable 
 manufactures of silk. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Acra, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold coast, 
 where some European states have forts, and each 
 fort its village. Lat. 5. 25. N. 0. 10. W. long. 
 
 Acre, or St. John d'Acre, a seaport of Syria, in 
 Palestine, and a bishop's see. It is called Ptole- 
 mais by the Greeks, and stands on a plain at the 
 N. point of a bay, which extends in a semicircle 
 of nine m. to the point of Mount Carmel, near 
 the mouth of the Kardanah, or ancient Belus. 
 In the time of the crusades, it underwent several 
 sieges; and nothing is now to be seen of this an- 
 cient city, but the remains of monuments erected 
 by the christians, and some ruins of a church 
 dedicated to St. Andrew. The new city is dis- 
 tant one m. from the ancient walls, and the forti- 
 fications are of little importance. The palace of 
 the grand master of the order of St. John of Je- 
 rusalem is the residence of the chief of Acre. 
 Here are three mosques, four churches, and a 
 synagogue. The chief articles of commerce are 
 corn and cotton. In 1759 great damage was done 
 by an earthquake ; and the year following 5,000 
 persons, near one third of the inhab. died by the 
 plague. In 1799, aided by the British, under Sir 
 Sidney Smith, it withstood a severe seige by the 
 French under Buonaparte, who retreated after 
 failing in the twelfth assault. It is 27 m. S. of 
 Tyre, and 23 m. N. N. W. of Jerusabm. N. lat. 
 SO. 0. E. long. 35. 10. Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 Acron, a district of the Fantee territory, on the 
 Gold coast of Africa, about 50 m. E. N. E. of 
 Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 Acton, the name of 6 villages, and a prefix to 
 10 others in different parts of England signifying 
 places originally situate among oaks; ac being 
 the Saxon word for oak. Also the name of a 
 village in the parish of Bally more, co. of Armagh, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Acton, t. Windham Co. Vt. 18 m. N. W. Brat- 
 tleboro. Pop. 176. 
 
 Acton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,128. 
 
 Acton- Burnel, a village in Shropshire, 8 m. S. 
 of Shrewsbury. Here are considerable remains 
 of a castle, in which a parliament was held in 
 the reign of Edward I. 
 
 AcVopan, the capital of a district of the same 
 name in the Intendencia de Mexico, about 70 m. 
 N N. E. of the city of Mexico. 
 
 Acicorth, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Hampshire. 87 
 m. from Portsmouth, and 93 from Boston. Pop. 
 1,401. 
 
 Adamstown, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 20 m. N. E. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Adams, t. Coos Co. N. Hampshire, 90 m. from 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 515. 
 
 Adams, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 2,G48. 
 Saddle Mountain lies partly in this town. Here 
 are extensive manufactures of cotton, woollen 
 and linen. 
 
 Adams, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 160 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,995. 
 
 Adams, p.t. Dauphin Co. Pa. 133 m. Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 Adams, a County of Pennsylvania. Pop. 21, 
 378. Gettysburg is the capital. 
 
 Adams, a County of Ohio, on the Ohio river, 
 20 m. in extent and containing 550 sq. m. West 
 Union in Tiffin township is the seat of justice. 
 Pop. 12,278. 
 
 Adams, a County of Mississippi. Pop. 12^129, 
 Natchez is the capital. 
 
 Adams, p.v. Hyde Co. N. C. 339 m. Wash 
 
 Adamsburg , p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 145 r»i 
 W. Harrisburgh. 
 
 Adamsville, p.v. Washington Co. N. Y. 57 m. 
 Albany 
 
 Adair, a County of Kentucky. Pop. 8,220 
 Columbia is the capital. 
 
 Adana, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car- 
 mania, and a bishop's see, with a strong castle. It 
 has a trade in corn, wine, and fruits; and is seat 
 ed on a river of the same name, 12 m. from the 
 Mediterranean, in N. lat. 36. 48. E. long. 35. 6. 
 
 Adda, a river of Switzerland, which rises in 
 the Grisons, passes through the lake Como ; the 
 Vatteline, and the N. part of the Milanese, falls 
 into the Po, 5m. above Cremona. 
 
 Addison, a County of Vermont, on the W 
 side of the Green Mountains near the centre o f 
 the State. It contains about 700 sq. m. Middle- 
 bury is the shire town. Pop. 24,940. 
 
 Addison, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Champlain 
 Pop. 1,306. Magnetic oxide of iron is found 
 here. 
 
 Addison, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 741. 
 
 Addison, t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop 944. 
 
 Addison, t. Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Adel, a kingdom of Africa, called also Zcila, 
 from a rich trading town of that name, situated 
 near its coast by the Red Sea. It seldom rains 
 here ; but the country is well watered by rivers, 
 and abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense, and 
 pepper. The inhab. are Mahometans. It was 
 formerly a part of Abyssinia. The capital is Au- 
 cagurel. 
 
 Adelfors, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, no- 
 ted for its gold mines, about 70 m. N. W. of Cal- 
 mar. 
 
 Adelphi, p.t. Colerain township, Ross Co. Ohio, 
 40 m. S. E. Columbus. 
 
 Adige, a river of Lombardy, which rises S. of 
 the Lake of Glace, and passing by Tyrol, Brixen, 
 Trent, and Verona, falls into the gulf of Venice, 
 a little N. of the mouth of the Po. 
 
 Adirbeitzan, a province of Persia (part of the 
 ancient Media,) bounded on the N. by Armenia, 
 E. by Ghilan, S. \ j Irac Agemi, and W. by Cur- 
 distan. Tauris is the capital. 
 
 Admiralty-Islands, a cluster of islands in the S. 
 Pacific ocean, to the N. W. of New Ireland. 
 They were discovered in 1767, and are between 
 20 and 30 in number; some of them appear of 
 considerable extent; and the W. end of the 
 principal island is in 2. 6. S. lat. and 146. 57. E. 
 long. 
 
 Adour, a river of France, which rises in the 
 department of Upper Pyrenees, flows by Tarbes 
 and Dax, and enters the Bay of Biscay, below 
 Bayonne. The Duke of Wellington effected • 
 passage across this river, with the allied Englisr 
 and Spanish army, in the middle of February 
 1814. after considerable difficulty, in the presence 
 of the French army, commanded by Marsh*' 
 Soult. 
 
 Adowa, the capital and residence of the sove- 
 reign of Abyssinia, and the place through which 
 the commerce of the inland parts of Abyssinia is 
 maintained with Massowah in the Red Sea. 
 
 Adra, a seaport of Spain, in Granada, 47 m. S 
 E. of Granada. Long. 3. 7. W. lat. 36. 45. N. 
 
 Adramiti, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nat- 
 olia, on the E. coast of a gulf of its name, 70 .n. 
 N. by W. of Smyrna. Long. 26. 50. E. lat. 39 
 26. N. 
 
 Adrai, a town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovi*."" 
 
A Fit 
 
 11 
 
 \FH 
 
 which gives name to the Adriatic sea, and was 
 formerly of great note, but has been much reduced 
 bv frequent inundations. It is seated on the 
 Tartaro. 25 m. S. S. W. of Venice. 
 
 Adi ianoplc, a city of European Turkey, in 
 Romania, the see of a Greek archbishop, and 
 formerly the European seat of the Turkish do- 
 minion. It is eight m. in circumference, situ- 
 ate in a plain, on the river Marissa, which here 
 receives two tributary streams. Several of the 
 mosques are very splendid, and many of the 
 houses neat, but the streets are narrow and devi- 
 jus. The seraglio is separated from the city by 
 •he river Arda, and commands an extensive view 
 of the country, which is fertile, and famous for 
 excellent vines. The commerce of the city by 
 the river is considerable, and celebrated for its 
 beautiful red dye. The Turks took this city 
 from the Greeks in 1362. It is 135 m. N. W. of 
 Constantinople. Long. 22. 30. E. lat. 41. N. 
 
 Adriatic Sea. See Venice, Gulf of. 
 
 Adventure Bay, at the S. E. end of Van Die- 
 men's land, so called from the ship in which Cap- 
 tain Furneax sailed. Long 147. 30. E. lat. 43. 
 23. S. 
 
 JEgades or JEgates, three small islands on the 
 W. side of Sicily, between Marsella and Trapani ; 
 their names are Levenzo, Favignana, and Mare- 
 tima. 
 
 JEtna or Et?ia, a celebrated burning mountain 
 of Sicily, now called by the natives Monte Gibel- 
 lo. It is situated in the Eastern part of the isl- 
 and, in long. 15. 0. E. lat. 38. 0. N. Pindar, who 
 lived 435 years before Christ, calls it the Pillar of 
 Heaven, on account of its great height, which is 
 generally reckoned to be about 11,000 feet; and 
 its circ ^inference at the base 70 m. It affords an 
 epitome of all the differences of climate. The 
 summit is a league in circumference, and within 
 formed like a vast amphitheatre, from whence 
 flames, ashes, and smoke, issue in divers places. 
 Eruptions of this mountain are mentioned by 
 Diodorus Siculus, as happening 1,693 years before 
 Christ ; and Thucydides speaks of three erup- 
 tions, which happened in 734, 477, and 425, B. C. 
 From this period till 1447, there were about 18 
 different eruptions, the most destructive of which 
 were in 116!) and 1329; there have been other 
 eiuptions since, which have done immense dam- 
 age, particularly those in 1669, 1755, 1780, and 
 1787. In 1809 eruptions took place in 12 differ- 
 ent parts of the mountain, and covered the adja- 
 cent land with lava to the depth of 40 feet, 
 and another eruption occurred in 1822. 
 
 Afghanistan, a country of Asia, stretching 
 from the mountains of Tartary to the Arabian 
 sea, and from the Indus to the confines of Persia. 
 The inhab. of this wide domain have no written 
 character, and speak a language peculiar to them- 
 selves. They are a robust hardy race of men ; 
 and being generally addicted to a state of preda- 
 tory warfare, their manners partake of a barbar- 
 ous insolence. They avow a fixed contempt for 
 the occupations of civil life ; and are esteemed 
 the most negligent of religious observances, of all 
 the Mahometans. Their common dress consists 
 of a shirt, which falls over the upper part of 
 long and narrow trowsers ; a woolen vest, fitted 
 closely to the body, and reaching to the midleg ; 
 and a high turned-up cap of broadcloth or cotton, 
 usually of one colour, and of a conic form, with 
 two small parallel slits in the upper edge of its 
 facing. The principal cities of Afghanistan are 
 f'andahar and Cabul, the former of which was 
 
 the capital; but the iaie and present sultans have 
 kept their court at Cabul. About the year \~2(; 
 an army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispahan, 
 and made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. They 
 kept possession of Ispahan and the southern prov- 
 inces for ten years, when they were defeated in 
 several battles, and driven out of the country by 
 Nadir Kuli, commonly known in Euroo ■ b}' the 
 name of Kouli Khan. After Nadir liaa deposed 
 his sovereign, Shah Thamas, he laid seige to and 
 took Candahar ; but afterward received a consid- 
 erable body of Afghans into his army, who be- 
 came his favourite foreign troops. On his assas- 
 sination, in 1747, the general of the Afghan 
 troops, though furiously attacked by the whole 
 Persian army, effected a sale retreat into his own 
 country, where he caused himself to be acknowl- 
 edged sovereign of the Afghan kingdom. In ] 808 
 the English E. India company deputed the Hon 
 Mount Stuart Elphiastone on a mission to Cau 
 bul, accompanied by a large military retinue. 
 The mission left Delhi on the 13th Oct. the re- 
 sult of their observations and enquiries on the 
 then circumstances and condition of Caubul, (by 
 which name the Afghan territory is generally 
 called,) as well as the countries through which 
 the mission passed, have been since published. 
 
 Africa, one of the four great divisions of the 
 world, forming a peninsula to Asia, to which it 
 is connected by a neck of land at the N. M: ex- 
 tremity, about 60 m. across, called the isthmus 
 of Suez. In its extreme length it extends from 
 Cape Negro, in lat. 37. 21. N. to False Cape in 
 lat. 34. 25. S. being about 4,300 m. and in its ex- 
 treme breadth from Cape Verd in 17. 34. W. to 
 Cape Guardafui in 51. 32. E. long, being about 
 4,100 m. It will however in the first place be 
 well to consider Africa as divided by nature into 
 two great parts, N. and S., by a chain of moun- 
 tain:?, commonly called the Mountains of the 
 Moon, supposed to extend across the entire con- 
 tinent between the 7th to the 11th degrees of N. 
 lat. North Africa will then on its other sides be 
 bounded, on the E. by the Arabian gulf or Red 
 sea, on the N. by the Mediterranean, and on the 
 W. by the Atlantic ocean, approximating in form 
 to a parallelogram ; the mean length of which 
 from W. to E. is about fifty degrees of long, and 
 the mean breadth from N. to S. about 27 degrees 
 of lat. forming an area of about 4,550,000 sq. m. 
 of which the great deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, 
 and Lybia constitute about one third of the ex- 
 tent. N. Africa is subdivided into a great num- 
 ber of kingdoms, states and territories ; the 
 most prominent of which are, Galla, Abyssinia, 
 Sennaar, and Nubia on the E. bordering on the 
 Red sea, Egypt, at the N. E. extremity, Lybia, 
 Fezzan, and Barbary, (comprising, Tripoli, Tunis, 
 Algiers, and Fez ;) on the N. bordering on the 
 Mediterranean, and Morocco at the N. W. ex- 
 tremity, bounded by the Atlantic ocean ; a large 
 extent of coast S. of Morocco, is called Azanago, 
 and S. of the river Senegal in lat. 16. N. to Sier- 
 ra Leone in lat. 8. 30. the coast is occupied by sev- 
 eral Negro tribes, the limits of whose territories 
 are very imperfectly defined. Inland. S. of the 
 great desert, are the kingdoms of Tombuctoo. 
 Houssa, Cassina, and Wangara ; and E. of the 
 desert, are Ashber, Bornou, Begherm. Bergoo. 
 Darfur, &c. &c. With the exception of the des- 
 erts and the more mountainous districts, this part 
 of Africa is well watered, and exceedingly fertile. 
 The most celebrated river is the Nile, which. 
 rising from various sources on the N side of the 
 
lFR 
 
 !•■> 
 
 AFR 
 
 Tieat chain of mountains, and flowing through 
 Abyssinia, Sennaar, Nubia, and Egypt, falls into 
 the Mediterranean sea by several channels between 
 the lat. of 30. 16. and 31. 50. E. The river Niger 
 has long furnished a subject of considerable inter- 
 est to the learned. It is now known to run into the 
 Atlantic ocean at the Bight of Benin. See Niger. 
 
 Numerous streams and lakes intersect all the 
 interior part of the country situate between the 
 desert of Sahara and the chain of mountains 
 which divide the continent into two parts. Sev- 
 eral rivers fall into the Atlantic ocean S. of the 
 Great desert ; the first of these is the Senegal, the 
 entrance of which from the sea is in lat. 15. 53. N. 
 2nd. the Gambia, in lat. 13. 8. N., and further S. 
 the Pongos, Rio Grande, Noonez, and Sierra Le- 
 one, in fat. 3. 30. N. 
 
 Independently of the great chain of mountains 
 which divides Africa into two parts, a ridge of 
 considerable altitude extends along the whole ex- 
 tent of the shores of the Red sea ; and the states 
 of Barbary are bounded on the S. by another 
 chain called the Atlas, which at the greatest ele- 
 vation rise to the height of 13,000 feet above the 
 level of the sea 
 
 The middle portion of the western coast of Af- 
 rica is denominated the Coast of Guinea, on 
 which several of the European states have forts 
 and settlements ; it is occupied by several pow- 
 erful tribes of negroes, with whom the Europ- 
 eans carry on a very extensive traffic, with the 
 manufactured productions of Europe in general, 
 in exchange for gold dust, ivory, skins, bees wax, 
 palm oil, barwood, &c; S. of the Coast of Gui- 
 nea, for about 15 degrees of lat., the coast is also 
 <KXupied with several Negro tribes, who live in 
 constant collision with each other, and from 
 amongst whom about 100,000 annually, at the 
 period of 1820 — 1828, were transported as slaves 
 by the ships of France, Portugal, and Spain, for 
 working the plantations of those countries in S. 
 America and the W. Indies ; the remaining por- 
 tion of the W. coast, as well as all the interior, and 
 the E. coast of this part of Africa, is very little 
 known ; but as far as knowledge has been obtain- 
 ed the inhab. appear more rude and unsocial than 
 even those of N. Africa. A very rude and un- 
 civilized people, the Hottentots, occupy the more 
 S. extremity of the continent extending to the 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 If the climate of America is distinguished by 
 superabundant moisture and cold, that of Africa 
 is not less remakable for its general want of hu- 
 midity, and its warmth. Of this fact the immense 
 ■extent of arid and burning deserts already men- 
 tioned, affords incontrovertible proof. The most 
 northern and the most southern districts are 
 equally without a winter ; and the greater part of 
 the continent is situated within the tropics. 
 
 The ancient? indeed supposed the torrid zone 
 to be so parched by the perpendicular rays of the 
 sun as to be uninhabitable ; but modern discov- 
 eries have assured us that the theory of the an- 
 cients is not altogether true. The sun, when 
 vertical, universally brings with him an immense 
 train of clouds, which pour down upon the subja- 
 cent country an incessant deluge. When the sun 
 is in the N. the rainy season begins in the coun- 
 tries lying northward from the equator ; when in 
 the S., the rainy season is to the S of the equa- 
 tor. This quantity of rain cools the atmosphere, 
 so as to produce a temperature much more mod- 
 erate than that which prevails when the sun re- 
 moves to a greater distance ; and the sun produ- 
 
 ce's' within the tropics in Africa the same effect* 
 as within the same degrees of latitude in other 
 parts of the world. The prevalent drought is here 
 in some measure checked by the tropical rains ; 
 and, so far as has been ascertained, the tropical re • 
 gions are perhaps that part of this continent which 
 is best watered. The greater part of the im- 
 mense deserts — that of Sahara for instance — lie in 
 general too farN. ever to be under the influence of 
 a vertical sun. The torrid -/one may therefore be 
 considered as having only two seasons — the dry 
 and the wet, which are likewise distinguished, in 
 some places, as the summer and winter. In some 
 districts, indeed, there are two dry and two wet 
 seasons in the year ; and these are called the 
 short and the long seasons. In all the countries 
 within 20. of the equator the difference in the 
 amount of temperature is sc;ircely perceptible, at 
 least in the countries lying near the coast, for the 
 interior here is almost entirely unknown to us. 
 In the countries from Cape Blanco up to the 
 Senegal, the mean temperature from November 
 to the end of March is at(i a. m. about 73. Fahr., 
 and at noon, in the shade, 87. Fahr. Farther into 
 the interior of the country — at Bambouk, for in- 
 stance — the heat is much more intense. At the 
 Gambia, in the same months, the mean tempera- 
 ture at Ga. m. is 77., and at noon in the shade, 
 91. In the months of April, May, and June, at 
 the Senegal, the thermometer 6 a. m. indicates 
 83., and at noon, in the shade, 95. From the 
 month of July to the end of October, the mean 
 temperature at 6 a. m. is 95. ; and at noon 107. In 
 the more southern countries the heat is still great- 
 er, and also in the sandy plains; in those dis- 
 tricts which are situated farther towards the E., 
 and even in those farther to the N., the heat is 
 frequently rendered insupportable by peculiar 
 localities. Thus at Ombos and Syene, in the 
 S. of Egypt, the sand absolutely scorches the 
 feet of the traveller, and eggs may be dressed 
 by burying them in the sand. At Algiers the 
 mean temperature is 72. ; at the Cape of Good 
 Hope the thermometer frequently rises to 95. or 
 98., and often much higher; but change of tem- 
 perature is very quickly effected here, and a 
 burning day is frequently followed by a chilly 
 night. During eight months of the year constant 
 fine weather is prevalent throughout a great part 
 of Africa. The sun rises every morning in a 
 clear atmosphere, and spreads a glaring light over 
 the whole country, too brilliant almost for the 
 eye to sustain ; no cloud casts a passing shadow 
 over the landscape ; and, in the evening, the orb 
 of day sinks magnificently into the ocean But 
 the excessive heat diminishes the pleasure man 
 might feel in contemplating the glorious sky : 
 and the first clouds which foretell the approach 
 of rain are hailed with delight by the European 
 resident, overwhelmed by the oppressive heat. 
 
 The physical peculiarities which distinguish 
 Africa, seem to depend chiefly on the circum- 
 stance that almost her whole territory is situated 
 within the tropics. The other portions of the 
 earth's surface which lie directly beneath the 
 solar influence consist generalh' either of sea, or 
 of narrow and insular lands, refreshed by breezes 
 from the ocean. But the greatest breadth of Af 
 rica is under the immediate power and dominion 
 of the sun ; and most of her people see that great 
 planet, in its annual progress from tropic to trop- 
 ic, pass twice over their heads, and thus experi- 
 ence a repetition of its most intense and perpendi 
 oular rays The highest blessings of this sublu 
 
AFR 
 
 I'J 
 
 AFR 
 
 nary world, when carried beyond a certain limit, 
 become its deadliest bane. That parent orb, which 
 cheers and illumines the rest of the earth, glares 
 on Africa with oppressive and malignant beam, 
 blasting the face of nature, and covering her with 
 barrenness and desolation. Sometimes it con- 
 verts the soil into a naked desert ; sometimes 
 overspreads it with a noxious excess of animal and 
 vegetable life. The soil, when not watered by 
 copious rains or river inundations, is scorched 
 and dried up till it is converted into a dreary 
 waste. Hence it is, that in Africa, plains of sand 
 form a feature so truly alarming. The Great 
 Desert, with the exception of the narrow valley of 
 the Nile, reaches across the entire continent, ex- 
 hibiting an expanse of burning surface, where for 
 many days the traveller finds not a drop of water, 
 nor sees the least vestige of animal or vegetable 
 nature. He pursues his dreary route amid loose 
 hills continually shifting, and leaving no marks 
 to guide his course. Every breeze is rilled with 
 dust, which enters the mouth and nostrils, and 
 penetrates between the clothes and skin. Some- 
 times it drives along in clouds and whirlwinds, 
 beneath which it was once thought that caravans 
 and even armies had been buried; but it is 
 now ascertained that the numerous bones which 
 whiten the desert are merely those of travellers 
 who have sunk under famine, thirst and fatigue ; 
 and that the sand, which continually blows, has 
 accumulated above them. Travellers over these 
 tracts of shingle have been impressed with the 
 idea of their being the bed of an ancient ocean. 
 This is not the place to enter into a speculation 
 on the formation of the earth. That every part 
 of its surface lay once beneath the waters is suffi- 
 ciently apparent ; but there is at least no histori- 
 cal proof that Africa emerged later than other 
 continents. The earliest records represent her 
 deserts to have been as extensive as they are in 
 our days, and to have pressed equally close upon 
 the cultivated belt along the northern coast. In 
 general, all regions between the tropics, when not 
 copiouslv watered, moulder into sand, alternating 
 with a hard and impenetrable stratum of clay. 
 The central wastes of Asia, those of Arabia and 
 of Sindetic Hindustan, though inferior to those of 
 Africa, are yet of similar character and of im- 
 mense extent. In order to obviate the extreme ef- 
 fects of the tropical sun. which produces a desola- 
 tion so dreadful, Nature has provided suitable re- 
 medies. Every country under this latitude has 
 its rainy season, when, amid the blaze of light- 
 nings and the noise of thunders rending the sky, 
 heaven seems to open all her windows to pour an 
 unbroken flood upon the earth. The ground is cov- 
 ered as with a deluge, and the dry beds of the 
 rivulets are converted into torrents ; yet so intense 
 are the sun's rays, that the moisture thus lavished 
 upon the surface is quickly dried up. Great riv- 
 ers, which, swollen by the rains, overflow their 
 banks and lay the surroundinsr countrv under 
 water, or at least afford the means of artificial in- 
 undation, are the principal source of that luxuri- 
 ant fertility, that mighty growth of vegetable 
 forms, which singularly characterize the tropical 
 climates. It is to the waters which descend from 
 the lofty precipices and eternal snows of the Him- 
 maleh, that the plains of Hindoostan and China 
 owe their amazing fruitfulness. Africa, too, has 
 elevated mountain-chains, which give rise to sev- 
 eral rivers of great magnitude and most fertilizing 
 influence. Atlas, along its northern border, pre- 
 sents even in so hot a climate, pinnacles wrapped 
 
 in everlasting snow. Still more extensive is that 
 central range, which, amid its various local names, 
 is most generally known under the poetical ap- 
 pellation of " The Mountains of the Moon." Yet 
 these chains, besides being not altogether so gi- 
 gantic as those of the other continents, labour 
 under the peculiar disadvantages of extending 
 across the breadth only of Africa. The Andes 
 and the Himmaleh, those stupendous heights of 
 America and Asia, as they traverse these conti- 
 nents in the direction of their length, cover a 
 much greater surface, and thus create fertility in 
 the more limited plains which intervene between 
 the mountains and the ocean. But the laro-est of 
 the African rivers, directing their course through 
 a vast extent of low land, reach the sea only by a 
 circuitous course. Several of them, too, diffus- 
 ing their waters into lakes or marshes, expire in 
 the very heart of the continent. The result is, that 
 the enormous breadth of the Sahara, or Great 
 Desert, is scarcely irrigated even by a streamlet. 
 It depends entirely on the periodical rains ; and 
 these sink into the sandy and porous surface, till 
 being arrested at the depth of eight or ten feet, 
 they form that " sea under ground*' which has 
 been traced over a large portion of the waste. 
 
 Vegetable life, in consequence of this absence 
 of moisture, is scantily diffused over a great ex- 
 tent of the continent. In the heart of the moun- 
 tains, however, and in the kingdoms along their 
 border, the soil is most profusely watered, and, 
 under the influence of a tropical sun, produces, 
 perhaps, beyond any other part of the world, that 
 luxuriant growth and those gigantic vegetable 
 forms, which distinguish the equatorial regions 
 The baobab, or great calabash, appears to be the 
 most enormous tree on the face of the earth. Ad- 
 anson assures us, that the circumference in some 
 cases is equal to thirteen fathoms, as measured by 
 his arms clasped round the trunk, that is varying 
 from seventy-four to seventy -seven feet. Branch- 
 es extending horizontally from the trunk, each 
 equal to a large tree, make the baobab a forest as 
 it were by itself. The mangrove, too, which 
 rises on the borders of rivers or inundated spots, 
 diffuses itself in a manner truly remarkable. The 
 branches, dropping down upon the watery bank, 
 strike root and grow ; hence the original plant, 
 spreading farther and farther, forms over the 
 stream a species of natural arcade. These mighty 
 trees do not stand alone, but have their intersti- 
 ces filled up by numberless shrubs, canes, creep- 
 ing and parasitical plants, which intersect and en- 
 twine with each other till they form a thick and 
 impenetrable mass of underwood. To cut even 
 a narrow pass through these dense forests is a la- 
 borious process ; and as shoots are continually 
 protruding inwards on each side, the track, with- 
 out constant travelling, and the diligent use of the 
 axe, soon becomes impassable. 
 
 As we approach the confines of the Desert, 
 these giants of the wood disappear, and vegeta- 
 tion presents a different and more pleasing aspect. 
 It exhibits now the light and gay form of the aca- 
 cia, whole forests of which rise amid the sand, 
 distilling those rich gums that afford an impor- 
 tant material of African commerce. The lotus, a 
 celebrated and classical shrub, the tamarisk, and 
 other small and elegant trees, afford agreeable and 
 nutritive berries, which constitute the food of 
 several nations. Various flowering shrubs of the 
 most delicate tints, rising in wild and spontane- 
 ous beauty, embellish the precincts of the waste. 
 Thus the Desert, in its first approaches, and be- 
 B 
 
AFR 
 
 14 
 
 AFR 
 
 fori' vegetable life begins to expire, doe's not as- 
 sume its sternest character, but wears even a pe- 
 culiarly pleasing and smiling aspect. 
 
 The animal world in Africa changes equally 
 its nature as it passes from one to another of these 
 opposite regions. In those plains which are in- 
 undated by the great rivers, it multiplies at an 
 extraordinary rate, and often assumes huge and 
 repulsive forms. Throughout all this continent 
 the wild tribes exist in large and formidable num- 
 bers, and there is scarcely a tract which they do 
 not either hold in full possession, or fiercely dis- 
 pute with man. Even the most densely-peopled 
 countries border on wide forests and wastes, 
 whose savage tenants find their prey occasionally 
 in man himself, as well as in the domestic ani- 
 mals which surround him ; and when the scent 
 of human slaughter is wafted on the breeze, 
 hands of hungry monsters hasten from every side 
 to the feast of blood. These ferocious creatures 
 hold, indeed, so commanding a position, that the 
 colonist scarcely makes any attempt to extirpate 
 them, or even to keep down their numbers. He 
 wages against them only a defensive war, and 
 employs his courage and skill chiefly in hunting 
 the elephant, the antelope, and other peaceful 
 species, by whose spoil he may be enriched. 
 
 The lion, that king of the desert, that mightiest 
 among the tribes which have the wilderness for 
 their abode, abounds in Africa, and causes all her 
 forests to re-echo his midnight roar. Yet both 
 his courage and fierceness have, it is said, been 
 overrated ; and the man who can undauntedly 
 face him, or evade his first dreadful spring, rarely 
 falls his victim. Wider ravages are committed 
 by the hyena, not the strongest, but the most fe- 
 rocious and untameable of all the beasts of prey. 
 These creatures, by moving in numerous bands, 
 achieve what is beyond the single strength of the 
 greater animals ; they burst with mighty inroad 
 into the cities, and have even carried by storm 
 fortified enclosures. The elephant roams in vast 
 herds through the densely-wooded tracts of the 
 interior, disputing with the lion the rank of king 
 of the lower creation ; matchless in bulk and 
 strength, yet tranquil, majestic, peaceful, led in 
 troops under the guidance of the most ancient of 
 the number, having a social and almost nwral ex- 
 istence. He attacks neither man nor beast. The 
 human being is more frequently the aggressor, not 
 only with the view of protecting the fruits of the 
 earth, but also in order to obtain the bony sub- 
 stance composing his tusks, which, under the 
 name of ivory, forms one of the most valued arti- 
 iles of African trade. The prodigious strength 
 of the elephant, his almost impenetrable hide, his 
 rapid though unwieldly movements, render him 
 a most perilous object of attack, even to the bold- 
 est hunters ; so that pits and snares of various 
 Kinds are the usual modes by which his capture 
 is effected. Instead of the tiger, Africa has the 
 leopard and the panther ; belonging; however, 
 i>nlv to certain of its districts. 
 
 In the large and broad rivers of Africa. an»l 
 through the immense forests which overshadow 
 them, a. race of amphibious animals of monstrous 
 form and size display their unwieldly figures. 
 The rhinoceros, though not strictly amphibious, 
 slowly traverses marshes and swampy grounds, 
 and almost equals the elephant in strength and 
 defensive powers, but wants his stature, his dig- 
 nity, and his wisdom. The single or double 
 horn with which he defends himself is an article 
 of commerce in the East, though not valued in 
 Europe. A still huger shape is that of the hippo- 
 potamus, or river-horse, fitted alike to stalk on 
 
 land, to inarch along the bottom of the waters, or 
 to swim on their surface. He is slow, ponderous, 
 gentle ; yet when annoyed either by design or 
 accident, his wrath is terrible ; he rushes up 
 from his watery retreat, and by merely striking 
 with his enormous tusks, can overset or sink a 
 loaded canoe. But the most dreaded of the in- 
 habitants of the African rivers is the crocodile, 
 the largest and fiercest of the lizard tribe. He 
 lies like a log upon the waters watching for his 
 pi ey, attacking men, and even the strongest of 
 animals, which, however, engage with him in ob- 
 stinate and deadly encounters. 
 
 We have not yet done with all the monstrous 
 and prodigious forms which Africa generates. 
 She swarms with the serpent brood, which spread 
 terror, some by their deadly poison, others by 
 their mere bulk and strength. In this last re- 
 spect the African serpents have struck the world 
 with amazement ; ancient history records that 
 whole provinces were overrun by them, and that 
 one, after disputing the passage of a river with a 
 Roman army, was destroyed only by the use of • 
 battering engine. 
 
 Emerging from these dark regions, where the 
 earth, under the united influence of heat and 
 moisture, teems with such a noxious superabund- 
 ance of life, we approach the Desert. Here a 
 change takes place equally singular and pleasing 
 as in the vegetable world. Only light, airy, and 
 fantastic forms trip along the sandy border ; crea- 
 tures innocent, gentle, and beautiful, — the ante- 
 lope of twenty different species, all swift, with 
 
 bright eyes, erect, and usually elegant figures, 
 preying neither on men nor animals, but pursued 
 by all on account of the delicate food which t hey 
 
AFR 
 
 ir> 
 
 AtH 
 
 afford Here also the camelopard, the tallest and 
 most remarkable of animal forms, with its long 
 fore-legs and high-stretching neck of singular 
 and fantastic bea.ity, crops the leaves of the Af- 
 rican forest. Though a rare species, he is seen 
 occasionally straying over a great proportion of 
 that continent. Here, too, roams the zebra, with 
 its finely-striped skin wrapped around it like a 
 robe of rich cloth. 
 
 Nature, sporting as it would seem in the pro- 
 duction of extraordinary objects, has filled Africa 
 with a wonderful multitude of those animals 
 which bear the closest alliance to " the human 
 form divine." The orang-outang appears to 
 constitute the link between man and the lower 
 orders of living things. Standing erect, without 
 a tail, with flat face, and arms of not greatly dis- 
 
 E>roportioned length, it displays in every particu- 
 ar a deformed resemblance to the lord of the 
 creation. It seems even to make a nearer ap- 
 proach than any other animal to the exercise of 
 reason. It has been taught to make its own bed, 
 to sit at table, to eat with a knife and fork, and 
 to pour out tea. M. Degrandpre mentions one 
 kept on board a French vessel, which lighted and 
 kept the oven at a due temperature, put in the 
 bread at a given signal, and even assisted in 
 drawing the ropes. There was a strong suspi- 
 cion among the sailors that it would have spoken, 
 but for the fear of being put to harder work. 
 The baboons, again, are a large, shapeless, brutal 
 species, ugly and disgusting in their appearance, 
 yet not without some kind of union and polity. 
 The monkey tribe, now familiar in Europe, and 
 attracting attention by their playful movements, 
 fill with sportive cries all the forests of tropical 
 Africa. 
 
 The insect race, which in our climate is gener- 
 ally harmless, presents here many singular and 
 even formidable characteristics. The flying tribes, 
 in particular, through the action of the sun on 
 the swampy forests, rise up in terrible and de- 
 structive numbers. They fill the air and darken 
 the sky ; they annihilate the labour of nations ; 
 they drive even armies before them. The locust, 
 when its bands issue in close and dark array from 
 the depths of the Desert, commits ravages sur- 
 passing those of the most ferocious wild beasts, 
 or even the more desolating career of human war- 
 fare. In vain do the despairing inhabitants seek 
 with fire and other means to arrest their progress; 
 the dense and irresistible mass continues to move 
 onward, and soon baffles every attempt to check 
 its course. Whole provinces, which at their en- 
 trance are covered with rich harvests and bril- 
 liant verdure, are left without a leat or a blade. 
 Even when destroyed by famine or tn.npests, they 
 cover immense tracts, exhaling the most noxious 
 stench. Yet they may be used as rood, and are 
 ?ren relished by certain native tribes. The mos- 
 
 cheto and its allies do not spread such a fearful 
 desolation ; yet by their poisoned and tormenting 
 stings, they render life miserable, and not very 
 uftfrequeiitly lead to its extinction. Even a swarm 
 of wild bees, in the solitary woods of Western 
 Africa, has put a whole caravan to flight, wound 
 ing severely some of its members. But perhaps 
 the most extraordinary of all the insect races are 
 the termites, or white ants, which display on a 
 greater scale the arts and social organization for 
 which their species have been so famed in Eu 
 rope. They cover the plains with their conical 
 huts from ten to twelve feet in height; they aro 
 regularly distributed into labourers and soldiers, 
 with others holding the rank of king and queen. 
 This latter personage, when she is about to add 
 to the numbers of the tribe, presents a most ex- 
 traordinary spectacle, being then swelled to many 
 times the amount of her natural dimensions ; and 
 when the critical period arrives, instead of a 
 progeny of two or three, she produces as many 
 thousands. These ants are far from being of 
 the same harmless-- description as the correspond- 
 ing insects of this quarter of the world. On 
 finding their way into a house, they devour every 
 thing, clothes, furniture, food, not even it is said 
 sparing the inmates, who are compelled to make 
 a speedy retreat. 
 
 Such are the evils to which the people of this 
 continent are perpetually exposed from the low- 
 er creation ; and yet they experience in full force 
 the truth of the pathetic lamentation of the poet, 
 that " man is to man the surest, deadliest foe." 
 Africa from the earliest ages has been the most 
 conspicuous theatre of crime and of wrong , where 
 social life has lost the traces of primitive simpli- 
 city, without rising to order, principle, 01 refine- 
 ment ; where fraud and violence are formed into 
 national systems, and man trembles at the sight 
 of his fellow-man. For centuries this continent 
 has seen thousands of her unfortunate children 
 dragged in chains over its deserts and across the 
 ocean, to spend their lives in foreign and distant 
 bondage. Superstition, tyranny, anarchy, and the 
 opposing interests of numberless petty states, 
 maintain a constant and destructive warfare in 
 this suffering portion of the earth. 
 
 Fever is much less common among native Af 
 ricans than among European settlers. Africans are 
 seldom affected with enlargement of the spleen 
 A dangejKms species of lethargy is very frequent 
 m thePFoolah country. Venereal complaints 
 occur in various forms in Africa, but mostly in 
 that of gonorrhoea. The coup de soldi (sun-stroke) 
 is unknown in this country, although the natives 
 are in the habit of exposing the head to the pe» 
 pendicular rays of the sun during the greatest 
 bodily exertions, and Europeans, under such cir 
 cumstances, seldom have more than a thin hand 
 kerchief folded round the head. Dysentery is a 
 frequent complaint on shore. Gout is wholly un 
 known. The diseases of children are few; and 
 those of women, as may be readily imagined, are 
 greatly fewer than in more polished countries 
 
 The limits of the changeable winds of Africa 
 are about the 30th degree on each side of tlio 
 equator. Within this region are the passage 
 winds. These blow more or less N. E. in the 
 northern hemisphere, and S. E. in the southern. 
 The monsoons, which ai e strong and regular in the 
 open Arabian sea become changeable on approach 
 ing the land. In the Aiabian sea they generally 
 blow from the E. during the months and interven 
 ing months of October and May ; and during the 
 
AFR 
 
 ir, 
 
 AFR 
 
 .•est of the year they blow from the W. In the Red 
 aea the S. £. wind prevails in the southern parts 
 from October to June, when the N. wind begins to 
 blow, and lasts during the remainder of the year. 
 In the northern parts of this sea violent N. winds 
 prevail for nine months of the year. The transi- 
 tion from one season to another is generally ac- 
 companied by violent hurricanes and thunder- 
 storms. Some districts are more exposed to these 
 visitations than others ; as, for instance, the coun- 
 tries between Cape Verga and Cape Monte, which 
 are often visited betwixt the months of June and 
 October by dreadful tornadoes, the effects of which 
 seldom extend to the neighbouring coasts. — In the 
 deserts the wind is often very troublesome to the 
 traveller, by raising the sand, and filling the air 
 with dust, so as to render it impossible to keep 
 one's eyes open, and difficult even to breathe.— Mr. 
 Buckingham, while travelling betwixt the Red 
 sea and the Mediterranean in 1814, encounter- 
 ed one of these sand-tempests, which he has 
 described with great beauty and effect. " On 
 leaving," says he, "the site of these now eva- 
 porated lakes, (the Bitter lakes,) we entered up- 
 on a loose and shifting sand again, like that which 
 Pliny describes when speaking of the roads from 
 Pelusium, across the sands of the desert; in 
 which, he says, unless there be reeds stuck in the 
 ground to point out the line of direction, the way 
 could not be found, because the wind blows up 
 the sand, and covers the footsteps. — The morning 
 was delightful on our setting out, and promised 
 us a fine day ; but the light airs from the south 
 soon increased to a gale, the sun became obscure, 
 and as every hour brought us into a looser sand, 
 it flew around us in such whirlwinds, with the 
 sudden gusts that blew, that it was impossible to 
 proceed. We halted, therefore, for an hour, and 
 took shelter under the lee of our beasts, who 
 were themselves so terrified as to need fastening 
 by the knees, and uttered in their wailings but 
 & melancholy symphony. I know not whether it 
 was the novelty of the situation that gave it ad- 
 ditional horrors, or whether the habit of magni- 
 fying evils to which we are unaccustomed, had 
 increased its effect ; but certain it is, that fifty 
 gales of wind at sea appeared to me more easy to 
 be encountered than one amongst those sands. 
 It is impossible to imagine desolation more com- 
 plete ; we could see neither sun, earth, nor sky : 
 the plain at ten paces distance was absolutely im- 
 perceptible : our beasts, as well as ourselves, were 
 so covered as to render breathing difficult ; they 
 hid their faces in the ground, and we could only 
 uncover our own for a moment, to behold this 
 chaos of mid-day darkness, and wait impatiently 
 for its abatement. Alexander's journey to the 
 temple of Jupiter Amnion, and the destruction 
 of the Persian armies of Cambyses in the Lybian 
 desert, rose to my recollection with new impres- 
 sions, made by the horror of the scene before me; 
 while Addison's admirable lines, which I also re- 
 membered with peculiar force on this occasion, 
 teemed to possess as much truth as beauty : 
 
 'Lo! where our wide Numidian wastes extend, 
 Sudden ihe impetuous hurricanes descend, 
 Which through the air in circling eddies play. 
 Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away. 
 The helpless traveller, with wild surprise, 
 Sees the dry desert all around him rise: 
 And, smothered in the dusty whirlwind, dies.' 
 
 ' The few hours we remained in this situation 
 were passed in unbroken silence : every one was 
 occupied with his own reflections, as if the reign 
 
 of terror forbade con munication. Its fury spool 
 itself, like the storms of ocean, in sudden lulls 
 and squalls ; but it was not until the third or 
 fourth interval that our fears were sufficiently 
 conquered to address each other ; nor shall I soon 
 lose the recollection of the impressive manner in 
 which that was done. 'Ml ah Icereem!' exclaimed 
 the poor Bedouin, although habit had familiarised 
 him with these resistless blasts. 'Allah kereem. 1 ' 
 repeated the Egyptians, with terrified solemnity ; 
 and both my servant and myself, as if by instinct, 
 joined in the general exclamation. The bold im 
 agery of the Eastern poets, describing the Deity 
 as avenging in his anger, and terrible in his 
 wrath, riding upon the wings of the wind and 
 breathing his fury in the storm, must have been 
 inspired by scenes like these." 
 
 In Egypt a S. wind prevails in summer, which 
 raises immense quantities of sand, and is often 
 so hot as to stop respiration. Another called sa 
 mid by the natives is still hotter and more terri 
 ble. — But the most dreadful of all these burning 
 winds is the simoon, which seems to be a concen- 
 trated column of the positive electric fluid, mov- 
 ing northwards, from the S. or S. E., and carry- 
 ing sure destruction to all who breathe the bale- 
 ful atmosphere which accompanies it. The only 
 chance of escaping destruction when the simoon 
 glides across the desert is, for the traveller tc 
 throw himself flat on his face, which he has no* 
 always time lo do, for it moves with amazing ra 
 pidity. Bruce, whose ardent mind was not easi 
 ly deterred from the attainment of knowledge by 
 the presence of danger, has described this fearfu 1 
 phenomenon. On the attendants calling out tha* 
 the simoon was coming, he immediately turne' 1 
 for a moment to the quarter whence it came. I' 
 resembled a haze, in c.ciour like the purple par' 
 of the rainbow, but not s>o compressed or thick. It 
 was a kind of blush upon the air, and was about 
 30 yards in breadth, and about 4 from the ground. 
 Its motion was so rapid, that before he could 
 turn and fall upon the ground, he felt its violent 
 heat upon his face. It passed like a gentle rus 
 tling wind, but was succeeded by a slight breeze, 
 which for two or three hours was of such inten- 
 sity of heat, as nearly to suffocate them. Bruce 
 unfortunately inhaled a little of the purple haze, 
 which nearly deprived him of his voice, and 
 caused an asthma of two years' continuance. 
 They saw it twice afterwards as they journeyed 
 across the desert. The second time, it was more 
 southerly — its edges were less defined, resembling 
 a thin smoke — and it had about a yard in the 
 middle tinged with purple and blue. The third 
 time, it had the same purple and blue appearance, 
 but was preceded by the largest sand pillar they 
 had seen. — One of the most striking phenomena 
 on the Gold Coast is the N. E. wind called harmat- 
 tan. It comes on indiscriminately at any hour 
 of the day, at any time of the tide, or at any 
 period of the moon ; and continues sometimes 
 only a day or two, sometimes five or six days, and 
 has been occasionally known to last fifteen or six- 
 teen days. There are generally three or four re- 
 turns of it every season ; it blows with a moder- 
 ate force, not so strongly as the sea-breeze, but 
 somewhat more so than the land-wind. A fog or 
 haze is one of the peculiarities which always ac- 
 company a harmattan ; extreme dryness is anoth- 
 er property of it : no dew falls during its continu- 
 ance, nor is there the least appearance of moisture 
 in the atmosphere, vegetables of every kind are 
 much injured by it, and the grass withers under 
 
AGN 
 
 17 
 
 AJA 
 
 Us influence. The process of evaporation during 
 this wind proceeds with astonishing rapidity. 
 
 Agaldy, a province in the centre of N. Africa, 
 the chief town of the same name is situate in 
 about 20. N. lat. and 13. E. long. 
 
 Agallcla or Gallela, an island of Africa, near 
 Madagascar. Long. 24. 8. E. lat 10. 12. N. 
 
 Agamenticus, a mountain in the State of Maine, 
 about 8 m. from York harbour. It affords pasture 
 up to its summit, and is a sea-mark for the en- 
 try of Piscataqua river. Lono-. 70. 30. W. lat. 43. 
 1(5. N. 
 
 Agawam, r. Mass. flows into the sea at Ware- 
 ham. 
 
 Agile, a town of France, in the departmont of 
 H°rault, on the river Herault, not far from its 
 mouth, in the Gulf of Lions, where there is a 
 fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 m. N. E. of 
 Narbonne. Long. 3. 28. E. lat. 43. 19. N. 
 
 Agen, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lot and Garonne, and a bishop's see. 
 Prunes form here a considerable object of com- 
 merce ; and it has manufactures of camblets, ser- 
 ges, and canvas. It is seated in a fertile country, 
 on the banks of the Garonne, 80 m. E. S. E. of 
 Bordeaux. Long. 0. 3G. E. lat. 44. 12. N. 
 
 Agga, Aggona, or Acoiiah, a town and district 
 on the coast of Guinea, in which is a very high 
 hill, called the Devil's Mount. The English have 
 a. fort here. Long. 0. 5. E. lat. G. 0. N. 
 
 Aggerhuus, a fortress of Norway, in the gov- 
 ernment of the same name, which is full of 
 mountains. See Christiania. 
 
 Agha, there are 16 townships or parishes in 
 Ireland, the names of which commence with 
 Agha; as, Agha-ioe, bog, bolloge, da, derg, doe, 
 d-oivn, gallen, gour, lee, lurcher, lo, macart, more, 
 xmllagh, vea, most of them contain from 4 to 0,000 
 inhab. and Aj?halurcher in Fermanagh Co. up- 
 wards of 12,000. 
 
 Aghramullin, a parish in the Co. of Monaghan, 
 Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 15,827. 
 Aghrim, properly Aughrim. See Augk. 
 Agimcre, or Ajmeer, a town of Hindoostan, cap- 
 ital of a province of the same name. It stands at 
 the foot of a high mountain, on the top of which is 
 a fortress of great strength. It was at Ajmeer. that 
 Sir Win. Rowe, as English ambassador, was in- 
 troduced to the Great Mooul in 1716. it is 150 m. 
 W. by S. of Agra. Loner. 75. 20. E. lat. 26. 
 35. N. 
 
 Agincourt, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Pas de Calais, famous in history for the 
 battle fought here in 1405, wherein Henry Wof 
 England, with an army of 10,000 men, defeated 
 the French army of 60,000. leaving near 10,000 
 dead on the field. It is 7 m. N. of Hesdin. 
 
 Aglish, the name of 4 parishes in Ireland, viz. 
 1st, in the Co. of Kilkenny. Pop. 1,665, 2nd, in 
 Kerry, pop. 2,208. 3rd, in Cork, pop. 2,446. 4th, 
 in Waterford, pop. 3,268 
 
 Agniat, a town of Morocco, on a river of the 
 same name, and on the W. side of one of the 
 mountains of Atlas, 16 m. S. of Morocco. 
 Agmondcskam. See Amersham. 
 Agnano, a circular lake in the kingdom of Na- 
 ples, 7 m. from Puzzuoli. It is about half a m. in 
 diameter, surrounded by mountains. On its mar- 
 gin is the famous Grotta del Cane, where many 
 dogs have been tortured and suffocated, to show 
 the effect of a vapour which rises a foot above 
 the bottom of the cave, and is destructive to ani- 
 mal life. 
 Agnes, St. one of the Scilly Islands, off the 
 3 
 
 Lands End, Cornwall ; there is alight house upon 
 it in lat. 42. 54. N. 6. 19. W. long. Also the 
 name of a parish in the Co. of Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, rich in mines. Pop. 5,762. 
 
 Agon, Agon, or Agocn, an island of Sweaen, in 
 the gulf of Bothnia, with a good harbour, long. 
 18. 10. E. lat. 42. 55. N. 
 
 Agosta, an island in the Adriatic sea, near the 
 coast of Dalmatia, 18 in. in circumference, and 
 18, S. W. of the island of Gurzola. Long 17. 
 E. lat. 42. 55. N. 
 
 Agosta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, with 
 an excellent harbour, on the E. coast, 18 miles 
 north of Syracuse. Long. 15. 10. E. lat. 37. 20. N. 
 
 Agra, a city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a 
 province of the same name, with a strong fort. 
 It was once the most splendid of all the Indian 
 cities, and now exhibits the most magnificent 
 ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar 
 made it his capital, and gave his name to it; since 
 which time it is often named Acbarabad. In the 
 17th century, the great Mogul frequently resided 
 here ; hie palace was prodigiously large ; the pal- 
 aces of the omrahs and others are very numerous; 
 and there are above 60 caravanseras, 800 baths, 
 700 mosques, and two magnificent mausoleums. 
 It has since rapidly declined. In the war with 
 the Mahrattas, in 1803, it was taken by the Brit- 
 ish. It stands on the right bank of the Jumna, a 
 branch of the Ganges, 100 m. S. by E. of Dehli 
 Long. 73. 30. E. lat. 27. 16. N. 
 
 Agram or Zagrab, a strong town of Croatia, 
 capital of the county of Zagrab, and a bishop's see; 
 seated on the Save, 27. m. N. E. of Carlstadt. 
 Long. 16. 18. E. lat. 45. 48. N. 
 
 Agria, a town of Upper Hungary, and a 
 bishop's see, with a citadel. It was besieged by 
 the Turks, in 1552, with 70,000 men ; they lost 
 8,000 men in one day, and were obliged to raise 
 the siege, though the garrison consisted only of 
 2,000 Hungarians, assisted by the women, who 
 performed wonders on this occasion. It is seated 
 on the Ao-ra, 47 m. N. E. of Buda. Long. 20. 10, 
 E. lat. 48. 10. N. 
 
 Agrigan, or Island of Xavier, one of the La- 
 drone islands, 43 m. in compass, and has several 
 volcanic mountains. Long. 146. 0. E. lat. 19.40. N. 
 
 Aguas Calientes, a city in the province ofGua— 
 dalaxara, Mexico, it is situate nbnut 250 m. N. N. 
 W. of the city of Mexico on me direct route to 
 Santa Fe, and is noted for its warm springs. 
 
 Agulhas Cape, the most southern point of 
 Africa, 13 leagues E. S. E. of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Long. 20. 18. E. lat. 34. 55. S. 
 
 Ahanta, a district on the Gold Coast, Africa 
 Axim, the chief town, is on the coast in 4.57. N 
 lat. 2. 55. W. long. Dixcove and Secondee are 
 other stations on the coast through which con- 
 siderable traffic is carried on with the inland parts. 
 
 Ahascragh, a town in the Co. of Galway, Ire- 
 land, containing 600 inhab. and the parish 4,240. 
 
 Ahmedahad. See Amedabad. 
 
 Ahmednagtir. See Amednagur. 
 
 Altmcdporc, a town in the province of Onssa t 
 Hindoostan. 34 miles S. from Cuttack. 
 
 Ahoghill,a. populous parish in the Co. of Antrim*, 
 Ireland. Pop. in 1321, 18,120; there is a town ot 
 the same name. Pop. only 370. Portgl'enone 
 town with 618 inhab. Ballykennedy, Culley- 
 backy, and Galgorrm, villages; total pop. 7§f> 
 are all included ir> the parish. 
 
 Ajaccio, a seaport of Corsica, capital of the de>- 
 partment of Liamone, and a bishop's see This is 
 the birth-place of Napoleon Bonaparte. It stands. 
 b-2 
 
AIR 
 
 18 
 
 AIX 
 
 nn the west side of the island, on a point of land 
 that juts into the gulf, 160 m. S. E. of Toulon. 
 Long. 8. 43. E lat. 41. 56. N. 
 
 Ajan or Jljen, a country on the eastern coast of 
 Africa, extending from Magodoxa to Cape Guar- 
 dafui, 1,500 leagues. It is divided into several 
 states or kingdoms ; the principal of which are 
 Add and Magadoxa. The south coast of Ajan is 
 sandy and barren, but to the N. it is more fertile. 
 The kincrrf of Ajan are frequently at war with 
 the emperor of Abyssinia, and sell the prisoners 
 which they take. Ivory, gold, and horses of an 
 excellent breed, are the articles of trade. 
 
 Ajazzo, Alas or Ajasso, a seaport of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Syria, seated on the Mediterranean on 
 the site of the ancient Issus, where Alexander 
 fought his second battle with Darius. It is 30 m. 
 S. of Antioch, and 40 W. Aleppo. Long. 36. 10. 
 E. lat. 36. 0. N. 
 
 Aich or Aichach, a town of Bavaria, with a cas- 
 tle, seated on the Par. 18 m. S. of Neuberg. 
 
 Aichstadt.a town of Franconia in Bavaria. In the 
 church is a piece of curious workmanship, called 
 the Sun of the Holy Sacrament, which is of 
 massy gold, enriched with diamonds, pearls, ru- 
 bies," and other precious stones. It is seated on 
 the Altmuhl, 40 m. S. by E. of Nuremburg. 
 Long. 11. 10. E. lat. 48. 50. "N. 
 
 Aid, t. Lawrence Co. Ohio. 
 
 Aidat, the principal seaport of Nubia, seated on 
 a mountain, on the coast of the Red sea. It has 
 a trade in ebony, and aromatic plants. Long. 35. 
 57. E. lat. 22. 20. N. 
 
 Aigen, a town of Austria, on the confines of 
 Bohemia. 24 m. N. W. of Steyre. 
 
 Aigle, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Vaud. All the houses, even the meanest, are built 
 of white marble, found in the neighbourhood. It 
 is seated near the Rhone, 6 m. from its entrance 
 into the lake of Geneva. 
 
 Aigle, a town of France, in the department of 
 OrneT, 47 m. S. W. of Rouen. 
 
 Aignan, St. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Loire and Cher, on the river Cher, 24 m. 
 S. by E. of Blois. 
 
 Ailah, a town of Arabia Petrea, at the head of 
 an inlet of the Red sea, 108 m. E. S. E. of Suez. 
 Long. 34. 10. E. lat. 29. 10. N. 
 
 Aulij, a town of France, in the department of 
 Somme, 9 in. S. S. E. of Amiens. 
 
 Ailsa, an insulated rock, in the frith of Clyde, 
 off the coast of Ayreshire, Scotland, its base is 2 
 m. in circumference. It consists of a stupendous 
 assemblage of precipitous cliffs, rising in a pyra- 
 midial series, 900 ft. high, accessible on the N. E. 
 It affords refuge to an immense number of sea- 
 fowl, and is well stocked with rabbits. The ruins 
 of a chapel and of a castle, are still seen; and 
 near the latter is a spring of fresh water. It 
 gives the title of Baron of the United Kingdom, 
 to the family of Kennedy, Earls of Cassillis, in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ain, a department of France, which takes its 
 name from the river, bounded on the N. E. and 
 S. by the departments of Jura, Mont Blanc, 
 and Isere, and on the W. by those of the Rhone 
 and the Loire, and Saone and Loire. Bourg is the 
 capital. 
 
 Airdric, a town in the parish of New Monk- 
 land, Co. of Lanark, Scotland. It has an iron 
 foundry, and a considerable trade in the distilla- 
 tion of malt spirits. It is 10 m. E. of Glasgow, 
 on the direct road to Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 
 4,860, and of the parish, 7,362. 
 
 Aire, a town of France, in the department of 
 Landes, seated on the side of a mountain, on the 
 river Adour, 65 m. S. of Bourdeaux. Lone. 0. 
 10. E. lat. 43. 42. N. 
 
 Aire, a town of France, in the department ot 
 Pas de Calais. It communicates witli St. Omer, 
 by a canal, 22 m. S. of Dunkirk. Lono-. 2. 24. 
 E. lat. 30. 42. 
 
 Aire, a river in Yorkshire, which issues from 
 a lake on Malham moor, near Settle, flows by 
 Skipton, Keighley, Leeds, and Snaith,and enters 
 the Ouse, below Howden. 
 
 Aisne, a department of France, including the 
 territories of Soissonnois and Vermandois. It 
 takes its name from a river which runs by Sois- 
 sons, and enters the Oise, above Compiegne. It 
 was overrun by the allied armies in 1814. and was 
 the scene of several obstinate and bloody bat- 
 tles fought between the allies and French, in the 
 months of February and March, of the same year. 
 Laon is the capital. 
 
 Aix, an ancient city of France, capital of the 
 department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and an 
 archbishop's see. It was founded by C. S. Cal- 
 vinus, a Roman General, 120 B. C. and was 
 formerly the capital of Provence, when it had a 
 parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there 
 are hot baths near the river Arc, accidentally 
 discovered in 1704, but several medals and other 
 antiques, dug up at that time, confirm the baths 
 being known to the Romans. It is 75 m. E of 
 Montpelier. Long. 5. 27. E. lat. 43. 32. N. 
 
 Aix, a town of Savoy, on the lake Bourget. 
 Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It ia 
 12 m. N. by E. of Chamberry. 
 
 Aix, a small island of France, between the isle 
 of Oleron and the Continent. It is 12 m. N. W. 
 of Rochfort. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 46. 5. N. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, a city of Prussia in the grand 
 duchy of the lower Rhine, lately an imperial ci- 
 ty of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers. Charle- 
 magne was so delighted with the beauty of 
 the place, that he chose it for his residence; he 
 is interred in the church of Notre Dame, where 
 they keep his sword and belt. It is seated in a 
 bottom, surrounded by mountains, 22 m. N. E. of 
 Leige. Long. 5. 54. E. lat. 50. 52. N. Pop. 33, 
 000. 
 
 The population of the town, during the period 
 of its prosperity, was estimated at upwards of 
 100,000, mostly supported by their native manu- 
 factures, which were carried on to a considerable 
 extent; being chiefly in woolen cloths, needle- 
 works, Prussian blue, white soap, needles, and 
 pins. The impolitic selfishness of the trading 
 guilds or corporations has been a great check up- 
 on manufacturing industry, and the population 
 has proportionally decreased. The two last-nam 
 ed branches of manufacture are, however, stiii 
 carried on with much spirit. 
 
 The town consists of two parts : the inner, about 
 three quarters of a league in circumference, and 
 flanked with ten towers, of which Charlemagne 
 is said to be, if not the founder, the great, improv- 
 er ; and the outer, by which the former has been 
 surrounded. The latter has eight gates, is about 
 two leagues in circuit, and is built partly of brick 
 and partly of a blue stone raised from a quarry at 
 some distance. There are upwards of seventy 
 streets; some handsome, and adorned with fine 
 houses. Though no large river approaches the 
 town, it is abundantly supplied from three streams 
 which flow through it, the Pau, the Paunelle, 
 and the Johannis whose waters are found fully 
 
AIX 
 
 in 
 
 ALA 
 
 sufficient for the manufacturing and domestic 
 demands of the inhabitants. 
 
 The town hall is chiefly remarkable for two an- 
 cient towers, the erection of one of which is at- 
 tributed to the Romans ; and for a spacious hall 
 measuring 1G2 feet by 60, in which the emperor 
 dined on the day of his coronation. A picture 
 representing the congress of 1748 is to be seen in 
 this building ; the portraits of all the members of 
 the congress having been painted at the request 
 of the town magistrates. It contains also sever- 
 al portraits of Charlemagne, and statues of all 
 the emperors since his time. Opposite to this 
 building is an antique fountain, on the top of 
 which is a statue of the same emperor, in copper 
 gilt, holding in his right hand a sceptre and in 
 his left a globe. 
 
 The choir of the great church, in which the 
 ceremonial of the coronation took place, is a high- 
 ly admired piece of Gothic architecture, enriched 
 with some exquisitely wrought pieces of tapestry. 
 In it is also the tomb of the emperor Otho. The 
 pulpit is richly ornamented with gold and pre- 
 cious stones. The remains of the great benefac- 
 tor of the town, so often mentioned already, were 
 deposited in a tomb covered with a plain black 
 slab, under the centre of the dome, and marked 
 with the simple inscription " Caroi.o Magno." 
 On the tomb being opened by Otho III., the body 
 of the monarch was found seated in a chair of 
 marble, dressed in his robes and adorned with the 
 insignia of royalty. These were taken awa}^, to 
 je used in subsequent coronations. The tomb'was 
 again opened by Frederick I., and placed in an 
 antique sarcophagus, which was carried off by 
 the French on account of its singular beauty, and 
 lodged in the Louvre at Paris ; but it has since 
 been restored. The church is also much frequen- 
 ted on account of the numerous relics deposited 
 in it. The person in whose custody they are, 
 furnishes the curious visitant with a long list of 
 the particulars connected with each : they are 
 carefully preserved ; and many of them richly 
 embellished with precious stones, and enclosed 
 in costly cabinets. On the advance of the French 
 army, after the Revolution, all the relics were re- 
 moved into the interior of Germany, and placed 
 under the special custody of the emperor. They 
 have since been restored to their ancient abode, 
 with the exception of the sword of Charlemagne, 
 some earth steeped with the blood of Stephen the 
 first martyr, and a copy of the gospels in golden 
 letters, which the emperor retained as a recom- 
 pense for his trouble in taking care of the others. 
 The church of St. Nicholas has some fine paint- 
 ings. 
 
 Near the town is the hill of Louisburg, which 
 commands a fine view of it and of the adjacent 
 country. On its summit was an obelisk, erected 
 in honour of Napoleon. After his flight from 
 Russia it was thrown down by the Cossacks, in 
 hopes of coming at the coins buried beneath. It 
 has been restored by the king of Prussia ; the in- 
 scriptions in praise of Napoleon being changed to 
 others commemorating his reverses and down- 
 fall. 
 
 But the peculiar characteristics of Aix, which 
 chiefly attract strangers and secure its prosperity, 
 are its warm baths, which have been long in the 
 highest repute for scrofulous and cutaneous dis- 
 eases, and also for the removal of visceral ob- 
 structions and diseases arising from a derange- 
 ment in the organs of digestion. Their analysis 
 shows that they contain carbonate and muriate of 
 
 soda and carbonate of lime : they are extremely 
 nauseous ; though habit, arising from a conviction 
 of their utility, renders them at length somewhat 
 palatable. These waters near the sources are 
 clear and pellucid, with a strong sulphureous 
 smell resembling the washings of afoul gun ; but 
 they lose this smell by exposure to the air. Their 
 taste is saline and bitter. They do not contain 
 iron. They are also neutral near the fountain ; 
 but afterwards are manifestly and pretty strongly 
 alkaline, insomuch that clothes are washed in 
 them without soap. The accounts of different 
 writers as to the height of their temperature are 
 various ; ranging, however, from 136. to J 46. of 
 Fahrenheit. The baths are seven in number, 
 arising from five springs, called the Imperial, the 
 Cornelius, the Quirinus, the Small, and the Rose : 
 the two first named are deemed the most effica- 
 cious. Besides these, there is a cold spring called 
 Campasbad : though weaker, and therefore less 
 efficacious, it is frequented by many, on account 
 of its lower temperature and its less disagreeable 
 taste. The poorer classes also use it. The reve- 
 nues of the town arise in part from the farming 
 of these springs. 
 
 Like other watering places, Aix is resorted to 
 for pleasure as well as for health. A suite of 
 apartments called the Redoubte is laid out as a 
 place of promenade and refreshment, together 
 with a saloon for balls and evening entertainments. 
 
 The charitable institutions are, an hospital for 
 the diseased, another for orphans, another for in- 
 curables, an institution for the maintenance of 
 the poor who come to the waters, and a school 
 for the education of the poor, with a house of 
 refuge for the indigent : both these last were 
 founded by the empress Josephine. 
 
 Aizenay, a town of France, 29 m. S. of Nantes. 
 
 Akerman. See Bielgorod. 
 
 Akissat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 the ancient Thyatira, built in a fine plain above 
 17 miles wide, which produces corn and cotton. 
 It is seated on the river Hermits, 50 m. S. E. of 
 Pergamo. Long. 28. 30. E. lat. 38. 48. N. 
 
 Akron, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. It is situated on the Ohio canal. 
 
 Akshehr, a town in Caramania, on the confines 
 of Natolia, about 250 m. E. of Smyrna, to which 
 place it sends considerable supplies of wool, fine 
 carpets, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls. 
 
 Alabama, one of the United States of America, 
 1 ying between 30. 12. and 35. N. lat. and 85. and 
 83. 30. W. long. ; bounded N. by Tennessee, E. 
 by Georgia, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and W. by Mississippi ; having a length of 280 
 and a breadth of 160 m. and containing an 
 area of 46,000 sq. m. It is divided into 36 
 counties, and is watered by the Tennessee, the 
 Chatahoochee, the Alabama and Tombeckbee,and 
 has in the south the seaports of Mobile and 
 Blakeley. Population 308,997, of whom 117,294 
 are slaves. Tuscaloosa is the seat of government. 
 Alabama was originally a part of the Mississippi 
 Territory, but was erected into a separate territo- 
 rial government in 1817, and into a State in 1819. 
 The Cherokees and Creeks occupy the northern 
 parts. 
 
 The soil, with the exception of the alluvial 
 tracts on Mobile river, is generally a pine barren. 
 The surface is mostly hilly and broken. In the 
 north it is mountainous, and in this region begins 
 the great Apalachian chain. The central part is 
 undulating. Toward the south, within 50 or 60 
 miles of Florida, the swamps are for the most part 
 
ALA 
 
 21) 
 
 ALB 
 
 covered with cypress and gum trees, and the up- 
 lands with long leaved pine. These pine swells 
 and levels have a very thin soil, with a substra- 
 tum of clay. They produce without the aid of 
 manure, two or three crops of maize and one or 
 two of cotton. Among the pine grows a rank 
 grass furnishing a fine and inexhaustible summer 
 Feed. The alluvions on the Alabama and Tom- 
 beckbee rivers are generally wide and first rate 
 tands. and this species of soil on all the streams 
 is generally productive. The hammock lands 
 constitute an intermediate belt between the bot- 
 toms and pins ridges. They generally have a 
 slope like a glacis. In the best lands, no pines 
 are to be seen. In second rate land, they are 
 intermixed with dogwood, hickory and oak. 
 Along the southern limit the soil is thin, and the 
 unvarying verdure of the pine, beautiful as it is 
 in itself, tires by its uniformity. On the head 
 waters of the Eseambia and Conecuh, are groves 
 of orange trees. On approaching Florida, the 
 swamps become more and more extensive. Cy- 
 press lands are abundant. On the alluvial ground 
 which is not inundated, is large and rank cane. 
 In these drowned regions the moschetoes are very 
 annoying. In going toward the central part of 
 the State, the lands become high and broken, and 
 the pines less frequent; oak, hickory and poplar 
 succeed. 
 
 The climate generally is favourable to health 
 compared with the southern country in the same 
 parallels. The lower part of the State is con- 
 stantly fanned during the summer heats, by the 
 trade wind. There is hardly such a season as 
 winter, yet the summers are not hotter than many 
 degrees farther N. In the northern parts, the 
 stagnant waters often freeze. In the S. snow or 
 ice is seldom seen. Cattle require no shelter 
 during winter, and maize is planted early in 
 March. 
 
 Cotton is the staple production of Alabama. 
 Sugar, rice and tobacco are also cultivated. Many 
 of the people about Mobile are shepherds, and 
 have large droves of cattle. Swine are raised 
 with great ease where they can be guarded from 
 the wolves, cougars and alligators. The small 
 breed of Indian horses are ugly, but hardy and 
 strong. Alabama exported in 1828. 1,1/4,737 
 dollars value of domestic produce ; and imported 
 merchandize to the amount of 171,909 dollars. 
 
 This State in 1800, had only 2,000 inhabitants. 
 No part of the southern or western country has 
 had a more rapid increase of population. The 
 people began to pay attention to the business of 
 schools and education, though seminaries of learn- 
 ing and literary institutions are rare. The uni- 
 versity of Alabama is at Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Alabama, r. is the eastern branch of the Mobile, 
 and is formed by the junction of the Coosa and 
 Talapoosa. It is navigable by large vessels 100 
 m. above Mobile Bay. Beyond this it affords 
 a good boat navigation 130 m. further. This river 
 gives its name to the State. 
 
 Alaciiua, a prairie in E. Florida, about 70 m. W 
 of St. Augustine. It is level and grassy, but 
 -barren of trees and shrubs. It is 16 m. in length 
 and consists of a sandy soil surrounded with high 
 hills covered with orange trees. 
 
 Aladulia, a maritime province of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, bounded on the S. by the N. E. extremity of 
 the Levant sea. The chief town is Adana. 
 
 Alaman, a town in Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, 9 m. N. E. of Nion. 
 
 Aland,, ft cluster of islands in the Baltic, at the 
 
 entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia. The principal 
 island, from which the rest take their names, is 
 40 m. long, and near ]fi broad ; and is 95 m. N. E. 
 of Stockholm. Pop. about 12,000. Long. 20.28 
 E. lat. 00. 10. N. They were ceded with Fin- 
 land, by Sweden to Russia, in the treaty of 1809. 
 
 Aluis, a town of France, in the department of 
 Gard. It has a citadel, and is seated near the 
 river Gard, at the foot of the Cevennes, 28 m 
 N. W. of Nismes. Long. 2. 54. lat. 44. 8. N. 
 
 Alarcon, a town of Spain, in New Castile. It 
 is seated on the Xucar, 50 m. S. of Cuenca. 
 
 Alatamaha, or Altamaha, a river of Georgia, 
 U. S. formed by the Oakmulgee and Oconee, two 
 longstreai.s which rise in the northern part of 
 the State. It flows into the sea by several mouths 
 at St. Simon's Sound, 00 m. from Savannah. It is 
 navigable 300 in. to Milledgeville on the Oconee, 
 for boats of 30 tons, and including its longest 
 branch is 500 m. in length. Its mouth is barred 
 by a shoal on which there is a depth of 14 feet of 
 water at low tide. 
 
 Alatyr, a town of Russia, on the river Sura, 40 
 m. E. of Kasan. 
 
 Alanta, a river of European Turkey, which ri- 
 ses in the mountains that separate Moldavia, from 
 Transylvania, flows through Wallachia, and en- 
 ters the Danube, near Nicopolis. 
 
 Alba, a town of Piedmont, in Montserrat, and an 
 ancient bishopric. It contains three parochial 
 and three other churches, besides the cathedral, 
 and seven convents. It is seated on the Tanaro, 
 20 m. S. E. of Turin. 
 
 Albania, a maritime province of European Tur- 
 key, 240 m. long, and 60 broad ; bounded on the 
 N. by Dalmatia and Bosnia, E. by Macedonia and 
 Janna, S. by Livadia and W. by the Adriatic and 
 Ionian seas. It produces excellent wines. It 
 was formerly an independent kingdom. Durazzo 
 is the capital. 
 
 Albano, a town of Italy, on a lake of the same 
 name, in Campagna di Roma. The environs 
 produce the best wine in all this country. It is 
 15 m. S. S. E. of Rome. 
 
 Albano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the 
 river, Basiento, 15 m. E. by S. of Potenza. 
 
 Albanopolis, a town of European Turkey, for- 
 merly the capital of Albania, but now a poor 
 place, seated on the Drino, 43 m. E. of Alessio. 
 
 Albans, St., a borough town in Hertfordshire, 
 distinguished in every period of English history. 
 It was once the metropolis of Britain, and on the 
 invasion of the country by the Romans, became 
 one of'their most important stations, they gave it 
 the name of Verulam, and by the privileges con- 
 ferred upon it, so attached the native inhabitants 
 to their interest, as to excite the vengeance of 
 Queen Boadicea, who massacred 70,000 of them, 
 after which she was completely defeated by Sue- 
 tonius Paulinus, the then Roman governor of 
 Britain. St. Albans again became tranquil, and 
 flourished till the Diocletian persecution, about 
 the commencement of the 4th century, when is 
 became distinguished for the martyrdom of its 
 saint, whose name the town at present bears. 
 After this period, St. Albans declined, till in the 
 9th century Offa, king of the Mercians, in expia- 
 tion for his unprovoked murder of St. Ethelberl, 
 king of the East Angles, whom he had invited 
 to his court to be his son-in-law, erected and en- 
 dowed a most magnificent abbey and monastery 
 for Benedictine monks. After this period, St. Al- 
 bans experienced various alternations of fortune 
 till the final dissolution of its monastery in the 
 
ALB 
 
 21 
 
 ALB 
 
 oiarauding and rapacious age of Henry VIII. 
 which led to the demolition of this magnificent 
 establishment, of which the gateway only 
 remains, now used as the borough prison ; ex- 
 cept the abbey church, which was rescued from 
 impending destruction by the inhabitants, who 
 purchased it of the succeeding monarch, Edward 
 VI. for .£400. when it was made parochial ; but 
 was again doomed to a reverse, in being exposed 
 to the plunder and fanaticism of Cromwell, dur- 
 ing- the period of his predominance. It has since 
 been repaired, and many vestiges of its former 
 grandeur still remain. It is one of the largest ec- 
 clesiastical edifices in Europe. There are three 
 other churches, in one of which (St. Michael) is 
 a monument to the memory of the illustrious 
 Francis Bacon, whose analysis and organization 
 of the laws of nature will immortalize his name. St. 
 Albans is governed by a mayor and J 2 aldermen, 
 and returns two members to parliament. Its mar- 
 ket on Saturdays is considerable in grain, &c. and 
 especially for straw-plait, which is brought in by 
 the country people, and bought up for manufac- 
 turing into bonnets in London. The town is sit- 
 uate on the banks of the little river Ver, on 
 which there are two mills for throwing silk. It is 
 21 m. N. of London. 
 
 Albans, St. p.t. capital of Franklin Co. Vt. 23 m. 
 N. Burlington. 
 
 Albans, St. p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30 m. E. N. E. 
 Nor'ridgewock. Pop. 911. 
 
 Albans, St. t. Licking Co. Ohio. Pop. 935. 
 Albany, capital of the state of New York, stands 
 on the W. bank of the Hudson, at nearly the head 
 of tide water, 1G0 m. above New York city, and 
 164 W. of Boston. It is a place of much business and 
 wealth, being situated at the point where the great 
 Erie canal joins the Hudson, and commanding 
 in a manner the whole interior trade of the State. 
 The prosperity of the city has been wonderful 
 »ince the opening of this great channel of in- 
 ternal navigation, and its population has increased 
 .me half within six years. Its first appearance is 
 not prepossessing to a stranger, but the bustle and 
 activity of its business give it an air of great liveli- 
 ness ; while many public and private buildings 
 with which it is adorned, display much taste and 
 elegance. There are many good specimens of the 
 old Dutch architecture in various partaof the city, 
 but its general appearance has been greatly mod- 
 ernized within a few years. The capital is a fine 
 stone edifice upon the brow of a hill overlooking 
 the city, and immediately at the head of State 
 street, a wide and handsome avenue. It is 115 
 feet long and has in front an Ionic portico of 4 
 inagnifi'cent columns, 33 feet in height. The 
 public square adjoining the capitol, is laid out into 
 walks and avenues. North of this building 
 stands the Academy, the most elegant structure 
 in the citv. It is built of freestone and has a 
 front of 90 feet. The State Hall is an ancient 
 building. The Albany, Farmers and Mechanics 
 Banks are handsome edifices of white marble. The 
 City Hall has a gilded dome. The Museum is one 
 of the most splendid structures in the State, and 
 contains a large and valuable collection of curios- 
 ities. The basin where the canal joins the river 
 is formed by a pier 4,300 f. in length and includes 
 an area of 32 acres. Here are stored immense 
 quantities of goods of every description. The city 
 has a library of 8,00C vols., a theatre and 1G 
 churches. A mineral spring has been recently dis- 
 covered here. The neighbourhood is pleasant and 
 the facilities for travelling in everv direction very 
 
 great. Steamboats constantly pass between A) 
 bany and New-York. A railroad extends 15 
 m. to Schenectady ; the Northern Canal brings 
 the waters of Lake Champlain with those of Erie 
 into the bosom of the city, and lines of stages 
 pass to Boston, Saratoga, Utica and many other 
 parts. Albany was founded in 1612, and next to 
 Jamestown is the oldest settlement in the United 
 States. It is governed by a Mayor and a Beard 
 of Aldermen and Assistants. Pop. 24,238. 
 
 Albany, t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. W Paris. 
 Pop. 387. 
 
 Albany, t. Orleans Co. Vt. 34 m. N. Montpeher. 
 Pop. 683. 
 
 Albany, a County of New York. Pop. 53,560 ; 
 its capital is the city of this name. 
 
 Albany, t. Berks Co. Pa. on the S. side of Blue 
 Mountains. 
 
 Albany, New, p.t. Clarke Co. Ind. 642 m. Wash. 
 
 Albany, a river of Upper Canada, which flows 
 
 E. through several small lakes into James's Bay, 
 
 there is a fort of the same name at its mouth. 
 
 Long. 82. W. lat. 52. 14. N. 
 
 Albarazin, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a 
 bishop's see. Its wool is the best in Arragon. It 
 is seated on the Guadalaviar, 100 m. E. of Madrid. 
 Albaccte, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with 
 manufactures in iron and steel ; seated in a fertile 
 country on the post road from Madrid (dis. 40 lea.) 
 to Carthagena, dis. 33 1-2 leag. 
 
 Albazin, a town of Chinese Tartar)', with a for- 
 tress, on the N. side of the Saghalien. Lon. 123. 
 30. E. lat. 53. 0. N. 
 
 Albeck. a town and castle of Suabia, on the river 
 Alb, 5 m. N. by E. ofUlm. 
 
 Albemarle, or Aumale, a town of France, in the 
 department of Lower Seine, with a manufacture 
 of serges and other stuffs, 20 m. S. W. of Dieppe 
 and 32 N. N. W. of Rouen. 
 
 Albemarle, a central Co. of the state of Virginia. 
 Pop. 22,618. Charlottesville is the chief town. 
 
 Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlantic ocean, 
 in N. Carolina, 60 m. long, and from 8 to 12 broad. 
 It is 30 m. N. of Pamlico Sound ; and is unit- 
 ed with Chesapeake bay at Norfolk, by a canal 
 cut through the Dismal Swamp. 
 
 Albenga, a strong seaport on the coast of Genoa, 
 surrounded by olive-trees, 37 m. S. W. of Genoa. 
 Long. 8. 7. E. lat. 44. 6. N. 
 
 Albion, p.t. Kennebeck Co. Me. 91 m. N. E. 
 Portland. Pop. 1,393. 
 
 Albion, p.v. Edwards Co. Illinois. 88 in. S. E. 
 Vandalia. 
 
 Albion, JYetc, a name given by Sir Francis Drake, 
 who explored the coast in 1578, to a country on 
 the W. coast of N. America, extending from the 
 35 to the 48th. degree of N. lat.; but the northern 
 part is now comprehended in the Missouri territo- 
 ry, and the southern in New California. 
 
 Albona, a town of Italy, in Istria, near the gull 
 of Carnero, 16 m. E. by S. of Rovigno. 
 
 Albret, a town of France, in the department of 
 Gironde, 37 m. S. of\Bourdeaux. 
 
 Albufcira, a town on the S. coast of Algarva, 
 Portugal; pop. about 2,000. Also a town of Va- 
 lencia, Spain, on the sea coast. 
 
 Albuquerque, a town of Spain, in Estremaduia, 
 with a strong castle. It has a considerable trade in 
 wool and cloth, and is 18 m. N. N. W. of Badajoz. 
 Also a town on the Rio del Norte, a few miles S 
 of Santa Fe, Mexico. There is also a village of 
 the same name in the province of Puebla, Mex- 
 ico. 
 
 Albvrgh, p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vt \i\ the S. W 
 
am; 
 
 22 
 
 ALE 
 
 i-orner of the state, surrounded by water on all 
 sides but the IS 1 . Pop. 1,239. 
 
 Alby or Albi, an ancient city of France, in the 
 department of Tarn, seated on the river of that 
 name. It is the chief city of the Albigeois, and 
 was formerly the see of an archbishop. The ca- 
 thedral was dedicated to St. Cecilia, and before the 
 revolution, was ornamented with a valuable silver 
 shrine, of exquisite workmanship, of the Mosaic 
 kind, and contained the relies of St. Clair, the 
 first bishop of this city. The chapel of this saint 
 is a magnificent building-, adorned with paintings. 
 Alby has manufactures of both linens and wool- 
 ens, and four gates, which open into beautiful 
 and fruitful plains. 
 
 Alcala de Henares, a beautiful and extensive city 
 of Spain, in New Castile, seated upon the river 
 Henares. The university, which had gone to de- 
 cay, was re-established in 1494, by Cardinal Fran- 
 cis Ximenes ; at whose charge and under whose 
 direction, the first polyglot bible was printed in 
 this town. Without the walls is a spring, the 
 water of which is so pure and well tasted, that it 
 is inclosed for the king of Spain's own use, from 
 whence it is carried to Madrid. It is 11 miles S. 
 W. of Guadalaxara, and 15 N. E. of Madrid. 
 
 Alcala la Real, a city of Spai... with a fine abbey, 
 situate on the summit of the Sierra de Granada, 
 on the high road from Madrid to Granada, from 
 which it is distant 18 m. and 190 from Madrid. 
 
 Alcala de Guadayra,o. town of Spain, dis. 6. m. 
 from Seville on the road to Madrid. 
 
 Alcama, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazaro. 25 
 m. S. W. of Palermo. 
 
 Alcaniz, a town of Arragon, in Spain. It was 
 formerly the capital of the kingdom of the Moors. 
 It has a remarkable fountain, which throws up 
 water, through 42 pipes. It is seated on the 
 river Bergantes, 12 m. from Caspe. 
 
 Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, and the chief place of the knights of 
 that name. It has a celebrated stone bridge over 
 the Tejo, or Tagus, built in the. time of Trajan. 
 It was taken by the earl of Galway, in 170C, but 
 retaken the same year. It is situate on the high 
 post road from Badajos to Ciudad Rodrigo. 
 
 Alcantara, or Alcantarilla, a town of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, near the river Guadalquivir. Here is 
 a bridge built by the Romans to pass the marshes 
 formed by the river. It is 14 m. S. of Seville. 
 
 Alcantara,, a town of Portugal, near Lisbon, 
 having a roval palace. There is also a town of 
 the same name in Brazil, in the province of 
 Maranham. 
 
 Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with 
 a strong castle, and a remarkable ancient aqueduct. 
 It is situate near the source of the Guadalquivir. 80 
 m. E. by S. of Calatrava. Long. 2. 20. W. E. lat. 
 38. 28. N. 
 
 Alcaraz or Alcarraz, a town of Arragon, Spain, 
 2 leagues from Lerida. on the road to Madrid. 
 
 Alcazar de Sal, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura. Fine white salt is made here. It is seated 
 on the Cadoan, 15 m. from the sea, and 35 S. E. 
 of Lisbon. Long. 9. 5. W. lat. 38. 18. N. 
 
 Alcazar Qi/iber, a town of the kingdom of Fez. 
 near which Sebastian, king of Portugal, lost his 
 life in a battle with the Moors, in 1578. It is seated 
 on the Lucos, 36 m. S. of Tangier. 
 
 Alcazar Segttar, a town of the kingdom of Fez, 
 on the strait of Gibraltar. It was taken by Al- 
 phonso, king of Portugal, in 1468, but soon after 
 abandoned. It is 14 m. E. of Tangier. 
 
 Alcestcr, or Alnccster. a market town in War- 
 
 wickshire. Many Roman coins, bricks, &c. have 
 been found near it, and the Icknild street passe9 
 through the town. It has a manufacture of need- 
 les, and is situate at the confluence of the Alne 
 with the Arrow, 14 m. W. S. W. of Warwick, and 
 103 N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday. 
 
 Alcmacr or Alkmaer, a city of North Holland. 
 It is a handsome city and one of the cleanest in 
 Holland. The streets and houses are extreinelj 
 neat and regular, and the public buildings 
 very beautiful. The Spaniards, under Frederick 
 of Toledo, besieged it after they had taken 
 Haerlem, in 1578 ; but were forced to raise 
 the siege, after lying before it three months, it 
 opened its gates to the British troops in 1799, after 
 the second battle near Bergen ; and here the trea- 
 ty for the evacuation of Holland by the invaders, 
 was afterwards concluded. It is recorded in the 
 register of this city, that in the year 1639, 120 
 tulips, with the off-sets, sold for 90,000 florins ; 
 and in particular, that one of them called the ]'ice- 
 roy sold for 4,203 guilders ! The States at last put 
 a stop to this extravagant and ruinous passion for 
 flowers. The town has a good trade in butter and 
 cheese, which is esteemed the best in Holland. 
 It is about 4 m. from the sea, 15 from Haerlem, 
 and 20 N. from Amsterdam. 
 
 Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, in Algarves, with 
 a strong castle, seated on an island in the Guadia- 
 na, opposite to San Lucar, 16 m. from the entrance 
 of the Guadiana into the Gulf of Cadiz, 22 N. N. E. 
 of Tavira. 
 
 Alcudia, a town of Majorca, situate on the N. E. 
 coast, between two large harbours. Lono-. 3. 0. E. 
 lat. 39. 50. N. 
 
 Aldborough, a borough, returning 2 members to 
 parliament, and sea-port, in Suffolk, with a market 
 on Wednesday and Saturday ; pleasantly seated. in 
 the Aide, between a high hill and the sea ; and the 
 harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town 
 was formerly much larger ; but the sea has taken 
 away whole streets. It is 40 m. E. of Bury, and 
 94 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,212. 
 
 Aldborovgh, a borough in the West Ridmg of 
 Yorkshire, returning 2 members to parliament. 
 Here are many remains of Roman works. It is 15 
 m. N. E. of York, and 208 N. by W. of London. 
 Pop. 484. 
 
 Aldenburg, a town of Westphalia, 20 m. E. S. E. 
 of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Alderbury, a town in Wiltshire, on a hill near 
 the Avon, 3 m. from Salisbury. It has a manufac- 
 ture of fustians. By a fire in 1777, 200 houses 
 were destroyed. 
 
 Alderholm, an island in Sweden, formed by the 
 three arms of the river Gefie.in the Gulf of Both- 
 nia. It has a considerable trade in planks and 
 deals. It is 80 m. N. of Stockholm. 
 
 Aldcrney, an island in the English channel, 8 m. 
 in circumference, separated from France by a 
 strait called the Race of Alderney, which is a dan- 
 gerous passage, on account of the rocks under 
 water. It is fertile in corn and pasture ; and is cele- 
 brated for a breed of small cattle, which yield on 
 abundance of very rich milk. There is a 
 town of the same name. Long. 2. 12. W. lat. 49. 
 45. N. 
 
 Aldstonc. See Alston-Moor. 
 
 Alegre, a town of France, in the department of 
 Upper Loire, 16 m. S. E. of Brioude. 
 
 Alemtejo, the largest, in its superficies, of the 6 
 provinces of Portugal, bounded on the north by 
 the Tagus. and south by the ancient kingdom nf 
 A.lgarva. Its superficial extent is 883 French 
 
ALL 
 
 Ai.L 
 
 !ea<njf>3, and the population, in 1800, was 380,480. 
 Evora is the capital. 
 
 Alencon, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Orne. Its manufacture of lace is 
 considerable. Near it are stone quarries in which 
 are found a sort of crystal like Bristol stones. 
 It is seated on the Sarte, which divides the de- 
 partments of L'Orne and La Sarte, 30 m. N. by W. 
 of Lemans, and 87 W. S. W. of Paris. 
 
 Aleppo, the capital of Syria, and next to Con- 
 stantinople and Cairo, the most considerable city 
 in the Turkish empire. It stands on 8 hills, in 
 the middle of a fruitful plain, and is of an oval 
 figure. The castle is on the highest hill, in the 
 centre of the city ; and the houses are better than 
 in other places in Turkey. As usual in the East, 
 they consist of a large court, with a dead wall to 
 the street, an arcade running round it, paved 
 with marble, and a marble fountain in the middle. 
 The streets are narrow, but well paved with large 
 square stones, and kept very clean. Here arc 
 many stately mosques and caravanseras, fountains 
 and reservoirs of water, and vineyards and gar- 
 dens. The water in the wells is brackish, but 
 good water is brought from some springs about 
 five miles off, by an aqueduct, said to have been 
 built by the empress Helena. The Christians 
 have their houses and churches in the suburbs 
 and carry on a considerable trade in silks, camlets, 
 and leather. Large caravans frequently arrive 
 from Bagdad and Bassorah, charged with the pro- 
 ducts of Persia and India. 
 
 Several European nations have factories here, 
 and the merchants live in greater splendour and 
 safety than in any other city in the Turkish empire. 
 Coaches are not used here, but persons of quality 
 ride on horseback, with a number of servants be- 
 fore them, according to their rank. Aleppo and its 
 suburbs are 7 m. in compass. An old wall, and a 
 broad ditch, now in many places turned into gar- 
 dens, surround the city, which was estimated bv 
 Dr. Russel to contain 230,000 inhab., of whom '■'• . 
 000 were Christians, and 5,000 Jews; hut at present 
 according to Mr. Eton, it does not contain more 
 than 50,000, which depopulation, occasioned chief- 
 ly by the plague, has taken place since 1770 ; 
 whole streets being uninhabited and bazars aban- 
 doned. All the inhabitants of both sexes smoke 
 tobacco to great excess ; even the very servants 
 have almost constantly a pipe in their mouths. 
 Eighteen miles S. E. of Aleppo is a large plain, 
 bounded by low rocky hills, called the Valley 
 of Salt : this is overflowed in winter, and in April, 
 the water being soon evaporated by the sun, 
 leaves a cake of salt, in some places half an inch 
 thick, which is sufficient to supply all this part 
 of the country. Aleppo is seated on a rivulet, 70 
 miles S. E. of Alexandretta, or Scanderoon. and 
 150 N. of Damascus. Long. 37. 16. E. lat. 35. 
 40. N. It suffered greatly by a succession of 
 earthquakes in 1822. 
 
 Aleppo, t. Green Co. Pa. 
 
 Alden, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 287 m. W. Albany. 
 Pop. 1,257. 
 
 Alessano, a town of Naples, near the extremity 
 of the promontory of the Terra d' Otranto, 15 
 m. S. W. of Otranto. 
 
 Alessio, a town of European Turkey, in Dal- 
 matia, and a bishop's see, seated on the Drino, 
 near its entrance into the Adriatic Sea. 20 m. S. 
 of Scutari. Long. 19. 30. E. lat. 41. 53. N. 
 
 Aleutian Islands. See Archipelago, Northern. 
 
 Alet, a town of France, in the department of 
 Aude, lately an episcopal see. It is noted for its 
 
 baths, and stands near the Pyrenees, on the rivet 
 Auda, 15 m. S. by W. of Carcassone. 
 
 Alexander, p.t. Athens Co. Ohio, 75 m. S. E. 
 Columbus. This township and Athens belong to 
 the Ohio University. 
 
 Alexandersville, p.t. in Miami township, Mont- 
 gomery Co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 75 m. S. 
 W. Columbus. The Miami canal runs through 
 this town. 
 
 Alexander, a Co. of the state of Illinois, at its 
 southern extremity, bounded ou the east by the 
 Ohio river to the point where it unites with the 
 Mississippi, which bounds on the county on the 
 west. Pop. 1,390. America is the chief town. 
 
 Alexander, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 334. 
 
 Alexander, a County of Illinois. Pop. 1,390. 
 
 Alexander, p.t. Geneesee Co. N. Y. 18 m. S. 
 Batavia. Pop. 2,331. 
 
 Alexanders, p.v. York Dis. S. C. 441 m. Wash. 
 
 Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, a town of Syria, on 
 the Mediterranean sea, and the port of Aleppo. 
 It is now a poor place, the tombs being more nu- 
 merous than the houses. It is GO m. N. W. of 
 Aleppo. Long. 36. 15. E. lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Alexandria, or Alessandria; a considerable and 
 strong city of Italy, in the Milanese, with a good 
 castle, built in 1178, in honour of Pope Alexan- 
 der III. It was taken in 1706, by prince Eugene ; 
 in 1746, by the French, but retaken in 1749, by 
 the king of Sardinia. The French again took it 
 in 1798, but were driven out by the Austro-Rus- 
 sian army in 1799 ; it was delivered up to the 
 French after the celebrated battle of Marengo, in 
 1800, but reverted to the dominion of Austria, 
 after the peace of Paris in 1815. It is 15 m. S. 
 E. of Casal, 35. N. W. of Genoa, and 40. S. by 
 W. of Milan. 
 
 Alexandria, a celebrated city of Egypt, now 
 much decayed, though there are still some re- 
 mains of its ancient splendor, particularly an obe- 
 lisk full of hieroglyphics, called Cleopatra's Nee- 
 dle ; and Pompey's Pillar, which is one entire 
 piece of granite, 70 ft. high, and 25 in circumfer- 
 ence. The ancient Pharos, so famous in antiqui- 
 ty, that it was numbered among the seven won- 
 ders of the world, is now a castle called Pharil- 
 lon, and still used to direct vessels into the har- 
 bour. From the harbour is a canal to the west 
 branch of the Nile, at Rhamanie. This city was 
 built by Alexander the Great, and now consists 
 chiefly of one long street, facing the harbour, the 
 rest being a heap of ruins : part of the walls are 
 standing, with great square towers, 200 paces dis- 
 tant ; and the gates are of Thebaic and granite 
 marble. It was formerly a place of great trade, 
 all the treasures of the East Indies being deposi- 
 ted there, before the discovery of the route by the 
 Cape of Good Hope. It is subject to the grand 
 seignior who, however, has but a limited authority. 
 Alexandria was taken by the French, under Bona- 
 parte, in 1798; and taken from them by the Eng- 
 lish in 1801. It surrendered to the English in 
 1807, but was soon after evacuated. It is seated 
 on the Mediterranean, 125 m. N. W. of Cairo. 
 Long. 30. 16. E. 31. 11. N. 
 
 Alexandria, t. Grafton Co. N. Hampshire, 70 
 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 1,083. 
 
 Alexandria, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 172. m. N 
 W. Albany. Pop. 1,523. 
 
 Alexandria, t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela- 
 ware, 15 m. S. E. Easton. 
 
 Alexandria, p.t. Huntington Co. Pa. 192 m. N 
 W. Philad. 
 
 Alexandria, a city and port of entry in the 
 
ALC 
 
 24 
 
 ALG 
 
 I )'iEtnct oJ CoJumDia, on the W. bank of the Po- 
 tomac, 6 miles below Washington. It is a place 
 of some business and fashionable resort during 
 the session of Congress, and contains some fine 
 buildings, but the neighbourhood has a poor soil, 
 and is thinly inhabited. The river here is a mile 
 wide and the water in the channel 30 feet in depth, 
 but notwithstanding the commercial advantages 
 within her reach, Alexandria has not increased 
 much of late. The city is regularly built, and the 
 streets are clean and well paved. The trade is 
 chiefly in flour. The shipping in 1821 amounted 
 to 25,287 tons. Here is a Theological Semina- 
 ry. Pop. 8,263. 
 
 Alexandria, Neic, p.t. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 266 m. Wash. 
 
 Alexandria, p.t. capital of the Parish of Ra- 
 pides, Lou. on the Red River, 70 m. above the 
 Mississippi in a straight line. It is situated in a 
 beautiful plain. Steamboats ascend the river to 
 this place, and vast quantities of cotton are ex- 
 ported from it. The surrounding country is 
 very rich. 
 
 Alexandria, p.t. Smith Co. Lou. 29 m. N. E. 
 Murfreesborough. : 
 
 Alexandria, t. in Washington township, Scioto 
 Co. Ohio : 90 m. S. Columbus. 
 
 Alexandria, a Co. of the district of Columbia. 
 Pop. 9,608. 
 
 Alexandriana, p.v. Mecklenburg Co. N. C. 454 
 m. Wash. 
 
 Alfayates, a town of Portugal, in Reira, defend- 
 ed by a wall and castle, ft is 150 m. N. E. of 
 Lisbon. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 40. 9. N. 
 
 Alfeizerao,a. town of Portugal, on the sea side, 
 72. m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 9. 15. W. lat. 39. 
 30. N. 
 
 Alfcld, a town of Lower Saxony, 15 m. S. S. 
 W. of Hildesheim. 
 
 Alford, a town in Linconshire, Eng. with a mar- 
 ket on Tuesday, seated on a brook, 9 m. from the 
 sea, 25 N. of Boston. 140 of London. Pop. 1,506. 
 
 Alford, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire. 
 This parish is rendered memorable by a battle 
 fought here, wherein the marquis of Montrose de- 
 feated general Baillie and a party of the Covenant- 
 ers, on the 2d July 1645 ; and there was lately dis- 
 covered in one of the mosses a man in armour on 
 horseback, supposed to have been drowned in at- 
 temping to escape. 
 
 Alfordstown, p.t. capital of Moore Co. N. C. 30 
 m. N. W. Fayetteville. 
 
 Alfordsville, p.t. Roberson Co. N. C. 108 m. S. 
 W. Raleigh. 
 
 Alfred, p.t. York Co. Me. 88 m. N. E. Boston. 
 Pop. 1 ,453. 
 
 Alfred, p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,416. 
 
 Alfred, p.t. Glengary Co. Upper Canada, on 
 the Ottawa. 
 
 Alfretnn, a town in Derbyshire, with a market 
 on Monday. Here are manufactures of stockino-s 
 and brown earthenware, and 2 iron works. It is 
 seated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Derbv,and 142 N. N. 
 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,689. 
 
 Algagliola, a small fortified sea-port on the N. 
 W. coast of Corsica, at the mouth of the Aregno, 
 28 m. W. by S. ofBastia. 
 
 Algarra, or Algarvcs, a province, of Portugal. 
 Its superficies is 232 sq. leagues, and in 1800 con- 
 tained 127,600 inhabitants. It forms the S. ex- 
 tremity of Portugal. Lagos, Faro, and Tavira, all 
 on the S. coast are the chief towns. It is fertile 
 in figs, oranges, almonds, dates, olives, and excel- 
 lent wine. 
 
 Algesiras, a fortified town of Andalusia, Spain, 
 situate on the coast W. of the Bay of Gibraltar 
 
 Algiers, a country of Barbary, comprehending 
 the ancient Numidia, and part of Mauritania. 
 It is 600 m. from E. to W. and 170 in breadth , 
 bounded on the E. by Tunis, N. by the Mediter- 
 ranean, S. by Mount Atlas, and W. by Morocco. 
 Mineral springs and waters are met with in many 
 places, and several of the chains of mountains 
 contain lead and copper. In the interior of the 
 country commence the dreary deserts. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Shellif, Mazafran, Malva, and 
 Zaine. The land toward the north is fertile in corn 
 and the valleys are full of fruit. The melons have 
 an exquisite taste, some of which are ripe in sum- 
 mer, and others in winter. The stems of the vines 
 are very large, and the bunches of grapes are a 
 foot and a half long. It is divided into the territo- 
 ry of the city of Algiers, and the provinces of 
 Mascara, Titeri, and Constantina. The Turks, 
 
 who had the government in their hands before 
 the French conquest, were not above 7,000 in 
 number ; and yet the Moors, or natives of Africa, 
 had no share in it. It was a kind of republic under 
 the protection of the grand seignor. and governed 
 by a sovereign called the Dey, who, however, 
 could do nothing of consequence without the 
 council of the Janissaries. The Arabs, who live 
 in tents, are a distinct people, governed by their 
 own laws and magistrates, though the Turks in- 
 terpose as often as they please. The Dey was an 
 absolute monarch, but elected by the Turkish 
 soldiers and frequently deposed and put to death 
 by them. The revenues of the government arose 
 from the tribute paid by the Moors and Arabs, a 
 detachment of the army being sent into each prov- 
 ince every year to collect it ; and the prizes they 
 took at sea sometimes equalled the taxes they laid 
 upon the natives. The Dey had several thousand 
 Moors in his service, both horse and foot ; and 
 the beys or viceroys of the provinces had each an 
 army under his command. Their religion is 
 Mahometanism and their language a dialect of the 
 Arabic. They have likewise a jargon, composed 
 of Italian, French and Spanish, called Lingua 
 Franca, which is understood by the common peo- 
 ple and merchants. The complexion of the na- 
 tives is tawny, and they are strong and well 
 made. 
 
 The dress of the Moors consists of a piece of 
 woolen cloth, 5 ells in length and an ell and n 
 half in breadth, thrown over the shoulders and 
 fastened round the body. This is called dhaique 
 and serves also for a covering by night when 
 asleep on their mattresses. To this are added un 
 
» . 
 
 ALG 
 
 ALL 
 
 upper garment called a caftan, with a red cap, a 
 hood and slippers. The women in the country 
 wear haiques like those of the men. Their orna- 
 ments are ear-rings, bracelets upon their arms, 
 ind ring's upon their ankles. They tatoo their 
 -kins with representations of flowers &c. and dye 
 their hair, feet, and the ends of the fingers of a 
 saffron color with henna. 
 
 The ladies of the city differ little in the fashion, 
 but considerably in the costliness of their orna- 
 ments. The caftan is of fine cloth or velvet, em- 
 broidered with gold and fastened with buckles of 
 gold and silver. The head is surrounded with 
 folds of gauze, wrought of gold and silk. The 
 <;ar-rings, bracelets, &c. for the legs, are of gold 
 and silver. Paint is sometimes used, and the 
 eyebrows and eyelashes are frequently darkened. 
 The Moors esteem corpulence a prime constitu- 
 ent of beauty. 
 
 Algiers, a strong city, capital of the whole 
 country of Algiers. It is built on the side of a 
 mountain, in the form of an amphitheatre, next 
 the harbour ; and the houses appearing one above 
 another, of a resplendent whiteness, make a fine 
 appearance from the sea. The tops of the houses 
 are flat, covered with earth, and form a sort of 
 gardens. The streets are narrow, and serve to 
 keep off the extreme heat of the sun. There are 
 five gates, but no public places or squares of con- 
 siderable extent. The larger mosques are ten, 
 but there is nothing remarkable in their archi- 
 te^ure, except the one begun to be built about 
 me year 1790, which is beautiful ; and the Dey's 
 palace is far from being spacious and extensive. 
 The harbour is small, shallow, and insecure, and 
 its entrance is incommoded with numerous rocks. 
 The mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length, 
 extending from the continent to a small island, 
 where there is a castle and a large battery of guns. 
 The Turkish soldiers here were formerly great 
 tyrants; and would go to the farm-houses in the 
 country for 20 days together, live at free quarters, 
 and make use of every thing, not excepting the 
 women. There were about 100.000 Mahometans, 
 15,000 Jews, besides 2,000 Christian slaves in this 
 city before its recent capture by the French. 
 Their chief subsistence was derived from their 
 piracies, for they made prizes of all Christian 
 ships not at peace with them. The country about 
 Algiers i-s adorned with gardens and fine villas, 
 watered by fountains and rivulets ; and thither 
 the inhabitants resort in the hot seasons. Algiers 
 had for ages braved the resentment of the most 
 powerful states in Christendom. The Emperor 
 Charles V. lost a fine fleet and army, in an ex- 
 pedition against it, in 1541. The English burnt 
 their vessels in the harbour in 1035, and 1G70 ; 
 and it was bombarded by the French in 1688. In 
 1775, the Spaniards attacked it by sea and land, 
 but were repulsed with great loss, though they 
 had near 20.000 foot, 2^000 horse, and 47 royal 
 ships of different rates, and 346 transports. In 
 1783 and 1784, they renewed their attacks by sea 
 to destroy the city and galleys ; but were forced 
 to retire without effecting either its capture or 
 destruction. In 1816, a British squadron, under 
 the command of Lord Exmouth, bombarded the 
 town, and fleet in the harbour. But the year 
 1830 finally witnessed the fall of Algiers before 
 the arms of a Christian power. On the 14th of 
 June, the French landed an army of 40,000 men 
 in the bay of Sidi Feruch near the city, and after 
 several battles, closely invested the place. The 
 siege lasted six days. On the 5th of July, Algiers 
 4 
 
 surrendered, and the French immediately took 
 possession of the city. The Dey went into exile 
 at Naples, and a great treasure in gold and silver 
 found in his palace, indemnified the captors for 
 the cost of the enterprise. The French still hold 
 Algiers, and appear determined to establish them- 
 selves permanently in the country. The external 
 commerce, before the conquest, was principally 
 with Gibraltar, from whence the Algerines drew 
 considerable supplies of European manufactures, 
 spices, and India piece-goods, in exchange for 
 cattle, fruits, &c. for the supply of the town and 
 garrison. 
 
 Alambia, a town of Spain, in Arragon, near a 
 river of its name, 7 m. N. of Tereul. 
 
 Alicant, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, fa- 
 mous for excellent wine and fruits. It has also 
 a great trade in barilla, and the Americans, En- 
 
 flish, Dutch, French, and Italians, have consuls 
 ere. The castle, on a high rock, was reckoned 
 impregnahle, but it was taken by the English, in 
 1706. It was likewise taken by the French and 
 Spaniards, after a siege of almost two years, when 
 part of the rock was blown up. It is seated on 
 the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same name, 
 64 French leagues S. E. of Madeira, 23 S. of Va- 
 lencia, and 21 N. of Carthagena. Long. 0. 29. W 
 lat. 38. 20. N. 
 
 Alicata, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 with a fortress on a small cape, at the mouth ol 
 the Salso, 22 m. S. E. of Girgenti. Long. 14. 7. 
 E. lat. 37. 14. N. 
 
 Micudi, the most western of the Lipari islands, 
 in the Mediterranean, 10 m. W. of Felicuda. 
 N. lat. 38. 33. E. long. 14. 32. 
 
 Alifi., a town of Naples, at the foot of the Ap- 
 ennines, 25 m. N. W. of Benevento. 
 
 Mlahabad, an interior province of Hindoostan 
 Proper, 160 m. long and 120 broad; bounded on 
 the N. by Oude, E. by Bahar, S. by Orissa and 
 Berar, and W. by Malwa and Agra. The Ner- 
 budda, which rises on the S. E. border of the 
 province, flows from E. to W. near its side ; and 
 the Ganges crosses it from W. to E. near its N. 
 side. 
 
 Allahabad, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the 
 province of the same name, with a magnificent 
 citadel. It was founded by the Emperor Acbar, 
 in 1583, who intended it as a place of arms ; but 
 its fortifications will hardly resist the battering of 
 a field-piece. It is seated at the confluence of 
 the Jumna with the Ganges, 470 m. W. N. VV. 
 of Calcutta. Long. 82. 0. E. lat. 26. 45. N. It 
 was finally ceded, together with the province, to 
 the English E. I. Company, in 1801. 
 
 Allah-Shchr, or City of God, the ancient Phila- 
 delphia ; it is now occupied by about 306 families, 
 principa lly Greeks. It is situate in the province 
 of Natolia Asiatic Turkey, about 100 m. due E. 
 of Smyrna. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains. See Apaladiian. 
 
 Alleghany, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises 
 in the S. W. corner of the state of New York, in 
 lat. 42. It is navigable for keel-boats of 1 tons 
 burthen, to Hamilton, 260 m. above Pittsburg, 
 where it joins the Monongahela, and then assumes 
 the name of Ohio. See Ohio. 
 
 Alleghany, a County of New York, in the S. 
 W. Pop. 20,218. Angelica is the chief town. 
 
 Alleghany, a County of Pennsylvania, in the 
 W. Pop. 37,964. Pittsburg is the capital. 
 
 Alleghany, a County of Maryland, in the N.W. 
 P3p. 10,602. Cumberland is the chief town. 
 
 Alleghany is the name of 6 towns in Pennsyl- 
 
 • c 
 
Al.M 
 
 2fi 
 
 ALA 
 
 vania, viz., in Westmoreland, Cambria, Hunt- 
 ingdon, Armstrong, Somerset, and Venango 
 counties. 
 
 Allemance, p.v. Guilford Co. N. C. 335 m. 
 Wash. 
 
 Allen, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 276 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 898. 
 
 Allen, t. Cumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Allen, a County in Kentucky. Pop. 6,486. 
 
 Allen, a County of Ohio, in the N. W. part, 24 
 m. in extent, containing 554 sq. miles. Pop. 578. 
 Wapakonetta is the capital. 
 
 Allen, t. Union Co. Ohio. 
 
 Allen's Ferry, p.v. Harrison Co. Ind. 537 m. 
 Wash. 
 
 Aliens Fresh, p.v. Charles Co. Md. 91 m. S. 
 W. Baltimore. 
 
 Allenlown, p.t. Monmouth Co. N. J. 34 m. N. 
 E. Phil. 
 
 Allentoicn, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 428 m. 
 Wash. 
 
 Allenstmcn, t. Merrimack Co. N. Hampshire. 
 53 m. fr. Boston : 38 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 481. 
 
 Allenstotcn, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. on the 
 Lehigh, 52 m. N.W. Phil. 
 
 Allensville, t. Mifflin Co. Pa. 
 
 Allensville, p.v. Switzerland Co. Ind. 28 m. S. 
 W. Cincinnati. 
 
 Allenburg, a town' of Prussia, on the river Al- 
 le, 25 m. E. S. E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Allendale, a parish and mining district at the 
 foot of Fuller Hill, in the Co. of Northumberland, 
 Eng. Pop. in 1821, 4,629. 
 
 Allendnrf, a town of Germany, famous for its 
 sait-works, and three bridges over the Werra. It 
 is 15 m. E. of Cassel ; also the name of several 
 other small towns in Germany. 
 
 Allerton, the name of a village in Lancashire, 
 England ; another in Somerset ; and of 6 others 
 in Yorkshire. 
 
 Allerton, North. See North Allerton. 
 
 Allier, a department of France. It is so called 
 from a river which flows by Moulins, and enters 
 the Loire, below Nevers. Pop. 254,558. 
 
 Alligator, r. a stream of N. Carolina, running 
 into Albermarle Sound. 
 
 Alloa, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmanan- 
 shire,near the mouth of the river, on the Frith 
 of Forth. Here is a custom-house, and an ex- 
 cellent dry dock ; and its harbour is the resort of 
 all the coal-vessels in the neighbourhood. It has 
 a glass-house, 2 distilleries, and 2 breweries, the 
 produce of which is in great repute. Near the 
 town is a tower 90 ft. in height, with walls 11 ft. 
 in thickness. It is 30 m. W. N. W. of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Alloicay Creek, t. Salem Co. N.J. 
 
 All- saints Bay. See Bahia. 
 
 Almada, a town of Portugal, seated on a point 
 of land, on the south bank of the Tagus, nearly 
 opposite Lisbon. 
 
 Almadrn del Azogue, a town of Spam, in La 
 Manchn, famous for il3 rich mines of mercury and 
 Vermillion, 45 m. S. W. of Ciudad Real. 
 
 Almadrn de la Plata, a town of Spain in Anda- 
 usia, on the river Colar, 34 m. N. by E. of Se- 
 ville. 
 
 Almanza, a town of Spain in Murcia, remarka- 
 ble for the victory gained by the French and 
 Spaniards over the allies in 1707, when most of 
 the English were killed or taken, having been 
 abandoned by the Portuguese horse at the first 
 charge. It is situate in a fertile plain on the 
 frontiers of Valencia, 35 m. S W. of Xativa, 
 
 and 62 N. of Murcia. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 38. 
 
 48. N. ■: 
 
 Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in Beira. 
 It was taken by the French, after a short siege, 
 in 1810, who afterwards demolished the fortifica- 
 tions. It is situate on the river Coa, and near 
 the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. E. of Guarda. 
 
 Almeria, a seaport of Spain in Granada, and a 
 bishop's see, seated at the mouth of the Almeria, 
 62 m. S. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 31. W. lat. 36 
 51. N. 
 
 Almissa, a town of Dalmatia, famous for its 
 wines. It stands at the foot of a high rock, and 
 at the mouth of the Cetina, 12 m. E. of Spala- 
 tro. 
 
 Almond, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. J. 27 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,804. 
 
 Almondbury, a village in West Yorkshire, sea- 
 ted on the Calder, 2 m. S. S. E. of Huddersfield. 
 It was the Campodonum of the Romans, after- 
 wards a seat of the Saxon kings, and had once a 
 castle and a cathedral. Pop. 5,680. 
 
 Almondsbury,a.v'i\la.ge in Gloucestershire, 7 m. 
 N. of Bristol, where Alimond, father of King 
 Egbert, is said to have been buried. Here is a 
 fortification of the Saxons, with a double ditch, 
 which commands an extensive view of the Se- 
 vern. 
 
 Almunecar, a town of Spain, in Granada, seat- 
 ed on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour, 
 defended by a stroncr castle, 30 m. S. S. E. of Al- 
 hama. Long. 3. 45. W. lat. 36. 30. N. 
 
 Alna, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 53 m. N. E. Port- 
 land. Pop. 1,175. 
 
 Almcick, a considerable town of Northumber- 
 land, on the road to Scotland; a place peculiarly 
 fatal to some of the ancient Scottish monarchs. 
 Here Malcolm III. making an inroad into Nor- 
 thumberland, was killed, with Edward his son , 
 and his army defeated, by Robert Mowbray, earl 
 of this county, in 1093. And here too his great 
 grandson, William I. invading England with an 
 army of 80,000 men, was encountered, his army 
 routed, and himself made prisoner, in 1174. The 
 town appears to have been formerly fortified, from 
 the vestiges of a wall still to be seen in several 
 parts, and 3 gates, which remain almost entire. 
 Alnwick is a well-built town ; and is ornamented 
 by a stately old gothic castle, the seat of the 
 duke of Northumberland. It is seated on the 
 Alne, 310 m. N. by W. from London, 33 N. oi 
 Newcastle, and 26 S. of Berwick. Pop. in 1821, 
 5,927. 
 
 Alpnach, a town of Switzerland, in Unterwal- 
 den, seated on an arm of the lake of the Four 
 Cantons, 6 m. S. of Lucern. 
 
 Alps, a chain of mountains, in Europe, which 
 begins at the Gulf of Genoa, to theE. of Nice, 
 passes into Switzerland, crosses that country and 
 Tyrol, separates Germany from Italy, and ter- 
 minates at the north part of the gulf of Venice. 
 This grand chain is sometimes divided into two 
 or more ridges, ranging one by another, with on- 
 ly narrow valleys between ; and the different 
 portions have distinct appellations, as the Mari- 
 time, Pennine, Lepontine, Helvetian, Rhetian, 
 Julian, &c. They are composed of stupendous 
 rocky masses, two, four, and even six being pil- 
 ed upon each other, and from 4,000 to above 
 15,600 ft. high. There are few passes over them, 
 and those of difficult access. Switzerland has 
 the central part of these mountains, and the val- 
 leys between them. These mountains are fre 
 quented by the chamois, an animal about the 
 
ALS 
 
 27 
 
 ALU 
 
 size of a goat, and of wonderful agility. They 
 will leap down precipices 30 feet in height, and 
 indeed appear rather to fly than run. The 
 hunting of the chamois, is full of labour and 
 danger, but is pursued with the highest enthusi- 
 asm and most unconquerable perseverance by 
 the mountaineers. The famous Hannibal attempt- 
 
 ed to cross the Alps on the side of Piedmont, in 
 the winter season, when he invaded Italy, and 
 lost most of his elephants among them. They 
 were passed successfully by a numerous French 
 army under Bonaparte in 1800. 
 
 Alps, Upper, a department of France, includ- 
 ing part of the late province of Dauphiny. It is 
 so called from its vicinity to the mountains of 
 tlir.t name. The capital is Embrun. 
 
 Alps, Lower, a department of France, includ- 
 ing part of the late province of Provence. The 
 capital is Digne. 
 
 Alps, Maritime, a late department of France, 
 including the county of Nice. The capital is 
 Nice. 
 
 Alpnxarras, high mountains of Spain, in Grana- 
 da, near the Mediterranean. They are inhabi- 
 ted by the Moriscos, who carefully cultivate 
 the around, which produces excellent wines and 
 fruits. 
 
 Alresford, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a 
 market on Thurs. and a manufacture of linseys. 
 It is 13 in. N. N. E. of Southampton, and 57 W. 
 S. W. of London. 
 
 Alsace, a late province of France, now divided 
 into the Upper and Lower Rhine, which see. 
 
 Alsace, p.t. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuylkill. 
 
 Alscn, a fertile island of Denmark, in the Lit- 
 tle Belt, between Sleswick and Funen, 100 m. 
 W. of Copenhagen. The chief town is Sonder- 
 borg. 
 
 Alsficld, a town of Germany, with a castle, 12 
 in. E. of Marburg. 
 
 Alsheda, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, near 
 which a gold mine was discovered in 1733. 
 
 Alsicra, a town of Naples, in the Molise, on 
 the river Tiserno, 23 m. N. E. of Molise. 
 
 Alslrbcn, a town of Upper Saxony, 9 m. S. S. 
 W. of Bernburg. 
 
 Alstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- 
 gia, with a castle, on the rivulet Rane, 8 m. W. 
 of Querfurt. 
 
 Alstadt, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz, near the source of the Morau, 35 m. N. 
 N. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Alstead, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, 82 m. 
 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,559. 
 
 Alsioii, t. N. C. on Little river, 2U m. W. Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 Alston-moor or Aidstone, a town in Cumberland, 
 with a market on Sat. Here is an iron foundry, 
 and a shot manufacture ; and in its vicinity are 
 numerous lead-mines. It is seated on the side of 
 a hill, on the S. branch of the Tyne, 20 m. E. by 
 
 S. of Carlisle, and 271 N. by W. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 4,410. 
 
 Altai Mountains, a range of mountains inter- 
 secting Asia from south to north, commencing 
 west of the Indus, in W. long, about G8. and di- 
 verging northward by several ridges towards 
 East Cape, in E. long. 170. 
 
 Altamura, a town of Naples at the foot of the 
 Apennines, 10 m. N. E. of Gravina. Pop. about 
 16,000. 
 
 Altenau, a town of Lower Saxony, in the terri 
 tory of Brunswick, 8 m. S. of Goslar. 
 
 Altcnburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 
 celebrated for its tin mine, 20 m. S. of Dresden. 
 
 Altenbcrg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- 
 
 fia, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the 
 leisse, 20 m. S. of Leipsic. 
 
 Altcnburg, a town of Lower Hungary, on the 
 river Leitha, at its entrance into the Danube. 
 Here are 2 churches and a college ; and its 
 ancient castle is now principally used for a 
 corn magazine. It is 17 m. S. S. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Altenkirchen, a town of Germany, in the Wes- 
 terwald, chief of the county of Sayn, with a cas- 
 tle, 15 m. N. N. E. of Coblentz. 
 
 Alteeson, a town of Piedmont, between the riv- 
 ers Doire and Stura, 3 m. N. of Turin. 
 
 Ahkirch, a town of France in the department 
 of Upper Rhine, on an eminence, near the source 
 of the river 111, 25 m. S. of Colmar. 
 
 Alton, p.t. Stafford Co. N. Hampshire, 33m. fr, 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,993. 
 
 Alton, a town in Hampshire Eng. with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It has manufactures of wors- 
 ted stuffs, and round the town are plantations of 
 hops. It is seated on the Wey. 28 m. E. N. E. of 
 Southampton, and 47. W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Alton, t. Madison Co. Illinois, on the Missis- 
 sippi, 3 m. above the Missouri. 
 
 Altona, a city and sea-port of Lower Saxony, 
 in Holstein, seated on the Elbe, contiguous to 
 Hamburgh. The Danes built it in this situation, 
 that it might rival Hamburgh in commerce. It 
 was burnt by the Swedes in 1712, but has been 
 beautifully rebuilt, and is estimated to contain 
 25,000 inhab. Long. 9. 58. E. lat. 53. 34. N. 
 
 Altorf, a town of Franconia, in the territory of 
 Nurenberg, with a university, 10 m. S. E. of 
 Nurenberg. 
 
 Altorf, a town of Suabia, 20 m. N. E. of Con- 
 stance. 
 
 Altorf, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 canton of Uri. Here are two stone pillars, 13^ 
 paces from each other, at which distance Tell is 
 said to have shot the apple from his son's head. 
 This deliverer of his country lived at Burgli, near 
 this place, and his cottage is changed into a chap- 
 el, where mass is solemnly said. Altorf stands 
 on the lake of Lucern, near the influx of the riv- 
 er Russ, 20 m. S. E. of Lucern. 
 
 Altringham, a town in Cheshire, Eno-. govern- 
 ed by a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. Here 
 are several manufactures of worsted and cotton •. 
 and much fruit and vegetables are sent hence to 
 Manchester. It is seated near the duke of Bridge- 
 water's canal, 30 m. N. E. of Chester, and 180 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Altunkupri, a town of Asiatic Turkey, the 
 capital of Curdistan, and the residence of a pa- 
 cha. It is situate on the river Altun. which flows 
 into the Tigris, 50 m. S. E. of Mosul. Long. 44. 
 30. E. lat. 35. 45. N. 
 
 Alum Creek, r. Ohio, is a branch of the Big 
 Walnut River 
 
AMA 
 
 2S 
 
 AMB 
 
 Aha de Tormcs, a town of Spain, in Leon, 
 jpith a castle, once the residence of the celebrated 
 duke of Alva, seated on the Tormes, 16 in. S. E. 
 of Salamanca. 
 
 Alvarado, a river of Mexico, in the province of 
 Vera Cruz, which rises 40 miles above the town 
 of Cordova, and flows N. E. till it enters the gulf 
 of Mexico, at a town of the same name, 40 m. S. 
 E. of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Alvaston, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng., 8 
 m. N. by E. of Bristol. On the top of a hill, 
 near the Severn, is a round camp, called Oldbury, 
 where several antiquities have been dug up. 
 
 Alzira, or Alcira, a populous town of Spain, 
 which has a great trade in silk. It is surrounded 
 by the Xucar, 17 m. S. of Valencia. 
 
 Arnadan, or Hamadan, a town of Persia, in Irac 
 Ajami. Here are many Jews, who allege that 
 the tombs of Mordecai and Esther are in the 
 place which serves them for a synagogue. Ama- 
 dan is a very ancient city ; on its site, or near 
 it, the ancient Ecbatana is supposed to have stood. 
 It is said to have been destroyed by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, and rebuilt by Darius, who brought hith- 
 er all his riches. It is situate to the north of the 
 upper road from Bagdad to Ispahan, about 15 
 miles from Kenghey. It has considerable manu- 
 factures of leather, and contains about 40,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Amadia, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdis- 
 tan, governed by a Bey, seated on a high moun- 
 tain, 40 miles S. E. of Gezira. Long. 41. 35. lat. 
 37. 20. N. 
 
 Amah, or Amagcr, an island of Denmark, on 
 which part of Copenhagen, called Christiansha- 
 fen, is built. It is eight miles long and four 
 broad, and separated from Zealand by a narrow 
 channel, over which are two bridges that commu- 
 nicate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in gar- 
 dens and pastures, and supplies Copenhagen with 
 milk, butter, and vegetables. 
 
 Atrial, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, with 
 a good harbour on the lake Wener. It has a 
 great trade in timber, deals, and tar; and is 175 
 m. S. W. of Upsal. Long. 12. 40. E. lat. 59. 
 O.N. 
 
 Amalagano. one of the Ladrone islands, about 
 6 leagues in circumference. Lon. 145. 38. E. lat. 
 18. 0. N. 
 
 AmaIJi, a sea-port 'of Naples, in Principato Ci- 
 teriore, and an archbishop's see. Flavio Gioia, 
 who is said to have invented the mariners com- 
 pass, was a native of this town. It is seated on 
 the N. W. side of the gulf of Salerno, 13 m. S. 
 W. of Salerno. Long. 14. 45. E. lat. 40. 28. N. 
 Amatiil, St. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 rh. S. of 
 Bourges. 
 
 Amand, St. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, with an abbey ; seated on the 
 Scarp. 7. m. N. of Valenciennes. 
 Amanda, p.t. Fairfield Co. Ohio. 
 Amandasville, p. v. Elbert Co. Geo. 
 A mantra, a sea-port of Naples, near the bay 
 of Eufemia, 20 m. S. W. of Cosenza. Long. 10. 
 10. E. lat. 39. 12. N. 
 
 Amupalla, a sea-port of Mexico, in Nicaragua, 
 seated on an island on the west side of the en- 
 trance of a gulf of the same name. Long. 88. 
 30. W. lat. 13. 10. N. 
 
 Amashi, or Amasich, a town of Asiatic Turkey 
 in Natolia. the birth-place of Strabo, the geogra- 
 pher. It is the capital of a province which produ- 
 ces excellent wines and fruits. It was devastated 
 
 by an earthquake, in 1794. It is seated on the 
 Casalmack, which falls into the Black Sea, 3(5 m. 
 N. of Tocat. Long. 30. 0. E. lat. 40. 31. N. 
 
 Amathus, an ancient town in the isle of Cy- 
 prus, so called from Amathus the founder, or 
 from Amath in Phoenicia. It had a very ancient 
 temple of Venus and Adonis; and according to 
 Ovid, was rich in copper ore. It is now called 
 Limisso. 
 
 Amazon, or Maranon, a river of South Ameri- 
 ca, and the greatest in the world. Its source is 
 in Peru, not far from the Pacific ocean, and run- 
 ing east, it enters the Atlantic Ocean, directly 
 under the equinoctial line. Its course is 3.30O 
 miles, its mouth is 150 miles broad, and 1,501* 
 miles from its mouth, it is 30 fathoms deep, i, 
 receives, in its progress, near 200 rivers, many 
 of which have a course of 1.500 miles, and some 
 of them not inferior to the Danube, or the Nile. 
 In the rainy season it overflows its banks, and 
 fertilizes the adjacent country. 
 
 Amazonia, a country of South America, 
 1,400 m. long and 960 "broad; bounded on the 
 N. by Terra Firma and Guiana, E. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean and Brasil, S. by the Paraguay, 
 and W. by Peru. It was discovered in 1580 by 
 Francesco Orellana, who, coming from Peru, 
 sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic. 
 Observing companies of women in arms on its 
 banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave 
 the name of Amazon to the river, which had 
 formerly been called Maranon. The air in this 
 country is cooler than might be expected, consid- 
 ering its situation in the torrid zone ; this is owing 
 partly to the heavy rains, which cause the inun- 
 dations of the rivers for one half of the j'ear ; 
 and partly to the cloudiness of the atmosphere, 
 by which the sun is obscured the greatest part of 
 the day. The fair season is about the time of the 
 solstices, and the rainy seasons about the equi- 
 noxes. The soil is very rich and fertile ; the 
 trees and plants are verdant all the year. The 
 woods abound with game of various kinds. The 
 rivers and lakes abound with fish, but are infested 
 by alligators and water serpents. Their banks 
 are inhabited by different tribes of Indians, gov- 
 erned by petty sovereigns, distinguished from 
 their subjects by a coronet of feathers, a belt of 
 tigers' teeth or claws, and a wooden sword. The 
 natives are of a good stature and copper colour, 
 with handsome features and long black hair. 
 They make cotton cloth, and their houses are 
 built of wood and clay, thatched with reeds. 
 Their arms are darts, javelins, bows and arrows, 
 and targets of cane or fish-skin. The Spaniards 
 have made many unsuccessful attempts to settle 
 in this country ; but on the coast, between Cape 
 North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Portu- 
 guese have some small settlements. 
 
 Amba-Geshen, a rock in Abyssinia, of a most pro- 
 digious steepness, in the form a castle, built of 
 free-stone, and almost impregnable. The P^thiopie 
 princes were formerly banished hither by their 
 fathers, the emperors, that they might not attempt 
 anything against the state,and that their residence 
 might be as noted for its height as their birth. 
 
 Amber, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 145 rri. W. Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Amberg, a fortified town of Bavaria, with a 
 stronor castle. The magnificent church of St. Mar- 
 tin contains many beautiful paintings and curi 
 osities ; and the mint \s esteemed one of the finest 
 buildings of the kind in Germany. In 1743 it 
 was taken by the Austrians, and in 17i>0 by tbr 
 
AMB 
 
 29 
 
 French. It is seated on the river Ills, or Wills, 
 na the confines of the principality of Sultzbach, 49 
 m E of Nurenberg. Long. 11. 48. E. lat. 40. 
 27. N. 
 
 Ambert. a town of France, in the department of 
 Puy de Dome. There are numerous papermakers 
 in its vicinity, and it has a trade in coarse la- 
 ces, camlets, ferrets, &c. It is seated in a beauti- 
 ful valley, on the river Dore, 21 m. E. oflssoire. 
 
 Ambleside, a town in Westmoreland, standing on 
 the site of a Roman city, called Dictus, with a 
 market on Wednesday. Here is a manufacture of 
 woolen cloth. It is seated on the Rotha, near 
 the head of Windermerewater, 13 m. N. W. of 
 Kendal, and 276 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ambleteuse, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Pas de Calais, defended by a battery. At 
 this port Csesar embarked his cavalry when he 
 passed over into England; and here James II. land- 
 ed on his departure from England, in 1688. It 
 is seated on the English channel, 8 m. N. of Bou- 
 logne. Long. 1. 36. E. lat. 50. 49. N. 
 
 Amboise, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Indre and Loire. The town is mean and 
 ill-built ; but has been rendered famous in history, 
 by the conspiracy of the Huguenots, in 1560, 
 which opened the fatal religious wars in France. 
 Here Louis XI. instituted the order of St. Michael; 
 it was also the birth-place of the poet Jesuit Corn- 
 mine, and the spot where Charles VIII. died. It 
 is seated at the confluence of the Massee with 
 the Loire, 12 m. E. by N. of Tours, and 115 S. by 
 W. of Paris. 
 
 Antboy, or Perth Amhoy, city, Middlesex Co. N. 
 J. upon a bay at the South end of Staten Island, 
 communicating with N. York harbour by Arthur 
 Kull Sound and with the ocean below the nar- 
 rows. This harbour is safe and easy of access and 
 the town has considerable commerce. 
 
 Amboy, South, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J., lying 
 S. of the above. 
 
 Amboyna, an island of the Moluccas, in the 
 Indian Ocean. It is 56 m. in length from N. to 
 S. and divided on the west side by a large bay 
 in two parts ; the largest of which is called Hitou, 
 and the other Leytimor. The face of this island 
 is beautiful ; woody mountains and verdant plains 
 being interspersed with hamlets, and enriched by 
 cultivation. The chief products are nutmegs, su- 
 gar, coffee, and many delicious fruits, but more es- 
 pecially cloves. The principal animals are deer 
 and wild hogs. The English and Dutch had fac- 
 tories here at the beginning of the 17th century ; 
 but the Dutch expelled the English, and tortured 
 and put to death many of them. The natives 
 wear large whiskers, and their dress is only a 
 slight piece of stuff" wrapped round their middle. 
 The men buy their wives of their parents, and if 
 they prove barren, the marriage is void. They 
 are generally Mahometans ; but there are some 
 Christians among them. This island was taken 
 by the English in 1796, and restored by the treaty 
 of Amiens in 1802, recaptured in 1810, and again 
 restored to the Dutch, by the treaty at Pans in 
 1814, and confirmed in 1824. The chief town is 
 of the same name, neatly built, and stands near 
 the S. W. extremity. Fort Victoria is in long. 
 128. 15. E. lat. 3. 40. S. 
 
 Ambrose St., an island on the coast of Chile, 15 
 m. W. from St. Felix Island. The crew of captain 
 Roberts, in 1792, killed and cured here 13,000 
 seal skins, in seven weeks. Long. 80. 55. W. 
 lat. 26. 13. S. 
 
 Ambrym, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific 
 
 AME 
 
 Ocean, 50 m. in circumference. Long. 163. 12. E 
 lat. 16. 10. N. 
 
 Amedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capital of 
 Guzerat. The walls are 6 m. in circumference, 
 and contain 12 gates ; but now not a quarter of the 
 area is inhabited. The mosque and tomb of the 
 founder, Tatay Ahmed, are built of stone and mar- 
 ble, the last of exquisite workmanship. It was 
 taken by general Goddard in 1780, from the Poo- 
 nah Mahrattas, to whom it was restored in 
 1783. It is seated in a level country, on a nav- 
 igable river that enters the gulf of Cambay, 
 320 m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72.27. E. lat. 23. 
 18. N. J 
 
 Amednagur, a city and fort of Hindoostan, once 
 the capital of the soubah of its name, which is now 
 better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city 
 was the residence of the emperor Aurungzebe, 
 during his conquest of the Deccan and the Carn- 
 atic. In 1803 it was taken by the British army 
 under general Wellesley (now Duke of Well- 
 ington.) It is 73 m. N. E. of Poona. Long. 75.0. 
 E. lat. 19. 10. N. 
 
 Amcenabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore , 35 
 m. N. by W. of Lahore. 
 
 Amelia, a town of Italy, seated on a mountain 
 between the Tiber and Nira, 20 m. S. W. of Spol- 
 eto, and 45 N. of Rome. 
 
 Amelia, an inliand county of Virginia. Pop. 
 11,831. The court-house of the county is 58 m. 
 W. S. W. of Richmond. 
 
 Amelia, or Amilla Island, on the coast of E. 
 Florida, the north end of it is nearly opposite St. 
 Mary's in Georgia. It is about 14 m. long and a 
 mile and a half wide, with a good soil and an ex- 
 cellent harbour, called Fernandina. 
 
 Amcliaburg , p.t. Prince Edward Co. U. C. on 
 L. Ontario. 
 
 Amenia, t. Duchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,389 
 America, in its most comprehensive sense and 
 present acceptation, may be considered as compris- 
 ing half of the terrestial globe, or the whole of 
 the western hemisphere. It has been usual to 
 speak of America as constituting one of the four 
 quarters, or four grand divisions of the globe ; but 
 it is equally matter for surprise as well as for re- 
 gret, that the western hemisphere should so long 
 have remained subject to a misnomer so obvious, 
 and a designation so inappropriate and indefi- 
 nite. This hemisphere first became known to 
 Europe, in the year 1493 of the Christian era, 
 when Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, 
 who, from a long and close application to the stu- 
 dy of geography and navigation, had obtained a 
 knowledge of the figure of the earth, much su- 
 perior to the general notions of the age in which 
 he lived, was led to conceive that another conti- 
 nent existed. Having fully satisfied himself of 
 the truth of this system, he became impatient to 
 reduce it to practice, and accordingly laid his 
 scheme before the senate of Genoa, making his 
 native country the first offer of his services. 
 They, however, rejected his proposal, as the dream 
 of a chimerical projector. It met with the same 
 fate at the courts of Portugal, Spain, and Eng- 
 land, and some of the ether European powers of 
 less note ; but, still undiscouraged, he applied 
 again to the court of Spain, who were at length 
 induced to fit out a squadron of three small ves- 
 sels, of which Columbus was made admiral ; and 
 with these he set out on his voyage of discovery, 
 in 1492, in which voyage he discovered several of 
 the Bahama islands, with those of Cuba and His- 
 paniola, and returned to Spain in the following 
 c2 
 
AME 
 
 30 
 
 AME 
 
 year. In a second voyage he discovered many 
 more of the West India islands; and in a third 
 he attained the great object of his ambition, by 
 discovering the southern division of the conti- 
 nent, near the mouth of the Orinoco. Amongst 
 the crowd of new adventurers who now followed 
 from all parts of Europe, was one Americus Ves- 
 pucius, a Florentine, who, with much art, and 
 gome decree of elegance, drew up an amusing 
 history of his voyage, in which he insinuated 
 that he first discovered what is commonly called 
 the continent of the New World. This being 
 published and read with admiration, the country 
 was from him called America, though it is now 
 well understood that Columbus was the first dis- 
 coverer. The celebrity of Columbus and Ameri- 
 cus Vespucius soon resounded throughout all Eu- 
 rope, inspiring numbers of adventurers to witness 
 the fruits of their discoveries. Among the rest, 
 Giovanni Gabota (Anglicised Cabot) a Venetian, 
 and his three sons, under the auspices of Henry 
 VII. of England, sailed from Bristol, in 1497, and 
 discovered the coast of Labrador as the 57th deg. 
 of N. lat. 
 
 On a second voyage, in the following year, in 
 a ship, furnished by the king, accompanied by 
 four small barques provisioned by the merchants 
 of Bristol, under the direction of Giovanni's 
 second son, Sebastian, (who had been born in 
 Bristol, hence the claim of the northern division 
 of the western hemisphere having been discovered 
 by an Englishman,) they discovered the island 
 of Newfoundland in N. lat. about 47, and coasted 
 southward as far as Florida. Cabot made a third 
 voyage to Newfoundland in 1502. In 1519 a 
 body of Spaniards, under the command of Cortez, 
 landed at Vera Cruz, and discovered the populous 
 district of Mexico. In 1524 the French sent an 
 expedition, which traversed the coast from the 
 lat. of 28. to 50. N. France, Spain, and England 
 each sent successive expeditions to North Ameri- 
 ca, and made attempts to establish settlements ; 
 but so unsuccessfully, it is believed, that at 
 the commencement of the 17th century, not a 
 single European remained north of Mexico. In 
 1608 renewed efforts were made by England ; 
 since when, the extent, features, population, and 
 productions of the whole of the W. hemisphere 
 have progressi /ely been developed to Europe. 
 America, or the western hemisphere, is subdivi- 
 ded by nature into two grand divisions, north and 
 south ; very distinct in character and feature. 
 
 America, North, extends from the polar regions 
 to the I5th deg. of N. lat., the more northern 
 part, as far as lat. 50., extending from about the 
 56th to the 130th deer, of W. long, and at lat. 65. 
 as far west as 168. of long. From the 50th to the 
 30th deg. of lat. the country assumes a very com- 
 pact form, extending at the north from about the 
 62nd to the 124th deg. of long, gradually con- 
 verging southerly, and at lat. 30. extending only 
 from about the 81st to the 115 deg. of long, at 
 about the 30th deg. of N. lat. The great gulf of 
 Mexico bounds the land, from about the 80th to 
 the 97th deg. of long, the land converging into a 
 promontory of about 10 deg. at the north, extend- 
 ing S. to the chain which unites the northern 
 with the grand southern division, gradually con- 
 verging in long, to about 1 deg. only, in N. lat. 
 15. and in W. long. 95. The superficies of the 
 first of these three divisions of the N. W. hemis- 
 phere, cannot be stated with any decree of accu- 
 racy, owing to the unknown boundaries on the 
 side of the polar regions. The central part con- 
 
 tains a superficies of about 2,700,000 sq. miles, 
 and the promontory about 110,000 sq. miles. The 
 extreme length of the grand northern division, in 
 a straight, unbroken line, from the mouth of the 
 Copper-mine River which runs S. to N. into the 
 Icy Sea, in lat. 70, to Acapulco, in lat. 17, is 
 about 3,200 miles, and the extreme breadth, from 
 the mouth of the Penobscot river which fulls into 
 the Atlantic Ocean in N. lat. 44. 24. W. long. 63. 
 45. to the mouth of Columbia river which falls 
 into the North Pacific Ocean in N. lat 46. W 
 long. 124. the distance is about 2,500. The north- 
 ern part of this grand division of the western 
 hemisphere is indented by Hudson's Bay, which 
 extends from the line of the Arctic circle, to th«- 
 51st deg. of N. lat. and in its extreme breadth, 
 from the 78th to the 95th deg. of W. long. It is 
 also intersected by a chain of fresh water lakes of 
 vast extent. Athapescow, and the Slave Lake, 
 (the latter of great extent.) discharging their 
 waters into the Icy Sea, Winnipeg, and several 
 of lesser extent and note discharge their waters 
 into Hudson's Bay, whilst Superior, Michigan, 
 Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, between 
 the latitudes of 42. and 48. N. discharge their 
 waters by the great river St. Lawrence into the 
 gulf of St. Lawrence, in the lat. of 50. N. and W. 
 long, about 65. the western extremity of lake 
 Superior being in long, about 92. Innumerable 
 streams of water intersect the country in all 
 directions, and form themselves into noble rivers, 
 several of which run into Hudson's Bay, whilst 
 those south of the great chain of lakes and the 
 St. Lawrence, run a course from N. to S. or S. E 
 falling into the Atlantic Ocean. Taking them in 
 order from N. to S. the most prominent are St. 
 John's, the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, 
 Piscataqua, Merrimack, Connecticut, the Hudson, 
 or North river, Delaware, Susquehannah, Poto- 
 mac, Rappahanock, James river, Roanoke, San- 
 tee, and Savannah. All these rivers have their 
 source E. of a chain of mountains, called the 
 Apalachian, running parallel with the Atlantic 
 coast, from about the 34th to the 43rd deg. of N. 
 lat. and 2 to 300 miles from the ocean. South of 
 the 34th deg. of lat. the Apalachicola, Alabama, 
 Tombigbee, and some other rivers of less note, run 
 a course due S. falling into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 West of the Apalachian mountains, innumerable 
 other streams have their source, forming another 
 collection of noble rivers, the most important of 
 which are the Ohio, and Tennessee, running from 
 E. to W. the Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas, 
 and the Red river, running from W. to E. all of 
 which fall into one grand channel, called the 
 Mississippi, which has its source about the 47th 
 deg. of N. lat. running a course nearly due S. fal- 
 ling into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 29. 5. N. and 
 89. 8. W. long. The Rio del Norte, or Rio Bravo, 
 another noble river, has its source westward of 
 the Arkansas and Red rivers, in N. lat. about 42. 
 and falls into the Gulf of Mexico in N. lat. 26. 
 W. long. 97. 25. On the western coast, the Co 
 lumbia, and Colorado, are the only rivers of im- 
 portance, and they are not considerable ; the first 
 falls into the Pacific Ocean in N. lat. about 45. 
 and the other into the Gulf of California in N. 
 lat. about 32. A ridge of mountains runs paral 
 lei with the western coast, the whole extent of 
 the north division, from the point of the promon- 
 tory S. in lat. of 70. N. bearing west from the 
 95th to the 122nd or 123rd of long, and about 10 
 deg. from the western coast or shore of the Pacific 
 Ocean ; this ridge which seems to be a continua- 
 
AME 
 
 tion of the Andes of the southern division, from 
 the 15th to about the 40th deg. of N. lat. is called 
 the Cordilleras, and more northerly the Rocky 
 Mountains, the greatest altitude is in N. lat. 
 about 19. where Popocatepetl issues forth volcanic 
 eruptions at a height of 17,720 ft. above the level 
 of the sea. Another range of mountains runs 
 parallel with the eastern or Atlantic coast, from 
 about the 35th to the 45th deg. of N. lat. diverg- 
 ing into several distinct and parallel ridges design- 
 ated as the White, Green, Catskill, Blue, Allegha- 
 ny, Laurel and Cumberland mountains, and collec- 
 tively they are called the Apalachian Mountains. 
 Their altitude does not exceed 6,500 ft. above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 On the. discovery of this vast territory, at the 
 periods previously stated, it was found, to the N. 
 of the 30th deg. of lat. to be thinly populated 
 with inhabitants, and except the Esquimaux at 
 the more northern part, possessing one common 
 character, and speaking one common language, 
 though somewhat varied in dialect. In person, 
 tall and well-proportioned ; complexion coppery, 
 
 31 AME 
 
 Bay. In many parts of the United States they 
 exist in great abundance and are taken in vast 
 numbers for their flesh and fur ; they do great 
 
 with long, straight, and somewhat coarse, black 
 hair, localized into various tribes or communities, 
 none of whom were found to have made any, or 
 very little progress in the arts which contribute 
 to the comfort of life ; spears and arrows being 
 their only instruments of defence, of attack, and 
 subsistence, whilst skins, mats, and the coarsest 
 cloth of reeds, grass, or hemp, constituted their 
 chief clothing and protection from the inclemen- 
 cy of the weather. They were nevertheless 
 found possessing many manly qualities, and social 
 virtues, until corrupted and debased by the vi- 
 cious refinements of their invaders, before whom 
 they have receded as from a pestilence. 
 
 In America, as in all other regions of the 
 world, the animal tribes bear a proportion both in 
 number and size, to the extent of the country 
 which has given them birth. The musk, or the 
 North American bison, and the Mageleanic os- 
 trich of South America, equa. in size their cor- 
 responding species of the old world. The elk or 
 stag of New California, attains a gigantic magni- 
 tude. The moose is found from the Rocky 
 Mountains to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is 
 sometimes 12 feet high. The elk and red deer 
 are inhabitants of the United States. The white, 
 black, and grizzly bear are common in various 
 parts. The wolf and the cougar, or catamount, 
 are widely distributed. Foxes and squirrels are 
 abundant The hare of America, improperly 
 called rabbit, is found as far North as Hudson's 
 
 mischief to the farmers. The beavers are still 
 numerous in the North and West. Most of the 
 animals of America form particular species, or 
 at least distinct races from those of Europe, and 
 are evidently aboriginal in the country which 
 they inhabit. 
 
 In the plains between the Apalachian and 
 Rocky Mountains, fossil bones of animals have 
 been found far exceeding in size those of any 
 known animal now existing, or ever known. 
 Neither the elephant, lion, tiger, leopard, nor hy- 
 ena have ever been found in America. 
 
 The birds of America are not, as absurdly sta- 
 ted by Buffon, inferior to their kindred species of 
 the old world. The Washington or great sea ea- 
 gle, a native of the United States, is the noblest 
 of his tribe. The bald eagle is distributed over 
 nearly the whole continent Vultures and hawks 
 of many species are common. The passenger pi- 
 geons in countless millions obscure the heavens 
 with their flocks, and wherever they direct their 
 flight it may be said to ' snow of meat.' The 
 wild geese and ducks pass along the whole extent 
 of the continent in their periodical migrations. 
 The robin and blue bird court the society of man, 
 and in the colder districts are the earliest harbin- 
 gers of spring. The oriole, the woodpecker, the 
 blue jay, the cardinal and the tanager, adorn the 
 woods with their brilliant plumage ; while the 
 unrivalled mocking-bird makes the forest echo 
 with his thousand melodious and varied notes. 
 The deep woods and swamps of the West still 
 
 afford a retreat to the wild turkey, once common 
 all over the United States. 
 
 Insects and reptiles are of course larger and 
 more abundant in the southern than in the north 
 em part of this country. Little incommodity is 
 suffered from insects in the temperate portions. 
 In the south the moschetoes are very annoying. 
 Bees are numerous in the woods of the west, and 
 the ptople who go into the forests to collect honey 
 return with waggon loads. Locusts are unknown, 
 
AME 
 
 AME 
 
 and the insect most troublesome to agriculturists. 
 the Hessian fly, was imported from Europe. The 
 rivers in the South swarm with alligators. But 
 the most terrible of American reptiles is the rat- 
 
 tlesnake, who is found in nearly all parts of the 
 hot and temperate regions of this country. 
 
 The northern portion of the western hemis- 
 phere is at present divided into three great parts ; 
 viz. 1st. North, under the dominion of Great 
 Britain, which part extends S. from the Icy Sea, 
 and polar regions, to about the 43th deg. of N. 
 lal. subdivided into seven provinces or territories : 
 viz. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower and 
 Upper Canada, Labrador, New South Wales, and 
 the N. W. territory ; 2nd, the Central part, from 
 the boundary of the British territories on the 
 North, to the Gulf of Mexico S. and W. from 
 the Atlantic Ocean to about the 100th deg. of W. 
 long, and from the 42nd to the 40th deg. of N. 
 lat. extending W. to the Pacific Ocean under the 
 rule of the federal government of the U. S. of 
 America and 3rd. the part extending from the Uni- 
 ted States territory S. to the isthmus which unites 
 the northern with the grand southern division. 
 This part, for three centuries,continued under the 
 dominion of Spain ; but from the period of 1S20 
 or 1821, it may be considered as forming a sepa- 
 rate and independent territory. 
 
 South America extends through 68 deg. of 
 lat. from Cape la Vela in 12. 12. N. to Cape Horn 
 in 55. 58. S. being about 4,100 miles, and under 
 the lat. of 5. S. extends through 45 deg. of long, 
 from Cape St. Roque in 35. 40. to Cape Blanco in 
 81. 10. W. From the equator N. to the 7th deg. 
 of lat. it extends only through about 27 deg. of 
 'ong. and from the 7th to its northern extremity, 
 only through about 20 deg. and S. from about the 
 10th deg. of lat. it assumes a form approximating 
 to a right angled triangle, of which the western 
 shore on the Pacific Ocean is the perpendicular, 
 and the eastern on the South Atlantic Ocean is 
 the hypothenuse, so that whilst the extreme 
 breadth is about 2,700 miles, the mean will not 
 exceed more than about 1,500, giving a superfi- 
 cies of about 6,150.000 sq. miles. This division 
 of the western hemisphere, as previously stated, 
 was first discovered by Columbus (on his third 
 voyage from Spain) on the first of August, 1498 ; 
 but it was not till the year 1531 that any knowl- 
 edge was obtained, of its extent and productions, 
 in which year three low and unprincipled adven- 
 turers, Pizarro, Almagro, and the priest Lucques, 
 landed at the Isthmus of Panama, and proceeding 
 south, discovered the rich and then populous dis- 
 tricts of Quito and Peru. In the year 1500, the 
 Portuguese admiral, Alvarez de Cabral, com- 
 manding a squadron of 13 sail, with 1,200 men 
 on board, destined for the East Indies by the 
 Cape of Good Hope, accidentally discovered on the 
 24th of April the southern division of the west- 
 ern hemisphere, about 4 deg. S. of the equator, 
 and on the following day landed and took posses- 
 sion of the country, since called Brazil ; and al- 
 
 though near half a century elapsed before nny- 
 effectual efforts were made by the Portuguese to 
 form a permanent settlement, the whole of the 
 southern division of the western hemisphere 
 (with the exception of a comparatively trifling 
 extent of territory, between the 3rd and 7th deg-. 
 of N. lat. settled by the Dutch, and the southern 
 extremity continuing in possession of the natives) 
 fell under the dominion of Spain and Portugal; 
 the Spanish portion being divided into five de- 
 partments : viz. New Granada, Venezuela, Peru, 
 Buenos Ayres, and Chile, each sub-divided into 
 several provinces ; the whole of the Portuguese 
 portion continuing under one general government. 
 Since the period of 1825, the domination and 
 rule of both Spain and Portugal has entirely cea- 
 sed over every part of the great southern division 
 of the western hemisphere : new and distinct o-ov- 
 ernments having established themselves, giving 
 rise to new boundaries and subdivisions of terri- 
 tory, which will be found detailed under the sev- 
 eral heads of Colombia, Peru, United Provinces 
 of La Plata, or South America, Chile, and Bra- 
 zil, and the remaining portion under the heads of 
 Amazonia, Guiana, and Patagonia. 
 
 The natural features of this division of the 
 western hemisphere are in the highest degree 
 grand and imposing ; extensive fertile plains 
 yield a variety and abundance of every thing cal- 
 culated for the comfort of man ; whilst the moun- 
 tains display the majesty of creation, affording 
 abundance of malleable and indestructible metals, 
 and innumerable streams, forming themselves 
 into noble rivers, yielding their proportion of sup- 
 ply, affording facility of conveyance, and eminent- 
 ly contributing to promote the sociality, enjoy 
 ment, and happiness of society. The range o>' 
 mountains called the Andes, extends from th« 
 utmost extremity of this division south, to th< 
 chain which unites it with the north, runninj 
 parallel with the shores of the Pacific Ocean, af 
 the distance of 100 to 200 miles from the sea, anc 
 occasionally in parallel ridges, the main ridge 
 maintaining an average altitude of ] 2.000 to 15,000 
 ft. above the level of the sea, nearly the whols 
 extent of the continent. In 1802 the travellers, 
 Humboldt and Bonpland, ascended the peak of 
 the Andes called Chimborazo, in the province of 
 Quito, to the height of 19,400 ft. its extreme alti- 
 tude being 21,440. The peak of Cotopaxi, 40 m. 
 S. E. of the ancient city of Quito, is volcanic, and 
 frequently emits fire with terrific violence, from 
 its summit, 18,898 ft. above the level of the sea. 
 Various mountain ridges intersect the more east- 
 ern parts of the continent, all running from south 
 to north, similar in diversity and altitude to the 
 Apalachian of the northern division. The rivers 
 run in every direction : taking them from north 
 to south, the first demanding notice is the Magda- 
 lena ; 2nd Orinoco ; 3d. the Yupura, Tunguragua, 
 Ucayale, Madeira, and Tapajos, branches which 
 form the Amazon ; 4th. the Araguay ; 5th. Parai- 
 ba, or Maranham ; 6th. the Francisco, and 7th. the 
 Uruguay, Parana, Paraguay, Pilcomayo, Ver- 
 mejo, and Salado branches, which form the Rio 
 de la Plata, all of which will be found under their 
 respective heads. The inhabitants of this division 
 of the western hemisphere, on the first inroads of 
 the Spaniards, at the commencement of the 16th 
 century appeared to be of the same stock; and 
 possessing the same common character of feature 
 and colour as those of the north ; but on the west- 
 ern side were much further advanced in the arts 
 of social life. Of their origin no credible act 
 
AME 
 
 33 
 
 AME 
 
 count either of history or tradition could bs ob- 
 tained. Instead of an Adam, formed of the dust 
 of the earth, and an Eve, formed of Adam's rib, 
 
 armadillo is a very curious little animal clad in a 
 natural coat of mail, without hair. They burrow 
 in the ground like a rabbit and are generally in- 
 
 ihe Peruvians had a Manco-Capac, who came 
 from an island on a great lake south, to instruct 
 their men in agriculture and other useful emploj'- 
 ments, and a Mama-Ocllo, to instruct the women 
 m spinning and weaving. Of the precise era, 
 however, of their appearance, their chronology 
 was too imperfect to define ; they enumerated 14 
 reigns of Incas or sovereigns since their time, 
 which would carry the epoch back to about the end 
 of the 12th, or beginning of the 13th century. In 
 the face of evidence so imperfect, it would be ab- 
 surd to hazard even a conjecture, much more an 
 assertion, upon the subject of the first peopling of 
 the south. It may, however, be fairly inferred 
 that the north division was first peopled by em- 
 igrants from the south, rather than from any part 
 of the eastern hemisphere. This seems probable, 
 as well from the similarity of general feature and 
 character, as from the regular gradation of the 
 athletic power and energy which seemed to pre- 
 vail amongst them from south to north. The most 
 healthy and robust of the race would doubtless 
 be most likely to advance onward. 
 
 In the animal creation we here meet with the 
 jaguar, or South American tiger, an animal su- 
 
 perior in size to the leopard, with a spotted hide, 
 and ferocious in habits. He is found from Para- 
 guay to Guiana. The cougar, or puma, some- 
 times called the South American lion, inhabits 
 the southern as well as the northern part of the 
 American continent. The tapir dwells in the 
 rivers of every part of South America and lives 
 upon sugar cane, grass, shrubs and fruits. The 
 tiger cat is a beautiful spotted animal not much 
 larger than the common cat, and is mischievous 
 and untameable. Here are three species of ant- 
 eaters with a long snout, no teeth and a long 
 tongue, perpetually occupied in destroying the 
 ant-hills. The llama of Peru is a very useful 
 beast of burthen ; the vicuna and alpaco furnish 
 i valuable wool. Wild horses and oxen cover 
 trie plains with their immense droves. The 
 
 nocent in their manners. Monkeys of various 
 species swarm in the forests ; one of these, the 
 coaita, has a remarkable resemblance to an Indian 
 old woman. The beaver of this region does not 
 build his habitation after the manner of the com- 
 mon beaver. The chinchilla is prized for its val- 
 uable skin. The sloth is peculiar to this country : 
 he is unfurnished with teeth, and crawls slowly 
 from tree to tree devouring their leaves. The 
 Deccary exists in abundance here as well as in 
 Mexico. The cavy frequents the marshes, and 
 the coati prowls among the woods devouring 
 small animals, poultry and eggs. The agouti is 
 about the size of" a hare, and burrows in hollow 
 trees; feeding upon potatoes, yams and such 
 
 fruits as fall from the trees. It uses its paws in 
 the manner of hands, like a squirrel, and is ex- 
 ceedingly voracious. 
 
 Birds are various in species, and numerous ; 
 the condor of the Andes is considered superior 
 in majesty to the ostrich of the deserts of 
 Africa ; in the plains is another large bird of 
 a species between the ostrich and cassowary of 
 New Holland; there are eagles of various kinds, 
 and an endless variety of smaller birds of exquisite- 
 ly beautiful plumage. The winged tribe and in- 
 sects are various and infinite, some surpassing in 
 beauty, and others in noxiousness ; but next to 
 the volcanic eruptions and natural convulsions 
 of the earth, the greatest terror of S. America 
 are the reptiles, which exceed in variety, number, 
 and voracity those of any other part of the 
 world. Of the inhabitants of the waters, the 
 electric eel and ink-fish are peculiar to the east- 
 ern coast of the equatorial latitudes of this hemis- 
 phere ; in addition to which, nearly all the specie* 
 common to other seas and rivers are also abun- 
 dant. Indestructible metals and gems are more 
 abundant in this division of the western hemis- 
 phere than any other part of the world ; and 
 gold and silver seem to abound to such a degree 
 as is likely soon to satiate the mania fbr their 
 possession. Copper, in several parts, is also 
 abundant. The vegetable productions exceed in 
 variety, beauty, and utility, those of Asia, orany 
 other part of the globe, whether considered in 
 reference to sustenance, or to luxury r taste, and 
 adornment in art. Vegetation presents a great 
 number of gradations. From the shores of the 
 sea to the height of 1,083 ft. we meet with mag- 
 nificent palms, the most odoriferous lilies, and: 
 the balsam of Tolu. The targe flowered jessa 
 
ami: 
 
 34 
 
 AML 
 
 .■nine and the datura arborea exhale at night their 
 delicious perfume, and ornament the head dress 
 of the ladies with their beautiful flowers. On 
 the arid shores of the ocean as well as in the 
 deptli of the interior forests, grows spontaneously 
 the cocoa tree, whose fruit is applied to so many 
 useful purposes. The trunk is composed of hard, 
 strong fibres crossing each other like net work, 
 and there are properly no branches. The husk 
 of the cocoa nut is twisted into cordage, and of 
 
 the pulp a species of butter is made. Above the 
 region of the palm commences that of the arbores- 
 oent fern and the cinchona which bears the febri- 
 fuge bark. Above this, a broad zone of G,000 to 
 12,000 ft. contains the region of alpine plants. The 
 sugar cane, the orange, coffee and cotton have 
 been introduced by the Europeans, and flourish 
 in great luxuriance. The climate, though nox- 
 ious in certain confined and local situations, is on 
 the whole delightful ; in short, nothing is wanting 
 but judicious and well-directed means, on the part 
 of man, to render the whole southern division of 
 the western hemisphere the abode of enjoyment 
 and prosperity. 
 
 Jimcrica, p.t. capital of Alexander Co. Illinois, 
 on the Ohio, 7 m. above the Mississippi. 
 
 Amerpore, a town of Nepaul, 10 m. W of 
 Moowanpoor. 
 
 Amerhate, a fort of Hindoostan, in the exten- 
 sive sandy desert between the Indus and the Pud- 
 dar. This place is celebrated as the retreat of 
 the emperor Humaioon, during his troubles; and 
 here was born his son, the illustrious Acbar. It 
 is 160 m. E. N. E. of Tatta. 
 
 Amersfort, a town of Holland, in the state of 
 Utrecht. A considerable quantity of tobacco is 
 raised in the neighbourhood. It has a trade in 
 beer, and goods from Germany are shipped here 
 for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile country, 
 on the river Ems, 10 m. E. N. E. of Utrecht. 
 
 Amersham or Agmondesham, a borough in Buck- 
 inghamshire, returning 2 members to parliament, 
 with a market on Tuesday. It has a considerable 
 manufacture of black lace. The town-hall is the 
 handsomest in the country. It is seated in a vale 
 between woody hills, 26 m. N. W. of London. 
 Pop. 2,612. 
 
 Ames, p.t. Athens Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. E. Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Amesbury, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. E. 
 Boston : on the Merrimack 4 m. above Newbury- 
 port, is a thriving manufacturing town. Pop. 
 2,445. In the iron factories 1,000 tons of iron 
 were formerly wrought in a year. The hail ma- 
 chine invented by Jacob Perkins, was first put in 
 motion here. The flannel factory has 5,000 spin- 
 
 dles, and turns out 200 pieces in a week. There 
 are several other factories, bleacheries, &c. 
 
 Amesbury, or Ambresbury, a town in Wiltshire, 
 with a market on Friday. It is seated on the 
 lower Avon, at the place where a number of Brit- 
 ons were treacherously murdered, and near that 
 famous monument of antiquity, Stonehenge. Here 
 are the ruins of a venerable abbey This place 
 gave birth to Addison. It is 6 m. N. of Salisbury, 
 and 77 W. of London. Pop. 810. 
 
 Amhara, a district of Abyssinia, between the 
 Deuder and Tacazze branches of the Nile. 
 
 Amherst, a town, recently established by the 
 English, at the bottom of the gulf of Martaban, in 
 the Birman empire. Here is a Baptist Mission 
 ary. 
 
 Amherst, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 91 m. W 
 Boston and 7 E. of Conn, river. Pop. 2,63j . • 
 has a college incorporated in 1825. This Semina 
 ry has 7 Professors and 4 tutors. The number 
 of Students is 188. The libraries contains about 
 7,000 volumes. Here are also an academy, and 
 an institution called the Mount Pleasant Institu- 
 tion, containing 9 instructors. 
 
 Amherst, p.t. one of the seats of justice in Hills- 
 borough, N. H., on Souhegan river, a branch of 
 the Merrimack, 47 m. fr. Boston ; it is a pleasant 
 town, and contains a mineral spring. Pop. 1,657. 
 
 Amherst, t. Erie Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Buffalo 
 Pop. 2,489. 
 
 Amherst, an inland county of Virginia, on the 
 north bank of James River. The court house ol 
 the county is 130 m. W. of Richmond. Pop. 
 12,072. 
 
 Amherst Springs, p. v. Amherst Co. Va. 211 m 
 W. Wash. 
 
 Amherst, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio. 130 to. N. E. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Amherstburg, a town and fort of Upper Canada, 
 on the east side of the river Detroit, at its en- 
 trance into Lake Erie. Long. 82. 56. W. lat. 42. 
 36. N. 
 
 Amiens, a large and populous town of France, 
 in the department of Somme. It is a place of 
 great antiquity ; being mentioned by Ca?sar (by 
 whom it was called Samaro-Briva) as a town that 
 had made a vigorous resistance against the Ro- 
 mans, and where he convened a general assem- 
 bly of the Gauls. The town is encompassed with a 
 wall and other fortifications ; and the ramparts are 
 planted with trees, which form a delightful walk. 
 The city has five gates. At the gate of Noyon 
 there is a suburb, remarkable for the abbey of St. 
 Achen. The cathedral is one of the largest and 
 most magnificent churches in France. Three 
 branches of the river Somme pass through this 
 city, and afterwards unite. Amiens was taken 
 by the Spaniards in 1597, but retaken by Henry 
 I V.who built a citadel in it. A treaty of peace was 
 concluded here, March 27, 1802, between Spain, 
 Holland, France, and England. It has manufac- 
 tures of linen and woolen cloth, which employ 
 in the city and adjacent country, 30.000 people 
 It is 20 m. S. E. of Abbeville, and 75 N. of Paris. 
 
 Amite, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,943 
 Liberty is the chief town. 
 
 Amity, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. 
 
 Amity, p. v. Allegany Co. N. Y. Pop. 872. 
 
 Amity, t. Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Amissville, p.v. Culpepper Co. Va. 86. m. Wash. 
 
 Amlwidi, a town of Wales, on the N. coast of 
 Anglesey with a harbour for small vessels. In 
 1768, when the Parys copper mines were opened, 
 it did not contain above 6 houses; but in 1821 
 
AMS 
 
 35 
 
 AMS 
 
 1 ,096, and 7,292 inhab. It is 25 m. W. of Beau- 
 maris, and 260 N. W. of London. See Parys. 
 
 Amman, a town of Syria, anciently the capital 
 of the Ammonites, called Rabbah Ammon, and by 
 the Greeks Philadelphia, and now the principal 
 place of a district. It is 30 m. S. W. of Bosra, 
 and 52 N. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Amol, a town of Usbec Tartary, in Bucharia, 
 and a place of considerable trade. It is seated on 
 the Amu, which falls into the sea of Aral, 60 m. 
 W. of Bucharia. Long. 60. 40. E. lat. 39. 20. N. 
 
 Amol, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, with 
 the remains of an ancient fortress and palace. It 
 has manufactures of cotton, and in the neighbour- 
 hood are iron mines and cannon founderies. It 
 stands in a plain, at the foot of Mount Taurus, 
 and on the borders of the Caspian sea, 30 m. N. 
 W. of Ferabad. Long. 52. 38. E. lat. 37. 30. N. 
 
 Amonoosuck, Upper and Lower; two rivers 
 rising among the White Mountains and flowing 
 into the Connecticut ; each about 50 m. long. 
 
 Amor go, an island of the Archipelago, fertile in 
 wine, oil, and corn. The best cultivated parts 
 belong to a monastery. It is 30 miles in circum- 
 ference, and 67 aorth of Candia. Long. 26. 15. 
 E. lat. 36. 20. N. 
 
 Amosheag falls, on the Merrimack, in N. Hamp- 
 shire, 15 m. below Concord, consist of 3 pitches 
 within half a mile, descending about 50 feet. A 
 canal passes round them. 
 
 Amour, or Amur, river of Chinese Tartary. 
 See Saghalien. 
 
 Amoij, an island on the S. E. coast of China, 
 15 miles in circumference. The English had a 
 factory here, but abandoned it on account of the 
 impositions of the inhabitants. Its port, on the 
 west side, is capable of receiving 1,000 ships. 
 Long. 118. 45. E. lat. 24. 20. N. 
 
 Amplepuis,a. town of France, in the department 
 of PJione, celebrated for its wines. It is. 16 m. 
 W. of Villefranche, and 26 N. W. of Lyons. 
 
 Amp thill, a town in Bedfordshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Thursday. It was the residence of Cath- 
 arine, queen of Henry VIII. during the time that 
 her unjust divorce was in agitation. This event 
 is commemorated by a poetical inscription on a 
 column where the old castle stood. It is situate 
 between 2 hills, 6 m. S. of Bedford, and 45 N. 
 W. of London. Pop. 1,527. 
 
 Ampurias, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, at 
 the mouth of the Fluvia, 70 m. N. E. of Barcelo- 
 na. Long. 3. 0. E. lat. 42. 9. N. 
 
 Amrus, a castle or palace of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 at the foot of a mountain, 2 m. S. E. of Inspruck. 
 
 Amsterdam, the principal city of Holland Pro- 
 per, the capital of the northern division of the 
 Netherlands, and formerly of the republic of the 
 Seven United Provinces, is situated at the conflu- 
 ence of the rivers Amstel and Y, or Wye, near 
 the south-western extremity of the Zuyder Zee. 
 90 m. N. by E. from Antwerp, in lat. 52. 25. IN. 
 long. 4.40. E. Pop. 180,000. This city was un- 
 known in history before the latter end of the thir- 
 teenth century, and was then noticed only as a 
 collection of fishermen's huts in the middle of a 
 morass. It first acquired a commercial character 
 about the year 1370, but was not fortified till the 
 end of the succeeding century ; after which period 
 it gradually increased in magnitude and mercan- 
 tile celebrity, yet not without experiencing some 
 severe check. In 1512 it was besieged by the 
 people of Guelderland, who, on failure of their 
 attempt to take the city, set fire to the shipping 
 in the harbour. During the same century its 
 
 tranquillity was disturbed by tumults and insur- 
 rections occasioned by the anabaptists ; in one of 
 which Van Geelen, the leader of these enthu- 
 siasts, led his followers openly in military array, 
 with drums beating and colours flying to the town 
 house, where he fixed his head quarters. He was 
 however, soon dispossessed. The magistrates 
 assembled the burghers, who showed no disposi- 
 tion to take part with the insurgents, and being 
 aided by some regular troops, surrounded the 
 place ; and after an obstinate resistance, he and 
 the whole of his surviving band were taken pris- 
 oners, and put to death under circumstances of 
 extreme cruelty. The city was taken possession 
 of by the Hollanders in 1578, on condition that 
 the religious lights of the Roman Catholic citi- 
 zens should be respected. The condition was but 
 ill observed ; for all the ecclesiastics of both sexes 
 were driven out of the city, the images broken, 
 and the altars demolished. From this period its 
 opulence and splendour increased with an almost 
 uninterrupted rapidity till its connection with the 
 revolutionary government of France, which caus- 
 ed a total annihilation of its commerce during the 
 continuation of the union of the countries. 
 
 One cause of the advancement of Amsterdam 
 was the decay of Antwerp, occasioned chiefly by 
 the closing of the navigation of the Scheldt ; an- 
 other, which also concurred in securing the sta- 
 bility of its commerce, was the erection of the 
 public bank. This establishment was instituted 
 in 1609, in order to obviate the inconveniences 
 arising from the very debased state of the curren- 
 cy of Holland, which was made up of coins 
 brought from every part of the world. Merchants 
 often found it difficult to procure standard coin to 
 pay their bills ; but as the bank received the light 
 and worn out coin at its intrinsic value, an inva- 
 riable standard was thus formed which tended 
 greatly to simplify the operations of trade. The 
 amount of the capital of the bank was never cor- 
 rectly ascertained, though it is said to have in- 
 creased in the period of its prosperity to upwards 
 of forty millions sterling of actual deposits. These 
 originally consisted of coined money, but after- 
 wards large quantities of gold and silver bullion 
 were received. After the French invasion in 
 1795 it was ascertained, however, that its boasted 
 treasures were imaginary : the precious metals 
 had been lent out by the directors to different 
 public bodies, whose bonds were deposited in their 
 stead. 
 
 In consequence of its extensive commercial 
 credit, Amsterdam was long the centre of ex- 
 change for Europe ; but from the time that a 
 want of confidence in the bank began to be felt, 
 a great part of the exchange transactions have 
 been carried on in London and Hamburgh. 
 
 In the year 1757 this city suffered considerably 
 from the explosion of a powder magazine, by 
 which many buildings were destroyed. During 
 the internal troubles that agitated the republic ui 
 1797, it was occupied by the Prussians, who main- 
 tained possession of it for a year ; afterwards, in 
 1805, it submitted to the French; and when the 
 United Provinces were incorporated into the body 
 of the French empire under Napoleon, Amster 
 dam was considered the third city in rank, being 
 deemed inferior only to Paris and Rome. 
 
 The government is vested in a council calleu 
 Vroedschap, of thirty-six members, in whom thu 
 supreme power is lodged. The office is held 
 during life, and vacancies are filled by the survi- 
 vors. This body elects the chief magistrates, 
 
AMS 
 
 3r 
 
 AMS 
 
 nnrned burgomasters or echevins, a rank some- 
 what similar to that of alderman : the number of 
 these is twelve ; they have the direction of all 
 public works, and hold the keys of the city bank. 
 The military protection of the town is in the 
 charge of the militia, consisting of sixty compa- 
 nies^of from 200 to 300 men each. Jews and 
 anabaptists are excluded from this body, as 
 they are not allowed to bear arms : they are, 
 however, obliged to contribute to the support of 
 the city guard, consisting of 1,400 soldiers, and to 
 the night watch, which patroles the streets and 
 mil.-; the hours. In addition to this night patrole, 
 trumpeters are stationed in every church steeple, 
 who sound every half hour, and, in case of fire, 
 rinn- the alarm bells, and direct enquirers to the 
 place. 
 
 The city extends in the form of a semicircle on 
 the southern bank of the Y, which is its diameter; 
 on the land side it was surrounded by a wall and 
 bastions, with a broad and deep fosse : the wall is 
 dismantled ; but the bastions still remain, and are 
 used as sites for corn-mills. The Amstel, on en- 
 tering the city, divides into two branches, from 
 each of which issue numerous canals, forming a 
 collection of islands, connected with each other 
 by 290 bridges ; of which, that over the Amstel, 
 commanding a panoramic view of the city and its 
 environs, is the only one worthy of notice. That 
 part of the river Y which forms the port of Am- 
 sterdam, is guarded bv a double row of piles, with 
 openings at intervals for the admission of vessels : 
 these openings are always closed at night. The 
 deeply laden ships lie outside the piles, in a place 
 called the Laag. During the period of Dutch 
 prosperity, an hundred vessels have entered the 
 port in one tide, and six or seven hundred were 
 to be seen there at anchor together. On the op- 
 posite side of the Y are the locks by which ships 
 enter the great canal, which is carried thence, in 
 a straight line, northwards to the Texel ; thus 
 preventing the risk and delay of a voyage through 
 the Zuyder Zee. This canal, which has been 
 recently finished, is 120 feet wide at the surface, 
 and twenty-five deep. It was constructed at an 
 expense of 1,000,000/. sterling. It terminates at 
 the Helder, which was nothing more than a fish- 
 ing village, until it was fortified by Bonaparte for 
 the defence of a naval arsenal he formed there, 
 and which is now called Willems-oord. The isl- 
 and of the Texel is principally devoted to the 
 breeding of sheep. The cheese made from their 
 milk is much prized by the inhabitants. The 
 canals with which the city is intersected, though 
 extremely convenient and ornamental, are attend- 
 ed with one very disagreeable consequence : from 
 the stagnation of the water, and the collection of 
 offal of every kind discharged into them, they 
 send forth effluvia equally offensive and unwhole- 
 some, which all the characteristic cleanliness of 
 the inhabitants has not been able wholly to re- 
 move Mills have been erected on their banks, 
 to promote a circulation of air by ventilation ; 
 others, called mud-mills, from the purpose to 
 which they are applied, are also used to raise and 
 remove the slime which the river deposits largely. 
 
 In consequence of the badness of the founda- 
 tion, the whole city is built on piles driven end- 
 ways into the mud ; a circumstance which occa- 
 sioned the witty remark of Erasmus, on visiting 
 it, " that he was in a town where the inhabitants 
 lived, like rooks, on the the tops of trees." This 
 circumstance also occasioned the restriction of 
 coaches to men of consequence and physicians, 
 
 who paid a tax for the privilege of using them ; 
 the magistrates conceiving that the rolling of the 
 wheels produced a dangerous concussion of the 
 piles. Goods are conveyed through the town on 
 sledges ; and the common conveyance for those 
 who do not wish to walk is a kind of sleigh or 
 traineau, consisting of the body of a carriage fix- 
 ed on a hurdle, drawn by a single horse, and 
 guided by the driver, who walks by its side. The 
 streets in genera! are narrow, with the exception 
 of a few which present a fine appearance, and are 
 adorned with spacious mansions. The principal 
 square is the Dam, in front of the palace ; besides 
 which there are three others, where markets and 
 an annual fair are held. The palace, formerly 
 the stadthouse, or town hall, is considered to be 
 the most magnificent building in Holland. It 
 forms an oblong square, 282 feet in length, 235 in 
 breadth, and 116 in height, besides the tower, 
 which is 67 feet hio-h. Within is a spacious hall, 
 150 feet long, GO broad, and 100 high. This hall, 
 and the other apartments of the palace, are adorn- 
 ed with some fine paintings. Strangers are ad- 
 mitted daily to view it, under the sole restriction 
 of writing down their names on entering. The 
 front entrance has seven doors, which were in- 
 tended for the representatives of the Seven Unit- 
 ed Provinces, but are now reserved exclusively 
 for the royal family. All other persons obtain 
 admission through the back entrance. The base- 
 ment story was formerly used to hold the im- 
 mense treasures of the bank. 
 
 The royal museum contains, besides other cu- 
 riosities, a fine collection of paintings, chiefly of 
 the Flemish school. It is said that the emperor 
 Alexander offered the sum of 30,000/. for one 
 alone. Visitors are admissible to the museum on 
 terms of equal liberality as to the palace. 
 
 The exchange is a large but plain building, 230 
 feet in length and 130 in breadth : it is capable of 
 containing 4,500 persons ; and is divided into thir- 
 ty-six compartments, for the transaction of the 
 various kinds of commercial business carried on 
 there. 
 
 The deficiency of architectural elegance in the 
 places of public worship is very striking, particu- 
 larly to travellers coming from the Netherlands, 
 where much attention is paid to their embelish- 
 ment. The old church of St. Nicholas has some 
 fine painted windows, and contains the tombs of 
 several of the celebrated Dutch admirals. The 
 burial ground of one of the sixteen chapels attach- 
 ed to it was appropriated, by the catholic magis- 
 tracy of Amsterdam, during the period of religious 
 persecution, for the interment of the protestant 
 merchants of Hamburgh who died here. The 
 new church of St. Catherine contains a splendid 
 monument of white marble, erected to the memory 
 of admiral de Ruyter. The Portuguese synagogue 
 is said to have been built in imitation of the tem- 
 ple of Solomon. The churches of the established 
 religion, which is the reformed or Calvinistic, are 
 distinguished by being the only places of worship 
 which are allowed the use of bells. The total 
 number of churches is, ten Dutch reformed, 
 twenty-two catholic, one French reformed, one 
 English presbyterian, three Lutheran, one ana- 
 baptist, one Walloon, one Greek, and seven syna- 
 gogues. The number of resident Jews is estima- 
 ted at 17,000. 
 
 The management of the penitentiaries is pecu- 
 liarly worthy of notice. The number of convicts 
 is great, not because crime is more common, but 
 because the punishment of death is seldom inflic- 
 
AMS 
 
 37 
 
 ANC 
 
 ed ; imprisonment for various periods, in most 
 cases, supplies its place. The principal prison is 
 the house of Correction, called also the Rasp- 
 house, because the chief employment of its in- 
 mates is the cutting and rasping of Brazil wood. 
 In this place of confinement, no one is suffered to 
 be idle; and thus the government is indemnified 
 fir much of the expenditure incurred ; and the 
 prisoners, on their part, are frequently reclaimed, 
 by its wholesome and rigid discipline, from the 
 dissolute and vicious habits which led them to be- 
 come its inmates. In the yard of the prison is 
 one coll. and one only, for the treatment of the 
 incorrigibly idle. A stream of water constantly 
 Hows into it, which can only be discharged through 
 a pump set up within. The only means, there- 
 fore, by which the inmate can avoid being over- 
 whelmed by the ingress of the water is by work- 
 ing incessantly at the pump : if he persists in his 
 idleness, he is inevitably drowned. It is said that 
 it is now never used. 
 
 The workhouse is intended for minor offences ; 
 some of which are not recognised by our laws. 
 Husbands may send their wives thither on a 
 charge of drunkenness or extravagance ; and they 
 are themselves liable to punishment for the same 
 offences. Young women, also, even of good fam- 
 ilies, are sometimes sent thither as to a school of 
 rigorous reformation. The charitable institutions 
 are numerous, and generally well conducted. 
 
 Amsterdam can boast of a fair proportion of 
 literary and scientific societies. The principal, 
 named Felix Meritis, comprehends among its 
 members most of the literature of the kingdom. 
 Its business is distributed among five classes or 
 committees : one for agriculture, manufactures, 
 and commerce ; the second for mathematics and 
 its kindred sciences ; the third for the polite arts ; 
 the fourth for music; and the fifth for general or 
 miscellaneous literature. The building contains 
 a theatre for the delivery of lectures, a museum, 
 a gallery of sculpture, a drawing school, and an 
 observatory commanding a fine view of the city 
 and its environs. The public botanic garden, 
 though plentifully stocked, does not contain any 
 plants of extraordinary value. In the Royal 
 Academy of Liberal Arts, a late institution for 
 communicating instructions in painting, sculp- 
 ture, and architecture, pensions for four years are 
 granted to the most deserving pupils, which are 
 appropriated to a journey to Italy. In the naval 
 schools, children of common seamen, when prop- 
 erly recommended, are educated gratuitously; as 
 are the sons of officers, on the payment of a small 
 pension. All are treated alike ; and almost every 
 officer who has elevated the naval character of 
 hi; country has received his education here. 
 
 Amsterdam and St. Paul, two islands in the 
 'ndian Ocean, lying in the same longitude, at 
 40 m. distance. Their names are reversed by nav- 
 igators, but most of them call the northern one 
 St. Paul, and the southern Amsterdam. The 
 latter is high land, and upward of 4 m. long, and 
 2 broad. It has evident marks of volcanic erup- 
 tion in every part, and is almost wholly covered 
 with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees. 
 On the east side is a great crater, into which the 
 sea has made a narrow and shallow entrance ; its 
 shelving sides are 700 feet in perpendicular height, 
 in which, and in the causeway dividing it from 
 the sea, are several hot springs of r resh water. 
 St. Paul, or the northern island, presents no 
 very high land, or any rise in a conic form. It 
 is covered with shrubs and low trees, but has no 
 
 convenient landing-place. Long. 77. 48. E. la 
 37. 51. S. 
 
 Amsterdam, New, one of the Friendly islands. 
 See Tangataboo. 
 
 Amsterdam, p t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 33 m. 
 N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,354. 
 
 Amu, Gihun, Ami, or Oxus, a river of Indepen- 
 dent Tartary, formed by numerous streams which 
 issue from the mountains of Belur, on the con- 
 fines of India and Persia, and flowing W. by N. 
 through Bucharia, enters the S. extremity of the 
 lake Aral after a course of 1,200 m., part of which 
 is through a desert. 
 
 Amwell, a village in Hertfordshire, 1 m. S. of 
 Ware, famous for originally giving rise to the 
 New River, which supplies a great part of London 
 with water. 
 
 Amwell, p. t. Washington Co. Pa. 
 
 Anacopia, the capital of the nation of the 
 Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its entrance 
 into the Black sea. Long. 40. 30. E. lat. 43. 20. N. 
 
 Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source 
 in a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs 
 into Notchen Bay, near Behring's straits. 
 
 Ana Capri. See Capri. 
 
 Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, 
 in a country producing abundance of corn and 
 fruit. It stands on a river that flows into the 
 Euphrates, 80 m. W. N. W. of Bagdad and 240 
 S. S.E. of Diarbekir. Long. 42. 28. E. lat. 34. G. N. 
 
 Anantpour,a, town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 100 m. N. E. of Chitteldroog, and 120 N. of Ban- 
 galore. 
 
 Anaquito, a district in the province of Quito, 
 and kingdom of Peru, where Almagro and Piz- 
 arro (joint discoverers of Peru, ) engaged each 
 other in battle, in 1540. 
 
 Anattom, an island, the most southern of the 
 New Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean. Long. 170. 9. 
 E. lat. 20. 10. N. 
 
 Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi, 
 seated on the Euphrates, 50 m. W. of Bagdad. 
 
 Ancarani, a town of Italy, 5 m. N. of Ascoli. 
 and 82 N. E. of Rome. 
 
 Ancaster, p.t. Upper Canada, at the W. end of 
 L. Ontario. 
 
 Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. 15 m. 
 S. Lincoln. It stands on a Roman high-way at the 
 foot of a hill which abounds with antiquities, 
 and at the S. end are the remains of a castle. 
 
 Ancenis, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, 20 m. E. of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Ancholm, a river in Lincolnshire, Eng. which ri- 
 ses near Market Raisin, flows to Glandford-bridge 
 and is navigable thence to the Huniber. 
 
 Anclam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania, 
 on the river Peene, 20 m. S. E. of Gripswald. 
 
 Ancoder, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold 
 coast, to the W. of Axim. It has a river of the 
 same name flowing through it ; and at its mouth 
 is a town with a good harbour. Long. 1. 10. \V 
 lat. 4. 50. N. 
 
 Ancona, Marquisate of, a maritime province of 
 the states of the church, Italy, bounded on the E. 
 by the Adriatic, and on the W. by the Apennines ; 
 it is very fruitful in corn, fruits and silk. 
 
 Anemia, a city and seaport of Italy in the a 
 bove province, and a bishop's see, with a citadel 
 on a hill. The cathedral stands upon another 
 hill, and the houses extend down the side of the 
 eminence toward the Gulf of Venice. Clement 
 XII. built a mole, to render the harbour safe ; it is 
 erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by 
 D 
 
AND 
 
 33 
 
 AND 
 
 Trajan, above 2,000 ft. in length. Near this stands 
 the beautiful triumphal arch of Trajan. Here 
 likewise Clement XII. erected a lazaretto, which 
 advances a little way into the sea in the form of 
 a pentagon. Great numbers of Jews are settled in 
 this city, where they have a synagogue; and they 
 have the principal share of its commerce. An- 
 cona was taken in 1796 by the French, who sur- 
 rendered it to theAustrians in 1799. It is 116 
 m. N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. 29. E. lat. 43.38. 
 N. Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 Antrum, p.t. Columbia Co. N.Y. 52 m. S. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,533. Here are large manufactures of 
 bar and pig iron. 
 
 Ancyra, the capital of Galatia, near the river 
 Halys, said to have been built by Midas, king of 
 Phrygia, and so named from an anchor found 
 there. See Angoura. 
 
 Anduhvailas, the chief town of a district of the 
 same name, in the intendency of Guamanga, Pe- 
 ru, about 100 m. W. of Cuzco. 
 
 Andalusia, a province of Spain, which in its 
 largest sense comprises the kingdom of Granada, 
 Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and the colony of Sierra 
 Morena, bounded on the N. by Estremadura and 
 La Mancha, E. by Murcia, S. by the Mediterra- 
 nean, and W. by the Atlantic and Portugal. The 
 Guadalquivir runs through its whole length ; 
 and it is the most fertile and trading country in 
 Spain. Its aggregate superficies are 2,281 French 
 leagues, and pop. about 1,900,000. The French 
 .overran this province in 1810, but evacuated it in 
 consequence of the battle of Salamanca, in 1812. 
 The capital is Seville. 
 
 Andalusia, New. See Paria. 
 
 Andalusia, p. t. Bucks Co. Pa. 94 m. E. Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Andaman Islands, several islands on the E. 
 side of the bay of Bengal. The largest called 
 Great Andaman, is 120 m. long and 16 broad, 
 indented by deep bays affording good harbours, 
 and intersected by rivers one of which passes quite 
 through the island, and at high water is navigable 
 for small vessels. The forests afford some precious 
 trees, as ebony and the Nicobar bread-fruit : and 
 the ejible birds' nests abound here. The only 
 quadrupeds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and 
 rats. The inhabitants are in a state of barbarism, 
 and live chiefly on fish, fruits, and herbs ; they 
 perfectly resemble negroes, and their canoes are of 
 the rudest kind. In 1793, the English made a 
 settlement on the N. end of Great Andaman, the 
 largest island, which is called Port Cornwallis, 
 and has a commodious harbour to shelter ships 
 durino- the N. E. monsoon. Long. 93. 0. E. lat. 
 13. 30. N. 
 
 Andaye, a fortified town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Pyrenees, famous for its brandy. 
 It is situate near the mouth of the Bidassoa, 
 almost opposite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 m. S. W. 
 of Bayonne. 
 
 Andely, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eure, divided by a paved road into Great and 
 Little Andely, a mile from each other. Great 
 Andely is on the rivulet Gamons, and Little Ande- 
 ly on the Seine. The cloths manufactured here 
 are in high esteem. It is 17 m. N. E. of Evreux, 
 and 20 S. E. of Rouen. 
 
 Andernach, a town in the grand duchy of the 
 Lower Rhine, now forming part of the Prussian 
 territory. Great quantities of timber are collected 
 here, which are formed into vast rafts, and floated 
 hence to Dordrecht, in Holland. It is seated on 
 the Rhine. 20 m. N. W. of Coblentz 
 
 Anderah, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital of the 
 province of Tokaristan. In its vicinity are rich 
 quarries of lapis lazuli. It is seated on a branch 
 of the Gihon Amu, and near a pass through the 
 mountains of Hindooko into the kingdom of Cau- 
 bul, 240 m. E. S. E. of Balk. Long. 68. 58. E 
 lat. 36. 10. N. 
 
 Anderson, a County of E. Tennessee. Pop 
 5,312. Clinton, on Clinch river, is the chief town. 
 
 Anderson, a County of Kentucky. Pop. 4,542 
 Lawrenceburg is the chief town. 
 
 Andersonburg , p.v. Perry Co. Pa. 36 ra. N 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Anderson, t. Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 
 Andersontown, p.y. Madison Co. Ind. 21 m. N 
 W. Indianopolis. 
 
 Andersonville, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 150 m. 
 N. W. Columbia. 
 
 Andersonville, p.t. Hancock Co. Miss. 42 m. S. 
 E. Monticello. 
 
 Andes, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 87 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,859. 
 
 Andero, St. See Santander. 
 
 Andes, a chain of mountains running through 
 the whole extent of North and South America, 
 although the name is c.onfined to S. America alone ; 
 and N. of the isthmus of Darien the chain is 
 known by the name of the Cordilleras, Rock}' 
 Mountains &c. From the utmost extremity of 
 the Southern division, in south lat. 54, to about 
 the lat. of 18 south, they continue in an unbroken 
 line to run parallel with the shorp of the Pacific 
 Ocean, at a distance cf ?00 to 200 miles, with here 
 and there parallel ridges further east, and at an al- 
 titude of 12.000 to 15,000 ft. above the level of the 
 sea ; from about the 18th to the 15th deg. of south 
 lat. the chain is somewhat broken, but further 
 north they assume a more grand and imposing 
 form, diverging into parallel ridges, and rising 
 near the equator to an altitude of 21,440 ft. and in 
 several places issue forth volcanic eruptions with 
 terrific violence. N. of the equator they diverge 
 into 4 parallel and distinct ridges, running to 
 the shores of the Caribean Sea, and the outermost 
 ridge skirting the coast of that sea to the Atlantic, 
 through the chain which unites the two grand 
 divisions of America, or the western hemisphere, 
 the mountains are considerably broken ; but at 
 about the 15th degree of north lat. through the 
 teritory of Mexico, they again assume their won- 
 ted grandeur, rising to a height of 17,720 ft. and 
 again pouring forth volcanic matter, and proceed 
 in an unbroken line at a somewhat greater dis- 
 tance from the sea than through the south division, 
 by the name of the Rocky Mountains, to the Icy 
 Sea in the 70th deg. of north lat. From the 40th 
 deg. of lat. south, to the 30th north, the Andes 
 abound with gold, silver, copper, and other me- 
 tallic substances. 
 
 In the Colombian provinces, the Andes are di 
 vided into three parallel chains separated by deep 
 and extensive valleys, which are the basins of 
 great rivers. Farther south these mountains in- 
 termingle in one group and stretch onward be- 
 yond the equator. The Andes of Quito are the 
 most elevated points of the whole chain, Chimbo- 
 razo being the highest summit in America, unless 
 according to the statement of a recent traveller, 
 the peak of Ylimani be entitled to this distinc- 
 tion. Throughout Peru and Chile these moun- 
 tains still maintain a sublime elevation and con- 
 tain enormoxis metallic riches. The highest, peaks 
 are in the region of eternal snow, and they pre- 
 sent in every quarter the most grand and imposing 
 
AND 
 
 39 
 
 AND 
 
 scenery. The passes through the mountains are 
 frequently no more than two feet in breadth, and 
 resemble a hollow gallery, open to the sky. The 
 traveller shudders in passing along these tremen- 
 dous fissures, which are filled with mud ; while 
 at the same time their obscurity is increased by 
 the thick vegetation, which, hanging down from 
 above, covers the opening. The quebradas are 
 immense rents breaking through the whole chain 
 of the mountains and forming vast abysses suffi- 
 cient in size to swallow up an ordinary mountain. 
 It is here that the eye of the terrified traveller can 
 best comprehend the gigantic magnificence of the 
 Andes. Through these natural gates the great 
 
 rivers find a passage to the sea. Here also are 
 villages of mountaineers ; pastures covered with 
 llamas and sheep ; orchards bordered with quick- 
 set hedges and luxuriant and highly cultivated 
 cornfields, occupying a station suspended as it 
 were in the lofty regions of the air ; and the 
 traveller can hardly bring himself to believe that 
 this habitable region is higher above the sea than 
 the summit of the Pyrenees. 
 
 AndUiv, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Rhine, with a castle, situate on a moun- 
 tain, 18 m. S. S. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Andorrr, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. re- 
 turning two members to Parliament, with a 
 market on Saturday, a manufacture of shalloons, 
 and a considerable trade in malt. A navigable 
 canal passes hence to Southampton water. It is 
 situate near the river Ande, 10 m. N. by W. of 
 Winchester, and G3. W. by S. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 4,123. 
 
 Andover, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 21. m. fr. 
 Concord. Pop. 1,324 
 
 Andover, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 68. m. S. Mont- 
 pelier. Pop. 975. 
 
 Jindover, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 20 m. N. Boston. 
 Pop. 4,540. This is a pleasant and thriving town 
 with manufactures of flannel and other woolen 
 cloths ; but is chiefly distinguished for its Theo- 
 logical Seminary, first established in 1807 and 
 enlarged by subsequent endowments, amounting 
 to 400,000 dollars. It comprises three large piles 
 of building with accomodations for 120 students. 
 The doctrines of this institution are substantial- 
 ly Calvinism. The library has 5,000 volumes. 
 iVIost of the students are supported by charity. 
 The officers are a President and 4 Professors. 
 Andnver also contains Phillips Academy, founded 
 in 1788. Its officers are a principal and 5 assis- 
 tants. The usual number of students is 130 ; all 
 of them are engaged in classical studies. The 
 funds nf the institution amount to 50,000 dollars. 
 Anlover has a third Seminary called Franklin 
 Academy, in which classical studies are pursued. 
 
 Jindover, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 15 rr . E. Hart- 
 ford. 
 
 Jindover, p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. 285 m. W 
 Albany. Pop. 598. 
 
 Jindover, p.t. Sussex Co. N. J. 48 m. N. Trenton. 
 Jindover, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 200 m. N. 
 E. Columbus. 
 
 Andrugiry, the capital of a kingdom on the 
 E. coast of the island of Sumatra. The chief 
 produce is pepper. It is seated on a river, com- 
 modious for trade, 200 m. N. by W. of Dencoolen. 
 Long. 102. 0. E. lat. 0. 58. S. 
 
 Jlndrarum, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 with the greatest alum work in the kingdom. It 
 is 10 m. S. of Christianstadt. 
 
 Andreasberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick, with good silver mines, 28 
 m. N. E. of Gottingen. 
 
 Andrew, St. a town of Germany, in Carinthia, 
 and a bishop's see ; seated on the river Lavant, 20 
 m. E. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Andrews, St. a sea-port town of New Bruns- 
 wick, at the entrance of Passamaquoddy River. 
 
 Andrews, St. a city of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 once the metropolis of the Pictish kingdom, and 
 the see of an archbishop. 
 
 About the middle of the twelfth century, Da- 
 vid I. erected the town into a royal burgh, and 
 the privileges which it thus obtained were con- 
 firmed by Malcolm II. In the wars of subse- 
 quent times, it was more than once the object of 
 bloody contention between the loyalists and the 
 malcontents ; and at the commencement of the 
 Reformation it suffered its full share in the vio- 
 lences which were committed. 
 
 The cathedral, which was once the glory of the 
 city, is now a ruin. It is said to have been not 
 less than 157 years in building, but was nearly 
 destroyed in one day, the assailants leaving only 
 sufficient of it standing to indicate its former 
 magnitude and great antiquity. The remains 
 consist of part of the east and west ends, and of 
 the south side, together with the chapel of St. 
 Regulus, the entire body and great tower of 
 which still exist. The latter is 103 feet high, and 
 forms an immense equilateral triangle, each side 
 being twenty feet broad. 
 
 The ancient castle retains as little of its origi- 
 nal grandeur as the cathedral ; but it is still re- 
 membered as the scene of many a desperate 
 struggle in former times. It was from one of the 
 windows of this building that cardinal Beatoun 
 beheld his unjust sentence of the heroic reformer 
 Wishart put in execution ; and it was before the 
 same window that his own body was laid after 
 his assassination by the friends of the reformer. 
 
 The university of St. Andrew's is the oldest in 
 Scotland, and originally consisted of three col- 
 leges — St. Salvator's, St. Leonard's, and St. 
 Mary's or the new college. Its government is 
 formed of a chancellor, who, previous to the Re- 
 formation, was the archbishop of the diocese, but 
 since then has been elected by the professor, and of 
 the principals of the colleges. The number of stu- 
 dents seldom exceeds 300 ; but both the healthy 
 situation of the town and its accommodations for 
 study give it great advantages as a place of educa- 
 tion. The college of St. Mary is devoted entirely to 
 students in theology ; that of St Salvator to the 
 sciences in general. The extensive library of 
 the university contains near 40,000 volumes, and 
 numerous manuscripts. 
 
 Dr. Johnson visited this city in his tour through 
 Scotland, and speaks of it with more than usual 
 urbanity. "We found," says he, " that, by the 
 interposition of some invisible friend, lodgings 
 
AND 
 
 40 
 
 ANG 
 
 bad been provided for us at the house of one of 
 the professors, whose easy civility quickly made 
 us forget that we were strangers ; and in the 
 whole time of our stay we were gratified by every 
 mode of kindness, and entertained with all the 
 elegance of lettered hospitality. In the morning 
 we rose to perambulate a city which only history 
 shows to have once flourished ; and surveyed the 
 remains of ancient magnificence, of which even 
 the ruins cannot long be visible, unless some care 
 he taken to preserve them ; and where is the 
 pleasure of preserving such mournful memorials ? 
 They have been till very lately so much neglect- 
 ed, that every man carried away the stones, who 
 fancied that he wanted them. The university 
 within a few years consisted of three colleges, 
 but is now reduced to two ; the college of St. 
 Leonard being lately dissolved by the sale of its 
 buildings and the appropriation of its revenues to 
 the professors of the two others. The chapel of 
 the alienated college is yet standing — a fabric 
 not inelegant of external structure ; but I was 
 always by some civil excuse hindered from enter- 
 ing it. The dissolution of St. Leonard's college 
 was doubtless necessary ; but of that necessity 
 there is reason to complain. It is surely not 
 without just reproach, that a nation, of which the 
 commerce is hourly extending and the wealth in- 
 creasing, denies any participation of its prosperity 
 to its literary societies, and, while its merchants 
 or its nobles are raising palaces, suffers its uni- 
 versities to moulder into dust." In the year 1633, 
 the tomb of bishop Kennedy in the college church 
 was opened, and six silver maces were found in 
 it of very beautiful -workmanship. The other 
 religious structures of this town are interesting 
 for their ; ntiquity ; and the principal church, 
 which is su Ficiently large to hold between two 
 and three thousand people, contains the monument 
 of archbishop Sharpe, who was murdered near 
 the town by the covenanters, and whose tragical 
 history is displayed in rude sculpture on one of 
 the walls. 
 
 Till the Reformation, St. Andrew's enjoyed the 
 high distinction of being the metropolitan see of 
 the Scottish kingdom. It also carried on a profit- 
 able trade ; and, in the time of Charles I., posses- 
 sed between thirty and forty vessels. Both its 
 commerce and its manufactures have of late years 
 been reduced to alow ebb, and the manufacture of 
 golf-balls is now the onlv one that exists. It is 
 associated with Dundee, Cupar, Perth, and Forfar, 
 in sending one member to parliament. It is seat- 
 ed at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a 
 small hill, 30 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. Long. 
 2. 50". W. lat. 56. 18. N. Pop. in 1821. 4,900. 
 
 A ndrcu-s-bridge, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 38 m. 
 S. E. Harrisburg. 
 
 Andros, an island in the Archipelago, 24 m. long 
 and 8 broad. It is one of the ancient Cyclades. 
 It has fertile plains, which are well watered ; and 
 it wants only a good harbour. The inhabitants 
 are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and 
 several monasteries. The principal riches of this 
 sland consist in silks, and the fields produce oran- 
 res, citrons, mulberries, pomegranates, and figs. 
 The capital is of the same name ; and about two 
 miles from it are to be seen the ruins of a strong 
 wall, with the fragments of many columns, chapi- 
 ters, bases, broken statues, and several inscriptions, 
 some of which mention the senate and people of 
 Andros, and the priests of Bacchus; from which 
 it is probable that this' was the site of the ancient 
 city ; Long. 25. 2. E. lat 38. 0. N. 
 
 Androscoggin, a river rising from Umbagog 
 Lake, on the W. side of the state of Maine, it runs 
 into New Hampshire, and re-enters Maine, falling 
 into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. above its conflu- 
 ence with the sea. 
 
 Anduxar, or Andujar, a town of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, with a castle, and some beautiful churches 
 and convents. The environs abound in wheat, 
 wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated on the 
 Guadalquivir, and on the great post road from 
 Madrid, dis. 5 1-2 leagues, by way of Cordova 
 to Seville and Cadiz. 
 
 Antmur, Cape, the southern extremity of Cara 
 mania, opposite the Isle of Cyprus ; en the prom- 
 ontory are the ruins of the ancient city Anemu- 
 rium. N. lat. 36. 15. E. long. 32. 36. 
 
 Angediva, a small island in the Indian Ocean, 
 off the coast of Malabar, belonging to the Portu- 
 guese. It is 60 m. S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 74. 12. 
 E. lat. 14. 43. N. 
 
 Anegada, the most northern of the English 
 Virgin Islands. Long. 64. 7. W. lat. 18. 40. N. 
 
 Angelica, the chief town of Alleghany Co. N. 
 Y. 282. m. W. of Albany. Pop. 998. 
 
 Angelo, St., a town of Italy, 14 m. S W. of 
 Urbino. 
 
 Angelo, St., a town of Naples, 6 m. N. N. W. of 
 Conza. 
 
 Angelos, a city of Mexico. See Puebla de los 
 Angelos. 
 
 Angerburg, a town of Prussia, with a castle, 
 seated on the N. side of a lake, to which it gives 
 name, 70 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Long. 22. 15. 
 E. lat. 54. 8. N. 
 
 Angerbury, or Angermanland. a pr< vinc-e of 
 Sweden, in Noidlancf, 150 miles long, ai.d from 
 25 to 80 broad, the widest part being to the east 
 on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and 
 woody, and in it are considerable iron-works. 
 The chief town is Hernosand. 
 
 Angermunde, a town of Brai (enburg, in the 
 Ucker Mark, on the lake Mund , 48 m.TSf. N. E. 
 of Berlin. 
 
 Angers, a large city of France, in the depa' t- 
 ment of Maine and Loire, situated near the ».< n- 
 fluence of the Sarte, the Loire, and the Miuie, 
 which divides the city into two equal parte, be- 
 tween which there la a communication by two 
 large bridges. Angers contains 36,000 inhabit- 
 ants. The castle is situated in the centre of the 
 city, on a rock, overhanging the river. The 
 cathedral is a venerable and elegant structure: 
 the principal gate is surrounded with three steeples. 
 Here lies interred with her ancestors, the renown- 
 ed Margaret, daughter of Rene, king of Sicily, 
 and queen of Henry VI. of England, who ex- 
 pired after many intrepid but ineffectual e flirts 
 to replace her husband on the throne, in 1482; at 
 the castle of Dampierre. The university of An- 
 gers was founded in 1398, and the academy of 
 Belles Lettres in 1685. It has a considerable 
 manufacture of handkerchiefs and canvas ; and 
 the produce of the slate quarries, at the extremity 
 of the suburb of Bressigny, forms likewise an im- 
 portant article of commerce. The walls with 
 which king John of England surrounded it in 
 1214, remain nearly entire, and are of very great 
 circumference. It is 50 m. E. N. E. of Nantes, 
 and 175 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 33. W. lat. 47 
 28. N. 
 
 Anglcn, or Angden, a small country of Den- 
 mark, in the duchy of Sleswick. Many authors 
 suppose that from the people of this country the 
 English originated ; being called in to assist the 
 
AJSIG 
 
 41 
 
 ANN 
 
 Britons against the invaders from Norway, they 
 in process of time became masters of the country, 
 and gave it the name of England. 
 
 Anglesey, an island and Co. at the N. W. extrem- 
 ity of ? Wales. It is separated from Caernarvonshire 
 by a long and narrow channel called Menai, which 
 passes from St. George's Channel, by Caernarvon 
 and Bangor, to the Irish Sea. That part of the 
 island winch borders this strait is finely wooded, 
 recalling to the mind its ancient state, when it was 
 the celebrated seat of the Druids, whose terrific 
 religious rites were performed in the gloom of the 
 thickest woods. Rude mounds and heaps of 
 stone, said to be druidical remains, are still to be 
 seen ; but a little way within, the whole appears 
 a naked tract, without trees or hedges, watered 
 by numerous rills, fertile in grass and corn, and 
 abounding in cattle. This island produces vast 
 quantities of copper and sulphur (see Parys) and 
 in the N. W. part is a quarry of green marble, in- 
 termixed with asbestos. Beaumaris and Holyhead 
 are the chief towns. 
 
 Angola, the whole extent of territory on the 
 western coast of S. Africa, from near the equator 
 to the 13th or 14th deg. of S. lat. comprehending 
 Loango, Congo, Angola Proper, and Benguela, is 
 commonly called Angola ; but Angola Proper, or 
 the kingdom of Angola lies S. of the Congo, 
 between the lat. of 7 to !) S. All this part of the 
 coast of South Africa is well watered and exceed- 
 ingly capable of yielding abundance, not only 
 for tlie subsistence but the luxury of man. It is 
 divided into numerous petty states and sovereign- 
 ties, the chiefs of which live in constant collision 
 < with each other ; since the restriction of the traf- 
 fic in slaves to the S. of the equator, rapine and 
 cruelty have reigned with uncontrolled sway over 
 the whole of this fine and extensive district ; and 
 since the period of 1 815 and 1816,more than 100,000 
 of the natives have been annually transported as 
 slaves, by the French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, 
 to Martinique, Guadaloupe, Cuba, and the Brazils. 
 St. Paulo de Loango in lat. about 8. 30. S. is the 
 principal place on the coast of Angola Proper, at 
 which the Brazilians more particularly carry on 
 their operation of slave traffic. Abstracted from 
 the unsocializing and debasing influence which 
 the slave-traffic is so strongly calculated to excite 
 and promote, the inhabitants of this part of South 
 Africa are much addicted to habits of idleness, 
 idolatry, and polygamy. 
 
 Angola, p. v. Erie Co. N. Y. 291 m. W. Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Angora, or Angouri, the ancient Ancyra, a city 
 of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek arch- 
 bishop's see, remarkable for its remains of antiqui- 
 ty ; such as inscriptions, pillars, ruins of temples, 
 &.c. The castle has a triple inclosure, and the 
 walls are of white marble and stone, resembling 
 porphyry. The inhabitants are estimated at 100, 
 000. Hero are bred the finest goats in the world; 
 the hair being almost like silk, is worked into fine 
 stuffs. It stands in a lofty situation, 212 m. S. E. 
 of Constantinople. Long. 32. 50. E. lat. 40. 4. N. 
 
 Angouleme, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Charente, and the see of a bishop. 
 It is seated on a mountain surrounded by rocks. 
 The river Charente runs at the foot of it ; and 
 there are some paper manufactures in its environs. 
 It is 50 m. W. S. W. of Limoges. Long. 0. !). E. 
 lat. 45. 3'.). N. 
 
 Angoumois, a late province of France, bounded 
 on the N. by Poitou, E. by Limosin and Manche, 
 . S. bv IVrigord. and W. by Saintonge. It is now 
 
 
 distributed among the departments of Charente, 
 Dordogne, and Deux Sevres. 
 
 Angra, the capital of Terceira, one of the Azores. 
 It is a bishop's see and the residence of the gov- 
 ernor of the Azores. The town is well built, and 
 populous ; and here are royal magazines for all 
 sorts of naval stores, a cathedral, five churches, 
 and several monastic houses. It stands on a bay, 
 between two mountains, on the S. side of the 
 island. Long. 27. 12. W. lat. 38. 39. N. 
 
 Angrognti,, a town of Piedmont, on a river of 
 the same name, 7 m. W. of Pignerol. 
 
 Anguilla, or Snake Island, the most northe rly 
 of the English Leeward islands in the West In- 
 dies. It is 30 miles long and 3 broad, winding 
 somewhat in the manner of a snake, and is 00 m. 
 N. W. of St. Christopher. Long. 62. 35. W. lat. 
 18. 15 N. One of the Bahama islands is also call- 
 ed Anguilla. 
 
 Angusshire, or Forfarshire , a maritime county 
 on the N. E. coast of Scotland ; bounded on the 
 S. by the Frith of Tay, W. by the county of Perth, 
 and N. by Kincardineshire. The chief towns are. 
 Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar, Montrose, and Brechin. 
 It is prettily diversified with hill, dale, and water. 
 Anhalt, a principality of Germany, in Upper 
 Saxony, 42 m. long and 10 broad ; bounded on 
 the S. by Mansfield, W. by Halberstadt, E. by the 
 duchy of Saxon}', and N by Magdeburg. It 
 abounds in corn, and is watered by the Salde and 
 Mulda. Its ancient castle is gone to decay 
 Zerbst is the capital. 
 
 Anholt, an island of Denmark, in the Cattegat, 
 surrounded by sand banks so dangerous to seamen, 
 that on it is a light house. The English took 
 possession of it in 1810, and made it a place of ren- 
 dezvous for the North Sea squadron. Lout. 11. 
 35. E. lat. 56. 38. N. 
 
 Anianc, a town of France, in the department of 
 Herault, 13. m. W. N. W. of Montpelier. It has 
 an extensive manufacture of mineral alkali. 
 
 Anjcngo,a. town of Hindoostan, in Truvancore, 
 which has a trade in pepper and calicoes. It 
 stands at the mouth of a river, 46 m.W.N.W. 
 of Travancore. Long. 76. 40. E. lat. S. 40. N. 
 
 Animal y, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Coimbatore, with a fort. It has a trade in 
 drugs, honey, and wax, collected in the hills to the 
 south, and is sealed on the Alima, 21 m. S. of 
 Coimbatore 
 
 Anjou, a late province of France, bounded (in the 
 N.by Maine, W. by Bretagne. S. by Poitou, and 
 E.by Touraine. It formerly belonged to the sov- 
 ereigns of England. It now forms the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire. 
 
 Ann, St. a town of New Brunswick, situate on 
 the river St. John nearly opposite to Fredericton, 
 and SO. m. above the cjty of St John. Also the 
 name of the chief town of the province of Parana, 
 in Paraguay, and of a lake in Upper Canada, to 
 the north of Lake Superior. 
 
 Anne Arundel, a county of Maryland, on the 
 western shore of Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 28,295. 
 Annapolis is the chief town. 
 
 Ann, Cape, a point of land which forms the 
 north side of Massachusetts Bay. Two light- 
 houses on an island at the extremity of this Cape 
 are in N. lat. 42. 40. W. Long. 70. 38. 
 
 Ann, Fort, a town in Washington Co. N. Y. be- 
 tween the North River and Lake Champlain. 
 Pop. 3,201. 
 
 Annaherg, St. a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- 
 nia, noted for silver mines and the manufacture 
 of lace, 17 m. S. of Chemnitz. 
 D2 
 
ANN 
 
 42 
 
 ANT 
 
 Armagh, an island on the W. coast of Ireland 
 5 miles in circumference, between the isle of 
 Achil and the coast of the county of Mayo. Long. 
 9. 39. W. lat. 53. 58. N. Also the name of three 
 parish? s in different parts of Ireland ; 1st, in the 
 co. of Kerry, pop. 2,089 ; 2d, in Cavan, pop. 10,488; 
 3rd, in Mayo, pop. 5,749. 
 
 Armagh , is also a prefix to several other parish- 
 es in Ireland, such as Annagh-c/one, down, dvff, fyc. 
 
 Annamaboe, one of the principal commercial 
 places on the Gold coast of North Africa, in N. 
 lat. 5. 9. W. long. 1. 41. 
 
 Annamooha, one of the Friendly Islands, dis- 
 covered by Tasman, in 1643, and visited by cap- 
 tain Cook in 1774 and 1777. It is well cultivated 
 in many places, consisting of plantations of yams 
 and plantains, inclosed with neat fences of reed. 
 The bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees are interpers- 
 ed with little order, but chiefly near the habita- 
 tions of the natives ; and the other parts of the 
 island, especially towards the sea, are covered 
 with trees and bushes. It is situate about 187. E. 
 long. 20. S. lat. 
 
 Annan, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire, seated on the river Annan, 3 m. from its 
 mouth, which forms a good harbour for vessels 
 of 250 tons burden. Here was a fine castle, built 
 by one of the Bruces, the ruins of which still re- 
 main. Much corn is exported hence ; and there 
 is a manufacture for carding and spinning. It is 
 lb - m. E. S. E. of Dumfries, and 80 S. of Edin- 
 burgh. Long. 3. 8. W. lat. 55. 2. N. 
 
 Annapolis, the capital of Anne Arundel county, 
 and seat of the legislative government of the 
 state of Maryland. The state-house, a noble 
 building, stands in the centre of the city, from 
 which point the streets diverge in every direc- 
 tion. Here also is St. John's college, which with 
 Washington college at Chester, constitute one 
 university, named the University of Maryland. 
 Annapolis is situate on the west side of Chesa- 
 peak bay, at the mouth of the Severn, 40 m. E. 
 by N. of Washington, and 35 S. of Baltimore. 
 Long. 76. 48. W. lat. 39. 0. N. Pop. 2,623. 
 
 Annapolis, a sea-port of Nova Scotia, on the 
 E. side of the Bay of Fundy. It has one of the 
 finest harbours in the world ; but the entrance is 
 through a difficult strait, called the Gut of Anna- 
 polis. The town stands on the S. side of the 
 harbour, at the mouth of a river of its name, 86 m. 
 W. by N. of Halifax. Long. 64. 55. W. lat. 44. 
 50. N. 
 
 Annapolis, p. v. Salem township, Jefferson Co. 
 Ohio, 135 m. N. E. Columbus. 
 
 Annecy, a town of Savoy, seated on a lake of 
 its name, whence issues the canal of Thioux, 
 which runs through the town and then enters the 
 river Sier. It was lately the see of a bishop, who 
 also assumed the title of bishop and prince of Ge- 
 neva. Annecy is the largest town in Savoy next 
 to Chamberry, and is 16 m. S.of Geneva. Long. 
 6. 5. E. lat. 45. 53. N. 
 
 Annobon, an island near the coast of Guinea, so 
 called because it was discovered by the Portu- 
 guese on New Year's day. It is well stocked 
 with cattle, and abounds with palm trees and 
 fruit. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. 1. 50. S. 
 
 Annonay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Ardeche, with manufactures of very fine pa- 
 per : seated at the confluence of the Cances and 
 Deumes, 12 m. S. W. of Vienne. 
 
 AnnsvUle, p. v. Dinwiddie Co. Va. 54 m. S. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Anson, a County of North Carolina, bordering 
 
 on South Carolina, and bounded on the N. E. by 
 the Yadkin River. Pop. 14,081. Wadesborough, 
 142 m. S. W. by W. of Raleigh, is the chief town. 
 
 Anson, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kenne- 
 bec. Pop. 1,532. 
 
 Anspach or Onolzbach a principality of Germany, 
 in the south part of the circle of Franconia. It 
 has iron mines and several medicinal springs ; 
 and the soil produces considerable quantities of 
 corn, and feeds great numbers of cattle. 
 
 Anspach, a city, and capital of the above prin- 
 cipality, with a castle, a palace and an excellent 
 academy. It has many handsome buildings ; and 
 the principal manufacture is lace. It is seated on 
 the Retzat, 24 m. W. S. W. of Nurenberg. Long. 
 10. 28. E. lat. 49. 18. N. 
 
 Anstruther, East and West, two boroughs ot 
 Scotland, on the S. E. coast of Fifeshire. They 
 adjoin each other ; and East Anstruther, which 
 is much the largest, is little more than a fishinor 
 village, 9 m. S. S. E. of St. Andrew. Pop. of 
 both, 1,519. 
 
 Antab, or Aintab, a town at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Syria, situate on two hills, and the 
 valley that lies between them is watered by the 
 Sejour. It is three miles in circumference, with 
 a strong old castle on a rock, and had formerly a 
 considerable manufacture of printed calicoes. Ma- 
 ny medals of the Syrian kings have been found 
 here, and some also of the kings of Cappadocia. 
 It is 50 m. E. of Alexandretta, and 60 N. by E. of 
 Aleppo. Long. 37. 35. E. lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Antequera, a town of Spain, in Granada, divi- 
 ded into the Upper and the Lower. The Upper 
 is seated on a hill, and has a castle : the Lower, 
 stands in a fertile plain, and is watered by many 
 brooks. Here are large quantities of natural salt, 
 quarries of excellent stone, and a spring famous 
 for the cure of the gravel. It is 26 m. N. N. W 
 of Malaga. Long. 4. 30. W. lat. 37. 1. N. 
 
 Antequera, a tqwn of Mexico. See Guaxaca. 
 
 Anthony s Nose, a point on the E. bank of the 
 Hudson, just above Peekskill. 
 
 Anthony s Kill, a little stream running into the 
 Hudson from the W. 7 m. above the Mohawk. 
 
 Anthony, St., Falls of, on the Mississippi River, 
 in N. lat. 45. W. long. 93. being more than 2.000 
 m. above the entrance of the river into the Gulf 
 of Mexico. There is a fort in the Missouri terri- 
 tory, on the point of land formed by the St. Pe- 
 ter's River, which river falls into the Mississippi 
 just below the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 Antibes, a town of France, in the department of 
 Var, with a strong castle, and harbour for small 
 vessels. Its territory produces excellent fruit ; 
 and it is seated on the Mediterranean, 11 m. S. S. 
 W. of Nice. Long. 7. 7. E. lat. 4b. 35. N 
 
 Anticosti, an island at the mouth of the river 
 St. Lawrence, 90 m. long and 20 broad. It i? 
 full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no bar 
 bour; but excellent cod is found on the shores. 
 
 Antietam, a small tributary of the Potomac, run- 
 ning into it near Shepardstown. 
 
 Antigua, one. of the English Leeward Islands, 
 in the West Indies, about 20 m. in length and 
 breadth, and 60 east by south of St. Christopher. 
 It is destitute of water, and the inhabitants are 
 obliged to save the rain water in cisterns. The 
 chief produce is sugar, of which it annually pro- 
 duces about 10,000 hogsheads. It was taken by 
 the French in 1782, but restored in 1783. The 
 capital is St. John. See Appendix. 
 
 Antilles, the name which the French give t< 
 the Caribbee, or West India islands, which sec. 
 
ANT 
 
 43 
 
 ANT 
 
 Jlntioch, or A nthakia, a town of Syria, of which 
 U was formerly the capital. This ancient city in 
 which the disciples of Christ were first called 
 Christians, and yet the see of a Greek patriarch, 
 is now almost come to nothing ; but the magni- 
 ficent ruins of it still remain. It is seated on the 
 river Orontes, now called Osi, 15 m. from the 
 Mediterranean, and 50 N. W. of Aleppo. Long. 
 3G. 40. E. lat. 36. 10. N. 
 
 Antiochetta, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car- 
 amania, and a bishop's see, seated on the shore of 
 the Levant, opposite Cyprus, 88 m. S. of Konieh. 
 Long. 32. 26. E. lat. 36. 30. N. 
 
 Antiogo, St. an island on the S. W. coast of Sar- 
 dinia, A m. long and 3 broad. In 1793 it wag 
 taken by the French, but evacuated soon after. 
 
 Antioquia, or St. Fe de Antioquia, a town in the 
 new department of Cauca, Colombia. It is seat- 
 ed on the banks of the river Cauca, about 200 m. 
 N. N. W. St. Fe de Bogota. 
 
 Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an island of the 
 Archipelago, two miles west of Paros. It is only 
 a rock, 16 miles in circuit; yet in some parts is 
 well cultivated, and produces as much barley as 
 serves a small village. It has a remarkable grotto, 
 about 70 yards high and 100 broad, which contains 
 a vast variety of figures, and a white transparent 
 crystalline substance resembling vegetables, mar- 
 ble pillars, and a superb marble pyramid. Long. 
 25. 44. E. lat. 37. 8. N. 
 
 Antisana, a peak of the Andes, in the depart- 
 ment of Quito, which is volcanic, 19,150 ft. above 
 the level of the sea. There is a village of the 
 same name, a few leagues east of the city of Qui- 
 to, at a height of 13,500 ft. being the highest in- 
 habited place on the globe. 
 
 Antoine, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Isere, 5 m. N. E. of St. Marcellan. 
 
 Antonio, St. the most northern of the Cape Verde 
 islands, 15 m. from St. Vincent. It is full of high 
 mountains, whence proceed streams of excellent 
 water, which render the land fruitful. The prin- 
 cipal town is seated among the mountains. Long. 
 25. 0. W. lat. 17. 0. N. 
 
 Antonio de Bchar, Sari, the Capital of Texas, on 
 the S. Antonio river. It is a village composed of 
 mud cabins covered with turf. 
 
 Antonio de Capo, St. a town of Brasil, in the prov- 
 ince of Pernambuco, situate near Cape St. Augus- 
 tin, 30 m. S. S. W. Olinda. 
 
 \* There are near 100 other towns and streams 
 in different parts of South America and Mexico, 
 dedicated to the tutelar saint of the Portuguese 
 and Spaniards, Anthony, or San Antonio, who does 
 not appear to have done much for them, as they 
 are mostly insignificant. 
 
 Antrim, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast 
 of Ireland. It has two great natural curiosities ; 
 Lough Neagh, a large lake, the area of which ex- 
 ceeds 100,000 acres, the waters being of a petrify- 
 ing quality ; and the Giant's Causeway, consist- 
 ing of lofty pillars of basaltes, all of angular 
 shapes, from three sides to eight, and extending 
 three miles along the north shore. The linen manu- 
 facture is carried on very extensively in this 
 county, and since about 1823 the cotton manufac- 
 ture has been making considerable progress. The 
 principal towns are Belfast, Lisburne, and Carrick- 
 ferffUb, each of which (in addition to the two for 
 the county) returns one member to the parliament 
 of the United Kingdom. Carrickfergus is the as- 
 size town. The county contained in 1821, 270, 
 333 inhabitants, and 48,023 houses. 
 
 Antrim a town and parish of the above county, 
 
 about 19 m. N. W. of Belfast. Pop. of the town 
 2,485, and of the parish, 5,129. The town is situate 
 on the bank of a small stream, which runs into 
 Lough Neagh, at a short distance on the north- 
 east. 
 
 Antrim, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. Hampshire. 
 67 in. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,309. 
 
 Antrim, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. adjoining Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Antrim, t. Crawford Co. Ohio. 
 
 Antwerp, a celebrated city of Brabant, and af- 
 ter the decline of Venice and Genoa it became one 
 of the most considerable commercial depots of 
 Europe. It is situated on the east bank of the 
 Scheldt, in N. lat. 51. 13. and 4. 24. E. long 
 The era of its greatest importance was about ths 
 commencement of the 17th century, when its 
 population amounted to about 200,000, but the de- 
 vastating policy of Austria and Spain involved it 
 in the bigoted and ruthless contentions of that pe- 
 riod ; further, by the extent of the commercial 
 transactions, which its localities drew hither as 
 to a centre, it greatly rivalled the transactions of 
 Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and as such excited 
 the grovelling jealousy of the Hollanders ; the 
 navigation of the Scheldt was therefore obstructed 
 in 1648, by the treaty of Westphalia, between 
 Spain and Holland, and Antwerp in consequence, 
 progressively declined in population and impor- 
 tance, until the period of the French revolution. 
 When the French overran this part of Europe in 
 1794, they proclaimed the free navigation of the 
 Scheldt, and after the renewal of the war subse- 
 quent to the peace, or rather the respite of Amiens 
 in 1802, Antwerp claimed the especial notice of 
 Napoleon, who constructed a basin to hold about 
 20 sail of the line, and a noble quay, along the 
 east bank of the river, and made it his principal 
 naval arsenal for the northern part of his empire. 
 It was not, however, till subsequent to the gene- 
 ral peace of Europe in 1814, when the Nether- 
 lands were ceded to Holland, and Antwerp de- 
 clared a free port for the transit of merchandise, 
 that it began to resume its former wonted activity 
 and importance. Since that period, Brussels, 
 and a vast extent of country westward of the 
 Rhine, draw their supplies of foreign produce from 
 Antwerp, which is, in consequence, progressively, 
 though slowly, increasing in population and in- 
 terest. It has, however, but few articles of ex- 
 port, either within itself, or of transit. 
 
 The city is nearly a semicircle, of about seven 
 miles round. It was defended by the citadel, 
 built by the duke of Alva to overawe the inhabi- 
 tants. The whole appearance of its public build- 
 ings, streets, and houses, affords the most incon- 
 testible evidence of its former splendour. Many 
 instances of the immense wealth of its merchants 
 are recorded : among others, it is said that when 
 Charles V. once dined with one of the chief mag- 
 istrates, his host immediately after dinner threw 
 into the fire a bond for two millions of ducats, 
 which he had received as security for a loan to 
 that monarch, saying that he was more than re 
 paid by the honour of being permitted to enter- 
 tain his sovereign. 
 
 The most remarkable of the streets is the Place 
 de Mer, said to be unequalled by any in Europe 
 for its great length, its still more unusual breadth, 
 and the extraordinary sumptuousness of its hou- 
 ses. A crucifix thirty-three feet high, made from 
 a demolished statue of the duke of Alva, stands at 
 one end of the street ; but the eye of taste is of 
 fended here and elsewhere by the great intermix 
 
ANT 
 
 44 
 
 AOS 
 
 :urc of dwellings of the lowest description with 
 splendid palaces. The noble and the mechanic 
 often inhabit adjoining houses. The want of 
 sunken areas before the houses, and of raised foot- 
 paths for pedestrians, is also severely commented 
 on by British visitors. 
 
 The quays present a noble appearance : they 
 are richly planted, and form one of the most fa- 
 vourite promenades. In the neighbourhood of 
 the basins for shipping, is a square building, 230 
 feet long each way, intended as a place of mer- 
 chandise for the Oosterling or Hanseatic towns of 
 Germany. In its middle story, which has a gal 
 iery quite round the square, there are 300 lodg- 
 ing rooms, but they are no longer used as such. 
 The cellars serve for stables. 
 
 Besides the canals usual in all Dutch towns, 
 others of an extraordinary construction are to be 
 found here. They are carried on wholly under 
 ground, having been excavated at the expense of 
 individuals, in order to convey in small boats, to 
 their storehouses, the goods which had been 
 brought in by the usual conveyance of the open 
 canals. Thev are now used as sewers. 
 
 The town hall, in the great market-place, is a 
 spacious building '250 feet long, having its front 
 adorned with statues. It was rebuilt in 1581, the 
 period of the commercial downfal of the city. 
 This building contains the public library, which 
 is not remarkable for the number or rarity of its 
 books. It also contains a fine collection of paint- 
 ings. The royal palace in the Place de Mer, 
 which had been fitted up for the residence of Bo- 
 naparte, contains also some fine paintings. The 
 Exchange, a large, but by no means an elegant 
 structure, has served as a model for those of 
 Amsterdam and London. 
 
 Of the places of public worship, the cathedral is 
 by far the most noble, not only as compared with 
 those in the neighbourhood, but with any other on 
 the continent. It is 500 feet long, 230 wide, and 
 360 high ; its erection occupied a period of ninety- 
 six years. The spire is 4136 feet in height. Ac- 
 cording to the original design, another of equal 
 dimensions was to have been erected on the other 
 side of the great entrance. But after having been 
 carried up to a certain height, the work was dis- 
 continued ; yet, notwithstanding this defect in 
 uniformity, it is thought that the want of the sec- 
 ond spire adds to the simple grandeur of that 
 Which has been completed. The gallery to the 
 summit of the tower is attained by an ascent of 
 622 steps ; and the toil of goin^ up is well repaid 
 by the commanding view afforded of the city be- 
 neath, the country, the Scheldt, and its neigh- 
 bouring islands, stretching into the main sea. 
 This church contains many fine paintings, mostly 
 by Rubens: that of the taking down of our Sa- 
 viour from the cross, in which the figures are as 
 large as life, is universally considered his master- 
 piece. It also contains the monuments of Am- 
 brose Capello, seventh bishop of the see; 
 those of Moretus the printer, the successor 
 of Plan.tin ; of Plantin himself, and of Van 
 Delft. Outside its walls is the tomb of Quinten 
 Matsys, originally a blacksmith, but who, on be- 
 ing refused the daughter of Flors the painter till 
 he had proved himself a painter also, laboured 
 with incessant assiduity till he overcame the old 
 man's scruples, and ultimately surpassed him in 
 his favourite art. Near the tomb is a pump, the 
 iron-work of which is said to have been wrought 
 by Matsys before his transformation. In this ca- 
 -hedral Iknry VIII. of England, together with 
 
 the then kings of France, Denmark, Portugal, 
 Poland, Bohemia, and the Romans, were made 
 knights of the order of the Golden Fleece, by 
 Philip II. of Spain, in the year 1555. 
 
 The church of St. James contains the tomb of 
 the great Rubens : It is of black marble, simple in 
 design, but most appropriately adorned with one 
 of that master's own paintings. The windows of 
 this church are much admired. 
 
 The church of St. Paul or of the Dominicans 
 has in it some works of Rubens and Vandyke ; 
 particularly the scourging of Christ, by the for- 
 mer. But it is more frequently visited to see a 
 representation of mount Calvary near its en- 
 trance. On descending into a cavity in the rock 
 intended to represent the place of our Saviour = 
 sufferings, the body of Christ is seen laid out on 
 a tomb, and covered with a shroud of silk ; the 
 walls around are painted to resemble the flames of 
 purgatory, and the figures of those suffering its 
 torments. The whole is executed in a coarse 
 style, almost bordering on the grotesque ; yet, sit- 
 uate as it is, it seldom fails to produce a solemn 
 effect. The other churches are in possession of 
 paintings by the old masters. 
 
 At the academy of fine arts upwards of 1 ,000 
 students receive gratuitous instruction in painting 
 and its kindred arts. The academy is held in 
 some of the departments of the museum, where 
 also there is a fine collection of pictures and of 
 casts. A public annual exhibition of the produc- 
 tions of the pupils is held here alternately with 
 Brussels and Ghent; prizes are distributed ; and 
 the successful pictures are purchased by the cities 
 to which the victors belong, to be lodged in their 
 public collections, as rewards to the successful 
 candidates and as excitements to others. Ant- 
 werp boasts of being the native place of Ru- 
 bens and Vandyke, as also of Teniers, Snyders, 
 and Joerdans. Opposite to the town, and necr 
 the spot whence it was bombarded by the English 
 in 1809, the place of a new city was traced out by 
 Bonaparte. Its site is now occupied by some 
 forts built under the direction of the duke of 
 Wellington. 
 
 The recent separation of the Netherlands from 
 Holland, will doubtless have a considerable effect 
 upon the commercial prosperity of Antwerp. 
 During the insurrection which preceded this 
 event, the city was bombarded by the Dutch, and 
 a great number of its buildings burnt. The Dutch 
 were repulsed after much hard fighting. 
 
 Antwerp, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y.185m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,412. 
 
 Anvil, p.t. Lebanon Co. Pa. 
 
 AnviLle Island, an island in the gulf of Georgia, 
 discovered by Vancouver, and so called from its 
 shape. 
 
 Anweilcr, or Jlnvciler, a town in the duchy of 
 Deux Ponts, G m. W. from Laudan. It was 
 formerly a city of Austria, and the inhabitants en- 
 joyed the singular privilege of exemption from 
 toll dues in all parts of the empire ; but in 1330 it 
 was brought under the dominion of the counts 
 palatine. 
 
 Anzerma, a town of New Granada in the prov- 
 ince of Popayan, where there are mines of gold. 
 It is seated on the Cauca, 140 m. N. N. E. of 
 Popayan. Long. 75. 25. W. lat. 4. 58. N. 
 
 Anziho, a kingdom of Guinea, lying east of 
 Gabon and north of Congo, but it is little known. 
 The king is styled the JUicoco, whence the coun- 
 try is sometimes so called. The capital is Monso]. 
 
 Aosta, or .■Joust, duchy of, a province of Pied- 
 
APP 
 
 45 
 
 APU 
 
 mont, bounded on the west and north by the 
 Alps, or rather on the north by the Valais, for 
 the mountains run from north to south into Aoust, 
 which may be considered altogether as a moun- 
 tainous district. Pop. about 05,000. The princi- 
 pal oity of the same name, which is a bishop's see, 
 is situate about the centre of the province, be- 
 tween two streams of the Baltea River, which 
 falls into the Po, and on the great high road from 
 the pass of St. Bernard to Turin. It contains sev- 
 eral monuments of the Romans. Pop. 5,500. 
 
 Apalachian Mountains, the name given to the 
 immense chain extending along the whole At- 
 lantic coast of the U. States, from Alabama to 
 Maine. In the Southern States they are 200 m. 
 from the sea, but as they extend northward ap- 
 proach near the coast. They run generally in 
 parallel ridges and their various divisions go by 
 different names. These are the Cumberland 
 mountains of Tennessee, the Blue mountains of 
 Virginia, the Alleghany and Laurel mountains 
 of Pennsylvania, the datskill mountains of New 
 York, the Green mountains of Vermont, and 
 the White mountains of New Hampshire. They 
 are sometimes broken into groups and isolated 
 chains. Their highest summits are in N. Hamp- 
 shire ; and are between 6 and 7,000 ft. above the 
 level of the sea. East of the Hudson they are 
 granitic. In the W. and S. they consist of gran- 
 ite, gneiss, mica and clay slate, primitive lime- 
 stone, &c. Their name in the language of the 
 Indians signified endless. 
 
 Apalachicola, a river of North America, formed 
 by the junction of the Chatahooche and Flint, at 
 an old Indian fort of the same name on the south 
 confines of Georgia, and thence flows between 
 West and East Florida into Apalache bay, in the 
 gulf of Mexico, east of Cape Blaize. 
 
 Apanormia, a town seated on the N. W. coast 
 of the island of Santorin, 7 m. N. N. W. of 
 Scauro, at the entrance of the Grecian Archipe- 
 lago. 
 
 Apce, one of the New Hebrides, near Malicollo, 
 in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 163. 27. E. lat. 16. 
 46. S. 
 
 Apenrade, or Aapenrade, a sea-port of Denmark, 
 in Sleswick, with a citadel. It is a place of consid- 
 erable trade, seated at the bottom of a gulf of the 
 Little Belt, 27 m. N. N W. of Sleswick. Long 9. 
 38. E. lat. 55. 8. N. 
 
 Aphiom, or Afium-kara-hissar , a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Natolia, built round a high rock, on 
 the top of which is a fortress. It is 3 m. in 
 circumference, and has a considerable trade. The 
 chief manufacture is carpets ; and the country 
 around produces much opium, called aphiom by 
 'he Turks. It stands on the Mindra, 150 m. E. 
 jf Smyrna. Long. 31. 10. E. lat. 38. 35. N. 
 
 Apolda, a town of Upper Saxony in Thuringia, 
 8 m. N. of Jena, and 40 S. W. of Leipsic. 
 
 Apennines, a chain of mountains, in Europe 
 which begins near Oneglia, on the gulf of Genoa, 
 passes round that gulf at no great distance from 
 the sea, then proceeds east to the centre of Italy, 
 and afterward divides that country in a mediate 
 south-east direction to the extremities of the 
 kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers 
 which water Italy. The Apennines are at first a 
 branch of the Alps, but, in general they may rather 
 be regarded as hills than as mountains. 
 
 Appenzel, a canton in the N. E. part of Switzer- 
 land, bordering on Tyrol. It is divided into 12 
 communities : six called the interior, are Roman 
 Catholic, with a population of 16,000, subsisting 
 
 chiefly by agriculture ; and six exterior, borderinor 
 on the canton of St. Gall, are Protestant, with a 
 population of 40,000, a great portion of which are 
 employed by the manufacturers of the city of 
 St. Gall. 
 
 Appenzel, the chief town of the above Canton, 
 is situate on the bank of the river Sitter, on the 
 interior side, and containing about 3,000 inhab. 
 
 Appia Via, or Appian Way, a celebrated road 
 from Rome through Capua to Brundusinin. It 
 was begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, and con- 
 tinued by Julius and Augustus Caesar. 
 
 Appii Forum, a town in the south west of Italy, 
 about 50 m. S. of Rome, and 18 from the Three 
 Taverns ; where the Christians of Rome came to 
 meet Paul in his journey from Puteoli to that me- 
 tropolis of the world. 
 
 Applet y, a borough in Eng. returning two mem- 
 bers to parliament, and the county-town of West- 
 moreland, with a market on Saturday. It was a 
 Roman station, and has been twice destroyed by 
 the Scots, and it now consists of only one broad 
 street of mean houses. At the upper end or south 
 part is the castle, and at the lower end is the 
 church. The town is governed by a mayor, and 
 almost encircled by the Eden. It is 20 m. N. N. 
 E. of Kendal, and 270 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 824, and Bongate, which forms part of 
 the town, 637 more. 
 
 Applecross, a parish extending for about 20 
 miles along the western coast of Ross-shire, Scot- 
 land. Pop. in 1821, 2,793, who subsist mainly by 
 the herring fishery. There is a town of the same 
 name, in which the population is principally con- 
 centrated. 
 
 Appledore, a village of England in Northam, 
 Devonshire, situate at the mouth of Towridg-e, in 
 Barnstable bay, three miles north by east of Bid- 
 ford. Here the Danes landed, under Hubba, in the 
 time of Alfred. It is now resorted to for bathing. 
 
 Appleton, t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 735. 
 
 Appling, a Co. of Georgia, in the S. E. part of 
 the state, upon the Altamaha. Pop. 1,468. 
 
 Applingville, the chief town of Columbia Co. 
 Geo. 93. m. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Appollonia, a district extending about 100 miles 
 on the S. W. coast of North Africa. Cape Appol- 
 lonia is in 5. N. lat. and 3. 57. W. long. 
 
 Appolobamba, a town in La Paz, one of the 
 united provinces of Paraguay, on the border of 
 Peru. 
 
 Appomattox, a stream of Virginia, falling into 
 the James from the S. near City Point. 
 
 Appoquinimink, a stream in the state of Dela- 
 ware, running into Delaware Bay, a little below 
 Reedy Island. 
 
 Appoquinimink, t. Newcastle Co. Del. 
 
 Apt, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone. It has a trade in prunes, 
 coarse serges, and wax chandlery ; and contains 
 many Roman antiquities. It is seated on the 
 Calaron, 20 m. N. of Aix. 
 
 Apulia, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 129 m. W 
 Albany. 
 
 Apure, a river of Colombia rising from various 
 sources on the E. side of the eastern range of the 
 Andes and falling into the Oronoko. 
 
 Apurimac,a. river of Peru, which rises 10 miles 
 N. of Arequipa, and flows N. about 430 miles ; 
 receiving the Paucartambo, and Pilcomayo from 
 the E. and the Jauja or Mantaro from the W. It 
 then takes the name of Ucayale, and continuing 
 its course 470 miles further, enters the river Ama- 
 zon, in long. 72. 46. W. 
 
ARA 
 
 4C 
 
 ARA 
 
 Jlqui, a town Piedmont, in the duchy of Mont- 
 ferrat, with a citadel, and baths of mineral water ; 
 seated on the north bank of the Bormida, 15 m. 
 S. of Alexandria. 
 
 Aquila, a fine large city of the kingdom of 
 Naples, anciently called Avia, and Avella, the 
 capital of Abrazzo, seated on a hill, east of the 
 Apennines, on the banks of the river Alterno, or 
 Pescara, near its source. It has an ancient castle, 
 nd is a bishop's see. An earthquake was so vio- 
 lent here in Feb. 1703, that 24,000 people perish- 
 ed, and ^reat numbers were wounded. It is situate 
 35 m. W. from the Adriatic, and 92 E. of Rome. 
 Long. 14. 20. E. lat. 42. 50. N. 
 
 Aquileia, a.n ancient and large city of the Carni, 
 or Veneti, in Italy, seated near the coast at the 
 head of the gulf of Venice. A Roman colony 
 was settled in it, between the first and second 
 Macedonian wars, to be a bulwark against the 
 Huns and Goths. In 425 it was besieged by Attila 
 with an innumerable host of barbarians. Three 
 months were consumed without effect in the 
 siege ; till the want of provisions and the clamour 
 of his army, compelled Attila to issue his orders 
 that the troops should strike their tents the next 
 morning, and begin their retreat. But as he rode 
 round the wall, pensive, angry, and disappointed, 
 he observed a stork preparing to leave her nest in 
 one of the towers, and to fly, with her infant fami- 
 ly, towards the country ; this he interpreted as an 
 omen that those towers were devoted to impend- 
 ing ruin and solitude. The siege was renewed 
 and prosecuted with fresh vigour ; a large breach 
 was made in the part of the wall from whence the 
 stork had taken her flight ; the Huns mounted to 
 the assault with irresistible fury ; and the suc- 
 ceeding generation could scarcely discover the 
 ruins of Aquileia. 
 
 Aquino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 ruined by the emperor Conrad. It is the birth- 
 place of Juvenal, and seated near the Carig- 
 liano, on the great high road from Rome to Na- 
 ples, 20 m. S. by E. of Sora. 
 
 Arabat, a town and fort of the Crimea, and 
 province of Taurida, on the borders of the sea of 
 Asoph, 20 m. N. by E. of CafFa. 
 
 Arabia, a country of Asia, extending from the 
 12th to the 32nd deg. of N. lat. and from the 33rd 
 to the 58th of W. long, being about 1,480 m. in 
 length, 1,200 in breadth; bounded on the W. by 
 the Red Sea, and the isthmus of Suez, N. E. by 
 the Euphrates, which divides it from Diarbekir, E. 
 by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and S. by the 
 Indian Ocean. It is divided into three parts, Ara- 
 bia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix, so named by Eu- 
 ropeans from their supposed qualities of soil and 
 climate. Arabia Petrea, much the smallest of the 
 three, lies to the south of Syria along the east 
 coast of the Red Sea. The north part is moun- 
 tainous, and in general stony, sandy, and barren; 
 but some parts yield sufficient nourishment for 
 cattle, whose milk, and camels' flesh, is the chief 
 food of its few inhabitants. Arabia Deserta lies 
 south of Syria, and east of Arabia Petrea, and 
 the Red Sea. It is for the most part desert, be- 
 ng intersected by barren mountains, and many 
 of the plains nothing but great sands and heaths; 
 '*— ' there are some plains and valleys that feed 
 great flocks of sheep and goats ; there are also 
 great numbers of ostriches, and a fine breed qf 
 camels in several places, and the horses are the 
 noblest of the species. 
 
 The Arabians train up their best and fleetest 
 horses, to hunt the ostrich. Perhaps, of all va- 
 
 rieties of the chase, this, though the most labori- 
 ous, is yet the most entertaining. As soon as the 
 hunter comes within sight of his prey, he puts on 
 his horse with a gentle gallop, so as to keep the 
 ostrich still in sight ; yet not so as to terrify Him 
 
 from the plain into the mountains. Upon obsen - 
 ing himself, therefore, pursued at a distance, the 
 bird begins to run at first, but gently, either in- 
 sensible of his danger, or sure of escaping. In 
 this situation he somewhat resembles a man at 
 full speed ; his wings, like two arms, keep work- 
 ing with a motion correspondent to that of his 
 legs ; and his speed would very soon snatch him 
 from the view of his pursuers, but, unfortunate- 
 ly for the silly creature, instead of going off in a 
 direct line, he takes his course in circles ; while 
 the hunters still make a small course within, re- 
 lieve each other, meet him at unexpected turns, 
 and keep him thus still employed, still followed, 
 for two or three days together. At last, spent 
 with fatigue and famine, and finding all power of 
 escape impossible, he endeavours to hide himself 
 from those enemies he cannot avoid, and covers 
 his head in the sand, or the first thicket he meets. 
 Sometimes, however, he attempts to face his pur- 
 suers : and, though in general the most gentle 
 animal in nature, when driven to despeiation, he 
 defends himself with his beak, his wings, and 
 his feet. Such is the force of his motion, that a 
 man would be utterly unable to withstand him in 
 the shock. The oxen of Arabia have generally 
 a hump on their back like those of Syria. 
 The sheep have a thick and broad tail, which 
 they are said to drag behind them on a carriage ; 
 their wool is coarse, and their flesh not very deli- 
 cate. The wild goat is found in the mountains 
 of Arabia Petrea. The other animals are the 
 jackal, hysena, many sorts of apes, the jerboa 
 or rat of Pharaoh, antelopes, wild oxen, wolves, 
 foxes, wild boars and the great and little panther. 
 The caracal or syagosh is a sort of lynx, and is 
 
 probably the lynx of the ancients. It follows the 
 lion and lives upon the remains of that animal's 
 meals. It is somewhat larger than a fox. and 
 much fiercer and stronger. It climbs witli aston- 
 ishing agility to the tops of the tallest trees in 
 pursuit of hares, rabbits and birds. Arabia Fe- 
 lix, so called on account of its fertility with re- 
 gard to the rest, lie6 to the south of Arabia De- 
 
ARA 
 
 47 
 
 ARA 
 
 serta, between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. 
 It is by far the most considerable part, and though 
 the centre is occupied by very dry deserts, there 
 are many rich provinces on the coasts, producing 
 a variety of fruits, honey, wax, cinnamon, cassia, 
 manna, spikenard, frankincense, myrrh, and cof- 
 fee, of which latter great quantities are exported 
 from Moka. The Arabs are of a middle stature and 
 
 brown complexion, and have always a grave and 
 melancholy air. They derive their subsistence 
 from their flocks, from hunting, and from what 
 they acquire by plunder of the caravans which 
 pass from Aleppo to Bassora, and from Bassora 
 to Mecca. They acknowledge no sovereign but 
 the emirs of their tribes, who are their natural 
 princes, and to whom they pay obedience. They 
 have also sheiks, or chiefs of an advanced age, 
 whom they often consult, and whose advice they 
 follow. The dress of the Arabs consists of a 
 white robe, bound round with a broad leather gir- 
 dle, fastened by a strong buckle or large clasp. 
 Their drawers are made of linen, and descend to 
 the lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of 
 red cap on the head ; and sometimes they wear 
 slippers, after the manner of the Turks, but are 
 generally in half boots that they may be ready to 
 get on horseback. Winter and summer they wear 
 a large cloak, striped black and white, made of 
 the hair of goats or some other animal. Their 
 emirs dress in the same manner, except that their 
 cloaks are for the most part all black. The 
 Arabs in the deserts live in tents, and remove 
 from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, 
 and partly to lie in wait for the caravans. The 
 famous Mahomet was a native of this country ; 
 and his followers, soon after his death, conquered 
 a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establish- 
 ing their religion wherever they came. The in- 
 terior of this vast territory is very little known, 
 but it seems nearly destitute of water, as but very 
 few rivers are found round its coast for near 2,500 
 miles. Medina, Mecca, and Moka, all on the 
 coast of the Red Sea, are the chief towns. 
 
 Aracan, or Reccan, a maritime and fertile coun- 
 try of Asia, on the east coast of the bay of Ben- 
 gal, bounded on the east by Birmah. The rainy 
 season continues from April to October, and the 
 rest of the year is called summer. The inhabitants 
 are idolaters. The women are tolerably fair, but 
 the longest ears are reckoned the most beautiful, 
 and in these they wear many rings. They are a 
 dastardly race of people, and have only courage to 
 attack defenceless merchants and boatmen. There 
 are such numbers of elephants, buffaloes, and 
 tigers, that but few places are inhabited, on ac- 
 
 count of the ravages made by these animals 
 The chief productions of commerce, are salt,ele 
 phants' teeth, bees' wax, and rice ; but its trade 
 was never very considerable. Aracan was lono- 
 an independent nation, governed by a king ; but 
 it was subdued by the Birmans in 1783. and is 
 now a province of that empire. 
 
 Aracan, the capital of the country of the same 
 name, with an extensive fort. It is situate at the 
 head of an inlet of the sea, which forms one or 
 the finest and most capacious harbours for ship- 
 ping in the world. The river Aracan runs through 
 the city, and waters the streets by means of seve- 
 ral arms or canals, into which it is divided. The 
 inhabitants are about 100,000. It was taken by 
 the Birmans in 1783. It is 260 m. S. S. E. of 
 Islamabad, and 230 W. S. W. of Ava. Lono-. 93. 
 10. E. lat. 20. 38. N. 
 
 Arad, an interior county of Upper Hungary, 
 population about 155,000. There are two towns 
 of the same name, the Old, which is the capital 
 of the county, on the north, and the New town 
 on the south side of the Marosch river. The old 
 town is a great mart for cattle, and is about 24 m 
 N. N. E. of Temeswar. 
 
 Arafat, or Gebcl Orphat, a mountain of Arabia, 
 about 150 ft. in height, 15 m. S. S. E. of Mecca. 
 Its name implies the Mountain of Knowledge, 
 and as such is an object of adoration with The 
 devotees of Mahomet; in 1807, upward of 80,000 
 pilgrims, including 45,000 mounted Wahabees, 
 were assembled about it. 
 
 Araguaya, a river of South America, which 
 rises in the lat. of about 19. S. near to the Parana, 
 which runs from north to south, whilst the Ara- 
 guaya runs through the heart of Brazil from south 
 to north, to the lat. of about 7. S. where it is join- 
 ed by the Tocantins, and about 5 deg. further it 
 diverges into two branches, one falling into the 
 Amazon, and the other forming a separate chan- 
 nel into the Atlantic, called Para, in the lat. of 
 0. 20. S. and 48. 20. W. long. 
 
 Aral, a lake of Independent Tartaiy, 120 miles 
 east of the Caspian Sea. It is 200 miles in length, 
 and in some places 70 in breadth, intersected by 
 the lines of 45. N. lat. and 60. W. long. The 
 water is salt, and there are many small saline 
 lakes in the vicinity, but it has no visible commu- 
 nication with the sea. 
 
 Aranjuez, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 with broad streets intersecting each other at right 
 angles. The great square is surrounded by porti- 
 coes, and has a fountain that supplies the town 
 with water. Here are three churches, and a thea- 
 tre for bull-fights ; but the glory of Aranjuez is 
 the royal palace and gardens, situate on an island 
 formed by the Tagus, the Xarama, and a canal. 
 This palace justly ranks among the finest and 
 most agreeable residences in Europe ; it was in it 
 the supreme junta of government of the king- 
 dom, on the declaration in favour of Ferdinand 
 VII. were installed, and held their first meeting, 
 Sept. 25th, 1808. Aranjuez is seated on the Tajo, 
 20 m. S. of Madrid. 
 
 Ararat, a mountain of Armenia, distinguished 
 in Mosaic history. See Gen. viii. 4. Its height 
 is about 9,500 ft. above the level of the sea. 
 
 Ararat, a mountain in N. Carolina, 10 m from 
 Bethany in Stokes Co. 
 
 Arassi, a maritime town of the territory of CJe 
 noa, 5 m. S. W. of Albenga. 
 
 Arau, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 department of Lower Argo, canton of Berne, 
 with manufactures of cotton, printed linen, and 
 
ARC 
 
 48 
 
 ARD 
 
 cutlery. A treaty between the protestant and 
 catholic cantons was concluded here in 1712. It 
 is seated on the river Aar, 27 m. W. of Zurich. 
 
 franco, a district extending from the 42nd to 
 the 37th cleg, of S. lat. on the shore of the Pacific 
 Ocean, bounded on the E. by the Andes, and is 
 considered as belonging to Chile, but it is inhabi- 
 ted almost exclusively by natives, who have not 
 only successfully resisted everys»attempt of the 
 Spaniards to become masters of the country, but 
 frequently made incursions into their territory. 
 The district contains both gold and silver, is wa- 
 tered by several streams, is very fertile, and 
 the climate is delightful. The Spaniards con- 
 structed a fort about 40 m. S.of Concepcion, (na- 
 med after the district) as a defence against the 
 incursions of the Araucans. 
 
 Araxcs, or Aras, a river of Asia, which rises in 
 Georo-ia, flows S. E. across Armenia, and joins 
 the Kur, near its entrance into the Caspian Sea. 
 It is a very rapid river, and is supposed to be the 
 Gihon mentioned by Moses. 
 
 Arbe, an island 30 m. in circumference, on the 
 coast of Dalmatia, from which it is 5 m. distant. 
 The soil is rich, but the inhabitants are indolent. 
 It has a town of the same name. Long. 14. 55. 
 E. lat. 45. 5. N. 
 
 Aibcrg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Berne, on an island formed by two branches 
 of the Aar. It is 10 miles W. by N. of Berne. 
 
 Arbel, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdistan, 
 ancient Arbela, near which Alexander defeated 
 Darius. Here are the remains of an ancient cas- 
 tle, and in the vicinity are naptha pits. It is 
 seated in an extensive plain 36 m. N. of Altunku- 
 pri. and 50 E. of Mosul. 
 
 Arbela, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 45 m. E. Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Arbois, a town of France, in the department of 
 Jura, famous for its white wines. It is 22 m. S. 
 W. of Besaneon. 
 
 Arboga, a town of Sweden, Westmanland, 
 seated on the Ulvison, by which river, and a ca- 
 nal, it has a communication with the lakes Hiel- 
 mar and Maelar. It is 25 m. E. N. E. of Orebro. 
 
 Arbon, a town of Switzerland, situate on a 
 point of land jutting into the lake of Constance, 
 12 m. S. E. of Constance. 
 
 Arbroath. See Merbrothicick. 
 
 Arburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Berne, with a citadel on a rock, seated on the 
 Aar. opposite Olten, 12 m. E. of Soleure. 
 
 Arcadia, a division of Modern Greece, in the 
 central part of the Morea. 
 
 Arcadia, a town on the west coast of the Morea, 
 near the gulf of its name, W. of the above district, 
 22 m. north of Navarino. Long. 21. 42. E. lat. 37. 
 24. N. 
 
 Archangel, a large province of Russia, boun- 
 ded on the north by the Arctic Ocean. It is di- 
 vided into eight circles : viz. Archangel, Chen- 
 courisk, Cholmegar, Kem, Kola, Meson, Onega, 
 and Senega. It is a very dreary district, especial- 
 ly the eastern part ; it supplies some fir timber 
 and deals, and contains many wild animals, which 
 are slaughtered for their fat ; and tallow and bris- 
 tles form great articles of export. 
 
 Archangel, or St. Michael, the chief town of 
 the above province, is situate on the east bank of 
 the Dwina River, a short distance above its en- 
 trance into a bay of the White Sea, in N. lat. G4. 
 34. E. long. 38. 59. It was for many years the 
 principal sea-port of Russia, and was first resort- 
 ed to by the English in 1553, and although 
 
 greatly declined in importance since the building 
 of St. Petersburg, it still exports considerable 
 quantities of tallow, deals, and some bristles ; but 
 as it is only attained by the dreary coast of Nor 
 way, and the North Cape, in lat. 71. 10., it is ac- 
 cessible only a few months in the year, in July, 
 August, and September, during which short peri- 
 od it is resorted to by 60 or 70 sail of vessels an- 
 nually, principally English. It was nearly de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1793, but has since been rebuilt 
 with neatness, principally of wood, the severity 
 of the winter being counteracted by stoves. Pop. 
 about 7,000, who have about a dozen churches, 
 one Lutheran, one Calvinist, and the others 
 Greek. Archangel is about 400 m. N. E. of St 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Archer, t. Harrison Co. Ohio. 
 
 Archipelago, is a term applied to a cluster or 
 group of islands, hence the Grecian, Eastern, 
 Northern, &c. &c; but the most celebrated group 
 is the Grecian, at the head of the Mediterranean 
 sea, having Romania on the north, Natolia on the 
 east, the isle of Candia on the south, Macedonia, 
 Livadia, and the Morea on the west. It is partly 
 in Europe, and partly in Asia, containing the isl 
 ands of Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tenedos, 
 Scyros, Mytilene, Scio, Samos, Patmos, Paros, 
 Antiparos, Cerigo, Santorini, Andros, Tina,Nax- 
 ia, Milo, Delos, Argentiera, and many others. 
 
 Archipelago, JYorthcrn, a part of the Pacific 
 Ocean, having the peninsula of Kamschatka on 
 the west, and the coast of America on the east. 
 It includes a number of islands, among which are 
 four principal groups. The first, called Sasignan, 
 contains five islands ; the second, called Khoa, 
 includes eight islands ; and both these groups to- 
 gether are styled the Aleutian Islands. The 
 third group is called the Anpreoffski Ostrova, and 
 comprises 16 islands. The fourth group is the 
 Lissie Ostrova or the Fox Islands, 16 in number. 
 They all belong to Russia, and are valuable chiefly 
 for the skins of animals found there, particularly 
 the sea-otter. See Fox Islands. 
 
 Arcis-snr-Aube, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, seated on the river Aube, 15 m. 
 north of Troyes. 
 
 Arco, a town and castle of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 taken- by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon 
 after. It stands on the Sarca, near the head of 
 the lake Garda, and 15 m. W. S. W. of Trent. 
 
 Arcos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on 
 a craggy rock, on the river Guadalete, 28 m. N 
 E. of Cadiz. It is the residence of the vicar gen- 
 era] of the metropolitan church of Seville. There 
 are several other towns of the same name in Spain 
 and Portugal. 
 
 Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the Car 
 natic, which became subject to the English East 
 India Company in 1801. The citadel is large 
 and esteemed a place of some strength ; but the 
 nabob often resides at Madras. In the vicinity 
 are several celebrated temples, visited by numer 
 ous pilgrims. Arcot has a manufacture of coarse 
 cotton cloth. It is seated on the south bank of 
 the Paliar, 66 m. W. by S. of Madras, and 180 E. 
 by N. of Seringapatam. Long. 79. 24. E. lat. 12. 
 51. N. 
 
 Ardagh, the name of a barony in the county of 
 Longford, Ireland, containing 9 parishes, and the 
 towns of Longford and Edgworthstoun ; a parish of 
 the same name, in 1822, contained a population 
 of 4,962, and which, united with Kilmore gives 
 name to a bishopric, but there is neither cathedral 
 nor episcopal residence in Ardagh. There are 
 
ARE 
 
 49 
 
 ARG 
 
 four other parishes of the same name in different 
 parts of Ireland: viz. 1st in Meath, pop. 1,074; 
 ^nd in Cork, pop. 2,344 ; 3rd in Limerick, pop. 
 1,850; and 4th in Mayo, pop. 1,556. There are 
 40 other parishes in different parts of Ireland be- 
 ginning with Jlrd. 
 
 Ardebil, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, the 
 residence and burial-place of many kings, partic- 
 ularly of Sheik Sessi, the founder of the Persian 
 sect. Pilgrims resort to this place from all parts 
 of Persia ; and caravans are frequently passing to 
 and from Constantinople and Smvrna. It is 35 
 m. E. S. E. of Tauris. Long. 47. 10. E. lat. 38. 
 SO. N. 
 
 Ardecke, a department of France, including the 
 late territory of Vivarez. It takes its name from 
 i river, which flows into the Rhone, at the south 
 extremity of the department. Privas is the capi- 
 ,al. Pop. about 285,000. 
 
 Ardce, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Louth. Here is a large mount, apparently artifi- 
 cial : some suppose it to have been a burial place 
 if the Irish kings ; others, that it was a place 
 where the people assembled to deliberate on pub- 
 tic affairs. It is 14 m. N. W. of Drogheda. Pop. 
 of the town 3,588, and the parish 1,773 more. 
 
 Ardennes, a department of France, containing 
 part of the late province of Champagne. It is so 
 named from a famous forest, lying on the river 
 Meuse. The principal town is Sedan. Pop. about 
 350,000. 
 
 Ardfert, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kerry, and a bishop's see united with Aghadoe 
 to Limerick. It was formerly the capital of the 
 county, but is now a poor place, with extensive 
 ruins. It is seated on a river which runs into 
 Tralee bay, 7 m. N. N. W. of Tralee. Pop. 
 of the town 629 ; of the commons 283 ; and of the 
 whole parish 2,481. 
 
 Ardmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Waterford, on a cape and bay of its name, 10 m. 
 S. S. W.'of Dungarvon. Pop. of the town 403, 
 and of the parish 2,761. 
 
 Ardra, a small kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave 
 coast, at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas. 
 The country is fertile in maize, palm wine, plants 
 and fruits, which last all the year ; and it pro- 
 duces a great deal of salt. It has a t6 --n of the 
 same name. Long. 3. 5. E. lat. 6. 0. N. 
 
 Ardrcs, a town of France, in the department 
 of Pas de Calais. On an open plain between the 
 town and Guisnes, was the celebrated interview 
 between Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. 
 of England, in 1520. It is 10 m. S. S. E. of 
 Calais. 
 
 Arcca, an island in the gulf of Persia, 3 m. 
 S. W. ofOrmus. The Dutch attempted to estab- 
 lish a factory, and built a fort here, but were ex- 
 pelled by the Persians. 
 
 Arekea, a sea- port of Abyssinia. 
 
 Arensborg, the capital of a county of the same 
 name, in the duchy of Westphalia. It is seated 
 on a hill, by the river Roer, 22 m. S. S. E. of 
 Ham, and 63 N. E. of Cologne. Long. 8. 10. E. 
 lat 51. 23. N. 
 
 Arensburg, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Riga, capital of the isle of Osel, and a 
 bishop's see. Long. 25. 40. E. lat. 58. 15. N. 
 
 Arenshardc, a district in Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the 
 famous rampart built by king Gotric, in the be- 
 ginning of the 9th century, as a defence against 
 the irruptions of the Saxons. It extends across 
 'lie country, about 9 m. in length. 
 7 
 
 Arcquipa, an episcopal town of Peru, founded 
 by Pizarro, in 1539. Near it is a volcano. It ha* 
 been four times laid in ruins by earthquakes. It 
 stands in a fertile country, a few miles south of a 
 small lake, which is the source of the Apuriinac 
 branch of the Amazon River ; 240 m. S. of Cuzco, 
 and 460 S. E. of Lima. Long. 72. 30. W. lat. 16 
 40. S. 
 
 Arezzo, a town of Tuscany, in the Florentine 
 Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor of the 
 musical notes, ut, re, &c. was born here ; also the 
 celebrated Francis Petrarch, and Mecaenas. It 
 stands on a hill, at the conflux of the Chianno 
 and Arno, 15 m. west of Citta di Castello. 
 
 Argau, or hoiccr Argow, a canton of Switzer- 
 land, formerly the north part of the canton of 
 Berne, lying to the west of that of Zurich. Arau 
 is the capital. 
 
 Argcnccs, a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados, on the river Menace, 10 m. E. of 
 Caen. 
 
 Argentan, a town of France, in the department 
 of Orne, which has a considerable trade in lace. 
 It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a 
 fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne, 12 m. N. 
 W. of Seez, and 110 W. of Paris. 
 
 Argenteuil, a town of France, on the river 
 Seine, 5 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine vine- 
 yard, and in the environs are quarries of the plas- 
 ter of Paris. 
 
 Argentiera, a barren island of the Archipelago, 
 so called from the silver mines in it. There is 
 but one village, and it has no water but what is 
 kept in cisterns. Long. 23. 10. E. lat. 36. 50. N. 
 Argenlon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre, divided into two parts by the river 
 Creuse. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bourges. 
 
 Argolis, one of the divisions of Modern Greece 
 in the eastern part of the Morea or Peloponnesus, 
 established since the recent independence of that 
 country. 
 
 Argos, a seaport of Modern Greece, in the pre- 
 ceding district, 25 m. S. of Corinth. Long. 23. 
 5. E. lat. 37. 30. N. 
 
 Argostoli, a town of the island of Cefalonia, 
 witli a fortress and the best harbour in the island. 
 It is 8 m. W. S. W. of Cefalonia. 
 
 Argueil, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seine, 18 m. N. E. of Kouen. 
 
 Arguin, an island and fort on the coast of Za- 
 hara, 30 m. S. E. of Cape Blanco. It was taken 
 by the Dutch from the Portuguese, in 1637; af- 
 terward the French took it from the Dutch. 
 Long. 17. 5. W. lat. 20. 30. N. 
 
 Argun, a river of Asia. See Saghalien. 
 Argunskoi, a town of Siberia, on the fron- 
 tiers of Chinese Tartary. There are mines oi 
 silver and lead near it, and a pearl fishery in the 
 river Argun, on the west bank of which the town 
 is situate. Itis70m. S. E. of Nertchinsk. Long. 
 118. E. lat. 52. 30. N. 
 
 Argyle, t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 326. 
 ArayU, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 46 m. N 
 Albany. Pop. 3,459. 
 
 Argyleskire, a county of Scotland, bounded on 
 the north by Invernesshire, east by the counties 
 of Perth and Dumbarton, and south and west 
 by the Atlantic ocean, by which it is broken 
 into islands and peninsulas. It is 110 miles tong 
 from the Mull of Cantyre to its N. E. extremity ; 
 its breadth is very unequal, about 40 miles where 
 greatest. To the N. W. is a peninsula, nearly de- 
 tached from the rest of the county : it contains 
 the districts of Ardnamurcham, Morven, Sunart, 
 E 
 
AUK 
 
 50 
 
 ARK 
 
 nrrd Ardgowar. The peninsulas of Cantyre and 
 Cowal are likewise very large. The chief islands, 
 attached to this county, are Mull, Islay, Jura, 
 Tircy, and Col. The soil of Argyleshire, in the 
 high, grounds,/ though little fitted for cultivation, 
 aifords excellent pasture. Some parts are covered 
 with heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare 
 rocks. The sides of the hills and lakes are in- 
 terspersed with woods; and there are rich mines 
 of copper, iron, and lead. The mountainous parts 
 abound with deer and the heaths with grouse. The 
 chief town is Inverary. 
 
 Arica, a seaport at the south extremity of Peru. 
 It is but badly fortified, and has been much injur- 
 ed by earthquakes. Here the treasure brought 
 from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms 
 employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in 
 which it has a great trade. It is 550 m. S. E. of 
 Lima. Long. 70. 25. W. lat. 18. 27. S. 
 
 Arienzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 14 m. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Arindal, a town of Norway in the government 
 of Bergen, noted for the productive iron mines in 
 its vicinity. It is seated near the sea, 10 m. N. 
 N. E. of Christiansand. 
 
 Arisck, or El Arisch, a town and fort of Egypt, 
 on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives 
 name. The French became masters of it in 1799 ; 
 but it was retaken by the Turks and English at 
 the end of the year. In 1600, the Turks and 
 French signed a convention here, by which the 
 troops of the latter were to evacuate Egypt; but 
 the English admiral refused to ratify the capitu- 
 lation. Arisch stands on the confines of Arabia 
 and Palestine, 36 m. S. W. of Gaza, and 120 N. 
 E. of Suez, in N. lat. 31. 8. E. long. 34. 3. 
 
 Arispc, the chief town of the extensive district 
 of Sonora, Mexico. Arispe it situate at the foot 
 of the Cordilleras, near the source of the Hia, or 
 Yaqui river, in the lat. of about 31. N. and 109. 
 W. long. 
 
 Arkansas, a territory of the U. S. formed from 
 a part of the Missouri territory in 1819. It lies 
 between 33. and 36. 30. of N. lat. and between 
 1/0. and 100. W. long. Bounded N. by the state 
 of Missouri, E. by the river Mississippi, separat- 
 ing it from Tennessee and Mississippi, S. by Lou- 
 isiana, and W. by the Mexican and Missouri ter- 
 ritories. Containing above 500,000 sq. m., and a 
 population of 30,383, of which 4,578 are slaves. 
 The limits of this region are strongly defined by 
 physical and geographical lines. These lines are 
 for the most part large rivers and the ocean of 
 prairies beyond. The chief rivers are the Missis- 
 sippi, Arkansas. White, Washita and Red rivers. 
 The western part is traversed by the Ozrak and 
 Masserne Mountains. 
 
 For some distance up the waters of Arkansas 
 and White rivers, the country is an extensive, 
 heavily timbered and deeply inundated swamp. 
 Near the St. Francis hills and at Point Chico, the 
 eastern front along the Mississippi is above the 
 overflow. The remainder of the eastern line is a 
 continued and monotonous flooded forest. It has 
 large and level prairie plains. It possesses a great 
 extent of rocky and sterile ridges, and no inconsid- 
 erable surface covered with mountains. Perhaps 
 no section of our country is more diversified, in re- 
 gard to its surface. Its northern line is inter- 
 sected by a range of hills, which are commonly 
 denominated the ' jlack mountains,' a line of 
 elevations running from Black river to the west- 
 ern extremity of th ; territory, and separating be- 
 tween the waters of White river and Arkansas. — 
 
 There are ranges of hills, that have the name of 
 mountains, which separate the waters of Ar- 
 kansas from those of Washita. Near the Hot 
 springs, these ridges mount up into elevated 
 peaks, which in the eye of a visitor at the springs, 
 from the level country of Louisiana, have the as- 
 pect of lofty mountains. At the south-western 
 extremity of the territory, there are three parallel 
 ranges of hills, that divide the waters of Red riv- 
 er from those of Washita. There are, also, many 
 detached hills, and flint knobs. On some of these 
 is found the whortleberry i vaccinium.' of the north, 
 in great perfection and abundance. These hills 
 exhibit red cedars and savins, such as grow on 
 hills of a similar appearance on the Atlantic shore. 
 In the central parts of the territory, and intermedi 
 ate between Arkansas and Washita rivers, on the 
 waters of the latter is that singular detached el- 
 evation, called ' Mount Prairie.' On the waters 
 of White river and St. Francis, the country gene- 
 rally is rolling. But, take the extent of the terri- 
 tory together, it is either very level or very hilly. 
 In some places, the hills rise at once from level 
 prairies and plains. A very considerable portion 
 of the country is broken land, and unfit for culti- 
 vation. A great part of the ' barrens' of this state 
 are what their name imports. There are four con- 
 siderable detached bodies of good upland. Buc 
 it may be assumed as a general fact, that the high 
 prairies and timbered lands are sterile. That part 
 of the course of the Washita, which runs in this 
 territory, has narrow, though in some places rich 
 bottoms. Here are cane brakes, birch, maple, 
 holly, and muscadine grape vines. The tender 
 soil on the banks is often torn away by the sweep- 
 ing and rapid course of the full river. Rugged 
 hills, covered with stinted pines and cedars come 
 in close to the river ; and the valley is so deep, 
 and its boundaries so abrupt, that the sun is seen 
 but a few hours in a day. 
 
 There is a large tract of country, on the upper 
 waters of White river, which has sometimes been 
 denominated New Kentucky, either from its be- 
 ing fertile, rolling, and abundant in lime stone 
 springs ; or from its being more congenial to the 
 staple products of Kentucky, than the country 
 lower down. It is sheltered on the north by 
 mountains. The fertile tracts are valleys embos- 
 omed between high hills; and the productions of 
 the north and the south for the most part succeed 
 in this soil. It has one great inconvenience. 
 The streams, that run among its precipitous hills, 
 receive the waters of the powerful showers that 
 occasionally fall, and pour these waters from an 
 hundred shelving declivities into the streams. 
 They have been known to rise forty feet in per 
 pendicular height, in a few hours. The standing 
 corn and cotton is submerged ; and the hope cf 
 the year destroyed. 
 
 Arkansas is the northern limit of the cO'ttor. 
 growing country. The rich lands on the Arkansas 
 produce cotton of the same staple and luxuriance 
 as those of Red river ; but, having a season some 
 what shorter, it cannot ripen so well. Neverthe 
 less, the planters here assert, that even here they 
 can raise more, that their hands can ' pick out,' 
 as the phrase is; consequently they affirm, that 
 they lose nothing by the shortness of their season. 
 Cotton becomes an uncertain crop north of the 
 river St. Francis. As we ascend the Arkansas 
 towards the high table prairies, the temperature 
 diminishes more rapidly, than would be indicated 
 by the latitude ; and cotton ceases to be a sure 
 crop a little beyond 34. in that direction. It is at 
 
ARK 
 
 r.i 
 
 ARK 
 
 present the staple article of cultivation. The rich 
 lands bring fine maize, sweet potatoes, and the 
 vegetables generally of Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 In^the high country above 34. wheat does well. 
 Rye and barley will thrive almost ill any parts of 
 the country. Mulberry abounds ; and on the ba- 
 ses of the precipitous hills of White river, we 
 should suppose, would be the happiest soil and 
 c limate for the vine. Muscadine, and pine wood's 
 grapes abound ; as do pawpaws and persimons. 
 Figs are raised, but with difficulty ; and the tree 
 is often killed to the ground by the frost. Peach- 
 t s are raised in great excellence and abundance. 
 Apple orchards do well at Mount Prairie, and in 
 the open and high lands above Peccan Point on 
 Red river ; andlio doubt, will thrive in all the 
 higher and more northern regions of this territory. 
 [n the lower and more settled parts of it they have 
 no where succeeded well. Chickasaw and prairie 
 plains grow wild in abundance , and the woods 
 and prairies abound in native fruits and berries 
 
 The soil is of all qualities from the best to the 
 mist sterile. The settlement of Point Chico, on 
 the Mississippi, has a soil of the best quality ; and 
 is noted for the productiveness of its cotton plan- 
 tations. The bottoms of the Aikansas are not 
 generally so rich, as those of Red river. — The 
 belt of cultivated land below the Post of Arkan- 
 sas, called ' the coast,' does, indeed, somewhat 
 resemble the delightful country so called above 
 New Orleans in appearance. The resemblance 
 ceases here. It has a soil of but moderate rich- 
 ness ; and needs manuring to produce large cot- 
 ton, or maize. To one emerging from the inun- 
 dated and mephitic swamps below, this line of 
 open, contiguous plantations, dotted with beauti- 
 ful clumps of the fine trees of this climate, and 
 French habitations, which generally have a 
 very picturesque appearance, this tract, called 
 ' the coast,' has a charming appearance. There is 
 a great extent of cotton lands of the first quality, 
 in the country along the river, above the Post, in 
 the ' Quawpaw purchase.' The country, five or 
 six hundred miles up the Arkansas, where the 
 American garrison used to be, and that, where it 
 now is, and the country where the Arkansas mis- 
 sion is settled, have large prairies interspersed 
 with forest bottoms, and great tracts of excellent 
 soil. There is much fine country in this territory 
 above Peccan Point on Red river. Mount Prairie, 
 which rises, like a prodigious Indian mound, from 
 the subjacent plains, may be reckoned among the 
 striking spectacles of the country. It is ten or 
 twelve miles in diameter ; and is situated on the 
 waters of the Washita. It has a soil of great fer- 
 tility, and of the blackness of ink ; rather expos- 
 ed, however, to ' bake,' as the phrase is, in the 
 hot and dry weather. They obtain water from 
 wells, which are obliged to be dug of very great 
 depth. — In the whole depth vast quantities of sea- 
 shells appear. — In a state of pulverization they 
 are mixed with the earth, communicating a maw- 
 kish and unpleasant taste to the water, and very 
 great fertility to the soil. On White river are 
 some of the finest lands and the healthiest sites 
 for planters in this country. In short this terri- 
 tory possesses great bodies of the best soil. There 
 are vast tracts, too, of precipitous knobs, sterile 
 ridges, sandy, or muddy prairies, and miserable 
 Iri.rrens. The country on the Mississippi, between 
 White river and the St. Francis, is in many places 
 above the overflow, and of the highest fertility. 
 Wappanocka bottom, opposite Memphis, is an un- 
 commonly high, rich and extensive bottom. The 
 
 soil on the St. Francis is very fertile ; and is got 
 ered with a heavy growth of beech, generally de- 
 noting a rich soil ; but the hills are so precipitous, 
 and exposed to wash, as hardly to be susceptible 
 of cultivation. On the whole, this territory has a 
 sufficiency of excellent lands, to become a rich 
 and populous state. — In its eastern front, and near 
 the Mississippi and the Arkansas, it is exposed to 
 excessive annoyance from its myriads of mos- 
 chetoes. 
 
 This climate is a compound of that of Missouri 
 and Louisiana. Until we advance 200 miles west 
 of the Mississippi, in its humidity it more nearly 
 resembles the latter. The season, in point of the 
 forwardness of vegetation in the spring, is also, 
 much more like that of Louisiana. The season ol 
 planting is three weeks later than on the coast 
 above New Orleans ; and is more than that in ad- 
 vance of the climate of Missouri. — The distribu- 
 tion of rain is extremely unequal. There are often 
 drenching rains and thunder every day, for thirty- 
 six days in succession. At other times, the weath- 
 er is as remarkable, for long droughts. Planting 
 of corn commences by the middle of March, and 
 cotton by the first of April. By this time the for- 
 ests of the Arkansas are in full leaf; and the 
 shores of no river show a deeper tangle of vines 
 near the soil, and of nobler forest trees above. 
 
 The shores of Arkansas, as far up as Little Rock . 
 are decidedly unhealthy. Great tracts on all sides 
 are covered with sleeping lakes and stagnant bay- 
 ous. The country is a dead level. The falling 
 waters of the rains cannot be drained off. In the 
 commencement of summer they are exposed to 
 the intense ardors of the sun. Sickness is the 
 natural result. On the vast prairie, which com 
 mences just above the Post, and extends ninety 
 miles up the country, it is more healthy ; and there 
 is less annoyance from the moschetoes. This long 
 nweep of country is thoroughly ventilated. But 
 the air, in the timbered bottoms, is close, and un- 
 elastic ; and the moschetoes are excessively trouble- 
 some. There is but too often an abundant visita- 
 tion of bilious and remittent fevers in the latter 
 part of summer and the first of autumn. Farther 
 up the country and on the open prairies, it is as 
 healthy as in any other country in the same cli- 
 mate' It is a very absurd idea, that a country of 
 the extensiveness of this should all be alike sickly. 
 In this territory there are many positions, but a 
 few miles apart, one of which may be as sickly as 
 the shores of Surinam, and the other as healthy, 
 as any country in America. , 
 
 Among the curiosities of this region may be 
 mentioned the vast masses of sea shells, that are 
 found dispersed over different tracts of the coun- 
 try. They are generally found in points remote 
 from limestone ; and answer a valuable purpose 
 to the inhabitants, who collect, and burn them for 
 lime. Far above the po.itical limits of the territo- 
 ry, and towards the sources of the Arkansas, is the 
 sublime elevation, which we hope will always re- 
 tain the name of Pike's mountain. The prairies 
 are bounded in that direction by the stupendous 
 ridges of the Rocky mountains. There are very 
 considerable mountains near the Hot Springs, 
 which see. 
 
 The Quawpaw Indians intermixed with many 
 fugitive Choctaws, reside on the Arkansas not far 
 above the Post. That portion of the Cherokee 
 nation, which has emigrated west of the Mis- 
 sissippi, has its chief s< elements on the Aikansas 
 Beyond this territory < a White river are congre 
 gated the Shawnees jnd Delawares, that have 
 
ARK 
 
 ARI, 
 
 emigrated from Oliio and Missouri. Above the 
 Cherokees, on the Arkansas, are the Osages ; and 
 stiil higher are the Pawnees, [n the vast waste 
 
 of prairies, that interpose between this territory 
 and the Rocky mountains, roam different tribes 
 of Indians, among which are often seen, Indians 
 from the Mexican country, who come here to hunt 
 the bison. These animals with deer, elk, bears, 
 and wolves are abundant in this region. Herds of 
 wild horses are seen ranging the prairies and for- 
 ests of the western parts. They are rather small 
 in size bu*. very fleet and hardy. They are caught 
 with the noose or entrapped into pens, and when 
 taken may be broke to the saddle or harness. 
 
 There are no large towns in this territory and 
 the settlements are scattered about in isolated and 
 detached situations, generally with great tracts of 
 wild country between them. Little Rock, on the 
 south bank of the Arkansas, is the seat of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Arkansas, a great river running into the Mis- 
 sissippi, from the West, through the centre of the 
 Territory of Arkansas. 
 
 The extent of this mighty stream, which is said 
 to meander a long distance in the Rocky moun- 
 tains, is commonly given at 2,500 m. This is prob- 
 ably an extravagant calculation. It is believed, that 
 its distance from the point, where it has a volume 
 of waters to entitle it to the name of river,to its en- 
 trance into the Mississippi, measuring its curves, 
 is about 2,000 miles. In summer it pours a broad 
 and deep stream from the mountains upon the 
 arid, bare, and sandy plains. The sand and the 
 dry surrounding atmosphere so drink up the wa- 
 ter, that in the dry season it maybe crossed, many 
 hundred miles below the mountains, without wa- 
 ding as high as the knees. The tributary streams 
 are far from being so well known, as to render 
 them susceptible of an accurate description. Some 
 of them are remarkable for being impregnated 
 with salt to such a degree, that we have tasted 
 the waters of the main river so salt, as to be un- 
 suitable. Th« whole alluvial earth alono- the 
 
 banks is so strongly impregnated with salt, tha 
 the cattle sometimes kill themselves by eating it 
 For a distance of many hundred miles from its 
 mouth, it receives no tributaries of any consider- 
 able length, owing to the configuration of the 
 country through which it passes,and to the vicinity 
 of Red river and Washita on one side, and the 
 Yellow Stone, Kansas, and Osage on the other. 
 When it has arrived within four hundred miles 
 of the Mississippi, it begins to assume the charac- 
 ter of Red river, in the numbers of its bayous and 
 lakes. The belt of high land, between the river and 
 the cypress swamps, is by no means so wide, as that 
 on the other river. The alluvial soil is of thr 
 same colour and qualities, though it is not genei 
 ally so fertile. It has a broader channel, and gene 
 rally a narrower valley. We believe, that it does 
 not carry so much water ; and the rapidity o! 
 its ordinary current is less. When it is full, its 
 waters have a still deeper colour. Its curves, that 
 is to say, its points and bends are broader and 
 deeper. It surpasses the Mississippi, or any river 
 of the west in the perfect regularity of these, and 
 in the uniformity and beauty of the young cotton 
 wood groves, that spring up on the convex sand 
 bars. In other respects, it has a surprising re- 
 semblance to Red river. The Arkansas has de- 
 cidedly the advantage in the extent of its naviga- 
 tion. In the spring floods, steam-boats can as- 
 cend it nearly to the mountains. The first thirty 
 or forty miles of its course, is through a heavy, 
 inundated forest, with very little land sufficiently 
 above the floods, to admit of cultivation. Forty or 
 fifty miles by the course of the river above the 
 Post, bluffs, crowned with pine, come into the river. 
 Between that distance and the Post, only a narrow 
 belt along the river is above the overflow ; and even 
 through thisbelt the river has torn greatnumberscf 
 crevasses, through which in high floods its waters 
 escape into the swamps. Directly beyond these 
 belts are gum trees, and other vegetation denoting 
 swampy soil. Beyond these are vast cypress 
 swamps; and in all its course from the bluffs to 
 the mouth, like Red river, it has its net-work 
 checquering of bayous and lakes. The lakes, on 
 the subsidence of the river, are covered with vast 
 leaves of the Nymphea. Kelumbo. The bayous, 
 when filled with the river waters, have the same 
 curves as the river : and while the river is full, 
 the same colour; and, until we observe their want 
 of current, might easily be, as they have a thous- 
 and times been, mistaken for the river itself. 
 
 Arklow, a barony containing 13 parishes, and 
 the towns of Arklow, and part of Wicklow, in 
 the county of Wicklow, Ireland. The town of 
 Arklow is situate on the shore of St. George's 
 channel, about 13 m. S. of Wicklow, and contain- 
 ed a population of 3,808 in 1821, and the parisii 
 2,418 more. 
 
 Jlrhs, an ancient city of France, in the depart 
 ment of Mouths of the Rhone, lately an archiepis 
 copal see. It was the chief city of ancient Gaul 
 during the reign of Constantine, and Boson made 
 it the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy. The 
 country around produces good wine, vermilion, 
 manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number 
 of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre and 
 obelisk are the most remarkable. It is seated on 
 the Rhone, 20 m. S. E. of Nismes. Loner. 5. 37 
 E. lat. 43. 40. N. 
 
 Arlington, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 40 m. from 
 Troy, Saratoga Springs, Whitehall and Rutland 
 Pop. 1,207. It has quarries of marble and limr j 
 stone, and a mineral spring. 
 
ARM 
 
 53 
 
 ARR 
 
 Armagh, an interior county in the N. E. part of 
 Ireland, 32 m. long and 19 broad ; bounded on the 
 E. by Down, W. by Tyrone and Monaghan. N. by 
 Lough Neagh and S. by Louth. It contains 20 par- 
 ishes, and sends three members to parliament. 
 The soil is reckoned the richest in Ireland ; but a 
 tract called the Fewes is hilly and barren, and there 
 are also some considerable bogs. Some good mar- 
 ble is found in this country ; and the linen man- 
 ufacture Hourishes in all its branches It has no 
 river of consequence but the Blackvvater, which 
 separates it from Tyrone. 
 
 Armagh, a populous parish and city of Ireland, 
 the capital of the county of its name, and the see 
 of an archbishop, who is primate of all Ireland. 
 It has one of the best linen markets in Ulster, and 
 many bleaching grounds in its vicinity. It is 
 seated near the river Kalin, 45 m. S. E. of Lon- 
 donderry, and 62. N. by VV. of Dublin. Long. 
 7. 6. W. lat. 54. 20. N. Pop. of the city in 1821, 
 8,493, and the parish 22,650 more. 
 
 Armagh, p. v. Indiana Co. Fa. 160 m. W. Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Armagnac, a late province of France, in Gui- 
 enne, 55 m. long and 40 broad. It is fertile in 
 corn and wine, and has a trade in brandy and 
 wool. This province, with Gascony, now forms 
 the department of Gers. 
 
 Armenia, a country of Asiatic Turkey, border- 
 ing on the S. E. extremity of the Black Sea, 
 and extending eastward into Persia ; it lies be- 
 tween the 38th and 45th deg. of E. long, and 
 under the 39th and 40th of N. lat. The Euphra- 
 tes, which has its source at the S. E. extremity 
 of the country, runs parallel with its southern 
 boundary ; it is watered by several other rivers 
 falling into the Black Sea, and the Karsi which 
 rises in the centre of the country runs eastward 
 falling into the Caspian. It is a mountainous 
 country (Ararat rising to the height of 9,500 ft.) 
 and abounds in minerals, whilst the valleys yield 
 abundance of corn and fruit. The inhabitants 
 are much addicted to commerce and have a high 
 reputation for probity, they are the chief mer- 
 chants for the eastern commerce of Turkey, as 
 (he Greeks are for the western. The Armenians 
 form a distinct sect of Christians under a pitri- 
 ircli and an archbishop. Eizerum, or Arz Rouni, 
 in N. lat. 40. and 40. 50. E. long, is the capital. 
 Of the civil, judicial, or military institutions, or 
 sxtent of population of Armenia, but very little 
 is known to Europeans ; the Persians claim au- 
 thority over the eastern part, and the Kurds in- 
 terfere from the south. 
 
 Arrncntiers, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 m. W. N. W. 
 of Lisle. 
 
 Armlcrs, a town of France, in the department 
 
 .-if Nord, seated on the Sambre, 20 in. S. ofMons. 
 
 Armiro, a town of European Turkey, in Thes- 
 
 salvj on the gulf of Volo, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa. 
 
 Long. 23. 22. E., lat. 39. 30. N. 
 
 Armond, St. a town of Lower Canada, at the N. 
 end of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Armstrong, a County in the western part of 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 17,625. Kittaning,2l4 m. 
 W. by N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. The 
 Alleghany river enters the county at the N. 
 W. extremity, runs in an angle to the centre, 
 and leaves it at the S. W. extremity. Kittaniiig 
 is situate on the east bank, near the centre of 
 the county. 
 
 Armiimli ii, a town of Holland, in the island of 
 Walcheren, now inconsiderable, the sea having 
 
 stopt up the harbour. Salt-work* are its chief re 
 source. It is 3 m. E. of Middleburg. 
 
 Arna\\ le Due, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, seated in a valley, near the 
 river Arroux, 25 mi N. W. of Baune. 
 
 Arncbarij, a town of Brandenburg in the Old 
 Mark, with a ruined castle, on a hill on the river 
 Elbe, 3 m. from Werben. 
 
 Arncdo, a seaport of Peru, with a good harbour, 
 in the Pacific Ocean, 25 m. N. of CaJlao. Long 
 76. 53. W. lat. 11. 40. S. 
 
 Arnhaascn, a town of Germany, in Pomerania, 
 24 m. E. of New Stettin. Also another town on 
 the east bank of the Saal, bishopric of Wartz- 
 burg. 
 
 Arnheim, a strong town of Holland, in Gekier- 
 land, capital of the quarter or county of its name. 
 It was formerly the residence of the dukes of 
 Gelderland, and is seated on the Rhine, 8 m. N. 
 of Niineguen. Long. 5. 54. E. lat. 52. 2. N. 
 
 Arnhcirn Bay, on the N. W. side of the great 
 gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Arno, a celebrated river of Tuscany, which rises 
 in the Apennines and passing by Florence and 
 Pisa, enters the gulf of Genoa a little below the 
 latter town. 
 
 Arnold, a populous parish contiguous to Not- 
 tingham, Eng., bordering on Sherwood Forest. 
 Pop. in 1821, 3,572. 
 
 Arnsheim, the name of two towns in the palat- 
 inate of the Lower Rhine, one near Worms, and 
 the other about 10 in. E. of New Baumberg. 
 
 Arnshorf, the name of several small towns in 
 Germany, one in Lower Bavaria, two in Silesia, 
 one in Obeland, and another in Ermeland. 
 
 Arnstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin- 
 cipality of Gotha, with a castle, a palace, and 
 three churches ; seated on the Gera, 11 m. S. of 
 Erfurt. 
 
 Arnstcin, a town of Franconia, in the principali- 
 ty of Wurlzburg with a castle, seated on the Wc- 
 ren, 9 m. S. W. of Schwcinfurt, and about the 
 same distance E. from Carlstadt. 
 
 Arokkagc, a city of Persia, in Segestan, and 
 the capital of a district to which it gives name. 
 It is 110 m. S. S. W. of Cannahar and 210 
 E. S. E. of Zareng. Long. 65.40. E., lat. 31. 
 20. N. 
 
 Arolscn. a town of Germany, in the electorate 
 of Hesse, county of Waldeck, near the river Aar, 
 29 in. S. S. E. of Paderborn. 
 
 Arotia, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a 
 ruined castle, on the lake Maggiore, 30 m. N. W. 
 of Milan. 
 
 Arpino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 8 m. N. of Aquino. 
 
 Ar<]ua, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, remark- 
 able for the tomb of Petrarch. It is 10 m. S. of 
 Padua. 
 
 Anjuata, a town of the territory of Genoa, seat- 
 ed on the Serivia, 25 m. N. of Genoa. 
 
 Arqucs, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine, with an ancient castle. Here 
 Henry IV. gained a complete victory over the 
 duke of Mayenne, general of the leagues, in 1589. 
 It stands on a river of its name, 4 m. S. E. of 
 Dieppe. 
 
 Arragon, a province of the kingdom of Spam. 
 Arragon was lormerly an independent kingdom 
 and comprehended Arragon Proper. Catalonia, 
 Valencia, and the Balearic isles of Majorca, Min- 
 orca, Ivica, Cabrera, and Formentera. The king- 
 dom of Arragon Proper is an interior district, ex- 
 tending south from New Castile in the lat. of 40 
 e 2 
 
ARS 
 
 54 
 
 ARZ 
 
 N,. in a N. E. direction to the Pyrenees, bounded 
 ou the .\. W. by Old Castile and Navarre ; and on 
 the east by the north end of Valencia, and Cata- 
 lonia ; its superficies is about 1,230 sq. French 
 leagues, and its population in 1810 was about 
 660,000. The river Ebro enters the territory 
 from ths N. W. and runs through the middle of 
 it in a S. E. direction. Saragossa seated on the 
 banks of the Ebro, is the chief and only place of 
 importance in the whole territory, nor is it re- 
 markable for any natural productions ; whilst the 
 domination of the priestcraft, which pervades all 
 Spain-, operates as a barrier to all social enterprize 
 and improvement. 
 
 Arrah, or Arraba, a river on the east side of the 
 piovince of Mekhran, Persia. There is a town 
 of the same name on the coast about CO m. west 
 of the river, in lat. 25. 30. N. 65. E. long. 
 
 Arrah. a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 33 m. 
 VV. by S. of Patna. 
 
 Arran, an island of Scotland, in the frith of 
 Clyde, to the south of the isle of Bute. It is of 
 au oval form, 20 m. long and 12 broad, and eon- 
 s', itutes the greatest part of the county of Bute. 
 Ridges of rujjged mountains extend across the 
 inland, and Goatfell is near 3.000 ft. in height. 
 The southern parts present low and cultivated 
 grounds. The climate is healthful, and invalids 
 resort hither to drink the whey of goats milk. 
 Robert Bruce took refuge in this island, during 
 the time of his greatest distress. Among the 
 rocks are found iron-ore, spar, and a great variety 
 of beautiful pebbles. On the coast are many 
 wonderful caverns, which often afford shelter to 
 smuo-olers. It is divided into two parishes, Kil- 
 bride, and Kilmorey. Total pop. 6,541. The prin- 
 cipal place is Lamlash. 
 
 Arras, a fortified city of France, capital of the 
 department of Pas de Calais, and an episcopal see, 
 and one of the most ancient towns of France ; it 
 was the seat of the Atrebates in the time of Caesar. 
 It is divided into two towns ; one named the city, 
 which is the most ancient; and the other the 
 town, which is modern. The great square is 
 full of fine buildings, surrounded with piazzas. 
 It was the birth-place of Robespierre, and is seat- 
 ed on the Scarpe, 22 m. W. N. W. of Cambray. 
 Long. 2. 46. E. lat. 50. 17. N. Pop. about 19,000. 
 
 Arriegc, a department of France, containing the 
 late provinces of Couserans, and Foix. It is so 
 named from a river, which rises in the Pyrenees, 
 and passing by Foix and Pamiers, enters the Gar- 
 onne, near Toulouse. Gold dust is found among 
 its sands. Foix is the capital. Pop. about 225, 
 000. 
 
 Arror or Aaroe and JF.roc, two islands of Den- 
 mark, the first about the middle of the little Belt, 
 and the other at its entrance into the Baltic. 
 There are a cluster of islands also called Arroe, 
 just within the Red Sea, opposite to Moka. 
 
 Arroo, five islands in the Indian Ocean, to the 
 south and west of New Guinea, extending from 5 
 30. to 7. 0. S. lat. with narrow channels between 
 tfiem. The chief product is sago. During the 
 dry or western monsoon, numerous flocks of the 
 birds of paradise, from New Guinea, reside in 
 these islands, where great numbers are killed, 
 dried, and exported to Banda. The Arroo isles 
 are considered as belonging to the Dutch. 
 
 Arsamas, a town of Russia, situate near the 
 source of the Techa, a branch of the Oka river, in 
 the province of Nishnei, or Lower Novogorod. 
 It is about 100 m. E. of Moscow, and has a variety 
 of manufactures. Pop. about 6 000 
 
 Asur, a town on the coast of Syria, in Palestine, 
 with a fortress, 10 m. N. of Jaffa. 
 
 Arta, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba- 
 nia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a con- 
 siderable trade in tobacco and skins, and is seated 
 on the Arta, 70 m. N. N. W. of Lepantc. Long. 
 21.20. E. lat. 39.28. N. 
 
 Artaki, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 on the south coast of the sea of Marmora, 76 m. 
 S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 27.40. E. lat. 39. 
 30. N. 
 
 Artahui, a town of European Turkey, in Rom- 
 ania, 48 m. N. W. of Gallipoli. 
 
 Artern, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county 
 of Mansfield, circle of Thuringia, on the rive" 
 Unstrutt, 29 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt. 
 
 Artois, a late province of France, bounded or. 
 the north and east by Flanders, and south and 
 west by Hainault, Cambresis, and Picardy. It is 
 now included in the department of Pas de Calais 
 
 Arnba, an island 15 m. in circumference, situ- 
 ated near the mouth of the gulf of Maracaybo. 
 45 m. W. of Curasao. Long. 70. 5. W. lat. 12. 
 10. N. 
 
 Arundel, a borough in Sussex, Eng., governed 
 by a mayor. It is seated on the side of a hill on the 
 river Arun, about 5 m. from the sea, and has a 
 venerable gothic church, formerly, collegiate. Its 
 castle, the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk, 
 stands on the hill, and is of great extent ; a vast 
 sum was expended upon it by Charles the XII. 
 duke ; the interior court forms a square of 200 ft. 
 each way, the centre of the east side is decorated 
 by a magnificent work of art, a bas relief, repre- 
 senting Alfred and the assembling of the first jury. 
 It was executed by the elder Rossi, and is the 
 finest and most characteristic work of art of the 
 kind in Europe ; the library is on the same side, 
 fitted up with the finest mahogany and cedar most 
 highly wrought ; the west side is occupied by a 
 grand banqueting room and chapel ; the south, the 
 state apartments ; the north is open to the gardens, 
 but at the N. W. corner is the old gateway, and 
 tower, a circular building of great dimensions, and 
 was formerly the strongest place of defence in 
 Britain. The possession of this castle confers an 
 earldom on the proprietor. The river is naviga- 
 ble for barges, and great quantities of timber are 
 sent hence for the dock-yards. It is 11 m. S. E. 
 of Chichester and 56 S. S. W. of London. 
 
 Arra, a County at the northern extremity of 
 Lower Hungary, intersected by the Carpathian 
 mountains; it contains a pop. of about 75.000. 
 subsisting chiefly by agriculture, more particular- 
 ly flax for domestic manufacture and some foi 
 trade. There is a town which gives name to the 
 county, situate on a stream which falls into the 
 Wag River. 
 
 Arve, a rapid river of Savoy, which rises in 
 Faucigny, and watering Salenche, Cluse, anr 
 Bonneville, joins the Rhone, below Geneva. 
 
 Aricangcn, a town and castle of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Berne, on the river Aar, 12 in. E. 
 of Soleure. 
 
 Arzew, a seaport town of Algiers, .about 15 m 
 W. of Oran. It appears to be the ancient Arsen 
 aria, there being many relics of antiquity in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 ArziI1a,a. seaport in the kingdom of Fez. sj'hout 
 30 m. S. of Cape Spartel, and 50 S. S. W. of Tan- 
 giers. It was formerly a Roman colony, and a 
 place of considerable importance, but at present 
 does not contain more than 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Arzingnn, a town of Armenia, on the wesl 
 
ASC 
 
 55 
 
 ASH 
 
 bank of a branch of the Euphrates, 45 m. S. W. 
 of Arz Roum. 
 
 Asab, or Assab, a town of Abyssinia, in Dan- 
 cali, on a bay in the straits of Babelmandel, 36 
 m. S. E. of Bailur. 
 
 Asantraro, a t»wn and district of Peru, west of 
 the Andes, north of the lake Chuiento. It is very 
 thinly peopled. 
 
 Asnp/t, St. a city of Wales, and a bishop's see, 
 in Flintshire, on the river Elway, where it 
 unites with the Clwyd. It is a poor place, of 
 note only for its cathedral, but has a market on 
 Saturday. It is 27 m. W. of Chester, and 217 
 N. W. of London, on the line of road to Holyhead. 
 
 Ashen, an interior country of North Africa, of 
 which Agadas is the capital ; it is bounded on 
 the east by Bornou, and north and west by the 
 deserts of Zaara and Tuarick. 
 
 Asbury, p.v. Warren Co. N J. 34 m. N. W. 
 Trenton. 
 
 Asca/on, a town on the coast of Palestine, dis- 
 tinguished in Jewish history as one of the chief 
 cities of the Philistines. It is now an insignificant 
 place about 30 ra. S. W. of Jerusalem, and 10 N. 
 of Gaza. 
 
 Ascension, a parish in the Eastern District of 
 Louisiana, upon the Mississippi. The soil is rich 
 and produces sugar and cotton. Donaldson, 75 m. 
 from New Orleans, is the chief town. Pop. of the 
 parish, 5,400. 
 
 Ascension, a barren island in the Atlantic Ocean, 
 000 m N. W. of St. Helena. It hss a safe 
 harbour, at which the East India ships often touch, 
 to procure turtles which are here plentiful and 
 large. Long. ]3. 50. W. lat. 7. 57. S. Also the 
 name of a bay on the east coast of Yucatan, and 
 of the chief town of the island of Margarita on 
 th* coast of Cumana. 
 
 Asch or Ausch,a. town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Leutmeritz, situate on the banks of a small 
 river which falls into the Elbe, about 20 miles 
 above the town of Leutmeritz. Also the name of 
 a small town in Wirtemburg, and of another in 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Aschach, a considerable town of Upper Austria, 
 in the quarter of Hausruck, on the south bank of 
 the Danube. 
 
 Aschaffenbury, a town of Germany, lately in 
 the territory of Mentz, but now the capital of a 
 principality of the same name, in the circle of the 
 L iwer Rhine, insulated in that of Franconia. 
 Here is a palace in which George II. of England 
 took up his quarters the night before the battle of 
 Dettingen, in 1748. It was taken by the French 
 in 1796 and 1800. It is situate near the conflux of 
 the Aschaff with the Maine, on the east side of 
 the latter river, 20 m. E. S. E. of Frankfort, and 
 40 W. N. W. of Wurtzburgh. Long. 9. 5. E. lat. 
 50. 0. N. 
 
 Atclierslebcn, a considerable town on the west 
 btnk of the Saal, in the principality of Anhalt, cir- 
 cle of Upper Saxony. 
 
 Ascoli, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of An- 
 cona, with two citadels ; seated on a mountain, 
 by the river Tronto, 80 m. N. E. of Rome. 
 Long. 13. 29. E. lat. 42. 44. N. 
 
 Ascoli di Satriano, a town of Naples, in Cap- 
 itanata, seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. of Naples. 
 Long. 15. 50. E. lat. 41. 8. N. 
 
 Ascoi a, a town in the island of Majorca, with a 
 church containing a celebrated image of the Vir- 
 gin, much resorted to by pilgrims. 
 
 Asciitn.cn, a mountain in Vt. between Weathers- 
 field and Windsor, 3,320 feet high. It is chiefly a 
 
 granite rock with very few trees. The summit af- 
 fords an extensive prospect of the Connecticut 
 and a highly cultivated region in the neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 Ashantee, an interior territory of North Africa, 
 extending from the meridional line to the 5th or 
 6th deg. of W. long, bounded by the Gold coast- 
 The Ashantees have for a long period been the 
 most powerful of all the Negro tribes of W. Africa, 
 not only in their contests with their neighbours, 
 but they have frequently defied the scientific and 
 destructive means of European warfare: during the 
 period of the uncontrolled sway of the slave trade, 
 previous to the commencement of the present 
 century, the Ashantees, though little known upor. 
 the coast, were the main instruments in the in- 
 terior, by which that debasing traffic was carried 
 on, being constantly at war with their neighbour* 
 for the obtaining of prisoners to send to the coast 
 as slaves, and it was the Ashantees who gave rise 
 to the famous, or rather infamous Assiento contract 
 of the Spaniards : since the restriction of the slave 
 trade to the south of the equator, the Ashantees. 
 though still full of thirst for war, have directed 
 more of their attention to commerce. It was in 1S06 
 that they first appeared formidable on the coast 
 against the Annamboes, and in 1323 they com- 
 pletely defeated the whole British force of the 
 coast, which took the field against them ; the 
 governor who commanded in person being slain 
 in the conflict, and the wreck of the army com- 
 pelled to take refuge in the forts. 
 
 Ashborough \ p.v. Randolph Co. N. C. 78 m. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Ashborne, a town of Derbyshire, Eng It is fa- 
 mous for cheese, and seated between the rwers 
 Dove and Compton, 10 m. N. E. of Utloxeter, 
 and 139 N. N. W. of London. Pop. of the parish 
 4,688. 
 
 Ashburnham,, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. 
 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,403. Leather is made here 
 in large quantities by an incorporated company 
 with a capital of 30,000 dollars. Here is also the 
 Boston Soap-stone manufactory with a capital of 
 20,000 dollars. 
 
 Ashburton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It is 
 one of the four stannary towns, and has a consid- 
 erable manufacture of serges. It is seated among 
 hills (remarkable for tin and copper) near the river 
 Dart, 19 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 192 W. by S. 
 of London. It returns two members to parliament. 
 Pop. in 1821 , 3,403. 
 
 Ashby, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 50 m. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,240. 
 
 Ashby de la Zouch, a town in Leicestershire, 
 Eng. It had a castle with a very high tower, some 
 ruins of which are standing. Here are manufac- 
 tures of stockings, hats and ribands, and a con- 
 siderable trade in malt. A canal from the town 
 communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby 
 is 13 m. S. of Derby, and 115 N. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1821, 4,227. A vein of coal, of a 
 very superior quality was opened in the vicinity 
 about the year 1816, and a mineral water in the 
 same neighbourhood, since about the same period, 
 has been much resorted to. 
 
 Ashereff, or Eshreff, a town of Persia, situate on 
 a small rivulet which falls into the Caspian Sea 
 at its south end. 
 
 Ashfield, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1 ,732. 
 
 Ashford, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 27 m. N. E. 
 Hartford. Pop. 2,668. 
 Ashford, a town in Kent, Eng., governed by a 
 
ASI 
 
 56 
 
 ASI 
 
 ■nayor, with a market on Tuesday. The church 
 is large, and was formerly collegiate. It is seated 
 on the Ash, near its confluence with the Stour, 
 14 in. S.W. of Canterbury, and 55 S. E. of London. 
 Pop. in 1821,2,773. 
 
 Ashland, p.t. Montgomery township, Richland 
 Co. Ohio, 90 m. from Columbus. 
 
 Ashmunein, a town of Egypt, built on the ruins 
 of a citv, supposed to be the ancient Hermopolis, 
 on the left bank of the Nile, 140 m. S. S. W. of 
 Cairo. Long. 31. 7. E. lat. 28. 10. N. 
 
 Ashnagur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Cabul, seated on the Kameh, 80 in. N. 
 af Attock, and 110 S. E. of Cabul. 
 
 Ashtabula, a County at the N. E. extremity of 
 Ohio, bordering on lake Erie. Pop. 14,584. Jef- 
 ferson is the chief town. 
 
 Ashtabula, p.t. in the above County, on L. Erie, 
 200 m. from Columbus. It has a good harbour 
 and is a flourishing town. 
 
 Ashtabula, a stream of Ohio, about 30 m. in 
 length, running into L. Erie. 
 
 Ashton-under-line, a town and populous parish 
 of Lancashire, Eng. ; the town is seated on a 
 high bank which rises from the river Tame, 7 m. 
 east of Manchester. The parish is divided into 
 four districts, viz. that of the town, which in 1821 
 contained 9,225 inhab. Audenshaw, 3,781, Harts- 
 head, 9,137, and Knott-Lanes, 3,827: total 25,967, 
 forming together one of the most important seals 
 of the cotton manufacture, containing upwards of 
 GO large establishments for spinning and machine- 
 weaving, four iron and brass foundries, as many 
 machine manufactories, and about 30 establish- 
 ments for the manufacture of hats. It has also 
 extensive collieries in its vicinity, and it is inter- 
 sected by the Manchester, and the Huddersfield 
 and Peat Forest canals. The foundation stone of 
 anew church in the gothic style was laid in 1821. 
 There are 10 other towns or villages in different 
 parts of England named Ashton, or to which it is 
 prefixed. 
 
 Ashuclot, r. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, flows 
 S. W. into the Connecticut. 
 
 Asia, one of the three grand divisions of the 
 eastern hemisphere ; its boundaries are so exceed- 
 ingly irregular as to render it difficult to convey 
 an accurate idea of its position, limits, and extent, 
 except by a map ; it lies however wholly north 
 of the equator. Point Romaine, the most souther- 
 ly point of the Malaya promontory, being in lat. 
 1. 23. 30. N. Bounded on the north by the Arctic 
 Ocean, or as a medial line by the 70th deg. of N. 
 lat. from west to east it extends in its extreme 
 limits from the Dardanelles in 26. to Behring's 
 straits in 190. E. but exclusive of the promonto- 
 ries of Natolia, Hindoostan, Malaya, Kamschatka, 
 and the islands under the equator, Asia may be 
 considered as lying between the 15th and 70lh 
 deg. of N. lat. and the 40th and 130th of E. long, 
 and containing an area of about 11,000,000 of sq. 
 m. Asia is separated from Europe on the west 
 by the Ural mountains, extending from the line 
 of the Arctic circle in the long, of 63. E. bearing 
 west to the long. 54. in the lat. of 63. from which 
 point they again bear to the east to the long, of 
 59. in the lat of 55., from which point, while the 
 Ural mountains run in a parallel line with the 
 59th of long, the Asiatic boundary becomes part- 
 ly conventional, bearing west to the sea of Asoph ; 
 from which, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, 
 the Dardanelles, and Levant, form the western 
 boundary to the isthmus of Suez which separates 
 it from Africa ; the Arabian gulf or Red Sea. 
 
 then forms the remainder of its western bounda- 
 ry, and the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Chi- 
 na Sea, bounds it on the south, and the North 
 Pacific Ocean on the east, and the A;ctic Ocean 
 as previously stated, forms its northern boundary : 
 this vast extent of territory is divided into 11 
 great parts, viz. Siberia, Chinese Tartary, China, 
 Thibet, Western or Independent Tartary, the 
 Birman empire, Hindoostan, Persia, Arabia, Asiat- 
 ic Turkey, and Japan, the latter being exclusive- 
 ly insular. Several noble rivers flow in various 
 directions ; the Obi, the Ynessei and Lena, fall 
 into the Arctic Ocean, the Amoor or Saghalien, 
 into the sea of Ochotsk, in the Nortli Pacific, the 
 Yellow and Great Rivers intersect China from 
 west to east falling into the bay of Nankin, and 
 the Ganges, Indus, and Euphrates flowing from 
 north to south ; but it is worthy of remark, tha* 
 neither in Asia or Europe, or in either of the two 
 grand divisions of the western hemisphere, are 
 there any rivers of importance that flow from east 
 to west, whilst in Africa there are none that flow 
 from west to east. 
 
 Although the rivers of Asia do not vie in mag- 
 nificence with those of the western hemisphere, 
 Asia far exceeds it in the magnificence of its 
 mountains. The Himalaya range which separates 
 Hindoostan from Tartary in the lat. of 29. N 
 rises to the prodigious height of 27,677 ft. above 
 the level of the sea ; the Ural ridge extends in a 
 uniform and unbroken chain, from the line of the 
 Arctic circle to the sea of Aral, and although not 
 rising higher than about 4,500 ft. they are em- 
 phatically denominated by the Russians, the back, 
 and by the Tartars, the girdle of the world ; the 
 Altaian chain intersects the entire territory in a 
 N. E. direction, from the Arabian Sea to the east 
 cape in Behring's straits, and in the lat. of 49. N. 
 rises to the height of 12,800 ft. and Mounts Cau- 
 casus, Taurus, Ararat, &c. &c. spread over the 
 western part of Asia, rising to the height of 8 to 
 10,000 ft. The Caspian, Baikal, and sea of Aral, 
 are the only inland waters that merit notice in 
 this place, and when compared with those of the 
 north division of the western hemisphere, they 
 are very insignificant. The islands of the east- 
 ern ocean are so numerous, and so diffusely scat- 
 tered, as to render it difficult to decide which prop- 
 erly belong to Asia, and which do not ; those 
 however which admit of no dispute may be enu- 
 merated as follows, beginning at the north : viz. 
 Saghalien, Jesso, the Japanese, Loo Choo, For- 
 mosa, Hainan, the Philippines, Borneo, Cele- 
 bes, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, the Maldives, and 
 Laccadives ; the Ladrone, New Carolines, Pelew. 
 New Guinea, Solomon's, New Hebrides, New 
 Caledonia, Sandwich, Society, Friendly, New 
 Zealand; and Van Diemen's Land, will most 
 probably hereafter become more particularly iden- 
 tified with New Holland. 
 
 Asia was the parent of nations, and the scene 
 of most of those remarkable transactions whicl 
 are recorded in sacred history. After the deluge 
 Noah is said to have settled near the borders oi 
 the Euphrates, and to have peopled the whole 
 continent, the posterity of Shem occupying the 
 central regions, Japhet the northern, and Ham the 
 southern. Javan and his descendants. Ashkennz, 
 Dodanim, Tharshish, Elisha, Togeriunh, and Rip- 
 halh, are supposed to have been the ancient in- 
 habitants of Asia Minor. The Ganaaaaitos and 
 Amalekites were the people of Syria and Arabia 
 Petrea. Modern writers have referred the pies 
 ent natives of Asia to those different stopks the 
 
ASI 
 
 5? 
 
 ASL 
 
 Hebrews, Indians, and Tartars, the propriety of 
 which will appear from their make, features, and 
 languages. There are, however, some large tribes 
 which cannot be referred to any of these classes. 
 Mr. Pinkerton observes that the population of 
 Asia is allowed by all authors to be wholly primi- 
 tive, with the exception of the Tshuktshis (whom 
 the Russian historians suppose to have passed 
 from the opposite coast of America), the colonies 
 that have migrated from Russia to the northern 
 parts as far as the sea of Kamtschatka, the well- 
 known European settlements, and a few others. 
 Asia certainly contains a decidedly original popu- 
 lation, and presents an ample field for the study 
 of man in all the stages of his progress from bar- 
 barism to civilization. The western part of Asia 
 appears to have been occupied by numerous pet- 
 ty sovereignties, whose very names are now ex- 
 tinct. At a somewhat later period the Babylon- 
 ian empire extended over the greater part of West- 
 ern Asia ; the Persians next reigned paramount 
 on that side, 328 years before the Christian era; 
 Alexander of Macedon extended his arms as far 
 as the Ganges; but his exploits in Asia may be 
 considered as incursions rather than conquests. 
 
 The ascendancy of the Persians in its turn 
 yielded to the still greater ascendant influence 
 and power of the Tartars from the north, who also 
 in the 12th century subdued China in the east ; 
 and indeed such was the extent of their power, 
 that at one period nearly the whole of Asia as 
 well as a great part of Europe fell under their 
 dominion. 
 
 The Mogul empire succeeded the Tartar, whilst 
 the greater part of Eastern Tartary became uni- 
 ted to China, which for several centuries has re- 
 mained comparatively undisturbed ; but at the 
 present time, a company of English traders, un- 
 der the denomination of " The United Company 
 of Merchants of England trading to the East 
 Indies," may be regarded as the ascendant power, 
 and as reigning lords paramount over all Asia. 
 The Russians however occupy the whole of the 
 north of Asia, from the Arctic Sea to the 50th 
 degree of north latitude ; and it will probably 
 be their turn next to rule the S. as well as the N. 
 
 The productions of Asia, animal, mineral, vege- 
 table, as well as birds, insects, reptiles, and fishes, 
 are as majestic, valuable, and useful, as they are 
 various and infinite. The elephant in Asia, like 
 the camel in Africa, is made the instrument of 
 burthen, and in war and pageantry ranks highest 
 in importance ; the lion and tiger of Asia are the 
 noblest of their species, and as distinguished for 
 their beauty and their symmetry as for their agil- 
 ity, strength, and ferocity. The leopard inhabits 
 eastern and southern Asia and in rapidity and 
 agility of motion is unrivalled by any other ani- 
 mal. He has a restless eye and a sinister 
 
 countenance, and is remarkably distinguished by 
 the beauty of his hide, covered with brilliant 
 spots. He lurks for his prey in ambush, or pur- 
 
 8 
 
 sues it up the trees. Usually he shuns man, but 
 when closely pressed, he turns upon the hunter 
 and sometimes when pinched by hunger he will 
 attack unprovoked, though by stealth, the human 
 race. The inferior classes of the animal creation 
 will be more particularly adverted to under the 
 heads of the several divisions of Asia. Although 
 apparently not so rich in precious minerals as the 
 southern division of the western hemisphere, 
 Asia indicates abundance of gold, and some silver, 
 and its gems are deservedly held in the highest 
 estimation. Of the inferior metals, if they 
 abound, a subduing species of policy precludes 
 their preparation for utility, and Asia draws con- 
 siderable supplies of iron, copper, tin, and lead 
 from Europe. 
 
 Rice for food, and cotton for clothing, are the 
 main productions of the soil over all the south 
 parts of Asia and China, and in the latter coun- 
 try, a decoction of the well known tea shrub, 
 constitutes the principal drink of that populous 
 empire, whilst the vegetable tallow tree supplies 
 many of their domestic wants. 
 
 Mahomedism is established in the central and 
 western parts, while paganism, and the most de- 
 grading and cruel superstitions, prevail in all the 
 other regions of Asia. Christianity is scarcely 
 known throughout this part of the globe, except 
 in Siberia and in Greece, where the profession 
 of it has been perpetuated amidst cruelty and 
 oppression ; — nor have any adequate exertions 
 been made by Europeans for its introduction, the 
 small tract of India brought under cultivation by 
 our missionaries being only as a single oasis in a 
 vast and dreary desert. 
 
 The governments of Asia appear in all apes to 
 have been arbitrary and despotic in the extreme ; 
 much addicted to parade and pageantry, and that 
 to a degree of which Europe has exhibited no 
 parallel. The government of China; although in 
 name and form a complete despotism, appears 
 however to be administered not only with temper- 
 ance, but with a paternal solicitude for the wel- 
 fare of the great body of the people, who may 
 yet at the same time be ranked amongst the most 
 abject of the human race. The ascendancy of 
 the English at the close of the 18th and com- 
 mencement of the 19th century is unquestiona- 
 bly the most important era in the history of Asia ; 
 and, although much that is objectionable and rep- 
 rehensible prevails, in some respects it indicates 
 brighter and better prospects to Asia than it has 
 ever before experienced. 
 
 Asia Minor comprehends that part of west- 
 ern Asia under the dominion of the Turks, bor 
 dering north on the Black Sea, and south on the 
 Levant, including the provinces of Natolia, Carat- 
 mania, and Roum, which see. 
 
 Asiaao, a considerable town of Italy, in Vicen- 
 tino, 20 m. N. of Vicenza. 
 
 Asinara, an island in the Mediterranean, on the 
 N. W. coast of Sardinia, 17 m. N. by W. of Sas- 
 sari. It is 28 m. in compass, and is fertile and 
 populous. Long. 8. 24. E. lat. 41. 0. N. 
 
 Askeaton. a town and parish of Ireland, in the 
 county of Limerick, noted for its castle, and for 
 one of the most perfect abbeys in the country ; 
 built by one of the earls of Desmond. It is seat- 
 ed on the Dee, near its confluence with the 
 Shannon, 20 m. W. S. W. of Limerick. Pop. in 
 1820, 1,239, and of the parish, 3,425. 
 
 Askrig, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed near the Ure, 18 m. W. S. \V. of Richmond 
 and 246 N. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 765; 
 
ASS 
 
 56 
 
 AST 
 
 Asnicras, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Vienne, 10 m. N. W. of Bellac. 
 
 Asola, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 m. S. 
 E. *>f Brescia. 
 
 Asolo, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, with a 
 Bpacious citadel on a hill. It is surrounded by 
 walls, and situate near the Musone, 17 m. N. W. 
 of Treviso. 
 
 Asoph, or Azof, a sea, anciently the Palus 
 Mrcotis, lying N. of the Black Sea, with which 
 it communicates by the strait of CafTa, the an- 
 cient Cimmerian Bosphorus. The sea, which 
 is sometimes called the Sea of Zabak, extends 
 240 m. from S. W. to N. E. between the latitudes 
 of 42. to 47. N. and 34. to 39. of W. long. 
 
 Asoph, a district of the Russian empire, in the 
 province of Catharineslaf, including a large tract 
 of territory to the east and west of the town of 
 Asoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, and 
 alter that period, several new towns were built 
 by Catharine II.; one of which, Catharineslaf, is 
 now the capital. 
 
 Asoph, a town of Russia, lately the capital of 
 a district of the same name, seated on the east 
 bank of the Don, near its entrance into the sea 
 of Asoph. It has been several times taken by the 
 Turks and Russians. It is not of the importance 
 it was in the reign of Peter the Great ; the river 
 being now so choked with sand as scarcely to 
 admit the smallest vessel. Long. 38. 32. E. lat. 
 46. 58. N. 
 
 Aspercn, a town of Holland, famous for a long 
 siege which it held out against the Geldrians, in 
 1517. It is seated on the Linghe, 13 m. S. of 
 Utrecht, and 22 E. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Aspcm, a town of Austria, on the north bank 
 of the eastern branch of the Danube, a little 
 below Vienna, distinguished for a great battle 
 fought between the French and Austrians in 1809, 
 during which the town was totally destroyed, but 
 has been since re-built. 
 
 Assam, an interior country of Asia, bounded on 
 the W. by Bengal and Bootan, N. by Thibet, and 
 S. E. and S. by Meckley. The river Burram- 
 pooter divides it into two provinces ; the northern, 
 which is the most fertile, being called Uttercul, 
 and the southern Dachincul. Among the pro- 
 ducts are many kinds of valuable fruits, with silk, 
 musk, pepper, cocoanuts, sugar, and ginger. The 
 open parts are marked with population and tillage ; 
 the woods abound with elephants. The moun- 
 tains are inhabited by a savage tribe called Nancs, 
 who go naked, and eat dogs, cats, mice, locusts, 
 and any thing they can find. The other inhabi- 
 tants of Assam are base and unprincipled, have 
 no fixed religion, nor any rule but their inclina- 
 tion. They eat all flesh except human, and even 
 animals that die a natural death. They are en- 
 terprizing, savage, vindictive, and fond of war. 
 They have neither horses, asses, nor camels ; but 
 these are sometimes brought there from other 
 countries. Asses they are fond of, but are so 
 much afraid of a horse, that one trooper would 
 put a hundred of them to flight. The invention 
 of gunpowder is ascribed to the Assamese. It 
 was known in China and Hindoostan in very 
 remote antiquity ; and in the code of Gentoo laws 
 there is a prohibition of the use of fire-arms : 
 but what these fire-arms were is not distinctly 
 known. Ghergong is the capital. 
 
 Assancule,, or Hasankala, a town of Turkish 
 Armenia, which has hot baths much frequented. 
 It is seated on the Ares, 22 in. E. of Erzerum. 
 
 Assarpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the coun- 
 
 try of Cutch, at the most eastern mouth of this 
 Indus, 38 m. W. of Boogebooge. 
 
 Asscergur, a strong hill fort of Hindoostan, in 
 Candeish. In the war with the Mahrattas, in 
 1803, it surrendered to the British. It is 20 in. 
 N. E. of Burhanpour. 
 
 Assr.n, a town of Holland in Overyssel, 12 in. 
 S. of Groningen, and 51 N. N. W. of Coevordon 
 
 Assenheim, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
 Upper Rhine, at the conflux of the Wetter with 
 the Nidda, 11 m. N. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Assens, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of 
 Funen. It is the common passage from the duchy 
 of Sleswick to Copenhagan, and is 17 m. S. W. 
 of Odensee. Long. 10. 2. E. lat. 55. 17. N. 
 
 Assiniboins , or Asseneboyne, a river of North 
 America, falling into the S. W. end of Lake 
 Winnipeg ; the North West Fur Trading Com- 
 pany have a house on the south bank of the river. 
 about 15 m. above its entrance into the lake. 
 
 Assist, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, 
 with a magnificent church, 22 m. ]\. W. of 
 Spoleto. 
 
 Assomption, a township and village of Lower 
 Canada, situate on the bank of a river of the same 
 name, which falls into the St. Lawrence a little 
 below Montreal. 
 
 Assonet, p. v. in Berkley, Bristol Co. Mass. 
 
 Assos, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 on a bay of the Archipelago, 12 m. S. E of Troas. 
 Long. 26. 36. E. lat. 39. 32. N. 
 
 Assumption, an episcopal city, capital of a prov- 
 ince in Paraguay. It stands in a fertile country, 
 on the east bank of the river Paraguay, a little 
 above the confluence of the Pilcomayo. Long. 
 57. 40. W. lat. 22. 47. Also the name of one of 
 the Ladrone islands, in N. lat. 19. 45. and 45. 
 35. E. long. 
 
 Assumption, a parish in the E. District of Lou- 
 isiana, on the river Lafourche. Pop. 5,400. The 
 court-house is 90 m. W. of New Orleans. 
 
 Astabat, a town of Persian Armenia, 3 m. from 
 the river Aras, and 32 S. E. of Naksivan. 
 
 Astara, a town of Persia, in Ghilan, on a river 
 of the same name, near its entrance into the S. W. 
 end of the Caspian Sea. Long. 50. 40. E. lat 
 38. 30. N. 
 
 Astcrabad, or Estcrabad, a town of Persia, capi- 
 tal of a province of its name at the S. E. part of 
 the Caspian Sea. It stands at the mouth of a 
 river, which forms a bay convenient for trade, 
 110 m. E. of Ferabad. Long. 54. 58. E. lat 37. 
 16. N. 
 
 Asti, a city of Piedmont, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Tanaro, with a citadel. Beside the cath- 
 edral, it contains upward of thirty other churches. 
 It is seated on the Tanaro, 24 m. E. of Turin 
 Pop. about 22,000. 
 
 Astorga, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leon, 
 well fortified by art and nature. It is seated in 
 a plain, on the river Tueria, 25 m. S. W of Leon, 
 and about midway on the high road from Co* 
 runna to Madrid. 
 
 Astrubad, a tongue of land on the northeast 
 coast of the Crimea, extending into the sea of 
 Asoph. 
 
 Ast.rucan, a city of the Caucasus, and the prin- 
 cipal city of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province 
 of the same name, and an archbishop's see. It 
 is situate on an island formed by two branches 
 of the Volga River, near its entrance into the 
 north end of the Caspian Sea, in the lat. of 46. 
 and has a good harbour. It is surrounded by 
 walls, and on the west has a triangular fortress 
 
ATC 
 
 ATH 
 
 Here are 25 Russian churches, and two convents ; 
 the Armenians, Lutherans, and Papists, have their 
 places of worship ; and the Hindoos of Moultan 
 have been permitted to erect a temple. The hou- 
 ses are in general of wood ; and the inhabitants are 
 estimated at 70,000. It seldom rains here, but the 
 river Volga overflows, like the Nile, and when 
 the water has run ofF, vegetation is very rapid. 
 Here are several large vineyards from which some 
 wine is made for home consumption ; also manu- 
 factures of gunpowder, and nitre, and on the side 
 of the Caspian Sea, are long marshes which pro- 
 duce a great quantity of salt. The Volga, either 
 of itself, or by its numerous branches, intersects 
 half of the interior provinces of European Russia, 
 and affords to Astracan a facility of communication 
 by water of inestimable .advantage ; it communi- 
 cates with Moscow by the Kashma branch and 
 with St. Petersburgh from Twer, partly by canal, 
 and partly by intermediate waters. The mouths 
 of the river abound with beluga, a species of stur- 
 geon, from the sound of which is made the finest 
 isinglass, which forms a very extensive branch of 
 the commerce of Astracan. Here is also the cen- 
 tre of all the commerce of Russia with Persia and 
 the East, in which Russians, Persians, Armenians, 
 Greeks, Tartars, Jews, Hindoos, French, and 
 English all participate. It was taken from the 
 Mongol Tartars about the middle of the 15th 
 century, and is about 770 .m. S. E. of Mos- 
 cow, and 1,050 S. S. E. of St. Petersburgh. 
 
 Asturias, a maritime province of the northwest 
 of Spain, extending for about 120 in. along the 
 shore of the Bay of Biscay. It is divided into 
 two parts, Asturias deOviedo and Asturias de 
 Santillana, so named from their chief towns. This 
 province is full of mountains and forests, its wine 
 and horses are excellent, and it has mines of gold, 
 lapis lazuli and vermilion. The eldest son of the 
 king of Spain is styled prince of the Asturias. It 
 was formerly a principality of the kingdom of 
 Leon, and is bounded on the S. by the province 
 of Leon ; on the W. by Gallicia; and on the E. 
 by Biscay and Old Castile ; it extends inland from 
 the Bay of Biscay about 45 m. and contains a 
 superficies of 308 sq. leagues, and in 1810, a pop- 
 ulation of 304,238. St. Andero at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the province, in lat. 43. 28. N. and 3. 
 40. W. long, and distant by way of Segovia 
 87 and by Aranda 71 1-2 leagues north from 
 Madrid, is the principal town on the coast, and 
 Oviedo, 75 1-2 leagues N. W. from Madrid, is the 
 chief town inland. 
 
 Asylum, t. Luzerne Co. Pa., on the Susquehan- 
 na, 66 m. N. W. Wilkesbarre. 
 
 Atacama, a seaport and province of Peru. The 
 province has a great desert of the same name, 
 which separates Peru from Chile. The town is 
 remarkable for the fish called tollo, with which it 
 carries on a great trade with the inland provinces. 
 It is 210 m. S. by E. of Arica. Long. 69. 30. 
 W. lat. 21. 20. S. 
 
 Atchinsk, a considerable town in the goverment 
 of Tobolsk, on the frontiers of Colyvan. It is sit- 
 uate on a branch of the Obi river, in the lat. of 56. 
 20. N. and 80. 30. E. long. 
 
 Alchafalaya, a river of Louisiana, one of the 
 mouths of the Mississippi, striking off from that 
 stream just below the entrance of Red River, 
 and flowing south into the Gulf of Mexico. It is 
 only however when the river is very high, that 
 any great portion of the waters of the Mississippi 
 passes off by this channel. Vast quantities of drift 
 timber have passed from the main stream into 
 
 this river, and becoming clogged between its 
 banks have formed what is called the Great Raft, 
 where the river is covered with a floating bridge of 
 timber, extending with interruptions, a length of 
 25 miles. 
 
 Atena, a town of Naples in Principato Citeriore, 
 near the river Negro, 22 m. N. of Policastro. 
 
 Ath, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Hain- 
 ault. It has been often taken, and is seated on the 
 Dender, 12 m. N. W. of Mons,onthe road from 
 Brussels to Tournay. Pop. about 7,500. 
 
 Athaboli, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania, on the coast of the Black Sea, 70 m. N. 
 E. of Adrianople. 
 
 Atliapescow, a lake in the N. part of .British 
 America, discharging its waters into Slave Lake. 
 It is 200 m. long. 
 
 Athboy, a parish and town in the county of 
 Meath, Ireland. In 1821 the town contained a 
 population of 1,569, and the parish, including the 
 commons, and the village of Castletown, 4,275. 
 The town is 30 m. N. of Dublin, and has three 
 annual fairs. 
 
 Athelney, an island in Somerset, Co. Eng. at the 
 confluence of the Thone and Parret, a few miles be- 
 low Taunton, memorable for having afforded shel- 
 ter to king Alfred. Here he collected some of his 
 retainers, on which account he called it iEthelin- 
 gay,or the isle of Nobles, and hence he made fre- 
 quent sallies upon the Danes. 
 
 Athcnrey, a populous parish and town in the 
 county of Galway, Ireland; in 1821, the pop- 
 ulation of the town was 1,093, and total of the par- 
 ish 10,977. 
 
 Athens, a once celebrated city, situate on a p. 
 montory at the southern extremity of Eastern Eu 
 rope, supposed to have been founded by Cecrops, 
 1,556 years antecedent to the Christian era, or 
 about the period of the height of Egyptian glory 
 in the age of Moses ; it became the seat of kingly 
 authority under Codrus, about the period of the 
 reign of David in Palestine, and in about 1,000 
 years subsequent to its foundation, it had attained 
 the summit of its glory, when it became the chief 
 city of the Grecian republic, which successfully 
 contended against the powerful arms of the Per- 
 sian monarchy, and excelled in all the arts of 
 poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture; the 
 two last, the Athenians may be said to have per- 
 fected, for all that succeeding ages have done has 
 been to copy, mix, and transform. Eighty-six 
 years antecedent to the Christian era, when refine- 
 ment among the Athenians had sunk into licen- 
 tiousness, and patriotism into selfish ambition, and 
 individual aggrandisement, Athens fell a prey to 
 the furious arms of Sylla, who sacked it of some 
 of its choicest treasures ; from this period it may 
 be considered as having passed the meridian of 
 its glory. In the 50th year of the Christian era. 
 it was visited by the apostle Paul, whose speech 
 to the multitude from the celebrated temple on 
 Mar's HH1, as recorded in the 18th chap, of the 
 Acts of the. Apostles, verse 22nd, will best testify 
 the social and moral condition of its inhabitants 
 at the period ; it subsequently became a prey to 
 internal commotions, as well as to external ene 
 mies. and after experiencing various alternations 
 of fortune, it became tributary to the Turks, on 
 their establishing their dominion in Europe, and 
 under them was the chief town of the district of 
 Livadia ; numerous vestiges of architectural gran 
 deur still remain to attest the supremacy of the 
 A>henians in that noble and useful art. The tow- 
 er of the new church of St. Pancras, built in Lon- 
 
ATH 
 
 60 
 
 ATK 
 
 ilon in 1 822. is a copy of the celebrated Temple 
 of the Winds which adorned Athens; and it is 
 proposed to erect in Westminister a fac simile of 
 the Parthenon, an edifice which has delighted the 
 eye of every beholder, through a period of 2,500 
 years, the latter part of which it has been a prey 
 to every species of spoliation. In 1808, lord El- 
 gin, then ambassador from England at Constan- 
 tinople, ransacked the Parthenon of the choicest 
 vestiges of its friezes, &c. which now adorn the 
 national Museum in London. Athens was besieged 
 by the Greeks in the early part of their revolu- 
 tionary struggle, and the acropolis fell into their 
 hands in 1^22. Since which time they have been 
 masters of the city. It stands in a spacious plain ; 
 the hill of Mars, on the summit of which stood the 
 temple, dedicated to the idol of that name, was, 
 during the zenith of its greatness, in the centre of 
 the city, but now, at some distance from the pre- 
 sent town, which is bounded on one side by Mount 
 Hymettus, deservedly celebrated for the honey 
 which it produces. On the sea side it has three 
 ports; the Phalereus, Munchyia,and Piraeus, about 
 5 miles distant from the town, and through which 
 it carries on some little external traffic in honey, 
 wax, oil, olives, silk, &c. in exchange for the 
 manufactures of Western Europe generally, but 
 for which, its chief means of payment consist in 
 the bills of exchange, drawn to defray the ex- 
 penses of its numerous visitors ; it is in lat. 37. 
 58. N. and 23. 46. W. long. Pop. 12,000. 
 Mhens, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,200. 
 Athens, t. Windham Co. Vt. 25 m. N. Brat- 
 tleboro. Pop. 415. 
 
 Athens, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. or the E. bank 
 of the Hudson, opposite Troy. 26 m. below Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2,425. 
 
 Athens, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. on the Susque- 
 hannah. 
 
 Athens, p.t. Clarke Co. Geo. 68 m. N. Mil- 
 ledgeville, contains the university of Georgia, 
 which has a President and 6 Professors ; the libra- 
 ries contain 4,500 vols.; the students in 1831 
 were 95. Pop. 1 ,100. 
 
 Athens, a Co. of Ohio, in the S. E. part. Pop. 
 9,703. Athens is the chief town. 
 
 Athens, p.t. capital of the above Co. belongs to 
 the Ohio university. The college at this place com- 
 prises 2 buildings, and had in 1831,57 students. 
 Its annual revenue is 2,300 dollars. Athens is 70 m. 
 S. E. Columbus. 
 
 Athens, t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 125 m. E. Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Athcrston, a town in Warwickshire, Eng., with 
 manufactures of hats, ribands, and shalloons. 
 Richard III. held a council with his nobles here, 
 the night before the battle of Bosworth. It is seat- 
 ed near the Anker, on the high road from Lon- 
 don to Holyhead, by Chester. 13 m. N. of Cov- 
 entry, and 108 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,434. . 
 
 Athlone, a borough of Ireland, partly in the 
 Co. of Westineath, and partly in Roscommon. 
 It stands on both sides of the Shannon, over which 
 is a long bridge that is the grand pass between 
 the provinces of Leinster and Connaught. It is 
 60 in. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 7,543, and 
 of the parishes of St. Mary and St. Peter 
 in which the town is situate, 6,270 more. This 
 is now one of the most extensive military sta- 
 tions in all Ireland ; and sends one member to 
 ihe parliament of the United Kingdom. 
 
 dth&l. p.t. Worcester Co Mass. 70 m. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1 ,325. 
 
 Athol, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 81 m. N. Allany. 
 Pop. 909. 
 
 Athos, or Monte Santo, a high mountain of 
 Greece, Macedonia, on a peninsula at the en- 
 trance of the gulf of Contessa. It has been cele- 
 brated in all ages for its singular locality, and the 
 majesty of its appearance, and became an object 
 of such great attraction to the Greeks, as to draw 
 devotees from all parts of Eastern Europe, who 
 have interspersed it with numerous churches, 
 monasteries, and hermitages ; hence it has acquir- 
 ed the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Moun 
 tain. The monks amount to about 6,000, who suV 
 sist chiefly by preying on the numerous devotee? 
 whom their affected sanctity and craft continua/ 
 ly draw around them; they however cultivate th<. 
 olive and the vine to some extent, and there are four 
 establishments of education for Greek ecclesias- 
 tics ; there is a fortified town called Kareis, about 
 halfway up the mountain, at which a Turkish aga 
 resides. It is about 70 m. E. of Salonica, and in lat. 
 40. 7. N. and 24. 15. E. long. 
 
 Athy, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kildare. It is seated on the river Barrow, 12 m, 
 S. of Kildare, and communicates with Dublin daily 
 by passage boats, by the line of the grand canal. 
 Pop. in 1821.3,693. The remains of an old castle 
 now serve for a county jail, and there are ruins 
 of two monasteries in the vicinity. 
 
 Atkinson, p.t. Rodkingham Co. N. Hampshire, 
 36 m. fr. Boston : 30 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 555. 
 
 Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean, takes its name from 
 mount Atlas in Africa, and lies between the west 
 continents of Africa and Europe, and the east 
 continent of America. Its least breadth from 
 Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in South America, is 
 2,300 miles. On one side of the equator, it is call- 
 ed the North Atlantic Ocean, and on the other 
 the South Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Atlas, a chain of high mountains, in Africa, 
 separating Barbary from Biledulgerid, and extend- 
 ing east from the coast of the Atlantic to the bor- 
 der of Egypt, upwards of 2.000 m.; their greatest 
 altitude ?s about 13,000 ft. above the level of the 
 sea. Silver, copper, iron, lead, and antimony, are 
 found in different parts of these mountains. 
 Another chain, called the Little Atlas, extends 
 from the strait of Gibraltar to Bona in the state 
 of Algiers. These mountains have different 
 names, according to the various countries they 
 pass through, and the plains and valleys by which 
 they are intersected. They are inhabited almost 
 in every place, except where the extreme cold 
 will not permit. 
 
 Atlisco, a town of Mexico, in Tlascala, seated 
 in an extensive plain of its name, 20 m. W. S. \V. 
 of Puebla de Ios Angelos. 
 
 Atooi, one of the Sandwich islands, in the North 
 Pacific Ocean. It is 30 m. long, and contains a 
 great portion of gently rising land. On the S 
 W. side is a good road and anchoring place, called 
 Wymoa. Long. 159. 40. W. lat. 21. 57. N. Pop. 
 about 55,000. 
 
 Atoxjaque, a town of Mexico, south of the river 
 Zacatula, and a few miles inland from the Pacific 
 Ocean in lat. 18. N. 
 
 Atrato. a river of Colombia, which rises be- 
 tween the first and second ridge of the Andes, 
 and runs from south to north about 250 iri. into 
 the gulf of Darien, in lat. 8. N. and W. long. 
 77.6. 
 
 Atri, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, 
 on a craggy mountain. It was the birthplace of 
 the emperor Adrian. It is about 4 m. from 
 
AUB 
 
 Gl 
 
 AUG 
 
 the shore of the Adriatic, and 10 S. E. of Teramo. 
 Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Atsion, a village in Burlington Co. N. J. 30 m. 
 E. by S. Philad. Here are several iron founderies. 
 
 Attica., a province of Greece, of which Athens 
 is tlir> capital ; bounded N. by Thessaly ; E. by 
 the Archipelago ; S. by Peloponnesus and W. by 
 Locris. It includes the most celebrated portion 
 of ancient Greece. The soil is very productive 
 in wine, olives and fruits. Under the Turks it 
 was called Livadia. 
 
 Attica, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. J. 283 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,485. 
 
 Aitleborougk, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 28 m. S. 
 Boston, 9 m. N. Providence, pop. 3,215 : has 3 post 
 offices. Here are 3 cotton and woolen factories, 
 with a capital of above 200,009 dollars. 
 
 Attlcborough, an inland town in Norfolk, Eng., 
 14 m. N. E. of Thetford on the road to Norwich. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,659. It was formerly a city and 
 chief town of the county. 
 
 Attock, or Attock Benares, a city and fortress of 
 Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore. It stands 
 on the east bank of the Indus, near the confluence 
 of the Cabul, and on the site of the Taxila of 
 Alexander, where he crossed that river, and ad- 
 vanced onwards to the Ganges, in the year 328 
 antecedent to the Christian era. Attock is about 
 700 m. above the entrance of the Indus into the 
 Arabian Sea, and about midway between Cabul 
 and Lahore, or 180 to 200 m. from each, in lat. 33. 
 6. N. and 71. 15. E. long. The present fortress 
 was built by the Emperor Akbar, in 1581. 
 
 Attoor, a strong town of Hindoostan, in the 
 Carnatic.GO m. N. of Tritchinopoly, and 80 W. 
 S. W. of Pondicherry. 
 
 Alwater, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Aab, a town of Germany, in the principality of 
 Wurtzburg, on the river Gollach, 12 m. S. E. of 
 Wurtzburg. 
 
 Aubc, an interior department in the N. E. of 
 France, containing part of the late province of 
 Champagne. It takes its name from a river, 
 which, passing by Bar-sur-Aube and Arcis, joins 
 the Seine, above Nogent. Troyes is the capital. 
 Pop. about 240,000. 
 
 Aubenas, a town of France, in the department 
 of Ardeche, with manufactures of woolen cloths, 
 red cotton, and silk ; seated on the Ardeche, at the 
 foot of the Cevennes, 15 m. S. of Viviers. 
 
 Aubenton, a town of France, in the department 
 of Soinine, situated on the Aine, 10 m. S. of 
 Viviens. 
 
 Aubeterrc, a town of France, on the frontiers of 
 Charente and Dordogne, seated on the Drome, 22 
 m. S. of Angouleme. Long. 0. 12. E. lat. 45. 17. N. 
 
 Aubicres, a town of France, in the department 
 of Puy de Dome, 3 m. S. E. of Clermont. 
 
 Aubigne, or Aubignij, a small town of France, 
 in the department of Cher, seated in a fine plain, 
 24 in. north of Bourges, surrounded with strong 
 walls, wide ditches, and high counterscarps. The 
 castle is within the town, and is very handsome. 
 
 Aubin, St. a town of the island of Jersey, with a 
 fort, standing on a bay of the same name, opening 
 to the south. See St. Hclier. 
 
 Aubonnc, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays 
 de Vaud, on a river of its name, which falls into 
 the lake of Geneva, 10 m. W. of Lausanne. 
 
 Auburn, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. 
 
 Auburn, 2 towns, in Geauga and Richland 
 Counties, Ohio. 
 
 Auburn, p.t. the chief town in Cayuga Co. N.Y. 
 
 169 m. W. Albany. Pop. 4,486. It is situoted near 
 the W. end of Owasco lake and is very hand- 
 somely built. It contains a Theological Seminary, 
 and the New- York State Prison. 
 
 Auburn, or Aldborn, a town in Wiltshire, Eng-., 
 seated on a branch of the Kennet, 8 m. N. E. <>f 
 Marlborough, and 81 W. of London. 
 
 Aubusson, a town of France, in the department 
 of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry; sep*»{i 
 on the river Creuse, 37 m. N. E. of Limoges. 
 
 Aucagural, the capital of the kingdom of Adel, 
 seated on an eminence near the river H awash. 
 Long. 44. 25. E. lat. 856. N. 
 
 Audi, a city of France, capital of the departmeu' 
 of Gers ; lately an archiepiscopal see, and the cap- 
 ital of Gascony. The cathedral is one of the finest 
 in France. Here are manufactures of velvet, ser- 
 ges, crapes, hats, and leather. It is seated by the 
 summit and side of a hill, on the river Gers, 37 m. 
 W. of Toulouse. Long. 0. 35. E. lat. 43. 39. N. 
 
 Auckland Bishops, a town in the bishoprick of 
 Durham, Eng., at which the bishop has a palace. 
 It has a beautiful castle, and a chapel, whose archi- 
 tecture is very curious. Here are manufactures 
 of cotton and muslin. It is seated by the side of 
 a hill, on the river Wear, 8 m. S. by W. of Dur- 
 ham, and 249 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 2,180. 
 
 Aude, a maritime department of France, at the 
 S. E. extremity, containing part of the late pro- 
 vince of Languedoc. It receives its name from 
 a river, which rises in the Pyrenees, and flow- 
 ing by Quillan, Limeux, and Carcassone, enters 
 the Mediterranean near Narbonne, and which, by 
 the Royal canal and Garonne, is united with the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Carcassone is the capital. 
 
 Audierne, a town of France, in the department 
 of Finisterre, seated in the bay of Biscay, 18 m 
 W. of Quimper. 
 
 Auerbach, a town on the east side of the Vogt- 
 land, in the S. W. corner of the circle of Upper 
 Saxony. 
 
 Auerstadt, a village of Thuringia, circle of Upper 
 Saxony, W. of the Saal River, celebrated for a bat- 
 tle between Napoleon and the Prussians, on the 
 14th October, 1806. This battle is called the battle 
 of Jena ; because the portion of the French army 
 under the immediate command of Napoleon was 
 engaged with the army at that town. See Jena. 
 
 Augila, a territory of North Africa, lying to the 
 south of Barca, between Fezzan and Egypt. It 
 abounds in dates ; and many of the inhabitants 
 engage in the caravan trade. The capital is of the 
 same name, 220 m. W. of Siwah, and 540 E. by 
 N. of Mourzouk. Long. 23. 40. lat. 29. 33. N. 
 
 Auglaize, r. a branch of the Maumee, Ohio. 
 
 Augsburg, a city of Suabia, lately imperial, and a 
 bishop's see, but now the capital of a principality 
 subject to Bavaria. It is a large fortified place, has 
 a variety of manufactures, and is one of the prin- 
 cipal trading towns, and for the negociation of bills 
 of exchange, in the interior of Germany. The ca- 
 thedral, town-house, and other public buildings, 
 are magnificent. In the bishop's palace, the Luth 
 erans presented their confession of faith to the em 
 peror Charles V. in 1550, hence called the Confes 
 sion of Augsburg. It was taken by the French in 
 1703, and again in 1796. It is seated between the 
 Werdach and Lech, 30 m. N. W. of Munich 
 Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 48. 17. N. 
 
 Augusta, p.t. the capital of the State of Maine, 
 situated upon the W. branch of the Kennebec 
 river, in the co. of Kennebec, 2 m. above Hallo 
 well. Pop. 3,980. It contains a State House of 
 stone, a court-house, academy jail and bank 
 F 
 
AUR 
 
 62 
 
 AITS 
 
 Here is a bridge across the river. The river is 
 navigable below for vessels of 100 tons. 
 
 Augusta, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 110 ra. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 3,058. 
 
 Augusta, p.t. Northumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Augusta, a County of the W. District of Virgin- 
 ia, near the centre of the State, subdivided into 
 N. and S. Augusta. Pop. of N. A. 9,142, of S. A. 
 10.783. Staunton is the seat of justice for both. 
 
 Augusta, p.t. the capital of the State of Georgia, 
 stands on the S. VV. bank of the river Savannah, 
 about 140 m. from the sea. It is regularly built of 
 brick upon a level spot and surrounded by a fer- 
 tile country. It has a great trade in cotton and 
 other productions of the interior. Pop. 0,696. 
 
 Augusta, p. v. Perry Co. Mississippi. 72 m. S. E. 
 Monticello. 
 
 Augusta, p. v. Montgomery Co. Alab. 67 m. E. 
 Cahawba. 
 
 Augusta, t. Columbiana Co. Ohio. 
 
 Agustin, St. a cape on the coast of Brazil, 300 
 ra. N. E. of the bay of All Saints. Long. 35. 40. 
 W. lat. 8. 30. S. Also the name of a river, bay, 
 and port, on the coast of Labrador, in the straits 
 of Belleisle ; and of a river and bay, at the S. W. 
 end of the island of Madagascar. 
 
 Augustine, St. p.t. St John's Co. E. Florida, on 
 the eastern coast. It was formerly the capital 
 of the whole territory of Florida. The town 
 stands in a prairie near the sea. with a good har- 
 bour, which however has a shallow entrance. 
 It is regularly built of a stone formed by the con- 
 cretion of sea-shells. One of the churches is an 
 old edifice in the gothic style. The situation of 
 the town is low, but pleasant. In the neighbour- 
 hood are numerous groves of orange trees. Before 
 it came into the possession of the United States, its 
 population was about 5,000. Since this period 
 the yellow fever has made its appearance, and the 
 population has diminished. St. Augustine is 310 
 in. S. S. W. of Charleston, in lat. 29. 45. N. 
 Long. 81. 40. W. 
 
 Augustow, a town of Poland, in Polachia, seat- 
 ed on the Narieu, 44 m. N. of Bielisk. 
 
 Augustus, Fort, a fortress of Scotland in Inver- 
 ness-shire, at the influx of the Oich into the south 
 extremity of Loch Ness, 34 m. S. S. W. of Inver- 
 ness. 
 
 Augustburg. See Schcllenberg. 
 
 Aulendnrf, a town of Suabia, situate on the river 
 Schus, 8 m. N. of Ravensburg. 
 
 Aidnaij, two towns of France adjoining each 
 other, in the department of Calvados, 14 m. S. W. 
 of Caen. Pop. about 3,500. Also the name of 
 another town in the department of the Lower 
 Charente. 
 
 Aumalc. See Albemarle. 
 
 Aumont, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lozere, 15 m. N. W. of Mende. 
 
 Aumore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 30 m. 
 S. of Rajemal, and 46 N. N. W. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Aunis, lately a small territory of France, in the 
 S. W. part of Poitou, and now forming part of the 
 department of Lower Charente. 
 
 Aurach, a fortified town of Suabia, seated at the 
 foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Eras, 15 m. E. 
 of Tubingen. 
 
 Auras, a town of Silesia, on the river Oder, 12 
 m. N. W. of Breslau. 
 
 Auray, a town of France, in the department of 
 Morbihan, on a river of its name, near its entrance 
 into the gulf of Morbihan, in the Bay of Biscay, 
 8 m. W. of Vannes. 
 
 Ailriih, the capital of East Friesland, in the 
 
 kingdom of Hanover, seated in a plain surrounded 
 by lorests, 12 m. N. E. of Emden. 
 
 Aurelius, p.t. Cayuga Co. N.Y. 173 rn. W. Alba- 
 ny, on Owasco lake. Pop. 2,767. 
 
 Aurelius, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; 96 m. S. 
 E. Columbus. 
 
 Auricsville, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 123 rri 
 S. W. Raleigh. 
 
 Aurillac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Cantal. Quantities of lace and velvet are man- 
 ufactured here. It is seated on the Jordanne, 30 
 rn. S. W. of St. Flour. Pop. 10,500. 
 
 Auriol, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone, 12 rri. S. E. of Axis, and 
 12 N. N. E. of Marseilles. 
 
 Aurora, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 175 m. W. Albany 
 Pop. 2,421. 
 
 Aurora, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Aurora, p.v. Dearborn Co. Ind. 25 m. W. Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 Aurora, an island, one of the New Hebrides, 
 in the Pacific Ocean. It is 36 ra. long and six 
 broad, affords plenty of wood and water, and has 
 a small bay on the N. W. coast. Long. 168. 18. E. 
 lat. 15. 8. S. 
 
 Aurungabad, a considerable city of Hindoostan, 
 capital of Dowlatabad. It owes the greatest part 
 of its magnificence to the great Aurungzebe, who 
 made it his place of residence and gave it the 
 present name. It stands in a fertile plain, almost 
 surrounded by mountains, 110 m. S. W. of Burh- 
 anpour, and 250 E S. E. of Surat. Long. 76. 2. 
 E. lat. 19. 45. N. 
 
 Aurungabunder, a town of Hindoostan in the 
 province of Tatta, on the branch of the Indus, to 
 which it gives name, 40 m. S. by W. of Tatta. 
 
 Ausa, formerly Alsa, a river of Carniola, which 
 running southward by Aquileia, after a short 
 course, falls into the Adriatic. On the banks of this 
 river, Constantine, the son of Constantine the 
 Great, fighting against Constans was slain. 
 
 Auspitz, a town of Moravia, 20 m. S. S. E. of 
 Brunn. 
 
 Aussig, a town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe , 
 11 m. N. N. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 Aust, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 10 in. 
 north of Bristol, noted for its ancient ferry over the 
 Severn. 
 
 Austell, St. a town of Cornwall, in the centre of 
 an extensive mining district. In the environs is 
 abundance of fine clay, which is sent to Liver- 
 pool, Bristol and Staffordshire, for the potteries. 
 It is seated near the English Channel, 13 m. E. 
 N. E. of Truro, and 245 W. by S. of London. 
 Pop. in 1821,6,175. 
 
 Austerlitz, or Slawkow, a town of Moravia 
 Near this place a great and decisive victory waa 
 obtained by the French, commanded by Boii<* 
 parte, over the Austrians and Russians, on the 
 2nd of Dec. 1805, which led to the treaty of Pres- 
 burg. It is 12 m. E. of Brunn and 30 S. S. W. of 
 Olmutz. 
 
 Austerlitz, p.t. Columbia Co. N. J. 34 in. S. E. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,245. 
 
 Austinbury, p.t. Ashtabula, Co. Ohio ; 192m. N. 
 E. Columbus ; has a number of mills and woolen 
 manufactories. 
 
 Austintown , p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio ; 160 ra. N 
 E. Columbus. Pop. 1,259. 
 
 Austinoille, p.v. Wythe Co. Va. on the Ka- 
 nahwa. 
 
 Australasia, a name conventionally applied to 
 the extensive territory of New Holland, and the 
 
AUS 
 
 63 
 
 AUS 
 
 several "roups ot islands south of the equator, in 
 the Pacific Ocean. See New Holland. 
 
 Austria, Empire-, Circle, and Archduchy of, in 
 Europe. The Austrian empire comprehends the 
 ancient kingdoms of Bohemia, Moravia, and Hun- 
 gary, the Italian States of the Tyrol, and the an- 
 cient republic of Venice, Dalmatia, the duchies 
 of Mantua and Milanese, parts of the circle of 
 Bavaria, of Switzerland, and of Poland, and the 
 circle which includes the archduchy. This fine 
 empire lies between the 45th and 51st deg. of N. 
 lat. and the 9th and 27th of E. long, and contains 
 a superficies of about 300,000 sq. m. and 28,000,000 
 of inhabitants. In an aggregate sense the Aus- 
 trian empire may be considered an interior and ag- 
 ricultural, rather than a maritime and commerical 
 country, the only part that borders upon the sea 
 being the Italian States on the south, which may 
 be considered tributary, rather than integral parts 
 of the empire, and as such are held by too precari- 
 ous a tenure, and under circumstances too pre- 
 scribed to excite a spirit of commercial enterprize. 
 That noble river the Danube, runs from west to 
 east through the heart of the empire, and by its 
 numerous branches, intersects almost every part, 
 atfording great internal facility of communication, 
 and advantages ; but the peculiar locality of its 
 communication with the Black Sea within the 
 Dardanelles, precludes it from affording any very 
 great external advantage. The Elbe rises in Bohe- 
 mia ; but its course is too circuitous, and too 
 much liable to political impediments, to afford any 
 advantages to Austria to be relied on ; all the use- 
 ful branches of manufacture, however, in wool, 
 (lax, silk, and leather, and most of the useful arts 
 which contribute to the comfort and prosperity of 
 society, are carried on over every part of the em- 
 pire, from materials drawn from its own internal 
 resources. 
 
 Several mountain districts supply abundance 
 of almost every species of metallic substances ; 
 the forests supply abundance of timber, and the 
 plains such numbers of cattle and sheep, as to af- 
 ford several million lbs. weight of wool to be annu- 
 ally exported, after supplying their own internal 
 demands. The Italian States furnish silk, olives, 
 and oil, and Hungary the choicest wines ; and in- 
 deed the Austrian empire may be considered as con- 
 taining within itself all the means of substantial 
 subsistence and of comfort, and much of luxury. 
 But although Austria is not destitute of genius, 
 enterprise, and efficiency in the higher depart- 
 ments of art, a bigoted and idolatrous species of 
 reliorious faith, and self-sufficiency of political as- 
 " cendancy, tend to subdue rather than excite the 
 mental faculties, and preclude all great exertion 
 of social enterprize. The government is absolute 
 in form, and the formularies of the church of 
 Borne, are the established religion of the empire ; 
 the government however if not mild, is not san- 
 guinary, and the religion is rendered tolerant. 
 The ruling passion of the government is military 
 parade, to maintain which a revenue of more than 
 50,000,000 dollars is abstracted annually from the 
 productive classes of the empire. 
 
 Nobles from every part of the empire settle in 
 the capital, and contribute by their wealth to 
 increase its commerce and industry. The in- 
 dolence and ennui of the rich render many places 
 of amusement necessary, but none are so much 
 frequented as the theatre. Much has not been 
 done in literature, still less in science; music forms 
 the only exception ; it has been cultivated with 
 great success The people are punctilious in ob- 
 
 serving forms and ceremonies ; no class of the 
 community, no rank or order, is free from creduli- 
 ty, superstition and bigotry. But although the 
 inhabitants are ignorant, they are not corrupt ; 
 the men are honest, and the domestic Virtues are 
 cherished in the family circle. 
 
 Tfie Circle of Austria, is bounded on the east by 
 Hungary, north by Moravia and Bohemia, west by 
 Bavaria, Suabia, and Switzerland, and south by 
 the Austrian and Italian States, and the gulf of 
 Venice, and contains superficies of about 50,000 sq. 
 miles, and 4,500,000 inhabitants. It is divided 
 into the Voralberg, and the counties of Bregen 
 and Tyrol, the bisnopric of Trent, the duchies of 
 Stiria, Carinthia, and Carniola, each subdivided 
 into upper and lower, Friuli, and Istria, the bish- 
 oprics of Salzburg and Passau, insulated in the circle 
 of Bavaria, and two small territories of the Teuton- 
 ic knights, insulated in the circle of Suabia and 
 Franconia, all of which will be found more amply 
 described under their respective heads. 
 
 The Archduchy of Austria, is bounded on the 
 N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, 
 S. by Stiria, and west by Bavaria ; it forms the 
 the north-east part of the circle, and is divided 
 into West, Upper, and East, Lower. Upper Aus- 
 tria is again subdivided into the Inn Quarter, Mi- 
 hel Quarter, Quarter of Hausruck, and Black and 
 Traun Quarters ; and Lower Austria north of the 
 Danube is subdivided into the circles, west above 
 and east below the Manhartsberg, and south of 
 the Danube, into the circles above and below the 
 forest of Vienna. Upper Austria contains about 
 5,100 sq. miles. 100 cities and towns, numerous 
 villao-es, and 030,000 inhabitants ; and Lower 
 Austria about 78.000 sq. miles, 280 cities and towns, 
 numerous villages, and 1,100.000 inhabitants. 
 The Archduchy of Austria constitutes what con- 
 ventionally is considered the hereditary dominions 
 of the house of Hapsburg. the reigning and ruling 
 family, and the city of Vienna, situate on the 
 south bank of the Danube, in the circle below 
 the forest of Vienna, in lower Austria, is the 
 seat of government of the whole Austrian em- 
 pire. Except Vienna, there are no other cities 
 or towns in the Archduchy of Austria, that merit 
 any particular notice ; it may be considered an 
 agricultural and a somewhat fruitful district, and 
 its peasantry are considered to be the happiest 
 and best conditioned of any in Europe. To obtain 
 however a just view, and to form a just estimate of 
 their condition, and indeed of the condition of any 
 people, it is necessary to weigh well the circum- 
 stances under which they are born, and by which 
 
AVA 
 
 64 
 
 AVE 
 
 they are surrounded. The peasants of Austria 
 have been born under the influence of the star of 
 •passive cbedlence, which for years past has been 
 preached to them with mildness and persuasion, 
 rather than violence ; and as such has made them 
 a quiet and contented people, and as far as con- 
 tentment constitutes happiness, the peasantry of 
 ♦he archduchy of Austria, may perhaps, justly be 
 considered as the happiest and best conditioned 
 in Europe ; but after all, in the legitimate sense 
 of the term happiness, it is a condition alike re- 
 pugnant to common sense, and derogatory to the 
 character of man. The character of the govern- 
 ment, courtiers, and privileged classes of the arch- 
 duchy of Austria, although tending somewhat to 
 self-importance, is on the whole, courteous, affa- 
 ble, and condescending; and whilst the peasantry 
 of the archduchy may be considered the most con- 
 tented, the court may be considered the least licen- 
 tious of any in Europe. 
 
 Antauga, a county of Alabama, on the river Al- 
 abama. "Pop. 11,872. Washington is the chief town. 
 
 Autun, a city of France, and an episcopal see, 
 in the department of Saone and Loire. It con- 
 tains many vestiges of Roman magnificence, par- 
 ticularly the temples of Janus and Cybele. Here 
 are manufactures of tapestry, carpets, coverlets, 
 and delft ware. The cathedral of St. Lazarus, 
 the college, and the seminary, are worthy of no- 
 tice. Autun is seated on the Arroux, at the foot 
 of three mountains, 45 m. E. by S. of Nevers, and 
 162 S. E. of Paris. 
 
 Auvergne, a late province of France, 100 miles 
 long, and 75 broad ; bounded on the north by the 
 Bourbonnois, east by Forez and Velay, south by 
 Rouergue and the Cevennes, and west by Limo- 
 sin, Querci, and La Manche. It now forms the 
 two departments of Cantal and Puy de Dome. 
 
 Auvillard, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lot and Garonne, situate on the river Garonne, 
 13 m. S. E. of Agen. 
 
 Auxerre, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, and lately an episcopal see. It 
 contains many fountains and squares, and the 
 episcopal palace is deemed one of the most beau- 
 tiful in France. It is seated on the side of a hill, 
 on the river Yonne, 75 miles W. N. W. of Dijon, 
 and 90 S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 11,000. 
 
 Auxon, a town of France, in the department of 
 Aube, 13 m. S. of Troyes. 
 
 Auxonne, a town of France, in the department 
 of Cote d'Or, with a castle, an arsenal, a foundry 
 for cannon, and a school for the artillery. It is 
 seated on the Saone, 17 m. E. of Dijon. Pop. 
 about 5,300. 
 
 Auzen or Tigre, a town of Abyssinia, capital of 
 the province of Tigre, and a place of considerable 
 commerce. It is seated on a river that flows into 
 the Taccazze, 170 m. N. E. of Gondar. Long. 
 39. 93. E. lat. 14.4. N. 
 
 Ava, a country of Asia, now generally called 
 Birmah, which see. 
 
 Ava. a large city, formerly the metropolis of the 
 Bi'rman empire. It is divided into an upper and 
 lower city, both of which are fortified ; the lower 
 is the most extensive, about four miles in circum- 
 ference, protected by a lofty wall, now moulder- 
 ing into decay. The materials of the houses, con- 
 sisting chiefly of wood, were removed about the 
 year 1783 to the new city ; and its numerous tem- 
 ples, on which the Birmans never lay sacrilegious 
 hands, are dilapidating by time. Clumps of bam- 
 boos, a few plantain trees, and tall thorns, occupy 
 most of the area of this lately flourishing capital 
 
 It is situate on the S. side of the Erabatty, 4 m. 
 S. W. of Ummerapoora, the present capital, in N. 
 lat. 22. E. long. 96. 5. 
 
 Avalon, a town of France, in the department of 
 Yonne, which has a great trade in grain, wine, 
 and cattle, and a manufacture of cloth. It is seat- 
 ed on the Cousin, 24 m. S. S. E. of Auxerre. Pop. 
 about 4,300. 
 
 Avallon, a town of France, on the east side of 
 the department of Yonne, about 20 m. S. by E. of 
 Auxerre. 
 
 Avatscha, or Awatsha, a large bay, forming a 
 very commodious harbour for snips of the largest 
 burthen, near the S. E. extremity of the coast of 
 Kamschatka. The town of St. Peter and St. Paul 
 on the north side of the bay, is in lat. 53. 1. N. and 
 15. 8. E. long. Saratounka is another town on 
 the S. side. 
 
 Aveiro, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a 
 good harbour for vessels of a moderate size. The 
 chief trade is in salt, of which great quantities are 
 made in its vicinity. It stands on a small gulf, 
 at the mouth of the Vouga, 33 m. S. of Oporto. 
 Long. 8. 40. W. lat. 40. 40. N. 
 
 Aveiron, an interior department of the south of 
 France, including the late province of Rouergue. 
 It is named from a river which rises near Severac 
 le Chateau, and flowing by Rhodez and Ville- 
 franche, joins the Garonne, below Montauban. 
 The Lot intersects the northern, and the Tarn the 
 southern part of the department ; it is divided in- 
 to five arondisements ; Villefranche, Milhau, St. 
 Afrique, Espalion, and Rhodez, the last is the 
 capital of the department, which contains a popu- 
 lation of about 320,000. 
 
 Avella, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro 
 celebrated for its honey and apples, 15 m. N. E. 
 of Naples. 
 
 Avellino, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- 
 riore. It was almost ruined by an earthquake in 
 1694, and again in 1805. Near it is the celebrated 
 convent of Monte Virgine, on a wild mountain, 
 which formerly had a sumptuous temple of Cybele. 
 Avellino is famous for the dye of cloth, also for 
 nuts and maccaroni. It is 25 m. E. of Naples. 
 Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Avenay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Marne, on the river Marne, 15 m. W. N. W. of 
 Chalons-sur-Marne. 
 
 Avenche, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Berne, formerly the capital of Helvetia, but 
 now greatly decayed, grain and tobacco being 
 raised on the site of part of the ancient city. It 
 stands at the south end of the lake Morat, 15 m. 
 W. of Bern. 
 
 Aventsville, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 75 m. N. E. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Averbach, a town of Upper Saxony, in Vogt- 
 land, near which is a rock famous for pale topazes 
 It is 14 m. S. of Zwickau. 
 
 Averill, a town in Essex Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont- 
 pelier. Pop. 1. 
 
 Averno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 600 yards in diameter, near Puzzuoli. Virgil and 
 others have said the water was so bad, that birds 
 dropt dead when flying over it, and hence they 
 call it the lake of hell ; but it now has no such 
 poisonous quality, for birds swim upon it. A lit- 
 tle to the west of the lake is a cave, where some 
 pretend they went formerly to consult the Cuma?- 
 an sybil. There are also some old walls, which 
 some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apol 
 lo, and others of Pluto. 
 
 Aversa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo/o 
 
AVO 
 
 65 
 
 AYL 
 
 In 1305, it suffered greatly by an earthquake. 
 It is seated in a fine plain, 18 m. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Averyjboro, p. v. Cumberland Co. N. C. on Cape 
 Fear river, 35 m. S. Raleigh. 
 
 Jives, or The Islands of Birds, so called from the 
 great number of birds that frequent them, though 
 they have not a tree. They are 70 m. E. of Cu- 
 racao, and 100 N. of the coast of Terra Firma, in 
 N. lat. 15. 50. W. long. 63. 43. 
 
 Avesnes, a frontier town of France, in the south 
 of the department of Nord, seated on the high 
 road from Mons to Paris. 
 
 Avestadt, a town of Sweden, in Westmania, 
 noted for its copper-works, and a mint for copper 
 money, 35 m. N. N. W of Westeros. 
 
 Avezzano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteri- 
 ore, 18 m. S. of Aquilla. 
 
 Aviano, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 23 m. W. of 
 Udina. 
 
 Avigliano, a fortified town of Piedmont, on a 
 hill near the Cotian Alps, 10 m. W. of Turin. 
 
 Avignon, a city of the south of France, capital 
 of the department of Vaucluse, and a bishop's see. 
 It was formerly dependent on the pope, and an 
 archbishop's see, but became annexed to France 
 in 1791. It has a university, several handsome 
 churches and a synagogue, and numerous manu- 
 facturing establishments. It is seated in the heart 
 of a very fruitful district, (in which the olive, 
 vine, and fruits of all kinds are very abundant,) 
 on the east bank of the Rhone, near the confluence 
 of the Durance, about 20 m. N. E. of Nismes. 
 Pop. 32,000. 
 
 Avila, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a 
 bishop's see, with a university and a manufacture 
 of fine cloth. It is seated on the Adaga, in a 
 large plain, surrounded by mountains covered 
 with fruit-trees and vineyards, 56 m. N. W. of 
 Madrid. It was formerly one of the most consid- 
 erable cities of Spain, but does not now contain 
 more than 4,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Aviles, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the 
 bay of Biscay, 1G m. N. of Oviedo. 
 
 Avis, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated on 
 an eminence, with a castle, near the river Avis. 
 Hence the military order of the knights of Avis 
 have their name. It is 25 m. N. W. of Estremos. 
 
 Aviso, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 6 
 m. E of Sora. 
 
 Avon, a river of England, celebrated for its as- 
 sociation with the name of Shakspeare. It rises 
 from several springs in Naseby Field, in the coun- 
 ty of Northampton ; its most elevated source 
 springs from under the wall of a farm yard, a few 
 paces north of the church, in the village of Naseby, 
 and within a quarter of a mile from the source of 
 the Nez, which flows east, and in a contrary di- 
 rection to the Avon, falling into the German 
 Ocean ; whilst the Avon pursues a westerly 
 course, a short distance from its source, dividing 
 the county of Northampton from that of Leicester, 
 until it enters the county of Warwick, in which it 
 ornaments the fine domain of Stoneleigh Abbey, 
 afterward washing the rocky foundation of War- 
 wick castle, from whence it proceeds to Strat- 
 ford, the birth-place of Shakspeare, and where it 
 becomes navigable for barges of 30 to 50 tons bur- 
 then, running past Evesham to Tewkesbury in 
 Gloucestershire, where it falls into the Severn. It 
 has numerous corn and paper mills on its banks. 
 There is also another river of the same name in 
 England, which rises in the north of Wiltshire, 
 runs past Malmsbury and Chippenham to Bath, 
 lallino; into Ihe Bristol Channel, this in contradis- 
 9 
 
 Unction to the other is called the Lower Aeon 
 
 Avon, another river which rises near Bedwin, 
 in Wiltshire, running past Salisbury, and skirting 
 the edge of the New Forest, falling into Christ 
 Church bay, in the English Channel. 
 
 Avon, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 745. 
 
 Avon, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 236 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2,362. 
 
 Avon, p.t. Lorain, Co. Ohio. 146 m. N. E. Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Avoyelles, a parish in the western district of 
 Louisiana, between the Mississippi, Red and At- 
 chafalaya rivers. It produces great quantities of 
 cotton. Pop. 3,488. Marksville is the chief town. 
 
 Avranches, a town of France, in the south of 
 the maritime department of La Manche. It is 
 situate on an eminence, about 2 miles from the sea, 
 in a fine agricultural district. It was formerly a 
 bishop's see, to which Henry II. of England went 
 to obtain absolution from the pope's nuncio, for 
 the murder of Thomas a Becket in 1172. Al- 
 though much declined in importance, the cathe- 
 dral, episcopal palace, and castle, give it some 
 consequence ; and it contains about 0,000 inhab- 
 itants; 10 m. E. of St. Malo. 
 
 Aw, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 
 30 miles long, and in some parts above 2 broad. It 
 contains four little islands, tufted with trees, on 
 one of which are the ruins of an ancient castle ; 
 and on a peninsula of a lake are the noble ruins 
 of Kilchurn castle. At the north extremity rises 
 the mountain of Cruachan, elevated 3,390 ft. 
 above the surface of the lake ; and near its top is 
 the spring which forms this beautiful expanse of 
 water. The river Aw, the outlet of this lake, 
 runs into Loch Etive, at the village of Bonaw, 
 
 Awatska. See Avatscha. 
 
 Awcri, or Overo, a kingdom of Africa, depen- 
 dent on Benin, with a town of the same name, 
 on the river Formosa. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. 6. 
 10. N. 
 
 Awen, a town of Suabia, on the river Cochen, 
 20 m. W. S. W.ofOeting. 
 
 Axbridge, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated 
 on the river Ax, under the Mendip hills, 10 m. 
 N. W. of Wells, and 130 W. of London. 
 
 Axel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, 
 seated in a morass, 10 m. N. of Ghent. 
 
 Axim, a territory of Guinea, on *he Gold Coast, 
 with a river of the same name flowing through it, 
 and a town on the east side, at its entrance into 
 the ocean. The country is fertile, and well cul- 
 tivated, producing palm-oil, cocoas, oranges, pine- 
 apples, yams, water-melons, and a prodigious 
 quantity of rice. The Dutch have a fort and fac- 
 tory here, called St. Anthony. Long. 1. 3. W. 
 lat. 4. 42. N. 
 
 Axminster, a town in Devonshire, Eng. on the 
 river Ax. King Athelstan established a minster 
 here to the memory of the princes slain in hi6 
 army, when he defeated the Danes in this neigh- 
 bourhood. Here is a manufacture of leather 
 gloves, &c. and a famous one of carpets. It is 27 
 m. E. by N. of Exeter, and 147 W. of London. 
 
 Axum, a town, anciently the capital of Abys- 
 sinia. Its ruins are very extensive, among -\ hich 
 are many obelisks of granite, with sculptures, but 
 no hieroglyphics. It is 70 m. N. W. of Auzen. 
 Long. 38. 45. E. lat. 14. 10. N. 
 
 Aylmouth, Alne, or Alemouth, a town in North- 
 umberland, at the mouth of the Alne, 4 miles east 
 of Alnwick. It has a good harbour for fishing 
 vessels. In the reign of queen Elizabeth the 
 French held it and fortified it, as it was the firsJ 
 
BAA 
 
 m 
 
 CAB 
 
 port near Scotland, where they could safely land 
 their supplies for Mary of Guise, the queen regent. 
 It is said that the bones of giants are often dug up 
 in the neighbourhood. It exports considerable 
 quantities of grain for the London market. 
 
 Ayamonte, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 with a castle on a rock, at the mouth of'the river 
 Guadiana, opposite Castro-Marino, 80 m. N. W. 
 of Cadiz. Long. 7. 15. W. lat. 37. 12. N. 
 
 Aylesbury, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 
 It is the centre of the business of the fertile vale 
 of Aylesbury. Many people here derive their 
 support from a peculiar manner of rearing ducks 
 fir the London market; and the making of lace 
 is carried on to a great extent. It is 17 m. S. E. 
 of Buckingham, and 38 N. W. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 4,400. 
 
 Aylesford, a town in the county of Kent, Eng. 
 situate on the west bank of the Medway river. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,1 3C. 
 
 Aylesham., a town in Norfolk, Eng. 11 m. N. of 
 Norwich, and 118 N. E. of London. There is a 
 spring about a mile from the town, very effica- 
 cious in chronic disorders. It is seated on the 
 south bank of the river Bure, which is navigable 
 to Yarmouth. Pop. in 1821, 1,853. 
 
 Ayr, a county, parish, royal burgh, and river of 
 Scotland. The county extends for about 56 miles 
 along the S. W. coast, and is about 20 in mean 
 breadth. It is one of the most productive coun- 
 ties in Scotland, and exports considerable quanti- 
 ties of grain to Liverpool ; and the north part of 
 the county participates largely in the cotton man- 
 ufacture. It also abounds in coal and iron, and 
 has some veins of copper and antimony, and some 
 kelp is made on the coast from sea weed, which 
 is also extensively used as manure. It has been 
 proposed to intersect the north part of the county 
 with a canal from Adrossan to the Clyde at Glas- 
 gow, but after having been completed for about 12 
 miles from the Clyde, the work has been suspend- 
 ed. Agates, porphyry, jasper, and calcareous pet- 
 rifactions are found in various parts of the county; 
 whilst lime, and freestone abound, and on the riv- 
 er Ayr is obtained the whetstone, so useful in 
 sharpening of agricultural cutlery. The principal 
 towns beside Ayr, are Kilmarnock, Kilwinning, 
 and Irvine, N., St. Quivox, Mauchline, Muirkirk, 
 in the centre, Maybole, Kirkmichael. Daily, 
 Girvan, and Ballantrae, S. 
 
 The Royal Burgh of Ayr is situate in the parish, 
 and at the mouth of the river of the same name, 
 on the sea coast, the light-house being in lat. 54. 
 35. N. and 4. 26. W. long. It is a place of con- 
 siderable antiquity, having been a royal burgh as 
 far back as 1202 ; its commercial importance de- 
 clined with the rise of Glasgow, but has revived 
 somewhat since the commencement of the present 
 century. Its export of coal is very great. About 
 0,000 tons of shipping belong to the place, a por- 
 tion of which is employed in the timber trade, to 
 British America. Its buildings do not merit any 
 
 particular notice. Pop. in 1821, 7,425, and New 
 Town Ayr, immediately contiguous, 4,027 more. 
 The Ayr river as well as the Don, affords a con- 
 siderable supply of salmon. 
 
 Aysgartk, a parish and village of North York- 
 shire ; the parish contains 12 townships, and a 
 population of 5,620 ; the village contains 293 in- 
 habitants ; and is seated on the Eure, four miles 
 east of Askrigg. Here is a grand picturesque 
 waterfall, called Aysgarth Force ; and abridge of 
 one arch, 72 feet in the span, overgrown with 
 ivy. 
 
 Azamor, a town of Morocco, on the river Mor- 
 beys, near the sea, 80 m. N. of Morocco. 
 
 Azaredo, a sea-port of Brazil, in the bay of 
 Spirito Santo, celebrated for sugar. Long. 40- 
 10. W. lat. 20. 18. S. 
 
 Azores or Western Islands, a group of islands in 
 the Atlantic, between 25. and 30. W. long, and 
 37. and 40. N. lat. 900 m. W. of Portugal. They 
 are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, 
 Terceira, St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico, 
 Flores, and Corvo. They were first discovered 
 in 1439, by John Vanderberg, a merchant of Bru- 
 ges, who was driven here by stress of weather. 
 On his arrival at Lisbon, he boasted of his dis- 
 covery ; on which the Portuguese set sail, and 
 took possession of them, which they have retained 
 ever since. They have all a clear sky and salu- 
 brious air ; are extremely fertile in corn, wine, 
 and various fruits ; and breed great numbers of 
 cattle. It is said they are quite free of venom- 
 ous animals ; but they are subject to earthquakes 
 and volcanic eruptions. They are seen at a great 
 distance, one of them having a very high moun- 
 tain, called the Pico, or Peak of the Azores. The 
 governor-general resides at Angra, in Terceira ; 
 but St. Michael is the largest island. In the year 
 1819 they exported to Great Britain 51,706 boxes 
 of oranges, and in 1824-5 a still greater quantity. 
 
 Azoth, Azotus, or Ashdod, one of the five cities 
 of the Philistines, and a celebrated seaport of the 
 Mediterranean. It was in this city that the idol 
 Dagon fell down before the Ark ; and so strong 
 a place it was, if we may believe Herodotus, that 
 it sustained a siege of 29 years, by Psammeticus, 
 king of Egypt. It was, however taken by the 
 Maccabees, in a much shorter time, who burned 
 both city and temple, and with them about 8,000 
 men. The town is now called by the Arabs Hus- 
 aneyun. It is but thinly inhabited, though the 
 situation is very pleasant. The town is about a 
 mile and a half in circumference, and has in it a 
 mosque, a public bath, a market-place, and two 
 inns. Here is an old structure with fine marble 
 pillars, which the inhabitants say was the house 
 that Sampson pulled down ; and to the S. E. just 
 out of the town, is the water where Philip bap- 
 tized the Ethiopian eunuch. There are several 
 ancient buildings, with capitals and pillars stand- 
 ing. It is situated about 14 or 15 m. S. of Ekron, 
 between that and Ascalon. 
 
 B 
 
 BAAL BECK, or the Valley of Baal , a fertile 
 country of Asia, between Lebanon and Antiliba- 
 nus, about 30 miles from Damascus, where there 
 was formerly a magnificent temple of the Sun, 
 the ruins of which are still admired by travellers. 
 Some geographers make it a part, and others the 
 whole of Coslosyria ; but all agree, that it was 
 one of the most pleasant spots on the earth. 
 
 Baba, or Baiadag, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Bulgaria, celebrated for its knives and sword 
 blades. It stands on a gulf of its name, in the 
 Black Sea, 90 m. N. K. of Silistria. Long. 28. 
 38. E. lat. 44. 40. N. 
 
 BaJ/elmandel, a strait between the coast of 
 Abyssinia and Arabia, uniting the Red Sea with 
 the Indian Ocean. In it is a small island and a 
 
BAG 
 
 67 
 
 BAD 
 
 mountain of the same name. Long. 43. 50. E. 
 iat. 12. 50/. N. 
 
 Babchhausen, a town of Suabia, in Germany, 
 5 m. N. of Tubingen. 
 
 Babic, or Bababeg, a town of Persia, on the con- 
 fine.-; of the Desert of Kerman, situate at about an 
 equal distance from the cities of Kerman, SJiiraz 
 and Zed. 
 
 Baliiuglu/. a village of Norfolk, Eng. is noted as 
 being the place where Felix the Burgundian first 
 landed, to instruct the East Angles in the doc- 
 trines of the gospel, and where the first church is 
 said to have been erected. It is 4 m. N. E. of 
 Lynn. 
 
 Babuyanes, a cluster of six or seven small isl- 
 ands in the North Pacific Ocean, 10 leagues N. of 
 tiie isle of Luconia. The chief produce is wax, 
 ebony, bananas, cocoas, and plantains. 
 
 Babylon, the cnpital of the ancient kingdom of 
 8 ibylonia or Chaldea. Semiramis is said by 
 sortie, and Belus by others, to have founded this 
 cit/. But by whomsoever it was founded, Nebu- 
 chadnezzar embellished it, and made it one of the 
 wonders of the world. The most famous works in 
 and about it were, the walls of the city, the temple 
 of Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's palace, the hanging 
 gardens, the banks of the river, the artificial lake, 
 and the canals. The walls were 87 feet thick, 350 
 feet high, and GO miles in circumference, forming 
 an exact square, having 100 gates of solid brass, 25 
 on each side, with a street running from each in a 
 straight line to the opposite gate ; so that there 
 were in all 50 great streets, each 15 miles long. 
 It is supposed to have stood on both banks of the 
 Euphrates, in long. 44. 0. E. Iat. 32. 0. N. Alex- 
 ander of Macedon died here April 21, B. C. 323. 
 
 Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 
 m. N. E. of Guadix. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Bach, or Batlia, a town of Hungary, formerly 
 the see of a bishop, seated near the Danube, 30 m. 
 E. N. E. of Funfkirchen, and 35 S. of Buda. 
 
 Bacharach, a town of Germany, in the palatin- 
 ate of the Rhine. It is famous for its wine, and 
 stands at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 
 24 m. S. by E. of Coblentz. The Counts pala- 
 tine had formerly a castle here, and levied toll on 
 the produce and merchandize passing up and down 
 the Rhine, which, from the extent of the exaction, 
 was denominated the golden toll. It at present 
 forms part of the Prussian territory. 
 
 Bachcserai, a town of Russia, in the province of 
 Tuurida. It was lately the residence of the Tar- 
 tar clans of the Crimea, and the palace is a curi- 
 ous species of painted Chinese structure. Near 
 this place, on a high rock, is an old fort called the 
 Jews' Citadel, so named as having been from time 
 immemorial inhabited by about 200 families of 
 Jews. Bacheserai is seated in a deep valley, on 
 the rivulet Katza, 18 m. S. S. W. of Symphero- 
 »ol. 
 
 Bachian, an island, the largest and most south- 
 ern of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 m. in cir- 
 cumference, and the interior rises into woody hills. 
 It is governed by a sultan, who is also sovereign 
 of Ouby and Ceram ; and he receives a pension 
 f-om the Dutch, either for the destruction or sup- 
 ply of nutmegs. The Dutch first formed a settle- 
 ment here in 1610. Zabono-a is the chief town. 
 Long. 127. 0. E. Iat. 0. 25. S. 
 
 Bachu, or Baku, a city of Shirvan, in Persia, 
 situate on the shore of a fine haven on the W. 
 side of the Caspian Sea. It was taken possession 
 of by Russia at the commencement of the last 
 century ; ceded back to Persia in 1735, and repos- 
 
 sessed by Russia, since 1801. The country round 
 abounds in petroleum, and, in some places, con 
 stantly emits flame, but without producing any 
 very sensible degree of heat. It was probably 
 this district that gave rise to the sect of the Par- 
 sees, Guebres, or Fire Worshippers, by whom it 
 was formerly much resorted to. A similar phe- 
 nomenon of ignited petroleum prevailed neai 
 Brosely, in Shropshire, Eng. from 1711 to 1750, 
 since when the flame has entirely ceased. 
 What was more singular at Brosely was, that the 
 flame emitted from a spring of water There are 
 a number of inflammable springs in the western 
 part of N. York. See Burning Springs. Baku 
 is now an inconsiderable place ; it is in 40. 5. N'. 
 Iat. and 50. 10. E. long. 
 
 Badajuz, a town of Spain, capital of Estremadu- 
 ra, and a bishop's see. It is famous for a bridge 
 built by the Romans over the Guadiana. On this 
 bridge the Portuguese were defeated by don John 
 of Asturias, in 1661. Badajoz was taken by the 
 French in 1800, and retaken by the allied army, 
 under Lord Wellington, by storm, on the 6th of 
 April, 1812. It is a frontier town toward Portu- 
 gal, and well fortified. It is 14 m. E. of Elvas, 
 and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 6. 40. W. 
 Iat. 33. 45. N. 
 
 Badalcshan, a city of Usbec Tartary, or Great 
 Bueharia, capital of the province of Kilan. Gold, 
 silver, and rubies are found in its vicinity; arid 
 caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China. 
 It is seated on the main branch of the Gihon, about 
 100 miles from its source, at the foot of the Behir 
 mountains, 120 m. E. of Balk. Long. 68. 50. N. 
 Iat. 37. 10. E. 
 
 Badbury, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. on a 
 considerable eminence, 4 m. N. W. of Win- 
 born. It was a summer station of the Romans, 
 and many of their coins, urns, &c. have been 
 found. Here is also a Saxon camp, which con- 
 sists of three oblong ramparts. 
 
 Badclona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated 
 on the Mediterranean, 10 m. N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 Baden, or Baaden, formerly a margraviate, in the 
 circle of Suabia, stretching along the east bank of 
 the Rhine, from the canton of Basle, in Switzer- 
 land, on the south, in the Iat. of 47. 30. to the b i s : . - 
 opric of Spires, in the Iat. of 49. 10. N. bounded 
 on the E. by the Black Forest. It was divided in- 
 to upper and lower, or Baden-Baden and Baden- 
 Durlach.from the names of the chief towns of the 
 two divisions. Under Napoleon's formation of the 
 Rhenish confederacy in 1S0G, Baden was constitut- 
 ed a grand duchy, with some change of territory, 
 divided into three parts of the Upper, Middle, and 
 Lower Rhine ; but receiving a further accession 
 of territory of Brisgau, &c. in 1800, it was divi- 
 ded into the 10 following circles, viz. The Lake 
 Danube, Weisen, Treisam, Kinzig, Murg, Pfutz 
 and Enz, Neckar, Odenwald, and Main and Tauber, 
 being names of so many rivers intersecting the 
 territory ; the code Napoleon was adopted as the 
 constitution of the state, and the seat of govern- 
 ment, established at Carlsruhe, about two miles 
 from Durlach. The whole territor}' contains 
 about 5,600 square miles, and a population of about 
 925,000, from the productive portion of whom a 
 revenue of about £600,000 annually is collected 
 for military and state purposes. That portion of 
 the territory bordering on the Rhine, including 
 the old margraviate, is exceedingly fruitful, and 
 contains about 180,000 inhabitants. The forests 
 yield abundance of materials for building and fuel. 
 Baden, the capital of Upper Baden, with a cas 
 
BAG 
 
 68 
 
 BAH 
 
 tie, on the top of a hill, where the prince often re- 
 sides. It is remarkable for its hot baths, and is 
 seated between the Murg and the Rhine, 40 m. 
 W. of Stuttgard, and 20 S. of Carlsruhe. Long. 
 8. 22. E. lat. 43. 48. N. 
 
 Baden, a town of Switzerland, in Argau, capital 
 of the county of the same name. Near it are some 
 warm baths, mentioned by the ancients under the 
 names of Aqua? and Thermse Helvetica?. In 
 1714, a treaty was concluded here between Ger- 
 many and Spain. It is seated on the Limmat, 10 
 in. N. W. of Zurich. Long. 8. 24. E. lat. 47. 20. N. 
 
 Baden, a town of Austria, famous for its numer- 
 ous hot baths ; seated on the Suechat, 15 m. S. S. 
 W. of Vienna. Also of a village in the Valais, 
 Switzerland, with a hot bath of a sufficient degree 
 of heat to boil an egg. 
 
 Badcniociler, a town of the grand duchy of Ba- 
 den, in the circle of Weisen, much frequented for its 
 hot baths, seated near the Rhine, 5 m. S. S. W. of 
 Sulzburg. 
 
 Badgeworth , a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 7 
 m. N. E. of Gloucester. Here is a mineral spring 
 called Cold Pool, nearly the same in quality as that 
 of Cheltenham. 
 
 Baeza, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated 
 near the source of theGuadalaquivir. It was once 
 the residence of a Moorish king, and was since a 
 bishop's see, and seat of an university, but is now 
 deemed of little importance, although its popula- 
 tion is still considerable. It lies four leagues E. 
 of the great post road from Madrid to Cadiz by 
 Cordova, and about 10. N. of Jaen. 
 
 Baffa, a seaport town at the west end of the 
 Isle of Cyprus, with a fort, near the ancient Pa- 
 phos, of which considerable ruins remain, particu- 
 larly some broken columns, which probably be- 
 longed to the temple of Venus. Long. 32. 30. E. 
 lat. 34.50. N. 
 
 Baffin's Bay, a vast expanse of sea, so called from 
 an English captain of the name of Baffin, who 
 navigated it in 1(516. It is entered from the Atlan- 
 tic by Davis's Straits, between the long, of 54. 
 and 67. W. and in the lat. of the Arctic Circle. It 
 is still questionable whether it be a bay or not ; 
 and the English governent, since the general 
 peace of Europe in 1814, have sent several expe- 
 ditions, to endeavour to penetrate in the direction 
 of that sea into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Bagdad, a celebrated city of Asiatic Turkey, 
 the capital of a pachalic of the same name, or, as 
 it is now more commonly called, Irac Arabi ; Bag- 
 dad is finely seated on the east bank of the noble 
 river Tigris, and previous to the route to India by 
 the Cape of Good Hope, it was the centre of a 
 very extensive commerce. It was the capital of 
 the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in 
 the 13th century ; since which it has often been 
 an object of contention between the Turks and 
 Persians, until it was taken the last time by the 
 Turks, in 1631. It still continues to be a place of 
 considerable resort, for all the commodities of 
 Natolia, Syria, Persia, and India ; but has lost 
 much of its ancient splendour, and is not so opu- 
 lent as when in the possession of the Persians. 
 The tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is still 
 shown here. It has several manufactories of silk, 
 cotton, wool, and leather, and has a cannon foun- 
 dry. The city is surrounded by a wall about five 
 miles in circumference, and contains some commo- 
 dious houses, but its general character is mean and 
 dirty. Its markets are abundantly supplied with 
 all kinds of provisions ; but the great heat of its 
 climate renders it uncomfortable i the summer 
 
 season. It is about 50 miles north of the site of 
 the ancient Babylon. 250 north of Bussora, and s 
 deg. due eart of Damascus Lat. 33. 20. N. and 
 44. 40. E. long. Pep. estimated at from 60,000 to 
 90,000, three-fourths of whom are Turks, the re- 
 mainder are Jews, Persians, and of various na- 
 tions. 
 
 Baglana, a country of the Deccan of Hindoostan, 
 bounded on the north by Guzerat, east by Cande- 
 ish and Dowlatabad, south by Visiapour. and west 
 by the ocean. It is exceedingly mountainous, bui 
 fertile in many places. 
 
 Bagnaluca, or Banjaluka, a town of European 
 Turkey, in the N. W. corner of Bosnia, on the bor- 
 der of Croatia, 55 m. N. W. of Serai. 
 
 Bdgnara, a seaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulter- 
 iore. Here are several high waterfalls : and among 
 the rocks are the ruins of the former town, in 
 which 3,017 persons perished by an earthquake in 
 1783. It is situate near the straight of Messina, 
 15 m. N.N.E.of Reggio. Long. 16. 8. E. lat. 38. 
 15. N. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Bagnarra, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of 
 St. Peter, 5 m. S. of Orvieto. 
 
 Bagneres, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baihs and min- 
 eral waters ; seated on the river Adour, 10 m. S. 
 of Tarbes. 
 
 Bagnols, a town of France, in the department of 
 of Gard, near the river Cese, 8 m. S. of Pont St. 
 Esprit. It has manufactures of silk. 
 
 Bagshot, a village in Surrey, Eng. 12 m. N. by 
 E. of Farnham. It is surrounded by an extensive 
 heath, bordered on the west by Windsor park. 
 Since 1800 a considerable portion has been enclosed 
 and brought under cultivation. 
 
 Bahamas, or lucayos Islands, a group of Islands, 
 forming part of the British West Indies, exten- 
 ding from the long, of 79. W. in the lat. of 28. in 
 a S. E. direction, to the long, of 70. in the lat. of 
 21. N The northern part lies contiguous to the 
 coast of Florida, and the southern contiguous to 
 the north end of St Domingo. The greater por- 
 tion are mere rocks and uninhabited ; the follow 
 ing are the principal islands : Bahama, Abaco, An- 
 dreas, New Providence, Eleuthera, Exuma, Cat 
 Island, Long Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, 
 Great Caycos, Grand Turk, Inagua, Square 
 Handkerchief. Of these Cat Island first deserves 
 notice, as being the first land of the western 
 hemisphere, discovered by Columbus on the 12th 
 of Oct. 1402, by whom it was called Guanahana. 
 New Providence is the best cultivated, producing 
 a little sugar, coffee, and cotton, and exporting 
 large quantities of fruit to the U. S. of America. 
 Exuma and Turks Islands have exported 30,000 
 tons of salt annually ; but the chief occupation of 
 the inhabitants, is the turtle fishery. The passage 
 between the northernmost island and the coast 
 of Florida is called the Bahama channel, and 
 another passage between Long and Crooked isl- 
 ands is called the windward passage, and forms the 
 route of the ships bound from Jamaica to Europe : 
 the Jamaica packet touches at Crooked Island 
 homeward-bound as the point of departure. The 
 number of slaves upon the whole islands accord- 
 ing to a return made to parliament in 1823, was 
 10,108, and the white population probably amounts 
 to about 4,000. 
 
 Bahar,im interior province of Hindoostan, west 
 of Bengal ; bounded on the north by Nepaul, west 
 by Oude and Allahabad, and south by Bezar and 
 Orissa. It is intersected by the Ganges from 
 west to east, which receives several tributary 
 
BA1 
 
 G9 
 
 BAL 
 
 streams in its course through the province, the 
 most considerable of which are, the Coosey from 
 the north, and the Soane from the south. It is an 
 exceedingly fertile district ; its rice is the finest 
 of all Hindoostan ; sugar, silk, indigo, cotton, and 
 silt petre are produced in great abundance. Pat- 
 na on the south bank of the Ganges, is the chief 
 town. The town of Bahar, formerly the capital, 
 is about 35 m. S. E. of Patna. The whole prov- 
 ince is subject to the English East India Company. 
 
 Bahia, one of the 12 captaincies of Brazil, ly- 
 ing south of Pernambuco, and extending from 
 the 11 th to nearly the 10th deg. of S. lat. and west 
 from the Atlantic Ocean in the long, of 40. to a 
 ridge of mountains in 44. which bound it on the 
 ■west ; it is intersected by another ridge of moun- 
 tains, its whole extent from south to north in the 
 long, of about 42. and the river St. Francisco runs 
 from south to north between the two ridges of 
 mountains, to the north extremity of the territo- 
 ry ; when it abruptly changes its course to the east 
 forming the boundary between Bahia and Per- 
 nambuco. Bahia contains a surface of about 50,- 
 000 sq. miles, and is the most extensively culti- 
 vated district of all Brazil ; sugar, coffee, cotton, 
 and tobacco are all produced in great abundance, 
 and the culture is progressively extending. The 
 forests abound in a variety of wood, and are so 
 dense as to be almost impenetrable. The chief town 
 of the same name, or as it is sometimes called, St. 
 Salvador, is situate in lat 12. 45. S. and 38. 25. 
 W. long, on the east bank of a noble bay, called 
 the bay of All Saints, which runs up from south 
 to north about 40 m. being about 8 m. wide at its 
 mouth. The town is situate just within the en- 
 trance, and extends for 3 in. along the shore ; the 
 ground rises to the height of 400 ft. within the 
 distance of 1 m. from the main street, from about 
 the centre of which buildings have been extended 
 to the summit of the rising ground, which com- 
 mands a very extensive and beautiful view of 
 the sea and the country inland. Next to Rio Ja- 
 neiro, Bahia is the most important town of Brazil 
 and in point of commerce is the greatest. The 
 houses are in general well built, mostly of stone, 
 and it has several churches and convents of con- 
 siderable magnitude. Pop. about 100,000. 
 
 Baklingen, a town of Wurtemburg, situate near 
 the source of the Teyah, a branch of the Neckar 
 River, about 20 m. S. W. of Hohenzollern. 
 
 Bahraitck, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Oude, 02 m. N. N. W. of Fyzabad, and 
 65 N. E. of Lucknow. Long. 81. 56. E. lat. 27. 
 30. N. 
 
 Bakrenbarg, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Hoya, on the river Suhlingen, 20 m. 
 AV. of Nieuburg. 
 
 Bahrein, a town of Arabia, situate on an island, 
 30 in. long, in the gulf of Persia. It gives name 
 not only to the island on which it is built, but 
 also to a cluster of them, celebrated for the pearl 
 fishery ; and likewise to a province, extending 
 along the west coast of the gulf. The town is 
 fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguese, but 
 is now possessed by the Wahabees. It stands on 
 the west side of the island, 70 m. N. E. of Lasha. 
 Long. 49. 5. E. lat. 26. 20. N. 
 
 Bccira, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 formerly famous for its hot baths and elegant pal- 
 aces, of which some ruins remain. It is seated on 
 the bay of Naples, 12 m. W. of Naples. 
 
 Baja, a town of Lower Hungary, on the east 
 bank of the Danube, 35 m. N. W. of Esseg. 
 
 Baias, or Paisas,a, town of Syria, at the N. E. 
 
 corner of the gulf of Aiasso, supposed to have been 
 the ancient lssus, celebrated for the victory of 
 Alexander over Darius. 
 
 Balbourdi, an inland town of Armenia, about 
 45 m. N. of Arz Roum. 
 
 Baikal, a lake of Siberia, in the province of 
 Irkutsk, 350 m. in length, but its greatest breadth 
 not above 40, between the lat. of 52. and 55. N. 
 and 104. to 109. E. long. The water is fresh, and 
 the Russians speak of it with reverence, calling it 
 the Holy Sea. There are many seals in it of a 
 blackish colour, and abundance offish ; also sev- 
 eral islands, and that of Olchon, the largest, Gas 
 sulphureous springs, and naptha sometimes floats 
 on its surface. It receives the Selinga from the 
 south, and its outlet is the Angara, which flows 
 north into the Yenisei. 
 
 Baihysburg, p. v. Surry Co. Va. 70 m. S. E. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Ba'dlcul, a town of France in the department of 
 Nord, 9 m. S. W. of Ypres. It is a manufactur- 
 ing town. Pop. about 9,000. There are several 
 other towns of the same name, in different parts 
 of France. 
 
 Bailur, a seaport of Abyssinia, and chief town 
 in the country of Dancali. It stands on a spacious 
 bay of the Red Sea, 340 m. E. by N. of Gondar. 
 Long. 42. 40. E. lat. 13. 3. N. 
 
 Bain, a town of France, in the department of 
 Ille and Vilaine, 16 m. S. of Rennes. 
 
 Bainbridge, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 135 m. W. 
 Albany, Pop. 3,040. 
 
 Bainbridge, p.t. Ross Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bainbridge, p. v. Franklin Co. Alab. on the 
 Tennessee, 5 in. above Florence. 
 
 Bairdstown, the chief town of Nelson County, 
 Kentucky, 50 m. S. W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Bairout or Burnt, anciently Berytus, a seaport 
 of Syria, in Palestine, and the chief town ofthe 
 Druses. The port is nearly choked with sand 
 and ruins ; but many cottons and silks are expor- 
 ted hence for Cairo. It stands on the north side 
 of a broad promontory, 50 m. W. N. W. of Da- 
 mascus. Long. 36. 10. E. lat. 33. 45. N. Pop 
 about 7,500. 
 
 Baker, a County in the S. W. part of Georgia 
 on Flint river. Pop. 1,253. Byron is the capital. 
 
 Bakersjicld, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 48 m. N. W. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1,087. 
 
 Baker s River, a branch of the Merrimack, 
 Grafton Co. N. Hampshire. 
 
 Baker stolen, p. v. Allegany Co. Pa. 13 m. N. 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Bakewell, an extensive parish and town, in the 
 Peak of Derbyshire, Eng. Here is a large cotton- 
 mill ; and near it at the village of Ashford, are 
 marble works, where the black and grey marbles 
 found in the vicinity are sawn and polished. It 
 is seated on the Wye, 27 m. N. N. W. of Derby, 
 and 153 of London. The town contains a pop. 
 of 1,782, and the parish about 9,160. 
 
 Bakoio, or Bakou, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 m. S. W. 
 Jassy. 
 
 Baku or Bachu, a town of Persia, in the prov- 
 ince of Schirvan, the most commodious haven of 
 the Caspian Sea, on the west coast of which it is 
 situate. The vicinity produces much rock-salt, 
 sulphur, and naptha, and it is famous for saffron. 
 Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls, 
 300 m. S. of Astracan. Long. 49. 15. E. lat. 40. 
 2. N. 
 
 Bala, a corporate town of Wales, in Merioneth 
 shire. It is seated on the lake of Bala, or Pern 
 
BAL 
 
 70 
 
 BAL 
 
 i ' here, which is three miles lon S- . and one broad, forming part of the province of Arragon ; they are 
 
 named, Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, Formentera, and 
 Cabrera, which see. 
 
 Balfrush, a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, on 
 the south shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 m. W. 01 
 Ferabad. 
 
 id abounds with a fish called guinard, reseni 
 bling a salmon in shape, and tasting like a trout. 
 The river Dee issues from this lake. It has the 
 remains of three Roman camps, which seem to 
 i; uve been used as exploratory stations, before the 
 Ordovices were totally subdued. The inhabitants 
 carry on a considerable trade in knit woolen stock- 
 ings. It is 40 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 195 
 N. W . of London. Pop. 1,163. 
 
 Bulacheo, a town of European Russia, situate 
 on a branch of the Don, 90 in. W. of Saratov. 
 
 Balachna. a town Russia, seated near the Volga, 
 40 m. W. N. VV. of Niznei Novogorod. 
 
 Balagucr, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalon- 
 ia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a crao-gy rock, 
 75 m. W. N. W. of Barcelona. Lonu-. 0. 40. E. 
 lat. 41. 43. N. 
 
 Bitlaganskoi, a town in the province of Irkoutsk, 
 Siberia, about 30 m. N. of the city ol Irkoutsk. 
 
 Balakawa, a seaport at the south-west end of 
 the Crimea. 
 
 Balambira^nn, a small but very fruitful island, 
 oifthe north end of Borneo, in lat. 7. 16. N. and 
 Hi]. 58. W. long. 
 
 Ba.lambuan. See Pttlambuan. 
 
 Balapura, Chica, a town of Hindoostan, in My- 
 s ire, noted for the manufacture of sugar-candy and 
 clayed sugar, 15 m. N. E. of Doda Balapura. 
 
 Balapura, Doda, a town of Hindoostan, in My- 
 sore, surrounded by a mud-wall and hedge, and 
 lias a strong mud fort with a palace. Here are 
 manufactures of cloth and sugar. It is 22 m. N. 
 by W. of Bangalore, and 57 S. E. of Sera. 
 
 Balaruc, a town of France, in the department 
 of lierault, famous for its baths. It is 12 m. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Ba'asore, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and 
 a olace of considerable trade; situate on the Gon- 
 gah ir, 20 m. from its month in the bay of Bengal, 
 aad 124 S. W. of Calcutta. Lonm. 86. 40. E. lat 
 21. 26. N. 
 
 Balaton, a lake in the south part of Lower Hun- 
 gary, 40 m. in length, and.1 to 4 broad. The N. 
 end is about 5 m. from Stuhl-Weisenburgh, and 36 
 more from the Danube, with which it is proposed 
 to unite the lake by a canal. 
 
 Baibastro, an episcopal town of Spain, in Arra- 
 gon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the 
 Cinca, 45 m. E. N. E. of Saragossa. Pop. about 
 5,000. 
 
 Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, 
 at the foot of Mount Libanus, near the north-east 
 extremity of the fertile valley of Bocat. On the 
 east side are magnificent ruins, particularly those 
 of the temple dedicated to the Sun. The town 
 was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1750, 
 and is now a poor place, 37 m. N. N. W. of Da- 
 mascus. 
 
 Boideagle, ts. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Centre Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Bahlioia. See Valdivia. 
 
 Baldoc.k, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seated 
 among hills, 9 in. W. S. W. of Royston. and :!7 
 N. N. W. of London. It was originally built by 
 the knights templars in the 12th century, on the 
 site of the Roman way, called the Ikeneiid street. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,550. 
 
 Baldwin, t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 947. 
 
 Baldwin, a County in the centre of Georgia. 
 Pop. 7,3*). Milledgeville is the chief town. 
 
 Baldwin, a County in the S. pari of Alabama 
 Pop. 2,324. Blakely'is the chief town. 
 
 Balearic Isles, five islands in the MfOterrancan, 
 
 Balga, a town of Prussia, on the Frisch Haft", 
 24 in. S. W. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Bali, or Bally, an island, 75 miles long and 45 
 broad, at the east end of the isle of Java, from 
 which it is separated by a channel called the Strait 
 of Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits, 
 and furnishes slaves, cotton-yarn, and pickled 
 pork. Long. 11. 50. E. lat. 8. 30. S. 
 
 Balize, a river which divides the provinces of 
 Yucatan and Guatemala, falling into the bay of 
 Honduras in lat. 14. 50. N. 91 . 15. W. long. There 
 is a town of the same name near the mouth of the 
 river, which forms the principal settlement of the 
 English for supplying mahogany and logwood, to 
 the extent of 20,000 tons annually. 
 
 There is also a fort called Balize in the Swamp, 
 at the mouth of the Mississippi River, in lat. 29. 
 6. N; 89. 20. W. long. 
 
 Balk, a southern province of Independent Tar- 
 tary, bordering on Persia, now subject to Caubul. 
 The principal city of the same name is situate on 
 the Dewash, a branch of the Oxus or Amu River, 
 and is a place of great antiquity, once the capital 
 of Persia, and the residence of Cyrus. It is still 
 a place of considerable importance and intercourse 
 between the inhabitants of the countries border- 
 ing on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, and 
 the sea of Aral and Bukharia on one side, and of 
 Hindoostan on the other. The khan's castle is a 
 magnificent structure, built of marble, dug out of 
 the neighbouring mountains. It is about 220 m. 
 S. E. of Bokhara, and 260 N. W. of Attock Bena- 
 res on the Indus, in 36. 28. N. lat. and 05. 20. W. 
 long. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Ballagh, a parish in the county of Mayo, Ire- 
 land. Pop. in 1821, 3,^80, in which is included 
 the town of Minola with 415 inhabitants and the 
 village of Ballagh with 329. 
 
 Ballantrae, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 
 near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 m. S. S. W. of 
 Ayr. 
 
 Ballirborovgh, a parish and town in the county 
 of Cavan, Ireland. In 1821, pop. of the parish 
 (i,283, and of the town 804. 
 
 Ballibophtty, a town in the county of Donegal, 
 Ireland. Pop. in 1821,290. 
 
 BalUnn. a town in the county of Mayo, Ireland, 
 7 m. S. of Killala, and 120 W. by N. of Dublin. 
 Pop. in. 3821, 4,422. It was occupied by the 
 French in 1798. 
 
 Ballinasloe, a town chiefly in the parish of Kil- 
 cloony. county of Galway, but extends into the 
 parish of Creagh, in the county of Roscommon, 
 Ireland. It is distinguished for its great annual 
 sheep fair, the first week in Oct. when about 100,- 
 000 sheep, and 10,000 head of horned cattle are 
 brou ght to market. It is 12 m. W. of Athlone. 
 and 72 W. of Dublin. It is sometimes called 
 Dunloe. Pop. in I82t, 1,811. 
 
 Ball hi trarry, a parish and town in the county 
 of Limerick, 1 reland. Pop. of the town 1 ,553, and 
 of the parish 5.328 more. 
 
 Ball inn I, in. a town and parish in Queen's Coun- 
 ty. Ireland. The town is situate on the border of 
 Kilkenny. 48 m. S. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,951, and the parish which is called also Dysait 
 Gallen. 2,407. 
 
 ** There are abcut 300 other parishes and vil 
 
BAL 
 
 71 
 
 BAL 
 
 lages in Ireland beginning with Ballin, but none 
 that merit any particular notice ; several of them 
 are populous. 
 
 BaUstun, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. "V. 35 in. N Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2.113. This town is famous for its 
 mineral springs. Sec Saratop-a. 
 
 Bally, in Irish signifies town; there are up- 
 wards of 150 parishes, towns, and villages in Ire- 
 land beginning with Bally, such as BaMyboy, Bal- 
 ItjcasUe, SfC. fyc. 
 
 Balmerino, a town of Scotland, in Fife shire;, 
 which has a trade in corn and salmon. The ruins 
 of its once magnificent abbey, founded in 1229, 
 are much admired. It is seated on the frilh of 
 Tay, opposite Dundee, 10 m. N. W. of St. An- 
 drew. 
 
 Baltic, an inland sea. in the N. W. of Europe, 
 between the coasts of Sweden, Russia, Courland, 
 Prussia, Germany, and Denmark, extending from 
 the 54th to the 60th dog. of N. hit. the Gulf of 
 Bothnia running up to the lat of 06. and lying 
 between the Kith and 22nd deg. of W. long, the 
 Gulf of Livonia extending 2 dear, further west, 
 and that of Finland as far as 30. Its surface is 
 estimated at 120,000 sq. miles, it contains a great 
 number of islands, the principal of which are 
 Aland, Dago,Oesel, Gothland, Oeland, Bornhohn, 
 Rugen, and Laland ; and the islands of Zealand 
 and Funen separate it from the Cattegat. by which 
 it communicates with the ocean. There are three 
 navigable channels into the Baltic from the sea 
 called the Cattegat, which communicates with the 
 German Ocean : 1st. which is the most northerly 
 and most frequented, is called the Sound, between 
 the coast of Sweden N and the coast of the Isle 
 of Zealand S. This passage is about four miles 
 across, and is navigated by 8,000 to 9.000 sail of 
 vessels annually, which pay a trifling tax to the 
 Danish government, for the maintenance of the 
 light-houses on the coasts of the several channels. 
 The middle channel between the south side of the 
 Isle of Zealand, and the Isles of Funen and Laland 
 is called the Great Belt ; and the most southerly, 
 between the isle of Funen and Laland, and the 
 coast of Jutland, the Little Belt; but the naviga- 
 tion of both is circuitous and intricate compared 
 with the Sound, and they are only passed under 
 very particular circumstances. There is little or 
 no tide within the Baltic, and the channels and 
 harbours are generally frozen up three or four 
 months in the winter. Amber is found on the 
 coast of Prussia. 
 
 Baltimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cork, on a headland which runs into the sea, and 
 forms a good harbour, 5 m. N. E. of Cape Clear. 
 It has the ruins of an abbey, and is 50 m. S. W. 
 of Cork. Long. 9. 14. W. fat. 51. 18. N. 
 
 Baltimore, a County of Maryland, on Chesa- 
 peak Bay. Pop. 120,876. The city of Baltimore 
 is the seat of justice. 
 
 Baltimore, the chief city in Maryland, near the 
 mouth of the river Patapsco on the western side 
 of Chesapeak Bay, is a place of great commerce 
 and wealth. It was founded in 1720, but grew 
 so slowly that in 1752 it consisted of only 25 
 houses. Since the revolution it has increased 
 with astonishing rapidity and at present is one of 
 the first American cities. It stands at the head of 
 tide-water, 14 miles from the bay, and contains 
 45 churches, 5 markets. 2 theatres, 10 banks, an 
 exchange, a public library, St. Mary's College 
 and the University of Maryland, a lunatic asylum, 
 an observatory, 2 museums, and several elegant 
 public fountains. The Cathedral is an Ionic 
 
 structure 190 feet in length and 127 feet higli to 
 the cross at the summit of the dome. It contains 
 the largest organ in the United States, having 
 6,000 pipes and 36 stops. Here are also two 
 splendid pointings. The Merchants' Exchange 
 was built by private subscription, and is 255 feet 
 in length, with a hall 80 feet by 53, lighted froin 
 the dome of the building ; in this hall the mer- 
 chants meet daily to transact business. 
 
 There arc two splendid monuments at Balti- 
 more. The Battle Monument is built of marble, 
 55 feet in height, and commemorates the defeat r f 
 the British in their attack upon the city in liH4 
 The Washington Monument is also of white mar* 
 hie, 50 feet square at the base and sustaining a 
 colossnl statue of Washington at the height of 
 hi; 1 ) feel from the ground. The City Hotel is one 
 of the first public houses in the country. Most cf 
 the streets of the city are broad and at right ar. 
 gles. Fell's Point, the lower part of the city, is 
 the quarter where most of the stores and shipping 
 are collected. Baltimore is the greatest fioui 
 market in the United States. In the immediate 
 neighbourhood are above 60 flour mills, a single 
 one of which has produced 32,000 barrels in a 
 year. In the same compass are also 12 cotton 
 manufactories, and others of cloth, powder, paper, 
 iron, glass, steam engines, chemical works, &c. 
 Baltimore has 80,625 inhabitants and is the third 
 commercial city in the United States. It is in 
 lat. 39. 17. N. and long. 76. 36. W. 37 in. 
 N.E.Washington, and 100m. S. W.Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends from 
 this city to the Ohio river at Pittsburg, 300 miles. 
 It was begun in 1829 and a great portion of it 
 is already completed. There are several viaducts 
 and embankments in its course near Baltimore, 
 substantially built of granite, and a deep cut three 
 quarters of a mile long and 70 feet deep. Many 
 cars are already in operation upon the rail roaci 
 
 ie»aiiffW7fer^nnFf^^g^BSSSt^j^- 
 
 Some of them are drawn by horse power, some 
 driven by steam and some by wind. The cars 
 with sails go sometimes 25 miles an hour and can 
 lie within 4 points of the wind. The whole dis- 
 tance from Baltimore to Pittsburg, when complet- 
 ed, will be travelled according to estimation, by 
 horse power in 30 hours, and by steam in 20. 
 Another railroad has been commenced to extend 
 from Baltimore to York Haven on the Susque 
 hanna, 60 miles. 
 
 Baltimore, JS'tw, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. 20 m. 
 S. Albany, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,370. 
 
 Baltimore, t. Sussex Co. Del. comprising the 
 Hundreds of Daysborough, Indian River, Lewes 
 Rehoboth and Broad Kiln. 
 
 Baltinglass, a town and parish of Ireland in 
 the county of Wicklow. It has some manufac- 
 tures of linen and woolen, and is seated on the 
 
BAN 
 
 72 
 
 BAN 
 
 Rlaney, 29 m. S. W. of Dublin. Population of 
 the town in 1820, 1,500, and of the parish, 2,303 
 more. 
 
 Bamba, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in a 
 rich province of the same name. It carries on a 
 traffic in slaves, and is seated on the Loze, KiO m. 
 S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 45. E. lat. 7. 
 2. S. 
 
 Bumbarra, a kingdom of Negroland, which lies 
 to the S. W. of that of Tombuctoo. The cultiva- 
 tion of corn is here carried on to a great extent ; 
 and the inhabitants are hospitable to strangers. 
 Sego is the capital. It is intersected from west 
 to east by a river, the supposed Niger, navigable 
 for canoes the whole extent of the country. 
 
 Bamberg, the territory of, formerly an imperial 
 bishopric but made over to Bavaria in the Bona- 
 parlean territorial arrangements in 1803, and is 
 now called the Circle of the Mayne. It is inter- 
 sected by the lines of 50. N. lat. and the 11th of 
 E. long, containing a surface of about 1,430 sq. 
 miles, several towns and villages, and a popula- 
 tion of 210,000. The chief town of the same name 
 is situate in the centre of the territory, on the east 
 bank of the Rednitz River, a little above its conflux 
 with the Mayne. It is the seat of an university, 
 and the cathedral and episcopal palace are stately 
 edifices. 
 
 Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a 
 mountain, 30 m. S. of Glatz. 
 
 Bamborough, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 
 on the sea-coast, 14 m. N. of Alnwick. It was 
 once a borough, and gave name to a tract called 
 Bamboroughshire. It has a castle, on a rock, in- 
 accessible on all sides, except the south, said to 
 have been built by king Ida, about 5G0. 
 
 Bambmik, a kingdom of Africa, between the 
 rivers Faleme and Senegal. It is said to be very 
 populous, and on the borders of the rivers fertile, 
 but in other parts sandy and barren. The most 
 remarkable animals are a species of white apes, 
 .vhich the inhabitants will not allow to be sent 
 out of the country ; white foxes, and the giraffe, 
 an animal like a camel, and of extraordinary 
 swiftness. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, 
 lead, and iron. The capital is of the same name. 
 Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 13. 30. N. 
 
 Bamian, a city of Usbec Tartary, in the pro- 
 vince of Gaur, south of the Gaur mountains. 
 Here are a great number of apartments and re- 
 cesses cut out of a mountain, some of which, from 
 their ornamental work and extraordinary dimen- 
 sions, are supposed to have been temples. It is 
 seated near a river of the same name, 170 m. S. 
 S. E. of Balk, and 100 W. of Cabul. Long. 0G. . 
 10. E. lat. 34. 30. N. 
 
 Bamoa, a town on the north border of the 
 kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, seated on the 
 [rrawaddy, 170 in. N. N. E. of Ummerapoora. 
 
 Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. The 
 remains of its ancient castle yet exist ; and it has 
 a trade in leather gloves, jackets, and breeches. 
 It is seated near the Thames, 12 m. W. of Oxford, 
 and 71 W. by N. of London. Pop. 1,400. 
 
 Bampton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a 
 chalybeate spring a.rd a manufacture of serges. It 
 is seated in a bottom, surrounded by hills, 20 m. 
 N. N. E. of Exeter, and 103 W. by S. of London. 
 Pop. 1,G30. 
 
 Banughcr, a borough of Ireland, in Kino-'s 
 County, seated on the Shannon, 15 m. S. of Ath- 
 lohe. Pop. 2,813. 
 
 Bana.wara, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 with a fine mud fort, and the ruins of an extensive 
 
 palace. Much tobacco is cultivated in. the vicini 
 ty. It is 68 m. N. W. of Serin gapatam. 
 
 Banbury, a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng. It 
 is noted for its cakes and ale, and is seated on the 
 Cherwell, 71 m. N. N. W. of London, and on the 
 line of the Oxford Canal. It has a manufacture 
 of silk plush, and returns one member to parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 Banca, an island on the S. E. coast of Sumatra, 
 celebrated for its productive tin mines. It has a 
 town and strait of the same name. It was possess- 
 ed by the English during the war of 1812-13, 
 but ceded back to the Dutch in 1814. 
 
 Bancali, a seaport on an island oft" the east coast 
 of Sumatra, in the straits of Malacca, where the 
 Dutch have a settlement. It is 130 m. S. of Malac- 
 ca. Long. 101. 7. E. lat. 1. 15. N. 
 
 Bancallary, the chief town of the island of Ma- 
 dura. It is the residence of the Sultan, and po- 
 pulous. 
 
 Bancapour, a frontier town of Mysore, in lat. 
 14. 58. belonging to the Mahrattas. 
 
 Banrock, a town of the kingdom of Siam, with a 
 fort ; seated near the mouth of the Menan, 48 m. 
 south of Siam. Long. 101. 48. E. lat. 13. 44. N. 
 
 Bancout, or Fort Victoria, a town and fortress of 
 Hindoostan, on the coast of the Concan, with a 
 good harbour, and a trade in salt. It was taken 
 by the British in 1755 ; and is GG m. S. of Bombay. 
 Long. 72. 48. E. lat. 18. 5. N. 
 
 Banda, the chief of the Banda, or Nutmeg Isl- 
 ands in the Indian Ocean. The group comprises 
 the isle called Lantor, and six or seven others. 
 The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows principal 
 ly on these islands. It flourishes best in a black 
 mould, and grows also among the lavas of Go- 
 nong, the highest of all the islands, its summit 
 being 1,940 ft. above the sea. In its general ap- 
 pearance the nutmeg resembles the clove tree, 
 only it is less pointed at the top, and its branches 
 are more spreading. Its leaves are similar to 
 those of the pear tree, but larger, and like those 
 of the nut tribe are dark green on the upper 
 
 surface and gray beneath. After small white 
 flowers it produces a fruit very similar in form 
 and colour to a nectarine. "When ripe it resembles 
 a ripe peach, and bursting at the furrow, discovers 
 the nutmeg with its reticulated coat, the mace, of 
 a fine crimson colour. The external pulpy cov- 
 ering has an astringent taste. Within the mace is 
 the nutmeg, inclosed in a thin shell of a glossy 
 black, and easily broken. It has 8 varieties which 
 appear to be permanent. Its cultivation is nice and 
 difficult. The best trees are produced from the 
 seeds voided by a blue pigeon called the nutmeg 
 bin!. These islands have been subject to the 
 Dutch ever since 1609, when they expelled both 
 the English and natives. They are all very small, 
 the largest being only 20 m. in circumference, and 
 are subject to earthquakes. Banda was taken by 
 
BAi\ 
 
 73 
 
 BAN 
 
 the English, in 1796, and restored in 1802. Re- 
 taken in 1610, and restored again at the peace in 
 1814. Lat. 4. 40. S. long. 129. E. 
 
 Banda Oriental, or Eastern. Shore, a district of 
 the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, lying in 
 the eastern part, between the river Uruguay and 
 the sea. It is bounded N. by Brazil and S. by 
 the bay of the Rio de la Plata, and contains about 
 70,0.10 sq. m. It is a fertile and well watered dis- 
 trict and has been thd subject of contention and 
 warfare between the Buenos Ayrean and Brazil- 
 ian governments. Monte Video is the chief town. 
 
 Bandon, or Bandon-bridge, a borough of Ireland, 
 in the county of Cork. It is commonly a milita- 
 ry station, and has manufactures of cotton, cam- 
 lets, ticking, &c. It is situate on a river of the 
 same name, 13 m. S. W. of Cork. It extends 
 into three parishes, the part in the parish of Desart, 
 contained in 1820, 10,170 inhabitants, and the re- 
 mainder about 4,000 more. 
 
 Bandora, a town of Hindoostan, on the south 
 side of the island of Salsette which is separated 
 from that of Bombay, by a narrow channel. It is 
 6 m. N. of Bombay. 
 
 Banff, a County of Scotland, bounded on the N. 
 by the ocean, S. E. by Aberdeenshire, and W. by 
 Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 50 miles, and 
 <ts extent along the coast 22, but the main breadth 
 is not more than 16. The south part is very moun- 
 tainous, but the northern district is level and fer- 
 tile. The principal rivers are the Deveron and 
 Spey, which form a part of its east and west boun- 
 Lries, and yield abundance of fine salmon. The 
 Aven rises from a small lake at the south extrem- 
 ity of the county, falling into the Spey, where that 
 river divides the county from Murrayshire. The 
 principal towns are Gamry, Cuilen, Fochabers, 
 Keith, Aberlour, and Kirkmicha.el. 
 
 Banff, the chief town of the preceding county, 
 is situate at its N. W. extremity, on the east bank 
 of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge 
 of seven arches. It has some manufactures of lin- 
 en and cotton, but it is more a place of fashiona- 
 ble resort than either a manufacturing or commer- 
 cial town. The town-hall was built in 17'J8, and 
 is a handsome edifice. It is a royal burgh, gov- 
 erned by a provost, four bailies, aud 12 councillors. 
 45 m. N. of Aberdeen, and 167 of Edinburgh. Pop. 
 in 1820, 3,855. 
 
 Bangalore, a city of Hindoostan, in Mys Te. 
 It had a strong fort, built by Hyder, deemed the 
 bulwark of Mysore, toward Arcot : it was taken by 
 the English in 1791, and restored the next year 
 to Tippoo, who destroyed it : but since reverted to 
 the English. The palace is composed of mud, 
 yet not without some degree of magnificence, arid 
 there are two extensive gardens made by the two 
 sultans. The chief manufactures are silk and cot- 
 ton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 74 m. 
 N. E. of Seringapatam; Long. 77. 37. E. lat. 13. 
 0. N. 
 
 Bangor, a city of Wales, in Caernarvonshire. 
 It is situate on the east shore of the Menai Strait 
 on the high road from London to Holyhead, [t 
 was once so considerable, that it was called Ban- 
 gor the great, and defended by a castle. The 
 principal buildings are the cathedral and the bish- 
 op's palace. The see is of very great antiquity. 
 The church was dedicated to St. Daniel, who 
 was bishop about the year 516. It is 36 m. W. 
 of St. Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. Pop. in 
 1821,3,579. 
 
 Bangor, a borough and populous parish of Ire- 
 land, in the county of Down, seated on the south 
 10 
 
 shore of the bay of Carrickfergus, opposite the 
 town of that name. Pop. in 1821, of the town, 
 2,943 ; of the corporation, 327 ; and of the parish, 
 6.272, making a total of 9,542 ; 90 m. N. by E. of 
 Dublin, and about 10 E. of Belfast. 
 
 Bangor, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. on the Penob 
 scot, 35 m. above Castine. It has a considerable 
 commerce in lumber, and a Theological Seminary. 
 Pop. 2,668. 
 
 Bangor, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 204 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,076. 
 
 Banistar, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 140 m. S. W 
 Richmond. 
 
 Banjaluka. See Bagnaluka. 
 Banjer, or Bender, a considerable river in the 
 island of Borneo, which flows almost due south 
 from the centre of the country to the harbour of 
 Banjermassing, and at its mouth the Dutch have 
 their principal factory. 
 
 Banjermassing, or Bcndcrmassing , a kingdom 
 in the south part of the island of Borneo, the 
 capital of which is Metapura. The country pro- 
 duces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, 
 diamonds, canes, birds-nests, wax, and dragons- 
 blood. It lias a town of the same name, with a 
 good harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjer. 
 Long. 114. 30. E. lat. 3.15. S. 
 
 Bunks Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 on the east side of New Zealand, about 100 m. in 
 circumference. Long. 184. 0. E. lat. 43. 30. S. 
 
 Banks Island; an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 near the west coast of North America, about 60 
 m. lonir and 5 broad. Long. 130. 0. W. lat. 53. 
 30. N. 
 
 Bunn, a river of Ireland, which issues from the 
 Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, flows 
 N. W. into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and 
 thence forms the boundary between Londonderry 
 and Antrim, entering the sea four miles below 
 Coleraine. 
 
 Bannalcc, a town in the S. E. part of the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, France, 15 m. E. ot Quim- 
 per. 
 
 Bannbridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Down, on the river Bann, 14 m. IN. by E. of 
 Newry, on the road to Belfast. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,715. 
 
 Bannockburn, a village of Scotland in the parish 
 of St. Ninians, on the river Bannock, two miles 
 south of Stirling. It is noted for a battle between 
 Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which 
 the former was defeated. Here also James the 111. 
 in 1487, was defeated by his subjects, wounded, and 
 soon after murdered by a priest taking his confes- 
 sion. 
 
 Bannoic, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wex- 
 ford, seated on the east shore of a bay to which it 
 gives name, 20 m. S. W. of Wexford. Lon<>- 6 
 50. W. lat. 52. 12. N. Pop. in 1621, 1,298. 
 
 Bantam, a town on the N. W. coast of Java, cap 
 ital of a kingdom of the same name, with two forts 
 It is divided into two parts by a river. The En 
 glish and Danes had factories here till 1682, when 
 they were expelled by the Dutch. The chief pro- 
 duce of the country is pepper, of which vast quan 
 tities were formerly exported by the Dutch, who 
 deposed the kings of the ancient race, and monop- 
 olized the entire traffic of the country. Bantam, 
 once populous and flourishing, is now a poor place, 
 its harbour being so choked up that it is inacces- 
 sible to vessels of burden ; its commerce is trans- 
 fered to Batavia. Long. 105. 26. E. lat. 6. 20. S. 
 
 Bantry, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extremi- 
 ty of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of 
 G 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 containing all the shipping of Europe ; but some- 
 what exposed to the swells of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 A French fleet endeavoured to land succours of 
 arms in this bay to the adherents of James II. 1089, 
 and they made another unsuccesful attempt to 
 effect a landing with a formidable force 17l.!0. It 
 is 26 miles long, 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep in 
 the middle. There is a town named Bmitry, at 
 the head of the bay on the east side, the spacious 
 harbour of which is defended from the swells of 
 the ocean by the island of Whiddy. It is 40 m. 
 W. bv S. of Cork, and 103 from Dublin Pop. in 
 1-21, "3,059. 
 
 Banwcll, a village in Somersetshire. Eng. four 
 miles N.N. W. of Axbridge. Here was a mon- 
 astery, founded by one of the Saxon princes, 
 which was destroyed by the Danes. On its site 
 an episcopal palace was erected, some remains of 
 which are to be seen near the church. Pop. 1.430. 
 
 Bapaume, a town of France, in the department 
 of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Arras. Pop. 3,150. 
 There is a river of the same name, falling into the 
 Seine, which drives about 20 paper mills. 
 
 Ba/itistown, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 30 m. N. 
 W. Trenton. 
 
 Bar, a town of Podolia, in Russian Poland, on a 
 river that flows east into the Bog. In 1708, a cath- 
 olic confederation was held here, to protect the reli 
 gion of the country from the encroachments ot 
 dissenters. It is 48 m. E. N. E. of Kaminieck, and 
 55 N. W. of Braclaw. Long. 27. 40. E. lat. 49. 14. 
 N. 
 
 Bar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the 
 Ganges, 34 m. E. S. E. of Patna. 
 
 Bar, or Barrois, a late duchy of France, lying on 
 both sides of the Meuse, between Lorraine and 
 Champagne. It now forms the department of 
 Meuse. 
 
 Baracoa, a town on the N. E. coast of Cuba, with 
 a (rood harbour for small vessels, 90 m. E. N. E. of 
 St. Jago de Cuba. Long. 74. 42. W. lat. 20. 30. N. 
 
 Baranco de Malamba, or Baranguilla, a town of 
 Colombia, in the province of Magdalena, and a 
 bishop's see, with a good harbour, at the mouth 
 of the Magdalena. 70 m N. E. of Carthagena. 
 Long 74. 50. W. lat. 11. 20. N. 
 
 Bar any, or Baranicuhr , a town of Lower Hunga- 
 ry, capital of the county of Barany , taken from the 
 Turks in 1684. It is seated in an island, formed 
 by the river Crasso, 14 m. N. Esseg, and 120 S. 
 of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E. lat. 45. 42. N. 
 
 Barataria, a bay or the coast of Louisiana, near 
 the mouth of the Mississippi, surrounded by a flat 
 marshy country. Boats can pass from the Mis- 
 sissippi at New Orleans, through this bay to the 
 tiea. This was formerly a great resort for pirates. 
 
 Barbacoa,a town of Colombia, in Cauca, on the 
 river Tolembi, 110 m. S. W. of Popayan. 
 
 Barhacoa, a town of Colombia, in Venezuela, on 
 the east side of the lake Maracaybo, 130 m. S. by 
 W. of Venezuela. 
 
 Barbadocs , the most easterly of the Windward 
 islands, in the West Indies, 25 m. long and 15 
 broad, subject to Great Britain. The soil is beau- 
 tifully undulated, and yields most of the produc- 
 tions common to the climate, but the chief object 
 of culture is the sugar cane, the produce of which 
 is about 15,000 tons of sugar annually, which, with 
 some ginger and arrow-root, form its main exports. 
 The island suffered greatly by the storm, on the 
 10th of October, 1780, when upwards of 4,000 per- 
 sons perished by its violence, and at the commence- 
 ment of the 19th century was considerably on the 
 decline, the soil indicating symptoms of exhaus- 
 
 tion, until the year 1813, when a very singular phe- 
 nomenon occurred, which contributed essentially 
 to its resuscitation ; a vast dense cloud of matter 
 from the eastward, composed apparently of volcan- 
 ic eruption, fell, and covered nearly the whole sur- 
 face of the island, which tended greatly to its fer- 
 tility. Barbadoes was constituted an ecclesiastical 
 see over the whole of the Carribee Islands in 1^^4. 
 It is also the chief seat of commissariat for the same, 
 which occasions the internal commerce of the is- 
 land to be considerable. It was first settled by the 
 English in 1624; after the restoration of Charles 
 II. a duty of 4 1-2 per ct. was exacted upon all pro- 
 duce exported, under the pretext of maintaining 
 and keeping in repair the forts of the island, and 
 for other protection. The duty has continued j[f-0 
 years, and in 1820 amounted to £18,637, but whol- 
 ly converted into ■pensions , and the expenses of the 
 island defrayed out of the taxes levied in Eng- 
 land. It is divided into five districts and 11 par- 
 ishes. Bridgetown, the chief town, is in lat. 13. 
 5. N. and 59. 43. W. long. Charles's, James's, and 
 Speight's towns are the other towns of the island ; 
 the free population amounts to about 20,000 
 
 Barbara, St. a town on the west coast of North 
 America, capita! of a jurisdiction of its name. It 
 stands in a rueged, barren country, but has a gocd 
 roadstead. Long. 119. 17. W. lat. 34. 54. N. 
 
 Barbfirecn, a village of Ceylon, on the west 
 coast, 35 m. south of Colombo. It has a harbour 
 for ship-boats, and a considerable manufacture cf 
 cordage and cables from the cocoa tree. 
 
 Barbary, or the Barbary States, comprise the 
 whole northern coast of North Africa, bordering 
 on the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic 
 Ocean to Egypt; bounded or rather intersected, 
 on the south by the Atlas chain of mountains and 
 bounded by the deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and 
 Lybia, extending in length from the long, of 10. 
 W. to 25. of E. and varying in breadth from 300 to 
 600 or 700 m. between the lat. of 29. and 37. N. di- 
 vided into the six following sovereignties, or 
 states : viz. first, beginning with the west ; Mo- 
 rocco, bordering wholly on the Atlantic Ocean, 
 Fez, forming the north-west corner of the African 
 continent, and Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, 
 all bordering on the Mediterranean. This exten- 
 sive territory was known to the ancients by the 
 name of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Proper, 
 and Lybia, and at one period contended with 
 Rome for the empire of the world ; and although 
 at the present day its inhabitants are among the 
 most unsocial and illiterate of the communities of 
 civilization, they were at one period as distin- 
 guished for their attainments in art, as in arms. 
 The whole country abounds in local beauties, and 
 possesses all the advantages of soil and climate 
 which man can desire : the soil yields great crops 
 of maize and corn, and all the choice fruits, such 
 as lemons, oranges, the vine, olives, figs, almcnds, 
 and dates are in great profusion ; the mountains 
 are rich in mineral substances, and all the d< n • .-,- 
 tic animals common to Europe abound over the 
 whole country ; the horses are much estct rri a 
 for their fleetness and beauty. The lion, panther 
 and hyirna, arid other ferocious animals are nu 
 merous in the mountains, and frequently make 
 inroads into the plains. Reptiles are also very 
 numerous, and the Boa-Constrictor, the most fero 
 cious of the serpent kind, is common on the bcr 
 ders of the deserts. The external commerce of thf 
 country is limited, but will be more particularly 
 adverted to when treating of the respective d : vi 
 sions. Mahometan ism, in its utmost degree of 
 
BAR 
 
 75 
 
 BAR 
 
 persona] indulgence and wantonness of power, 
 prevail* alike in all the states, and restrains all 
 rational and social advancement, 
 
 Barberino, a town of Tuscany, at the foot of the 
 Apennines, on the river Sieva, 12 m. N. of Flor- 
 ence. 
 
 Barbczieax, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Charente, with a mineral spring, and a 
 manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 in. N. E. of 
 Bordeaux, Pop. "2,750. 
 
 Barboursville, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 78 m. N. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Barboarsville, p.t. Knox Co. Ken. on Cumber- 
 land River, 125 m. S. E. Frankfort. 
 
 Barbuda, one of the Leeward islands, in the 
 West Indies, 20 m. long and 11) broad. It has 
 good road for shipping, but the inhabitants (about 
 1,500) are chiefly employed in raising corn, and 
 breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring 
 islands. It is 35 m. N. of Antigua. Long. Gl. 
 50. W. lat. 17. 50. N. 
 
 Barbij, a town in the Prussian principality of 
 Anhalt, circle of Upper Saxony, capital of a coun- 
 ty of its name, with an ancient castle, and an 
 academical college, founded by the United Breth- 
 ren, in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe. 15 m. S. E. 
 of Magdeburg. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 52. 2. N. 
 
 Barca, one of the six Barbary states, the an- 
 cient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the Medi- 
 terranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The 
 south part is a barren desert, inhabited by wan- 
 dering Arabs. The north part along the coast 
 is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the 
 Turks, and is governed by a sangiac, dependent 
 on the bashaw, who resides at Tripoli. Derne is 
 the capital. 
 
 Barcelona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia, 
 and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, on the 
 Mediterranean. It is of an oblong- form, defend- 
 ed by a strong fort, called Montjuich, which stands 
 on a rocky mountain, a mile west of the town. 
 It has double walls on the north and east, and 
 the sea on the south, with a mole for the security 
 of ships. It is divided into the new and old town, 
 by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired 
 considerably from the portgates, a whole quarter 
 of the town now stands on the sands that were 
 once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine 
 university, an inquisition, a cathedral with two 
 loftv towers, a palace tor the viceroy, a large ex- 
 change, an extensive cannonfoundrv.au arsenal 
 containing arms for several thousand men, and 
 docks for the building of galleys. It. has various 
 manufactures, but is more particularly distiu- 
 guished for those of fire arms of all kinds, swords, 
 cutlery, and soap, and there are several very ex- 
 tensive distilleries of brandy ; its commerce is gen- 
 eral. In 1705 it was taken by the earl of Peterbo- 
 rough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706, 
 Philip V. invested it with a numerous army, but 
 was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was 
 taken by the French and Spaniards, and a citadel 
 built to keep it in awe. The French took this 
 city by treachery in 1305. In 1823 it held out to 
 the last in favour of the constitutionalists, and did 
 n )t yit'd until all hope or expectation of success- 
 ful resistance was obviouslv useless. It is 250 
 m. E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 2. 12. E. lat. 41. 
 23. N. Pop. of the city and the new town or 
 suburb of Barceloneta 120,00.). 
 
 Barcelona, is also the name of a populous sea- 
 pirt town situated at the mouth of the little river 
 Neveri, in the new province of Oronoko, Colom- 
 bia, about 50 m. W. of Cumana. It is a mean 
 
 dirty place ; the inhab. about 14,000, under the 
 proscribed system of Old Spain, were the chief 
 medium of the smuggling carried on between 
 Trinidad and the interior parts of the country. 
 
 Barcelonette, a town of France, situate among 
 the Alpine mountains, in the department of the 
 Lower Alps, about 10 m. S. of Embrun. 
 
 Burcelore, or Barcura, a town of Hindoostan, on 
 the coast of Canara, which gives name to a dis- 
 trict, but has been long in ruins. It is 40 m. N 
 N. W. of Mangalore. 
 
 Barcelos, a very ancient town of Portugal, in En- 
 tre Douro e Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 
 m. W S. W. of Braga, supposed to have been 
 founded by Hamilcar Barca, 250 B. C. 
 
 Bard, and Bardin, two towns in the province of 
 Kerman, Persia. Bardin is on the route from 
 Ormus to Lake Ga7el, and Bard about 10 m. E. 
 of Bardin. 
 
 Bardcwich, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 dutchy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 
 m. S. E. of Hamburg. 
 
 Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with 
 a magnificent castle. 30 m. S. W. of Parma. 
 
 Bardt, or Barth, a town of Swedish Pomerania 
 with a castle and harbour, near the Batlic, 15 m. 
 W. by N. of Stralsund. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 54. 
 25. N. 
 
 Bareges, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Pyrenees, much frequented on account 
 of its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley of the 
 same name, 24 m. S. of Tarbes. 
 
 Barenton, a town of France, in the department 
 of Manche, 20 m. E. S. E. of Avranches. 
 
 Barfleur, a town of France, in the department 
 of Manche. It was from this port that William 
 the Norman embarked on his expedition to Eng- 
 land in the 11th century. Barfleur was destroyed 
 by the English in 1346, and the harbour filled up. 
 The cape of that name is 12 m. E. of Cherburg 
 and near it part of the navy of France was destroy- 
 ed by the Eno-lish in 1692. It is 174 m. N.W. ot 
 Paris. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N. 
 
 Birn-a, a considerable town of Italy, about 10 
 m. N.^of Lucca. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Bararaintown,p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 50 m. S. 
 E. Phi'lad. 
 
 Barge, or Barges, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. 
 of Pinerola. 
 
 Bargttzinsk, or Barghouzin, a town of Siberia, 
 in the government of Irkutsk, on the east side of 
 the Lake Baikal, at the influx of the Barguzin, 170 
 m. N. N. E. of Selenginsk. Long. 109. 30. E. lat 
 53.20. N. 
 
 Bi/ri, or Terra di Barb, a maritime province of 
 Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, bounded oil 
 the south-east by Otranto, south-west by Basilica- 
 ta. and north-west by Capitanata. The soil is fer 
 tile, but there are many serpents and tarantulas. 
 See Tranl. 
 
 Bar/, a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari, 
 and an archbishop's see. It is seated on the shore 
 of the Adriatic, has a good harbour, and is well 
 fortified. The trade principally consists in olives 
 and almonds. It is2G m. E. by S. of Trani. Long. 
 E. 17. 0. lat. 41. 15. N. 
 
 Barjols, a town of France, in the department of 
 Var, 19 m. S. S. W. of Riez. 
 
 Barhkamstead, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop 
 1,715. 
 
 Burking, a town in Essex, Eng. It was cele- 
 brated for a magnificent nunnery, of which a gate- 
 way and part of the walls are still visible. It is 
 chiefly inhabited by fishermen, and seated on 
 
BAR 
 
 76 
 
 BAR 
 
 the river Roding, near the Thames, 7 m. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Barletta, a seaport of Naples, in Bari. It has a 
 large stone pier, and a trade in corn, almonds, and 
 salt. It is seated on the shore of the Adriatic, 25 
 m. W. S. W. of Bari. Long. 10. 32. E. lat. 41. 
 19. N. 
 
 Barmouth, a small seaport of Wales, in the par- 
 ish of Corwen, Merionethshire. It has a good 
 trade in flannels and hose, and is much frequented 
 in the bathing season. It stands on a bay of the 
 same name, 12 m. S. of Harlech, and 222 N. W. 
 of London. Long. 3. 53. W. lat. 52. 44. N. Pop 
 of the parish 1,742. 
 
 Barnaoul, a considerable town in the province 
 of Colyvan, Asiatic Russia, situate at the mouth 
 of a river of the same name, falling into the Obi 
 about 200 m. S. of the city of Colyvan. It is 
 the seat of the supreme court of all the mines in 
 the Altaian mountains. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Barnard, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 60 m. N. E. 
 Bennington. Pop. 1,881. 
 
 Barncgat, an inlet on the coast of New Jersey, 
 70 m. NT E. Cape May. 
 
 Barnesville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland, 
 12 m. S. Fredericktown. 
 
 Barnesville, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bar net, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Connec- 
 ticut. Pop. 1,764. 
 
 Barnet, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. Near this 
 place was fought, in 1471, the decisive battle 
 between the houses of York and Lancaster ; and 
 at the meeting of the St. Alban and Hatfield roads 
 is a column, with an inscription to commemorate 
 this event. Barnet is 11 m. N. by W. of London, 
 and being the first port town out of London on 
 the Great North road, is a place of great inter- 
 course and bustle. 
 
 Barnevelt's Islands, two small islands a little 
 north of cape Horn, and to the south of Terra del 
 Fuego. Long. 66. 58. W. lat. 55. 40. S. 
 
 Barnevcldt, or Barnweld, an interior town of 
 Guelderland, Holland, situate about an equal dis- 
 tance from Arnheim and Ammersfort. Pop. about 
 5,000. 
 
 Barnslcif, a town of West Yorkshire, Eng. Here 
 are considerable manufactures of coarse linen, and 
 in the vicinity are many bleaching grounds, a 
 glass manufacture, and several coal mines. It has 
 a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don, and 
 is seated near the Derne, 19 m. S. of Leeds, and 
 172 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 8,284. 
 
 Barnstable, a County of Massachusetts compris- 
 ing the peninsula of Cape Cod. Pop. 28,525. The 
 chief town has the same name. Vast quantities 
 of salt are made in this county by solar evapora- 
 tion. 
 
 Barnstable, p.t. the capital of the above Co. stands 
 on a harbour at the bottom of Cape Cod Bay. The 
 town is built with considerable neatness and has 
 some commerce and fishing business. There are 
 extensive salt marshes in the neighbourhood, but 
 '.he soil here is better than in almost any other 
 part of the Co. It is 64 m. S. E of Boston. Pop. 
 3,975. 
 
 Barnstaple, a seaport and borough in Devon- 
 shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, but none of 
 the works remain except the mount. Here are 
 manufactures of tammies, shalloons, baize, &c. 
 and a variety of articles are exported. It is seat- 
 ed on the river Taw, 12 m. E. of Barnstaple bay, 
 in Bristol channel, 35 N. N. W. of Exeter, and 192 
 W. bv S. of London. Long. 4.5. W. lat. 51. 8. N. 
 Pop. in 1821, 5,079. 
 
 Barnstead p t. Stafford Co. N. H. 36 m. from 
 Portsmouth. Pop 2,047. 
 
 Barnwell, a district in the south part of South 
 Carolina, bounded on the south by the Savannah, 
 and north by the Edisto River. Pop. 19,236, who 
 are chiefly occupied in the culture and cleaning 
 of cotton. The chief town of the same name is 
 situated in the centre of the district, 116 m. S. by 
 W. of Columbia. 
 
 Baroach, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, Gu- 
 zerat, with considerable manufactures of cotton; 
 seated on the N. bank of the Nerbudda, near its 
 entrance into the gulf of Cambay, 40 m. N. by E. 
 of Surat. Long. 72. 55. E. lat. 21 45. N. 
 
 Barquisimrto, an ancient inland town of th 
 province of Venezuela, Colombia. It is situate ii> 
 a fertile plain, about 20 m. from the E. shore or 
 the bay of Maracaybo, and 120 W. by S. of the 
 city of Caracas. 
 
 Barra, or Barra ij, one of the Hebrides of Scot- 
 land, to the south of South Uist. It is 12 m. long 
 and 4 broad, and has a mountainous appearance, 
 but the soil in many parts is fertile. Great quan- 
 tities of cod and ling are caught on the coast; and 
 shell-fish, especially cockles, are found in great 
 abundance. On the N. E. side is a good harbour. 
 Long. 7. 27. W. lat. 57. 2. N. 
 
 Barra, a town of Naples, in the vicinity of the 
 city of Naples. Pop. about 5.000. 
 
 Barra, a fertile and populous district, north of 
 the Gambia, in North Africa, bordering on the At- 
 lantic Ocean. 
 
 Barra hiding or Barranding, situate on the 
 west bank of a small river which falls into the 
 Gambia, near its conflux with the Atlantic Ocean, 
 it is the capital town of the territory of Barra, and 
 is a place of considerable traffic. There is anoth- 
 er town of the same name, about 100 miles up the 
 river, on the north bank, between the rivers Ko- 
 lar and Badiboo. 
 
 Barraconda a considerable town in the interior 
 of North Africa, about 400 miles up the Gambia, 
 where there are some falls which impede the nav- 
 igation of that river. 
 
 Barragon, a small town about 12 m. below Bu- 
 enos Ayres, situate on the shore of a bay to which 
 it gives name. 
 
 Barraux, a fortress of France, in the Alpine de- 
 partment of Isere, at the entrance of the valley of 
 Gresivauden, and on the river Isere, 6 m. S. of 
 Chambery. 
 
 Barre, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,012. 
 
 Barre, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 60 m. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 2,503. 
 
 Barre t. Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Barren, a County in the south central part of 
 Kentucky. Pop. 14,821. Glasgow, the chief 
 town, is 134 m. S. W. by S. of Frankfort. Two 
 rivers, one called the Little, and the other the Big 
 Barren, have their source within the county, run- 
 ning in different directions, but both falling into 
 the Green River. 
 
 Barrington, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 65 m. fr 
 Boston : 20 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,895. 
 
 Barrington, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. 8 m. S. E 
 Providence. Pop. 612. 
 
 Barrow, a river of Ireland, which rises in the 
 N. part of Queen's County, and flows S. by Athy, 
 Carlow, and New Ross, into Waterford harbour. 
 
 Barroic, a village in Leicestershire, Eng. on the 
 river Soar, two miles N. of Mountsorrel. It has 
 for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, in 
 particular request for works in water, and which 
 is exported in large quantities. Pop. 1,568. 
 
BAR 
 
 3AS 
 
 Bar le Due, or Bar-sur-Ornain, a town of France, 
 capital of the department of Meuse, with a castle. 
 Its wine is as delicate as Champagne, and it has 
 several manufactures. It is seated on the side of a 
 hill, by the rivulet Ornain, 30 m. W. of Toul, and 
 133 E. of Paris. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Bar-sar-Aabr., a tiwn of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, famous for its wines ; seated at the 
 foot of a mountain, 13 in. S. W. of Joinville. Pop. 
 3,600, 
 
 Bar-sur- Seine, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, on the river Seine, at the foot of a 
 mountain, 20 m. S. W. of Btr-sur-Aube. Pop. 
 
 %300. 
 
 Bars, an interior county in the north part of 
 Lower Hungary ; a town of the same name, for- 
 merly fortified, was once the capital. Kreinoni 
 in the centre of a mining district is now the chief 
 town. 
 
 Barsac, a town of France, on the west bank of 
 the Garonne, about 20 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. It 
 gives name to a favourite wine. 
 
 Bart, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Bartfeldt, a town in the County of Saros, north 
 part of Upper Hungary, situate among the Carpa- 
 thian mountains. It had a printing press in the 
 10th century. It has manufactures of linen, and 
 contains about 4,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Barten, and Bartenstcin, two interior towns of 
 the kingdom of Prussia Proper, 30 to 40 m. E. of 
 Konigsberg. 
 
 Bartholomew, a river which rises in Arkansas 
 territory, and falls into the Washita, in the state 
 of Louisiana, a little below the town of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Bartholomew , a small island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167.18. E. lat. 
 15. 42. S. 
 
 Bartholomew, St. one of the Carribee islands, in 
 the West Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and 
 25 north of St. Christopher. The French ceded it 
 to the Swedes in 1785; and it was taken by the 
 British in 1301, but restored to Sweden in 1814. 
 The chief exports are drugs and lignumvitae ; 
 and it has a good harbour. Long. 63. 40. W. lat. 
 17. 46. N. 
 
 Bartholomew, St. a parish of S. Carolina, in 
 Charleston District. 
 
 Bartlet, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of the 
 White Mountains, 85 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 
 644. 
 
 Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has 
 two large churches, and was formerly a consider- 
 able place, surrounded by a rampart and fosse, the 
 remains of which are yet visible. Four miles E. 
 S. E. are the noble ruins of Thornton abbey. Bar- 
 ton is seated on the Humber, over which is a fer- 
 ry into Yorkshire, 34 m. N. of Lincoln, and 167 of 
 London. Pop in 1821, 2,496. 
 
 Barton is also the name of a populous town- 
 ship in the parish of Eccles, situate on the banks 
 of the Irwell, 7 m. E. of Manchester. Pop. in 
 1820, 1,977. There are also 30 other towns or vil- 
 lages called Barton in different parts of England. 
 
 Barton, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. E. Mont- 
 peliei. Pop. 729. A river of this name runs 
 through the town N. into Lake Memphramagog, 
 and in 1810 was the scene of a remarkable inun- 
 dation occasioned by the bursting of a lake from 
 its banks. See Vermont. 
 
 Baruth, a town of Lusatia, on the frontiers of 
 Brandenburgh, 25 m. S. by. E. of Potsdam. 
 
 Baruth, a town of Syria, with a Christian 
 church, 30 m. N. E. of Seyda. 
 
 Baras, a town and parish on the N. W. coast of 
 the isle of Lewis. Pop. in 1821 , 2,568. The 
 town is situate on the shore of a fine bay. 
 
 Bas, a small island off the N. coast of the de- 
 partment of Finisterre, France, in N. lat. 48. 46. 
 W. long. 4. 2. 
 
 Basartschicli,a. town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the 
 river Meritz. Long. 24. 40. E. lat. 42. 19. N. 
 
 Basel, Basle, or Bale, a canton of Switzerland, 
 24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded on the north 
 by Brisgau, east by the Forest towns, south by 
 the canton of Soleure, and west by the bishopric 
 of Bassel and France. It contains about 38,000 
 inhabitants, and is of the reformed religion. 
 
 Basel, a bishopric in tne N. W. part of Switzei 
 land ; bounded on the east by the canton of Basel, 
 south by that of Soleure, and west and north by 
 France. The bishop was a prince of the German 
 empire. In 1798 the French seized on this terri- 
 tory, annexed it to France, and made it a new de- 
 partment called Mont Terrible. 
 
 Basel, the capital of the canton of the same name, 
 and the largest town in Switzerland, is situate at 
 the north extremity of the canton, and on the 
 frontiers of France on the west, and the duchy 
 of Baden on the east. It is surrounded by thick 
 walls, flanked by towers and bastions ; and is di- 
 vided into two parts by the Rhine, which com- 
 municate by a handsome bridge. The largest 
 part is on this side of Switzerland, and the least 
 on that of Germany. The larger has five gates, 
 six suburbs, numerous streets and fountains, 
 and is partly seated on a hill ; the other stands 
 on a plain, and has but two gates, with several 
 streets and fountains. The principal church is 
 an elegant gothic building but disfigured by rose- 
 coloured paint spread over the whole edifice. 
 Under a marble tomb in it is interred the great 
 Erasmus, who died in 1536. The town-house, 
 and fine paintings in fresco are much admired. 
 The University founded in 1459, has a fine libra- 
 ry and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here 
 are always an hour too fast, because the town-clock 
 went so on a day appointed to murder the magis- 
 trates, by which the conspiracy was disconcerted. 
 Basel has several manufactures, particularly of 
 paper, ribands, and cottons ; and it carries on an 
 extensive trade. Three treaties of peace were 
 concluded here in one year, 1795, with the French 
 republic ; namely, by Prussia, Spain, and Hesse 
 Cassel. The allies passed through this city, when 
 they invaded France, in December, 1813. Basel 
 is capable of containing 100,000 inhabitants; but 
 the number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is 
 174 m. N. by E. of Geneva, and 250 E. by S. of 
 Paris. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 35. N. 
 
 Bashee, an island in the China Sea, the most 
 eastern of a cluster called from this, the Bashee 
 islands, lying to the South of Formosa. The pro- 
 ductions are plantains, bananas, pine-apples, su 
 gar-canes, potatoes, yams and cotton. The quad 
 rupeds are goats and hogs. Bashee is of a cir- 
 cular form, six miles in diameter, and has a town 
 of the same name. Lono\ 121. 50. E. lat. 20 
 30. N. 
 
 Basilicata, a maritime province, in the south of 
 Naples, bounded on the north by Capitanata and 
 Bari, east by the gulf of Taranta, south by Cala- 
 bria Citeriore and west by PrincipataCileriore and 
 Ulteriore. It has some mountains continually 
 covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, 
 oil, cotton, honey and saffron. Arcerenza is the 
 capital. 
 
 g2 
 
BAS 
 
 78 
 
 BAS 
 
 Basilipolamo, a river of European Turkey, in 
 the Morea, which flows into the gulf of Colocy- 
 thia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients. 
 
 Basingstoke, a town in Hampshire, Eng. It has 
 a great trade in corn and malt, a manufacture of 
 drug.rets and shalloons, and a navigable canal to 
 the river VVey, near its entrance into the Thames; 
 and being situate at the junction of several great 
 roads, from all parts of the West of England, it is 
 a place of considerable bustle. Pop. in 1821 , 3,(11 5. 
 It is 18 m. N. N. E. of Winchester, and 45 W. by 
 S. ofLondon. 
 The village of Old Basing, which is a township 
 in file parish of Basingstoke, situate about two 
 miles in the east, is distinguished for the deter- 
 mined stand which it made against the forces 
 of'Cromwell, by whom it was ultimately taken, 
 when he put nearly the whole garrison to the 
 sword, and razed the fortress, which was the resi- 
 dence of the marquis of Winchester, to the orround. 
 Pop. 1073. 
 
 Baskenridge, p.t. Somerset Co. N. J. 8 m. S. W. 
 Morristown. General Lee was taken prisoner 
 here by the British during the revolutionary war. 
 
 Basques, a late territory of France, which inclu- 
 ded Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule. and now 
 forms with Beam, the department of Lower Py- 
 renees. 
 
 Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scot- 
 land, at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between 
 the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar. On 
 the south side it is almost conic, on the other it 
 overnangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It 
 is inaccessible on all sides, except the south-west, 
 and there it is with difficulty a man can climb up 
 by the help of a rope or ladder. In May .and June 
 it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young 
 birds of the gannets and solan geese. The rock is 
 one mile in circumference, and has a rabbit war- 
 ren and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous 
 castle, once the state prison of Scotland, stands at 
 the edge of the precipice. The garrison in 1694, 
 surrendered to king William, and the fortifications 
 were demolished. 
 
 Bass fslayids, a group of islands in Lake Erie, 
 comprised in Huron county, Ohio. There are 3 
 large and several smaller ones. The southern- 
 most contains the haven of Put-in-Bay, near 
 which Commodore Perry engaged and captured 
 the whole British squadron, Sept. 10th, 1813. 
 
 Bass's Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide, 
 which separates Van Diemen's Land from the 
 south extremity of New Holland. It contains a 
 chain of islands that run north and south. This 
 strait was discovered, in 1798, by surgeon Bass, 
 in an open whale-boat and passed through by him 
 and lieutenant Flinders, in the Norfolk, in 1799. 
 
 Bassann, a town in the north of Italy, in Vincen- 
 tino, on the east bank of the river Brenta, in a 
 country productive of excellent wine and oil. The 
 French defeated the Austrians at this place in 
 179(). It is 18 m. N. of Vicenza. 
 
 Bassec, or La Basse, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nord, formerly of great strength, but 
 dismantled by Louis XIV. It is seated on the 
 Deule. 18 m. S W. of Lisle. 
 
 Basseen, a town of Hindoostan, in the country 
 ofBaglana. It was taken by the English in 1780, 
 but restored to the Mahrattas in 1783. It stands 
 n the sen-coast, opposite the N. W. point of the 
 .slandof Silsette, 20 m. N. of Bombay. L ng. 
 72. 40. E. lat. 19. 20. N. 
 
 Bassentlrioaitt-waler, a lake in Cumberland, three 
 miles N.W. of Keswick. It is four mib ; lon<>\ 
 
 bounded on one side by high hills, wooded, in 
 many places, to their bases ; on the other, by the 
 fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The river Der- 
 went flows through its whole length. There is a 
 village named Bassenthwaite on the east bank of 
 the lake, containing 2G4 inhabitants. 
 
 Basseterre, the capital of St. Christopher, built 
 by the French, when this part of the island was in 
 possession, before it was ceded to the English in 
 1713 It is situate on the S. E. end of the island, 
 and is defended by three forts. Long. 03. 13. W 
 lat. 17. 10. N. 
 
 Basseterre, the capital of Guadaloupe, on the S. 
 W. part of the island, defended by a citadel and 
 other fortifications. Long. 61. 59. W. lat. 15.59. 
 N. 
 
 Bassien, or Persaim, a city of Pegu,capital of the 
 province of Bassien. It is a trading place, situate 
 on a river of the same name, which is the west 
 branch of the Irrawaddy, 110 m. S. W. of Pegu. 
 Long. 94. 53. E. Fat. 10. 22. N. 
 
 Bassurah, or Basra, a city and seaport of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Irac Arabi. It stands on the west 
 bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-ul-Arab, navigable 
 for ships of 500 tons burthen up to the town, about 
 05 m. above the entrance of the river, into the Gulf 
 of Persia. Bassorah appears to have been founded 
 about the middle of the seventh century, and pro- 
 gressively advanced into importance until it be- 
 came the most considerable trading town of all 
 western Asia ; and previous to the route to India 
 by the Cape of Good Hope, it was the medium 
 through which a great portion of the commerce 
 of Asia passed to Venice and Genoa, and from 
 thence over western Europe. It was taken pos- 
 session of by the Turks, in 1688, since which pe- 
 riod it has continued to decline, having been al- 
 ternately exposed to the interruptions of the Per- 
 sians, Arabs, and Turks ; and since the com- 
 mencement of the 19th centu^, when the tide of 
 commerce began to set from the west to the east, 
 Smyrna has become what Bassorah was, for so 
 many centuries, the emporium of the greater por- 
 tion of the commerce of that part of the world. 
 Bassorah however still continues to be a place of 
 considerable traffic, which is participated in, more 
 or less, by most of the trading nations of both Eu- 
 rope and Asia. The city is surrounded by a wall 
 of clay, said to be six miles in circumference, 
 mounted with a great number of cannon ; the 
 streets are bad and narrow, and the houses con- 
 structed of bricks have a mean aspect. It is 
 nominal^ under the dominion of Turkey, but 
 governed by an Arab chieftain, with little defer 
 ence to the Ottoman authority. The great deserl 
 of Arabia-Tuns up nearly to the town ; the immedi- 
 ate vicinity, however, is very fertile. A wall of seve- 
 ral miles in extent has been constructed on the side 
 of the desert, as a check on the predatory incursions 
 of the Arabs, who frequently commit depredations 
 under the very walls of the town. The popula- 
 tion is estimated at about 60,000, among whom 
 are a considerable number of Jews, Armenians, 
 and Arabs, and natives of the more eastern parts 
 of Asia. It is about 210 in. S. W. of Ispahan, in 
 lat. 30. 30. N. and 47. 45. E. long. 
 
 Bastia, a seaport of European Turkey, in Alba- 
 nia, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of 
 the Calamu. Long. 20. 20. E. lat. 39. 40. N. 
 
 Bastia, a city on the N. E. coast of the Island 
 of Corsica, capital of the island, with a good har 
 hour and a strong castle. It was taken by the En 
 glish in 1794. It is 80 m. S. S. W. of Leghorn 
 Long. 9. 20. E. lat. 42. 38. N. Pop. about 11,500 
 
BAT 
 
 79 
 
 BAT 
 
 Bastimentos, small islands near the ithsmus of 
 Darien, at the entrance of the bay of Nombre de 
 Dios. with a fort and a good harbour. Lon<r. 79. 
 45. W. lat. 9. 30. N. 
 
 Bastognc, a city of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, near the forest of Ardennes. It was fortified 
 by the French in 1688, and commonly known among 
 them by the name of Paris in Ardennes. «It is 23 
 m. N. N. W. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Baswapatanna, a town of Hindoostan.in Mysore, 
 with a fort and a celebrated mosque, GO m. E. by 
 N. of Nagura. 
 
 Ba/.abaiio, a town on the south coast of Cuba, 
 ttuate on the north side of a large bay, opposite 
 f'moB Island, 55 m. S. S. W. of Havannah. Long. 
 .52. 0. W. lat. 22. 20. N. 
 
 Batacale, a town of llindoostan, on the coast of 
 Canara. The country produces a great quantity 
 of pepper. It is 10 m. N. of Barcalore. 
 
 Batacol.o, a small fortress on the east side of Cey- 
 lon, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance, 
 an account of the extreme fertility of the adjacent 
 country, which, during a war, or times of scarcity 
 in the district of Trincomale, can supply the gar- 
 risons there with all kinds of provisions. It sur- 
 rendered to the English in 1796; and is situate at 
 the head of a deep bay, 54 m. S. S. E. of Trinco- 
 male. 
 
 Batalhn, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 celebrated for its ricli monastery, founded, in 138G. 
 by John I. who is interred here, with his queen 
 Philippa. It is 8 m. S. S. W. of Lerida. 
 
 Batavia. the ancient name of an island in Hol- 
 land, whence the Dutch are sometimes called Ba- 
 tavians. 
 
 Batavia, a city and seaport, on the N. E. part of 
 the island of Java, capital of all the Dutch settle- 
 ments in the East Indies, finely situate in the 
 bosom of a spacious bay. The fort is built 
 of coral rock, brought from some of the adjoin- 
 ing islands, and has a fortification of brick. A 
 part of the town wall is built of dense lava 
 from the mountains in the centre of Java. No 
 stone, of any kind, is to be found for many 
 miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite 
 are brought here from China. The harbour is ex- 
 cellent, and there are canals in the principal 
 streets, planted on each side with trees, after the 
 manner of the towns in Holland. The inhabitants 
 are composed of natives from nearly all the coun- 
 tries and islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean, 
 as well as of most of the chief trading parts of Eu- 
 rope and America, amongst whom the number of 
 Chinese is considerable. 
 
 The city was founded in 1619, and rose rapidly 
 into importance ; during the eighteenth century 
 it was deemed the finest European settlement in 
 all Asia ; and although considered unhealthy, from 
 the influence of the heat of the climate on the mud 
 and stagnant waters of the canals and streams by 
 which it is intersected, it was vainly denominated 
 by the Dutch, the "Queen of the" East." The 
 houses of two streets, forming the European part of 
 the town, are handsome and commodious, and vie 
 with if they do not excel in capaciousness and con- 
 venience those of the best towns in Holland ; but 
 the parts occupied by the Javanese. Chinese, and 
 other natives of the east, like most of the Asiatic 
 towns, are crowded, mean, and dirty. Batavia was 
 very sensibly affected by the war of 1793, and be- 
 came almost deserted, until its capture, with the 
 whole of the Island of Java, by the English, in 
 1811, when it became again the centre of an ex- 
 tensive commerce. It was ceded back to the 
 
 Dutch on the peace of 1814, who having relaxed 
 somewhat from their former system of proscription 
 and monopoly in their commercial regulations, 
 Batavia continues a flourishing and important 
 place. The stadthouse is the principal .difice de- 
 serving of notice. The natives of the several na- 
 tions and countries who compose the population, 
 which amounts to about 50,000, have each their 
 churches, mosques, and temples, but there arf 
 none that merit any particular notice. The natura 
 of its commerce will be more fully elucidated un- 
 der the head of Java. The observatory is in lat. 
 G9. S. and 10G. 52. E. long. 
 
 Batavia, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 38 m. N. E. 
 Buffalo. Pop. 4,271. It is a handsome tovfn, 
 with considerable trade. 
 
 Batavia, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Batesville, p.t. Independence Co. Arkansas, on 
 White river, 110 m. N. E. Little Rock. 
 
 Bath, a city of England, in the east corner of 
 the county of Somerset, on the confines of Glou- 
 cester and Wilts ; it is bounded on the north by 
 a range of hills, up the declivity of which build- 
 ings have been constructed in varied, ornamental, 
 and tasteful styles of architecture, terraces, cres- 
 cents, &c. of a beautiful white stone, dug on the 
 spot. The city is beautifully situated on the riv- 
 er Avon. Its foundation is generally ascribed to 
 the Romans. A rude tradition, however, exists 
 which would carry its origin back into more dis- 
 tant times, and attribute the honour of its com- 
 mencement to one of the earliest British kings, 
 who, being expelled while a prince from his fath- 
 er's court, cured himself of leprosy by accidentally 
 washing in its waters. But rejecting what ap- 
 pears most fabulous in this tale, it is not impro- 
 bable that the inhabitants of the district were well 
 acquainted with the virtue of the spring before 
 the arrival of the invaders, and that the elements 
 of a town or village existed there from very early 
 times. The Romans, characteristically luxurious 
 in their baths, and choosing their situations with 
 the most scrupulous care, were not likely to neg- 
 lect the advantages which such a neighbourhood 
 presented. The mildness of the air, and the lovely 
 amphitheatre of hills which surrounds this valley 
 of waters, would tend still farther to delight them 
 with the station, — the best counterpart of their 
 own Italy which the uncultivated land afforded, — 
 and we accordingly learn from the best accredited 
 accounts, that it shortly became the favourite re- 
 sidence of the Roman governors, and sometimes 
 of the emperors. The form in which the city was 
 first built was a parallelogram, extending from east 
 to west about 400 yards, and from north to south 
 about 380. It was fortified by a wall twenty feet 
 high, and of a thickness varying from sixteen feet 
 at the base to eight at the top. Several strong 
 towers supported its angles ; and its four gates 
 stood one at each extremity of the two grand 
 streets, which intersected each other, and divided 
 the city into four parts. Near the centre of the 
 town were built those splendid baths, of which 
 the ruins were discovered in 1755 at the depth of 
 twenty feet below the surface of the ground. Sev- 
 eral other Roman relics have been also dug up in 
 late years; and among them a head of Minerva, 
 reckoned one of the most valuable remains of an- 
 tiquity. In the time of William the Conqueror 
 it was named as one of the royal demenses ; and in 
 that of Rufus it was erected into a see by John de 
 Villulo, who removed thither from Wells. After 
 undergoing several changes during the political 
 convulsions ef the following centuries, it received 
 
BAT 
 
 90 
 
 BAT 
 
 a charter from queen Elizabeth in 1590, which was 
 renewed and modified in 1794. According to this 
 charter, it is governed by a mayor, eight aldermen, 
 and twenty-four common councilmen ; and sends 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 The situation of Bath affords every advantage 
 for architectural effect; and the arrangement of 
 its streets and terraces, the splendour and richly 
 ornamented character of the buildings, together 
 with the luxurious beauty of the intervening gar- 
 dens and villas, form one of the loveliest scenes 
 that can be found in any city of these northern 
 climes. The hills on which it is built open on 
 the two opposite sides to admit the Avon, which, 
 flowing through the valley, and being the princi- 
 pal channel for the trade of the neighbouring 
 counties, adds greatly to the beauty and liveliness 
 of the prospect. As the streets rise one above the 
 other, according to the gmdual elevation of the 
 hills, the principal part of the city at a distance 
 has a close resemblance to the interior of a mighty 
 theatre, which gave rise to Smollet's well-known 
 sarcasm, i: an antique amphitheatre turned in- 
 side out." The opinion of the novelist has not 
 been unsupported by others ; and it is argued by 
 persons of the best taste, that however imposing 
 the prospect of Bath is at a distance, the architec- 
 ture, when more closely inspected, is greatly de- 
 fective in taste and correctness of design. 
 
 The city is divided into four parishes — St. Pe- 
 ter's and St. Paul, St. James's, St. Michael's, and 
 Walcot; besides which there are some out-parish- 
 es, now closely connected with the more ancient 
 part of the town. The abbey church is regarded 
 as one of the most beautiful specimens of the rich- 
 ly ornamented style of Gothic architecture that 
 exists, but its numerous windows, amounting to 
 fifty-two, have gained it the appellation of the 
 lantern of England. Some of the monuments it 
 contains are very much admired ; and the oratory 
 of prior Bird, who died in the early part of the 
 sixteenth century, is extremely rich in monumen- 
 tal beauties. Among the tombs which generally 
 attract attention in this church, are those of lady 
 Waller, wife of the celebrated sir William Waller ; 
 of the noted comedian Quin, of bishop Montague, 
 and Beau Nash, the well-known originator of 
 most of the regulations of Bath etiquette. There 
 are few names connected with the history of the 
 city better known to fame than that of this cele- 
 brated master of fashion ; and his fortunes are 
 well calculated to point a moral for the place of 
 which he was the hero. He was born in 1074, at 
 Swansea in Glamorganshire, and was intended 
 for the law, but entered the army ; which, taking 
 disgust at the discipline and his subordinate rank, 
 he soon forsook, and took chambers in the Tem- 
 ple. Here he devoted himself entirely to pleas- 
 ure and fashion ; and when king William visited 
 the Inn, he was chosen as master of the pageant 
 with which it was customary to welcome the mon- 
 arch. So pleased was William with the enter- 
 tainment, that he offered him the honour of knight- 
 hood ; but Nash refused it, saying, " Please your 
 majesty, if you intend to make me a knight, 1 
 wish it may be one of your poor knights of Wind- 
 sor, and then I shall have a fortune at least equal 
 to support my title." In 1704 he was appointed 
 master of the ceremonies at Bath ; and immediate- 
 ly instituted a set of regulations, as remarkable for 
 their strictness as for their judicious adaptation to 
 the wants and society of the place. While in the 
 plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived 
 >fl the most splendid style of elegance, supporting 
 
 his expenses by a long run of success at the gam- 
 ing table. His dress was covered with expensive 
 lace, and he wore a large white cocked hat. The 
 chariot in which he rode was drawn by six grey 
 horses, and attended by a long cavalcade of ser- 
 vants, some on horses, others on foot ; while his 
 progress through the streets was made known by 
 a band of French horns and other instruments. 
 His common title was the King of Bath ; and his 
 reign continued, with undiminished splendour, 
 for more than fifteen years. His health then 
 began to decline, and his resources grew less 
 plentiful. As the change in his spirits and cir- 
 cumstances became more evident, his former 
 acquaintances gradually forsook him ; and he died 
 at the age of eighty-eight, in comparative indi- 
 gence and solitude. His character, however, was 
 so estimated"by the corporation of the city, that 
 he was buried with great magnificence at its ex- 
 pense, and his epitaph, a neat tribute to his memo- 
 ry, was written by Dr. Harrington. 
 
 The Crescent, the North and South Parades, the 
 Circus, and Pulteney-street, are the principal 
 public avenues; but the great points of attraction 
 for the visitors of Bath are the pump and ball- 
 rooms : the former is 85 feet long ; the interior is 
 surrounded by three-quarter Corinthian columns, 
 crowned with entablatures and surmounted by a 
 five-feet coving. At the west end is a music gal- 
 lery ; and a recess at the east is occupied by a 
 statue of Nash. In the centre of the south side 
 stands the marble vase, from which the water is 
 taken by an attendant and handed to the com- 
 pany. 
 
 The public baths are, the king's and queen s, 
 the hot bath, and the cross bath ; besides which, 
 there are the duke of Kingston's, the corpora- 
 tion's, and some other private ones. The king's 
 is on the south side of the pump-room, and is 
 rather more than 65 feet long and 40 broad, con- 
 taining, when filled, more than 340 tons of water : 
 it is surrounded by a Doric colonnade ; and in the 
 centre, where the spring rises, is a brass hand- 
 rail. In the hottest part of the bath the thermom- 
 eter stands at. Ill ; in the coolest, at 100. The 
 hot bath raises it to 117. 
 
 There are several public charities in this city 
 of great utility. The general hospital, which was 
 founded at the benevolent instigation of Nash, 
 receives poor persons, to whom the waters are 
 likely to be beneficial, from all parts of the king- 
 dom. Two or three establishments also exist for 
 the support of aged men and women ; and early 
 in the last century the venerable Robert Nelson 
 founded a charity school for fifty boys and fifty 
 girls. Nor is Bath wanting in provisions for lit- 
 erary and scientific pursuits : it has a large public 
 library, a society for the promotion of agriculture, 
 and a philosophical society. 
 
 Bath is 107 miles west from London, and 12 
 miles east from Bristol. Lat. 51. 23. N. Ion. 2. 
 22. W. Pop. 37,000. 
 
 Bath, p. t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 12 
 m. from the sea, has considerable commerce and 
 ship building. It has two academies and two 
 banks. Pop. 3,773. 
 
 Bath, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecti- 
 cut; 148 m. fr. Boston. Pop. 1,026. 
 
 Bath, p.t. Berkeley Co. Va. 100 m. N. W. Wash- 
 ington. In this town are the Berkley Springs. 
 There are also towns of this name in N. Y., Pa., 
 N. C. and Ohio. 
 
 Bath, a County in the centre of Virginia, among 
 the Apalachian mountains, but comprised in the 
 
BAT 
 
 81 
 
 BAV 
 
 Western District. Pop. 4,008. Among these 
 mountains, 183 ni. W. N. W. of Richmond, are the 
 hot springs which give name to the county. There 
 is another spring a few miles north, called the 
 Warm Spring ; the north and south forks of the 
 Jackson River run through the plain between the 
 two ridges of mountains and the Cow Pasture 
 River, east of the eastern ridge, all of which fall 
 into James River, at the south end of the county. 
 There is another hot spring in Berkeley county, 
 Virginia, between the foot of tiie Bluff of the Ca- 
 capon ridge of the Alleghany Mountains and the 
 Potomac River, about 40 m. N. by W. of the city 
 of Washington. 
 
 Bath, a County of Kentucky, in the N. E., on 
 Licking river. Pop. 8,799. Owingsville and 
 Sharpsburg are the chief towns. 
 
 Bathgate, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgow- 
 shire, 19m. W. by S. of Edinburgh, on the higli 
 road to Glasgow. Pop. in 1821, 3,283, principally 
 employed in weaving. 
 
 Bathor, an interior town of Upper Hungary, in 
 the county of Szabolts, about 30 m. N. W. of De- 
 bretzin. 
 
 Bathurst, an English settlement on the W. coast 
 of North Africa, at the entrance of the river Gam- 
 bia. 
 
 Bathurst Plains, extensive fertile plains, west 
 of a ridge of mountains, called the Blue Moun- 
 tains, running parallel with the east coast of New 
 Holland in the lat. of about 36. S. 
 
 Batinda, the chief town of a fertile district of 
 the same name, on the N. W. confines of Dehli, 
 bordering on the desert of Moultan. 
 
 Batoa, a small island in the Indian Ocean, near 
 the west side of Sumatra, on the equinoctial line, 
 in long. 98. 0. E. 
 
 Baton Rouge, a parish in the E. District of 
 Louisiana, subdivided into E. and W. The form- 
 er has a pop. of 6,717, ch. town Concordia. The 
 latter has a pop. of 3,092, ch. town Baton Rouge. 
 
 Baton Rouge, p.t. capital of the above, on the E. 
 bank of the Mississippi, 138 m. above N. Orleans, 
 along the river. The country around is fertile, 
 but the town is small. 
 
 Batopilas, a considerable town of the Andes, or 
 Cordilleras of Mexico, in the intendency of Du- 
 rango. 
 
 Batoumi, a town at the mouth of a river of the 
 same name, falling into the Black Sea, and form- 
 ing the N. E. boundary of Armenia. 
 
 Batta, two towns on the west bank of the Dan- 
 ube, in Lower Hungary ; one a few miles S. of 
 Buda, and the other a few miles E. of Funfkirchen. 
 
 Battallah, a town of Hindoostan, about 60 m. 
 east by south of Lahore, in the province of that 
 name. 
 
 Battecola, a town on the Malabar coast, about 
 1 00 m . N . of Mangalore . 
 
 Battenburg, a town of Holland in Guelderland, 
 with acastle on the north bank of the Meuse, 10 m. 
 S.W. ofNimeguen. 
 
 Battenburg, a town and castle of Germanv, in 
 Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder, 14 m. N. of 
 Marburg. 
 
 Battersea, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the N. 
 bank of the Thames, 4 miles W. S. W. of London. 
 Here was the seat of the St. Johns, where the fa- 
 mous Lord Bolingbroke was born,and died. On the 
 site of it now stands a distillery and a horizontal 
 air-mill for grinding malt. Here is a timber bridge 
 over the river to Chelsea. Pop. in 1821, 4,764, 
 chiefly occupied in gardening and supplying the 
 London markets with vegetables. 
 II 
 
 Batticotta, a town in the northern part of Cey- 
 lon, where is an American missionary station. 
 
 Battle, a town in Sussex, Eng. near the English 
 Channel. Near this place, William, duke of 
 Normandy, defeated Harold, king of England, 
 1066, and in memory of this victory, he found- 
 ed here an abbey, which from its remains ap- 
 pears to have been magnificent. This town is 
 famous for a manufacture of gunpowder. It is 
 24 in. E. of Lewes, 6 N. of Hastings, and 56 S. E. 
 of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,852. 
 
 Battlefield, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 5 miles 
 N. of Shrewsbury. Here a decisive victory was 
 gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, sur- 
 named Hotspur. 
 
 Battletoicn, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. 6 m. E. Win- 
 chester. ft 
 
 Bavaria, Palatinate, Duchy, Electorate, Circle, 
 and Kingdom of. The former circle of Bavaria lies 
 between the 47th and 50th deg. of N. lat. and the 
 1 1th and 14th of E. long., is bounded on the north- 
 east by Bohemia, south-east and south by Aus- 
 tria and the Tyrol, south-west by Suabia, and 
 north-west by Franconia ; and comprises the pal- 
 atinate, and principalities of Sulzbach and Neu- 
 berg, in the north ; the duchy, which constituted 
 the greater portion of the circle, divided into 
 Lower and Upper, the county of Werdenfels in 
 the south-west ; the bishopric of Passau on the 
 east; the provostship of Berchtolsgaden, insulated 
 in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, which formed 
 the south-east part of the circle, forming together 
 an area of about 16,500 sq. miles, and containing 
 a population of 1,300,000. 
 
 The Duchy of Bavaria, which formed about 
 two-thirds of the circle, was part of the ancient 
 Noricum, peopled from ancient Gaul, from which 
 they were driven about 590 years B. C. It was 
 constituted a duchy in the early part of the 10th 
 century of the Christian a?ra, under which title 
 it continued uninterrupted until the reign of the 
 emperor Ferdinand of Germany, who raised Ba- 
 varia into an Electorate of the Germanic confed- 
 eracy ; but Maximilian Emanuel, grandson of the 
 first elector, forfeited his possessions, by violating 
 his allegiance in entering into an alliance with 
 France, against the emperor. He was however 
 reinstated in his possessions in 1714, amftfee suc- 
 ceeding elector, Charles, introduced numerous 
 salutary regulations into the social institutions 
 of the state, under which it rose in prosperity and 
 reputation, and continued to make advances in 
 social improvement, and to retain its influence in 
 the Germanic diet, until Napoleon interposed his 
 power, at the commencement of the 19th century 
 when the elector was again induced to withdraw 
 from the Germanic confederacy under the pledge 
 of being vested with regal authority, and guaran- 
 teed in an accession of territory at the expense of 
 Austria ; hence the 
 
 Kingdom of Bavaria, which was acknowledged 
 by the emperor of Austria at the peace of Pres- 
 burg in 1805 : the accession of territory obtained 
 with the regal title, lay on the side of Franconia, 
 Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disaster experienced 
 by Napoleon at Moscow in the winter of 1812, 
 1813, induced the new king to conclude a secret 
 treaty with the confederate powers against his 
 former patron, on condition of being guaranteed 
 in the integrity of his newly acquired dominions , 
 and at the congress of Vienna, in 1818, the bound- 
 aries of the Bavarian kingdom were finally adjust- 
 ed, when the territory was divided into the eight 
 following circles, with the chief towns of each 
 
BAU 
 
 82 
 
 BAY 
 
 .innexed as follows : viz. 
 
 1 The Rhine, W. Spires. 
 
 2 Lower Maine, N. Wurzburgh. 
 
 3 Upper ditto, N. Bayreuth. 
 
 4 Rezat, N. W. Anspach. 
 
 5 Upper Danube, S. W. Augsburg. 
 
 6 Iser, S. Munich. 
 
 7 Lower Danube, E. Bissau. 
 
 8 Regen, N. E. Ratisbon. 
 
 Of these divisions the 1st lies on both sides of 
 the Rhine, at the northern extremity of the terri- 
 tory of the grand duke of Baden, and is detached 
 from the other seven. Nos. 2, 3, and 4, formed 
 part of the circle of Franconia, and No. 5 of Sua- 
 bia. The last three previously forming the grand 
 duchy and the palatinate, the archbishopric of 
 Saltzburir having been ceded to Austria. The 
 whole of this territory comprises about 32,000 sq. 
 miles, and a population of about 3.600,000. The 
 frontier parts of the kingdom of Bavaria are in 
 general rugged and mountainous, but the inland 
 parts are fertile in corn and pasture ; all the va- 
 rious branches of manufacture of flax, wool, some 
 silk, leather, and working of metals, are followed 
 more or less as domestic occupations over most 
 parts of the country ; having but little surplus 
 produce of any kind for external traffic. Bavaria 
 maybe regarded as possessing within itself all the 
 means of domestic and social comfort. It is ex- 
 ceedingly well watered ; the Danube, which rises 
 on the border of the Black Forest in Suabia. runs 
 from west to east through the heart of the country, 
 passes Dilligen, Donauwerth, Neuberg, Ingol- 
 stadt, and Ratisbon to Passau, where it enters the 
 archduchy of Austria. The Inn, Iser. Lech, and 
 Iller, run from south to north into the Danube, 
 and the Maine runs from east to west, past 
 Schweinfurth and Wurtzburg into the Rhine. 
 Four-fifths of the inhabitants are Roman Catho- 
 lics, and the remainder Protestants : the latter 
 however not only enjoy the unrestrained exercise 
 of their worship, but are eligible to civil offices 
 and military appointments. Like all the other 
 Germanic states, military pretension and parade 
 is the ruling passior of the government, and from 
 40,000 to 50,000 men are held under military 
 discipline, to sustain which and other expenses 
 of the state, taxes, equal to about 11 ,1)00,000 dol- 
 lars American money, are levied annually on the 
 produce of the labour of the people. Munich is 
 the capital of the whole kingdom, and the seat of 
 government, which is unlimited, and vested in the 
 king, the title to which is hereditary. The power 
 has however been exercised with discretion, 
 prudence, and mildness, although not with all 
 the wisdom and efficiency to be desired. Edu- 
 cation has of late years been widely diffused 
 through the Bavarian states ; academies, ly- 
 ceums, and universities, have been multiplied ; 
 productions of foreign literature have been im- 
 ported ; and the effects are already apparent in 
 the improved condition of society and the grad- 
 ual advance of moral and physical renovation. 
 Bavaria may now be considered as holding the 
 first rank among the secondary class of European 
 states. 
 
 Bavay, a town of France, in the department of 
 Nord. It was taken by the Austrians in 1792, 
 but recovered the same year. It is 6 m. N. E. of 
 Quesnoy, and 12 S. W. of Mons. 
 
 BaucherviUc, a beautifully located village, on 
 the west bank of the river St. Lawrence, about 10 
 m. W. of Montreal. 
 
 Baud, a town in the interior of the maritime 
 province of Morbihan, France, about 12 m. N. E. 
 ofL'Orient. Pop. 6,200. 
 
 Bauge, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Coesnon, 16 
 m. E. of Angers. Pop. about 3,000. 
 Baughman, t. Wayne Co. Ohio. 
 Bauleah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on 
 the left bank of the Ganges. It is one of the 
 principal stations for collecting of silk, 22 m. N. 
 E. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Baumans Islands, three islands in the Pacific 
 Ocean, discovered by Bauman, a Dutchman, who 
 accompanied Roggewein, in 1722. They are cov- 
 ered with fruit trees, and divers sorts of vegeta- 
 bles. The inhabitants are numerous, and armeo 
 with bows and arrows ; but of a gentle and humane 
 disposition, and friendly to strangers. The largest 
 island is about 22 m. in circumference. Long. 
 170. 0. W. lat. 14. 0. S. 
 
 Baume les Nones, or Baume les Dames, a town 
 of France, in the department of Doubs. It has a 
 nunnery, from which it received its appellation ; 
 and is seated on the Doubs, 15 m. N. E. ofBe- 
 sanoon. 
 
 Baiisk, or Bautka, a town of Courland, on the 
 frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is 
 seated on the Musza, 15 m. S. E. of Mittau. 
 
 Bautzen, or Budisse.n, the capital of Upper Lusa- 
 tia, with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. Its 
 trade arising from various manufactures is con 
 siderable. It is famous for a great battle having 
 been fought here on May 20, 1813, between the 
 allied army under the emperor of Russia and the 
 king of Prussia, and the French army commanded 
 by Napoleon, in which the former were defeated. 
 It stands on the river Spree, 30 m. E. by N. of 
 Dresden. Long. 14. 30. E. lat. 51. 10. N. 
 
 Baux, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone, seated on a rock, at the top 
 of which is a castle, 10 m. E. by N. of Aries. 
 
 Bawtry, a small town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. It has a trade in lead, mill- 
 stones, and grindstones ; and is seated on the ri- 
 ver Idle, 9 m. S. by E. of Doncaster, and 153 N. 
 of London. 
 
 Baya, a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold coast, CO 
 m. E. S. E. of Acra. Long. 1. 59. E. lat. 5. 45 N. 
 Bay of Islands, there are several bays in differ- 
 ent parts of the world so called ; viz. 1st, on the 
 west coast of Newfoundland ; 2nd, in the straits 
 of Magellan; 3rd, on the north-east coast of New 
 Holland in lat. 10. 30. ; 4th, on the north-west 
 coast of America in lat. 57. N. ; 5th, on the east ' 
 coast of New Zealand. 
 
 Bayaguana, an inland town of the Island of St. 
 Domingo, about 35 m. N. E. of the city of Si. 
 Domingo. 
 
 Bayamo, a town in the east part of Cuba ,on 
 the river Estero, which forms a bay on the coast, 
 20 m. below the town. It gives name to a chan- 
 nel, between Cuba and the islands, called the 
 Queen's Garden, and is 80 m. W. S. W. of St. 
 Jago. Long. 77. 20. W. lat. 20. 45. N. 
 
 Bayazia, or Baiczia, a large town of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, in the south-east corner of Armenia, near 
 the source of the Euphrates, on the confines of 
 Persia. It is surrounded by a wall, and contains 
 two mosques, and several other edifices of great 
 architectural beauty, and about 30,000 inhab. 
 
 Bayersdorf, a town of the Bavarian circle of the 
 Upper Mayne, with a seat of justice and a large 
 synagogue, seated on the Rednitz, 4 m. N. of 
 Erlang. 
 
S3 
 
 BEA 
 
 Bayeux, a town of France, in the department of 
 Calvados, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is 
 very noble, and contains an exhibition on tapes- 
 try, of the conquest of England by William the 
 Norman, and there are 17 other churches. The 
 chief trade is in leather. It is seated on the riv- 
 er Aure, 4 m. from the English Channel, and 140 
 W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. W. lat. 49. 17. 
 N. Pop. about 10.500. 
 
 Bayou, a town of France, in the department of 
 Meurthe, on the river Moselle, 12 m. S. of Nancy. 
 
 Bayoa, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, on a small 
 gulf of the Atlantic, with a convenient harbour, 
 12 m. W. by N. of Tuy. 
 
 Bayonnc, a city and seaport of France, in the 
 department of Lower Pyrenees, and a bishop's 
 see. The Nive and Adour unite their streams in 
 the middle of the city, and proceed to the sea, at 
 the distance of a mile. The first, which is deeper 
 and more rapid than the Adour, divides the town 
 into two unequal parts, the smallest of which is 
 called the Bourg neuf, or new town. They have 
 a communication by three timber bridges. A bank 
 of sand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the en- 
 trance of the harbour difficult. The citadel is the 
 strongest in France, and the cathedral is remark- 
 able for the height of the nef, and the delicacy 
 of the pillars which support it. The military weap- 
 on, the bayonet, bear the name of this city, in 
 which it was invented. The chocolate of Bayonne 
 is famous ; and it also exports wines, woolen 
 cloths, silks, cottons, &c. The chief trade arises 
 out of its relation with Spain ; and it is a kind of 
 emporium for the merchandise of that country. 
 The court of France was held here for some time 
 in 1808, when the king A' Spain and his son, the 
 prince of the Asturias, were invited here to settle 
 their differences before Bonaparte, the result of 
 which was, that they were made to sign a treaty, 
 resigning the crown of Spain into his hands. Bay- 
 onne was besieged by the English in 1814, during 
 which the French made a sally, and attacked the 
 English with success, but were at length driven 
 back. The loss of the British in this affair was 
 considerable, and their commander wounded and 
 taken prisoner. It is 25 m. S. W. of Dax and 518 S. 
 by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 29. VV. lat. 43. 29. N. 
 
 Baypour, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Malabar, on a river capable of receiving vessels 
 of 400 tons. It is 15 m. S. by E. of Calicut. 
 
 Bayou, the name given in Louisiana to the 
 forks of the rivers, or natural canals which inter- 
 sect almost every part of the state. It is probably 
 a corruption of the French word boyau. 
 
 Bayreuth, a city of Franconia, capital of a prin- 
 cipality of the same name, with a palace, a fine 
 castle, and a famous college. Near it, forming a 
 .\ind of suburb, is the town of Georgen, which has 
 a large castle, a manufacture of excellent brown 
 and white porcelain, and a house of correction, in 
 which the marble of the country is polished by 
 means of a machine. In 178:5 the archives of the 
 principality were brought to Bayreuth, from Pla- 
 senburg; see Cuhnbuch: and in 1791 the margravate 
 of Bayreuth, with that of Anspach, was abdicated 
 by the reigning prince in favour of the king of 
 Prussia, but both were annexed and guaranteed 
 by Bonaparte, and afterward confirmed by the 
 congress at Vienna, to the kingdom of Bavaria, 
 (which see ;) and Bayreuth is now the capital of 
 the circle of Upper Mavne. It is 32 m. E. of 
 Bamberg. L-mg. 11. 44. E. lat. 49. 55. N. 
 
 Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on 
 the Gaudalantin, 21 m. E. N. E. of Guadix 
 
 Bazas, a town of France, in the department of 
 Gironde and lately an episcopal see. It is seated 
 on a rock, 5 m. from the river Garonne, and 42 
 S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 2. W. lat. 44. 22. N. 
 
 Beachy Head, the highest promontory on the 
 south coast of England, between Hastings and 
 Seaford. Long. 0.°15. E. lat. 50. 44. N. 
 
 Beaconsjield, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 
 The poet Waller lived here, and is interred in the 
 churchyard. It is also the place of interment of 
 Edmund Burke. It is seated on a hill, 23 m. W. 
 N. W. of London. Pop. 1,750. 
 
 Beallsvlllc, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. 7 m. W. 
 Brownsville. 
 
 Beaminster, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of canvas, iron, and copper. This 
 place suffered greatly by fire in 1781. It is 15 m. 
 W. N. W. of Dorchester, and 132 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1821, 2,800. 
 
 Bearcamp, r. N. H. falls into Ossipee Lake. 
 
 Bearficld, t. Perry Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bear Island, an island in Bantry Bay, Ireland, 
 with fortifications which form a strong defence 
 to the head of the bay. The island is about 12 m. 
 from the town of Bantry. 
 
 Beam, a late province of France, 40 m. long 
 and 30 broad ; bounded on the east by Bigorre, 
 south by Spanish Navarre, west by Soule and a 
 part of Lower Navarre, and north by Gascony and 
 Armagnac. The plains are fertile, especially in 
 pastures, and the hills are loaded with vines. It 
 now forms with Basques the department of the 
 Lower Pyrenees. 
 
 Beat, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, the houses are built of marble, 
 there being no other stone in the neighbourhood. 
 It is seated on the Garonne, 12 m. S. S. E. of St. 
 Bertrand. 
 
 Beaucaire, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gard, on the Rhone, about 20 m. from the sea, 
 where the river forms a spacious harbour and has 
 a communication by a bridge of boats with Taras- 
 con on the opposite bank of the river. Much 
 trade is carried on here, and an annual fair, held 
 for six days, in the month of July, was formerly 
 the most famous in Europe, but is now of little 
 importance. It is 11 m. E. of Nismes. 
 
 Beauce, a late province of France, between the 
 Isle of France, Blasois, and Orleanois. It is so 
 fertile in wheat that it is called the granary of 
 Paris. It now forms the department of Eure and 
 Loire. 
 
 Beaufort, a maritime district, forming the 
 south-east corner of the state of South Carolina ; 
 bounded on the south-west by the Savannah Riv- 
 er. It is a low swampy district, but very pro- 
 ductive in rice and cotton. In addition to the 
 Savannah on the south, it is bounded on the north 
 by the Big-slake-hatchie River, and the Coosaw- 
 hatchie intersects the district from north-west to 
 the south-east, dividing into two branches about 
 the centre of the district and forming an island 
 called Port Royal Island, on which is a town nam- 
 ed Beaufort, formerly the capital of the district, 
 but the courts are now held at the town of Coosaw- 
 hatchie, about 20 m. N. W. of Beaufort, and 193 
 S. of Columbia, the capital of the state. 
 
 Beaufort, a County of North Carolina, divided 
 in two parts by the Pamlico River, at its entrance 
 into Pamlico Sound ; it is a swampy and dreary 
 district, with a population of 10,949. Washington, 
 130 m. E. by S. of Raleigh is the chief town. " 
 
 Beaufort, p.t. a seaport of North Carolina, chief 
 town of Carteret County. It is situate on the N 
 
BEA 
 
 84 
 
 BEA 
 
 E. side of Core Sound, 55 m. S. S. E. of Newbern. 
 Long. 76. 50. W. lat. 34. 38. N. 
 
 Beaufort, p.t. BeaufortDist.net, S. C. on the isl- 
 and of Port Royal, 75 m. S Charleston. It has a 
 fine harbour, but the town is not in a very flour- 
 ishing state. 
 
 Beaufort, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle, 15 ra. E. of 
 Angers. Pop. 6,000. 
 
 Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the river Oron, 
 a branch of the Ysere, 12 m. N. E. of Moutier. 
 Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Beaugency, a town of France, in the department 
 of Loire, famous for its wines, seated on the river 
 Loire, 6 m. W. of Orleans. 
 
 Beaujcu, a town of France, in the department 
 of Rhone, with an ancient castle, seated on the 
 Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, 13 in. N. N. 
 W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1,600. 
 
 Beaujolois, a late province of France, 30 m. 
 long and 24 broad. It lies north of the Lyonois, 
 and both of them now form the department of 
 Rhone. 
 
 Beauleij, a river of Scotland in Inverness-shire, 
 formed by the union of the rivulets Farrar, Can- 
 nich, and Glass, on the borders of Ross-shire. It 
 takes a N. E. course, and after forming the falls 
 of Kilmorack and other cascades, flows to the 
 town of Beauley, where it enters the head of Mur- 
 ray frith. It produces a considerable supply of 
 salmon for the London market. 
 
 Beauley, a town of Scotland, in the parish of 
 Kilmorack, in lnverness-shire, at the mouth of the 
 river Beauley, 12 m. W. of Inverness. 
 
 Beaulicu, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on a riv- 
 er of its name, six miles S. S. W. of Southampton. 
 It has a manufacture of coarse sacking; and on 
 the opposite side of the river are the remains of 
 its famous abbey, founded by king John. 
 
 Bcaumarchez, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gers, 13 m. W. of Mirande. 
 
 Beaumaris, a borough of Wales, capital of An- 
 glesey ; governed by a mayor, a recorder, 24 burg- 
 esses, and other officers, who return one member to 
 parliament. It stands on the strait of Menai, was 
 fortified with a castle by Edward I. and has a good 
 harbour. It is 59 m. W. by N. of Chester, and 
 251 N. W. of London. Long. 4. 15. W. lat. 53. 
 15. N. Pop. 2,205. 
 
 Beaumont, a town of the Netherlands, on the 
 frontiers of the department of Nord, France, about 
 eicht miles east of Maubeuge. There are eight 
 other towns in different parts of France called 
 Beaumont, but none that merit any particular no- 
 tice, unless one in the department of Vaucluse, 
 the residence of Mirabeau. 
 
 Beaune, a town of France, in the department of 
 Cote d'Or, remarkable for its excellent wine. It 
 is 25 m. S. S. W. of Dijon. 
 
 Beauvais, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Oise, and lately an episcopal see. The 
 cathedral is admired for its fine architecture ; and 
 the church of St. Stephen is remarkable for its 
 curious windows. It was besieged in 1463, by the 
 duke of Burgundy, at the head of 80,000 men, 
 when the women, under the conduct of Jean de 
 Hachette, obliged the duke to raise the siege. The 
 inhabitants carry on a good trade in beautiful ta- 
 pestry. It is seated on the Thesin, 42 m. N. of 
 Paris. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Beauvoir, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vendee, on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. N. W. 
 »f Sables d'Olonne. 
 
 Beau, which implies fine, is prefixed to the 
 
 names of a number of other towns in different parts 
 of France, and to a few in England. 
 
 Bcaurivagc, a river of Lower Canada, south of 
 the St. Lawrence ; it falls into the Chaudieic. 
 about four miles above the entrance of that rivi t 
 into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Beaver, r. N. H. falls into the Merrimack at Dra- 
 cut, Mass. 
 
 Beaver, Great and Little, two head streams of the 
 Ohio, the former in Pa. and the latter in Ohio. 
 
 Beaver, a County at the west extremity of th« 
 state of Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio ; it is in 
 tersected by the Ohio River. Pop. 24,206. 
 
 Bearer, or Beverton, the chief town of this coun- 
 ty, is situate at the junction of the Beaver Rive" 
 with the Ohio, near the centre of the county, 2<»U 
 W. by N. of Harrisburgh. 
 
 There are also !) other towns in Pa. called Bea- 
 ver N. S. Little. Big &c. Also 3 towns in Ohio. 
 Beaver Islands, a cluster of Islands at the north 
 extremity of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Beaver Dam, in Southampton township, Long 
 Island, and in Roxbury township, Delaware coun- 
 ty, and in Berne township, Albany county, and 
 Beaver-kill, in Hurly township, Ulster county, all 
 in the state of New York. 
 
 Beblingen, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- 
 burgh, with a castle on a hill, 10 m. N. W. of Stut 
 gard. 
 
 Bee, a town of France, in the department of Low- 
 er Seine, with a noble Benedictine abbey, 18 m. S. 
 W. of Rouen. 
 
 Becancovr, a river of Lower Canada, which falls 
 into the St. Lawrence, from the south, opposite 
 the town of Three Rivers. 
 
 Bcecaria, .t. Clearfield Co. Pa. 
 Beccles, a corporate town in Suffolk, Eng. It 
 has a noble church, with a lofty steeple, and a 
 grammar school, endowed with 10 sholarships for 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge. It is seated on the 
 Wavenev, 12 m. S. W. of Yarmouth, and 109 N. 
 E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,493. 
 
 Bechin, a town in Bohemia, capital of a circle 
 of the same name, in which are several medicinal 
 springs and mines of salt. It has an ancient for- 
 tified castle, and stands on the river Lausnitz, 57 
 ra. S. by W. of Prague. Long. 14. 28. E. lat. 49. 
 18. N. 
 
 Becket, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 110 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,065. 
 
 Beckhamsviltc, p.t. Chester Dis. S. C. on the 
 Wateree, 32 m. N.W. Camden. 
 
 Bcckum, a town of Westphalia, in the principali 
 ty of Munster, at the source of the Verse, 20 m. 
 S. E. of Munster. 
 
 Bedale, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. the sur- 
 rounding district is distinguished for its breed of 
 horses, and of horse-jockies, 10 m. S.E. of Rich- 
 mond, and 222 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 1,137. 
 Bcdarieux, a town of France, in the department 
 of Herault, with a manufacture of druggets, and 
 other woolen stuffs, seated on the Orbre, 16 m. N. 
 of Bezieres. Pop. 3,350. 
 
 Beddingtov, a village in Surrey, Eng. 2 m 
 W. of Croydon. Here is Beddington-park, one of 
 the many said to have been the residence of queer 
 Elizabeth. The church is a Gothic pile, with 
 stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral. Pop. 480. 
 
 Bcder, a town of France in the department of 
 Ille Vilaine, 10 m. W. N. W. of Rennes. 
 
 Bcder, a fortified town of Hindooston, in Dow 
 latabad, situate on the south bank of the Manzorah 
 river, once the capital of a considerable kingdom, 
 and still celebrated for the number and magnifi 
 
BED 
 
 85 
 
 BEE 
 
 c.ence of its pagodas. It is 80 m N. W. of Hydra- 
 bad. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 17. 48. N. 
 
 Bedford, an inland county of England. At the 
 time Britain was invaded by the Romans, Cassib- 
 elinus, the chief of the inhabitants of this part of 
 the country, was appointed to the command of all 
 the forces of Britain, against Caesar ; and under 
 the heptarchy of the Saxons, it formed part of the 
 kingdom of Mercia, and the county-town is sup- 
 posed to have been the burial-place of king OfFa ; 
 it was afterwards the scene of man/ contests be- 
 tween Britons, Saxons, and Danes and at later 
 periods became involved in the collisions between 
 king John and the barons ; and in 1642 it took 
 the side of the people against the kingly authority 
 of Charles I. The river Ouse intersects it by a 
 very winding course from west to east; and the 
 Ivel, with several tributary streams, waters the 
 south part. The face of the country is varied with 
 small hills and valleys ; and on the south is a 
 range of chalky hills, which, rising to a consider- 
 able elevation, and projecting irregularly over the 
 valleys, give the landscape a bold and remarkable 
 appearance. From the south-east corner to the 
 middle of the county runs a line of good meadow- 
 land ; and the north and east portions have a deep 
 soil, which is well cultivated and produces large 
 crops of corn. The mineral productions are lime- 
 stone, coarse marble, and imperfect coal ; and ful- 
 ler's earth is obtained in considerable quantities. 
 Mineral springs are found in different parts of the 
 county, but they have not acquired much celebri- 
 ty. The manufactures are chiefly confined to the 
 making of lace and preparing straw plat for bon- 
 nets, baskets, toys, &c. The remains of both Sax- 
 on and Gothic architecture are to be seen in sev- 
 eral of the churches, as also a few specimens of 
 stained glass in their windows. Roman antiqui- 
 ties have also been frequently discovered in the 
 county; and it is intersected by three Roman roads. 
 
 Bedford, the chief town of the preceding coun- 
 ty, is situate about the centre of the county, on 
 a spacious plain, north of the Chiltern hills, 
 which run across the south part. The river Ouse, 
 over which there is a beautiful stone bridge of 
 five arches, divides the town into two parts. It 
 has five churches, a county hospital, and the luna- 
 tic asylum, a well endowed public school, and 
 about 50 alms-houses, liberally endowed by Sir 
 William Harpur, knight, a former inhabitant of 
 the town. It is a borough town, governed by a 
 mayor, recorder, aldermen, two chamberlains, and 
 13 common council, and returns two members to 
 parliament, by the suffrage of the male inhabitants 
 at large. It is the seat of assize, and of election 
 for the county. Pop. in 1821, 5,466, 27 m. E. by 
 N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, about 
 ^00,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, Suf- 
 folk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and 
 Lincoln. After various attempts to drain these 
 fens, in the reign of Henry VI. and Charles I., 
 William, earl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and 
 completed it; and in the reign of Charles II. a 
 corporation was established for the government 
 of this great level. In these fens are several de- 
 coys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowl 
 are taken during the season. 
 
 Bedford, a. County in the E. District of Virgin- 
 ia, bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge : on 
 the north by James River, and on the south by the 
 Staunton, n "jranch of the Roanoke. Pop. 20,253. 
 Liberty, the chief town, in the centre of the coun- 
 ty, is 162 m. VV. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 Bedford, is also the name of a county in West 
 Tennessee. Pop. 30,444. Shellbyville, 35m. south 
 of Murfreesborough, is the chief town. 
 
 Bedford, another county in the Western Dis 
 trict of Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, 
 lying between the Tuscarora and the main ridge 
 of the Alleghany Mountains. Pop. 54,636. The 
 chief town of the same name, in the centre of the 
 county, is 105 m. W. of Harrisburg. 
 
 Bedford, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 52 m. fr. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,554. 
 
 Bedford, p.t. Middlebury Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W 
 Boston. Pop. 685. 
 
 Bedford, p.t. West Chester Co. N. Y. 110 m 
 S. Albany. Pop. 2,750. 
 
 Bedford, p. v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bedminsler, t. Somerset Co. N. J. 
 
 Bedminsler, t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Bednore, a district of Hindoostan, forming the 
 N. W. corner of the Mysore, intersected by the 
 Ghaut Mountains, the chief town of the district, 
 and which was formerly the capital of Canara, is 
 situate east of the mountains, and is supposed 
 once to have been a magnificent and important 
 place ; but having been repeatedly subject to the 
 assaults of the Mahrattas, the British, and Tipp jo 
 Saib, it is much reduced. It is seated on a branch 
 of the Trombudra River, 185 m. N. W. of Ser- 
 ingapatam. 
 
 Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs, who live 
 in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt, 
 and the North of Africa, governed by their own 
 chiefs, in the same manner as the Patriarchs liv- 
 ed and governed anciently ; the principal employ- 
 ment of both, the grazing of cattle. 
 
 Bedwin, Great, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. 
 it has neither market nor fair, but returns two 
 members to parliament. It is situate on the line of 
 the Kennet and Avon Canal, five miles S. W. of 
 Hungerford, and 70 W. of London. Pop. 1,828. 
 
 Bedworth, a town in the -county of Warwick, 
 England, seated on the great coal strata, winch is 
 here extensively worked. A number of persons 
 are also employed in the riband manufacture ; 
 5 m. N. of Coventry. Pop. in 1821 , 3,519. 
 
 Beekman, p.t. Duchess Co. N. Y. 86 m. S. Alba- 
 ny. Pop. 1,584. 
 
 Beckmantoicn, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. 160 m. N. 
 Albany. Pop. 2.391. 
 
 Becmah, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in 
 the mountains to the North of Poonah, and flows 
 S. E. upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the Kristna, 
 near Edghir. 
 
 Beering's Bay, a bay formerly called Admiral- 
 ty Bay, in N. lat. 59. 18. on the west coast of North 
 America. 
 
 Beering's Island, an Island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 about 90 m. long and 30 wide, 30 leagues east of 
 the coast of Kamschatka. Long. 166. 30. E. lat. 
 55. 30. N. 
 
 Beering's Strait, the narrow sea between the 
 west coast of North America and the east coast 
 of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in the narrowest 
 part, between the capes Prince of Wales and 
 Tchukotskoi, in lat. 65. 45. N. 168. 17. W. long. 
 
 Beeroo, a country of Negroland, between Zaha- 
 ra on the north, and Bambara on the south. 
 Walet is the capital. 
 
 Bees, St. a village in Cumberland, Eng. near The 
 sea, five miles south of Whitehaven. Here is a 
 noted free-school ; also the remains of a priory , the 
 nave of its church being now used as the parish 
 church. 
 
 Beesko, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, with a 
 H 
 
BEL 
 
 m 
 
 BEL 
 
 cloth manufacture ; seated on the Spree, 40 m. S. 
 E. of Berlin. 
 
 Befort, or Bclfort, a fortified town of France, in 
 the department of Upper Rhine, with manufac- 
 tures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a 
 mountain, 34 m. S. W. of Colna. Pop. about 
 5,000. 
 
 Brir/tcrtiit, an interior country, in the centre 
 oi North Africa, south of Bornou. The capital, of 
 the same name, is situate in the lat. of 17. N. 
 and 22. 50. E. long. A salt lake in the centre of the 
 territory supplies a great extent of country with 
 that indispensable article. 
 
 Hrliitliti.r, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 75 
 m. W. by N. of Lahore, on the road to Cashmere. 
 
 Behker, or Bhuhor, a town of Hindoostan, capi- 
 tal of a country of the same name. It stands on 
 an island formed by the Indus, near the junction 
 of the Dummoody, 1(50 in. S. by W. of Moultan. 
 Long. 70. 2. E. lat. 27. 30. N. 
 
 Beilstiiin, the name of several towns in different 
 parts of Germany : 1st in the Duchy of Wurtem- 
 burg at which is a mineral bath, about 20 m. N. 
 by E. of Stuttgard ; 2nd in the Prussian states of 
 the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, on the east 
 bank of the Moselle, about 5 m. N. of Zell, and 
 22 S. W. of Coblentz; 3rd a little to the west of 
 Leon, on the Mayne. 
 
 Beinlieim, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur. near its con- 
 fluence with the Rhine, 22 in. N. N. E. of Stras- 
 burg. 
 
 Beira, a province of Portugal, bordering on the 
 Atlantic Ocean, extending from the mouth of the 
 Mondego River, S. in lat. 40. to the Douro. which 
 forms its northern boundary, in lat. 41. 11. N. It 
 is bounded on the cast by the Spanish province of 
 , Salamanca, and south by the Portuguese province 
 of Estremadura, and contains an area of 823 sq. 
 leagues, and in 1810 a population of 1,121 .<;'X>. 
 The province is interspersed with mountains, 
 from which rise several streams, some falling into 
 the Tagus, and others into the Douro, in addition 
 to the Mondego, which intersects nearly the 
 whole province from east to west, and is, on the 
 whole, a fine and fruitful district. The capital is 
 Coimbra, and the other chief towns are Lamejo, 
 Viseu, Pinhel, Almeida, Guarda, and Caste 1 
 Branco. 
 
 Beit el Fakl, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, fa- 
 mous asbeincr agreat mart for coffee. It is 24 m. 
 E. S. E. of Hodeida, and about 70 N. by E. of Moka. 
 
 Beith, a parish and town of Scotland ; the parish 
 is partly in Ayr and partly in Renfrewshire, and 
 in 1S21 contained 4,472 inhabitants. The town, 
 in which the greater portion of the population is 
 concentrated, and employed in the cotton manu- 
 facture, is in Ayrshire, about 10 m. S. by W. of 
 Paisley. 
 
 Beja, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, supposed 
 to hive been the Pax Julia of the Romans, seated 
 on an eminence in an extensive plain, near a lake 
 of ; 's name, 72 m. S. E. of Lisbon. Long; 7. 40. 
 W. lat. 37. 58. N. Pop. about (5,000. 
 
 Bejapour. See Visiapouri 
 
 Bekesli, a town in a county of the same name, 
 in Upper Hungary, situate in a fork of the Korash 
 River, a few miles east of Tur. 
 
 Bela, a large town of Upj>er Hungary, situate a- 
 mong the Carpathian Mountains on the frontiers 
 of Poland. 
 
 Brl-Alcasar, or Balrazar. a town of Cordova, 
 Spain, situate on the east bank of the Go^a river, 
 35 m. 'N. N. W. of Cordova. 
 
 Belabre, or Balahre, a town of France, in the de 
 partment of Indre, 25 m. S. W. of Chateauroux 
 
 Belair, p.t. Hartford Co. Maryland, 53 in. N 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Belbeis, a considerable town of Ecypt, 35 m. N 
 E. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez. 
 
 Belcastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- 
 ore, seated on a mountain, eight miles from the 
 Gulf of Squilaee and 12 S. W. of St. Severino. 
 
 Belchertown, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 80 m. 
 N.W.Boston. Pop. 2,41)1. 
 
 Belrhitc, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the ri- 
 ver Almonazir, 20 m. S. of Saragossa. 
 
 Belcz, or Beh, a town of Gallicia, about 25 m 
 N. by E. of Lemberg. 
 
 Bclcm, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, on 
 the north side of the Tagus, four miles below Lis- 
 bon. Here is a royal monastery, where the kingd 
 and queens of Portugal are interred; a strong fort, 
 which defends the entrance to the city ; and to 
 the north a noble modern aqueduct. 
 
 Behstut. a town of France, in the department 
 of Aude, 27 m. S. W. of Carcassone. 
 
 Belfast, a town in the county of Antrim, Ireland, 
 situate at the head of a spacious bay, about 15 
 miles in length, which forms a safe and commo- 
 dious harbour. Vessels drawing more than eight 
 or nine feet of water load and unload by lighters, 
 about seven miles below the town. Belfast is a 
 regular well-built town ; the principal street 
 runs in a straight line from the head of the bay, 
 and is very handsome. It is the entrepot for a 
 great portion of the linens manufactured in the 
 north of Ireland, for the storing of which there is 
 a spacious edifice called the Linen Hall, on the 
 plan of the cloth halls in Leeds. It has a thea- 
 tre and an exchange, over which is an assembly- 
 room ; two handsome churches, and several meet- 
 ing-houses, and in 1808 a public school on an ex- 
 tensive scale was founded ; there are also very ex- 
 tensive barracks on the north side of the town ; 
 the river Lagan, over which there is a bridge of 
 21 arches, falls into the bay, on the S. E. side, and 
 communicates with Lough Neagh by a canal. 
 The markets are exceedingly well supplied with 
 all kinds of provisions, and large quantities of 
 linens, in small parcels, are brought in for sale 
 by the country people, for whose accommodation 
 there is a separate market. In addition to large 
 quantities of linens, butter, salt provisions, and 
 grain, shipped to Great Britian, partly in ex- 
 change for manufactures and partly in payment o 
 rent, to a non-resident proprietor, Belfast carries 
 on a direct trade to the West Indies, Spain, Amer- 
 ica, and the Baltic; builds and owns a considera- 
 ble extent of shipping, and has several manufac- 
 tures of leather, chemicals, glass, &c; and the 
 cotton manufacture, is endeavouring to establish 
 itself in Belfast and its vicinity. It is 88 m. N. of 
 Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 37.277, and returns one 
 member to the parliament of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Belfast, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. at the mouth of the 
 Penobscot, 12 in. VV. Castine, has a good harbour 
 and considerable trade in lumber. Pop. 3,077. 
 
 Belfast, t. Bedford Co. Pa. 
 
 Belfnril, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 04 m. E. Raleigh 
 
 Belfortl, a town of Northumberland, Eng. on the 
 line of the high road from London to Edinburgh. 
 49 hi. N. bv W. of Newcastle, and 15 S. by E. oi 
 Berwick. 'Pop. 1,208. 
 
 Belgnnl, a town of Prussian Pomerania, immedi 
 atelv contiguous to Corbin, and about 15 m. S. bv 
 E. of Colberg. 
 
 Belgcrn, a town of Saxony Proper, with a good 
 
BEL 
 
 87 
 
 BEL 
 
 trade in beer, seated on the Elbe, 8 m. S. E. of 
 Torgau. 
 
 Belgium. See Netherlands 
 
 Belgrade, a celebrated town and fortress of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, capital of Servia, and a Greek 
 bishop's see, seated at the confluence of the Saave 
 with the Danube, immediately contiguous to the 
 Sclavonian fortress of Semlin. It was first pos- 
 sessed by the Turks in 1522, retaken by the 
 confederated German powers in liiS8, but again 
 taken by the Turks in 1690. It was taken by 
 prince Eugene in 1717, and kept till 1739, when 
 it was ceded to the Turks. It was again taken in 
 
 1789, and restored at the peace of Reichenbach, in 
 
 1790, and in 1806 it surrendered to an insurgent 
 force of Servians, in opposition to the wanton au- 
 thority of the Janissaries. In addition to its emi- 
 nence as a fortress, it is one of the most considera- 
 ble trading- towns in Western Turkey. It is about 
 440 in. N7W. of Constantinople, and 160 S. S. E. 
 of Pest. 
 
 Belgrade, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania, on the strait of Constantinople. 20 miles 
 north of that city. 
 
 Belgrado, a town of Italy, in Friuli, seated near 
 the Tojamenta, 81 m. S. by W. of Udina. 
 
 Belidn, or Blceda, a town of Algiers, in the pro- 
 vince of Titeria, at the foot of a ridge of mountains, 
 15 m. S. E. of Algiers. 
 
 Bclitz, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the 
 Middle Mark, with a manufacture of cloth, sea- 
 ted on a river of the same name, 27 m. S. W. of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Bellac, a town of France, in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, seated on the Vincon, 20 m. N. of 
 Limoges. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Bellamy Bank, r. unites with the Piscataqua at 
 Dover, N. Hi 
 
 BelleJ'ortc, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Bellegarde, a fortress of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Eastern Pyrenees, and an important place, 
 on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees. 
 It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken 
 the next year. It is 15 in. S. of Perpignan. 
 
 Bellegarde, a town of France, in the department 
 of Saone and Loire, on the river Saone, 15 m. N. 
 E. of Chalons. 
 
 Bclleisle, an island of France, 15 miles from the 
 coast of Hretagne. It is 10 miles long and three 
 broad, diversified with craggy mountains, salt- 
 works, and fertile plains. The principal place 
 is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was 
 taken by the English, in 17<>1, and restored in 
 1762. It now forms part of the department of 
 Morbihan, and contains a population of about 5,800. 
 Long. 3. 5. W. lat.47. 17. N. 
 
 Belleisle, an island at the N. E. end of a channel 
 between New Britain and Newfoundland, called 
 the Strait of Belleisle. The island is 20 miles 
 in circuit, and has a small harbour on the N. W. 
 side. Long. 55. 25. W. lat. 51. 58. N. 
 
 Bellesme, a town of France, in the department 
 of Orne, with an ancient castle, 24 m. E. S. E. of 
 Alenonn and 80 S. W. of Paris 
 
 Bellevieib, p.t. Washington Co. Missouri, in the 
 Mine District. 
 
 Belleville, p. v. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic, 5 
 m. above Newark. Here are calico printing 
 works which turn out annually near 7,000,000 
 yards, also manufactures of copper, brass, silver, 
 red and white lead, &c. 
 
 Belleville, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. There 
 are also towns of this name in Ohio, Illinois, Ken 
 lucky and Alabama. 
 
 Belley, a town of France, in the department of 
 Ain, and lately a bishop's see ; seated near the 
 Rhone, 40 m. S. E. of Bourg. Long. 5. 44. E. lat. 
 45. 47. N. Pop. about 3,800. 
 
 Bcllldcm, a town in the Bavarian circle of the 
 Rhine, lying between Laudan and Phillipsburg, 
 on the west side of the river. 
 
 Bellin, a town of Brandenburg, in ',*■ ;• new Mark, 
 east of the Oder Canal, about 18 m. N. N. W. oi 
 Kustin. 
 
 Bellingham, a town in Northumberland, Eng. 
 seated on the north branch of the Tyne, 15 m. N 
 N. W. of Hexham, and 300 of London. 
 
 Bellingham, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 26 m. S. 
 W.Boston. Pop. 1,101. 
 
 Bcllinzona, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 canton of Tessin. It is seated on the Tesino, five 
 miles above its entrance into the lake Maggiore, 
 and 22 W. S. W. of Chiavenna. Long. 8. 55. E. 
 lat. 46. 8. N. 
 
 Bellows Falls, a cataract on the Connecticut be- 
 tween Walpole and Rockingham, consisting of 
 several pitches in a very narrow strait of the liv- 
 er. A large rock here divides the stream into two 
 channels, each 90 feet wide, but when the river is 
 low the whole current is thrown into the western 
 channel, where it is contracted to 16 feet and rush- 
 es with astonishing rapidity. A bridge is built 
 over these falls, and a canal passes round them. 
 
 Bell Rock, or Inch Cape, a ledge of partly sunk- 
 en rocks, off the east coast of Scotland, between 
 the Friths of Forth and Tay, formerly very dan- 
 gerous in foggy weather, and by night, but some 
 what obviated since 1811, by the erection of a 
 light-house upon the most prominent point, in lat. 
 56. 26. N. and long. 2. 23. W. 
 
 Bcllnnese, a district of Italy, lying between Fri- 
 uli, Cadorino, Feltrino, and Tyrol. It has large 
 woods, and iron mines; and is fertile in corn, 
 wine, and fruit. Belluno is the only place of 
 note. 
 
 Belluno, a town of Italy, capital of the Bel- 
 lunese, and a bishop's see, seated among the Alps, 
 on the river Piave, 15 m. N. E. of Feltri. Long. 
 12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. N. Pop. about 7,500. 
 
 Belmont, a county on the east side of the state 
 of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River, which se- 
 parates it from Virginia. Pop. 24,412. St. Clairs- 
 vilie. the chief town, is 123 m. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Belmont, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 20 m. W. Castine 
 Pop. 1,024. 
 
 Belmont, Wayne Co. Missouri. 
 
 Belmont, the name of two inconsiderable towns 
 in France, one in the department of Loire, and 
 the other in Aveiron. 
 
 Belover, a town in the N. E. part of Croatia, 
 near the frontiers of Sclavonia. 
 
 Beloochistan, a country of Asia, lying between 
 Persia and the Indus, the boundaries of which are 
 very imperfectly defined; the inhabitants consist- 
 ing whollj' of pastoral tribes, extend their territo- 
 ry wherever pasture and fertility invite, and the 
 power of their arms prove sufficient to defend 
 them against interruption ; in fact, instead of Be- 
 loochistan being designated a country, it would be 
 more proper to consider it as the eastern part of 
 Persia, inhabited by numerous predatory and law- 
 less tribes, possessing peculiar Mahometan tenets, 
 from which the name of Belooches has been deriv- 
 ed, and which will be more fully described under 
 the head of Persia. 
 
 Bclluza, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with 
 a citadel, both of them strongly fortified with a 
 mud wall and a ditch. In the vicinity is much 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 fine rice ground, and a great number of sheep 
 are bred.— It is 38 m. N. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Belper, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. Here are 
 several large cotton-mills, a bleaching mill and an 
 iron-forge, and about a dozen large establishments 
 for the manufacture of nails. It is seated on the 
 Derwent, 8 m. N. of Derby, 134 N. N. W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 7,233. 
 
 Belpre, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio, on the N. 
 W. bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the 
 Little Kanahwa, 14 m. S. W. of Marietta, and 
 46 N. E. of Gallipolis 
 
 Belpuig, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a 
 famous convent, 18 m. E. N. E. of Lerida. 
 
 Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, between the 
 islands of Zealand and Funen, which forms a com- 
 munication between the Cattegat and the Baltic. 
 Owing to its more circuitous course it is not so 
 much frequented as the Sound. (See Baltic.) In 
 1658 the whole strait was frozen so hard, that 
 Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, marched over 
 it, with a design to take Copenhagen. 
 
 Belt, Little, a strait, west of the Great Belt, be- 
 tween Funen and North Jutland. It is one of the 
 passages from the Cattegat to the Baltic, though 
 not three miles in breadth, and very crooked. 
 
 Belturbet, a town in the north part of the coun- 
 ty of Cavan, Ireland, it is in the parish of Annagh, 
 which in 1321 contained a population of 10,488, 
 and is sometimes called Belturbet. The town 
 contains about 1 ,800 inhabitants, 9 m. N. N. W. 
 of Cavan, and 61 of Dublin. 
 
 Belvedere, a town of European Turkey, capital 
 of a fertile province of the same name, in the Mo- 
 rea. Tiie raisins called Belvederes come from this 
 place. It is 17 m. N. E. of Chirenza. Long. 21. 
 45. E. lat. 38. 0. N. 
 
 Belvedere, p. v. Warren Co. N. J. on the Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 Belvcz, a town of France, in the department of 
 Dordogne, 27 m. S. S. E. of Perio-ueux. Pop. 
 about 3,000. 
 
 Belmn, a town of Hanover, near the mouth of 
 the Oste, 24 m. N. W. of Stade. Considerable 
 quantities of flax are raised in its vicinity. 
 
 Belur, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a 
 province of the same name, which is a hilly coun- 
 try, bounded on the north and east by the Belur 
 Tag, or Dark Mountains, anciently the Imaus. 
 The capital is 200 m. E. of Badakshan. Lonor. 74. 
 10. E. lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Belvidere, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 38 m. N. Mont- 
 pelier. Pop. 185. 
 
 Bclziir, a town of Saxony Proper, with a castle, 
 seated on the Walse, 25 m. N.N. W. of Witten- 
 burg. 
 
 Ben, a name prefixed to most of the mountains 
 in Scotland ; the following are among the most 
 considerable, with the counties in which they be- 
 long and their altitude above the level of the sea: — 
 
 Feet. 
 Ben 
 
 Ardlanich 
 
 Perth 
 
 3,500 
 
 Beauchonzie 
 
 
 
 2,922 
 
 Beinglo 
 
 
 
 3,725 
 
 Abourd 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 3,940 
 
 Avon 
 
 
 3,920 
 3,000 
 
 Choachan 
 
 Ross 
 
 Cloch 
 
 Clackmannan 
 
 2,420 
 
 Ivas 
 
 Perth 
 
 4,000 
 
 Nevis 
 
 Inverness 
 
 4,370 
 
 Lomond 
 
 Stirling 
 
 3,240 
 
 Bcna, or Bene, a fortified town of Piedmont, in 
 the north-west part of the province of Mondovi, 
 28 m. S. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Benares, an exceedingly fertile district of Hin- 
 doostan, in the north-east part of the province of 
 Allahabad, between those of Bahar and Oude. It 
 contains the circars of Benares, Jionpour, Chunar, 
 and Gazypour; and was ceded to the English in 
 1775. It is very productive in rice, sugar, silk, 
 cotton, and indigo. 
 
 Benares, the chief town of the district, is one 
 of the finest and most populous towns of all Hin- 
 doostan. It is beautifully situated on the north 
 bank of the Ganges, and celebrated as the ancient 
 seat of Brahininical learning. Several Hindoo 
 temples embellish the high banks of the river ; 
 and many other public and private buildings are 
 magnificent. The streets are narrow, the houses 
 high, and some of them five stories each, inhabit- 
 ed by different families, but the more wealthy 
 Gentoos live in detached houses, with an open 
 court, surrounded by a wall. Nearly in the cen- 
 tre of the city is a considerable Mahomedan 
 mosque, built by the emperor Aurungzebe, who 
 destroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple to make 
 room for it. There is also a very superb temple, 
 built by the rajah Cheytsing, who was driven from 
 Benares for exciting an insurrection against the 
 British in 1781, and who was finally deposed in 
 1783. There are ruins of several Hindoo temples 
 in the vicinity, destroyed by the intolerance of 
 Mahometans. In addition to the consequence 
 derived from the vast congregation of persons oc- 
 casioned by the priestcraft of Benares, it is the 
 centre of a very extensive traffic for all the pro- 
 ductions and manufactures of the east, and is dis- 
 tinguished for its trade in diamonds, and works in 
 gold and jewelry. It is the seat of a British juris- 
 diction, and is about 130 111. W. by S. of Patna, 
 and 460 W. by N. of Calcutta. Pop. about 600,000. 
 
 Benatck, a town in the circle of Bunzlau, Bohe- 
 mia, situate on the west bank of the Iser River, 
 about 30 m. N. E. of Prague. Tycho Brahe died 
 here in 1601. 
 
 Benavari, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 17 m. 
 N. of Lerida. 
 
 Benavente, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the 
 river Esla, 35 m. S. S. W. of Leon. 
 
 Benavente, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on 
 the river Soro, near its confluence with the Tagus, 
 30 m. E.N. E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Bcnbecula, an island of Scotland, one of the 
 Hebrides, between North and South Uist, from the 
 last of which it is separated by a narrow channel, 
 nearly dry at low water. It is of a circular form, 
 including the inlets of the sea, 9 miles in diame- 
 ter. The soil is sandy and unproductive, but 
 much kelp is made from the sea-weed thrown on 
 the coast. 
 
 Bencoolen, a settlement of the English East 
 India Company, on the south-west side of the 
 Island of Sumatra. The settlement was first form- 
 ed in 1690, after the valiant Dutch drove all the 
 English from Batavia. The unhealthiness of the 
 spot first chosen, destroyed in 1692, nearly the 
 whole of the European population : a new site 
 was chosen, and the fort called Fort Marlborough, 
 has proved more congenial to the physical con- 
 stitutions of Europeans, but it is still considered 
 the most disagreeable place in all the British do- 
 minions cf the east. The town is inhabited by 
 natives from all parts of Asia. The chief occupa- 
 tion of the people of the country is the culture of 
 the pepper plant, the extent of the produce of 
 which is very great, and constitutes its exclusive 
 means of external commerce. Fort Malborough 
 is in lat. 3- 48. S. and 102. 28. E. long. 
 
BEN 
 
 6y 
 
 BEN 
 
 Bcncoonant, a town at the soutli-west extremity 
 of the island of Sumatra, about 120 m. S. E. of 
 Bencoolen. 
 
 Bencowse, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Constantine, 25 m. S. S. E. of Seteef. 
 
 Bendala, a town of Bornou,, North Africa, about 
 200 in. E. of the capital. 
 
 Bender, or Tehcn, a fortified town oi European 
 Turkey, capital of Bessarabia. Mere Charles the 
 XII. of Sweden resided, after his defeat at Pulto- 
 wa in 170!). Previous to 1770, when the Russians 
 took Bender by storm, and totally destroyed the 
 town, and afterwards abandoned it. it contained 
 about 30,000 inhabitants. In 17.-;9 it was taken 
 again by the Russians almost without a struggle, 
 but restored to the Turks in the following year; 
 again taken by the Russians, to whom with the 
 whole of Bessarabia and all that part of Moldavia 
 east of the Pruth, it was confirmed by treaty in 
 1312. It is seated on the west bank of the Dnies- 
 ter, about 100 m. E. by S. of Jassy, and 410 N. of 
 Constantinople. Present pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Bender Major, Begh, and Risker, three towns 
 on the north-east shore of the Persian gulf. 
 
 Bendorf, a town on the east bank of the Rhine, 
 about 5 m. N. of Coblentz. 
 
 Bcneadi, a large town of Upper Eg3'pt, on f.iie 
 west side of the Nile, in lat. about 27. 30 N. 
 
 Benedetto, St. a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 
 near the river Po, 15 in. S. S. E. of Mantua, distin- 
 guished before the revolution, for one of the rich- 
 est and finest convents in all Italy. There is also 
 another town of the same name in Piedmont, 12 
 Hi. E. of Bena. 
 
 Benedict, a town of Maryland, in Charles Coun 
 ty, situate on the Patuxent, 10 m. W. of Port To- 
 bacco. 
 
 Benedict, St. a market town of Hungary, on 
 the west bank of the Gran, about 5 in. W. of 
 Pukanz. 
 
 Beneschau, a town in the south-west part of 
 Silesia, on the frontier of theprincipality oi'Trop- 
 pau. Also the name of four small towns in Bo- 
 hemia. 
 
 Bensueuf, a town of Egypt, noted for its hemp 
 and flax ; seated on the Nile, 50 m. S. of Cairo. 
 
 Bcneveiite, a town of France, in the department 
 of Creuse, 10 m. N. N. W. of Borganeuf. 
 
 Bcnevento, a city of Naples, and an archbishop's 
 see, capital of Principato Ulteriore, and of a small 
 duchy of its name, lately belonging to the pope. 
 Benevento has suffered greatly by earthquakes, 
 particularly in 1688, when the archbishop was dug 
 out of the ruins alive. Except Rome, no city in 
 Italy can boast of so many ruins of ancient sculp- 
 ture as are to be found in this place. It is seated 
 near the confluence of the Sabato and Caloro, 
 35 m. N. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 47. E. lat. 41. 
 8. N. Pop. about 14,000. 
 
 Benfelden, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Rhine, on the river 111, 12 m. S. S. W. 
 of Strasburg. 
 
 Bengal,' & maritime province forming the north- 
 east extremity of the great promontory of Hin- 
 doostan. lying between the lat. of 22. and 2G. 30. 
 N. and the 86th and 92nd deg. of E. long. It is 
 bounded on the north-east and north by Meckley, 
 Assam, and Bootan, countries at present but little 
 known ; north-west by Bahar ; south by Orissa ; 
 and south-east by the ocean or bay of Bengal, and 
 contains an area of upwards of 100,000 sq. miles. 
 The river Ganges intersects the province from 
 north-west to south-east, dividing into numerous 
 channels before it falls into the sea, between the 
 12 
 
 88th and 91st deg. of long. The Burrampooter 
 enters the province from Assam, at the north-east 
 extremity, and unites with the most northern, 
 which is the main branch of the Ganges at its 
 confluence with the sea; whilst the Dummooda 
 waters the south side of the province, falling into 
 the Hoogly, or southern branch of the Ganges, 
 below Calcutta : these rivers, with their numer- 
 ous tributary streams, afford a facility of coininu 
 nication by water to almost every town in the 
 province, and by their periodical overflowings add 
 fertility to the luxuriant and exhaustless soil. 
 Bengalis altogether a level country, forme d cf 
 vast plains, bounded to the eye only by the 
 horizon, yielding, with but little aid of culture, all 
 the plants and fruits peculiar to a tropical climate. 
 Rice, cotton, silk, and saltpetre, are its indigenous 
 and staple productions, and sugar and indigo have 
 been recently cultivated with great success and to 
 a vast extent. Tobacco, hemp, and flax, are 
 also produced for internal consumption, but being 
 inferior in quality to the like productions of 
 America and Europe, they are not exported. 
 Gums and medicinal plants are various and abun- 
 dant. The great forests and marshy districts are 
 peopled with elephants. These gigantic animals, 
 once formidable in the field of battle, are now em- 
 ployed only to drag cannon and carry amunition, 
 
 to set heavy engines in motion, to carry on their 
 broad backs the purple tent where a nabob reposes 
 on his gilded cushions ; or to hunt the tiger in the 
 thick jungle which overspreads the plains. The 
 timers are numerous among the underwood of the 
 marshes. The rhinoceros lives in the mud and 
 water, and is especially common upon the islands 
 at the mouth of the Ganges. Buffaloes and horn- 
 ed cattle, are numerous, and horses of various 
 kinds are common. Birds and domestic poultry 
 of all kinds are very abundant. Previous to the 
 commencement of the 13th century, Bengal was 
 inhabited by an unmixed and feeble race of Hin- 
 doos, who at that period yielded their authority 
 to a horde of Mahometan marauders from the con- 
 fines of Persia and Tartary. They established 
 their seat of empire at Dehli, and Bengal con- 
 tinued tributary for about 140 years, when it re- 
 gained, and preserved its independence for nearly 
 two centuries. It was invaded again by Shere 
 Shah, and afterwards by the emperor Akbar, who 
 ao-ain rendered it tributary to Dehli, to which it 
 continued subject until the year 1750, when the 
 whole province became subject to the authority 
 of the English East India Company, who for half 
 a century previously had established settlements 
 on the banks of the Ganges, and progressively ex- 
 tended their influence. They have since divided 
 it into three districts for civil and judicial pur- 
 poses : viz. Calcutta, Dacca, and Moorshedabad, 
 
 a 3 
 
BEN 
 
 90 
 
 BEN 
 
 and formed six great military stations of which 
 Calcutta is the chief, as well as the seat of gov- 
 ernment < f the whole British empire in Asia. The 
 total population is about 3,000,000, of whom about 
 nine-tenths are native Hindoos, and the remain- 
 der a mix' d race of Mahometans, descendants of 
 of the early conquerors, by intermarriages with 
 thfe riatlves; and a few Europeans. Manufactures 
 Of cotton, or silk, are carried on in almost every 
 town of the province, and in the principal cities 
 the works in gold and jewelry are very extensive. 
 Tap nature and present extent of the commerce 
 of Bengal will be more fully elucidated under the 
 head of Calcutta, and the nature and extent of 
 revenue un.ler the head of Hindoostan. 
 
 Beiiguela. a maritime district on the west coast 
 of .South Afiica, lying south of the Congo river, 
 between the lat. of 10. 30. and 16. S. There are 
 two towns or settlements of the Portuguese on the 
 cast, called Benguela, Old and New, the former 
 in the lat. of 10. 50. and the other in about 12. 
 30. S. from whence the Portuguese and Brazilian 
 ships obtain a considerable portion of their slaves. 
 
 Beni, a large river of South America, rising 
 n^ar the south extremity of La Paz. running north, 
 parallel with, and within the most easterly ridge 
 of the Andes, and forming the east branch of the 
 Ucayalc, which falls into the Amazon after run- 
 ning from south to north through the whole inte- 
 rior of Peru. The Jesuits founded some settle- 
 ments on the banks of the Beni, of which St. Fran- 
 cisco, Trinidad, and Eteyez, in the lat. of 12. to 
 14. S. are the chief. 
 
 Benicarlo, a town of Valencia, Spain, a few m. 
 north of Peniscola. It is celebrated for its wines, 
 of which considerable quantities are exported. 
 
 Benigno, St. a populous village of Piedmont, 
 situate on the high road to the Alps, about 10 m. 
 N. of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. 
 
 Benihassen, a maritime province of FeZ, border- 
 mo- on the Atlantic, of which New Salee or Rabat, 
 in lat. 34. 5. N. is the principal outport. 
 
 Benin, a country in North Africa, towards the 
 east extremity of Upper Guinea, lying principal- 
 ly north and west of the river Formosa, the en- 
 trance to which is in lat. 5. 33. N. and 4. 35. E. 
 long. It is bounded on the west by Dahomey ; 
 on the east by Waree ; and north by undefined 
 boundaries and countries but little known. Benin 
 3xhibits many beautiful landscapes ; but the air 
 s noxious near the coast, on account of the gross 
 vapours from the marshes. Oranges and lemons 
 o-row on the side of the roads, and the cotton and 
 pepper plants are indigenous to the soil, but both 
 are very imperfectly cultivated. Among the ani- 
 mals are elephants in great number, leopards, 
 stags, wild boars, civet and mountain cats, horses, 
 hares, and hairy sheep ; a vast number of serpents 
 and other reptiles ; and the principal birds are 
 parroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and ostri- 
 ches. The dress of the natives is neat. The rich 
 wear white calico or cotton petticoats, but the up- 
 per part of the body is commonly naked. The 
 women use great art in dressing their hair, which 
 they reduce into a variety of forms. The people 
 are skilful in making various sorts of dyes ; and 
 they manufacture some cotton into cloths. Poly- 
 gamy is allowed, and the number of wives is lim- 
 ited by the state of their circumstances only. 
 Though jealous of each other, they offer their 
 wives to Europeans. Their religion is paganism, 
 the king himself being fetiche, and as such the 
 chief object of adoration in his dominion. The 
 chief town, called also Benin, is one of the most 
 
 populous of all Western Africa, containing about 
 15,000 inhabitants. It is situate inland about 40 
 m. from Gatto, a town standing at the head of a 
 large inlet of the Formosa river. The road from 
 Gatto to Benin is over a level country, in some 
 places swampy and thickly wooded, and the coun- 
 try around the town of Benin is also thickly wood- 
 ed. Like all other African towns, Benin is very 
 unequally laid out. The houses are all built with 
 clay, and covered with reeds, straw, or leaves. 
 The royal palace is of vast extent, but neither el- 
 egant nor commodious. All male slaves here are 
 foreigners ; for the inhabitants cannot be sold for 
 such, only they bear the name of the king s 
 slaves. Since the restriction of the slave-trade to 
 the south of the equator, Benin, in common with 
 the whole extent of the western coast of Africa . 
 from the river Gambia, in lat. 13. N. to Malemba, 
 in lat. 5. S. has shewn itself capable of affording 
 all the means requisite for the formation of an 
 intercourse, as social and reciprocal, as the slave 
 traffic was debasing, partial, and vicious. The 
 commerce of Great Britain with this part of Africa 
 is inconsiderable. 
 
 Benin- Dazy, St. a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nievre, having several iron mines in 
 its vicinity. Pop. 1,600. 
 
 Benisuef, a town of Egypt, with manufactures 
 of carpets, and woolen and linen stuffs, seated on 
 the Nile, 60. in. S. of Cairo. 
 
 Benkenstein, or Benneckenstcin, a town of the 
 Prussian states, in the duchy of Saxony, 11 m. 
 S. W. of Halberstadt. 
 
 Benningen, a village of Wirtemburg, on the 
 Neckar, where the remains of a Roman town 
 were discovered in 1597. 
 
 Bennington, a village in Hertfordshire, England 
 near Stevenage. Here the Mercian kings had a 
 palace; and the castle, in which a council was 
 held in 850, still remains near the church. Pop. 
 658. 
 
 Bennington, a County forming the south-west 
 part of the state of Vermont, bordering on the 
 state of New York. Pop. 17,470. 
 
 Bennington, the chief town of the preceding 
 County. Though the largest and oldest town in 
 the state, the judicial courts are commonly held 
 at Rutland and Windsor alternately. Near this 
 town, General Stark gained two battles, on Aug 
 16th, 1777, which contributed to the subsequent 
 surrender of general Burgoyne's army. Benning- 
 ton is situate at the foot of the Green Mountains 
 near the S. W. corner of the state, 30 m. E. by 
 N. of Albany and 129 S. S. W. of Montpelier. 
 Pop. 3,419. 
 
 There are also towns of this name in New York, 
 Pa., Ohio and Alabama. 
 
 Bcnsalem, t. Burks Co. Pa. 
 
 Bensboro, p.v. Pitt Co. N. C. 60 m. S.E. Raleigh. 
 
 Bensberg, a town of the duchy of Berg, West- 
 phalia, 7 m. E of Mulheim, on the Rhine. 
 
 Bensheim, a town of Germany, 25 miles N. N. 
 W. of Heidelberg, and 10 N. E. of Worms. Pop. 
 about 3,100. 
 
 Bensington, commonly called Benson, a town 
 in Oxfordshire, Eng. on the high road from Lon- 
 don to Oxford. It was formerly the abode of royal- 
 ty, and has a hospital called God's House. Pop. 
 960. 
 
 Benson, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Champlain. 
 Pop. 1,493. 
 
 Bentheim, formerly a county of the circle of 
 Westphalia, but now forming part of the kingdom 
 of Hanover. It is about 18 miles in breadth and 
 
BER 
 
 91 
 
 BER 
 
 45 in length, bordering on the United Provinces 
 of Holland, intersected from south to north by the 
 Vecht. Pop. about 25,000. There is a town of 
 the same name, inconsiderable. The chief towns 
 are Neinhus, Northern, and Schuttorf. 
 
 Bcfitivoglio, a town of Italy, in Bolognese, 10 
 m. N. E. of Rologna. 
 
 Bentleysvitte, p. v. Halifax Co. Va. 120 m. S. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Benton, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. 200 m. West Al- 
 bany. Pop. 3,957. 
 
 Benton, p. v. Scott Co. Missouri, 1G0 m. fr. St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Beuzhauscn. a populous village with several 
 iron forges, in the mining district of Smalcalden, 
 county of Heimeberg, circle of Franconia. 
 
 Berar, an interior province of the Deccan of Hin- 
 doostan, bounded on the north by Malwa and Al- 
 lahabad, east by Orissa, south by Golconda, and 
 west by Dowlatabad and Candeish. The princi- 
 pal part, of it is nominally subject, to a rajah, under 
 surveillance of the English East India Company, 
 the other to die Nizam of the deccan. The rajah's 
 country extends 550 milts from east to west, and 
 in some places 200 from north to south. Its cap- 
 ital is Nagpour. Little is known respecting the 
 interior ; but that about Nagpour is fertile and 
 well cultivated. The general appearance of the 
 country, particularly between Nagpour and Oris- 
 sa, is that of a forest, thinly set with villages and 
 towns. 
 
 Berat or Arnauth Belgrade, the ancient Eordea, 
 a large interior town of Albania, about 40 in. N. E. 
 of Valona. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Beraun-Podbrad, an interior circle of Bohemia, 
 lying between 49. 25. and 50. of N. lat. and 13. 
 45. and 14. 30. of E. long* It is intersected from 
 south to north by the Moldau river, which falls 
 into the Elbe, about 20 miles north of Prague. 
 
 Bcraan, the chief town, is situate near the 
 nothern frontier of the circle, on the south bank 
 of a river, of the same name, which rises near the 
 frontiers of Bavaria, and falls into the Moldau a 
 few miles south of Prague. It has manufactures 
 of fire-arms and earthen ware ; 15 m. W. S. W. 
 of Prague. 
 
 Berbera, the projecting coast of Eastern Africa, 
 extending from the straits of Babelmandel to 
 cape Guardafui. At a town of the same name 
 upon the coast, in lat. 10. 25. N. and 45. 8. E. long. 
 a large annual fair is held, at which the manufac- 
 tured productions of Persia and India are ex- 
 changed for gum, frankincense, myrrh, and va- 
 rious other commodities. This seems to be a point 
 of the African coast from whence a more advan- 
 tageous intercourse might be established with the 
 interior, than any other either on the western or 
 eastern coasts. 
 
 Brrbice, a river of South America, the entrance 
 fci which is in lat. G. 29. N. and 57. 11. W~, long. 
 Plantations, formed by the Dutch, extend on 
 both sides of the river for about 150 miles along 
 the coast. The colony was surrendered to the Eng- 
 lish in 1790; given up at the peace of Amiens; 
 retaken on the renewal of the war, and confirm- 
 ed to England at the peace of 1814. 
 
 Berchtohgaden, provostship of, encircled by the 
 archbishopric of Saltzburg, formerly part of the 
 circle of Bavaria, but now of the Austrian em- 
 pire. The chief town of the same name is situate 
 at tiie N. E. part of the district, about ]4 miles S. 
 of Saltzburg. It has a handsome church. Pop. 
 about 3.000, who are much, employed in the man- 
 ufacture of wooden toys, large quantities of which 
 
 are exported to England ; the district produces 
 great quantities of salt. 
 
 Berdoa, a town of Persia, in Erivan, seated in 
 a fertile plain, 16 m. E. S. E. of Gangea. 
 
 Bere Alston, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. 
 containing about 100 houses, seated between the 
 Tamar and the Tave, 10 m. N. by W. of Ply- 
 mouth, and 212 W. by S. of London. It returns 
 two members to parliament. * 
 
 Bere Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. On 
 Woodbury-hill ; half a mile to the north-east, is a 
 circular Roman camp, inclosed within three 
 trenches. The town is seated on the Bere, near 
 its confluence with the Piddle, 12 m. E. by N. of 
 Dorchester, and 112 S. \V. of London. Pop. 958. 
 
 Be.re.illy, a city of Hindoostan, cnpital ofRohil- 
 la, which was conquered by the nabob of Oude, in 
 1774. It is 120 m. N. N. W. of Lucknow. Long. 
 79. 40. E. lat. 28. 30. N. 
 
 Berelos, a lake of Egypt, between Damietta and 
 Rosetta, of an oval form, 32 miles long, and 10 
 broad in the middle. 
 
 Beretsk, a town »t the south-east frontier of 
 Transylvania, near the pass of Oitosch. 
 
 Beregh, a frontier county of Upper Hungary, 
 bounded on the south by the river Theiss, and 
 north by the Carpathian mountains. Pop. about 
 46,000. 
 
 Beregh, and Bcreghszaz, two of the principal 
 towns, are situate in the S. W. part of the pre- 
 ceding county. 
 
 Berezina, a river of Lithuania, which has its 
 source near a village of the same name, in lat. 54. 
 50. N. and after receiving several tributary 
 streams, and running south through the palatinate 
 of Minsk, parallel with the Dnieper, through 
 nearly three degrees of lat. falls into that river a 
 little above Rzeczyca. It is memorable for the 
 disasters which its passage occasioned to the 
 Frencli army on its retreat from Moscow in 1812. 
 There is a small river of the same name falling 
 into the Vistula, a few miles S. E. of Thorn. 
 
 Bcrezinskoi, a town of Siberia, on the Irtisch 
 river, about 40 m. S. E. of Tobolsk. 
 
 Berezov, a considerable town of Siberia, situate 
 near the confluence of the Soswa river, with the 
 west branch of the Obe, in lat. 64. 
 
 Berg, a duchy of Westphalia, lying along the 
 river Rhine, to the south of the duchy of Cleves, 
 about 60 miles in length, and from 10 to 22 in 
 breadth. It is full of woods and mountains, but 
 fertile upon the banks of the Rhine, and in the 
 valleys ; and has mines of lead, iron, and coal. 
 Dusseldorfis the capital. It now forms apart of 
 the Prussian provinces of the Lower Rhine. Pop. 
 about 295,000. 
 
 Berg is also the name of several towns in differ- 
 ent parts of Germany. 
 
 Bn/ja, a town of Spain in Catalonia, seated on 
 the Lobregat, 18 m. E. N. E. of Solsona. 
 
 Berga, is also the name of two towns in Saxo- 
 ny, one in Switzerland, and another in Norway. 
 
 Bcrgamasco, a province of Italy, bounded by 
 Brescia, the Valteline, and the Milanese. Toward 
 the north it is mountainous and rocky, and has 
 mines of iron ; some of the valleys produce much 
 wine and oil ; and in the vicinity of the capital, 
 Bergamo, it is very fertile. It formed part of 
 the kingdom of Italy, under Bonaparte, but was 
 transferred to Austria at the Congress of Vienna, 
 subsequent to the pence of 1815. Pop. about 
 365,000. 
 
 Bergamo, an ancient city of Italy, and a bish- 
 op's see, capital of Bergamasco, with a citadel. It 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 is famous for its sewing silk ; and its fair on St. 
 Bartholomew's day, is resorted to by merchants 
 from distant parts. It stands on a hill, between 
 the rivers Bremba and Serio, 30 miles N. E. of 
 Milan ; and contains several fine edifices, and is 
 distinguished as the birth-place of several eminent 
 artists°and literati. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Bergamo, a city of Natolia. See Pcrgami. 
 
 Bergedorf, a town of the north bank of the Elbe, 
 about 10 m. E. of Hamburgh. 
 
 Bergen, a city and seaport of Norway, capital 
 of a crovernment of the same name, and a bishop's 
 see, with a castle. It forms a semicircle round a 
 small gulf of the sea, and is the most populous 
 town in Norway, containing 19,000 inhabitants. 
 On the land side it is defended by mountains, and 
 on the other by several fortifications. All the 
 churches and many of the houses are of stone, but 
 most of the latter are constructed of wood. The 
 castle and cathedral are remarkable edifices. It 
 carries on a great trade in skins, fir-wood, deals, 
 tar, and dried fish ; and is 170 m. W. by N. of 
 Christiania. Long. 5. 20. E. lat. 60. 24. N. 
 
 Bergen, a town of North Holland, noted for two 
 bloody battles, in 1799, between the English 
 and Russian forces opposed by the Dutch and 
 French, which terminated in favour of the former. 
 It is situate among woods, 4 m. N. N. E. of Alc- 
 maer. 
 
 Bergen, the chief town of the island of Rugen, 
 which see. 
 
 Bergen, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 258 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,508. 
 
 Bergen, a County of New Jersey, bordering on 
 the Hudson. Pop. 22,414. Hackensack is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Bergen, p.t. in the above Co. The inhabitants 
 are mostly descendants from the Dutch settlers. It 
 is surrounded by water excepting the north, and 
 separated b\ the river Hudson from the city of 
 New York. 3 miles distant. 
 
 Benrcn-op-Zoom, a town of Dutch Brabant, cap- 
 ital of a marquisate of the same name. It is a 
 handsome place, and its fortress is one of the 
 strongest in the Netherlands, seated partly on a 
 hill, and partly on the river Zoom, which commu- 
 nicates with the Scheldt by a canal. It has sev- 
 eral times been besieged to no purpose ; but was 
 taken bv the French, in 1747, and 1794. In 1814, 
 the English attempted to carry this place by storm, 
 but after forcing a passage into the town, their re- 
 treat was cut off, when they were nearly all kill- 
 ed or made prisoners. It is 15 m. N. of Antwerp, 
 and 22. S. W. of Breda. Long. 4. 22. E. lat. 51. 
 30. N. 
 
 Beraerae, a town of France, in the department 
 of Dordogne, seated on the north bank of the Riv- 
 er Dordogne. 24 m. S. by W. of Perigueux, and 
 48 E. of Bourdeaux. Pop. 8,000. 
 
 Bervoo, an interior district of North Africa, ly- 
 ing to the east of Begherme. Warra is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Berg-Reichenstein, and Bergstndt, two towns in 
 the circle of Prachin Bohemia, situate in a mining 
 district on the frontiers of Bavaria. 
 
 Bergves, a fortified town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nord, on the river Cohne, at the foot 
 of a mountain, 5 m. S. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Bcrcrzahcrn, a town of Bavaria, circle of the 
 Rhine! seated on the Erlbach, G m. S. S. W. of 
 Landau, and 34 S E. of Deux Ponts. 
 
 Berkhamstead or Barkhamstead, t. Litchfield 
 Co. Con. Pop. 1,715. 
 
 Ber hhamstcad , a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 
 
 Roman coins have been often dug up here, 
 and on the north side are the remains of a castle, 
 the residence of the kings of Mercia. In 697 a 
 parliament was held here, and Ina's laws publish- 
 ed. Here William the Conqueror swore to his no- 
 bility to maintain the laws made by his predeces- 
 sors. Henry II. kept his court in this town, and 
 granted to it many privileges ; and James I. whose 
 children were nursed here, made it a corporation ; 
 but this government was dropped in the civil wars. 
 The church is a handsome Gothic structure. It 
 is seated on the west branch of the river Gade, 
 and on the Grand Junction Canal, 2ti m. N. W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821,2,310. 
 
 Berkley, a town in Gloucestershire, Enor. It 
 has a trade in timber, coals, malt, and cheese 
 which is benefited by means of a canal from 
 Gloucester. Here is an ancient castle on a rising 
 ground, in which Edward II. was murdered. 
 Berkley has the honour of giving birth to the 
 justly celebrated Dr. Edward Jenner, the discov- 
 erer of the vaccine inoculation. It is seated on 
 the Little Avon, near its confluence with the 
 Severn, 15 m. S. W. of Gloucester, and 114 W 
 of London. Pop. 836. 
 
 Berkley, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 35 m. S. Boston. 
 Pop. 907. 
 
 Berkley, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 13 m. fr. 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Berkley, a frontier County of Virginia, bound- 
 ed on the north by the Potomac River, which 
 separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. 10,528. 
 Martinsburgh, 192 m. N. W. of Richmond, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Berkley Springs, p.v. Morgan Co. Va. on the 
 Potomac. 
 
 Berks, or Berkshire, an inland and very irregu 
 lar shaped county of England. The river Thames 
 by a very circuitous course, divides it on the north 
 and east from the counties of Oxford and Wilt- 
 shire, and south from Hampshire. Reading, 39 m 
 west of London is the chief town. At the east 
 end of the county, on the south bank of the 
 Thames, is the castle and extensive domain of 
 Windsor, a residence of the kings of England, 
 and one of the most stately and magnificent abodes 
 in Europe or the world. The other principal towns 
 are Maidenhead, Newbury, and Hungerford. The 
 county has but few manufactures : some sacking 
 is made in the vicinity of Abingdon, and some 
 ribands and silk plush in the vicinity of Read- 
 ing ; but its supply of colonial, foreign and man- 
 ufactured productions, is obtained by means of a 
 surplus of grain, flour, malt, wool, some cattle 
 and sheep, and a considerable quantity of oak tim- 
 ber. Berkshire has long been distinguished as 
 containing the most celebrated residence of roy- 
 alty in the whole British dominions, Windsor 
 Castle, which was founded by William the Con 
 queror. In this county are also Frogmore, Cum- 
 berland Lodge, Cranbourn Lodge, and other 
 residences of the royal family, with above 150 
 seats belonging to the nobility and gentry. 
 
 Berks, an interior county in the E. district of 
 Pennsylvania, bounded on the N. W. by the blue 
 ridce of the Apalachian Mountains, and intersect- 
 ed from the N. W. to S. E. by the Schuylkill Riv- 
 er. Pop. 53,357. Reading, 52 m. E. by N. of 
 Harrisburgh, is the chief town. 
 
 Berkshire, p t. Franklin Co. Vt. on the Missis- 
 que. Pop. 1,308. 
 
 Berkshire, a county forming the whole western 
 boundary of the state of Massachusetts, bordering 
 on the state of New York. Pop. 37,825. Lenox 
 
BER 
 
 93 
 
 BER 
 
 the chief town, in the centre of the county, is 129 
 :n. due west of Boston. 
 
 Berkshire, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 210 m. S. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,683. 
 
 Berkshire, p.t. Delaware Co. Ohio. 
 
 Berlamont, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nord.O miles E. S. E.of Quesnoy. 
 
 Bcrlcburx, a town of Germany in the Electo- 
 ral: of Hesse, with a castle seated on the Berle- 
 bach. neurits confluence with the Eder. 20 m. N. 
 W. of Marbtirg. and 70 S. E. of CasseL 
 
 Berlin, a city of Germany, cnpital of the electo- 
 rate of Brandenburg, and of the whole Prus- 
 sian dominion; one of the largest, best built, and 
 best governed of any inGerminy. It is defended 
 partly by walls, partly by palisades, and has 16 
 gates. The streets are straight, wide, and long ; 
 and its large squares, magnificent palaces, church- 
 es, and other buildings, are scarcely to be equalled. 
 It is 12 in. in circumference ; but within this in- 
 closure are numerous gardens, and many beauti- 
 ful houses are let in stories to mechanics. The 
 population in 1803, was 153,128, exclusive of the 
 garrison. The royal palace contains a fine libra- 
 ry, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, and 
 the supreme colleges of government. Near the 
 palace stands the magnificent cathedral. Here 
 are also several academies, and hospitals, an as- 
 tronomical observatory, a superb arsenal, and a 
 royal cloth manufacture. Berlin has a flourishing 
 trade occasioned by its numerous manufactures of 
 silk, wool, cotton, camels' hair, linen, Prussian 
 blue, cutler}', and porcelain ; and by its enamelled, 
 inlaid, and embroidered works. It is seated on the 
 river Spree, from which there is a canal to the 
 Oder on the east, and another to the Elbe on the 
 west ; thus it has a communication by water, both 
 with the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. This 
 city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Russians, 
 Austrians, and Saxons, who were obliged to evacu- 
 ate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after the 
 battle of Jena, the French entered this city, and 
 Bonaparte held a court in the palace. It is 100 
 m. N. of Dresden, and 185 N. W. of Breslau. 
 Long. 13.22. E.lat.52. 31. N. 
 
 Berlin, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 5 m. S. E. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1,664. 
 
 Berlin, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 692. 
 
 Berlin, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 10 m. S. Hart- 
 ford. Pop. 3,038. This town is celebrated for 
 the manufacture of tin ware. 
 
 Berlin, Rensselaer Co. New York, on the east 
 bank of the Hudson River, 15 m. E. of Albany. 
 Pop. 2,019. 
 
 Berlin, p.v. Adams Co. Pa. 100 m. W. Philad. 
 
 Berlin, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. There are also 3 
 towns of this name in Ohio. 
 
 Berlinville, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Bermeo or Bormeo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 
 on the bay of Biscay, near the cape of Machica- 
 co, 15 m. E. of Bilbao. 
 
 Bermuda Hundred, or City Point, a port of Vir- 
 ginia, in Chesterfield Co. The exports from this 
 place are collected at Richmond 20 m. above it, 
 and to which it is the out-port. City Point, from 
 which it is named, is on the south bank of James 
 River, 4 m. S. S. W. of the town. Long. 77. 31. 
 W. lat. 37. 16. N. 
 
 Bermudas, or Somers Islands, four islands in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, 500 m. east of Carolina, and sur- 
 rounded by rocks. They were discovered by Ju- 
 an Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1527; but not in- 
 habited till 1609, when Sir George Somers was 
 cast away upon them ; and they have belonged to 
 
 Britain ever since. They abound in cedar wood 
 with which a number of small vessels are built 
 Some sugar and coffee is cultivated for exporta- 
 tion. The white inhabitants are estimated at 
 about 4,800, and in 1823 there was 5,176 slaves. 
 The principal island is called St. George, and the 
 town, of the same name, is in lat. 32. 22. N. ana 
 65. 33.W. long. 
 
 Bermudian, p.v. York Co. Pa. 48 m. S. Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Bern, the largest of the cantons of Switzer- 
 land, being 150 m. long and 75 broad. It is the 
 most fertile country in Switzerland, and divided 
 into two principal parts, called the German and 
 Roman ; but the last is most commonly called the 
 Pays de Vand. It is intersected from south to 
 north by the river Aar ; on the S. E. part are the 
 lakes of Thun and Brienz, and on the N. W it 
 extends to Lake Neufchatel, and to that of Gene- 
 va. The religion is Calvinism. Pop. about 215, 000. 
 
 Bern, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 canton of Bern. Here is a celebrated academy 
 and a rich library. It is a strong place, in a pen- 
 insula, formed by the river Aar, and estimated 
 to contain 18,000 inhabitants. The houses are 
 built of freestone, and pretty uniform, particular- 
 ly in the principal street, and there are piazzas 
 on each side, with a walk raised four feet above 
 the level of the street, very commodious in wet 
 weather. The streets are traversed by a canal, 
 and the public buildings are magnificent. In the 
 arsenal are preserved the figure and armour of 
 the celebrated Wm. Tell, in the act of taking aim 
 at the apple on his son's head. Bern was taken 
 in 1798, by the French. It is 70 m. N. E. of Ge- 
 neva. Long. 7. 29. E. lat. 46. 57. N. 
 
 Bern, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 31 m. fr. Albany. 
 Pop. 3,605. There are also 3 towns of this name 
 in Pa. 
 
 Bernard, p.t. Somerset Co. N. Y. 
 
 Bernard, Grand, St. a mountain of the Pen- 
 nine Alps, on the frontiers of Piedmont, 15 m. 
 N. N. W. of Aosta. On the summit, at a height 
 of 11 ,000 feet, is a large convent, where the monks 
 entertain all travellers gratis for three days. It 
 was by this passage Bonaparte conducted his 
 army into Italy in 1800. Little St. Bernard, to 
 the S. W. is 7,194 ft. in height. 
 
 Bernard Castle, a town in the county of Dur- 
 ham, Eng. with manufactures of stockings and 
 camlets. It takes its name from a castle built 
 by Bernard Baliol, king of Scotland, who founded 
 an hospital here. It is seated on the river Tees, 
 24 m. S. W. of Durham, and 246 N. N. W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 3,580. 
 
 Bernaw, a fortified town of Brandenburg, in 
 the middle mark. The principal commerce is 
 in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. It 
 is seated on the Pancho, 15 m. N. N. E. of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Bernay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eure, seated on the Carantonne, 20 m. S. W. 
 of Rouen. Pop. 6,500. 
 
 Bernburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Anhalt, seated on the Saale, 22 
 m. S. W. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 2,500. 
 
 Berncastle, a town of Germany, remarkable 
 for good wine ; seated on the Moselle, 18 m. N. 
 E. of Treves. 
 
 Berne, t. Franklin Co. Mass. 
 
 Berngries, or Beilngries, a town of Franconia, 
 in the principality of Aichstadt, on the Altmuhl, 
 17 m. N. E. of Aichstadt, and 28 W. of Ratisbon 
 
 Bernstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principali 
 
BES 
 
 94 
 
 BET 
 
 ty of Oels, with a castle, seated on the Weida, 
 20 m. E. of Breslau. Pop. 2,350. 
 
 Berrc, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone, formerly one of the strong- 
 est towns of Provence. It stands on a lake of 
 the same name, at the influx of a river, 18 m. W. 
 S. W. of Aix. Pop. 1,800. 
 
 Berry, a bite province of France, bounded on 
 the n/irth by the Orleanois and Blaisois, east by 
 I te Nivernois and Bourbonnois, south by the 
 Hourborinois and Marche, and west by Touraine 
 and Pditou. It is fertile in corn, fruit, hemp, 
 and flax; and there is excellent wine in some pla- 
 ces. It now forms the two departments of Cher 
 and Indre. 
 
 Bemjsburg, p. v. Dauphin Co. Pa. 30 m. fr. Har- 
 ris! urjr. 
 
 Bersello, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, 
 with a castle, seated on the Po, at the influx of 
 the Linza, 10 in. N. N. E. of Parma. 
 
 Bertie, a County of North Carolina, bounded 
 on the south by the Roanoke River, and east by 
 Albemarle Sound. Pop. 12,270. Windsor the 
 chief town, is 194 m. E. by N. of Raleigh. 
 
 Beitinero, a town of Italy, in Romagna, with 
 a citadel, seated on a hill, 15 in. S. of Ravenna. 
 
 Bertrand, St. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne. It was lately an epis- 
 copal see, and is 45 m. S. of Audi. Long. 0. 48. 
 E. lat. 42. 56. N. 
 
 Bervie, or Inverbervie, a borough of Scotland, 
 in Kincardineshire, at the mouth of the Bervie, 
 which forms a harbour for small vessels, 12 m. N. 
 E. of Montrose. Pop. 1.692. 
 
 Berwick-upon- Tweed, a borough on the borders 
 of England and Scotland. It was once a strong 
 fortress, of great importance, when England and 
 Scotland were hostile nations, to each of which 
 it alternately belonged, or was considered as a dis- 
 trict separate from both countries. It now be- 
 longs to the bishopric of Durham, and the Eng- 
 lish judges hold the assizes here. It is still forti- 
 fied, and has good barracks for the garrison, but 
 its castle is now in ruins. It supplies the Lon- 
 don markets with considerable quantities of sal- 
 mon, pickled pork, and grain, and has some manu- 
 factures. Pop. in 1821, 8,723. It returns two 
 members to parliament, and is seated on the north 
 side of the Tweed, near the sea, 54 m. S. E. of 
 Edinburgh, and 337 N.by W. of London. Long. 
 2. O.W. lat. 55. 46. N. 
 
 Berwick, p.t. York Co. Me. 7 m. N. W. York. Pop. 
 3,168. There are also 3 towns of this name in Pa. 
 
 Berwickshire, a maritime and the S. E. border 
 county of Scotland. Coldstream, Greenlaw, 
 Danse, and Lauder are the principal towns; it is 
 an agricultural county, and has but few manu- 
 factures. 
 
 Berwick, North, a borough of Scotland, in Had- 
 dingtonshire, on the Frith of Forth, 9 in. N. of Had- 
 dington and 22 E.N. E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1,694. 
 
 Besalu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated 
 near the Fluvia, 44 m. N. N. W. of Gerona. 
 
 Besaneon. a fortified city of France, and an 
 archiepiscopal see, capital of the department of 
 Doubs. It has a citadel, on a high rock, the base 
 of which touches two sides of the Doubs, which 
 here forms a peninsula; also an university, an 
 academy of sciences, a literary, military society, 
 and a public library in the abbey of St. Vincent. 
 The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and other Ro- 
 man antiquities, are still to be seen. It is 52 m. 
 J'',, of Dijon, and 228 S. E. of Paris. It has sev- 
 eral manufactures. Pop. 28,200: 
 
 Besighcim, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of 
 Wirternburg, with two old castles, at the conflu- 
 ence of the Neckar and Ens, 25 m. N. by W. of 
 Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Bessarabia, or Budzac, a territory of European 
 Turkey, on the N. W. coast of the Black Sea, 
 between the mouth of the Danube and the 
 Dniester. On the banks of the last river t he 
 Tartar inhabitants rove from place to place. Theii 
 common food is the flesh of oxen and horses, 
 cheese, and mares' milk. Pender is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Bessay, a town of France, in the depaitment 
 of Allier, 8 m. S. of Moulins. 
 
 Besse, a town of France, in the department ol 
 Puy de Dome, 18 m. S. of Clermont. 
 
 Besscnay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Rhone, 12 m. W. of Lyons. 
 
 Bestrieia, a town of Transylvania, with gold 
 mines in its neighbourhood. It is 85 m. N. W. of 
 Hermanstadt. Long. 28. 45. E. lat. 47. 30. N. 
 
 Betunzos, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated 
 on the Mandeo. at its entrance into the bay of 
 the Atlantic, 20 m. S. of Ferrol. Long. 8. 6. W. 
 lat. 43. 20. N. 
 
 Betelfaugi, or Bcit-cl-fakih , a town of Arabia 
 Felix, famous for the vast quantity of coffee 
 bought and sold in it. It is 25 m. E. of the Red 
 Sea. Long. 57. 20. E. lat. 15. 40. N. 
 
 Bethabara, a town of North Carolina, in Stokes 
 County, noted for being the first settlement of 
 the Moravians in those parts, begun in 1753. It 
 is 6 m. N. of Salem. 
 
 Bethania, or Bethany, a village at the foot of 
 Mount-Olivet, on the east side, where Lazarus 
 dwelt, and was raised from the dead ; and where 
 Christ appeared among his disciples for the last 
 time after his crucifixion. It is about two miles 
 to the east of Jerusalem. 
 
 Bethania, p.t. Stokes Co. N. C. 125 m. N. W. 
 Raleigh. This place was settled by the Moravians. 
 
 Bethany, t. Wayne Co. Pa. 
 
 Bethany, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y 250 m. W 
 Albany. Pop . 2,374. 
 
 Bethel, there are 14 towns of this name in the 
 U. States ; namely in Me., Vt, Conn., N. Y., Pa., 
 and Ohio. 
 
 Bethlehem, a town of Syria, in Palestine, fa- 
 mous for the birth of Christ. It was once a flour- 
 ishing town, but now an inconsiderable place. 
 Here is a church erected by the famous Helena, 
 in the form of a cross; also a chapel, called the 
 Chapel of Nativity, where they pretend to show 
 the manger in which Christ was laid ; another 
 called the Chapel of Joseph; and a third of the 
 Holy Innocents. Bethlehem is much visited by 
 pilgrims ; and is seated on a ridge of hills, six 
 miles S. E. of Jerusalem 
 
 Bethlehem, a town of Pennsylvania, in North- 
 ampton County, situate on the Lehigh, a branch 
 of the Delaware. The town being partly on an 
 eminence, and partly on the lower banks of the 
 Manakes (a fine creek) has a pleasant and healthy 
 situation, and is frequently visited in summer by 
 the gentry from different parts. It is the princi- 
 pal settlement in America of the Moravians, who 
 were fixed here by count Zinzendorf, in 1741. 
 The German language is more in use than the 
 English ; but divine service is performed in both 
 languao-es. It is 53 in. N. N. W. of Philadelphia. 
 Long. 75. 8. W. lat. 40. 37. N. There are 11 other 
 towns called Bethlehem, in N. IL, Conn., N. Y 
 Pa., Va., Geo., Ohio., and Ind. 
 
 Bcthnal-Grcen. one of the out-parishes on the 
 
BEV 
 
 95 
 
 BIA 
 
 N. E. side of London, in which there are about 
 10,000 looms employed in the broad silk manufac- 
 ture. Pop. in 1821, 45,676. 
 
 Bethsaida, p. v. Jones Co. Geo. 25 m. W. Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Bethune, a fortified town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Pas de Calais, with a castle. It was 
 taken by the allies, in 1710, and restored by the 
 treaty of Utrecht. It is seated on a rock, by the 
 river Brette, 120 m. N. of Paris. 
 
 Betley, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 18 m. N. 
 N. W. of Stafford, and 157 of London. Pop. 
 932. 
 
 Bcltis, a town of European Turkey, formerly 
 the capital of Curdistan. It is now the residence 
 of a bey, who is neither subject to the Turks nor 
 Persians, and has a numerous army of horsemen 
 and infantry. It stands on the Khabur, between 
 two mountains, 150 m. N. N. W. of Altunkupri. 
 Lung. 4!!. 20. E. lat. 37. 20. N. 
 
 Bi 'ttr.it/ia itseh, a populous village of the county 
 of Henneberg, Saxony, six miles west of Mein- 
 ungen ; it has considerable manufactures of lin- 
 en. 
 
 Bctitah, a town of Hindoostan. in Bahar, 85 m. 
 N. N. W. of Patna. 
 
 Betzko, a considerable town of Lower Hungary, 
 situate on the oast bank of the Waag River, a few 
 miles south of Trentschin. 
 
 Betuiec, an island of Holland, in Guelderland, 
 40 miles long and 10 broad, formed by the bifurca- 
 tion of the Rhine above Nimeguen, and by the 
 union of its streams, under different appellations, 
 near Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia, and 
 formerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or Batavi- 
 ans, to the inhabitants of the Dutch Netherlands. 
 In this island the ancestors of the present race first 
 settled, when they emigrated from Germany. 
 The principal place is Nimeguen. 
 
 Bcula, t. Cambria Co. Pa. 58 m. E. Pittsburg. 
 
 Bevecum, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 10 m. S. of Louvain. 
 
 Bevdand, North and South, two islands of Hol- 
 land, in Zealand, between the east and west branch- 
 es of the Scheldt. They were occupied by the 
 English at the period of their disastrous expedi- 
 tion to Walcheren in 1809. 
 
 Bcvergcrn, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- 
 pality of Minister, on the river Ems, 5 hi. N. 
 W. of Tecklenburgh. 
 
 Beveren, a populous town of the Netherlands, 
 5 m. N. N. E. of Oudenarde. 
 
 Beverley, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng. 
 It has two churches, besides the Minster ; and a 
 large market-place, adorned with a beautiful cross. 
 The chief trade is malt, oatmeal, and tanned lea- 
 ther. It is famous for being the retirement of 
 John de Beverley, archbishop of York, who lived 
 here four years, built a monastery, and died in 
 1211 ; in honour of whom several kings, particu 
 larly AtlWstan, who chose him guardian saint, en- 
 dowed the place with manv privileges and immu- 
 nities. It, is seated near the river Hull, 28 m. E. 
 by S. of York, and 183 N. of London. It returns 
 two members to parliament. Pop. in 1321, 7,503. 
 
 Beverly, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. is a seaport, and 
 separated from Salem by an inlet which is crossed 
 by a bridge. This town was formerly a part of 
 Salem. It is pleasantly situated and has consid- 
 erable commerce and fishing business. Pop. 4,079. 
 
 Beverly, p. v. the seat of justice of Randolph Co. 
 Va. on the E. branch of the Monongahela, 250 m. 
 N. W. Richmond 
 
 Beverungen, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 
 principality of Paderborn, at trie conrtuence of tne 
 Beaver and Weser, 24 in. S. E. of Paderborn. 
 
 Beverwyck, a town of North Holland, on the 
 Wyckermeer, which communicates with the Wye, 
 7 in. N. of Harlem, and 11 S. by W. of Alc- 
 maer. 
 
 Beuthen, a town of Silesia, capital of a lordship 
 of the same name. It stands near a branch of the 
 Oder, on the frontiers of Poland, 45 m. E. N. E. 
 of Ratisbon. Long. 18. 53. E. lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Beuthen, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Carolath, on the river Oder, 13 m. N. W. Glo- 
 
 2.'1 II . 
 
 Beicdley, a borough in Worcestershire, Eng. 
 It has a good trade in malt, leather, salt, and 
 iron ware ; and a free school founded by James I. 
 It rs seated, on the Severn, 14 m. N. of Worcester, 
 and 129 N. W. of London. It returns one mem- 
 ber to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,720. 
 
 Bex, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Bern, noted for its salt rocks, 43 m. S. W. of Bern. 
 
 Beziers, a city of France, in the department of 
 Herault. lately an episcopal see. The remains of 
 a circus, and some inscriptions, bespeak its an- 
 cient grandeur. It is seated near the royal ca- 
 nal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Obre, 
 a few miles from the sea. 85 m. £. by S. of Toul- 
 ouse, and 30 S. W. of Montpelier. Long. 3. 12. 
 E. lat. 43. 20. N. Pop. 12,500. 
 
 Bhatgong, a considerable town of Nepaul, about 
 eight miles E. by S. of the capital, Catmandoo; 
 it is the principal residence of the chief Brahmin 
 of Nepaul. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Bhurtpore, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 in the province of Agra. The British took it by 
 storm, in 1805. Is it 38 m. W. of Agra. 
 
 Biafra, a country of Guinea, to the S. E. of 
 Benin, of which little is known ; but is said to 
 have a capital of the same name, on the river 
 Camerones, which enters ths Atlantic in long. 11 
 30. E. lat. 3. 28. N. 
 
 B't.ala, a town of Gallicia, on the frontiers of 
 Silesia, opposite to Bilitz ; it participates in the 
 linen manufacture of the district. Pop. about 
 2,300. It is the name of three other small towns 
 in different parts of Germany. 
 
 Bialy stock, a considerable town of Russian Po- 
 land, seated on the Biala, a branch of the Vistula 
 River, 15 m. E. of Wilna. 
 
 Biar, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its principal 
 riches consists in honey, celebrated for its white- 
 ness and solidity, which is not affected by weather. 
 It is 6 m. from Vilena. 
 
 Bibb, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,305. Cen- 
 treville, 112 m. N. by E. of Cahawba, is the seat 
 of judicature for the county. 
 
 Bibcrach, a town of Suabia, with a manufac- 
 ture of fustians, seated in a fertile valley, on the 
 Reuss, 20 m. S. S. W. of Ulm. Pop. about 4,500 
 It now belongs to Wurteinburg. 
 
 Bibra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, 
 much frequented on account of its mineral spring 
 It is 9 m. S. of Querfurt. 
 
 Biehcster, a town in Oxfordshire, Eno-. 11 m. 
 N. N. E. of Oxford, and 54 W. by N. of "London 
 on the mail coach road to Leamington and War 
 wick. Pop. 2,544. 
 
 Bickaneer, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 cicar, in the country of Agimere. It is 42 m. W. 
 of Nagore. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 27. 12. N. 
 
 Bidache, a town of France, in the departmen 
 of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle, seated on the 
 Bidouse, 12 m. E. of Bayonne. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 
BIE 
 
 96 
 
 BIL 
 
 Pyrenees, and enters the Bay of Biscay, at Fon- 
 tarabia. This river was a long time a subject of 
 dispute between France and Spain, but it is now 
 common between the two nations ; the duties paid 
 by those who pass from Spain to France belong- 
 ing to the latter, and by those who pass the con- 
 trary way to the former. 
 
 Bidburg, a town of Netherlands, in the duchy 
 of Luxemburg, 30 m. N. N. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Biddeford, a seaport of England, in Devonshire. 
 It has a trade in coal, culm, timber, and oak bark, 
 also in the herring and Newfoundland fisheries, 
 and builds and owns a considerable burthen of 
 shipping. A great quantity of Welsh lime-stone 
 is burned here ; and there is a large pottery. It 
 is seated on both sides of the Torridge, over 
 which is an ancient Gothic bridge of 24 arches, 
 16 m S. by W. of Ufracomb, and 201 W. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1821,4,053. 
 
 Biddeford, a seaport of York Co. Me. The 
 county courts are sometimes held here. It is sit- 
 uate on the sea-coast, at the mouth of the Saco, 14 
 m. S. S. W. of Portland. Pop. 1,995. Long. 70. 
 35. W. lat. 43. 26. N. 
 
 Bidzigur, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, 
 with a fort on a steep and lofty rock, 50 m. S. of 
 Benares. 
 
 Biedenkopf, a town of the grand duchy of Hesse, 
 situate on the north bank of the Lahn, near its 
 source, 15 m. N. W. of Marburg. 
 
 Bieez, a town of Poland, in Cracowia, remarka- 
 ble for its mines of vitriol; seated on the Wese- 
 loke, 50 m. S. E. of Cracow. 
 
 Bid or Bienne, a town of Switzerland, capital 
 of a small territory, lately subject to the bishop 
 of Basil. It stands near a lake of the same name, 
 on the river Suss, 17 m. N. W. of Bern. 
 
 Biela, a town of Piedmont, and capital of a prov- 
 ince of the same name, bounded on the W. by 
 Aoust. The town is situate near the river Cerva, 
 24 m. W. of Vercelli. Pop. about 8,300. 
 
 Bielaic, a populous town of Silesia, with con- 
 siderable manufactures of linen and cotton, 15 
 m. east of Buntzlaw. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Bielfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the county 
 of Ravensberg. The linen made and bleached 
 here is much esteemed. It is 18 m. north of Lip- 
 stadt. Pop. about. 5,500. 
 
 Bielgorod, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Kursk, and an archbishop's see, 80 m. S. S. W. 
 of Kursk. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Bielgorod, or Jikerman, a strong town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey in Bessarabia, on the coast of the 
 Black Sea, at the mouth of the Dniester, 70 m. 
 S. S. E. of Bender. Long. 31. 15. E. lat 46. 8. N. 
 
 Bieloi, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Smolensk, 60 m. N. E. of Smolensk. 
 
 Bielozersk, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Novogorod, on the south side of the lake 
 Bielo, 210 m. N. E. of Novogorod, and about the 
 same distance E. of St. Petersburgh. Pop. about 
 3,000. 
 
 BieJsk, a town of Prussian Poland, capital of 
 Podiakia, seated on the Biala, one of the sources of 
 the Vistula, 130 m. E. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 
 23. 39. E. lat. 52. 40. N. 
 
 Bienvenu, a bayou in the Parish of Orleans, 
 Lou. running E. into Lake Borgne. By this chan- 
 nel the British army reached the Mississippi in 
 Dec. 1814 when marching upon New Orleans. 
 
 Biervlict, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 
 ders, situate on the West Scheldt, and on a small 
 iiland of its name, 20 m. N. N. W. of Ghent. 
 
 Biggar, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, 
 
 with the ruins of a collegiate church, 10 m. S. E 
 of Carnwarth. Pop. 1,727. 
 
 Bigglestcade, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed on the Ivel, 10 m. E. S. E. of Bedford, and 45 
 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 2,778. 
 
 Bigorre, a late province of France, bounded on 
 the north by Armagnac, east by Comminges, west 
 by Beam, and south by the Pyrenees. See Py- 
 renees Upper. 
 
 Bighorn, a river of the Missouri territory, North 
 America, rising from the Rocky Mountains in the 
 lat. of about 41. N. runs north into the Yellow 
 Stone which falls into the Missouri in the lat. of 
 48. N. It is represented as flowing through a 
 fertile, but at present an uninhabited country. 
 
 Big Sandy, a river which divides the state of 
 Virginia from that of Kentucky, falling into the 
 Ohio, opposite Burlington, in Lawrence county, 
 state of Ohio. 
 
 Bigbay p. v. Johnson Co. 111. 
 
 Big Bone Lick, a small river in Woodford Co. 
 Ken., where numbers of enormous bones have 
 been found. 
 
 Biguba, a kingdom on the west coast of Africa, 
 watered by the Rio Grande. The capital is of 
 the same name, seated on the north bank of the 
 river, about 100 miles from its mouth. Long 
 13. 50. W. lat. 11. 12. N. 
 
 Big Walnut, r. an easterly branch of the Scioto 
 in Ohio. 
 
 Bihar, a county of Upper Hungary, bordering 
 on Transylvania. It is intersected by the Korosh 
 river. Groswarden is the capital. The east part 
 is mountainous, and inhabited by Wallachiaras 
 Pop. about 223,000, chiefly Hungarians. 
 
 Bihatz, a town in Croatia, on the frontiers of 
 Bosnia, seated on an isle formed by the river 
 Unna, 65 m. S. E. of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 32. E. 
 lat. 44. 51. N. 
 
 Bilbao, a city and seaport of Spain, capital of 
 Biscay. The upper part is built mostly of wood, 
 and has narrow streets, which terminate in a 
 great square ; the lower part is of freestone and 
 brick, with fine broad streets. The houses are 
 rather high, and fully inhabited. The principal 
 exports are wool, oil, chesnuts, sword-blades, and 
 other manufactures in iron and steel. It is seat- 
 ed in a fertile country, on the banks of the Du- 
 rango river, which forms a good harbour near the 
 Bay of Biscay, 50 m. W. of St. Sebastian, and 
 72 1-2 leagues N. of Madrid, by way of Aranda, 
 and 88 by way of Valladolid and Segovia. Long. 
 2.44. W. lat. 43. 14. N. 
 
 Bildcston, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on 
 the river Breton, 12 m. S. E. of Bury, and 63 N. 
 E. of London. It has two fairs annually. Pop. 836. 
 
 Biledulgerid, a country of Barbary, bounded 
 on the north by Tunis and Algiers, east by Tri- 
 poli, south by Guergula, and west by Tuggurt. 
 The air is hot and unhealthy. The country is 
 mountainous and sandy, producing little susten- 
 ance, except dates, which are exchanged with the 
 neighbouring countries for wheat. The inhabit- 
 ants are deemed lewd, treacherous, thievish, and 
 cruel. They are a mixture of ancient Africans 
 and wild Arabs ; the former living in towns and 
 the latter in tents. 
 
 Bilin, a town of Bohemia, in the south-west 
 part of the circle of Leutmeritz, near a mountain 
 of its name, 17 m. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 Bilitz, a town of Silesia, with a castle, and 
 considerable manufacture of cloth ; situate on the 
 Biala, on the verge of Poland, 18 m. E. N. E. of 
 Teschen. Pop. about 3,400. 
 
BIO 
 
 9r 
 
 BIR 
 
 Billericay, a town in Essex, Eng. seated .,n a 
 hill, 9 m. S. W. of Chelmsford, and 23 E. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. about 1,200. 
 
 Billesdon, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 8 m. 
 N. of Leicester, and 93 N. by W. of London. Pop. 
 •G34. 
 
 Billom, a town of France, in the department of 
 Puy de Dome, seated on an eminence, 15 m. E. S. 
 E. of Clermont. Pop. 5,200. 
 
 Bilmah, a vast burning desert of Africa, be- 
 tween Fezzan and Bornou, which caravans are 
 ten days in passing. 
 
 Bilsah, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, capital 
 of a circar, noted for producing excellent tobacco. 
 It is situate near the source of the Betwa river, 
 120 m. E. ofOugein. 
 
 Bilseii, a town of the Netherlands, in the terri- 
 tory of Liege. Near it is Munster Bilsen, a cele- 
 brated temporal foundation and abbey for noble 
 ladies. It is situate on the Demer, 15 m. N. N. 
 W. of Liege. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Bilstcin, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Westphalia, situate on a mountain, 24 in. S. S. E. 
 of Arensburg. 
 
 Biteton, a large village in Staffordshire, Eng. 
 2 m. S. E. of Wolverhampton. It has a naviga- 
 ble canal, communicating with the Staffordshire 
 and Worcestershire canals, and several great riv- 
 ers. Near it are large mines of coal, iron-stone, 
 &c. also furnaces, forges, and slitting mills ; and 
 manufactures of japanned and enamelled o-oods. 
 Pop. in 1821, 12,003. 
 
 Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, near the 
 channel of Bahama, 8 miles long, and nearly as 
 many broad. It has a good harbour. Lonor. 70. 
 30. W. lat. 25. 0. N. 
 
 Bimlepatam, a town of Hindoostan, on the 
 coast of the Circars, 12 m. N. of Vizigapatam. 
 
 Binaros, or Vinaros, a town of Spain, in Valen- 
 cia, seated near the Mediterranean, at the mouth 
 of a river, which forms a small harbour, 7 m. N. 
 by E. of Peniscola, and 23 S. of Torsosa. 
 
 Binck, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 Hainault, on the river Haye, 9 m. E. of Mons. 
 Pop. 3,800. 
 
 Binchester, a village in the county of Durham, 
 Eng. on the river Wear, near Durham. By 
 several inscriptions and monuments, it appears to 
 have been the Roman Vinovium ; and many Ro- 
 man coins have been dug up here. 
 
 Bingazi, a town of Barbary, in Barbaca, with 
 a harbour for small vessels, 35 m. S. W. of Tolo- 
 meta. 
 
 Bingen, a town of Germany, seated at the con- 
 fluence of the Nahe with the Rhine, 15 m. W. by 
 S. ofMentz. Pop. 2,700. 
 
 Bingcnheim, a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Upper Rhine, 16 in. N. N. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Bingham, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. in 
 the vale of Belvnir, 9 m. E. of Nottingham, and 
 124 N. by W. of London. Pop. 1,574. 
 
 Bingham, t. Somerset. Co. Me. Pop. 538. 
 
 Binglcy, a town in West Yorkshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed on the Aire, 14 m. S. E. of Skipton, and 202 
 N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,176. 
 
 Biobio, the largest river of Chile, which rises 
 in the Andes, runs through veins of gold, and 
 fields of sarsaparilla, and passing the city of Con- 
 cepcion, enters the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 36. 55. S. 
 It is the boundary between Chile, and the coun- 
 try of the Araucan Indians. 
 
 Biornehurg, a town of Russian Finland, near 
 the mouth of the Kune, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 75 m. N. of Abo. Long. 22. 5. E. lat. 61. 42. N. 
 13 S 
 
 Bir, El-Bir,,Beer, or Biredgik, a town of Asi- 
 atic Turkey, in Diarbeck, with a castle. It stands 
 on the east bank of the Euphrates, near a high 
 mountain, in a fruitful country, 60 m. N. E. of 
 Aleppo. 
 
 Birboom, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 6ij 
 in. W. S. W. of Moorshedabad, and 115 N. N 
 W. of Calcutta. 
 
 Bird Islands, there are a dozen islands and clus- 
 ters of islands in different parts of the world, cal- 
 led Bird Islands, mostly uninhabited, except hv 
 birds, from which they have been named. The 
 most considerable group is in the Carribean Sea, 
 E. of Curacao. 
 
 Birdsborough, p. v. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuyl 
 kill, 8 m. below Reading. 
 
 Birdsvillc, p.v. Burke Co. Geo. 48 m. S. E 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Birkenfeld, a town of Germany, in the county 
 of Spanheim, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; seat- 
 ed near the source of the river Nahe, 25 m. E. S. 
 E. of Treves. It is distinguished for its cattle 
 fairs. 
 
 Birmah, an extensive empire in Asia, to the 
 east of the Bay of Bengal ; containing the king- 
 doms of Birmah, Cassay, Aracan, and Pegu, and 
 all the west coast of Siam, to the promontory of 
 Malay, extending from the 10th to the 24th deg. 
 of N. lat. The kingdom of Birmah, frequently 
 called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital, 
 has Pegu on the south, and occupies both sides of 
 the river lrrawaddy, or Errabatty, to the frontiers 
 of Assam on the north ; on the west it has Arra- 
 can and Cassay, and on the east China and Upper 
 Siam. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by 
 the king of Pegu, who carried the Birman mon- 
 arch prisoner to Pegu, and caused him to be mur- 
 dered there in 1754 ; but Alompra, a Birman of 
 low distinction, who was continued by the con- 
 queror as chief at Monchaban, a small place to 
 the north of Ava, revolted against the Peguese, 
 got possession of Ava in 1755, and after continued 
 battles, with various success, became the conquer- 
 or of Pegu, in 1757. This deliverer of his coun- 
 try continued in a state of warfare to his death, in 
 1760; and his successors have since added the 
 other countries, which now form the Birman Em- 
 pire. The climate of Birmah is very salubrious ; 
 the seasons being regular, and the extremes of 
 heat and cold seldom experienced. The soil is 
 remarkably fertile, producing rice, sugar canes, 
 tobacco, indigo, cotton, and all the tropical fruits 
 in perfection ; and on the banks of the lrrawaddy, 
 which runs south through the whole country, is 
 produced pure amber, and the finest teak timber in 
 the world. The kingdom of Birmah abounds in 
 minerals ; it has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and 
 sapphires ; and affords amethysts, garnets, chrys- 
 olites, jasper, load-stone, and marble. The gene- 
 ral disposition of the Birmans is strikingly con- 
 trasted with that of the natives of Hindoostan, 
 though separated only by a narrow ridge of moun- 
 tains, in several places admitting of an easy inter- 
 course. The Birmans are a lively, inquisitive 
 race, active, irascible, and impatient; but the 
 character of their Bengal neighbours is known to 
 be the reverse. The passion of jealousy which 
 prompts most eastern nations to immure their 
 women, and surround them with guards, seems to 
 have little influence on the minds of the Birmans 
 for their wives and daughters have as free inter 
 course with the other sex as the rules of Euro- 
 pean society admit. The Birmans are extremely 
 fond both of poetry and music. Their religion is. 
 
B1R 
 
 95 
 
 BIS 
 
 m fact, that of the Hindoos, though they are not 
 votaries of Brama, but sectaries of Boodh. Their 
 iurisprudence is distinguished above that of any 
 
 other Hindoo community for perspicuity and 
 good sense. The emperor of Birmah is a despot- 
 ic monarch, and like the sovereign of China ac- 
 knowledges no equal. The prevailing character- 
 istif of the Birman court is pride. There are no 
 hereditary dignities or employments in the gov- 
 ernment, for all honours and offices, on the demise 
 of the the possessor, revert to the crown. The 
 capital was formerly Ummerapoora, but this city 
 is now deserted, and the old capital Ava rebuilt. 
 The chief seaport is Rangoon. 
 
 Birmingham, a large, inland, populous and im- 
 portant town of England, in Warwickshire, bor- 
 dering on the counties of Worcester and Stafford. 
 It is a place of great antiquity, and has long been 
 celebrated for its works m every kind of metal, 
 and the manufacture of hardware, fire-arms, cut- 
 lery, japanned wares, and trinkets. The era of 
 its pre-eminence however is comparatively recent, 
 its commencement may be dated subsequent to 
 the war of 177G — 1783 ; since when it has more 
 than doubled in extent and population. The 
 aurnber of its inhabitants, including Aston, imme- 
 diately contiguous, in 1801 was 72,522, and in 1821 
 106,722, and the adjacent country, on the borders 
 of the counties of Stafford and Worcester, contains 
 from 80,000 to 100,000 persons more, chiefly occu- 
 pied in the manufacture of articles brought" to Bir- 
 mingham, for sale and distribution. The Stafford- 
 shire border abounds in iron and coal of the finest 
 quality, which contributes essentially to the excel- 
 lence and facility of most of its manufactures. The 
 town is considered peculiarly health)', the chief 
 part being built along the ridge of a hill, having 
 a dry, sandy soil. The streets are regular, and 
 the buildings spacious. The church of St. Philip, 
 built in 1711, is a stately and fine edifice, and 
 since 1800 two other churches have been built, 
 both equally handsome. It has several sectarian 
 meeting houses, a well-endowed public school, a 
 handsome theatre, and an extensive suite of baths. 
 The perspective of the town, especially on the 
 east side, is very imposing, and independent of 
 its innate importance, being nearly in the centre 
 of the kingdom, it is a place of vast intercourse. 
 It has a canal basin at its highest level, from 
 vhence cuts diverge in every direction, and by 
 vnich the manufactures of the district are con- 
 veyed to all the ports of the kingdom, for distri- 
 bution over every part of the habitable globe. The 
 surrounding country is very fertile, and its mark- 
 et is in consequence exceedingly well supplied 
 
 with all the essentials of subsistence. Birming 
 han> ic. not an incorporated town, and, notwith- 
 standing its size and importance, has at present 
 no representation in parliament, though this evil 
 will probably be soon removed. It is governed 
 by two bailiffs and two constables, and there are 
 several resident magistrates who are chosen an- 
 nually from the most respectable part of the com- 
 munity. In 1(34:3 Birmingham was besieged and 
 taken by prince Rupert, and ordered to be burnt 
 to the ground, but, owing to some propitious cir- 
 cumstances, the conflagration did very little dam- 
 age. In 1665, or 1666, the town suffered severe- 
 ly from the plague. It began shortly after this 
 period to be considerably enlarged, though in 1700 
 it consisted of only 30 streets, whereas there are 
 now upwards of 300. It is 109 m. N. N. W. of 
 London, by way of Coventry or Warwick, from 
 each of which it is distant 18 m. and 116 by way 
 of Oxford, from which it is distant 58 m. 
 
 There are 3 towns in Pennsylvania by the 
 name of Birmingham. 
 
 Birnam, a hill of Scotland, in Perthshire, cele- 
 brated by Shakspeare in his Macbeth, 1580 feet 
 above the level of the sea. It was anciently a 
 forest and part of the Royal domain of Scotland. 
 
 Biron, a town of France, department of Dor- 
 dogne, 73 miles E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Biron, a town in the department of Lower 
 Charente, 12 m S. E. of Saintes. 
 
 Birr, a parish and town of Ireland, in King's 
 county, near the borders of Tipperary. The town 
 is sometimes called Parsons Town : it is 34 m. 
 N. E. of Limerick, and 34 N. N. W. of Kilkenny. 
 Pop. in 1821,5,406; and the parish 2,972 more. 
 
 Birse, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 
 seated on the Dee, 28 m. West of Aberdeen. Pop. 
 1,505. 
 
 Birtlev, a village in the county of Durham, Eng. 
 10 m. N^f Durham. Pop. in 1821, 1,386. There 
 is a village of the same name in Northumberland, 
 having a salt spring, at which great quantities of 
 salt were formerly made. 
 
 Birvie-sca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 13 
 m. N. (5f Burgos. 
 
 Biwza, a town of Poland, in Samogitia, 42 miles 
 S. E. of Mittau. 
 
 Bisaccia, a town of Naples in Principato Ulte- 
 riore, 15 m. N. E. of Conza. 
 
 Biscara, a town of Algiers, in the province 
 of Constantina, and the chief place of the dis- 
 trict of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 120 m. S. S. 
 W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 12. W. lat. 33. 35. N. 
 
 Biscay, a maritime province on the N. coast of 
 Spain, extending from the Bidassoa, which di- 
 vides Spain from France in the long, of 1. 40. W. 
 to Santona, in 3. 18. W. lying on the shore of 
 of the Bay of Biscay, nearly in a straight line,-in 
 the lat. of 43. 20. N. extending inland, in nearly 
 a pyramidal form, to Logrono, in Old Castile ; its 
 area being 248 square leagues, and in 1810 con- 
 tained a pop. of 283,450. It is bounded on the 
 W. by Asturias and Old Castile, and E. by the 
 Navarre. The river Ebro, which runs S. into the 
 Mediterranean, rises nearly in the centre of the 
 province, and afterwards forms part of its west- 
 ern boundary. It is divided into three parts viz. 
 Alava, S. containing 90 leagues of area, and 67,523 
 of the pop. chief town Vittoria ; Guipuscoa, E. 
 containing 52 leagues of area, and 104,491 of pop. 
 chief town St. Sebastian ; this, it will be per- 
 ceived, is the most populous part ; Biscay Proper, 
 on the W. containing 106 leagues of area, and 111,- 
 436 of pop. chief town Bilbao. The country is in 
 
BIS 
 
 99 
 
 BLA 
 
 some parts mountainous, but well covered with 
 vood, and yielding abundance of iron and lead. 
 The pla-ins and valleys are well cultivated, yield- 
 ing ample supplies of all that is essential to the 
 comfort of the inhabitants. The Biscayans are a 
 brave choleric people, possessing a character and 
 speaking a language distinct from that of every 
 other partof Spain ; and through all the mutations 
 t.j which Spain has been exposed during a period 
 of 2900 years, by the irruptions of Romans, Cartha- 
 ginians. Moors, »fec. Biscajr has retained its an- 
 cient Cantabrian laws and independence, and at 
 the present time forms an independent republic 
 under the protection of Spain, rather than an integ- 
 ral part of the kingdom. It admits a corregidor 
 and commissary appointed by the crown, but 
 permits no taxes to be levied without the sanction 
 of the province, and yields none to the crown but 
 as gratuitous donations, and sanctions no title of 
 the king but that of lord. 
 
 Biscay, Bay of, a large bay of the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; formed bv the Isle of Ushant, N. in lat. 
 43. 22. N. and Cape Ortegal S. in lat. 43. 47. N. 
 and 7. 14. W. long, washing the N. coast of 
 Spain, from Cape Ortegal to St. Jean de Luz, in 
 lat. 42. 23 N. and the W. coast of France, on a 
 line of longitude from St. Jean de Luz, in 1.40. 
 to Ushant in 5. 3. W. During a prevalence of 
 westerly winds, the swell of the Atlantic Ocean 
 sets into this Bay, and renders the approach to 
 the British channel by vessels from the S. and 
 S. W. exceedingly difficult, and if the gales 
 are powerful, quite impossible, until they subside ; 
 there being however, plenty of sea-room, it is a 
 position of tediousness and labour, rather than 
 of danger. 
 
 Biscay, New, a name given by the Spaniards to 
 a part of the W. coast of Mexico ; now incorpo- 
 rated with the intendency of Sonora, Durango, 
 and Guadalaxara (all of which see.) 
 
 Bisclwfstcin, a town of Prussia Proper, about 
 50 m. S. of Konigsberg, and 5 S. E. of lleilsburg. 
 
 Bischofsheim,a, town of the duchy of Wurtzburg, 
 seated on the Tauber, 20 m. S. S. W. of Wurtz- 
 burg. — Another seated on the Rhom, 44 m. N. by 
 E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Bischofslack, a town of Upper Carniola, with a 
 good trade in linen and worsted, 17 m. W. by N. 
 of Lay bach. 
 
 Bischofswcrda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- 
 nia, seated on the Weiseritz, 18 m. E. of Dresden. 
 
 B is chofsw order, a town of Prussia, in the prov- 
 ince of Oberland, on the river Oss, 23 m. N. E. of 
 Culm. 
 
 Bischofzell, a town of Switzerland, in Thurgau, 
 with a castle ; seated at the confluence of the 
 Sittur and Thur, 12 m. south of Constance. 
 
 *..* There are several other towns prefixed by 
 Bischofs, in different parts of German}'. 
 
 Biscglia, a town of Naples in Terra di Bari, on 
 a hill, near the shore of the Adriatic, G m. E. of 
 W. Trani. Pop. 10,600. 
 
 Bisciia, Bizcrla, or Binzerl, a seaport of the 
 kingdom of Tunis, in a country abounding with 
 corn, fruit, oil, cotton, and other valuable produc- 
 tions. It stands on a canal, which communi- 
 cates with a gulf of the Mediterranean, 37 m. N. 
 of Tunis. Long. 9. 79. E. lat. 37. 20. N. 
 
 Biscntz, a town of Moravia, near the frontier 
 of Hungary, 15 m. S. W of Haradish. Pop. about 
 2,600. 
 
 Bishops- Auckland, Stortford, Waltham, and 
 Wearmouth. See Auckland, &c. 
 
 Bishops-castle, a borough in Shropshire, with 
 
 a market on Friday, much frequented by the 
 Welch. It is seated near the River Clun, 8 miles. 
 E. of Montgomery, and 159 W. N. W. of London. 
 It returns two members to Parliament. Pop. in 
 1821, 1,880. Voters about 180. 
 
 Bishopscille, p. v. Sumpter Dis. S. C. GO m. S 
 E. Columbia. 
 
 */' There are about 36 other towns and villages 
 with Bishop or Bishops prefixed to their names 
 in different parts of England. 
 
 Bissigano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- 
 riore, with a castle : seated on a hill near the 
 river Boccona, 16 m. N. of Cosenza. 
 
 Bislcy, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 3 m 
 S. E. of Stroud. It has a large church standing 
 on an eminence. Pop. in 1821, 5,421, much em- 
 ployed in the woolen manufacture. 
 
 Bisnairur, or Bijnagur, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 the country of Sanore. It was the capital of the 
 ancient kingdom of Narsinga, and formerly a 
 lar<>-e city. It is seated on the S. bank of the 
 Toombudra, 28 m. S. S. E. of Sanore, and 105 
 N. by W. of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 0. E. lat. 15. 
 20. N. 
 
 Bisnee, a town of Bootan, capital of a district 
 on the borders of Bengal and Assam. It is 50 m. 
 E. N. E. of Rangamutty, and 130 S. E. of Tas- 
 sasudon. Long. 90. 45. E. lat. 2G. 27. N. 
 
 Bissagos, or Bcjugas, a cluster of islands and 
 shoals on the W. coast of Africa. The largest, 
 called Bissago, is 80 m. in circuit, inhabited by 
 Portuguese and Negroes, and well cultivated. Its 
 N. end is opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
 Long. 15. 10. W. lat. 10. 58. N. 
 
 Bissunpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 circar in Bengal, 74 m. N. W. of Calcutta. 
 
 Bistricz. a populous town in the N. E. part of 
 Transylvania, on the River Bistricz, 142 m. N. 
 E. of Coloswar. — also the name of another town 
 in the circle of Prerau, Moravia. 
 
 Bitche, a fortified town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Moselle, wi(h a castle on a rock. It is 
 seated at the foot of a mountain near the river 
 Schwelb, 30 m. N. by W. of Strasburg. Pop. 
 2,300. 
 
 Bitchcn. See Pitschen. 
 
 Bitteto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 11 
 m. S. S. W. of Bari. 
 
 B/'tono, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 m 
 W. S. W. of Bari. 
 
 Bitterfeld, a town of the kingdom of Saxony, 
 seated on the Mulda, 14 m. S. of Dessau. 
 
 Blackburn, an extensive parish and town in the 
 centre of the county of Lancaster, England, in- 
 tersected by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. It 
 is divided into 23 townships, and in 1821, contain- 
 ed a population of 53,350. chiefly employed in the 
 various branches of the cotton manufacture. Parts 
 of the parish are bleak and dreary, but it is part- 
 ly situate on the great coal strata, which supplies 
 abundance of fuel. The town of Blackburn is 
 seated in a valley, on both sides of a stream call- 
 ed the Derwent, over which there are four bridges, 
 and it is skirted by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. 
 Next to Manchester, it is one of the principal 
 focuses of that wide occupation, the cotton man- 
 ufacture, thsre being about a dozen large establish- 
 ments for spinning, forty more largely occupied 
 in the manufacture of calicoes, twenty large estab- 
 lishments for printing of ditto, with all the attend 
 ant occupations of bleaching, dyeing, iron found 
 ing and machine and reed making. It has three 
 public breweries. In 1821 it contained 21,940 of 
 the above population. 12 m. E. by S. of Preston 
 
BLA 
 
 100 
 
 BLA 
 
 and 23 N. W. of Manchester. It has a free gram- 
 mar school, with an endowment of about £150 
 per ann. and also a female charity school, with 
 nearly a similar endowment ; four churches, two 
 of them handsome, and several meeting-houses. 
 
 Black Forest, a mountainous and woody district 
 of Germany, part of the ancient Hercynian Forest, 
 extending N. from the frontiers of Switzerland, 
 for about 100 m. parallel with the N. course of 
 the Rhine. The principal part lies within the 
 territory of the Duchy of Baden, bordering on 
 Bavaria, the N. part running into the territory of 
 Wurtembufg. It is in some places rich in iron 
 ;md other metals, and its wood is very valuable 
 ;is well for fuel as for building both of houses and 
 vessels for navigating the Rhine. 
 
 Bhichhcath, an elevated and spacious plain, the 
 ascent to which is 5 m. E. of London Bridge. It 
 is partly in the parish of Greenwich, and the up- 
 per part of the park of the hospital of Greenwich 
 is part of the plain. It is intersected by the great 
 high road from London to Dover, and is celebra- 
 ted in several periods of English history. The 
 Danes encamped upon it in 1012. In 1300 the 
 celebrated Wat Tyler assembled 100,000 men 
 against the government, to avenge an insult of- 
 fered to his daughter by a petty tax-gatherer at 
 Dartford. In 1450, Jack Cade assembled his 
 forces on the same spot ; and in 1497, it was the 
 scene of a contest between Henry VII. and Lord 
 Audley. It is surrounded by detached houses, and 
 ranges of handsome buildings, residences of some 
 of the more opulent classes connected with the 
 transactions of London. It commands some fine 
 prospects, and in the summer season, especially, 
 is a beautiful and interesting spot. In the side 
 of the ascent from London is a cavern consisting 
 of seven large rooms, which communicate by 
 arched avenues ; the sides and roofs of rocks of 
 chalk ; and it has a well of clear water, 27 feet 
 deep. 
 
 Black Lake, a river of Louisiana rising in the N. 
 W. expanding into a wide sheet of water and 
 flowing into the Salme. 
 
 Black Lick, t. Indiana Co. Pa. 
 
 Blackness-castle, a fort of Scotland, in Linlith- 
 gowshire, built on a kind of peninsula on the frith 
 of Forth, 9 m. N. E. of Linlithgow. It consists of 
 four bastions, and is one of the forts which, by 
 the articles of union, are to be kept in repair. 
 
 Blackpool, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m. 
 W. of Poulton, much resorted to for sea-bathing. 
 
 Black River, the name of several rivers in dif- 
 ferent parts of the world. 1st. In the county of 
 Mayo, Ireland, falling into Lake Mask. 2nd. In 
 the S. W. parit of the island of Jamaica, falling 
 into the Caribean Sea. 3rd. In Upper Canada, 
 falling into Black Bay, Lake Superior. 4th. In 
 Orleans county, Vermont, falling into Lake Mem- 
 phremagog. 5th. In Windsor county, ditto, fal- 
 ling into the Connecticut. (3th, In Virginia, fal- 
 ling into the Nottoway, on the frontiers of N. Car- 
 olina. 7th. Intersecting Darlington district, S. 
 Carolina, falling into the great Pedee. 8th. Fal- 
 ling into Lake Michigan, towards the S. E. end ; 
 and several others, but ail inconsiderable. 
 
 Black Rock, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. on Lake Erie 
 4 m. N. Buffalo. It is a small village with a har- 
 bour artificially improved by a pier. The seams 
 and patches of dark coloured chert in the lime- 
 stone here have given its name to this place. 
 
 Blackstone, a river rising near Worcester, Mass. 
 and flowing into Narraganset Bay near Provi- 
 dence. Along the valley of this river is the Black- 
 
 stone canal extending from Worcester to Provi 
 dence, 45 miles. It contains 48 locks built of 
 hammered stone, and is 34 feet wide at the sur- 
 face and 4 feet deep. It was built at a cost of 600, 
 000 dollars and finished in 1828. The navigation 
 
 M*Cr^v 
 
 upon it is flourishing: the produce of the interioi 
 of* Massachusetts finds by its means a ready mai 
 ket in the commercial city of Providence. 
 
 Blacksburg, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va. 217 m 
 S. W. Richmond. 
 
 Blacksburg, and Blacksvillc. 2 towns on the riv- 
 er Alabama in Monroe Co. Alab. 
 
 Black Sea. See Euxine. 
 
 Blac/ncall, a suburb of London, situate in a nook 
 at the S. E. extremity of the county of Middlesex. 
 It is bounded on the E.by the river Lea, which 
 divides it from the county of Essex, at its junc- 
 tion with the Thames, which from Blackwall to- 
 wards London Bridge, makes a considerable detour, 
 the distance by the course of the river being about 
 .10 miles, and more than double the distance of the 
 meridional line. This has led to the construction 
 of a tide canal, nearly a mile in length, for ships 
 of 600 to 800 tons burthen, aeross the isthmus for- 
 med by the detour of the river ; and also to the 
 construction of basins or docks for the reception 
 of all the ships arriving from the West and East 
 Indies. The West India dock establishment is 
 the most magnificent and complete work of the 
 kind in the world ; it consists of two outer basins 
 from the river at Blackwall, which lead to the 
 grand receiving basin, an oblong square, 1,200 
 yards in length, affording quay room for about sev- 
 enty sail of large vessels to discharge their cargoes 
 at one time, with moorings for 100 to 200 vessels 
 more in the centre On the S. side is a range of 
 magnificent store houses, alternately of two and 
 five stories, of sufficient capacity to warehouse 
 100,000 tons of merchandize. The N. side has a 
 covered quay, and a low range of warehouses over 
 vaults, for the storing of 50,000 puncheons of rum, 
 dye-woods, &c. &c. After discharging their car- 
 goes, the vessels leave the receiving basin at the 
 W. end through an outer basin that communicates 
 again with the river, or to the outward bound basin 
 on the S. in a line parallel with the grand receiving 
 basin, taking their departure through the outer 
 basins at Blackwall. The quays of the grand re- 
 ceiving basin are all of stone, and the conveniences 
 for unloading stores, and distributing of the mer- 
 chandize, with the swing-bridges over the entrance 
 to the outer basins and the dock gates, are all as 
 complete as labour and art can make them, whilst 
 a suitable taste pervades the whole. It was first 
 opened in 1802. Between the West India Docks 
 and the river Lea are two spacious basins for the 
 reception of all ships from China and the East In- 
 dies with store-houses for the ships' stores, salt 
 petre, and some of the more bulky production? 
 
BLA 
 
 101 
 
 BLA 
 
 but all the more valuable articles are stored in ware- 
 houses in different parts of the E. side of London. 
 There is also the largest private ship-buflding yard 
 in the world, where eight or ten ships, averaging 
 1,000 tons each, are occasionally on the stocks, 
 or repairing, at one time. Blackwall commands 
 a very extensive view down the river, which draws 
 a constant succession of visitors to witness the 
 unrivalled passing scene of vessels from and to all 
 parts of the world, which almost every flood and 
 ebb of the tide presents. The pop. of this appen- 
 dage of London in 1821 was 12,223. 
 
 Black Walnut, p. v. Halifax Co. Va. 100 m. S. 
 W. Richmond. 
 
 Black Warrior, r. the N. E. branch of Tombig- 
 bee river in Alabama. It rises among the moun- 
 tains in the northern part of the state and is nav- 
 igable for a great part of its course. 
 
 Blackwater, a river of Ireland, which flows 
 through the counties of Cork and Waterford into 
 Youghal Bay. 
 
 Blackioater yO. river in Essex, Eng. which flows 
 by Bradfield, Braintree, Coggeshal, Kelvedon, and 
 Maiden, and then enters the estuary, to which it 
 gives the name of Blackwater bay, near the mouth 
 of the Thames. It is also the name of four or 
 five rivers in the United States, but all inconsider- 
 able. 
 
 Bladen, a county in the S. part of N. Carolina, 
 bordering on the maritime county of Brunswick. 
 It isintersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 7,801. 
 Elizabethtown, 98 m. S. of Raleigh, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Bladenoch, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the hills in the N. part of Wigtonshire, and after 
 a winding course of 24 m. enters Wigton bay. 
 Several islands are formed in its bed, which are 
 famous for the resort of eagles. 
 
 Bladensburg, a town of Maryland, in George 
 county, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 m. from 
 its mouth, at Washington, and 38 S. W. of Balti- 
 more. The American army sustained a defeat by 
 the British at this place, on the 24th of August, 
 1814, in attempting to arrest the progress of the 
 British towards Washington. 
 
 Blain, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Loire, 22 m. N. N. W. of Nantes. 
 
 Blair Mhol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 with a castle, the seat of the Duke of Athol, 36 
 m. N. N. W. of Perth. 
 
 Blair Goiorie, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 with a manor house, built in the form of a castle, 
 22 m. N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 2,253, partly em- 
 ployed in the cotton manufacture. 
 
 Blainville, p. v. Indiana Co. Pa. 184 m. W. 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Blasois, a late province of France, bounded on 
 the N. by Beauce, E. by Orleanois, S. by Berry, 
 acd W. by Touraine. It now forms the depart- 
 ment of Loire and Cher. 
 
 Blaison, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mayenne and Loire, 8 m. S. E. of Angers. 
 
 Blakely, p.t. a seaport of Baldwin Co. Alab. on 
 a branch of the Mobile, at the head of Mobile Bay. 
 The town was founded in 1816, and is a flourish- 
 ing place. The situation is healthy, and the har- 
 bour commodious. 
 
 Blakely, t. Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 Blakesburv, plantation, Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 
 403. 
 
 Blamont, a town in France, in the department of 
 Meurthe, seated on the Vezouze, 12 m. E. of Lu- 
 neville. 
 
 Blanc-en-berry, a town of France, in the de- 
 
 partment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the 
 Creuse, 35 m. E. of Poitiers. Pop. 3,850. 
 
 Blanco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 m. N. E. of 
 Port St. Julien. Long. Go. 5G. W. lat. 47. 20. S. 
 
 Blanco, a cape of Peru, 120 m. S. W. of Guay- 
 aquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4. 24. S. 
 
 Blanco, a cape on the W. coast of Africa, 180 
 m. N. of the river Senegal. Long. 17. 10. W. 
 lat. 20. 55. N. It is the name of 12 or 14 other 
 Capes or Promontories in different parts of the 
 world. 
 
 Blandford, a corporate town in Dorsetshire, 
 Eng. In 1731 almost all the town was burnt 
 down ; but it was soon rebuilt, and a neat town- 
 hall of Portland stone, on columns, in which is a 
 pump, was erected inremembrance of that disaster. 
 The houses and shops are very handsome. It has a 
 considerable manufacture of thread and shirt but- 
 tons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the 
 Downs, 18 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 103 W. 
 by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,643. 
 
 Blandford, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 15 m. N. 
 W. Springfield and 116. S. W. Boston. Pop. 
 1,594. 
 
 Blandford, p. v. Prince Geo. Co. Va. 
 
 Blancs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near the 
 mouth of the Todera, 20 m. S. of Gerona. 
 
 Blank enberg, a town and fort of the Netherlands, 
 in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean, 8 m. 
 N. E. ofOstend. 
 
 Blankenburg, a town of Westphalia, at the S. 
 end of the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12 
 m. E. of Bonn. 
 
 Blankenburg, a town of Lower Saxony, capital 
 of a principality of the same name, in the Hartz 
 district, containing about 140 sq. miles. The 
 castle stands on a craggy mountain and is one of 
 the finest buildings of the kind in Germany. It 
 was the residence of Louis XVIII. during a part 
 of his exile. The town contains about 3,000 in- 
 habitants, and is 9 rri, S. of Halberstadt. 
 
 Blankenburg, a town in the principality of 
 Schwartzburg, circle of Thuringia, 5 m. N. W. of 
 Saalfeld. 
 
 Blankenesse, a town of Holstein, on the north 
 bank of the Elbe, 9 m. W. by N. of Hamburg. 
 Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Blankcnhayn, a town of Saxony, 10 m. S. W. 
 of Jena. Pop. about 1,850. 
 
 Blannerhassett 's Island, a small but very beau- 
 tiful island in the Ohio, near Belpre. It was 
 named from an Irish gentleman who settled upon it 
 in 1801 and was implicated in Burr's conspiracy. 
 
 Blarney, a parish and town in the county of 
 Cork, Ireland. In 1821 the parish contained a 
 population of 1,851. The town is situate about 4 
 miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river Lee, 
 which works a paper-mill, and the cotton manu- 
 facture was attempted in this neihbourhood about 
 1820, at which period the town contained 333 in- 
 hab. 
 
 Bias San, a seaport town of Mexico, on an is- 
 land at the mouth of the Rio Grande, or Santiago 
 river, which falls into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 21 . 
 30. N. and 104. 46. W. long. 
 
 Blaubeuren, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom 
 of Wurtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great 
 quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made 
 here. It is seated at the confluence of the Ach 
 with the Blau, 11 m. W. of Ulm. 
 
 Blaye, a seaport of France, in the department ot 
 
 Gironde, on the east bank of the river of that 
 
 name, 17 miles below Bordeaux. It has a good 
 
 citadel, and a fort on an island in the Gironde, or 
 
 12 
 
BLO 
 
 102 
 
 BOB 
 
 Garonne, which is here 3,800 yards wide. Its 
 tradf consists in the wines of the adjacent country. 
 Its harbonr is much frequented, being the outport 
 to Bordeaux, as Gravesend is to London, and 
 ships bound to Bordeaux having guns on board, 
 leave them at Blaye. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Bledsoe, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 0,448. 
 Pikeville is the capital. 
 
 Blekintren, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 on the coast of the Baltic. It is 90 m. long and 
 2! broad ; and though mountainous, is one of the 
 most aoreeable countries in the kingdom. The 
 principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, 
 hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona. 
 
 Blenheim, a village of Suabia, now in the Bava- 
 rian circle of the Upper Danube, seated on the 
 Danube, 3 m. N. E. of Hochstat. It is memora- 
 ble for the signal victory over the French and Ba- 
 varians, gained August 2nd, 1704, by the duke of 
 Marlborough. The Austrians were defeated by 
 the French near this place in 1800. 
 
 Blenheim, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 53 m. from 
 Albany. Pop. 2,280. 
 
 II! ere, a town of France, in the department of 
 Indre and Loire, on the river Cher, 18 m. £. by 
 S. of Tours. Pop. 2,000. 
 
 Bhssiagton, a parish and town in the county of 
 Wicklow, Ireland.. The parish contains quarries 
 of granite which are very extensively worked. 
 Pop. in 1821 , 1.018. The town is 14 in. W. by S. 
 of Dublin, on the border of Kildare, and in 1821, 
 contained 494 inhabitants, partially employed 
 in a branch of the woolen manufacture. 
 
 Bletchingly, a borough in Surrey, Eng. seated 
 on a hill, 4 m. E. of Ryega'te, and 21 S. of Lon- 
 don. It returns two members to parliament. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,L37. 
 
 Block Island, on the coast of Rhode IsJand, ly- 
 ing 21 m. S. S. W. of Newport and in Newport 
 County. It is 7 m. in length, and 4 in its ex- 
 treme breadth, and famous for cattle, sheep, but- 
 ter, and cheese. The south part of it is in lat. 41. 
 8. N. It is inhabited by about 700 persons, a con- 
 siderable portion of whom subsist by the fishery. 
 
 Bloekleij, p.t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 3 m. from 
 Philad. 
 
 Blochzyl, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with 
 a fort; seated at the month of the Aa, on the 
 Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour. 8 m. 
 N. W. of Steenwick. Long 5. 39. E. lat. 52. 44. N. 
 
 Bl.ois,a. city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal 
 spe. The cathedral is a large structure, seated on 
 an eminence at one extremity of the city, and on 
 another eminence at the other end is a magnifi 
 cent castle. In this castle Louis XII. was born ; 
 and here in 1588, Henry III. caused the Duke of 
 Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to be assassin- 
 ated. Here are some fine fountains, supplied by 
 an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by 
 the Romans. The principal commerce is in wine 
 and brand v; and the chief manufactures are ser- 
 ges and ticken, It it seated on the Loire, over 
 which is a handsome bridge, 37 m. E. N. E. of 
 T.mrs, and 100 S. S. W. of Paris. Pop. about 
 13,000. 
 
 Bloniez, a town of Poland, in Masovia, 20 m. 
 W. of Warsaw. 
 
 Bloom, there are 6 towns of this name in the 
 U. S., 4 in Ohio, and 2 in Pa. 
 
 Bloomfield, there are 14 towns of this name 
 in the U. S. 
 
 Bloomingburg, villages in SuMivan Co. N. Y. 
 and Fayette Co Ohio. 
 
 Bloomingdalc, a village on the Hudson, 7 m 
 above New York. 
 
 Blooming Grove, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 102 m 
 S. Albany. Pop. 2,099. Also 2 towns in Ohio. 
 
 Bloomington, p. v. the capital of Monroe Co. Ind 
 70 m. N. E. Vincennes. 
 
 Bloomingville, p v. Huron Co. Ohio, 123 m. N 
 Columbus. 
 
 Bloumsburg, 3 towns ; in Columbia Co. Pa : in 
 Hunterdon Co. N. J. and Halifax Co. Pa. 
 
 Blore, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 10 m. N 
 of Utoxeter. Its heath is famous for a battle be- 
 tween the houses of York and Lancaster, in which 
 Nevil, earl of Salisbury, for York, with 500 men 
 only, defeated lord Audley with 10,000. Tw 
 latter was killed, and on the spot is erecte d u 
 stone-cross to his memory. 
 
 Blount, a County of E. Tennessee, pop. 11,- 
 027, Marysville is the capital ; also a County of 
 Alabama, pop. 4,233, Blountsville is the capital. 
 
 Blountsrillc, is also a village of Jones Co. Geo 
 
 Bluchili, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,499. It 
 stands upon a bay, 12 m. N. E. Castine. 
 
 Blue Mountains, several mountains so called in 
 different parts of the world; viz. 1st, intersecting 
 the island of Jamaica from east to west. North 
 Peak is 8,180 ft. above the level of the sea ; 2nd, 
 the most ea-sterly ridge of the Apalaehians, in the 
 state of Pennsylvania, extending in the south-west 
 direction, from the Delaware to the south of the 
 Susquehannah river, altitude, 3,000 to 4,000 ft.; 
 3rd, a more southern branch of the same ridge, 
 extending in the same direction from the north 
 of the Potomac river, through the state of Vir- 
 ginia into North Carolina. Otter Peak is 3,103 ft. 
 high, and is the highest point in all Virginia. 
 The passage of the Potomac river through this 
 ridge is peculiarly grand ; 4th, an extensive range 
 in New Holland, dividing the settlements of Port 
 Jackson, &c. on the coast, from Bathurst Plains : 
 5th, intersecting the island of Java in various 
 directions. 
 
 Blue Koch, t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. 
 
 Blvfton. p.v. Ray Co. Missouri, on the Missouri, 
 280 m. from St. Louis. 
 
 Blyth, a large parish and town, at the north-west 
 extremity of the County of Nottingham, Eng. bor- 
 dering on Yorkshire. The town is 5 m. N. of 
 Worksop. Pop. 801, and of the parish 3,456. 
 
 Blyth, a town of Northumberland, England, sit- 
 uate at the mouth of a river of the same name, 
 which falls into the German Ocean, 14 m N. N. 
 E. of Newcastle. It has a convenient quay from 
 which a considerable quantity of coal is shipped. 
 Pop. 1 .805. There are two other rivers of the 
 same name, in England : viz. one in the County 
 of Suffolk, falling into the sea at Southwold, and 
 another in the County of Warwick, falling into 
 the Tame, below Coleshill. 
 
 Bond, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, on Ih^ 
 river Mahanuday, 05 m. S. S. E. of Sumbul- 
 pour, and 115 W. of Cuttack. 
 
 Boulsburg, p.v. Centre Co. Pa. 115 m. N W. 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Him rd man, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bobbin, a town of Italy in the Milanese, on th* 
 river Trebia, 25 m. S. E. of Pavia. Pop. 3,500. 
 
 Bobevhausen, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Darmstadt, with a castle, seated on the Gers 
 brentz, 43 m. S. E. of Frankfort on the Mayne. 
 
 Bober, a river of Germany, which rises in Si 
 lesia, on the borders of Bohpmia, flows north by 
 Lowenburg, Buntzlau, and Sagan, and joins the 
 Oder below Crossen. 
 
BOG 
 
 103 
 
 BOH 
 
 Bobersberg, a town of Brandenburg, in the New 
 Mark, and duchy of Crossen; seated on the side 
 of a hill, by the river Bober, 5 m. S. of Crossen. 
 
 Bobingcn, a town of Bavaria, 9 in. S. of Augs- 
 burg. Pop. about 1,500. 
 
 Bobrawa, a town in the circle of Brunn, Mo- 
 ravia, 4' m. S. W. of Bistitz. 
 
 Bobretz, a town in the County of Liptau, Up- 
 per Hungary, among the Carpathian Mountains. 
 Pop. about 1,700. 
 
 Bobrijik, a town in the palatinate of Minsk, 
 Lithuania ; situate east of the Bobrigia river, just 
 above its confluence with the Berezina. 
 
 Boca, signifying mouth, is a term which has 
 been prefixed by the Spaniards, to the name of 
 several straits or sea-passages in different parts 
 of South America ; the most celebrated is the 
 north strait, between the island of Trinidad and 
 the coast of Cumana, called the Boca del Drago, 
 or Dragon"s Mouth. 
 
 Boca Tigris, a strait in Canton river, China. 
 
 Bochctta, a chain of mountains, in the territory 
 of Genoa, over which is the road into Lombardy. 
 On the highest mountain is a strong pass that 
 will hardly admit three men to go abreas-t ; and 
 this is, properly, the Bochetta. It is the key of 
 Genoa, and was forced by the French in 1790 
 and by the Austrians in 1800. 
 
 Bochnia, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Cracow, with large salt mines, 20 m. E. S. E. 
 of Cracow. Pop. about 3,300. 
 
 Bocholt, a town of Westphalia, in the principal- 
 ity of Munster, on the river Aa, 40 m. W. of 
 Munster. 
 
 Bockenhcim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 principality of Hildesheim, on the river Nette, 13 
 rn. S. S. E. of Hildesheim. 
 
 Backing, a. large village in Essex, Eng. adjoin- 
 ing to Braintree. Its church is spacious ; and 
 here is a great manufacture of baize. Pop. in 
 1821, 2,780. 
 
 Bockum, a town of Westphalia, in the county 
 of Mark, 26 m. S. E.of Wesel. 
 
 Boden Sec. See Constance, Lake of. 
 
 Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. The 
 summer assizes are held here. It has some man- 
 ufactures of serge, and a trade in wool and yarn. 
 The church is the largest in the county, and the 
 remains of an episcopal palace and a priory are 
 still to be seen. It is 32 m. N. E. of Falmouth, 
 and 235 W. by S. of London. It returns two 
 members to Parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,278. 
 
 Bobrogh, a river of Upper Hungary, rising 
 among the Carpathian mountains, and falling into 
 the Theiss at Tokay. 
 
 Bodrun, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 
 on the N. side of the gulf of Scalanova, 18 m. S. 
 
 of Smyrna. Another, on the site of the ancient 
 
 alicarnassus, on the N. side of the gulf of Stan- 
 
 hio,45 m. W.by S. of Melassa. 
 
 Bog, a river which rises on the S. border of 
 Volhynia, in Poland, flows through Podolia and 
 Budzac Tartary, and enters the Black Sea, be- 
 tween Oczakow and the river Dnieper. 
 
 Bogg, t. Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Boglio, or Beuil, a town of Savoy, situate on 
 the Tinea, 21 m. N. N. W. of Nice. 
 
 Boglion, a town of Austrian Istria, about 30 m. 
 S. S. E. of Trieste. 
 
 Bogiipour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 circar in Bengal ; seated on the Ganges, 112 m. 
 N. E. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Bogodouk, or Bogoduchoio, a large inland town 
 of European Russia, in the province of Kharcov. 
 
 It has considerable manufactures of leather. Pop. 
 about 7,000. 
 
 Bognor, a village in Sussex, Eng. 7 m. S. of Chi- 
 chester. It is an improving place, and much 
 frequented in summer for sea-bathing. 
 
 Bogola, a river of Colombia, which falls into 
 the Pacific Ocean, in the lat. of 1. N. 
 
 Bogorodilsk, a handsome town, containing 
 about 5,000 inhabitants, in the province of Thoula, 
 Russia. 
 
 Bogota, a large city and the capital of Colom- 
 bia. During the rule of the Spaniards in S. 
 America, it was the capital of the viceroy alty of 
 New Granada, and was then more commonly call- 
 ed Santa Fe. Since the organization and estab- 
 lishment of the republic of Colombia, it has been 
 more commonly called Bogota, and made the 
 chief town of the province of Cundinamarca, 
 and seat of the whole republican government of 
 Colombia. It is situate on a spacious and fertile 
 plain, on the most easterly ridge of the Andes, 
 in the lat. of 4. 30. N. and 73. 30. of W. long 
 at an elevation of upwards of 8,000 feet above the 
 level of the sea, which, notwithstanding its con- 
 tiguity to the equator, renders its climate com- 
 paratively temperate and agreeable. It is inter- 
 sected by a small river called the Bogota (hence 
 its recent appellation) which falls into the Mac- 
 dalena, W. of the ridge of mountains on which 
 the town is situate. The town is tolerably well 
 laid out, having four squares, containing some 
 handsome buildings ; and, although its remote- 
 ness from the sea, and destitution of water com- 
 munication, will operate against its becoming a 
 place of the first magnitude, should it continue 
 to be the seat of government, it will doubtless 
 considerably increase both in extent and popula- 
 tion, which at present amounts to about 40,000. 
 The most convenient points of debarkation for 
 Bogota from Europe, are either Laguira or Car- 
 thagena, the distance from the former about GOO 
 miles N. W. and from Carthagena about 450 
 N. E. ; but the routes usually taken will in both 
 instances, greatly exceed those distances. It is 
 about 450 m. N. E. of Quito, about 15 m. S. W. 
 of the town, at a place called Tequendama; the 
 river Bogota falls down a precipice with consid- 
 erable fury, and is an object of great attraction 
 to the strangers who visit Bogota. 
 
 Bogwaivpoor, a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, a 
 few m. S. E. of Benares. 
 
 Bohemia, a kingdom and very compact terri- 
 tory in the centre of Europe, supposed to have 
 derived its name from a tribe of Celts called the 
 Boii. It was originally more extensive, inclu- 
 ding Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E. and Mora- 
 via on the S. E. Previous to 1547, it was an in- 
 dependent kingdom, having an elective form of 
 government, the popularity of which excited the 
 jealousy of the Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand 
 I. who obtained at that period the consent of the 
 Germanic diet, to declare it an hereditary append- 
 age of the dominion of Austria. This union was 
 severely contested on the part of the Bohemians 
 for about seventy years, but since 1690 they have 
 implicitly yielded to the Austrian yoke. Bohe- 
 mia, in its present extent, is in the form of a dia- 
 mond, and lies between the lat. of 48. 35. and 51. 
 5. N. and 12. 20. to 16. 30. of W. long. Its south 
 em point borders on Upper Austria, and it is boun 
 ded by Bavaria on the S. W., Saxony on the N. 
 W., Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E., and Moravia 
 on the S. E., its extreme length and breadth will 
 be about 180 by 190 m., but each of the four sides 
 
BOH 
 
 104 
 
 BOK 
 
 of its quadrilateral figure will not average more 
 than about 125, and as such give a superficial ex- 
 tent of 15.025 sq. m. 
 
 Since 1751 it has been divided into the 12 fol- 
 lowing circles, named after 12 of the principal 
 towns, (exclusive of Prague, the metropolis of the 
 whole territory, which has a separate jurisdiction :) 
 viz. Leutmeritz, Bunzlau, Konigingratz, Chrudim 
 Tchaslau, Bechin, Praclbin. Bohemia is consider- 
 ed the most elevated part of Europe, no rivers 
 running into it. The Spree, the Neisse, and the 
 Bober, running north through Lusatia and Silesia, 
 have their source on the frontiers of the circles of 
 Bunzlau and Konigingratz, and the Elbe has its 
 source in the latter circle near the frontier of 
 Silesia, running south into the circle of Chrudim, 
 and then takes a north-west course, bounding the 
 circle of Buntzlau on the south, intersectingLeut- 
 meritz towards Dresden in Saxony. The Mol- 
 dau rises near the frontier of Austria at the south 
 extremity of the circle of Bechin, and runs near- 
 ly due north past Prague, into the Elbe at Melnik 
 in Buntzlau. Several streams have their sources 
 in the circle of Pilsen, which unite near the town 
 of that name, and there form the Beraun, which 
 runs into the Moldau a little below Prague. The 
 Eger intersects the circle of Saaz from south-west 
 to north-east, falling into the Elbe a little below 
 the town of Leutmeritz. These rivers, with their 
 several tributary streams, contribute alike to the 
 diversity and fertility of the country. There are 
 also several small lakes in the south part of the 
 circle of Bechin. The frontiers on all sides, ex- 
 cept on that of Moravia, are mountainous and 
 woody, whilst the whole of the interior possesses 
 a soil of great capability ; but as a species of feudal 
 tyranny pervades the whole territory, it naturally 
 precludes all excitement to social exertion, and 
 its productions are consequently confined to a 
 bare means of subsistence. It grows a considera- 
 ble quantity of flax, which, as well as their wool, 
 is manufactured into linens and cloths, for domes- 
 tic use, and some on the side of Lusatia and Silesia 
 for exportation. Almost every kind of mineral is 
 found in one part of the country, or the other, and 
 having but little external intercourse, every branch 
 of manufacture is carried on as domestic occupa- 
 tions for internal supply. It has several mineral 
 springs, but it is deficient in the essential article 
 of salt, part of the supply being obtained from 
 external sources. 
 
 On the subjugation of Bohemia by Austria, the 
 ancient form of government was retained, but it 
 was merely the form : and absolute and despotic 
 dictation nullified whatever was calculated to jus- 
 tify or vindicate the rights of man, and the con- 
 duct of blind, passive obedience, may now be con- 
 sidered as firmly established in Bohemia, as in 
 any part of Europe, or the world. The establish- 
 ed religion of Bohemia is the Roman Catholic, 
 and before the year 1781 the Protestants were not 
 permitted the free exercise of their worship : at 
 present all religious creeds are tolerated. Out of 
 a population of about 3,000,000, the dissentients 
 from Catholicism do not exceed 100.000, about 
 half of whom are Jews. In time of peace, about 
 50,000 men are maintained in arms, to support 
 whom, and other state pretensions, exactions, 
 equal to about 9,000,000 American dollars, are im- 
 posed on the productive labours of the people. 
 The original language of Bohemia seems to have 
 been Sclavonic, a dialect of which is still common 
 in the country ; but the German or high Dutch is 
 spoken with considerable purity. 
 
 Bohmerwald, a dense mountain forest, forming 
 the south-west boundary of Bohemia. The term 
 implies Bohemian Forest, Baum in German signi- 
 fying wood ; Bohm is probably a corruption of 
 that term in Bohemia, and may have given name 
 to the country, signifying a woody country, and 
 the two following places as situated in woods. 
 
 Bohmisch Mche, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- 
 cle of Bunzlau, 20 m. N. of Jung Bunzlau. 
 
 Bohmisch Brod, a town of Bohemia, in the cir- 
 cle of Kaurzim, 14 m. E. S. E. of Prague. 
 
 Bohol, one of the Philippine islands, to the 
 north of Mindanao. Lono-. 124. 5. E. lat. 10. 0. 
 N. 
 
 Bohol, or Bool, a town at the mouth of a river 
 of the same name, falling into the Sooloo Sea, on 
 the north coast of the isle of Celebes. 
 
 Bohus, or Bahus, a small district of West Goth- 
 land, Sweden, bordering on the Cattegat, north 
 of Gottenburg. Stromstadt, on the coast, in lat. 
 58. 5(3. N. and 11. 15. E. long, is the principal 
 town. 
 
 Bojador, a cape on the west coast of Africa, 
 doubled by the Portuguese in 1433. Long. 14. 
 27. W. lat. 26. 12. N. 
 
 Boinno, a town of Naples, in the Molise, at the 
 foot of the Apennines, on the east, near the river 
 Tilerno In 1808 it suffered greatly by an earth- 
 quake, and most of the inhabitants were destroy- 
 ed. It is 45 m. N. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Bois Blanc, an island in Michigan Teritory, in 
 Detroit river, opposite Amherstburg. 
 
 Bois le Due, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, 
 capital of a district of the same name, which con 
 tains also the towns of Helmont, and Eyndhoven 
 It has a castle named Papen-briel, and a little to 
 the south are two forts, called Isabella and St. 
 Antony. It was taken by the French in 1894. 
 It is situate among morasses, on the river Dom- 
 mel, where it receives the Aa, 22 m. E. by N. of 
 Breda, and 45 S. S. E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 
 about 13,000. 
 
 Boiscommun, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Loiret, 25 m. N. E. of Orleans. 
 
 Boitzenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- 
 lenburg, at the confluence of the Boitze with the 
 Elbe, 30 m. S. W. of Schwerin. 
 
 Boitzenhurg, a town of Brandenburo-, in the 
 Ucker Mark, 10 m. W. of Prenslow. 
 
 Bokhara, a city of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia. 
 It stands on a rising ground, surrounded by a 
 slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on the 
 south side of the river Sogd. The houses are 
 low, and mostly built of mud ; but the caravan- 
 seras and mosques, which are numerous, are all 
 of brick. The bazars, or market-places, have 
 been stately buildings, but the greatest part of 
 them are now in ruins. Here is also a statelv 
 building for'the education of the priests. Great 
 numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this 
 place ; and the trade with Russia and Persia is 
 considerable. In 1220, Bokhara was taken by 
 Jenghis Khan, with a numerous army, who burnt 
 the city, aad demolished the castle ; but after the 
 city had remained in ruins some years, he at 
 length ordered it to be rebuilt. It is 138 m. W. 
 by S. of Samarcand. Long. 62. 56. E. lat. 39. 4. 
 N. 
 
 Bokharia, or Bucharia, a county of Usbec Tar- 
 tary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east by 
 Casbgar, south by Hindoostan and Persia, and 
 west by Chorasan and Charism. It is fertile in 
 corn and fruit, and the best cultivated of any part 
 of Tartary. This country comprehends the ancient 
 
BOL 
 
 105 
 
 
 BOL 
 
 district of Bactriana, the native country ot the 
 two-humped camel. The one-humped camel, or 
 dromedary, is a much more common animal. 
 
 The inhabitants are in general tawny, with black 
 hair, but some are white and well made. They 
 are cleanly in their food, which often consists of 
 minced meat, and tea is the general drink. They 
 are not warlike, but use the bow, lance, and sabre. 
 Samarcand is the capital. 
 
 Bokharia, Little. See Cashgar. 
 
 Bolabola, one of the Society Islands, in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean. 4 leagues N. W. of Otaha. Long. 
 151. 52. W. lat. 16. 32. S. 
 
 Bolcheresh, a town of Kamtschatka, on the river 
 Bolchoireka, 22 miles from its mouth, in the sea 
 of Okotsk. Long. 156. 37. E. lat. 52. 54. N. 
 
 Bolingbroke, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It 
 was the birth-place of Henry IV. and lias a 
 manufacture of earthen ware. It stands at the 
 source of a river which runs into the Witham, 
 29 m. E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Bolivia, a Republic of South America, formed 
 out of the province of Upper Peru in 1835. It is 
 bounded N. W. by Peru, N. E. and E. by Brazil, 
 S. by Buenos Ayres, and W. by the Pacific Ocean 
 and Peru. The territory is mountainous, and 
 many of the streams which fall into the Amazon 
 and La Plata had their origin here. It contains 
 many silver mines, among other the celebrated 
 mine of Potosi. Its principal towns are Potosi, 
 Charcas, Oropesa, Oruro, La Paz, Cochabainba, and 
 La Plata or Chuquisaca which is the capital. The 
 population is estimated at something more than 
 a million. The government consists of a Presi- 
 dent, and a legislative body of three chambers. 
 The battle of Ayacucho which established the in- 
 dependence of this territory, was the last effort 
 made by the Spaniards to retain a footing In their 
 ancient dominion of South America. This battle 
 was fought Dec. 9, 1824. The Colombian army 
 under General Sucre, gained a complete victory 
 over the Spaniards, commanded by the Viceroy 
 La Serna. Sucre was made President of Bolivia, 
 but was afterwards assassinated. 
 
 Bolkenhayn, a town of Silesia, in the principali- 
 ty of Schweidnitz, a few miles west of the town 
 of Schweidnitz ; the inhabitants chiefly employed 
 in the linen manufacture. 
 
 Bolkowitz, or Polkwitz, a town of Silesia, 12 m. 
 S. of Glogau. 
 
 Bologna, a city of Italy, capital of the Bolognese, 
 and an archbishop's see. It is about 5 miles in 
 circumference, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. 
 It has long been distinguished as a school of sci- 
 ence ; the university being one of the most an- 
 cient and celebrated in Europe. An academy of 
 arts and sciences was founded in 1712, and con- 
 tributed greatly to that fame which the city has 
 acquired. As a school of painting, it is immortal- 
 ized by the number of masters it has produced. 
 There are here 169 churches, and these, as well 
 as the numerous mansions of the nobles, are most 
 14 
 
 munificently furnished with their best produc 
 tions. Nor have the exertions of art been con 
 fined to the sphere of painting ; the city exhibits 
 some of the finest monuments of architecture, 
 such as the palace of Capraria, the marble foun- 
 tain in the Piazza-del-Gigante, and in fact, almost 
 every building of any note. The academy of arts 
 and sciences is a building of great magnificence, 
 and the public theatre is one of the largest and 
 most beautiful in Italy. The church of St. Petro- 
 nius is the largest in Bologna, but is more remark- 
 able for its pavement, where Cassini drew Ins 
 meridian line, ISO ft. long. The trade of Bologna 
 is very considerable, being situated in a fertile 
 country, and having an easy conveyance of its 
 produce by a canal to the Po. The exuberance 
 of the adjacent country enables the inhabitants to 
 furnish all Europe with the greatest delicacies in 
 confectionary, distilled waters, essences, &c. oil, 
 wine, flax, hemp, and silk, also furnish abundant 
 sources of trade and employment. The Reno, 
 which passes by the city, turns no less than 400 
 mills for silk-works. It is situated at the foot of 
 the Apennines, 22 m. S. E. of Modena, and 175 N. 
 W. of Rome. Long. 11 . 21 . E. lat. 44. 30. N. It 
 was taken possession of by the French in 1796, but 
 restored to the states of Rome at the general peace. 
 
 Bolognese, a province of Italy, bounded on the 
 north by the Ferrarese, west by Modena. south 
 by Tuscany, and east by Romagna. It is watered 
 by many small rivers, and produces all sorts of 
 grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine grapes 
 Some miles before the entrance into Bologna, the 
 country seems one continued garden. The vine- 
 yards are not divided by hedges, but by rows pf 
 elms and mulberry-trees; the vines hanging in 
 festoons, from one tree to another. There are 
 also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the cap- 
 ital. There are about 300 other towns, contain- 
 ing a population of about 200.000. 
 
 Bolscna, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of 
 St. Peter, on a lake of its name, 13 m. N. N W. 
 of Viterbo. 
 
 Bohoner, a town in Derbyshire, Eng Tl 1ms 
 a spacious castle on the brow of a hil! : and is 
 noted for the manufacture of tobacco pipes, it is 
 6 m. E. of Chesterfield, and 145 N IV. XV. oi 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,245. 
 
 Bolswcnrt, a town of Holland, in Friesland. near 
 the Zuyder Zee, 10 rri. N. of Sloten. N*>»r this 
 town, which is about two miles in extent was 
 formerly an abbey of the Cistertians, wh^rc- tiif, 
 Monster Anabaptists took refuge in 1531 and 
 where William, count of Holland, was buried in 
 the 14th century. 
 
 Bolton-le-Moors, a large and populous town in 
 Lancashire, Eng., consisting of two townships, 
 Great and Little Bolton. It is so called from its 
 situation amidst several extensive moors, and also 
 to distinguish it from another town in the north 
 part of the county, called Bolton-lc-Sands. It is 
 1 1 miles N. W. of Manchester, on the mail-coach 
 road to Preston and Glasgow, and, next to Man- 
 chester, is one of the most considerable stations 
 of the cotton manufacture, the branches more par- 
 ticularly pursued being those of muslins, dimities 
 and counterpanes. The canal to Manchester, 
 from which there is a branch to Bury, has added 
 materially to the prosperity of the place ; and the 
 new railway to Leigh, by affording facilities for an 
 additional supply of coal, has reduced the F rice 
 of that indispensable fuel. Besides the parish 
 church, here are two other episcopal churches 
 of recent erection, a Roman Catholic chapel, and 
 
BOM 
 
 106 
 
 BON 
 
 about sixteen meeting houses for dissenters, with 
 various schools and charitable institutions. A 
 town hall, for the transaction of public business, 
 has been recently erected. Pop. in 1821, £9,197, 
 of which Little Bolton contained 9,258. The earl 
 of Derby was executed here, in 1651, for pro- 
 claiming Charles II. 
 
 %* There are 12 other towns and villages 
 named Bolton, besides Bolton on the Sands, in 
 different parts of England ; viz. three in Cumber- 
 land, one each in Northumberland and Westmore- 
 land, and seven in Yorkshire. 
 
 Bolton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 33 m. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,258. The town abounds in lime-stone. 
 
 Bolton, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 24 m. N. W. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 452. 
 
 Bolton, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 744. 
 
 Bolton, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 69 m. N. Albany. 
 Pop. 1,466. 
 
 Bomal, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, on the river Ourt, 20 m. S. of Liege. 
 
 Bombay, an island on the west coast of the Dec- 
 can of Hindoostan, 7 miles in length, and 20 in 
 circumference. It came to the English by the 
 marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of Portu- 
 gal, and was made over to the East India Compa- 
 ny in 1688, when it was made the seat of govern- 
 ment of all their possesions on that side of Hin- 
 doostan, which was previously at Surat. It is 
 now one of the three presidencies by which their 
 oriental territories are governed. It contains a 
 strong and capacious fortress, a city, dockyard, 
 and marine arsenal. Here the finest merchant ships 
 are built all of teak, supplied from the neighbour- 
 ing countries, which is more durable than the 
 best English oak ; and in 1810, the Minden, 74 
 gun ship, was launched, having been built entirely 
 under the superintendence of a Persee. The 
 ground is in general barren, and good water scarce; 
 but it has abundauce of cocoa-nuts, and its mar- 
 kets are well supplied with every delicacy. The 
 population of the territory of Bombay is estimated 
 at 225.000, three-fourths of whom are Hindoos, 
 the remainder Mahometans, Armenians, and Jews 
 and about 8,000 Persees or fire worshippers,, (See 
 Bachu.) The city of Bombay, next to Calcutta, 
 may be considered the most commercial place in 
 Hindoostan ; its intercourse with China is very 
 great, the export of cotton sometimes amounting 
 to 350,000 bales per annum. It is much resorted 
 to, by traders from Persia, Arabia, Abyssinia, Ar- 
 menia, and all parts of western Asia, as well as 
 from most of the islands of the Indian Ocean, and 
 all the eastern parts of Asia, and the commercial 
 transactions are conducted with more integrity 
 than is usual in Asiatic cities. It is about 180 m. 
 S. of Surat, and 1,300 W. by S. of Calcutta. The 
 lighthouse, which is a very prominent object, and 
 visible for 20 miles out at sea, is in lat. 18. 53. 
 N. and 72. 53. E. long. 
 
 Bomene, a seaport of Holland, in Zealand, on 
 the north shore of the Island of Schowen, 3 m. E. 
 of Browershaven. 
 
 Bommel, a town of South Holland, in the isle 
 of Ov-erfrakke, 7 m. W. of Williamstadt. 
 
 Bommel, a strong town of Holland, in Guelder- 
 land, in the island of Bommelwert, on the river 
 Waal, 21 m. S. by E. of Utrecht, and 7 N. of Bois- 
 le-Duc. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Bommelwert, an island of Holland, formed by 
 the junctions of the Waal and Maese. It lies in 
 the province of Guelderland, except a small dis- 
 trict at the west end, which belongs to South Hol- 
 land. It is 15 miles in length, from Lowestein to 
 
 Fort St. Andrew, and is not more than 4 in the 
 broadest part. It was taken by the French in 
 1672, and again in 1794. 
 
 Bona, a seaport of Algiers, in the province of 
 Constantina. Near it are the ruins of the .ancient 
 Hippo Regius. It has a trade in corn, oil, wax 
 and wool, and is 270 m. E. of Algiers. Long. 7 
 45. E. lat. 36.52. N. 
 
 Bonair, or Buen Jiyrc, a fertile island in the 
 Caribean Sea, to the E. of Curac;oa. It is 60 m. 
 in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on 
 the S. W. side. Long. 68. 18. W. lat. 12. 10. N. 
 
 Bonavista, one of the Cape Verd islands, so call 
 ed from its beautiful appearance to the first dis- 
 coverers, in 1450; but is now become barren, 
 through the extreme idleness of the inhabitants. 
 Long. 22. 47. W. lat. 16. 6. N. 
 
 Bonavista, a cape on the east side of the island 
 of Newfoundland. Long. 52. 32. W. lat. 48. 
 15. N. 
 
 Bond, a County of Illinois or the Kaskaskias. 
 Pop. 3,124. Greenville is the chief town. 
 
 Bondorf, a town of Suabia, in the Black Forest, 
 capital of a county which joins the Brisgau. It 
 is 7 m. S. by W. of Furstenburg, now included in 
 the territory of the Duchy of Baden. 
 
 Bondou, an interior country of North Africa, 
 lying between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, in- 
 habited by the Foulah race of negroes, who are 
 industrious and social in their habits, and Mahom- 
 etans in religion. 
 
 Boness, or Borroicstonncs, a town of Scotland, 
 in Linlithgowshire, with a safe and commodious 
 harbour on the frith of Forth. It has a consider- 
 ble trade in ship-building and coal, and extensive 
 manufactures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 m. 
 N. of Linlithgow. Pop in 1821, 3,018. 
 
 Bonhomme, t. St. Louis Co. Missouri. 
 
 Bonncfemme, t. Howard Co. Missouri. 
 
 Boni, or Bony, a spacious bay between the two 
 southern promontories of the Isle of Celebes. It 
 has numerous shoals and rocks, and is commonly 
 called Bugges Bay by Europeans. Near the up- 
 per end of the bay, on the shore of the western 
 promontory is the town of Boni, which is the cap- 
 ital of a kingdom of the same name, but little 
 known. The inhabitants are partly Mahometans. 
 It is in the lat. of 3. S. and 120. 30. of E. long. 
 
 Bonifacio , a fortified seaport of Corsica, with a 
 good harbour and a coral fishery. It stands on a 
 small peninsula, at the south extremity of the 
 island, 37 m. S. of Ajaccio. Lone 9. 20. E. lat. 
 41. 25. N. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Bonn, a city of Germany, in the territory of 
 Cologne. It has a flourishing university, four par- 
 ish churches, and several religious foundations 
 It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough, in 
 1703. and by the French in 1794. It is seated or 
 the Rhine, 14 m. S. by E. of Cologne. 
 
 Bonnat, a town of France, in the department o; 
 La Creuse. Pop. about 2.000. 
 
 Bonnctablc, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Sarte, 15 m. N. E. of Mons. Pop. 4,50U 
 
 Bonncval , a town of France, in the department 
 of Eure and Loire, seated on the Loire, 8 m. N. of 
 Chateaudun. 
 
 Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capital of Fau 
 cingay, seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a 
 mountain called the Mole, 20 m. S. E. of Geneva. 
 
 Bonny, a kingdom of Guinea, N. Africa, lying 
 between Waree and Callabar. The inhabitants 
 are less social than their neighbours, and live in 
 constant collision with those of Callabar. 
 
 Bonthain, a seaport at the S. extremity of the 
 
BOR 
 
 107 
 
 BOR 
 
 western promontory of the island of Celebes, seat- 
 ed on the shore of a large bay, where ships may 
 lie in security during both the monsoons. The 
 town has a palisadoed fort, and stands on the 
 south side of a small but deep river. Long. 120. 
 32. E. lat.5. 31. S. 
 
 Boogebooge, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the 
 country of Cutch, 140 m. S. E. of Tat.ta, and 230 
 W. by N. of Ainedabad. Long. 69. 2. E. lat. 23. 
 IG. N. 
 
 Bool. See Bohol. 
 
 Boom, a town of Brabant, on the north bank of 
 the river Nelhes, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. 
 about 3,500. 
 
 Boone, a frontier country of the state of Ken- 
 tucky, nearly encircled by the Ohio River, which 
 divides the north end from the states of Ohio and 
 Indiana, opposite to where the Miami River falls 
 into the Ohio. Pop. 9,012. Burlington, 90 m. N. by 
 E. of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Boonsboro , p. v. Washington Co. Maryland, 10 
 m. N. W. Fredricktown. 
 
 Boonsborough , a town of Kentucky in Madison 
 county, seated on Red River, which runs into the 
 Kentucky, 33 m. E. S. E. of Lexington. 
 
 Booneton, v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. 
 Newark. 
 
 Boonville, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 116 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,746. 
 
 Boosna,h,a. town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 93 
 m. N. E. of Calcutta. 
 
 Bootan, a mountainous country of Hindoostan 
 Proper, lying between the province of Bengal and 
 Thibet. It is a feudatory province of Thibet, and 
 abounds in mountains covered with verdure, and 
 rich with abundant forest trees; there is scarce- 
 ly a mountain whose base is not washed by 
 some torrent, and many of the loftiest bear popu- 
 lous villages, amid orchards and plantations, on 
 their summits and on their sides. The southern- 
 most ridge of the Bootan mountains rises near a 
 mile and a half above the plains of Bengal, in a 
 horizontal distance of only 15 miles ; and from the 
 summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains 
 below as on an extensive ocean. The 1 ooteas are 
 much fairer and more robust than their neighbours 
 the Bengalees, with broader faces and higher 
 cheek-bones: their hair is invariably black, and 
 cut short; their eyes small and black, with long 
 pointed corners ; and their skins remarkably 
 smooth. The houses are built on props, though 
 the country is hilly, and ascended by a ladder : 
 the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for hold- 
 ing stores, and accommodating hogs, cowb, and 
 other animals. The capital is Tassasudon. 
 
 Boothbay, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. between Sheeps- 
 cut and Damariscotta river. Pop. 2,290. 
 
 Booth, a village in Lancashire, Eng. contiguous 
 to Liverpool, which it supplies with fine fresh 
 water, from abundant and never-failing springs 
 near the sea-shore. 
 
 Bopal, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, 93 m. 
 E. of Ougein. 
 
 Bopfingen, a town of Suabia, on the river Eger, 
 19 m. N. W. of Donavvert. 
 
 Boppart, a town of Germany, seated at the 
 foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, 8 m. S. of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Borahs, a town of W. Gothland, Sweden, about 
 10 m. E. of Gottenburg. 
 
 Borcholz, a town on the west side of the bishop- 
 ric of Paderborn, Westphalia, now part of the 
 Prussian States. 
 
 Bord, or Boit, a town of France in the depart- 
 
 ment of Correze. It was the birth-place of 
 Marmontel. 
 
 Borba, a town of Alemtejo, Portugal, lying be- 
 tween Estremoz and Vitra-Vicosa. 
 
 Bordeaux, a city of France, an episcopal see, 
 and chief town of the department of the Gironde, 
 lies on the left bank of the Garonne, in a semicircu- 
 lar or oval form, corresponding with the curve of 
 the river which constitutes its port. The date of 
 its foundation, like those of many other cities, is 
 lost in the distance of time. It is mentioned by 
 Strabo and some of the Augustine historians. 
 The etymology of its Latin name, Burdigala, i* 
 doubtful, and throws no light upon its founders 
 Under Augustus it was regarded as a great city, 
 and was further aggrandised and embellished by 
 him. Adrian made it the metropolis of the 
 second Aquitaine. In the third century it became 
 an episcopal see, and in the fourth was distin- 
 guished for the cultivation of arts and letters. 
 The Roman dominion gave way to barbarism and 
 the Visigoths, who were themselves soon driven 
 out by the still more barbarous Clovis and his 
 Franks. Henceforth it was an integral part of 
 France, and capital of Guienne, with the ex- 
 ception of the periods during which it was un- 
 der English dominion. The Saracens ravaged 
 it in the eight century, and the Normans in the 
 tenth. 
 
 The long and violent rather than sanguiuary 
 contests between the French and English, for the 
 inheritance of Eleanor of Guienne, bore directly 
 upon Bordeaux, the capital, which, alternately 
 French and English, and more indebted to the 
 latter, retained for them a strong partiality for 
 which it was severely mulcted by Charles VII. 
 in 1451. From that period it has continued an 
 integral part of the kingdom of France, partak- 
 ing, but in a less degree than other cities, the 
 troublesof the Reformation, the League, the Fronde 
 (during the regency of Anne of Austria), and 
 the Revolution. Bordeaux sent to the national 
 assemblies several of the most eloquent and vir- 
 tuous men of the popular party, called ' Giron- 
 dists,' from the department of which it is the chiei 
 town. Deprived almost wholly of its foreign 
 commerce by the wars and decrees of Bonaparte, 
 it was the first place to open its gates to the 
 Bourbons. 
 
 The most striking objects upon approaching 
 Bordeaux are the port and the stupendous bridge, 
 projected and partly executed by Bonaparte, over 
 the Garonne, an arm of the sea rather than a 
 river. The practicability of such a bridge was 
 long doubted, from the breadth of the river — nearly 
 a quarter of a league — and the violence of the 
 current. The port should be viewed from La 
 Bastide, a village opposite Bordeaux, on the right 
 bank : it then presents its magnificent curve 
 round the corresponding segment of the river , 
 its facade, uniform and noble; the quays, crowd- 
 ed and animated ; and the river, covered with 
 vessels, generally in a state of gentle movement, 
 heaving with the waves. The town is semicir- 
 cular ". but the port is an elliptic curve, near two 
 leagues in diameter between its extremities. 
 Bordeaux, like so many other cities, is divided 
 into the old and new town, on the right and left. 
 The "course" or avenue of Tourny, leading to 
 the fauxbourg de Chartrons, is remarkably beau- 
 tiful. The theatre, in the rue de Chapeau-rouge, 
 is a noble building, surpassing in its exterior, but 
 not interior, most other theatres of Europe. Its 
 peristyle consists of twelve Corinthian columns 
 
BOR 
 
 108 
 
 BOR 
 
 surmounted by a balustrade, with a statue to each 
 column. The vestibule is majestic and ornament- 
 ed, having a double staircase lighted from a cu- 
 pola. The exchange, at the extremity of this 
 street, is a vast and imposing structure, with in- 
 terior arcades round the walls ; the central space 
 covered in, and lighted from the top ; and a grand 
 door opening into the Place Royale, one of the 
 handsomest squares of Bordeaux, and deficient 
 only in extent. This place merits particular de- 
 scription : its form is that of a horseshoe, opening 
 upon the river, with a fine quay between. It is 
 lined by the exchange and the custom-house, with 
 corresponding fronts ; all tbe facades richly or- 
 namented, and bearing allegorical figures in re- 
 lief. 
 
 The cathedral is the principal Gothic edifice of 
 Bordeaux, but by no means of France, as some 
 have described it. It is remarkable chiefly for the 
 two bold, light, and lofty spires which rise above 
 the portal. The English built it, in part at least, 
 during their occupation of Guienne. There are 
 three other large Gothic churches, — those of St. 
 Michael, St. Croix, and St. Sturin. — which con- 
 tain some good pictures. The ancient Roman 
 remains called the " Palais Gallien," without any 
 good reason for the name, have nearly disappear- 
 ed, to make way for modern elegance and avarice. 
 The Ptoman remains, called the " Palais de Tute- 
 le " gave way to the chateau de Trompette ; 
 which, in its turn, has recently made room for 
 new and beautiful edifices, and the spacious Place 
 de Louis XVI. It was in the chateau de Trom- 
 pette that general Clausel held out so long against 
 the Bourbons. This was probably the main cause 
 ot its demolition upon their re-establishment. It 
 is well supplied by the place, new streets, and 
 market, which occupy its site, but which will take 
 some time to be finished. Count Lynch, mayor 
 of Bordeaux, at the fall of Bonaparte, and chiefly 
 instrumental in opening its gates to the Bour- 
 bons, erected in this quarter a small museum, in 
 which are preserved all the antiquities discovered 
 in or about Bordeaux : they are scanty. The 
 house of Montaigne still exists as a curiosity in 
 the street bearing his name, and his monument is 
 in a church in the same street. 
 
 The communications open to Bordeaux by the 
 Atlantic with the north, America, and the Indies, 
 and by the canal of Languedoc with the south 
 and the Levant, afford to it the greatest facilities 
 for maritime commerce. It accordingly, has an 
 extensive and the most various trade of any port, 
 in every species of produce and manufacture. 
 But the difference of peace and war, especially 
 war between England and France, is to it the dif- 
 ference between prosperity and ruin. Its com- 
 mercial relations (it has been said) have no other 
 limits in time of peace than those of the world ; 
 in time of war they do not extend beyond the 
 lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde, except 
 smuggling and privateering. The quay of Char- 
 Iron was grass-grown during the continental 
 blockade : it is, since the peace, the most busy 
 • and crowded, especially with the export of wines. 
 The merchants of Bordeaux are hospitable and 
 polite ; and the higher orders emulate the capital 
 in luxury, the love of pleasure, and what is called 
 fashion. The women are considered to come 
 nearest to those of the capital in accomplishments, 
 grace*, an., the love of amusement. 
 
 It contains the same establishments as the other 
 great towns, but not on the same scale or with the 
 same degree of cultivation, for the purpose of 
 
 knowledge and the arts ; a branch university, an 
 academy, a library containing an old copy of 
 Montaigne's Essays corrected and noted by him- 
 self, a cabinet of natural history, a museum of 
 antiquities and painting, an observatory, but with- 
 out an observer or instruments of observation. 
 
 The ancient parliament of Bordeaux was dis- 
 tinguished for eloquence, learning, and philoso- 
 phy. — Montaigne, Montesquieu, and the presi- 
 dent Dupaty, were among its ornaments. The 
 modern bar has maintained its ancient reputation 
 for eloquence in Ferriere, some years dead 
 Descze, Laine, and Ravez — all three peers of 
 France. In the second national or legislative 
 assembly the palm of eloquence was born away 
 by Vergniaud, inferior only to Mirabeau of all the 
 orators of the Revolution. Guadet, Gensonne, 
 and Ducos, who perished by suicide or the guil- 
 lotine, also eloquent members of the national as 
 sembly and convention, were of the bar of Bor- 
 deaux. Among the other distinguished natives 
 of Bordeaux are the two Dupatys, sons of the 
 president; the engraver Andrieux ; the two mu- 
 sical composers Carat and Rode, the former the 
 first singer — by the way, an equivocal distinction, 
 — the second, the first violin player — of France, 
 — and consequently of Europe. Lais, who was 
 the first singer at the Parisian grand opera for 
 several years, and since the restoration, was also 
 a Bordelese. Berquin, the author of " L'Ami 
 des Enfans;" the grammarian Lebel, several 
 Jesuit controversialists, whose memory has pass- 
 ed away with the controversy respecting that or- 
 der ; and the Latin poet Ausonius, who lived in 
 the time and in the court of Adrian, were natives 
 of Bordeaux. 
 
 The city of Bordeaux, especially the new town, 
 is beautiful, rather as a uniform whole, than from 
 any detached or single objects. There are no 
 very striking beauties in its environs, with the 
 exception, perhaps, of the verdant and pictur- 
 esque banks of the Gironde. — The chateau of 
 Brede is visited rather as the residence, and in 
 some measure the creation, of Montesquieu, than 
 for its intrinsic merits. It is situated in a plain, 
 well wooded ; a simple hexagonal building, with a 
 drawbridge, and approached by a long avenue of 
 oak trees. The Tour de Cordouan, at the mouth 
 of the Gironde, is the finest lighthouse in 
 France. 
 
 A natural phenomenon called the mascaret, 
 observed at the mouth of the Dordogne, and in 
 no other river of Europe, should not be passed 
 over. When the waters of the Dordogne are 
 low, and especially in summer, a hillock of wa- 
 ter, about the height of an ordinaty house, is ob- 
 served at its confluence with the Garonne. It 
 suddenly rises and spreads, rolls along the bank, 
 ascends the river in all its sinuosity, with extra- 
 ordinary rapidity and a fearful noise. All that 
 comes in its way, on the bank by which it moves, 
 yields to its fury. Trees are torn up, barges 
 sunk, and stones are driven to the distance of 
 fifty paces ; all fly from it in consternation ; cat- 
 tle even, witli a strong and fierce instinct. It 
 sometimes takes the centre of the river, and 
 changes its shape. The watermen are able by 
 their observations to discover its approach, and 
 thus escape certain destruction. A similar phe- 
 nomenon was observed by the French traveller 
 Condamine in the Amazon river, and by the 
 English Rennell in the Ganges. Its cause is 
 known, and simple, — the tide flowing with a dis- 
 proportionate quantity and impulse into the Dor- 
 
BOR 
 
 109 
 
 BOR 
 
 dogne, which is right in the direction of the Gi- 
 ronde, whilst the course of the Garonne is angu- 
 lar or divergent. The impediments which the 
 mascaret meets as it ascends the Dordogne from 
 sand banks, the sinuosities, and the rapidity of 
 the opposing current, all tend to increase, and it 
 may be said to enfuriate, its force. Such is its 
 velocity, that a second must not be lost by him 
 who would eseape it. 
 
 The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its 
 commerce between 60,000 and 100,000. From 
 the most recent calculations, in 1828, it appears 
 between 93,000 and 90,000. Its distance from 
 Paris is, by Orleans and Poitiers, 155 1-2 leagues; 
 by Tours. and Angouleme, 154 1-2 leagues; by 
 Chateauroux and Perigueux, 153 1-2 leagues. 
 Lat. 44. 50. N. long. 0. 40. W. 
 
 Bordentown, a town of New Jersey, in Burling- 
 ton county, on the west side of the Delaware, 6 
 m. below Trenton, and 23 N. E. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Borge, a town of Denmark, the chief place in 
 the island of Femern, with a fort, on Femern 
 Sound. Long. 11. 17. E. lat. 54. 27. N. 
 
 Borgcntryck, or Bcrgcntrych, a town on the S. 
 W. side of the Bishopric of Paderborn, Westphalia. 
 
 Borghctto, a town on the E. bank of the Adige, 
 at the southern extremity of the bishopric of 
 Trent. — Also the name of a village in the vicinity 
 of Mantua, where a severe battle was fought be- 
 tween the French and Austrians in 1796. 
 
 Borgkolm, a f'oruneu luwn <■•« >.■, . -■•»«•* jtade, of 
 the isle ofOland, in the Baltic, part of the province 
 of East Gothland. 
 
 Borg, Barg, or jjt/«««a/iaiwi.., a. town in the 
 county of Ravensburg, Westphalia. 
 
 Borgnc, a large lake or inlet of the sea, between 
 the states of Mississippi and Louisana, com- 
 municating with the Gulf of Mexico, and inland 
 with lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 Borgo, a seaport town of Russian Finland, lying 
 betvnn Ilelsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. 60. 21. 
 N. and 25. 45. E. long. 
 
 Borgo Rusz, Prunt and Pass, three towns con- 
 tiguous to each other, near the source of the Bis- 
 tritz River on the eastern frontier of Transylvania, 
 bordering on the Bukowine. They have salt 
 springs and some manufactures of earthenware. 
 The population is considerable, principally Wal- 
 lachians. 
 
 Borgo, signifying a market town, is prefixed to 
 twelve towns in different parts of Italy. 
 
 Borgo, St. Donnini, a town in the duchy of Par- 
 ma, so called from the martyrdom of Donnini, who 
 was beheaded here in 304. It is a bishop's see, 
 and is situate about midway, on the road from 
 Piacenza to Parma. 
 
 Borgo di St. Sepolcro, a town of Tuscany, in 
 the Fiorentino, with a fort, seated near the source 
 of the Tiber, 12 m. N. E of Arezzo. In 1789 
 about 1,000 of the inhabitants were destroyed by 
 an earthq<'-' 
 
 BorgOJunc, a town Ol 1i.ciij, m ulC llamudl), on 
 
 the river Po, at the influx of the Oglia, 10 m. S. 
 of Mantua; and nine others, all inconsiderable. 
 
 Borgo, or Burgo D'Osma, a town of Spain, sur- 
 rounded with walls, and containing about 200 
 families. 33 m. W. of Soria, and 40 S. E. of 
 Burgos. 
 
 Burgo di St. Jlngelo, a fortress of the island of 
 Malta, a little to the east of Valetta. 
 
 Borja, or Bergosa, a town of Spain, in Arra- 
 gon, in a fruitful spot, near Mount Cayo, at the 
 foot of the Pyrenees, 42 m. W. N. W. of Sara- 
 gossa. 
 
 Borja, a town of Colombia, situate on the head 
 waters of the river Amazon, 300 m. E. by N. ot 
 Paita and 90 W. by N. of Jacn. Long.76.'30. W. 
 lat. 4. 15. S. 
 
 Borja, a town in the province of Buenos Ayres, 
 near the frontier of Brazil. It was founded by 
 the Jesuits. 
 
 Borisoglebsk, a town of Russia, situate on the 
 banks of the Verona, near the south end of the 
 province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E. of 
 Moscow. — It is also the name of a town in the 
 province of Jaroslav, on the west bank of the Vol; 
 
 fa, a few miles north of the city of Jaroslav. 
 op. of each about 3,000. 
 
 Borrissuic, a town of Russian Poland, on the 
 banks of the Berezina, about 35 m. E. of Minsk. 
 
 Borkelo, a strong town of Holland, in the coun 
 ty of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the 
 subject of two wars : one in 1665, against the 
 bishop of Munster, and the other with France, in 
 1672. It is seated on the river Borkel, 15 m. E. 
 N. E. of Zutphen. 
 
 Barken, a town of Westphalia, in the principali- 
 ty of Munster, with a collegiate church, seated on 
 the Aa, 38 m. W. of Munster. 
 
 Borkum, an island of the kingdom of Hanover, 
 lying between the east and west channels of the 
 Ems river. It is partly inundated at high water. 
 It has a town of the same name, the inhabitants 
 subsisting chiefly by fishing. 
 
 Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 county of its name, on the confines of Tyrol. 
 About a mile from the town are medicinal baths. 
 It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the 
 river Fredolso, near its confluence with the Adda, 
 40 m. S. E. of Coire. Long. 10. 20. lat. 46. 17. N. 
 
 Bormio, or Bormida, a large river of Piedmont, 
 which rises in the territory of Finale, runs north, 
 intersecting the dutchy of Montferrat, falling into 
 the Tanaro a little below Alessandria. 
 
 Borna, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle 
 of Leipzig, with a manufacture of stuffs; seated 
 near the river Pleysse, 13 m. S. E. of Leipzig, on 
 the road to Altenburg. 
 
 Borneo, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, 
 discovered by the Portuguese in 1521. lyings be- 
 tween the lat. of 4. 10. S. and 7. N. and 109. 15. 
 to 119. 25. W. long, being in its extreme length 
 775 geographical miles of 69 1-2 to a degree, and 
 650 in extreme breath ; but, as the north part con- 
 verges into a promontory, if resolved into a square , 
 the sides would not exceed 609 miles; which, 
 however, will give a surface greater than that of 
 any island in the world, except New Holland, be- 
 ing about 360,000 sq. m. or nearly five times larger 
 than Great Britain. Although under the equator, 
 the air is not so excessively hot as might be ex- 
 pected, being frequently refreshed with showers 
 and cool breezes, the thermometer varying from 
 82. to 94. of Fahrenheit. In the monsoon, from 
 April to September, the wind is westerly, and 
 the rains are constant and heavy, attended with 
 violent storms of thunder and lightning. The 
 rainy season continues for eight months, and 
 during that time all the flat country, from ten to 
 twenty miles from the const, is overflowed, and 
 the air rendered very unhealtlvy. For this reason 
 the inhabitants build their houses on floats, which 
 they make fast to trees. They have but one floor, 
 with partitions made with canes ; and the roofs 
 are covered with palmetto-leaves, the eaves ol 
 which reach within four or five feet of the bottom. 
 Some of their houses are built upon pillars, a suf 
 ficient height from the surface not to be deluged 
 
BOR 
 
 110 
 
 BOR 
 
 The countries on the coast are inhabited by a mix- 
 ture of Malays, Javanese, and Macassars The 
 aborigines of the island, however, live in the in- 
 terior, and are called Biadjoos, Biayos, or Dijak- 
 kese, &c, who are represented as the most un- 
 couth and unsocial of the human race. Indeed it 
 seems to be here where nature has united the 
 chain of animated creation, and placed the orang 
 outang as the connecting link between the articu- 
 lating, modulating, and inventing, and be instinc- 
 tive ; or, in other words, between the biped and 
 the quadruped race of animals. On one side of 
 the orang outang, which seems to be a native of 
 the soil of Borneo, are apes, monkeys, bears, 
 goats, deer, horses, buffaloes and other horned 
 cattle, tigers, and the elephant ] whilst on the 
 other side is a class of beings with apparently no 
 other claim to the character of man but that of 
 the power of articulation ; and yet, amidst this 
 unsocial and unappreciating race of beings, na- 
 ture seems to have bestowed in lavish profusion 
 all her most delectable gifts ; with iron, tin, and 
 various other metals for purposes of utility ; gold, 
 diamonds, and various other precious gems, for or- 
 nament, abound. It is here that the salangane, a spe- 
 cies of swallow, constructs its edible nest, which is 
 exchanged to gratify the luxurious palates of the 
 Chinese, at a rate double its weight of silver. In 
 the vegetable kingdom, in addition to rice and 
 maize for substantial subsistence, the sensations 
 of taste and smell are here to be gratified in the 
 highest possible degree. Cassia, cinnamon, frank- 
 incense, and myrrh, are indigenous productions 
 of the country. The laurus camphoratus yields 
 an endless abundance of its fragrant and inflam- 
 mable substance ; whilst agaric, musk, aloes, and 
 various other substances and plants, are dispersed 
 over the country in endless profusion to aid the 
 domestic and social economy of man, and to serve 
 as alteratives in case of accident or disease. On 
 the other hand, the pernicious and poisonous 
 class of plants and reptiles are also common, and 
 the natives appear equally adept at applying them 
 in revenge against their enemies, as in the' appli- 
 cation of medicines to avoid their consequences. 
 Thus, whilst the soil of Borneo appears suscepti- 
 ble by social arrangements and due cultivation to 
 sustain in a high degree of comfort and enjoy- 
 ment, a fourth of the whole population of the 
 globe, the total number of inhabitants is suppos- 
 ed not to exceed 3,000,000. divided into numerous 
 petty sovereignties. With the exception, how- 
 ever, of the coast, very little is known as to the 
 extent and condition of the population. The 
 English East India Company formed some settle- 
 ments upon the coast towards the close of the 17th 
 century ; but, in 1706, the Dutch, in the prime 
 of their valour, drove the English entirely from 
 the country, and for more than a century were the 
 only European nation that maintained any direct 
 intercourse with the island. Their grovelling 
 policy has ever been, and still continues to be, to 
 preclude the world from all knowledge of the po- 
 sition, people, condition, and resources of the 
 countries with which they trade, as far as it is 
 possible for them to do so. During the war, sub- 
 sequently to the peace of Amiens in 1802, when 
 in their turn the Dutch were driven from all their 
 positions in Asia, the English again established 
 themselves on the coast of Borneo, and were 
 making progress in the arts of cultivation and 
 social economy, when, by treaty in 1816, the 
 Dutch were re-instated in their possessions, and 
 Horneo again exposed to their confined and ex- 
 
 clusive line of policy. As far as our knowledge 
 of the country does extend, whilst the coast on 
 all sides is low and swampy, the interior se'ems 
 much intersected by mountains ; a river called 
 the Banjar has its source in the centre of the 
 country, about two degrees north of the equator, 
 and runs south into the sea of Java. There are two 
 or three rivers running from E. to W. falling into 
 the sea on the west side, but the north and east 
 coasts appear deficient in good navigable rivers 
 for internal communication by water. There are, 
 however, several fine harbours and roadsteads 
 round the coast ; the principal is Bandermasaing. 
 at the mouth of the Banjar ; Sambar at the south- 
 west point ; Sambas on the west coast ; Borneo 
 at the north-west: and Passir at the south-east. 
 
 Borneo, the principal city, and capital of a 
 kingdom of the same name at the north part of 
 the above island, is situate up a river about 10 m. 
 from the sea, in the lat. of 4. 55. N. and 114. 15. 
 E. long. Like most or all the other towns on the 
 coast, the houses are built on piles driven into the 
 swamp, inundated at high water, and the trading 
 transactions, which are here very considerable 
 with the Chinese and other eastern nations, are 
 carried on in boats and wherries. 
 
 Bornheim, a town in the electorate of Cologne, 
 about 15 m. W. by N. of Bonn. Pop. about 1 ,100. 
 — Also, a town of the Netherlands, about 10 m. 
 N. E. of Dendermonde. 
 
 Bornholm, an island of Denmark, just within 
 the Baltic, of an ova! fuim, &uoui *» imies in cir- 
 cumference, and nearly surrouiKHjri by rocks. The 
 soil is stony, but ferine, wit" excellent pasture ; 
 and there are mines of coai. nnu auarnes of mar- 
 ble. It lies 10 m. S. E. ot tne soutnern extremity 
 of Sweden. The chief town is Roune, on the 
 west side ; the north end is in lat. 55. 18. N. and 
 
 14. 40. E. long. 
 
 Bornos, a town of the province of Seville, about 
 
 15. m. N. E. of Cadiz. Pop. about 3,000. 
 Bornou, an extensive empire in the interior of 
 
 North Africa, having Cassina or Kashna on the W. 
 and Nubia on the E. It consists of a number of 
 oases, or fertile spots, interspersed with arid 
 wastes. The climate is said to be characterized 
 by excessive, though not by uniform, heat. Two 
 seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of 
 April, the other at the same period in October. 
 divide the year. The first is introduced by violent, 
 winds from the south-east and south, with intense 
 heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and such tempests 
 of thunder and lightning as destroy multitudes of 
 the cattle, and many of the people. At the com- 
 mencement of the second season, the ardent heat 
 subsides ; the air becomes soft and mild, and the 
 weather perfectly serene. Maize, rice, the horse- 
 bean, cotton, hemp, and indigo, are cultivated ; 
 and there are figs, grapes, apricots, pomegranates, 
 lemons, limes, and melons. The most valuable 
 tree is called redeynah. in form and height like 
 an olive, the leaf resembling tha-t of a lemon and 
 bearing a nut, the kernel and shell of which are in 
 great estimation ; the first as a fruit, the last on 
 account of the oil it produces Horses, asses, 
 mules, dogs, horned cattle goats, sheep, and 
 camels (the flesh of which is much esteemed) are 
 the common animals Bees are so numerous, that 
 the wax is often thrown away as an article of no 
 value. The game consists of partridges, wild 
 ducks, and ostriches, the flesh of which is prized 
 above every other. The other animals are the 
 lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, buffa- 
 lo, antelope, and the camelopard or giraffe, one of 
 
BOR 
 
 111 
 
 BOS 
 
 the tallest, most beautiful and most harmless ani- 
 mals in nature. Its neck is very long and its fore 
 legs much longer than the hinder ones, at least 
 
 in outward appearance. It sometimes feeds upon 
 the grass, which however is scarce in this coun- 
 try, and its ordinary food is the leaf of a sort of 
 mimosa. Within a few years, several of these 
 animals have been transported to Europe. Here 
 are also great numbers of the hippopotamus. They 
 abound in Lake Tchad and the waters of the 
 neighbourhood. Major Denham in his travels in 
 this country saw a whole troop of them in the 
 water following a band of martial music in a negro 
 army marching along the shore. In this country 
 are also many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and 
 toads. The complexion of the natives is black, 
 but they are not of the Negro cast. The dress of 
 the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton 
 manufactured in the country, of a red cap brought 
 from Trinnli ana a white muslin turban from 
 Cairo Nost» rinors of jrold are worn by the prin- 
 cipal people, um tne only covering of the poorer 
 sort w a kinrl nf nrirHlp for the waist. In their 
 manners me peopie are courteous and humane : 
 they ar« nioair»viut«]v fond of play ; the lower 
 classes of drauo-nts. and the higher excel in chess. 
 More than 30 different languages are said to be 
 spoken in Pn'nwi anil it« dependencies ; and the 
 reigning ireu<ripn is tlie Mahometan. The mon- 
 archy is eWtive The sultan is said to have 500 
 ladies in his seraglio, and that his stud contains 
 likewise 500 horses. His dominions extend be- 
 yond the desert into the fertile country of Negro- 
 land, of which he possesses a large portion. He 
 has a vast army, which consists almost entirely 
 of horse : the sabre, pike, and bow, are their 
 weapons of offence, and a shield of hides is their 
 armour. 
 
 B or nou, the capital of the empire of the same 
 name, with a palace like a citadel. The whole 
 city is surrounded by a high wall, encompassed 
 with a ditch ; but the other towns of the kingdom 
 are open. The principal trade is in gold-dust, 
 slaves, horses, ostriches' feathers, salt, and civet. 
 It is seated on the Gazel, 750 m. E. N. E. of 
 Kashna. Long. 25. 5. E. lat. 19. 45. N. 
 
 Boro Budur, the chief temple of the Javanese, 
 situate about 60 m. from Samarang, nearly in 
 the centre of the island. It is dedicated to Boodh, 
 and contains several hundred subordinate idols. 
 
 Borodino, a village of Russia, near the river 
 Moskwa, about 90 m. W. of Moscow. It will 
 
 long be memorable in the annals of Russia, for 
 the desperate conflict between the French and 
 Russian armies, during the march of the former 
 towards Moscow, on the 7th of September, 1812, 
 when about 30,000 men on each side were either 
 killed or wounded. 
 
 Borough, t. Beaver Co. Pa. 
 Boroughbridge, a borough in W. Yorkshire. 
 Eng. It has a trade in hardware. Here Edward 
 II, in 1322, defeated the rebel earl of Lancaster. 
 It is seated on the Ure, over which is a stone 
 bridge, 18 m. N. W. of York, and 20G N. by W 
 of London. It is immediately contiguous to Aid 
 borough ; each place returning two members to 
 parliament. Pop. 800. 
 
 Borovitchi, a town of Russia, on the soulh 
 east side of the province of Novogorod, bordering 
 on Twer, seated on the south bank of the Msta 
 river, about 170 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 
 2,600. b V 
 
 Boroictsk, or Boroosk, another town of Russia, 
 about 60 m. S. W. of Moscow. 
 
 Borriano, or Borrial, a town of Spain, in Valen- 
 cia, near the mouth of the Manjares, 21 m. N. of 
 Valencia. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Bonis, in Ossory, a village in the parish of Ag- 
 haboe, Queen's County, Ireland, 63 m. W. by S 
 of Maryborough. Pop. in 1821, 919. 
 
 Borros, a parish in Queen's County, Ireland, 
 which includes the town of Maryborough, by 
 which name the parish is sometimes called. Pop. 
 of the parish, exclusive of the town, 2,032, and 
 of the town, 2,677. See Maryborough. 
 
 Borrowdale, a village in Cumberland, Eng. six 
 miles south of Keswick. It stands at the end of 
 a narrow and crooked valley, and is famous for 
 mines of plumbago or black-lead, a substance al- 
 most peculiar to England and the vicinity of Ma- 
 laga, Spain. 
 
 Borrowstonnes. See Boness. 
 Borrod, a county in the north part of Upper 
 Hungary, bounded on the east by the Shajo 
 branch of the Sheif river. It is one of the most 
 fertile districts of the country. Pop. about 95, 
 000. Mishkoltz is the capital. 
 
 Bosa, a seaport on the west coast of Sardinia, 
 and a bishop's see, with a castle, on a river of the 
 same name, 17 m. S. S. E. of Argeri. Long. 8. 
 50. E. lat. 40. 29. N. 
 
 Boscawen, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 68 m. 
 
 from Boston : 52 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,093. 
 
 Boscaicen Island, an island in Die Pacific Ocean, 
 
 about 10 m. in circumference. Long. 175. 10. 
 
 W. lat. 15. 50. S. 
 
 Bosco, or Bosdti, a town of Italy, in the Milan- 
 ese, seated on the Orbe, 5 m. east of Alexandria. 
 Boscobcl, a village in Shropshire. Enc 9 m. 
 south east of Newport, where Charles ll. was 
 concealed in an oak, after the battle of Worcester. 
 Boshuana,, or Bootchuana, an extensive tract of 
 country in the interior of South Africa, extending 
 through about 5 deg. of lat. from 25. to 20. south, 
 inhabited by numerous tribes of people, of whom 
 at present very little is known. They seem phy- 
 sically considered, to be of the same stock as the 
 Caffres, but somewhat more advanced in social 
 economy, which seems to improve northwards. 
 Hence it may be inferred, that civilization and 
 improvement in Africa gradually extended itself 
 from the north. The chief town, as far as the 
 country is at present known, is Lattakoo, repre- 
 sented to have contained about 15,000 inhabitants, 
 reduced to 7 or 8,000 during the present century 
 bv the continued intestine broils of the different 
 
BOS 
 
 112 
 
 BOS 
 
 tribes. They cultivate various kinds of grain, and 
 'ook upon fish, as an article of food, with horror. 
 As far as pretension to worship prevails, the peo- 
 ple are idolaters ; but they seem indifferent to 
 worship of any kind : polygamy is general ; the 
 elder men have usually one young wife, and 
 another who is past child bearing. Mahomedisin 
 appears not to have reached them. Their dress 
 is principally of skins, which they tan into lea- 
 ther ; and. in the more northern parts, they ap- 
 pear to have made some progress in the smelting 
 and working of iron. 
 
 Bosnia, a compact and naturally fertile district 
 of European Turkev, lying between the lat. of 43. 
 18. and 45. 10. N. "and the 17th and 20th of W. 
 long. It is bounded on the west by the Austrian 
 province of Croatia, north by the Saave river, 
 which falls into the Danube, and divides it from 
 Sclavonia ; on the east by the Turkish Prov- 
 ince of Servia, and south by the north end of 
 Albania and Dalmatia. It has some mountain 
 districts, and is intersected by several rivers, run- 
 ning from the north into the Saave ; and the 
 Narenta, which rises in the south part of the 
 province, runs south through Dalmatia, into the 
 Adriatic at Narisi, a few miles north of Ragusa. 
 Its area may be stated at about 15,000 square m. ; 
 yet the population is supposed not to exceed 80,- 
 000. As a frontier district, it is principally oc- 
 cupied by Turkish soldier)', who subsist upon the 
 products of the occupiers of the soil ; and as the 
 soldiery of the province amount to 40 or 50,000, 
 they of course tend to subdue all excitement to 
 agricultural exertion ; and thus, although the 
 vine and the olive would yield fruit in abundance, 
 one of the finest districts in Europe is kept a 
 wilderness, by an undisciplined, lawless, and ruth- 
 less horde of soldiery. The principal towns are, 
 Sarajo, the capital ; Banjaluka, Sworniek, Trau- 
 ruik, (the seat of the pacha,) and Prisrendi. As 
 far as any external commercial intercourse is 
 maintained with Bosnia, it is principally through 
 Dalmatia from Ragusa. The greater part of the 
 province formerly belonged to Hungary. The 
 inhabitants are principally Sclavonians, speaking 
 the Sclavonic with great purity, and professing 
 the formulary of the Greek church. 
 
 Bosphorus, the narrow strait, 20 miles in length, 
 and from 1 to 1 1-2 broad, which unites the Black 
 Sea with the sea of Marmora. It is sometimes 
 called the strait of Constantinople. 
 
 Bosra, a town of Syria, where Mahomet is said 
 to have received much information from a Nesto- 
 rian monk, towards founding his religious doc- 
 trines. It is 100 m. S. of Damascus. 
 
 Bossiny, or Trevenna, a borough in Cornwall, 
 Eng. seated near the Bristol channel, 17 m. N. 
 W. of Launceston, and 233 W. by S. of London. 
 See Tintagel. 
 
 Bost, a strong town of Persia, capital of Sigis- 
 tan or Seistan. It is seated on the Heermund, 
 and on the rovte of the caravans, from Ispahan to 
 Caubul, about 170 m. W. S. W. of Candahar. 
 Long. 64. 15. E. lat. 32. 30. N. 
 
 Bostan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the north 
 part of the province of Aladeul, situate near the 
 eastern confines of Caramania, and near the source 
 of a river which falls into the Levant Sea, at 
 Adanah. 
 
 Boston, a borough and seaport town of Lincoln- 
 shire, Eng. When the idle, the crafty, and the 
 vicious, sought subsistence and refuge, and the op- 
 pressed and indigent relief, from monastic insti- 
 tutions ; and when monasteries, abbeys, priories, 
 
 and convents, with their pointed windows and 
 archways, and varied styles of tasteful architectur- 
 al display, were spread over the country, as bar- 
 racks, gaols, and workhouses, are at the present 
 day, Boston ranked among the most important 
 towns in the country, having had not less than ten 
 fraternal establishments ; all of which were an- 
 nulled, and the inmates dispersed under the gen- 
 eral demolition of those institutions by Henry 
 VIII. After this reverse, when England ex- 
 changed her agricultural productions and raw n a- 
 terials for the haberdashery and other manufac- 
 tures of Germany and Holland, Boston became 
 one of the principal markets in the kingdom for 
 wool, which used to be exported in large quanti- 
 ties to Holland, and the Hanse Towns : but, on 
 the exportation of wool being totally prohibited, 
 Boston was doomed to a further reverse, and grad- 
 ually declined until towards the close of the last 
 century, when a paper circulating medium sub- 
 verted that of gold and silver, and the modern 
 system of creating ideal wealth by funding had 
 doubled and trebled the money rate of all articles 
 of subsistence, thereby exciting an unusual de- 
 gree of enterprize in agricultural pursuits, a great 
 portion of the pasture lands of Lincolnshire 
 were converted into tillage, and Boston became 
 the principal port through which the surplus pro- 
 duce found its way to market, and it has, since the 
 commencement of the present century, gradually 
 been rising in population and importance. The 
 number of inhabitants, which in 1801 was only 
 5,926, in 1821 amounted to 10,330. The town is 
 situate on both the banks of the river Witham, 
 over which is a handsome bridge, of one arch, of 
 cast iron, eighty-six feet in span, a few miles 
 above the entrance ofthe riv?~ [""' 'he sea, called 
 Boston Wash, with which river, and by canals, 
 it communicates with a considerable portion of the 
 interior ofthe country, and, in addition to its very 
 considerable trad" ir» ^ttio for the London mar- 
 ket, it carries on a direct trade with the Baltic for 
 deals, hemp, tar. &o. The parish church founded 
 by St. Botoloh in I'.WJ, is a very stately edifice, 
 being 300 feet in len<nn, supported by Corinthian 
 pillars, li edited hv noim.ed windows, and its steeple 
 ascended by steps corresponding in number with 
 the months, weeks and days, in the year. The 
 steeple or tower ;« PH6feet in height, surmounted 
 with a lantern, which serves as a beacon for ma- 
 ny miles out at sea, and the country being very 
 level inland, it forms a beautiful and interesting 
 object in the perspective many miles distant. 
 The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve 
 aldermen, and eighteen common councilmen, with 
 subordinate officers, who are vested with the ad- 
 miralty jurisdiction ofthe adjoining coasts. The 
 corporation, since 1800, have erected a commodi- 
 ous fish market, which is abundantly supplied, and 
 large quantities are conveyed into the interior 
 counties of Nottingham and Leicester. It has 
 four fairs annually, and two endowed schools, and 
 returns two members to parliament. It is 36 m. 
 S. E. ofLincoln,andll6 N. of London. Lat. 52. 
 48. N. Long. 0. 2. W. 
 
 Boston Deeps, is the sea channel ofthe inlet 
 called the Wash, leading from the German Ocean 
 by the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port of Boston 
 The opposite side, which washes the coast of Nor- 
 folk is called Lynn Deeps. The body of the Wash 
 is a large shoal, partly dry at low water, and even 
 the Deeps are the reverse of what their name im- 
 plies, not admitting at the most, vessels of more 
 than 200 tons burthen. 
 
BOS 
 
 113 
 
 BOS 
 
 Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and the 
 chief city in New England, stands upon a penin- 
 sula in a capacious harbour, at the western ex- 
 tremity of Massachusetts Bay. Its situation is 
 noble and commanding, the site being elevated 
 and the city nearly surrounded by water, so that 
 to the eye of the spectator its lofty domes and 
 spires seems like those of Venice to rise out of 
 the waves. In the interior, there is much irregu- 
 larity, n.nd many crooked and narrow streets, but 
 there are also in Boston a greater number of ele- 
 gant buildings, beautiful sites, and objects that 
 display the wealth, taste, and public spirit of the 
 inhabitants, than in any other city of the United 
 States. The beautiful common in the western 
 
 part, occupies the southerly slope of Beacon Hill. 
 It is a quarter of a mile in extent, surrounded by 
 a mall planted with elms, with an open prospect 
 to the west and fronted in other parts by elegant 
 buildings. The State House, which stands on the 
 summit of the hill overlooking the common, and 
 indeed the whole city, is a spacious brick edifice, 
 painted of a stone colour and surm6unted by a 
 lofty dome. The finest ornament of its interior, 
 is a statue of Washington in white marble, by 
 Chantry. Fronting the mall, is also St. Paul's 
 church, built of hammered granite with a farjade 
 of freestone, exhibiting six massy Doric columns. 
 The effect of the simple elegance of this structure 
 is much injured by the contrast of a huge gothic 
 pile at its side, the Masonic Temple, whose lofty 
 front, however, exhibits an imposing specimen of 
 that order of architecture. The Stone Chapel is 
 the name given to a church of considerable an- 
 tiquity ; it is a plain edifice, with a square tower, 
 surrounded by a Doric colonnade, and the style is 
 both chaste and dignified. Trinity church is of 
 rough granite, in the mixed gothic style, with a 
 lofty tower, and its whole appearance is massy 
 and imposing . The congregational church in 
 Bowdoin street,is another edifice in the same style, 
 but smaller. The church, in Church Green, is of 
 white granite, octagonal in shape and supporting 
 a tall and slender spire ; it is much admired by 
 many, but is rather finical. The Brattle Street 
 church is worthy a stranger's notice for displaying 
 in its fiont the cannon ball shot into it during the 
 siege of Boston in 1775. The Old South church, 
 which the British soldiers turned into a hippo- 
 drome while they held possession of the city, still 
 remains, but its locality is now central and not 
 southerly. Park Street church at the head of the 
 mall, has a spire that towers above every other in 
 the city. There are besides these, many houses 
 of worship, not without claims to notice. 
 
 But the structvire which most strikes the atten- 
 tion of the stranger, is perhaps Fanueil Hall Mar- 
 ket. This pile is 53(5 feet in length, two stories 
 15 
 
 high, and is built of white granite, with porticoes 
 of columns cut from a single stone. This is 
 probably the handsomest market-house in the 
 world, and is fronted on both sides by solid blocks 
 of stone stores in a uniform architecture. The 
 street on the north front is 05, and thaton the south, 
 102 feet in width. In the halls of the upper story, 
 are annually held the great sales of American 
 manufactures. Old Faneuil Hall, immortal in 
 the annals of our country as the " cradle of 
 Liberty,' stands west of the market, and is an an- 
 cient pile of brick, containing a spacious hall, in 
 which popular assemblies are still held and pub- 
 lic dinners, celebrations, &c. are performed. The 
 Post Office and City Hall are in the Old State 
 House, at the head of State Street. Man}' of the 
 banks are elegant stone edifices. The County 
 Court House is stone and of handsome propor- 
 tions, but its situation is unfavourable for display, 
 and the spot it occupies would be more service- 
 able for a public square. The Massachusetts 
 General Hospital is large, and elegantly built of 
 stone ; it is a monument of the philanthropic 
 munificence of private citizens. 
 
 Here also the finest hotel in the United States dis- 
 plays the public spirit and liberality of the Boston 
 people. This edifice is called the Tremont House, 
 and occupies a beautiful situation ; its main body 
 is granite, with an elegant portico of fluted col- 
 ums cut from a single stone. The wings in the 
 rear are brick with stone basements, and with the 
 front, form three sides of a quadrangle. This 
 hotel contains nearly 200 apartments, and is un- 
 rivalled in the country for the excellence of its 
 accommodations. There are other structures for 
 public objects worthy of attention, as the prisons, 
 houses of industry, &c, these are generally of 
 Quincy or Chelmsford granite, an excellent 
 Duilding stone, of which there is an abundance in 
 the neighbourhood of the place. 
 
 Alterations and additions have of late years 
 vastly improved the appearance of Boston. The 
 streets which were formerly almost without an 
 exception, narrow and crooked, have been in 
 a great degree rendered wide and commodious ; 
 the old wooden structures, have in the greater 
 part of the city been replaced by handsome build- 
 ings of stone or brick. In the western part, par- 
 ticularly, there is much neatness and elegance. 
 The splendour of the private buildings here, is 
 not equalled in any other part of the Union. 
 
 The literary institutions of this city are of the 
 first order. The public libraries contain 70,000 
 volumes. The Boston Atheneum is the finest es- 
 tablishment of its kind in the United States ; its 
 library contains above 25,000 volumes, and a read- 
 ing room, in which the most esteemed periodicals, 
 from all parts of the world, may be found. If we 
 add to these the library of Harvard College, in the 
 neighbourhood, of 40,000 volumes, making the 
 number of books within the reach of the citizens 
 110,000, it must be allowed that Boston offers to 
 the scholar a more advantageous residence than 
 any other spot in the western world. The litera- 
 ry character of the citizens corresponds to these 
 advantages; Boston is distinguished for the num- 
 ber and talent of its periodical works : the North 
 American Review, which is allowed to he the 
 most able of all the literary journals of our coun- 
 try, and the only one that has gained a reputation 
 in Europe, is published here. The Christian Ex- 
 aminer, which has now enlarged its plan, and as- 
 sumed more of a purely literary character, is rank- 
 ed among the first publications of the day. The 
 k 2 
 
BOS 
 
 114 
 
 BOS 
 
 periodicals of the city are more than GO. including 
 31 newspapers, 7 of which are daily. The pub- 
 lic schools are not equalled in any other city in 
 the world. The ambition of the scholars is exci- 
 ted by annual rewards to the most worthy, in the 
 shape of a public dinner at Faneuil Hall in com- 
 pany with the Mayor and officers of the city ; 
 and* the distribution of gold and silver medals, 
 the product of a fund for this purpose established 
 by the great Franklin, who was born in this 
 cit}-. hi the department of the fine arts, there is 
 much taste and liberal patronage displayed here. 
 The annual exhibitions of paintings in the gallery 
 of the Atheneum is the best in the country, and a 
 fund is collecting from its proceeds for the encour- 
 agement of the arts. 
 
 7'his city is distinguished for the early and res- 
 olute stand which it made in favour of American 
 liberty. It was, in fact, the birth-place of our in- 
 dependence, and the first American blood shed by 
 the British, was in the skirmish between the citi- 
 zens of Boston and the soldiery, in State Street, 
 on the 5th of March, 1770, which is known by the 
 
 name of the Boston Massacre. The animosity 
 occasioned by this occurrence never subsided, and 
 six years afterward the British were driven from 
 the place. 
 
 In commerce, Boston is the second city in the 
 union, and its trade is carried on with every quar- 
 ter of the world. The yearly imports are 
 13,000,000 dollars, and the exports 9,000,000. 
 The shipping of the port amounted in 1828, to 
 161,583 tons. The wharves here are the finest in 
 the United States. Long Wharf and Central 
 Wharf are each nearly a quarter of a mile in 
 length, and covered with stores ; those of the 
 latter are a solid pile, with an observatory in the 
 eentre, where signals are received by telegraph 
 from the islands in the bay. India Wharf has a 
 solid pile of buildings, of large extent. All these 
 form spacious docks, and are furnished with broad 
 carriage ways. 
 
 The manufactures of the city and suburbs, con- 
 sist of glass, iron, cordage, leather, &c; the finest 
 cut and crown glsss in the country is made here. 
 The manufacturing interests are strongly support- 
 ed in Boston, and a great portion of its capital lies 
 in the establishments of Lowell, Waltham and oth- 
 er manufacturing towns. A railroad is in progress 
 from Boston to Lowell, which, when completed, 
 will give additional spirit to the manufacturing in- 
 dustry of the state and contribute to the prosperi- 
 ty of the capital. There are 8 avenues to the city, 
 viz., 6 bridges, the neck, and the western cause- 
 way. The bridges lead from Charlestown, Cam- 
 bridge and South Boston ; they are of wood, and 
 that leading to Cambridgeport is nearly two thirds 
 of a mile in length. The western avenue is of solid 
 
 earth, faced with stone, and is a mile and a half 
 in length. The traveller who approaches the city 
 on a dark evening, admires the brilliant and pic 
 turesque appearance of the lights upon the aven- 
 ues, stretching in long lines across the wide bay 
 that embosoms the city. The western portion of 
 the bay is enclosed by the causeway above mem- 
 tioned, and serves for a mill-basin. 
 
 The wealth of Boston is computed at [)2 millions 
 of dollars; probably no other city of its size can 
 be found equally rich. The inhabitants, although 
 distinguished for being 'full of notions,' yet have 
 more of a settled and permanent character than 
 those of any other American city. The high de- 
 gree of wealth, education and literary talent 
 which prevails here, has imparted to the upper 
 classes a portion of that exclusive feeling, which, 
 for want of a more precise definition is called 
 aristocracy, although there is no wider distinction 
 of classes than such as the natural operations of 
 society mark out. The rich, the gifted, and the 
 well-bred, are self-complacent in the possession of 
 their power, or superiority, but their pride is tem- 
 pered with urbanity and never wears a repulsive 
 shape. No people are more tolerant in religion, 
 and they have long since discarded every thing 
 offensive in the strait-laced puritanism of their 
 ancestors ; yet no where is the state of moral feel- 
 ing more correct. There are all sects in religion, 
 but the Unitarians are the most numerous, and 
 their clergy can boast of some of the ablest heads 
 of the day. The people are noted for their love 
 of parade, pomp, and public celebrations, but the 
 occasions are generally well chosen, and the per- 
 formances seldom offend good taste. 
 
 The facilities for travelling in the neighbour- 
 hood of Boston are very great. There are more 
 stage coaches running to and from this city than 
 any other in America. Hourly and half-hourly 
 stages carry passengers to the neighbouring towns 
 at a very low rate. The number of daily arrivals 
 and departures is about 250. In summer there 
 are steamboats running to Hingham, Nahant ana 
 the coast of Maine. The roads about Boston are 
 excellent, and the public houses of the first order. 
 The country here is exceedingly varied and pic- 
 turesque, adorned with every graceful variety of 
 hill and dale, garden and grove, and abounding 
 in beautiful villages and elegant country seats. 
 From the dome of the State House, the spectator 
 may look down upon the whole city, the country 
 around it, the harbour and bay sprinkled with 
 beautiful islands and the ocean beyond, forming a 
 panorama not surpassed by any view of its kind 
 in the world. The harbour is capacious, safe, and 
 impregnable to an enemy. The heights of Dor 
 chester, which command the city and harbour 
 and whose batteries drove the British from Bos- 
 ton in 177C, are now within the limits of the city. 
 
 A city government was first adopted in 1821 ; 
 the officers are a Mayor, eight Aldermen, and a 
 Common Council of 48, all elected by a popu- 
 lar vote in December annually. With Chelsea, 
 on the opposite side of the harbour, Boston com- 
 poses the county of Suffolk, which has 6 Senators 
 in the State Legislature. The city alone sends one 
 Representative to Congress. The yearlv expenses 
 are about 300,000 dollars, of which above 50,000 
 are appropriated to the support of common schools ; 
 80,000 for improving the streets and 30,000 for 
 the poor. 
 
 Boston was founded in 1G30. Its name in the 
 Indian language was Shaumvt ; and it was called 
 by the settlers Trcviont or Trivwiintain, from its 
 
BOT 
 
 115 
 
 EOT 
 
 three hills. The two-hundredth year of the city- 
 was solemnized on the 17th September 1830 by a 
 splendid jubilee, when all the public officers, as- 
 sociations, tfec, formed in an immense procession, 
 marched to the Old South Church, the usual scene 
 for such festivities, and were addressed by the 
 President of Harvard Collese. 
 
 mm 
 
 The census of 1830 gave a return of 61,392 in 
 habitants for the 12 wards within the jurisdiction 
 of the city, but taking in those adjoining parts of 
 Charlestown, Cambridge and Roxbury, which are 
 to all practical purposes, so many portions of the 
 capital, its whole population will amount to about 
 80,000. The city proper has 40 churches; 19 
 banks, 2 theatres. 80 public schools, 50 bookstores, 
 and is 210 m. N. E. from New York ; 300 N. E. 
 from Philadelphia; 300 S. S. E. from Montreal, 
 and 436 N. E. from Washington. It is in N. lat. 
 42. 22. and in W. long. 71. 3. 
 
 Boston, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 320 m. W. Albany. 
 Pop. 1,520. 
 
 Boston, t. Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Boswellsville, p. v. Louisa Co. Va. 20 m. N. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Bosworih. Market, a town in Leicestershire, 
 Eng. In its vicinity, in 1408, was fought the fa- 
 mous battle between Richard III. and the Earl 
 of Richmond, afterward Henry VII. in which 
 the former lost his crown and life. It is seated 
 on a hill. 13 m. W. of Leicester, and 106 N. N. 
 W. of London. Pop. 1,117. 
 
 Bosicorth, Ilusbaml, another town in Leicester- 
 shire, 14 m S. of Leicester. Pop. 820. 
 
 Botany Bay, a bay of New South Wales, dis- 
 covered by Cook in 1770, and so called from the 
 great quantity of herbs, found on the shore. The 
 promontories which form its entrance are named 
 Cape Banks and Point Solander. It was origi- 
 nally fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great 
 Britain, which in the sequel, was established at 
 Port Jackson, 13 m. further to the N. See Hol- 
 land Neio. Long. 151. 21. E. lat. 34. 0. S. 
 
 Botany Island, a small island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, to the S. E. of New Caledonia. Lono-. 
 167. 17. E. lat. 22. 27. S. 
 
 Botesdile, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated in a 
 valley, 15 m. N. E. of Bury, and 86 of London. 
 Pop. 584. 
 
 Botetourt, an interior county of the W. District 
 of Virginia, lving between the two most easterly 
 ridges of the Apalachian mountains. The Roan- 
 oke and James rivers have both their sources 
 within this county ; and it is bounded on the north 
 by the valley over which is the natural bridge, 
 90 feet in length and 200 feet above the surface 
 of the water. (See Cedar Creel:.) Pop. 16,354. Fin- 
 castle, 194 m.W of Richmond, is the chief town. 
 
 Bothnia, Gulf of, a large gulf of the Baltic. 
 
 forming its northern continuation, extending in a 
 north by cast direction, from the Isle of Aland, in 
 the lat. of 60. to Tornea, in the lat. of 66. N. and 
 having an average breadth of about 3 degrees of 
 long, between 17. and 25. E. It is bounded on 
 the west by Sweden and east by Finland. 
 
 Bothnia, East, the northern province of Fin- 
 land, extending from Finland Proper, in the lat. 
 of 62. N. to the line of the arctic circle, which 
 divides it from Lapland; lying on the east shore 
 of the Gulf of Bothnia, between 21. and 30, of 
 east longitude, bounded on the east by the Rus- 
 sian Province of Olonetz ; containing an area of 
 about 28,000 square miles, but hazing only about 
 70.000 inhabitants. It is generally low and marshy, 
 intersected by lakes and small rivers, abounding 
 with fish, some salmon. The climate is general- 
 ly unfavourable to vegetation. It has, however, 
 some herds of small horned cattle, and bears, and 
 other furred animals are common ; and it exports 
 some fir timber, deals, tar, and pitch. It it di- 
 vided into twenty-eight parishes under the eccles- 
 iastical jurisdiction of the see of Abo, which fa- 
 vours the tenets of Luther. The inhabitants, 
 with some little exception of Swedish, speak the 
 Finnish language. The chief towns are Kajana 
 on the east side, and Uleaborg, Brahestad, Car- 
 leby, Jacobstadt, Wasa, and Christianstadt all on 
 the shores of the gulf of Bothnia. This prov- 
 ince, with Finland, was ceded by Sweden to Rus- 
 sia in 1809. 
 
 Bothnia, West, a province of Sweden, lying 
 between the west shore of the gulf of Bothnia 
 and Lapland, extending south from Angerman- 
 land, in the lat. of 63. 50. to that of 67. N. and 19. 
 to 25. E. long. Its area is about half that of East 
 Bothnia, and the population does not exceed 50, 
 000. It differs but little in character from the 
 eastern province ; it abounds somewhat more in 
 furred animals, which serve alike for subsistence 
 and traffic. It is intersected by numerous streams, 
 all running from west to east into the gulf. The 
 four principal rising from the mountains which 
 divide Lapland from Norland, give name to as 
 many districts and towns ; viz. Tornea, at the head 
 of the gulf, Lulea, Pitea, and Uinea, at the south 
 extremity of the province, all upon the coast of 
 the gulf. It contains some veins of copper and 
 iron ; but its chief exports are timber, deals, and 
 tar. It is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of 
 the see of Hernosand. 
 
 BothweH, a town of Scotland, in the county of 
 Lanark, situate on the east bank of the Clyde, be- 
 tween Hamilton and Glasgow. It is distinguish- 
 ed for the battle fought in its vicinity in 1679, be- 
 tween the covenanters and the royal forces com- 
 manded by the duke of Monmouth, when the for- 
 mer were completely defeated. 
 
 Botley, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 6 m. E. of 
 Southampton, on the river Hamble, noted for a 
 considerable trade in flour. Pop. in 1821, 670. 
 
 Bottesford,VL village in Leicestershire, Eng. on 
 the confines of Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire, 
 7 m. W. by N. of Grantham. Near it, on a lofty 
 eminence, is Belvoir castle, the ancient seat of the 
 dukes of Rutland. In the church are several 
 handsome monuments of that noble family ; and 
 many Roman antiquities have been found in the 
 neighbourhood. Pop. 1,070. 
 
 Bottlehill, p.t. Morris Co. N. J. 15 m. N. W. of 
 Elizabethtown. 
 
 Botwar, a town in the north part of the duchy 
 of Wirtemburg, on a river of its name, 15 m. S. 
 S. E. of Heilbron. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
BOU 
 
 116 
 
 BOU 
 
 Botzcn, a large town in the interior of the Ty- 
 •ol, beautifully located near the junction of the 
 Rich and Eisach, branches of the Adige river. 
 It, has some manufactures of silks, and has four 
 fairs annually, numerously attended. The sur- 
 rounding country produces excellent wine. It 
 was taken by the French in March, 1797, but re- 
 taken by the Austrians immediately after. An 
 Austrian commandant resides here. It is about 
 18 m. N. of Trent. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Boiznnbursh. a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 TJckfif MarkTo'm. S. W. of Pretitzlau, and about 
 50 rn. N. of Berlin. It has a manufacture of silk. 
 Bouchain, a fortified town of France, in the de- 
 m.rtment of Nord, divided into two parts by the 
 .Scheldt, ft was taken by the allies in 1711, un- 
 der the Duke of Marlborough, but retaken tin- year 
 following ; and was invested by the Austrians in 
 )7'>:i. but soon relieved It is '.) m. W. of Valen- 
 ciennes. 
 
 Boucharf. a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre and Loire, situate on an island in the river 
 Vienne, 15 m. S. S. W. of Tours. 
 
 Bourhcmain, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire, 4 m. S. of Angers. 
 Bouc!a?is, a town of France, in the department 
 of Doubs, 8 m. E. of Besancon. 
 
 Boudry, a town of Switzerland, in the County 
 of Neufchatel, 4 m. S. W. of Neufchatel. It was 
 the birth-place of Marat. 
 
 Bougainville's Strati, on the S. Pacific Ocean, 
 between an island of the same name and the north 
 end of Solomon's Island, in the lat. of 7. S. and 
 156. E. long. 
 
 Bouillon, a town of Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, with a castle, on an almost inaccesible 
 rock. The French took it in 1C7G, when Louis 
 XIV. gave it to the duke of Bouillon. In 1794 
 this town was taken by storm, by general Beau- 
 lieu, after defeating a considerable body of French 
 republicans, and given up to pillage. It is sea- 
 ted near the river Semoy, on the frontier of 
 France, 6 m. N. N. E. of Sedan, and 4G W. by 
 N. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Bouilly, a town of France, in the department 
 of Aube, 7 m. S. of Treves'. 
 
 Boulay, a town of France, In the department 
 of Moselle, 13 m. N. E. of Metz. 
 
 Boulogne, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Pas de Calais. It is divided into two 
 towns, the Upper and the Lower ; the former is 
 strono-ly fortified ; but the latter is merely sur- 
 rounded with walls. The port has for a long 
 time been so shallow that no ships of burden could 
 enter it. But owing to some recent improve- 
 ment, it is represented to hold ten feet at low wa- 
 ter ; and a large basin has lately been construct- 
 ed to contain 17 feet. The harbour is protected 
 by a mole, to which very strong fortifications 
 have been added. Under Bonaparte, Boulogne 
 was made a royal port, and no merchant vessel, 
 privateers, nor even prizes were admitted, unless 
 loaded with ordnance or military stores, being the 
 principal depot of the armaments which he intend- 
 ed for the invasion of Britain. Since the peace 
 in 1315, it has been much resorted by the Eng- 
 lsh, several hundreds of families having adopted 
 it as their place of residence, who, subsisting on 
 annuities paid out of the taxes raised in England, 
 contribute essentially to the interest of the town 
 and neighbourhood. Bonaparte commenced the 
 erection of a tower, apparently intended to be car- 
 ried to a great height ; but it is left in an unfinish- 
 ed state, and its utility is not very obvious. It is 
 
 16m. S. W. of Calais, in lat. 50. 46. N. and ]. 
 37, E. long. There is also another town of the 
 same name in France, in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, having several tanneries. It is 12 m. 
 N. by W. of St. Gaudins. 
 
 Bourbon, an island in the Indian ocean, 50 m. 
 long and 35 broad, lying 400 m. east of Madagas- 
 car. It has not a safe harbour, but there are some 
 roads for shipping. On the S. E. is a volcano. 
 It is a fertile island ; producing, in particular, the 
 finest cotto ?'.. and excellent coffee. The French 
 settled here in 1673. It surrendered to the English, 
 after the capture of the Isle of France, on the 3d 
 of December. 1810. But Bourbon was restored 
 at the General Peace in 1815 ; since when, the 
 culture of sugar, coffee, and cotton, has been pur 
 sued with great avidity, by the aid of slaves, ob 
 tained from Madagascar. It also produces a va- 
 riety of woods, resins, gums, and flints. Wild 
 goats and hogs abound in the mountains and 
 woods. T' ie cattle in the plains are numerous ; 
 and the coasts supply abundance of fish. On 
 the whole, this island affords, not only all the 
 means of subsistence, but of enjoyment in a very 
 high degree. The white inhabitants are suppos- 
 ed not to exceed 5,000 ; and the slaves about 20,- 
 000. St. Denis is the chief town, in lat. 20. 52 
 N. and 55. 30. E. long, about 100 m. S. ofthe 
 Isle of France. 
 
 Bourbon, an interior County in the N. W. part 
 of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 18,434. Paris, 
 situate on a fork of the south branch of the Licit. 
 ing river, 40 m. E. of Frankfort, is the chief towr 
 
 Bourbon Lancy, a town of France, on the we* 
 side of the department of Saone and Loire, celc 
 brated for its hot mineral waters, and a large mai 
 ble pavement, called the Great Bath, whioh is 
 work of the Romans. It is 28 m. S. W. of Autun. 
 Pop. 2,800. 
 
 BouiboH l' Archambaud, a town of France, v. 
 the department of Allier, celebrated for its ho 
 baths and for giving name to the family of tic- 
 kings of France. It is situate near the river Al 
 lier, 15 m. W. of Moulins. Pop. 2,600. 
 
 Bourboune Irs Bains, a town of France, in the 
 department of Upper Marne, famous for its hot 
 baths, 18 m. E N. E. of Langres. Pop. 3,200. 
 
 Bourbonnois, a late province of France, boun- 
 ded on the north by Nivernois and Berry, west 
 by Berry and Marche, south by Auvergne, and 
 east by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in 
 corn, fruit, pastures, wood, game, and wine. It 
 now forms the department of Allier. 
 
 Bourbourg, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, seated near the river Aa, and on 
 a canal, that communicates with Calais and 
 Dunkirk, 10 m. S. W. of Dunkirk. Pop. 4.100. 
 
 Bourg, which in French signifies borough, is 
 prefixed to the names of about 20 places in differ- 
 ent parts of France ; among the more considera- 
 ble are, 
 
 Bourg-en-Brcsse, the capital of the department 
 of Ain. Near it is the magnificent church and 
 monastery of the Augustins, which contains the 
 mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, and of Charles 
 V. The principal commerce is in corn, horses, 
 cattle, and white leather. It stands in a marshy 
 but fertile country, on the river Ressousse, 36 m. 
 N. E. of Lyons, and 233 S. S. E. of Paris. It was 
 the birth place of Lalande. Pop. about 7,300. 
 
 Bourg-sur-Mcr, in the department of Gironde, 
 with a tide harbour on the Dordogne, near the 
 point of land formed by the junction of that river 
 with the Ga-onne, on its north side. It has a 
 
BOU 
 
 117 
 
 BOV 
 
 great trade in wine, and is 15 m. N. by E. of Bor- 
 deaux. Pop. 2,700. 
 
 Bourganeuf, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Creuse. Here is a lofty tower, faced with 
 stones cut diamond-wise, erected by Zisim, broth- 
 er of Bajazet II. emperor of the Turks, when he 
 was obliged to exile himself, after the loss of a deci- 
 sive battle. Bourganeuf is seated on the Taurion, 
 20 m. N. E. of Limoges. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Bourges, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Cher, and an archiepiscopal see, with a 
 university, founded by Louis XI. the Nero of 
 France, who was born here. In extent, it is one 
 of the greatest cities in France, but the inhabitants 
 hardly exceed 17,000. The principal manufac- 
 tures are cloth, woolen stuffs, and stockings ; but 
 the trade is inconsiderable. It is seated at tlie 
 conflux of the Auron and Yevre, 25 m. N. W. of 
 Nevers, and 125 S. of Paris. 
 
 Bourget, a town of Savoy, on a lake of the 
 same name, near the Rhone, 6 m. N. of Cham- 
 berry. 
 
 Bourgneuf, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Loire. The chief trade is in salt, 
 made from the adjacent salt-marshes. It stands 
 on a bay to which it gives name, between the 
 isle of Noirmoutier and the continent, 20 m. S. 
 W. of Nantes. It has an oyster fishery on the 
 coast ; some ships are also fitted out from hence 
 for the Newfoundland fishery. Pop. about 2,000. 
 Long. 1.51. W. lat. 47. 3. N. 
 
 Bourgoin, a town of France, in the department 
 of Isere. Some hemp is raised in the vicinity, 
 and it has some manufactures of chintz. Pop. 
 about 3,600. 
 
 Bourgucll, a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre and Loire, 22 m. W. of Tours. It has a 
 Benedictine abbey and castle. Pop. about 2,800. 
 
 Bourlos. a large lake, or bay, lying between the 
 Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile. On 
 the East Cape is a town called Bourlos, in the 
 lat. of 31. 3G. N. and 31. 27. E. long. 
 
 Bourmont, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Marne, on a steep mountain, 20 m. E. 
 by N. of Chaumont. 
 
 Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has a 
 navigable canal to Boston, and is seated at the 
 source of a rivulet that runs to Spalding, 35 m. S. 
 of Lincoln, and 97 N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 2,242. 
 
 Bournabat, a village in the vicinity of Smyrna, 
 where Homer is said to have written his Iliad. 
 
 Bouro, one of the Molucca islands, in the Ban- 
 da Sea, between Celebes and Ceram, about 90 m. 
 long and 30 broad. Some mountains in it are ex- 
 tremely high, and the sea on one side is uncom- 
 monly deep. It is represented as being exceed- 
 ingly fertile, yielding abundance of rice. One of 
 •ts peculiar vegetable productions is the melaleuca 
 catigolia, from the leaves of which the Cajeput 
 oil is extracted, which forms one of the principal 
 articles of traffic. The nutmeg, clove, cocoa, 
 banana, and ebony trees, as well as the orange, 
 lemon, citron &-c, are also common to the island. 
 The natives, who live mostly in the interior, are 
 represented to be as rude and unsocial as those of 
 Borneo, to whom they bear a close affinity in fea- 
 ture, manner, and character. Wild boars, goats, 
 and hog deer, range in the woods, which are also 
 much infested with reptiles, and some of an enor- 
 mous size. There is a town of the same name on 
 the shore of a commodious bay, called Cajeli, on 
 the north east part of the island, in lat. 3. 25. S. 
 and 127. E. long, where the Dutch have a fort ; 
 
 their grovelling policy precludes alike all social 
 improvement among tbe natives, whilst it consti- 
 tutes a barrier to the attainment of all knowledge 
 of the details of their numbers, economy, and re- 
 sources. Some Mahometans, and natives of oth- 
 er islands, who live in subservience to the Dutch, 
 inhabit the towns upon the coast. 
 
 Bourthcs, a town of France, in the departm' tt 
 of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Boulogne. 
 
 Boussac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Creuse, with a castle on a rock, 25 m. N. E. of 
 Gueret. 
 
 Bouton, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying 
 off the south east promontory of the island of 
 Celebes, about 180 miles in length from N. to S. 
 and 25 in breadth. It is in part mountainous and 
 woody, but in other parts exceedingly fertile. 
 The natives appear to be of Malayan origin, pro- 
 fessing the Mahometan faith. It is governed by 
 a sultan, who lives in considerable state, and 
 whose authority extends over some small islands 
 contiguous. Forts are constructed, on several in- 
 accessible heights, in different parts of the island. 
 It is said to produce cotton of a very superior 
 quality, which the natives manufacture into 
 cloth. The north point of the island is in lat. 4. 
 21 . S. and 123. 5. E. long. The Dutch attempted 
 to establish themselves upon this island ; but 
 their perfidy led to a general massacre, and they 
 have not since renewed the attempt. There is a 
 town of the same name at the north west extremi- 
 ty of the island, at which the sultan usually re- 
 sides. There is also another island (a small one) 
 called Bouton, off the Malay coast, in lat. 6. 25. 
 N. and 99. 15. E. long. 
 
 Boutonne, a river of France, rising in the de 
 partment of Deux Sevres, becomes navigable at 
 St. Jean D'Angely, and falls into the Charente 
 about 10 miles above Rochefort. There is a town 
 of the same name, on the north bank of the river, 
 about 18 m. W. of St. Jean D'Angely. 
 
 Bouvigncs , a small fortified town of the Neth- 
 erlands, on the west bank of the Meuse, about 14 
 m. S. of Namur. This is the spot where a great 
 victory was gained by Philip Augustus, king of 
 France, over the Emperor Otho IV., A. D. 1214. 
 
 Bouzdogan, a town in the south west part of 
 Natolia, about 18 m. N. W. of Melasso. 
 
 Bouzo/c, a town of Asiatic Turkey, near the 
 north east confines of Caramania, and near the 
 source of a branch of the Kisil Jarmak River, 
 which falls into the Black Sea. 
 
 Bouzonville, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Moselle, on the river Nied, 27 m. N. E. 
 of Metz. 
 
 Boca, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at 
 the southern extremity of the promontory of 
 Italy. The inhabitants are supposed to be de- 
 scendants of Albanians, great numbers of whom 
 are scattered over the adjacent country. Pop. of 
 Bova about 2,300. 
 
 Bovelles, a town of France, in the department 
 of Somme, 6 in. W. S. W. of Amiens. 
 
 Bovc7id.cn, or Bawarden, a town in the princi- 
 pality of Callenberg, about 3 m. N. of Got- 
 tingen. 
 
 Bovcnsc, or Borgense, a town on the north 
 coast of the island of Funen, from whence there 
 is a ferry over to Klakring, in Jutland. 
 
 Boves, a populous town in Piedmont, a few m. 
 S. of Coni. 
 
 Bovina, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 76 m. S. W 
 Albany. Pop. 1.346. 
 
 Bovino, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated 
 
BOX 
 
 118 
 
 BRA 
 
 at the foot of the Apennines, 15 m. N. E of 
 Benevento. 
 
 Bow, or Stratford h Bow, one of the out parish- 
 es of London, on the east side. The church is 4 
 miles from the Royal Exchange. Bow is situate 
 at the south-east" extremity of the county of 
 Middlesex, separated from Essex by the river Lea 
 (see Black wall). The church is very ancient; 
 and an old stone bridge over the river is supposed 
 to have been the first erected in England, and 
 the curve or bow of the arch to have given name 
 to the town. Over this bridge is the great outlet 
 from London to the 3 eastern counties of England : 
 viz. Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. The pop. of 
 the parish of Bow in 1821 was 2,349; and of 
 Bromley, immediately contiguous, 4,360. In this 
 section of the metropolis are several very exten- 
 sive Hour-mills, chymical laboratories, and other 
 works, the operations of which are aided, con- 
 jointly with steam, by the waters of the Lea. 
 
 Bow, one of the Society Isles at the south east 
 extremity of the Cluster, in lat. 18. 23. S. and 
 141. 10. W. long. It was discovered by Captain 
 Cook on his first voyage; but, with 130 fathom of 
 line, no bottom could be found for anchorage. It 
 seemed barren ; but from appearance of smoke, 
 it was conjectured either to be inhabited or vol- 
 canic. 
 
 Bote, t. Merrimack Co. N. H. adjoining Con- 
 cord. Pop. 1,065. 
 
 Bowdoin, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,095. 
 Bowdoinham, p.t. in the same Co. Pop. 2,0(11. 
 Bowerbank, t. Penobscot Co. Me. 40 m. N. W. 
 Bangor. Pop. 49. 
 
 Bowers, p.v. Essex Co. Va. and Southampton 
 Co. Va. 
 
 Bowes, a town at the north west extremity of 
 the county of York, Eng., situate at the foot of 
 the mountains on the frontier of Westmoreland, 
 on one of the Roman military ways, now the high 
 road from London to Carlisle. Its antiquity is fur- 
 ther manifest, from a stone in the church, which, at 
 the commencement of the last century, was used 
 as a Communion table, on which is an adulatory 
 inscription to the Emperor Adrian. It holds a 
 market on Fridays. 53 m. S. by E. of Carlisle, and 
 250 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 1,438. 
 
 Rowling Grten, there are villages of this name 
 in Va., Ken., Ohio., Geo., and Missouri. 
 
 Bowmore, a town of the isle of Islay, Scotland, 
 on the coast of Argyleshire, on the east coast of 
 Loch Indal. Pop. about 700. 
 
 Bournes, a village in Westmorland, Eng., on the 
 east side of Windermere-water, 9 miles west by 
 north of Kendal. It is a great mart for fish and 
 charcoal ; and the chief place for trading and 
 pleasure boats used in navigating the lake. 
 
 Bowness, a village in Cumberland, Eng., at the 
 west end of the Picts wall, on Sohvay frith, 13 
 miles west by north of Carlisle. It was a Ro- 
 man station, called Blatum Bulgium ; and from 
 hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. 
 
 Boxbcrg, a town of German}', in the grand 
 duchy of Baden, with an ancient castle on an 
 eminence ; seated on the Tauber, 13 in. W. of 
 Mergentheim. 
 
 Boxborough, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 
 174. 
 
 Boxford, a village in Suffolk, Eng., 5 miles 
 from Sudbury. It has a great trade in malt, and 
 a manufacture for dressing sheep and deer skins 
 in oil. Pop. 743. 
 
 Boxford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Mem- 
 mack, 14 in. above Newburyport. Pop. 937. 
 
 Boxley, a village in Kent, Eng., four miles north 
 of Maidstone, famous for an abbey, founded in 
 1146, some remains of which still exist. In this 
 abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to the city 
 of London, empowering them to elect a mayor. 
 Pop. 1,166. 
 
 Boxtcl, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 seated on the river Bommel, and furnished with 
 sluices. Here the British and Dutch troops, un- 
 der the duke of York, were defeated by the 
 French in 1794. It is 8 m. S. of Bois le Due. 
 Pop. 2,650. 
 
 Boijdstown, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 
 
 Boydsville, p.t. Davidson Co. Ten. 20 m fr'.m 
 Nashville. 
 
 Boyle, a populous parish, and borough of Ire- 
 land, in the county of Roscommon, on the fron- 
 tier of Sligo. Here are the ruins of an abbey, 
 near the lake Key, and manufactures of linen and 
 yarn. It has extensive barracks, seated on the 
 river Boyle, 23 miles north of Roscommon, and 
 86 north west of Dublin. It returned two mem- 
 bers to the Irish parliament previous to the union. 
 Pop. of the town in 1831., 3,407; and of the par- 
 ish, including the town, 11,181. 
 
 Boyhton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 820 
 
 Boyne, a river of Ireland, which rises in the 
 north part of the county of Kildare, crosses the 
 county of Meath, past Trim and Navan, and en- 
 ters the Irish channel below Drogheda. In this 
 river and on its banks James II. was defeated by 
 William HI. in 1690. 
 
 Bozolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Man- 
 tuan, seated on the Oglio, 15 in. S. W. of 
 Mantua. 
 
 Bozrah, p.t. N. London Co. Conn. Pop 
 1,078. 
 
 Bra, a large town of Piedmont, in the province 
 of Alba, situate near the junction of the Stura 
 with the Tanaro River, 10 miles south east of 
 Carmagnola. Pop. about 10,000. Cherasco, with 
 a further population of about 11,000, is situate on 
 the opposite bank of the river. 
 
 Braan, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 which descends from the hills east of Loch Tay, 
 and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon 
 this river is a grand scene, at a place called the 
 Rumbling-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a 
 narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, 
 the river is precipitated in a fall of near 50 
 feet. 
 
 Brabant, a territory in the north west part of 
 Europe, lying between the lat. of 50. 30. and 51. 
 35. N. and 4. and 5. 10. E. long, formerly belong- 
 ing to Austria, and afterwards part of the king- 
 dom of the Netherlands. It will be best under- 
 stood divided into two parts : viz. North or Dutch 
 Brabant, and South or Austrian Brabant. Dutch 
 Brabant lies north of the Scheldt, the north east 
 being bounded by the Maese,its4 principal towns 
 being Bergen-op-Zoom, Breda, Bois-le-duc, and 
 Endhoven. South, or Austrian Brabant, is bound- 
 ed on the west by the Dender and Scheldt, south 
 by Namur, and east by Liege. This district was 
 overrun by the French in 1792, who were driven 
 back the following } T ear ; but returned in 1794 
 and effectually subdued the whole of the Austri- 
 an Netherlands, which were confirmed to them 
 by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, and of 
 Luneville in 1801, when they divided South Bra- 
 bant into two departments; viz. De ix Nethes, af- 
 ter the name of two rivers which run from N. to 
 S. uniting at Lier, and afterward fall into tin; 
 Scheldt ; and the Dyle, named after another river 
 
BRA 
 
 119 
 
 BRA 
 
 running from S. to N. past Louvain and Malines, 
 into the Nethes, before it falls into the Scheldt. 
 The former of these divisions, besides the towns 
 above mentioned, contains the city of Antwerp, 
 and the towns of Turnhout and Herenthals, and 
 numerous villages; and the latte.r. Brussels, 
 Arschot, Tirelinont, &c. &c. With some partial 
 exceptions, this is a very fertile and important 
 district ; it yields, after supplying its inhabitants 
 with abundance of all things necessary for sub- 
 sistence and comfort, a surplus of flax and of 
 wheat of very superior quality. It was annexed 
 to Holland at the general peace ; and Brussels 
 made the seat of government in alternate years 
 with the Hague (see Netherlands.) The inhabitants 
 are Catholics, and speak the French language. 
 
 Bracadale, a town and parish of Scotland, on 
 the west coast of the isle of Skye, which in 1821 
 contained a pop. of 2.103. 
 
 Bracciano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of 
 St. Peter, celebrated for manufactures of paper, 
 the ruins of Veia, and some warm baths in its 
 vicinity. It is situated on a lake of the same 
 name, 12 m. N. VV. of Rome. 
 
 Bracciglia.no, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Citeriore, 7 m. N. N. W. of Salerno. 
 
 Bracenlle, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bracken, a frontier county on the north east 
 side of Kentucky, bounded by the Ohio River. 
 Pop. 6,392. Augusta, on the Ohio, 00 in. N. E. 
 of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Brachrnheim, a town of the duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg, about b" miles W. of the Necker at Lauffen, 
 and 18 N. of Stutgard. Pop. about 1,500. It 
 has a well endowed hospital. 
 
 Brachley, a borough in Northamptonshire, Eng. 
 It contains two churches, and had formerly a 
 college, now a free-school. It is seated on the 
 Ouse, 18 m. S. S. W. of Northampton, and 03 
 N. W. of London. It returns two members to 
 parliament. Pop. in 1821, 1,851. 
 
 Braclaw, a strong town in the south of Rus- 
 sian Poland, capital of the Palatinate of its 
 name, in Podolia. It stands on the river Bog, 85 
 m. E. of Kaminieck. 
 
 Bradjield, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the 
 river Blackwater, 16 m. N. of Chelmsford, and 44 
 N. N. E. of London. Pop. 822. 
 
 Bradjield, is also the name of a township, in 
 the parish of Ecclesfield, Eng. 6 miles north of 
 Sheffield, in the manufactures of which it is ex- 
 tensively occupied. Pop. in 1821, 5,298. It is 
 ilso the name of seven other towns and villages 
 in different parts of England, all inconsiderable. 
 
 Bradford, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. It is the 
 centre of the greatest fabric of superfine cloths in 
 England, and is eminent for the nicest mixtures. 
 There are about twenty extensive establishments. 
 It stands on the side of a rocky hill, on the Lower 
 Avon, 10 m. N. by W. of Warminster, and 100 
 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 10,231. 
 
 Bradford, a large and populous parish and town 
 in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. in which 
 manufacturing industry manifested itself as strong- 
 ly during the first 20 years of the present centu- 
 ry, as in any part of the kingdom. The town, 
 which in 1801 contained a pop. of only 6,393, and 
 in 1811 of 7,767, in 1821, contained 13,004, and the 
 aggregate of the parish 52,054, which in 1811 was 
 only 36,358. In the town there are about forty 
 large dealers in wool, about 30 large establish- 
 ments for the spinning of ditto, and sixty factories 
 for the weaving of ditto, into various kinds of 
 stuffs. It has five or six extensive iron foun- 
 
 dries, as many machine manufactories, and several 
 employers both in the manufacture of hats and 
 combs ; and, that there may be no lack of un- 
 ceasing toil, the cotton manufacture has also es- 
 tablished itself in the parish. The town is situate 
 at the foot of the ridge of mountains which divides 
 the West Ridinc of Yorkshire from Lancashire, 
 on the banks of a small river, falling into the Aire, 
 on the south side. It has also the advantage of a 
 collateral cut to the Leeds and Liverpool canal ; 
 and consequently a facility of communication, of 
 water, with all parts of the kingdom. The sur- 
 rounding country abounds in iron ore, coal, flag- 
 stones, and slates. The parish church is a stately 
 Gothic edifice : a new church, built by subscrip- 
 tion, was opened in 1815. It has several other 
 religious places of worship, a free grammar 
 school, and a market hall for the exhibition of the 
 worsted stuffs brought for sale ; It is 10 m. W. of 
 Leeds, and 9 N. E. of Halifax. 
 
 Bradford, derived from two Saxon words imply- 
 ing Broad ford, is the name of six other towns and 
 villages in different parts of England, situate on 
 the banks of streams that formerly used to be 
 forded. 
 
 Bradford, a county in the E. District of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on New York. It is intersec- 
 ted by the east branch of the Susquehannah river, 
 which receives numerous collateral branches 
 flowinor from all directions within the county. 
 Pop. 19,669. Towanda,189 m. N. by E. of Harris 
 burg, is the chief town. 
 
 Bradford, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 80 m. fr. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,285. 
 
 Bradford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri- 
 mack, opposite Haverhill. Pop. 1,856. This town 
 has some ship-building and manufacture of shoes. 
 It is 10 m. from Newburyport. 
 
 Bradford, p.v. Orange Co. Vt. 53 m. S. E. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1,507. 
 
 Bradford, East and West, towns in Chester 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Bradford, t. Clearfield Co. Ohio. 
 Brading, a corporate town of Hampshire, Eng. 
 near the east angle of the Isle of Wight, at the 
 head of a large haven, which admits small vessels 
 to the quay at high water. It is 6 m. E. of New- 
 port, and 8 S. of "Portsmouth. Pop. in 1821, 2,023. 
 Bradley, derived from two Saxon words, broad 
 ley, the latter signifying meadow or pasture 
 land, is the name of about twenty towns and vil- 
 lages in different parts of England ; all inconsider- 
 able. And Brad precedes different terminations, 
 names of about twenty other towns and villages 
 in England ; all, likewise, inconsiderable. 
 
 Braga, a city of Portugal, capital of Entre- 
 Douro-e-Minho, and the see of an archbishop, 
 primate < f Portugal. It contains four churches, 
 besides the cathedral, and eight convents. There 
 are some ruins of an amphitheatre, and an aque- 
 duct. It is seated in a fertile country, on the 
 Cavado, about 25 m. N. byE. of Oporto, and 180 
 m. N. of Lisbon. 
 
 Braganza, a city of Portugal in Tras os Montes, 
 capital of a duchy of the same name. It is di- 
 vided into the old and new town : the former is 
 on an eminence, surrounded by double walls, now 
 in ruins ; and the latter is on a plain, at the foot 
 of a mountain, defended by a fort. It is seated 
 on the Fervanza, 32 m. N. N. W. of Miranda, 
 and 88 N. E. of Oporto. The duchy was con- 
 stituted in 1442, and the possessor of the title was 
 raised to the throne of Portugal in 1640, and has 
 continued in succession to tat present time 
 
BRA 
 
 120 
 
 BRA 
 
 Brahestad, one of the five principal towns of 
 the Russian province of East Bothnia, situate on 
 the east coast of the gulf of Bothnia, about 30 
 m. S. S. W. of Ulcabonr, in lat. 64. 40. N. and 
 24. 30. E. long. 
 
 Braila, Braliiloie, or Ibra.ila, a fortified town of 
 European Turkey, situate on the north bank of 
 the Danube, at the east extremity of the province 
 of Wallachia, a few miles south of Galatz, and 
 about 320 N. by W. of Constantinople. 
 
 Bruiloic, or Brahi/low, a town of Poland, in Po- 
 dolia, on the river Bog-, 30 m. N. W. of Braclaw. 
 
 Brainird, a missionary station in Tennessee, 
 on the Tennessee river, about 140 m. S. W. 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Brain le Comte, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in Hainault, 15 in. S. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. 
 about 3,000.' 
 
 Braintree, a town in Essex, Eng. It has a 
 considerable manufacture of baize, and is joined 
 on the north by the extensive village of Booking. 
 It is seated on the river Biackwater, 11m. N. by 
 K of Chelmsford, and 40 in. N. E. of London. Pop. 
 2,983. 
 
 Braintree, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,209. 
 
 Braintree, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 8 m S. by E. 
 of Boston. Pop. 1,752. It was the birth place of 
 John Adams second, and father of the sixth 
 president of the United States. 
 
 Braintrem, p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus- 
 quehannah. 
 
 Brake!, a town of Westphalia, in the principal- 
 ity of Paderborn, on the rivulet Brught, 16 m. E. 
 of Paderborn. 
 
 Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the county 
 of the Grisons, which separates the valley of 
 Munster from the county of Bormio. It is sup- 
 posed to be the same which Tacitus mentions 
 under the name of Juga Rhaetica. 
 
 Bramant, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc, 
 20 m. E. S. E. of St. Jean de Maurienne. 
 
 Brumber, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is 
 seated on the Adur, immediately contiguous to 
 Steyning, 51 m. S. by W. of London. Each place 
 returns two members to parliament. Pop. of 
 Bramber 98 and of Steyning, 1,324. 
 
 Brampton, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On 
 the top of a high hill is a fortified trench, called 
 the Mote. It is seated on the river Irthing, 9 
 m. E. N. E. of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821,2,921. 
 
 Brampton, is the name of twelve other towns 
 and villages ; and Brain, derived from a Saxon 
 word implying a bushy country, precedes the 
 termination of the names of upwards of twenty 
 other towns and villages in different parts of 
 England, all inconsiderable. 
 
 Bramstedt, a town of Lower Saxony, in Hol- 
 stein, near which is a medicinal spring. It is 
 seated on the Bram, 21 in. N. of Hamburg. 
 
 Branaw, or Braunau, a town of Bohemia, on 
 the confines of Silesia, with a manufacture of 
 coloured cloth, 11 m. N. W. of Glatz. 
 
 Brancaleone, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ulteriore, 9 m. S. E. of Bova, at the south ex- 
 tremity of the peninsula. 
 
 Brancaster, a village in Norfolk, Eng. 4 m. W. 
 by N. of Burnham. It was the ancient Brano- 
 dunum, a considerable Roman city, and has now 
 a considerable trade in malt. 
 
 Branchtoum, p. v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 
 
 Branchville, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N. 
 Trenton. 
 
 Brandeis, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 
 Kaurzim, on the south bank ofthe river Elbe, 10 
 N. E. of Prague. 
 
 Brandenburg, electoral marquisatc of, an inte- 
 rior and irregularly shaped territory of Europe, 
 in the circle of Upper Saxonv, lying between the 
 lats. of 51. 45. and 54. N. and 11. and 16. of E. 
 lon<r. It is separated from the Baltic, on the 
 north, by Mecklenburg and Pomerania; bounded 
 on the east by Prussian Poland, and on the south 
 by the duchy of Saxony and principality of An- 
 halt, and on the west by Magdeburg. Its area 
 may be estimated at about 12,000 square miles 
 From the tenth to the fifteenth century this 
 territory passed under various governments sub- 
 ject to Poland, when, in 1417, it was vest- 
 ed in perpetuity, by the emperor Sigismund, 
 with consent of the Germanic confederacy, to 
 Frederic VI. of Nuremberg, and his descendants; 
 a succeeding margrave having been acknowledg- 
 ed sovereign of the then duchy of Prussia which 
 in 1701 was converted into a kingdom. The 
 seat of government was transferred from Konigs- 
 berg, in Prussia, to Berlin in Bradenburg, which 
 has thereby become the chief part ofthe Prus- 
 sian dominions. It is divided into the five fol- 
 lowing parts •. viz. the Old Mark, west ; Prignitz, 
 north-west; Middle Mark, south; Ucker Mark, 
 north ; and the New Mark, on the east. It is in 
 part a sandy and sterile district ; but having the 
 advantage of several navigable rivers, and by the 
 aid of culture, it is rendered tolerably productive 
 in all that is necessary for subsistence and com- 
 fort. The bigoted edict of Nantes, which in 
 1685 drove thousands of the most industrious 
 and intelligent of the manufacturing population 
 of France from their homes, led a number of 
 them to settle in this part of Europe, where they 
 introduced their respective occupations in the 
 manufacture of silk and worsted stuffs, which 
 now contributes essentially to the reciprocal bene- 
 fit of the various classes of the country. The 
 principal rivers are, 1st, the Oder, which enters 
 the New Mark from the south, runs north, past 
 Frankfort, Kustrin, and Schwedt, through Pom- 
 erania, into the Baltic; 2nd, the Netze, enters the 
 New Mark from the east, and falls into the Oder 
 at Kustrin ; 3rd, the Spree, enters the Middle 
 Mark from the south, runs west by north, falling 
 into the Havel west of Berlin ; 4th. the Havel, 
 rises near the south confines of the Ucker Mark, 
 runs south to Potsdam, when it makes a circui- 
 tous course west, to the town of Brandenburg, then 
 north to Havelberg, where it falls into the Elbe ; 
 oth, the Elbe, from the south-east, divides the Old 
 Mark from the Prignitz; the Havel is also united 
 with the Elbe by a canal across the principality of 
 Magdeburg from Brandenburg past Gentin ; and 
 with the Oder by another canal from Liebenwalde, 
 past Neustadt, to Oderberg ; the Spree is also 
 united with the Oder by a canal from the south- 
 east extremity of the Middle Mark to the point 
 where the Oder enters the New Mark from 
 Lusatia. The population of this part of the 
 Prussian dominions amounts to about 1 ,250,000, 
 who contribute a money tax equal to about 4,500, 
 000 dollars per. annum. The inhabitants are 
 mostly dissenters from the church of Rome, in- 
 dulging in the peculiar tenets of Luther, who 
 promulgated his doctrines at Wittemberg ; and 
 some of Calvin ; but the state makes no distinc- 
 tion ; religious profession be it what it may, being 
 no obstacle to civil service. The following is a 
 statement of the principal towns in each of the 
 five divisions ; viz. Prignitz, Wittemberg, Put 
 
BRA 
 
 121 
 
 BRA 
 
 litz, Perleberg; Old Mark, Werben, Osterberg, 
 Kalbe ; Middle do. Brandenburg, Potsdam, Ber- 
 lin ; Ucher do. Prenzlo, Boytzenburg, Anger- 
 munde ; JVeto do. Fulkenburgh, Arenswald, Kus- 
 trin. 
 
 Brandenburg, the city which gives name to 
 the preceding territory, is divided into two parts, 
 old and new : the former on the north bank of 
 the river Havel, and the latter on the south. It 
 is a place of considerable antiquity, supposed to 
 have been first founded bv the Sclavonians, and 
 fortified in the early part of the tenth century, as 
 a barrier against the incursions of the Huns. It 
 has various manufactures. Pup. about 13.000. It 
 is about 30 miles S. of Havelsberg, and about the 
 same distance W. of Berlin. There are two other 
 towns named Brandenburg ; one in Mecklenburg- 
 Strelitz, surrounded by walls. The streets are 
 wide and straight, the church of St. Mary is a 
 large structure, and the townhouse is worthy of 
 notice. It is situate on the Tollensee, 72 m. N. 
 of Berlin : and the other in East Prussia, with an 
 ancient castle, at the south end of the Frische 
 Haff, 13 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Brandon, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It stands 
 on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a 
 ferry a mile below for conveying goods to and 
 from the isle of El}'. It has a great trade in corn, 
 malt, coal, timber, &c! and in the vicinity are ex- 
 tensive rabbit warrens. It is 15 m. N. by W. of 
 Bury, and 76 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,770. 
 
 Biandon, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,940. 
 
 Brandyioine, a river of Chester county, in the 
 south east part of Pennsylvania, which falls into 
 the Delaware a little below Wilmington. It is 
 distinguished in American history for a defeat 
 sustained by the revolutionary army, on the 11th 
 of September, 1777. 
 
 Brandywinc, towns in Chester Co. Pa. and 
 Newcastle Co. Del. 
 
 Brwnford, p.t. New Haven Co. Con. Pop. 
 2,333. 
 
 Braslaw, or Breslau, a city of Lithuania, in 
 the palatinate of Wilna, on the north side of a 
 lake which communicates with the Dwina, 7G m. 
 N.N. E. of Wilna. 
 
 Brassa, or Bressay, one of the Shetland islands. 
 Between this and the principal island, called 
 Mainland, is the noted Brassa Sound, where 1 ,000 
 sail of vessels may at once find commodious 
 mooring. 
 
 Brassaw, or Cronstadt, a strong town in the 
 south east part of Transylvania, on the river 
 Burezel, 50 m. E. by N. of Hermanstadt. 
 
 Brattlcboro, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- 
 neticut. Pop. 2,141. 
 
 Brattonville, p. v. Prince William Co. Va 
 
 Brava, a republic on the southern extremity of 
 the kingdom of Magadoxa, and the only one in 
 Africa. It was founded by seven Arabian breth- 
 ren, who fled hither from the tyranny of Lacah, 
 a petty monarch of Arabia, Finding a most de- 
 lightful situation between two rivers, near their 
 confluence into the Indian Ocean, they built the 
 city of Brava, which is now large and populous, 
 and the greatest mart on all the coast. Its mer- 
 chants are rich, carrying on an extensive trade in 
 gold, silver, elephants' teeth, ambergris, silk, cot- 
 ton, and other stuffs. The republic is under the 
 protection of the king of Portugal, for which they 
 pay a tribute of about £20 annually. The city of 
 Brava lies in long. 43. 25. E. lat. 1. 20. N. 
 
 Brava, one of the Cape Verd islands, 12 miles 
 16 
 
 W. S. W. of Fuego, and inhabited by the Portu 
 guese. The land is high and mountainous, but 
 fertile ; and horses, beeves, asses, and hogs are 
 numerous. It has three harbours, but Porto Fer 
 reo on the south side is the best for large ships 
 Long. 24. 3!). W. lat. 14. 52. N. 
 
 Braubac/i, a town of German}', in the Wester- 
 wald, with a castle, seated on the Rhine, 8 m. S. 
 of Coblentz. 
 
 Braintan, a fnrtified town of Bavaria, formerly 
 the residence of the elector. In 17 12 it was taken 
 by the Austrians; and, in 1777, by the peace of 
 Teschen the town and its district were ceded to 
 Austria. In 1805 it was captured by the French 
 and Bavarians. It is seated on the east bank of 
 the river Inn, on the frontier of Upper Austria, 
 28 m. S. W. of Passau, to which country it now 
 belongs. 
 
 Braunau, a town on the eastern frontier of the 
 circle of Koningsgratz, bordering on Silesia. It 
 is a manufacturing town, and has a rich Benedic- 
 tine abbey. 
 
 Braanfels, capital of the county of Solms. Here 
 is a magnificent, palace, the seat of the prince of 
 Solms-Braunfels ; and near it is the decayed cas- 
 tle of Solms. It is seated near the Lahn, 10 m. 
 W. by S. of Wetzlar. Long. 8. 28. E. lat. 50. 30. 
 N. 
 
 Braunsburg, a town of west Prussia, in Erme- 
 land. It has an academy for catholics, establish- 
 ed in 1783 ; and is seated on the Passarge, near 
 its entrance into the Frische Haff. It exports 
 great quantities of linen yarn to England, 18 m. 
 N. E. of Elbing. Long. 19. 58. E. lat. 5'4. 30. N 
 
 Braunston, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng. 
 four miles N. W. of Daventry, and 72 from Lon- 
 don, on the confines of Warwickshire. Here 
 commences the Grand Junction canal, under a 
 tunnel three-fourths of a mile in length, to the 
 Thames, which; with the Oxford and Coventry 
 canals, render it the central place of inland navi- 
 gation. Pop. 1,238. 
 
 Bray, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wick- 
 low, seated on the river Bray, near St. George's 
 channel, 10 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 2,481. 
 
 Bray, a village in Berkshire, Eng. one mile 
 south of Maidenhead. It is famous in song for 
 its vicar, who was twice a papist and twice a pro- 
 testant, in four successive reigns, and when taxed 
 with being a turncoat, said, he always kept to his 
 principle, ' to live and die vicar of Bray.' Pop. 
 in 1821, 3,159. 
 
 Brazil, a vast territory of South America, lying 
 between the lat. of 4. N. and 34. S. and 35. and 
 72. of W. long, but being triangular in form, con- 
 verging into a point southerly, its area will not 
 exceed 2,000,000 of square miles, though estima- 
 ted b}' some writers as exceeding 3,000,000. The 
 first discovery of Brazil has been claimed for a 
 Martin Bebein, who is said to have visited it in 
 1487, but the credit of making it known to Euro- 
 peans is assigned to the Portuguese admiral, Pedro 
 Alvarez Cabral, who sailed from Lisbon on the 
 9th of March, 1500, with a squadron of thirteen 
 sail, destined for the East Indies; when stretch- 
 ing more than usual to the westward to avoid the 
 calms on the coast of Africa, he accidentally dis- 
 covered this fine territory in the lat. of 16. south, 
 on the 24th of April ; and having communicated 
 with the natives, who manifested a social disposi- 
 tion, anchored his squadron in the Bay of Porto 
 Seguro, and on the following day landed and 
 planted the cross, and took possession of the ter 
 ritory in the name of Emanuel, king of Portugal 
 
BRA 
 
 122 
 
 BRA 
 
 For nearly fifty years, however, it was but little 
 appreciated ; there being no indications of gold, 
 silver, or gems, upon the coast: it was merely 
 used as a place of transportation for criminals, 
 the ships conveying them, carrying back nothing 
 but the red wood so important in dyeing ; and its 
 capabilities would probably have remained much 
 longer undisclosed, but for the banishment of the 
 Jews from Portugal in 1549, who, by the assistance 
 of their friends in other parts of the world, intro- 
 duced the sugar-cane from Maderia., which flour- 
 fished to such a degree as soon to render it an ob- 
 ject of great importance. Although its profuse 
 treasures of gold, silver, and gems, remained un- 
 disclosed, enougli had been discovered, and the 
 celebrity of the colony became sufficiently general 
 by the close of the century, to excite the jealousy 
 and cupidity alike of the French, Spaniards, and 
 Dutch. In 1724 the Dutch dispatched a squadron 
 under the command of Admiral Willikens, who 
 succeeded in taking possession of St. Salvador, or 
 Bahia, the principal settlement, and proclaimed 
 the conquest of the whole territory. The Span- 
 iards next sent a formidable squadron, who com- 
 pletely dislodged the Dutch ; but, in 1630, the 
 Dutch again returned to the country with a force 
 of not less than forty-six armed ships, and after 
 seven or eight years of continued warfare, suc- 
 ceeded in extending their influence over more 
 than half the country ; but their oppressive, mean, 
 and grovelling policy became so obnoxious to the 
 settlers as to render their tenure exceedingly 
 precarious. After various collisions and alterna- 
 tions of success between Dutch, Spaniards, and 
 Portuguese, towards the close of the seventeenth 
 century, the Dutch by treaty ceded all their inter- 
 est to the Portuguese, and the influence of the 
 Spaniards having been previously subverted, at 
 the commencement of the 18th century the whole 
 territory came into the possession of the Portu- 
 guese. With them it remained for more than a 
 century, silently advancing in cultivation and im- 
 portance, though, comparatively speaking, but 
 little known to the world until the events of the 
 twenty years' war growing out of the French 
 revolution in 1793, led, in 1807, to the emigration 
 of the Portuguese court from Lisbon, to Rio Ja- 
 neiro. 
 
 From this period, the barriers which had pre- 
 viously confined the intercourse of Brazil to Por- 
 tugal, were at once annihilated, and its features, 
 condition, character, and resources, laid fairly 
 open to the view and intercourse of the world. 
 Since then, cultivation has been vastly extended, 
 and its supply of productions doubled, trebled, 
 and in some cases, quadrupled. For purposes of 
 civil and military jurisdiction, it has been divided 
 into the thirteen following districts, viz. 1st, Gui- 
 ana, comprising the whole extent of country north 
 of the main branch of the Amazon river, bounded 
 on the north by the New Colombian Territory 
 and French Guiana. 2d, Para, which comprises 
 a vast tract extending from the frontier of Peru, 
 the whole breadth of the country parallel with 
 Para, south of the main branch of the Amazon to 
 'he Atlantic Ocean, and the following nine border 
 on the Atlantic coast, beginning at the north : 
 viz. 
 
 3. Maranham. 8. Rio Janeiro. 
 
 4. Seara. 9. St. Paul. 
 
 5. Pernambuco 10. St. Catherine. 
 
 6. Bahia II. Rio Grande. 
 
 7. Minas Geraes. 
 
 12. Goias, interior ; and 13. Matto Grosso, on the 
 
 frontier of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres 
 The extent and production of each of these dis- 
 tricts will be more fully elucidated under their 
 respective heads. Independent of the noble river 
 Amazon, which has one of its sources near the 
 shore of the Pacific Ocean, and by numerous col- 
 lateral branches opens a communciation with the 
 whole interior of Peru, and dividing the before- 
 mentioned provinces of Guiana and Para. The 
 Maderia. Tapajos, Xingu, Araguay, and the Toc- 
 antins, all flowing from the south into the Amazon, 
 intersect all the interior and northern part of 
 Brazil ; whilst the Paraguay, and Parana, with 
 innumerable branches, intersect all the southern 
 part, running south into the great river La Plata. 
 In addition to these the Pinare, Barbadoes, Parai- 
 ba, St. Francisco, and numerous others of minor 
 note, water all the maritime provinces falling into 
 the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 A chain of mountains intersects the maritime 
 provinces from south to north, from Rio Grande 
 to the St. Francisco River, which separates the 
 province of Bahia from Pernambuco. The ground 
 rises gradually from the coast to the summit of 
 this ridge, which varies in altitude from 3,000 to 
 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Westward 
 of this ridge, the ground gradually slopes till it 
 again ascends to form another mountain ridge of 
 somewhat greater altitude than the preceding, 
 dividing Goias from the maritime provinces, and 
 running east of, and parallel with, the Tocantins 
 to its entrance into the Para mouth of the Ama- 
 zon. From this chain a collateral ridge branches 
 off, intersecting the province of Seara, in a direc- 
 tion from south to north, to near the shore of tho 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Over so vast a tract of land, it cannot be imag- 
 ined that the climate will be found at all equal, or 
 the seasons uniform. The northern provinces 
 are subject to heavy rains, variable winds, torna- 
 does, storms, and the utmost fury of the elements ; 
 while the southerly regions are favoured with all 
 the comforts which a fine fertile soil and temper 
 ate climate can afford. In some of the provinces 
 the heat of the climate favours the generation of a 
 variety of poisonous insects and reptiles ; some 
 of which, as the Hboya, or roebuck snake, are 
 said to extend to the length of thirty feet, and to 
 be two or three yards in circumference. Lizards, 
 
 which are found in almost every part of the worla. 
 grow here to an enormous size, and are often round 
 2 or 3 feet in length. The rattle-snake, and othct 
 reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an in- 
 credible size ; and the serpent called ibababokn is 
 affirmed to be seven yards long, and half a yard 
 in circumference, possessed too of a poison instan- 
 taneously fatal to the human race. Here also are 
 scorpions, ant-bears, the jaguar, porcupines, janon- 
 veras, and tapirs. No part of the world affords a 
 greater number of beautiful birds or greater vari- 
 ety of the most exquisite fruits. The chief indig 
 enous vegetable production which gave name 
 to the country and title of prince to the heir pre- 
 sumptive of the sovereignity of Portugal, is the 
 lignum Brasilianum, or Brazil wood, so justly 
 celebrated for its colouring properties. Forests 
 
BRA 
 
 123 
 
 BRE 
 
 of trees, a-s stately in size as endless in variety, 
 intermixed with brambles and creeping plants 
 flowering in every variety and tinge of colour, emit- 
 ting the^most delicious odours, and for hundreds 
 of square miles in extent so dense as to be quite 
 impenetrable, except to the native Indians, are 
 spread over the greater part of the country from 
 the sea-coast to the Araguay river, which separates 
 Goias from Matto Grosso. In the cultivated 
 parts, the palma christi, orange, lemon, citron, 
 and various oilier trees and plants flourish in the 
 utmost luxuriance ; and among the foreign plants, 
 the sugar-cane, coffee tree, and cotton plant, are 
 yielding an increasing supply of their respective 
 products of the very choicest quality; but the 
 productions for which Brazil his hitherto been 
 the most celebrated are its gems, gold, and silver. 
 The gems are as various as beautiful ; and, al- 
 though diamonds have been appreciated from the 
 earliest periods of social refinement, the largest 
 and most valuable ever known was found in Bra- 
 zil, weighing in its rough state 1680 carats or 14 oz. 
 troy, which, according to the imaginary and con- 
 ventional rule of valuation, at £2 sterling for the 
 first carat, would be equal in value to 25,062,1)12 
 dollars American money. The quantity of gold 
 and silver during a series of years averaged in 
 money, about 22 million dollars per annum. On 
 the gold and silver, the government levied a tax 
 of one fifth of the produce, but restric'ed the 
 searching for diamonds and cutting of the Brazil 
 wood to its own agents, subjecting the violators 
 of the law to the severest penalties. Rich as Bra- 
 zil is, in a comparative sense, in gems and metals, 
 they have obviously retarded, rather than advanc- 
 ed, the genuine prosperity of the country, having 
 tended to divert the inhabitants from the more ra- 
 tional and socializing pursuits of agriculture. 
 Since 1306, however, cultivation has been pursu- 
 ed with greater avidity, and its superior advanta- 
 ges once established, it will probably increase in 
 estimation, whilst the infatuating pursuits in 
 search of diamonds and gold will subside. The 
 revolutionary spirit, so widely spread over all 
 Spanish America shortly after the commence- 
 ment of the present century, extended itself in- 
 t) Brazil. Pernambuco, in 1317, revolted against 
 the government, and the whole country manifest- 
 ing rather an equivocal dispositon towards the 
 ruling family, the court of Rio Janerio, in 1321, 
 emigrated back to Lisbon, leaving Don Pedro, 
 the eldest son of the king, as viceroy, who no 
 sooner felt himself separated from paternal allegi- 
 ance, than he begin to turn his thoughts to his 
 individual aggrandizement, and strove to cherish, 
 rather than subdue, the revolutionary spirit which 
 had previously been excited; and on the 11th of 
 September, all allegiance to Portugal was formal- 
 ly' denounced, and Don Pedro proclaimed emper- 
 or of Brazil. This change not proving satisfacto- 
 ry to all parties, and the integrity of Don Pedro 
 appearing equivocal to the neighbouring govern- 
 ment of Buenos Ayres. a spirit of political disqui- 
 etude generally prevails, and the final issue of its 
 mode of government consequently remains pro- 
 blematical. The political cabals, however, have 
 not materially retarded cultivation and commerce, 
 which continue to increase. Of the extent of the 
 population accounts are much at variance. The 
 introduction of slaves from the coast of Africa, 
 since the excitements to agriculture commenced, 
 has been very great, and must have added at 
 least 50,000 annually to the population of the 
 coast, unless the mortality has been proportiona- 
 
 bly great with the importation. The aggregate 
 population probably amounts to near a million, 
 four-fifths of whom are slaves and people of col- 
 our. The Brazilians are indolent, and great num- 
 bers of those who are wealthy pass their time up- 
 on their estates in the country, where their chief" 
 delight is to swing in their hammocks all the af- 
 ternoon. The chief amusement besides this is 
 hunting, which from the abundance of game in 
 
 the interior districts may be carried on to a great 
 extent The natives who inhabit the inland parts, 
 live almost in a state of nature ; they are copper- 
 coloured, go naked, cohabit indiscriminately, and 
 have no signs of religion ; they are strong, lively, 
 and gay, and subject to few diseases ; but of their 
 aggregate number, whether one, two, or more 
 millions, or only a few thousand, even conjecture 
 does not hazard an opinion. See Lisbon, Portugal, 
 Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Brazza, an island in the Adriatic, near the coast 
 of Dalmatia, 30 miles long, and 10 broad. The 
 soil is stony, but it produces much excellent wine, 
 and this article, with fire-wood and sheep, form 
 the chief trade. It has a town of the same name, 
 several villao-es, and an aggregate population of 
 about 15,000! Long. 17. 35. E. lat.43. 50. N. 
 
 Breage, a populous village on the shore of 
 Mount's Bay. Cornwall, Eng. with ten mines in 
 its vicinity," 4 m. W. of Helstone, and 10 E. by 
 S. of Penzance. Pop. in 1321 3,663. 
 
 Brechin, a borough of Scotland, in Forfar, an- 
 ciently a bishop's see and the county town. The 
 cathedral is partly ruinous, but one of its aisles 
 serves for the parish church. Adjoining to this is 
 a curious antique round tower, which tapers from 
 the bottom, and is very slender in proportion to its 
 height. Here is a manufacture of linen and cot- 
 ton, and a considerable tannery. It is seated on 
 the South Esk, 8 m. W. of Montrose, and 12 E. 
 N. E. of Forfar. Pop. in 1821, 5,906. 
 
 Breckenridoe, a county of Kentucky, on the 
 Ohio. Pop. 7^345. Hardensburg is the chief town. 
 
 Breckerfehl, a town of Westphalia, in the coun- 
 ty of the Mark, about 30 m. N. N. E. of Cologne. 
 Pop. 1,100. 
 
 Brecknock, towns in Berks Co. and Lancaster 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Brecon, or Brecknockshire, a border county of 
 South Wales, bounded on the east by the coun 
 ties of Hereford and Monmouth, north by Radnor, 
 west by Caermarthen and Cardiganshires, and 
 south by Glamorgan. It is a mountainous dis- 
 trict, yielding iron, coal, and limestone in great 
 abundance, and some copper and lead, and at 
 Llanelly, on the border of Glamorganshire, the 
 
BRE 
 
 124 
 
 BOR 
 
 smelting of iron is carried on to some extent. It 
 has some fertile valleys, and is watered by the 
 rivers Wye and Uske and other streams, and has 
 the advantage of a canal for barges of 25 tons bur- 
 then from tlie centre of the county to the Bristol 
 Channel at Newport. It has few or no manufac- 
 ture* ; but, in addition to its iron, it produces a 
 surplus of grain, cattle, and butter, and some wool, 
 out of which a considerable rent and other taxes 
 are discharged, and a supply of manufactured, 
 colonial, and foreign productions obtained. The 
 four principal towns are Brecon. Builth, Crick- 
 howel. and Hay. 
 
 Brecknock, or Brecon, a borough and chief town 
 of the preceding county. It is an ancient place, 
 as appears by the Roman coins that are often dug 
 up ; and its once magnificent castle is now an in- 
 significant ruin. It contains three churches, one of 
 which is collegiate ; and in that part of the town, 
 called the Watton is a tine arsenal. To the east 
 of the town is a considerable lake, well stored with 
 fish, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It is 
 seated at the confluence of the Hondey with the 
 Uske, which falls into the Bristol Channel and 
 with which it communicates by a canal to New- 
 port, near the mouth of the Uske, 34 m. N. W. 
 of Monmouth, and 171 W. by N. of London. Pop. 
 in 1S21, 4,193. 
 
 Breda, a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, sur- 
 rounded on all sides by water and morasses. The 
 great church is a noble structure, with a lofty 
 spire 36Q feet in height. In 1025 the Spaniards, 
 after a memorable siege of 10 months, reduced 
 this city ; but, in 1637 the prince of Orange retook 
 it. In 1793 it surrendered to the French, after 
 a siege of only three days, but was retaken soon 
 after. It is seated on the river Merk, 25 m. N. 
 N. E. of Antwerp, and 60 S. of Amsterdam. 
 
 Bredon, a considerable village in Leicester- 
 shire, Eng. 5 m. N. N. E. of Ashby de la Zouch, 
 seated at the base of a high limestone rock, on 
 the summit of which the church stands, and com- 
 mands very extensive views. Pop. 1,044. 
 
 Brcdstedt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick, 21 m. W. N. W. of Sleswick. Pop. 
 about 1,500. 
 
 Breeds Hill, an eminence on the north side of 
 Charlestown, in Massachusetts, celebrated for the 
 stand made by the Americans against the Brit- 
 ish troops, at the commencement of hostilities 
 with the mother country. This action is usually 
 called the battle of Bunker Hill (another hill near 
 it.) See Bunker Hill. 
 
 Brcgentz, or Bergcns, a town of Germany, in 
 Tyrol' with a castle on an eminence ; seated at 
 the mouth of a river of its name, on the east end 
 of the Lake of Constance, m. S. E. of Lindau. 
 Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Brcglio, a town of the continental part of Sar- 
 dinia,^ m. N. E. of Nice. 
 
 Brchar, the most mountainous of the Sicily 
 islands, 30 miles W. of the Land's End. Long. 
 6. 47. W. lat. 50. 2. N. 
 
 Brcdna, a town of the duchy of Saxony, 8 m. 
 N. E. ofllalle. 
 
 Brcmc, a town of Italy, in the Milanese near 
 the confluence of the Sessia with the Po, on the 
 frontiers of Montferrat, 28 m. W. of Pavia. 
 
 Bremen, a duchy and maritime district of Ger- 
 many, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying be- 
 tween the Weser and the Elbe ; the former of 
 which separates it from Oldenberg, and the other 
 from Holstein. The country is fertile and popu- 
 lous, but in winter is subject to inundations. It 
 
 formerly belonged to the Swedes, but was sold tc 
 the elector of Hanover, in 1719. Ste.de, on the 
 south bank of the Elbe, is the seat of regency. It 
 is about 2,100 square miles in extent, contains a 
 population of about 170,000, and now forms part 
 of the kingdom of Hanover. 
 
 Bremen, a free city, and capital of the duchy of 
 the same name. The Weser divides it into the 
 old and new town, both of which are fortified : the 
 former is the largest, and in it stands the cathedral. 
 It has a harbour, nine miles below the town, and 
 carries on a considerable trade, but which was 
 formerly much more extensive. In 1757 it was 
 taken by the French, who were driven out in 1758 
 by the Hanoverians It is 22 m. E. of Oldenburg, 
 and 54 S. W. of Hamburgh. Pop. about 40.000. 
 Long. 8. 40. E. iat. 53. 5. N. 
 
 Bremenrord, a town in the duchy of Bremen, 
 defended by a castle. The chancery of the duchy 
 is kept here. It stands near the Oste, 32 m. N. 
 by E. of Bremen. 
 
 Bremgarten, a town of Switzerland, in the free 
 lower bailiwics, between the cantons of Zurich 
 and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in paper ; 
 and it is seated on the Reuss, 10 m. W. of Zurich. 
 
 Breno, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, seated on 
 the Oglio, 30 m. N. of Brescia. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Brenta, a river which rises in the principality of 
 Trent, passes by Bassano and Padua, and enters 
 the gulf of Venice, a little S. of Venice. 
 
 Brentford, an appendage to London, 7 m. from 
 Hyde Park corner, on the great western road. It 
 is seated on the north bank of the Thames, where 
 the grand junction canal originally communica- 
 ted with the river ; but an extended line having 
 since been cut, skirting the whole of the north 
 side of London, to the vicinity of the docks on 
 the east, and jetting in its course into the very cen- 
 tre of the city, Brentford derives but little compar- 
 ative advantage from that canal. It has however 
 some very extensive flour mills, distilleries, soap 
 works, pan, tile, and coarse pottery works, exten- 
 sive nursery grounds, and various other occupa- 
 tions dependent on the metropolis. It is a very 
 old town, as may be inferred from its name being 
 derived from the Saxon, implying a ford over 
 the little river Brent, which here falls into the 
 Thames ; and in earlier times it was distinguish- 
 ed as having a market on Tuesday, whilst now, 
 from the continual intercourse with London, it 
 has every day the appearance of holding a great 
 fair. On the opposite bank of the river is a 
 Gothic edifice, built by George III. for an occa- 
 sional residence ; and at the west end of the town 
 is a magnificent edifice, called Sion House, form- 
 erly a monastery, now belonging to the dukedom 
 of Northumberland. The election of the two 
 members of parliament for the metropolitan coun- 
 ty of Middlesex is held here ; and duringa contest, 
 the whole line of road from London and Brent- 
 ford itself, presents a scene of gaiety, animation, 
 and spirit, that must be seen to be understood ; 
 for described correctly it cannot be. Being on 
 the confines of two or three parishes, the popula- 
 tion has not been specifically returned ; but, in 
 1826, it may be stated at 9,000. 
 
 Brentwood, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m. fr. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 891 . Here are manufactories 
 of cotton. 
 
 Brentville, p. v. Prince William Co. Va. 
 
 Bresciano, a province in the north of Italy, 
 lying between the lat. of 45. 10. and 46. 20. N., 
 and 10. 45. of E. long., bounded on the south by 
 Mantua and the Cremonese, west by Bergamasco, 
 
BRE 
 
 125 
 
 BR1 
 
 north by the country of the Grisons, and east by the 
 principality of Trent, the Veronese, and Mantua. 
 The Qo-lio has its source in the north extremity 
 of this province, runs south for about 30 miles, 
 when it forms the lake of Jeso, and afterwards 
 the boundary between Bergamasco and the Cremo- 
 ne3e. The Ch'tana intersects the east side, falling 
 iuti the Oglio at. the south-east extremity of the 
 province ; the Smela and several other streams. 
 intersect the centre and southern part of the prov- 
 ince, all falling into the Oglio, and lake Garda 
 divides it from the Veronese on the east. Its su- 
 perficies may be stated at about 3,000 square miles, 
 and population at 500,000. It has some dreary 
 spots ; but on the whole it may be considered a 
 fertile district, producing corn, wine, and oil, in 
 abundance. The vine, olive, and mulberry, all 
 luxuriate in its soil : and the lakes and rivers sup- 
 ply abundance of fish. It exports some silk ; 
 but its manufactures do not much, if at all, ex- 
 ceed the demand and consumption of the province. 
 Besides Brescia, the capital of the other principal 
 towns are, Breno, Chiari,Orci, Novi, and Salo. 
 It was formerly a part of the republic of Venice : 
 but is now under the dominion of Austria. 
 
 Brescia, an ecclesiastical city and capital of the 
 preceding province, situate in a spacious and fer- 
 tile plain, between the rivers Mela and Navilo, 
 on the high road from Bergamo to Mantua. It is 
 well fortified, and has a good citadel, on an em- 
 inence. It has twelve churches, and thirty con- 
 vents. The cathedral and the palace are adorned 
 with beautiful paintings, and in the former is 
 shown the standard of Constantine. Here are 
 several flourishing manufactures, and its fire-arms 
 are particularly celebrated. This city has been 
 taken and retaken several times, by the Austrians 
 and French. Pop. about 50,000. A stream, cal- 
 led the Garza, runs through the city, afterwards 
 fallinor into the Mela. It is about 50 in. N. of 
 Parma, 40 N. W. of Mantua, and 30 S. E. of 
 Bergamo. 
 
 Brcscllo, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, on 
 the river Po, 27 m. N. W. of Modena. 
 
 Breslau, an ecclesiastical city and capital of a 
 principality of the same name and of all Silesia ; 
 seated on the banks of the Oder, just below the 
 junction of the little river Ohlau, which runs 
 through several of the streets, and forms two is- 
 lands. It has one Lutheran and twenty-six Cath- 
 olic churches, and is surrounded by walls, 
 strengthened by ramparts and other works. It 
 has a great trade in linen, leather, Hungarian 
 wines, ^-c. and contains 00,000 inhabitants. 
 The public squares are spacious, the streets toler- 
 ably wide, and the houses lofty. Here the Jes- 
 uits founded a university, in 1702, at which there 
 are generally about four hundred students. The 
 two principal churches belong to the protestants ; 
 near one of which is a college. This city be- 
 came subject to the king of Prussia in 1741. It 
 was taken by the Austrians, in 1757, but regained 
 the same year. It was for some time besieged by 
 the French, and surrendered to them in January, 
 1807, and again in 1813 ; but reverted to Prussia 
 after the peace of 1814. It is 112 m. N. E. of 
 Prague, and 165 N. of Vienna. Long. 17. 9. E. 
 lat. 51. 3. N. The principality contains about 950 
 square miles of area, and 180,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Bresle, a river of France, which divides the 
 department of Lower Seine from that of Somme 
 and enters the English channel at Treport. 
 
 Bresse, a late province of France, bounded on 
 the north by Burgundy and Franche Comte, east 
 
 by Savoy, south by the Viennois, and west by the 
 Lyonnois. It now forms the department of Ain. 
 
 Bressaire, a town of France, in the department 
 of Two Sevres, with a college, 35 m. N. W. of 
 Poitiers. Pop. 2,000. 
 
 Brest, a maritime town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre. Prior to 1631, it was an insig- 
 nificant fishing town ; but having one of the most 
 commodious and secure harbours in Europe, it 
 was improved by the French government, under 
 the administration of Richelieu, in the reign of 
 Louis XIV. for a marine station, and it is now tl.e 
 chief naval depot of France ; situate on a promon- 
 tory at the western extremity of the kingdom. It 
 is equally convenient fir the equipment of expedi- 
 tions to all parts of the coast, or of the world. The 
 English made an ineffectual attempt to take it in 
 J 694 ; and during the twenty-three years' war, 
 from 1793, to 1814, it compelled the English to 
 maintain a large blockading squadron off the har- 
 bour, without doing the least possible injury to 
 France. The extensive occupations attendant on 
 the building, repairing, and equipment of a great 
 national marine, necessarily gave rise to an ex- 
 tensive interchange and consumption of commod- 
 ities of various kinds ; and the town of Brest has 
 consequently risen into importance proportionate 
 to the consequence derived from its being the chief 
 naval station of the kingdom. It now contains 
 a population of about 25,000. It has a marine 
 academy, theatre, &c. It is 33 m. E. of Ushant 
 Light, in the lat. of 48. 23. N. and 4. 29. of W. long, 
 being 27 m. S. and 6 deg. 49. ; or about 325 geo- 
 graphical miles, W. by S. of Paris. 
 
 Bretagne, or Brittany, a late province of France, 
 150 miles long and 112 broad. It is a promontory, 
 united on the east to Maine, Anjou, and Poitou. 
 The air is temperate, and it has large forests. It 
 now forms the departments of Finisterre, Cotes du 
 Nord, Ille and Villaine, Lower Loire, and Morbi- 
 han. 
 
 Bret.euil, a town of France, in the department 
 of Oise, 14 m. N. N. E. of Beauvais, and 18 S. of 
 Amiens. Pop. about 2,200. 
 
 Breton Cape. See Cape Breton. 
 
 Bretten, a town of Germany, in the late palati- 
 nate of the Rhine, on the frontier of Wurtem- 
 berg, 20 m. S. of Heidelberg, and about 30 N. by 
 W. of Stuttgard. Pop. 2,500. It was the birth- 
 place of Melancthon, and is now included in the 
 territory of the duchy of Baden, circle of the 
 Pfintz and Enz. 
 
 Brctton Woods, t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of 
 the White Mountains. Pop. 108. 
 
 Brevord, or Brcvoort, a strong town of Holland, 
 in the county of Zutphen with a castle, situate in 
 a morass, 24 m. S. E. of Zutphen. 
 
 Brewer, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,078. 
 
 Brewood, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 10 m. 
 S. by W. of Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London. 
 Pop. in 1821,2,263. 
 
 Brewster, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. upon Cape 
 Cod, 16 m. E. Barnstable. Pop. 1,418. 
 
 Brainsk, an interior town of Russia, in the 
 province of Orel, situate on the Desna, an eastern 
 branch of the Dnieper, about 250 m. S. W. of 
 Moscow. Pop. about 4,000. It has an annual fair 
 very numerously attended. 
 
 Briancon, a town of France, on the frontier r r 
 Piedmont, in the department of Upper Alps, with 
 a castle on a craggy rock, and other fortifications. 
 In its neighbourhood, manna is gathered from a 
 sort of pine tree. It has a handsome church, and 
 a noble bridge over the Durance, 20 m. N. of 
 l2 
 
BRI 
 
 126 
 
 BRI 
 
 Embrun, and about 70 E. by S. of Turin. Pop. 
 about 3,000. 
 
 Brianeonnet, a fortress of Savoy, near the town 
 of Moustiers, situate on a rock inaccessible every 
 way, except by the side of a river, where it is as- 
 cended by two or three iiundred steps. The com- 
 mon passage from Savoy to Italy is by this 
 fortress. 
 
 Briare, a town of France, in the department cf 
 Loiret, seated on the Loire, and has a canal be- 
 tween that river and the Seine. It is 40 m. E. S. 
 E. of Orleans 
 
 Bricksville, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Br/dgc/uunpton, p. v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. at the E. 
 end of Long Island. 
 
 Bridgend, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, 
 with a woolen manufacture ; seated on the Og- 
 more, a river abounding in trout and salmon, 7 
 miles W. by N. of Cowbridge, and 181 W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821 , 1 ,701 . 
 
 Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire, Eng. It 
 has two churches, and a free-school that sends 
 and maintains eighteen scholars at the university 
 of Oxford. It was formerly fortified with walls, 
 and had a castle, now in ruins. Its trade both by 
 land and water is considerable. It is seated on 
 both banks of the Severn, over which is a hand- 
 some bridge of six arches. The upper part of the 
 town is 180 feet above the bed of the river, and 
 commands an extensive and delightful prospect. 
 An annual fair, on the 20th of October, is very nu- 
 merously attended, and the quantities of cattle, 
 sheep, butter, cheese, and bacon, brought for sale, 
 is very great. It had formerly some manufactures 
 of worsted, which have declined, and the popu- 
 lation, since 1800, has in consequence remained 
 stationary, being in 1821, 4,345, and two out par- 
 ishes about 1,100 more. It returns two members 
 to parliament, and is 23 m. S. E. of Shrewsbury, 
 and 139 N. W. of London. 
 
 Bridgeport, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on L. I. 
 Sound,l0 m. S. W. Strafford. Pop. 2,803. Also 2 
 towns, in Harrison Co. Va. and Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bridgeton, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,541. 
 
 Bridgetown, p.t. Cumberland Co. N. J. and the 
 seat of justice, 40 m. S. E. Philadelphia. It 
 stands on a creek running into the Delaware ; it 
 is a port of entry and has some manufactures. 
 There are also 2 villages in Maryland of this 
 name. 
 
 Bridgetown, the capital of the island of Barba- 
 does, situate in the inmost part of Carlisle bay, 
 which is large enough to contain 500 ships, but 
 the bottom is foul, and apt to cut the cables. This 
 city was burnt down in 1688 ; and suffered also 
 greatly by fires in 1756, 1766, and 1767. Before 
 these fires it contained 1,500 houses; and it has 
 since been rebuilt. The streets are broad, the hous- 
 es high, the wharves and quays convenient, and 
 the forts strong. The church is as large as some 
 cathedrals. Here also is a free-school, an hospi- 
 tal, and a college ; the latter erected by the socie- 
 ty for propagating the gospel, pursuant to the will 
 of colonel Codrington, whoendowed it with £2,000 
 a year The town had scarcely risen from the 
 calamities already mentioned, when it was torn 
 from its foundation by a hurricane in 1780, in 
 which many of the inhabitants perished. It is 
 scarcely yet restored to its former splendour. 
 Long. 59. 43. W. lat. 13. 5. N. See Barhadoes. 
 
 Bridge/pater, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 It is seated on the Parret, over which is a hand- 
 some bridge. It. has a large handsome church 
 with a lofty spire. The summer assizes are held 
 
 here every other year. In the wars between 
 Charles I. and the parliament, the forces of the 
 latter reduced great part of the town to ashes 
 and the castle was then so far demolished, that few 
 vestiges of it are now observable. The river is 
 navigable up to the town, for vessels of 200 tons 
 burthen, and for barges as far as Langport, and 
 by the Tone to Taunton; and although a preva- 
 lence of westerly winds causes the tide at times 
 to set into the river with great fury, its naviga- 
 tion contributes essentially to the interest of the 
 town ; commercial intercourse however is prin- 
 cipally confined to the coast. The population 
 which in 1801 was only 3,644, in 1821 was 6,155, 
 and the adjoining parish of North Pertherton, o>- 
 the south, contained a further population, of 3,09\ 
 It returns two members to parliament, and is 31 
 miles S. S. W. of Bristol, and 138 W. by S. of 
 London. It was the birth place of Admiral 
 Blake, the worthy antagonist of Van Tromp. 
 
 Bridgewater, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 70 m. from 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 783. 
 
 Bridgewater, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 16 m. N. 
 W. Windsor. Pop. 1,311. 
 
 Bridgeicatcr , p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m. 
 S. Boston. Pop. 1,855. Here are manufactures 
 of cotton, woolen and iron. 
 
 Bridgewater, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 83 m. N. 
 W. Albany. Pop. 1,608. There are 3 towns of 
 this name in N. J. and Pa. 
 
 Bridgewater, or Limdy's Lane, a spot in Upper 
 Canada on the West side of Niagara river, near 
 the falls, celebrated as the scene of a battle be- 
 tween the Americans and British, on the 25th 
 July, 1814. 
 
 Bridlington, commonly called Burlington, a sea- 
 port in East Yorkshire, Eng. The harbour is 
 commodious and defended by two strong piers. 
 Its mineral waters, and accommodations for sea- 
 bathing, draw much company in summer ; and 
 its trade is considerable, owning about 6,000 tons 
 of shipping. It is seated on a creek south of Flam- 
 borough-head, 40 m. E. N. E. of York, and 206 
 N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4.275, being 1,145 
 more then in 1801. 
 
 Bridport, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. It 
 is seated about 3 miles from the shore of the 
 British channel, between the rivers Brit and Bride, 
 which unite just below the town, and form a con- 
 venient harbour, which, since 1822, has been im- 
 proved so as to admit vessels of 200 to 300 tons 
 burthen. It was formerly celebrated for its man- 
 ufactures of cordage, sail-cloth, twine, and net- 
 ting ; and Henry VIII. granted it a monopoly 
 for making all the cordage for the national ma- 
 rine, which it retained for about sixty years; 
 but its manufactures are now inconsiderable. It 
 builds and owns some shipping, and carries on a 
 little external, as well as coasting trade. It re 
 turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821 , 
 3,742. It is 12 m. W. of Dorchester, and 135 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Bridport, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Cham- 
 plain, near Crown Point. Pop. 1,774. 
 
 Bricg, a fortified town of Silesia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, with a Lutheran 
 cathedral, and several other churches for pro- 
 testants and catholics. Here is a manufacture 
 of cloth. It was taken by the Prussians in 1741, 
 and its ancient castle burned down during the 
 siege. It is seated on the Cder, 25 m. S. E. of 
 Breslau. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Brieg, or Brig, a handsome town of the Valais. 
 seated on the Saltina river, which falls into the 
 
BRI 
 
 127 
 
 BRI 
 
 Rhone on the south side, about 28 miles east of 
 Sion. It suffered much from an earthquake in 
 1755. 
 
 Briel, or Brill, a fortified seaport of South Hol- 
 land, capital of the island of Voorn. The Dutch 
 took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which was 
 the foundation of the republic. It was the birth 
 place of Van Tromp, and is seated at the mouth 
 of tiie Maese. 20 m. W. S. W. of Rotterdam. 
 Long. 4. 1. E. Lit. 51. 43. N. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Brienne, a small town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, distinguished for its military 
 school, at which Napoleon received his educa- 
 tion. It is about 20 m. E. of Troyes. 
 
 Brie.nt.z, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its neigh- 
 bourhood. It is situate on a lake of the same 
 name (nine miles long and three broad) 42 m. S. 
 E. of Bern. 
 
 Briezcn, a small town of Brandenburgh, in the 
 middle mark, an the frontier of Anhalt, about 25 
 m. S. of Potsdam. 
 
 Bricux, St. a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Cotes du Nord, and a bishop's see, 
 with a small harbour. It is seated among hills, 
 near the English channel, 30 m. S. W. of St. 
 Malo. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Bricy, a town of France, in the department of 
 Moselle, nenr the river Manse, 12 m. N. W. of 
 Metz. Pop. 1,800. 
 
 Brigala. a town in the Col de Tende, on the 
 frontier of Nice, a few miles S. of the town of 
 Tende. 
 
 Brighth elm stone, commonly called Brighton, a 
 town of England, in the County of Sussex, situ- 
 ate on a very abrupt and uninteresting part of the 
 coast of the British channel, at the foot of a range 
 of naked hills, without a tree, either for shelter, 
 or to diversify the scene. Having no accommoda- 
 tion for shipping beyond a fishing boat, and the 
 coast here forming a sort of bay with shoal water, 
 vessels passing up and down the channel keep 
 too far out at sea ever to be visible from the 
 shore ; so that the view by sea and by land is 
 equally monotonous, yet without any one natural 
 feature or convenience to recommend it, from an 
 insignificant fishing town. Brighton has become 
 (chiefly in consequence of the patronage of the late 
 king) one of the principal resorts of gaiety and 
 fashion in the kingdom. 
 
 In 1784 the prince of Wales, afterwards George 
 IV., erected at Brighton, for an occasional resi- 
 dence, an edifice called a marine pavilion. This 
 he afterwards converted into a splendid palace, 
 where he spent a great portion of every year, till 
 the cares of royalty and the infirmities of age 
 rendered its distance inconvenient. Up to this 
 period the buildings were comparitively mean ; 
 but the improvements within the last twelve years 
 have been very considerable. A new and perfect- 
 ly unique village, denominated Kemp Town, 
 forms the eastern boundary of Brighton ; while 
 Brighton Terrace, a magnificent range of houses 
 on the west, stretches»inlo the parish of Hove. A 
 commodious market is erected in the Bartholo- 
 mews, on the former site of the workhouse ; and 
 it is in contemplation to build a town-hall near 
 the same spot. The new workhouse, near the sum- 
 mit of the Church Hill, is a building of consider- 
 able extent, well adapted to secure the health 
 and comfort of its inmates. The parish church, 
 situate on an eminence at the north-west, was 
 formerly at a small distance from the town, which 
 has now almost entrenched upon its sacred enclo- 
 
 sure The other places of worship connected 
 with the establishment, are the Chapel Royal, St 
 James's Chapel, and Trinity Chapel, and four oth- 
 ers situate in the eastern and western divisions of 
 the town, besides the church of St. Peter's, recent 
 ly erected, which is try far the most beautiful orna 
 ment that Brighton has to boast. Here are also 
 a Roman Catholic chapel, a Jews' synagogue, and 
 several meeting houses for the different denomi- 
 nations of dissenters, most of whom have their 
 schools and distinct benevolent and religious in 
 stitutions. Besides the accommodations for sea- 
 bathing, warm, cold, and vapour baths, of the most 
 elegant and commodious construction, have also 
 been erected ; while the park furnishes a beautiful 
 ride, and the spa all the varieties of artificial, 
 mineral, and medicinal waters. Here are also two 
 assembly rooms, a handsome theatre (opened in 
 1607,) a celebrated race ground, &c. After the 
 battle of Worcester, in 1051, Charles II. embark- 
 ed at this place for France, in a vessel which is 
 said to have been moored after the restoration in 
 the Thames, opposite Whitechapel. Brighton is 
 subject to the county magistrates. It is 17 miles 
 W. by N. of Beachy Head, 50 E. by N. of Ports- 
 mouth, and 52 S. from London. 
 
 Brighton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 972. This town is celebrated for its 
 Annual Cattle Show and Fair which has been 
 held here ever since the revolution. Vast num- 
 bers of cattle for the Boston market are brought 
 here from all parts of the country. 
 
 Brighton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 235 m. W. Alba- 
 ny. Pop. (5,519. Also a town in Beaver Co. Pa. 
 
 Brightside, Bierlow, the west quarter of the par- 
 ish of Sheffield (which see,) containing in 1821 a 
 population of 0,615. 
 
 Brignais, a town of France, in the department 
 of Rhone. During the summer season it is the 
 favourite resort of the citizens of Lyons, who have 
 here many elegant villas and country houses. It 
 is seated on the small river Garron, 9 miles S. 
 of Lyons. 
 
 Brignolles, a town of France, in the department 
 of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated among 
 mountains, in a pleasant country, 20 m. N. N. E. 
 of Toulon. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Brihucga, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with 
 a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade in wool. 
 Here General Stanhope and an English army were 
 taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated on the Ta- 
 juna, 43 m. N. E. of Madrid. 
 
 Brillon, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, on 
 the river Alme, 27 m. E. by S. of Arensberg. 
 
 Brimfield, p.t. Hampden'Co. Mass. 75 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,599. 
 
 Brindisi, (the ancient Brvndushnn,) a maritime 
 and archiepiscopal city of Naples, in the province 
 of Otranto, situate just within the entrance to the 
 Adriatic, in the lat. of 40. 39. N. and 18. 20. of E. 
 long. Its harbour at one period was the most 
 commodious and secure in the Mediterranean; 
 but during the commercial career of Venice, it be- 
 came neglected and inaccessible, except for small 
 vessels. Within the present century, efforts have 
 been made to render it again convenient and use- 
 ful ; but so long as the subduing and precluding 
 line of policy of the present government of Na 
 pies prevails, all efforts at social improvement will 
 be made in vain. The adjacent country, like the 
 harbour, presents an iispect of desolation. It is 
 surrounded by extensive forests of olive trees, and 
 some mulberries, from which silk is gathered. 
 Present pop. of the city about 6,000. It is about 
 
BRI 
 
 123 
 
 BRI 
 
 100 m. S. E. of Naples. Virgil died at Brindisi, 
 B C. 19. 
 
 Br'tnn. See Brunn. 
 
 Brioude, a town of France:, in the department of 
 Upper Loire. Near it is a small town called 
 Church Brioude, on account of a famous chapter. 
 Brioude stands on the Allier. over which is a 
 bridge of one arch, 173 feet in diameter. It is 32 
 miles N W. of Puy, and 34 S. by E. of Clermont. 
 Pop. about 5.000. It. was the birthplace of La 
 Fayette, distinguished for his enthusiasm in the 
 cause of the Americans to obtain their indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 Brisach, Old and New. Old Brisach is on the 
 east bank of the Rhine, and was formerly the 
 chief town of the Brisgau ; but the fortifications 
 were demolished in 1741. and the ordnance re- 
 moved to Friburg, about 15 miles in the interior. 
 New Brisach is a fortified town on the opposite 
 bank of the river, in the French department of 
 the Upper Rhine, about 40 m. S. of Strasburg, 
 and 250 E. by S. of Paris. The fortification is one 
 of those constructed under the superintendence of 
 Vauban, in the reign of Louis XIV. 
 
 Brisago, a town of Switzerland, on the lake 
 Maggiore, 5 m. S. of Locarno. 
 
 Brisgau, a territory in the circle of Suabia, of 
 about 1,000 square miles in extent, intersected 
 by the line of the 43th degree of N. lat. and 8th of 
 E. long, extending eastward from the Rhine into 
 the Black Forest. As a frontier district border- 
 ing on France, it has been exposed to ravage in 
 all the wars between that nation and Austria, 
 and has been the scene of several bloody contests. 
 At an early period of the French revolution, in 
 1793, the French reduced nearly the whole of the 
 town of Old Brisach to ashes ; and, in 1796, after 
 a severe action possessing themselves of Friburg, 
 the capital, but which they were obliged to aban- 
 don the same year. After various changes of 
 sovereignty, it was wholly ceded by Bonaparte to 
 the grand duke of Baden, in 1805, confirmed by 
 treaty with Austria, and in the new subdivisions 
 of the territory of the states of Baded, in 1810, the 
 Brisgau was divided between the three circles of 
 Wiesen, Treisam, and Kinzig, the names of three 
 rivers by which the territory of Baden in inter- 
 sected. 
 
 Bristino, a town of Naples in Capitanata. 11 m. 
 S. S. W. of Manfredonia. 
 
 Brissac, a town of France in the department of 
 Maine-et-Loire : seated on the Aubence, 13 m. S. 
 of Angers. 
 
 Bristol, an ancient maritime, and ecclesiasti- 
 cal city and county of England, situate at the 
 south-west extremity of the county of Glouces- 
 ter, at the confluence of the little river Frome 
 with the Lower Avon, which divides it from 
 Somersetshire on the south, about ten miles above 
 the confluence of the Avon with the Severn into 
 the arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel. 
 Bristol was known at a very early period ; and 
 about the year 430 it is mentioned as one of the 
 fortified cities of Britian. It was known lo the 
 ancient Britons by the name of Caer Oder riant 
 Baden, or the city of Ostorius, in the valley of 
 Bath, and by way of eminence it was sometimes 
 called Caer Litto, the British city, and by the 
 Saxons, Bightstowe, pleasant place. Itis adverted 
 to both by Gildus and Nennius, in the fifth and 
 seventh centuries, and from the period of Henry 
 II. in the twelfth, to the middle of the eighteenth 
 century, it ranked, next to London, as the mos( 
 populous, commercial and important place in the 
 
 kingdom. Since the latter period, although it 
 has not declined, it has been greatly exceeded in 
 population, commerce, and importance by Glas- 
 gow, Liverpool. Manchester, Leeds, and Birming- 
 ham. The population of Bristol including the 
 suburb of Bedminister, on the Somersetshire side 
 of the river, and Clifton on the north (which see) 
 in 1810 was 65,924, and in 1821, 95,758 of which 
 number 42,100 were in the out-parishes, and 52. 
 < w 10 within the city ; of the increase, tha greatest 
 proportion was in the suburb of Bedminister, 
 which was as 7,979 to 2,279. As into all the 
 rivers falling into the Bristol channel, the tides 
 rise to a great height, and occasionally rush in 
 with considerable fury. The spring tides at Bris- 
 tol rising to the height of 42 feet, ebbs and neaps 
 were consequently attended with great inconven- 
 iences and detentions. This circumstance, since 
 the completion of the canal navigation of the in- 
 land counties communicating with Liverpool and 
 London, neither of which parts are materially 
 affected by the inequality of the tides, tended to 
 divert a considerable portion of the West India 
 trade, and refining of sugar, from Bristol. It 
 however, retains a certain portion : the importa- 
 tion of sugar, on an average, of the six years 
 1819—1824, was about 27,000 hogsheads per ann. * 
 It also imports a considerable quantity of wool, 
 fruit, and wine, direct from Spain, Portugal and 
 France ; and maintains a partial intercourse direct 
 with all other parts of the world, except the East 
 Indies, to which, up to 1826, it had not sent more 
 than one or two ships. From 1809 to 1822, about 
 £600,000 had been expended towards the improve- 
 ment of the harbour. In the latter year an- 
 other act was granted for its further improve 
 ment ; and in 1825 numerous arbitrary and op- 
 pressive town dues were abolished, or duly reg 
 ulated ; all of which are as well calculated to re 
 vive and maintain its commercial prosperity, as 
 to add to the comfort, interest, and character, of 
 the city at large. It has some extensive works 
 in copper and brass, and manufactures of glass 
 bottles, lead, painters' colours, &c. &c. The 
 value of its exports, however, are inconsiderable, 
 its West India produce being imported to defray 
 the interest on mortgages, or as the proceeds of 
 property acquired by means of the traffic in slaves, 
 and the produce of their labour, since the traffic 
 was abolished. Its imports from all other parts 
 are principally equalized through London. In 
 addition to the advantages derived from its com- 
 merce it is indebted to a hot well for a considera- 
 ble portion of the increase of its population, the 
 water being considered very efficacious in the 
 cure of diabetes, phthisical, scorbutic, and inflam- 
 matory disorders, it renders it the resort alike of 
 valetudinarians and of fashion. Besides the ca- 
 tlredral and the church of St. Mary Radcliffe, it 
 has sixteen other churches, and five episcopal 
 chapels, some of them beautiful and most of them 
 fine edifices. There are several dissenting meet- 
 ing-houses, thirteen fellowship companies, some 
 of whom have elegant halls, several hospitals, and 
 other public buildings ; and being surrounded by 
 a very fertile as well as picturesque country, its 
 markets are abundantly supplied with every kind 
 of fish, flesh, fowl, vegetables, and fruits; and 
 two annual fairs in March and September are 
 very numerously attended. It has a distinct 
 jurisdiction, and returns two members to parlia- 
 ment, the voters amounting to about 8,000. In 
 November 1831 this city was the scene of a terri- 
 ble riot occasioned by the rejection of the Re- 
 
bRl 
 
 129 
 
 BKO 
 
 form Bill by the House of Lords. The populace 
 were in complete insurrection for two or three 
 days ; many buildings were set on fire and des- 
 troyed, and several people killed. It is 13 in. 
 W* H W. of Bath, 34 S. S. W. of Gloucester, 
 and 114 W. of London. Long. 2. 30. W. lat. 51. 
 ■27. N. 
 
 Bristol, a maritime county of the state of Mas- 
 sachusetts, bounded on the south by Buzzard's 
 Bay, and west by the state of Rhode Island. 
 Pop. 49,474. Taunton, the cbief town, situate near 
 the head of a river of the same name, nearly in the 
 centre of the county, is 33 m. south of Boston. 
 New Bedford, on Buzzard's Bay, is theotliT prin- 
 cipal town. 
 
 Bristol, a small maritime county of the state of 
 Rhode Island, bounded on the west by the upper 
 part of the preceding county, and on the east 
 by Naraganset Bay. Pop. 5,400. The chief 
 town of the same name, situate near the south end 
 of the county, was distinguished for the part 
 which it took in the slave trade previous to its 
 abolition by the American o-overnment. It owns 
 about 7,000 tons of shipping. 
 
 Bristol, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 13 m. E. Wiscas- 
 set. Pop-. '2,450. 
 
 Bristol, p.t. Grafton Co. N. II. 90 in. from Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 799. 
 
 Bristol, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. seat of justice for 
 the county of the same name. It stands on Nar- 
 aganset Bay, 15 m. S. Providence. It is a hand- 
 some town and has considerable commerce. Pop. 
 3,054. 
 
 Bristol, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. ] ,707. 
 This town has large manufactures of wooden and 
 brass clocks, and 30,000 are sometimes made in a 
 year. 
 
 Bristol, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 218 m. W. Alba- 
 ny. Pop. 2,952. There are 7 other towns of this 
 name in Pa. and Ohio. 
 
 Bristol Bay, a spacious bay, formed by two pro- 
 jecting points of the west coast of North America. 
 The mouth of a river called Bristol River, falling 
 into the head of the bay is in the lat. of 58. 12. N. 
 and 157. 33. W. long, and Cape Newnharn, which 
 forms the north point of the bay is in lat. 58. 34. 
 N. and 1(51. 55. W. long, and the island of Oona- 
 laska, one of the Aleutian group off the south 
 point of the bay, is in lat. 53. 54. W. and 100. 22. 
 VV. long. 
 
 Bristol Channel, an arm of the sea between the 
 south coast of Wales and the north coast of the 
 counties of Somerset and Devon, leading into the 
 rivers Severn and Lower Avon on which the city 
 of Bristol is situate ; hence its name or rather 
 misnomer, for it should properly be called Bristol 
 Bay, the term channel being applicable only to 
 strains of the sea that have passages through them, 
 which that in question has not. 
 
 Britain. See Great Britain. 
 
 Britain, New, a country of North America, 
 comprehending all the tract N. of Canada, com- 
 monly called the Esquimaux country, including 
 Labrador and New North, and South Wales. It is 
 subject to Great Britain ; and lies between 50. and 
 70. N. lat. and 50. and H>o. \T. long. There are 
 innumerable laKes and morasses, which are cov- 
 ered with ice and snow a great part of the year. 
 The principal settlements belong to the English 
 Hudson Bay Company. See Esquimaux, Hudson 
 Bay, and Labrador. 
 
 Britain, JVmo, an island in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, to the east of New Guinea, explored by 
 Dampier, who sailed through the strait which se- 
 17 
 
 parates it from New Guinea ; and captain Carte- 
 ret, 1707, sailed through a channel which divide:; 
 it on the N. E. from a long island, called New 
 Ireland. New Britain lies in long. 152. 20 E 
 and lat. 4. 0. S. The shores of both islands art- 
 rocky, the inland parts high and mountainous, 
 but covered with trees of various kinds, among 
 which are the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and differ 
 ent kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and 
 woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their 
 Hat noses and thick lips. 
 
 Brittany. See Bretdghe. 
 
 British America, comprises the whole of the 
 north part of the northern division of the western 
 hemisphere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 Ocean, extending south in the long, of 83. W. to 
 the lat. of about 42. N. but further west it is 
 bounded on the south by a conventional line di- 
 viding it from the territory claimed by the United 
 States of America, in the lat. of about 48. N. This 
 extensive territory of several millions of square 
 miles will be found more particularly elucidated 
 under the ten heads, as specified under the head 
 of British Empire. 
 
 Brivc, a town of France, in the department of 
 Correze, with manufactures of silk handkerchiefs, 
 muslins, gauzes, &c. It is seated on the Cor- 
 reze, opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a de- 
 lightful valley, 12 m. S. W. of Tulle. Pop. about 
 0,000. 
 
 Brix, or Brux, a considerable town of Bohemia, 
 at the north end of the circle of Saaz, about 8 m. 
 S. W. of Bilin, and 40 N. W. of Prague. Pop. 
 2,500. 
 
 Brixen. a principality of Germany, lately a 
 bishopric, in the east part of Tyrol. It is extreme- 
 ly mountainous, but produces excellent wine. 
 
 Brixen, a town of Germany, capital of the prin- 
 cipality of Brixen. Beside the cathedral, there 
 are one parochial and six other churches. It was 
 taken by the French in 1796, and again in 1797. 
 It is seated on the Eysach, at the influx of the 
 Rientz, 38 in. S. by E. of Inspruck. Pop. 4,000. 
 
 Brixham, a small seaport in Devonshire, Eng. 
 on the west side of Torbay, celebrated for its 
 fishery. A quay has been built for the purpose of 
 supplying the ships of war with water. The 
 prince of Orange, afterward William III., landed 
 here in 1638. It is 4 m. N. E. of Dartmouth, and 
 201 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,503. 
 
 Brizcn, or Britzen, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Middle mark, on the Adah, 18 m. N. E. of 
 Wittenberg. 
 
 Broach. See Baroach. 
 
 Broadalbin, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 45 m 
 N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,057. 
 
 Broadkiln, t. Sussex Co. Del. 
 
 Broadstairs, a village in Kent, Eng. or. Jhe sea- 
 shore, two miles north of Ramsgate. It has a 
 small pier, with a harbour for light vessels ; and 
 is a fashionable resort for sea-bathing, more retired 
 than Ramsgate. Population inconsiderable. 
 
 Broadwater, a village in Sussex, Eng. near the 
 sea-coast, 4 m. W. of Shoreham. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,725. 
 
 Brod, Brodt, or Brodo, a strong town of Scla- 
 vonia, on the river Saave, which divides it from 
 the Turkish province of Bosnia, where the empe- 
 ror gained a victory over the Turks in 1088. It 
 is 45 m. S. W. of Esseck, and about 120 west of 
 Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 46. 10. N. 
 
 Brod Hun, or Hun Brod, a town of Moravia, on 
 the frontiers of Hungary, 10 m E S. E. of 
 Hradisch. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
BRO 
 
 130 
 
 BRO 
 
 Brod, Bohmisch. See Bohmisch. 
 
 Brad, Deutsch, a town of Bohemia on the river 
 Sazawa, 20 m. S. by E. of Czazlau. 
 
 liroatra, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 Guzerat, celebrated for its linens, indigo, and 
 lace. It is 02 in. S. S. E. of Amedabad. Long-. 
 73. 11. E.lat.22. IS. N. 
 
 Brodziac, a town of Lithuania, on the river 
 Berezina, 100 m. S. ofPolot.sk, and 40 W. of Mo- 
 liilow. 
 
 Breek, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of 
 Berg, capital of a county of its name ; seated on 
 the Roer, 11 m. N. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Brock, a village of North Holland, six miles 
 from Amsterdam. It is one of the most singular 
 and picturesque places in the world. The streets 
 are paved in mosaic work with variegated bricks ; 
 and no carriages ever enter them. The houses 
 are painted on the outside, and each has a terrace 
 and garden to the street, inclosed by a low rail- 
 ing ; the garden is adorned with china vases and 
 shell-work, with borders composed of minute par- 
 ticles of glass, of. diiferent colours. Behind the 
 houses are meadows, full of cattle, in which the 
 inhabitants Varry on a great trade. Pop. about 
 700. 
 
 Broken Bay, a bay of New South Wales, ]8 
 miles north of Port Jackson. It is formed by the 
 mouth of a great river called the Hawkesbury, 
 and is a good harbour. Long. 151. 27. E. lat. 33. 
 34. S. 
 
 Bromley, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a col- 
 lege for 20 poor clergymen's widows ; and near 
 the town is a palace of the bishops of Rochester, 
 where there is a chalybeate spring. Bromley is 
 seated on the Ravensbourn, 10 m. S. by E. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1621, 3,417. 
 
 Bromley, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It was 
 formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward 
 Paget Bromley, being given to lord Paget at the 
 dissolution of the abbeys. It is 7 m. E. of 
 Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London. Pop. 1,533. 
 
 %* There are seven other inconsiderable places 
 named Bromley in different parts of England. 
 
 Brompton, a village in Kent, Eng. situate on an 
 easy ascent from Chatham, and containing fine 
 barracks for the military of that garrison. See 
 Chatham. 
 
 Brompton, an appendage to London, in the par- 
 ish of Kennington, which sec. 
 
 * # * There are six other towns and villages 
 named Brompton, in different parts of England. 
 
 Bromsgrove, a corporate town in Worcester- 
 shire, Eng. Here are manufactures of sheeting, 
 nails, and needles ; and a grammar school, found- 
 ed by Edward VI. It is seated on the Sal warp, 
 13 m. N. N. E of Worcester, 13 S. W. of Bir- 
 nungham, and 110 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 7,019. 
 
 Broiruclch, West, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 
 7 m. W. by N. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1821, 
 9,505, e t*.:':«ively occupied in the various branch- 
 es of th<- hardware manufacture. 
 
 Brow. \ard, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 m. N. 
 E. of Hereford, and 125 W. N. W. of London. 
 Pop. 1,227. 
 
 Brono, or Broni, a town of Italy, near the south 
 frontier of the Milanese, where the French defeat- 
 ed the Austrians in 1800. It is 10 m. S. E. of 
 Pavia. 
 
 Bronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, at 
 
 the foot of Mount iEtna, on the west side. It was 
 
 onfe-«-ed, with its territory, by the king of Na- 
 
 ples, on lord Nelson, for his naval services, after 
 the battle of the Nile. 
 
 Brooke, a County in the W. District of Virgin- 
 ia, bounded on the east by Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, and west by the Ohio River. Pop. 
 G,774. Wellsburg, on the east bank of the Ohio, 
 409 m. N. W. of Richmond, is the chief town. 
 
 Brookjirld, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 90 m. from 
 Boston. Pop." 071. 
 
 Brool.Jield, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 16 m. S. Mont- 
 pelier. Pop. 1.077. 
 
 Brookficld, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 86 m. W 
 Albany- Pop. 4,367. 
 
 Brookfeld. p.t. Fairfield Co. Con. Pop. 1.261 
 Also 2 towns in Ohio. 
 
 Brookjie.'d, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 64 m. S. 
 W.Boston. Pop. 2,342. This town was settled 
 at an early period, and during Philip's war in 
 1075, was attacked by the Indians. The inhabit 
 ants collected in one house which was immediate 
 ly besieged by the savages who set fire instantly 
 to every other building in the town. For two 
 days and nights the Indians poured in shot upon 
 the people in the house incessantly but were met 
 by a most determined defence on the part of the 
 besieged. They then attempted to fire the house 
 
 by flaming torches at the ends of long poles ; but 
 the garrison continued to defend themselves by 
 firing from the windows and throwing water upon 
 the names, as they fortunately had a pump with- 
 in the house. These attempts failing, the Indians 
 then prepared a cart loaded with flax, hemp and 
 other combustible matters, and under cover of a 
 barricade of boards thrust the burning mass by the 
 means of long timbers against the house. In this 
 movement one of the wheels came off which turn- 
 ed the machine aside and exposed the Indians to 
 the fire of the garrison ; a shower of rain coining 
 on at the same time extinguished the flames- 
 Shortly afterwards a reinforcement of forty men 
 arrived from Boston, forced their way through 
 the enemy and joined the garrison. The Indians 
 then abandoned the siege and retired, having suf 
 fered a heavy loss. 
 
 Brookhavcn, a township of New York, in Suffolk 
 county, Long Island, 60 m. E. of New York. Pop 
 6,095. 
 
 Brookline, t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 43m. from 
 Boston. Pop. 627. 
 
 Brookline, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining 
 Boston, from which it is separated by a wide bay, 
 and with which it communicates by the great 
 western avenue or causeway. The face of the 
 country is bold and picturesque, and the hills ex 
 hibit the most charming view from Boston Com 
 mon. Pop. 1,041. 
 
 Brooklyn, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. F. 
 Hartford. Pop. 1,451. 
 
BRO 
 
 131 
 
 BRU 
 
 Brooklyn, a large town on Long Island, sepa- 
 rated from the city of New York by the narrow 
 channel called East River. It is properly a 
 suburb of that city and is a place of great business. 
 It is regularly built, and contains many fine 
 houses, the residence of merchants from the city. 
 The United States Navy Yard is in the east part 
 of the town upon a bay called the Wallabout. 
 Pop. 15,300. Near this town a bloody battle was 
 fought with the British in 1776, iind the neigh- 
 bourhood exhibits many remains of the fortifica- 
 tions thrown up at that time. 
 
 Brooklyn, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Brooksoillc, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,080. 
 
 Brookville, the chief town of Franklin county, 
 Indiana. It is finely situated between the east and 
 west forks of the White Water River, which falls 
 into the Miami, a little above its entrance into 
 the Ohio. 
 
 Broome, a south frontier county of the state of 
 New York, bordering on Susquehannah county, 
 Pennsylvania, and the S. E. corner borders on 
 the Delaware River. It has some mountain dis- 
 tricts. Pop. 17,582. Binghampton, on the north 
 bank of the Susquehannah, 148 miles W. by S. of 
 Albany, is the chief town. 
 
 Broome, is also the name of a township in Scho- 
 narie county, New York, 53 m. W. of Albany. 
 Pop. 3,161." 
 
 Broom Loch, Great and Little, two lakes or arms 
 of the sea, on the west coast of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire. They contain several good harbours, have 
 long been noted for excellent herrings, and are 
 esteemed as the best fishing stations on the coast. 
 Ullapool, on the N. E. coast of the Great Loch is 
 a good harbour, and at the head is the town of 
 Lochbroom, the parish of which, in 1821, contain- 
 ed a population of 4,540. 
 
 Broro. a river of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, 
 which issues from a lake of the same name, and 
 forms several cascades in its course to the town of 
 Brora, where it enters the sea. 
 
 Brora, a village of Scotland, on the S. E. coast 
 of Sutherlandshire, with a small harbour at the 
 mouth of the Brora, 14 m. N. E. of Dornoch. 
 
 Broseley, a town of Shropshire, Eng. it is situ- 
 ate near the Severn, on the west side, in a very 
 interesting and important district, abounding in 
 coal, iron, and lime. The celebrated iron-works 
 of Colebrooke Dale are in the parish, and imme- 
 diate vicinity of the town, on the banks of the 
 river, over which there is an iron bridge of one 
 arch, leading to Madely, on the opposite side, 
 which may be considered an appendage to the 
 district. It has also an extensive porcelain manu- 
 factory, and another of tobacco pipes. The coal 
 of this district contains much bitumen, and in 1711 
 naphtha was discovered issuing from a spring of 
 water, but which has totally disappeared since 
 1755. Brosely is 6 m. N. N. W. of Bridoenorth, 
 and 146N.W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,815, 
 which owing to the more extensive iron-works in 
 Glamorganshire having superseded a portion of the 
 demand from this district, is rather less than in 
 1800. Madely and the surrounding district con- 
 tain afurthei population of 6,000 to 8,000. 
 
 Brotherton, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. 
 one mile north of Ferrybridge, where Thomas de 
 Brotherton, son of Edward I. was born. It has a 
 trade in lime. Pop. 1,726. 
 
 Broaage, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Charente. It has the most considerable 
 salt-works in France, and stands near a bay of the 
 sea, 17 m. S. of Rochelle. 
 
 Brouca, a town of Sicily, in Valdi Demona, oil 
 the gulf of Catania, 15 m. S. of Catania. 
 
 Broagh, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. Near 
 it is a cotton spinning manufacture, at the foot of 
 a mountain. It is 8 in. E. S. E. of Appleby, and 
 261 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 040. 
 
 Bowcrslmrcti, a seaport of Holland on the north 
 side of the island of Schonen,0 m. S. W. of Ilel- 
 voetsluys. Long. 3. 50. E. lat. 41. 38. N. 
 
 Bioirn, a frontier county of the state of Ohio, 
 bounded on the south by the Ohio River, which 
 divides it from Mason county, Kentucky. Pop. 
 17,867. Georgetown is the chief town. 
 
 Brown, is also the name of a county in the 
 Michigan territory, westward of Lake Michigan. 
 Pop. 064. Menomonie, is the chief town or sta- 
 tion of the county. 
 
 Brownfiehl, t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 93C. 
 
 Brownhehn, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 
 
 Brownington, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 412. 
 
 Brow nsborough, p.t. Madison Co. Alab. 
 
 Brou-nsbarg, 2 villages in Rockbridge Co. Va. 
 and Washington Co. Ten. 
 
 Brownstown, p. v. Wayne Co. Michigan, 16 m. 
 S. W. Detroit.' 
 
 Broicnstown, p.t. the seat of justice for Jackson 
 Co. Ind. 43 m. N. W. Louisville. 
 
 Brownsville, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Sack- 
 ett's Harbour. Pop. 2,038. 
 
 Brownsville, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 402 
 Also the name of 5 other towns in Pa., N. and S 
 Carolina, Ken. and Illinois. 
 
 Brownsville, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fay- 
 ette county. The trade to Kentucky renders it a 
 flourishing place, and many boats are built here. 
 The vicinity iibounds with monuments of Indian 
 antiquity. It is seated on the Monongahela, at 
 the mouth of Redstone Creek, 30 m. S. S. E. of 
 Pittsburg. Also the name of 3 townships in Pa. 
 and Ohio. 
 
 Bracctown, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. 
 
 Braccville, p. v. Knox Co. Ind. 
 
 Brvchsal, a town of the duchy of Baden, circle 
 of Pfinz and Enz. It has a large salt-work, and 
 is seated on the river Satz, 5 m. S. E. of Phillips- 
 burg. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Brack, a town of Saxony, 25 m. N. by W. of 
 Wittenburg. 
 
 Brack, a town of Austria, on the river Leyta, 
 20 m. E. S. E. of Vienna. 
 
 Brack, or Brag, a town of Switzerland, in Ar- 
 gau, with a college, seated on the river Aar, 22 
 m. S. E. of Basel. 
 
 Brack, or Brack, a town of Bavaria, on the 
 river Ammer, 12 m. W. of Munich. Another in 
 the Palatinate, 22 m. N. N. E. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Bruck, or Brack, a town of Germany in Stiria, 
 capital of a circle of its name. It stands on the 
 river Muehr, 24 m. N. N. W. of Gratz, and 82 S 
 W. of Vienna. 
 
 Bruc, a river in Somersetshire, Eng. which rises 
 in Selwood forest, on the borders of Wiltshire, 
 and flows through the county, by Bruton and 
 Glastonbury, into Bridgewater bay. 
 
 Brug, or Brig, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 Valais, seated on the Rhone, 30 m. E. of Sion. 
 
 Bruges, a city of the Netherlands, in Flanders. 
 It was once a great trading town ; but, in the 16th 
 century, the civil wars drove the trade first to 
 Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. The inhabit- 
 ants are estimated at 20,000, but it is not populous 
 in proportion to its extent. Its situation still com- 
 mands some trade, foi its has canals to Ghent, 0»- 
 tend, Sluys, Nieuport, Furnes, Ypres, and Dun 
 
BRU 
 
 132 
 
 BRU 
 
 kirk. Bruges has been often taken. It is 14 m. 
 E. of Ostend. 
 
 Brugge, or Tfoiiggen, n town of Lower Saxony, 
 in the principality of Hildesheim, on the river 
 Loyne, 12 m. S. W. of Hildesheim. 
 
 Bnimsm. a town of Germany , the duchy of 
 .luliers ;. seated on the Schwalm, 6 m. N. E. of 
 RurerhoTide. 
 
 8ri/<zc;irtn, a town of the territory of Genoa, at 
 the foot of the Apennines, 35 m. E. S. E. of Ge- 
 noa. 
 
 Biiiguiere La, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Tarn, 5 in. S. of Cashes. Pop. about 
 4,000. 
 
 Bruhl , a town of the Lower Rhine, in the elec- 
 torate of Cologne, about 7 in. S. of the city of Co- 
 logne. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Brumaii, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Hradischj at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, 
 on the frontiers of Hungary, 26 m. E. Hradisch. 
 
 Briimmru, a populous village of Holland, in 
 Guelderland, on the road from Arnheim, to Zut- 
 phen. 
 
 Brump, or Bnimeth, a frontier town of France, 
 in the department of the Lower Rhine, 10 m. N. 
 of Strasburg. 
 
 Bruneg, or Primcckcn, a town of the Tyrol, sit- 
 uate in a fork of two branches of the river Rientz ; 
 it has medicinal baths in its vicinity, and is about 
 15 m. E. by N. of Brixen. 
 
 Brunn, or Brinn, a town of Moravia, capital of 
 a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. it 
 is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg, 
 built on an eminence ; and has manufactures of 
 cloth, velvet, and plush. The Prussians besieged 
 it in 1742, but were obliged to raise the siege. It 
 is seated at the confluence of the ZwittaU and 
 Schwartz, 33 m. S. W. of Olmutz. Long. 16. 38. 
 E. lat. 49. 13. N. 
 
 Brunncn, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Schweitz. Here the cantons of Uri, Schweitz, 
 and Underwalden, formed the alliance which was 
 the foundation of the republic of Switzerland. It 
 is seated on the Waldstsedter See, 2 m. S. W. of 
 Schweitz. 
 
 Brunsbuttel , a town of Germany, in Holstein, 
 near the mouth of the Elbe, 13 m. N. W. of 
 Gluckstadt. 
 
 Brunswick, Duchy of, a territory of Germany, 
 in the south part of the circle of Lower Saxony. 
 This territory formed the patrimony of the family 
 of Guelph, Welf, or Whelps, who trace their de- 
 scent from the marquis of Este, who died about 
 the middle of the 10th century. In 1546, it was 
 divided by Ernest, the then duke, between his two 
 sons ; one founding the dukedom of Brunswick 
 Lnneburg, and the other of Brunswick Wolfen- 
 buttel ; the former will be described under the 
 head of Luneburg and Hanover, and the other 
 under that of Wolfenbuttel. 
 
 Brunswick, the chief town of the states of Bruns- 
 wick Wolfenbuttel, is situate in the principality 
 of Wolfenbuttel, on the banks of the river Ocker, 
 which falls into the A Her. It is strongly fortified, 
 and contains ten Lutheran churches, a cathedral, 
 dedicated to St. Blasius, one Calvinist, and one 
 Catholic church, a college, two academies, a mint, 
 opera house, town hall, &c. The ducal palace was 
 formerly a monastery. There is a large building 
 appropriated as a public storehouse for wine. It 
 has several manufactories, and claims the inven- 
 tion of the spinning wheel ; and is distinguished for 
 its breweries of mum, made principally from 
 wheaten malt, with a portion of oat and bean 
 
 malt, topsof fir and birch, and various herbs ; and. 
 with the exception of Leipzig and Frankfort, the 
 fairs of Brunswick are more numerously attended 
 than in any other town in German^/. It formerly 
 ranked as a froo independent city ; and fr,r the 
 continuance of its freedom it long and strenuous- 
 ly contended ; but towards the close of the 17ih 
 century, yielded all its pretensions, rind became 
 the ducal residence in 171'-!. It 'is 4/ ra. W. by 
 N. of Magdeburg. 35 E. by S. of Hanover, and 
 about 11?) S. by E. of Hamburgh, in the lat. i !' 
 52. 16. N. and 10. 30. of E. lon^. Pop. about 
 35,000. 
 
 Rtunsioick. A'nr. a province of British America. 
 extending from (he bay of Fnndy south, in the 
 lat. of 45., to the frontier of Lower Canada, in 
 the lat. of 4S. N., bounded on the west, partly -oy 
 the Schoodic River, and partly by a conventional 
 line running from the head of tide water in the 
 above river, which divides it from the American 
 Stale of Maine, in the long, of 67. 45. W., to the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the long, of 64. It. is 
 joined to Nova Scotia, at the south-east corner, by 
 an isthmus, about 15 miles in breadth, and con- 
 tains an area of about 8,500 square miles, and an 
 aggregate population of about 60,000. It is inter- 
 sected from the north by the river St. John, which 
 falls over a rapid into the bay of Fundy ; the 
 rapid impedes the navigation for vessels of 100 
 tons burthen for a hundred miles, and vast quan- 
 tities of masts and logs of timber are floated down 
 for shipment in the bay, which is spacious and 
 secure. St. John's, the chief town of the pro- 
 vince, it situate on the east shore of the bay, im- 
 mediately contiguous to the river of the same 
 name. It has several rivers running from W. to 
 E. into the gulf of St. Lawrence, on which side 
 of the province are several spacious bays, such 
 as Chaleur, Mirimichi, Richibucto, &c, from 
 whence vast quantities of timber are shipped to 
 Great Britain annually. A few tribes of native 
 Indians are scattered over the province. It pos- 
 sesses in general a capable soil, but cultivation 
 has made but little progress; the inhabitants de- 
 pending more on the forests and the fishery, in 
 obtaining a supply of manufactures and other for- 
 eign productions, than on agriculture. Besides 
 St. John's, the other chief towns are. St. Andrews, 
 on the east bank of the Schoodic, and St. Ann's, 
 or, as it is now called, Fredericton, which is the 
 seat of the provincial government, about 80 m. dp 
 the river St. John. 
 
 Brunswick, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 
 3.747. It is situated on the south side of Andros- 
 cogo-in river, 26 in. N. E. of Portland. The river 
 has "many falls at this place on which are situated 
 a number of mills as well as cotton and woolen 
 manufactories. But what chiefly distinguishes 
 the town is Bowdoin College, which was established 
 here in 1806. It has a President and 6 professors. 
 Its library contains 12,000 vols, and it has a phi- 
 losophical and chemical apparatus and a cabinet 
 of minerals. The college is supported partly by the 
 income of property bequeathed by James Bow- 
 doin, Governor of Massachusetts, from whom it 
 derives its name. The number of students is 
 137. There are 3 vacations, in Ma}', September 
 and December, of 13 weeks. Commencement is 
 in September. 
 
 Brunswick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2.570. Also the name of 3 towns in Vt.,Pa .and 
 Ohio. 
 
 Brunswick , a south frontier county of the E 
 District of Virginia, bordering on Northampton 
 
BRU 
 
 133 
 
 BRU 
 
 county, North Carolina. The south-west corner 
 jets upon the Roanoke river. Pop. 15,770. Law- 
 renceville is the chief town. 
 
 Brunswick, a maritime and frontier county at 
 the south extremity of North Carolina. It is 
 hounded on the north and east by Cape Fear Riv- 
 er. It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop. 
 fi,523. Smithville, near the mouth of Cape Fear 
 River. 255 in. S. by E. of Raleigh, is the chief 
 town. It has also a town of the same name about 
 30 miles up the river. 
 
 Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Geo., chief 
 town of Glynn county, with a safe harbour, capa- 
 ble of containing a numerous fleet of men of war. 
 It u. seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of 
 Turtle River, in St. Simon Sound, GO in. S. S. 
 W. of Savannah, and 10 S. of Darien. Lone. 81. 
 0. W. lat. 31. 10. N. 
 
 Brain/ s Isle, an island off the S. E. point of 
 Van Dieman's Land, about 30 m. in length, in- 
 dented by Adventure Bay. 
 
 Bruree, a parish in the county of Limerick, 
 Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 4,038. A small village of 
 the same name, within the parish, 1(5 m. S of Lim- 
 erick, was formerly celebrated as the half yearly 
 rendezvous of the Irish bards ; but avarice and 
 oppression have long since subdued all social in- 
 tercourse among the native Irish; and the min- 
 strel has not sounded at Bruree since 1740. 
 
 Brussels, or Bruxelles, one of the chief cities 
 of Belgium, in South Brabant, and formerly the 
 capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It 
 stands on a gentle eminence on the banks of the 
 Senne, a small stream flowing into the Scheldt. 
 Its existence can be traced to a very remote period, 
 and the simplicity of its origin forms a striking 
 contrast with its subsequent splendour. Early in 
 the seventh century, St. Gery, bishop of Cam- 
 braj r , erected a small chapel in one of the islands 
 formed by the Senne, and there preached the 
 gospel to the surrounding peasantry. The beau- 
 ty of the situation, and the piety and eloquence 
 of the preacher, attracted many to the spot ; their 
 united numbers soon formed a large village, 
 which increased so, that in the year 990 it could 
 boast of a market and a castle. In process of 
 time it became the favourite residence of the 
 dukes jf Brabant, and of the Austrian governors 
 who succeeded them, and even acquired the title 
 of '•' the ornament of the Netherlands." In the 
 year 1555, it was chosen by the emperor Charles 
 V. as the place in which be made a formal resig- 
 nation of his dominions to his son, afterwards 
 Philip II.: the chair in which he sat, on that me- 
 morable occasion, is still religiously preserved. 
 During the wars that raged in Europe in the 
 .seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and of 
 which the Netherlands were the principal theatre, 
 Brussels underwent its share of suffering; being 
 occupied, in turn, by each of the contending 
 nowers. In 1G95 it was bombarded by marshal 
 Viileroy ; when fourteen churches, and upwards 
 of 4,000 houses, were destroyed. After the cele- 
 brated battle of Ramillies, its keys were surren- 
 dered to the duke of Marlborough. It was taken 
 by the French under marshal Saxe in 174G, but 
 restored to its former master at the peace of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. During the revolutionary war it 
 again fell into the hands of the French, to whom 
 it remained subject till the general peace of Eu- 
 rope in 1814. While under their government, 
 it was made the seat of a court of criminal and 
 special justice, a chamber and tribunal of com- 
 merce, and a court of appeal for five departments. 
 
 During the revolution of 1830, it was the scene 
 of the most bloody battles between the inhabi- 
 tants and the Dutch troops. The 24th, 25th and 
 26th of October were days of perpetual and terri- 
 ble carnage in the streets of the city. The 
 Dutch were driven out of Brussels on the 27tb 
 with the loss of 3,000 men. 
 
 Brussels has always been eminent as a manu 
 facturing town ; the fabric of lace, which is in 
 high estimation every where, gives employment 
 to upwards of 10,000 individuals. Its ca'mlets. 
 and still more its carpets, are much admired, and 
 command high prices. It is also celebrated for 
 the manufacture of carriages, which are consider- 
 ed to be superior to those of London and Paris in 
 cheapness and elegance. Neither, although in 
 an island position, is it without a consider- 
 able share of commerce, not only with the sur- 
 rounding parts, but with foreign countries. It 
 owes this great advantage to its numerous canals, 
 by which it communicates with the Scheldt. The 
 principal of these is that leading to Antwerp, 
 constructed about the year 15G0, at an expense of 
 £ 170,000 sterling. It is 110 feet above the leve' 
 of the sea. 
 
 The present flourishing condition of the citj 
 is also owing to the great influx of foreigners, 
 particularly French and English. To the latter 
 it has become peculiarly attractive of late years, 
 from its contiguity to the plain of Waterloo ; 
 but, before that period, the salubrity and mildness 
 of its temperature, the cheapness of its economi- 
 cal arrangements, and the tone of its society, had 
 made it a favourite place of abode with numbers 
 of this nation. So early as the time of Cromwell, 
 it was marked in the annals of England, as being 
 the chosen residence of Charles II., and of his 
 brother, afterwards James II., during the greater 
 part of the period of their exclusion from their 
 native country. The interior of the town, of it- 
 self, offers much to attract and to retain strangers. 
 Its environs are also beautiful by nature, and are 
 rendered still more so by the elegant additions of 
 art guided by refined taste. 
 
 The city was formerly surrounded by a wall 
 and ditch, neither of which now exist : what were 
 the ramparts, are, at present, beautiful walks bor- 
 dered witli trees ; those to the north and east are 
 called boulevards. The lower part of the city, 
 adjacent to the river, is irregular, and, from its 
 situation, somewhat unhealthy; but in the new 
 part, which occupies the more elevated portions, 
 the streets are spacious and airy, the houses well 
 built and lofty. Considerable attention is paid to 
 architectural ornament; and the custom of paint- 
 ing the outside with some lively colour presents 
 an agreeable variety to the eye. 
 
 The appearance of the city is much enlivened 
 by the elegance of its squares ; the principal are 
 the Place Royale, the Great Market, the Place 
 St. Michael, the Corn Market, and the Grand Sa- 
 blon. Of these, the great market-place is indis- 
 putably the finest : it is an oblong of large dimen- 
 sions ; each side is of a different style of architec- 
 ture, yet all combine to form a whole highly 
 pleasing to the view. The town hall, and several 
 of those of the different trading companies, form 
 three of the sides, and one uniform edifice on the 
 remaining side completes the parallelogram. St. 
 Michael's square, also, deservedly attracts much 
 attention : it is, like the former, an extended ob- 
 long ; but it differs from it in having the buildings 
 of uniform architecture, ornamented with pillars 
 of the Doric order. The centre has been planted 
 M 
 
BRU 
 
 134 
 
 BRY 
 
 and laid out as a pleasure ground. The fish mar- 
 ket, which has been but a few years erected, is 
 one of the neatest in Europe. There is also a 
 market for frogs, which are brought alive in pails 
 and cans, and prepared for dressing on the spot. 
 The hind limbs, which are the only parte used, 
 are cut from the !>ody with scissors by the women 
 who bring the animals for sale. 
 
 The favourite place of recreation for the inha- 
 bitants is the Park. It is a large pleasure ground, 
 adjoining the palace, laid out with great taste, 
 planted with a variety of fine trees and flowering 
 shrubs, and diversified with lawns ornamented 
 with fountains and statues. Some of these latter 
 are of the purest style of sculpture. In the centre 
 is a fine basin, stocked with gold and silver fish. 
 On each side of the principal walk is a valley 
 planted so as to exclude all annoyance from the 
 overpowering rays of the sun. A fountain, in 
 one of these, is marked with an inscription, stat- 
 ing that Peter the Great, during his residence 
 here, sat down by its margin to drink a bottle of 
 wine : another version of the story says, that he 
 fell into it, while strolling through the park after 
 dinner. Both may be true. 
 
 One of the approaches to the town also forms a 
 favourite promenade. It is called the Allee Verte, 
 and is planted with a triple row of trees along the 
 canal ; the prospect of which, with the numerous 
 villas around, and the varying scenes of pleasure 
 and employment that every moment present 
 themselves, render it singularly beautiful. 
 
 A copious supply of water is secured to the 
 inhabitants by a number of fountains, whose 
 elegance of structure adds much to the beauty of 
 the city. One of the finest was erected by Lord 
 Aylesbury, an English nobleman, as a public ex- 
 pression of his gratitude for an agreeable residence 
 of forty years in the town. The water for the 
 supply of these fountains is raised, by machinery, 
 from a lake about half a mile from the city. 
 
 The palace of the States-general is a magnifi- 
 cent building, supported on pillars of the Ionic 
 order. Its entrance leads to a spacious hall, on 
 each side of which is a marble staircase ; one con- 
 ducting to the chamber of peers, the other to the 
 chamber of deputies. This latter is in the form 
 of a semicircle, with a very capacious gallery for 
 the people. The town-hall is a noble specimen 
 of the old irregular but highly ornamented Gothic 
 stvle. So irregular is the building, that its tower 
 stands at a considerable distance from the centre. 
 The elevation of this part of the edifice is 304 
 feet : it is surmounted with a statue of St. Mi- 
 chael with the dragon under his feet, in copper 
 gilt, seventeen feet high, which it turns on a 
 pivot, and serves as a vane for showing the direc- 
 tion of the wind. 
 
 The Orange Palace, generally called La Vieille 
 Cour, was formerly the residence of the govern- 
 ois of Belgium ; but is now occupied as a muse- 
 um, a public library, a cabinet of natural history, 
 and singing and dancing schools. It is also fur- 
 nished with a valuable, though not large, collec- 
 tion of Flemish paintings. The library, which 
 contains upwards of 100,000 volumes, was chiefly 
 collected from suppressed convents. Adjoining 
 the building is a fine botanic garden, containing 
 more than 4,000 exotics. The philosophical col- 
 lege, which has been but a few years in existence, 
 is founded on a liberal scale. The great hall, or 
 amphitheatre, is capable of accommodating 1500 
 persons. Each student has a room furnished at 
 the expense of government ; all ihe courses of 
 
 lectures are gratuitous ; and stipends are allowed 
 to a number of pupils whose means are not ade- 
 quate to defray the moderate expenses of their 
 board. 
 
 The principal church is that of St. Gudule, 
 erected on an eminence, and adorned with two 
 square towers which command a very extensive 
 prospect. It contains no less than sixteen chapels, 
 which are enriched with numerous paintings. 
 The windows are adorned with curious painted 
 glass; and the pulpit exhibits a beautiful spt el- 
 men of sculpture in wood, both as to design and 
 execution. The monument of John II. duke of 
 Brabant is in the choir : it is of black marble, 
 with a lion of copper, weighing 6,000 pounds 
 couching on it. The archduke Ernest has also a 
 mausoleum here. This church is celebrated in 
 legendary history for three miraculous hosts, 
 which were stolen by Jews, but were afterwards 
 restored. The event is commemorated by an an- 
 nual procession, during which time the church 
 is decorated with six exquisite pieces of tapestry 
 explanatory of the event. 
 
 The cemeteries are detached from the churches, 
 being situate outside the boulevards. David, the 
 celebrated French painter, is buried in that with- 
 out the gate of Louvain. Among the hospitals, 
 is one for foundlings, one for penitent women of 
 the town, and a third in which strangers are main- 
 tained gratuitously for three days. 
 
 In the village of Lacken, about half a league to 
 the north of Brussels, is the splendid palace of 
 Schoenburg, or Schoonenburg, originally intend- 
 ed for the reception of the governor of the Neth- 
 erlands. During the reign of Napoleon, it was 
 occasionally his residence, as also that of his 
 brother, the late king of Holland. The interior 
 of the palace is laid out m a style of superior mag- 
 nificence. A subterranean grotto, and some tem- 
 ples connected with it, are also much admired. 
 
 The inhabitants of Brussels are Catholics, and 
 speak the French languao-e, but all religious te- 
 nets are tolerated. The population has increased 
 considerably since 1814 ; and, in the absence of 
 correct data, may be estimated at 80,000 to 90,000 
 It is 25 miles S. of Antwerp, about the same dis- 
 tance E. by S. of Ghent, and 148 N. by E. of 
 Paris. Lat. 50. 51. N. long. 4. 22. E. 
 
 Bruton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. Here 
 are manufactures of silk and hosiery ; a free- 
 school, founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately 
 alms-house, consisting of the ruins of a priory, 
 with an income of nearly £3,000 per annum. It is 
 seated on the river Brue, 12 m. S. E. of Wells 
 and 100 W. of London. Pop in 1821, 1,858. 
 
 Brutus, a township of Cayuga county, New 
 York, lying between the south shore of Lake 
 Ontario, and the Erie Canal, 1G1 m. W. by N. 
 of Albany. Pop. 1,827. 
 
 ZJrwrr, a town in the north part of the circle of 
 Saaz, Bohemia. 
 
 Brvyr.res, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vosges, 11 in. E. N. E. of Epinal. Pop. 1 ,9C0. 
 
 Bryant, a small maritime county of the state of 
 Georgia, bounded on the north by the Ogeechee 
 Riv<>r, which divides it from Chatham county; 
 the Cannouchee River intersects it from the S. 
 W. corner, falling into the Ogeechee about the 
 centre of the north side. Bop. 2,319. The 
 court-house of the county is about 15 miles south 
 of Savannah, and 20(1 S. E. by E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Bryansbridge; a village of Ireland, in the par- 
 ish of Killaloe, county of Clare, seated on th* 
 Shannon, 8 m. N of Limerick. 
 
BUC 
 
 135 
 
 BVC 
 
 Brzese, or Polesia, Palatinate of, a district of 
 Russian Poland, lying between the rivers Bug on 
 the west, and Dnieper on the east, intersected by 
 the line of the :12nd degree of N. lat., and also 
 from W. to E. by the Przspic.e River, with nu- 
 merous collateral branches falling into the Dnie- 
 per. These rivers, from a total absence of all 
 attempts to free the obstructions of their currents, 
 tend to make Brzcsc a marshy and dreary district, 
 which, under social and reciprocal arrange ments, 
 might easily be made to rank among the most 
 fertile in Europe. The Pina, a branch of the 
 Przspice, is united by a canal to the Machawizi, 
 a branch of the Bug, falling into the Vistula, 
 thereby uniting the waters of the Black Sea witli 
 thjse of the Baltic. 
 
 Brzcsc, Litov, the chief town of the above dis- 
 trict is situate at the confluence of the river Ma- 
 chawiza with the Bug, opposite to Therespol. It 
 is a considerable place, the see of a Greek bishop, 
 and celebrated for its being the chief place for the 
 instruction of Jews destined for rabbinical pur- 
 suits. It is strongly fortified, and has a castle on 
 an eminence about 100m. E. by S. of Warsaw, and 
 250 S. E. of Dantzic. 
 
 Rrze.sc, is also the name of another town, capi- 
 tal of another Palatinate of the same name, lying 
 between the rivers Wartha on the S. W.and Vis- 
 tula on the JN T . E. The town, seated near the 
 Vistula, is about 00 m. W. by N. of Warsaw ; and 
 150 due S. of Dantzic. 
 
 Brzezany, a town in the S. E. part of Austrian 
 Gallicia, seated near a small lake communicating 
 with the Dneister River. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Brze, and Brza, begin the names of numerous 
 other towns and villages in different parts of Po- 
 »and and Gallicia but none of them merit any 
 particular notice. 
 
 Brzesnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz, on the frontier of the principality of Mies- 
 sen, with manufactures of lace, fire-arms, and 
 hardware, 24 m. W. N. W. of Saatz. Another, 
 in the north part of the circle of Prachin, 18 m. 
 W. N. W. of Pisek. 
 
 Baa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the 
 coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge Island, 
 because frequented by those birds. It is joined 
 by a bridge to the town of Traon, about 20 m. W. 
 S. W. of Spalatro. 
 
 Buarcos, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the 
 sea-coast, at the mouth of the Mondego, 27 m. S. 
 of Aveira. It suffered greatly by the earthquake 
 which destroyed the greater part of Lisbon in 
 1750. 
 
 Buccari, or Buchari, a seaport of the Austrian 
 empire, on the coast of Morlachia, at the head of 
 the N. E. part of the gulf of Venice, declared by 
 the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce 
 with the East Indies ; but the favour might just 
 as well have applied to trading with the moon, for 
 any advantage that has resulted from the declara- 
 tion. It is 12 m. E. of Fiume. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Bachancs, the most eastern promontory of Scot- 
 land, to the east of Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire, 
 in long. 1. 34. W. lat. 57. 27. N. Near this prom- 
 ontory are the Bullers of Buchan, and other stu- 
 pendous rocks and precipices, much admired for 
 their awful grandeur. 
 
 Bucharia. See Bohharia. 
 
 Buchau, a town of Suabia, with a nunnery, seat- 
 ed on a small lake, called Feyder See, 25 m. S. 
 W. of Ulm. 
 
 Buchau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz. 26 m. S. W. of Saatz. 
 
 Buchotz, a town of Brandenburg, in the middle 
 mark, seated on the Dahme. near the frontier of 
 Lusatia, 23 m. S. S. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Buchorest, a strong city of European Turkey, 
 capital of Wallachia, where the hospodar com- 
 monly resides. The patriarchal church is large, 
 adjoining to the palace of the archbishop ; and in 
 a square, near the centre of the town, is, the great 
 church of St. George, the patron saint of Wal- 
 lachia. The inhabitants are estimated at 60,000. 
 It is seated on the Domboriza, which falls into 
 the Danube. 25 m. S. S. E. of Terwvist, and 
 200 N. bv W. of Adrianople. Lono-. 26. 8. E. lat. 
 44. 37. N. 
 
 Bachorn, a town of Suabia, seated on the north 
 bank of the lake of Constance, 18 m. N. W. of 
 Lindau. 
 
 Backdcn, a village in Huntingdonshire, Eno-. 
 5 m. S. W. of Huntingdon, and 61 N. of Lon- 
 don. Here is a superb palace of the bishops of 
 Lincoln, and several of the prelates have been 
 interred in the church. Pop. 363. 
 
 Backcburg, a town of Westphalia, in the coun- 
 ty of Schauenburir, with a castle, on the river 
 Aa. 3 in. E. S. E.~of Minden. 
 
 Buckingham, Old and New, two towns in Nor- 
 folk. Eng. 12 m. E. by N. of Thetford, and 93 
 N. E. of London. Pop. together 1,854. 
 
 Buckfastleigh, a village in Devonshire, Eng. 
 three miles S. by W. of Ashburton. Here are 
 some remains of a Cistercian abbey; and many of 
 the houses are built with materials from its ruins. 
 Pop. 2,240. 
 
 Buck field, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,510. 
 
 Buckhead, p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 33 in. N. 
 Columbia. 
 
 Buckingham, an interior county of England, 
 bounded on the south by the river Thames, which 
 divides it from Berkshire, east by the counties of 
 Middlesex, Hertford, and Bedford, south by North 
 ampton, and west by Oxfordshire. The south 
 part is intersected by the Ouse River, running 
 from west to east into Bedfordshire, working sev- 
 eral corn and paper mills, but is now navigable 
 within the county. The Syssel runs from south 
 to north into the Ouse, and the Coin, which di- 
 vides the county from that of Middlesex, runs 
 from north to south into the Thames. The Thame, 
 which rises in the centre of the county, runs 
 west, falling into the Thames, in Oxfordshire. 
 The north part is intersected by a range of chalk 
 hills, and the Grand Junction Canal runs through 
 the south-east part of the county, being carried 
 over the river Ouse, by an aqueduct three quar- 
 ters of a mile in length. The county may be con- 
 sidered divided by the chalk hills into two exten- 
 sive plains the south part producing wheat and 
 beans of superior quality, and the north part ap- 
 propriated more to pasture. In addition to its 
 chalk, which is distributed over all its inland 
 counties, for whitewashing, it has veins of fuller's 
 earth and ochre. 
 
 This county has long been celebrated for its corn 
 and cattle : formerly fine flocks of sheep were fed 
 in the vale of Aylesbury, but the breeding of 
 these useful animals has been for some time on 
 the decline. At present this vale feeds oxen for 
 the London market, to which it also sends im- 
 mense supplies of butter weekly. There is a 
 small proportion of arable land in the northern 
 division of the county ; and not much in any 
 other part, except the Chiltern districts, which 
 are usually cultivated with wheat, barley, oats, 
 beans, and sainfoin. In the neighbourhood of 
 
BUD 
 
 136 
 
 BUE 
 
 Aylesbury, thicks are reared very early in the 
 spring, and sometimes at Christmas, which being 
 sent to London, sell at high price. The only 
 manufactures of consequence in this county are 
 those of bonelace and paper. The former is car- 
 ried on at Olney, Newport-Pagnell, and Han- 
 slope, and the latter principally in the neighbour- 
 hood of Wycomb. At Amersham there is a 
 manufacture of sacking and of white cotton goods ; 
 and at Marlow are some large works of copper, 
 brass, and brass-wire ; and mills for making thim- 
 bles and pressing rape and linseed. This county 
 is adorned with several magnificent seats, and in 
 various parts Roman roads and military stations 
 are traced, and Roman antiquities have been 
 occasionally discovered. The principal towns 
 are Aylesbury, Buckingham, Marlow; and of 
 a secondary class, Amersham, Wycomb, and 
 Wendover ; each of which returns two members 
 to parliament, in addition to two for the county. 
 
 Buckingham, a borough, and one of the prin- 
 cipal towns in the preceding county, is situate 
 on the north bank of the Ouse, by which it is 
 nearly surrounded, and over which there are 
 three bridges. It is a place of considerable an- 
 tiquity, having been fortified by Edward the Elder 
 in 918, against the incursions of the Danes. It 
 had formerly a castle in the centre of the town, 
 on the site of which, towards the close of the last 
 century, an elegant new church was erected. The 
 summer assizes for the county are held here. The 
 town hall is a spacious edifice of brick. A great 
 number of calves are fattened, and large quantities 
 of butter made for the London market in this part 
 of the county : lace is also made here. Market 
 on Saturday. Pop. in 1821, including four ad- 
 joining hamlets. 3,405,16 m. north of Aylesbury, 
 26 N. E. of Oxford, 23 S. W of Northampton, 
 and 55 N. of London. 
 
 Buckingham, an interior county in the E. district 
 of Virginia, forming nearly a square, the west 
 and north sides of which are bounded by James 
 River. Pop. 18,351. The court-house, in the 
 centre of the county is 64 m. W. of Richmond. 
 Also the name of three towns in Pa. 
 
 Buckinghamshire, a county of Lower Canada, 
 in the district of Trois Rivieres, on the south 
 bank of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Buckland. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W. 
 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,039. 
 
 Bucks, a frontier county in the E. district of 
 the state of Pennsylvania, bounded on the north- 
 east and south-east by the Delaware River, which 
 divides it from New Jersey , and on the south-west 
 by Montgomery county, the south-west corner 
 jetting upon Philadelphia. Population, 45,740. 
 Bristol, the chief town, in the south-east part of 
 the county, on the bank of the Delaware, is 142 
 in. E. of Harrisburg, and 18 N. E. of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 J'ucksport, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. on the E. bank 
 ol the Penobscot, 17 ni. tbove Castine. It. is a 
 maritime town and has a considerable trade. Pop. 
 2,237. 
 
 Budu, or Of en, the capital of Lower Hungary, 
 situate on the side of a bill, on the west side of 
 the Danube, over which is a bridge of boats to 
 Pest. The inhabitant!) are estimated at 25,000. 
 The churches and public tiuildings are handsome. 
 In the adjacent country are vineyards, which pro 
 duce excellent wine. Prior to 1526, when it sur- 
 rendered to the Turks, it was the residence of the 
 kings of Hungary. From that period, for 100 
 years, it was an object of jealousy and contention 
 
 between the Turks and the Christian powers of 
 Europe ; when, in 1686, it surrendered to the lat 
 ter, who strengthened the fortifications, and by 
 whom it has since been retained without inter- 
 ruption. It suffered greatly by fire in 1S10, when 
 ()00 houses were destroyed ; but their places have 
 since been supplied with improved buildings. It 
 is about 130 m. E. S. E. of Vienna, and ISO N. 
 N. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 5. E. lat. 47. 30. N. 
 
 Budanitza , a town at the north-west end of 
 Sclavonia, near the south bank of the Drave. 23 
 m. S. W. of Funfkirchen. 
 
 Budlkh, a town of Germany, in the territory 
 of Treves ; seated on the Traen, 12 m E. N. E. of 
 Treves. 
 
 Budcrich, or Burich, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Cloves ; seated on the Rhine, 22 in. S. E. 
 of Cleves, and 4 S. E. of Wesel. 
 
 Budin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Ra- 
 konitz, with a castle, 9 m. S. by W. ofLeut- 
 meritz. 
 
 Budingcn, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, 
 with a castle ; situate on the Sambach, 25 m. E. 
 N. E. of Frankfort, on the Maine. 
 
 Budinze, a town of Sclavonia, 18 m. S. W. of 
 Essey. 
 
 Budoa, a strong 1 seaport of Dalmatia, and a 
 bishop's see. It sustained a siege by the Turks, 
 in 168G, and is 30 miles S. E. of Ragusa. Long. 
 18. 58. E. lat. 42. 10. N. 
 
 Budrio, a town of Italy, in the Bolognese, 8 
 m. E. of Bologna. 
 
 Budweis, a fortified town of Bohemia in the 
 circle of Bechin, and lately a bishop's see. In the 
 environs are mines of gold and silver. It is seat- 
 ed on the Muldau, 75 m. S. by W. of Prague. 
 
 Budweis, a town of Moravia in the circle of 
 Znaim, 40 m. S. W. of Bunn, and G5 N. N. VV. 
 of Vienna. 
 
 Buenos Jlyrcs. Under tills head it has been 
 usual to include a vast portion of the southern 
 divisions of the western hemisphere, extending 
 from the 13th to the 41st deg. of south lat. com- 
 prising an area of about 1,450,000 square miles; 
 constituted a vice-royalty of Spain in 1778, but 
 from the period of July, 1806, to July, 1821, it 
 continued in perpetual revolution ; when at the 
 latter period it was constituted an independent 
 republic by the title of the United Provinces of 
 South America, under which head its aggregate 
 and general features will be found exhibited. 
 
 Buenos Jlyrcs, one of the eight united provinces 
 of South America, is the most easterly division 
 of the republic, beino- bounded on the east from the 
 26th to the 34th degT of south lat. by the Brazilian 
 territory, and from the 34th to the frontier of Pata- 
 gonia, in the lat. of41 south by the Atlantic Ocean ; 
 divided into two parts north and soutli by the great 
 river La Plata, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 between the lats. of 35. and 37. The north part 
 of this province is intersected from north to south 
 by the great rivers Parana and Uruguay, the 
 united waters of which form the La Plata. This 
 part is bounded on the west by a conventional 
 line, which divides it from the province of Cor- 
 dova, from 50 to 120 m. W. of Parana. River. 
 The greater portion of this division of the province 
 is exceedingly fertile, and the congeniality of its 
 climate worthy of the title which it has conferred 
 upon the country. It contains several considera- 
 ble towns, the most important of which are Cor- 
 rientes in the north, on the east bank of the 
 Parana: Santa Fe, south, on the west bank of 
 ditto ; and Monte Video on the north bank of the 
 
BUE 
 
 137 
 
 BUK 
 
 La Plata towards its entrance into the sea. On 
 the east bank of the Uruguay there are numerous 
 settlements founded by the Jesuits. The south 
 part of this province is also divided by a conven- 
 tional line from Cordova, and south by the Rio 
 Neoro, which separates it from Patagonia, and is 
 intersected from north-west to south-east, between 
 the lats. of 38. and 40. by the Colorado River, and 
 in the lat. of 36. by the Saladillo, which falls into 
 the La Plata. This part of the province is very 
 little known, but is celebrated as containing the 
 chief town and seat of government of the eight 
 united provinces. 
 
 Buenos Ayres, city of, is seated on the south 
 bank of the La Plata, about 180 miles from its 
 mouth, in the lat. of 34. 35. S. and 58. 24. of VV. 
 long, opposite to where the Uruguay forms its 
 junction with the Parana. This city is justly es- 
 teemed as the finest country and as containing 
 the most active and intelligent population of all 
 South America. It was founded by.Mendoza, in 
 1535, but afterwards abandoned; and in 1544, 
 another colony of the Spaniards came here, who 
 left it also ; but it was rebuilt in 1582, and inhab- 
 ited by Spaniards and the native Americans. 
 It was, however, but little known to the world 
 until the commencement of the last century, up to 
 which period the intercourse of the country had 
 been restrained by a rigorous monopoly, when in 
 174-8 the annual fleet of the monopolists sailed for 
 the last time to Cadiz, the intercourse being 
 thrown open to the whole of Spain. In 1774, the 
 freedom of its intercourse was extended to the 
 greater part of the ports of the other Spanish 
 governments in America; and in 1778, when the 
 provinces of Buenos Ayres, which had previously 
 been under the government of Peru, were consti- 
 tuded a separate viceroyalty, and the city of 
 Buenos Ayres made the seat of the. viceroy, it grad- 
 ually increased in extent, population, and import- 
 ance, during the remainder of the last century ; 
 about which period the imperial French govern- 
 ment under Napoleon sent emissaries for the pur- 
 pose of rendering it subservient to the views and 
 policy of France, which tended materially to re- 
 tard its commerce and career, on which alone the 
 prosperity of the city depended. To counteract 
 this influence, the English, in 180G, sent an expe- 
 dition from the Cape of Good Hope against 
 Buenos Ayres, which they took by surprise in the 
 month of May of that year, but the whole force 
 were compelled to surrender at discretion, after 
 a few weeks, to a body a militia under the com- 
 mand of General Liniers a partizan of the French 
 government. In June of the following year, suc- 
 cessive reinforcements having arrived from Eng- 
 land, a renewed attack was made upon the city 
 with a force of 10,000 men under the command of 
 General Whitelocke, but the inhabitants, animated 
 l>v Liniers to the most determined resistance, and 
 aided by the militia, converted every house into 
 a fortress, from which they assailed the English 
 troops at all points with such disastrous effect, as 
 to compel the whole force to surrender prisoners- 
 of-war. From this period, up to July, 1810, the 
 c ty became the theatre of internal dissensions, 
 when a declaration of independence was agreed 
 upon, and it has since then remained compara- 
 tively tranquil, and been progressively recover- 
 ing from the disasters of the preceding fifteen or 
 twenty years. The buildings of Buenos Ayres 
 are stately and uniform, and the streets regu- 
 lar. Among the public buildings are a stately 
 cathedral, and two or three churches, town hall, 
 18 
 
 several convents, and other similiar institutions. 
 The public edifices are all built of stone of a 
 whitish colour, and produce an imposing effect 
 Its commercial intercourse now extends to all 
 parts of the world, and its export productions of 
 hides and tallow, in addition to the silver and gold 
 from the mines of Potosi, &c. enable it to com 
 mand an abundant supply of all the manufac- 
 tured productions of Europe and Asia, as well as 
 of every other commodity, from every quarter of 
 the globe. The population, which at the com- 
 mencement of the present century was estimated 
 at about 40,000, in 1825, was supposed to amount 
 to 70,000. 
 
 Buffalo, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. on Lake Erie, near 
 its outlet. This is a port of entry with a good 
 harbour, furnished at the entrance with a light- 
 house. It is the great emporium of the lake com- 
 merce and the point at which the great canal from 
 Albany joins the waters of the lake. The town 
 occupies a pleasant spot on a gentle acclivity, and 
 consists principally of one long street with many 
 handsome and commodious buildings. It is a ve- 
 ry flourishing place and increases fast from year 
 to year. The harbour is frequented by great num- 
 bers of lake craft and steamboats. Pop. 8,G53 
 There are 9 other towns called Buffalo, in the U. 
 S. viz. G in Pa. and one in Ohio, Va. and Missouri 
 
 Bug, a river of Poland, rising near Leopol or 
 Limberg, running north, dividing Austrian Gal- 
 licia from Russian Poland, to Brzesc, (which sec.) 
 It then takes a westerly course, between Gallicia 
 and Prussian Poland, falling into the Vistula a few 
 miles below Warsaw. 
 
 Bugges Bay. See Boni. 
 
 Bugia, or Bujein, a seaport of Algiers, in the 
 province of Constantina, at the mouth of the Ma- 
 jor, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It has a 
 strong castle, but Sir Edward Sprague destroyed 
 several Algerine men of war under its walls in 
 1G71. The harbour is safer and more capacious 
 than that of Algiers, but its entrance is equally 
 dangerous. The principal trade is in instruments 
 of agriculture, made of iron, obtained from moun- 
 tains near the town. It is 90 miles E. of Algiers. 
 Long. 5. 28. E. lat. 3G. 49. N. 
 
 Bugie, a town of Egypt, situate on the west 
 shore of the Red Sea, almost opposite to Ziden, 
 the port town of Mecca, and about 110 in. W. of 
 it. Long. 36. 6. E. lat. 22. 15. N. 
 
 Builth, or Bualt, a town of Wales, in Brecknock 
 shire. Here was an ancient castle, whose keep, 
 its last remains, was burnt down in 1690, In this 
 neighbourhood the Welsh made their last stand 
 for independence, and were defeated by Edward 
 I. in 12o3. Builth has a manufacture of stockings. 
 It is seated on the Wye, over which is a bridge 
 into Radnorshire, 12 m. N. of Brecknock, and 173 
 W. by N. of London. Pop. 94G. 
 
 Buis, a town of France, in the department of 
 Drome, 40 in. E. of Orange, and G5 S. S. E. of 
 Valence. 
 
 Bu'lrago, a fortified town of Spain, in New 
 Castile, oh the frontier of Segovia, celebrated for 
 the wool collected in its environs. It is seated on 
 the Lozoya, 40 m. N. of Madrid. 
 
 Bulharia Great. See Bohhura. 
 
 Bukharia Little. See Cashgur. 
 
 Bukowine, a district in the nortli-west part of 
 the province of Moldavia, bordering on Gallicia 
 comprising about 4,000 squara miles, and 100,000 
 inhabitants of various nations, among whom are 
 about 2,000 gypsies. It is nominally under the cio 
 minion of Austria. 
 
 M 2 
 
BUN 
 
 138 
 
 BUR 
 
 Bulac, a town of Egypt, on the Nile, two miles 
 west of Cairo, and the port of that city. On the 
 north side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are 
 cut every year, to convey the waters of the Nile, 
 by a canal, to Cairo. 
 
 Bui am, or Boolatn, an island on the west coast 
 of Africa, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The 
 soil is good ; and a settlement of free blacks was 
 formed here in 1792, but abandoned the following 
 year. Long. 14. 30. W. lat. 11. 0. N. 
 
 Bulgaria, a province of European Turkey, 
 bounded on the north by the Danube, which di- 
 vides it from Wallachia and Bessarabia, east by the 
 Black sea, south by Romania and Macedonia, and 
 west by Servia. It is mountainous, but fertile 
 in the intervening valleys. Sofia, or Sophia, on 
 the frontier of Romania. 280 iff. N. N. E. of Con- 
 stantinople, is the capital. 
 
 Bullitt, a county of Kentucky, the west end of 
 which borders upon the Ohio River. Pop. 5,CG0. 
 Shepherdsville, 69 m. W. S W. of Frankfort, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Bullock, an interior county of Georgia, lying be- 
 tween the Cannouche and Great Ogechee Rivers. 
 Pop. 2,586: Statesborough, in the centre of the 
 county, 35 m. N. W. of Savannah, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Bull skin, a township in Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Bulltotcn, p.v. Lewis Co. Va. 
 
 Bunaivc, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 
 on the east side of Loch Etive, at the influx of 
 the river Awe. Here is an iron foundery, a valu- 
 able salmon fishery, and a bay that affords safe 
 anchorage in any wind. It is 15 miles E. N. E. 
 of Oban. 
 
 Buncomb, a large county at the western extrem- 
 ■ty of North Carolina, bounded on the north by 
 Tennessee, and south by South Carolina. Pop. 
 1 6,259. Ashville, in the centre of the county, 273 
 m. W. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief town. 
 
 Bundclcund, or Bundela, a cicar of Hindoostan, 
 lying south of the Ganges, iff the province of Al- 
 lahabad, inhabited by a tribe of Rajpoots. It is 
 a mountainous tract, and contains the celebrated 
 diamond mines of Paunah, with some strong fort- 
 resses. Chatterpour is the capital. It was annex- 
 ed to Benares in 1804. 
 
 Bungay, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on the 
 Wavenay, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth. 
 It has two churches, and the ruins of a nunnery 
 and a castle. It is 36 m. N. by E. of Ipswich, and 
 10 6 N. E. of London. Pop. 3,290. 
 
 Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, in the island of 
 Xi mo. The king of this country was converted 
 :o Christianity, and sent a solemn embassy to the 
 -jope in 1583. The capital is Fumay. Long. 132. 
 ). E. lat. 32. 40. N. 
 
 Buniva, a mountain of Greece, between Janna 
 ind Livadia, extending to the gulf of Zeiton. The 
 inc'.ent name was CEta ; and it is famous for the 
 aass of Thermopylae, (so called from the hot baths 
 in he neighbourhood) where Leonidas, and his 
 $00 Spartans, resisted for three days the whole 
 Pe sian army. 
 
 unker Hill, a steep height occupying- the cen- 
 :if of the peninsula upon which stands the town 
 m" Charlestown, Massachusetts. The southern 
 ?x remity offers a less abrupt eminence detached 
 irom the main height, and properly called Breed's 
 H 11. Here was fought, on the 17th of June 1775 
 111 celebrated battle known as the Battle of Bunk- 
 r Hill. General Warren fell in the action, and 
 the Americans finally retreated from the spot, but 
 the British suffered the loss of nearly half their 
 
 men and were unable to make the least use oi 
 their advantage. To perpetuate the memory of 
 this obstinate struggle between the undisciplined 
 
 militia of New England and the veterans of Brit 
 ain, a noble monument has been commenced on 
 the spot, and is now about one third finished. It 
 is a plain obelisk of granite, and will be 220 feet 
 high. 
 
 Buntinoford , a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 31 
 m. N. by E. of London. Pop. 907. 
 
 Bunlieala, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, 
 which has a great inland trade ; situate near the 
 Netrawari, 10 iff. E. of Mangalore. 
 
 Buntzlau, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Jauer. It has a manufacture of brown pottery 
 with gold and silver flowers ; and is seated on 
 the Bober, 23 m. W. by N. of Lignitz. Pop 
 3,300. 
 
 Buntzlau, a circle in the north part of Bohemia, 
 between Leutmeritz and Konigingratz, bounded 
 on the north by Lusatia, and south by the Elbe, 
 which divides it from Kaurzem. It contains 
 about 1 ,850 square miles, and 280,000 inhabitants. 
 The Iser intersects it from N. to S. falling into 
 the Elbe. 
 
 Buntzlau, Jilt, a town of Bohemia, seated on the 
 Elbe, 16 m. S. S. W. of Jung Buntzlau. 
 
 Buntzlau, Jung, a town of Bohemia, capital of 
 the circle of Buntzlau. It was a royal town un 
 der Rodolphus II. and is seated on the Iser, 28 m. 
 N. N. E. of Prague. 
 
 Buragrag, a river of the kingdom of Fez, which 
 enters the Atlantic Ocean, at Sallee. 
 
 Burdwan, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district in Bengal, seated en the north bank of the 
 Dnmmooda, 57 m. N. W. of Calcutta. 
 
 Burcllo, or Civita, Burclla, a town of Naples, in 
 Abruzzo Citeriore, 20 m. S. of Lanciano. 
 
 Burcn, a town of Holland, in Guelderland, with 
 a fortified castle, 22 m. W. of Nimeomen. Pop. 
 3,500. 
 
 Burcn, or Bueren, a town of Westphalia, i»i 
 the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Alme. 
 10 iff. S. by W. of Paderborn. 
 
 Burcn, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, seated on the Aar, 6 miles S. by \V. of 
 Soleure. 
 
 Burford, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. Here 
 are manufactured of saddles, dussels, and rugs. 
 It is seated on the Windrush, 17 m. W. by N. of 
 Oxford, and 72 m. W. of London. Pop. 1,686. 
 
 Burg, a town of Holland, in the county of Zut- 
 phen, seated on the Old Yssel, 18 m. E. by N. of 
 n iii eguen. 
 
 Burg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Magdeburg, on the River Ihle, 12 m. N. N. it 
 of Magdeburg. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Burg', or Borg, a town of Westphalia, in thi: 
 
BUR 
 
 139 
 
 BTTR 
 
 duchy of Berg, with manufactures of gun barrels 
 and woolen stuffs ; seated on the Wipper, 18 m. 
 S. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Burgas, a town of European Turkey, in Roma- 
 nia, 5Qm. W. of the coast of the Black Sea, and 
 Ufi N. N. W. of Constantinople. 
 
 Burgau, a town of Suabia, with a castle which 
 gives name to a lnarquisato, ceded to Bavaria in 
 1805, and now forming part of the circle of the 
 Upper Danube. It is seated on the Mindel,(i m. 
 E. of Guntzburg, (the capital) and 22 N. N. W. 
 of Augsburg. 
 
 Burgdorf,ti town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, with a castle, seated on an eminence, on 
 the river Einmen, 8 m. N. E. of Bern. 
 
 Burgdorf, a town of Lower Saxony, in Lune- 
 burg, with a castle, on the river Awe, 15 m. S. of 
 Zell. 
 
 Burgh, a village in Cumberland, Eng. 5 miles 
 W. N. W. of Carlisle. Near it is a column, erect- 
 ed to denote the spot where Edward I. died, when 
 preparing for an expedition against Scotland. 
 
 Burghuun, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Fulda, on the river Haun, 8 m. N. N. E. 
 of Fulda. 
 
 Burgliausen, properly Burkltauscn, (which see.) 
 
 Burglcngcnfcl , a town of Bavaria, in the princi- 
 pality of Neuburg, seated on the river Nab, 10 in. 
 N. W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Burgos, a city of Spain, capital of Old Castile, 
 and an archbishop's see. It has an antique castle, 
 once the abode of the kings of Castile ; and the 
 cathedral is one of the most magnificent Gothic 
 fabrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings, 
 and fountains, are fine. In 1812 the allied army, 
 under Wellington, entered Burgos, after the bat- 
 tle of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near 
 three months, during which they made several at- 
 tempts to carry it by assault, but in vain ; and 
 the allies were ultimately obliged to raise the 
 sieg • and retire into Portugal, but it surrendered 
 the following year without resistance. It is seat 
 ed partly on a mountain, and partly on the river 
 Aranzon, 05 m. E. by S. of Leon, and 117 N. of 
 Madrid. Pop. about 0,000. 
 
 Burgu, or Bcrdoa, a territory of Zahara, in the 
 desert of Libya, to the south of Augila and east 
 of F.'/zan. Th?- capital is of the same name, 250 
 m. S. S. W. of Auirila, and 430 K. S. E. of Mour- 
 zook. Long. 21. 40. E. lat. 2(1. 10. N. 
 
 Burgundy, or Boiirgogne, a late province of 
 France, 112 miles long, and 75 broad; bounded 
 on the east by Franchc Comte, west by Bour- 
 bonnois and Nivernois, south by Lyonois. and 
 north by Champagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, 
 and excellent wines, and is now formed into the 
 three departments of Cote d'Or, Saoneaild Loire, 
 itiiel Yonne. 
 
 Burhiimjiour. a town of Ilindoostan, ci if a ' f 
 Catuleish, and, at one period, of the deccan also. 
 It has a great trade in fine cotton for veils, shawls, 
 iNiC In the war with the Malirattas in l<S0:l it 
 surrendered to the British. It is situate in a de- 
 Iightful country, oh the river Tapty, 22") m. K. 
 by N. of Sunt." hong. 7(5, 10. E. lat. 21. 25. N. 
 
 Burium>. a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 
 near the lake Castigleiio, 10 in. S. S. E. of JVlassa. 
 
 Burirh. See Buderirh . 
 
 Burha, a fortified seaport of Arabia, on the east 
 coast, in the province of Oman, 45 m. W. N. \V. 
 ofMascat. 
 
 Burins, one or the Philippine islands lying with- 
 in the S. E. promontory of Luzon. 
 
 Burke, a western county of North Carolina, 
 
 bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge of the 
 Alleghany mountains, which divides it from Bun 
 comb. The Great Catawba River rises from 
 about twenty sources, at the foot of the mountains, 
 within this county. Pop. 17,727. Morgantown, 
 205 m. W. of Raleigh, is the chief town. 
 
 Burke, a frontier county in Georgia, bounded 
 on the N. E. by the Savannah River, which di- 
 vides it from South Carolina. It is bounded on 
 the south by the Great Ogcechee. Pop. 1 J ,8153. 
 Waynesborough, in the centre of the county, 101 
 m. E.of Milledgeville and 75 N. W of Savannah, 
 is the chief town. 
 
 Burke, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 8G m. N. E 
 Montpelier. Pop. 800. 
 
 Barken, a town of Germany, in the territory of 
 Mentz, 27 m. E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 Burkltauscn, a town of Bavaria, with an old 
 fortified castle on a mountain. It is the seat of a 
 regency, and stands on the river Salza, near its 
 confluence with the Inn, 27 m. N. N. W. of 
 Salzburg. 
 
 Burlington, a town of England. See Brid- 
 lington. 
 
 Burlington, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on Lake 
 Champlain, is a beautiful town situated at the 
 bottom of a small bay. It has considerable com- 
 merce and manufactures and a population of 
 3,520. Here is the University of Vermont, which 
 has a President and 4 Professors and Tutors. 
 The library however is small. The number of 
 students is 36. There are 2 vacations in January 
 and August of 12 weeks. Commencement is in 
 August. 
 
 Burlington, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 in. N. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 48(i. 
 
 Burlington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,331. 
 
 Burlinulon, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 05 in. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,450. 
 
 Burlington, a county of New Jersey, the S. E. 
 point of which jets upon the Atlantic Ocean, at 
 little Ejrg Harbour, and the N. W. end is 
 bounded by the Delaware River. Pop. 31,000. 
 Chief town Mount Holly. 
 
 Burling/on, city, in the Co. of the same name, 
 N. J. stands on the Delaware opposite Bristol, 20 
 m. above Philad. It is iMindsomelv situated, 
 mostly on an island communicating with the 
 main land by several bridges and causeways. 
 There are 8 other towns of this name in Pa., 
 Ohio, Ind., and Ken. 
 
 Burnham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. It stands 
 near the sea, on the river Burn, in which is a 
 small harbour. Around it are five villages of the 
 same name, with an addition; and that of Burn- 
 ham Thorp is the birthplace of the celebrated ad- 
 miral lord Nelson, whose father was the rector. 
 Burnliam is 20 m. N. W. of Norwich, and 1 17 N. 
 E. of London. 
 
 Buru/iam, a town in Essex, Eng. at the mouth 
 of the river Crouch, which is here called Burn- 
 ham Water. The Wal fleet and Burnliam oysters 
 are the product of the creeks and pits of this 
 river. Burnliam is 11 in. S. E. of Maiden. Pop. 
 1,371. 
 
 running Springs, the name jriven to pertain 
 springs in the western part of the State of New 
 York, chiefly in the towns of Bristol, Middlesex 
 and Canandaiinia. They emit gas which may be 
 set on fire. At Bristol the gas rises from the e-lefls 
 of the slate rocks on the margin of a brook, and 
 here it burns continually with a steady flame 
 Where it rises through the water it is formed into 
 bubbles and flashes when the llaine is npoliod 
 
BUR 
 
 140 
 
 BUR 
 
 [n Middlesex the springs lie along a tract about a 
 mile in length, partly at the bottom of a valley. 
 The gas arises from the summits of little hillocks 
 of a dark bituminous mould, and burns with a 
 steady flame. In winter when these hillocks are 
 covered with snow, openings are made through 
 it. and the gas when set on fire, burns in contact 
 with the snow. Sometimes tubes of ice are form- 
 ed about the currents of gas, and rise to the height 
 of several feet ; when several of these are lighted 
 at once in a still evening, the illumination produc- 
 es a most brilliant effect There is another burning 
 spring upon Niagara river about half a mile above 
 the falls, and within a few feet of the rapids ; the 
 water is charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 
 
 In the south-east part of Lake Erie, about 20 
 rods from the shore, is a burning spring rising from 
 the bottom of the lake. The water is here 4 or 5 
 feet deep, and the stream from the spring is thrown 
 to the surface with considerable force When a 
 brand is applied to the water it bursts into a flame. 
 If drank, it proves a powerful emetic. 
 
 Burnley, a town in the parish of Whalley, 
 Lancashire, Eng. situate at the foot of the range 
 of hills whieh divide Lancashire from Yorkshire, 
 in the centre of a very populous district, exten- 
 sively occupied in the cotton manufacture, and 
 abounding in coal ; immediately contiguous to 
 Burnley there are eight extensive colleries, about 
 30 extensive cotton mills and manufactories, four 
 calico printers, five or six machine makers, &c. 
 &c. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal nearly en- 
 circles the town, which in 1801 contained a pop- 
 ulation of only 3,30-"), but in 1821. (5,374 : 24 miles 
 due north of Manchester, and 15 W. of Halifax. 
 
 Burnt Island, an island near the south coast 
 of Newfoundland, 15 m. E. S. E. of Cape Ray. 
 Long. 58. 50. W. lat. 47. 30. N. 
 
 Burnt Islands, a cluster ol islands in the Indian 
 Ocean, W. N. W. fu.m Goa. Long. 73. 30. E. lat. 
 Hi. 0. N. 
 
 Burntisland, a borough of Scotland, in Fife- 
 shire, on the frith of Forth, with an excellent 
 harbour, and a Ua.de in ship-building. It is seated 
 at the foot of lofty hills, 9 m. north of Leith. 
 Pop. 2,136. 
 
 Bwrampootfir,Me<rna, or Brahamapootra, a river 
 ot Asia, which rises in the mountains of Thibet, 
 near the head of the Ganges, in the lat. of 34. N. 
 and of 80. of E. long. These two rivers, issuing 
 from opposite sides of the same ridoe of mountains, 
 direct their course toward opposite quarters, till 
 they are more than 700 miles asunder ; and after- 
 wards meet in one point near the sea, each hav- 
 ing performed a winding course of about 1,400 
 miles. From its source, the Burrampooter pro- 
 ceeds S. E. through Thibet, where it is named San- 
 poo, or Zancin ; that is, tlit: River : after washing 
 the border of the territory of Lassa, it proceeds S. 
 E. beyond the 95th degree of E. long, to within 
 220 miles of Yunan,the western-most province of 
 China : it then turns suddenly to the west, and 
 passing through Assam, assumes the name of Bur- 
 rampooter. It enters Bengal on the N. E., makes 
 a circuit round the western point of the Garrow 
 Mountains, and then, altering its course to south, 
 meets the Ganges about 40 m. from the sea. in 
 the lat. of 22. 40. N. During the last 00 miles be- 
 fore its junction with the Ganges, it forms a stream 
 which is regularly from four to five miles wide. 
 
 Burrillsville, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the 
 N. W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,190. 
 
 Burton, t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 325. Also 
 
 town in Geauga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Bursa, or Prusa, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia, built by Prusius, king of Bythinia. It 
 was the capital of the Ottoman empire, before the 
 taking of Constantinople ; and it now contains 
 about 60,000 inhabitants. It stands upon several 
 little hills, at the bottom of Mount Olympus, and 
 on the edge of a fine plain full of fruit-trees. So 
 many springs proceed from the mount, that eve- 
 ry house has its own fountain : and at its foot are 
 splendid hot-baths. The mosques are elegant, as 
 are the caravanseras. The Bezestine is a large 
 structure full of warehouses and shops, containing 
 all the commodities of the east, besides their own 
 manufactures in silk. Here are the best work- 
 men in all Turkey, who are excellent imitators 
 of the tapestry of Italy and France. None but 
 musselmen are permitted to dwell in the city ; 
 but the suburbs, which are much finer, and better 
 peopled, are filled with Jews, Armenians, and 
 Greeks. Bursa is seated on the banks of the Nil- 
 ifur, which falls into the sea of Marmora, 68 m. 
 S. by E. of Constantinople. Long. 29. 12. E. lat. 
 40. 12. N. 
 
 Burstdon, a village in Hampshire, Eng. five 
 miles E. S. E. of Southampton. It stands on the 
 Hamble, three miles from its mouth, and several 
 ships have been built here for the navy. Pop. 473. 
 
 Burslem, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Till 
 towards the close of the last century, it was an in- 
 considerable place, but being intersected by the 
 Trent and Mersey Canal, it has become one of 
 the principal centres of the pottery, porcelain, 
 earthenware and several other manufactures. The 
 population, which in 1801 was 6,578, in 1821 wap 
 9,699. It is three miles north of Newcastle-under- 
 Line, and 151 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Burton-upon- Trent, a town in Staffordshire, 
 Eng. It has the remains of a large abbey ; and 
 is seated on the west bank of the Trent, whieh 
 here divides the counties of Stafford and Derby ; 
 there is an old bridge of 36 arches over the river, 
 and on its banks are two extensive corn mills, one 
 cotton mill, and six extensive breweries, the prod- 
 uce of which is distributed, and justly esteemed, 
 over every part of the world. There are also six 
 or eight employers in the manufacture of hats ; 
 the cotton spinning, at the commencement of the 
 present century, was more extensive, and, in con- 
 sequence of its transfer to Lancashire, the popu- 
 lation of the town, which in 1801 was 4,459, in 
 1621 , was only 4. 114, four contiguous hamlets con- 
 taining 2.586 inhabitants more. It is 12 m. E. of 
 Litchfield, 12 W. of Derby, and 123 W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 %* There are about 35 other towns and villages 
 named Rvrtbn. or to which it is prefixed, in dif- 
 ferent parts of England, but all of them are in- 
 considerable. 
 
 Buru-a/i, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on 
 the border of Orissa, 256 m. W. by N. of Cal- 
 cutta, 
 
 Rurii, a town in Lancashire, Eng. extensively 
 engaged both in the cotton and woolen manufac- 
 ture, in all the branches of spinning, weaving, 
 scouring, fulling, dressing, bleaching, printing, 
 &c. in all the various branches of which there 
 are nearly 100 establishments, some of thtm very 
 extensive. There are also iron fonnderies. ma- 
 chine makers, and six or eight employers in the 
 manufacture of hats ; it communicates with the 
 Leeds and Liverpool canal by a collateral cut cal- 
 led the Bury Extension. It is seated on the bank 
 of the Irweil, !) rn. N. of Manchester. Pop. in 
 1821, 10,533, being 3,511 more than in 1810, 
 
BUT 
 
 141 
 
 BUX 
 
 and the total population of the parish, which in- 
 cludes hamlets, in 1821, was 34,581. 
 
 Bury, St. Edmund, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. 
 Tt took its name from St. Edmund the king, who 
 was buried here ; and to his honour an abbey was 
 founded, of which some noble ruins remain. 
 Here are two parish churches, which stand in 
 one church-yard ; in St. Mary's lies Mary, queen 
 of France, who was married to Charles Brandon, 
 duke of Suffolk. At this town the barons met 
 and entered into a league against king John. 
 Henry VI. called a parliament here in 1446, when 
 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, was imprisoned, 
 and here he died, as supposed, by poison. The 
 assizes for the county are held here ; and it has 
 a free-school founded by Edward VI. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants in 1811 was 7,980 ; and in 1821, 
 9.999, and most of them were returned as employ- 
 ed in trade and manufactures. It is seated on 
 the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 25 m. N. W. of 
 Ipswich, and 71 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Buryens, St. a village in Cornwall, Eng. 5 m. 
 W. S. W. of Penzance. It was once of great 
 note, and had a college founded by king Athels- 
 tan. The church is spacious, and contains many 
 curious relics of antiquity. In its neighbourhood 
 are 19 large stones standing in a circle, 12 feet 
 from each other, and in the centre is one much 
 larger than the rest. Pop. 1,188. 
 
 Busheir, or Bushire, a town of Persia, in Far- 
 sistan, surrounded by a wall, with a few bastions. 
 The English East India Company had formerly 
 a factory here. The trade with Shiraz, by cara- 
 vans, is considerable. It is situate on a narrow 
 neck of land, in the gulf of Persia, 110 m. W. S. 
 W. of Shiraz. Long. 51. 0. E. lat. 29. 20. N. 
 
 Bushhill, t. Northampton, Co. Pa. 
 
 Bushioick, t. Kings Co. N. Y. on Long Island , 
 3 m. from Brooklyn. Pop. 1,620. 
 
 Bussorak. See Bassorah. 
 
 Bute, an island of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde, 
 separated on the north from the peninsula of Cow- 
 al in Argyleshire by a narrow channel. It is 
 fourteen miles long and four broad ; the north 
 part hilly and barren, but the south fertile and 
 well cultivated. The coast is rocky, and indent- 
 ed with several safe harbours, chiefly appropriat- 
 ed to the herring fishery. Rothsay is the capital. 
 
 Buteshire, a county of Scotland, consisting of 
 the island of Bute, Arran, Great and Little Cam- 
 bray, and Inchmarnoc, lying in the frith of 
 Clyde, between the counties of Ayr and Argyle. 
 This shire sends a member to parliament alternate- 
 ly with Caithnesshire. 
 
 Butgc mhnch , a town of the Netherlands, 25 m. 
 S. by E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Butler, an interior county in the W. District 
 of Pennsylvania, the south-east point jetting upon 
 the Alleghany River, 18 in. above Pittsburg. Pop. 
 14,683. The chief town, of the same name, in the 
 centre of the county, is 242 m. W. by N. of Har- 
 risburg 
 
 Butler, an interior county in the west part of 
 Kentucky, intersected from east to west by Green 
 River, which falls into the Ohio. Pop. 3,055. 
 Morgantown, on the south bank of Green River, 
 144 W. by S. of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Butler, a frontier county n!. l!r; S E. extremity 
 of the state of Ohio, bord-erlng on Indiana. It is 
 intersected from the north-wesl. corner to the cen- 
 tre of the south border by tiie Miami River. Pop- 
 ulation, 27,044. Hamilton, on the east bank of 
 the Miami, 107 m. W. S. W. of Columbus, and 
 12 north of Cincinnati, is the chief town. 
 
 Butler, a county in Alabama. Pop. 5,634 
 Greenville is the capital. Also the name of 2 
 towns in Pa. and Ohio. 
 
 Butler, the name of 2 towns in Ohio. 
 
 Butrinto, a seaport of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, and a bishop's see ; seated on the canal 
 of Corfu, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 
 30 m. S. of Chimaera. Long. 19. 9. E. lat. 36.49. N. 
 
 Butternuts, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 94 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 3,991. 
 
 Buttermere, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. eight 
 miles S. W. of Keswick. It is two miles long, and 
 nearly half a mile broad. On the west side it is 
 terminated by a mountain, called, from its fer- 
 ruginous colour, the Red Pike ; a strip of culti- 
 vated ground adorns tne east shore : at the north 
 end is the village of Buttermere and a group of 
 houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on the south 
 extremity, under an amphitheatre of mountain- 
 ous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to 
 a vast height, flanked by two conical mountains, 
 Fleetwith on the east, and Scarf on the west side. 
 Numerous mountain torrents create never-failing 
 cataracts that thunder and foam down the rocks, 
 and form the lake below. This lake is called the 
 Upper Lake ; and, near a mile from it, to the 
 north-east is the Lower Lake, called also Cro- 
 mack-water. The river Cocker flows through 
 both these lakes to Cockermouth. 
 
 Butterworth, an appendage to the town of Roch- 
 dale, in Lancastershire, Eng. Pop. 5,554. See 
 Rochdale. 
 
 Buttevant, a town and parish of Ireland, in the 
 county of Cork. The town is 4 m. N. of Mallow, 
 and in 1820 contained a population of 1,020 ; total 
 of the parish, 5,049. 
 
 Button Bay, the north part of Hudson Bay, 
 through which attempts were made by Sir Thom- 
 as Button, to discover a north-west passage to 
 China, when he lost his ship, and came back in a 
 sloop built in the country. It lies between 60. 
 and m. N. lat. 
 
 Buttstadt and Buttelstatdt, two towns of Upper 
 Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 m. 
 W. of Naumburg. 
 
 Butzhach, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia, 
 seated in a marshy but fertile plain, 10 m. S. of 
 Giessen, and 25 N. of Frankfort. Pop. about 
 3,200. 
 
 Butzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin, seated on the Warna, 17 m. S. 
 W. of Rostock. 
 
 Buxadcwar, a strong fort of the country of 
 Bootan, at the entrance of the mountains from 
 Bengal. It stands on the top of a rock, 20 m. N. 
 of Chichacotta. 
 
 Buxar, a town and fort ot Hindoostan, in Ba- 
 har, on the south bank of the Ganges, 72 m. W. 
 of Patna. 
 
 Buxtehude, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Bremen, on the river Este, 18 m. S. E. 
 of Stade. 
 
 Buxton, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. at the 
 entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells that risn 
 near the source of the river Wye ; and they are 
 deemed one of the seven wonders of the Peak. 
 Their waters, noted in the time of the Romans, are 
 hot and sulphureous, temperature about 82 ; much 
 company resort to them in the summer. The 
 building for the bath was erected by George, earl 
 of Shrewsbury ; and here Mary, queen of Scot- 
 land, resided for some time. The duke oPDevon 
 shire has erected a beautiful building in the form 
 of a crescent, under whicli are piazzas and shops. 
 
CAB 
 
 142 
 
 CAC 
 
 A mile hence is another of the wonders, called 
 Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The en- 
 trance is low and narrow, but it presently opens 
 to a cave of considerable height, and 696 feet long, 
 with a roof resembling a Gothic cathedral. It 
 contains many stalactitious concretions, and sev- 
 eral curious representations both of art and nature, 
 produced by the petrifying water continually drop- 
 ping from the rock. Buxton is 32 m. N. W. of 
 Derby, and 160 N. N. W. of London. Resident 
 pop. in 1821, 1,036. 
 
 Buxton, p.t. York Co. Me. a little above the 
 mouth of the Saco. Pop. 2,856. 
 
 Buzanrois, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Indre. on the east bank of the river of that 
 name, 12 m. S. E. of Chatillon. Pop. 3,200. 
 
 Buzzard's Bay, in the southern part of Massa- 
 chusetts, is about 30 miles long and 7 wide. On 
 the south it is bounded by a range of islands cal- 
 led the Elizabeth Islands A canal 3 1-2 miles in 
 length from the bottom of this bay to the waters 
 of Massachusetts Bay would completely insulate 
 the whole peninsula of Cape Cod and enable the 
 coasting craft to avoid a long and dangerous navi- 
 
 gation around the cape. But although such a 
 communication has been talked about for above 
 an hundred years, the want of a good harb iur at 
 the northern extremity will probably hind r its 
 being undertaken. 
 
 Byberry, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 
 
 Bychow, a town of Lithuania on the west bank 
 of the Dnieper, 180 m. S. S. W. of Wilna, and 8 
 S.of Mohilow. 
 
 Byfield, a village in Essex Co. Mass. 5 m. S. 
 W. from Newburyport, containing Dummer Aca- 
 demy, and another Female Seminary. 
 
 Byker, an appendage to Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 Pop. in 1821, 3,852. See Newcastle. 
 
 Byron, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 268 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,939. 
 
 Byron Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 discovered by Commodore Byron in 1765. It is 
 low, full of wood, and very populous. The na- 
 tives are tall, well-proportioned, and clean ; and 
 their countenance expressive of a surprising mix- 
 ture of intrepidity and cheerfulness. Long. 173 
 46. E. lat. 1. 18. 8 
 
 C 
 
 CABARRAS, a small interior county of North 
 Carolina, lying to the west of the Yadkin River. 
 Pop. 8,796. Concord, 143 m. W. S. W. of Ra- 
 leigh, is the chief town. 
 
 Cabeza dc Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 
 with a castle, 12 m. S. W. of Portalegro. 
 
 Cabell, a large mountainous county of the W. 
 District of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by the 
 Big Sandy River, which divides it from Ken- 
 tucky, and on the N. W. by the Ohio River, 
 which divides it from the state of Ohio. It is 
 about 50 miles in length from S. E. to N. W. and 
 25 in breadth. Pop. 5,834. Guyando, at the 
 mouth of a river of the same name, which inter- 
 sects the country its whole length, falling into 
 the Oiiio, is the chief town. 
 
 Cabello, or Cavello. See Porto Cabello. 
 
 Cabenda, a seaport on the west coast of South 
 Africa, subject to Portugal, 100 m. S. E. of Loan- 
 go. Long. 12. 2. E. lat. 4.5. S. 
 
 Cabes, or Gabes, a town of the kingdom of 
 Tunis, near a gulf of the same name, 170 m. south 
 of Tunis. Lon ff . 10. 55. lat. 33 40. N. 
 
 Cabot, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,304. 
 
 Cabra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with six 
 convents, and a college for the study of philoso- 
 phy and divinity. It is situate at the foot of a 
 mountain, near the source of a river of the 
 same name, 25 m. S. E. of Cordova. 
 
 Cabra, a town of the kindom of Tombuctoo. 
 It is a place of great trade, seated on the Niger, 
 and serves as a port to the capital, 10 m. S. E. of 
 Tombuctoo. 
 
 Cabrera, one of the Balearic Isles, in the Medi- 
 terranean, 7 m. S. of Majorca. It has a large har- 
 bour, on the north side, defended by a castle. 
 Long. 2. 55. E. lat. 39. 8. N. 
 
 Cabul , a country of Asia, bounded on the west 
 by Persia, north by the Hindoo-ko, east by Cash- 
 mere and Lahore, and south by Candahar. It was 
 anciently a province of Persia, afterward it was 
 annexed to the Mogul empire till 1739, when it 
 was restored to Persia by Nadir Shah. The coun- 
 try is highly diversified, consisting of mountains 
 
 covered with snow, hills of moderate height, 
 rich plains, stately forests, and innumerable 
 streams. It produces every article necessary for 
 human life, with the most delicate fruits and 
 flowers. It is sometimes called Zabulistan, from 
 Zabul, one of the names of Ghizni. It now forms 
 a part of Afghanistan. 
 
 Cabul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and 
 of the dominions of the sultan of the Afghans, 
 seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko on the river 
 Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a 
 considerable trade, and is considered as the gate 
 of India toward Tartary. In 1739, Nadir Shah 
 took it by storm, and plundered it of great trea- 
 sures. It is 170 m. N. E. of Candahar. Loner. 
 63. 35. E. lat. 34. 30. N. 
 
 Cacaca, or Kasusa, a town of the kingdom of 
 Fez, with a fort upon a rock, 16 m. S. of Melilla, 
 on the shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Cacclla, or Tacella, a town of Portugal, on the 
 S. E. coast of Algarva, 6 m. E. by N. of Tavira, 
 and 8 W. S. W. of Castro Marim. 
 
 Caceres, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, seat- 
 ed on the Sabrot, 22 m. S. E. of Alcantara, on the 
 road to Truxillo. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Caceres, a town in the south part of the island 
 of Luconia, capital of the province of Carnarines, 
 and a bishop's see. Long. 124. 0. E. lat. 14. 33. N. 
 
 Cachan, or Kashan, a town of Persia, in lrac 
 Agemi, which has considerable trade in silks, 
 silver and gold brocades, and porcelain. Here 
 are many Christians, and Guebres, or worship- 
 pers of fire. (See Bachu.) It is seated in a vast 
 plain. 55 m. N. by W. of Ispahan. 
 
 Cachao, or Kesho, the capital of the kingdom 
 of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, whose 
 walls are of mud, and the roofs covered with 
 thatch ; a few arc built with brick, and roofed 
 with pantiles. The principal streets are very 
 wide, and paved with small stones. The king has 
 three palaces here, such as they are ; and near 
 them are stables for his horses and elephants. 
 The house of the English factory is the best in 
 the city ; and the factories purchase silks ant) 
 
CAD 
 
 143 
 
 CAD 
 
 lackered ware, as in China. It is seated on the 
 river Hoti, 80 in. from the gulf of Tonquin. Long. 
 105. 11. E. lat. 21. 10. N. 
 
 Cac/tco, a town of the kingdom of Cumbo, on 
 the west coast of North Africa, seated on the riv- 
 er Cacheo, or St. Domingo, 50 miles from its 
 mouth, between the Gambia and Rio Grande. It 
 is subject to t!ie Portuguese, who have three forts, 
 and formerly carried on a great trade in wax and 
 slaves. Long. 14. 55. E. lat. 12. 6. N. 
 
 Cachoiro, a town of Brazil, in the government 
 of Bahia. It is the mart for the northern gold 
 mines, and stands on a small river, 42 m. N. W. 
 of St. Salvador. 
 
 Cacongo, a town of the kingdom of Loango, on 
 the west coast of South Africa, seated near the 
 mouth of a river, 40 m. S. S. E. of Loango. 
 
 Cacorla, a town of Spain, situate between two 
 mountains on the frontiers of La Mancha, Murcia, 
 and Granada, 15 m. E. N. E. of Ubeda. 
 
 Cadenac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mouths of the Rhone, 28 m. S. E. of Avignon. 
 Cadenac, a town of France in the department 
 of Lot, on the river Lot, 27 m. E. N. E. of* Cahors. 
 Cader Idris, a mountain of Wales, in Merio- 
 nethshire, to the south of Dolgelly. The perpen- 
 dicular height of which is 2,914 feet above the 
 level of the sea ; and on it are several lakes 
 abounding in fish. 
 
 Cadiar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 28 m. S. 
 E. of Granada. 
 
 Cadillac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gironde, with a castle, seated on the east bank 
 of the Garonne, 15 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Cadiz, a celebrated city and seaport of Spain in 
 Andalusia, called by the Phoenicians, who found- 
 ed it, Gadir, a fence or fenced place, and by the 
 Arabs Gczira Cades, is the richest trading port of 
 Spain, and one of its finest cities. It stands on 
 the western extremity of a tongue of land project- 
 ing from the isle of Leon, which on its south-east 
 side was formerly connected with the main land 
 by a bridge. The town is surrounded with a wall 
 and irregular bastions, adapted to the variations of 
 the ground. On the south side there are steep 
 acclivities which render it inaccessible, and the 
 landiug-place on the north is defended by sand- 
 banks and sunken rocks. On the south-west point 
 is a range of rocks, partly covered at high water; 
 and the point of St. Sebastian is defended by a 
 strong fort. At the neck of the isthmus, where it 
 is most accessible, every precaution has been 
 taken to secure it against hostile attacks ; and it 
 may, therefore, be regarded as almost impregna- 
 ble. Its spacious bay forms an excellent haven, 
 and is divided into two harbours communicating 
 with each other ; the one called the bay of Cadiz, 
 the other that of Puntales. The entrance to 
 each, as well as the town and port generally, are 
 commanded by the torts of St. Catherine, St. Se- 
 bastian, Chiclano, Matagorda, Puntales, and Fort 
 Luis. The bay of Cadiz is the appointed resort 
 of merchant vessels ; that of the Puntales is re- 
 served for Spanish men of war, and merchantmen 
 trading with America ; a passage into it is not 
 permitted to ships of foreign nations. The en- 
 trance to this inner harbour is commanded on one 
 side by the fort of Puntales, an isle formed by the 
 Cortadura, and on the other by the fort of Mata- 
 gorda. The Trocadero is an isle formed by the 
 bay of Cadiz and the channel leading from Mata- 
 gorda to Puerto Real. These, and other advan- 
 tages of nature and art, render Cadiz the most 
 complete maritime station in Europe, while its 
 
 position qualifies it as an emporium for the com- 
 merce of both hemispheres. The city is an epis- 
 copal see, including, however, only twenty-eight 
 parishes ; its cathedral is ancient, and very mag- 
 nificent : there are also thirteen convents, an 
 academy of the fine arts, a nautical and mathe- 
 matical school, an excellent observatory, a naval 
 and military asylum, a chirurgical institute, a 
 botanic garden, a theatre, and thirteen hospitals 
 Since the year 1786, Cadiz has been much en- 
 larged and improved. In 1808, the number of 
 houses was 8,000, and that of the inhabitants, in- 
 cluding many English and Germans, 75,000 ; but 
 at the last census the population had sunk to 
 53,000, — a diminution in a great measure ascriba- 
 ble to the loss of trade with the colonies. On the 
 isthmus, near the town, are important saltworks, 
 and some vineyards which produce good wine. 
 There is a considerable tunny fishery. Among 
 the inconveniences of Cadiz, that which is most 
 severely felt by foreigners is the want of good 
 spring water. Each house, indeed, has its cis- 
 tern ; but the fresh water chiefly in request is 
 brought in casks across the bay from Port St. 
 Mary's. The streets are straight, and in general 
 well paved and lighted, but in some parts narrow. 
 The houses, with their small windows and pro- 
 jecting slate roofs, have rather a gloomy appear- 
 ance, notwithstanding their whitened walls. The 
 principal square is that of St. Antonio. A fa- 
 vourite luxury, during the summer heats here, is 
 water cooled with snow brought from the distant 
 mountains of Ronda. 
 
 When Cadiz had become the centre of the com- 
 mercial intercourse between Spain and the Indies, 
 all the maritime nations of Europe established 
 relations with it by means of resident consnls, 
 agents, and correspondents. In 1795, there were 
 110 great commercial houses ; and about the same 
 period, or a few years previous, the imports 
 amounted to 100 millions of reals, and the exports 
 to 270 millions. In 1804, the number of vessels 
 that entered the port was 1,386. The battle of 
 Trafalgar, in the following year, ruined the Span- 
 ish navy ; and the decline of Cadiz was accele- 
 rated by the usurpation of Bonaparte, which 
 afforded the South American states an opportuni- 
 ty to declare their independence and open a direct 
 intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Few seaports can boast of higher antiquity. In 
 the sea, near the isle of San Pedro, are still to be 
 traced the ruins of the temple of Hercules and of 
 the ancient Gades. The port was successively 
 occupied by the Tyrians, the Carthaginians, and 
 the Romans, who preserved to it the name of 
 Gades. The Arabs, after their invasion of Spain, 
 made themselves masters of the town, and held it 
 until 1262, when it was taken from them by the 
 Spaniards. In 1696, it was plundered and burnt 
 by the English, after which it was rebuilt and 
 more strongly fortified. During the wars with 
 England it was frequently blockaded, and once 
 bombarded, but without success. From 1808, un 
 til the return of Ferdinand VII., it was the rally 
 ing point of Spanish loyalty ; and, on the advance 
 of the French troops into Andalusia, the supreme 
 junta adopted strenuous measures for its defence, 
 and obtained powerful reinforcements from Gib- 
 raltar and Portugal. The French laid siege to 
 Cadiz on the 6th of February, 1810, and, notwith- 
 standing a determined fire from the ships, forts, 
 and floating batteries, seized several strong points 
 along the bay, and in particular the fort of Mata- 
 gorda, whence they determined to bombard the 
 
CAE 
 
 144 
 
 "CAE 
 
 city, notwithstanding its great distance ; and mor- 
 tars for this purpose were cast at Seville. Some 
 shells and grenades were thrown ; but as the hou- 
 ses of Cadiz were strongly built of stone, no con- 
 flagration ensued, and the damage done was but 
 inconsiderable. The possession of the isle of 
 Leon was the object for which the most strenuous 
 preparations were made on both sides, as it must 
 have decided the fate of the city. These were 
 continued until the autumn of 1812, when the 
 victorious progress of Lord Wellington in the 
 centre of Spain compelled the French to depart 
 from Andalusia, and abandon a siege which had 
 been continued and resisted with extraordinary 
 vigour and pertinacity. Few subsequent events 
 occurred here of much importance. In 1820, 
 lliego commenced the ill-starred military revolu- 
 tion on the isle of Leon. In 1823, during a short 
 blockade, the French, under the duke d'Angou- 
 leme, carried the Trocadero. Since the return of 
 Ferdinand VII. to absolute power, the trade of 
 Cadiz has been on the decline ; and, perhaps, the 
 measure best calculated for its revival, though, 
 unfortunately, that which he seems least willing 
 to adopt, would be to recognise the independence 
 of the South American colonies. Lat. 36. 30. N. 
 long. 6. 25. W. Pop. 53,000. 
 
 Cadiz, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, and Trigg Co. 
 Ken. 
 
 Cadolzbury, a town of Bavaria, circle of Rezat, 
 8 m. W. of Nuremberg. 
 
 Cadore, a town of the Austrian Venetian terri- 
 tory, the birth-place of Titian, the painter. It is 
 seated on the Piave, 15 m. N. of Belluno. 
 
 Cadsand, or Cassand, an island of Holland, on 
 the north coast of Flanders, at the mouth of the 
 Scheldt. The land is fertile, and the inhabitants 
 make a large quantity of excellent cheese. The 
 chief town is Cassandria. 
 
 Caen, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Calvados. It has a celebrated university, 
 and a castle with four towers, built by the Eng- 
 lish. The abbey of St. Stephen was founded by 
 William the Conqueror, who was buried in it. 
 The river Orne, which falls into the English chan- 
 nel, runs through the city, to which the tide 
 brings up large vessels. It exports large quanti- 
 ties of clover seed to England. It is 65 miles W. 
 oy S. of Rouen, and 125 W. by N. of Paris. 
 L.ong. 0. 22. W. lat. 49. 11. N. Pop. about 
 36,000. 
 
 Cacrleon, a town of Monmouthshire, Eng. 
 Many Roman antiquities have been found here, 
 and it has the ruins of a castle. It is seated on 
 the Usk, 19 m. S. W. of Monmouth, and 146 W. 
 by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,062. 
 
 Caermarthenshire, a maritime county of South 
 Wales, 48 miles long and 25 broad. It is bound- 
 ed on the south by the Bristol channel, on the 
 west by Pembrokeshire, on the north by Cardi- 
 ganshire ; and on the east by Brecknock and 
 Glamorganshire. The air is wholesome, and the 
 soil less rocky and mountainous than in most 
 other parts of Wales, and consequently it is pro- 
 portionally more fertile both in corn and pasture, 
 ft has also plenty of wood, and is well supplied 
 with coal and lime-stone. The principal rivers 
 are the Towy, Cathy, and Tave ; of which the 
 first abounds with excellent salmon. It abounds 
 with ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near 
 Caermarthen towards the east, may be seen the 
 ruins of Kastelk Karry and several vast caverns 
 supposed to have been copper mines of the Ro- 
 mans. Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs 
 
 and flows twice in 24 hours. The county and 
 city send each a member to parliament. 
 
 Caermarthen, a borough of Wales, capital of 
 Caermarthenshire. It is seated on the Towy, 
 over which is a stone bridge, to which vessels of 
 200 to 300 tons burden may come up. It was 
 fortified with a wall and a castle, now in ruins ; 
 and on the east side of the town, near the river, 
 are the remains of a monastic building of consid- 
 erable extent. There are iron and tin mines in 
 the neighbourhood. It is 24 m. S. E. of Cardi- 
 gan, and 220 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 8,906. 
 
 Caernarvonshire, a county of North Wales, of 
 an oblong form, the south part projecting into St. 
 George's Channel, the north being bounded by 
 the Irish sea, or what would now more properly 
 be called Liverpool Bay, from the celebrity of the 
 town of that name : the Menai Strait divides it 
 from the Isle of Anglesea on the north-west, and 
 the river Conway divides it from Denbighshire 
 on the east, whilst part of the south-east side bor- 
 ders on Merionethshire. This county, being the 
 most rugged district of North Wales, may be truly 
 called the Cambrian Alps. Its central part is oc- 
 cupied by the famed Snowden, rising to the height 
 of 3,571 feet above the level of the sea, and the 
 prospects around are rude and savage in the high - 
 est degree ; but not without a mixture of beauty, 
 when the dimensions of the vales admit the vari- 
 eties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in 
 the valleys on the side of St. George's Channel is 
 pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great num- 
 bers of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on 
 the mountains ; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, 
 abound with a variety of fish. Copper mines 
 have been worked in various parts of these moun- 
 tains, as well as lead; and quantities of stone, ex- 
 cellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the 
 dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway 
 below forms a pleasing contrast. 
 
 Caernarvon, a borough and seaport of Wales, 
 capital of Caernarvonshire. It is seated within 
 the Menai strait, near its entrance into Caernar- 
 von bay, and carries on a considerable trade with 
 Ireland, and the principal English ports, to which 
 it exports vast quantities of slates. It has a cele- 
 brated castle, built by Edward I. in which his son, 
 Edward II. the first prince of Wales, was born. 
 Caernarvon is governed by the constable of the 
 castle, who is always mayor. Here are salt-water 
 baths, and elegant hot and cold baths, which are 
 much frequented during the season. It is 7 m 
 S. W. of Bangor, and 244 N. W. of London. 
 Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 53. 8. N. Pop. in 1821. 
 5,788. 
 
 Caerphilly, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire. 
 The ruins of its celebrated castle more resemble 
 that of a city than a single edifice ; a circular 
 tower, about 75 feet in height, inclines 11 feet (1 
 inches from its base. It is seated between the 
 Taafe and Rumney, 7 m. N. of Cardiff, and 1(0 
 W. of London. Pop. 899. 
 
 Caerwent, a village of Monmouthshire, Eng. 4 
 in. S. W. of Chepstow, and about 2 m. from the 
 bank of the Severn. It is the Venta Silurum of 
 the Romans, once crowded with palaces and tem- 
 ples ; but now the buildings within its ruined 
 walls are only a church and a few scattered 
 houses, the rest of the area being laid out in fields 
 and orchards, where a tasselated pavement, and 
 numerous otber antiquities have been discovered. 
 Pop. 394. 
 
 Caerwys, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 5 n' 
 
CAF 
 
 145 
 
 CAF 
 
 W. of Flint, and 212 N. W. of London. Pop. 952. 
 
 Caffa, or Thcodosia, the largest town of the Cri- 
 mea, with an excellent road and harbour. It was 
 taken, in 1266, by the Genoese, who made it one 
 of the most flourishing towns in the east of Eu- 
 rope. It was taken from them by the Venetians, 
 in 1297, but soon recovered ; however, in 1474, 
 the Tartars, assisted by the Turks, finally expel- 
 led them. It was the last post in the Crimea of 
 which the Genoese retained the sovereignty. 
 Caffa was the Theodosia of the ancients ; a name 
 which has been restored to it since the Russians 
 became possessed of the Crimea, in 1770. It con- 
 tains about 20,000 inhabitants, and is constantly 
 well garrisoned. The trade consists in wax, furs, 
 Wnbskins, leather, horses, and female slaves ; 
 most of the latter are brought from Circassia, and 
 are here sold at from 400 to £800 each, in propor- 
 tion to their charms. Caffa is seated on a bay of 
 the Black Sea, at the foot of some high mountains, 
 65 m. E. by N. of Sympheropol, and 130 S. E. of 
 Precop. Long. 35. 20. E. lat. 40. 0. N. 
 
 Caffy, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian Bos- 
 phorus, a strait that forms the communication be- 
 tween the Black Sea and the sea of Asoph, and a 
 separation between Europe and Asia. 
 
 Caffristin, or Kettore, a mountainous country of 
 Asia, lying between the north-east part of Persia 
 and Tartary. The valleys are : nhabited by vari- 
 ous independent tribes possessing manners, and 
 speaking a language peculiar to themselves, but 
 of which very little is known. 
 
 Caffraria, or Kaffraria, a country on the east 
 coast of South Africa, extending from the latitude 
 of about 30. S. to the Great Fish River, in the 
 latitude of about 34., which divides it from the 
 country of the Hottentots, its western boundaries 
 are not ascertained. The Caffres are tall and well 
 proportioned ; and, in general, evince great cour- 
 age in attacking lions and other beasts of prey. 
 Their skin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivo- 
 ry, and their eyes large. The clothing of both 
 
 sexes is the same, consisting entirely of the hides 
 of oxen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men 
 wear tails of different animals tied round their 
 thighs ; pieces of brass in their hair, and large 
 ivory rings on their arms ; they are adorned also 
 with the hair of lions, and feathers fastened on 
 their heads, with many other fantastical orna- 
 ments. They are fond of dogs ; and have great 
 pride in their cattle, which pay the most perfect 
 obedience to their voice. Their exercise is hunt- 
 ing, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in 
 throwing lances, and, in time of war, use shields 
 made of the hides of oxen. They sometimes make 
 incursions into the English territories of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. The women are employed in the 
 cultivation of their gardens and corn. They raise 
 several vegetables, which are not indigenous to 
 19 
 
 the country, as tobacco, wate -melons, kidney 
 beans, and hemp. Their huts are higher and 
 more commodious than those of the Hottentots, 
 and their lands more fertile, but their oxen, and 
 almost all their animals, are much smaller. In- 
 dustry is the leading trait in the character of (he 
 Caffres, who are distinguished from their neigh- 
 bours to the south by their fondnessfor agriculture 
 They have a high opinion of the Supreme Being, 
 and of his power ; they believe in a future state 
 of rewards and punishments; but think that the 
 world had no beginning, and will be everlasting. 
 They have no sacred ceremonies, and consequent 
 ly no priests; but they have a kind of conjurers 
 whom they greatly revere. They are governed 
 by an hereditary king, whose power is very limit- 
 ed ; but, being permitted to take as many wives 
 as he pleases, he has a larger portion of lands to 
 cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend 
 and feed. The distance of the different hordes 
 makes it necessary that they should have inferior 
 chiefs, who are appointed by the king. 
 
 One of the most remarkable animals of this re 
 gion is the spring-bok a species of antelope about 
 two feet and a half in height, of a pale yellowish 
 colour, with a stripe of white, bordered by dark 
 brown extending from the tail half way up the 
 back and a similar stripe on each side from tin 
 shoulders to the haunches ; the belly is of a snow- 
 white. The name of spring-bok was given it by 
 the Dutch settlers of the Cape of Good Hope 
 from the prodigious leaps which this animal takes 
 when startled. When thus alarmed, it has the 
 power of extending the white space about the tail 
 into the form of a circle, which returns to its lin- 
 ear form when the animal is tranquil. When pur- 
 sued, it is pleasing and curious to see the whole 
 herd leaping to a considerable height over each 
 other's heads ; and they will sometimes take three 
 or four leaps successively. In this situation they 
 seem suspended in the air, looking over their 
 shoulders at their pursuers, and forming the radi- 
 us of the white part about the tail in a most beau- 
 tiful manner. They are extremely swift, and it 
 must be a good horse that can overtake them. 
 They migrate annually from the interior of the 
 country in small herds, and continue near the Cape 
 for two or three months, and then retreat toward;:' 
 the north in herds of many thousands, covering 
 the great plains for several hours in their passage. 
 
 They are attended in these migrations by num- 
 bers of lions, hyamas, and other wild beasts of 
 prey, which commit great devastation among 
 them. They also make periodical migrations, 
 in seven or eight years, in herds of many thous- 
 ands, from the north, being probably compelled to 
 leave their haunts in the Terra de Natal by the 
 excessive drought of that region, where it some- 
 times happens that not a drop of rain falls for two 
 or three years. In these migrations they spread 
 over the whole country of Caffraria, which they 
 desolate, not leaving a blade of grass. Their flesh 
 is excellent ; and, with other antelopes, they fur- 
 nish the venison of tine Cape. 
 
 Thompson, in his travels in Southern Africa 
 gives the following account of these animals. 
 " I passed through prodigious flocks of spring 
 boks, spread over the plains as far as the eye 
 could reach : the number it is impossible to esti- 
 mate with any nicety, but I suppose I saw at 
 least 100,000 in the course of fifty miles. They 
 were migrating from the great desert towards tht: 
 Colony. The colonists, as I came along, inquir- 
 ed anxiously if I had seen many spring-boks r and 
 N 
 
CAG 
 
 J 46 
 
 CAI 
 
 were much concerned to hear that they were ad- 
 vancing upon them ; for these beautiful creatures, 
 when they spread over the inhabited country in 
 such migrations, are more dreaded than even the 
 devouring locust ; they eat up entirely both corn 
 and pasture, and frequently oblige the farmers 
 to fly with their flocks to other districts. The 
 incredible numbers wnich sometimes pour in from 
 
 the north, during protracted droughts, distress 
 the farmer inconceivably. Any attempt at nu- 
 merical computation would be vain ; and by try- 
 ing to come near the truth, the writer would 
 subject himself in the eyes of those who have no 
 knowledge of the country, to a suspicion that he 
 tvas availing himself of a traveller's assumed priv- 
 ilege. Yet it is well known in the interior, that 
 on their approach the grazier makes up his mind 
 to look for pasturage for his flocks elsewhere, and 
 considers himself entirely dispossessed of his lands 
 until heavy rains fall. Every attempt to save the 
 cultivated fields, if they be not enclosed by high 
 and thick hedges, proves abortive. Heaps of dry 
 manure (the fuel of the Sneeuwbergen and other 
 parts) are placed close to each other round the 
 fields, and set on fire in the evening, so as to 
 cause a dense smoke, by which it is hoped the an- 
 telopes will be deterred from their inroads; but 
 the dawn of day exposes the inefficacy of the 
 precaution, by showing the lands, which appeared 
 proud of their promising verdure the evening be- 
 fore, covered with thousands, and reaped level 
 with the ground. Instances have been known of 
 some of these prodigious droves passing through 
 rfoeks of sheep, and numbers of the latter, carried 
 along with the torrent, being lost to their owner, 
 and becoming a prey to the wild beasts. As long 
 as these droughts last, their inroads and deprada" 
 tions continue ; and the havock committed upon 
 them is of course great, as they constitute the 
 food of all classes ; but no sooner do the rains 
 fall, than they disappear, and in a few days be- 
 come as scarce on the northern borders as in the 
 more protected districts of Bruintjes-Hoogte and 
 Camdeboo." 
 
 Cagayan Sooloo, an eastern island lying off the 
 north-east point of Borneo, in the lat. of 7. N. 
 and 118. 36. E. long. It is about 20 m. in 
 circumference, and governed by a Rajah. 
 
 Cagayan, a district, the most northern part of 
 I.uconia, the chief of the Philippine islands. It 
 is a fertile and populous district, in the lat of l!) 
 N: 
 
 Cagayan Isles, a group of small islands in the 
 Mmdoro Sea, between Borneo and the Philippines, 
 ;u the lat of 9 N. and 121. E. lono- 
 
 Cagliari, a fortified city and seaport of Sardinia, 
 capital of the island, and an archbishop's see, with 
 a university and a castle. Here are numerous 
 churches, besides the cathedral, three of which 
 are collegiate. It stands on the south part of the 
 island, at the bottom of a gulf of its name, whi'-.h 
 forms a large and secure harbour, and exports con- 
 siderable quantities of olive-oil and salt. Long. 
 9. 8. E. lat. 39. 20. N. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Cagnclc, Canete, or Guarco, a town of Peru, cap- 
 ital of a district of the same name, extending 
 about 24 leagues along the seacoast. It is situate 
 near the sea, 80 m. S. E. of Lima. Long. 76. 16. 
 W. lat. 13. 10. S. 
 
 Cahawba, the chief town of Dallas county, 
 Alabama. It is seated at the junction of a river 
 of the same name with the Alabama River, 91o 
 m. S. W. of Washington, and about 180 north of 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Cukir, a town and parish in the south part of 
 the county of Tipperary, Ireland. The town is 
 seated on the west bank of the Suir, about six 
 miles south of Cashel, and 85 S. W. of Dublin, 
 and in 1820 contained a population of 3,288, and 
 the parish 4,310 more. 
 
 Cahir, is also the name of a small island off the 
 south-west coast of the county of Mayo, in the 
 lat. of 53. 44. N. and 9. 53. W. Long. 
 
 Cahohia, p. v. St.Claii Co. 111. on the Mississippi 
 
 Cakors, a city of France, capital of the depart 
 mer.t of Lot, and a bishop's see, with a university. 
 It is seated on a peninsula, made by the river Lot, 
 and built partly on a craggy rock. There are 
 three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a 
 Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple. 
 The iown has a manufacture of fine cloths and 
 ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine, of the kind 
 called rin de grave. It was taken by assault, in 
 1580, by Henry IV. by means of petards, which 
 were first employed here. In one of the suburbs 
 are the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. Ca 
 hors is 70 m. N. of Toulouse, and 315 S. by W 
 of Paris. 
 
 Caicos, or Cay cos, the southernmost of the Ba 
 hama Isles. See Bahamas. 
 
 Cai-fong, a city of China, capital of the province 
 of Ho-nan. It is situate on a plain, six miles 
 from the river Hoang-ho, or Great Yellow River 
 about 300 m. above its entrance into the sea, 
 which is higher than the plain, and kept in by 
 raised dikes that extend above 90 m. When the 
 city was besieged by the rebels, in 1642, they cut 
 the dikes of the river, which drowned 300,000 of 
 the inhabitants. Some of the ruins still remain, 
 which shows that its present state is far inferior 
 to its former magnificence. Its jurisdiction com- 
 prehends fourcities of the second class, and 30 of 
 the third. It is 350 m. S. S. W. of Pekin, and 
 about 850 N. by E. of Canton. Long. 114. 28 
 E. lat. 34. 53. N. 
 
 Caifa, or Haifa, a seaport of Syria, in Palestine, 
 defended by a wall and a citadel. It stands on 
 the south side of the bay of Acre, 8 m. S. 
 W. of Acre. 
 
 Caiman, or Caymans, three small islands lying 
 to the N. W. of Jamaica, between it and the south 
 coast of Cuba. The north-east point of Grand 
 Caymans is in lat. 19. 12. N.and 81.26. W. long. 
 The inhabitants of Jamaica come hither to eaten 
 tortoises. 
 
 Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, at the 
 south-west extremity of Banffshire, on the border 
 of Inverness. It rises in a conical form 1,750 feet 
 above the level of a small lake near its base 
 
CA1 
 
 147 
 
 CAL 
 
 which is tke source of the Aven, and 4,050 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Its sides clothed with 
 firs, and its top generally covered with snow. It 
 is famous for beautiful rock-crystals, .mch es- 
 teemed by lapidaries. About 30 m. E. of Fort 
 Augustus. 
 
 Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city, capital of 
 Egypt. It consists of three towns, about a mile 
 apart ; Old Cairo. New Cairo, and the port term- 
 ed Bulac. The population is estimated at 300.000. 
 Old Cairo is now reduced to a small place. New 
 Cairo is a mile from the river, and seven miles 
 in circumference. The streets are narrow ; and 
 the finest houses are built round a court, in which 
 they make the best appearance, having few 
 or no windows next to the street. The castle 
 stands on a steep rock, and is surrounded by 
 thick walls, on which are strong towers. Joseph's 
 Well, made by a vizier of that name, about the 
 year 1100, is the most curious part of the Castle : 
 it is sunk in the rock 230 feet deep and 40 in cir- 
 cumference, with a staircase carried round ; and 
 a machine, turned bv oxen, raises the water 
 (which comes from the Nile) into a reservoir, 
 whence it is again raised by a similar machine. 
 There are many other reservoirs for water ; and 
 numerous bazaars, where each trade has its allot- 
 ted quarter. There are several public bagnios, 
 very handsome within, and used as places of 
 refreshment and diversion, especially for the 
 women, who go there twice a week : but the 
 wives of great men have baths at home. The 
 women have greater libertv here than in any part 
 of the Turkish empire; and on Fridav a mosque 
 without the wall is frequented bv them as a pil- 
 grimage of pleasure. The Calish. a canal which 
 conveys the waters of the Nile into the city, is 20 
 feet broad, and has houses on each side of it. As 
 soon as the water begins to rise, they close the 
 mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark, 
 to show the time when this and ail other canals 
 in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done 
 with great solemnity. There are not less than 
 300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which 
 present a very picturesque appearance. It was a 
 place of very great trade before the discovery of 
 the Cape of Good Hope ; and is still the centre 
 of that of Eastern Africa. The chief manufac- 
 tures are sugar, sal ammoniac, ndass lamns. salt- 
 petre, gunpowder, red and vellow leather, and 
 linen made ofthe fine Egvptian flax. This city 
 was taken bv the French, under Bonaparte, in 
 1708, and retaken by the British in 1801. It 
 stands on the east bank ofthe Nile, about 120 m. 
 S. E. Alexandria, and about, the same distance from 
 each ofthe two mouths of the river at Rosetta 
 and Damietta. Lat. 30. 2. N. and 31. 20. ofE. long. 
 
 Cairo, a town of Piedmont, 25 miles, west of 
 Genoa. It was the scene of a sanguinarv battle 
 between the French and Austrians in 1704. and in 
 1796 was taken bv the French. Pop. about 4.000. 
 
 Cairo, p.t. Gre'en Co. N. Y. 35 m. S. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2,012. Also 2 towns in Ten. and Ohio. 
 
 Cairoan, or Kalrrcan, an interior town of the 
 kingdom of Tunis, and next to the city of Tunis 
 for trade and number of inhabitants. It is situate 
 near a sandy desert, where are found many ves- 
 tiges of former magnificence', and on the river 
 Magrida. about 60 m. S. E. of Tunis, and a few 
 miles west of Susa. 
 
 Caistor, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Near it 
 are the remains of a monastery, and many Roman 
 vestiges. It is 12 m. S. W. of Grimsby, and 156 
 N. of London. Pop in 1821, 1,253. 
 
 * w * There are 2 other towns named Caistor, ir> 
 the county of Norfolk. 
 
 Caithness-shire, a county at the S. E. extremity 
 of Scotland, 35 miles long and 20 broad ; bound- 
 ed on the north by Pentland Frith, which divides 
 it from the Orkneys, east and south-east by the 
 German Ocean, and west by Southerlandshire. 
 The south angle is occupied by mountains ; an J 
 a vast ridge of hills forms the south-west bounda- 
 ry, ending in a promontory called the Ord of Caith- 
 ness, which runs out into the sea, in the lat. of 
 58. 10. N. The rest ofthe county may be deem- 
 ed an immense morass, interspersed with some 
 fruitful spots, producing oats andbnrley, and others 
 affording pasture for sheep and black cattle. Its 
 other chief products are butter, cheese, yarn, 
 skins, feathers and kelp. It sends a member to 
 parliament alternately with Buteshire. English 
 is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the high- 
 lands the Gaelic prevails. Thurso on the north, 
 and Wick on the east coast, are the chief towns. 
 
 Cajana, or Kajana, one of the seven principal 
 towns of East Bothinia. which see. 
 
 Cajazzo, a town of Naples, 25 miles north of 
 the city of Naples. 
 
 Calahar, Old, and New, a territory at the east- 
 ern extremity of the coast of Guinea on the west 
 coast of North Africa. Since the restriction of 
 the slave trade to the south of the Equator, this 
 district has carried on a more extensive trade in 
 palm oil and bar wood, and some elephants' teeth, 
 than any other part of the coast. The town of' 
 New Calabar is situate at the mouth of a river 
 ofthe same name, in the lat. of 4. 10. N. and G. 
 42. of E. long. Dukes Town, the chief town of 
 Old Calabar, is situate at the mouth of another 
 river ofthe same name, falling into a bay, about 
 80 m. E. by N. of New Calabar. 
 
 Calahazo, or Calabacq, an interior town of Co 
 lomhia about 150 miles south of Caracas, contain 
 ing about 5.000 inhabitants. 
 
 Calabria,, a promontory and province of Naples, 
 forming the foot and southern extremity of Italy, 
 extending from 37. 53. to 40. 5. of North lat. and 
 being about 40 m. in mean breadth, between the 
 long, of 15. 40. and 17. 30. E. A ridge of mountains, 
 the Apennines, intersects the whole territory from 
 north to south, and numerous streams fall into 
 the sea on both coasts. It gives the title of Duke 
 to the eldest son of the king of Naples. It is di- 
 vided into two parts ; Citra, north, bordering on 
 the Basilicata, contains about 350.000 inhabitants, 
 and Ultra, south, containing about 400,000. This 
 country abounds in excellent fruit, corn, wine, 
 oil, silk, cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part o* 
 Calabria Ultra, as well as of Sicily, was destroy-'d 
 by one of the most terrible earthquakes on rec- 
 ord : besides the destruction of many towns; vil- 
 lages, and farms, above 40,000 people perisred by 
 this calamity. The principal towns are B»va, at 
 the south extremity. Reggio, Rosarno, S'- Eufe- 
 mia, Castiwlione, and Paula, on the w«st; and 
 Rossano, Cariato, Catanzaro, and Squilla'i on the 
 east coast, and in the interior, Cossano. Esagna- 
 no, Cosenza, (the capital) Policastrp, Miljto, and 
 Oppido. _ I , 
 
 Calahorra, an episcopal town of Spain in Old 
 Castile, on the side of a hill, which exteils to the 
 Ebro, 90 m. E. of Burgos. It was the bth-place 
 of Quintilian. Pop. about 4,300. 
 
 Calais, a seaport of France, in the d>artment 
 of Pas de Calais, with a citadel. It wataken by 
 Edw. III. of England, in 1347, after siege of" 
 more than 11 months, which has given se to some 
 
UAL 
 
 148 
 
 OAL 
 
 historical as well as dramatic fiction. In 1557 it 
 was retaken by the duke of Gnise. It was bom- 
 barded by the English in 1696, without receiving 
 much injury. The fortifications are good ; but 
 its greatest strength is its situation among the 
 mi.rshes, which may be overflowed at the approach 
 of an enemy. In the centre of the town is a spacious 
 square, surrounded by good buildings, and the 
 church is a stately edifice; the harbour, which is 
 formed of two wooden piers run into the sea, only 
 admits small vessels. Calais derives all its im- 
 portance from its contiguity to the English coast, 
 being only 20 miles from Dover, with which a daily 
 intercourse is maintained ; several hundred per- 
 sons passing to and from it weekly. It is 25 m. 
 W. by S. of Dunkirk, 20 iN..by E. of Boulogne, and 
 ! 15 due north of Paris. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Calais, p.t. Washington Co. Maine. Pop. 1 .636. 
 Also a p.t. in Washington Co. Vermont. Pop. 
 1 ,530. 
 
 Calais, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Sarte, 24 m. E. S. E. of Le Mans. 
 
 Calamas, a town of Persia, ort the coast of Mek- 
 rin, 60 miles east of Guadal, and 21)0 west of 
 Tatta, on the western branch of the Indus. 
 
 Calamata, a town of Greece, at the head of the 
 gulf of Coron, in the Morea, on the river Spinarza, 
 36 m. W. S. W. of Misitra. 
 
 Calamianes, a cluster of islands, the most wes- 
 terly of the Philippines, and to the north of Bor- 
 neo. They are 17 in number, and mountainous, 
 but produce great quantities of wax, honey, and 
 edible birdsnests. Tbe principal island is Para- 
 goa, in thelat. of 12. N. and 120. of E. long. 
 
 Calanore, a town of Hindoostan, 70 m. E. of 
 Lahore, distinguished as the place where the em- 
 peror Akbar ascended the throne of Indir in 1556. 
 
 Calatavirone, a large town in the interior of 
 Sicily, about 50 m. W. by N. of Syracuse ; it has 
 manufactures of earthenware. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 Calatayud, a city of Spain, in Arragon, with a 
 castle on a rock. It stands at the foot of a hill, 
 on the river Xalon, at the influx of the Xiloca, 
 42 m. S. W. of Saragossa. It has manufactures 
 of soap. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Calatanisetta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 
 50 m. N. W. of Lentini. 
 
 Calatrava, a town of Spain, in New Castile, the 
 chief place of the military order of the knights of 
 Calatrava. It is seated near the Guadiana, 90 m. 
 S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 10. W. lat. 39. 4. N. 
 
 Calbe, or Kalbe, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Saale, 16 m. 
 S. by E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Calbe, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old Mark, 
 with a castle, 7 m. S. W. of Stendel. 
 
 Valberga, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 
 formerly a vast city, and the residence of the sov- 
 ereign of the Deccan. It is 85 m. W. of Hydra- 
 bad, and 110 E. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 20. E. 
 lat. 17.25. N. 
 
 Calcat.ji town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Cleves; jeated near the Rhine, 8 m. S. E. of 
 Cleves. 
 
 Calcadii, a river of Louisiana, which rises 20 m. 
 
 S. of NacMtoches and flows through a lake of 
 
 the sam name, 30 m. long and 10 wide into the 
 
 Gulf of fexico. 
 
 Calcinto, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where 
 
 a victor , was gained over the Austrians by the 
 
 French, i 1706. It is 8 m. S. E. of Brescia. 
 Calcuti, the capital of Bengal, and the seat of 
 
 the goveior-general of the British dominions in 
 
 1he East .dies, is situated on the eastern bank 
 
 of the river Hoogly, (the western arm of the 
 Ganges) about 100 miles from the sea. Its name 
 is derived from Cutta, a temple, dedicated by the 
 Hindoos to Cahj, the Goddess of Time, which 
 was situate between the villages of Chuttanutty 
 and Gobindpore, where the agents of the English 
 East India Company, in 1690, obtained permis- 
 sion of Aurungzebe to establish a trading facto- 
 ry, which, in 1696, in consequence of the disturb- 
 ed state of the province of Bengal, they were 
 allowed to fortify. In 1698, Prince Azeen Ooshan, 
 grandson of Aurungzebe, granted a lease to the 
 agents of the English Company, of the villages 
 above mentioned in perpetuity, upon which, they 
 strengthened the fortification, and gave it thi 
 name of Fort William, in compliment to the Eny; 
 lisli monarch of that time. From this period Cal- 
 cutta gradually increased in population and im- 
 portance up to 1756, when it was attacked by the 
 soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000 horse 
 and foot, and 400 elephants, when the besieged 
 were forced to abandon their posts, and retreat into 
 the fort ; on which the enemy's troops entered 
 the town, and plundered it for 24 hours. An 
 order was then given for attacking the fort ; the 
 garrison of which defended themselves bravely 
 for some time; but many of them being killed 
 and wounded, and their ammunition almost ex- 
 hausted they were at last obliged to surrender 
 and were all, to the number of 149, crammed 
 into the Black Hole prison, a dungeon about 18 
 feet square , from whence only 23 came out alive 
 in the morning. The rest were all suffocated 
 from want of air. Calcutta, however, was 
 retaken the next year; and, after the victory of 
 Plassey, the inhuman soubah was deposed, and 
 put to death by his successor, and the whole of 
 the province of Bengal transferred to the Eng 
 lish East India Company. Immediately after 
 this victory, the erection of a new fort, about a 
 mile below the old one, was commenced, which 
 is superior in extent and security to any fortress 
 in India, containing commodious accommodation 
 for 4,000 men. From this period Calcutta rapidly 
 increased in extent and population. In 1798 the 
 number of houses was 78,760, exclusive of the 
 forts, since which time they have increased more 
 than one half. The number of inhabitants, com- 
 posed of people from all parts of the world, amount- 
 ing to 600,000 or 700,000. The part inhabited 
 by the English is elegantly built ; but the great- 
 est part is built after the general fashion of the 
 cities of India. Their streets are exceedingly 
 confined, narrow, and crooked, with a vast num- 
 ber of ponds, reservoirs, and gardens, interspers- 
 ed. A few of them are paved with brick. The 
 houses are built, some with brick, others with 
 mud, and a still greater number with bamboos and 
 mats ; all which different kinds of fabrics, inter- 
 mixed, form a very uncouth appearance, and are 
 very readily destroyed by fire. The brick houses 
 are seldom above two stories high, with flat and 
 terraced roofs ; those of mud and bamboos are 
 only one story, and are covered with thatch. 
 During the administration of the Marquis Welles- 
 ley, at the commencement of the present century, 
 a magnificent palace was erected at the distance 
 of about a mile from the fort. The line of houses 
 that surround two sides of the esplanade of the 
 fort is also magnificent ; they are all on a large 
 scale, and detached from one another. Frorrrthe 
 necessity of having a free circulation of air in a 
 climate so extremely hot, the approach to the hou 
 ses is generally by a flight of steps, with great 
 
CAL 
 
 149 
 
 CAL 
 
 projecting porticoes, or surrounded by colonnades 
 and arcades, which give them much the appear- 
 ance of Grecian temples. Since the commence- 
 ment of the present century, Calcutta has been 
 greatly improved, both in appearance and in the 
 salubrity of its air ; the streets have been proper- 
 ly drained, and the ponds filled ; thereby remov- 
 ing a vast surface of stagnant water, the exhala- 
 tions of which were particularly hurtful. Con- 
 v 'uous to the old fort is a spacious square, on 
 out side of which is the college, founded also un- 
 der i •>. administration of the Marquis Wellesley 
 in 180; ; another side of the square is occupied 
 by buildings appropriated to the use of the junior 
 servants oi the company, and the remainder is 
 occupied by some of the principal traders. Cal- 
 cutta is the residence of a bishop, who, assisted 
 by three archdeacons, is intrusted with the eccle- 
 siastical affairs of all the British possessions in 
 Asia ; the cathedral is a spacious edifice. Here 
 is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which 
 justice is dispensed according to the laws of Eng- 
 land, by a chief justice and three puisne judges. 
 The natives of the province still retain their Hin- 
 doo laws, as well as religion, and courts are duly 
 appointed for the administration of justice accord- 
 ingly. The southern part of Calcutta is occupi- 
 ed almost entirely by Europeans, who have adopt- 
 ed a style of building at once magnificent in its 
 appearance and well adapted to the climate. Eve- 
 ry house is detached, inclosed with walls and front- 
 ed with an elegant veranda shading a flight of 
 steps. The northern part is chiefly inhabited by 
 natives, whose dwellings are for the most part 
 mere mud or bamboo cottages. The mixture of 
 European and Asiatic manners, that may be ob- 
 served in Calcutta, is curious : coaches, phaetons, 
 single-horse chaises, with the palanquins and hack- 
 eries of the natives, the passing ceremonies of the 
 Hindoos, and the different appearance of the 
 fakirs, form a sight more novel and extraordinary, 
 perhaps, than any other city in the world can 
 present. The Hoogly is navigable up to the town 
 for ships of 400 to 500 tons, but those of greater 
 burden lie at Diamond Point, about 50 miles below, 
 their cargoes being conveyed to and from the 
 town by lighters. Independently of its commer- 
 cial intercourse with England, Calcutta main- 
 tains an extensive intercourse with China as well 
 as with almost every port in Asia, and islands 
 in the eastern seas, with which an interchange 
 is effected in every possible commodity that man- 
 kind can desire, either for subsistence and com- 
 fort, or to gratify the most refined and luxurious 
 taste. Ship-building is also carried on to a great ex- 
 tent ; there are several banking establishments 
 to facilitate the operations of commerce, and in- 
 surance establishments for its protection. The 
 control of the governor-general. and council of 
 Bengal, at Calcutta, extends over the presidencies 
 of Madras, Bombay, and Bencoolen ; the extent 
 of the civil establishments attending the admin- 
 istration of so extensive an empire, in addition to 
 the military and commercial affairs of the place, 
 necessarily give an importance to Calcutta beyond 
 that of any city in Asia, except those of China and 
 Japan. The new fort is in the lat. of 22. 35. N., 
 and 83. 28. E. long., 1,030 m. N. N. E. of Madras, 
 and about 1,100 E. N. E. of Bombay. 
 
 Caldas, the name of several small towns in dif- 
 ferent parts of Spain and Portugal, which, like 
 the Badens of Germany, implies their contiguity 
 to hot or medicinal springs : one 25 m. N. by E. 
 of Lisbon, another 10 m. N. E. of Castel Branco; 
 
 another contiguous to Montalegre, GO m. N. E of 
 Oporto ; another 15 m. N. of Barcelona ; anotner 
 25 m. N. of Vigo. 
 
 Caldecot, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. sea- 
 ted in a plain, five miles S. W. of Chepstow anc* 
 noted for the massy remains of its castle. These 
 are six other villages of the same name in differ- 
 ent parts of England. 
 
 Calder, a river of England which rises on the 
 west border of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to 
 Wakefield, and eight miles below joins the Aire. 
 It is navigable the greater part of its course. 
 There are three or four rivers, and as many villa- 
 ges, named Calder, in different parts of Scotland 
 
 Caldolzburg, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Anspach, with a castle, 18 m. N. E. 
 of Anspach. It is now included in the Bavarian 
 circle of Rezat. 
 
 Caldwell, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. on Lake 
 George, 50 m. N. Albany. Pop. 797. Also a 
 town in Essex Co. N. J. 
 
 Caldwell, an interior county in the western part 
 of Kentucky, bounded on the south-west by the 
 great Cumberland River. Pop. 8,332. Eddy- 
 ville, on the north bank of the river, about 30 
 miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200 
 S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Caledon, a town in the parish of Aughloe, 
 (sometimes called Caledon,) south part of the 
 county of Tyrone, Ireland. Pop. of the town in 
 1821, 856, and of the parish 7,148. 
 
 Caledonia, a county in the north part of Ver- 
 mont, the south-east part of which is bounded by 
 the Connecticut River, which divides it from New 
 Hampshire. Pop. 20,967. Danville, in the cen- 
 tre of the county, about 20 m. N. E. of Montpe- 
 lier, is the chief town. 
 
 Caledonia, a township of Livingston county, 
 N. York, lying to the west of Genesee river, and 
 south of Erie canal, 245 m. W. of Albany. Big 
 Spring, remarkable for the abundance of its water, 
 is in this township. Pop. 1,618. 
 
 Caledonia, JYeio, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 to the east of New Holland, discovered by Cook, 
 in 1774. It is 260 miles from north-west to south- 
 east, and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strong, 
 active, and well made ; their hair is black and 
 much frizzled, but not woolly ; their beards are 
 crisp and thick ; they besmear their faces with 
 black pigment, and their only covering is a wrap- 
 per made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves. 
 Their houses are circular, like a bee-hive ; form- 
 ed of small spars and reeds, covered with long 
 coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry grass 
 They deposit their dead in the ground, and deco- 
 rate the grave of their chiefs with spears, darts, 
 paddles, &c. They are of a pacific disposition, 
 and their women chaster than those of the more 
 eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with 
 some art and industry, but subsist chiefly on roots 
 and fish. Plantains and sugar-canes are not plen- 
 tiful ; bread-fruit is scarce, and cocoa-nut trees 
 are but thinly planted ; but yams and taras are in 
 great abundance. The cape at the south end, 
 called Queen Charlotte Foreland, is in long. 167. 
 12. E. lat. 22. 15. S. 
 
 Calcnburg, a principality of Lower Saxony, 
 which constitutes a part of the duchy of Bruns- 
 wick. It is divided into two parts by the princi- 
 pality of Wolfenbuttel. The south part is inter- 
 sected from east to west by the Werra, and the 
 chief town is Gottingen. The Lena has ita 
 source in this part, near the banks of the Werra, 
 and runs north through the principality of Wolf 
 n2 
 
CAL 
 
 150 
 
 CAL 
 
 enbuttel, then dividing the Bishopric of Hildes- 
 heiiii from North Calenberg on the east, and after- 
 wards intersects tlie north part of North Calen- 
 berg. The Weser also intersects the south part 
 of N. Calenberg from south-east to north-west, 
 fie chief towns being Hanover, Noustadt, and 
 lluneln. The aggregate extent of the surface 
 i:i 1/ be estimated at about 1,700 square miles, and 
 the population at 220,000, The soil is generally 
 fertile, and undpr social and reciprocal arrange- 
 ments, Calenberg might be made to yield a sur- 
 plus produce sufficient to command an abundance 
 of tropical and other luxuries, the consumption of 
 which has hitherto been very limited. 
 
 CiUhuco, a town at the south extremity of 
 Arauc'ati, opposite the north end of the Isle of 
 Chiloe, in the South Pacific Ocean, inhabited bv 
 Spaniards, Mestozos, and Indians. 180 m. S. of 
 \ aldiyia. Long. 7;!. 37. W. laf. 41. 40. S. 
 
 Ca!i, a city of Colombia, in the valley of Popa- 
 yan, on the west bank of the river Cauca. The 
 governor of the province generally resides here. 
 it is 'JO m. E. of Uonn ventura, anil 200 W by S 
 of St. Fe. Long. 77. 5. W. lat. 3. 15. N. 
 
 Calicut, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a pro- 
 vince of the same name, on the coast of Malabar. 
 It was the first Indian port visited by European 
 shipping; being discovered by the Portuguese, in 
 149d. Here is a manufacture of plain cotton 
 goods; and much salt is made by the natural 
 evaporation of the sea water. The principal ex- 
 ports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, win- 
 ger, and turmeric. It is sealed at the mouth of a 
 liver, 110 m. S. W. of Seringapatam, and 130 S. 
 S. E. of Mangalore. Long. 75. 52. E. lat. 11. 12. 
 N. It was formerly much more considerable, 
 having J)een much encroached upon by the sea. 
 
 California, a nromontory, in the Pacific Ocean, 
 separated from the west coast of North America 
 by the Vermilion sea, or Gulf of California ; ex- 
 tending N. W. from Cape St. Lucar, in the lat. of 
 22. 44. to lat. 33. N. being about 50 miles in aver- 
 age breadth. It was discovered by Cortez, in 
 1530; and is said to have been visited by Sir 
 Francis Drake, in 1578. Toward the close of the 
 seventeenth century, the Jesuits formed several 
 settlements here, and endeavoured to govern the 
 natives with the same policy and authority that 
 they exercised in their missions in Paraguay. 
 They seem studiously to have depreciated the 
 climate and soil of the country ; but on their ex- 
 pulsion from the Spanish dominions, the court ap- 
 pointed Don Joseph Galvez to visit this peninsula. 
 His account of the country was favourable ; he 
 found the pearl fishery on its coast to be valuable, 
 and he discovered mines of gold of a very promis- 
 ing appearance. Divers nations or tribes inhabit 
 the country, without acknowledging any chief. 
 Each father is a prince over his own family ; 
 but his power ceases when the children are able 
 to provide for themselves. Each tribe, neverthe- 
 less, has persons appointed, who call assemblies 
 to divide the productions ot the earth, regulate 
 the fisheries, and march at their head when en- 
 gaged in war. Want of provision obliges them 
 often to change their abodes ; and in severe win- 
 ters they retire into caves. A girdle and piece 
 of linen round the body, some ornaments for the 
 head, and a chain of pearls, serve them for dress 
 and finery. Those who live toward the north, 
 where they have no pearls, dress their heads with 
 shells. The women commonly wear a kind of 
 .ong robe, made of leaves of palms ; though some 
 wear nothing but a girdle. A range of mountains 
 
 runs parallel with the coast, its whole exten 
 rising in some places to the height of about 4,700 
 feet. The soil in many places is excellent ; and it 
 is reported that vines grow naturally in the moun- 
 tains, and that the Jesuits, when they resided here, 
 made abundance of wine, in taste approaching to 
 that of Maderia. The chief town is Si. Joseph, 
 about 25 hi. N. E. of Cape St. Lucas. The po- i- 
 Iation of the whole territory is supposed iv . to 
 exceed 10,000. 
 
 California. JYew, is an extension of territory 
 along the coast, north of the promontory of Cali- 
 fornia to the lat. of about 40. N. comprising the 
 greater part of the coast formerly called New Al- 
 bion. The same mountain ridge which intersects 
 the promontory continues to run nortn, parallel 
 with the coast, at a distance of thirty to fifty miles 
 The Jesuits, who extended themselves in this di 
 rection, found the soil somewhat more congenial 
 for the general purposes of culture, and founded 
 about twenty settlements upon and between the 
 coast and the mountain ridge, each settlement 
 dedicated to some saint of their holy order. The 
 four principal settlements on the coast are St. Die- 
 go, in the lat. of 32. 42.; La Furissima, in 34. 32.; 
 St. Carlos de Monterey, in 36. 3G.; and St. Fran 
 cisco, in 37. 4S. N. The total population of this 
 district is estimated at about 16,000. 
 
 Calix, a town of Sweden, in West Bothina, on 
 a river of the same name, near its entrance into 
 the gulf of Bothnia, 22 m. W. of Tornea. 
 
 Callah, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Mascara, which has a considerable trade, and the 
 greatest market for carpets in the country. It is 
 40 m. E. of Oran. 
 
 Callan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kil 
 kenny, on the frontier of Tipperary, 7 m. S. W 
 of the city of Kilkenny, and G5 from Dublin 
 Pop. in 1821,5,678. 
 
 Callander, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire 
 with a considerable manufacture of muslin ; seat- 
 ed on the river Teath, 30 m. W. S. W. of Perth. 
 Pop. 2,030. 
 
 Callao, a seaport of Peru, with the best harbour 
 on the coast, and a large and safe roadstead de- 
 fended by the islands of Callao and St. Lawrence. 
 In the port every commodity is to be procured 
 that vessels may be in need of. The town was 
 almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, in 
 1746. It is seated on a river of the same name, 
 5 m. W. of Lima, of which it is the port. Lono-. 
 76. 58. W. lat. 12. 2. S. 
 
 Calluicay, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,159. 
 Wadesborough in the chief town. 
 
 Calle, a town of Algiers, in the province ot 
 Constantina, where the French have a factory es- 
 tablished for a coral fishery, and trade for grain, 
 wool, leather, and wax. It stands on a rock, al- 
 most surrounded by the se-a, 36 m. E. of Bona. 
 
 Callingcr, a fortified town of Hindoostan, in 
 the province of Allahabad, formerly capital of 
 Bundelcund. It was ceded by the Mahrattas to 
 the English in 1793. It is 20 m. N. of the Dia- 
 mond Mines of Punuah, and 150 W. by S. of 
 Benares. 
 
 Callington, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of cloth ; situate on the Lynher, 
 12 m. S. of Launceston, and 216 W. by S. of 
 London. It returns two members to parliament 
 Pop. in 1821,1,321. 
 
 Calloma, or Caillomo, a town of Peru, celebrat 
 ed for its silver mines, 50 m. N. by E. of Arequipa, 
 and 170 S. of Cuzco. 
 
 Calmar, a strong seaport of Sweden, capital of 
 
CAM 
 
 151 
 
 CAM 
 
 Smaland, and a bishop's see. It is celebrated as 
 the place where the deputies of Sweden, Den- 
 mark, and Norway, were appointed to assemble 
 for the election of a king, according to the Union 
 of Calmar. On an eminence, half a mile from 
 the town, is the ancient oastle, now converted 
 into a distillery. The cnief exports are deals and 
 tar. It is seated near the Baltic, U)0m. S. S. W. 
 of Stockholm. Long. 16. 22. E. lat. 56. 41. N. 
 
 Ctdmlna, or Calimno, an island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, near the coast of Asia, 7 m. N. W. 
 of Stanchio. Long. 26. 46. E. lat. 36. 56. N. 
 
 Cain, East and Jjrcst, townships in Chester Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Cable, a bor mgh in Wiltshire, Eng. It has 
 eiirht or ten extensive manufactories of woolen 
 cloth, and in the vicinity are many fulling and 
 corn mills. It is seated on a river of the same 
 name, 25 m. E. of Bristol, and 88 \V. of London. 
 It returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 
 1821,4,612. 
 
 Cfaltura, a town on the west coast of Ceylon, 
 with a fort. A great quantity of arrack U made 
 here, and other manufactories carried on. It 
 stands at the mouth of a large branch of the Mu- 
 liwaddy, 28 m. S. by E. of Columbo. Long. 79. 
 56. E. lat. 6. 44. N. 
 
 Calvados, a maritime department of France, in- 
 cluding part of the late province of Normandy, 
 bounded north by the English channel. It is so 
 called from a ridge of rocks of the same name, 
 near the coast of what was heretofore called 
 Normandy, extending twelve miles in length. It 
 contains an area of about 2,201) square miles, and 
 upwards of 500,000 inhabitants. It is intersected 
 from the south to the sea by the river Orne. It 
 is a fertile province, and exports a considerable 
 quantity of clover seed. Caen, on the banks oi 
 the Orne is the chief town. 
 
 Caloert, a county of Maryland, lying between 
 the Patuxent River and Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 
 8,899. Prince Frederick, 40 m. S. of Annapolis 
 and St. Leonard's, in the south part of the county, 
 on the shore of the Chesapeak, 71 m. S. of An- 
 napolis, are the chief towns. 
 
 Calm, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 eight miles north of Capua. 
 
 Calm, a town of Corsica, on a craggy moun- 
 tain and gulf of the same name, with a strong 
 fortress and a good harbour. It was taken by 
 the English in 1794. It is 33 in. W. S. W. of 
 Bastia. 
 
 Caloisano, a town of Bresciano, 12 m. S. by 
 E. of Brescia. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Calw, a town of Suabia. in the kingdom of 
 Wurtemburg, with a porcelain manufacture, and 
 a great trade in stuffs. It is 20 in. W. by S. of 
 Stuttgard. Pop. 3,500. 
 
 Cam, a river which rises in Hertfordshire, Eng. 
 flows by Cambridge into the isle of Ely, and 
 there joins the Ouse, to which river it is naviga- 
 ble from Cambridge. 
 
 Camana, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- 
 tion ; situate on a river of the same name near 
 the Pacific Ocean. 70 m. W. of Arequipa, in 
 lat. 16. 10. N. and 73. 15. W. long. 
 
 Camaran, an island of Arabia on the Red Sea, 
 where there is a fishery for white coral and pearl 
 oysters. Long. 42. 22. E. lat. 15. 6. N. 
 
 Canviret, a town of France, in the department 
 of Finisterre. In an expedition against Brest, in 
 1694, the English landed here, and lost a great 
 number of men. It stands on a bay of the same 
 name, 8 m. S. of Brest. 
 
 Camarines, the most southern province of the 
 isle of Luzon, of which Caceres is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Camargue, an island, or cluster of islands, of 
 France, in the mouths of the Rhone, separated 
 by canals and fortified. The whole contains 80 
 square miles ; the land is fertile, but the air is 
 unwholesome. 
 
 Cd.ih.batj the southernmost province of Abyssi- 
 nia, inhabited by a people called Seb-a-adja, who 
 are a mixture of Pagans, Christians, and Mahom 
 etans. It is abundant in fruits. 
 
 Cambaij, a considerable city of Hindoostan, in 
 the province of Guzerat. It stands on a gulf ol 
 the same name, and was the Camanes of Ptole- 
 my. Here are three bazars, and four publick cis 
 terns, capable of supplying the whole town witi 
 water in times of the greatest drought. Its pro 
 ducts and manufactures are considerable; for the 
 country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk : an(* 
 cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers. 
 The inhabitants are noted for embroidery. It is 
 100 m. N. of Surat, and 50 m. S. of Amadabad, 
 of which it is the port. It belongs to the Eng- 
 lish, and is included in the presidency of Bombay. 
 Long. 72. 34. E. lat. 22. 17. N. 
 
 Camberg, a town of Germany, on the south- 
 west frontier of the electorate of Hesse, situate on 
 a hill, 17 m. E. by S. of Nassau, and 20 N. W. of 
 Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 Camber well, a parish in Surrey, contiguous to 
 London, on the south side ; and to which it forms 
 an appendage, being occupied principally by the 
 private residences of the merchants, shopkeepers, 
 and clerks employed in the several public estab- 
 lishments of the Bank, East India House, cus- 
 toms, &c. &c. The number of inhabitants in 
 1821 was 17,876; since when they have consider- 
 ably increased. The old church is 2 1-2 m. S. of 
 London Bridge : an additional church, after the 
 model of one in Rome, was erected in i825. 
 
 Cambodia, Camhoju, or Camboya, a kingdom 
 or territory of Asia, extending from Cape Cam- 
 bodia, in the China sea, south, in the lat. of 8. 40. 
 to Laotchua or Laos, in the lat. of about 17. N._: 
 bounded on the east, at the south end, by Tsiom- 
 pa, and further north by the country of the Ke 
 moys, which divides it from Cochin- China, and 
 on the west from the 8th to the 14th degree of 
 latitude by the Gulf of Siam, and further north 
 by the territory of Siam ; being of an average 
 breadth of about three degrees of longitude be- 
 tween 101. and 106. E. comprising an aggregate 
 extent of surface of about 100,000 square miles. 
 As far as any knowledge of this country has been 
 obtained, it appears to be exceedingly rich, alike 
 in vegetable, animal, and mineral productions; 
 whilst the unsocial habits of the people, who ap- 
 pear to be a mixture of Japanese, Cochin-Chi- 
 nese, Malays, and natives of the Eastern islands 
 preclude nearly all intercourse with Europeans. 
 In the 17th century, the Portuguese, Dutch, and 
 English, each unsuccessfully endeavoured to es- 
 tablish an intercourse in this country, and all suc- 
 ceeding attempts, except to a trifling extent sur- 
 reptitiously, appear to have met with disadvan- 
 tageous results. It is intersected by a noble river 
 of the same name, which rises in Chinese Tarta- 
 ry, runs through Thibet and the west side of 
 Yunnan, the south-west province of China, and 
 Laos, and through the Cambodian territory in a 
 south-east direction, falling into the China Sea, 
 by several channels, between the latitudes of 9. 
 and 11. N. In Thibet, this river is called the 
 
CAM 
 
 152 
 
 CAM 
 
 Walchou, in China the Kiou Long, and through the 
 Laos the May Kung, and the eastern channel into 
 ihe a3a is sometimes called the Japanese. The 
 chief town of the country, called also Cambodia, 
 is situate on the western bank of the river, about 
 '240 miles above its entrance into the sea. Cam- 
 bodia appears to be thinly peopled, but of the 
 number of its inhabitants no estimate has been 
 formed. They appear to manufacture both silk 
 and cotton, and the country producing every pos- 
 sible article necessary for subsistence and com- 
 fort, and also to gratify the most luxuriant sense, 
 either of taste, smell, or ornament, there is but 
 little inducement on the part of the Cambodians 
 to cultivate an intercourse with Europeans, more 
 especially on the overbearing, higgling, and self- 
 ish principle which they seem to have exercised 
 over all Asia. As far as the Cambodians main- 
 tain an external commerce, sandal wood, ele- 
 phants' teeth of the finest quality, camphor, and 
 the gum called cambogia, or gamboge, from the 
 name of the country, constitute the chief articles 
 of export. (See Sia.m.) 
 
 Cambray, a fortified city of France, capital of 
 the department of Nord. The linen manufacture 
 is extensively carried on in this district, and 
 the term cambric was derived from the finer 
 qualities of linen, which were distributed from 
 this city. It has since been applied by the Eng- 
 lish to the fine fabric of cotton as well as of linen. 
 Cambray has also some manufactures of lace and 
 leather. It is seated near the source of the 
 Scheldt, which runs through the city, 18 m. S. by 
 W. of Valenciennes, 35 S. by E. of Lisle, and 102 
 N. N. E. of Paris. The fortification was one of 
 those retained by the allies for five years after the 
 peace of 1815. 
 
 Cambria, a county in the W. District of Penn- 
 sylvania, lying west of the main ridge of the Al- 
 leghany mountains. The south-west branch of 
 the Susquehannah River rises in this county, and 
 a branch of the Alleghany intersects its south 
 part. It is about 33 miles in length from north to 
 south, and 18 in breadth. Pop. 7,079. Ebens- 
 burg, in the centre of the county, 143 m. W. by 
 N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. 
 
 Cambria, p.t. Niagara Co. New York, near the 
 great falls of Niagara, 290 m. W. Albany. Pop. 
 1,712. 
 
 Cambridge, an interior county towards the S. E. 
 part of England, being about 50 miles in extent 
 from north to south, and 20 to 25 from west to 
 east. It is bounded on the south by a range of 
 hills which divide it from the counties of Bedford 
 and Essex, having the counties of Suffolk and 
 Norfolk on the east, and Bedford, Huntingdon, 
 Northampton, and Lincoln on the west, the north- 
 ern extremity jetting upon the Boston Wash. 
 The river Ouse intersects it from west to east, 
 whilst the Nen forms the boundary between the 
 counties of Northampton and Lincoln, and the 
 Cam, which rises at the foot of the hills, which 
 form the southern boundary, falls into the Ouse, 
 about the middle of the county. After descend- 
 ing the hills from the south, the country is one 
 entire level, and that part was formerly little bet- 
 ter than a swamp, which, by well-directed efforts 
 in draining and embanking, since the middle of 
 the last century, has been converted into rich and 
 verdant pastures, which yield a vast surplus of 
 butter, and cream-cheese, for the London market. 
 It has no surplus of manufactures of any kind, 
 but in addition to its butter, it yields a surplus of 
 calves, cattle, sheep, and wool, and large quanti- 
 
 ties of wild fowl. Its supply however of foreign 
 and manufactured productions is obtained in ex- 
 change for the expenditure of the students at the 
 university of the town of Cambridge, and rents 
 abstracted from different parts of the country, on 
 account of the endowments of the several colleges 
 The only other place in the county deserving of 
 notice, besides the town of Cambridge, is the city 
 of Ely. (See Bedford Level.) 
 
 Cambridge, the chief town of the preceding 
 county, and seat of one of the two universities of 
 England, is situate in the south part of the coun- 
 ty, 17 m. south of Ely, 23 east of Bedford, and 28 
 west of Bury, and 51 north by east of London. 
 It is a corporate town, governed by a mayor and 
 13 aldermen ; but its importance is derived frum 
 its university, which dates its foundation by Sige- 
 bert, king of the East Angles, in 630. It acquir 
 ed, however, but little celebrity until after thft 
 period of the collisions between the barons and 
 the court had subsided, in the 13th century, from 
 which period, to the close of the 16th century, 12 
 colleges and 4 halls were founded, by the names, 
 and in the order of date as follows, viz. : 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 1 St. Peter's in 1257 
 
 2 Gonville, 1348 
 
 3 Corpus Christi, 1350 
 
 4 King's, 1441 
 
 5 Queen's, 1448 
 
 6 Christ's, 1505 
 
 7 St. John's in 1509 
 
 8 Magdalen, 1519 
 
 9 Trinity, 1546 
 
 10 Jesus', 1570 
 
 11 Emanuel, 1584 
 
 12 Syd. Sussex, 1598 
 
 HALLS. 
 
 1 Clare, 
 
 2 Pembroke, 
 
 1326 
 1343 
 
 3 Trinity, 
 
 4 Catherine, 
 
 1350 
 1475 
 
 These institutions, founded in ages of monastic 
 influence, and when architecture was the rulinc 
 passion of those who possessed the means of in- 
 dulging either in acts of benevolence or vanitv, 
 claim the attention of the present age, some for 
 their monastic features, some for the history of 
 their foundations, and others for their architec- 
 tural beauty. Most of them have chapels and 
 Lbraries attached, some of them extensive and 
 valuable, and the chapel of King's College is 
 justly esteemed, as the most beautiful Gothic edi- 
 fice in the world. It is 304 feet in length, 71 
 broad, and 91 in height; the effect of its propor- 
 tions, and beauty of its decorations, must be seen 
 to be understood. In 1807 another college was 
 founded, pursuant to the will of a Sir George 
 Downing, whose name it bears; and, in 1810, 
 viscount Fitzvvilliam bequeathed a very extensive 
 and valuable cabinet of works of nature and art, 
 and ample funds for the foundation of an observa- 
 tory and a building for the reception of his collec 
 tion, for the use of the university at large. Thi.- 
 munificent donation excited a general spirit of 
 improvement, both in the town and university 
 several of the colleges have been enlarged, re- 
 paired, and beautified, several old buildings in the 
 town taken down ; judicious sites for the new 
 buildings selected, and those edifices more par 
 ticularly deserving of attention for their architec- 
 ture, laid more open to the view. In addition to 
 the libraries attached to the several colleges and 
 halls, there is also one common to the university; 
 a senate house, and schools for public examina- 
 tions, which, together with 14 parish churches, a 
 county hospital, and other public buildings for 
 county purposes, afford a very interesting extent 
 of varied architectural display. There are also 
 six bridges of stone, over the river Cam, which, 
 
CAM 
 
 153 
 
 CAM 
 
 in addition to their convenience, add considerably 
 to the general picturesque effect. The county, 
 town, and university, each sends two members to 
 parliament. About two miles from the town, one 
 of the largest fairs in England is held, for a fort- 
 night, commencing on the 7th of September. 
 The population in 1801 was 10,087, and in 1821, 
 14,142, of whom about 1,000 maybe considered 
 members of the university. 
 
 Cambridge., p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. This 
 town is separated from Boston by the wide bay 
 which nearly surrounds the city. Two long 
 bridges open a communication between them. 
 The town properly consists of three divisions, 
 viz. 1. East Cambridge, or Lechmcre Point, which 
 is a suburb of Boston and connected with the 
 city by Craigie's bridge. This is a flourishing 
 place, and has many manufactories of glass, iron 
 &c. 2. Cambridge-port, which communicates with 
 the city by West. Boston bridge, and 3. Old Cam.- 
 bridgc, 3 miles from Boston, containing Harvard 
 University, the oldest and richest literary institu- 
 tion in the United States. It was founded in 1G38. 
 Thg officers are a president and 23 professors 
 and tutors. The libraries contain 40,000 volumes, 
 and the philosophical apparatus, cabinets and 
 similar materials for scientific purposes are of the 
 first excellence. The Botanical Garden and green- 
 house, are handsomely arranged and furnished 
 with the choicest plants. The college buildings 
 are 8 ; one of these is elegantly built of granite ; 
 the others are brick. They are beautifully situa- 
 ted upon a spacious level common. The number 
 of students is 23C. There .are 3 vacations in April, 
 August and December, of 10 weeks. Commence- 
 ment is in August. 
 
 A short distance west of the colleges is the spot 
 occupied by Washington as his head quarters dur- 
 ing the siege of Boston, in 1775 and 0. Many 
 parts of the town exhibit the remains of the forti- 
 fications thrown up by the Americans at that pe- 
 riod. In the western part of the town and bor- 
 dering upon Watertown, is Mount Auburn, a spot 
 lately chosen for the establishment of a Cemetery 
 and Plorticultural Garden. This place is charm- 
 ingly variegated with hills and dells, woods and 
 lawns, and when the design is fully completed 
 will be among the most interesting objects in the 
 country. 
 
 In the sai\/e neighbourhood is Fresh Pond, a 
 small shee>t of water skirted by steep and woody 
 hills in a highly picturesque manner. This is a 
 favourite resort of the people of Boston in the 
 summer. Pop. i/ Cambridge, G,071. 
 
 Cambridge, West, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. ad- 
 joining the preceding town. Pop. 1,230. 
 
 Cambridge, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1.613. 
 
 Cambridge, an unsettled township in Coos Co. 
 N. H. ° V 
 
 Cambridge, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,319. Also towns in Maryland, S. C.,and Ohio. 
 
 Cambrilla, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, sur- 
 rounded by a wall, and seated near the sea, 14 m. 
 W. by S. of Tarragona. 
 
 Camburg, a town of Thuringia, on the east 
 bank of the Saal, 18 m. N. by E. of Jena, and 32 
 S W. of Leipzig. 
 
 Cambyna, an island lying between the S. E. 
 promontory of Celebes, and the Isle of Bouton. 
 It is about 60 miles in circumference. 
 
 Camden, a county in the N. E. part of North 
 
 Carolina, about 25 m. from N. to S. and four in 
 
 breadth ; the north end borders on Virginia, 
 
 and forms part of the Great Dismal Swamp, 
 
 20 
 
 and the south end jets upon Albermarle Sound, 
 between Pasquetank and George Rivers. Pop 
 G,721. New Lebanon is the chief town. 
 
 Camden, a maritime county of the state of 
 Georgia, bounded on the south by St. Mary's Riv- 
 er, which divides it from East Florida. It is 
 about 20 miles in extent each way, bounded on 
 the west by the Great Swamp of Oke-fin-ocaw. 
 The Santilla River intersects it from the N. W. 
 corner, running to the centre of the county, falling 
 into the sea, at the N. E. corner. It is very pro- 
 ductive in rice and cotton. Pop. 4,578. Jeffer- 
 son, is the chief town. 
 
 Camden, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 2,200. 
 
 Camden, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. J ,945. 
 
 Camden, p.t. Gloucester Co. N J. opposite 
 Philad. Also a town in Kent Co. Del. 
 
 Camden, p.t. Kershaw District. S. C. on the 
 Wateree, 35 m. N. E. Columbia. It is the seat of 
 justice for the district. Here the Americans, un- 
 der Gen. Gates, were defeated by Lord Cornwallis 
 in 1780, and another battle fought between Gen. 
 Greene and Lord Rawdon in 1781. 
 
 Camel, a river in Cornwall, Eng. which rises 
 two miles north of Camelford, flows south almost 
 to Bodmin, and then north-west to Padstow, 
 where it enters tlie Bristol channel. Its banks 
 were the scenes of some bloody battles between 
 the Britons and Saxons. 
 
 Camelford, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. A 
 great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and 
 its neighbourhood. It is seated on the Camel, 14 
 m. W. of Launceston, and 22S W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. It returns two members to parliament. Pop. 
 in 1821, 1,250. 
 
 Camcrino, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of 
 Ancona, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on 
 a mountain, near the river Chiento, 37 m. S. W 
 of Ancona. 
 
 Cameron, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 924. 
 
 Camillas, p.t. Onandaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,518. 
 
 Camin, a seaport of Further Pomerania, and 
 once a bishop's see, which was secularized at the 
 peace of Westphalia ; but it still has a fine cathe- 
 dral and a chapter. Its navigation and commerce 
 were formerly extensive, but it is now of little 
 note. It stands on the Diwenow, or east mouth 
 of the Oder, opposite the isle of Wollin, 25 m. N. 
 of Stettin. Long. 14. 52. E. lat. 53. 54. N. 
 
 Caminha, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro 
 e Minho, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the 
 Minho, 12 m. N. of Viana. 
 
 Camolin, a village in the county of Wexford, 
 Ireland, on the north bank of the Bann, 4 m. S. 
 W. of Gorey. Pop. in 1820, 377. It was possess- 
 ed by the insurgents in 1798. 
 
 Camorta, one of the Nicobar isles off the west 
 coast of Malaya, in the lat. of 8. N. 
 
 Campagna, or Campania, a town of Naples, in 
 Principato Citeriore, 40 m. S. E. of Naples. 
 
 Campagna di Ro-ma, or Territory of Rome, the 
 most south-west province of the ecclesiastical 
 states of Rome, extending from the river Tiber, 
 for about 65 miles along the shore of the Mediter- 
 ranean to the Neapolitan province of Lavoro, being 
 about 50 miles wide, bounded on the east by Abruz- 
 zo. This extensive district, lying between the 41st 
 and 42d degree of north latitude, was the ancient 
 Latium, and was once the most populous and fer- 
 tile district in the world, but now presents one 
 general scene of desolation. The Pontine marsh- 
 es, which are constantly emitting the most noi- 
 some vapours, comprise a great portion of the 
 south-°ap* part of the province ; besides the city 
 
CAM 
 
 154 
 
 CAN 
 
 nf Rome on the banks of the Tiber, at the north- 
 ern extremity of the province, Albano, Velletri 
 and Piperno, all on the western side, still exhib- 
 it marks of former greatness, whilst the ruins 
 of temples, baths, and other stately edifices, are 
 seen scattered in all directions. (See Rome.) 
 
 Campbell, a county in tbe E. District of Virgin- 
 ia being nearly a square, about 14 miles each 
 wav, bounded on the south by the Roanoke River, 
 and north by James River. It is a fertile district. 
 Pop. 15,704. Lynchburg is the chief town. 
 
 Campbell, a county of Georgia. Pop. 3,323. 
 Campbellton is the capital. 
 
 Campbell, a county of East Tenessee, bounded 
 on the north by Harlan county, Kentucky ; in- 
 tersected by the Cumberland ridge of the Allegha- 
 ny mountains, and from the north-east to the 
 south by Powell's River, a branch of the Tenessee. 
 It contains an area of about 230 square miles, 
 and a population of 5,110. Jacksonborough is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Campbell, a county of Kentucky, containing 
 about 90 square miles, bounded on the north by 
 Boone county, and on the east and north by the 
 Ohio River, and intersected from south to north 
 by the Licking. Pop. 9,893. Newport, on the 
 east bank of the Licking, at its entrance into the 
 Ohio, opposite to Cincinnati, 96 m. N. N. E. of 
 Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Campbellsville, p. v. Green Co. Ken. on a branch 
 of Green River. 
 
 Campbelltoicn, 3 villages in Steuben Co. N. Y., 
 Lebanon Co. Pa. and Edgefield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Campbelton, a borough and seaport of Scotland, 
 in Argyleshire, situate on a bay, toward the south 
 extremity of the peninsula of Cantyre. It has a 
 considerable trade in the distillation of whiskey, 
 besides being the general rendezvous of the fish- 
 ing vessels that annually visit the western coast. 
 Ii is Go m. S. S. W. of Inverary. Long. 5. 32. W. 
 lat. 55. 28. N. Pop. in 1 821 , 6,445. 
 
 Campden, a corporate town in Gloucestershire, 
 Emr. 22 m. N. E. of Gloucester, and 90 W. N. W. 
 of London. Pop. 1,249. 
 
 Campeachy, a town of Yucatan, on the west 
 coast of the bay of Campeachy, in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, defended by strong forts. The port is 
 large but shallow, and has a good dock. It is no- 
 ted for logwood, which, however, does not grow 
 very near it. It was taken by the English in 1659, 
 by the buccaneers in 1678 ; and by the freeboot- 
 ers of St. Domingo, in 1685, who burnt it, and 
 blew up the citadel. Long. 91. 30. W. lat. 19. 
 35. N. 
 
 Campen, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with 
 a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It is 
 seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuy- 
 der Zee, 8 m. W. N. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about 
 6,000. 
 
 Camperdown, a seaport of Holland, about 25 
 miles south of Texel Island, famous for the signal 
 victory obtained by admiral lord viscount Duncan, 
 off its coast, over the Dutch fleet, on the 11th Oc- 
 tober, 1797. 
 
 Campo Basso, a town of Naples, in the Molise. 
 In 1805, it suffered greatly by an earthquake, and 
 most of the inhabitants were destroyed. It has a 
 considerable trade in articles of cutlery, and is 12 
 m. S. of Molise. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Campo Formio, a village of Italy, in Friuli, with 
 an elegant castle, where a treaty of peace was 
 concluded between the Austrians and French, in 
 1797. It is 2 m. S. W. of Udina. 
 
 Campo Mayor, a fortified town of Portugal, in 
 
 Alemtejo, on the frontier of Spain, 14 m. N. by L. 
 ofElvas. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Campo St. Pietro, a town and castle of Italy, in 
 the Paduano, on the river Menson, 12 m. N. of 
 Padua, and about the same distance N. W. of 
 Venice. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Caiupoli, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulter- 
 iore, 23 m. N. by E. of Aquila. 
 
 Campredon, a town of Spain in Catalonia, at 
 the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 45 
 m. N. of Barcelona^ 
 
 Campsie, a village of Scotland, on the south 
 confines of Stillingshire, 9 miles north of Glas- 
 gow. It has some extensive printfields, and oth- 
 er manufactures. 
 
 Campton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 75 m. fr. Ports- 
 mouth. Pop. 1,313. 
 
 Canaan, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,076. 
 
 Canaan, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 373. 
 
 Canaan, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 103 m. fr. Ports- 
 mouth. Pop. 1,428. 
 
 Canaan, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Hous- 
 atonic. Pop. 2,301. This town has some iron 
 manufactures ; and near it is a fall upon the 
 river. 
 
 Canaan, p.t. Columbia county, New York, on 
 the east side of Hudson River, 25 m. W. by S. of 
 Albany. Pop. 2,064. 
 
 Canaan. See Syria. 
 
 Canaan, New, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, near the 
 the shore of L. I. Sound. Pop. 1,826. There are 
 3 townships called Canaan in Pa. and Ohio. 
 
 Canada, a vast territory of North America, ly- 
 ing between the 42d and 54th degrees of north 
 latitude, and the 65th and 98th of west longitude. 
 This country appears to have been first made 
 known to Europe in 1535 by Cartier, command 
 ing a fleet fitted out from St. Malo, under the 
 auspices of the French government. Three or 
 four attempts during the fifteen years from 1535 
 to 1560 were made to establish a colony upon it 
 but all proved unsuccessful. In 1607 the first 
 permanent establishment was formed by M. De 
 Champlain, from France, who founded the city 
 of Quebec ; but for more than fifty years it remain- 
 ed without any laws or social arrangements, the 
 settlers being little better than hordes of banditti, 
 living in constant collision with the native In- 
 dians, with whom the most sanguinary conflicts 
 frequently occurred with alternate success. 
 
 In 1663, at which period the European inhabit- 
 ants did not exceed 7,000, the French govern- 
 ment affected to extend its paternal regard to the 
 colony, and appropriated a train of civil officers 
 to organize and administer a code of laws on the 
 principles of those then prevailing in France. 
 This arrangement produced some excitement and 
 indications of improvement ; but both were of 
 short duration. The collisions with the natives 
 were renewed, and their frequent incursions 
 upon the lands of the settlers which were often 
 stained with acts of cruelty, operated as a check 
 to all social enterprise ; so that at the end of 
 another half century, the number of settlers did 
 not exceed 20,000. During the earlier part of 
 the 18th century the colony made some progress to- 
 wards improvement ; but the object of the French 
 government seemed to be extension of territory 
 rather than social arrangement, and as such, in ad- 
 dition to the hostilities in which it was so frequent- 
 ly involved with the natives, it interfered itself 
 also with the outposts of the English, who then 
 possessed the territory now forming the United 
 States of N. America, and on war being declared 
 
CAN 
 
 153 
 
 CAN 
 
 between Franee and England in 1756, the Eng- 
 lish prepared to expel the French entirely from 
 the North American continent, in which they 
 completely succeeded in 1759. At this period, 
 the number of settlers in Canada amounted to 
 about 70,000. During the first fifteen years af- 
 ter its surrender to the English, it made but little 
 progress either in population or improvement, the 
 prejudices of some of the older settlers being in- 
 imical to the English laws introduced immediate- 
 ly after its surrender, led, in 1775, to a revision of 
 the civil code, more conformable to the usage 
 and prejudices of the inhabitants. The revolt 
 of the American States taking place about this 
 time, occasioned a considerable accession of pop- 
 ulation to Canada, which progressively increased 
 up to the period of 1792, when a further import- 
 ant arrangement took place in its : nternal admin- 
 istration, the territory was divided into two parts, 
 denominated Upper and Lower Canada, with 
 separate jurisdictions, and a council, and As- 
 sembly of representatives established for each, 
 as more particularly elucidated under each of 
 their respective heads, viz. 
 
 Canada, Loicer, although the least favoured in 
 climate of the two, is by far the most populous, 
 owing to its near contiguity to the sea, and earli- 
 er settlement. This division extends from the 
 United States Territory, in the lat. of 45. to that 
 of 52. N. ; and W. from the 65th degree of long. 
 to an undefined boundary ; the part, however, 
 which is inhabited and under cultivation, lies 
 within much narrower limits, comprising a tract 
 of territory about 70U miles in length, and 150 in 
 mean breadth, lying in a N. E. direction, from 
 the lat. of 45. N. and 74. 30. of W. long. ; the 
 geographical bearing of this territory has been 
 owing to the noble river St. Lawrence, which in- 
 tersects it in that direction its whole extent, fall- 
 ing into the gulf of St. Lawrence, at the N. E. 
 The settlements extend along botli banks of the 
 river, and are intersected on both sides by 
 innumerable tributary streams and rivers, some 
 of them of great magnitude ; the most consider- 
 able of those on the south side of the St. Law- 
 rence, taking them in order from the west, are 
 1st the Chambly, which runs out of Lake Cham- 
 plain, falling into the St. Lawrence about 60 
 miles below Montreal ; 2nd the Tortue ; 3rd the 
 St. Francis; 4th the Nicolet; 5th the Becancour; 
 6th the Beaurivage ; and 7th the Chaudiere, 
 which falls into the St. Lawrence, about 20 miles 
 below Quebec ; east of the Chaudiere, the waters 
 chiefly flow to the south, or east into the gulf of 
 St. Lawrence ; the north bank is intersected at 
 the distance of every 15 to 20 miles by rivers of 
 greater or less magnitude, the most considerable 
 is the Piekouagamis, which, after passing through 
 a lake of considerable extent is called the Segu- 
 enai and falls into the St. Lawrence about 150 
 miles below Quebec. At the new organization of 
 the government in 17U2, this territory was divi- 
 ded into the four districts of Montreal, Trois 
 Rivieres. Quebec, and Gaspe ; the three first ex- 
 tend on both sides of the river ; the latter, which 
 is- called the district and county of Gaspe, com- 
 prises all the S. E. part of the territory, south of 
 the St. Lawrence, bounded on the east by the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and south by the Province 
 of New Brunswick, the three first districts were 
 further subdivided into 20 counties, 11 on the 
 south, and nine on the north side of the river, 
 as follows, beginning at the S. W. viz. — 
 
 r 1 Huntingdon f 12 York 
 
 2 Bedford . 13 Effingham 
 
 3 Montreal 4j 14 Leinster 
 
 4 Richelieu 3 15 Warwick 
 
 5 Surrey ■§ 16 St. Maurice 
 
 6 Kent g < 17 Hampshire 
 
 7 Buckingham „ 18 Orleans 
 
 8 Dorchester -5 19 Quebec 
 
 9 Hertford c 20 Northumberland 
 
 10 Devon ° 
 
 11 Cornwallis ^ 
 
 Of these, the first eight, which all lie within or 
 south-west of the river Chaudiere, are the most 
 fertile, and afford the most favourable spots for 
 agricultural and commercial enterprize. The 
 counties of Cornwallis and Northumberland, 
 each extend from the latitude of about 47, the 
 former to the district of Gaspe, and the latter bor- 
 ders on Labrador, all of which at present may 
 be looked upon as one great wilderness. With 
 this subdivision of territory and new organization 
 of the government of Canada in 1792, a more 
 stedfast career of improvement seems to have 
 been pursued than in any former period. 
 
 One of the most distinguishing characteristics 
 of Lower Canada is its climate, in the intensity 
 of cold in the winter, and of heat in summer, 
 and the sudden transition from one to the other, 
 without producing any injurious effect upon the 
 constitutions either of the inhabitants or other 
 parts of the animal creation. The frosts begin 
 about the middle of October, the sun continuing 
 to render the days mild and agreeable for three 
 or four weeks, when the snow storms set in, 
 which continue for about a month, with varia- 
 ble winds and a hazy atmosphere, until about the 
 middle or end of December ; by which time the 
 whole country is covered with an average depth 
 of snow of three to five feet. An invariable season 
 now commences ; an uninterruptedly clear sky 
 prevails for about 20 weeks, the thermometer rang- 
 ing the greater part of the time from 20 to 25 be- 
 low zero, sometimes descending more than 30 
 below, when the frost suddenly breaks, and in 
 the course of a few days, about the end of April, 
 or middle of May, the snow as suddenly disap- 
 pears. All the energies of the husbandman are 
 now directed to prepare the earth for seed, and 
 in the short space of a month the most luxuriant 
 verdure and vegetation are spread over all Canada ; 
 the thermometer sometimes, in June, ranging as 
 high as 95 or 100, prevailing through the summer 
 from about 75 to 80. Although the severity of 
 the winter hinders the earth from yielding any 
 produce, yet it essentially facilitates the convey- 
 ance to market of its summer products ; a track 
 once beaten upon the snow, which is easily effect- 
 ed after the storms have ceased, enables a horse 
 to drag, on a sledge, a twofold weight, twice or 
 thrice the distance in a day, which he would be 
 able to draw in the best constructed carriage on 
 the best possible road. In any country this facili- 
 ty of conveyance would be a great advantage, but 
 in Canada especially, where the rapidity of vegeta- 
 tion, and the abundant produce of the summer, 
 claims all the attention and all the energy of the 
 population during that season, it more than coun- 
 terbalances the severe and long duration of the 
 winter, inasmuch as it supersedes the necessity 
 of cost and labour in the construction of bridges 
 and roads, and renders conveyance easy by routes 
 and over tracts that would otherwise be impassa- 
 ble ; thus so far from being deemed severe or in- 
 convenient, it is regarded by the Canadians as the 
 
CAN 
 
 156 
 
 CAN 
 
 season of soctal intercourse and festivity. The 
 basis of the commerce of Canada is in the produce 
 of its forests, which, since 1817, have supplied 
 England and the West Indies with an average 
 of about 300,000 loads (of 50 cubic feet each)of 
 limber annually. Its next source of supply for 
 "xport is the skins of the innumerable wild ani- 
 mals which inhabit the forests, comprising the 
 bear, stao-, elk. deer, fox, marten, wild cat, and 
 various others, including hare and rabbit, as well 
 as a great variety of the weasel species, and the 
 bank's of the numerous lakes and rivers supply 
 large quantities of otter and beaver skins. The 
 Aggregate value of this branch of commerce to 
 Canada may be estimated at from £100,000 to 
 £150,000 annually, varying, in some measure, 
 according to the caprice of fashion. Fox and 
 otter skins, which at one time sold in London for 
 £10 to £15 a skin, at other times obtain only two 
 or three to five pounds each ; the others occasion- 
 ally varying in nearly like proportion. Another 
 great article of production for export is pot and 
 pearl ash, which, with a few other articles of mi- 
 nor importance, constitute the whole of the ex- 
 ports ; amounting in the aggregate, including 
 the freio-ht of a portion of the wood in Canadian 
 built vessels, to a money value of about £800,000, 
 which might and would be considerably augment- 
 ed by an export of grain, did not the selfish and 
 blind policy of the British legislature prefer con- 
 fining the manufacturing population of England 
 as well as of Ireland to a potato diet, and that in 
 the most sparing supply, lest any grain of foreign 
 production should be admitted into England, and 
 lower the money price, and thereby preclude a 
 high money rent tax. The exclusion of a market 
 for the surplus of grain, which would easily be 
 supplied, is, however, more than counterbalanced 
 to Canada by a large military force and civil es- 
 tablishment, which is maintained in that country 
 out of the taxes levied on the people of England. 
 These maintenances, in addition to its exports, 
 whilst the system subjects the people of England 
 to increasing privation, enables the Canadians to 
 draw from England a supply of manufactured and 
 Asiatic productions to the amount in money value 
 of about £1,400,000 annually, whilst the direct 
 intercourse of Canada with the British West In- 
 dia Islands enables it to obtain a liberal supply of 
 the products of those luxuriant climes. From 
 these circumstances, it is easy to conceive that 
 Canada affords great advantage to agricultural 
 enterprise, and well-directed exertion. 
 
 The civil government consists of a governor, 
 who is uniformly a military man and commander- 
 in-chief of all the forces in British America, and 
 an executive council of fourteen other members, 
 who are all appointed by the governor for the 
 approval of the king. The House of Assembly 
 consists of fifty-two members, elected for four 
 years in due proportions from each district of the 
 country by the freeholders of forty shillings a 
 year and upwards, or renters of £10 per annum 
 and upwards. There is also a legislative council, 
 consisting of not less than fifteen members. The 
 legal establishment consists of a court of King's 
 Bench, Common Pleas, and court of Appeal ; and 
 the civil and criminal law is administered by a 
 chief justice and two puisne judges : the chief 
 justice is also president of the legislative council. 
 The ecclesiastical affairs of this country are under 
 the superintendence of a catholic bishop resident 
 at Quebec, and an assistant bishop, nine vicars- 
 general, and about 200 cures, who are supported 
 
 chiefly out of grants of land made under the 
 French government, and an assessment of one 
 twenty-sixth part of all grain produced on the 
 lands held by catholics. The protestant estab- 
 lishment consists of a lord bishop, also resident at 
 Quebec, nine rectors, and several curates or cler- 
 gymen supported in part out of the civil list, and 
 an appropriation of one-seventh of all the lands 
 held by protestants. The protestant bishop has 
 also a seat in the legislative council by virtue of 
 his appointment : no distinction is otherwise made 
 on account of religious profession, catholic and 
 protestant being alike eligible to a seat in the ex 
 ecutive or legislative council and assembly, as 
 well as to all other civil or military appointments 
 Numerous tribes of native Indians still inhabit ill 
 
 the western and interior parts of this vast coun- 
 try, though their number has been much reduced 
 since 1780, about which period the small-pox 
 raged with such destructive fury as to entirely 
 depopulate several hundred thousand square miles 
 of territory. Since the abatement of that dreadful 
 catastrophe, and the conciliatory measures of the 
 Canadian government towards them, although 
 they still withhold themselves as much as ever 
 from the society of the settlers, they have main- 
 tained a much more social intercourse, with but 
 few attempts at open hostility ; and it is the In- 
 dian population who contribute so essentially to 
 the traffic in furs. The principal towns in Lower 
 Canada are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres. 
 The pine forests of this region are inhabited by 
 vast numbers of martens, who live in the loftv 
 
 ¥^^^^f#A'? : 
 
 tops of the trees. Their fur is highly esteemed, 
 and great numbers of them are hunted for their 
 skins. This animal destroys great quantities of 
 small quadrupeds and birds. He frequently makes 
 his nest in the hollow of a tree, but commonly 
 seeks for a squirrel's nest, drives away or kills 
 the owner, and takes possession. 
 
 The wolverene inhabits the northern parts of 
 Canada and America generally, quite to the Arc- 
 tic Sea, and it is probable that its visits extend 
 beyond the continent towards the Pole, as a skull 
 of this animal was found on Melville Island by 
 Capt. Parry. It is an inhabitant alike of the 
 woods and barren grounds, and is capable of en- 
 during the severest cold. The motions of the 
 wolverene are necessarily slow, and its gait 
 
CAN 
 
 157 
 
 CAN 
 
 heavy, but the acuteness of its sight and power 
 of smelling 1 are an ample compensation; as they 
 are seldom or never killed without being found 
 fat, there is good reason for believing that they 
 rarely suffer much from hunger. This animal is 
 surprisingly strong, and an overmatch for any 
 quadruped near its own size ;— indeed its sharp 
 claws and teeth enable it to offer a very effectual 
 resistance even to the bear. 
 
 Among the birds may be mentioned the wild 
 pigeon, spotted grouse, and the smallest humming 
 bird known. The raven, a bird found in every 
 quarter of the world, is also very common here. 
 
 He seems to bear the cold of the northern regions 
 with as much indifference as the heat of the tor- 
 rid zone. It is remarkable, that wherever these 
 birds abound, the common crow seldom makes 
 his appearance. 
 
 Canada, Upper, in its most comprehensive 
 sense, comprises a tract of country extending from 
 the Ottawa, or Grand River, which divides it from 
 Lower Canada at its junction with the St. Law- 
 rence, in the longitude of 74. 30. W. and 45. of 
 N. lat. to the north-west extremity of Lake Win- 
 nipeg, in the latitude of 59. N. and the 98th of 
 W. long, bounded on the south by the chain of 
 lakes which discharge their waters into the sea 
 by the great river St. Lawrence, and on the north 
 by the Ottawa River, in a north-west direction to 
 the longitude of about 82., when it borders by un- 
 defined limits on the Hudson's bay and north- 
 west territories. However, like Lower Canada, 
 the part under cultivation, and which at present 
 more particularly merits attention, lies within 
 comparatively narrow limits, in a south-west di- 
 rection, along the north bank of the St. Lawrence, 
 and north shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, from 
 the Ottawa River before-mentioned at its en- 
 trance into the St. Lawrence to the straits of Erie 
 and St. Clair River, between the Lakes Erie and 
 Huron, in the longitude of 82. 30. W. It is about 
 570 miles from N. E. to S. W. and 40 to 50 in. 
 breadth, including about 10,000,000 of acres of as 
 fertile land as any in all North Ameiica. The 
 south-west extremity extending to the 42d degree 
 of latitude, it is not subject to such severity of 
 winter as the lower province ; numerous streams, 
 affording the most advantageous site for the erec- 
 tion of mills, fall into the lakes, and two consid- 
 erable rivers in the eastern district fall into the 
 Ottawa, and two others run in a south-west di- 
 rection, falling into Lake St. Clair, between the 
 strait of Erie and the St. Clair River. The 
 southernmost of these rivers is called the Thames, 
 with a London on its banks, destined perhaps, at 
 some future time, to rival in population and im- 
 portance its namesake in Britain. Upper Canada 
 is divided, for judicial and local purposes, into 
 eight districts, which are again subdivided into 
 the 23 following counties, taking them in order 
 from the south-west : viz 
 
 1 . Essex, 13. Hastings, 
 
 2. Kent, 14. Lennox, 
 
 3. Suffolk, 15. Addington, 
 
 4. Middlesex, 16. Frontinac, 
 
 5. Norfolk. 17. Prescot, 
 
 6. Oxford, 18. Russell, 
 
 7. Lincoln, 19. Leeds, 
 
 8. York, 20. Grenville, 
 
 9. Durham, 21. Dundas, 
 
 10. Carleton, 22. Stormont, 
 
 11. Prince Edward, 23. Glengary 
 
 12. Northumberland, 
 
 These counties are further subdivided into about 
 160 townships. Nearly one-third of the lands 
 were granted in free and common soccage prior 
 to 1825, about 500,000 acres of which are already 
 under cultivation, one-third more being reserved 
 for the crown and clergy, leaves about 4,000,000 
 of acres of fertile land, in the immediate vicinity 
 of settlements already formed, for future grants ; 
 in addition to which, millions of acres in the rear, 
 northward, covered at present with the finest tim- 
 ber of oak, hickory, beach, walnut, maple, pine, 
 &c. &c. present a rich field for exertion, and the 
 supply of future ages. The population of this 
 province has increased, and continues increasing 
 in a greater ratio than the lower one. The inhab- 
 itants, which in 1783 did not exceed 10,000, in 
 1814 amounted to 95,000, and in 1825 to double 
 that number. Its civil and religious institutions 
 are similar to those of the sister province, with 
 the exception that being settled since the expul- 
 sion of the French, there are no feudal tenures or 
 lands held in seignorage, which is the case with 
 all those granted to the original French settlers 
 in the lower province. The inhabitants also of 
 Upper Canada being emigrants from the United 
 States, Scotland, and England, are principally 
 protestants, and as such there are no special 
 enactments or reservations for the catholics. The 
 executive council of this province consists of six 
 members, the legislature of not less than seven, 
 and the house of assembly of twenty-five. Upper 
 Canada participates in common in the commerce 
 of the lower province, in addition to which it has 
 also the advantage of interchanging its surplus 
 productions with the United States, as either one 
 direction or the other may best promote its inter- 
 est. As long, however, as the English govern- 
 ment are enabled to afford the same protection to 
 Upper Canada, and under the same circumstan- 
 ces as prevailed in 1826, and more especially 
 should the English government qualify their 
 present policy of excluding grain of foreign 
 growth importation into England, the interest of 
 the Canadians will unquestionably lie on the side 
 of England, and the Canadas afford the fairest 
 field for agricultural exertion of any country in 
 the world : independent of its abundant supply of 
 grain and animal food, the forests supply abun- 
 dance of every variety of game and fowl, and the 
 rivers and lakes every variety of fish common to 
 inland waters ; and, by due attention to culture, 
 the gardens may be made to yield every variety 
 of delicious fruits. 
 
 The Canadas, in a general sense, may be con 
 sidered a level country, beautifully undulated, 
 but no where attaining an elevation exceeding 
 300 to 500 feet above the level of the waters o? 
 the great chain of lakes. A ridge of mountain 
 skirts the northern boundaries of both provinces 
 from the 74th to the 98th deg. of west longitude 
 the altitudes have not been correctly ascertained 
 but they seem to claim the character only of * 
 
 o 
 
CAN 
 
 158 
 
 CAN 
 
 chain of broken hills, rather than mountains. 
 But little discovery of minerals has as yet been 
 made : coals, copper, and iron, have been found, 
 and as population extends itself, and when neces- 
 sity requires them, the mineral substances will 
 most probably not prove deficient. The two prin- 
 cipal towns are York and Kingston. 
 
 Canajoharic, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Its 
 vicinity abounds with apple-trees, from which it 
 makes cider of an excellent quality. It stands on 
 a creek of the same name, between the Mohawk 
 River and the Erie Canal, 25 m. N. E. of Coop- 
 erstown,and 53 VV. N. W. of Albany. Pop. 4,348. 
 
 Canandaigua, a lake in the western part of the 
 State of New York, which discharges its waters 
 into Lake Ontario. It is 20 miles long, and from 
 2 to 3 miles wide. The banks are high and va- 
 riegated, and ornamented with many beautiful 
 villas 
 
 Canandaigua , p.t. Ontario Co., on the outlet of 
 the above lake. It is one of the pleasantest towns 
 in the country. The principal street runs along 
 the ridge of a hill which rises from the north end 
 of the lake ; it is hands'omely planted with trees, 
 and the houses have an uncommonly neat ap- 
 pearance, being generally painted white, with 
 green blinds. In the centre of the town is a large 
 square. In the neighbourhood are many beauti- 
 ful gardens. Canandaigua has a very flourishing 
 trade, and a steam-boat plies upon the lake. It is 
 208 m. W. of Albany. Pop. 5,162 
 
 Cananore, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, 
 defended by a fortress, with other works after the 
 European fashion. It is the head-quarters of the 
 province. This town was taken in 1790 by the 
 British, in whose possession it remains. It has 
 several good houses, and carries on a good trade 
 with other parts of the peninsula, and with Ara- 
 bia and Sumatra. The country furnishes a large 
 quantity of pepper, cardamoms, sandal wood, coir, 
 sharks' fins, &c. ; the imports are horses, benzoin, 
 ramphor, almonds, opium, sugar, and piece goods. 
 It is governed by a native sovereign, who pays an 
 annual tribute of 14,000 rupees to the English 
 East India Company. It is seated on a small 
 bay, one of the best on the coast, 56 m. N. N W. 
 of Calicut. Long. 75. 30. E. lat. 11. 53. N 
 
 Canari, a province on the west coast of Hin- 
 doostan, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, on 
 whose defeat and death, in 1799, it came into the 
 hands of the British. It is ISO miles in length, 
 between the Concan and Malabar, and from 30 to 
 80 in breadth. The soil is fertile, and it produces 
 abundance of rice, betel-nuts, and wild nutmegs. 
 The principal port is Mangalore. 
 
 Canaries, or Canary Islands, anciently called 
 the Fortunate Islands, are thirteen in number, 
 lying in the North Atlantic Ocean, off the west 
 coast of North Africa, between the latitudes of 
 28. and 30. N. Seven of them are considerable, 
 namely, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Teneriffe, Ca- 
 nary, Fuerte-ventura, and Lanzerota, each of 
 ichick see : the other six are very small, Graciosa, 
 Rocca, Allegranza, St. Clare, Inferno, and Lobos. 
 They were formerly inhabited by a brave and in- 
 dependent race of people called Gaunches. Fuerte- 
 ventura and Lanzerota, being the least populous, 
 were taken possession of by John de Betancourt, 
 a Norman, about the commencement of the 15th 
 century, in behalf of John, the then king of Cas- 
 tile : but it was not till towards the close of that 
 century that the Spaniards, under whose sove- 
 reignty they still remain, obtained complete pos- 
 session of the whole group, after the most deter- 
 
 mined resistance of the natives; th« *>V,i< o/ 
 whom, during the 16th century, fell tiJittn* to 
 the cruelty of the Spaniards, either by the swore, 
 or the inquisition, which was established in these 
 islands in 1532. 
 
 Canary, Grand one of the principal of the above 
 islands, lying between the east side of Teneriffe 
 and the south end of Fueite-ventura. Next to 
 Teneriffe, it is the most fertile and productive of 
 the group . The surface near the coast is beau- 
 tifully diversified with hill and dale and well 
 watered with streams issuing from mountains 
 which lie towards the centre of the island. The 
 vine in all its varieties flourishes in this island i; 
 the utmost luxuriance. It is here that the mosi 
 delicious malmsey wine or sack is made, and i„ 
 was from hence that the English obtained their 
 sack, so celebrated in the time of Shakspeare. 
 Under reciprocal arrangements and due excite- 
 ment of protection and reward, this island would 
 produce nearly all the fruits and vegetables com- 
 mon to the tropics; but under the proscriptive 
 and bigoted policy of Spain, nothing depending 
 on human exertion prospers, and, though the Ca- 
 nary Islands are less exposed to its despotism than 
 any other part of the Spanish dominions, every 
 thing languishes. The extent of this island is 
 about 30 m. from north to south, and 28 in breadth. 
 Palmas, or Canary, as it is sometimes called, the 
 chief town ,is situate on the coast towards the north- 
 east end of the jsland, in the latitude of 28. 43. N. 
 and 17. 46. W. long, having a tolerable harbour 
 for vessels of 1 00 to 200 tons burthen, sheltered 
 by a promontory jetting for about two miles into 
 the sea from the north-east extremity of the 
 island. Palmas was formerly the capital and seat 
 of government, both civil and ecclesiastical, of the 
 whole group of islands, but the governor now re- 
 sides at Santa Cruz on Teneriffe ; the bishop con- 
 tinuing at Palmas, the population of which is es- 
 timated at about 25,000, and the remainder of the 
 island at about the same number. 
 
 Cancale, a town of France, in the department of 
 llle and Vilaine, seated on a bay of its name, and 
 celebrated for oysters. The English landed here 
 in 1758, and proceeded by land to burn the ships 
 at St. Malo. It is nine miles east of St. Malo, 
 and 40 N. N. W. of Rennes Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Candahar, or Kandahar, a province of Afgha- 
 nistan, lying between the 31st and 34th degree 
 of north latitude, and the 65th and 70th of east 
 long. ; the chief city, of the same name, is situate 
 on the frontier of the Persian province of Sigis 
 tan. in the lat. of 33. N. and 65. 30. of E. long 
 During the entirety of the Persian and Mogul 
 empires, it was considered the most important 
 barrier between the two territories, and it was for- 
 merly the capital and seat of government of 'he 
 whole Afghan territory, which is now at CaDul. 
 It is however still an important place, both as a 
 fortress and of commercial intercourse See Af- 
 ghanistan. 
 
 Candeish, a province of the Deccanof Hindoos- 
 tan, subject to the Poonah Mahrattas : bounded on 
 the N. by Malwa, E. by Berar, south by Dowlata- 
 bad and W.by Baglana. The soil is fertile, though 
 mountainous, and produces abundance of cotton 
 Burhampour, which surrendered to the British in 
 1803, is the capital. 
 
 Candcs. a town of France, in the department of 
 Indre and Loire, at the confluence of the Vienne 
 with the Loire, 30 m. W. S.W. of Tours. 
 
 Candia, an island in the Mediterranean, for 
 merly Crete, lying to the south of the Archipela 
 
CAN 
 
 159 
 
 CAN 
 
 go. It is 180 miles long, from west to east, and 
 50 broad, and pervaded by a chain of mountains. 
 The soil is fertile ; and it abounds in fine cattle, 
 sheep, swine, poultry, and game. The chief pro- 
 ducts are corn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and honey. 
 It was taken by the Turks in 1669, after a war of 
 25 years. It was invaded by the Venetians, in 
 1692, without effect. Mount Ida, so famous in 
 history, is in the middle of this island ; beside the 
 capital of the same name, the other principal 
 towns are Canea, Retimo, Nuovo, Legortino, and 
 Setia. Total population about 280,000, in nearly 
 an equal proportion of Greeks and Turks. 
 
 Candia, the capital of the island of the same 
 name, and the see of a Greek archbishop. Though 
 populous formerly, little of it remains beside the 
 walls and the market place ; and the harbour is 
 now fit for nothing but boats. It is seated on the 
 north side of the island, about 240 m. S. S. W. of 
 Smyrna. Long. 25. 18. E. lat 35. 19. N. Pop. 
 about 13,000. 
 
 Cantlia, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 3(i m. fr. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,362. 
 
 Candlemas Isles, two islands in the Southern 
 Ocean, near Sandwich Land. Long. 27. 13. W. 
 lat. 57. 10. S. 
 
 Candor, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 177 m. W. Alba- 
 ny. Pop. 2,653. 
 
 Candy, formerly a kingdom, comprising the 
 greater part of the interior of the island of Cey- 
 lon ; the chief town, of the same name, is situate 
 nearly in the centre of the island, on the banks of 
 a river called the Malivaganga, which falls into 
 the sea by several channels on the east side. The 
 town consists principally of one street about two 
 miles in length ; the principal buildings being the 
 former king's palace and the temple of Boodh. 
 It surrendered to a British force in March 1815, 
 and was annexed with the whole of the Island 
 Ceylon, to the British dominions. Candy is about 
 70 m. E. N. E. of Colombo, and 85 S. W. of Trin- 
 comalee. 
 
 Canea, a strong town in the island of Candia, 
 with a good harbour. The environs are adorned 
 with olive-trees, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, 
 bordered with myrtle and laurel roses. It was 
 taken from the Venetians by the Turks, in 1G45, 
 after a defence of two months, in which the vic- 
 tors lost 25,000 men. It is seated on the north 
 coast of the island, 63 m. W. by N. of Candia. 
 Long. 24. 7. E. lat. 35. 27 N. 
 
 Caneadea, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. York. Pop. 
 782. 
 
 Canelle, a town of Piedmont, at the south ex- 
 tremity of Asti, 12 m. S. S. E. of the town of 
 Asti. Pop. about 3,000. 
 Cancte. (See Cagnete.) 
 
 Caneto, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seve- 
 ral times taken and retaken by the French and 
 Austrians. It is seated on the Oglio, 20 m. W. 
 of Mantua. 
 
 Canfield, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 Canga, a town of the kingdom of Congo, on 
 '.he river Zaire, 280 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. 
 Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 2. 10. S. 
 
 Cangiano, a town of Naples, in Principato Cite- 
 riore, 40 m. E. by S. of Salerno. 
 
 Cangoxima, a strong seaport of Japan, on the 
 most southern verge of the isle of Ximo, or Kiusiu, 
 with a commodious harbour. At the entrance of 
 the haven is a light-house, on a lofty rock ; and 
 at the foot of the rock is a convenient road for 
 shipping. Here are large and sumptuous maga- 
 zines, belonging to the emperor, some of which 
 
 are proof against fire. Long. 132. 15. E. lat. 32 
 10. N. 
 
 Canina, a town of European Turkey, in Alba 
 nia, near the entrance of the Gulf of Venice, 8 m 
 S. E. of Avlona. 
 
 Cdnischd, a strong town of Lower Hungary. I 
 was taken, in 1600, by the Turks, who held it tih 
 1690, when it was taken by the Austrians, after z 
 blockade of two years, and ceded to the emperor 
 by the peace of Carlowitz. It is seated on the 
 bank of a small lake, 12 m. N. of the Drave River 
 and 85 m. S. S. W. of Raab. Long. 17. 10. E 
 lat. 46. 30. N. 
 
 Canisteo, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y., 260 m. S. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 620. 
 
 Cantm, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, S. W 
 of the Isle of Skye. It is four miles long and on< 
 broad; the high parts producing excellent pasture 
 for cattle, and the low is tolerably fertile. Here 
 are many basaltic columns. On the S. E. side 
 ofCannais Sand Island, separated by a narrow 
 channel ; and between them is a well frequented 
 harbour. Long. 6. 38. W. lat. 57. 13. N. 
 
 Cannes, or Cagnes, a small seaport at the S. E. 
 extremity of France, distinguished as the place 
 of debarkation of Napoleon from Elba, on the 1st 
 of March, 1815. It is about 6 m. S. W. of Nice. 
 Canobia, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, on 
 the lake Maggiore, 35 m. N. N. W. of Milan. 
 
 Canoge, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Agra. It is said to have been the capital of 
 all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus. 
 who fought against Alexander ; and that in the 
 6th century it contained 30,000 shops in which 
 betel-nut was sold. It is now reduced to the size 
 of a middling town, and seated on the Calini, near 
 its conflux with the Ganges, 110 m. E. by S. of 
 Agra. Long. 80. 13. E. lat. 27. 3. N. 
 
 Canonsburg, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 18 m. S. 
 W. Pittsburg. Here is a Seminary, founded in 
 1802, called Jefferson College. It has 7 instruct- 
 ed, 120 students, and a library of 2,500 vols. 
 There are 2 vacations in May and October. Com- 
 mencement is in September, The town has an 
 elevated and pleasant situation. 
 
 Canosa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 which stands on part of the site of the ancient 
 Canusium, one of the most magnificent cities of 
 Italy. Between Canosa and the river Ofanto are 
 still some traces of the ancient town of Cannas, 
 in the plain of which was fought the celebrated 
 battle between Hannibal and the Romans, where- 
 in the latter lost 45,000 men. Canosa is 4 m. 
 W. by N. ofTrani. 
 
 Canoul, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 
 capital of a circar of the same name, seated on 
 the south bank of the Toombudra River, 110 m. 
 S. S. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 78. 7. E. lat. 
 15. 48. N. 
 
 Canourgue, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lozere, with a trade in cattle and woolen 
 stuffs, seated near the Lot, 13 in. S. W.of Mende. 
 Canco, a seaport at the S. E. extremity of Nova 
 Scotia. Near the town is a fine fishery for cod. 
 Long. 60. 55. W. lat. 45. 20. N. 
 
 Canso, Chit of, a strait about 25 m. in length 
 and from a half to a mile wide, between the east 
 end of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, leadinc 
 from the Atlantic Ocean through Chedabucto 
 Bay into St. George's Bay, in the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Canstadt, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom of 
 Wurtemburg, with a manufacture of printed 
 cottons. In the neighbourhood are some me 
 
CAN 
 
 1G0 
 
 CAN 
 
 dicinal springs. It is seated on the Neckar, three 
 m. N. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Cantal, an interior department in the south of 
 France, including part of the late province of 
 Auvergne. It is so called from a mountain, near 
 the .centre of the department, whose summit is 
 always covered with snow. The capital is St. 
 Flour. Pop. about 250,000. 
 
 Cantazaro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- 
 riore,near the sea, 26 m. S. W. of St. Severino. 
 
 Cantcrhurij, a city of Kent, Eng. capital of the 
 county, and the see of an archbishop, who is pri- 
 mate of all England. It was the Durovernum 
 of the Romans, and founded before the Christian 
 era. The cathedral, a large structure, was once 
 famous for the shrine of Thomas a Becket, a tur- 
 bulent priest, who was murdered here in 1170, 
 and afterwards made a saint. In this cathedral 
 are interred Henry IV. and Edward the Black 
 Prince. The city has likewise 14 parish church- 
 es ; the remains of many Roman antiquities ; 
 and an ancient castle, with walls and a deep 
 ditch ; and a grammar-school founded by Henry 
 VIII. It is a county of it? eli", governed by a may- 
 or ; and is noted for excel l»."' t brawn. The adja- 
 cent country produces abuidxnce of hops. It is 
 sealed on the river Stour, 56 m. E. S. E. of Lon- 
 don, on the high road to Dover, from which it is 
 distant 17 m. Pop. in 1821, 12,754. 
 
 Canterbury, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 9 m. from 
 Concord. Pop. 1,663. Here is a village of Sha- 
 kers. 
 
 Canteroury, p.t. Windl i-i Co. Conn. 40 m. E. 
 Hartford. Pop. 1,881. Here are some manufac- 
 tories of cotton and woolen. Also a town in Kent 
 Co. Del. 
 
 Canth, a town of Silesia, on the river Weistritz, 
 15 m. S. W. of Breslau. 
 
 Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, on the coast of Morocco. Long. 9. 5. W. 
 lat. 32. 33. N. 
 
 Canton, a city, seaport, and capital of Quang- 
 tong, the most southern province of China, and 
 the only port in that vast empire with which Eu- 
 ropeans are permitted to hold any intercourse ; it 
 is finely situated at the head of a bay, into which 
 flow two large rivers, one from the westward, 
 which by numerous collaleral branches intersects 
 all the southern part of the empire, and the other 
 from the north, which, by a portage of only one 
 day's journey, communicates with the great chain 
 of inland waters that intersects every other pro- 
 vince. These rivers afford a facility of conveyance 
 by water, which renders Canton peculiarly well 
 adapted for the great outport of the empire. The 
 harbour is very commodious, and being sheltered 
 by several small islands, it affords secure moor- 
 ings for the innumerable barks or junks which 
 navigate the inland wateis ; all the foreign ships 
 anchor several miles distant, from the town, not 
 on account of the incapacity of the harbour to ac 
 commodate them, but from the peculiarly jealous 
 policy of the Chinese, which seems to dread noth- 
 ing so much as sociality of intercourse. Canton 
 consists of three towns, divided by high walls, but 
 so conjoined as to form almost a regular square. 
 The streets are long and straight, paved with flag- 
 stones, and adorned with triumphal arches. The 
 houses in general have only one floor, built of 
 earth or brick, some of them fantastically colour- 
 ed, and covered with tiles. The better class of 
 people are carried about in chairs ; but the com- 
 mon sort walk barefooted and bareheaded. At the 
 end of every street is a barrier, which is shut every 
 
 evening, as well as the gates of the city. The Eu 
 ropeans and Americans occupy a range of build- 
 ings termed the factories, fronting a spacious quay 
 along the bank of the harbour, without the city , 
 and no foreigner is permitted to enter without 
 the special permission of the viceroy, which is sel- 
 dom obtained. 
 
 There are 40,000 sampans or boats upon the 
 river, which contains above 100,000 people who 
 live constantly upon the water. The wall around 
 the city is 4 or 5 miles in extent. The city con- 
 tains vast numbers of triumphal arches and tem- 
 ples richly adorned with statues. The streets 
 are crowded with passengers to such a degree that 
 it is difficult to get along. The European or Amer- 
 ican visiter is struck with the variety and oddity 
 of the different articles offered for sale in the 
 streets and markets. If he is in quest of a dainty 
 morsel of fresh meat he may here purchase a fine 
 lot of rats, cats and puppies, which the Chinese 
 
 esteem particularly nice for making pies ! The 
 foreign trade of Canton resolves itself into a mo- 
 nopoly more peculiar and oppressive than any 
 where else exists, (except the Bank of England 
 and East India Company in London) it is vested 
 in 12 persons precisely on the same principle as 
 the 12 Jews are permitted to act as brokers in 
 the city of London, each paying a large premium 
 for the privilege of trading, or in other words, as 
 far as the principle applies in China, for the priv- 
 ilege of extorting from and oppressing the produ- 
 cers of the commodities in which they trade. 
 There is, however, this difference in China ; whilst 
 each of the 12 individuals all trade on separate 
 account, they are collectively amenable, as well 
 to foreigners as the government, for any default 
 or mulct imposed upon any one or more of them 
 individually ; whilst each of the Jew brokers of 
 London is only responsible for his own acts. In 
 addition to the external commerce of Canton, it 
 also appears to be the seat of almost every branch 
 of manufacture, more especially of silks and 
 household gods ; and as from the circumstance of 
 there being no public worship in China, every 
 house has its own collection of idols, the manu- 
 facture of these forms one of the most important 
 branches of occupation. The main article of ex- 
 port from Canton is tea, which since 1798, to 
 England alone, has averaged about 25 millions of 
 lbs., whilst to America and other parts (since 
 1815 more especially) it has been gradually in- 
 creasing, making an aggregate average quantity 
 annually exported at the period of 1826, of about 
 40 millions of lbs. The other principal articles 
 exported to England are raw silk and nankee^a, 
 
CAN 
 
 161 
 
 CAP 
 
 of the former about 250,000 lbs. weight, and of 
 the latter, about 600,000 pieces of four and seven 
 yards each, annually ; a few manufactured silks 
 and crapes, fans, ivory chess men, fancy ooxes, 
 and other toys, soy, and ink, constitute the re- 
 maining exports to England, which employs 
 about 25 sail of ships annually, of about 1 ,200 tons 
 each. The reimbursement by the English for the 
 above productions is made in cotton, wool, opium, 
 and some other articles from Bombay and Ben- 
 gal, and in woolen cloths, lead, &c from Eng- 
 land, to the amount of about £700,000 annually 
 In addition to the trade direct to England, there 
 is also an extensive traffic on English account 
 between the different ports of India and Canton, 
 which consists in a reciprocal interchange of the 
 productions of the respective countries, and in 
 which porcelain forms a considerable article of 
 export from Canton. The intercourse of America 
 with Canton is maintained on the part of Ameri- 
 ca with furs from the N. W. coast, sandal wood, 
 and the edible birdsnests collected among the 
 eastern islands, and with dollars. A considerable 
 portion of the tea exported in American ships, 
 being on account and risk of the Chinese mer- 
 chants, more especially the portion brought to 
 Hamburg, Antwerp, and other European ports, is 
 wholly reimbursed in specie. The imposts of 
 the government on its external commerce are 
 levied on the length and breadth of the shipping 
 entering and leaving the port. The following 
 statement of the amount of duties returned to the 
 Chinese treasury for the year 1822, will best show 
 the extent and proportion of the three great 
 branches into which the external commerce of 
 Canton resolves itself: viz. 1st. that with the 
 English East India Company ; 2nd. that with the 
 Jifferent ports of British India ; 3rd. that with 
 America : — 
 
 On Import. On Export. 
 English East Ind. Com. 395,112 460,042 
 Country Trade, .... 118,533 80,623 
 
 America, . 276,578 339,409 
 
 Total Tale, . . 790,224 880,076 
 The Tale being only equal to 6s. 8d. of English 
 money, the whole impost will be seen to amount, 
 according to the above statement, to only £556,- 
 800, not equal to the amount levied on the single 
 article of coals alone, at the port of London; and 
 yet such is the extent and insidious nature of the 
 intermediate oppression of the Chinese Hong, (or 
 council, which is the term by which the 12 privi- 
 leged merchants of Canton are collectively called) 
 on one side ; and the English East India Compa- 
 ny on the other, that whilst the 25,000,000 lbs. of 
 tea annually consumed in Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, costs the consumer, on an average, at least 
 7s per lb., it does not yield to the producer, inclu- 
 ding the inland conveyance to Canton, an aver- 
 age of 3 l-2d. per lb. In 1823 several thousand 
 houses in Canton were destroyed by fire, but the 
 ground has since been rebuilt upon, the population 
 is estimated at about 250,000. It is in the lat. 
 of 23. 8. N. and 113. 2. of E. long, being 16. deg. 
 47. or about 1,190 British statute~miles S. by \V. 
 of Pekin, the metropolis of the empire. 
 
 Canton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 14 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,517. It has some manufactures. 
 Also, a p.t. Hartford Co. Con. Pop. 1,437. Also 
 a p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,440. Also 
 5 other towns in Pa., Ohio, Ten. and Va. 
 
 Cantyre, or Kintyre, a peninsula of the west 
 coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 35 miles long 
 21 
 
 and 7 broad, connected on the north by an isthmus, 
 scarce a mile broad, to the mountainous district 
 of Knapdale. To the south the peninsula termi- 
 nates in a great promontory, surrounded by a 
 group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Can- 
 tyre, on which is a light-house, in the lat. of 55. 
 17. N. and 5. 41. W. long. It is a mountainous 
 district, with some fertile spots. The chief town 
 is Cambelton. The other towns are Kirkmich.ii 1 
 Ballachintea, Killean, Kilcahnonil, and Skipn^- 
 Total pop. in 1821, 20,668. 
 
 Cany, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine, situate in a country which produces 
 great quantities of corn and flax, 26 miles north- 
 west of Rouen. 
 
 Caorlo, a small island in the gulf of Venice, on 
 the coast of Friuli. It has a town of the same 
 name, 20 m. S. W. of Aquileia. Long. 12.36. E 
 lat. 45. 42. N. 
 
 Capacio, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeri- 
 ore, 20 m. S. E. of Salerno. 
 
 Cape Breton, an island forming part of the Brit- 
 ish dominions in America, lying between the 
 north end if Nova Scotia, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Gut of Canso ; and the south-west 
 point of Newfoundland, from which it is separa- 
 ted by the principal entrance into the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. It extends, in a north by east direction 
 from the lat. of 45. 30. to 47. 6. N. and from the 
 long, of 59.45. to 61. 35. W. forming a barrier be- 
 tween the Atlantic Ocean and the gulf, which 
 it completely landlocks and forms into a vast in- 
 land sea ; the passage between the north-eust end 
 and Newfoundland being about 65 miles wide, 
 intercepted, however, by the island of St. Paul, 
 and just within the gulf by the Magdalen group 
 of isles. Cape Breton is indented from north to 
 south by spacious bays, dividing it into two isl- 
 ands joined together by a very narrow isthmus 
 The coast on all sides is also much indented by 
 bays, making the figure of the land very irregu- 
 lar. Its area, however, amounts to about 40,000 
 sq. miles. The French first formed a settlement 
 upon this island in 1712, which surrendered to a 
 British force from New England in 1745, and was. 
 confirmed, with all the other French possessions- 
 in North America, to England, by the treaty of 
 1763. Its most distinguishing property is it rich 
 strata of coal of superior quality ; with some drea- 
 ry surface it also presents some very fertile spots r 
 well wooded, and containing a variety of wild 
 animals, the skins of which form a branch of its 
 traffic ; and should the colonies of England ever 
 be rendered subservient in promoting the mutual 
 interests of both the settlers and the British peo- 
 ple, Cape Breton, at present, as little known to 
 the people at large as though it had no existence, 
 might be made very instrumental in promoting a 
 highly beneficial and reciprocal intercourse. 
 Louisbourg, the chief town, is situate on the At- 
 lantic coast, in the lat. of 45. 54. N. and 59. 55. W. 
 long. The chief occupation of the people not 
 only of Louisbourg but of the whole island, in 
 addition to agriculture, is the cod fishery, which 
 they pursue to some extent for the West India and 
 other markets. Total population of the island 
 about 4,000. It was constituted a separate gov- 
 ernment in 1784, under a lieutenant-governor ap- 
 pointed by the king; but by a stretch of authority 
 on the part of the legislative assembly and coun- 
 cil of Nova Scotia, it has reverted as a province to 
 that government, to which it was originally at- 
 tached. 
 
 Cape Girardeau, a county of Missouri, lying 
 o2 
 
CAP 
 
 162 
 
 CAP 
 
 between the St. Francis and Mississippi rivers, 
 just above the junction of the Ohio with the Mis- 
 sissippi, in the lat. of 37. N. It is 40 miles in 
 length, from north to south, and about 20 in mean 
 breadth. Pop. 7,430. There is a town of the 
 same name on the west bank of the Mississippi; 
 but Jackson, further north in the interior, 80 m. 
 S. S. E. of St. Louis, and about COO N. N. W. of 
 New Orleans, is the chief town. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, a territory comprising the 
 whole southern extremity of Africa, discovered 
 by the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, 
 in 1493, who gave it the name of Cabo Tormcnto- 
 so, from the boisterous weather which he met with 
 near it; but Emanuel, king of Portugal, on the 
 return of Diaz, changed its name to that of Cape 
 of Good Hope, from the hope he entertained of 
 finding a passage beyond it to India ; and in this 
 he was not deceived, for Vasco de Gama, having 
 doubled this cape on the 20th November, 1497, 
 proceeded to India, and landed at Calicut, on the 
 22d of May, 1498. The Cape of Good Hope was 
 was first touched at by the Dutch in 1600, and in 
 1650, they established a settlement at this place 
 of whichthey held undisturbed possession for 
 nearly 150 years. The cape or promontory which 
 gives name to the territory is about 13 leagues 
 W. N. W. of Cape Agulhas, which if the ex- 
 treme S. point of the African continent, and 
 the territory extends northward to the lat. of 
 about 30. S. and eastward from the shore of the 
 Atlantic Ocean in 18., to that of the Indian Ocean 
 in 28. of E. long, being about 560 miles from W. 
 to E. with a mean breadth of about 200 from S. to 
 N. giving an area of about 112,000 square miles. 
 This extensive territory was taken from the 
 Dutch, by the English in 1795 ; but restored to 
 Holland at the peace of Amiens in 1802 ; retaken 
 in 1806, and confirmed to Great Britain by the 
 congress at Vienna in 1816, and it now forms 
 part of the British dominions. From the southern 
 extremity to the latitude of about 30, the ground 
 rises by three successive gradations to the height 
 of 5 or 6,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 The quagga or wild ass of South Africa is found 
 in herds in this quarter, but has lately grown 
 scarce in the territory of the cape. The back 
 mountain ridge in some places rising to the height 
 of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. This variation in altitude 
 is subject to almost every variety of climate, and 
 the surfaee is as various as the climate, there be- 
 inc much dreary and sterile territory, some very 
 fine pastures, and some exceedingly fertile arablo 
 land. The eapriciousness of the seasons, however, 
 is such as to render the pursuit of tillage exceed- 
 ingly hazardous, though, when the seasons are fa- 
 vourable, the produce is superabundant. The 
 culture of the vine seems attended with less risk, 
 and is likely to supersede the attention to agricul- 
 ture beyond what is necessary for the subsistence 
 of the colony. The surplus produce of wine, expor- 
 ted during the eight years 1817 to 1824, averaged 
 about 4,500 pipes per annum. In 1819, an attempt 
 was made to establish a settlement at Algoa Bay, 
 towards the eastern extremity of the southern 
 coast, in the long, of 25. 42. E. about 450 miles 
 east of the settlement at the Hope Cape, but the 
 seasons in succession cutting off all the crops, the 
 settlers were all subjected to the extreme of priva- 
 tion. By due attention, however, to the nature 
 of the climate, and application of the soil to pur- 
 poses for which it is best adapted, the Cape terri- 
 tory in the aggregate is doubtless susceptible of 
 being rendered subservient to the highest degree 
 
 of comfort and enjoyment of the settlers, and re- 
 ciprocally so to the inhabitants of Great Britain. It 
 is divided into four districts ; viz. the Cape, Zwel- 
 lendam, Stellenbosch, and Graff Reynet. The 
 Cape district comprises the promontory which gives 
 name to the territory. The promontory jets into 
 the Southern Ocean, at the south-west extremity. 
 On each side of this promontory is a bay frequent- 
 ed alternately as the winds prevail ; that on the 
 east side, in the Southern Ocean, is called False 
 Bay, restored to during the prevalence of north and 
 north-west winds, and that on the west side, in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, is called Table Bay, which 
 affords tolerable shelter during the prevalence of 
 south and south-east winds. They are, however, 
 both destitute of convenient harbours. There are 
 two other bays north of Table Bay ; Saldanha, in 
 the lat. of 33. 7. S. and St. Helens in 32. 40. both 
 of which have more convenient harbours than eith- 
 er of the other two ; but, being deficient in fresh 
 water, they are not much frequented. On the 
 shore of Table Bay, in the lat. of 33. 56. S. and 
 18. 28. E. long, is the chief town of the colony, 
 called Cape-town, rising in the midst of a desert, 
 surrounded by black and dreary mountains. To 
 the south-east of the town are some vineyards, 
 which yield the famous wine called Constantia. 
 The store-houses built by the Dutch East India 
 Company are situate next the water, and the pri- 
 vate buildings lie beyond them, on a gentle ascent 
 toward the mountains. The castle, or principal 
 fort, which commands the road, is on the east side ; 
 and another strong fort, called Amsterdam fort, ia 
 on the west side. The streets are broad and reg- 
 ular ; and the houses, in general, are built of 
 stone, and white-washed. There are barracks 
 for 2,000 men, built on one side of a spacious plain, 
 which serves for a parade. There are two other 
 large squares, in one of which the market is held, 
 and the other serves to assemble the numerous 
 waggons and vehicles bringing in the produce 
 from the country. There is another large building 
 erected by the Dutch for a marine hospital, and a 
 house for the accomodation of the government 
 slaves : the government house, a town hall, and 
 a Calvinist and Lutheran church, constitute the 
 remainder of the public buildings. The popula- 
 tion in 1826 amounted to about 20,000, more than 
 one-half of whom were Hottentots, Negro and 
 Malay slaves, and people of colour. The Table 
 Mountain, so called from the flatness of its main 
 s ummit, rises from immediately behind the town 
 to the height of 3,592 feet above the level of the 
 sea, having a collateral peak on the east 3,315 feet 
 in height, and another on the west 2,160 feet. The 
 profitable productions of the colony, taken as a 
 whole, are wine, grain, all the European and most 
 of the tropical fruits, vegetables of every descrip- 
 tion, cattle, and sheep. At the foot of the Table 
 Mountain are considerable plantations of the pro- 
 tea argentea, or silver tree (a species of the protea 
 peculiar to this spot,) the stone pine, and the 
 white poplar. Avenues of oak adorn the country 
 houses, and this tree grows rapidly throughout the 
 colony, but rarely to any perfection as timber. It 
 is constantly cut down, with the rest of the few for- 
 est trees of the Cape, forfuel, which is so scarce that 
 most families in decent circumstances keep a 
 slave employed entirely in collecting it. On the 
 eastern side of the mountains that run northward 
 from the Cape, and at the southern foot of the 
 Zwartzberg or Black Mountains, are some good 
 pasture farms, and whole plains of the common 
 aloe, which forms a considerable article of trade 
 
CAP 
 
 1G3 
 
 CAR 
 
 In these parts are great numbers of the gazelle or 
 hart beest, as the Dutch call it. This is one of 
 the most common animals of the territory. The 
 
 markets are well supplied with fish from the open 
 sea, and from the numerous inlets of the coast. 
 
 Cape May, a maritime county, forming a prom- 
 ontory at the south extremity of the state of New 
 Jersey. The cape, at the extreme south point, is 
 in Iat. 38. 57. N., the west side being washed by 
 Delaware Bay, and the east to great Egg harbour, 
 in the lat. of 39. 18. N., by the Atlantic Ocean, 
 this side in its whole extent being flanked by a 
 chain of islands. Pop. of the county, 4,945. 
 The court-house of the county is 102 m. S. of 
 Trenton. 
 
 * w * For numerous other capes see their respec- 
 tive names. 
 
 Capelle, a town of France in the department of 
 Aisne, 10 m. N. E. of Guiese. 
 
 Capestan, a town of France, in the department 
 of Herault, near the river Aude and the ca- 
 nal of Languedoc, 6 m. west of Beziers. 
 
 Caphon Springs, p. v. Frederic Co. Va. At this 
 place are mineral springs resorted to by invalids. 
 
 Capitanata, a province of Naples, east of the 
 Apennines, bounded on the east for about 70 miles 
 by the Adriatic, varying in breadth from 40 to 80 
 miles, containing an area of about 3,500 square 
 miles, and 270,000 inhabitants. It is watered by 
 several streams falling into the Adriatic. The 
 chief town upon the coast is Manfredonia ; and 
 Lucera, 35 m. W. of Manfredonia, and 90 E. by 
 N. of the city of Naples, is the chief town. 
 
 Capo Fi.no, a barren rock in the territory of 
 Genoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near it is 
 a port of the same name, 13 m. E. S. E. of Genoa. 
 Long. 8. 50. E. lat. 44. 20. N. 
 
 Capo a" Istria, a town of Italy, capital of Istria, 
 and a bishop's see. It stands on a small island 
 in the gulf of Trieste, connected with the conti- 
 nent by acauseway, which is defended by a castle. 
 The principal revenue consists in wine and salt. 
 It is 8 m. S. of Trieste. Long. 14 0. E. lat. 
 45. 40. N. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Cappel, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of 
 Sleswick, on the east coast, 10 m. N. E. of Sles- 
 wick. 
 
 Capraria, an isle in the Mediterranean, to the 
 N. E. of Corsica, 15 miles in circumference. It 
 has a town of the same name, with a good har- 
 bour defended by a castle. It is included in the 
 Sardinian States. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 9. 5G. 
 E. lat. 43. 5. N. 
 
 Capri, an island in the Mediterranean, at the 
 entrance of the gulf of Naples, nearly opposite 
 Sorrento. It is five miles long and two broad, 
 
 with steep shores, accessible only in two places ; 
 and was the retreat of the emperor Tiberius, who 
 here spent the last ten years of his life in luxu- 
 rious debauchery. A vast quantity of quails come 
 here every year ; and the tenth of what are caught, 
 forms a great part of the revenue of the bishop. 
 who is hence called the Bishop of Quails. Pop. 
 about 3,600. 
 
 Capri, the capital of the island of the same 
 name, and a bishop's see, with a castle. It was 
 once a delightful place, embellished with magnifi- 
 cent works, which were demolished after the 
 death of Tiberius. It is 27 miles S. S. W of 
 Naples Long. 14. 10. E. lat. 40. 32. N. 
 
 Caprycke, a town of the Netherlands, 18 m. E. 
 of Bruges, on the road to Phillipina. Pop. about 
 3,500. 
 
 Capua, a strong city of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel. 
 It is two miles from the ancient Capua, and was 
 built out of its ruins. No city in Italy, except 
 Rome, contains a greater number of ancient in- 
 scriptions. In 1803 it suffered much by an earth- 
 quake, and a number of cavalry were buried un- 
 der the ruins of their barracks. It stands at the 
 foot of a mountain, on the river Volturno, 20 m. 
 N. of Naples. Long. 14. 19. E. lat. 41. 7. N. 
 
 Cara, a river of Russia, which issues from the 
 north extremity of the Ural mountains, and flows 
 into the gulf of Karskoi, in the Arctic Ocean ; 
 forming the boundary between Europe and Asia, 
 for the space of about 140 miles. 
 
 Caracas, a territory extending along the north- 
 ern coast of South America, between the 64th 
 and 70th degree of W. long. It was first discov- 
 ered by Columbus, on his third voyage, in 1498. 
 Several attempts were immediately after made 
 by Spanish adventurers to form settlements, 
 which being partially effected, it was sold by 
 Charles V. of Spain to a company of German 
 trading adventurers, who, by their intolerable op- 
 pressions, were expelled the country in 1550. 
 It was then formed into a captain-generalship, 
 under the command of a supreme governor ap- 
 pointed by the king of Spain, under whose 
 sovereignty it remained in undisturbed possession 
 up to 1806. When the events of the war, which 
 desolated Europe from 1793 had cut off all 
 direct intercourse between Spain and her exter- 
 nal possessions, a futile attempt was made by 
 General Miranda to revolutionize this part of 
 South America. In 1810, however, when the 
 French had obtained the entire possession of Spain, 
 and proclaimed the sovereignty of all its external 
 possessions, a congress was convened of deputies 
 from all the provinces of the captain-generalship 
 of Caracas, to devise measures either for the es- 
 tablishment of an independent government, or 
 for effecting some modification in the then exist- 
 ing one. This led to internal dissensions and in- 
 veterate hostility between the two parties ; one, ad- 
 vocates for maintaining the government as it then 
 existed, which were supported by Spain on the 
 restoration of Ferdinand in 1812, and the other, 
 who placed General Bolivar in the command of 
 their armed forces, resolved upon acceding to 
 nothing short of unqualified independence. The 
 contest continued with alternate success up to 
 the close of the year 1819 when on the 19th of 
 of December a union was effected between 
 the provinces of Caracas and those of New- 
 Granada, and on the 24th of June, 1821 the 
 last battle was fought, which decided the fate 
 of the pretensions of Spain and the final extinction 
 
CAR 
 
 164 
 
 CAR 
 
 of its authority over all this part of South Ameri- 
 c ».. This territory then became one great republic 
 uti'ler the denomination of Colombia. 
 
 Caracas, or Leon de Caracas, the chief town of 
 New Venezuela, a province of the republic of Co- 
 ! imbia, is situated on an elevated plain, 2,900 feet 
 above the level of the sea, at a distance of about 8 
 ia. from the shore, in the lat. of 10. 31. N. and 67. of 
 YV long. Notwithstanding its altitude, it is wa- 
 tered by two or three streams, whilst, by its eleva- 
 tion it enjoys a comparatively temperate and de- 
 lightful climate. The town is regularly laid out 
 and has two or three squares, a cathedral, college, 
 and several churches, but none remarkable for 
 architectural beauty. The population in 1803 was 
 estimated at 42,000, but an earthquake in March, 
 1812, destroyed 12,000 of the number, as well as 
 great part of the town. Its markets are well sup- 
 plied with almost every luxury as well as neces- 
 sity of life. (See La<ruira.) 
 
 Caramon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, 20 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. 
 about 2,300. 
 
 Caramania, a province of Asiatic Turkey, to 
 the east of Natolia. It comprehends the ancient 
 Paraphilia, and a great part of Cilicia, Pisidia, and 
 Cappadocia. It contains several lakes, which a- 
 bound with fish, and furnish great quantities of 
 salt, and the Kisil Jermak river intersects the 
 eastern part of the province, running nortli into 
 the Black Sea. Cogni, or Konieh, in the lat. of 38. 
 10. N. and 32. 25. of E. long, is the capital. 
 
 Caramanta, a district of Colombia, included in 
 the south part of the province of Magdalena ; 
 bounded on the west by Ystmo, south by Popayan 
 and east by Zulia. It is a valley surrounded by 
 high mountains, and there are waters whence the 
 natives get salt. The capital, of the same name, 
 is seated on the Cauca, 240 m. N. N. E. of Popa- 
 van. Long. 75. 15. W. lat. 5. 18. N. 
 
 Carangas, a town of Peru, capital of a district 
 which contains valuable silver mines, and feeds a 
 great number of cattle. It is 45 m. W. of Potosi 
 
 Carara, properly Carrara, a town of Italy, in 
 the principality of Massa, celebrated for its quar- 
 ries of marble of various colours. It is 5 m. N. 
 N. E. of Massa. 
 
 Carasvi, a lake of European Turkey, in Bul- 
 garia, 55 miles in circumference, containing sev- 
 eral islands. It is formed by a branch of the Dan- 
 ube, not far from its entrance into the Black Sea. 
 
 Caravaya, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- 
 tion of the same name. It is 160 miles S. E. 
 of Cuzco. Long. 69. 36. W. lat. 14. 40. S. 
 
 Carbonne, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, on the east bank of the river 
 Garonne, 25 m. S. by W. of Toulouse. Pop. about 
 2,000. 
 
 Carcagante, a town of Valencia, on the south 
 bank of the river Xucar, 25 m. S. of the city of 
 Valencia. 
 
 Carcassone, a city of France, capital o\ the de 
 partment of Aude, and a bishop's see It is situ- 
 ate on the line of the grand canal of .Languedoc, 
 and divided into the upper and lower town by the 
 Aude, over which is a stone bridge. In the upper 
 town, called the city, are a strong castle and the 
 cathedral. The lower town is square, regularly 
 built, and kept very neat, by means of an aque- 
 duct which brings the waters of the Aude to dif- 
 ferent fountains. Here are manufactures of all 
 sorts of cloth. It is 35 m. W. of Narbonne, and 
 50 S. E. of Toulouse. Pop. about. 15,000. 
 
 Camilla, or Caricul, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 
 Canara, chiefly inhabited by shopkeepers. In an 
 open temple here is the image of a naked man, $3 
 feet in height by 19 in thickness, made of oni; 
 piece of granite. Much rice, ginger, turmeric, 
 and betel-nut, is raised in the vicinity. It is seat- 
 ed between two lakes, or tanks, which give source 
 to two rivers, 26 m. N. by E. of Mangalore. 
 
 Cardiff, a borough and seaport of Wales, capita! 
 of Glamorganshire. It is seated on the Taafe, 
 over which there is a handsome bridge of five 
 arches. Its castle was an elegant Gothic struc- 
 ture, but has lately undergone a motley repair 
 The town was formerly encompassed by a wall, 
 and vestiges of its four gates yet remain. The 
 constable of the castle is the chief-magistrate, who 
 is called mayor ; and here the assizes for the 
 county are held. Near the town are some iron 
 works, and a canal, extending 25 miles, to the 
 great iron works at Merthyr Tidvil. In the castle 
 died Robert, duke of Normandy, eldest son of 
 William the Conqueror, after having been blind- 
 ed, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henrv 
 I. Cardiff* is 40 miles west of Bristol, 47 east of 
 Swansea, and 160 west of London. Loner. 3. 12 
 W. lat. 51.28. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,521. 
 
 Cardigan, a maritime county of South Wales, 
 extending for about 50 miles along the shore of 
 St. George's Channel, from the river Tievy, which 
 divides it from Pembroke and Caermarthenshires 
 on the south, to the Dovey, which divides it from 
 Merionethshire, north ; being about 30 miles in 
 mean breadth, hounded on the east by the coun- 
 ties of Montgomery, Radnor, and Brecknock. 
 The Rheidal and one or two other rivers intersec 
 the county from east to west. Parts of this coun 
 ty are very fertile, both in tillage and pasture, 
 which enables the inhabitants to produce a consid- 
 erable surplus of grain, and small black cattle, 
 with which, and some few sheep and wool, they 
 obtain a tolerable supply of manufactured and co- 
 lonial productions. The principal towns beside. 
 Cardigan are Aberystwith and Llanbeder. 
 
 Cardigan, the chief town of the preceding 
 county, is situate at the mouth of the Tievy, ovei 
 which is a handsome bridge of seven arches, at the 
 S. W. extremity of the county. It had formerly 
 a strong and an extensive castle, of which but 
 little now remains. It was from hence that the 
 first descent upon Ireland was made by the Eng- 
 lish. The church is a spacious edifice ; the 
 county gaol and hall have been rebuilt within 
 the present century. It is a corporate town, gov- 
 erned by a mayor, 12 aldermen, &c. and unites 
 with Aberystwith and Llanbeder in returning 
 one member to Parliament. Pop. in 1821,2,397. 
 It is 25 m. E. N. E. of St. David's Head, 132 m. 
 west of Gloucester, and about the same distance 
 due east of Waterford, in Ireland. Its commerce 
 by sea is confined to the coast. 
 
 Cardigan Bay, is formed by St. David's Head, 
 the western point of Pembrokeshire, south, in the 
 lat. of 51. 44. N. and 5. 17. W. long, and Bardsey 
 Island, oft' the S. W. point of Caernarvonshire 
 north, in the lat. of 52. 44. and 4. 39. of W. long, 
 the main coast of Caernarvonshire being in the 
 long, of about 4. it gives a stretch of about 40 
 miles from W. to E. and 50 from S. to N. within 
 the bay. 
 
 Cardona.,a. town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a 
 castle. Near it is a mountain of solid rock salt, 
 of which are made vases, snuff" boxes, and trink- 
 ets; and there are vineyards that produce excel- 
 lent wine. It is seated on the Cardenero, 36 m 
 N. W. of Barcelona. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
CAR 
 
 165 
 
 CAR 
 
 Carelia, or Russian Finland. (See Wiburg.) 
 
 Carentan, a town of France, in the department 
 ofManche, with an ancient castle, -8 miles from 
 the sea, and 21 W. of Bayeux. Pop. 2,800. 
 
 Cares, or Kareis, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Macedonia, situate on Mount Athos, 17 m. S. 
 E. of Salonica. 
 
 Careic, a village of Wales, 4 miles E. by N. of 
 Pembroke, noted for the noble and extensive re- 
 mains of its castle, situate on a gentle swell above 
 an arm of Milford Haven. Pop. 975. 
 
 Carhaix, a town of France in the department 
 of Finisterre, on the river Yer, 19 m. S. of Mor- 
 laix. 
 
 Carltam, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 5 
 miles east of Kelso. Near it a battle was fought 
 between the English and Danes, in which 11 
 bishops and 2 English counts were slain, beside a 
 great number of soldiers. Here likewise was a 
 battle between the English and Scots, in 1018, in 
 which the latter were victorious. In 1370, sir 
 John Lilburne was defeated near this place, and 
 taken prisoner by the Scots. Pop. 1,370. 
 
 Cariaco, a city in the Colombian new province 
 of Orinoco, containing a population of about 6,000. 
 It is about 50 m. E. of Cumana. 
 
 Cariati, a town of Naples, on the sea coast, in 
 Calabria Citeriore, near the Gulf of Taranto, 25 
 m. N. of Severino. 
 
 Caribbean Sea, that part of the Atlantic Ocean 
 lying between Cuba, St. Domingo, and Porto Ri- 
 co, on the north, and the north coast of the new 
 republic of Colombia on the south, and extending 
 west from the 62nd to the 84th degree of W. long. 
 
 Caribbee Islands, the most eastern islands of 
 the West Indies, divided into Windward and Lee- 
 ward Islands. See Indies West. 
 
 Caribou, a considerable island in Lake Supe- 
 rior, toward the east end, claimed by the United 
 States, as being wholly within their boundary 
 line. 
 
 Carical, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnar- 
 tic, where the French had a settlement, which 
 was taken by the British in 1760. It stands at 
 the mouth of a branch of the Cavery, 8 m. S. of 
 Tranquebar. 
 
 Carignan, or Carnignano, a town of Piedmont, 
 in a district of the same name, in the south part 
 of the province of Turin, with a castle, seated on 
 the river Po, 12 m. S. of Turin. Pop. about 
 7,000. 
 
 Carimo, an island in the straits of Malacca, at 
 the entrance into the China Sea, in the lat. of 1. 
 N. and 104. E. long. 
 
 Carimon Java, a cluster of islands to the north 
 of Java, at the principal of which ships touch for 
 refreshment, in their vovage to Borneo. Long. 
 110. 12. E. lat. 5. 56. S. 
 
 Carinacou, the chief of the Grenadilla Islan Is, 
 in the West Indies, 16 m. N. N. E. of Grenada. 
 It produces much cotton, and has a good harbour. 
 See Grenada. 
 
 Carini, a town of Sicily, seated on a point of 
 land near the sea, about 16 m. N. W. of Palermo ; 
 it was the birth-place of Lais. 
 
 Carinoia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 seated near Mount Massico, about 8 m. from the 
 sea, and 25 m. N. W. of Naples. 
 
 Carinthia, Duchy of, an interior province or di- 
 vision of the Austrian empire, lying betwee i 
 at. of 46. 21. and 47. 6. N. and 12. 30. to 14. 50. 
 of E. long comprising an area of about 3,500 Eng- 
 lish sq miles; the west end borders on the Tyrol, 
 and it is bounded on the north by the bishopric of 
 
 Saltzburgand Upper Styria, east by Lower Styria 
 and south by Upper Carniola, and the Venetian 
 territory. The river Drave, which rises in the 
 Tyrol and falls into the Danube at Belgrade, in- 
 tersects Carinthia its whole extent from W. to E. 
 receiving several tributary streams, both from the 
 north and south ; there are also several lakes. It 
 is a mountainous and woody district, the moun- 
 tains, yielding abundance of iron, lead, and cop- 
 per, as well as quicksilver, bismuth, and zinc, and 
 also the purest marbles, and a variety of gems ; 
 whilst the forests abound with the finest timber, 
 the valleys afford some excellent pasturage, as well 
 as fertile lands for tillage ; but being edged in by 
 mountains both on the north and south, whilst the 
 remoteness of the course of the Drave precludes 
 it from being availed of as a channel of convey- 
 ance, the rich store of natural products which this 
 district contains are of little advantage either to 
 the inhabitants or to the world. Could a water 
 communication be obtained with the Adriatic, 
 which, by a social and reciprocal order of society, 
 might be effected from the west end of the pro- 
 vince, either by the Tajamento, or the Piave ; 
 Carinthia might then rank among the most inter- 
 esting and important districts of Europe ; but un- 
 der the bigoted, blind, and unsocializing policy of 
 Austria, the inhabitants pass away their time in 
 indolence and apathy, such supply of foreign pro- 
 ductions as they get being obtained chiefly by 
 means of cattle, which they drive to the markets 
 of the towns of Italy. It is divided for local juris- 
 diction into two parts, Upper, West ; and Lower, 
 East; the former containing about 175,000 inhab- 
 itants, and the latter about 105,000. The princi- 
 pal towns in the upper part are Gmund and Vil- 
 lach, and in the lower, Clagenfurt, (which is the 
 capital of the duchy) Wolfsberg, Wolfenmarck, 
 Pleyburg, &c. The inhabitants, who speak chiefly 
 the Sclavonian language, are bigoted adherents to 
 the mummeries of the Romish church, and con- 
 tribute to the Austrian government an impost of 
 about £250,000 English per annum. 
 
 Carisbrook, a village contiguous to Newport, in 
 the Isle of Wight, Eng. remarkable for its castle 
 and church, which are both very ancient. The 
 church had once a convent of monks annexed, 
 part of which is now a farm-house, still retaining 
 the name of the priory. The castle stands on an 
 eminence, and was the prison of Charles I. in 
 1647, before he was delivered to the parliament 
 forces. It is now nominally the seat of the gov- 
 ernor of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Caristo, or Castel Rosso, an episcopal town ol 
 Greece, at the south extremity of the island of 
 Negropont. Long. 2-4. 35. E. lat. 38. 34. N. 
 
 Carlchj, Old and New, two towns on the coast 
 of West Bothnia, about 50 m. N. of Wasa. 
 
 Carlentini. See Lentini. 
 
 Carlingford, a populous parish and town in ihe 
 county of Louth, Ireland. The parish comprises 
 a promontory between Dundalk and Carlingford 
 Bays; and in 1821, contained a population of 
 10,921. The town is situate on the south shore 
 of the bay of Carlingford, and is noted for its oys- 
 ter fishery ; it is a corporate town, and returned 
 two members to the Irish Parliament. It is 6 m 
 S. of Newry, and 52 N. of Dublin, and in 1821 
 contained 1,275 of the inhabitants of the parish. 
 
 Carlinicark, or Castle Douglas, a village of Scot 
 land, at the N. corner of a lake of its name, 7 m. 
 N. E. of Kirkcudbright, with a considerable manu- 
 facture of cotton. Pop. 750. 
 
 Carlisle, a city, bishop's see, and capital of the 
 
CAR 
 
 166 
 
 CAR 
 
 county of Cumberland, Eng. is situate at the junc- 
 tion of three rivers, the Calder, Petterill, and 
 Eden, about (i m. above the entrance of the united 
 streams into the Solway Frith, and 13 m. from 
 the S. W. frontier of Scotland. Carlisle has held 
 a distinguished rank among the cities of England, 
 in ever}' period of British history, and is supposed 
 to have been first founded by Luil, a native Briton, 
 long before the irruption of the Romans into Eng- 
 land. The contiguity of Carlisle to Scotland, dur- 
 ing the less social habits and distinctiveness of in- 
 terest, of the people of that country, frequently ex- 
 posed it to their depredations; to avoid which, 
 the Romans, on their possessing themselves of 
 this part of Enoland, erected a wall from Solway 
 frith to the German Ocean, which included Car- 
 lisle on one side, and Newcastle on the other, 
 within its southern limits. After the departure 
 of the Romans from England, Carlisle was sur- 
 rounded with a Avail, by Egfrid, king of Northum- 
 berland ; and after the Norman conquest it was 
 further protected by a citadel and castle, having 
 three gates, called the English. Irish, and Scot- 
 tish, witli reference to their bearing on the side 
 of eacli respective country, built by William Ru- 
 fu3. These defences, however, did not prevent it 
 from falling into the possession of the Scots, who 
 held it alternately with the English from the peri- 
 od of William Rufus, to that of Henry VII.; it 
 was constituted a bishop's see by Henry I., de- 
 stroyed by fire by the Scots, in the reign of Henry 
 111., and experienced the same disaster twice in 
 the following reign. In 1508 the castle was made 
 the prison house of the unfortunate Mary of Scot- 
 land ; in 1G45 it surrendered, through famine, to 
 the parliamentary forces, and in 1745 fell into the 
 possession of the partizans of the Pretender, but 
 was immediately after retaken by the duke of 
 Cumberland, who demolished the gates and part 
 of the wall ; and it has since that period enjoyed 
 an uninterrupted tranquillity. Since the com- 
 mencement of the present century, it has under- 
 gone great improvement : on the site of the cita- 
 del two commodious court-houses have been 
 erected, the county gaol rebuilt, a handsome 
 stone bridge built over the Eden, with other im- 
 provements, have contributed to render it one of 
 the most agreeable and interesting cities of Eng- 
 land. The castle is still kept in repair, and serves, 
 with other purposes, for a magazine, and an ar- 
 moury of about 10,000 stand of arms. The cathe- 
 dral is a stately and venerable edifice, partly of 
 Saxon and partly of Gothic architecture ; there 
 are two other churches, as well as several secta- 
 rian meeting houses. The population, which in 
 1800 was 10,875, in 1810 was 12,531, and 1831, 
 15,47(5, exclusive of about 1,000 in an adjoining 
 out-parish. The cotton manufacture has long 
 been established here upon an extended scale, 
 whilst the architectural and external appearances 
 of the city indicate great prosperity. The con- 
 veyance of its commodities of commer e has been 
 facilitated by a canal to the Solway Frith, and it 
 is a point of union and interchange for the mails 
 to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 Its corporation consists of a mayor, 12 aldermen, 
 &c. It returns two members to parliament, and 
 is 101 m. S. E. of Glaso-ow, 91 S. by E. of Edin- 
 burgh, and 303 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Carlisle, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., 20 m. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 566. 
 
 Carlisle, p.t. Scnoharie Co. N. Y., 40 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,748. 
 
 Carlisle, p.t. Cumberland Co. Pa., 18 m. S. W. 
 
 Harrisburg. It is a pleasant town regularly built , 
 the houses are generally of brick or limestone. 
 Here is a seminary called Dickinson College, 
 which was founded in 1783. It was suspended 
 for some years, but is now in operation. It has 4 
 instructers, 2] students, and libraries containing 
 7,000 volumes. There are two vacations in April 
 and September, of ten weeks. Commencement 
 is in September. 
 
 * # * There are also townships called Carlisle in 
 Ken. and Indiana. 
 
 Carlisle Bay, on the south coast of Jamaica 
 west coast of fiarbadoes ; and island of Antigua 
 
 Carlo, an island off the coast of East Bothnia, 
 tibout 20 miles in circumference ; it is opposite to 
 the harbour of Leaborg. 
 
 Carloba go , a town of Morlachia, at the r oot of 
 a craggy rock, near the channel that separates tli6 
 island of Pago from the continent. The commerce 
 consists chiefly of wood. Pop. about 12,000. It 
 is 46 m. S. E. of Buccari. Long. 15. 13. E. lat. 
 44. 55. N. 
 
 Carlo, Ht., a city in the interior of the new Co- 
 lombian province of Apure, situate on one of the 
 branches of the Apure River, about 85 m. S. S. W. 
 of Valencia. The inhabitants are principally de- 
 scendants of settlers from the Canary Isles, who 
 are more industrious and social than those from 
 Spain. Under the newly formed government of 
 Colombia, St. Carlo promises to become a flour- 
 ishing place, being situate in a very fertile 
 country, affording great inducements to agricul- 
 tural enterprise. Pop. in 1826, about 10.000; but 
 since that period it has greatly increased. 
 
 *,* There are several other towns in Old Spain, 
 and her late dominions in America, dedicated to 
 San Carlo, but they are all unimportant. 
 
 Carlo dc Monterey, San, the principal settlement 
 of New California, on the west coast of N. Ame 
 rica, in the lat. of 36. 36. N. and 121. 34. of W. 
 long. It is beautifully situated within a small 
 bay of the same name, first discovered by Cabril- 
 lo in 1542. It was afterwards visited by the 
 count de Monterey, from whom it received it« 
 present name. The forests and mountains pre 
 elude much intercourse with the interior; nc 
 does it appear that there is any considerable rivei 
 either north or south, for some distance, othe? 
 wise it would be an inviting spot for colonize 
 tioii. 
 
 Carlow, or Cathcrlogh, an interior county in the 
 S E. part of Ireland ; n is bounded on the wes: 
 by the Barrow River, which divides it from tht 
 county of Kilkenny, and is intersected on the 
 east by the Slany River, which falls into Wex- 
 ford Haven ; it is one of the smallest counties of 
 Ireland, but exceedingly fertile ; its butter, out 
 of the produce of which the absentee rentals and 
 other exactions are mainly discharged, is the most 
 esteemed of any in the country. The only towrs 
 besides Carlow, the capital, are Tullow and Hack- 
 etsown. 
 
 Carlow, the chief town of the preceding couni -, 
 is situate on the east bank of the Barrow rit-er, 
 at the N. W. extremity of the county, bordering 
 on Queen's county. In 1821 it contained 8,035 
 inhabitants ; the ruins of a castle overhanging the 
 river, the ruin-? of a very fine abbey, a convent, 
 and Roman Catholic college, are the principal 
 objects of interest in the town. It has also a re- 
 spectable market-house, county court-house, gaol 
 and cavalry barracks, and manufactures some 
 woolen cloths. It is one of the 31 places in Ire- 
 land each of which returns one member to the par 
 
CAR 
 
 07 
 
 CA 
 
 liament of the United Kingdom. It is 18 m. N. E. 
 of the city of Kilkenny and 39 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Carlowitz, a town of Sclavonia, where a peace 
 was concluded between the Turks and Germans, 
 in 1669. It is seated on the south bank of the 
 Danube, just below Peterwaraden, 38 m. N. W. of 
 Belgrade. Pop. about 5,600. 
 
 Carlsbad, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz, celebrated for its hot baths, discovered by 
 the emperor Charles IV. as he was hunting. It 
 is seated on the Topel. near its confluence with 
 the Egra, 24 m. E. N. E. of Eger, and 70 S. E.of 
 Dresden. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Carlsburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Bremen, on the river Geeste, at the mouth of 
 the Weser, 30 m. N. by W. of Bremen Long 8. 
 45. E. lat. 53. 32. N 
 
 Carlsburg, a city of Transylvania. (See IVeis- 
 senburg.) 
 
 Carlscrona, or Carlscroon. a city and seaport of 
 Sweden, in Blekingen. It was founded in 1680 
 by Charles XL, who removed the fleet, from 
 Stockholm to this place, on account of its cen- 
 tral situation, and the superiority of its harbour, 
 the entrance of which is defended by two strong 
 forts. The greatest part of the town is built of 
 wood, and stands upon a small rocky island, which 
 rises gently in a bay of the Baltic. Tiie suburbs 
 extend over another small rock, and along the 
 mole, close to the basin where the fleet is moored ; 
 and are fortified, towards the land, by a stone 
 wall. Here are excellent docks for the repairing 
 and building of ships, foundries for camion', and 
 manufactures of gunpowder, ropes, sails, Arc. The 
 Admiralty Board was transferred back to Stock- 
 holm in 1770. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 15,000. It is 220 in. S. S. W. of Stockholm. 
 Long. 15. 26. E. lat. 56. 7. N. 
 
 Cailshaven, or Carlskdmm, a town of Sweden, 
 in Blekingen, with a woolen manufacture', a forge 
 for copper, and a timber yard, "J2 in. W. of Carls- 
 crona. 
 
 Carlsruhe, a town in the northern part of the 
 territory of the grand duke of Baden, and recent- 
 ly adopted as the seat of government. It was 
 first founded in 1715, but has not been of 
 much importance until subsequent to the peace 
 of 1814 ; it was taken possession of by the French 
 in 1796; the streets are laid out in regular order; 
 the ducal palace is in the centre of the town, and 
 has a lofty spire, and being, as well as several 
 other public buildings, with the houses generally, 
 built of stone, the whole presents rather an im- 
 posing appearance. The population in 1826, 
 amounted to about 12,000. It is about 40 m. IN. 
 by E. of Strasburg, and about the same distance 
 W. by N. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia, with a for- 
 tress ; seated on the Kulpa, a branch of the Save, 
 at the influx of the Corona, 180 m. S. by VV. of 
 Vienna, and 45 E. N. E. of Fiume. 
 
 Carlstadt, a town of Sweden, capital of Wer- 
 meland, and a bishop's see. It stands on the 
 north side of the lake Wener, and on the island 
 of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches 
 of the Clara. The houses are built of wood, and 
 painted ; the episcopal palace is also of wood, and 
 has an extensive front. The inhabitants carry 
 on a trade in copper, iron, and wood across the 
 lake. It is 155 m. west of Stockholm. Pop. 
 about 1 ,500. 
 
 Carlstadt, a town of Franconia, m the princi- 
 pality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine, 13 m. 
 N. by W. of Wurtzburg. It is now included 
 
 in the Bavarian circle of Lower Maine. / • n 
 about 2,200. 
 
 Carlton, there are about 30 villages of this 
 name in different parts of England, probably de- 
 rived from the Saxon word Carle, implying a 
 small or mean town. 
 
 Carmagnola, a fortified town of Piedmont, with 
 a citadel, seated on a small river, which runs intr 
 the Po, 14 m. south of Turin. Pep. about 12,00C 
 
 Car. For some places that begin thus, see un- 
 der Caer, and Kar. 
 
 Carmel, a mountain of Syria, in Palestine, 
 about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the 
 north side of the Bay of Acre ; noted for having 
 been the retreat of the prophet Elias, and for a 
 monastery of Carmelites. It is 50 m. JV. of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Carmel, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 237. 
 
 Carmel, p.t. Putnam Co. New York, on the 
 east bank of the Hudson, 88 m. south of Albany. 
 Pop. 2,379. 
 
 Carmi. p.t. White Co. Illinois, on the Little 
 Wabash.' 
 
 Carmona, a town of Italy in Austrian Fiiuli, 
 on a mountain near the river Indri, 7 m. N. W. 
 of Goritz. 
 
 Carmona, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with 
 many remains of ancient wails, inscriptions, «lc. 
 The gate towards Seville is one of the most ex- 
 traordinary pieces of antiquity in all Spain ; and 
 its castle, now in ruins, was formerly of immense 
 extent. It is seated on a high hill, 24 m. E. N 
 E. of Seville. 
 
 C/irnti/ir, a territory of Hindoostan extending 
 along the east coast from Cape Comorin, the 
 southern extremity of Asia, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. 
 to near the laoutli of the Knstna in the lat. of 16 
 N. varying in breadth from 50 to 100 miles, 
 bounded on tne west by the Mysore, and on the 
 E. for about two degrees of lat. by the Gulf of 
 Manara and Palks Strait, which divides it from 
 the north end of the island of Ceylon, the re- 
 mainder of its eastern boundary being better 
 known by the name of the coast of Coroniandel. 
 The principal towns on the coast, beginning 
 from the south are Negapatam, Pondicherry, Ma- 
 dras, Pullicat. and Gangapatam, .and those in the 
 interior, beginning also from the south, are 
 Tinevelly, Madura, Tritchinopoly, Tanjore, Ar- 
 cot, Nellore, and Ongole. Numerous streams 
 and rivers from the westward intersect this terri- 
 tory, the principal of which are the Cauvery , Cud- 
 dalore, Paliare, and Pennar. The soil is various in 
 quality, being in some places exceedingly fertile, 
 and in others sandy and barren ; the inhabitants 
 are occasionally exposed to great privations for 
 want of water. Since 1801, it has been uninter- 
 ruptedly possessed by the British, and included in 
 the presidency of Madras, which see. 
 
 Carnawl, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Dehli. Here in 1739, Kouli Khan gain- 
 ed a victory over the army of the great mogul ; 
 and in 1761, the Seiks, under Abdalla, defeated 
 the Mahrattas. It is seated at the junction of 
 the Hissar canal with the Jumna. It is 80 m. 
 N. W. of Dehli. 
 
 Carnesville, p.t. Franklin Co. Geo. 114 m. N 
 Milleogeville. 
 
 Carniola, duchy of, a territory of the Austriu.i 
 ompire, lying between the lat. of 45. 30. and 46 
 30. N. and 13. 25. and 15. 40. of E. long, com 
 prising an area of about 4,600 square miles, anc 
 containing about 400,000 inhabitants. It i*> 
 bounded on the north by Lowar Carinthia th*= 
 
CAR 
 
 168 
 
 CAR 
 
 south-west point jetting upon the gulf of Trieste. 
 It is intersected from the north-west to the south- 
 east by the Save river, which receives several 
 tributary streams, both from the north and south. 
 In feature, character, and productions, it is very 
 similar to Carinthia, somewhat more diversified 
 and fertile, and having the advantage of a nearer 
 proximity to the sea, the inhabitants are some- 
 what more active and enterprising. It is divided 
 into four parts, viz. Upper, north ; Inner, south- 
 west ; Middle and Lower, south-east. Laybach, 
 in the middle district, is the chief town. For 
 commercial purposes it has the advantage of the 
 port of Fiunie, as well as Trieste. 
 
 Carolath, a town of Silesia, capital of a princi- 
 pality of the same name, seated on the Oder, 14 
 in. N. W. of Glogau. 
 
 Carolina, a to'vu of Spain in Andalusia, the 
 fhief of a new colony of the same name, in the 
 S^rra Morena. It stands on a hill, towering 
 above the whole settlement, 20 m. N. E. of An- 
 duxar. 
 
 Carolina, See Nortli and South Carolina. 
 
 Caroline a county of Maryland, bounded on the 
 east by Kent county, state of Delaware, and on 
 the west by the Tuckapo and Choptank Rivers, 
 which fall into Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 9,070. 
 Denton is the chief town. 
 
 Caroline, an interior county in the District of 
 Virginia, bounded on the north-east by the Rap- 
 pahannock River, and south-west by the North 
 Anna River. Its area is abont 20 miles each way, 
 or 400 square miles, and is tolerably fertile. Pop. 
 17,774. Above one half of the population are 
 slaves. Bowling Green, is the chief town. 
 
 Caroline, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. 199 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,633. 
 
 Caroline Islands, a range of islands in the North 
 Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1686, by the Span- 
 iards, in the reign of Charles II. They lie to the 
 east of the Philippines, between 138. and 155* £. 
 long, and 8. and 11. N. lat. They are about Jtf 
 in number, and populous; the natives resembling 
 those of the Philippines. The most considerable 
 island is Hogoleu, about 90 m. long and 40 
 broad : the next is Yap, at the west extremity 
 of this chain, but not above a third part of that 
 size. They have been little yi&ited by recent 
 navigators. 
 
 Caroon, Luke of. See Kairoun. 
 
 Caroor. See Ca.ruru. 
 
 Carora, a city of Colombia, in the province of 
 Venezuela, situate about 45 m. from the strait 
 that separates the gulf from the lake of Mara- 
 caibo, and 150 m. west of Valencia. It is inter- 
 sected by a stream called the Morera, that runs 
 east into the Caribbean Sea. The inhabitants, 
 about 6,000 in number, subsist principally by 
 means of cattle and mules, which they drive to 
 the coast for transhipment to the West India 
 islands. The surrounding country produces a 
 variety of odoriferous balsams and aromatics, 
 which under social arrangements might be made 
 to constitute an extensive and reciprocal external 
 commerce. 
 
 Carpathian Mountains, a Errand chair, which 
 Guides Hungary and Transylvania from Poland 
 on tne north and north-east, and from Moravia on 
 the north-west, extending about 500 m. 
 
 Carpendolo, a town of the Bresciano, on the 
 Chiese, 15 m. S. S. E. of Brescia. Pop. about 
 4,000. 
 
 Carpentaria; a large bay on the north coast of 
 "'»w HoMond discovered, in 16J8 b/ Dutch 
 
 captain, named Carpenter. That part of the 
 country which borders on the east side of the bay 
 is also called Carpentaria. It has about 1 ,200 m 
 of coast, and some good harbours. It is frequent- 
 ed by Chinese junks to ftsh for tne Beech-le -mar 
 one of the most delicious of the finny tribe, 
 which superabound at the entrance of this bay. 
 
 Carpentras , a town of France in the depart 
 ment of Vaucluse. It w?" .....erly the capita 
 of Venaissin, and a bl^nop's see. It is seated on 
 the Auson, at the foot of a mountain, 14 m. N. E. 
 of Avignon. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Modenese with a 
 fortified castle, and a good trade. It stands on a 
 canal to the Secchia eight miles north of Modena. 
 
 Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, where 
 a victory was gained by the Austrians over the 
 French, in 1701. It is seated on the Adige, 24 
 in. S. E. of Verona. 
 
 Carrick on Shannon, a town of Ireland, capital 
 of the county of Leitrim. It is a small place, 
 seated on the Shannon, 78 m. W. N. W. of Dub- 
 lin. Pop. in 1821, 1,673. 
 
 Carrick on Suir, a town of Ireland, in Tippera- 
 ry, famous for its woolen cloth, called ratteen. 
 It is seated on the Suir, 22 m. S. E. of Cashel, 
 and 10 W. N. W. of Waterford. Pop. in 1821. 
 7,466. 
 
 Carrickfergus, a borough and seaport of Ire- 
 land, chief town of the county of Antrim, with a 
 castle. It is seated on a bay of its name, in tne 
 Irish channel, 88 m. N. by E. of Dublin, and 8 
 from Belfast. Pop. of the town in 1821, 3,711, 
 and of the parish 8,023. 
 
 Carrickmacross, a town of Ireland, in the coun- 
 ty of Monaghan, 19 m. E. S. E. of Monaghan, 
 and 44 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,641. 
 
 Carrion de los Condes, a town of Spain, in Leon 
 on the frontiers of Old Castile. It has ten parish 
 churches, ten convents, and two hospitals ; and 
 is seated on the river Carrion, 18 in. N. of Pla- 
 centia, and 40 W. of Burgos. 
 
 Carroll, a county at the western extremity of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Wood Lake, contiguous 
 to the Mississippi River. Pop. 9.378. Hunting- 
 don is the chief town 
 
 Carrolton, p.t. Green Co. Illinois, 48 m.W. 
 of Vandalia. 
 
 Carrolville, p.t. Jefferson Co. Alab. 
 
 Carron, a river of Scotland, in Stirlingshire 
 which rises on the south side of the Campsey hills 
 and flows into the frith of Forth, below Falkirk. 
 Two miles from its source, it forms a fine cascade, 
 called the Fall of Auchinlilly ; and near its mouth 
 commences the Great Canal from the Forth to 
 the Clyde. 
 
 Carron, a village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, 
 on the river Carron, two miles from Falkirk, cel- 
 ebrated for the greatest iron-works in Europe. 
 These works employ about 3,000 men ; and, on 
 an average, use weekly 800 tons of coal, 400 tons 
 of ironstone, and 100 tons of limestone. All sorts 
 of iron goods are made here, from the most trifling 
 article to the largest cannon ; and the short piece 
 of ordnance called a carronade hence received its 
 name. The trade in coke and lime is also consid- 
 erable. These works were erected in 1761, and 
 are carried on by a chartered company. 
 
 Carru, a town of Piedmont, in the province of 
 Mondoni, 8 m. S. S. of Bene. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Cart, two rivers in Scotland, in Renfrewshire, 
 distinguished by the appellation of Black and 
 White. The Black Cart issues from the lake 
 Lochwinno< , l» : the White Cart descends from the 
 
CAR 
 
 icy 
 
 V&£ 
 
 north-east angle of the county ; and they both 
 flow into the Gryfe,afew miles before its conflu- 
 ence with the Clyde. 
 
 Cartago, a city and capital of Costa Rica, and 
 a bishop's see. It stands on a river of the same 
 name, 50 m. from its mouth in the Pacific Ocean, 
 and about the same from Lake Nicaragua. Long. 
 84. 10. W. lat. 10. 15. N. 
 
 Cartago, is also the name of a town in Colom- 
 bia, in the valley of Popayan, about 100 m. W. of 
 Bogota. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Cartama, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the 
 foot of a mountain, near the river Guadala Medi- 
 na, 8 m. N. W. of Malaga. 
 
 Carter, a frontier county at the north-east ex- 
 tremity of Tennessee, bounded on the east by the 
 Iron, Yellow, and Stone mountains which divide 
 it from North Carolina. It is intersected by the 
 Watonga, a branch of the Tennessee River. Pop. 
 G,418. Elizabeth Town, on the west side of the 
 county is the chief town. 
 
 Carteret, a county of North Carolina, bordering 
 on the Atlantic Ocean, south of Pamlico Sound. 
 [t is a swampy and dreary district. Pop. 6,607. 
 Beaufort, is the chief town. 
 
 Carteret Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 seen by Captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues 
 long from east to west. Long. 159.14. E. lat. 8. 
 26. S. 
 
 Cartersville, p.t. Cumberland Co. Va. on James 
 river, 40 m. W. N. W. of Richmond. 
 
 Cartilage, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 177 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Also a village in MonFoe Co. N. Y. on 
 the Genesee, a little below the falls. Also towns 
 in N. C, Ten., and Ohio. 
 
 Carthage, Cape, a promontory on the cast coast 
 of the kingdom of Tunis, near which stood the fa- 
 mous city of Carthage, razed by the Romans, and 
 some of the ruins are to be seen on the coast. It 
 is 10 in. N. E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 20. E. lat. 36. 
 50. N. 
 
 Cafthagena, a seaport of Spain, in Murcia, built 
 by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, and named 
 after the city of Carthage. It is the see of a bish- 
 op, and a great mart for merchandise. It has the 
 best harbour in Spain; also the most considerable 
 docks and magazines. The principal crops of ba- 
 rilla are produced in its vicinity ; and a fine red 
 earth, called almagra, used in polishing mirrors, 
 and preparing tobacco for snuff. Carthagena was 
 taken by Sir John Leak in 170(5, but the Duke of 
 Brunswick retook it. It is seated on a gulf of the 
 same name, 27 m. S. of Murcia. Long. 1. 0. W. 
 lat. 37. 35. N. and 240. S. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. 
 about 25,000. 
 
 Carthagena, a city of South A me.ica, in the New 
 Colombian province ofMagdalena. It is situate 
 on an island off" the shore of the Caribbean Sea, 
 in the lat. of 10.25. N. and 75. 27. of W. long, 
 about 70 m. S. S. W. of the mouth of the Magda- 
 lena, and 180 N. N. E. of the Gulf of Darien. It 
 has a commodious and safe harbour, and for near- 
 ly three centuries has ranked among the most con- 
 siderable cities of America. It was the port first 
 resorted to by galleons from Spain during the mo- 
 nopoly of the commerce of America with that 
 country. It has experienced various alternations 
 of fortune, having been several times captured, 
 and was an object of severe contention between 
 the royalist and republican forces from 1815 down 
 to the pe'.-iod of the final extinction of Spanish 
 domination in America in 1823. The island is 
 united to the main land by two wooden bridges. 
 The houses are chiefly built of stone, and it has 
 22 
 
 several churches and convents, some of whica *j* 
 elegant edifices. Its harbour will doubtless con- 
 tribute towards its retaining a high rank among 
 the cities and seaports of the new republic. Pop. 
 in 1826, about 26,000. 
 
 Cartmel, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It has 
 a spacious old church, with a curious tower, 
 being a square within a square, the upper part 
 set diagonally within the lower. It is seated 
 among the hills called Cartmel Fells, not far 
 from the sea, 14 m. N. by W. of Lancaster, and 25 4 
 N. N. W. London. Pop. 371, and of the parish 
 4,923. 
 
 Carura, or Caroor, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in 
 which is a large temple Much sugar-cane is 
 raised in the vicinity. It is seated on the Amara- 
 wati, eight miles above its confluence with the 
 Cavery, and 37 N. E. of Daraporam. 
 
 Career, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 40 m. S. 
 Boston. Pop. 976. This town furnishes much 
 bog iron ore, and several furnaces are employed 
 in manufacturing the metal. 
 
 Carwar, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Canara, and a British settlement. It is seated 
 near the mouth of the Aliga, 50 m. S. S. E. of 
 Goa. Long. 74. 14. E. lat. 14. 52. N. 
 
 Casac, or Cazac, a country in the dominion of 
 Persia, on the frontiers of Armenia, governed by 
 princes of its own, nominally subject to Persia. 
 The inhabitants are descended from the Cossacs, 
 and represented as a rude and barbarous people. 
 Casac or Cazac Lora, is the name of the capital. 
 
 Casagiande. a town of New Mexico, in the 
 north part of New Navarre. Here is an immense 
 edifice, supposed to have been built by the ancient 
 Mexicans for a fortress : it consists of three 
 floors, with a terrace above them ; and the en- 
 trance is at the second floor, so that a scaling-ladder 
 was necessary. Long. 113. 23. W. lat. 33. 40. N. 
 
 Casale, a town of Piedmont, lately the capital of 
 Lower Montferrat, and a bishop's see. Its castle, 
 citadel, and all its fortifications have been demol- 
 ished. It is seated on the river Po, 37 m. N. E. 
 of Turin. Pop. about 15,000. 
 
 Casale Maggiorc, a town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Milan, onthe river Po, 20 m. E. S. E. of Cre- 
 mona. Pop. about 4,900. 
 
 Casale J\'uoea, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ulteriore. An earthquake happened here in 
 1783, by which upward of 4,000 inhabitants lost 
 their lives. It stands near the sea, 11 m. N. by 
 W. of Oppido. 
 
 *„* There are numerous other towns in differ- 
 ent parts of Italy either named Casale, or to 
 which it isperfixed. 
 
 Casbln, or Caswin, a town of Persia, in Irac 
 Aginei, where several of the kings of Persia have 
 resided. Nadir Shah built a palace here, inclosed 
 by a wall a mile and a half in circumference ; 
 and the town is surrounded by another four miles 
 in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is sea- 
 ted near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in a 
 sandy plain, 280 m. N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 
 50. 10. E. lat. 36. 8. N. Pop. estimated at 60,000. 
 
 Cascaes, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, at 
 the mouth of the Tagus, on the north bank, near 
 the rock, 17 m. west of Lisbon. Pop. 2,500. 
 
 Casco Baij, a bay of the state of Maine, between 
 Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, leading 
 into the harbour of Portland. It is 25 m. wide, 
 and interspersed with a great number of small 
 islands. Long. 69. 30. W. lat. 43. 40. N. 
 
 Caserta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro 
 
CIS 
 
 170 
 
 CAS 
 
 H" ■''- -a a magnificent royal palace : and a grand 
 nodern aqueduct, which furnishes a great part of 
 the city of Naples with water. Most of the build- 
 ings were greatly damaged by an earthquake in 
 1803. It is 15 m. N. of Naples. Pop. about 16,000. 
 Casey, an interior county of the state of Ken- 
 tucky. Pop. 4,342. Liberty is the chief town. 
 Cashan. See Kasan. 
 
 Cashel, a borough of Ireland, capital of the 
 county of Tipperary, and an archbishop's see. It 
 had formerly a wall ; and part of two gates are 
 still remaining. The old cathedral is supposed to 
 have been the first stone edifice in Ireland. A 
 synod was held here by Henry I. in 1158, by which 
 the kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him. 
 The new cathedral is an elegant edifice ; it has 
 several other public buildings, and barracks for in- 
 fantrv. It is seated on the east bank of the Suir, 43 
 in. N. N. E. of Cork, and 77. S. S. W. of Dublin. 
 Pop. in 1821, 5,974. 
 
 Cashgur, or Little Bokharia, a country of Usbec 
 Tartary, which commences on the north and north- 
 east of Cashmere in Hindoostan (from which it is 
 separated by the Himmaleh mountains) and ex- 
 tends to 41. N. lat. Great part of it is a sandy 
 desert ; the other parts are populous and fertile. 
 Here are mines of gold and silver, which the na- 
 tives do not work, because they are employed 
 wholly in feeding cattle. The musk-animals are 
 found in this country. It likewise produces dia- 
 monds and several other precious stones. Ireken 
 is the capital. 
 
 Cashgur, a city of Usbec Tartary, formerly the 
 capital of the country of the same name. It has 
 a good trade with the neighbouring countries, 
 and stands at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains, 
 11m. S of Ireken. Long. 73. 25. E. lat. 41.30. N. 
 
 Cashmere, a province of Hindoostan, subject to 
 the king of Candahar, or sultan of the Afghans, 
 bounded on the west by the Indus, north by Mount 
 Himmaleh, and east and south by Lahore. It is 
 an elevated valley, 90 m. long and 50 broad, lying 
 between the 34th and 35th deg. of N. lat. and 73. 
 to 76. of E. long, surrounded by steep mountains, 
 which tower above the regions of snow. The pe- 
 riodical rains, which almost deluge the rest of In- 
 dia, are shut out of Cashmere by the height of the 
 mountains, so that only light showers fall here : 
 but these are sufficiently abundant to feed some 
 hundreds of cascades, which are precipitated into 
 the valley. The soil is the richest that can be 
 conceived, and its productions those of the tem- 
 perate zone. Numerous streams, from all quar- 
 ters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Che- 
 lum, a large navigable river, running from east to 
 west, falling into the Indus. It contains several 
 small lakes, some of which contain floating islands. 
 But the country is subject to earthquakes ; and 
 to guard against their most terrible effects, all the 
 houses are built of wood. Among other curious 
 manufactures of Cashmere is that of shawls ; and 
 the delicate wool of which the finest are made is 
 the product of a species of ffoat of this country, 
 or of the adjoining Thibet. Here are bred a spe- 
 cies of sheep, called Hundoo, which are employed 
 in carrying burdens. The Cashmereans are stout 
 and well made, but their features often coarse and 
 oroad : even the women are ^ i deep brown 
 complexion ; but they are gay and lively, and fond 
 of parties of pleasure on their beautiful lakes. 
 They have a language of their own, said to 
 be an interior to that of the Sanscrit ; and a reli- 
 gion too it is thought, different fr«i l that of the 
 Hindoos The superstition of the inhabitants has 
 
 multiplied the places of worship of Mahadoe 
 Beschan , and Brama. All Cashmere is holy land, 
 and miraculous fountains abound. In addition to 
 their shawls, in the manufacture of which about 
 16,000 looms are supposed to be employed, saffron, 
 otto of roses, and some drugs, form the chief arti- 
 cles of commerce. 
 
 Cashmere, or Serinaghur, a city of Hindoostan, 
 capital of the province or valley of Cashmere. 
 Here are many fountains, reservoirs, and temples. 
 The streets are narrow and dirty. The houses, 
 many of them two and three stories high, are 
 slightly built of brick and mortar, with a large in- 
 termixture of timber ; and on the roof is laid a 
 covering of fine earth, which is planted with a va- 
 riety of flowers. This city is without walls, and 
 seated on both sides of the Chelum, 285 m. E. 
 by S. of Cabul. Long. 73. 11. E. lat. 33. 49. N. 
 Cashna. See Cassina. 
 
 Cashville, p. v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. 110 m. 
 N. Columbia. 
 
 Caspe, a town of Spain, in Arragon, where Fer- 
 dinand IV. was elected king of Arragon. It stands 
 at the confluence of the Guadalupe and Ebro, 
 35 m. S. of Balbastro, and 44 S. E. of Saragossa. 
 Caspian Sea, a large inland sea of Western 
 Asia, bounded on the south by the Persian prov- 
 ince of Mazandran, in the lat. of 36. 40. and north 
 by the Russian government of Astracan, in the 
 lat. of 46. 50., thus being about 700 m. in length 
 from south to north ; its eastern and western 
 boundaries are very irregular, extending from the 
 long, of 46. 30. to 57., whilst the mean breadth 
 does not exceed 260 miles. The eastern coast is 
 indented by several bays, the more prominent of 
 which are Calkan, in the lat. of 39., Alexander, in 
 43., and Mertvoi, or Koultjouk, in 45. N. The 
 Persian province of Khorassan extends along the 
 east coast to the Bay of Balkan, and further 
 north the east coast is occupied by the Turcomans, 
 Kirgees, and other Tartar tribes ; and the west 
 coast by the governments of Ghilan, Baku, De>-- 
 bent, and the Caucasus. Numerous rivers flow 
 into this sea from all points, the most important 
 of which are the Oural, the Volga, and the former 
 at its north extremity and the latter at the N. W. 
 It contains several islands near both the eastern 
 and western coasts, and the depth is very irregu- 
 lar, being in some places unfathomable with a line 
 of 450 fathoms, whilst in other places the naviga- 
 tion is difficult with vessels drawing only 1 feet of 
 water ; the water is as salt as that of the ocean, 
 with a bitter taste, which taste is ascribed to the 
 prevalence of the naphtha on the western coast. 
 (See Baku.) Its waters have no visible outlet, 
 their equilibrium must therefore be maintained 
 either by subterraneous channels, or by evapora- 
 tion. Salmon, sturgeon, and other fish abound in 
 all parts of this sea, and seals are extremely nn • 
 merous. Of birds properly aquatic, it contains 
 the grebe, the crested diver Ihr* pelican, the cor- 
 morant, and several species o»"i.ull, while geese, 
 ducks, storks, herons, crows, &c., frequent the 
 shores. The Russians are tl. » n.ly people who 
 derive much benefit from this great natural basin, 
 although so well calculated to facilitate an exten- 
 sive and reciprocal intercourse between all its 
 surrounding nations ; and were a communication 
 to be effected with the Black Sea, by means of ca- 
 nals, Europe at large might participate in the ad 
 vantages of an extended intercourse. 
 
 Cassandria, a town of Holland, on the S. W. 
 side of the island of Cadsand, at the mouth of the 
 Zwin three miles north of S' -a 
 
CAS 
 
 171 
 
 CAS 
 
 Cassano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a 
 castle. Here prince Eugene, in 1705, was check- 
 ed, attempting to force the passage of the Adda ; 
 and in 1799 the French were defeated by the Aus- 
 trians. It is seated on the Adda, 15 m. N. E. of 
 Milan. 
 
 Cassano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- 
 riore, 24 m. N. W. of Rossano', and 50 E. S. E. of- 
 Policastro. 
 
 Cassay, or Meeklcy, a country of Asia, bound- 
 ed on the west by Bengal, north by Assam, east 
 and S. E. by Birmah,and S. W. by Aracan. The 
 inhabitants are called Mugguloos, a tribe of 
 rude mountaineers little known. It is now 
 subject to the Birmans. Munnypour is the 
 capital. 
 
 Cassel, a city of Germany, capital of Lower 
 Hesse, and seat of the court and government of 
 the electorate of Hesse. It is divided into the Old 
 Town, Lower New Town, and Upper New Town : 
 the former towns are chiefly built in the ancient 
 style, but the last is very regular and handsome 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000, and they 
 have manufactures of linen, cloth, hats, procelain, 
 &c. Here is a college, founded by the landgrave 
 in 1709. The castle, or palace, the gardens, the arse- 
 nal, the foundery, and the cabinet of curiosities, de- 
 serve the attention of travellers. It was taken by 
 the French in 1760 and restored at the peace in 
 1703. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 m. S. E. of 
 Paderborn. Long. 9. 25. E; lat. 51. 19. N. 
 
 Cassel, a strong town in Germany, situate on 
 the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which it has a 
 communication by a bridge of boats. It was ta- 
 ken by the French in 1792, and retaken by the 
 Prussians in 1793. 
 
 Cassel, a town of France, in the department of 
 Nord, with a fortified castle. Its stands on a moun- 
 tain, rising like a sugar loaf, from the centre of a 
 vast, plain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and 
 *.he German Ocean, though 50 miles distant. It 
 is 10 m. N. E. of St. Omer, on the road from Lisle 
 to Dunkirk. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Cassette, a populous town of Piedmont, about 
 six miles north of Turin, having a variety of man- 
 uf ictures ; number of inhabitants, about 9,000. 
 
 Cassinn, or Kashna,a.n extensive empire, in the 
 interior of North Africa, to the west of Bornou. It 
 resembles Bornou in climate, soil, and natural 
 productions, and in the colour, genius, religion, 
 and government of the people. It is bounded on 
 the south, by a large river flowing to the eastward, 
 the celebrated Niger. 
 
 Cassina, or Kashna, the capital of the empire 
 of the same name. The chief trade is in senna, 
 gold dust, slaves, cotton cloths, goat skins, ox 
 and buffalo hides, and civet. It is 750 m. W. 
 S. W. of Bornou, and about the same distance 
 east of Tombuctoo and N. by E. of Old Calabar, 
 on the coast of Guinea. Long. II. 35. E. lat. 15. 
 40. N. 
 
 Cassis, a town of France in the department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone, with a small port on the 
 Mediterranean, 9 m. S. S. E. of Marseilles. Pop. 
 2,300. 
 
 Cassovia, or Kaschau, a strong town of Upper 
 Hungary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the riv- 
 ert Herat, 85 m. E. by N. of Schemnitz. Long. 
 20. 55. E. lat. 48. 40. N. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Castagnol, a town of Piedmont, on the river 
 Po, 8 m. south of Turin. 
 
 Castamena or Castomoni, a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, in Natolia, formerly a large city, but now 
 much reduced in size and magnificence. V is 
 
 240 miles east of Constantinople Long. 34. 22 
 E. lat. 41.32. N. 
 
 Castunowitz. See Costainitzo. 
 Castel a Mare, a town of Naples in Principato Ci- 
 teriore, where the ships of the royal navy are built. 
 It stand on the site of the ancient Stabia, at the 
 foot of a woody mountain, on the Bay of Naples 
 15 m. S. E. of Naples. 
 
 Castel a. Mare, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mas- 
 ara, on a bay on the north coast, 30 m W. by S 
 of Palermo. 
 
 Castel Arragonese, a fortified seaport of Sardin- 
 ia, and a bishop's see. It was the firsst place ta- 
 ken in this island, at the end of the thirteenth 
 century, by the Arragonese, whence its name ; 
 but in 1767, the king ordered it to be called Castel 
 Sardo. It stands on the north coast, 20 m. N. E 
 of Sassari. Long. 9. 1. E. lat. 40. 56. N. 
 
 Castel Bat do, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, on 
 the river Adige, 30 m. S. W. of Padua. 
 
 Castel Branco, a strong town of Portugal, in 
 the S. E. part of Beira, with a castle and two 
 churches. In 1762, it was taken by the Span- 
 iards. It is situate between the rivers Vereza and 
 Poncul, about 15 m. above their entrance into the 
 Tagus, 62 m. S. E. of Coimbra. Long. 7. 22. 
 W. lat. 39. 52. N. 
 
 Castel de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo 
 8 m. N. E. of Portalegre. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Castel Foll.it, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on 
 an eminence near the river Fulvia, 15 m. west of 
 Gerona. 
 
 Castel Franco, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 
 12 miles west of Treviso. 
 
 Castel Gondolfo, a town of Italy, in Campagna 
 di Roma, near the lake Albano. Near this plac* 
 is the villa Barbarini, where are the ruins of an 
 immense palace, built by the emperor Domitian. 
 It is 10 m. S. by E. of Rome. 
 
 Castel Jaloux, a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Lot and Garonne, with a considerable 
 trade in wine, honey, and cattle ; seated on the 
 Avance, 20 m. E. by south of Bazas, and 32 W. 
 by N. of Agen. 
 
 Castel Leone, a town of Italy, in the Cremonese, 
 18 m. north of Placenza. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Castel JVuovo, a town of Dalmatia, on the gulf of 
 
 Cattaro,12 m.N.by W.of Cattaro. Pop.about 2,000. 
 
 Castel, or Castro Nuova, a town of Sicily, in 
 
 Val di Mazara, seated on a hill, 18 m. S. S. W. of 
 
 Termina. 
 
 Castel JVuovo di Carfagnana, a town of Italy in 
 the Modense, with a strong fort; seated in the 
 valley of Carfagnana, on the river Serchio, 18 m 
 N. of Lucca, and 37 S. S. W. of Modena. 
 
 Castel Rodrigo, a town of Portugal in Beira, 
 11 m. N. of Pinhel. 
 
 Castel Rosso, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 near the coast of Caramania, 90 m. E. of Rhodes. 
 It is two miles long, and has a secure road and 
 harbour. Long. 29. 21. E. lat. 36. 7. N. 
 
 Castel Sarasin, a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Upper Garonne, 30 m. W. N. W. of 
 Toulouse. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Castel Vetere, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Ulteriore, 33 m. S. of Squillace. 
 
 Castel Vetrano, a town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Mazara. Here is a palace, in which is a consid- 
 erable collection of old armour. It is eight milea 
 E. by N. of Mazara. 
 
 %* Castel is prefixed to the names of se^ »rai 
 other towns in the several Italian states 
 
 Castelaun, a town of Germany, in the cnu^ » 
 Spanheim, 23 m. S. S. W. of Coblentz. 
 
CAS 
 
 1T W 
 
 CAS 
 
 Caslellane, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Alps. Near it is a salt spring, 
 from which the water issues in such abundance 
 as to turn a mill at the very source. It is seated 
 on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 20 m. S. E. of 
 Digne. Pop. about 2,0(J0. 
 
 Castellazo, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. of 
 Alessandria. Pop. about 4,700. 
 
 CastcUanetta, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Ot- 
 ranto, 19 m. W. N. W. of Taranto. 
 
 Castellara, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 6 
 m. N. E. of Mantua. 
 
 Castellon de Ampurias, a town of Spain, in Cat- 
 alonia, at the mouth of a river in the Gulf of 
 Rosas, 8 m. W. by S. of Rosas. 
 
 Castellon, de la Plana, a town of Spain, in Va- 
 lencia, 28 m. S. S. W. of the city of Valencia. 
 It contains many vestiges of ancient grandeur, 
 and is still populous, having upwards of 10,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Castelnaudarij, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Aude, on an eminence, at the foot of 
 which is the grand basin of the Canal Royal. It 
 is 15 miles west of Carcassonne. Pop. about 
 8,000 
 
 Caster, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Juliers, seated on the river Erst, 9 m. E. of 
 Juliers. 
 
 Castigleno, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- 
 nese, on a lake of the same name, which commu- 
 nicates with the sea, and produces much salt. It 
 is 12 m. S. by E. of Massa. 
 
 Castiglionc, a fortified town of Italy, in the 
 Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the 
 Austrians, in 1701 ; and the French defeated them 
 near it, in 1700, and again in 1796. It is 20 m. 
 N. W. of Mantua. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Castile, the principal and most opulent of the 
 kingdoms into which Spain was formerly divided. 
 It now forms the two provinces of Old and New 
 Castile ; the former having been recovered from 
 the Moors some time before the latter. 
 
 Castile, Old, a province of Spain, bounded on 
 the north by Asturias, and Biscay, east by Na- 
 varre and Arragon, south by New Castile, and 
 west by Leon, being in extreme length from north 
 to south about 240 miles, and 100 in mean breadth. 
 It is subdivided into four inferior provinces, after 
 the name of the four chief towns. The superficies 
 and population of each province, in 1810, were as 
 follows : viz. 
 
 Sq. leag. Inhab. 
 
 Burgos - - N. 042 470,588 
 
 Soria - - - E. 341 198,107 
 
 Segovia- - S. 290 164,007 
 
 A villa - S. W. 215 118,061 
 
 Cuenca - - E. 940 294,29'j 
 Toledo - S. W. 734 370,641 
 LaMancha - S. 631 205,548 
 
 Old Castile - - 1488 950,763 
 
 The Ebro rises on the north part of Burgos, and 
 forms the boundary of Old Castile, on the side of 
 Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall into 
 the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile run chief- 
 ly to the westward, into the Douro. The chief 
 productions of this part of Spain is wood, of which 
 commodity about 6,000,000 lbs. are annually ex- 
 ported to England. King-craft and priestcraft 
 preclude all social exertion in this as well as every 
 other part of Spain. 
 
 Caj/tile, Jfew, lies to the south of the preceding 
 province, and is divided into five inferior provinces 
 as follows : viz. 
 
 Sq. leag. Inhab. 
 Guadalaxara N. 163 121,115 
 Madrid N W. 110 228,528 
 
 New Castile - - 2583 1,220,114 
 The Tagus, Guadiana, and Xucar, all afford t»"- 
 New Castile the advantage of a facility of inter- 
 course, which, to a social community, would be 
 highly appreciated, but to a besotted and priest 
 ridden people they are of no avail. Sec each oj 
 the inferior provinces. 
 
 Castiilon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gironde, seated on the Dordogne, 25 m. E. of 
 Bordeaux. Pop. 2,600. 
 
 Castine, a seaport of the state of Maine, chief 
 town of Hancock county, situate on Penobscot 
 Bay, 65 in'. W. S. W. of Machias. It has an ex- 
 cellent harbour and commands the entrance to the 
 Penobscot. Pop. 1,155. It was taken by the 
 British in 1814, but restored at the peace in 1815. 
 Long. 69. 0. W. lat. 44. 26. N. 
 
 Castle Cary, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. J 2 
 m. S. E. of Wells, and 113 W. by S. of London. 
 Pop. 1,627. 
 
 Castle Rising, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. The 
 Market is now disused, its harbour choked up, 
 and the castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins. 
 It, however, returns two members to parliament. 
 Pop. 343. It is seven miles N. E of Lynn, and 
 103 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 %* There are 24 other towns and villages in 
 England to the names of which Castle is pre- 
 fixed. 
 
 Castlebar, a parish and town in the county of 
 Mayo, Ireland. The parish, exclusive of the town 
 in 1821 contained a population of 4,169, and the 
 town 5,404, a considerable portion of whom are 
 employed in the linen manufacture. The town 
 is also the seat of assize, and a chief place in the 
 county, having a spacious church, a handsome 
 court-house, gaol, and cavalry barracks. It is 
 situate at the east end of a small lake, 11 m. E. by 
 N. of West-port and 113 W. by N. of Dublin. 
 
 %* There are about 20 other parishes, towns, 
 and villages, in different parts of Ireland, to the 
 names of which Castle is prefixed, but none of 
 any particular importance. 
 
 Castleton, a village on the peak of Derbyshire, 
 five miles north of Tideswell, Eng. It is situate 
 at the foot of a rock, above 250 feet high, on 
 which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to 
 William Peverel, natural son of the conqueror. 
 Three of the seven wonders of the peak are in its 
 neighbourhood ; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and 
 Elden hole. The first is in a cavern in the rock 
 above mentioned, whose arched entrance is 42 
 feet high and 120 wide. It becomes narrower 
 as it proceeds, and the roof descends to within two 
 feet of \\v surface of a brook ; this being passed 
 over, another large cavern succeeds, with several 
 high openings in the roof. It descends again 
 to a second brook ; after which is a third cavern, 
 called Roger Rain's House, because of the per- 
 petual dropping : the length of the whole cavern 
 is 617 yards. Mam Tor, a mile west of the vil- 
 lage, is a mountain, 1,300 feet above the level of 
 the valley on the top and sides of which is a 
 camp, supposed to be Roman : it overtops tne 
 whole Peak country ; and the vulgar story is, 
 that this hill is continually crumbling, without 
 being diminished. Elden hole, a mile south of 
 Mam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or chasm in a 
 limestone rock, the depth of which is unfatnom- 
 able its sides being so very shelving and irregu 
 
CAS 
 
 CAT 
 
 lai, it has been plumbed from 192 to 295 yards, 
 70 of which seemed to be in water. Pop. of the 
 village in 1821, 993. 
 
 Castleton, a township in the parish of Roch- 
 dale, Lancashire, Eng. Pop. in 1821, 7,894. 
 See Rochdale. 
 
 Castletown, the capital of the Isle of Man, near 
 the south coast, with a rocty and shallow har- 
 bour, whicli checks its commerce, aid renders 
 if inferior to Douglas in most respects. In the 
 centre of the town, on a high rock, is Castle 
 Rushen, a magnificent nilf, built of free stone, in 
 ( JG0, by Guttred, a prince of the Danish line, who 
 lies buried in the edifice. It is occupied by the 
 governor of tne island, ana on one side of it are 
 the chancery offices, and good barracks. Neti 
 the town is a fine quarry of black marble, whence 
 the steps to St. Paul's church, in London, were 
 taken. Long. 4. 38. W. lat. 55. 4 N. Pop. in 
 1821,2,036. 
 
 Castletown, a town of Richmond Co. N. Y. on 
 Staten Island, at the entrance of New York har- 
 bour, where is the quarantine Ground and Marine 
 Hospital for that city. Pop. 2,204. 
 
 Castres,n. city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Tard, and lately an episcopal see. In 
 the reign of Louis XIII. it was a kind of pro- 
 testant republic; but in 1629, its fortifications 
 were demolished. It is the birthplace of Rapin 
 Thoyras and M. Dacier, has a good trade, and 
 contains a number of beautiful edifices and about 
 12,500 inhabitants. In the vicinity 'turquoise 
 stones have been found. It is seated in a fine 
 valley, on the Agout, 36 m. E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Castries, Bay of, a bay on the north-east coast 
 of Chinese Tartary, in the strait of Saghalen, 
 visited by Peyrouse. Long. 142. 1. E. lat. 51. 
 29. N. 
 
 Castro, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of 
 St. Peter, capital of a duchy of its name. It is 
 56 m. N. W. of Rome. 
 
 Castro, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 
 six miles S. S. W. of Otranto. 
 
 Castro, a town of the island of Chiloe, with a 
 castle, which commands the harbour. It is 180 
 m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 75. 5. W. lat. 42. 
 4. S. 
 
 Castro, the ancient Mytilene, a seaport and 
 capital of the island of Metelin, with two har- 
 bours, one of which will admit large vessels. 
 There are two castles, the one ancient, the other 
 modern, in each of which is a Turkish gover- 
 nor and commander. Considerable vestiges still 
 remain of its former grandeur and magnificence. 
 The chief trade is ship building. It is 80 m. W. 
 of Adramitti, and 60 N. W. of Smyrna. Long. 
 26. 39. E. lat. 39. 14. N. 
 
 Castro de Uriahs, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 
 with a castle and an arsenal, on the seacoast, 22 
 m. N. W of Bilbao. 
 
 Castro Giovanni, a town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Demona. It was the ancient Enna, famous for 
 the worship of Ceres and Proserpine. It is 40 
 m. W. of Catano. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Castro Marim, a strong town of Portugal, in 
 Algarve, seated near the mouth of the Guadiana, 
 15 m. E. N. E. of Tavira, and 62 S. by E. of Beja. 
 Long. 7. 20. W. lat. 37. 12. N. 
 
 Castro Reale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demo- 
 na, 15 m. W. of Messina. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Castro Verde, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 
 on the Corbes, 18 m. S. S. W. of Beja. 
 
 Castro Vireyna, a town of Peru, in the pro- 
 vince of Guamanga, noted for good tobacco and 
 
 fine wool. It is 125 m S. E. of Lima. Long. "« 
 45. W. lat. 13. 50. S. 
 
 %* There are several other towns in I la ; 
 Spain, and Portugal, tc the names of which (V...- 
 tro is perfixed. 
 
 Castria, a town of Austrian Istria, a few rr « 
 W. of Fiume. 
 
 Castrop, a town of Westphalia, in the co~ ;'.■< 
 of Mark, 7 m W of Dortmund. 
 
 Castropol, a town of Spain, in Asturias, 14 t> 
 N. E. of Mondonedo. 
 
 Casioell, a county of North Carolina, bordering 
 on Pittsylvania county, Virginia. It is a square o 
 20 miles each way, intersected by numerour 
 streams falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,4! !9 
 The principal town is Pittsborough. 
 
 Cat Island, the name at present given to Guati- 
 ahani, or St. Salvador, one of the Bahamas and 
 the spot when the first discovery of America waa 
 made. Columbus discovered this island on the 
 12th of October 1492, landed upon it and took for 
 
 mal possession in the name of the King and Queer 
 of Spain. The island is about 60 m. long anc 1 JS: 
 wide, but is not a place of any commercial or poiit 
 ical importance. It is in lat. 24. 30. N. long 75 
 W. 
 
 Catabamba, or Cotobamba, an interior town of 
 Peru, in a district of the same name, in the 1 4ti 
 degree of south latitude. The town is seated on 
 the south-west bank of the Apurimac River about 
 60 m. S. of Cuzco. 
 
 Catabaw, properly Catawba, a river of the Uni 
 ted States, rising from numerous sources in thf 
 north-west part of North Carolina, in the lat of 
 36. N. and 82. of W. long, running in a S. S E 
 direction into South Carolina, in which state it ii 
 called the Wateree until it reaches the centre of 
 the state, where it is joined by the Saluda or Con 
 garee and numerous other streams from the S. W 
 where it is called the Santee, falling into the At 
 lantic Ocean, in the lat. of 33. 5. N. and 79. 15 
 of W. long, about 40 m. N. of Charleston, with 
 the harbour of which city it is connected hv ?. 
 canal from a point 50 m. above its entrance inlc 
 the sea. 
 
 Catabaw, or Catawba, an Indian town on the 
 banks of the preceding river at its entrance into 
 South Carolina. The native inhabitants amount 
 to about 450, the remains of a once powerful i :i 
 tion, who have degenerated in physical energy. . 
 and progressively decreased in number, sir .* 
 their association with Europeans. 
 
 Catahoula, or Ocatahool, a parish in the west* mi 
 district of Louisiana, about 60 miles in extent fr in 
 north to south, and 30 in mean breadth ; it is rj 
 tersected by the Washita and several other riv >\s 
 and lakes. Pop. 2,576. A town of the sa in- 
 name, on the west bank of the Washita, is 260 u> 
 p 2 
 
CAT 
 
 J 74 
 
 CAT 
 
 N. W. of New Orleans, by the course of the Mis- 
 sissippi, and about 160 in a meridional line. 
 
 Catalonia, a province of Spain, lying along the 
 shore of the Mediterranean, in a N. N. E. direc- 
 tion from the kit. of 40. 30. to 42. 30. N. separated 
 from France on the north by the Pyrenees, and 
 bounded on the west by Arragon, being in the 
 shape of a right angled triangle, of which the 
 Pyrenees are the base, and the seacoast the hy- 
 pothenuse. It contains 1,003 square leagues, and 
 in 1810, a population of 858,818. Barcelona is the 
 chief town ; the other towns of note being Torto- 
 sa, Lerida, Tarragona, Manresa, Gerona, and 
 Rosas. The river Ebro intersects the south end 
 of the province, and the united streams of the 
 Pallaresa and Segre run from the Pyrenees into 
 the Ebro near the frontier of Arragon. The Lobre- 
 gat, Ter, and several other streams of minor note, 
 fall into the Mediterranean. The Catalonians are 
 the bravest, and least bigoted, and the most active 
 and enterprising of the Spanish people ; but the 
 subduing tendency of the national policy of Spain 
 precludes all advance towards social improve- 
 ment. The chief surplus products of the soil of 
 Catalonia are cork, nuts and brandy ; woolens, 
 hardwares, and cutlery, are manufactured for dis- 
 tribution over the other parts of Spain, and par- 
 tially for exportation. 
 
 Cataniandoo, a city, and capital of Nepaul, con- 
 taining about 50,000 inhabitants, 200 m. due north 
 of Patna. See Nepaul. 
 
 Catanduanes, one of the Philippine Islands, 
 lying off the S. E. coast of Luzon ; it is about 30 
 m. in extent from north to south, and 20 in 
 breadth ; the inhabitants are much employed in 
 building of boats for the neighbouring islanders. 
 
 Catania, a celebrated city on the east coast of 
 Sicily ; it is a place of great antiquity, but has suf- 
 fered greatly, as well by the eruptions of Mount 
 .(Etna, as by earthquakes ; it was nearly over- 
 whelmed with lava from the former, in 1669, and 
 in 1693 an earthquake destroyed a great portion 
 of the city, and buried 18,000 persons in its ruins ; 
 it appears, however, to have risen from each suc- 
 ceeding disaster with increasing splendour, and 
 in 1825 ranked among the finest cities in Europe. 
 It is the see of a bishop, and seat of the only uni- 
 versity in Sicily. The principal square, formed 
 by the cathedral, college, and town-hall, is very 
 grand ; it has about 30 convents and 50 churches, 
 some of them fine edifices, a museum of natural 
 history and antiquities, the remains of a Roman 
 amphitheatre, and other vestiges of ancient splen- 
 dour, render it a place of peculiar interest to an 
 intelligent and enquiring traveller. It is situate 
 at the foot of Mount .(Etna, on the south side, 35 
 m. N. of Syracuse, in the lat. of 37. 26. N. and 15. 
 15. of E. long. Pop. about 50,000. 
 
 Catanzaro, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria 
 Ulteriore, and the see of a bishop. The chief 
 manufacture is silks of various kinds, and these, 
 with corn and oil, are the principal articles of 
 trade. It is seated on a mountain, near the gulf 
 of Squillace, 42 m. S. E. of Cosenza. Long. 15. 
 48. E. lat. 39. 0. N. 
 
 Cataicissa, or Hughcsburg, a town of Pennsyl- 
 vania, in Northumberland county, situate at the 
 mouth of the Catawissa Creek, on the east branch 
 of the Susquehannah, 25 m. E. N. E. of Sunbury, 
 and 100 N. W if Philadelphia. 
 
 Catharinburg, a town of Russia, capital of a 
 province of the same name, in the government of 
 Perm. The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its 
 vicinity, and above 100 founderies. chiefly for cop- 
 
 per and iron. It is seated at the foot of the Urai 
 Mountains, on the east side, near the sourer >il 
 the Iset/310 m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long '". 
 25. E. lat. 56. 45. N. 
 
 Catharine, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 210 m. W. A' 
 bany. Pop. 2,064. 
 
 Catharincnslaf, a government of the Russian 
 empire, divided into two provinces, namely, Call, 
 rinenslaf, which includes New Russia; and tb* 
 late government of Asoph, and Taurida, whjen 
 includes the Crimea. 
 
 Catharinenslaf, a town of Russia, capital of b 
 government of the same name. It was built by 
 the late empress Catharine, and is seated near the 
 confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, with the 
 Dnieper, 178 m. N. E.of Cherson. Long. 35. 15 
 E. lat. 47. 23. N. 
 
 Catherine, St. the principal island on the coast 
 of the south part of Brasil, with a harbour defen- 
 ded by several forts. It is 27 miles long, but not 
 more than 6 broad, but exceedingly fertile : it 
 forms a separate government of the Brazilian em 
 pire. Pop. about 30,000. There is a town of the 
 same name, the chief place on the island. Long 
 49. 17. W. lat. 27. 35. S. 
 
 Cato, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y.179m. W. Albany 
 Pop. 1,781. 
 
 Catoche, Eape, the N. E. promontory of Yuca- 
 tan, where the English adventurers from Jamaica 
 first attempted to cut logwood. Long. 87. 30. 
 W. lat. 21. 25. N. 
 
 Catrinc, a village of Scotland, 14 miles east of 
 Ayre, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourishing 
 cotton manufacture. 
 
 Catskill, p.t. Green Co. New York, situate on 
 the west bank of the Hudson River, nearly oppo- 
 site to the town of Hudson, and 31 m. S. of Alba- 
 ny. Pop. 4,861. 
 
 Catskill Mountains, a branch of the Shawan- 
 gunk ridge, being a detached portion of the great 
 Apalachian chain of mountains ; forking off from 
 the ridge toward the north near the Hudson, and 
 afterwards making a bend towards the west. The 
 general height of these mountains is about 3,000 
 feet, and they abound with the most beautiful 
 scenery. The quarter most visited by travellers 
 is at the eastern extremity of the ridge, where on a 
 spot called the Pine Orchard, 2,274 feet above the 
 waters of the Hudson, has lately been erected an 
 elegant hotel called the Catskill Mountain House. 
 
 Few places of fashionable resort present stron- 
 ger attractions to the tourist than this spot. A few 
 years ago this delightful retreat was almost un- 
 known and rarely visited, but by the hardy hunter 
 in pursuit of the deer, the bear, and the wolf, who 
 had hitherto maintained undisturbed possession 
 of its cliffs and caverns. At length the tale of the 
 extent and beauty of the prospect and the grand- 
 eur of the scenery, drew the attention of individ- 
 uals of taste, and the glowing descriptions they 
 gave, effectually roused the attention of the pub 
 Re. Each successive season the number of visit, 
 ers increased till the temporary buildings, at first 
 erected for their accommodation, gave place to a 
 splendid Hotel, 140 feet in length and four stories 
 high. This establishment was erected by the 
 Mountain Association, at an expense of about 
 $22,000. It occupies the Eastern verge of a table 
 of rock some six acres in extent. An excellent 
 line of stages is established to this place from 
 Catskill, a distance of twelve miles. The ride to 
 the foot of the mountain is not particularly inter 
 esting — but as you ascend, every moment deve! 
 opes something magnificent and new. The sides 
 
CAT 
 
 175 
 
 UAU 
 
 of the mountain, steep and seemingly inaccessible, 
 tower far above you, clothed in the rich, deep 
 foliage peculiar to such regions ; while below your 
 patina clear stream runs, one moment bubbling 
 over its rocky bed, and the next leaping down in 
 cascades to the valley. The road is extremely 
 circuitous, and so completely hemmed in by the 
 luxuriant growth of forest trees that the traveller 
 is for a long time unable to judge of his progress 
 in the ascent by any view of the country he has 
 left. At an abrupt angle of the road, however, he 
 ontains at once a full view of the Mountain House 
 — perched like the eyrie of an eagle among the 
 clouds — or rather like the enchanted castle in a 
 fairy tale ; seemingly inaccessible to mortal foot, 
 still it reminds him of such terrestrial comforts as 
 are sure to be acceptable after exercise in the pure 
 air of the mountains. Another turn and it again 
 disappears, and the traveller next finds himself on 
 the level rock of the Pine Orchard, and approach- 
 ing the Hotel from the rear. A moment more 
 and he is on the edge of the precipice in front of 
 the noble building. From this lofty eminence all 
 inequalities of surface are over-looked. A seem- 
 ingly endless succession of woods and waters — 
 farms and villages, towns and cities, are spread 
 out as upon a boundless map. Far beyond rise 
 the Tagkannuc Mountains, and the highlands of 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts. To the left, and 
 at a still greater distance, the Green Mountains 
 of Vermont stretch away to the north, and their 
 blue summits and the blue sky mingle together. 
 The beautiful Hudson, studded with islands, ap- 
 pears narrowed in the distance, with steam-boats 
 almost constantly in sight ; while vessels of every 
 description, spreading their white canvass to the 
 breeze, are moving rapidly over its surface, or 
 idly loitering in the calm. These may be traced 
 to the distance of nearly seventy miles with the 
 naked eye ; and again at times all below is en- 
 veloped in dark cloud and rolling mist, which, 
 driven about by the wind, is continually assuming 
 new, wild, and fantastic forms. 
 
 From the Pine Orchard a ride or walk of a mile 
 or two brings you to the Kauterskill Falls. Here the 
 outlet of two small lakes, leaps down a perpen- 
 dicular fall of 180 feet— then glides away through 
 a channel worn in the rock to a second fall of 80 
 feet. Below this it is lost in the dark ravine 
 through which it finds its way to the valley of the 
 CatskUl. The waterfall, bold as it is, forms how- 
 ever, but one of the many interesting features of 
 this scene. Standing on the edge of the first fall, 
 you look down into a dreary chasm whose steep 
 sides, covered with the dark ivy and the thick 
 foliage of summer, seem like a green bed prepar- 
 ed for the reception of the waters. Making a 
 circuit from this spot, and descending about mid- 
 way of the first fall, you enter a footpath which 
 conducts into an immense natural amphitheatre 
 behind the waterfall. The effect of this scene is 
 imposing beyond description. Far over your head 
 projects a smooth surface of rock, forming a mag- 
 nificent ceiling to this amphitheatre. In front is 
 the ever-falling water, and beyond, the wild 
 mountain dell with the clear blue sky above. 
 
 Cattaraugus, a county toward the west extrem- 
 ity of the state of New York, bordering on Penn- 
 sylvania ; it is a square of about 35 miles each 
 way. The Alleghany River, falling into the 
 Ohio, is, however, navigable for more than 30 
 miles within this county, which will doubtless 
 tend to excite industry, and thereby increase its 
 population ; it is bounded on the north bv Catta- 
 
 raugus River, or creek, which falls into the east 
 end of Lake Erie. Pop. 16,726. Ellioitsville is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Cattaro, a town of Dalmatia, with a castle, seat- 
 ed on a gulf of its name, in the Adriatic, which 
 forms two extensive and secure harbours. The 
 town is built at the extremity of the inner basin, 
 surrounded by rocks, and strongly fortified. It is 
 24 m. S. of Scutari. Long. 19. 15. E. lat. 42. 12 
 N. 
 
 Cattegat, a gulf of the German Ocean, between 
 Sweden and Jutland, extending for about 120 m. 
 from north to south, and 70 from E. to W., 
 through which the Baltic Sea is entered by three 
 straits, called the Sound, the Great Belt, and the 
 Little Belt. 
 
 Cattaio, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 5 m. S 
 of Padua. 
 
 Catterick, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. 
 near Richmond. It has a bridge over the river 
 Swale, and a Roman highway crossed the river 
 here, on the banks of which are the foundations 
 of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast 
 height. 
 
 Catwyck, a village of South Holland, on the 
 German Ocean, near which the riv»r Rhine is lost 
 in the sands. It is six miles north by west of 
 Leyden. 
 
 Catzenellenbogea, or Kutzenellenbogen, a town 
 and castle of Germany, in the circle of Upper 
 Rhine, which gives name to a county. The town 
 has an iron mine near it, and is 10 m. N. E. of St. 
 Goar. 
 
 Caub, a town of Germany, with a citadel ; seat- 
 ed on the Rhine, 2 m. N. by E. of Bacharach. 
 
 Cauca, a river of Colombia, rising near Popa- 
 yan, in the lat. of 3. N. running north through the 
 valley of Popayan, between the 2d and 3d ridges 
 of the Andes, falling into the Magdalena about 
 120 m. above the entrance of that river into the 
 Caribbean Sea in the lat. of 11. N. 
 
 Caucasia, a government of Asiatic Russia, di- 
 vided into the two provinces of Astracan and 
 Caucasia. The province of Caucasia comprises 
 the Cuban, and all that district to the east and 
 south, now in the possession of Russia, between 
 the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the 
 Black Sea and the Caspian, extending as far as 
 the confines of Georgia. 
 
 Caucasus, a chain of mountains extending from 
 the mouth of the Cuban, in the Black Sea, to the 
 mouth of the Kur, in the Caspian. Their tops 
 are always covered with snow : and the lower 
 paits abound in honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum, 
 hogs, and horned cattle. The Caucasian moun- 
 tains are inhabited by seven distinct nations, each 
 speaking a different language : namely, the Tur- 
 comans, the Abkahs. the Circassians, the Ossi, 
 the Kisti,the Lesgius, and the Georgians. 
 
 Caudebec, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seine, 18 m. W. by N. of Rouen. Pop. 
 about 3,000. 
 
 Caudette, a town of Spain on the frontiers of 
 Murcia and Valencia, about 50 m. W. of Denia. 
 Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Caudhully, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Coimbetore. It is the first place of any 
 note above the Ghauts, and a principal thorough- 
 fare between the country below and that above 
 those mountains. The inhabitants aro chiefly 
 traders. It is 60 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Caughnawaga, p. v. Montgomery county, Nev 
 York, situated south the river Mohawk, 42 m. J 1 
 W. Albany. 
 
CL*\V 
 
 -7b 
 
 CEC 
 
 Cauglinary, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 
 j iug between the Ganges and Burrampooter, 30 
 n :?. W. of Dacca, and 140 N. E. of Calcutta. 
 
 C'avlabaugh, a town of the Afghan territory, on 
 the west bank of the Indus, 110 m. N. of Moul- 
 tan. 
 
 Caune, a town of France, in the department 
 of Tarn, 20 in. E. N. E. of Castres. Pop. 2,500. 
 
 Cautcrcs, a village of France, in the department 
 of Upper Pyrenees, at the foot of the mountains, 
 noted for its mineral water, 18 m. S. W. of Bag- 
 neres. 
 
 Cauvery, or Cavvery, a considerable river of 
 Hindoostan, which rises among the western Ghauts, 
 flows by Seringapatam, Bhawanikudal, and Tritch- 
 inopoly, and enters the bay of Bengal, by a wide 
 delta of mouths, which embraces the province of 
 Tanjore, in the lat. of 11. N. 
 
 Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 
 at the foot of Mount Matelian, 3 m. W. of 
 Salerno. 
 
 Cavaillon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vaucluse ; seated on the Durance, 20 m. S. E. 
 of Avignon. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Cavalcri, an island in the Archipelago, between 
 the S. W. point of the island of Negropont and 
 the continent of Greece. Long. 24. 17. E. lat . 38. 
 :.N. 
 
 Cavalla, a town of European Turkey, on the 
 coast of Rumelia, about 90 m. E. of Salonica. 
 1 op. about 3,000. 
 
 Caver ypatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- 
 natic, seated on the Panaur, 80 m. W. S. W. of 
 Arcot. There is another town of the same name 
 at one of the mouths of the Crvery River, a few 
 miles north of Tranquebar. 
 
 Cavargere, a town of the Venetian territory, 
 on the south bank of the Adige, near its entrance 
 into the Gulf of Venice. 
 
 Cavan, an interior county of Ireland, in the 
 south part of the province of Ulster. It has sev- 
 eral lakes ; two on the south side discharge their 
 waters eastward by the Blackwater River into the 
 Boyne, and others westward into Donegal Bay 
 through Lough Earn, which jets upon the north- 
 ern boundary of the county. The Lagan River, 
 which falls into Dundalk Bay, also intersects its 
 south-east part ; it partakes but partially of the 
 linen manufacture. The chief town, of the same 
 name, is situate in the centre of the county, 30 
 miles due west of Dundalk, the same distance 
 S. S. E. of Armagh, and 54 N. N. W. of Dublin. 
 As the seat of assize for the county, it has a court- 
 house, jail, and that indispensible appendage to 
 an Irish town, a barrack. The population in 1821 
 amounted to only 2,322. There is no other town 
 •n the county containing even that number. See 
 Ireland. 
 
 Cavendish, p.t. Windsor Co.Vt. on Black River. 
 Pop. 1,498. 
 
 Caviana, an island of South America, at the 
 mouth of the river Amazon, 90 miles in circum- 
 ference, and of a triangular form, with its base 
 to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line, 
 in long. 50. 20. W. 
 
 Cavite, a seaport on the west coast of the is- 
 land of Luconia. See Manilla. 
 
 Cavor, a town of Piedmont, in the province of 
 i:'tgnerol. 8 m. S by E. of the town of Piornerol. 
 Pop. about 7,00^ 
 
 Cavmpour. a town of Hindoostan, on the wes- 
 tern bank of the middle branch of the Ganges, 
 50 m. W. by S. of Lucknow. 
 
 Cawood, a village in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on the 
 
 river Ouse, 12 miles south of York. Here are 
 the ruins of a very ancient castle, a manufacture 
 for hop-bagging, and a good ferry over the river. 
 Pop. 1,127. 
 
 Caxamarca, a town of Peru, capital of a territo- 
 ly of its name, in the province of Truxillo. Here 
 the Spanish general, Pizarro, in 1532, prefidious- 
 ly seized the Inca, Atahualpa, and the next year, 
 after a mock trial, caused him to be publicly exe- 
 cuted. Itis70m. N. E. of the city of Truxillo. 
 Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 7. S. 
 
 Caxamarquilla, another considerable city of 
 Peru, also in the province of Truxillo, about 40 
 m. S. S. E. of Caxamarca. 
 
 Caxtambo, another city of Peru, in the pro- 
 vince of Tarma, about 200 m. S. by E. of Cax- 
 amarquilla, and 140 N. by E. of Lima. 
 
 Caxton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. 10 m. 
 W. by S. of Cambridge, and 49 N. of London. 
 It was the birthplace of Caxton, who introduced 
 the art of printing into England ; and also of 
 Matthew Paris, the historian. Pop. about 400. 
 
 Cayamba, a town of Peru, in the province of 
 Quito, 30 m. N. E. of Quito. 
 
 Cayenne, a rich town and island on the coast of 
 Guiana, capital of the French settlements there, 
 bounded on the west by the Dutch colony of 
 Surinam. The island is about 50 miles in circum- 
 ference, separated from the continent by a very 
 narrow channel. The surface is low and marshy, 
 and covered with forests. Cayenne pepper, su- 
 gar, coffee, cloves, and the singularly elastic gum 
 called caoutchouc, are the principal commodi- 
 ties. The French settled here in 1625, but left it in 
 1654, and it was successively in the possession cf 
 the English, French, and Dutch ; but the latter 
 were expelled by the French in 1C77. It surren- 
 dered to the English in 1809. but was restored to 
 France at the peace of 1814. Long. 52. 15. W. 
 lat. 4. 56. N See Guiana. 
 
 Cayte, a town of Brazil, in the government of 
 Para, near the mouth of the Cateypera, 15 miles 
 N. E. of Para. Long. 46. 12. W. lat. 0. 56. S. 
 
 Cayuga, a county of the state of New York, 
 the north end of which borders on Lake Ontario, 
 extending south about 50 miles, and being about 
 ten miles in mean breadth, it contains about 500 
 square miles. Pop. 47,947. Auburn is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Cayuga Lake, bounds the west side of the above 
 county for about 25 miles, extending about 10 
 miles further south into Tompkins county. It is 
 three to four miles wide, and discharges its waters 
 at the north end through Seneca River into Lake 
 Ontario, from which the north end of Cayuga Lake 
 is distant about 25 miles. The Erie canal runs 
 past, near the north end of Cayuga. There is a 
 town of the same name on the east bank, five 
 miles west of Auburn. 
 
 Cayuta, p.t. Tioga Co. New York, 173 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 642. 
 
 Cazauborn, a town of France, department of 
 Gers, on the banks of the Adour, 80 m. N. N. E. 
 of Bayonne. 
 
 Cazcnovia, the chief town of Madison county, 
 state of New York, situate on the bank of a 
 small lake, a few miles south of the line of the 
 Erie canal, 130 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop 
 4,344. 
 
 Cazeres, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, about 35 m. S. W. of Tou- 
 louse. 
 
 Cecil, a county of the state of Maryland, at 
 the head of Chesapeak Bay, being about 23 
 
CEL 
 
 177 
 
 CEL 
 
 miles from north to south, and 15 in mean 
 breadth, forming the north-east extemity of 
 the state; bounded on the east by Newcastle 
 county, Delaware, and west by the Susquehan- 
 na River. Pop. 15,432. Elkton, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Cecil, t. Washington Co. Pa 
 
 Cazimir, a town of Little Poland, in the pala- 
 tinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula, 80 m. 
 E. ofZarnaw. Long. 22. 3. E. lat. 51. O.N. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a water of James River, in Vir- 
 ginia, in the county of Rockbridge ; remarkable 
 tor its natural bridge, justly regarded as one of 
 the most magnificent natural curiosities in the 
 world. It is a huge rock, in the form of an arch, 
 90 feet long, 60 wide, and from 40 to GO deep, 
 lyino- over the river more than 200 feet above 
 the surface of the water, supported by abutments 
 as light and graceful as though they had been the 
 work of Corinthian art. This bridge gives name 
 to the county, and affords a commodious pa .sage 
 over a valley, which cannot be crossed elsewhere 
 for a considerable distance. It is about 100 m. 
 W. of Richmond, and 100 S. S. W. of Washing- 
 ton city. 
 
 Cedar Point, a seaport of Maryland, in Charles 
 county. The exports are chiefly tobacco and 
 maize. It is seated on the Potomac, 12 miles- be 
 low Port Tobacco, and 40 south by east of Wash 
 ington. 
 
 Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- 
 riore, at the foot of the Apennines, 20 m. N. N. 1>. 
 of Conza. 
 
 Cefalonia, or Ccphalonia. the most considerabl » 
 of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediterranean, on th; 
 coast of Greece, opposite the gulf of Lepanto 
 It is 40 miles long, and from 10 to 20 broad, fer- 
 tile in oil and muscadine wine. The capital is of 
 the same name, on the south-east coast. Long. 
 20. 56. E. lat. 38. 12. N. 
 
 Ccfalu, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 and a bishop's see, with a castle ; s -ated on a 
 promontory, 40 m. E. by S. of Palermo. Long. 
 13. 58. E. lat. 38. 15. N. Pop. about 5,500. 
 
 Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, 
 near a lake of the same name, 30 miles in circum- 
 ference. It is 15 m. S. of Aquila. 
 
 Celaya, or Silao, a town of Mexico, situate on a 
 spacious plain 6,000 feet above the level of the 
 sea, afew miles N.N. W. of the city of Guanaxuato. 
 
 Celbridge, a town of Irelan !. in the county of 
 Kildare, 10 miles W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1820, 
 1,260. 
 
 Celebes, or Macassar, a very irregular and sin- 
 gularly shaped island in the Eastern Sea, lying be- 
 tween Borneo and the Moluccas. The centre of 
 the island is interjected by the line of 120. of E. 
 long, and 2. of S. lat. From this centre four 
 tongues of territ >ry project, terminating as fol- 
 lows viz. 
 
 Lat. Long. 
 
 1st, at Bontham, 5. 34. S. 120. 32. E. 
 
 2d, at Cape Lessen, 4. 54. S. 121. 28. E. 
 
 3d, at Cape Talabo, 0. 48. S. 123. 57. E. 
 
 4th, at Cape Rivers, 1. 15. N. 120. 34. E. 
 
 5th, from Cape Rivers another tongue projects 
 eastward, in nearly a straight line wholly north 
 of the equator to the long, of 125. 5. E. The 
 centre from whence the tongues respectively di- 
 verge, comprises an extent of territory of about 
 150 miles from north to south, and 110 from west 
 to east, the mean breadth of the projections, each 
 being about 55 miles, gives an aggregate extent 
 of surface of about 67,000 square^ miles. The 
 
 Portuguese, who first doubled the Cape of Good 
 Hope into the eastern seas in 1493, formed a set- 
 tlement upon the south-west point of Celebes in 
 1512. The Portuguese were expelled by th" 
 Dutch in 1667, by whom the possession was called 
 Macassar. They held it undisturbed till ai'ter the 
 commencement of the present century, aboui 
 which period the English, in their turn, with one 
 or two unimportant exceptions, dispossessed eve 
 ry European state of their Asiatic possessions : 
 but all the former possessions of the Dutch in the 
 eastern seas were restored by the English at tl.e 
 peace of 1815, and confirmed to them by treaty in 
 1825. Celebes abounds in all the varieties of pro- 
 ductions common to its climate and geographii il 
 position. Minerals, gems, animals, vegetable 
 esculent, ambrosial, and medicinal ; as well as 
 reptiles, birds, and fishes, all abound to display 
 the varied, liberal, and unsparing hand of crea- 
 tion, and to afford to man all the means of the 
 highest possible degree of human enjoyment. 
 Yet these advantages are balanced by some dread- 
 ful scourges. The great boa constrictor is an in- 
 habitant of this island. He is 25 or 30 feet long, 
 .and proportionably thick. He is the most glut- 
 tonous and rapacious, as well as the most for- 
 midable of the serpent tribe. He lias been knowi 
 
 to kill and devour a buffalo. His strength is 
 prodigious, and he crushes his prey within the 
 twinings of his enormous folds. A Malay sailor 
 in 1799 was seized by a boa in this island, and 
 almost instantaneously crushed to death. Before 
 swallowing his prey, the serpent licks it over and 
 covers it with a gelatinous substance, to make it 
 slip down his jaws ; in this condition he will 
 swallow a mass three times his own thickness 
 When gorged in this manner with food, they 
 crawl into some retreat, and fall into a stupid 
 heavy sleep, in which they become so unwieldy 
 and helpless that they may be easily killed. 
 Whilst the inhabitants are said to be brave, ingen- 
 ious, high-spirited, daring in adventure, enter- 
 prising in pursuit, and honest in dealing, and that 
 to a degree which renders their martial character 
 celebrated all over the eastern seas, they are, on 
 the other hand, said to be suspicious, cruel, and 
 ferocious. An acquaintance with the natives of 
 those islands in the eastern seas, with whom Eu- 
 ropeans appear to have had no trading inter- 
 course, leads to infer that the extension of th* 
 commerce of Europeans, with all their pretensions 
 to scientific attainment and social refinement, hap 
 operated as a curse rather than a blessing ; rapine 
 and cruelty, subjugation and misery, having 
 marked its progress, and followed in its train 
 wherever it has extended itself. Such cannot ha 
 
CER 
 
 176 
 
 CER 
 
 necessary consequence of commercial inter- 
 course ; and when reciprocity and justice, instead 
 of selfishness and chicane, shall constitute the 
 basis of its pursuit, Celebes, in common with the 
 whole eastern Archipelago, will afford an un- 
 bounded field for exertion and enterprise. The 
 total population of Celebes is supposed to amount 
 to about 3,000.000, under the surveillance of sev- 
 eral separate rajahs, among whom polygamy and 
 the other sensualities of Mahometanism generally 
 prevail. The following are the principal towns 
 or ports in each of the five projections previously 
 described : 
 
 1st, Bonthin, Macassar, Maros, and Tannctte. 
 
 2nd, Mountainous, and very thinly inhabited. 
 
 3rd, Ditto, ditto, Waya and Tayabo. 
 
 <th, Palos, Dondo ; fine and fertile. 
 
 5th, Bool, Castricom, and Manado , 
 And of the main part of Me island are Bonny, 
 Sofin, and Mamoojoo. The principal river of 
 the island, the Chrinrana, falls into the Bay of 
 Bony or Bugges, which see ; and see also Tobo 
 Tominie, Cambyna, and Bouton, other bays and 
 islands connected witli Celebes. 
 
 Cell, or Maria Zell, a town of Stiria, with a cele- 
 Drated abbey, seated on the Saltza, 17 m. N. N. 
 E. of Bruck. 
 
 Ccneda, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 18 m. N. 
 of Treviso. 
 
 Cenis, a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in 
 Savoy, which is a noted passage from the north 
 of France to Turin. The summit of the pass, 
 which is about 9,000 feet above the level of the 
 sea, is 35 m. W. If. W. of Turin. The facility 
 of intercourse by this route was much improved 
 by Napoleon. 
 
 Centre, a county of the W. District of Penn- 
 sylvania, being in conformity with its name, in 
 the eentre of the state. Its shape is an irregular 
 square, about 35 m. each way. The main ridge 
 of the Alleghany Mountains terminates in a bluff 
 towards the north side of the county, near to which 
 runs the west branch of the Susquehanna River, 
 a branch of which bounds all the west side of the 
 county, Bald Eagle Creek intersecting it from S. 
 to N. eastward of the mountain ridge. Pop. 
 18,765. Bellefonte, is the chief town. 
 
 Centre Harbour, p.t. Stratford Co. N. H. 110 m. 
 from Boston : 70 from Portsmouth. Pop. 577. 
 
 *,* There are 8 towns called Centre, and 17 
 called Ccmtrecille. in the U. States. 
 
 Cephal.onia. See Cefalonia. and Ionia. 
 Ceram, one of the Molucca Isles, extending om 
 128. to 130. 51, of E. long, being about 3~> m. in 
 mean breadth between the lat. of 2. 51. and 3.55. 
 S. The island of Amboyna, on which the Dutch 
 have their principal spice plantations, lies off the 
 south-west end. of Ceram, on which island, they 
 endeavoured to destroy all the spice trees, and 
 succeeded to a very great extent. Sago is now 
 the prominent production of Ceram. The salan- 
 pan, whose edible nests command such an exor- 
 bitant price in China is common in the island. 
 
 Cerdagna^ a district of the Pyrenees, partly in 
 Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and partly 
 in France, in the department of Eastern Pyren- 
 ees. Puycerda is the capital of the Spanish part, 
 and Mont Louis of the French. 
 
 Cere, St. a town of France, in the north-east 
 corner of the department of Lot, 37 in. N. E. of 
 Cahors,and 280 south of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Cerenza, or Gcrcenaz, a town of Naples, in Cal- 
 rbria Citeriore, seated o,i a rock, 10 m. north 
 bv west of Severino. 
 
 Ceret, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridge 
 of one arch over the Tet. Here I he commission- 
 ers of France and Spain met, in 1G60, to settle the 
 limits ofthe two kingdoms. Li 1794, the French 
 defeated the Spaniards near thij town. It is 14 
 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan. 
 
 Cerignola, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, 
 celebrated by Horace for its excellent bread. 
 Near this town is the ancient Salaoia, the ruin;< 
 of which are still called Salpe. It is 20 m. soutli 
 of Manfredonia. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Cerigo, (the ancient Cythera,) an island of the 
 Mediterranean, lying off the S. E. promontory 
 ofthe Morea ; it formerly belonged to the Vene- 
 tians ; the French took possession of it in 1797 ; it 
 surrendered to the English in 1809, and at the 
 peace of 1815 was included in the Ionian repub- 
 lic, under the protection of England. It is about 
 17 in. long from north to south, and 10 in breadth, 
 mountainous, and but little cultivated. The 
 inhabitants are principally Greeks, whose chief 
 occupation is in attending to their flocks of sheep 
 and herds of goats. There is a town of the same 
 name near the south-end of the island, contain- 
 ing about. 1,200 inhabitants; the extreme south 
 point of the island is in lat. 36. 9. and 22. 57. E 
 long. 
 
 Ccrigotto, (the ancient JEgilia.) a small island, 
 lving between the S. E. point of Cerigo, and the 
 N. VV. point of Candia. Lat. 35. 51 N. and 23. 
 44. W. long. It is unproductive, and has but few 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Cerilly, a town of France, in the department 
 of Allier, 25 m. west of Moulins, and 40 south 
 by east of Bourges. 
 
 Cerina, a seaport, (the ancient Cerynia.) on 
 the north coast of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's 
 see, with a castle on an immense rock. The 
 chief exports are bar ley, silk, cotton, oil, and carob 
 beans. It is 20 m. N. W. of Nicosia. Lono-. 32. 
 55. E. lat. 25. 45. N. 
 
 Cerne Abbey, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. 
 It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the 
 side of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180 
 feet in height, holding a club in his right hand, 
 and extending the other. Here was formerly a 
 stately abbey, and part of its remains is now con- 
 verted into a house and barn. It is seated on the 
 river Cerne, 7 m. N. N. W. of Dorchester, and 
 120 west by south of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,060. 
 
 Cernetz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Grisons, with a mineral spring; seated on the 
 river Inn, 24 m. S. E. of Coire. 
 
 Cerrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 with a cathedral and collegiate church, 5 m. 
 N. N. E. of Telesa. 
 
 Certosa, a town of Italy, in tire Milanese, with 
 a celebrated Carthusian monaster)', five miles 
 north of Pavia. 
 
 Cervera, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with 
 a university, 34 m. north by west of Tarragona. 
 Another on the borders of France and the Medi- 
 terranean, eight miles north of Roses, and five or 
 six o hers indifferent parts ofSpain. 
 
 Cerviu. a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated 
 near the- Gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut 
 to admit sen water, from which much salt is made. 
 It is 10 m. S. E. of Revenna 
 
 Crrvin, Mont, the most conical point of the 
 Alps, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Blanc. 
 
 Cervinara, a town of Naples, in Principatc 
 Ulteriore, 12 m. S. W. of Benevento. 
 
tt.s 
 
 CM' 
 
 Cfsma,* town of Italy, in Romagna, seated on 
 the Savin, 18 m. S. by E. of Ravenna. 
 
 Cesenatico, a sea-port of Italj' in Romagna. 
 In 1800, the inhabitants having arrested a messen- 
 ger with despatches, the English set fire to the 
 moles of the harbour, and destroyed 1G vessels. 
 It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, 16 m. S. E. of 
 Ravenna, and 8 E. of Cesena. 
 
 Cessieaux, a town of France, in the department 
 of Isere,27 m. E. S. E. of Lyons. 
 
 Cette, a sea-port of France, situate on the tongue 
 of land, stretching along the coast of the depart- 
 ment of Herault, on the Gulf of Lions. A con- 
 siderable quantity of salt is made from the water 
 of the inlet. It has a manufacture of soap, and 
 sucrar refinery, and exports a considerable quanti- 
 ty of brandy ; the canal of Languedoc falling 
 into the inlet, occasions Cette to be the medium 
 of an extensive intercourse between the eastern 
 and southern departments of France. Pop. about 
 8,000. The lighthouse is in lat. 43. 24. N. and 3. 
 42. W. long, and about 18 m. S. W. of Montpe- 
 lier. 
 
 Ccva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was 
 taken by the French, in 1796, and retaken by the 
 Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on the 
 Tanaro, 8 m. S. E. of Mondova. Pop. about 
 5,500. 
 
 Cevennes, a late territory of France, in the prov- 
 ince of Languedoc. It is a mountainous country, 
 and now forms the department of Gard. 
 
 Ceuta, (the ancient Abylo, a town of Fez. at 
 the N. W. extremity of Africa, opposite to Gib- 
 raltar, from which it is distant only 14 m. It 
 was taken from the Moors, by the Portuguese in 
 1409; it fell into the hands of the Spaniards in 
 1640, and confirmed to them by the treaty of 
 Lisbon in 1663, and in whose possession it still 
 continues. The Moors besieged it in 1694, and 
 maintained a close blockade before it on the land 
 side, for nearly 30 years, when they ultimately 
 retired with great loss. Its fortress, like that of 
 Gibraltar, to' which it is considered a counterpart, 
 maybe regarded as impregnable; and. as such, 
 both are poetically termed the Pillars of Hercules. 
 It has a tolerably good harbour for vessels not of 
 verv large burthen, in the lat. of 35. 54. N. and 5. 
 17/W. long. 
 
 Cei/lon, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying 
 off the south-west coast of the promontory of Hin- 
 doostan, from which it is separated by the Gulf 
 of Manara and Palk's Strait, about 90 miles in 
 breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly 
 been compared to that of a pear, the north part 
 forming the stem. It is 270 m. in extreme 
 length from Point de Galle, in the lat. of 6. 4. to 
 Point Pedro, in 9. 50. N. and 120 in extreme 
 breadth between the long, of 80. and 81. 52. E. 
 
 The early history of Ceylon is involved in ob- 
 scurity, but supposing it to be the Taprohtwn ad- 
 verted to by Strabo, Pomponius, Mela, and Pliny, 
 it must have ranked high in population and influ- 
 ence among the nations of Asia, for ages antece- 
 dent to the Christian era, having sent an embas- 
 sy over land to Rome, in the reign of the emperor 
 Claudius. It appears to have been visited by 
 some Nestorian missionaries, in the ninth cen- 
 tury. About the middle of the thirteenth century, 
 it was visited by Marco Polo, a Venetian, who 
 travelled over a great part of Asia, and afterwards 
 published an account of his travels The informa- 
 tion, however, which he communicated being of 
 a general, rather than of a circumstantial nature, 
 but little was known of Ceylon, beyond its actual 
 
 existence as an island, until after the uiscu t v 
 of the passage bj' the Cape of Good Hope; and 
 its being visited by the Portuguese in 1505, who 
 found it divided into several petty sovereignties, 
 which subsequently merged into one, under the 
 title of the kingdom of Candy. The Portuguese 
 held settlements on different parts of the coast 
 for upwards of 150 years, when they were expel- 
 led by the Dutch, who possessed themselves of 
 the entire circuit of the coast for 10 to 20 miles 
 from the sea, and the whole of the north part of the 
 islands ; confining the dominions of the kino- of 
 Candy entirely to the interior. The Dutch pos 
 sessions of the island all surrendered to the Enc- 
 lish in 1796, after sustaining a siege of three 
 weeks: and in 1815 a British force marched into 
 the interior, took the king of Candy prisoner, de- 
 posed him, and possessed his territory, thereby 
 rendering the whole island a part of the British 
 dominion. The entire revenues yielded by the 
 island to the British government have been esti- 
 mated at £250,000. The general character of the 
 surface of the island of Ceylon is mountainous 
 and woody, with an ample extent of soil ; and 
 sufficiently intersected by streams of water, to 
 afford the most abundant means of subsistence 
 and comfort to a population more than tenfold its 
 present extent. The most lofty range of moun- 
 tains divide the island nearly into two parts, and 
 terminates completely the effect of the monsoons, 
 which set in periodically from opposite sides of 
 them. The seasons are more regulated by the 
 monsoons than the course of the sun ; for the 
 coolest season is during the summer solstice, 
 while the western monsoon prevails. Sprimr 
 commences in October, and the hottest season is 
 from January to the beginning of April. The 
 climate on the coast, is more temperate than on 
 the continent of Hindoostan ; but in the interior 
 of the country the heat is many degrees greater, 
 ami the climate often extremely sultry and un- 
 healthy. The finest fruits grow in vast plenty, 
 but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple, 
 which in shape resembles the quarter of an apple 
 cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and 
 a continued ridge along the outer edges ; and is 
 of a beautiful orange colour. Pepper, gin<rer, and 
 cardamons are produced in Ceylon ; with five 
 kinds of rice which ripen one after another. One 
 of the most, remarkable trees in the island is the 
 talipot, which grows straight and tall, and is as 
 big as the mast of a ship; the leaves are so large 
 as to cover 15 men ; when dried, they are round, 
 and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a 
 piece of the leaf on their head when they travel, 
 to shade them from the sun ; and they are so 
 tough that they are not easily torn. Every sol- 
 dier carries one, and it serves for his tent : other 
 trees and shrubs, some valuable for their timber, 
 and others for their resin, gums, and flowers, are 
 interspersed over every part of the island ; but 
 the most important of all its vegetable produc 
 tions is the cinnamon tree, the bark of which 
 is distributed over every part of the habitable 
 globe. 
 
 Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garnets, ru 
 hies, and other gems ; besides ores of copper, 
 iron, &c. and veins of black crystal. Common 
 deer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous ; but 
 the horned cattle are both very small and scarce, 
 six of them weighing altogether only 714 lbs. 
 and one of these only 70 lbs. Yet the island pro- 
 duces the largest and best elephants in the world, 
 which occasionally form an extensive branch of 
 
GEY 
 
 180 
 
 CHA 
 
 traffic to different parts of Hindoostan. The 
 woods are infested by tigers. They abound also 
 <vith snakes of a monstrous size, among which is 
 the boa constrictor, one of which has been known 
 to destroy a tiger, and devour him at one meal. 
 Spiders, centipedes, and scorpions also grow to 
 .in enormous size. Here the mantis, or creeping 
 leaf, is met with ; which is supposed to be a 
 species of grasshopper, having every member of 
 common insects, though in shape and appearance 
 it. greatly resembles a leaf: it is of a green colour. 
 The sea coasts abound with fish. Alligators and 
 all the lizard tribe are also numerous. 
 
 The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes 
 of people, the Cingalese and the Veddahs. The 
 I itter are still in the rudest stage of social life ; 
 they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hol- 
 lows of the mountains : hunting their sole employ- 
 ment, and providing for the day their only care. 
 Some of them acknowledged the authority of the 
 king of Candy ; and exchanged with the Cingal- 
 ese elephants' teeth and deer flesh, for arrows, 
 cloth, &c. but this practice is not general, for two- 
 thirds of them hold no communication with the 
 Cingalese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers. 
 They worship a particular god ; and their reli- 
 gious doctrine seems to consist of some indistinct 
 notions of the fundamental principles of the 
 Braminical faith. In some places they have erect- 
 ed temples ; but for the most part they perform 
 worship at an altar constructed of bamboos, un- 
 der the shade of a banyan-tree. The Cingalese, 
 subjects of the kings of Candy, during the ex- 
 istence of their reign, appear to have been, be- 
 ''ond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, in- 
 ducted in all the arts of civil life, and maintain- 
 or, if not an ascendancy, a co-equality of influ- 
 « « and importance with their continental 
 jeignoours. The distinction of castes into 19 
 grades prevails among them as scrupulously as 
 among the Hindoos. In their devotion they are 
 Pagans ; and though they acknowledge a supreme 
 God, they worship only the inferior deities, 
 among which they reckon the sun and moon. 
 In their temples are images, well executed, though 
 their figures are monstrous; some are of silver, 
 copper, &c. The different sorts of gods have 
 various priests, who have all some privileges. 
 Their houses are small and low, with walls made 
 of hurdles, smoothly covered with clay, and the 
 roofs thatched. They have no chimneys, and 
 their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with 
 two copper basins, and two or three stools ; none 
 but their king having been allowed to sit in a 
 chair. Their food is generally rice, and their 
 common drink is water, which they pour into 
 their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through 
 the spout, never touching it with their lips. 
 There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which 
 must be very ancient, for they are not understood 
 by any of the present inhabitants. The subver- 
 sion of the native government of Ceylon, and 
 the predilection of the English to force a distribu- 
 tion of the products of British labour, over every 
 part of the globe, are calculated to effect a great 
 change in the tastes and habits of the Cingalese, 
 the result of which it is difficult to foresee. In 
 B'ldition to the various productions of Ceylon 
 previously enumerated, con-nected with it is the 
 pearl fishery, in the gulf of Manara, which is 
 considered the richest source of that article in the 
 world, and which, with cinnamon to the amount 
 of 300,000 to 400,000 lbs. weight annually, consti- 
 tutes the basis of its commerce, in exchange for 
 
 European productions. The population is esti 
 mated at about 1,500,000; the principal towns \*p 
 Colombo, Negombo, and Arrobo on the west cobs', 
 Trincomalee and Batacola on the east coast, Ms- 
 gane and Matura at the south end, and Candy 
 nearly in the centre of the island. 
 
 Chabeuil, a town of France, in the department 
 of Drome, with about 4,000 inhabitants, < w . m. S. 
 by E. of Valhuce. 
 
 Chablais, a fertile province of Savoy, bounded 
 on the north by the lake of Geneva, east by 
 Valois, south by Faucigny. and west by th<» 
 Genevois. Thonon, 22 m. E. N. E. of Geneva 
 is the capital. 
 
 Chablis, a town of France, in the departing", 
 of Yonne, celebrated for its excellent white wine. 
 It is 12 m. E. by N. of Auxerrc. 
 
 C/iacao, a seaport at the N. E. end of the island 
 of Cliiloe, on the strait that separates it from the 
 main land, in the lat. of 41. 53. S 
 
 Chachapoyas, a town of Peru, in the province 
 of Truxillo, capital of a district lying east of the 
 main ridge of the Andes. It is seated on a river. 
 100 m. N. N. E. of Truxillo. Long. 77. 30. W 
 lat. (i. 20. S. 
 
 C/taco, or Gran Ckaco, an interior district of 
 South America, bordering east on the Paraguay 
 River, which, under the influence of the Incas, 
 and more recently of the domination of the 
 Spaniards, was a sort of country of refuge for the 
 native Indians. Its length is estimated at 750, 
 and its breadth 450 miles. It is well watered, 
 and yields most of the productions of other parta 
 of Peru : it is now merged into the United pro- 
 vinces of Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Chaddnston, a township of Eng, in the parish 
 of Oldham, Lancashire, with 5,124 inhabitants in 
 1821. See Oldham. 
 
 Chafalia, properly Atchafalaya, a diverging 
 branch of the Mississippi river, which see. 
 
 Chagang, a city of Birmah, with a small fort. 
 It is the principal emporium for cotton, which is> 
 brought from all parts of the country, and em 
 barked here in boats up the river Irrawaddy into 
 the province of Yunen. Here also is the only 
 manufacture of marble idols, whence the whole 
 Birman empire is supplied; none being allowed 
 to be made in any other place. It is situate op- 
 posite Ava, the present capital, on the north side 
 of the Irrawaddy, which here turns north and 
 parts it from Ummerapoora, the present capital. 
 
 Chagrc, a town and fort on the isthmus, connect- 
 ing, the two great divisions of the western hem- 
 isphere, at the mouth of a river of its name, to 
 the S. W. of Porto Bello, forming the easiest 
 channel of communication between the Atlantic 
 and Pacific Ocean. The fort was taken by Ad- 
 miral Vernon in 1740. Long. 80. 17. W. lat. 9 
 10. N. 
 
 Chais Dieu, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Loire, with a celebrated Benedic 
 tine abbey, 12 m. E. of Brioude. 
 
 Chalco, a town of Mexico, 18 m. S. E. of the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 Chaleur, Bay of, a spacious bay on the west 
 side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which di- 
 vides the district of Gaspe, Lower Canada, from 
 the province of New Brunswick. Miscou Island, 
 at the entrance of the bay, is in lat. 48. 4. N. and 
 64. 14. W. long, from which point the bay runs 
 about 80 miles further west, being about 20 miles 
 in breadth, indented on the north by Cascapedia, 
 and on the south by Nipesiguit bay. It receives 
 several rivers, the principal of which is the Rist.i 
 
CHA 
 
 181 
 
 CHA 
 
 gouche, at its head. Along the coast are numer- 
 ous inhabitants whose occupation is fishing and 
 ship-building. 
 
 Chalford, or Chafford, a village in Gloucester- 
 shire, Eng. 2 ra. S. E. of Stroud. It stands on 
 the Stroud canal, and has a considerable manufac- 
 ture of broad cloth. See Stroud. 
 
 Challans, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vendee, situate aDout 12 m. from the coast, 
 and 21 m. N. of Sables d'Oloone. 
 
 Challone, a town of France, in the department of 
 Vlayenne and Loire, situate on the S. bank of the 
 Loire, 30 m. E. N. E. of Nantes. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Chalons sur Marne, a city of France, capital of 
 the department of Marne, and lately an episcopal 
 see. It contains several public buildings and 
 12,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable 
 trade in shalloons and other woolen stuffs. Here 
 is an academy of the sciences, arts, and belles-let- 
 tres. Chalons is seated on the river Marne, over 
 which there is one very handsome, and two other 
 bridges. It is 25 m. S. E. of Rheims, and 95 E. of 
 Paris. 
 
 Chalons sur Saone, a city of France, in the de- 
 partment of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, and 
 lately an episcopal see. It is the staple of iron for 
 Lyon and St. Etienne, and of wines for exporta- 
 tion. Here are various indications of Roman 
 magnificence, particularly the ruins of an amphi- 
 theatre. The city contains the old town, the new 
 town, and the suburb of St. Lawrence. In the 
 first is the court of justice, and the cathedral. 
 Chalons is seated on the Saone, 70 m. N. of Ly- 
 ons, and 170 S. E. of Paris. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Chains, a town of France, in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, with a castle. Richard I. of Eng- 
 •and, while pr' paring to besiege this place, re- 
 ceived a wound in his shoulder, by an arrow, 
 which proved mortal. It is 15 m. W. S. W. of 
 Limoges. 
 
 Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river 
 Cham, at its confluence with the Regen, 27 m. 
 N. E. of Ratisbon. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Cham, is also the name of a small town on the 
 N. W. bank of the Lake of Zug, in Switzerland, 
 and a town at the mouth of a small river, falling 
 into the Gulf of Siain, on the west side ; it is also 
 (or Ciam) the name of a district in Cochin China. 
 
 Chambcrsburg, a town of Pennsylvania, Frank- 
 lin county, situate in. a hilly country, 30 m. S. W. 
 of Carlisle. It is a flourishing place and has 
 manufactories of excellent cutlery. 
 
 Chambemj, the capital of Savoy, with a castle, 
 and a ducal palace. It is fortified by walls and 
 ditches, and watered by many streams, which run 
 through several of the streets. There are piazzas 
 under most of the houses, where people may walk 
 dry in the worst weather. It has large and hand- 
 some suburbs ; and in the neighbourhood are some 
 baths, much frequented in summer. In 1742, the 
 Spaniards made themselves masters of this capi- 
 tal, but it was restored by the peace of 1748. It 
 was taken in 1792 by the French, who were dis- 
 possessed of it in 1799, but regained it in 1800. It 
 is seated at the conflux of the Lesse and D' Albon, 
 27 m. N. E. of Grenoble, and 85 N. W. of Turin. 
 Pop. about 12,000. Long. 5. 50. E. lat. 45. 
 33. N. 
 
 Chambertin, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its delicious 
 wine. It lies to the south of Dijon. 
 
 Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river 
 Chambly, or Sorel, issuing from Lake Champlain. 
 It was taken bv the Americans in 1775, and reta- 
 
 ken by the English in 1770. It is 15 m. east o 
 Montreal; and a little higher on the same river 
 is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier 
 garrison. 
 
 Chamneiskoi, a town of Asiatic Russia lying 
 south of the south end of Lake Baieal, near the 
 frontiers of Chinese Tartary. 
 
 Chamouni, one of the elevated valleys <rf the 
 Alps, about 3,300 feet above the level or t»e sea. 
 It is at the foot of Mont Blanc, on the north side, 
 and is watered by the Arve, and celebrated for its 
 herds of goats. There is a village of the same 
 name in the bosom of the valley, on the banks of 
 the Arve, 42 m. E. N. E. of Chamberry, and 35 
 S. E. of Geneva. 
 
 Chamond, St. a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Rhone, with a castle on the river Giez, 17 
 m. S. of Lyon. 
 
 Champagne, a late province of France, 102 in. 
 long and 112 broad; bounded on the north by 
 Hainault and Luxemburgh, east by Lorrain and 
 Franche Comte, south by Burgundy, and west by 
 the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms 
 the departments of Ardennes, Aube, Marne and 
 Upper Marne. 
 
 *_* There are several small towns and vil- 
 lages of the same name in different parts of 
 France. 
 
 Champaign, an interior county of the State 
 of Ohio, about 20 miles in length, from east to 
 west, and 10 broad ; it is intersected from north 
 to south by Mad River, a branch of the Great 
 Miami. Pop. 12,130. Urbana,50 m. W. N. W. 
 of Columbus, is the chief town. 
 
 Champaneer, a city and capital of a district of 
 the same name, in the province of Malwa, Hin- 
 doostan ; it was formerly the capital of the rajahs 
 of Guzerat ; ruins of temples and mosques remain 
 to attest its former consequence. It is 45 m. ''ue 
 east of Cambray. 
 
 Champion, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,342 
 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Champlain, a lake of North America, which di 
 vides the north part of the state of New York from 
 that of Vermont. It is 90 miles long, in a direc- 
 tion due north, and 15 in its broadest part ; the 
 mean width is about six miles, and its depth in 
 sufficient for the largest vessel. It contains many 
 islands, the principal o." which, called North He 
 ro, is 24 miles long, and from two to four wide 
 It receives the waters of Lake George from the 
 S. S. W. and sends its own waters a north course, 
 through Chambly River, into the St. Lawrence. 
 The land on its borders, and on the banks of its 
 rivers is good. Although this lake lies between 
 the lat. of 45. and 47. it is frequently frozen over 
 so as afford a passage on the ice for two or three 
 months in the year ; it is united with Lake Erie 
 by a canal . 
 
 Champlain, a town of New York, in Clinton 
 County, situate on Lake Champlain, near its 
 north extremity, 190 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,456. 
 
 Champlemy, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nievre, near the source of the Nievre, 
 25 m. N. N. E. of Nevers. 
 
 Chancay, a seaport of Peru, capital of a district 
 of the same name. It has a convenient port; 45 
 m. north by west of Lima. 
 
 Chanccford, Upper and Lower, towns in York 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Chanda, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, seated 
 on a branch of the Godavery, 78 m. S. of Nag- 
 pour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat. 20. 2. N. 
 
 Chanderee, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 
 Q 
 
CHA 
 
 182 
 
 CHA 
 
 district in the MaJwa country, near the river Bet- 
 v/Iia. It is the residence of a rajah, and 170 m. 
 S. of Agra. Long. 78. 43. E. lat. 24. 43. N. 
 
 Chanaerrifigore, a town of Hindoostan, in Ben- 
 gal It was the principa 1 French settlement in 
 the East Indies, and had n .trong fort, which was 
 destroyed by the EnglisI m 1757; ari^ in 1793 
 (hey a»ain dispossessed the French of this settle- 
 ment. It is seated on the west side of the Hoog- 
 !y, 15 in. north of Calcut i. 
 
 Chandor, a town of II i i loostan, in the country 
 of IKirlana, taken by the hnglish in 1304. It is DO 
 in. W. ft. W. of Aurungibad. Long. 74. 38. E. 
 !at. 20. 8. N. 
 
 Chandraguti, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 with a fort on a high peaked hill. The vicinity 
 produces sandal wood of a good quality. It is 
 seated near the Varada, on the confines of the 
 country, 110 in. N. by E. of Mangalore. 
 
 Chan, begins the name of numerous other towns 
 in different parts of Hindoostan. 
 
 Ckandui, a seaport of Colombia, near the north 
 point of the Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Lat. 2. 23. S. ; it is inconsiderable. 
 
 Chang-hai, a town of China, in the province of 
 Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages de- 
 dependent on it, are more than 200,000 weavers 
 of cotton cloth. It is situate near the sea coast, 18 
 m. N. E. of Songkiang. 
 
 Chan manning, a city of Thibet, which lias been 
 the residence of the grand Ian a. It is 130 in. W. 
 of Lassa. Long. 80. 45. E. l&l. 31. 0. N 
 
 Chanoiinj. See Fort rose. 
 
 Clian-si, a province of China, the north end 
 bordering on the Great Wall, and the south on 
 the Great Yellow Fiver, bounded on the east by 
 the Metropolitia.n province of l'etcheli, and west 
 by Chensi. The climate is salubrious and agree- 
 l.Ie, and the soil generally fertile though the 
 north part is full of mountains. Some of these 
 are rough, wild, and uninhabited; but others are 
 cultivated w th the greatest care from top to bot- 
 tom. They abound with coal, \vhi< h the inhabi- 
 tants pound, and make into cakes w th water; a 
 kind of fuel principally used for ?, >ating their 
 stoves, which are constructed with hi ck ; and in 
 the form of small beds, so that the p. pple sleep 
 upon them. The coimtrv abounds with musk, 
 porphry, maroie, lapis lazuli, and jasft r, of vari- 
 ■tus colours , and iron mines, as well as salt-pits 
 •»nd crystal, are very common. Here are 5 cities 
 • >f the "first class and 85 of the second and third, 
 flie capital is Taiyouen-fou. 
 
 Chantilly, a town of France, in the department 
 of Oise, celebrated for a great pottery ; also for a 
 fine forest and magnificent hunting-seat. It is 17 
 Di. N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Chan-tong, a maritime province of the noi.h of 
 China. It contains six cities of the first class, and 
 114 of the second and third; besides which tliere 
 are Along the coast several ?>rts and village., of 
 considerable note on account of their coimnei ■••■, 
 and a number of small islands in the Gulf of l,?:\- 
 ot.ong, the greater part of which have ver> con- 
 venient harbours. T'.i-, province has lary s man- 
 ufactures of silk, and a kind of stuffs peculiar to 
 this part of China. It is traversed by the impe- 
 zial canal. The capital is Tsinan. 
 
 Chao-hing, a city of China, in the province of 
 Tche-kiang which has eight cities of the tnird 
 rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate near tne 
 *ea coast, 730 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 
 -»3. E. lat. 30. 10. N. 
 
 Chao-tckeo, a city of China, in the province of 
 
 Quang-tong, situate between two navigable ris- 
 ers, and celebrated for a monastery of the bonzes 
 in its neighbourhood. It is 140 m. north of 
 Canton. 
 
 Chapala, a lake 15 miles in breadth and 55 in 
 length, in the province of Guadalaxara, Mexico 
 which discharges its waters by the Rio Grande 
 do Santiago, into the Pacific Ocean, the east end 
 of the lake is about 200 m. N. W. of the city ot 
 Mexico. 
 
 Cha.parang. or Dsaprong , a city of Thibet, 
 seated on the southern head of the Ganges, 00 
 miles westward from the Lake Mansaroar, whence 
 that branch is supposed to take its rise, ft is ]fi0 
 m. N. N. E. of Sirinagur. Long. 79. 22. E. lat. 
 33. 10. N. 
 
 Chapel-en-le-Frith , a town in Derbyshire, Eng., 
 seated on the confines of the Peak, 17 m. S. E. of 
 Manchester, and 107 N. N. W. of London. In 
 1821 it had three establishments for spinning of 
 cotton, and two for the manufacture of nails, and 
 a population of 3,234. 
 
 Chapel. Hill, p.v. Orange Co. N. C, 24 ni. W. 
 Raleigh. It is seated in an elevated and pleasant 
 country, and contains the University of North 
 Carolina. This institution was founded in 1701. 
 It has instructers and 69 students. The libra 
 ries iiave about 5,000 volumes. There are two 
 vacations in June and December, of 10 weeks. 
 
 Chapel Izod, a village on the bank of the Liffey, 
 on the west side of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 597 
 and the parish G27 more. 
 
 Charasm, or Kharizm, a fertile country of Usbec 
 Tartary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east 
 by Bokharia, south by Chorasan, and west by the 
 Caspian Sea. It is divided among several Tarta- 
 rian princes, of whom one takes the title of khan, 
 with a degree of pre-eminence over the rest. 
 Khiva is the capital, and the usual residence of 
 the khan in winter : but during the summer he 
 generally encamps on the banks of the rivei 
 Amu. 
 
 Clwrhorovgh, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng., 6 
 m. S. S. E. of Blandfc-- 1 . In the grounds of a 
 gentleman's seat here, is the house where the 
 plan of the revolution of 1638 was ron/>prted. 
 
 ("■.ureas, one of tin- united rrovinces of South 
 America, lying between the lat. of 18. and 21. S. 
 and the 61st and 70th of W. long. Chuquisaca, 
 or La Plata, is the chief town, near to which the 
 main branch of the Pilcomayo has its source ; it 
 is bounded on the west, and south by the province 
 of Potosi, and is in the centre of the chief silver 
 mining district. 
 
 Char, a Saxon word of somewhat uncertain de 
 rivation ; there are about 60 towns and villao-es 
 in different, parts of Englar>il -«-«inning with 
 Char, probably ori.-i mating in their having been 
 situated in a woo ^rt of the country, where 
 the operation of chairing, or burning of wood for 
 ckarrnal, was carried on. There is a river cal)^ 
 the Char in Dorsetshire, falling into the P.. B rsr 
 Channel at Charmouth, a little to tiie west o ( 
 Lyme Regis. 
 
 Chard, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It stand., 
 on an eminence above all the country between thf 
 two seas; and has a copious stream, w^'ch might be 
 easily conducted in a direction opposite chat 
 which it now takes. It is 12 m. S. S. E ot 
 Taunton, and 139 W. by S. of London. Pop. of 
 the town in 1821, 1,330, and of the parish 3,106. 
 
 Charcnte, a department of France, including th' 
 late province of Angoumois. It is named from a 
 river, which rises in Limosin, and runs by Ar 
 
CHA 
 
 183 
 
 CHA 
 
 gouleme, Saintes, and Rociiefort, into the Bay of 
 Biscay- Angouleme is the capital. Pop. about 
 325,000. 
 
 Charente, Lower, a maritime department of 
 France, consisting of the two late provinces of 
 Aunis and Saintonge. Rociiefort, Rochelle, and 
 Marennes on the coasts, and Saintes and St. Jean 
 d'Angely, are the principal towns in this depart- 
 ment, and in which the Isles of Re, and Oleron 
 are included. It is a fertile district, and exports 
 a considerable quantity of brandy. Pop. 395,000. 
 
 Ckareaton, a town of France, about 5 m. S. E. 
 of Paris, celebrated for its iron works There is 
 another town of the same name in the department 
 of Cher. 
 
 Charite, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nievre, with manufactures of woolen and hard- 
 ware. Here is a priory of Benedictine Clunistes, 
 which once, in a season of scarcity, maintained the 
 whole town by its bounty, and hence it derives 
 its name. It is seated on the east bank of the 
 Loire, 15 m. N. by W. of Nevers. Pop. about 
 4,000. 
 
 Churkow. See Kharkoff. 
 
 Charlbury, a village five miles from Woodstock, 
 in Oxfordshire, England. It holds four large cat- 
 tle fairs annually. Pop. in 1821, 1,348, and of 
 the parish, 2,877, the greater part of whom are 
 employed in the manufacture of gloves, and other 
 articles of leather. 
 
 Charlemont, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Armagh, seated on the river Blackwater, C m. 
 S. of Dungannan, and 68 N. of Dublin. Pop. in 
 1821, 628. 
 
 Charlemont, a fortified town of France, on the 
 frontier of the Netherlands, in the department of 
 Ardennes, seated on a craggy mountain, by the 
 river Meuse, 20 m. N. E. of Rocroy. Pop. about 
 4,000. 
 
 Charleroy, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 county of Namur. It has been often taken. It 
 is seated on the Sambre, 18 m. W. of Namur, and 
 32 S. of Brussels. 
 
 Charles, Cape, a promontory of Virginia, form- 
 ing the north point to the entrance of Chesapeak 
 Bay. Long. 76. 14. W. lat. 37. 12. N. 
 
 Charles, Cape, the north point of an island in 
 the south channel of Hudson's Strait, leading 
 into Hudson's Bay. Long. 74. 15. W. lat. 62. 
 46. N. 
 
 Charles, a county in the S. W. part of the state 
 of Maryland, lying between the Patuxent and 
 Potomac Rivers. Pop. in 1820, 17,666. Port 
 Tobacco, at the head of an inlet of the Potomac, 
 65 m. S. of Baltimore, is the chief town. 
 
 Charles City, a county of the E. District of 
 Virginia, extending for about 15 miles along the 
 north side of James River, being about 6 miles in 
 mean breadth, bounded on the north by the Chick- 
 ahoming River. The court-house of the county 
 is 30 m. S. E. by E. of Richmond. Pop. 5,504. 
 
 Charles River, a small river of Massachusetts, 
 falling into Boston harbour, on the N. W. side of 
 the city. 
 
 Charles, St. a parish of the E. District of Lou- 
 isiana, lying on both sides of the Mississippi, 
 bounded on the north by the lakes Maurepas and 
 Pontchartrain ; it is a swampy district, contain- 
 ing about 300 square miles. Pop. 5.107. The 
 court-house of the district is 45 miles west of 
 New Orleans. Also the name of a county in the 
 state of Missouri, being a nook formed by the 
 Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, opposite to the 
 junction of the Illinois with the latter Pop. 4.322. 
 
 The chief town of the same name, on the north 
 bank of the Missouri, is 21 miles N. W. of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Charleston, a maritime district, of the state of 
 South Carolina, extending for about 70 miles 
 along the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in a north 
 eastern direction, from the lat. of 32. 30. to 33. 5 
 N. and inland about 50 miles ; it is bounded on 
 the north by the Santee River, and intersected by 
 Ashley, Cooper, and one or two other rivers of 
 inferior note. It contains a good deal of swampy 
 laud ; but is on the whole very productive in 
 maize, rice, and cotton. The coast is broken into 
 numerous islands, which yield a cotton of very 
 superior quality, known by the name of Sea Isl 
 and. 
 
 Charleston, the chief city of South Carolina, 
 stands upon a point of land at thfl junction of 
 Ashley and Cooper Rivers, with a good harbour, 
 but difficult of entrance. It is regularly built, 
 with many fine streets and elegant buildings. Its 
 situation is low and flat, but the mildness of the 
 climate, and the lively verdure of the country in 
 the neighbourhood, make it a very agreeable resi- 
 dence, except during the heat of summer. Most 
 of the houses are furnished with a piazza extend- 
 ing from the ground to the top, giving each 
 story an open shaded walk. Except in the com- 
 mercial part of the city, the houses are surround- 
 ed with gardens, trees, and shrubbery, and their 
 white walls gleaming among the green foliage give 
 the whole a peculiarly romantic appearance. The 
 most celebrated edifices of the city are the orphan 
 asylum and the circular church. The society of 
 the place is refined, intelligent, and affable. 
 Charleston has considerable commerce,principally 
 in the exportation of cotton. It is much resorted 
 to in winter by visiters from the northern states 
 and the West Indies. The shipping of this dis- 
 trict amounted in 1828 to 32,445 tons. Pop. 
 30,289. It is 553 m. from Washington, in lat. 32. 
 47. N. long. 79. 54. W. There are also towns of 
 this name in New York and Indiana. 
 
 Charlestown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., adjoining 
 Boston, with which it is connected by three 
 bridges. The compact part of the town is built 
 on a peninsula partly along the foot of Bunker 
 Hill. The main street is a mile in length, and at 
 the south end is a large square. The town is 
 irregular, but has many handsome situations. 
 Here is the U. S. Navy Yard, containing a spa- 
 cious dock. The Massachusetts State Prison con 
 sists of several piles of stone buildings, surround 
 ed by a high wall, and stands in the western pari 
 of the town. The Massachusetts Insane Hospital 
 and the Ursuline Convent, are without the penin 
 sula, upon elevated and beautiful situations 
 Charlestown has many manufactures of leather 
 cordage, pottery, &c. The Bunker Hill monu 
 ment overlooks the town. (See Bunker Hill.) 
 Pop. 8.787. There are 10 other towns of this 
 name in the U. States. 
 
 Charlestown is also the name of the principal 
 town in the island of Nevis, and of a town of the 
 island of Barbadoes. 
 
 Charlestown, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, much frequented by invalids for the bene- 
 fit of goat's whey. It is seated near the Dee, 28 
 m. W. by S. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Charleville, a town of Ireland, on the north 
 boundary of the county of Cork. It has a Roman 
 Catholic school, which in 1820 had 280 males and 
 177 female pupils, supported by voluntary sub 
 scriptions; it has 11 other schools Total popu 
 
CHA 
 
 164 
 
 CHA 
 
 l.ition in 1820, 3,887. Tt is situate on the high 
 road from Limerick to Cork, about 20 miles dis- 
 tant from each, and 108 W. S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Charleville, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ardennes. Here is a magnificent square, 
 and in the centre a handsome fountain. It has 
 extensive manufactures of fire-arms, and is seated 
 on the Meuse, opposite Mezieres, 25 m. W. N. W. 
 of Sedan. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Charlotte, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia, extending for about 25 miles along the 
 north side of the Roanoke River, being about 12 
 miles in breadth, intersected by several streams 
 falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,254. Marys- 
 ville, about 70 m. S. S. W. of Richmond, is the 
 chief town. There are also seven towns of this 
 name in the U. States. 
 
 Cliarlottenburg , a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 middle mark, with a royal palace, and magnifi- 
 cent gardens. It was built by Sophia Charlotte, 
 the first queen of Prussia, on the river Spree, four 
 miles west of Berlin. 
 
 Charlotte-town, the capital of the isle of St. 
 John, (now Prince Edward Island,) in the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of land, 
 on the S. W. side of the island, which forms two 
 bays. Long. 62. 50. W. lat. 46. 14. N. 
 
 Charlotte-town, the capital of Dominica, for- 
 merly called Roseau. In 1806, it was nearly de- 
 stroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 m. S. £. of 
 Prince Rupert Bay. Long 61. 28. W. lat. 15. 
 18. N. 
 
 Charlotte Hall, p. v. St. Mary's Co. Maryland, 
 56 m. S. E. Washington. It has a large acade- 
 my, patronised by the State. 
 
 Charlottesville, p. v. Albemarle Co. Va. 86 m. N. 
 W. Richmond, The University of Virginia is 
 established at this place. It was founded in 1819. 
 it has 9 instructers, 130 students, and a library 
 of 8,000 volumes. It has a vacation in July and 
 August of about 6 weeks. 
 
 Charlton, there are upwards of 20 villages of this 
 name in England. See Char. 
 
 Charlton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,173. Also a p.t. Saragota Co. 
 N. Y. 31 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,023. 
 
 Charlton Row, a township in the parish of Man- 
 chester, Eng. containing in 1£20, 8,209 inhabi- 
 tants. See Manchester. 
 
 Charmes, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vosges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. E. of Mire- 
 court. 
 
 Charolles, a town of France, in the department 
 of Saone and Loire, with a ruinous castle ; seated 
 on the Reconce, 24 m. W. N. W. of Macon. 
 
 Charost, a town of France, in the department of 
 fndre, seated on the Arnon, 6 m. N. E. of Is- 
 soudun. 
 
 Charrouz, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vienne, 25 m. S. of Poitiers. 
 
 Chartrins, t. Washington Co. Pa. 
 
 Chartres, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Eure and Loire. The cathedral is one 
 of the finest in France, and its steeple much ad- 
 mired. The principal trade consists in corn. It 
 is seated on the Eure, over which is abridge, the 
 work of the celebrated Vauban, 45 m. S. W. of 
 Paris. Pop. about 13,000. 
 
 Charyhdis, a famous whirlpool, in the strait of 
 Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the cele- 
 brated Scylla, in Italy. According to the theme 
 of ancient poets, it was very formidable to mari- 
 ners ; but it is said to have been entirely removed 
 ny the £reat earthquake in 1783. 
 
 Chatahoochec, a rapid river of the state of Geor- 
 gia, which rises in the Apalachian mountains, on 
 the frontier of Tennessee, and runs south for 300 
 miles to East Florida, where it is joined by the 
 Flint, and then their united stream takes the name 
 of Apalachicola. It separates the state of Alaba- 
 ma from that of Georgia for about 100 miles be- 
 fore it enters Florida. 
 
 Chateaubriand, a town of France, in the north 
 part of the department of Lower Loire, 35 m. N. 
 by E. of Nantes. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Chateau Cambresis, a town of France, in the 
 department of Nord, with a palace belonging to 
 the bishop of Cambray. A treaty was concluded 
 here in 1559, between Henry II. of France, and 
 Philip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scille, 14 
 m. S. E. of Cambray. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Chateau Chinon, a town of France, in the de 
 partment of Nievre, with a considerable manufac 
 ture of cloth ; seated near the source of the Yonne, 
 36 miles E. by N. of Nevers. 
 
 Chateau Dauphin, a strong castle of Piedmont, 
 near the source of the Po, 16 m. W. by N. of Sa- 
 luzzo. 
 
 Chateaudun, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Eure and Loire, with ci castle, built by 
 the famous count of Dunois ; seated on an emi- 
 nence near the Loire, 30 m. N. of Blois. It was 
 entirely burnt down in 1723, but was speedily re- 
 built. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Chateau du Loir, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Saite, famous for a siege of seven 
 years against the count of Mans. It is seated on 
 the Loire, 22 m. S. S. E. of Mans. 
 
 Chateaugay, a town of Franklin county, state of 
 New York, situate mid-way between Lake Cham- 
 plain and the St. Lawrence, 219 m. N. by W. of 
 Albany. Pop. 2,016. There is a small river of 
 the same name falling into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Chateau Gontier, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Mayenne, with a castle, a mineral 
 spring, and a trade in linens. It is seated on the 
 Mayenne, 22 m. N. W. of Angers. Pop. about 
 5,500. 
 
 Chateau Landon, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Seine and Marne, with an Augustine 
 abbey, seated on a hill, 30 m. south of Melun. 
 
 Chateaulin, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, with a considerable trade in 
 slates ; seated on the Auzon, 12 m. North of 
 Quimper. 
 
 Chateauroux, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Indre, with a castle. It has a man- 
 ufacture of cloth, and iron mines in its vicinity, 
 and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre, 
 35 m. S. W. of Bourges, and 148 S. by W. of 
 Paris. Pop. about 8,500. 
 
 Chateau Salins, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Meurthe, with extensive saltworks, 
 16 m. N. E. of Nancy. 
 
 Chateau Thierry, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Aisne, with a castle on an eminence. 
 It is the birth-place of the celebrated Fontaine, 
 and famous for a battle fought near it. in February, 
 1814, when a part of marshal Blucher's army was 
 defeated with great loss, and driven through the 
 town, by the French, under Bonaparte. It is 
 seated on the river Marne, 57 m. E. S. E. of Paris. 
 Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 * s * The names of several other towns in 
 France are preceded by Chateau, a word meaning 
 Castle ; but there are none that merit any partic- 
 ular notice. 
 
 Chatel, a town of France, in the department of 
 
CHA 
 
 185 
 
 CHA 
 
 Vosges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. north of 
 Epinal. 
 
 Chatel Chalon, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Jura, 25 m. E. N. E. of Lons le Saunier 
 Cliatellerau.lt, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vienne, noted for its cutlery, watchmak- 
 ing, and the cutting of false diamonds ; seated 
 on the Vienne, over which there is one of the 
 finest bridges in France, 22 m. N. E. of Poitiers. 
 Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Chatenoy, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vosges, 6 m. S. E. of Neufchateau. 
 
 Chatham, a town in the county of Kent, Eng- 
 land, situate on the south bank of the river Med- 
 "Aray, about eight miles above its confluence with 
 the Thames. It is one of the stations for building, 
 fitting, and victualling of the national marine ; 
 and the apparatus and accommodation for this 
 purpose, in conjunction with its fortifications, 
 and marine artillery barracks, render it one of 
 the most magnificent establishments of the kind 
 in the world, and every way worthy of the distin- 
 guished character of the British nation. The lo- 
 cal advantages of its situation are very great, 
 whilst the lines of the fortifications command the 
 segment of a circle from the river of several miles 
 in extent, and are as complete and efficient as art 
 and execution can make them ; there are six slips 
 for building ships of the first rate, and four docks 
 for repairing ; and 12 to 15 first-rate ships are gen 
 erally lying off the town. The dock-yard was 
 first established in the time of Elizabeth ; and the 
 Dutch, in the hey-day of their valour, in 1667, 
 ascended with a naval force up the river, and did 
 considerable damage. In 1558 the fund for re- 
 lieving the wounded in the naval service was es- 
 tablished at Chatham ; but the chest (the term by 
 which the accounts of the fund were called) was 
 transferred to Greenwich in 1802. In 1592 a hos- 
 pital for decayed marines, shipwrights, and their 
 widows was founded by Sir John Hawkins. — 
 This hospital has been rebuilt during the present 
 century, on a commodious and extensive scale. 
 The town was very inconsiderable till after the 
 peace with Holland, in 1678. It increased great- 
 ly in population after the declaration of war a- 
 gainst France in 1793, and in 1821 contained a 
 population of 14,754, independent of Gillingham, 
 which forms the boundary of the fortification on 
 the east, containing a further population of 6,363, 
 and the city of Rochester on the west, with a 
 further number of 9,300, to which it is immedi- 
 ately contiguous. Chatham is 30 m. E. S. E. of 
 London bridge, on the road from London to Do- 
 ver. It has a weekly market on Saturdays, and 
 two or three public breweries. See Gillingham, 
 Rochester, and Shccrncss. 
 
 Chatham, an interior county of North Carolina, 
 intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 15,499. — 
 Pittsborough, is the chief town. 
 
 Chatham,, a maritime county of Georgia, bound- 
 ed on the N. W. by the Savannah River, which 
 divides it from South Carolina. Pop. 14.230. 
 
 Chatham, t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the E. side of 
 the White Mountains Pop. 419 
 
 Chatham, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape 
 Cod. Pop. 2,134. 
 
 Chatham, p.t. Columbia county, New- York, on 
 the east bank of the Hudson River. Pop. 3,538 ; 
 26 m. S. E. of Albany. 
 
 Chatham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, opposite 
 Middletown. Pop. 3,646. Also towns in N. J., 
 Pa. and S. C. 
 
 Chatillon, a town of Piedmont, 10 in. S. E. of 
 
 Aoust. There are several towns in France called 
 Chatillon, which implies a town, and as such ia 
 generally a prefix, as Chatillon-sur Seine, sur 
 Loire, &c. &c. implying Chatillon, or the town, 
 on the Seine, Loire, &c. There are none that 
 merit any particular notice. 
 
 Chattonnay , a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Isere, 12 m. east of Vienne and 22 S. E 
 of Lyons. 
 
 Chatrc, La, a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre, with a woolen manufacture, seated on 
 the Indre, 22 m. S. S. E. of Chateauroux. Pop 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Chatsworth, a village in the peak of Derby 
 shire, Eng. near the river Derwent, 6 m. west of 
 Chesterfield. Here is a magnificent seat of the 
 dukes of Devonshire, which, for its fine situation, 
 park, gardens, fountains, «fcc. is justly deemed 
 one of the wonders of the peak. In its first age 
 it was the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, for 17 
 years, and afterwards of the French marshal Tal- 
 lard, taken prisoner at the battle of Blenheim. 
 
 Chatteris, a town of Cambridgeshire, England, 
 with a population of 3,283, in 1821. It is 75 m. 
 N. by E. of London, and 11 W. of the city of 
 Ely. 
 
 Chatterponr, a town of Hindoostan. in the 
 country of Allahabad, capital of the ctrcar of 
 Bundelcund. It is 130 m. W. S. W. of A'laha- 
 bad Long 79.56. E. lat 25. 0. N. 
 
 Chaudicre, a river of Lower Canada, which 
 falls into the St. Lawrence about six miles below 
 Quebec ; it rises on the frontier of the state of 
 Maine ; it might perhaps easily be united with 
 the Kennebeck, and thereby open a communica- 
 tion between the St. Lawrence and Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 'Chaumont, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of upper Marne. Here is a manufac- 
 ture of woolen cloth, and a trade in deer and 
 goat skins. It is seated on a mountain, near the 
 river Marne, 55 m. E. by S. of Troyes. Pop. 
 about 6,000. It is also the name of another town 
 in the department of the Loire, about 5 m. E. by 
 N. of St. Etienne. Pop. about 5,000. It is also 
 the name of several other towns in different parts 
 of France. 
 
 Chaumont, a town of Jefferson county, state of 
 New York, beautifully seated at the head of a 
 small bav, at the east end of Lake Ontario, 187 
 m. N. W. of Albany. 
 
 Chauny, a town of France, in the department 
 of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 m. E. of Noyon. 
 Pop. about 450. 
 
 Ckatauque, a county at the S. W. extremity of 
 the state of New York, bordering on the south on 
 Pennsylvania, and west on Lake Erie. Pop. 
 34.687. Mai/villc is the chief town. There is a 
 lake of the same name about 10 miles in length 
 and two broad, in the centre of the county, which 
 discharges its waters, by the Alleghany River, in- 
 to the Ohio, although the N. W. end of the lake 
 is within six or seven miles of that of Erie. 
 
 Chaux de Fonds, a village of Switzerland, in 
 the principality of Neufchatel. The inhabitants, 
 about 3,000, make numerous watches and clocks; 
 and the women are employed in the lace manu- 
 facture. It is seated in a fertile vallev, 9 m. 
 N. N. W. of Neufchatel. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Chaves, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Montes, 
 with two suburbs, and two forts. Between the 
 town and the surburb Magdalena is a Roman stone 
 bridge. It stands near the confines of Spain, on 
 the river Tamega, 26 m. west of Braganza 
 q2 
 
CHE 
 
 186 
 
 CHE 
 
 Ckazy, a small river in Clinton county, state 
 of New York, which falls into Lake Champlain. 
 A town of the same name in Clinton Co. on the 
 north bank of the river, is 171 m. due north of 
 Albany. Pop. 3,097. 
 
 Cheadle, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Here 
 is a large tape manufactory, and in the vicinity 
 are several copper and brass works, and rich 
 coal mines. Four miles S. E. are the ruins of 
 Croxden abbey. It is seated in the most fertile 
 part of the Moorland, 12 m. N. N. E. of Stafford, 
 and 146 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,862. 
 
 Cheadle, a parish in Cheshire, Eng. lying on 
 the S. W. side of Stockport {which sec.) Pop. in 
 1821,6,508. 
 
 Ghebucto Bay, Nova Scotia. See Hal/fax. 
 
 Chedabucto Bay, at the east end of Nova Scotia, 
 opening into the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance 
 of the Gulf of Canso, in lat. 45. 20. N. and 61. of 
 W. long. Salmon river, which abounds in the 
 estimable fish of that name, falls into this Bay. 
 
 Chedder, a village contiguous to Axminsler, in 
 Somersetshire, England. It is situate in a de- 
 lightfully picturesque part of the county, on the S. 
 W. side of the Mendip hills, and is deservedly 
 celebrated for the excellence of its cheese. Pop. 
 in 1821, 1,797. 
 
 Chcduha, an island in the Bay of Bengal, on the 
 •oast of Birmah, 45 m. long, and ten broad. It 
 yields abundance of rice, and the most western 
 point is in long. 93. 35. E. lat. 18. 56. N. 
 
 Chego Muddi, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 country of Cutoh, at the mouth of the Caggar, 
 23 in. S. W. of Boogebooge, near the mouth of 
 the eastern branch of the Indus. 
 
 Cheitore or Chitorc, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 the territory of Oudipour. It was the capital 
 of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in 
 the days of his greatness ; and was a fortress and 
 city of great extent, situate on a mountain : but 
 it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe, 
 in 1681. It is 48 m. N. N. E. of Oudipour, and 
 88 S. S. W. of Agimere. E. long. 74. 50. and 24 
 35. N. lat. 
 
 Chehn, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, cap- 
 ital of a palatinate of its name and a bishop 'a see. 
 In 1794, the Poles were defeated by the Prussians 
 near this town. It is 100 m. E. S. E. of Warsaw. 
 Long. 23. 29. E. lat. 51. 20. N. 
 
 Chelmer, a river, in Essex, Eng. which rises 
 near Thaxted, and flows hj Dunmow and Chelms- 
 ford, to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater. 
 
 Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, Eng. 
 Here is a stately church, a magnificent shire- 
 house, theatre, and barracks, an excellent conduit, 
 and a free school founded by Edward VI. It is 
 situate at the confluence of the Can with the 
 Chelmer, 29 m. E. N. E. of London. Pop. in 
 1821,4,994. 
 
 Chelmsford, a town of Massachusetts, in Mid- 
 dlesex county, situate on the south side of the 
 Merrimac, over which is a curious bridge, at Paw- 
 tucket Falls, connecting this town with Dracut. 
 It is 28 m. N. N. W. of Boston. Middlesex canal 
 from the Merrimac to Boston harbour, commen- 
 ces at Chelmsford, which contributes considera- 
 bly to its importance and interest ; there is an ex- 
 tensive quarry of very fine granite in this vicinity. 
 Pop. 1,387. 
 
 Chelsea, a parish lying along the north bank of 
 the Thames, to the S. W. of London, and of 
 which it forms an integral part. This section of 
 the metropolis is distinguished for its hospital for 
 the support of decayed and maimed sold ->rs, 
 
 founded in the time of Charles II. ; its chief pro 
 inoter was Sir Stephen Fox, who contributed 
 £13,000 towards the building. It was finished in 
 the time of William and Mary ; the building is a 
 quadrangle, the wings extending towards the 
 river, the base, which is nearly 800 feet in ex- 
 tent, is entered from the centre of the north front 
 into a noble vestibule ; the east side is appropria- 
 ted to a chapel, and the west to a hall, in which 
 the inmates dine ; the wings, which are divided 
 into wards, are each 360 feet in length, 80 wide, 
 and three stories high ; the infirmary, other out- 
 buildings and gardens compose an area of nearly 
 50 acres. Sir Oristopher Wren was the architect, 
 and in respect to proportion and convenience, 
 the edifice is worthy of his high reputation, and 
 the whole produces an imposing effect ; but be 
 ing built mostly of brick, it is inferior in mag- 
 nificence to the marine hospital at Greenwich. 
 The number of inmates is 336, exclusive of offi- 
 cers and the necessary attendants ; there are 
 about 20,000 out-pensioners. In 1801 a milita- 
 ry asylum, contiguous to the hospital, was estab- 
 lished for the education of 1,000 children of non- 
 commissioned officers and soldiers, towards the 
 support of which the whole army contributes one 
 day's pay per annum ; the building which is prin- 
 cipally of brick, cost about £150,000. Chelsea 
 is also distinguished for its Botanic garden, form- 
 ed by Sir Hans Sloane, and presented by him in 
 1721, to the Apothecaries' Company of London, 
 on condition of paying a quit rent of £5 per 
 ann. and presenting annually to the Royal Socie- 
 ty 50 different specimens of plants grown in the 
 garden, until the number of new specimens 
 amounted to 2,000. This section of the metropo- 
 lis, during the first 20 years of the present century 
 exceeded most others in the increase of its pop- 
 ulation, the number in 1821 having been 26,860, 
 and in 1801 only 11,604. It is surrounded by 
 extensive nursery grounds, which with the usual 
 routine of shop-keeping, constitutes the chief oc- 
 cupation of the inhabitants, among which are 
 numbers of retired families on comparitively small 
 incomes. A handsome new church, in theGothic 
 style, was completed in 1825. The hospital is 
 about two miles W. S. W. of Westminster Ab- 
 bey, and four miles in the same direction from 
 the Royal Exchange. 
 
 Chelsea, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,958. 
 Chelsea, p.t. Suffolk Co. Mass. separated from 
 the city of Boston by the harbour, and from 
 Charlestown by Mystic river, over which is a 
 very long bridge. Here is a United States Marine 
 Hospital. Pop. 770. 
 
 Chelsea Landing, a village in Norwich, Conn. 14 
 m. above New London, on the Thames. 
 
 Cheltenham, a town in Gloucestershire, Eu£. 
 situate in a fertile vale, near the foot of Colds- 
 wold Hills, 94 m. N. W. of London, on the road 
 to Gloucester. Till within the present century 
 it was an inconsiderable place, participating par- 
 tially in the woolen manufactures of the neiorh 
 bouring district. It acquired some distinction by 
 the discovery of a medicinal spring in 1740, 
 and being visited by George III. in 1788, it be- 
 came somewhat celebrated ; the population, how- 
 ever, in 1801 amounted only to 3,076, since which 
 it has greatly increased in numbers and import- 
 ance, and in 18126 it was one of the chief resorts 
 of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom ; a theatre 
 was erected in 1803; baths, assembly rooms, li- 
 braries, public walks, and other attractions, have 
 progressive! v lven extended for the accommoda 
 
CHE 
 
 187 
 
 CHE 
 
 Uon of an increasing population, which in 1811 
 amounted to 8,325, and in 1821 to 13,396. Its 
 waters, which increase in quantity in proportion 
 to the demand for them, and increase of visitors, 
 operate both as aperient and restorative, being 
 impregnated with salts, suphur, stee., and calca- 
 reous earth. The parish church is an ancient and 
 venerable structure ; there are several sectarian 
 places of worship ; its market on Thursday, is 
 well supplied with every necessary. 
 
 Chdum, or Behut, a river of Asia, the western- 
 most of the five eastern branches of the Indus. 
 Tt rises above Cashmere, flows through the prov- 
 ince of that name, into that of Lahore, and joins 
 the Chunaub, 16 miles below Kooshaub. This 
 river is the Hydaspes of Alexander. 
 
 Chelva, or Chulilla, a town of Spain, situate on 
 the north bank of the Guadalaviar, about 20 m. 
 N. W. of Valencia. 
 
 Chemnitz, or Kemnitz, a town of upper Saxony, 
 in Misnia, surrounded by walls and ditches. It 
 lias four suburbs, and a castle about a mile from 
 Ihe town. Great quantities of cottons and other 
 fine stuffs are made here ; and the bleaching 
 business is considerable. It is situate on a river 
 of the same name, 38 in. S. W. of Dresden, and 
 about the same distance S. E. of Leipzig. Pop. 
 about 10,000. 
 
 * if * There is another town of the same name in 
 the north part of the circle of Leutmeritz in Bo- 
 hemia, about 42 m. S. E.ofDresden. 
 
 Chemung, p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 100 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. ] ,462. 
 
 Chenango, an interior county on the south side 
 of the state of New York, it is kitersected by a 
 river of the same name, which flows from north 
 to south into the Susquehanna ; population 
 37,406. Norwich is the chief town; there is also 
 a town of the same name at the entrance of the 
 river into the Susquehanna, in the adjoining 
 county of Broome. N. Y. near the frontier of Penn- 
 sylvania, 127 m. W. S. W. of Albany. Pop. 
 3,716. 
 
 Chwuipatam, or Chinnypatitm, a town of Hin- 
 doostan, in Mysore, near which is a handsome 
 stone fort. It has manufactures of sugar, glass, 
 and excellent music-wire, and a great trade in 
 the produce of the palm-gardens in its vicinity. 
 It is 40 in. E. N. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Chencour, or Chemkon, a town of Armenia, 
 on the frontiers of Georgia, with a beautiful cas- 
 tle, grand caravanserais, and several mosques, 
 160 m. N. E. of Erivan. 
 
 Chen-si, or Sheti-si, a western frontier province 
 of China, lying between the lat. of 32. and 38. N. 
 and 103. to 110. of E. long. It is bounded on 
 the south by the province of Setchuen, and on 
 the east partially by the province of Honan, but 
 mainly by the Hoang-ho, or Great Yellow river, 
 which divides it from Chun-si, on the north, part- 
 ly by the <rreat wall which divides it from Chinese 
 Tartary, and on the west by the dreary country of 
 the Monguls, containing an area of about 147,000 
 square miles. The Hoang-ho, in the eccentricity 
 of its course, skirts the N. VV. part of the prov- 
 ince, running in a northerly direction; whilst 
 on the east side it runs a course due south. 
 Numerous streams intersect this province in all 
 directions, some falling"- into the Hoang-ho on the 
 west, and some into the same river on the east, 
 and others into the Kiang Kien, or Great River, 
 which intersects the province of Setchuen ; a 
 prc"nce so extensive, as may be expected, com- 
 prises much diversify of soil and features. It 
 
 abounds with drugs, rhubarb, musk, cinnabar 
 wax, honey, and coals ; of which last it contain* 
 inexhaustible veins. It has also rich gold mines;, 
 which, for political reasons, are not allowed to be 
 opened. It produces little rice, but plentiful 
 crops of wheat and millet ; but is occasionally 
 subject to long droughts, when clouds of locusts, 
 from the forests of Mongul Tartary, destroy the 
 entire vegetation of extensive districts ; the in- 
 habitants, however, make a food of the locusts, 
 and esteem them as a delicacy. The population 
 is estimated at upwards of 30,000,000. 
 
 Chen-yang, Chin-yan, or Mou-den, a city of east- 
 ern Tartary, capital of a province of the same 
 name, otherwise called Leatong. It is situate on 
 the bank of a fine river, running south into the 
 Gulf of Leaotong. The walls are 10 miles in cir- 
 cumference ; and it is ornamented with several 
 public edifices, and provided with arsenals and 
 storehouses. It is 350 m. E. N. E. of Pekin. 
 Long. 123.5. E. lat. 41.55. N. 
 
 Chepello, an island in the Bay of Panama, about 
 20 m. from the city of Panama, which it supplies 
 with provisions and fruit. 
 
 Chepstow, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. It 
 is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near 
 its confluence with the Severn. It was surround- 
 ed by a wall, traces of which are observable ; and 
 on a perpendicular rock are the remains of a large 
 castle. Here was also a priory, part of which is 
 converted into a church, and comparatively it was 
 in former times of much greater consequence than 
 at present. It is now the port of entry for all the 
 towns on the rivers Wye and Lug, and sends a few 
 ships annually to the Baltic and British America, 
 for timber, deals, <fcc. ; ships coast-way, a consid- 
 erable quantity of timber, bark, &c. and has two 
 ship-yards, where vessels of 500 to 600 tons are 
 generally in a course of building. The spring 
 tides rise to the height of 70 feet ; the neaps are 
 consequently attended with great inconvenience, 
 and preclude it from materially extending its com- 
 merce. There is a fine bridge of iron over the 
 Wye, erected at the joint expense of the counties 
 of Monmouth and Gloucester. It is about 10 m. 
 N. of Bristol, and 130 W. N. W. of London. Pop 
 in 1821,3,0138. 
 
 Cher, an interior department in the centre «f 
 France, including part of the late province of 
 Berry. It receives its name from a river which 
 rises in Auvergne, and flows into the Loire, be 
 low Tours. Bourges, 126 m. due S. of Paris, is 
 the capital. It contains about 3,000 sq. m. and 
 230.000 inhab. 
 
 Cherasco, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital 
 of a fertile territory of the same name, with a 
 strong citadel. It is seated on a mountain, at the 
 confluence of the Stura with the Tanaro, 24 m. 
 S. S. E. of Turin. Pop. about 11,000. 
 
 Cherbourif, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Manche, with an Augustine abbey. 
 Here was a sea-fight between the English and 
 French, in 1692, when the latter were beat, and 
 upward of 20 of their men of war burnt, near Cape 
 la Hogue. The English landed here in 1758, took 
 the town, with the ships in the basin, demolished 
 the fortifications, and ruined the works for im- 
 proving the harbour. These works were resum- 
 ed on a stupendous scale, by Louis XVI.; but 
 their progress was interrupted by the revolution ; 
 resumed again under Napoleon in 1803; and the 
 works destroyed by the fury of the elements in 
 1808 ; after which a new plan of operations was 
 resolved upon, by excavating a basin out of the 
 
CHE 
 
 18s 
 
 CHE 
 
 reach of the violence of the ocean, whicn in 1813 
 was so far accomplished, as to hold 50 sail of the 
 line, having 50 feet depth of water. Other works of 
 corresponding magnitude have since been carried 
 on, and it now appears destined to become the chief 
 naval station of France, and to rival in extent and 
 magnificence every establishment of the kind 
 in the world. Its situation is very advantageous, 
 either for dispatching a fleet to any part of the 
 world, west or south ; or for commanding the chan- 
 nel between France and England. It is about 70 
 m. due south of the south side of the Isle of Wight, 
 and 190 W. N. W. of Par s, in N. lat. 49. 39. and 
 1. 37. W. long. 
 
 Cheribon, a seaport on the north coast of the 
 Island of Java, about 150 m. N. of Batavia; it ex- 
 ports large quantities of coffee. 
 
 Cherokees, an Indian tribe occupying an exten- 
 sive tract of country, between the Chatahoochee 
 and Tennessee rivers, at the S. extremity of the 
 Apalachian chain. The Cherokees were among the 
 bravest and noblest of the American race. This na- 
 tion has been long distinguished, for being in ad- 
 vance of the other Indian tribes in the arts of 
 civilization . Some of their chieftains have been 
 really great men, fully sensible of the disadvan- 
 tages of their condition, and sagacious in devising 
 means to remedy them. Among these chieftains, 
 the late Charles Hicks, and John Ross, now at 
 the head of the nation, were pre-eminent. Under 
 their directing counsels, and aided by the policy 
 of the general government, they have outstrip- 
 ped all the other tribes in the march of improve- 
 ment. 
 
 Advantageously situated in the northwest of 
 Georgia, and extending themselves into Alabama 
 and Tennessee, they occupy a well watered and 
 healthy country, conveniently divided into hill 
 and dale. The northern part is quite mountain- 
 ous ; but the southern and western parts are com- 
 posed of extensive and fertile plains, covered with 
 the finest timber, and furnishing excellent pas- 
 turage. The winters are mild, and the climate 
 healthy. Large herds of cattle and horses are 
 owned by the natives, and they are used for culti- 
 vating the earth. Numerous flocks of goats, 
 sheep, and swine, cover the hills. The valleys 
 and plains furnish the best soil, and produce In- 
 dian corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, and pota- 
 toes. The natives carry on considerable trade 
 with the adjoining states, and some of them carry 
 their cotton down the Tennessee, and even down 
 the Mississippi, to New Orleans. Apple and 
 peach orchards are very common, and much at- 
 tention is paid to gardens in the nation. There 
 are many public roads in the nation, and houses 
 of entertainment kept by the natives. 
 
 Numerous and flourishing villages are to be 
 seen in every section of the country. Cotton and 
 woolen cloths, and blankets, are manufactured 
 here. Almost every family raises cotton for its 
 own consumption. Industry and commercial en- 
 terprise are extending themselves through the 
 nation. Different mechanical trades are pursued 
 The population is rapidly increasing, and the fe- 
 male character is much respected. The religion 
 of the nation is Christian — that religion which, 
 wherever it reigns, whether in Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, or America, elevates its professors above 
 those of other religions. 
 
 Another proof is given by this people of their 
 capacity of self improvement, in the alphabet in- 
 vented by one of their native chieftains, called 
 Guess. I ke Cadmus, he has given to his people 
 
 the alphab of their language. It is composed ov 
 eighty-six characters, so well adapted to the pecu- 
 liar sounds of the Indian tongue, that Cherokee*, 
 who had despaired of acquiring the requisite 
 knowledge by means of the schools, are soon en- 
 abled to read, and correspond with each other. 
 This invention is one of the great triumphs of the 
 aboriginal intellect. Like the Greeks and the 
 Latins, the Indians have now found a means of 
 perpetuating the productions of mind. They have 
 erected a barrier against the inroads of oblivion. 
 Henceforth their peculiar forms of expression, 
 their combinations of thought, and the sugges- 
 tions of their imaginations, will be preserved. An 
 empire of intellect is founded on a stable founda- 
 tion ; and when did such an empire experience a 
 decline, till it had first attained the climax of hu- 
 man grandeur? A printing press established in 
 the nation issues a newspaper, periodically im- 
 parting information, both of domestic and foreign 
 origin, throughout the tribe. 
 
 Their political constitution affords another 
 proof of their capacity of self government. Re- 
 publican in its character, its provisions are better 
 calculated, as expressed in the preamble, "to es- 
 tablish justice, insure tranquillity, promote the 
 common welfare, and secure to ourselves and pos- 
 terity the blessings of liberty," than many of the 
 more elaborate contrivances of their European 
 brethren. The government is representative in 
 its form, and is divided into executive, legislative, 
 and judicial departments. The trial by jury is 
 established ; and the particular provisions of the 
 constitution, while they are calculated to accustom 
 the Cherokees to the principles of our system of 
 jurisprudence, are peculiarly well adapted to the 
 anomalous condition, in which the nation is placed. 
 The whole is well suited to secure to the tribe the 
 improvements already made, and to stimulate 
 them to further advances in civilization. 
 
 The sympathies of the public have within a 
 short time been strongly excited in their behalf 
 in consequence of a determination manifested by 
 the government of Georgia to expel them from 
 their territory. The Cherokees refuse to depart. 
 They avow themselves to be independent of the 
 state of Georgia and under the protection of the 
 United States. 
 
 Their numbers amount to about 14,000. Their 
 capital is New Echota, on the Coosa river, within 
 the limits of the territory claimed by Georgia. 
 
 Cheroniso, a town of European Turkey, on the 
 N. E. coast of the island of Negropont, 25 m. E. 
 of Negropont. 
 
 Cheroy, a town of France, in the department 
 of Yonne. 10 m. W. of Sens. 
 
 Cherryfield, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 583. 
 
 Cherryton, t. Northampton Co. Va. on the east- 
 ern shore. 
 
 Chcrryvalley , p.t. a flourishing town of New 
 York, in Otsego County, at the head of a creek 
 of its name, 18 m. S. of Canajoharie, and 55 W. 
 by N. of Albany. Pop. 4,098. 
 
 Cherryvitle, villages in Pa., and Louisiana. 
 
 Cherso, an island in the Gulf of Venice, be- 
 tween the coasts of Istria and Croatia. On the 
 south it is separated from Osero by a very narrow 
 channel, and the two islands are united by a 
 bridge. The soil is stony ; but it abounds in cat- 
 tle, wine, oil, and honey. It has a town of the 
 same name, with a good harbour. Long. 14. 45. 
 E. lat. 45. 10. N. The two islands contain to- 
 gether a population of about 10,000, and were 
 ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo Fornio 
 
Gilt. 
 
 10* 
 
 in 1796, after having for nearly eight centuries 
 formed a part of the Venetian republic. 
 
 Cherson, the capital of New Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Catharineslaf, founded by Catharine 
 II. on the north bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles be- 
 low the influx of the Ingulec. The church and 
 many of the houses are built of stone. Here is a 
 dock from which several men of war and mer- 
 chant ships have been launched ; but owing to 
 some sand banks in the river, the naval establish- 
 ment has been transferred hence to Nicolayef, and 
 its commerce to Odessa; the population, which 
 at one time amounted to about 50,000, has pro- 
 gressively decreased to below 10,000. In 1787, 
 the empress made a triumphant journey to this 
 capital, and here met emperor Joseph II. At 
 this place, in 1790, the philanthropic Howard fell 
 a victim to his indefatigable humanity ; and a mon- 
 ument was erected to his memory by the Russian 
 admiral. Cherson is 50 m. E. of Oczakow. Long. 
 32. 56. E. lat. 46. 38. N. 
 
 Ckertsey, a town in Surry, Eng. Here was for- 
 merly an abbey, of which only a part of the walls 
 now remain ; it was the first burial place of Hen- 
 ry VI. who was afterward removed to Windsor. 
 It is seated near the Thames, over which is a 
 handsome bridge, 20 m. W. by S. of London. 
 Pop. in 1821, 4,279. 
 
 Chcsapeak, the largest and safest bay in the 
 United States. Its entrance is between Cape 
 Charles in Maryland, and Cape Henry in Virgin- 
 ia, 12 m. wide. It extends 270 m. to the north ; 
 is from 10 to 40 miles broad, and generally nine 
 fathoms deep ; containing several islands and 
 many commodious harbours. It receives the Sus- 
 quehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and 
 James rivers, which are all large and navigable. 
 
 Chcsapeak, a village in Cecil Co. Maryland. 
 
 Chcsapeak and Delaware canal, unites the two 
 bays of that name. It begins at Delaware city on 
 the Delaware, and proceeds nearly west through 
 Delaware and Maryland to Back Creek, a branch 
 of Elk river. It is 14 miles long, 60 feet wide, 
 and navigable for vessels drawing 10 feet. At 
 every half mile are recesses where the canal is 
 widened for the passage of vessels. Four miles 
 of the canal pass through a hill in some places 90 
 feet high, being the deepest cut upon any canal in 
 the world. Here a bridge of a single arch is 
 thrown across it. This canal was finished in 1829, 
 and cost 150,000 dollars per mile. It has a great 
 navigation. 
 
 Chesham, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 
 with manufactures of lace and wooden ware, such 
 as malt-shovels, butchers' trays, &c. It stands 
 in a vale, 27 m. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 o,032. 
 
 Cheshire, a county palatine of England, bound- 
 ed on the north by the river Mersey, which di- 
 vides it from Lancashire, N. E. by Yorkshire, E. 
 by Derbyshire, S. E. by Staffordshire, S. by Shrop- 
 shire, W. by the river Dee, which divides it from 
 Denbigshire and Flintshire, and N. W. by the 
 Irish Sea, into which projects a peninsula, 13 m. 
 long and six broad, formed by the mouths of the 
 Mersey and the Dee. This county extends 33 
 miles from north to south, and 42 from east to 
 west, without including the peninsula just men- 
 tioned on the west, and narrow tract of land, 
 which stretches between Lancashire and Derby- 
 shire, to Yorkshire on the N. E. Antecedent to 
 the invasion of Britain by the Romans, this part 
 of the country was occupied by a tribe called the 
 Cornavii ; and Cheshire was constituted a coun- 
 
 ty palatine by William the Norman, who confer 
 red it upon his nephew, Hugh Lupus ; but the 
 succeeding palatines, exercising an authority in 
 compatible with justice to other parts of the coun- 
 try, such as affording sanctuary, &c, Henry VIII. 
 who, whatever faults he might possess, is entitled 
 to the gratitude of the present age for having been 
 instrumental in breaking up the strong holds 
 of priest-craft, and numerous other kinds of local 
 tyranny, abrogated most of the privileges of this 
 palatinate, the forms of which, however, it still 
 retains. Its principal towns besides the city of 
 Chester, are Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton, 
 and Nantwich : Stockport, at the N. E. extremi- 
 ty of the county, and the surrounding country, 
 participates largely in the cotton manufacture ; 
 Macclesfield and Congleton are extensively enga- 
 ged in the silk manufacture ; and Nantwich is 
 celebrated for its salt springs ; and ship-building 
 is extensively carried on at the city of Chester. 
 
 In addition to the rivers Mersey and Dee, the 
 county of Cheshire is intersected by the rivers 
 Wever and Bollin, and contains several small 
 lakes well stored with fish ; it is also intersected 
 by several canals, affording it a facility of com- 
 munication with all parts of the kingdom. The 
 river Dee is united by a canal of one entire level, 
 about 14 miles in length, from the city of Chester 
 to the Mersey, about 12 miles above Liverpool; 
 other canals diverge from the city of Chester to 
 Northwich, and into Wales. The Trent and Mer- 
 sey Canal (see Runcorn and Preston) intersect the 
 heart of the county, whilst the Duke of Bridge- 
 water's is carried nearly parallel with the Mersey 
 to Manchester, and the Peak Forest Canal inter- 
 sects the N. E. end of the county. The E. and 
 N. E. parts of the county supply abundance of 
 coal and various minerals ; but the distinguishing 
 characteristics of the county are its salt and 
 cheese ; the supply of the first is inexhaustible, 
 and celebrated for its purity ; whilst the cheese 
 stands unrivalled for the excellence of its quality. 
 The salt is produced both in a rock or solid state, 
 and by evaporation of the water from the numer- 
 ous springs. The quantity consumed in Great 
 Britain since 1779 has averaged about 55,000 tons 
 per annum, produced chiefly by evaporation ; and 
 the quantity exported since that time has averaged 
 about 250,000 tons per annum, in the proportion 
 of about 35,000 tons of rock, and the remainder 
 produced by evaporation, constituting in the ag- 
 gregate an exchangeable money value of about 
 £300,000 per annum, exclusive of the tax of £30 
 per ton levied on that consumed in Great Britain 
 during the period 1806-1822, (in which latter 
 year the tax was repealed,) yielding in the aggre- 
 gate about £1,500,000 per annum. The £300,- 
 000 produce of the salt is principally distributed, 
 in the first instance, for labour, and for reparation 
 of machinery, buildings, and pans, used in the pro- 
 cess of evaporation and stoving. The total ex- 
 changeable money value of the cheese annually 
 produced in this county may be estimated at about 
 £750,000 per annum, and the aggregate exchan- 
 geable money value of all its other agricultural 
 productions, may be estimated at from double to 
 treble that amount, out of which a land rent tax 
 of about £700,000 per annum is exacted. For the 
 relative proportion of this amount to that exacted 
 in other counties, as well as for territorial extent, 
 population, &c. &c. see England. The south 
 and west part of the county it is, that is th» moaf. 
 productive in cheese, and in which the sa... springs 
 abound. This part of the county is rather level 
 
CHE 
 
 lyu 
 
 CHE 
 
 than hilly, and subdivided by hedge rows, well 
 stocked with timber, into comparatively very 
 email enclosures, intersected by numerous paved 
 roads, which imply either a Roman origin, or per- 
 haps found necessary on account of the sandy 
 prevalence of the surface. On the north and east 
 side of the county about 100,000 persons are em- 
 ployed in the silk and cotton manufacture. See 
 Cono-lcton, Macclesfield, and Stockport. The 230,- 
 000 tons of salt per annum exported, are convey- 
 ed by the river Wever, into the Mersey, about 20 
 m. above Liverpool, at which port it is principally 
 shipped. 
 
 Cheshire, a county of New Hampshire, bound- 
 ed on the west by the Connecticut River, which 
 separates it from Vermont ; it is about 20 miles in 
 mean breadth, and °s, upon the whole, a tolerably 
 fertile district ; the south-end borders on Massa- 
 chusetts. Pop. 27,01 G. Keene, in the interior 
 of the county, 60 m. S. W. by W. of Concord, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Cheshire, is also the name of a town in Berk- 
 shire County, Massachusetts. Pop. 1,049. And 
 of another in New Haven County, Connecticut. 
 Pop. 1,704. 
 
 Cheshunt, a parish in Hertfordshire, England. 
 Pop. in 1821,4,376. Waltham Cross, at the en- 
 trance of the parish from London, is 11 m. from 
 Shoreditch church, on the line of the great north 
 road. 
 
 Chester, a city of England, an ecclesiastical see, 
 and capital of the county of Cheshire, is situate 
 on the banks of the river Dee, at the western 
 extremity of the county, 183 miles N. N. W. of 
 London, and 24 due south of Liverpool. Chester 
 is one of the most ancient and interesting cities 
 of England ; it is surrounded by a wall, nearly 
 two miles in circumference, still kept in a good 
 state of repair, the top affording, in its entire 
 circuit, a delightful promonade. It has four 
 gates, in the position of the four cardinal points, 
 two of them very ornamental, and the whole in- 
 teresting for their antiquity. Within the present 
 century, the city has undergone vast improve- 
 ments. Formerly, the houses in the principal 
 streets projected over the foot-path, forming a 
 covered way five or six feet wide ; which although 
 agreeable enough in wet weather, rendered the 
 shops and rooms on the ground floor dark and 
 disagreeable, and gave an uncouth feature to the 
 city. This defect is now wholly, or nearly so, 
 removed, whilst several public edifices, unequalled 
 in the British dominions for their architectural 
 taste and grandeur, ornament different parts of 
 the city ; the most distinguished of these, are the 
 county gaol, on the site of the old castle, and 
 the county hall contiguous thereto ; the porticoes of 
 these two edifices, in their appropriateness of de- 
 sign, exactness of proportion, and grandeur of 
 effect, have no parallel in Britain, and cannot be 
 surpassed in any part of the world. Here are a 
 public library, an exchange, &c. The cathedral 
 is a venerable structure of reddish sand stone, 
 built in the 8th century ; there are eight other 
 churches, and several dissenting places of wor- 
 ship, a county infirmary, and several schools. Two 
 annual fairs, in July and October, each of which 
 continues several days, are very numerously at- 
 tended, giving rise to great traffic in linens from 
 Ireland, and woolen cloths and stuffs from York- 
 shire, and for the accommodation of which, a 
 commodious hall was erected in 1800, and an- 
 ither in 1815. Chester, in 1825, had nine public 
 oreweries, seven establishments for the cutting of 
 
 corks, five iron founderies, two paper and four 
 extensive flour mills, six manufactories of pipes, 
 and nine of tobacco, and several other manufac- 
 torie of minor importance. The river Dee is 
 navigable up to the city for vessels of considera- 
 ble burthen ; and ships of 300 to 400 tons are 
 always in a course of building, and occasionally 
 eight or ten at a time ; on the whole, however, 
 Chester has more the character of a provincial, 
 than of a seaport town. The contiguity of Liv- 
 erpool having superseded it in its latter character. 
 Its local jurisdiction is vested in a mayor and 24 
 aldermen ; it returns two members (o Parliament 
 by about 1,400 electors. The population, which 
 in 1801 was 15,052, in 1821 amounted to 11),! (4!». 
 exclusive of about 1,500 in two adjoining out 
 parishes. 
 
 Chester, a county at the S. E. extremity of the 
 state of Pennsylvania in the E. District, bound- 
 ed on the N. £. by the Schuylkill River, and in- 
 tersected by the Brandywine. The county is 
 about 35 miles from north to south, and 15 in 
 mean breadth. Pop. 50,908. West Chester, on 
 the east border of the county, 18 miles from 
 Philadelphia, on the great western road to Pitts- 
 burg, is the chief town. 
 
 Chester District, a county or district in the 
 north part of the state of South Carolina, bound- 
 ed on the east by the Catawba River, and west 
 by Broad River, distant from each other about 
 25 miles. The district is about 20 north to 
 south. Pop. 19,182. 
 
 Chester, p.t. Buckingham Co. N. H. 43 m. from 
 Boston ; 30 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,039. The 
 town is about 12 miles in extent, and the vilbge 
 consists of a single street a mile long. Most of 
 the trade of the county centres here. Plumbago 
 of a good quality is found in this town. Here 
 are two remarkable caves, one of which exhibits 
 columns of stalactites. 
 
 Chester, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,320. 
 
 Chester, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,406 
 
 Chester, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. There are 13 
 other towns and villages called Chester in the 
 U. States. 
 
 Chesterfield, a town in Derbyshire, England. 
 It has three establishments for the manufacture 
 of baskets or skips, much used in the conveyance 
 of cotton yarn from the mills to the dealers, five 
 tanneries, two iron founderies, nine potteries 
 chiefly coarse ware, some trifling manufactures 
 of hosiery, &c. and next to Derby it is the 
 most important trading town in the county. It has 
 mines of coal, lead, and iron in its vicinity, and 
 a canal, communicating with the Trent below 
 Gainsborough ; a prison for debtors, a market- 
 house, town- hall and sessions-room are all com- 
 bined under one roof. In 1821 the town con- 
 tained 5,077 inhabitants, and the parish, which 
 includes eight contiguous townships and hamlets, 
 4,113 inhabitants more. It is 155 miles N. by W 
 of London, on the direct road from thence 
 through Nottingham to Sheffield, from which it 
 is distant 13 miles, and 26 from Nottingham. 
 
 Chesterfield, a county of Virginia bounded on 
 the east and north bv James River, and south by 
 the Appomattox River. Pop. 18,637. The 
 court house of the county is 15 miles S. by 
 W. of Richmond. The county contains about 
 300 square miles. 
 
 Chcsterfisld District, c frontier district of South 
 Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, bounded 
 on the east by the Great Pedee River and west 
 by Lynche's Creek ; it contains 450 square miles 
 
CHI 
 
 191 
 
 CHI 
 
 and h. population of 8,472. The chief town is of 
 „he same name. 
 
 Chesterfield, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 100 m. from 
 Portsmouth; 90 m. from Boston. 
 
 Chesterfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 
 1.417. 
 
 Chesterfield, Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,671. Al- 
 so a town in Burlington Co. N. J. 
 
 Chesterfield Inlet, an inlet extending- about 200 
 miles westward from the north end of Hudson's 
 Bay : the entrance to the inlet is in lat. 63. 30. 
 N. long. 90. 40. W. ; its mean breadth is about 15 
 miles. 
 
 Chester -I e- Street, a parish in the county of 
 Durham. Eng. containing 13 townships. The to- 
 tal population of which in 1821 was 13,936 ; the 
 parish abounds in coal, and is intersected by the 
 river Wear; the township of Chester-le- Street is 
 situate on the west bank of the Wear, six miles 
 lorth of Duram.anc 18 south of Newcastle, and 
 in 1821 contained 1.832 of the population. 
 
 Chestertown, port of entry and capital of Kent 
 Co. Maryland, on Chester river, flowing into the 
 upper part of Chesapeak Bay from the East. An 
 academy which was originally incorporated as a 
 college, is established here and receives an annui- 
 ty from the state. 
 
 Chesterville, Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 923. 
 
 Chester mile, p. v. Kent Co. Maryland. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a township inNorthamptonCo.Pa. 
 
 Cheviot Hills, a ridge of mountains in Eng- 
 land, which run from north to south through 
 Northumberland and Cumberland, famous for its 
 free chase, formerly much used by the English 
 and Scotch gentry. These hills are now chiefly 
 wild and open sheep-walks ; goats also are fed 
 among them, and some of the finest cattle in 
 the kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border. Near 
 these many an obstinate battle has been fought 
 between the English and Scotch, before the two 
 kingdoms were united ; among which may be 
 numbered the encounter between the earls Percy 
 and Douglas, celebrated in the ancient ballad call- 
 ed Chevy Chace. The altitude of the peak called 
 Cheviot Hill, which is about 20 m. W. by N. of 
 Alnwick, is 2,658 feet above the level of the sea, 
 other peaks of the range rise 300 to 400 feet 
 higher. 
 
 Chiapa, a province of America, uniting the 
 two grand divisions of the western hemisphere. 
 This province extends from the lat. of 14. 50. to 
 17. 30. of north lat. and lies betweeu the long, of 
 90. 20. and 92.50. W. being about 180 miles in 
 extreme length but the mean breadth not exceed- 
 ing more than about 100 miles, its area may be 
 stated at 18,000 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the north by the province of Tabasco, which en- 
 closes it on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, and 
 on the south by part of the province of Gua- 
 temala, which encloses it on the side of the Paci- 
 fic Ocean ; on the east by Vera Paz ■, and west by 
 Guaxaca, the extreme southern province of Mex- 
 ico. The Andes run into this province in broken 
 ridges at its S. E. extremity ; but towards its more 
 western boundary, the grand mountain chain 
 may be said to be completely divided. The 
 Tabasco River rises at the foot of the termination 
 of the mountain chain, runs first in a W. N. W. 
 direction, and afterwards takes a northerly course 
 through the province of Tabasco, into the Bay 
 of Campeachy, thereby affording an advantageous 
 opening with the Atlantic Ocean. Four or five 
 other streams of inferior importance intersect the 
 central and eastern side of the province, all uni- 
 
 ting into one, near its northern frontier ; after 
 wards running through the province of Tabasco 
 also into the Bay of Campeachy, there being no 
 river of any note running out of Chiapa into the 
 Pacific Ocean. With the exception of the S. E. 
 part, Chiapa may be considered a level rather 
 than a mountainous country, and exceedingly 
 fertile ; and having hitherto been uncursed with 
 the discovery of any gold or silver mine, the 
 native inhabitants are proportionably more nume- 
 rous, more social, and exhibit more primitive 
 characteristics than in any other part of the 
 western hemisphere. Nearly all the animated 
 creatures and vegetable productions common to 
 the tropical section of this division of the globe, 
 are common in Chiapa. The most prominent of 
 the animal race is the horse, the breed of which, 
 first introduced from Europe, is deservedly cele- 
 brated, and cherished with great cart by the in- 
 habitants, with whom the horse constitutes their 
 most important branch of traffic, great numbers 
 being constantly sent into Mexico. When, in- 
 stead of chicane and oppressive exactions, integ- 
 rity and mutual reciprocity shall constitute the 
 basis of commercial intercourse, no part of the 
 world will afford a fairer field for enterprize than 
 the province of Chiapa. Its forests will supply 
 abundance of cypress, cedar, pine, walnut, and 
 other timber, whilst the cultivated parts will 
 yield abundance of cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar, 
 and cochineal, with a boundless variety of aro- 
 matic resins, gums, and dyes, to constitute fit 
 and ample equivalents to exchange for the varied 
 useful productions of European art. Most of 
 the domestic animals and fowls common to Eu- 
 rope's well as the horse, have become natural- 
 ized in Chiapa, and in greater plenty and excel- 
 lence than in almost any other part of America 
 south of the United States ; and its climate, in 
 reference to its geographical position, being of a 
 genial and moderate, rather than of an extreme 
 temperature, it affords as favourable a domicile 
 for a portion of the population of the denser in- 
 habited parts of Europe as any part of the world. 
 This territory is comprised within the republic 
 ot Guatemala, or Central America, as it is some- 
 times called. 
 
 Chiapa, the chief town of the preceding prov- 
 ince, is situate on the west side of the river Tabas- 
 co, near the N. W. extremity of the province, in 
 the lat. of 17. 5. N. and 92. 40. of W. long. The 
 number of inhabitants is estimated at 20,000, 
 chiefly Indians, hence it is called Chiapa de los 
 Indios, in contradistinction to another town about 
 20 miles west, called Chiapa de los Espanoles, in 
 consequence of being inhabited chiefly by persons 
 of Spanish descent : the latter is sometimes called 
 Ciudad Real, and is the see of a bishop, having a 
 stately cathedral, and several monastic establish- 
 ments ; its population is, however, inconsiderable, 
 not exceeding more than 2,000. 
 
 Chiarenza,a. town of European Turkey, in the 
 Morea, on the river Sillus, situate near the sea, 
 opposite the east end of the island of Cefalonia. 
 Long. 21. 28. lat. 37. 46. N. 
 
 Chiari, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where 
 the Austrians defeated the French in 1701. It is 
 situate between two rivers which fall into the 
 Oglio, on the east side, 14 m. N. N. E. of Crema. 
 Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Chiaromonte, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 
 seated on a mountain 25 miles west of Syracuse , 
 it gave the surname to the family of the virtuous 
 and amiable pope Pius VII. 
 
CHI 
 
 192 
 
 CHI 
 
 Chiavari, a town of the territory of Genoa, 
 situate at the mouth of a river falling into the 
 gulf, about 20 m. S. E. of Geioa. It has seve- 
 ral manufactures. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Chiavenna, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 country of its name, subject to the Grisons. It 
 is a trading place, especially in wine and delicate 
 fru : ts, being the principal communication be- 
 tween the Milanese and Germany. The govern- 
 or's palace and the churches are magnificent ; and 
 the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. Here are 
 the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on the 
 summit of a rock ; and close to the town is a rock 
 of asbestos. It is seated on the banks of the river 
 Maira, which falls into the north end of the Lake 
 ofComo. Pop. about 3,000. The district, which 
 is mountainous, contains a population of about 
 18,000. 
 
 Chicago, a town with a military post called Fort 
 Dearborn, at the southern extremity of Lake 
 Michigan in the state of Illinois. A river of the 
 same name here flows into the lake. 
 
 Chickasaws , a nation of American Indians, set- 
 tled on the head branches of the Tombeckbe and 
 Yazoo rivers, in the N. E. corner of the state of 
 Mississippi; the N. W. extremity of their territo- 
 ry jets upon the river of that name ; they have 
 seven towns, the central one of which is in long. 
 89. 43. W. lat. 34. 23. N. Their numbers have 
 lately been on the increase and they are now 
 about 4.000. They have many mills and work- 
 shops,and pay considerable attention to agriculture. 
 
 Chichacotta, a fortified town of Bootan, on the 
 south frontier, frequently taken and relinquished 
 by the British India troops, in the war with the 
 Booteeas in 1772. It is 48 m. S. by E. of 'Tas- 
 sasudon. Long. 89. 35. E. lat. 26. 35. N. 
 
 Chichester , a city, the capital of Sussex, Eng. 
 and a county of itself. It is a bishop's see, 
 and has seven churches, beside the cathedral, a 
 spacious edifice, 4.10 ft. in length, with a tower, 
 surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 297 
 feet. The city is walled round, and had formerly 
 four gates. It exports corn, malt, &c. has some 
 foreign commerce, and a manufacture of nee- 
 dles. The haven affords fine lobsters. It is 
 seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its 
 entrance into an arm of the English Channel, 
 12 m. E. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 61 S. W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 7,362. 
 
 Chichester, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 45 m. N. 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,084. 
 
 Chielefa, a town of Independent Greece, in the 
 Morea, near the Gulf of Coron. 14 m. W. of 
 Colocythia, 
 
 Chiem-Sce, a lake of Bavaria 35 miles in circum- 
 lerence. In the midst of it are two islands; on 
 one of them is a convent of Benedictine nuns, 
 and on the other an Augustine monastery. It 
 lies 22 m. W. N. W. of Salzburg, and discharges 
 its waters by the river Alza, in a northerly direc- 
 tion into the Inn. 
 
 Chieri, a town of Piedmont, surrounded by an 
 ancient wall, in which are six gates. It has four 
 grand squares, many churches and religious hou- 
 ses, and considerable manufactures of cloth and 
 silk. It is 7 miles east of Turin. Pop. about 
 11,000. 
 
 Chieti. See Civita di Chieti. 
 
 Chigwell, a village in Essex, Eng. 10 m. N. E. 
 of London. It is noted for a free-school, founded 
 by archbishop Harsnett, who had been vicar of 
 this place, and lies buried in the church. Pop. in 
 78?1 1,696. 
 
 Chihuahua, a city in the province of Durangc 
 situate in the lat. of 28. 50. N. on the high road 
 from the city of Mexico to Santa Fe, about 700 nj. 
 N. N. W. of Mexico. Chihuahua is a considera- 
 ble place, having several public buildings, and 
 about 11,000 inhabitants. The principal church 
 is a beautiful edifice ; the surrounding country is 
 productive in silver. 
 
 Chilca, a small seaport of Peru, about 30 m. S. 
 of Lima. 
 
 Chile, a territory of the southern division of 
 the western hemisphere, extending from the lat. 
 of 24. 20. to 43. 50. S. and from 68. 50. to 74. 20. 
 W. long, bounded on the wvit by the Pacific 
 Ocean, and on the east by ti" Andes, which di- 
 vides it from the United Provinces of Buenos 
 Ayres, being about 1,350 miles in length, from 
 north to south, and 130 in mean breadth, in a po- 
 sition from the south, of N. N. E. Antecedent 
 to the irruption of the Spaniards into this part of 
 the world, Chile was divided into several inde- 
 pendent states, of whom the earliest information 
 hitherto obtained respecting them, is, that in 
 1450 Upanqui, the then Inca of Peru, made in- 
 roads upon the Chilian territory, and subdued the 
 four northern provinces, at the southern boundary 
 of which their progress was stayed by the bravery 
 of a tribe called the Promancians. The Peru- 
 vians, however remained masters of the four 
 provinces, up to the period of J 535, when it was 
 first visited by the Spaniards, who invaded it 
 from Peru with a force of ^70 Europeans and 
 15,000 Peruvians, under the command of Alma- 
 guo, the companion of Piztrro. Two-thirds of 
 the number of this expedition perished with fa- 
 tigue on the march, the remainder, however, suc- 
 ceeded in reaching the northern province of 
 Chile, and the Spaniards were received by the 
 inhabitants with cordiality and respect ; but the 
 perfidy and baseness of Almagro indulged in the 
 wanton massacre of some of the chief men of the 
 country, and thereby raised the indignation of the 
 whole population against him : and having in a 
 general engagement with the Promancians, sus- 
 tained a complete defeat, and dissatisfaction pre- 
 vailing among >-'te troops, he returned to Peru in 
 1538. In 1540 nowever, Pizarro dispatched an- 
 other expediti ..n, under the command of Val« 
 divia, who, »1er much resistance, succeeded in 
 extending ' * arms as far as Mapocho, and from 
 that peri' the Spaniards maintained possession 
 of the co. ntry, though not without repeated con- 
 flicts with the natives, and occasional reverse of 
 fortune. Such has been the bravery of the Arau- 
 cans, a tribe of Indians, occupying the southern 
 part of the territory, from the lat. of 37. to 42. S. 
 that up to the present time they have never been 
 subdued. The last conflict in which they were 
 engaged with the Spaniards was in 1773, in which 
 great slaughter ensued, without a decided triumph 
 to either party. From that period, however, tran 
 quillity has generally prevailed, the Araucans 
 having since then had a resident at Santiago, 
 more in the character of representative of an in- 
 dependent nation, than a conquered or dependent 
 province. 
 
 In 1742, Don Josef Manto, the then Spanish 
 governor, under whose administration peace and 
 order generally prevailed, founded several new 
 towns, and divided the counlry into the 22 fol 
 lowing provinces, commencing at the north, viz 
 
 1. Copiapo 
 
 2. Huasco 
 
 3. Coquimbo 
 
 4. Cuscos 
 
 5. Pectorca 
 
 6. Quillota 
 
CHI 
 
 193 
 
 CHI 
 
 7. 
 
 Melipilla 
 
 15. 
 
 Concepcion 
 
 8. 
 
 Rancagua 
 
 16. 
 
 Aconcagua 
 
 9. 
 
 Colchagua 
 
 71. 
 
 Santa Rosa 
 
 ID. 
 
 Curico 
 
 18. 
 
 Mapocho 
 
 11. 
 
 Maule 
 
 19. 
 
 isla de Maule 
 
 12. 
 
 Canquenes 
 
 20. 
 
 Chilian 
 
 [3. 
 
 Itata 
 
 21. 
 
 Re re 
 
 14. 
 
 Puchacay 
 
 22. 
 
 Isla de la Laxa 
 
 The Chilians are gay and hospitable, and are 
 highly fond of bull fights, music, and dancing. 
 They sleep from noon till sunset, after which the 
 shops and streets are lighted up, and all the pub 
 lie places are thronged till midnight. 
 
 Of these, the first five divisions extend from the 
 Pacific Ocean to the Andes; Nos. 6 to 15 are 
 bounded on the east by the seven remaining 
 provinces, which with Concepcion, are bounded 
 on the south by the Biobo River, in the lat. of 36. 
 50. S.; the more southern portion of the territory 
 to the lat. of 42. S., being occupied by the Arau- 
 cans, and the island of Chiloe projecting into the 
 Pacific Ocean forms the southern extremity of 
 the territory, which is separated from Peru on the 
 north, by the dreary Desert of Atacama. The 
 Andes, which flank the whole eastern boundary, 
 rises to an average altitude of 12,000 to 14,000 
 feet above the level of the sea, having in the 
 course of this range 14 volcanoes in a state of 
 constant eruption, and several others which emit 
 occasionally. All of them are, however, too re- 
 mote from the inhabited parts of the territory, 
 either to occasion inconvenience, or inspire ter- 
 ror, by the violence of their eruption. The sev- 
 eral provinces are mostly divided from each other 
 by ranges of hills, each intervening valley being 
 intersected by one or more streams of water, con- 
 tributing alike to the beauty and fertility of the 
 country, which, as a whole, for diversity, beauty, 
 and grandeur of feature, is unequalled in the 
 world. Although the soil and climate of Chile 
 are alike favourable to the culture and breed of all 
 the fruits, grain, and animals conducive to the 
 well-being, comfort, and enjoyment of society, its 
 more distinguishing feature is the abundance of 
 its mineral productions, in gold, silver, copper, 
 tin, and iron. Such, however, for nearly three 
 centuries, was the subduing and perverse policy 
 of the Spaniards, that with means to command 
 every comfort, the inhabitants of this fine and 
 fertile territory were kept in a state of barbarism, 
 and on the verge of want. The ties of Spanish 
 bondage, however, now appear broken, never to 
 be united. The first movement of resistance to 
 Spanish authority, which took place in 1809, for 
 some time, appeared likely to succeed without in- 
 terruption ; but in 1814, a Spanish force from 
 Peru subdued nearly the whole country, and held 
 it again in subjection until 1817, when a force, in 
 the cause of independence, under the command 
 of general San Martin, entered Chile from Buenos 
 Ayres, and turned again the tide of victory 
 against Spanish domination. On the 12th of 
 February, 1819, the Chilians formally renounced 
 all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared 
 themselves independent ; which the battle of 
 Maypu, in the following April, not only confirm- 
 ed to them, but enabled them to extend their 
 arms, in pursuit of their oppressors, into Peru. 
 The new government is, however, for the pres- 
 ent, too unstable to justify any positive conclusion 
 as to the future destiny of the country. The 
 population, according to a census taken in 1812, 
 amounted to about 1 ,230,000, exclusive of some 
 scattered tribes of Indians. Santiago, or St. Jago 
 de Chile, (as it is sometimes written) in the 
 province of Mapocho, in the lat. of 33. 20. is the 
 chief city, to which Valparaiso, distant 100 
 miles west, is the seaport. The other seaports are 
 Copiapo, Coquiinbo, Concepcion, and Valdivia. 
 25 
 
 A traveller in Chile in 1820, has furnished us 
 with the following remarks : 
 
 The merchants and other principal inhabitants 
 reside in the houses built along the base of the 
 cliffs in Valparaiso, and along the streets of the 
 Almendral. But the poorer people live chiefly in 
 the Quebradas, or ravines. This class of society 
 have been the least affected by the changes in the 
 political state of the country, and retain, as we 
 were informed, nearly the same manners and 
 habits as before ; a circumstance which gave them 
 a higher interest to us ; and induced us frequent- 
 ly to rove about, in the cool hours of the evening, 
 amongst their ranchos, or cottages. We were 
 every where received with the utmost frankness, 
 and, as far as the simple means of the inhabitants 
 went, with hospitality. They were chiefly brick- 
 makers, day-labourers, and washerwomen, who 
 were always gratified by the interest we took in 
 their affairs, replying readily and cheerfully to 
 our inquiries. Their first anxiety was that we 
 should be seated, in order, to use their phrase, 
 that we might " feel ourselves in our own house." 
 Their next wish was that we should taste some- 
 thing, no matter how little ; some offering us 
 spirits, or milk and bread; others, who could 
 afford nothing else, presenting a cup of water. 
 Yet, however wretched the cottage, or poor the 
 fare, the deficiency was never made more appa^ 
 rent by apologies : with untaught politeness, the 
 best they had was placed before u», graced with 
 a hearty welcome. 
 
 These ranchos, as well as the houses in tho 
 town, are built of large flat bricks dried in the- 
 sun ; and thatched with broad palm leaves, the 
 ends of which, by overhanging the walls, afford 
 shade from the scorching sun, as well as shelter 
 from the rain. Each cottage is- divided into two 
 rooms ; one for the beds, and the other as a dining 
 room ; a portion of the mud floor in this apart- 
 ment is always raised seven or eight inches above 
 the level of the other parts, and being covered 
 with mats, serves as a couch for the siesta sleep- 
 ers after dinner. 
 
 In one cottage we found a young woman grind- 
 ing corn in a very primitive mill, which consisted 
 of two stones, one a large grooved block placed 
 on the ground, the other polished, and about 
 twice the size of her hand. The unground corn 
 appeared to be baked till it could be crumbled 
 R 
 
CHI 
 
 194 
 
 CHI 
 
 into powder between the finger and thumb ; this 
 coarse flour, when mixed with water, made an 
 agreeable drink called Ulpa. 
 
 In some of the Quebradas, we occasionally dis- 
 covered houses of a better class, generally occu- 
 pied by elderly ladies of small incomes, who had 
 relinquished the fashionable and expensive parts 
 of the town, for more remote, though not less com- 
 fortable dwellings. Nothing could exceed the 
 neatness and regularity which prevailed in these 
 houses, where we were often received by the 
 inmates with a politeness of manners, indicating 
 that they had known better days. These good 
 ladies generally entertained us with the celebrated 
 Paraguay tea, called mattee, a beverage of which 
 the inhabitants are passionatelv fond. Before infu- 
 sion, the Yerba, as it is called, hasayellow colour, 
 and appears partly ground, and partly chopped ; the 
 flavour resembles that of fine tea, to which, in- 
 deed, many people prefer it. The mattee is made 
 in an oval-shaped metal pot, about twice as large 
 as an egg-cup, placed nearly full of water, on the 
 hot embers of the brazier, which always stands 
 in the middle of the parlour ; when the water 
 begins to boil, a lump of sugar burnt on the out- 
 side is added. The pot is next removed to a 
 filagree silver stand, on which it is handed to the 
 guest, who draws the mattee into his mouth 
 through a silver pipe seven or eight inches in 
 length, furnished at the lower extremity with a 
 bulb pierced with small holes. The natives drink 
 it almost boiling hot, and it costs the stranger 
 many a tear before he can imitate them in this 
 practice. There is one custom in these mattee 
 drinkings, to which, though not easily reconcile- 
 able to our habits, a stranger must not venture to 
 object. However numerous the company be, or 
 however often the mattee pot be replenished, the 
 tube is never changed ; and to decline taking 
 mattee, because the tube had been previously 
 used, would be thought the height of rudeness. 
 A gentleman of my acquaintance, becoming very 
 fond of this beverage, bought a tube for himself, 
 and carried it constantly in his pocket ; but this 
 gave so much offence, that he was eventually 
 obliged to throw away his private bombilla, as 
 it is called, and follow the customs of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 The people in general, and particularly the 
 peasantry, and the lower orders in the outskirts 
 of the town, appeared to us much better bred 
 than the corresponding ranks in other countries. 
 In their domestic circle, they were at all times 
 remarkably polite to one another; the children 
 being respectful and attentive, and the parents 
 considerate and indulgent. But this was con- 
 spicuous only at home ; for, when abroad, the 
 men were very negligent of good manners ; and, 
 although actual rudeness was contrary to their 
 nature, they were, in general, careless of the 
 wishes of the women, and never sought opportu- 
 nities of obliging them, nor seemed to take any 
 pleasure in being useful on trivial occasions. 
 This habitual inattention on the part of the young 
 men, rendered the women, in some degree, dis- 
 trustful of the civility with which strangers, as a 
 matter of course, treated them ; and, at first, we 
 often observed a look of embarrassment and 
 doubt, when we paid them the most ordinary at- 
 tention. 
 
 Chili, p.t Munroe Co. N. Y. 241 in. W. Alba- 
 ny. Pop. 2.M0. 
 
 Chilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hindoostan, 
 wbjch bounds the five Circars on the north. It 
 
 lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and seems 
 the effect of the breach of the sea over a flat san- 
 dy surface, whose elevation was something above 
 the level of the country within. It communicates 
 with the sea by a very narrow but deep opening 
 and is shallow within. It is 40 miles long and 
 14 broad, with a narrow slip of ground between 
 it and the sea. It contains many inhabited 
 islands. On the N. W. it is bounded by a ridge 
 of mountains, a continuation of that which ex- 
 tends from the Mahanuddy to the Godavery River 
 and shuts up the Circars towards the continent. 
 
 Chilian, one of the seven inland provinces of 
 Chile ; it is inconsiderable, and the least impor- 
 tant of them all. The chief town, of the same 
 name, is about 105 miles N. W. of Concepciou. 
 A river of the same name intersects the province 
 from east to west, falling into the Itala in the 
 maritime province of Puchacay. 
 
 Chillicothe, the chief town of Ross County, 
 Ohio, and second in rank in the state ; seated on 
 a point of land formed by Paint Creek, and the 
 west bank of the Scioto River, 70 miles by the 
 water-course, above its entrance into the Ohio , 
 it has several mills and manufactures in its vicin 
 ity. It is 45 miles south of Columbus, the capital 
 of the state, and 90 E. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop. 
 2,846. 
 
 Chilian, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Berne, at the end of the lake of Geneva or 
 Leman. On a rock in the lake is an ancient 
 castle, which has lately been used as a state pris- 
 on, and is imortalized in the verse of Byron. 
 It is 5 m. E. S. E. of Vevay. 
 
 Chiloe, Island and Archipelago of; the Island ol 
 Chiloe forms the southern extremity of the 
 territory of Chile, separated from the province 
 of Araucan on the north by a channel four to 
 five miles wide. It is 140 miles in length and 
 about 50 in mean breadth, separated on the east 
 from the main land by a gulf about 50 miles wide, 
 containing 40 small islands, 15 uninhabited, form- 
 ing the Archipelago of Chiloe. The total popu- 
 lation is about 30,000. Castro, seated at the head 
 of a bay, opening into the Archipelago, is the chiel 
 town. 
 
 Chilpanzingo, a considerable town, 2,500 feet 
 above the level of the sea, 65 m. N. by E. of Aca- 
 pulco, on the road to Mexico. 
 
 Chilques y Masques, a district of the province 
 of Cuzco, Peru, lying east of the Apurimac Riv- 
 er, having a ridge of the Andes for its east bound- 
 ary. It is a fertile district, containing about 16,000 
 inhab. Parino, in the lat. of 12. 45. S. and 71. 
 35. of W. long, is the chief town. 
 
 Chiltern, a chain of chalky hills in England, 
 passing from east to west, out of Hertfordshire, 
 through the middle of Buckinghamshire, to the 
 Thames at Henley. This district formerly be- 
 longed to the crown, which, for time immemorial 
 has had the nominal office of steward of the Chil 
 tern Hundreds, by the acceptance of which a 
 commoner vacates his seat in parliament. 
 
 Chilvers Colon, a village in Warwickshire, Eng- 
 land, contiguous to Nuneaton, (which sec.) Pop. 
 in 1821,2,169. 
 
 Chimay, a town of the Netherlands, in the for- 
 est of Thierarche. Near it are mines of iron, with 
 founderies and forges. It is seated near the 
 French frontier, 12 m. N. W. of Rocroy. 
 
 Chimborazo, commonly esteemed the highest 
 peak of the Andes, is in the province of Quito, Col- 
 ombia ; lat. 1. 50. S. On the 23d of June, 1797, 
 this mountain was ascended, by the Prussian trav- 
 
CHI 
 
 195 
 
 CHI 
 
 eller, Humboldt, to the height of 19,300 feet above 
 the level of the sea, when a chasm several hun- 
 dred feet wide prevented the summit being attain- 
 ed ; the extreme altitude of which is 21,440 feet. 
 At the height attained, the cold was intense, and 
 respiration rendered difficult by the extreme te- 
 nuity of the air. The peak is about 100 m. N. N. 
 E. of Guayaquil, and presents a most magnificent 
 spectacle for many leagues out at sea in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean. 
 
 Chimera, a town of European Turkey, in Al- 
 bania, with a fort, seated on a rock, at the entrance 
 of the Adriatic, 24 miles S. of Avlona. 
 
 China, an empire of Asia, extending from the 
 lat. of 21. 30. to 41. N. and from 98. to 122. of 
 E. long, giving an extreme length of about 1,400 
 miles, and about the same number in an extreme 
 breadth; but its boundaries being somewhat ir- 
 regular if resolved into a square, it would comprise 
 about 15 1-2 degrees of lat. between 22. 30. and 38. 
 N.and 18 degrees of long, between 102. and 120. E. 
 thereby giving a superficial area of about 1,200,000 
 square miles, or more than 20 times the extent of 
 England and Wales, exclusive of the eastern 
 provinces of Leaotong and the Corea, and the 
 vast territory of Tartary on the north, (each of 
 which see, under their respective heads). The 
 above limits, comprise what may be considered 
 as constituting China Proper, which has about 
 1,700 miles of sea coast, on the S. S. E. and E. 
 from the long, of 108. E. in the lat. of 21. 30. N. 
 to the long, of 120. E. in the lat. of 40. N. or 
 from the Gulf of Tonquin to the Gulf of Leao- 
 tong. The N. and N. E. part of China Proper is 
 bounded by a wall, which divides it from Mongul 
 Tartary, and the west by Kokonor and Sifan, 
 provinces of Thibet, at present but little known ; 
 and the S. W. province of Yun nen, borders on 
 the Briman Empire, and the territory of Tonquin 
 or Tonkin. Every part of this extensive territo- 
 ry appears to be intersected by streams of water, 
 falling into two grand rivers, both rising in Thi- 
 bet, and falling into the sea, one in the lat. of 31. 30. 
 and the other in lat. 34. N. the most northerly 
 of these is called the Hoang-ho or Great Yellow 
 River, and the other the Kiang-keou, or the 
 Great River, (each of which see, under their res- 
 pective heads). There are also several lakes in 
 the interior ; two, south of the Kiang-keou, called 
 Tong-tong and Poyang ; each contains about 300 
 square miles of surface, and in the latter are sev- 
 eral islands. The coast also, from the Gulf of 
 Tonkin to the mouth of the Great River, is 
 flanked by a chain of smnll islands; and, as for- 
 ming an integral part of China Proper, are the 
 the islands of Hainan Formosa ; the former at 
 die south extremity of the empire, intersected by 
 the lines of 19. N. lat. and 113. of E. long., and 
 tile other, intersected by the line of the Tropic 
 of Cancer, and the 121st of E. long. ; and the de- 
 pendent islands, are the Loo Choo Group, the 
 principal of which is about 150 miles in length, 
 from north to south, and 30 to 40 in breadth, in 
 the long, of 12E). E. and the lat. of 26. N. Be- 
 tween these and Formosa is another group 30 or 
 40 in number, nearlv all of which are inhabited. 
 Mountain ridges, run in various directions ovr 
 nearly every part of China Proper : but the>«e 
 are none remarkable for their altitude ; and, in 
 and aggregate sense, it may be considered a lev- 
 el, rather than a mountainous country. 
 
 Of all the communities at present existing, 
 that of China is unquestionably the most ancient, 
 and, from a very early period it had obviously 
 
 made great progress in the arts of social life , 
 but of the origin of the community, nothing 
 satisfactory is at present known ; for although 
 their records appear to have been preserved with 
 great care, the peculiarity, and formerly supposed 
 difficulty of acquiring a knowledge of the written 
 characters of their language (being symbolic) 
 together with the peculiarly jealous character of 
 the people, had antecedent to the close of the 
 18th century, precluded Europeans from obtain- 
 ing any correct knowledge either of the past or 
 present extent and condition of the people. In 
 the absence of all authentic, and correct data 
 on the subject, numerous, vague, and exagger 
 ated statements, relating alike to their antiquity 
 and extent of numbers, obtained current belief 
 in Europe ; but since the commencement of the 
 19th century, the supposed difficulty of acquiring 
 a knowledge of their language has proved er- 
 roneous, and the details of the several local di- 
 visions and institutions of the county are be- 
 coming every year more extensively and accu- 
 rately known. 
 
 Of their origin, the most rational supposition, 
 is, that about 4,000 years before the Christian era, 
 the Chinese were among the first portion of the 
 wandering tribes spread over the northern hem- 
 isphere, dispersed from some of the populous dis- 
 tricts of that time, who formed themselves into 
 a social community ; whilst an examination of 
 the localities and natural advantages of the ter- 
 ritory of China Proper, as well with reference to 
 the natural fertility of its soil, as the variety and 
 adaptation to the wants of a social community, 
 of its indigenous productions, will sufficiently ac- 
 count for the numerical extent and peculiarity 
 of manners of its population. By the writings of 
 Confucius (the only Chinese that appears to have 
 obtained immortality among them) who flourish- 
 ed 520 years before our era, China had then at- 
 tained nearly, if not quite as high a degree of 
 sociality and refinement as prevails there at the 
 present time. In the 15th century, China Proper 
 may be considered as having been subjected to 
 the arms of the Mongul Tartar chief Genghis 
 Khan, who subverted the ruling power, and es- 
 tablished a Tartar dynasty in the government of 
 China ; but notwithstanding this change in the 
 government instead of the territory of Chinayield- 
 ing itself up as a dependent province of Tartary, 
 the superior fertility of China brought Tartary 
 into its subservience ; thereby reversing the usual 
 result of conquest, and the conquerors became the 
 dependents. The dynasty of Genghis graduallyde- 
 clined in influence, until it became entirely sup- 
 planted again by one of Chinese origin, which 
 ruled undisturbed until the commencement of the 
 17th century, when a host of Manchoo Tartars 
 from the N. E. part of Asia poured down their 
 arms and the ruling power in China was again sub- 
 verted, but with the same result to the country 
 as in the former instance, the revolution having 
 only extended itself to the central government, 
 and the substitution of a Tartarian, for a Chi- 
 nese sovereign. Manchoo like Mongul became 
 a dependent province on China; and amid the 
 various changes which have taken place in the 
 ruling power, no material alteration appears to 
 have been effected in the character, habits, or 
 manners of the people. 
 
 According to an account furnished by an intel- 
 ligent native of China to the agents of the English 
 East India Comp^.ny, in Canton, in 1823, the terri- 
 tory of China Pr» ^er was then divided into 19 civil 
 
CHI 
 
 196 
 
 CHI 
 
 and military jurisdictions. Notwithstanding all 
 the magnified impressions which have heretofore 
 prevailed, in reference to the supposed populous- 
 ness of China, relatively to the extent of territory 
 in the two countries, its population is but little 
 more than half that of England and Wales; and, 
 a.! I hough the numerical military force of China is 
 iepresented as exceeding 1,200,000 men, the state 
 revenues will be seen relatively not to amount 
 I i 100th part of those of England. Yet, notwith- 
 standing the abject and servile condition to which 
 centuries of severe rules have subjected them, the 
 Chinese are, in general, a cheerful people; in- 
 deed, every thing relating to and connected with 
 China, in comparison with the communities and 
 institutions of Europe, seems anomalous. With 
 a soil of more than ordinary fertility, in which all 
 ihe fruits and vegetable productions common to 
 Europe flourish, and which abounds in a variety 
 inestimably valuable peculiar to itself, and a peo- 
 ple proverbially and really industrious, famine fre- 
 quently prevails extensively. To unfold, howev- 
 sr, these mysteries belongs more to the philoso- 
 pher than to the geographer. 
 
 In some of the provinces of China, part of the 
 exactions for the support of the government are 
 levied in kind, in grain and rice. This fact, whilst 
 it serves to show somewhat the nature of the soil 
 in the respective provinces, leads to the consider- 
 ation of a feature in the policy of China peculiar 
 at this time to itself but which appears in past 
 times to have been acted upon in Egypt and in 
 Rome; viz. that of storing up grain to meet the 
 exigences of occasional dearth. The average stock 
 maintained in China for this purpose is about 
 30,000.000 of Ski, equal to about 2,000,000 of En- 
 glish tons, in the proportion of one-sixth rice, and 
 the remainder in grain, chiefly maize and wheat ; 
 and although this quantity is not more than equal 
 to two month's subsistence for the aggregate pop- 
 ulation, yet, when it is considered that China 
 Proper extends through 20 degrees of latitude, 
 partly within the tropic of Cancer, and 25 degrees 
 of longitude, in which extensive range it is not 
 likely that a scarcity would at most pervade more 
 than one-fifth part, if so much, at one time, it is 
 probable that the quantity in question has proved, 
 by the experience of centuries, adequate to its 
 proposed object ; and it is unquestionably a mea- 
 sure, if duly regulated, worthy the adoption of 
 every social community. 
 
 As there is scarcely a town or even a village 
 in China which has not the advantage either of 
 an arm of the sea or a canal, navigation is so com- 
 mon that almost as many people live on the wa- 
 ter as on land. The great canal runs from north 
 to south, from the city of Canton to the extremi- 
 ty of the empire; and by it all kinds of foreign 
 merchandize entered at that city are conveyed 
 directly to Pekin, a distance of 825 miles. This 
 canal is about 50 feet wide, passes through or 
 near 41 large cities, an'd has 75 large sluices to 
 keep up the water, besides several thousand 
 bridges. China owes a great part of her riches 
 to these numerous canals, which are cut through 
 any kind of private property, not even excepting 
 the gardens of the emperor. 
 
 Among the birds maybe mentioned the cormo- 
 rant, which the Chinese train up for the purpose 
 of fishing. They tie a leather thong round the 
 lower part of their necks that they may not 
 swallow the fish they catch, and then throw the 
 cormorants into the river. The birds dive under 
 water and pursue the fish, and when they have 
 
 caught them, rise to the top and swallow thfir 
 prey as far as possible. After each bird has in 
 
 this manner swallowed five or six fish, the keeners 
 call them and oblige them to vomit up all they 
 have taken. 
 
 Among the fruits peculiar to China, and in ad 
 dition to the orange, lemon, lime, citron, pome 
 granate, and the vine in great variety, are the 
 tse-tse, a kind of fig; the li-tchi, of the size of a 
 date, its stone covered with a soft juicy pulp, of 
 an exquisite taste, but dangerous when eaten to 
 excess; the long yen, or dragonseye, its pulp 
 white, tart, and juicy, not so agreeable to the 
 taste, but more wholesome than the li-tchi. Ot 
 esculent plants they have an infinity unknown to 
 Europe. They cultivate also the bottom of their 
 waters ; the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivu- 
 lets, producing crops unknown to us, particularly 
 of the pitsi, or water chestnut, the fruit of which 
 (found in a cover formed by its root) is exceed- 
 ingly wholesome, and of a very delicate taste. — 
 Among the trees peculiar to China are the tallow- 
 tree, the fruit of which is white, of the size of a 
 small walnut, and the pulp has the properties ol 
 tallow ; the wax-tree producing a kind of white 
 wax, almost equal to that made by bees ; the tsi- 
 chu, or varnish tree, which produces the admira- 
 ble Chinese varnish ; the tie-ly-mou, or iron wood, 
 the wood of which is so hard and heavy that it 
 sinks in the water, and the anchors of the Chi- 
 nese ships are made of it ; the camphire-tree ; 
 the bamboo reeds, which grow to the height and 
 size of a large tree ; and, besides being used as na- 
 tural pipes to convey water, are employed for 
 numberless other purposes ; the tea-plant, whose 
 leaves and flowers are of the following shape 
 
 also cotton, betel, and tobacco ; the flowering 
 shrubs, flowers, herbs, and medicinal plants, are 
 exceedingly numerous. The tea plant grows 
 best in valleys and on the banks of rivers, or the 
 
CHI 
 
 197 
 
 CHI 
 
 slopes of mountains facing the South. In 7 years 
 it grows to the height of a man's head, when it is 
 cut down and a new crop of shoots spring forth. 
 The leaves are picked one by one. They are 
 steamed over boiling water and then dried by the 
 fire. 
 
 In the mountains and forests are wild animals 
 of every species ; but that valuable quadruped, 
 the muskdeer, is peculiar to this country. Gold 
 and silver are said to be common in several parts 
 of the empire ; but the working of the mines is 
 interdicted, to prevent, as is pretended, the pro- 
 duce leading to a derangement of their general 
 system of policy. The mountains, also, chiefly 
 in the north and west parts of the empire, contain 
 mines of iron, tutenag, copper, and quicksilver, as 
 well as quarries of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jas- 
 per, rock crystals, granite, and a kind of sonorous 
 stones, of which musical instruments are com- 
 posed ; and here is potters' earth, of such vari- 
 ous and superior kinds that the fine porcelain of 
 China is unrivalled. The number of domestic 
 animals appears to be very limited, and animal 
 food, though not interdicted either from state or 
 religious scruples, as is the case over a great part 
 of Hindoostan, is very uncommon. 
 
 The manufactures of China embrace every pos- 
 sible commodity to gratify artificial wants ; and 
 their fabrics in porcelain, silk, and paper more es- 
 pecially, cannot be surpassed; nor is their carv- 
 ing in ivory, and other works of fancy, equalled 
 in any other part of the world ; but in all that re- 
 quires skill, combined with superior physical pow- 
 er, they are inferior to the least settled parts of 
 Europe. Ignorant of the laws of geometry, as 
 well as of the laws of nature, their fortifications 
 for defence, their habitations, public edifices, and 
 monuments, in which a display of taste has been 
 aimed at, are ridiculously fantastic ; and when 
 solidity has been the object, exceedingly clumsy ; 
 hence the water communication between the 
 northern and southern parts of the empire, which 
 Gazetteers have adorned with the designation of 
 Grand, and as surpassing any thing of the kind 
 in the world, is a mere connection of natural 
 streams displaying no evidence of genius or skill 
 beyond that of finding the nearest level whereby 
 to effect the union. The only work of art con- 
 nected with China having the least claim to ad- 
 miration is the Great Wall, which separates the 
 N. and the N. W. parts of China Proper from 
 Mongul Tartary, which was probably not the 
 work of the Chinese, but of the Tartars them- 
 selves, soon after the conquest of Genghis Khan ; 
 but the accounts hitherto obtained of the period of 
 its erection are too imperfect to justify any posi- 
 tive conclusion on the subject. 
 
 The most singular characteristic in the civil 
 policy of China is the total absence of all state 
 religion and priest-craft, which are supposed to 
 have been subverted for the two-fold purpose of 
 preventing a priesthood from sharing in the influ- 
 ence of the government, and the people from con- 
 gregating in too large numbers ; and the latter 
 notion seems also to have precluded the toleration 
 of public theatres. Both religious worship and 
 dramatic represenations are, however, universal 
 throughout the empire ; of the former, every 
 house has its own altar and collection of gods ; 
 the form and number of which are generally in 
 proportion to the taste of the head of the fam- 
 ily to select, and of his ability to purchase ; hence 
 their religious worship may be said to resolve it- 
 self into one of their most extensive branches of 
 
 manufacture. In like manner, the dramatic re 
 presentations are all of a family nature. The 
 performers consisting of strolling companies, v/ho 
 engage themselves for an evening to any one who 
 can afford to pay them. Connected with the ques- 
 tion ot religion, (according to the notions of the 
 English) the civil policy of China tolerates polyga 
 my. It appears, however not to be so extensively 
 indulged in, as in other parts of Asia and Africa. 
 Burials are not permitted in cities or towns, and 
 their sepulchres are commonly on barren hills and 
 mountains. They pretend to have a gseat vene- 
 ration for their ancestors ; and some keep images 
 of them in their houses, to which they pay a sort 
 of adoration. They have laws which regulate the 
 civilities and ceremonious salutations they pay to 
 each other, for which reason they always appear 
 to be extremely good-natured, whilst low cun- 
 ning and deceit are their ruling passions ; and yet, 
 while infanticide is not unfrequent among them, 
 they are not destitute of social affections in theii 
 families. 
 
 In person, the complexion of the Chinese is a 
 sort of tawny ; they have large foreheads, small 
 eyes, short noses, large ears, long beards, and 
 black hair ; and those are thought to be the most 
 handsome who are the most bulky. The women 
 affect a great deal of modesty, and are remarkable 
 for their little feet. The men endeavour to make 
 a pompous appearance when they go abroad ; and 
 yet their houses are mean and low, consisting 
 only of a ground floor. For a more ample eluci- 
 dation of the nature and character of the general 
 government, language, literature, &c. of China, 
 see Pekin; for further particulars respecting the 
 Great Wall, see Petche-li ; of the Grand Canal, 
 sec Ho-anrr-ho ; of the public monuments, and in- 
 ternal traffic of China, see Nankin ; of the nature 
 and extent of its external commerce, see Canton 
 and Kiachta. In conclusion here, it maybe said, 
 in point of aggregate efficiency, or in affording 
 general examples of social policy worthy of imita- 
 tion, China is inferior to the least important stale 
 of Europe; whilst the extent and grandeur of its 
 natural features, the diversity, beauty, and inter- 
 ests its productions, both natural and artificial , 
 and the superlative excellence of many of its 
 fabrics, both of utility and ornament, render 
 research and development in the details of all 
 these characteristics, an object in the highest de- 
 gree desirable, which it is sincerely hoped will 
 now very soon be attained. 
 
 China, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,234. 
 Also a p.t Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387. 
 
 Chinabakeer, a town of Pegu, situate in the 
 marshes of the Irrawaddy, south of Rangoon. 
 
 Chinapalabra.m, a town of the Mysore, 55 m. N. 
 of Bangalore. 
 
 Chinapatam,or Chinypatam, another town of the 
 Mysore, about 40 m. E. S. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Chinchilla, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 37 m. 
 west of Almanza, and 67 N. N. W. cf Murcia. 
 Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Chin-chi. See Quin-nong. 
 
 Chinglcput, a town of the Carnatic, near the 
 sea-coast, about 40 m. S. of Madras. 
 
 Chinachin, or Chccnychin, the chief town of the 
 district of Jenilah, in the N. W. part of Nepaul, 
 at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains. 
 
 Chin India, a general name comprising that 
 part of southern Asia situated between Hindoos- 
 tan and China. It contains the Birman Empire 
 Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam 
 and the peninsula of Malacca. It is often called 
 R2 
 
CHI 
 
 198 
 
 CHM 
 
 the Peninsula beyond the Ganges. The name 
 (if Chin India was first applied to this region by 
 Malte Brun. Sec the several divisions under the 
 head above named. 
 
 Cldnon, a town of France, in the department of 
 Indro and Loire, with a strong castle ,in which Hen- 
 ry II. of England expired. Chinon is the birth-place 
 of Rabelais and of Quillet. It is seated on the 
 Vienne, 10 m. N. of Richelieu, and 150 S. YV. of 
 Paris. It has some manufactures, and contains 
 about 5,500 inhabitants. 
 
 Chinsvro, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 
 with a fortress, seated on the HoogIy,17m. N. 
 of Calcutta. It was formerly the principal settle- 
 ment of the Dutch in Bengal. 
 
 Clnny, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, on the river Semoy, 40 m. W. by N. of 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 Cltiourlic, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania, the see of a Greek bishop, seated on 
 a river of the same name, 47 m. W. N. W. of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Clnozza, a town and island of Italy, in the Gulf 
 of Venice. Much salt is made here. The town 
 is built on piles, and has a harbour, defended by a 
 fort, 18 m. S. of Venice. This island contains 
 about 20,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Chi.piona, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situ- 
 ate on a rock, near the sea, 5 in. W. S. W. of St. 
 Lucar de Barrnmeda. 
 
 Chippenham, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. It 
 lias three establishments for the manufacture of 
 line woolen cloth. It is seated on the Lower 
 Avon, over which is a bridge, 21 m. E. of 
 Bristol, and 93 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,200. 
 
 Chippewa, townships in Beaver Co. Pa. and 
 Mayne Co. Ohio. 
 
 Chipp'eway, a river falling into the Mississippi, 
 from the N. E. about 70 m. below the falls of St. 
 Anthony. It has its source near one ot the rivers 
 falling into the west end of Lake Superior. Also 
 a creek of Upper Canada falling into Niagara 
 river above the cataract. A village of the same 
 name stands at the mouth of the creek, and here 
 was fought a battle between the Americans and 
 British, Lily 5, 1814. 
 
 Chipping, a Saxon word, signifying market or 
 fair, precedes, in all formal proceeding, the name 
 of several towns in England; such as those of 
 Barnet, Norton, Ongar, &c. tfcc. ; but the prefix 
 is now fallen into disuse, in common parlance, 
 exoept in the case of Chipping JVorton, which is a 
 neat town in Oxfordshire. The church is an 
 elegant structure of gothic architecture. It is 73 
 m. W. N. W. of London, on the road to Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 Chirequi, a town of Veragua, on a river of the 
 same name, 12 miles north of its mouth, in the 
 Pacific Ocean. Long. 83. 28. W. lat. 8. 30. 
 N. 
 
 Chirk, a village of Wales, in Denbighshire, on 
 the top of a hill, near Wrexham. It had formerly 
 two castles, one of which seems to have been a 
 magnificent structure. In the vicinity, the Elles- 
 mere Canal is carried over the vale and river 
 Ceiriogby a magnificent aqueduct. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,458. 
 
 Chisrfte.a. seaport of Asiatic. Turkey, in Natolia, 
 on the strait that parts the continent from the 
 Isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cysus, was 
 celebrated for the great victory which the Romans 
 gained here over the fleet pfAntioohus, in 191 
 B. C, and has been distinguished by the destruc- 
 
 tion of the Turkish fleet by the Russians in 1770 
 It exports large quantities of raisins, and is 40 in 
 W. of Smyrna. Long. 20. 16. E. lat. 38. 24. N 
 Chisvrick, a village in Middlesex, Enjr. en the 
 Thames, 7 m. W.\y S. of St. Paul's, London. 
 Here is a celebrated villa of the duke of Devon 
 shire ; and in the church-yard is a monument of 
 Hogarth. Pop. in 1821, 4,236. 
 
 Chit ere, the chief town of a district of the same 
 name, in the province of Ajimere, about 100 in 
 S. by W. of the city of Ajimere. 
 
 Cliitjioor, a considerable town of G'uzerat, abi nt 
 30 in. N. E. Mangalore, on the shore of the Ara- 
 bian sea. It has extensive manufactures of 
 chintzes. 
 
 Ckil.ro. or Kitro, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Macedonia, on the west shore, near the head of 
 the Bay of Salonichi. Here the mother, wife, and 
 son of Alexander were murdered by Cassander 
 It is 36 m. S. S. E. of Edessa. 
 
 Chitlagong, a province of Asia, lying between 
 the Bay of Bengal and Arracan. It was conquered 
 Irom Arracan by Aurungzebe, in 1666, and now 
 belongs to the English East India Company. Isla- 
 mabad is the chief town, ichich see. 
 
 Chitteldroog, or Chaltralcal , a strong fort and 
 town of Hindoostan, capital of theN. E. district 
 of Mysore. The plain of Chitteldroog is 10 miles 
 long and four broad, surrounded by rocky hills, 
 on one of which stands the fort. The town form- 
 erly occupied a great portion of the plain, and is 
 still a considerable place but now confined entirely 
 within the walls, which are ne-ar the foot of the 
 rock. Hyder, who obtained possession of this 
 place by treachery, strengthened the walls ; and 
 other works have been since added, so as to render 
 it totally impregnable against any neighbouring 
 power. Since the final defeat of Tippoo, in 17! 9, 
 it belongs to the rajah of the Mysore ; and the 
 English keep a garrison here. It is 48 m. N. W. 
 of Sera, and 117 N. by W. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Chittenden, a county of Vermont, bounded on 
 the W. for about 38 m. by Lake Champlain, 
 between the lat. of 44. and 45. N. It is about 18 
 m. in mean breadth, and is divided into 24 town- 
 ships. Pop. 21,775. Burlington, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Chittenden, t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 610. 
 Chittcnham, t. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 Chitteningo Creek, a stream in Onondaga Coun- 
 ty, New York, having in the course of about 10 
 miles, a fall of 80 feet, into Oneida Lake. 
 
 Chittle, or Chitteldroog, a fortress, and consid- 
 erable town of the Mysore, about 120 m. N. by 
 W. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Chit/ore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 
 28 m. N. W. of Arcot, and 70 west of Madras. 
 
 Chiras, or Chirazzo, a fortified town of Pied- 
 mont, on the river Po, 12 m. N. N. E. of Turin. 
 Pop. about 5,500. 
 
 Chhisa, a st-ong town of Italy, in the Veron- 
 ese, on the east bank of the Adige, in a narrow 
 pass, 14 m. N. N. W. of Verona. Also of anoth- 
 er town in Piedmont, about 10 m. S. E. of Coni. 
 Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Chiusi, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 
 on the river Chiano, 35 m. S. E. of Sienna. 
 
 Chiuttija. or Kutaieh, a town of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, capital of Natolia Proper. Here are several 
 mosques, and three Armenian churches; and in 
 the vicinity are some warm baths. It stands at the 
 foot of a mountain, near the river Pursak, 75 m. 
 S. E of Bursa. Long. 30. 47. E. lat. 39. 16. N. 
 Chmichnik, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on en 
 
CHO 
 
 199 
 
 CHR 
 
 island formed by the river Bog, 80 m. N. E. of 
 Kaminieck. Long. 27. 50. E. lat. 49. 44. N. 
 
 Choco, a bay of Colombia, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 There is a town named Buenaventura, at the 
 mouth of a river, tailing into this bay, in the lat. 
 of 3. 50. N. 
 
 Choco, is also the name of a district in Colom- 
 bia, lying between the two first western ridges of 
 the Andes, between the Gth and 8th degrees of 
 N. lat. The river Atrato intersect* this district 
 from south to north, falling into the Gulf of 
 Darien ; the head waters of this river were uni- 
 ted in 1788 by the Canal de Raspadura, with the 
 river St. Juan, falling into the Pacific Ocean 
 about 20 m. N. W. of Buenaventura. 
 
 Choconut, t. Susquehanna, Co. Pa. 
 
 Ckoctaws . or Flat Heads, a tribe of Indians in 
 lue State of Mississippi and Alabama. They are 
 about 20,000 in number, and possess a fertile soil 
 producing cotton which they manufacture into 
 cloth for their own use. Within a few years 
 their condition has been much improved, and the 
 state of agriculture among them is quite respect- 
 able. They have missionary stations in their terri- 
 tory at Elliot, Emmaus, Goshen, Hebron, May- 
 hew and other places. 
 
 Choczim, a town and fortress of Moldavia, 
 situate on the south bank of the Dneister, 110 m. 
 N. N. W. of Jassy, and 15 S. W. of Kamienic, 
 in Podolia. Choczim was the scene of repeated 
 conflicts between the Turks and Poles, during 
 the integrity of Poland, and since its dissolution 
 between the Turks and Russians, till it was finally 
 ceded to the latter power in 1812 and it is now 
 included in the government of Podolia. 
 
 Choiseul, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Marne, 12 m. N. E. of Langres. 
 
 Ckollct, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mayenne and Loire, with a castle, 27 m. S. S. W. 
 of Angers. Pop. about 4,800. 
 
 Cholm, or Kohn, a town of Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Pskov, on the river Lovat, 180 m. S. 
 of Petersburg. 
 
 Choimogor, or Kolmogor, a town in the govern- 
 ment of Archangel, situate on an island in the 
 river Dwina, 30 m. S. of the city of Archangel. 
 
 Cholula, a city of Mexico, in the intendancy of 
 Puebla, and about seven miles west of the city of 
 Puebla. Previous to the irruption of the Span- 
 iards into Mexico, Cholula was the seat of gov- 
 ernment of an independent state, which, in con- 
 junction with three other adjoining republics, 
 had resisted the authority of the Mexicans for 
 several centuries. Cortes halted at Cholula, on 
 his way to the city of Mexico, in 1519, at which 
 time it contained about 200,000 inhabitants, who 
 carried on extensive manufactures of cotton 
 cloths, jewelry, and earthenware. It was also 
 the chief place of religious resort in all Mexico, 
 having a temple in the shape of a pyramid, of 
 great extent and magnificence ; it had also, at 
 that time, not less than 400 other places of wor- 
 ship. Cholula is now, comparatively, an incon- 
 siderable place, having only ;ibout 15,000 inhab 
 itants, being eclipsed in splendour and importance 
 by Puebla. 
 
 Chonad, or Csonad, an episcopal town of Hun- 
 gary, and capital of a county of the same name. 
 It is seated on the south bank of the north branch 
 of the Marosch River, 25 miles above its entrance 
 into the Theiss, at Zeoedin. 
 
 Choptank, a river of Delaware and Maryland, 
 flowing into the Chesapeak Bay. 
 
 Chorassan, or K/iorassan, a province of Persia, 
 
 extending from the lat. of 32. to 39. N. and froM 
 54. 30. to 93. of E. long, containing an area of 
 about 147,000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 west by the Great Salt Desert, Mazenderan. and 
 the Caspian Sea ; north by the Bay of Balkan, 
 and the Desert of Karakiim ; N. E. by the main 
 branch of the Gihon Amu, or Oxus River, which 
 divides it from Great Bucharia, east by the terri- 
 tory of Balk ; S. E. by the Lake Zeresh, or Dur- 
 ra, which divides it from Segistan, and the ex- 
 treme south, projects upon the Desert of Kerman 
 A ridge of the Gaur Mountains intersects the 
 east side of the province, from south to north ; 
 and east of this ridge is the Magrab River, which 
 falls into the Oxus at Ainol. Another river, with 
 several tributary streams, rises near Herat, in the 
 S. E. corner of the province, and runs in a N. W. 
 direction into the Bay of Balkan. Meshid, in the 
 latitude of 37. 35. N. and 57. 15. E. long, is the 
 capital of the province ; the other chief towns are 
 Herat, I3adkis, Zenzau, Abiverd, <fec. 
 
 Chorletj, a town in Lancasiiire, Eng. It is seat 
 ed on the line of the Liverpool, Lancaster, and 
 Leeds canal, 22 m. N. W. of Manchester, on the 
 road to Preston, from which it is distant 9 miles. 
 Chorley participates large!}' in that great business 
 for which Lancashire is so celebrated, viz. the cot- 
 ton manufacture. In 1825. there were four large 
 establishments for spinning, upwards of twenty 
 for weaving (chiefly muslins.) six for printing of 
 calicoes, with a proportionate number for dyeing, 
 bleaching, reed-maki::g, tic. In the neighbour- 
 hood are quarries of ashlar, flag, and millstone , 
 and mines of coal, lead, and alum, and also car- 
 bonate of barytes. It holds four fairs annually. 
 The population in 1801, 4,516 ; and in 1821, 7,315 
 
 * # * There are six villages in different parts of 
 England named Chorlton, all inconsiderable. 
 
 Choulc, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of 
 Concan, with a harbour for small vessels, which 
 is fortified. It is 24 m. S. of Bombay. 
 
 Chowan, a county of North Carolina, contain- 
 ing about 100 square miles, bounded on the east 
 by the Chowan River, at its influx into Albemarle 
 Sound. Pop. G,G88. Edenton is the chief town. 
 
 Christburg, a town of West Prussia, with a 
 castle on a hill, situate on the Sorge, 15 in. S. E. 
 of Marienburg. 
 
 Christchurch, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 
 with considerable trade in knit silk stockings and 
 watch-strings. It returns two members to par- 
 liament. Here are the remains of a castle and a 
 priory ; and the church is a large and interesting 
 structure. It is seated on the Little Avon, oppo- 
 site the influx of the Stour, about half a mile 
 above the entrance of the united stream into the 
 British Channel t 25m. S. of Salisbury, and 100 
 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,644. 
 
 Christian, a western county of Kentucky, the 
 south end of which borders on Tennessee. It is 
 watered by several streams, which, after being 
 united into one, run west into Cumberland River. 
 Pop. 12,694. Hopkinsville, in the centre of the 
 county, is the chief town. 
 
 Christian, a township of Lawrence Co. Arkan- 
 saw. 
 
 Christiana, a town of Delaware, in Newcastle 
 county. It stands on a navigable creek of ita 
 name, 4 m. S. W. of Newcastle. 
 
 Christiansburg, a town of Virginia, chief of 
 Montgomery county, situate on the west side of 
 the Alle»hany Mountains, near a branch of the 
 Kanahwa, 170m W. S. W. of Richmond. Long. 
 80. 50. W. lat. 37. 5. N. 
 
CHR 
 
 200 
 
 CHU 
 
 Christianburg, a fort of Guinea, on the Gold 
 ('oast, subject to the Danes. Long. 1. 55. E. lat. 
 4. 10. N. 
 
 ChristiansviVc, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 
 
 Christianfcld, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Slcswick, built by a society of Moravians, un- 
 der the protection of Christian VII. All articles 
 manufactured here are of excellent quality. It is 
 S m. N. of Hadersleben. 
 
 Christiania, the capital of Norway, and an epis- 
 copal see. in the government of Aggerhuys, situ- 
 ate at the extremity of a fertile valley, forming a 
 semicircular bend along the shore of the Bay of 
 Biorning, which forms the north extremity of 
 the Gulf of Christiania. It is divided into the 
 city, the suburbs of Waterlandt, Peterwigen. and 
 Fierdingen, the fortress of Aggerhuys, and the 
 old town of Opsloe. The city was rebuilt in its 
 present situation by Christian IV. after a plan 
 designed by himself. The streets are carried at 
 right angles to each other, and uniformly 40 feet 
 broad. It covers a considerable extent of ground, 
 but has not more than 10,000 inhabitants. The 
 castle of Aggerhuys is built on a rocky eminence 
 on the west side of the bay, at a small distance 
 from the city. Opsloe was the site of the old 
 city, burnt in 1024 ; it contains the episcopal 
 palace. Christiania has an excellent harbour, 
 and its principal exports are tar, soap, iron, cop- 
 der, deals and alum. It is 30 miles from the 
 open sea, and 290 N. by W. of Copenhagen. 
 Long. 10. 50. E. lat. 59. 50. N. 
 
 Christianopel, a strong seaport of Sweden, in 
 Blekingen, seated on the Baltic, 13 m. N. E. of 
 Carlscrona. Long. 15. 47. E. lat. 5G. 20. N. 
 
 Christians and, a seaport of Norway, capital of 
 a province of the same name, which is famous for 
 iron mines. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 Torrisdals, on the north shore of the Scagerack 
 opposite the isle of Fleckeren, 110 m. E. S. E. of 
 Stavano-er, and 120 S. S. W. of Christiania. 
 Long. 8. 40. E. lat. 53. 25. N. 
 
 Christianstadt, a fortified town of Sweden, in 
 Blekingen, built by Christian IV. of Denmark, 
 when the country was in the power of that 
 crown. The chief trade is in alum, pitch, and 
 tar; and it has manufactures of cloth and silken 
 stuffs. The town is seated in a marshy plain, on 
 the river Helge-a, which is navigable only for 
 small craft, 57 m. W. by S. of Carlscrona. Long. 
 14. 10. E. lat. 56. 25. N. 
 
 Christianstadt, a seaport of Russian Finland, at 
 the mouth of a river, on the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 155 m. N. by W. of Abo. Long. 21. 28. E. lat. 
 02. 40. N. 
 
 Christiansund, a town of Norway, in the island 
 of Fossen, with a commodious harbour and wharf. 
 The chief trade is in timber. It is 36 m. W. S. 
 W ofDrontheim. 
 
 Christine/tarn, a town of Sweden, in Werme- 
 land, at the east end of the lake Wenner, 30 m. 
 S. E. of Carlstadt. 
 
 Christini, St. the principal of the islands called 
 Marquesas. See Marquesas. 
 
 Christmas Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 bo named by Cook, who first landed here on 
 Christmas day, 1777. It is 45 miles in circum- 
 ference, uninhabited, and destitute of fresh wa- 
 ter ; but has abundance of fine turtle. Long. 157. 
 30. W. lat. 1.59. N. 
 
 Christmas Souwl, a bay on the south coast of 
 Terra del Fuetro. so named bv Conk, who passed 
 here the 25th Decemvir. 1771. The country is 
 barren, and the refreshments to be got here are 
 
 chiefly wild fowl. Long. 70. 3. W. iai. 55. 22. S 
 
 Christophe de Laguna, St. the capita! of the isl 
 and of Teneriffe. Here the courts of justice are 
 held, and the governor has a palace ; but he com- 
 monly resides at St. Cruz. It stands on an em- 
 inence, in an extensive fertile plain, and has 
 several fountains supplied with water from the 
 neighbouring heights by an aqueduct. The lake, 
 from which it has been supposed to take its name, 
 is now a very inconsiderable piece of water. 
 Long. 16. 11. W. lat. 29. 29. N. 
 
 Christopher, St. or St. Kitts, one of the Leeward 
 Islands, in the West Indies, 60 m. W. of Anti- 
 gua, the N. W. end being divided by a narrow 
 strait from the small island of Nevis. It was for- 
 merly inhabited by the French and English ; but, 
 in 1713, it was ceded to the latter ; taken by the 
 French in 1782, but restored to the English again 
 in the following year. It is 15 miles long and 4 
 broad, with high mountains in the middle, whence 
 rivulets flow. Between the mountains are dread- 
 ful rocks, horrid precipices, and thick woods ; 
 and in the S. W. parts, hot sulphurous springs at 
 the foot of them. Basseterre is the capital. 
 
 Christorf, a town of Bohemia, in the north part 
 of the circle of Bunslau, 6 m. S. S. E. from 
 Krottau. 
 
 Chroberg, a town of Austrian Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Sandomirz, 52 m. W. of Sandomirz. 
 
 Chrudim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle 
 of the same name, which is remarkable for a 
 great number of fish ponds, and an excellent 
 breed of horses. It stands on the river Chru- 
 dinka. 10 miles above its entrance into the Elbe, 
 46 m.'E. S. E. of Prague. 
 
 Chucaito, a town of Peru, in the diocese ot 
 Paz. on the west side of Lake Titicaca, called also 
 the Lake of Chucuito, 130 m. N. W. of Paz. 
 Long. 70. 20. W. lat. 16. 20. S. 
 
 Chudleigh, a town in Devonshire, Eng. The 
 neighbourhood is famous tor its cider, and for a 
 stupendous rock of bluish limestone, called Chud- 
 leigh marble, in which is a large cavern. This 
 town was almost destroyed by fire in 1807. It is 
 seated near the Teign, 9 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 
 185 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,059. 
 
 Chuoranseriai, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Cabul, on a river of the same name, 
 80 m. E. of Cabul. Long. 70. 8. E. lat. 34. 55. N. 
 
 Chukotskija, or Tchonkchi, a province of Siberia, 
 and the most easterly of the dominions of Russia. 
 It extends from 156. to 197. E. long, and from 63. 
 to 73. N. lat. and is separated from America by 
 Behring's Straits. 
 
 Chidmlcigh, a town in Devonshire, Eng. on the 
 river Taw, flowing into the Bristol channel, 21 
 m. N. W. of Exeter, and 194 VV. by S. of London. 
 Pop. in 1S21, 1,506. 
 
 Chumbul, a considerable river of Hindoostan, 
 rising near Ougein, in Malwa, and after a wind- 
 ing course of about 400 miles, falls into the Jum- 
 nah, about 90 m. below Agra. 
 
 Chunar, a fortress of Hindoostan in Allahabad, 
 built on a rock, fortified all around by a wall and 
 towers. It was unsuccessfully attempted by the 
 English in 17(54; but in 1772, it was ceded to 
 them by the Nabob of Oude. It is seated on the 
 south bank of the Ganges, 15 m. S. of Benars, 
 and 140 W. by S.ofPatna. 
 
 Chunaub, a river of Asia, the chief of the five 
 eastern branches of the Indus. It rises in the 
 Thibetian Mountains, runs through Cashmere ana 
 joins the Indus 20 miles below Moultan. This 
 river is the Acesines of Alexander 
 
C1N 
 
 201 
 
 CIN 
 
 Chung-king, a city of China of the first rank, 
 in the province of Setchuen ; it is beautifully sit- 
 uated on a mountain, in the fork of a river which 
 runs from north to south, into the Kiang-kou 
 
 Chun-ning, another city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Yun-nen. Chun-ning 
 may be considered the frontier city of China on 
 the side of the Birman empire ; it is seated on a 
 stream, which falls into the Kiou-long, or Great 
 River of Cambodia, and is only a few miles distant 
 from another stream, which falls into the Maygue, 
 or Great River of Siam. It is in lat. 3-1. 47. N. 
 and 100. 15. of E. long. 
 
 Chun-te, a city of China, in Pe-tcheli, with 
 nine cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction. 
 It is 210 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. 
 
 Chuprah, a large town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 
 on the north bank of the Ganges, 28 m. W. N. W. 
 of Patna. 
 
 Chuquisaca. See Plata. 
 
 Churbar, a seaport of Persia, on the coast of 
 Mekran ; it is seated on the east shore, near the 
 entrance of a bay, of the same name in the lat. of 
 25. 1G. N. and GO. 24. of E. long. 
 
 Church, there are 30 towns and villages in dif- 
 ferent parts of England, the names of which 
 are preceded by Church, but none that claim any 
 particular notice ; the most considerable are 
 Church Staunton, in Devonshire, and Stretton, 
 in Shropshire. 
 
 Church Hill, tillages in Queen Anne's, Co. Ma- 
 ryland and Abbeville Dis. S. C. 
 
 Churchtown, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Churchville, p. v. Middlesex Co. Va. 
 
 Chusan, an island on the east coast of China, 
 with a town called Ting-hai, and a much frequent- 
 ed harbour. Long. 122. 30. E. 30. 0. N. 
 
 Chusistan. See Cusistan. 
 
 Chiampa, or Tsiompa, a small kingdom of Asia, 
 bounded on the north by Cochin-China, S. E. by 
 the China Sea, W. and N. W. by Cambodia. It 
 is more elevated than Cambodia, but not so fer- 
 tile ; having tracts of sand intersected with rocks. 
 The productions are cotton, indigo, and silk. The 
 inhabitants are much employed in fishing. Cape 
 St. James, at the S. E. extremity of the territo- 
 ry is in lat. 10. 18. N.and 107. 10. E. long. ; from 
 this point the coast lies in a direction E. N. E. 
 for about 200 miles. There are two or three small 
 harbours along the coast, of which Ceeir Bay, 
 about 140 m. E. N. E. of Cape St. James, is the 
 most considerable. 
 
 Ciacole, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of 
 the northern Circars. It is 150 miles N. E. of Raj? 
 amundry, and 308 E. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long. 
 84. 8. E. lat. 13. 1G. N. 
 
 Cicero, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,808. 
 
 Ciclut, a frontier town of Dalmatia, on a rocky 
 hill, on the west bank of the Narenta. It was 
 taken from the Turks, by the Venetians, in 1G94, 
 and is 6 m. S. W. of Narenta. Long. 18. 22. E. 
 .at. 43. 29. N. 
 
 Cilley, a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of 
 a circle of the same name. It has a considerable 
 trade in merchandize going to and from Vienna and 
 Trieste ; and is seated on the Saan, where it re- 
 ceives the Koding, and becomes navigable, 5S in. 
 S. by W. of Gratz. Long. 15. 19. ET lat. 4G. 21. 
 N. 
 
 Cimbrisham, a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen. 
 24 in. S. of Christianstadt. Lona\ 14. 31. E. lat. 
 55. 33. N. 
 
 Cinaloa, or Silonia <■, a province and town of Mex- 
 ico, in the intendency of Sonora, on the gulf of 
 2G J * 
 
 California. The Aborigines in this province 
 are robust and warlike, and were with difficulty 
 brought to submit to the Spaniards, about the year 
 1771. This province produces abundance of 
 maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, and abounds in 
 the richest gold mines. The town is seated on a 
 river of the same name, and contains about 9,500 
 inhabitants. Long. 109. 35. W. lat. 26. 15. N. 
 
 Cincinnati, the largest town of the state of Ohio, 
 and the capital of Hamilton County. It is seated 
 on the north bank of the Ohio river, about two 
 miles below the entrance of the Licking, from 
 the state of Kentucky, and 20 above the entrance 
 of the Great Miami, and about GOO above the en 
 trance of the Ohio into the Mississippi, in the 
 lat. of 39. 7. N. and 7. 30. W. long, of Washing- 
 ton city. Cincinnati has increased in population 
 and importance more rapidly than any other town 
 in the Union. The population which in 1805 did 
 not exceed 500, in 1830 amounted to 26,515 with 
 indications of still greater increase. It has exten- 
 sive flour and saw-mills, worked by steam, and va- 
 rious manufactures. It carries on a very extensive 
 traffic with New Orleans, in exchanging the agri- 
 cultural productions of the state of Ohio for tropical 
 and other foreign articles ; and is the most import- 
 ant city of all the territory of America west of the 
 Alleghany Mountains. It is regularly built in 
 squares and many of the structures are handsome. 
 It has a college and a medical institution. 
 
 Cineji, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, in the 
 neighbourhood of which excellent manna is col- 
 lected. It is 20 m. west of Palermo. 
 
 Cincy,a. town of the Netherlands, in the territo- 
 ry of Liege, 17 m. S. E. of Namur, and 37 S. W. of 
 Liege. 
 
 Cinque Ports, certain ports on the south coast 
 of England, opposite France, so called on account 
 of their being five in number, when their first 
 charter was granted by William I. in 1077. These 
 were Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney and 
 Sandwich ; to which were afterwards added Win- 
 chelsea, Seaford, and Rye. The king appointed 
 a constable of Dover castle (who is now called 
 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) and invested 
 him with the command of these ports, whose in- 
 habitants had considerable privileges and immu- 
 nities, for which they were to supply the gov- 
 ernment with 57 ships, at 40 days notice and to 
 pay th?ir crews during 15 days. At that period, 
 the opulent traders of London were styled barons ; 
 a privilege that was enjoyed likewise by the 
 merchants of these ports ; each of which at pres- 
 ent returns two members to parliament, the rep- 
 resentatives being styled barons of the Cinque 
 Ports. Their other privileges are now become 
 nominal. See each place under its respective 
 head. 
 
 Cinque Villas, a town of Portugal, in Beria, G 
 m. N. E. of Almeida. 
 
 Cintcgabclle, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne,on the frontier of Arriege, 
 17 miles south of Toulouse. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 CiTitra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, situ- 
 ate between the mountains of Cintra, on the north 
 side of the entrance of the Tagus. Here was a pal- 
 ace built by the Moors, which was destroyed by 
 an earthquake, in 1055, and rebuilt by king Jo 
 seph. It is 12 m. N. W. of Lisbon, by the inhab- 
 itants of which place it is much frequented as an 
 occasional retreat ; and is distinguished for the 
 convention concluded at it, on the 22nd August, 
 1803. between the English general Dairy mole and 
 the French general Junot. 
 
cm 
 
 202 
 
 CIR 
 
 Ciotat La, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mouths of the Rhone, defended by a 
 strong fort. Tt is famous for muscadine wine, 
 and seated on the Bay of Laquee, 14 m. S. E. of 
 Marseilles. 
 
 Circars, five provinces of the Deccan of Hindoo- 
 stan,on the Bay of Bengal. They were original- 
 ly denominated Northern, from their position in 
 respect to the Carnatic. — Under the Mogul dy- 
 nasty the government of these provinces was vest- 
 ed in the nizam of the Deccan, and were assign- 
 ed to the French in 1753, for arrears of pay claim- 
 ed by them for auxiliary troops, with which they 
 had supplied the nizam. In 1759 they were con- 
 quered from the French by the English ; and in 
 17(35 were formally ceded by the Great Mogul, 
 Shah Alum, to the English East India Company, 
 during the governorship oflordClive. Four of 
 these provinces, viz. Guntoor, Codapilly, Ellore, 
 and Rajamundry , comprise about 7,000 square miles 
 of territory, between the Mouths of the Kristna 
 and Godavery rivers, and the line of 16. to 17. of 
 north latiude, and the fifth. Ciacole, extends in a 
 N.E. direction along the shore of the Bay of Ben- 
 gal, from the Godavery River, in the latitude of 17. 
 N. for about 280 miles, to the lake Chilka, and is 
 about GO miles in mean breadth. This is the dis- 
 trict from whence 500,000 to 600,000 pieces of 
 cotton manufactured goods were formerly import- 
 ed into England, under the name of long cloths, 
 Sallampores, and calicoes ; and handkerchiefs un- 
 der the name of Mazulipatams, &c. ; it is also 
 fertile in maize. Ciacole is now divided into two 
 districts, viz. Ganjam and Vizigipatam, and the 
 other four circars resolved into three districts, viz. 
 Rajamundry, Mazulipatam, and Guntoor. 
 
 Circassia, a country of Asia, lying between the 
 44 th and 45th degrees of north lat. and longitudi- 
 nally between the Black Sea, the Sea of Azof 
 and the Caspian ; its precise boundaries are very 
 undefined ; the Caucasian Mountains dividing it 
 from the territories of the Abkhas, may be consid- 
 ered as forming its boundary on the south; but 
 the habits of the people being completely preda- 
 tory, they acknowledge no boundary but that pre- 
 scribed by the force of arms. It was formerly 
 governed by several princes ; but is now almost 
 wholly subject to Russia, and included in the 
 government of Caucasus. It contains the dis- 
 tricts of Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beslen, 
 Temirgoi, Abasech, Bseduch, Hatukai, and Bsha- 
 ni. From the peculiarly advantageous local cir- 
 cumstances of this country, and the extraordina- 
 ry courage, and military genius of its inhabitants, 
 it might become independent and very formida- 
 ble were they united under one chief; but they 
 are entirely a predatory people, divided into many 
 different and hostile tribes ; and want that spirit 
 of unity necessary to make their power effectual. 
 The Cabardians are the most powerful race, and 
 their superiority has introduced a general imita- 
 tion of their manners among their neighbours, so 
 that from a description of these, an idea may be 
 formed of all the rest. They are divided into 
 three classes, the princes, the usdens, or nobles 
 and the vassals, or people. The people are divi- 
 ded into certain portions, who are each governed by 
 a princely family; the eldest of whom is considered 
 as chief, and the judge, protector, and father of 
 the vassals. His person is sacred ; but he cannot 
 be a landholder. His property is nothing more 
 than his arms, horser, slaves, and what tribute 
 he &mi ©oc&sior.a.y naet from foreign powers. 
 « .-j»w X »*>3 ..= »• are with difficulty distin- 
 
 guished from their subjects, their dress and food 
 being the same, and their houses little better. The 
 usdens are chosen by the princes from among tke 
 the people ; and are their officers, the executors 
 of the law, the ministers of the legislature. Both 
 the usdens and the people are proprietors of land. 
 There does not appear to be any written law : 
 the people are governed by a kind of common law, 
 founded on a collection of ancient usages. They 
 have a few manufactures ; and their tillage pro- 
 duces scarcely sufficient for their own subsistence. 
 The principal articles of commerce are sheep and 
 horses, particularly the latter, which sell at a high 
 price, being much esteemed. The balance of 
 trade would, however, be considerably against 
 them, were it not for the slaves they make in 
 their predatory excursions. They have no mo- 
 ney, and all their commerce is carried on by ex 
 change. They almost universally subsist by rob- 
 bery ,being trained to itfrom theirvery cradle. This 
 disposition naturally produces a bold adventurous 
 spirit : they are expert horsemen, and able war- 
 riors, being in general stout and well made 
 
 Their woman are famed for their beauty ; and 
 chiefly supply the seraglios of Persia and Turkey. 
 Those that are thus sold are, however, chiefly 
 slaves, or their descendants. They sell from 20/. 
 to 100/. according to their beauty. The women 
 participate in the general character of the nation, 
 taking pride in the courage of their husbands, and 
 loading them with reproaches when defeated. 
 They are kept extremely close ; and the greatest 
 reserve subsists between the married pairs. Their 
 habitations are usually two huts, one for the hus- 
 band, and the reception of strangers ; and the other 
 for the wife and family. The Circassians were 
 formerly Christians ; but, for w r ant of instruction 
 and written laws, they content themselves with a 
 bare profession of being Christians or Mahome- 
 tans. They have no letters of their own ; and 
 those who wish to write their language are obliged 
 to make use of Arabian characters. 
 
 Cirelcrille, p.t. Pickaway Co. Ohio on the Scioto 
 An ancient Indian fortress of a circular shape 
 at this spot gave name to the town. Pop. 1,136. 
 
 Cirencester, commonly called C'citcr, aboronoh 
 in Gloucestershire. Eng. The ruins of the walls 
 are yet visible ; it had also a castle and an abbey, 
 and here three Roman roads, the Foss. Inn in, and 
 Icknild, crossed each other. It is one of the greatest 
 marts in the country for wr A ; and has a manufac- 
 ture of curriers knives, highly valued, and two pub- 
 lic breweries ; the church is a very stately edi- 
 fice. It is seated on the banks of the little river 
 Churn, 18 in. S. E. of Gloucester, and 89 W. of 
 
CIV 
 
 203 
 
 CLA 
 
 London. It communicates both with the Severn 
 and the Thames, by a canal. Pop. in 1821, 
 
 4,987. 
 
 Cirie, a town of Piedmont, seated on the Do- 
 ria, near the foot of the Alps, 8 m. N. N. W. of 
 Turin. Pop. 3,500. 
 
 Cirtkni.tz. See Czirnitz. 
 
 Clsmar, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, 
 seated near the Baltic, 17 m. north of Trave- 
 munde. 
 
 Citadella, or Ciudella, a seaport and the capital 
 of Minorca, surrounded by walls and bastions, with 
 d jrood harbour at tbe N. W. point of the island. 
 Long. 3. 11. E. lat. 39. 58. N. 
 
 C itladel la, a.n inland town of the Venetian terri- 
 tory, 25 m. N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Citta di Castello, a city of Italy, with a castle, 
 capital of a district of the same name, west of 
 the Apennines, seated on the Tiber, 27 m. S. W. 
 of Urbino. 
 
 Cltta Nuova, a town of Italy, in the marquisate 
 of Ancona, on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. S. of 
 Loretto. 
 
 Cltta Nuova, a seaport of Istria, and a bishop's 
 see, seated on an isthmus, at the mouth of the Que- 
 to, which forms a good harbour, 26 m. S. S. W. 
 of Capo d'Istria. Long. 13. 47. E. lat. 45. 32. 
 N. 
 
 Citta Vccchia, a fortified city of Malta, formerly 
 the capital of the island, and still the seat of the bish- 
 opric. The most remarkable edifices are the pal- 
 ace of the grand master, and the cathedral. Here 
 are extensive catacombs, about 15 feet below the 
 surface of the rock in which they are cut ; they 
 contain streets formed with such regularity, tiiat 
 the title of Subterranean City has been given to 
 this place. Near the city is the Grotto of St. 
 Paul, divided into three parts by iron grates ; 
 iri the furthest part is an altar, and a statue of the 
 saint, in white marble. This old city was consid- 
 erably larger than at present ; for the new city, 
 Valetta, being more conveniently seated, has 
 drawn away the greater number of its inhabitants. 
 It stands on a hill, in the interior of the island, G 
 m. W. by S. of Valetta. 
 
 City Point, p v. Prince George Co. Va. on James 
 River at the mouth of the Appomattox. 
 
 Chtdad Real , a town of Spain, capital ofMancha. 
 The inhabitants are noted for dressing leather for 
 gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and 
 OS S. of Madrid. 
 
 Ciudad Real, a city of Chiapa. See Chiapa 
 dos Espagnolcs. 
 
 Ciudad Rodritro, a town of Spain in Leon, and 
 a bishop's see. seated on the river Aguada.on the 
 frontier of Portugal. It was taken by the French 
 in 1810. and retaken by the English in 1311 ; 50 
 m. S. W. of Salamanca. 
 
 Civita Casteltarid, a town of Italy, in the patri- 
 mony of St. Peter, seated on a high rock, at the 
 foot of which is a river that flows into the Tiber, 
 25 m. N. of Rome. 
 
 Cimta Chieti, a city of Naples, capital of Abruz- 
 zo Citeriore,and an archbishop's see. It contains 
 four churches and nine convents, and is situate 
 on a mountain, near the river Peseara, a few miles 
 above its entrance into the Adriatic, 23 m. E. of 
 Aquila, and 96 N. of Naples. 
 
 Cimta di Friuli a town of Italy, in Friuli, seat- 
 ed on the Natisona, 10 m. E. of Udina. 
 
 Civita di Penna, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Ulteriore, near the river Silino, 25 m. N. E. of 
 \quila. 
 
 CiMki BiiCaltf a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 
 Ulteriore, on the River Velino, 10 m. W. of 
 Aquila. 
 
 Civita Mandonia, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Citeriore, near which are the ruins of the famous 
 city of Sybaris. It is seated on the Gulf of Tar- 
 ento, at the influx of the Crati, 3 m. N. by E. of 
 Cosenza. 
 
 Civita Vccchia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the 
 patrimony of St. Peter, with an arsenal. The 
 chief exports are puzzolana, and a superior kind 
 of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope's gal- 
 lies are stationed, and it is a free port. It was ta- 
 ken by the French in 1798, and retaken by the 
 Austrians and Russians in 1799. It is 35 m N. 
 W. of Rome. Long. 11. 46. E. lat. 42. 5. N. 
 
 Civitclla, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 5 in. N. 
 of Taranto. 
 
 Civray. See Sirray. 
 
 Clackmannanshire, a county of Scotland, bound- 
 ed on the S. and S. W. by the Forth, and on all 
 other sides by Perthshire. It is nine miles long 
 and six broad ; produces good corn and pasture, 
 and plenty of coal and salt, [t has also veins of 
 lead, cobalt, and antimony. Alloa is the princi- 
 pal town. It has a population of 12,000, one third 
 of whom are engaged in trade and manufactures. 
 
 Clalanannan, a parish and town of the above 
 county. The parish comprises nearly four-fifths 
 of the county, and contains about 800 acres of 
 woodland. The town is seated on an eminence, 
 and has a harbour formed by the Devon, at its in- 
 flux with the Forth. On the top of a hill, 190 
 feet above the level of the Forth, is a square tow- 
 er, which derives its name from the illustrious 
 Robert Bruce, whose great sword and casque are 
 here preserved. It is 27 m. W. N. W. of Edin- 
 burgh. In 1821 the parish contained 4,056 inhab- 
 itants, about a fourth of which inhabited the 
 town. 
 
 Claa-enfurt, a town of the Austrian empire, cap- 
 ital of Lower Carinthia. It has a strong wall, and 
 contains six churches and three convents. Here 
 is a manufacture of cloth, and a considerable one 
 of white lead. This town was taken by the 
 French in 1797, and again in 1809, when they de- 
 molished the fortifications. It stands on the riv- 
 er Glan, which falls into the Drave, 148 m. S. W. 
 of Vienna. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Clair, St.a lake of North America, between the 
 lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference. 
 It receives the waters of the lakes Superior, Michi- 
 gan, and Huron, and also of the River Thames, 
 from Upper Canada, in the lat. of 42. 32. N. and 
 discharges them, through the strait called Detroit, 
 into the lake Erie. 
 
 Clair, St. a county in the slate of Illinois, the 
 west side of which borders on the Mississippi Riv- 
 er in the lat. of 33. 30. N. Pop. 7,092. Belleville 
 is the chief town. St. Clair is also the name of a 
 township in Alleghany County, and of another 
 in Bedford County, both in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clairae, or Clavrac, a town of France, in the 
 department of Lot and Garonne. Corn and to- 
 bacco are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and 
 brandy made here. It is seated in a valley, on 
 the river Dort, 13 m. N. W. of Agen. Pop. about 
 6,000. 
 
 Claiborne, a county of the state of Mississippi, 
 bounded on the south Dy the Big- Black, and north 
 by the Yazoo Rivers, and on the west for about 
 25 miles by the Mississippi River, between the 
 lat. of 32. and 33. north. It is about 8 milef cj.'y 
 in mean breadth. Pop. 9,818. Port Gi' so? "jfe 
 m, N. W. by W. of Monticello, is the ch ! ' *"* 
 
CLA 
 
 204 
 
 CLA 
 
 Claiborne, is also the name of another county, 
 on the north frontier of East Tennessee, intersect- 
 ed in a N. E. direction by Clinch, a ridge of the 
 Alleghany Mountains ; it is bounded on the south 
 by Clinch River, and intersected on the N. W. by 
 Powell's River, whose united streams, with the 
 Holston, form the Tennessee River. Pop 8,470. 
 Tazewell, north of the Mountain Ridge, and 222 
 m. E. N. E. of Murfreesborough, is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Clamicy, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nievre. Before the late revolution, the chapel 
 of an hospital in the suburb was the provision for 
 the bishop of Bethlehem, who was fixed here in 
 1180, after the Christians had been driven from 
 the Holy Land. Clamecy is seated at the conflui 
 ence of the Beuvron with the Yonne, 35 m. N. 
 N. E. of Nevers. Pop. about 5,300. 
 
 Clapkam, a village in Surrey, an appendage to 
 the British metropolis, 4 m. S. "of London Bridge. 
 It is composed of a number of very neat houses, 
 built round an extensive common, presenting a 
 very rural, picturesque, and interesting scene. 
 The houses are occupied chiefly as the private 
 residences of the upper class of shopkeepers, in- 
 cumbents of public offices, and merchants of the 
 metropolis. In proof of the agreeableness of its 
 situation, the population, which in 1801 was 3,8G4, 
 in 1821 was 7,151. 
 
 Clapton, Upper and Lower. See Hackney. 
 
 Clara, St. a small island of Peru, in the Bay of 
 Guayaquil, 70 m. S. W. of Guayaquil. Long. 82. 
 20. W. lat. 2. 20. S. 
 
 Clare, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It is famous 
 for the great men who have borne the title of earl 
 and duke of it. Lionel, third son of Edward III. 
 becoming possessed of the honour of Clare, by 
 marriage, was created duke of Clarence ; and that 
 title has ever since belonged to a branch of the 
 royal family. Here are the ruins of a castle ; also 
 of a priory, the house of which is now occupied 
 by a farmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare has 
 a manufacture of baize, and is seated near the 
 Stour, 15 m. S. of Bury St. Edmund, and 56 N. 
 E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,487. 
 
 Clare, a maritime county in the province of 
 Munster, on the west coast of Ireland, bounded 
 on the north by Galway Bay, and south by the 
 Shannon. It contains a good deal of mountainous 
 surface ; the valleys however are very fertile ; and 
 it breeds more horses than any other county in 
 Ireland, beside a great number of cattle and sheep. 
 Ennis, 113 m. W. by S. of Dublin, is the capital. 
 Although it has 70 m. of sea-coast, it has no fre- 
 quented harbour, its principal outport being Lim- 
 erick. For subdivision, population, &c. see Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Clare, a parish and town on the north bank of 
 the Shannon, in the preceding county. The par- 
 ish in 1821 contained 3,019 inhabitants. The town, 
 at the head of a bay, in the Shannon, 3 m. S. of 
 Ennis, contained 505 of the above inhabitants. 
 There is also another parish of the same name in 
 the county of Galway, intersected by the river 
 Clare, which falls into Lake Corrib, about 5 miles 
 north of the town of Galway. Population of this 
 paris-h 3.1 40. 
 
 Clarcmont, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 97 m. from 
 Portsmouth ; 100 from Boston. The principal 
 villnge is situated on Sugar River, a branch of the 
 Connecticut. It is a flourishing town, with man- 
 ufactures of woolen and paper. Pop. 2.- r >2(i. 
 
 Cluredon, a villnnre in Wiltshire, Eng. nc;ir 
 Salisbury. Here was once a royal palace, in 
 
 which the parliament was several times conven 
 ed; the first time by Henry II. in 11G4, who en 
 acted the laws called the constitutions of Claren- 
 don, by which the power of the clergy was re 
 strained. 
 
 Claritza, a town of European Turkey, in Janna, 
 at the mouth of the Fenco, in the Guif of Saloni 
 ca, 2G m. E. of Larissa. 
 
 Clark, or Clarke, the name of seven counties 
 in different parts of the United States, as follows, 
 viz. with the number of inhabitants in each, and 
 the chief town : — 
 
 In Georgia 10,170 Watkinsville 
 
 Alabama 7,584 Clarkesville 
 
 Kentucky 13,052 Winchester 
 Ohio 13,074 Springfield 
 
 Indiana 10,719 Charlestown 
 
 Illinois 3,940 Clark 
 
 Arkansas 1,369 Clarke 
 
 Clarkesville, or Clarksville, the name of 9 towns 
 in N. Y., Pa., Va., Geo., Alab., Missouri, Ten., 
 Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 Clarkesborough, p.t. Jackson Co. Geo. 
 
 Clarksburg, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 315. 
 Also towns in Maryland, Va., Geo., Ken., and 
 Ohio. 
 
 Clarkson, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,251. 
 
 Clarkstoicn, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,298. 
 
 Clatsops Fort, at the mouth of the Oregon 
 River, in the Pacific Ocean, named after a tribe 
 of Indians inhabiting the banks of that river. 
 
 Claude, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Jura. It owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, 
 which was secularized in 1742. The cathedral 
 is extremely elegant ; and here are many public 
 fountains with large basins. It is seated between 
 three high mountains, on the river Lison, 35 m. 
 N. W. of Geneva. Pop. about 3,700. There is 
 another town of the same name in the depart- 
 ment of Charente ; it is inconsiderable. 
 
 Clavcrack, a town of New York, in Columbia 
 county, seated in a large plain, near a creek of 
 its name, 2 m. E. of Hudson. Pop. 3,038. 
 
 Clavo, a town of the island of Corsica, 8 m. E. 
 S. E. of Ajaccio. 
 
 Clausen, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, with a 
 castle. The adjacent country produces a fine red 
 wine. It stands on the river Eisack, 8 m. S. W. 
 of Brixen. 
 
 Cl.uasen, a town of Germany, in the electorate 
 of Treves, 5 m. S. of Wittlick. 
 
 Clausenburg, or Coloswar, a town of Trau 
 sylvania, where the states of the province genei 
 ally assemble. On one of the gates is an inscrip. 
 tion in honour of Trajan. It suffered greatly by 
 fire in 1798, at which period it contained abouv 
 13,000 inhabitants, It is seated on the Samos,00 
 m. N N. W. of Hermanstadt, and 225 E. S. E 
 of Vienna. Long. 23. 20. E. lat. 46.55. N. 
 
 Clausthal, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 principality of Grubenhagen. and immediately 
 contiguous to Zellerfeld. Here is a mint foi 
 coining money ; and near it are some rich silver 
 mines. It stands in the Harlz Mountains, 14 m. 
 S. S. W. of Goslar,and 48 S. E. of Hanover. 
 Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Clausz. a town of Germany, in the Traun 
 quarter of Upper Austria, 17 in. S. W. of 
 Steyn. 
 
 Claij, or Cley. a village in Norfolk, Eng. seated 
 on an arm of the sea, four miles N. JN\ W. of 
 Holt. It has some large salt-works, and is fre- 
 quented for sea-bathing. Pop. in 1821, 742. 
 
 Clay, an interior county in the S. E. part of 
 
CLE 
 
 205 
 
 CL1 
 
 Kentucky, containing about 1,000 square miles of 
 surface, thinly inhabited. Pop. 3,549. The south 
 fork of the Kentucky River has its source in this 
 county. Manchester is the chief town. 
 
 Claydon, there are five villages of this name in 
 lifferent parts of England, all inconsiderable. 
 
 Clayton, there are eight townships and villages 
 of this name in different parts of England, all 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 Clayton, there are eight townships and villa- 
 ges of this name in different parts of England, 
 the most important of which is a township, con- 
 taining 3,609 inhabitants, in the parish of Brad- 
 ford, Yorkshire, which see. The others are unim- 
 portant. 
 
 Claysville, p. v. Washington Co. Pa. and Har- 
 rison Co. Ken. 
 
 Clayton, t. Perry Co. Ohio. 
 
 Claytonville, p.v. Rodin Co. Geo. 
 
 *,* There are eight other villages in different 
 parts of England beginning with Clay. 
 
 Clear, Cape, the south point of a small island 
 off the south extremity of Ireland, in the lat. 
 of 51. 20. N. and 9. 37. W. long. It generally 
 forms the point of departure, or commencement 
 of the reckoning of vessels sailing out of St. 
 George's Channel to the westward. 
 
 Clearfield, an interior county, in the west 
 part of Pennsylvania, in which the western bank 
 of the Susquehanna and several creeks have 
 their source. Pop. 4,803. The chief town of 
 the same name is about 200 m. N. N. W. of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Clearfield, t. Butler Co. Pa. 
 
 Clear Stream, r. N. H. a branch of the Andros- 
 coggin. 
 
 Clcguerec, a town of France, near the north 
 frontier of the department of Morbihan, 11 m. 
 N. W. of Pontivi. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Clcobury, a town in Shropshire, Eng. seated on 
 the river Rea, 28 m. S. S. E. of Shrewsbury, 
 and 137 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,(102. 
 
 Clerkenwcll, one of the out-parishes, forming 
 an integral part of the British metropolis, lying 
 on the north side. The inhabitants, in 1801, 
 amounted to 23,39G, and in 1821, to 32,105, 
 about 5,000 of whom were employed as lapida- 
 ries, working jewellers, and in all the various 
 branches of the manufacture of clocks, watches, 
 and time-keepers, which are here made in greater 
 perfection than in any other part of the world. 
 In this district are two or three extensive dis- 
 tilleries, serveral iron foundries, and various other 
 manufactures, as also the works of the New Riv- 
 er Company, which supply a great portion of 
 the metropolis with water, conveyed by pipes into 
 lae several houses. Clerkenwell contains also 
 a very elegant and spacious edifice, in which the 
 sessions for the county of Middlesex are held ; 
 two extensive prisons, one appropriated as a 
 house of correction for juvenile offenders, and 
 the other, which has recently been much enlar- 
 ged, to general purposes. It has a theatre 
 for pantomime and aquatic exhibitions, called 
 Sadler's Wells, and was formerly distinguished 
 for an extensive establishment of the Knights 
 of St. John of Jerusalem. This was destroyed 
 by the rebels under Wat Tyler, in 1381, except 
 the principal gate tower, which still remains en- 
 tire, and forms one of the most interesting fea- 
 tures of antiquity connected with the metropolis. 
 It has two churches, but neither of them remark- 
 able for their architecture ; nor is the general 
 jsnect of this division of the metropolis in any 
 
 way imposing to the eye ; but in the extent and 
 value of its productions, it is entitled to rank 
 among the most important. 
 
 Clerhe, or Sinde Isles, two islands near the 
 entrance of Behring's Strait, between the coasts 
 of Kamtschatka and North America. They 
 were seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in hon- 
 our of captain Gierke, his second in command. 
 They were both inhabited, and not unknown to 
 the Russians. Long. 169. 30. W., lat. (53. 
 15. N. 
 
 Clermont, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Puy de Dome, and a bishop's see. 
 It is seated on an eminence, and sometimes call- 
 ed Clermont Ferrand, since the town Montfer 
 rand, about a mile distent to the N. E., was uni- 
 ted under the name of a suburb ; the cathedral, 
 public squares, and walks, are very fine, but the 
 streets are narrow, and the houses built of stone 
 of a gloomy hue. In the neighbourhood are 
 some mineral springs : and that of the sub- 
 urb St. Allyre, has formed a natural bridge over 
 the brook into which it falls, so that carriages can 
 pass over. Clermont is the birthplace of the 
 celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures of rat- 
 teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is 215 
 m. S. by E. of Paris, and 10 W. of Lyons. Pop. 
 about 16,000. 
 
 Clermont, a town of France, in the department 
 of Meuse, on an eminence by the river Ayr, 12 
 m. W. by S. of Verdun. 
 
 Clermont, a town of France, in the department 
 of Oise,on an eminence near the Bresche, 37 
 m. N. of Paris. Clermont is also the name of 
 several other inconsiderable towns in different 
 parts of France. 
 
 Clermont, a county in the state of Ohio, the 
 south end of which is bounded by the Ohio Riv- 
 er. It is about 30 miles from north to south, and 
 from east to west. Pop. 20,466. Batavia is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Clermont, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,203. 
 
 Clermont de, Lodeve, a town of France, in the 
 department of Herault, with manufactures of cloth 
 and hats ; seated on an eminence near the Lo- 
 guere, 80 m. S. S. E. of Lodeve, and 24 W. of 
 Montpelier. Pop. about 5,500. 
 
 Clery, a town of France, in the department of 
 Loiret, once famous for the pilgrimages to our 
 lady of Clery. Here is the tomb of Louis XL. 
 who appears in white marble as the saint and 
 the patriot king. It is 9 m. S. S. W. of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Cleveland, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake 
 Erie, at the junction of the Ohio canal with the 
 waters of the lake. Pop. 1,076. 
 
 Cleves, a duchy of Westphalia, bordering on 
 the S. E. part of Holland, divided into two 
 parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, varie- 
 gated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villa- 
 ges, and the chief rivers are the Rhine, Lippe, 
 and Roer. The capital is Wesel. 
 
 Cleves, a city of Germany, and the capital of 
 the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on the eas- 
 tern side of three hills, two miles west of the 
 Rhine ; and has a castle, built in the time of Ju- 
 lius Caesar. It is 70 m. N. N. W. of Cologne, 
 and about the same distance E. by S. of Rotter- 
 dam. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Cleves, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 
 Cliff, a Saxon word implying a rock or high 
 
 ground. There are six villages in different parts 
 
 of England so named, probably from theii situa 
 
 tion (in a relative sense) on high ground. There 
 
 S 
 
CLO 
 
 206 
 
 CLU 
 
 are three others named Clifford, in reference to 
 their contiguity to a fordable stream ; and 22 na- 
 med Clifton, implying towns on a cliff, or high 
 ground. None of these demand any particular 
 notice, except Clifton contiguous to Bristol, to 
 which city it forms a beautiful and interesting ap- 
 pendage ; as its name implies, it is built on an em- 
 inence, at the foot of which, on the north bank 
 of the Lower Avon, is a hot well, that contrib- 
 utes greatly to its advantage, by the numerous 
 visitors who seek to avail themselves of the ben- 
 efits of its restorative properties. The buildings 
 of Clifton are in general elegant and commodious, 
 and from their elevated site command extensive 
 and beautiful prospects. The population, which 
 in 1801 was only 4,457, in 1821 amounted to 8.811. 
 See Bristol. 
 
 Clifford, t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. 
 Clinch, a river of Tennessee, flowing into the 
 Tennessee river. 
 
 Clinton, a county at the N. E. extremity of the 
 state of New York. It is bounded on the east for 
 about 35 m. by Lake Champlain, which divides 
 it from Vermont, and on the north, for about 32 
 miles, by the conventional line that separates 
 the United States from Lower Canada. Pop. 
 19,344. Pl-ttsburg is the chief town. 
 
 Clinton, an interior county in the S. W. part 
 of the state of Ohio, in which one of the branch- 
 es of the Little Miami River has its source. 
 Pop. 11,292. Wilmington, in the centre of the 
 county, is the chief town. 
 
 Clinton, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,125. 
 Clinton, a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. 9 m. S. 
 W. of Utica. Hamilton College at this place 
 was founded in 1812. It has 7 instructers and 
 77 students. The libraries have C,000 volumes. 
 There are 3 vacations in January, May and 
 August of 13 weeks. Commencement is in Au- 
 gust. Clinton, is also the name of 7 other towns 
 in N. C, Geo., Ten., Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 Clithero, a borough town in Lancashire, Eng. 
 seated on the east bank of the river Ribble, at 
 the foot of Pendle Hill, on the confines of York- 
 shire. It is a place of some antiquity, having 
 the ruins of a castle built by the Lacys, in 1178; 
 but was comparatively insignificant, until the 
 early part of the present century, at which 
 period the cotton manufacture was introduced. 
 The population which in 1801 was only 1,368, 
 and in 1811, 1,767, in 1821 had increased to 
 3,213. At the latter period it had two extensive 
 works for spinning of cotton yarn, three for man- 
 ufacturing of ditto, and one for printing of ditto. 
 At the same period a neat edifice was erected for 
 a Lown-hall ; the church is also a neat edifice and 
 it has a free grammar school. It communicates 
 by a collateral cut with the Leeds and Liverpool 
 canal, which facilitates the conveyance of large 
 quantities of lime, dug in the vicinity of the 
 town. It has a spring of water impregnated 
 with sulphur. It holds a market on Saturday, 
 and four fairs annually, and returns two members 
 to parliament. It is 30 miles due north of Man- 
 chester, and 20 E. N. E. of Preston. 
 
 Cloffhcr, a parish in the county of Tyrone, 
 Ireland, which in 1821 contained 15,856 inhab- 
 itants, including a decayed city of the same name 
 with 524 of the number. The citv, which is the 
 see of a bishop, is 20 m. W. by N. of Armagh, 
 and 7fi N. N. VV. of Dublin. 
 
 Clan, there are about 100 parishes and towns 
 .n Ireland, beginning with Clou, among which 
 the following are the most important, viz. : — 
 
 Clonakilly, a town of the county of Cork, Ire- 
 land, seated at the head of a bay on St. George s 
 Channel. The principal part of the town is 
 formed of a spacious square. Pop. in 1821, 4,033. 
 It is 20 m. W. S. W. of Cork. 
 
 Clones, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Monaghan, 61 m. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 
 1821.2,240. The parish of Clones extends into 
 Fermanagh county, and contains an agore<rate 
 population of 15,362, including two other towns, 
 viz. Royslea and Smilhsboiough, containing 
 about 250 persons each. 
 
 Cionfcrt, a bishop's see, on the eastern confines 
 of the county of Gal way, Ireland. It is a miser- 
 able place, containing only 31 houses, 36 miles 
 east of Gal way, and 70 west of Dublin. There 
 is a parish of the same name, in the county of 
 Cork, containing 15;,324 inhab. 
 
 Clonmell, a town partly in the county of Tip 
 perary and partly in that of Waterford, Ireland. 
 It is seated on the banks of the river Suir, over 
 which is a bridge of 20 arches. 22 m. W. N. W. 
 of the city of Waterford and 82 S. W. of Dublin. 
 It is the assize town for the county of Tipperary, 
 and returns one member to the parliament of the 
 United Kingdom ; and has considerable manu- 
 factures of woolens, a lunatic and orphan asv- 
 lum, several schools, and other publick buildings, 
 It was the birth place of Sterne. Pop. in 1S2J, 
 15,890. 
 
 Clonmines, a small villao-e at the head of Ban- 
 now Bay, 16 <n. W. N. W of Wexford. 
 
 Clontarf, a town on the north shore of Dublin 
 Bay, two miles east of the city of Dublin. It 
 has several neat residences in its vicinity, and 
 is memorable in Irish history, for the last battle 
 fought between the native Irish and the Danes, 
 in 1015, which led to the expulsion of the latter 
 from Ireland. Pop. 1 ; 439. 
 
 Cloppenburg, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 principality of Munster, 32 m. N. E. of Lingen 
 Closter JVeuburg, a town of Austria, with an 
 Augustine convent of regular canons. It has a 
 yard for ship-building, and is seated on the ' 
 Danube, 7 m. N. N. W. of Vienna. 
 
 Closter Seve?i, or Kloster Zevcn, a town of the 
 duchy of Bremen, memorable for a convention 
 entered into between the duke of Cumberland, 
 and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the 
 French armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Han- 
 overians laid down their arms and were dispersed. 
 It is 19 m. S. ofStade. 
 
 Cloud, St. a town of France, in the vicinity of 
 Paris celebrated for its palace, which was the 
 favourite residence of Napoleon. 
 
 ClovaUy, a village in Devonshire, Eng. three 
 m. E. N. E. of Hartland. It is built on the side 
 of a steep rock, to which the houses seem fixed 
 like pigeon-huts ; and it has a good pier on the 
 west shore of Barnstable Bay. Pop. 941. 
 
 Cloye, or Clois, town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Eure and Loire, 5 m. S. W. of Chateau- 
 dun. 
 
 Cloycn,a. town of Ireland, on the east shore of 
 Cork harbour, in the County of Cork, and a bish- 
 op's see, 16 m. E ; of Cork. Pop. in 1821, 1,847. 
 Clundcrt, a town and fortress of South Hol- 
 land, near an arm of the sea, called Hollands 
 Diep. In 1793, it was taken by the French, who 
 were obliged to evacuate it soou after ; but it 
 surrendered to them in 1795. It is 9 m. S. E. of 
 Williamstadt. 
 
 Cluny, a town of France, in the department of 
 Saone and Loire, with a late famous Benedictine 
 
COB 
 
 207 
 
 coc 
 
 abbey, seated on the Crosne, 13 m. N. W. of 
 Macon. 
 
 Cluses, a town of Savoy, in Faueigny, seated on 
 the Arve, 22 in. S. E. of Geneva. 
 
 Clwyd, a river of Wales, which rises in the 
 middle of Denbighshire, runs N. through a fertile 
 valley of the same name, and having entered 
 Flintshire flows into the Irish Sea, 6 miles below 
 St. Asaph. 
 
 Clyde, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 south part of Lanarkshire, passes by Lanark, 
 Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and 
 Port Glasgow to Greenock, where it enters an 
 arm of the sea, called the Frith of Clyde. This 
 river runs, for several miles, between high rocks, 
 and in its course forms several cataracts : is de- 
 servedly celebrated for its romantic and diversified 
 scenery, and has several extensive cotton, and 
 other works on its banks. At Glasgow it becomes 
 navigable ; and 6 miles below that city it is joined 
 by the Great Canal from the Forth. 
 
 Clyde, Frith of, an inlet of the sea, between the 
 coast of Ayrshire, and the Isle of Arran, which 
 opens into the north channel, between the N. E. 
 end of Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 Clythness, a cape of Scotland, on the S. E. 
 coast of the county of Caithness. Long. 0. 33. 
 E. lat. 58. 16. N. 
 
 Coango, a tributary stream of the great river 
 Congo, in South Africa. It rises in Matamba, 
 and runs a course nearly due north, falling into 
 the Congo, about 100 m. above the Cataracts. It 
 is supposed by some to be the main branch of the 
 Congo. 
 
 Coanzo, a river of Africa, which rises in the 
 interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba 
 and Angola, and enters the Atlantic in lat. 9.20.S. 
 
 Coast Castle, Cape, the principal settlement 
 of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a 
 strong citadel. The Portuguese first formed an 
 establishment here in 1610 ; but were soon after 
 dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn, sur- 
 rendered it to the English, in 1661. At the pre- 
 sent period it appears increasing in commercial 
 importance. It is in the lat. of 57. N. and 152. 
 of W. long. 
 
 Cobbe, the capital of the territory of Darfur, in 
 Zahara, North Africa, situate on the borders of 
 Nubia, 150 rn. W. S. W. of Sennar, and 500 S. 
 E. of Mathan. Long. 28. 8. E. lat. 14. 11. N. 
 
 Cobbesseconte, r. a branch of the Kennebec, 
 which runs into that river at Gardiner, Me. 
 
 Cobham, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river 
 Mole, 7 m. S. W. of Kingston. It has several 
 handsome villas, two medicinal springs, and a 
 manufacture of iron and copper. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,340. 
 
 Colt, called by the Chinese Sltamo, a vast des- 
 ert of Asia, extending from the 75th to the 110th 
 degree of E. long, and lying between the 35th 
 and 25th of N. lat. The western part of this 
 vast district borders on Bochara, and the S. W. 
 on Thibet. The Chinese province of Kan-suh 
 (which see) projects into this desert, and the N. 
 E. part stretches toward the frontiers of Asiatic 
 Russia; but its limits are on every side too imper- 
 fectly defined to admit of any precise description. 
 See, however, as well as Kan-suh, Kara-Kum 
 and Shing- King . 
 
 Cobija, a town of Peru, on the coast of the des- 
 ert of Atacama with a good harbour for vessels 
 carrying the metals from the neighbouring mines. 
 It is 250 miles south of Arica Long. 34. 44. W. 
 lat. 22. 20. S. 
 
 Coblentz, a strong city of Germany, in the cir 
 cle of Lower Rhine, situate at the conflux of the 
 Rhine and the Moselle ; with a bridge of boats over 
 the former, and a stone-bridge over the latter. In 
 the time of the Romans it was the station of the 
 first legion by whom it was called Confluentes ; 
 and after them, the residence of the successors of 
 Charlemagne ; and at a later period, it was the 
 capital of the grand duchy of Treves. It contains 
 three large churches two of which are collegiate, 
 a college, eight convents, ifce. It is memorable for 
 having been the chief rendezvous of the French 
 emigrant princes at the commencement of the 
 revolution. It was taken by the French in 1794, 
 who retained it until the peace of 1814, when it 
 was assigned to Prussia. It transmits large quan- 
 tities of excellent wine, timber, and iron, by the 
 Rhine, into Holland. It is 285 m.W. S. W.of Ber- 
 lin, 420 W. N. W. of Vienna, and 260 E. S. E. of 
 Paris. Long. 7. 32. E. lat. 50. 24. N. Pop. about 
 11,000. 
 
 Coblentz, a town of Switzerland, in the district 
 of Bayden, at the conflux of the Aar and the 
 Rhine. It is 10 m. N. N. W. of Baden. 
 
 Cobleskill, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,988. 
 Cobre, El, a town of the island of Cuba, 10 
 m. W. of St. Jago. 
 
 Coburg, Saxe, a principality, at the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of the circle of Upper Saxony, projecting 
 into the circle of Franconia. It is one of the petty 
 states of the Germanic confederacy. Its area is 
 about 400 square miles ; the population in 1824 
 was 80,012 ; its quota of soldiery for support of 
 the confederacy being 800 men, and its total rev- 
 enue equal to about .£50,000. It emerged some- 
 what from obscurity in 1816, by the alliance of 
 its prince, to the Princess Charlotte of England. 
 It is a tolerably fertile district, intersected by the 
 river Itsch, which runs from north to south into 
 the Mayne, and contains, besides several villages, 
 the towns of Hilburghausen, Eisfeld, Sonneberg, 
 Schalkaw, Neustadt, Heldburg, Umerstadt, and 
 Coburg ; and Konigsberg, with several villages 
 insulated in the bishopric of Wurzburg. 
 
 Coburg, the capital of the preceding principali- 
 ty, is seated on the banks of the Itsch, 95 m. S. S 
 W. of Leipzig, and has a college, a fort, and a 
 castle. Here are manufactures of porcelain, and 
 of petrified wood, with which the country abounds, 
 and it carries on some trade in wool. The govern- 
 ment offices and town house form part of the sides 
 of a spacious square. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a 
 strong castle for state prisoners ; seated among 
 mountains, on the river Eresma, 22 m. N. W. of 
 Segovia. 
 
 Cocluibamba, a district of South America, lying 
 between the 62nd and 68th degrees of W. long, 
 and the Kith and 19th of S. lat. and forming a part 
 of the Republic of Bolivia. It is watered by 
 several streams, all running from south to north, 
 uniting on the northern frontier, to form the river 
 Mainore, running through the government of 
 Moxos and Brazil, where after the union of the 
 Guapare, it is called the Madeira, falling into tne 
 Amazon. Cochabamba is an exceedingly fertile 
 district ; and the inhabitants, about 70,000 in num- 
 ber, seem to perfer the pursuits of agriculture, 
 rather than of mining. The chief town of the 
 same name is situate on the western confines of 
 the province, in the lat. of 18. S. and about 200 
 miles east of Arica. 
 
 Cocheco, r. N. H. a branch of the Salmon Fall 
 river. 
 
coc 
 
 208 
 
 COG 
 
 Cochelm, a town of Germany, seated on the 
 Moselle, 25 ra. S. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Coc/iecton, t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 438. 
 
 Cockerel, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Eure ; noted for a victory gained by Gues- 
 clin over the king of Navarre, in 1564. It is 
 7 m. E. of Evreux. 
 
 Cochin, a province of Hindoostan, on the coast 
 of Malabar, towards the southern extremity of the 
 Peninsula ; a chain of islands flanks the whole 
 extent of the coast. It is a very fertile district, 
 and yields abundance of rice, pepper, and cocoa 
 nuts, and excellent timber for ship-building. It 
 was the first part of India where the Portuguese, 
 after passing the Cape of Good Hope, formed a 
 settlement; but their intrigues and extortions 
 soon caused them to be repulsed from the main 
 land ; but they were allowed, in 1503, to erect a 
 fortification on one of the islands, in the lat. of 9. 
 57. N. The fort surrendered to the Dutch in 
 1603, who, by their toleration of all religious pre- 
 tensions, occasioned it to increase greatly in popu- 
 lation. The natives of the province successfully 
 resisted the Mahometan arms up to the period of 
 1776, when Hyder Alii, rendered thern tributary ; 
 and the exaction being enforced with increased 
 vigour under Tippoo Saib, in 1791, the rajah 
 sought tne protection of the English; to whom 
 the Dutch fort surrendered in 1795 and thereby 
 the whole territory became subservient to the 
 English. The fort is 120 m. S. by E. of Calicut. 
 
 Cochin China, a maritime kingdom of Asia, ex- 
 tending from Cape Varela-falsa, in the lat. of 12. 
 55. N. to Sinboo Bay, in the lat. of 16. N. ; it is 
 bounded on the west by a high mountain ridge, 
 running parallel with the coast its whole extent, 
 at the distance of 60 to 70 miles; this mountain 
 ridge divides Cochin China from a vast desert, 
 lying between the mountains and the great river 
 Cambodia. The aborigines of Cochin China are 
 called Moys, and reside chiefly on the western 
 declivities of the mountains. To these strong 
 holds they were driven, about the beginning of 
 the 15th century, by the present possessors of the 
 country. The aborigines are a savage people, 
 and in features resemble the Caffres. The present 
 inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived 
 from the same stock as the Chinese ; their re- 
 ligion is also the same, and most of their manners 
 and customs. They are a courteous, affable, in- 
 offensive race, rather inclined to indolence. The 
 women are by far the most active sex, and mer- 
 chants often employ them as their factors and 
 brokers. The cities and towns have gates at the 
 end of each street, which are shut every night. 
 The houses are mostly of bamboo, covered with 
 rushes or the straw of rice, and stand in groves of 
 oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. Here 
 is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yams, sweet po- 
 tatoes, pumpkins, and melons; also ivory, musk, 
 honey, and silk, and the edible birds'-nests. The 
 climate is healthy, the summer heat being tem- 
 pered by regular breezes from the sea. In Septem- 
 ber, October, and November is the rainy season, 
 when the low lands are suddenly overflowed by 
 torrents of water from the mountains ; the inun- 
 dations happen generally once a fortnight, and 
 continue three or four days. In the three follow- 
 ing months there are frequent rains, brought by 
 cold northerly winds, which distinguish this 
 country with a winter different from any other in 
 the east. The inundations render the land fruit- 
 ful, many parts producing three crops of grain in 
 the year. Gold is taken almost pure from the 
 
 mines, and there are rich silver mines. The 
 country is intersected by rivers, which are well 
 calculated for promoting inland commerce, yet not 
 large enough to admit vessels of great burden 
 but there are commodious harbours on the coast, 
 particularly that of Turon, in the lat. of 16. 5. N. 
 The vanity of the Chinese induces them to con- 
 sider Cochin as a tributary province of their em- 
 pire ; but if any acknowledgment is made, it is 
 merely nominal. The Cochin Chinese are the 
 most brave and efficient of the eastern nations ; 
 they have hitherto held very little intercourse 
 with Europeans, but carry on an extensive traffic 
 with China and various parts of the eastern seas. 
 Cochransvllle, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. 
 Cocke, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on 
 the S. E. by a ridge of the Apalachian Mountains, 
 called the Smoky Mountains, which divide it 
 from North Carolina. It is intersected by tht 
 Big Pigeon and French Broad Rivers, which unite 
 their streams towards the N. W. boundary of the 
 county. Pop. 6,048. Newport is the chief town. 
 Cocker, a river which rises in the south of Cum- 
 berland, Eng. flows through the lakes of Butter- 
 mere, Cromack-water, and Lowes- water, and joins 
 the Derwent, below Cockermouth. 
 
 Cockermouth, a borough in Cumberland, Eng. 
 It stands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the 
 Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which 
 is a handsome church, and on the other the re- 
 mains of a stately castle. It has manufactures of 
 shalloons, coarse linen and woolen cloths, leather, 
 and hats. It returns two members to parliament, 
 and is 36 m. S. W. of Carlisle, and 305 N. N. W. 
 of London. Pop. in 1821 , 3,770. 
 
 Coconato, a town of Piedmont, the birth place 
 of Columbus, as some affirm, 20 m. east of Turin. 
 Cod, Cape, is the northern extremity of a penin- 
 sula, more than 120 miles in extent, and 10 to 15 
 in mean breadth, forming part of the state of Mas- 
 sachusetts. Cape Cod and the main land form a 
 very spacious bay, about 50 miles each way ; and 
 Cape Cod and Cape Ann are the south and west 
 points which form the open bay called Massachu- 
 setts Bay, leading to the harbour of Boston : the 
 outer side of the peninsula forming Cape Cod is 
 flanked by shoals, which render the navigation 
 thereabouts dangerous. A light-house, on the 
 Cape Point, is in lat. 42. 3. N. and 70. 6. W. long. 
 Codogno, a town of Italy, in the Lodesan, 
 duchy of Milan, near the confluence of the Adda 
 with the Po, 12 m. S. S. E. of Lodi. 
 
 Codomudl, a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe 
 tore, seated near the Cavery, a little above the in 
 flux of the Noyelar, 23 m. S. E. of Bhawaniku 
 dal. 
 
 Codorus, a township in York Co. Pa. 
 Coesfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- 
 pality of Munster, near the source of the Burkel, 
 18 m. west of Munster. 
 
 Coetorden, a fortified town of Holland, on the 
 confines of Drenthe, Westphalia^ and Overyssel, 
 and one of the strongest places in the whole coun- 
 try. It stands in a morass, on the river Aa, 33 
 m. S. by E. of Groningen. It is the capital of 
 Drenthe. 
 
 Coeymans, a town in Albany County, New York, 
 on the west bank of the Hudson River, 14 m. S 
 of Albany. Pop. 2,723. 
 
 Coffr.esvlUe, p. v. Clark Co. Alab. 
 
 Coggeshall, a town in Essex, Eng. with a man 
 
 ufacture of baize ; seated on the north bank of the 
 
 river Blackwater, seven miles west of Colchester, 
 
 and 44 E. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,896; 
 
COI 
 
 209 
 
 COL 
 
 and a village of the same name, on the opposite 
 side of the river, contains 362 inhabitants more. 
 
 Cognac, a town of France, in the department of 
 Charente, with a castle, where Francis I. was born. 
 Jt is celebrated for excellent brandy, and seated 
 on the Charente, 17 m. west of Angouleme, and 
 40 east by south of Rochefort. 
 
 Coptic, a town of Piedmont, in a valley, and on 
 a river of the same name. The mountains which 
 surround it are rich in mines of iron and copper. 
 It is six miles south of Aosta. 
 
 Cogni, or Konieh, a city of Turkey, capital of 
 Caramania, and the see of a Greek archbishop. 
 The walls have 108 square towers at 40 paces dis- 
 tance from each other; and it has two large suburbs, 
 into one of which the caravans and strangers re- 
 tire. It has upwards of 100 mosques, and though 
 much declined of late years, it is still a place of 
 great trade, and seated on the east side of a ridge 
 of lofty mountains, in a country abounding in 
 corn, fruit, pulse, and cattle, 280 to. S. E. of Con- 
 stantinople, and about the same distance due east 
 of Smyrna. 
 
 Cohasset, a town on the south coast of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, just without the entrance to Boston 
 harbour, 25 m. S. W. of Boston. Cohasset has a 
 tolerably good harbour ; but a ledge of rocks at 
 its entrance renders its approach dangerous. Pop. 
 1,227. 
 
 Cohoes Falls, a village eight miles due north of 
 Albany, in New York ; it is seated on the banks 
 of the Mohawk River, over which is a bridge, 
 about a mile and a half above its entrance into the 
 Hudson ; about three-quarters of a mile higher up, 
 the Mohawk, being about 350 yards wide, pours 
 down its waters over a precipice in an unbroken 
 sheet, a height of 70 feet perpendicular and next 
 to Niagara, forms the grandest cascade in the state 
 of New York. 
 
 Coimbetorc, a province of the peninsula of Hin- 
 doostan, lying south of Mysore, to which it was 
 lately subject, but ceded to the English on the 
 final defeat ofTippoo in 1799. It is 110 miles 
 long and 70 broad ; and is divided by the river 
 Noyelar into two districts, North and South, of 
 which Bhawanikudal and Daraporam are the chief 
 towns. 
 
 Coimbetorc, a town of Hindoostan, the ancient 
 capital of the province of the same name. It was 
 taken by general Meadows in 1790, and retaken 
 in 1791 by Tippoo, who soon after destroyed the 
 fort. It contains 2,000 houses, an extensive mud 
 palace, and a tolerable mosque, built by Tippoo, 
 who sometimes resided here ; but it has no large 
 temple. The palace now serves as a barrack tor 
 a regiment of British cavalry. The chief manu- 
 factures are muslins, and cotton cloths ; and these, 
 with cotton wool and thread, tobacco, sugar, and 
 betel lecif are the principal articles of trade. It is 
 100 m. S. by E. of Seringapatam. Long. 77. G. 
 E. lat. 11.0. N. 
 
 Coimbra, a city of Portugal, capital of Beira, 
 and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university, 
 the only one in Portugal, transferred hither from 
 Lisbon in 1306, where it was originally founded 
 in 1290. The cathedral is magnificent, beside 
 which there are nine churches, and eight con- 
 vents. It stands on a mountain, on the river 
 Mondego, over which is an elegant bridge about 
 25 miles above its entrance into the sea, 100 m. N. 
 E. of Lisbon. It suffered considerably by the 
 great earthquake in 1755. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Coire, or Chur, a town of Switzerland, capital 
 of the canton of the Grisons. and a bishop's see 
 27 
 
 It is surrounded by ancient brick walls, with 
 square and round towers, and divided into two 
 parts, the least of which is of the catholic religion 
 and the greatest of the protestant. The French 
 surprised and defeated the Austrian army at this 
 place in 1799. It is seated between two moun- 
 tains, on the river Plessur, near the Rhine, 65 m. 
 S. by W. of Constance, and contributes to render 
 Coire a place of considerable traffic. It was the 
 birthplace of Angelica Kauffman, the female pain- 
 ter. 
 
 Coitsville, a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Corking, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the N. "VV. part of the province Yu-nan, 1,160 
 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. 
 
 Colalico, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Colapoor, a small independent state of Hindoos- 
 tan on the coast of the Concan, bounded on the 
 south by the Portuguese territory of Goa. The ra- 
 jah of this district pretends to be descended from 
 the founder of the Mahratta empire. The na- 
 tives were formerly celebrated for their piracies ; 
 Vingorla, the principal town, is in lat. 16. N. 
 
 Colar, or Coloram, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Mysore, with a large mud fort, and the remains 
 of a hill-fort. It is the birth-place of Hyder Aly, 
 who erected here a handsome mausoleum for his 
 father ; and near it is a mosque, and a college of 
 of Mussulman priests. The chief manufactures 
 are cotton cloths and muslins. It is 40. m. E. 
 N. E. of Bangalore, and 140 W. of Madras. 
 Long. 78. 9. E. lat. 13. 9. N. 
 
 Colbene, a town of Tripoli, on the S. W. part 
 of the Gulf of Sidra, 90 m. S. S. E. of Messurata. 
 
 Colberg, a fortified seaport of Further Pomera- 
 nia. It has a collegiate church, good linen man- 
 ufactures, and considerable saltworks. The Rus- 
 sians laid siege to this town in 1758 and 1769, 
 without success ; but it surrendered to them after 
 a long siege in 1761, and was restored at the sub- 
 sequent peace. It is seated at the mouth of the 
 Persant on the Baltic, 60 m. N. E. of Stettin. 
 Long. 15. 36. E. lat. 54. 9. N. 
 
 Colchagua, the ninth in order of the provinces 
 of Chile extending from the Pacific Ocean to the 
 Andes, in the lat. of 34. 30. S. It is intersected 
 by two or three rivers, falling into the Pacific; 
 but it has no port or harbour of note. Pop. about 
 15,000. San Fernando, about 50 miles from the 
 sea, and 100 south of St. Jago, is the chief town. 
 
 Colchester, a borough and market town in the 
 county of Essex, Eng. pleasantly situate on a 
 gentle eminence, on the west bank of the river 
 Colne, about eight miles above its entrance into 
 the English Channel. It is a place of antiquity, 
 supposed to have been a Roman station ; and wae 
 formerly surrounded by a wall, some vestiges of 
 which still remain, and contained a castle of 
 great strength, supposed to have been built by a 
 son of Alfred the Great, the remains of which 
 now serve for a house of correction for petty of- 
 fenders. Prior to the civil war, in the time of 
 Oliver Cromwell, the wall, castle, and fortifica- 
 tions were entire, and held out with great obsti- 
 nacy against the parliamentary forces, until after 
 Charles It was beheaded in 1648, in which year 
 it surrendered. The town sustained great dam- 
 age during the siege. It is now by far the larg- 
 est and most important town in the county, and 
 has undergone great improvement within the 
 present century ; a spacious quay has been con- 
 structed, and the river made navigable up to the 
 town for vessels of 90 to 100 tons burthen. It is 
 a port of entry for vessels from foreign parts v aJM? 
 s2 
 
COL 
 
 210 
 
 COL 
 
 nan a custom house a little below the town ; but 
 its external commerce is very inconsiderable. Its 
 chief traffic in export is in oysters and grain, 
 which it sends to the London market in great 
 quantities, and receives in return every descrip- 
 tion of shop goods for the supply of the town, and 
 distribution over the surrounding country. It 
 had formerly extensive manufactures of woolen 
 stuffs, but the manufacture at Colchester is now 
 trifling , no small share of its present importance 
 is derived from the extensive intercourse of which 
 t is a centre point between London, Harwich, Ip- 
 swich, Yarmouth and Norwich. It is divided into 
 16 parishes, and has as many churches ; but four 
 of them are not used, and only three are entitled 
 to notice for their architecture. It has three 
 bridges over the Colne, a spacious market place, 
 town hall, corn exchange and a theatre. It has 
 also an hospital, free grammar schools, water 
 works, two public libraries, a botanical and phi- 
 losophical institution, and several dissenting meet- 
 ing houses. The town is governed by a mayor, 
 recorder, town clerk, 12 aldermen, 18 assistants, 
 and 18 common-councilmen ; and returns two 
 members to parliament, the right of election being 
 vested in the corporation and free burgesses not 
 receiving alms. Its markets are on Wednesdays 
 and Saturdays. Pop. in 1821, 14,016. It is 51 
 m. E. N. E. from London, 21 W. by S. of Har- 
 wich, and the same distance S. S. W. of Ipswich. 
 Colchester, a town of Vermont, in Chittenden 
 County, on a Bay of Lake Champlain,at the in- 
 flux of the Onion, 6 m. N. by E. of Burlington. 
 Pop. 1,489. 
 
 Colchester, a town of Connecticut, in New Lon- 
 don County, 20 m. N. W. of New London. Pop. 
 2,083. 
 
 Colchester, a township in Delaware County, 
 New York, 91 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 1,424. 
 
 Colchester, a town of Virginia, in Fairfax, 
 County, on Ocquoquam Creek, three miles from 
 its conflux with the Potomac, and 16 S. W. of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Colding, or Holding, a town of Denmark, in 
 Jutland, "formerly the residence of many Danish 
 kino-s, who adorned it with several edifices. The 
 harbour is choked up, and its commerce nearly 
 annihilated. It is seated on the Thueths, near its 
 entrance into a bay of the Little Belt, 30 m. E. 
 N. E. of Ripen. 
 
 Coldingham, a town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Berwick, anciently noted for a nunnery, re- 
 built by Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1098, Ebba, 
 one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her 
 charity, gave name to the neighbouring promon- 
 tory called St. Abb's Head. It is 9 m. N. N. 
 W. of Berwick. Pop. about 1,000. 
 
 Cold Ricer, r. N. H. joins the Connecticut at 
 Walpole. 
 
 Colditz, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 
 with manufactures of linen and stuffs, seated on 
 the Mulda, 22 m. S. E. of Leipzig. 
 
 Coldstream, a town of Scotland, in the county 
 t>f Berwick. Here general Monk first raised 
 the Coldstream regiment of guards, with 
 which he marched into England to restore 
 Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over 
 which is a handsome bridge, 13 m. S. W. of 
 Berwick. 
 
 Coleagara, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Coimbetore. It has two large temples, 
 and is a considerable mart for the traders between 
 Seringapatam and the country below the eastern 
 Ghauts. It is 34 m. S E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Colebrook, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Con 
 necticut. Pop. 542. 
 
 Colebrook Dale, a village in Shropshire, Eng. 
 on the banks of the Severn, 2 m. N. by E. 
 of Broseley, which see. 
 
 Colebrookdale, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Coleraine, a borough of Ireland, in the county 
 of Londonderry, seated on the banks of the river 
 Bann, about four miles above its entrance into 
 the Atlantic Ocean. In 1821 the town and sub- 
 urbs of Coleraine contained a population of 4,851, 
 and the remainder of the parish 1,630 more. It 
 participates largely in the linen manufactures, 
 and its fabrics and bleach are in the highest es 
 teem. The fall of the river Bann precludes it 
 from affording much commercial advantage to 
 Coleraine ; but this defect is in some measure 
 compensated for by its salmon fishery, which is 
 the most valuable in Ireland. Coleraine sends 
 one member to the parliament of the United 
 Kingdom ; and is 25. E. by N. of Londonderry, 
 and 108. N. by W. of Dublin. 
 
 Coleraine, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,877. 
 
 Colerain, a town of the state of Georgia, in 
 Camden County. A treaty was concluded here, 
 in 1796, between the United States and the 
 Creek Indians. It is seated on St. Mary River, 
 35 miles W. by N. of the port of St. Mary, and 
 14 S. by E. of Louisville. 
 
 Coleraine is also the name of a town in Hamil- 
 ton County, Ohio, on the east bank of the Miami 
 River, about 15 miles above its entrance into the 
 Ohio, and 10 north of Cincinnati. 
 
 w *„. There are 6 other towns of this name in 
 the United States ; namely in Pa., N. C. and Ohio. 
 
 Coleshill, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. seated 
 on a hill, by the river Cole, 10 m. E. of Birming- 
 ham, and 105 N. W. of London, on the mail 
 line of road to Liverpool. The church is an el- 
 egant structure. Pop. in 1821, ],760. 
 
 Colesville, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387. 
 Also towns in Maryland and Va. 
 
 Calford, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. five 
 miles E. S. E. of Monmouth, and 124 W. by N. 
 of London. It has several iron forges in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 Colin. See Kolin. 
 
 Colima, a town of Mexico, in the intendencia 
 of Guadalaxara, on the frontiers of Valladolid ; 
 it is seated at the foot of a volcanic mountain, 
 about 300 miles due west of the city of Mexico, 
 under the banks of a small river, about 30 miles 
 above its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, in the 
 lat. of 18. 40. N. The intervening country be- 
 tween the town and the sea is very fertile. Pop 
 of the town about 2,500. 
 
 Coll, an island of Scotland, one of the He- 
 brides, to the W. N. W. of Mull, 13 miles long 
 and three broad. The greatest part is covered 
 with heath, and abounds with rabbits; and many 
 black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a 
 strong square-built structure, and still in tolera- 
 ble repair. Total pop. in 1821, 1,264. 
 
 Collahvas, a district of Peru, lying between 
 Lake Titicaca, and the Pacific Ocean. It is a very 
 mountainous district ; the Andes here diverging 
 into several ridges, among which the Apurimac 
 and other streams, forming the head waters of the 
 noble river Amazon, have their source. Caillo 
 ma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S. is the capital. 
 
 Colle, a town of Tuscany, on a hill near the 
 river Elza, 10 m. N. N. W. of Sienna. There 
 are five other towns of the same name in differ- 
 ent parts of Italy all inconsiderable. 
 
COL 
 
 211 
 
 COL 
 
 Colhda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- 
 gia, on the Unstrut, 19 m. N. by W. of Weimar. 
 
 Colleton, a maritime district of South Carolina, 
 south of Charleston ; it is intersected by the 
 Edisto River, and is fertile in rice and cotton. 
 Pop. 27,256. 
 
 Colliotirc, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eastern Pyrenees, with a castle. It was taken 
 by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next 
 year. It has a small nort on the Mediterranean, 
 16 m. S. S. E. of Perpignan. 
 
 Collinsville, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Collon, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth 
 County, with a stocking manufactory, and an ex- 
 tensive bleach field, 29 m. from Dublin. Pop. 
 in 1821, 1,347. 
 
 Collumpton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with 
 a considerable trade in woolen cloth. It is seat- 
 ed on the river Culm, 12 m. N. N. E. of Exeter, 
 and 160 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,410. 
 
 Colmar, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by 
 a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111 ; 
 and has various manufactures, 42 m. S. by W. of 
 Strasburg. Pop. about 15,000. 
 
 Colmar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Holstein, 5 m. S . E. of Gluckstadt. 
 
 Colmars, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Alps, 20 m. E. N. E. of Digne. 
 
 Colmltz, a town of Austria, 4 in. S. S. W. of 
 Drossendorf. 
 
 Coin, a river of England which rises near 
 Clare, in Suffolk, passes by Halstead and Col- 
 chester in Essex, and after a course of about 40 
 miles enters the German Ocean, at the east end 
 of Mersey Island. In the inlets and pools at the 
 mouth of this river are bred the famous Colches- 
 ter oysters. There are several small rivers of the 
 same name in England. 
 
 Colnbrook, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 
 seated on the river Coin, which falls into the 
 Thames, 17 m. VV. of London, on the road to 
 Bath. Pop. in 1821,2,817. 
 
 Colne, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is a 
 place of great antiquity, having been selected for 
 a Roman station, by Agricola. It is situate near 
 the border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of 
 the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. It formerly par- 
 ticipated in the woolen manufacture, which, with- 
 in the present century has given way to the more 
 profitable pursuit of the cotton manufacture, in 
 which branch, in 1821, there were seven large 
 establishments for spinning and weaving, and 
 twelve others for weaving only. The vicinity 
 abounds in coals and slate. The population, 
 which in 1800 was only 3,636, in 1821 had in- 
 creased to 7,274. It is 21 miles N. by E. of 
 Manchester. 
 
 Colocijtlda, a town of Independent Greece, in the 
 Morea, on the west side of a bay to which it gives 
 name, 36 miles S. of Misitra. Long. 22. 24. E., lat. 
 36. 38. N. 
 
 Colocza, or Kalotsha, a town of Hungary, on the 
 east bank of the Danube, and an arch-bishop's 
 see, 57 m. S. of Buda. 
 
 Cologna, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 26 m. 
 W. by S. of Padua. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Cologne, a late archbishopric and electorate of 
 Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine ; 
 bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves and 
 Gelderland ; on the south by the archbishopric of 
 Treves, and from the south, in a N. N. W. direc- 
 tion, for about 90 miles by the Rhine, which 
 divides it on the east from the duchy of Berg 
 
 and on the west it is divided by a very irregular 
 boundary from the duchy of Juliers. It ie not 
 more than about 15 miles in mean breadth, and 
 contains a good deal of forest, some mines of • 
 coal and iron, and parts of it are fertile in corn, 
 wine, and flax. Pop. about 220,000 : it held a 
 distinguished rank in the Germanic confederacy 
 as early as the fourth century, and at the general 
 partition in 1814, it was transferred to Prussia 
 Besides the city of Cologne, the other principal 
 towns are Kemper, Lunne, Nuys, Brul, Mecken- 
 heim, Bonn, &c. 
 
 Cologne, the chief town of the preceding ter- 
 ritory, and one of the most ancient and celebrated 
 cities of Europe, is seated on the west bank of the 
 Rhine, in the lat. of 50. 55. N. and 6. 55. of VV. 
 long. 295 miles W. S. W. of Berlin, and 105 E. of 
 Brussels. Antecedent to the ascendancy of the 
 Romans over western Europe, the site of Cologne 
 is supposed to have been the capital of a tribe 
 called the Ubii ; and at a subsequent period, to 
 have given birth to Agrippina, th'; mother of Nero ; 
 in reference to whom the Romans named it 
 Colonia Jlgrippinia. It joined the Hanseatic 
 League at an early period of its formation ; and in 
 the 13th century ranked high as a commercial 
 city. After that period its commercial activity 
 yielded to the influence of priestcraft and in 
 dolence — persecution followed ; in 1485 the Jews, 
 and in 1613 the Protestants, were expelled the 
 city; so that in 1794, when the French took pos- 
 session of it, the ecclesiastics amounted to about 
 2,000 ; and besides the university, founded in 1388, 
 nine collegiate churches, two abbeys, and an 
 archiepiscopal seminary, it contained no less than 
 126 other monastic and religious establishments. 
 The walls of the city are about seven miles in 
 circumference ; but a considerable portion of the 
 area is now converted into gardens and vineyards ; 
 and although the perspective of the city on all 
 sides is very imposing, on inspection it proves to 
 be low and ill built. The town-hall, cathedral, 
 and some of the churches are, however, stately 
 and fine edifices. Cologne is connected with 
 Duytz, on the opposite bank of the river, by a 
 bridge of boats ; and contains within itself almost 
 every branch of manufacture for domestic use ; 
 it still carries on some traffic up and down the 
 Rhine, from the waters of which it is liable to in- 
 undation. The city was transferred with the ter- 
 ritory of Cologne, to Prussia in 1814. Pop. about 
 40,000. It was the birth-place of Rubens. 
 
 Colombe, St., the name of about 20 towns in 
 different parts of France, all inconsiderable. 
 
 Colombey dux Belles Femmes, a town of France, 
 in the department of the Meurthe,and chief place 
 of a canton in the district of Veselize, 15 m. S. W. 
 of Nancy. 
 
 Colombia, Republic of, an extensive territory, 
 forming the whole northern part of the southern 
 division of the western hemisphere commonly 
 called South America, and includes what, pre- 
 vious to 1811, constituted the vice-royalty of JVcw 
 Granada, and the captain-generalship of Caracas 
 or Venezuela. In its extreme length from N. to S. 
 Colombia extends from the shores of the Carribean 
 Sea, in the lat. of 12. 30. N. to the Tunguragua, 
 the main western branch of the great river Ama- 
 zon, in the lat. of 5. S. and longitudinally from 
 59. to 83. W. From the 59th to the 68thV W 
 long, however, it extends only to 3. of N. lat. and 
 its mean long, on the western side, or side if th ■ 
 Pacific Ocean, will not exceed the line of 71, W ; 
 these limits will give an affgrenrate extent of s 
 
COL 
 
 212 
 
 COL 
 
 face of about 1,200,000 square miles, or an area 14 
 times the extent of Great Britain ; but over this 
 wiie domain the human inhabitants are supposed 
 not to exceed 3,000,000. In its north-western ex- 
 tremity, it includes the Isthmus of Panama, with 
 several spacious and commodious harbours. On 
 : ts eastern extremity it is bounded by the Esse- 
 quibo River, which divides it from French Guyana 
 and the English and Dutch settlements of Deme- 
 rara, Berbice, and Surinam ; from the 59th to the 
 05th deg. of W. long., it is bounded on the south 
 by a mountain ridge, which divides it from Por- 
 tuguese Guyana, the most northern part of Brazil ; 
 whilst the Tunguragua, or, as it is afterwards 
 called, the Maranon River, divides it from Peru ; 
 the whole of its western boundaries being washed 
 by the Pacific Ocean, and its northern by the 
 Carribean Sea, and the N. E. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. The earlier history of this territory will 
 be found more particularly adverted to under the 
 heads of New Granada and Venezuela. A futile 
 attempt was made by General Miranda to revolu- 
 tionize Venezuela in 180(5 ; but it was not till 
 1811 that the people generally exerted themselves 
 in favour of independence : from which period 
 up to 1819, various sanguinary conflicts ensued be- 
 tween the European Spaniards and the natives, 
 with alternate success. It was on the 17th of 
 Dec. 1819, that the two territories of New Grana- 
 da and Venezuela became united under the title of 
 the Republic of Colombia, and a popular repre- 
 sentative government divided into legislative, 
 executive, and judicial. On the Oth of May, 1821, 
 in conformity with the fundamental law, the in- 
 stallation of the general congress took place in the 
 city of Rosario de Cucuta, but the seat of gov- 
 ernment has since been established at Bogota. 
 It was at Carabobo, on the 24th of June of the 
 same year, that the last battle was fought which 
 decided the downfall of Spanish domination, and 
 independence of the Colombian Republic. The 
 territory was at first divided into four parts ; viz. 
 Quito, Cundinamarca, Venezuela and Spanish 
 Guyana ; but it was afterwards divided into twelve 
 provinces. The local circumstances of each pro- 
 vince will be found under their respective heads. 
 
 The aggregate features of the Colombian ter- 
 ritory are, in the highest degree, grand and im- 
 posing. The Andes, in a parallel ridge of about 
 200 miles in extent, between which is a valley 
 twenty or thirty miles wide, at an elevation of 
 about 9,000 feet above the level of the sea, enter 
 at the S. W. extremity, in which direction the 
 peaks of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and Antisana, 
 rear their majestic heads, all south of the equa- 
 tor ; and in the lat. of 2. N. the chain diverges 
 into three ridges, the most easterly of which 
 takes an E. N. E. direction towards the shore 
 of the Carribean Sea, with which it runs parallel 
 through seven deg. of long, to near the Delta of 
 the Orinoco, opposite to the island of Trinidad. 
 It is on the eastern declivity of this ridge, which 
 is called the Venezuelan chain, at an altitude of 
 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, in the lat. 
 of 4. 45. N. that Bogota is situate. Between this 
 and the central ridge, which is called the Chain 
 of Santa Martha, runs for a course of 050 m. the 
 fine River Magdalena ; and between the Chain 
 of Santa Martha and the main ridge, runs the 
 River Cauca, which unites with the Magdalena 
 at the foot of the Santa Martha Chain, about 150 
 miles above the entrance of the Magdalena into 
 the Carribean Sea. From the lat. of G. N. the 
 main nd<re of the Andes takes a N. bv W. direc- 
 
 tion into the isthmus that unites the two grand 
 divisions of the western hemisphere, whilst anoth- 
 er collateral ridge runs nearly due north towards 
 Carthagena. Between these two ridges runs the 
 river Atrato N. into the Gulf of Darien, the head 
 waters of which river are contiguous to those of 
 the St. Juan, which runs S. into the Bay of Cho- 
 co in the Pacific Ocean, which rivers seem to 
 form the most favourable means for effecting a 
 water communication between the Atlantic and 
 Pacific Oceans. East of the Andes, the country 
 is intersected by innumerable streams, those in the 
 south part running into the Maranon, or Amazon, 
 and those in the north part into the Orinoco. 
 From the extreme north the country is indented 
 by a spacious bay called the Gulf of Maracaibo, 
 which leads by a narrow strait into a spacious 
 lake of the same name. This lake, which is 
 about 180 miles in length and 70 in width, is 
 bounded on the E. by the Venezuelan chain of 
 the Andes, and on the W. by a ridge which di- 
 verges from it in the lat. of 8. N. ; and with the 
 lake forms a very distinguishing feature of the 
 country. Numerous islands flank the coast of 
 the Carribean Sea, from the long, of 61. to the 
 Gulf of Maracaibo in the long, of 70. : the most 
 easterly and important of these is Trinidad, in 
 possession of the English, and near the entrance 
 of the Gulf of Maracaibo is Curasao in possession 
 of the Dutch. The rest may be considered as 
 forming part of the Colombian territory, the most 
 important being Margarita. The principal sea- 
 ports on the side of the Atlantic and coast of the 
 Carribean Sea, are Cumana, Laguira (the out- 
 port of Leon de Caracas), Maracaibo, Carthagena, 
 and Portobello ; and on the side of the Pacific 
 Ocean, Panama, Bay of Choco, and, Guayaquil. 
 The most important towns in the interior, be- 
 sides Bogota, are Lojan, Juan de Bracomoros, 
 Cuenca, Riobamba, Quito, Popayan, Merida, and 
 Angostura. 
 
 Colombia is not remarkable for any peculiar 
 productions either animal or vegetable. Its ca- 
 pabilities for supplying all that can contribute 
 to the comfort and enjoyment of man, are how- 
 ever of the first order; while the elevated plains 
 on the western side of the territory, afford the 
 most agreeable temperature of climate. The S. 
 W. section of the territory is rich in minerals, 
 including both gold and silver; but the most dis- 
 tinguishing feature of surplus production, hith- 
 erto, has been horses, mules, and horned cattle, 
 which have been exported in large quantities to 
 Jamaica, and all the other West India islands ; 
 these, with an inconsiderable supply of cotton, 
 wool, cocoa, (the best in the world), coffee, tobacco, 
 and indigo, and some dye-woods, with silver to 
 the amount of about 2 to 3,000,000 of dollars, 
 making an aggregate return of about 6,000,000 
 dollars, constituted the aggregate extent of its ex- 
 ternal commerce, at the period of 1826. It af 
 fords, however, under social institutions, an un- 
 bounded field for human exertion and enterprize ; 
 but although the integrity and independence of 
 the Colombian Republic have been recognized 
 by the United States of America, and provision- 
 ally by England and other European States, 
 its continued integrity is at present too equivo- 
 cal, many of its measures too speculative, and 
 some of its institutions, too incompatible with 
 social welfare, to justify any very sanguine ex- 
 pectations, as to its future prosperity. 
 
 Colombier, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Upper Saone, and chief place of a canton 
 
COL 
 
 213 
 
 COL 
 
 in the district of Vesoul, 4 m. N. E. of Vesoul, 
 and 10 west of Lure. 
 
 Colomiers, a town of France, in the department 
 of Seine and Marne, Id m. S. E. of Meaux, and 
 40 E. of Paris. 
 
 Colonna, Cape, the S. E. point of Livadia, 30 m. 
 S. E. of Athens. The name also of another cape 
 on the east coast of Calabria, near the entrance to 
 the Gulf of Tarento, in lat. 39. G. N. 
 
 Colonsa, a fertile island off the west coast of 
 Scotland, to the west of Jura. It is separated on 
 the south from that of Oronsa, by a narrow chan- 
 nel, which being dry at low water, they may be 
 considered as one island, about 12 miles long and 
 2 broad. Pop. in 1821, 904. 
 
 Coioor, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of 
 Guntoor, near which is a diamond mine. It is 
 situate on the south side of the Kistnah, 13 m. N. 
 W. of Condavir. 
 
 Colorado, a river of Mexico, which falls into 
 the Gulf of California, at its head, in the lat. of 33. 
 N. The main branch, which is called the St. Ra- 
 fael, has its source in the lat. of about 40. N. not 
 far distant from those of the del Norte, the Arkan- 
 sas and the Platte, all of which flow, south and west, 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. There are six other 
 branches, all of which have their source north of 
 the 36th deg. ofN. lat. which fall into the St. 
 Rafael, whose united stream may be considered 
 the main branch of the Colorado ; about 50 miles 
 above its entrance into the Gulf of California it is 
 united by another stream, from the eastward call- 
 ed the Gila. These rivers are said to afford sev- 
 eral hundred miles of navigation for vessels of 
 considerable burthen. 
 
 Colorado, or Red River, is also the name of 
 another river, rising east of the Andes in the lat. of 
 32. S. running in a S. S. E. direction, through the 
 red loamy plains of Pampas and Buenos Ayres in- 
 to the S. Atlantic Ocean, in the lat. of 40. S. 
 
 Colouri, an island of Greece, formerly called 
 Salamis, near the coast of Livadia, seven miles 
 long and two broad. The principal town is of the 
 same name, on the south side, with an excellent 
 harbour, 17 m. W. by S. of Athens. It was in 
 the strait between this island and the main land 
 that Themistocles defeated the Persian fleet. 
 
 Coloswar. See Claiisenhurg. 
 
 Col ster worth, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. on 
 the Witham, 8 m. S. of Grantham, celebrated for 
 being the birth-place of the famous Sir Isaac 
 Newton. 
 
 Columb, St. a town in Cornwall, Eng. seated 
 ou a hill 26 m. N. N. W. of Penryn, and 249 W. 
 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,493. 
 
 Columbia, District, a territory ten miles square 
 upon both sides of the Potomac between Virginia 
 and Maryland. It is under the immediate juris- 
 diction of the United States, and contains the seat 
 of the Federal Government. It comprises the 
 cities of Washington, Alexandria and George- 
 town. It is divided into 2 countries, Washing- 
 ton and Alexandria, and contains a population of 
 39,858. 
 
 Columbia, a county of the state of New York, 
 on the east side of the Hudson River, bounded on 
 the east by Berkshire County, Massachusetts. 
 It is about 35 m. from N. to S. and 20 from W. to 
 E. Pop. 39,952. It is divided into 14 townships. 
 It yields some iron at Ancram in the S. E. part 
 of the county. The city of Hudson (which see) on 
 the east bank of the noble river of that name, is the 
 chief place in the county. 
 
 Columbia, a town of the district of Maine, in 
 
 Washington County, situate on Pleasant River 
 near the Atlantic, 15 m. W. S. W. of Machias 
 Pop. G63. 
 
 Columbia, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connecti 
 cut. Pop. 442. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the state of Georgia, 
 bounded on the E. by the Savannah River, which 
 divides it from Edgefield County, South Carolina. 
 It is nearly a square of about 25 m. each way ; be- 
 ing on the verge of the upland district. It is a 
 healthy, agreeable, and fruitful county. Pop. 
 12,606. 
 
 Columbia, a city of South Carolina, capital of 
 Kershaw County, and the seat of government of 
 the state ; is situate on the Congaree, just below 
 the conflux of the Saluda and Broad rivers, 110 
 m. N. N. W. of Charleston, 170 S. W. of Raleigh, 
 and 507 S. W. by S. of Washington. Long. 81. 
 10. W., lat. 33. 58. N. The College of South Car- 
 olina at this place was founded in 1801. It has 9 
 instructors and 111 students, with a library of 7,000 
 vols. It has one vacation in July, August, and 
 September. 
 
 Columbia, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancas- 
 ter County, situate on the Susquehannah, at 
 Wright's Ferry, 12 m. W. of Lancaster, and 70 
 W. by N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Columbia, is also the name of a township in 
 Herkimer County, New York, and of a town in 
 St. Lawrence County, in the same state, 227 m. 
 N. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,181. 
 
 *J* There are 7 other towns called Columbia 
 in the U.S. 
 
 Columbia River. See Oregon. 
 
 Columbiana, a county of the State of Ohio. It 
 is a square of about 35 m. each way ; the S. E. 
 corner jets upon the Ohio River at the point 
 where it divides the state of Ohio from that 
 of Virginia, the east side being bounded by Bea- 
 ver County, in the state of Pennsylvania. It is 
 intersected from the N. W. by Little Beaver Riv- 
 er, which falls into the Ohio at the point of union 
 with Beaver County. The fertility and local ad- 
 vantages of this county may be inferred from the 
 increase of population since 1810, when it was 
 10,870, and in 1830, 35,508. There is a town of 
 the same name in the north part of the county ; 
 but the. chief town is New Lisbon, on the north 
 bank of Little Beaver River, in the centre of the 
 county, 185 m. E. N. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Columblaville, a village of Columbia Co. N. Y. 
 on the Kinderhook Creek on the East bank of the 
 Hudson just above the city of Hudson. Here are 
 11 manufactures, producing yearly 16,240,000 
 yards of calico, besides carpeting and flannels. 
 
 Columbo, the maritime capital of Ceylon. In 
 1805, its site was the residence of a powerful na- 
 tive chief, on whose territory the Portuguese 
 first settled in 1517, and founded the present town 
 in 1638; the Portuguese in 1658, were expelled 
 by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the Eng- 
 lish in 1796. The fort, upwards of a mile in cir- 
 cumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsu- 
 la, and is strong both by nature and art. The 
 town is built more in the European style than any 
 other garrison in India, and nearly divided into 
 four equal quarters by two principal streets, to 
 which smaller ones run parallel, with connecting 
 lanes between them. The natives, who are very 
 numerous, live in the old town, without the walls 
 of the new, as in most of the maritime cities of the 
 east. Its inhabitants comprise some of all nations, 
 and the aggregate population is very considerable 
 Here is a school for the propagation of tfie Chris- 
 
COM 
 
 214 
 
 COM 
 
 linn religion, and a botanical garden. Columbo 
 is the chief place for the staple trade of the island. 
 The articles exported are cinnamon, pepper, ar- 
 rack, and coya rope, or cordage ; also cocoa-nuts 
 and oil, wax, honey, cardamons, coral, ivory, fruit, 
 &c Columbo is situate in a rich district on the 
 west coast, towards the south part of the island. 
 Long. 75). 40. E. lat. 7. 4. N. 
 
 Columbus, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Fop. 1,744. 
 
 Columbus, a small county in the S. E. part of 
 North Carolina, in the swampy district, through 
 which runs the line dividing North from South 
 Carolina. Pop. 4,141. Whkesville is the capital. 
 
 ColuMbiis, the chief town of Franklin County, 
 Ohio, and seat of government of the state. It is 
 pleasantly situate on a gentle eminence, on the 
 E. bank of the Scioio River, just below the junc- 
 tion of the Whetstone. 45 miles above, or N. of 
 Chillicothe, and 418 W. by N. of Washington. 
 A lateral canal extends from this place to the 
 grand canal of Ohio. Fop. 9,437. 
 
 %* There are 6 other towns called Columbus 
 in the U.S. 
 
 Cuhuiina, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Moscow, and an archbishop's see, situate on the 
 S. E. frontier of the province, at the confluence 
 of the Moskwa with the Oka River, 50 m. S. E. 
 of Moscow. 
 
 Colyton, a town of Devonshire, Eng. seated on 
 the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax, ]7 m. E. 
 of Exeter, and 171 W. bv S. of London. Fop. in 
 1-25, 1,045. 
 
 Com, or Kom,a. town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, 
 with several beautiful mosques, and some grand 
 sepulchres, especially those of Seli I. and Abbas 
 II. The trade is considerable; and the chief articles 
 are fruit, both fresh and dry, the best soap in Per- 
 sia, excellent sword blades, white porcelain, silks, 
 and velvets. It is seated near the foot of a moun- 
 tain, and on the banks of a river, in a fine plain, 
 110 m. N.N. E. of Ispahan. 
 
 Comacliio, a town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, 
 seated in a lake of the same name, lying between 
 two mouths of the river Fo, 97 miles E. S. E. of 
 Ferrara. 
 
 Coiitana. See Cirntinia. 
 
 Combe Martin, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It 
 ij seated on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, sur- 
 rounded by mines of iron and lead, the produce 
 from which is shipped lor Wales and Bristol. 
 It is six miles E. of Ilfraeomb, and 202 W. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 1,0^3. 
 
 Combounr, a town of France, in the department 
 of Ille and Vilaine, 25 m. S. S. E. of St Malo : it 
 was the birth place of Chateaubriand. 
 
 Combkonum, a town of Hindoostan, situate on 
 the banks of the Cavery River, about 20 miles 
 above its entrance into the sea. It was the cap- 
 ital of the most ancient of the Hindoo dynasties ; 
 it is now inconsiderable, but several ruins still 
 remain to attest its former greatness. It is about 
 15 m. N. by E. of Tanjore. 
 
 Comercolly, a town of Bengal, near the south 
 hank of the main branch of the Ganges, and about 
 100 m. N. by E. of Calcutta; it is one of the sta- 
 tions or factories of the English Enst India Com- 
 pany, for collecting of silk and cotton manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 Comilla, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, and 
 chief place of the country ofTibera. It is seated 
 on i) rivtT that flows west, intd the Burnmpooter, 
 58 m. E. S. E. of Dacca, and 185 E. N. E. of 
 Calcutta. 
 
 Comriidriilo, or Conimum^ikin^'iloiiio! Guinea, 
 
 on the Cold coast, formerly a part of the kingdom 
 of Fetu. The natives are of a warlike disposition, 
 and so numerous, that the king is said to be ao\e 
 to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital, 
 where the king resides, is called Grand Conimen- 
 do, or Guffb; four miles to the south of which, 
 on the sea coast, is Little Commendo, where the 
 English and Dutch have forts. It lies to the west 
 of Cape Coast castle, in the lat. of 4. 54. J\. and 3. 
 34. W. long. 
 
 Commercy, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Meuse, with a castle seated on the Meuse, 
 16 m. E. of Bar le Due. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Commotau, or Chomvtou, a town of Bohemia, 
 in the circle of Saatz. Its alum pits, and the 
 great quantities of fruit and vegetables raised 
 here, are the principal part of its trade. It is 58 
 m. N. W. of Prague, on the road to Chemnitz. 
 
 Como, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, and a 
 bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, backed 
 by a conical eminence, on which are the ruins of 
 a castle. The cathedral is a handsome edifice of 
 white marble, hewn from the neighbouring quar- 
 ries. The inhabitants have manufactures of cot- 
 ton and silk, and carry on some trade with the Gri- 
 sons. Pliny was born here ; and, in his Letters, 
 speaks of the delightful scenery of its environs 
 It stands at the S. W. end of the Lake of Como, 
 18 m. N. of Milan, and 80 N. E.of Turin. Pop. 
 about 15,000. 
 
 Como, Lake of, a lake of Italy, in the Milanese, 
 extending from the city of Como in a N. N. E. di- 
 rection for about 35 miles : it varies in breadth from 
 one to six miles, and receives from the north the 
 river Maira, and from the east the Adda, both of 
 which rivers fall into the lake at its N. E. end, 
 and discharge their waters by an arm from near 
 the centre, on the S. E. side; this arm extends 
 for about twenty miles from one to two miles 
 wide and is called Lake Lecco, when it again 
 narrows, and resumes the name of the Adda, till 
 it falls into the Po, after a further course of about 
 00 miles, a few miles above Cremona. 
 
 Comorin, Cape, the most southern point of 
 Hindoostan, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. and 77. 45. of 
 E. long. 
 
 Comorn, a strong town of Hungary, capital of 
 a territory of the same name. It is seated on an 
 island called Schut, formed by the confluence of 
 the Wag with the Danube, 70 m. E. S. E. of 
 Vienna. The castle is deemed one of the strong- 
 est in Europe ; and has never surrendered to any 
 besieging force. The town was taken by the 
 sultan Solyman in 1543; and has since then been 
 exposed to various conflicts and ravages ; alike 
 from war, fire, and earthquake. It contains about 
 9,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable 
 traffic with the surrounding country. 
 
 Comoro Islands, five islands in the Indian 
 Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar, and the 
 north end of the island of Madagascar. They 
 are called Hinzeuan, Mahota, Mohilla, An<rezeia, 
 and Comora. See Hinzuan. Grand Comoro 
 pises to the height of nearly 8,000 feet above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 G&mpiegne, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Oise. Here is a palace, in which the 
 kings of France often resided. The maid of Or- 
 leans was taken prisoner here by the English in 
 1430. It. is seated near an extensive forest, on 
 the east hank of the River Oise, over which is an 
 elegant bridge, a little below the confluence of 
 the Aisne.aml 45 in. N. F. of Paris. 
 
 Coiiij/onLclla, or St. Sago dc Compostella, a city 
 
CON 
 
 215 
 
 CON 
 
 of Spain, capital of Galicia, and an archbishop's 
 see, with a university. The public squares and 
 churches are magnificent ; and it has a great 
 number of convents for both sexes. It is pre- 
 tended that the body of St. James, the patron of 
 Spain was buried here ; and pilgrims visit his 
 wooden image, which stands on the great altar 
 of the cathedral. From this city the military 
 order of St. Jago had its origin. It is seated in 
 a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra and 
 Ulla, 35 in. S. by W. of Corunna, and 300 N. N. 
 W of Madrid. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Compostella, a town of Mexico, in Guadalajara, 
 capital of the district of Xalisco. There are sev- 
 eral mines of silver in its neighbourhood. It is 
 110 m. W. of Guadalajara, and about 50 from the 
 shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the long, of 105. 
 42. W. lat. 21. 15. N. 
 
 Compton, t. Bergen Co. N. J. 
 
 Conamcut, or Canonicut, an island in Narragan- 
 set Bay forming part of the state of Rhode Is- 
 land. It lies parallel to Rhode Island on the west, 
 and is 8 miles long and one mile broad. It con- 
 tains the town of Jamestown, and has a produc- 
 tive soil. 
 
 Cnncan, a low tract of country, on the west 
 coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan. From this 
 tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall of 
 mountains, called the Ghauts. It lies between the 
 Portuguese settlement of Goa and Bombay, in 
 the lat. of 16. and 10. N., and was formerly desig- 
 nated the Pirate Coast, in consequence of the 
 frequent piracies committed upon it during the 
 17th and 18th centuries. The pirates were ex- 
 tirpated by a united British and Mahratta force 
 in 1756, and the territory guaranteed to the 
 Peishwa of the Mahrattas, in whose sovereignty 
 it still continues. It is about 40 miles wide, and 
 intersected by several small rivers; and the coast 
 is indented by numerous bays and harbours, the 
 principal of which are as follows, beginning at 
 the north, vi:. Choul, Bancjote,or Fort Victoria, 
 Dabul, Zigar, Gheria, and Rajpoor : off Dabul, 
 lies the small island of Severndroog, which was 
 the main point of rendezvous for the pirates. 
 
 Concarneii.u, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, with a castle seated on a 
 small inlet of the sea, 16 m. S. E. of Quimper. 
 
 Conception, Bay and town of, in Chile. The 
 Bay of Concepcion is one of the most commo- 
 dious on the whole western coast of South 
 America. It is about ten miles each way, open 
 to the N. W., the entrance being divided into two 
 channels by the small island of Quinquina. 
 Both channels have sufficient depth of water for 
 the largest vessels ; the eastern is about two 
 miles wide, and the western about one mile and a 
 half. The south side of the island of Quinquina 
 affords very good anchorage; but the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of the bay is more convenient. On the 
 shore of this part of the bay is the town of Tal- 
 cah nana, nearly on the site of which the town of 
 Concepcion was originally founded by Valdivia in 
 1550; and it was, for a considerable time, the 
 capital of all Chile ; but having repeatedly suffer- 
 ed from the attacks of the Araucanians, the seat 
 of government was transferred to St. Jago, and 
 having also been injured by an earthquake in 1730, 
 and totally destroyed in 1751, the town was re- 
 built on the north bank of the Biobio River, at a 
 distance of about six miles S. E. of the site of 
 the former town. Next to St. Jajro, it is the 
 most populous town in Chile, and in 1826 contain- 
 ed about 13,000 inhabitants'. It is situate in the 
 
 province of Puchacay, in the lat. of 36. 48. N 
 and 73. 8. of W. long. 
 
 Concepcion, a sea-port of the province of Vera- 
 gua ; seated near the shore of the Caribbean sea, 
 on the river Veracrua, 05 m. W. by S. of Porto- 
 bello. Long. 81. 40. W., lat. 8. 48. N. 
 
 Conception del Pao, an interior town of Colom- 
 bia, in the province of Venezuela, situate on the 
 border of the great plain of the Orinoco, about 
 140 m. S. S. W. of Cumana. The inhabitants 
 drive considerable herds of cattle to Barcelona 
 and Cumana, for exportation to the West Indies. 
 
 Conception, one of the large bays of the Isl- 
 and of Newfoundland, at the S. E. end, in the 
 lat. of 47. 30. to 48. N., and 52. 30. of W. long. 
 
 Conchas, a river of Mexico, in the Intendency 
 of Durango, which hiis its source near St. Cruz, 
 in the lat. of 48. 40. N. ; runs south for about 70 
 m. then in a W. N. W. direction for about the 
 same distance, and then due north for about 160 
 m. into the Rio del Norte. 
 
 Concize, a town of Switzerland, on the west 
 bank, near the south end of the Lake of Neuf- 
 chatel. Pop. about 2,500. 
 
 Concobello, a town in the interior of South 
 Africa, in Anziko, the residence of a prince ; 
 seated on the River Zaire, and borders on Congo, 
 150 m. S. W. of Monsol. Long. 15. 54. E. lat. 
 2. 5. S. 
 
 Concord, p.t.. Merrimack Co. is the seat of gov- 
 ernment of N. Hampshire. It is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on both sides of' the Merrimack, along which 
 spread some rich intervals. The chief village is on 
 the west side, and forms a strait 2 miles in length. 
 It contains.a State House and State Prison, both 
 of stone. Concord has a considerable trade and 
 a boat navigation to Boston by the river and Mid- 
 dlesex canal. Distance from Boston 62 m. from 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 3,727. 
 
 Concord, p. v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 16 in. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,017. The first provincial congress 
 met here in 1774, and the first opposition to the 
 British arms in the conflict usually termed the 
 battle of Lexington, was made at this place. See 
 Lexington. 
 
 *J* There are 17 other towns named Concord 
 in different parts of the United States. 
 
 Concordia, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, 
 on the river Sechia, 5 miles west of Mirandola. 
 
 Concordia, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 28 m. 
 S. S. W. ofUdina. 
 
 Concordia, a parish of Louisiana, extending 
 north from the entrance of Red River about 140 
 miles along the west bank of the Mississippi, 
 beinir about 15 miles in mean breadth. Pop. 
 4,662. The seat of justice has the same name 
 and is seated on the Mississippi opposite Natchez. 
 
 Condanore, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 
 24 m. E. of Adoni. 
 
 Condopilly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of 
 one of the five Circars. It is situate near the bay 
 of Benoral, north of the Kistnah, 80 m. S. S. E. 
 of Rafamundry. Long. 80. 30. E. lat. 16. 37. 
 N. 
 
 Condapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, 
 20 m. S. by W. of Hydrabad. 
 
 Condatclu/,VL town on the west coast of the Isl- 
 and of Ceylon, oft' which is the principal pearl 
 fishery. It is south of the Island of Manar, in 
 the lat. of 8. 45. N. 
 
 Condavir, a town of Hindoostan, and the prin- 
 cipal post of Guntoor, one of the five Circars. It 
 is stronorly situate on a mountain, 30 m. S. W 
 of ConuVpilly, and 65 N. N. W. of Ongole 
 
CON 
 
 216 
 
 CON 
 
 Conic, a strong town of France, in the depart- 
 ment ofNord, with a fortress. It surrendered to 
 the allies, after enduring the rigours of famine 
 in 1793 ; but was retaken in 1794. Conde 
 is seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the 
 llaisne, 7 m. N. by E. of Valenciennes, and 26 
 S. E. of Lisle. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Conde, a town of France, in the department of 
 Calvados, seated on the Noireau, 28m. S. S. W. 
 of Caen. 
 
 Condecedo, or La Desconocida, a cape of Yuca- 
 tan, on the east shore of the Bay of Campeche, 
 100 m. W. of Merida. Long. 91. 27. W. lat. 20. 
 50. N. 
 
 Condesuyas, a town of Peru, capital of a dis- 
 trict, in which is gathered a species of wild cochi- 
 neal, that forms a great article of trade. It is 85 
 m. N. N. W. of Arequipa. 
 
 Condom, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gers, seated on the Baise, 26 m. N. N. W. of 
 Audi, and 28 S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Condorc, or Pulo Condore, a fertile island in 
 the China Sea, near the Coast of Cambodia, 9 
 miles long, and two where broadest; and is sur- 
 rounded by several islets. Buffaloes, hogs, veg- 
 etables and water are to be had here. The Eng- 
 lish had a settlement here in 1702 ; but the fac- 
 tors falling out with the natives, most of them 
 were murdered, and the rest driven thence in 
 1795. It has a spacious bay on the east side. 
 Long. 107. 20. E. lat. 8. 40. N. 
 
 Condrieu, a town of France, in the department 
 of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine, seated 
 near the Rhone, 18 m. S. of Lyons. Pop. about 
 4,000. 
 
 Conemaugh, there are 3 towns of this name in 
 Pa. There is also a creek of this name in the 
 same state, on the banks of which, about 30 miles 
 East of Pittsburg are saline springs from which 
 salt is manufactured. 
 
 Concstogo, a stream falling into the Susque- 
 hanna in Lancaster Co. Pa. Also a town in 
 the same county. 
 
 Conewago, the name of two streams running 
 from opposite directions into the Susquehanna in 
 Pa. Also a town in York Co. Pa. 
 
 Conewango, the name of a town and a branch 
 of the Alleghany river in Warren Co. Pa. 
 
 Canjlans, a town of Savoy, near the confluence 
 of the Isere and Doron, 18 m. east of Cham- 
 berry. 
 
 Conflans, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Saone, 12 miles north of Vesoul. 
 
 Confolens, a town of France, in the department 
 of Charente, on the River Vienne, 30 m. N. E. 
 of Angouleme. 
 
 Cong, a village of Ireland, in the county of 
 Mayo, 24 miles south of Castlebar. It is seated 
 on the north bank of Lake Corr, and was former- 
 ly the residence of the kings of Connaught. 
 The ruins of several churches and religious 
 houses are yet visible. Pop. in 1821, 508. The 
 parish extends into the County of Galway ; and 
 contained in 1821, an aggregate population of 
 7,568. 
 
 Congaree, a river of South Carolina ; it is form- 
 ed of the united waters of the Broad and Saluda 
 Rivers, which after a course of about 40 miles, 
 unite with the Wateree, in nearly the cen- 
 tre of the state ; the united streams then take 
 the name of the Santee. 
 
 Congleton, a town of England in the county of 
 Cheshire. It is seated on the banks of the River 
 Dean. 161 m. IS. W. of London, on the mail-coach 
 
 road to Liverpool. In 1754 an extensive silk mill 
 was erected here ; and in 1825 the number of mills 
 for the like purpose exceeded thirty, with four or 
 five for spinning of cotton : the weaving, also both 
 of cotton and silk, has been partially established 
 in the town and neighbourhood. It has two tan- 
 yards and various other manufactures dependent 
 on the process of spinning. The poo. which in 
 1801 was 3,861, in 1821 had increased to 6,404. 
 It is 7 m. S. S. W. of Macclesfield. 
 
 Coneatt, t. Crawford Co. Pa. 
 
 Congo, a country on the west coast of South 
 Africa, between 4. and 15. deg. of S. lat. contain- 
 ing the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola, 
 Matamba, and Benguela. It was discovered by 
 the Portuguese in 1481 ; and is bounded on the 
 north by Guinea, east by parts unknown, south 
 by Bemba, and west by the Atlantic. It is some- 
 times called Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguese 
 have many settlements on the coast, as well as in 
 the inland country. There are many desert pla- 
 ces within land, in which are elephants, leo- 
 pards, monkeys, and monstrous serpents ; but 
 near the coast the soil is more fertile, and there 
 are fruits of many kinds, beside palm-trees, from 
 which wine and oil are made. The greatest part 
 of the inhabitants go almost naked ; they wor- 
 ship the sun, moon, and stars, and animals of 
 different kinds ; but the Portuguese have made 
 many converts. They are skilful in weaving cot- 
 ton cloth, and trade in slaves, ivory, cassia, and 
 tamarinds. Congo, properly so called, is only 
 150 m. broad along the coast, but is 370 inland. 
 From March to September is called the winter 
 season, when it rains almost every day ; and the 
 summer is from October to March, when the 
 weather is very hot. The principal rivers are tho 
 Zaire and Coanza. The capital is St. Salvador. 
 See Zaire. 
 
 Congo, a town of Persia in Laristan. It is a 
 market for pearls, brought from Bahrin, and i& 
 seated on a river, which flows into the Persian 
 Gulf, 90 m. W. by S. of Ormus. Long. 54. 30. 
 E., lat. 26. 36. N. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Congress, t. Wayne Co. Ohio. 
 
 Coni, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a 
 territory of its name, with a strong citadel. Its 
 trade is considerable, being the repository for all 
 the merchandize from Turin and Nice, which is 
 intended for Lombardy, Switzerland, and Ger- 
 many. It is so strong by nature and art, that 
 though frequently besieged by the French, they 
 never could take it. In 1796 it was delivered up 
 to the French, after their victory at Mondovi, as 
 a hostage for the performance of a treaty; and it 
 surrendered to the Austrians in 1799. It fell again 
 into the hands of the French in 1810, and was ce- 
 ded to Sardinia at the general peace of 1814. It 
 is seated on a rock, at the confluence of the Gez- 
 zo and Stura, 35 m. south of Turin. Pop. aboul 
 10,000. 
 
 Conjeveram, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car 
 natic. The streets are tolerably wide ; and on 
 each side is a row of cocoa-nut trees. The inhab 
 itants are most of them Bramins belonging to two 
 large temples ; there is also a small mosque of 
 very neat workmanship. It is seated near the Pa- 
 lear,24 m. E. of Arcot, and 44 W. S. W. of Mad 
 ras. 
 
 Conil, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a bay 
 to which it gives name. The inhabitants are 
 much engaged in fishing, especially for tunnies 
 and beautiful ervstalized sulphur is found here 
 It is IS m. S. S. E. of Cadiz. 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 Conisbcrg. See Konigsberg. 
 Conisbrough, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. 
 5 m. S. W. of Doncaster. It was formerly a 
 place of note, and has large remains of an ancient 
 castle. Pop. in 1321, 1,142. 
 
 Cuniston-meie, a lake in Lancashire, Eng. G m. 
 long and nearly one broad. It is in some places 
 40 fathoms deep, and abounds in excellent char. 
 Near the head of it, on the N. W. side, is the 
 village of Coniston, 3 m. W. by S. of Hawks- 
 head , and north of the village rises the peak of 
 Coniston Fell, to the height of 2,577 feet above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 Connaught, one of the four provinces of Ireland, 
 bounded on the south by Munster, east by the 
 River Shannon, which divides it from Leinster, 
 north by Donegal and Sligo Bays, and west by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, which indents it with nu- 
 merous bays, giving it from three to four hun- 
 dred miles of sea-coast, flanked by numerous 
 islands. It contains a good deal of mountainous 
 territory, and several lakes. For extent of sur- 
 face, divisions, population, »fcc. See Ireland. 
 
 Connecticut, one of the united states of America, 
 bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode 
 Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New 
 York. It lies between 41. and 42. 2. N. lat. and 
 71. 20. and 73. 15. W. long. It is 8S miles in 
 length, and 53 in mean breadth, and contains 4,6(14 
 sq. miles. The surface of Connecticut is agreeably 
 diversified by gently swelling hills and valleys, 
 presenting to the eye of the traveller a constantly 
 varying prospect ; and in some parts he hills rise 
 to a height to claiming the denomination of moun- 
 tains. The Housatonic mountains enter the state 
 in the N. W. part, and continue southerly along 
 the Housatonic river to the coast; this is but a 
 succession of eminences, spurs and branches, some 
 of which are considerably elevated. The next, 
 proceeding easterly, is the Greenwoods Range, 
 which is not very high ; the summits in the north- 
 ern parts are covered with evergreens ; the south- 
 ern division is more rugged and less lofty than the 
 northern. 
 
 The third is broken and precipitous on its west- 
 ern face, with gentle declivities on the eastern, 
 this range divides into branches towards the S., 
 which end in East Rock and West Rock, near 
 New Haven. The fourth range extends from 
 Hartford to New Haven, and is of the same 
 geological character with the preceding, but is 
 not continuous. It is of only a moderate height, 
 but has a few bold elevations. This range is 
 called the Middletown Mountains, though its 
 separate parts have several distinct appellations. 
 Passing W. of the Connecticut river, we come 
 to the 5th, called tlje Lyme Range, being the 
 height of land which separates the waters of the 
 Connecticut from those of the Thames ; this 
 range has also two branches toward the S., but 
 in the N. is a distinct and continuous ridge, high- 
 est in the northern part. 
 
 The chief rivers are the Connecticut, the Hous- 
 atonic and the Thames. The first mentioned is 
 the only one that affords extensive navigation. 
 New London harbour is the best in the state, yet 
 it is but little frequented. Hartford and New 
 Haven are the chief trading places. 
 
 The climate of Connecticut is somewhat mild- 
 er than in Massachusetts. The soil and agricul- 
 tural pursuits are about the same. There are 
 mines of iron in the state but they are little 
 wrought. Copper and lead are also found here, 
 and quarries of marble are wrought extensively. 
 28 
 
 Manufactures are in a flourishing state here. One 
 of the largest manufacturing places is Middletown, 
 where are made cotton and woolen cloths, paper, 
 soap, combs, rifles, pistols, swords, also coffee 
 mills to the number of 200,000 annually, and band 
 boxes 30,000. At Tarifville are manufactories of 
 cotton and carpeting. At Norwich, are manufac- 
 tories of flannel, cotton, leather, paper, iron, &c. 
 At Manchester there are extensive cotton manu- 
 factories. Vast quantities of tin ware are made 
 in various parts of the state, and sent to every 
 town in the Union for sale. At Canton is a man- 
 ufactory of axes, which have acquired a reputa 
 tion above all others in the United States. Near 
 New Haven, at the foot of East Rock, is a gun 
 factory, for several years occupied in manufactur 
 ing muskets for the United States. It is re- 
 markable for the excellence of its internal ar 
 rangements, and the perfection of its various 
 mechanical processes. Wooden clocks also form 
 a very thriving branch of manufacturing industry. 
 In the single town of Bristol above 30,000 clocks 
 are made annually, and whole ship loads are ex- 
 ported at a time. Some of the clocks are of met- 
 al, and the whole bring an average price of 8 dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 There are also in different parts of the state, ex 
 tensive manufactories of hats, block-tin ware, and 
 other tilings ; there are a multitude of small estab- 
 lishments in different places devoted to the mak- 
 ing of articles of various kinds. 
 
 Most of the commerce of this state consists in 
 the coasting trade, although New London has a 
 considerable share in the whale fishery The 
 shipping enrolled and licensed in 1827, amounted 
 to 50,708 tons. The domestic produce exported 
 hi 1828, amounted in value to 493,925 dollars. 
 The nn ports for the year were estimated at 
 485,174 dollars. The internal trade is somewhat 
 assisted by the Farmington Canal, which see. 
 
 The state is divided into 8 counties, New Lon 
 don, Middlesex, New Haven, Fairfield, Litchfield, 
 Hartford, Tolland and Windham. The first four 
 border on Long Island Sound. The number of 
 towns and cities is 120. The pop. 297,711. Hart- 
 ford, and New Haven are the capitals, and the le- 
 gislature meet alternately at these places. The 
 present constitution was adopted in 1818; before 
 this time, the state was governed according to the 
 colonial charter. The legislature is called the 
 General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. The representatives 
 are chosen in towns, according to numbers, and 
 the senators by a general ticket. All elections are 
 annual, and the qualifications for voting, amount 
 to universal suffrage. The executive branch 
 consists of a Governor, and Lt. Governor, cho- 
 sen by the people. There is no religious test in 
 office. The Congregationalists have 23G minis- 
 ters ; the Baptists 78; the Methodists 40; the 
 Episcopalians 58. There are some Unitarians, 
 Universalists, Catholics and Shakers. 
 
 There are colleges at New Haven and Hartford 
 and many academies in different parts of tin; 
 state. The Connecticut School fund, arising from 
 the sale of western lands belonging to the state, 
 amounts nearly to 2,000,000 dollars° The income 
 of this fund is appropriated by the constitution of 
 the state, to the support of primary schools, and is 
 divided among the different counties, in propor- 
 tion to the number of children. The population, 
 next to that of Massachusetts, is more dense than 
 in «ny other part of the United States, notwith 
 standing which great numbers are constantly 
 T 
 
CON 
 
 213 
 
 CON 
 
 emigrating to Ohio and other parts of the western 
 territory. 
 
 This State was settled in 1636 by emigrants 
 from Massachusetts. See Hartford. The peo- 
 ple are remarkable for thrift, ingenuity and enter- 
 prise, and display with peculiar strength many 
 prominent traits of the New England character. 
 See JVeic England. 
 
 Connecticut, the largest river in New England, 
 rising at the northern extremity of New Hamp- 
 shire, on the boundary between that state and 
 Canada. It runs southerly, dividing the states 
 of New Hampshire and Vermont, after which it 
 passes through Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 to the sea at Long Island Sound. Its whole 
 course is above 400 miles. It is navigated by 
 sloops to Hartford 50 miles, by steamboats to 
 Springfield in Vermont and by the help of im- 
 
 provements in canals, it will soon have a steam- 
 boat navigation of 200 miles. 
 
 The valley of this river is from 5 to 45 miles 
 in width, and its surface is composed of a suc- 
 cession of hills, vallies and plains. The interval 
 lands begin about 12 or 14 miles from its mouth. 
 These lands are formed by a long and continued 
 alluvion of the river. The tributary streams of 
 the Connecticut run everywhere through a soft 
 and rich soil, considerable quantities of which, par- 
 ticularly the lighter and finer particles, are from 
 time to time washed into their channels, by occa- 
 sional currents, springing from rains, and melted 
 snows. Wherever the stream moves with an 
 uniform current, these particles are carried along 
 with it ; but where the current is materially 
 checked, they are in greater or less quantities 
 deposited. In this manner, the interval borders 
 of the river are formed. The form of most of 
 them is elegant ; a river, passing through them 
 becomes almost of course, winding; the earth of 
 which they are composed is of a uniform texture, 
 the impressions made by the stream upon the 
 
 margin entirely neat, and very coram mly orna- 
 mented with a fringe of shrubs and trees. Nor 
 is the surface of these grounds less pleasing ; 
 their terraced form and undulations are eminent- 
 ly handsome, and their universal fertility makes a 
 cheerful impression on every eye. A great part 
 of them is formed into meadows, which are here 
 more profitable, and everywhere more beautiful 
 than lands devoted to any other culture ; here 
 they are extended from 5 to 500 acres, and are 
 everywhere covered with a verdure, peculiarly 
 rich and vivid. The finest and most abundant 
 crops of hay are raised upon these intervals. 
 
 There are many falls and rapids upon the Con- 
 necticut, the largest of which is a violent rapid 
 called Bellows Falls, at a village of that name in 
 Vermont. A canal passes round this obstruction 
 on the western side. Most of the other rapids 
 are also avoided by locks and canals. The scenery 
 along the banks of the Connecticut is exceeding- 
 ly varied and picturesque, and though many other 
 streams surpass it in grandeur of features, yet for 
 the variety, elegance and cheerfulness of the 
 landscape which its borders everywhere exhibit, 
 it may be regarded as one of the most beautiful 
 rivers in the world. Its waters afford vast num- 
 bers of the finest shad, and the taking of these fish 
 furnishes occupation to many of the inhabitants 
 alone; the river. 
 
 liorder are also nearly uniform ; hence this border 
 is almost universally a handsome arch, with a 
 
 Connecticut, lake, N. H. the source of one of 
 the branches of that river. 
 
 Conecuh, a south frontier county of the state of 
 Alabama, bordering on West Florida. Pop. 7,444. 
 A river of the same name intersects the county, 
 running south through West Florida into the Bay 
 ofPensacola. Sparta is the chief town. 
 
 Connor, a parish in the county of Antrim, Ire 
 land, which, in 1821, contained a population of 
 7,123. There is a decayed town in the parish, for- 
 merly a bishop's see, now united to Down. It if- 
 6 m. north of Antrim. Pop. in 1820,239. 
 
 Connorsrille, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind. 
 
 Conquest, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,50~ 
 
 Conquct, a town of France, in the department of 
 Finisterre, with a good harbour and road. It is 
 12 m. W. of Brest. 
 
 Conselve, a town of Italy, 12 m. S. of Padua. 
 Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Consiglione, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 10 m. S. of Palernio. 
 
 Constable, p. v. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. 693. 
 
 Constadt, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Oels, 23 m. E. of Brieg. 
 
 Constance, a fortified citv of Suabia, seated on 
 the south side of the Rhine, between the upper 
 and lower lakes of Constance, or the lakes of 
 Constance and Zell. Though once flourishing in 
 commerce, and celebrated in history, it now 
 scarcely contains 4,000 inhabitants. Constance is 
 
CON 
 
 219 
 
 CON 
 
 famous for a council in 1514, which caused John 
 Huss and Jerome of" Prague to be burnt : and 
 likewise condemned the doctrine of WicklirTe, 
 ordered his bones to be burnt forty years after he 
 was dead. It was formerly the capital of a secu- 
 larized bishopric, extending on both sides of the 
 Rhine ; that on the south is now included in the 
 Swiss Canton of Thurgau ; and that on the north, 
 with the city itself, now forms part of the circle 
 of the lake in the territory of the Grand Duke of 
 of Baden, 100 miles S. S. E. of Carlsrube, 80 E. 
 of Basle, and 42 N. N. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Constance, Lake of, the most considerable 
 lake of Switzerland, which it separates from 
 Suabia. that part excepted where the city of Con- 
 stance is seated on its south side. It is divided 
 into three parts. The upper and largest part is 
 called Boden See ; the middle part is named 
 Bodmer See ; and the lower part Unter See, Zeller 
 See, or the lake of Zell. The upper lake, from Bre- 
 gentz, at its eastern extremity to Constance, is 37 
 m. long, and 15 in its greatest breadth. Through 
 this lake the Rhine flows, and enters the Zeller See, 
 which is 16 m. long and 10 in its greatest breadth, 
 ft is in some places 350 fathoms deep, and 100 
 (rr>nerally ; and like all the lakes in Switzerland is 
 deeper in summer than in winter ; which is owing 
 to the first melting of the snow from the adjacent 
 mountains. It abounds with fish, and its trout are 
 much esteemed; and besides the city of Constance, 
 has many agreeable towns and villages on its banks. 
 
 Constantia, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on Oneida 
 Lake. Pop. 1,193. 
 
 Constantina, a town of Spain in Andalusia, 
 with a castle on a mountain, 40 m. N. E. of Seville. 
 
 Constantina, the eastern province of the king- 
 dom of Algiers, and the largest and richest of 
 the four. The greatest part along the coast is 
 mountainous. In the mountains dwell free Ara- 
 bian and Moorish tribes, of whom the Cabyles are 
 deemed the most turbulent and cruel. As these 
 free mountaineers possessed a superfluity of oil, 
 soap, dried figs, and timber, the government of 
 Algiers, which stood in need of these articles 
 were firmerlv obliged in many things to show in- 
 dulgence to these tribes. See Zaub. 
 
 Constantina, a city of the kingdom Algiers, 
 capital of the province of the same name. It is 
 seated at the top of a steep rock, and there is no 
 way to it but by steps cut out of the rock. 
 The usual way of punishing criminals here is to 
 throw them down the cliff. Here are many Ro- 
 man antiquities, particularly a triumphal arch. 
 Next to Algiers, this city is the most populous in 
 the kingdom. It is 190 miles E. by S. of Algiers. 
 Lon<r. 0? 24. E , lat. 36'. 24. N. 
 
 Constantinople, one of the largest cities in Eu- 
 rope, and the capital of the Turkish Empire. It 
 i-i of" a triangular form : and seated between the 
 Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora, r>n a neck of 
 land that advances toward Natolia from which it 
 is separated by a strait a mile in breadth. The 
 Sea of Marmora washes its walls on the south, 
 and a gulf of the strait of Constantinople does 
 (lie same on the N. E. It was anciently called 
 Bvzantiutn. but the name was changed in the 
 voar 330 bv Constantino the Great, who made it 
 the seat of the Roman empire in the east. It was 
 taken in 14~>3 by the Turks, who have kept pos- 
 session of it ever since. The grand signior s 
 palace, called the seraglio, is on the sea side, sur- 
 rounded by walls flanked with towers, and sepa- 
 rated from the city by canals. It stands on the 
 site of ancient Byzantium, the east point of the 
 
 present city, and is three miles m circumference, 
 consisting of an assemblage of palaces and apart- 
 ments placed by the side of one another, without 
 symmetry and without order. The principal en- 
 trance of this palace is of marble, and is called 
 Capi, that is the Porte (or gate), a name used 
 frequently to express the court, or the empire. 
 The castle of Seven Towers is a state prison, 
 and stands near the Sea of Marmora, at the 
 west point of the city from the seraglio ; and at 
 the north-west point, without the walls, is the 
 imperial palace of Aijub, or Atmejdan, the (an- 
 cient Hippodrome) with a village of the same 
 name. The number of houses in Constantinople 
 is prodigious ; but in general, they pre mean, and 
 all of them constructed of wood, and the roofs 
 covered with hollow tiles. The public edifices 
 alone are built by masonry in a very solid manner. 
 The streets are narrow, badly paved, and dirty ; 
 and the people are infested with the plague al- 
 most every year. The inhabitants, who are va- 
 riously said to amount tc from 3 to 400,000, are half 
 Turks, two thirds of the other half, Greeks or 
 Armenians, and the rest Jews. Here are a great 
 number of ancient monuments still remaining ; 
 particularly the superb temple of St. Sophia built 
 in the sixth century, which is converted into a 
 mosque, and will contain 100,000 persons conven- 
 iently. Between the two mosques of sultan Sol- 
 vman and Bajazet is the old seraglio, in which are 
 "shut up the wives of the deceased sultans, and 
 also such women as have displeased the grand 
 seicmior. The bazaars, or bezesteins, are large 
 square buildings, covered with d unes supported 
 by arcades, and contain all forts of goods, 
 which are there exposed to sale. There is a 
 market for slaves, the Jews are the principal mer- 
 chants, who bring them here to be sold ; great 
 numbers of girls are brought from Hungary, Greece, 
 Candia, Circassia, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for 
 the service of the Turks, who generally buy them 
 for their seraglios. The great square near the 
 mosque of sultan Bajazet, is the place for public 
 diversions. The gulf on the north-east of the 
 city is the harbour, which runs up from the point 
 of the seraglio to the village of Aijub, about 
 four miles in length and half a mile wide where 
 broadest. Aijub may be reckoned one of the 
 suburbs, and has a mosque, in which is the tomb 
 of sultan Othman. the founder of the empire. 
 The suburbs of Galata and Pera, are on the other 
 side of the harbour. The former extends alon<r 
 the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly occu- 
 pied by merchants ; and adjoining it on the east, 
 is a cannon foundery, called Tophana. Pera 
 stands behind these on an eminence, and is the 
 place where the foreign ambassadors reside. In 
 this part there are several houses where Euro- 
 pean sailors, Greeks, and even Turks, cro to drink 
 and intox-icate themselves, notwithstanding the 
 severitv of the government in this respect. The 
 circumference of this city is 14 miles, and 24 with 
 the suburbs included ; and as they are built on 
 o-round which rises gradually, there is a view of 
 the whole town from the sea. The city is sur- 
 rounded by walls of freestone, here and there 
 mixed with bricks, and flanked with 2o0 towers. 
 There are 22 gates ; six on the land side, and the 
 rest towards the harbour and sea. The palaces, 
 mosques, bagnios, and caravanserais, are many of 
 them man-nificent. Constantinople is 780 miles 
 in a meridional line S. E. of Vienna. Long. 28. 
 a5. E., lat. 41. 1. N. 
 
 Constantinople, Strait of, anciently the Thracian 
 
coo 
 
 220 
 
 COP 
 
 tlospliorus, and forming the communication be- 
 tween the Propontis, or sea of Marmora, and the 
 Euxine or Black Sea. It is 20 miles long and lit- 
 tle more than a mile wide ; and forms the sepa- 
 ration here between Europe and Asia. At its en- 
 trance on the west side is situate Constantinople, 
 and on the other Scutari. Both its banks are 
 lined with villages, where are seen some very 
 handsome houses, almost entirely built of wood, 
 and variously painted ; those belonging to the 
 Turks are in white or red ; those of the Greeks, 
 Armenians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown, 
 for the)' are not allowed to employ the colours of 
 the Mussulmen. At its termination in the Black 
 Sea, are two forts opposite each other, to defend 
 the passage. 
 
 Constanthiaw, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on 
 the river Bog, 8 m. S. W. of Chmielnik, and 72 
 N. E. of Karninieck. 
 
 Coiistantinow, another town of Poland, in Vol- 
 hina, on the River Sulucza, 30 m. W. by N. of 
 the former. 
 
 Contcssa, a seaport of European Turkey, in 
 Macedonia, advantageously located at the head 
 of agulf of its name, at the influx of the Strimoon, 
 60 m. E. by N. of Salonichi, and 246 W. of Con- 
 stantinople. Long. 24. 8. E., and lat. 40. 52. N. 
 
 Contoocook, r. N. H. flows into the Merrimack 
 near Concord. 
 
 Contres, a town of France, in the department of 
 Loire and Cher, 10 m. S. E. of Blois. 
 
 Conty,a. town of France, in the department of 
 Somme, seated on the Seille, 14 m. S. S. W. of 
 Amiens. 
 
 Com^crsano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 12 m. S. E. of Bari. 
 
 Conway, a river of Wales, which flows through 
 a fertile vale of the same name, along the whole 
 eastern border of Caernarvonshire, and enters the 
 Irish sea at Aberconway. 
 
 Comray, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on Saco river, 
 118 m. fr. Boston ; 75 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,601. 
 
 Conicai/, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,563. 
 
 Conyngham, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 Coma, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- 
 riore, and an archbishop's see. It suffered so 
 much by an earthquake in 1694. that the place 
 where the cathedral stood is hardly known. Its 
 principal commerce is in marble. It is seated 
 near the head waters of the Ofanti River, 52 m. E. 
 of Naples. 
 
 Cooch Bey/tar, a district of Bengal on the fron- 
 tier of Bootan, which exhibits a melancholy proof 
 of two facts frequently united ; the great facility 
 of obtaining food, and the wretched indigence of 
 the lower order of inhabitants. It became tribu- 
 tary to the English in 1772. Beyhar, the chief 
 town, is 260 m. N. by E. of Calcutta. 
 
 Cook's Inlet, an extensive arm of the sea, on 
 the N. W. coast of America, discovered in 1778, 
 by Captain Cook, who traced it 70 leag. from its 
 entrance, in long. 152. W. and supposed it to be 
 the mouth of a large river, but it was further ex- 
 plored in 1704 by captain Vancouver, who found 
 its termination to be in long. 148. 43. W., lat. 61. 
 20. N. 
 
 Cookstown, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Cooksviltc, p.v Anne Arundel Co. Maryland. 
 
 Cook's Strait, a strait dividing the two islands 
 of which New Zealand is composed: it is about 
 four or five leagues broad. 
 
 Coolsjiring, I. Mercer Co. Pa. 
 
 CoohilU', pv. Athens Co. Ohio. 
 
 Cooper, a county of the state of Missouri, and on 
 the western frontier of the United States territory. 
 It lies south of the Missouri River, and is bound- 
 ed on the east by a mountain ridge, which di- 
 vides it from Wayne County, and is intersected 
 from west to east by Orange River. Pop. 6,019. 
 Booneville on the south bank of the Missouri, in 
 the lat. of 39. S. is the chief town. 
 
 Cooper, a river of S. Carolina, falling into the 
 harbour of Charleston. 
 
 Cooperstorcn, a town of New York, chief of Ot 
 sego County, situate at the S. W. end, and the 
 outlet of lake Otsego, 12 m. N. W of Cherry Val- 
 ley, and 64 W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 Coos, an island in the Archipelago, 56 m. N. W. 
 of Rhodes, subject to the Turks. Long. 27. 44. 
 E., lat. 37.1. N. 
 
 Coos, a county forming the whole of the north 
 part of the state of New Hampshire. It is about 
 90 miles in length from north to south, and 28 in 
 mean breadth ; it is bounded on the east by the 
 state of Maine, and west by the Connecticut River, 
 which divides it from Vermont, and north by the 
 ridge of mountains which divides the United 
 States territory from Lower Canada. On the 
 southern confines of the county are the White 
 Mountains, through which is a pass in one place 
 not more than 22 feet wide, and appears cloven 
 down to its very base, in a perpendicular line on 
 one side, and on the other in an angle of about 
 45 deg. ; through this Notch or Gap, as it is term- 
 ed, a turnpike road has been constructed from the 
 banks of the Connecticut River to the Atlantic 
 Ocean at Portland, a route much used for the con- 
 veyance of heavy produce on sledges in the winter 
 season ; and thus, whilst it forms one of the grand- 
 estnatural features of the world, it is rendered sub- 
 servient to the medium of an extensive and an 
 advantageous intercourse. Coos County is at 
 present but thinly inhabited. The population, 
 however, which in 1810, was only 3,991, in 1830 
 had increased to 8,390. Lancaster, on the east 
 bank of the Connecticut river, is the chief town. 
 
 Coosa icatchie, a town of South Carolina, in 
 Beaufort district. The courts formerly held at 
 Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the Coo- 
 saw, over which is abridge, 20 m. N. W. of Beau- 
 fort, and 60 W. S. W. of Charleston. 
 
 Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, built on 
 a morass, and surrounded with several small lakes. 
 It was founded by some wandering fishermen, in 
 the 11th century, and is now accounted the best 
 built city of the north of Europe. It became the 
 seat of the court and government of Denmark in 
 1443. The streets are well paved with a foot-way 
 on each side. The greatest part of the buildings 
 are of brick, and a few of free-stone ; the houses 
 of the nobility are in general splended, and built 
 in the Italian style. The harbour is capable of 
 containing 500 ships ; and the streets are intersect 
 ed by broad canals, which bring the merchandize 
 close to the warehouses on the quays. Copenha- 
 gen contains four royal palaces, 19 churches, a 
 great number of public buildings, and a universi- 
 ty ; and, in 1826, about 90,000 inhabitants. The 
 palace called Christiansburg, built by Christian 
 VI., but burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile 
 of building, of hewn stone, the wings and stables 
 of brick, stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is 
 large and convenient, containing 330 beds, occu- 
 pied by as many poor. The church is so placed, 
 that service may be heard by those who are con- 
 fined to their bed. The exchange is a lar^e 
 Gothic building ; vessels are brought very near it 
 
COP 
 
 221 
 
 COR 
 
 by means of canals; and here the merchants assem- 
 ble. The new royal market is the largest square 
 in the city, and almost entirely composed of 
 stately building's ; as the academy of painting and 
 sculpture, the theatre, the great hotel, the artil- 
 lery house, &c. and in the centre is a marble 
 equestrian statue of Christian V. In the north 
 suburbs is an obelisk of reddish stone, erected in 
 1793, by the city, to the honour of Christian VI. 
 on his abolishing vassalage ; and around its pedes- 
 tal are four female figures of while marble. The 
 citadel is a regular fortification, with five bas- 
 tions, a double ditch full of water, and several ad- 
 vanced woiks. This city owes its present beauty 
 to the fire of 1728, which destroyed five churches 
 and 07 streets, having been rebuilt in a better 
 style. It suffered greatly by fire in 1794 ; and 
 again in the following year. The new part of the 
 town, raised by Frederic V., is extremely beauti- 
 ful. It consists of an octagon containing four 
 uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stone, and 
 of four broad streets leading to it, in opposite direc- 
 tions. In the middle of the area stands an eques- 
 trian statue of Fred. V. in bronze, as large as life, 
 which is justly admired. The round tower built by 
 Christian IV. and designed for an observatory, 
 is a singular structure, not having a single step 
 in it, though very lofty : its ascent is by a spiral 
 road nearly fourteen feet wide, and one of their 
 kings has driven in his carriage up and down it. 
 On the interruption to the commerce of Holland, 
 by the events of the French revolution in 1793-4, 
 Copenhagen became the principal entrepot for the 
 commerce of the north of Europe ; and for this, 
 no place can be more advantageously situated ; 
 but Denmark becoming involved in the conten- 
 tions of that period, and joining in a confederacy 
 with Russia and Sweden against the naval as- 
 cendancy of England, an English fleet, in March, 
 1301 , was despatched to bombard Copenhagen, 
 when, after considerable damage being done to 
 the town, and 28 ships of war taken or destroyed, 
 an armistice was entered upon, which led to a 
 treaty of peace with all the northern powers, but 
 not without operating as a severe check to the 
 commercial enterprise of Copenhagen. In 1807, 
 the British government, although at peace with 
 Denmark, sent a fleet of 17 ships of the line, with 
 frigates, which bombarded the city for three days, 
 when 300 houses, the cathedral, and part of the 
 university were destroyed, and as many more 
 buildings greatly damaged. Eighteen Danish 
 ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and 
 twenty-five gun-boats, with all the naval stores in 
 the arsenal of Copenhagen, were carried off by 
 the British. This infamous act of treachery was 
 committed under the pretence that the French 
 •vould otherwise become masters of the Danish 
 fleet. The city is five miles in circumference, 
 seated on the east shore of the is-'e of Zealand, at 
 the entrance into the Baltic Sea, about 25 m. 
 within the strait called the Sound, 340 m. S. W. 
 of Stockholm, and 500 N. E. of London. Lonor. 
 12. 35. E., lat. 55. 41. N. See Amah. 
 
 Copiapo, the most northern province of Chile, 
 *~.iunded on the north by the great desert of Ata- 
 cama, east by the Andes, and west by the Pacific 
 Ocean, being about 200 m. from N. to S. from 24. 
 20. to 28. of S. lat., and about 90 in mean breadth, 
 abounding in mines of gold, iron, copper, sulphur, 
 tin, and lead. The chief town, of the same name, 
 stands on the south side of a river, also of the 
 same name, at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, 
 490 m. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W. 
 
 lat. 27. 20. S. On the Andes, in a parallel lino 
 with the town of Copiapo is a volcano, called the 
 Volcano of Copiapo. 
 
 Coppcnbrv.ge, a town of Hanover, in the princi- 
 pality of Collenberg, 10 m. E. by N. of Hamelen. 
 Cupper-Mine River, a river of North America, 
 which runs from south to north into the Icy Sea, 
 in the long, of 111. 5. W., and 69. 7. of N. lat. 
 
 Coppet, or Cnpet, a town of Switzerland, with a 
 castle, on the west bank of the lake of Geneva, 
 10 m. N. of Geneva. The castle and barony be- 
 came the property of M. Neckar, celebrated for 
 his pretensions as a financier in the time of the 
 French Revolution : both he and his daughter, 
 Madam de Stael, lie interred here in a fine mau- 
 soleum in the castle-garden. 
 
 Coquet, a river of England, which rises on the 
 borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of North- 
 umberland, and enters the German Ocean, at 
 Wark worth. Opposite its mouth is a small island 
 of the same name. 
 
 Coquimbo, or Serena, a seaport of Chile near 
 the mouth of a river of the same name, and the 
 capital of a province also of the same name, rich 
 in corn, and mines of gold and silver. The 
 streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges, 
 olives, &c. always green. It is 260 m. N. by E. 
 of Valparaiso. Long. 71. 19. W., lat. 29. 52. S. 
 
 Corachie, Korachee, or Crotchey, a seaport of 
 Asia, at the mouth of a creek which communi- 
 cates, in the rainy season, with the Indus, on the 
 western side. It is supposed to be the Sangada 
 of Arrian, or Port of Alexander, and is now the 
 principal out-port of the Afghans. The inhabi- 
 tants are of an enterprising disposition, and it ap- 
 pears to afford a favourable opening for commer- 
 cial adventure. It is about 100 m. W. of Tatta, 
 in the lat. of 24. 30. N. and 67. 15. of E. long. 
 
 Corah, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, lying between the Jumna 
 and the main branch of the Ganges, which came 
 wholly into the possession of the English in 1S01. 
 It is a very fertile and productive district ; the 
 town is 98 m. N. W. of Allahabad. 
 
 Corback, a town in the Electorate of Hesse, cap- 
 ital of the county of Waldeck. It is divided into 
 the old and new town, and near it, on a mountain, 
 is the castle of Eisenberg. The Hanoverians were 
 defeated here by the French in 1760. It is seat- 
 ed on the Itter, 22 m. W. of Cassel. Long. 9. 1. 
 E., lat. 51. 16. N. 
 
 Corbeck, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 3 m. S. of Louvain. 
 
 Corbeil,& town of France, in the department of 
 Seine and Oise, seated on the Seine at the con- 
 flux of the Juine, 17 m. S. of Paris. 
 
 Corbie, a town of France, in the department of 
 Somme, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey, 
 seated on the Somme, 10 m. E. of Amiens. 
 
 Corbieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Friburg, 10 m. S. of Friburg. 
 
 Corby, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. 13 m. N. 
 of Stamford, and 102 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Cordilleras. See Jlndes. 
 
 Cordova, an interior province of Andalusia, in 
 the south of Spain, comprising an area of about 
 5,500 square miles, and in 1810 contained a popu- 
 lation of 252,028. It is divided into nearly two 
 equal parts, by the Gaudalquivir river, which in- 
 tersects it from east to west : the N. W. part is 
 mountainous, but the more southern part is ex 
 ceedingly fertile in corn, fruit, wine, and olives 
 It was formed into an independent kingdom by 
 Abderame, a Moorish General, about the vear 695 
 t2 
 
COR 
 
 222 
 
 COR 
 
 besides the city of Cordova, the other principal 
 towns are Bujalance and Montilla. 
 
 Cordova, City of, the capital of the preceding 
 province, is seated on the north bank of the Gua- 
 dalquivir, over which is a bridge of sixteen arch- 
 es, built by the Moors. It was a considerable 
 place in the time of the Romans , who surrender- 
 ed it to the Goths, in 572. In 692 it was taken 
 by Abderame, a Moorisli general, who soon af- 
 ter renounced the authority of the Grand Ca- 
 liph of Damascus, and made the city of Cordova, 
 the capital of a kingdom. It is now a bishop's 
 see, and one of the finest cities of Spain. The 
 circumference is large, but there are many or- 
 chards and gardens within the walls. The pal- 
 aces, church, and religious houses are superb, 
 particularly the cathedral, which is 534 feet In 
 length, and 387 wide, built by Abderame for a 
 mosque, and it still retains the name of Mezquita. 
 The square called the Plaza Magor, is surrounded 
 by fine houses, under which are piazzas. The 
 trade consists in wine, silk, and leather ; but is 
 not so considerable as formerly. In the neigh- 
 bourhood are a vast number of orange and lemon 
 trees ; and here are the best horses in Spain. It 
 was from hence that the leather called cordovan 
 derived its name, the mode of manufacture being 
 first introduced here by the Moors. Cordova is 
 130 m. N. E. of Cadiz, and 190 S. by W. of 
 Madrid. 
 
 Cordova, a town of Mexico, in the intendency 
 of Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. Here are up- 
 wards of thirty sugar mills. It is seated on a riv- 
 er which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, 80 m. E. 
 S. E. of Puebla de los Angelos, and 55 W. by S. 
 of the port of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Cordova, one of the eightintendencies of the Uni- 
 ted Provincesof South Anierica,extending through 
 9 deg. of lat. from 29. to 38. S. and 10 deg. of long, 
 between 60. and 70. W. it comprises nearly the 
 whole of the vast plain lying between the great 
 river La Plata and the Andes. The principal 
 towns are St. Louis and Mendoza, both on the 
 route from Buenos Ayres to Santiago in Chile. 
 There is also a town of the same name in the N. 
 E. part of the province, in the vicinity of some 
 salt lakes, and on the line of road from Buenos Ay- 
 res to Potosi. Some scattered tribes of Indians 
 roam over parts of this extensive district, but the 
 aggregate population is very limited. 
 
 Corea, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the north 
 bv Chinese Tartary, on the east by the sea of Ja- 
 pan, on the south by a narrow sea, which separ- 
 ates it from the Japanese islands, and on the west 
 bv the Yellow Sea, which separates it from China. 
 The west coast is flanked by innumerable islands. 
 It is a peninsula, being surrounded on every side 
 by the sea, except towards the north. It is gov- 
 erned by a king, tributary to the emperor of Chi- 
 na, and is divided into eight provinces, Hien-king, 
 Ping-ngan, Hoang-hai, Kiang-yuen, King-ki, 
 Tehu-sin, King-chan. and Tchuen-so, which con- 
 tain 33 cities of the first, 53 of the second, and 70 
 of the third, rank. The towns are exceedingly 
 populous, and the inhabitants follow nearly the 
 same customs, and are of the same religion with 
 the Chinese. The country abounds in corn and 
 rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of 
 which delights in water, and the other which 
 is the better sort, is cultivated on dry ground, 
 like corn. There are mines of jrold and sil- 
 ver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries 
 on the coast. The Goreans are well made, in- 
 gemoas, brave and tractable. Tlu v aare fond of 
 
 dancing and music, and show great aptness for 
 acquiring the sciences, which they cullivate with 
 ardour. They are less fastidious and less cer- 
 emonious than the Chinese, but equally jealous 
 of admitting strangers into the country. Men of 
 learning are distinguished from other people by two 
 plumes of feathers, which they wear in their caps. 
 Their women are less confined than those in Chi- 
 na, and have the liberty of appearing in company 
 with the other sex. In China, parents often marry 
 children without their consent, but in Corea they 
 choose for themselves. They never bury their 
 dead till three years after their decease, but keep 
 them in coffins for that time. Corea extends from 
 north to south from the lat. of 34. 30. to 42. 30. N. 
 and from east to west from 125. to 129. of E. long 
 King-ki-tao, nearly in the centre of the kingdom, 
 is the capital. 
 
 Corfc Castle, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 
 It is seated on a peninsula in the British Channel, 
 called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between 
 two hills. On one of these stands the castle, 
 formerly a place of great importance, and where 
 king Edward the Martyr was stabbed at the insti- 
 gation of his mother-in-law. It has a large church 
 which is a royal peculiar, not liable to any episco- 
 pal j urisdiction. Great quantities of fine clay and 
 stone are shipped here for the Staffordshire pot- 
 teries. The town is governed by a mayor; and 
 every alderman that has served the office has the 
 title of baron. It returns two members to parlia- 
 ment, is 21 m. E. of Dorchester, and 110 W. by 
 S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1 ,40s. 
 
 Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean, near th* 
 coast of Albania, at the entrance of the Adriatic 
 Here is made a great quantity of salt ; and it 
 abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. It 
 was anciently known under the 6everal names of 
 Scheria, Phacia, and Corcyria. The Corcyrians 
 were an independent people, coeval with the 
 proudest epoch of the Greeks. In the 14th cen- 
 tury the island became subjected to the Venetians, 
 in whose possession it continued until 1797, when 
 it was ceded to the French, by the treaty oi 
 Canipo-Formio. It capitulated to the Turks and 
 Russians in 1799, and with six other islands, was 
 constituted independent, under the title of Ionian 
 Republic {which see.) 
 
 Corfu, (the ancient Corcyra,) the chief town of 
 the preceding island, is situate on the east side, on 
 the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, for 
 vessels of easy draught of water. The fortifica- 
 tions are ver}' strong. It is the seat of govern- 
 ment of the whole of the Seven Islands, or Ionian 
 Republic, and contains about 15,000 inhabitants. 
 Lat. 39. 3G. N., long. 19. 50. E. 
 
 Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, seated on the Alagon, 120 m. W. S. W. 
 of Madrid. 
 
 Corinira,, a town at the north extremity of the 
 coast of Coromandel, having a commodious har- 
 bour a few miles north of the main channel of the 
 Godavery River, in the lat. of 17. N. 
 
 Corinna, t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,077. 
 
 Corinth, Isthmus of, a neck of land which joins 
 the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the Gulf 
 of Lepanto west, to that of Egina east. The nar- 
 rowest part of it is six miles over ; and on a mount 
 here, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the 
 
 Isthmian g; >s. There are still the ruins of a 
 
 town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the 
 Sun, Plato. Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus. 
 It is said Julius Caesar, CaJijrula, and Nero, at- 
 tempted t.j cut a channel through the isthmus ; 
 
COR 
 
 223 
 
 COR 
 
 the.y therefore built a wall across it, called Hcxa- 
 milia, because it was six miles in length. This 
 was demolished by Amurath II., rebuilt by the 
 Venetians, and levelled a second time by Ma- 
 homet II. 
 
 Corinth, a town of the Morea, situate on the 
 northern declivity of a mountain, sloping towards 
 the Gulf of Lepanto and the preceding isthmus, 
 to which it gives name. During the zenith of 
 Grecian glory, Corinth justly ranked among the 
 most important and magnificent cities of Greece : 
 its temples, theatres, and fountains, were the 
 admiration of every beholder. In the propor- 
 tions and richness of their columns and porticos, 
 architecture was perfected, leaving nothing for 
 after ages to perform in that noble art, but to 
 copy : and the Corinthian pillar or column now, 
 more or less adorns every city of the civilized world. 
 Corinth fell a prey to the fury of the Roman arms 
 under Mummius in the year 14(5 B. C. ; and al- 
 though Julius Cassar endeavoured to restore it to 
 its former grandeur, in whose time it was visited 
 by St. Paul, it has progressively sunk into a place 
 of insignificance. It fell into the hands of the 
 Venetians during the ephemeral career of their 
 ascendency ; the Turks became masters of it in 
 1715, and it now forms a part of Independent 
 Greece. It had formerly a port on the Gulf of 
 Egina, called Ccnchrea, as well as on that of Le- 
 panto ; but the former is now little used. The 
 ancient citadel, Aero- Cor inthus, still remains en- 
 tire, and to a well-disciplined garrison, maybe con- 
 sidered impregnable. Corinth is the seatof a Greek 
 metropolitan and bishop. Pop. about 1,500. It is 
 65 m. E. by S. of Patras, and 48 W. by S. of Athens. 
 
 Corinth, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 712. 
 Also a p. t. in Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,953. Also 
 a p.t. in Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,412. 
 
 Cork, a maritime county forming the southwest 
 extremity of Ireland, having 'upwards of 100 
 miles of sea-coast, indented with several very 
 spacious and safe bays and harbours, opening into 
 the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 35 miles in mean 
 breadth from south to north, and is intersected 
 from east to west by two fine rivers, the Black- 
 water and the Lee, with five or six others of in- 
 ferior note. The following are the principal bays 
 and harbours, beginning at the west : viz. Bantry, 
 Duumanney, Baltimore, Glandore, Ross, Clonakil- 
 ty, Kinsale, Cork, and Youghal. Besides the city 
 of Cork, the principal towns in the interior are 
 Charleville, Mallew, Daneraile, Michelstown, 
 Bandon, Cloyne, &c. Bandon, Mallow, and 
 Youghal, each return one, and the city of Cork 
 ana the county each two members to the parlia- 
 ment of the United Kingdom. The agriculture 
 of this county, both in tillage and pasture, has 
 been much improved since the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, and in conjunction with the 
 adjoining interior county of Tipperary, supplies a 
 great, portion of the English marine with salt-beef 
 and pork, more especially the former, and exports 
 vast quantities of butter; and since 1800, it has 
 also exported a considerable quantity of grain. 
 Some woolen manufactures are carried on for in- 
 ternal consumption in the eastern part of the 
 county, and during the present centurv, several 
 efforts have been made to establish the cotton 
 manufacture over the county generally. For terri- 
 torial extent, divisions, population, &o. see Ireland. 
 
 Cork. City of. and capital of the preceding 
 county, supposed to have been first founded by 
 the D mes in the 6th century, is beautifully and 
 advantageously situate on the banks of the River 
 
 Lee, about five miles above its entrance into Cork 
 Harbour. Cork, in conjunction with Ross, is a 
 bishop's see. The city is divided into twenty-two 
 parishes, which in 1821, contained a population of 
 100,658, being an increase of upwards of 35,000 
 since 1813, exclusive of 8,998 in eight of the pa 
 rishes which extend beyond the stations of the 
 city. Next to Dublin, Cork is the largest and 
 most important place in all Ireland. During the 
 twenty-four years' war, from 1793 to 1815, Cork 
 Harbour was one of the chief rendezvous of the 
 British navy ; and the extensive demand which 
 that war created for salt provisions, enabled Cork 
 to become the largest and most celebrated market 
 in Europe for that article. The Cork beef contin- 
 ues to be the chief source of supply, not only of the 
 national, but of the commercial navy of the United 
 Kingdom, and for long voyages and tropical 
 climates, is preferred by the ships of all nations. 
 As the chief commercial town in the south-west 
 of Ireland, Cork receives the surplus production, 
 not only of the whole county, but of the greater 
 part of those of Kerry and Tipperary, which it 
 also supplies with such British and foreign pro- 
 ductions as are received in exchange. Since the 
 commencement of the war in 1793, the city has 
 undergone great improvement, both in regard to 
 public and private buildings. There are five 
 bridges over the Lee ; that of St. Patrick is a fine 
 structure. The exchange, custom-house, and 
 town-hall, are all fine edifices. It has two thea- 
 tres, several hospitals, and other public buildings. 
 The cathedral, erected between 1725 and 1735, is 
 a stately edifice, and some of the parish churches 
 are of the like character. The barracks on the 
 north side of the city, situate on an eminence, 
 present a very imposing aspect. Cork has a pub- 
 lic brewery on a very extensive scale, and which 
 makes also its own malt. The city is 125 miles 
 southwest of Dublin, in the lat. of 51. 54. N., and 
 8. 28. of W. long. 
 
 Cork, Cove of, is that part of the harbour of 
 Cork usually occupied as the anchorage ground. 
 The harbour, which is entered by a deep and nar- 
 row channel, and defended by a strong fort on 
 each side, is about nine miles from the mouth oi 
 the River Lee, and about the same extent in 
 breadth. At the upper end is an island called 
 Great Island, from four to five miles long from 
 west to east, and from two to three miles wide. 
 At the west end of this island is a town called 
 Cove, which, in 1821, contained 6,508 inhabitants, 
 and the rest of the island 2,897 more ; and at the 
 entrance of the channel between Great Island and 
 the main land, are two small islands called Haul- 
 bowline and Rocky Islands, strongly fortified, and 
 inhabited by 950 persons; and thus, whilst the 
 natural positions of Cork Harbour are such as to 
 afford accommodation for the whole British ma- 
 rine, secure from the effects of the elements, the 
 fortifications render the shipping and the town 
 equally secure from the irruptions of an enemy ; 
 and the surrounding shore being studded with 
 neat and commodious residences render the whole 
 as picturesque and agreeable as it is important in 
 point of security and defence. 
 
 Corleonc, a large and well-built town of Sicily, 
 in the Val di Mazzara. It is 24 miles S. S. W. of 
 Palermo. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Corlin, a town of Further Pomerania, with a 
 castle. It has considerable woolen manufactures, 
 and is seated on the Persant, 10 m. S. E. of Colberg. 
 
 Cor man! in, a town of Guinea, on the Gold 
 Coast, large and populous. Here the Dutch have 
 
COR 
 
 224 
 
 COR 
 
 a fort, which was taken by the English in 1GG5. 
 I ong. 0. 15. W., lat. 5. 30. N. 
 
 Comery,& town of France, in the department, of 
 Iidre and Loire, with a Benedictine Abbey; seat- 
 ed on the Indre, 8 m. S. E. ofTours. 
 
 Coma, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabi, 
 seated on the Tigris, near its conflux with the 
 Euphrates, 35 miles W. N. W. of Bassora. 
 
 Corneto, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of 
 Saint Peter, seated on the Marta, three miles 
 east of the sea, and ten north of Civita Vecchia. 
 
 Cornkill, a town of the county of Durham, Eng. 
 seated near the Tweed, over which it has a large 
 bridge to Coldstream, in Scotland. It is 12 m. 
 S. W. of Berwick, and 333 N. N. W. of London. 
 Pop. 688. 
 
 Corni.gliano. a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 
 15 m. E. of Milan. 
 
 Cornish, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 108 m. from 
 Boston. Pop. 1,G87. Also a p.t. York Co. Me. 
 Pop. 1,234. 
 
 CornviUe, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,104. 
 
 Cornwall, a county forming the S. W. extrem- 
 ity of England, projecting into the Atlantic 
 Ocean. It is bounded on the E. N. E. by the 
 river Tamar, which divides it from Devonshire, 
 being washed on all its other sides by the sea. 
 The south coast for about 70 miles, borders on 
 the entrance to the English, and the north, for 
 about 90 miles, on the entrance to the Bristol 
 Channel. At its eastern, or E. N. E. extremity 
 it is about 42 miles wide, but gradually narrows 
 towards the west to about 15 miles, when it di- 
 verges at a distance of about GO miles into two 
 points, the most southerly called the Lizard, in 
 the lat. of 49. 58. N., and 5. 11. of W. long., and 
 the other the Land's End, in the lat of 50. 4. N., 
 and 5. 42. of W. long ; the intermediate space 
 being known by the name of Mount's Bay. The 
 distinguishing characteristics of this county are. 
 its minerals, semi-metals, and clays, which are 
 found here in greater variety than in almost any 
 other part of the world. Gold, silver, cobalt, an- 
 timony, manganese, and lapis calaminaris, are all 
 found to a certain extent, and some in abun- 
 dance ; but the predominating productions are 
 copper and tin, with which are mixed mundic 
 and arsenic ; in the supply of which, upwards of 
 100 mines are in constant work. Some of the 
 mines are worked to a vast depth ; but the per- 
 fection of the means applied, as well in bringing 
 the ores to the surface as in smelting, &c, ren- 
 ders the operations comparatively easy, and the 
 proceeds a source of great wealth to the parties 
 engaged in them, and of general advantage to 
 the county. The mining business is entirely reg- 
 ulated by a code called the Stannary Laws, enac- 
 ted by a court of stannaters, or proprietors. 
 These laws divide the tinmen into ten divisions, 
 under the superintendance of one warden. A 
 vice-warden is appointed every month ; and there 
 is a steward for each precinct, who holds his 
 court every three weeks, where a jury of six per- 
 sons decides disputes, with a progressive appeal 
 however to the vice- warden, lord- warden, and 
 lords of the duke of Cornwall's council. The 
 mines are under no other jurisdiction excepting 
 in such cases as affect land or life. In addition to 
 its minerals, a vein of soapy earth and of potter's 
 clay, estimable in the manufacture of porcelain, 
 add considerably to the resources of the county. 
 The shaping of granite for building, and moor- 
 stone for grinding of corn, giv. employment to 
 great numbers. And, in addition to these resour- 
 
 ces, the coast of Cornwall is annually visited by 
 shoals of pilchards, which, in fish and oil, yield 
 an average produce of j£50,000 per annum. The 
 occupations of mining and fishing, up to tin- 
 middle of the 18th century, prevailed to such an 
 extent in this county as to render agriculture al- 
 most entirely neglected, and to give it a rudeness 
 and wildness of character distinct from that of 
 every other part of the kingdom ; but since that 
 period agriculture has been progressively improv- 
 ing, and potatoes and grain are now included 
 among its surplus productions, which in the ag- 
 gregate may be considered as exceeding £500,000 
 per annum in amount. What are denominated 
 the duchy lands are very extensive, and the in- 
 come derived from them together with the duty 
 on tin ore, form the only remaining parts of those 
 immense hereditary revenues which were an- 
 ciently appropriated as a provision for the heir 
 apparent to the crown. Previously to the inva- 
 sion of Britain by the Romans, Cornwall was in- 
 habited by a tribe called the Dumnonei with whom 
 the Phoenicians are supposed to have traded 
 largely for tin. The descendants of that tribe, 
 and the succeeding inhabitants, continued longer 
 to retain the language, manners, and customs of 
 antiquity, than in any other part of England, and 
 which up to this time can hardly be said to be 
 extinct. The coast is, in many parts, extremely 
 rugo-ed, and ridges of granite intersect the west- 
 ern part of the county, whilst the valleys are 
 beautifully diversified with verdure, shrubs, and 
 plants, among which the myrtle is common, with 
 several peculiar to the district. The coast 
 abounds with marine vegetables, which are much 
 used for manure. The blocks of broken granite 
 appear in remote ages, according to the supposi- 
 tion of some persons, to have been much used in 
 the construction of rude temples for religious 
 worship. Near the Land's End is a block, from 
 90 to 100 tons in weight, so nicely poised as to 
 be moveable with the hand ; there are several 
 others of less magnitude similarly poised ; these 
 are termed loggia stones, and are ridiculously sup- 
 posed by some to have been contrivances of art, 
 and objects of religious adoration ; whilst they are 
 doubtless only the natural results of repeated 
 submersions of our planet, during which the lay 
 ers of earth or clay have been washed away. 
 Similar evidences of the operations of nature are 
 to be seen in the western hemisphere, a few miles 
 east of Boston, in Massachusetts, on the road to 
 Salem ; and it is probable that the supposed cairns, 
 cromlechs, rockbasins, &c, of the Druids, are 
 nothing more than the simple results of the pro- 
 gressive operations of nature. The principal ports 
 on the north coast, are Padstow and St. Ives ; on 
 Mount's Bay. Penzance and Helstone ; on the 
 south coast, Falmouth, Truro, Fowey, and Looe , 
 Plymouth Sound bounding the south-east extrem- 
 ity of the county. The principal towns in the 
 interior are Redruth, St. Auske, Penryn, Bod- 
 win, Launceston, &c. The assizes, fee., for the 
 county, are held alternately at Bodmin and 
 Launceston. Streams of water intersect the 
 county, in all directions, and add considerably to 
 its diversity and picturesque beauty. Some 
 woolen, and a few other manufactures, are car- 
 ried on in different parts of the county, but they 
 are inconsiderable. 
 
 Cornwall Cape, is about 5 m. N. by E. of the 
 Land's End. 
 
 Cornwall, a township in Orange County, New 
 York, situate along the west bank of the Hudson 
 
COR 
 
 225 
 
 COR 
 
 River, 105 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 3,486. Also 
 Uie name of a township in Addison county, Ver- 
 mont. Pop. 1,264 ; and of a town in Litchfield 
 County, Connecticut. Pop. 1,712. 
 
 Cornwall, a town of Stormont County, Upper 
 Canada, situate on the north bank of the St. Law- 
 rence, about 50 m. above Montreal. 
 
 Cornwall., New, a county in the western part of 
 N. America, extending from Gardner's channel, 
 in lat. 53. 15., to Frederick's Sound, lat. 57. 6. N. 
 
 Cornwallis, a town of Nova Scotia, seated on 
 the south shore of the basin of mines at the head 
 of the Bay of Fundy, about 10 m. N. W. of 
 Windsor and 45 N. W. of Halifax. 
 
 Cornwallis, a county of Lower Canada, extend- 
 ing for about 160 miles along the S. E. bank of 
 the great River St. Lawrence, bounded on the 
 N E. by the district of Gaspe. It is at present 
 but thinly inhabited. 
 
 Coro, a town of Colombia, in the province of 
 Venezuela. It is advantageously situate at the en- 
 trance of an isthmus, at about an equal distance 
 from the Carribean Sea, and the Gulf of Mara- 
 caibo. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants, who 
 carry on a considerable trade in mules, cattle, &c. 
 with Curagao and other islands, in the Canibean 
 Sea. See Venezuela. 
 
 Coromandel, Coast of, the eastern coast of the 
 peninsula of Hindoostan, extending from Point 
 Calymere in the lat. of 10. 18. N. to the Kistnah 
 River, in the lat. of 10. N. There is not a port 
 for large ships on the whole coast, which is an 
 even, low, sandy country. Madias is the prin- 
 cipal town, and the other places of note are 
 Negapatam, Pondicherry, Pullicate, &c. 
 
 Coron, a seaport of Independent Creeec, in the 
 Morea, seated on the W. side of a bay to which 
 it crives name, 15 m. E. of iVIodon. Long. 21. 46. 
 E.° lat. 36. 55. N. 
 
 Coronation, Cape, a cape of the island of New 
 Caledonia, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 167! 8. 
 E., lat. 22.5. S. 
 
 Correggio, a town of Italy, in the Modonese, 
 with a castle, 9 m. N. N. E. of Reggio. 
 
 Correze, an interior department of France, con- 
 taining the late province of Limousin. It takes 
 its name from a river which runs into the Vezere, 
 after having watered Tulles and Brives. Tulles 
 is the capital. 
 
 Corrientes, Cape, on the E. coast of South 
 Africa, opposite the S. end of the island of Mad- 
 agascar. — Also the name of another cape on the 
 W. coast of Mexico, in the Pacific Ocean, in the 
 lat. of 20. N. 
 
 Corrientes, a town of Paraguay, with a fort, 
 seated on the E. side of the Parana, at the influx 
 of the river Paraguay, 490 m. N. of Buenos 
 Ayres. Long. 59. 0. W. lat. 27. 30. S. 
 
 Corryvrekan, a dangerous whirlpool on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, between (he Isle of Scarba and 
 the N. point of that of Jura. It is so named 
 from a young Danish prince, who perished in 
 this place. Its vortex extends above a mile in 
 circuit. 
 
 Corsham, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. and a con- 
 siderable woolen manufacture. It is nine miles 
 E. N. E. of Bath, and 97 W. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821,2,727. 
 
 Corsica, or Corse, an island in the Mediterrane- 
 an, separated from that of Sardinia, on the south, by 
 the Strait of Bonifacio. It is 150 miles from 
 north to south, and from 40 to 50 in breadth. It 
 was known to the ancient Greeks, by the names 
 of Callista and Cyrnus. and to the Romans by its 
 2!) 
 
 present appellation. On the coast are many e.-v 
 cellent harbours. It is mountainous, but fruitfu. 
 valleys are interspersed ; and it has some fine 
 lakes and rivers. In the earliest time it has been 
 famous for its swarms of bees, and produces vast 
 quantities of honey, which, however, is reckoned 
 bitter, on account of the box and yew with which 
 the country abounds. The mountains are rich 
 in lead, iron, copper, and silver ; and there are 
 also mines of alum and saltpetre. The granite 
 of Corsica is nearly equal to the oriental ; por 
 phyries, jasper, talc, amianthus, emeralds, and 
 other precious stones, are found scattered in the 
 mountains, and the south coast abounds with 
 beautiful coral. This island was, for some cen 
 turies, under the dominion of the Genoese, whose 
 tyranny was such, that the Corsicans were almost 
 in a perpetual state of insurrection. In 1736 f< 
 German adventurer, Theodore Baron Newhoff, 
 brought some assistance to them ; and, on his as- 
 surance of more powerful aid, they elected him 
 king ; but as he could not substantiate his prom- 
 ises he was obliged to leave the island. He went 
 into England, was thrown into the Fleet prison, 
 released by an act of insolvency, (after having 
 registered his kingdom of Corsica for the benefit 
 of his creditors,) and suffered to die in extreme 
 indigence. The Genoese, tired of the contest, 
 sold the sovereignty to France, in 1767; and 
 Paoli, who had been elected to the chief com 
 mand, in 1755, was obliged to abandon the island 
 in 1769. After the French revolution in 1789 
 Corsica was admitted as an eighty-third depart- 
 ment of France at the particular request of a de- 
 putation, of which Paoli was at the head. In 
 consequence of some events which followed the 
 revolution of 1792, Paoli revolted ; the French, 
 by the assistance of the English, were expelled, 
 from the island ; and Corsica, in 1794, was de- 
 clared annexed to the crown of Great Britian. 
 In 1796, however, the English found it expedient 
 to evacuate the island, of which the French im- 
 mediately took possession, and again united it to 
 France, of which country it now forms the eighty 
 sixth department. It is divided into four prefec- 
 tures, viz. Bastia, Calvi, Corte, and Sartenne 
 Ajaccio, on the wes coast, is the principal sea-port. 
 Pop. about 180,000. 
 
 Corsoer, a town of Denmark, in the isle of 
 Zealand, on a peninsula, in the Great Belt, with 
 a good harbour for light vessels. It is defended 
 by a citadel, which serves also as a magazine for 
 corn ; and is 54 miles W. S. W. of Copenhagen 
 Long 11. 12. E. lat. 55. 12. N. 
 
 Corte, a town of Corsica, situate in the centre 
 of the island, on the side and foot of a rock, at the 
 confluence of the Tayignano and Restonica. On 
 the point of a rock, rising above the rest, is the cas- 
 tle, to which there is but one winding passage, 
 that will admit only two persons abreast. While 
 the island was in the possession of the English, 
 Corte was made the seat of the viceroy ; and it has 
 been enlarged and fortified by the French. It is 
 27 miles N. E. of Ajaccio, and 40 S. W. of Bastia 
 Pop. in 1826, 2,735. 
 
 Cortemiglia, a town of Piedmont, in Montferrat, 
 situate on the Bormida, 16 miles E. of Cherasco. 
 
 Cortona, a fortified town of Tuscany, and a 
 bishop's see, with a famous academy. It standn 
 on a mountain, on the frontiers of the Ecclesias- 
 tical States, 32 m. E. of Sienna. 
 
 Corunna, a seaport at the N. W. of Spain, in 
 Galicia, with a large and safe harbour, called the 
 Groyne, defended by two castles. The town is 
 
COS 
 
 226 
 
 COT 
 
 of a circular form : but (he poverty of the sur- 
 rounding country affords few resources for trade. 
 A British army of 13,000 were, on the 16th Jan. 
 1809, near being driven into the sea, by a French 
 force of 30,000 men. It is 20 miles S. W. of 
 Ferrol, and 35 N. by E. of Compostella. Long. 
 8. 19.W. and lat. 43. 33. N. 
 
 Corvey, a town and small principality of West- 
 phalia, with a celebrated abbey ; situated on the 
 Weser, 27 m. E. by N. of Paderborn. Long. 9. 
 35. E. lat. 51. 46. N. 
 
 Corvo, the smallest and most northerly island of 
 the Azores, so called from the abundance of 
 crows found upon it. The inhabitants cultivate 
 wheat and feed hogs. Long. 31. 6. W., lat. 39. 
 42. N. 
 
 Corydon, a flourishing town of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Indiana, situate on the base line of a bend 
 of the Ohio River, from which it is distant about 
 15 m. both E., W. and S. 
 
 Cosenza, a city of Naples, capital of Calabria 
 Citeriore, and an archbishop's see, with a strong 
 castle. The environs produce abundance of corn, 
 fruit, oil, wine, and silk. It is situate on several 
 small bills, at the foot of the Apennines on the 
 east side, and by the River Crati, 155 m. S. E. of 
 Naples. Pop. about 16,000. 
 
 Coshocton, an interior county of the state of 
 Ohio. Several streams of considerable magnitude 
 unite within this county to form the Muskingum 
 River, which river it is in contemplation to unite 
 with the Cuyahoga, and thereby open a direct 
 water communication between the Ohio and Lake 
 Erie. The chief town of the same name is situ- 
 ate on the east bank of the Muskingum, 65 m. N. 
 N. E. of Columbia, the capital of the state. Pop. 
 11,162. 
 
 Cosiin, or Kocslin, a town of Further Pomerania, 
 which has good woolen manufactures, excellent 
 fisheries, and fine cattle. It is seated on the 
 Neslbach, 18 m. E. of Colberg. 
 
 Cosne, a town of France in the north-west part 
 of the department of Nievre. Anchors for ships 
 are forged here ; and its cutlery and gloves, are 
 much esteemed. It is seated on the east bank of 
 the Loire, at the influx of the Noain, 34 m. N. 
 by W. of Nevers, and 110 S. by E. of Paris. It 
 is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1826, 5,823. 
 
 Cos-pour, a town of the kingdom of Assam, 276 
 miles east of Patna. Long. 92. 57. E. lat. 24. 
 56. N. 
 
 Cossacs, a peopl 5 inhabiting the confin -s o Po- 
 land, Russia. Tar'.ary, and Turkey. They are 
 divided into the K tsakki-sa-Parovi, the Kosakki- 
 
 Donski, and the Uralian Cossacs. The men are 
 large and well made, have blue eyes, brown hair, 
 and aquiline noses ; the women are handsome, well 
 shaped, and complaisant to strangers. The Ura 
 lian Cossacs dwell in villages along the banks of 
 the Ural and their chief town is Uralsk. The 
 country which the Kosakki-sa-Parovi inhabit is 
 called the Ulkraine, and their towns are built of 
 wood after the manner of the Russians. The 
 Kosakki-Donski dwell on both sides of the Don, 
 are under the protection of Russia, and profess the 
 same religion. See Ukraine, and Uralian Cos 
 sacs. 
 
 Cosseir, a town of Egypt on the Red Sea, and 
 the chief place of trade across that sea, between 
 Ejjypt and Arabia. It is 280 m. S. by E. of Suez 
 Long. 33. 50. E. lat. 26. 8. N. 
 
 Cossimbazar , a river of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 
 the most western arm of the Ganges, from which 
 it separates 35 miles below Rajemal. It passes 
 by Moorshedabad, Cossimbazar, &c. to Nuddea, 
 where it is joined by the Jellingy, another arm 
 of the Ganges, and their united streams form the 
 Hoogly. 
 
 Cossimbazar , a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal. 
 It has been at all times the residence of the dif- 
 ferent European factors, this being the centre of 
 their trade. It is seated on the river of the same 
 name, by which it is surrounded, 7 miles south 
 of Moorshedabad, and 105 north of Calcutta. 
 
 Cossimcotla, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir- 
 car of Circacole, on a river that flows into the Bay 
 of Bengal, 74 m. S. W. of Circacole. Long. 83. 
 7. E. lat. 17. 42. N. 
 
 Cossipour, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 in Dehli, on the north-east border of the prov- 
 ince, 100 m. E. N. E. of Dehli. Long. 79. 18. E. 
 lat. 29. J 4. N. 
 
 Costa Rica, a province of the chain of territory 
 that unites the two grand divisions of the western 
 hemisphere, bounded on the north by Lake Nicara- 
 gua, and on the south-east by Veragua. It has 
 rich mines of gold and silver but in other respects 
 is mountainous and barren. Cartago is the 
 capital. 
 
 Costainitza, a town of Croatia, on the river 
 Udda, and borders of Bosnia, 57 m. E. S. of Carl- 
 stadt. Long. 17. 8. E., lat. 45. 20. N. 
 
 Coswick, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin- 
 cipality of Anhalt, with a castle, situate on the 
 Elbe, 10 m. W. by N. of Whittenburg. 
 
 Cotabamba, a town in the province of Cuzco, 
 Peru, seated on the west bank of the Apurimac 
 River, 75 miles south of the city of Cuzco. 
 
 Cotbus, a town and district of Lower Lusatia. 
 The castle stands on an eminence on the east side 
 of the town. Here are a great number of French 
 protestants, who have introduced their manufac 
 tures ; and it is noted for excellent beer, pitcc, 
 and flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60 m 
 E. by S. of Wittenburg. Long. .14. 24. E., lat 
 51. 46. N. 
 
 Cote a" Or, an interior department in the east 
 part of France, which has its name from a moun- 
 tain, situate at the south of Dijon. It contains 
 part of the late province of Burgundy. Dijon is 
 the capital. Population estimated at 400,000. 
 
 Coles du Nord, a department of France, so nam- 
 ed from its northern maritime position. It con- 
 tains part of the late province of Bretagne. St. 
 Brieux is the capital. 
 
 Cotcswold Hills, a long tract of high ground in 
 the east part of Gloucestershire, Eng. It affords 
 in many places a fine short grass for the feed of 
 
 
COT 
 
 227 
 
 GOV 
 
 sheep ; and others are devoted to the growth of 
 corn. The sides of this long range are beautiful 
 as they sink into the vale, from the hills of Stinch- 
 comb and Nibley in the south, to that of Bredon 
 in the north, which has been celebrated in ancient 
 rhyme. 
 
 Cothen, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the 
 principality of Anhalt-Cothen, with a castle. It 
 is 12 m. S. W. of Dessau. Long. 12. 9. E., lat. 
 51. 48. N. 
 
 Cotignac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Var, on the River Argens, 33 m. N. N. E. of 
 Toulon. 
 
 Cotignola, a fortified town of Italy in the Fer- 
 rarese°25 m. S. S. E. of Ferrara. 
 
 Cotopaxi, one of the highest peaks of the An- 
 des, remarkable for the frequency and violence 
 of its volcanic eruptions. It is about 25 m. S. E. 
 of the city of Quito. 
 
 This mountain is the most elevated of those 
 volcanoes of the Andes, from which, at recent 
 periods, there have been eruptions. Its absolute 
 height is 12,392 English feet : it would conse- 
 quently exceed by more than 2,550 feet the height 
 of mount Vesuvius, even supposing that it were 
 piled on the summit of the Peak of TenerifFe. 
 Cotopaxi is likewise the most formidable of all 
 the volcanoes of the kingdom of Quito; and it 
 is also from it that explosions have been the most 
 frequent and the most destructive. The cinders 
 and fragments of rocks that have been ejected 
 by this volcano, cover the neighbouring valleys 
 to an extent of several square leagues. In 1758, 
 the flames of Cotopaxi shot up to a height of 
 2,700 feet above the edge of the crater. In 1744, 
 the roaring of this volcano was heard as far as 
 Honda, a town situated on the banks of the river 
 Magdalena, a distance of two hundred leagues. 
 On the 4th April, 1768, the quantity of cinders 
 vomited up from the mouth of Cotopaxi was so 
 great that the sky continued as dark as night until 
 the third hour after mid-day. The explosion 
 which took place in the month of January, 1803, 
 Tas preceded by a frightful phenomenon — the sud- 
 den melting of the snows that covered the moun- 
 tain. For more than twenty years, neither smoke 
 nor any distinguishable vapour had issued from 
 the crater, and yet, in one single night, the 
 subterranean fire had become so active that at 
 sun-rise, the external walls of the cone, strong- 
 ly heated, had become naked, and had acquired 
 the black colour which is peculiar to vitrified 
 scoria. At the port of Guayaquil, fifty-two 
 leagues in a straight line from the edge of the 
 crater. M. de Humboldt heard dav and night the 
 roaring of this volcano, like repeated discharges 
 of artillery. 
 
 Were it an established fact that the proximity 
 
 of the ocean contributes to feed volcanic fire, we 
 should be astonished to see that the most active 
 volcanoes of the kingdom of Quito, Cotopaxi, 
 Tungurahua, and Sangay, appertain to the eastern 
 chain of the Andes, and, consequently, to that 
 which is farthest removed from the coast. Coto- 
 paxi is more than fifty leagues from the nearest 
 shore. 
 
 Coulan, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Travancre 
 with a good harbour, and a navigable river. It 
 stands on a peninsula CO m. N. W. tf Travancore 
 Long. 70.24. E., lat. 8. 51. N. 
 
 Coupee Point. See Point Coupee. 
 
 Courland, a duchy of Europe, bounded on the 
 west and north by the Baltic, east by Livonia, 
 and south by Poland. It is divided into Courland 
 Proper and Semigallia, and is 250 miles long and 
 40 broad. The country swells into gentle hills 
 and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is most- 
 ly open, but in some parts there are forests of pine 
 and fir, and groves of oak. It was formerly a 
 feudatory province of Poland, but was annexed 
 to the dominions of Russia in 1795 by an act of the 
 states. Mittau is the capital. Population about 
 500,000. 
 
 Courtray, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 
 ders, celebrated for its trade and manufactures of 
 table linen and woolen cloths. It is seated on 
 both sides the River Lis, 12 m. east of Ypres. 
 
 Coutanccs. a seaport of Erance, capital of the 
 department of Manche, and a bishop's sec, with a 
 fine cathedral. It is 37 m. S. W. of Bayeux, and 
 185 W. of Paris. It is the seat of a prefect. Pep. 
 in 1826, 9,015. 
 
 Coutras, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gironde, at the conflux of the Ule and Dronne, 
 25 m. N. E. of Bourdeaux. 
 
 Core. See Cork, Cove of, 
 
 Coventry, City and Comity of , is insulated with- 
 in the County of Warwick. The city, in 1821, 
 contained a population of 21,242, and the remain 
 der of the county, which comprises nine adjoin- 
 ing parishes and hamlets, 8,138. It is a place of 
 considerable antiquity, and was formerly sur 
 rounded with strong walls which were 3 miles 
 in circumference, having 26 towers and 12gates, 
 but few vestiges of which now remain ; having 
 been demolished by order of King Charles II. 
 in 1662, in revenge for the resistance made to the 
 troops of his predecessor. A parliament was held 
 here in the nrign of Henry IV. called Parliament- 
 urn Indoctum, or the unlearned parliament, because 
 the lawyers were excluded. Leofric, Earl of 
 Mercia, who was lord of the place about 1040, is 
 said to have loaded the inhabitants with heavy 
 taxes, on account of some provocation he had 
 received from them ; and beinng importuned 
 by his lady, Godivia, to remit them, lie consented 
 upon condition that she would ride naked through 
 the town, which condition she accepted and per- 
 formed ; for, being possessed of a long flowing 
 head of hair, she contrived to dispose of her tres- 
 ses so as preserve her decency ; and at the same 
 time enjoined the citizens on pain of death, not 
 to look out as she passed. The curiosity of a 
 poor tailor, however, prevailed over his fears, and 
 he ventured to take a single peep, but was struck 
 blind, and was ever after called Peeping Tom 
 This improbable story is annually commemorated 
 by the citizens of Coventry with great splendour, 
 and a female, closely habited in fine linen of flesh 
 colour, rides through the town, attended by a 
 very numerous and elegant procession The 
 window through which the tailor is said to -e. T .'e 
 
cov 
 
 SSS8 
 
 CRA 
 
 gratified his curiosity is still shown, with his effigy 
 always newly dressed for the procession which is 
 on the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday. 
 
 It had formerly extensive manufactures of 
 woolens and worsted stuffs, now quite discontin- 
 ued in this part of the country, they having been 
 supplanted by the manufacture of ribbons,of which 
 it is the focus for the produce of from 17 to 18,000 
 looms. It has also, two tolerably extensive es- 
 tablishments for the manufacture of watches, and 
 four or five others of inferior importance. It has 
 a canal communicating with the grand line of ca- 
 nal navigation between London, Liverpool, and 
 Manchester. It is situate on the verge of the great 
 coal strata, running through all the northern part 
 of the country. The vein is worked in abun- 
 dance within five miles of the city of Coventry. 
 The city is divided into two parishes, and the 
 churches, contigious to each other, are both fine 
 structures, more particularly so that dedicated to 
 St. Michael, which was twenty-two years in 
 building, and finished in 1394. The spire is 303 
 feet high, and deservedly ranks among the most 
 beautiful specimens of architecture in the king- 
 dom. There is a third spire, the church to which, 
 has long since been demolished ; but there is a 
 third church with a stately tower, which serves 
 as a chapel of ease to St. Michael. The three 
 spires form beautiful and interesting objects in 
 the perspective from the surrounding country for 
 many miles, on all sidets. The corporation con- 
 sists of a mayor and nine other aldermen. St. 
 Mary's Hall, in which the archives of the city 
 are kept, and its business transacted, is an ancient 
 and venerable edifice : the county hall is a neat 
 Doric structure. It has a free-school and two 
 hospitals, and had formerly a very extensive e:i 
 tablishment of Carmelites, or Whitefriars, whoso 
 house, after lying in ruins many years, was con 
 verted into a workhouse in 1806, at which period 
 the two parishes were united for parochial purpo- 
 ses. Coventry is united with Litchfield, as a bish- 
 op's see, but Coventry does not exhibit any eccle- 
 siastical parade. It returns two members to parlia- 
 ment. Its market on Friday is well supplied, 
 and it has three fairs annually ; one on the Friday 
 preceding Trinity Sunday, on the occasion of 
 the procession of" Lady Godivia, is numerously 
 attended, and continues till the Friday following. 
 Since 1820 the city has undergone considerable 
 improvements in the widening, cleaning, and light- 
 ing the streets, and several new buildings have 
 been erected. It is 10 m. N. by E. of Warwick, 
 18 E. S. E. of Birmingham, and 01 N. W. of Lon- 
 don, on the mail-coach road to Liverpool. 
 
 Coventry, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 100m.fr. Ports- 
 mouth. Pop. 441. Also a p.t. in Orleans Co. 
 Vt. Pop. 728. Also a p.t. in Tolland Co. Conn. 
 Pop. 2,119. Also a p.t. in Kent Co. R. I. Pop. 
 3,851. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1 ,576. Also townships in Chester Co. Pa. and 
 Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Coveri.-porum, a town and fortress of Hindoos- 
 tan, in Mysore* on the south bank of the Cavery, 
 60 m. S. E. of Mysore. Long. 77. 38. E., lat. 11. 
 51 . N. 
 
 Covert, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,791 
 Covilham, a town of Portugal, in Beira. It has 
 a manufacture of woolen cloth, and is 18 m. S. W. 
 of Guarda. 
 
 Covington, a county of the state of Mississippi, 
 bounded on the north by the territory of the Choc- 
 taw Indians, and intersected by the line of road 
 from the Tennessee River to Lake Portchartrain, 
 
 Pop 2,549. Williamsburgh is th» chief town 
 Also the name of a newly-formed county, in the 
 state of Alabama, bordering on West Florida. 
 Pop. 1 ,522. Montezuma is the chief town. 
 
 Covington, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,716 
 Also the name of 8 other towns and villages in 
 Pa., Va., Geo., Ken., Illinois, Mississippi, and 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Cowbridge, a corporate town of Wales, in Gla- 
 morganshire. It is called by the Welsh, Port 
 saen, from the stone bridge over the river, which 
 soon after enters the Bristol Channel. Near it 
 are the remains of Llanbithian Castle, of which 
 a massive gateway is now converted into a barr , 
 and about a mile distant, on a lofty hill, are the 
 ruins of Penline Castle. Cowbridge is 12 m. W. 
 of Cardiff, and 173 of London. Pop. in 1820, 
 1,107. 
 
 Coices, a seaport on the west side of the Isle of 
 Wight at the mouth of the Medina, or Cowes. 
 On the opposite side is the village of East Cowes, 
 and at each place is a fort built by Henry VIII 
 for the security of the island and road. Cowes 
 has an excellent harbour, which is much frequent- 
 ed by ships to repair damages sustained at sea, 
 and to water; and also a good trade in provisions 
 &c. for the use of shipping. During the summer 
 it is much frequented for the purpose of sea-bath- 
 ing ; and here are a number of genteel lodging- 
 houses, and an assembly room. It is 12 m. S. by 
 E. of Southampton, 12 m. W. S. W. of Ports- 
 mouth, and 86 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,579. 
 
 Cowlduraga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore- 
 with a strong hill fort. It is surrounded by bills 
 and forests, and stands 12 m. S. of Niagara. 
 
 Cowpens, in Union District S. C. at the north 
 era extremity of the state, is a spot remarkable in 
 the revolutionary history for one of the most 
 decisive pitched battles in the whole contest. The 
 Americans under Gen. Morgan here totally de- 
 feated the British under Col. Tarelton, Jan. 11. 
 1781. 
 
 Coicpcrshill, v. Robertson Co. N. C. 
 Cozumel. an island on the east coast of Yucatan, 
 where Cortes landed and refreshed his troops, be- 
 fore he attempted the conquest of Mexico. It 
 abounds with fruit, pulse, cattle and fowls, and is 
 inhabited principally bv native Indians. Long 
 87.19. W.,lat. 19.40. N. 
 
 Cracatoa, the southernmost of a cluster of isl- 
 ands in the entrance of the strait of Sunda. It 
 consists of elevated land, gradually rising on all 
 sides from the sea, and is covered with trees ex- 
 cept a few spots, which have been cleared by the 
 natives for the purpose of forming rice fields , 
 and its coral reefs afford small turtle in abun- 
 dance. The inhabitants are not considerable 
 and their chief, like those of the other islands in 
 the strait, is subject to the king of Bantam. 
 
 Cracoio, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate 
 of the same name, and a bishop's see, with an uni- 
 versity. It was formerly the capital of Poland, 
 where the kings were elected and crowned, 
 but since the partition of Poland, it has become 
 a republic under the protection of Anstria, Rus- 
 sia and Prussia. On a rock near the Vistula 
 is the ancient royal palace, surrounded by brick 
 walls and old towers, which form a kind of 
 citadel. Adjoining is the cathedral, witlun 
 the walls of the citadel, in which most of the 
 sovereigns of Poland are interred. Though the 
 city and suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, 
 they scarcely contain 24,000 inhabitants. The 
 
CRA 
 
 229 
 
 CRE 
 
 great square is spacious and well built, and many 
 of the streets are broad and handsome ; but almost 
 every building bears the mark of ruined grandeur. 
 This devastation was begun by the Swedes in 
 1702, when it was taken by Charles XII. ; but it 
 has since experienced greater calamities, having 
 been taken and retaken by the Russians and the 
 confederates. When the general insurrection 
 broke out in 1704, against the Prussian and Rus- 
 sian usurpers of the Polish territory, Kosciusko, 
 the chief of the patriotic insurgents, expelled the 
 Russian garrison from this city, on the 24th of 
 March, 1794; but having marched in the sequel 
 to the protection of Warsaw, Cracow surrendered 
 to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It is seat- 
 m the Vistula, 130 m. S. S. W. of Warsaw. 
 Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 40. 50. N. 
 
 Craftsburg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 982. 
 Crail, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 seated on the frith of Forth, 7 m. S. E. of St. 
 Andrew. 
 
 Crainburg, a town of Germany, in Carniola, 
 with a castle, on the River Save, 18 m. N. W. of 
 Lay bach. 
 
 Cramond, a village of Scotland, three miles 
 north-west of Edinburg, at the mouth of the 
 Amond, in the frith of Forth. It has a commodi- 
 ous harbour, and considerable iron works. 
 Cranberry, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. 
 Cranbourn, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. It stands 
 near a fine chase, which extends almost to Salis- 
 bury, 38 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 93 W. of 
 London. 
 
 Cranbrook, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a 
 free-grammar school and a free-writing school for 
 poor children, the former endowed by Queen Eli- 
 zabeth. It is 13 m. S. of Maidstone, and 49 S. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Cranganore, a town and fort of Hindoostan, 
 on the coast of Cochin. It was taken from the 
 Portuguese in 1002, by the Dutch, who sold it in 
 1789 to the rajah of Travancore. It is seated at 
 the mouth of a river, 30 m. N. by W. of Cochin. 
 Long. 75. 58. E., lat. 10. 23. N. 
 
 Cransac, a village of France in the department 
 ofAveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 15 
 m. N. W. ofRhodez. 
 
 Cranston, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 2,651. 
 Craon, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mayenne near the River Oudon, 17 m. S. by W. 
 of Laval. 
 
 Crato, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a 
 priory belonging to the order of Malta, 14 m. W. 
 of Portalegre. 
 
 Craven, a county of North Carolina, the east 
 end of which borders on Pamlico Sound. It is 
 intersected by the Neuse River. Pop. 14,325. 
 Newbern, on the west bank of the Neuse, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Crawford. There are five counties of this name 
 in different parts of the United States. 
 
 1. At the north- west extremity of Pennsylva- 
 nia, bordering on the state of Ohio, intersected by 
 French Creek, falling into the Alleghany River. 
 Pop. 16,009, Meadville is the chief town. 
 
 2. In the state of Indiana, bounded on the east 
 by Big Blue River, the south end jetting upon 
 the Ohio. Pop. 3,184. Fredonia is the chief 
 town. 
 
 3. In the state of Illinois, extending westward 
 from the Wabash River for about 80 m. being 
 about 35 m. in breadth. Pop. 3.113. Pales- 
 tine, on the west bank of the Wabash, is the chief 
 town 
 
 4. In theMichigan Territory. Prairie du Chieri 
 is the chief town. Pop. 092. 
 
 5 In the interior of Ohio, intersected by the 
 Sandusky River, which falls into Lake Erie : the 
 Scioto falling into the Ohio, rises in the adjoining 
 county. Pop. 4.778. Bucvrus is the chief town. 
 
 Crawford, p.t. Orange "Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,019 
 
 Crawfordscille, p. v. Montgomery Co. Ind. 
 
 Crawford, a village in Kent, Eng. on the River 
 Cray, two miles west by north of Dartford. Here 
 are some calico-printing grounds, and a manufac- 
 ture of iron hoops. Pop. in 1821, 1,860. 
 
 Crediton, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a 
 considerable manufacture of sevges. The church 
 is a noble structure, and was formerly a cathe- 
 dral. The town was almost destroyed by fire 
 in 1709. It is seated between two hills, 8 m. N. 
 W. of Exeter, and 180 W. by N. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 5,515. 
 
 Cree, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 northern parts of the counties of Wigton and 
 Kirkcudbright, forms the boundary between them 
 and enters the head of Wigton Bay. 
 
 Creek, or Muskogee Indians, one of the most nu- 
 merous tribes of Indians of any within the limits 
 of the United States of North America. They 
 inhabit an extensive tract of country in the east- 
 ern part of Alabama, and till within a few years 
 possessed territories in Georgia, but this portion 
 ot their lands they have relinquished by treaty. 
 They are about 20,000 in number, and are ac- 
 counted among the most warlike of the Aborigines. 
 They have several pretty large towns containing 
 from one to two hundred houses, and pay consid- 
 erable attention to the cultivation of their lands. 
 They raise cattle and live stock of various kinds 
 as well as corn, rice, and tobacco. 
 
 Crcetown or Ferrytown, a small port of Scot- 
 land, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here several sloops 
 are constantly employed in the coasting trade. 
 It stands on Wigton Bay, near the influx of the 
 Cree, 12 m. W. by N. of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Crcglingen, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Anspach, on the Tauber, 22 m. S. 
 of Wurtzburg, and 30 N. W. of Anspach, now 
 included in the Bavarian circle of the Lower 
 Mayne. 
 
 Creil, a town of France, in the department of 
 Oise, on the R,iver Oise, five miles east of Senlis. 
 
 Creilsheim, a town of Franconia, in the princi- 
 pality of Anspach, on the River Jaxt, 22 m. S. W. 
 of Anspach, now included in the Bavarian circle 
 of the Rezat. 
 
 Crcma, a fortified town of Italy, capital of Cre- 
 masco, and a bishop's see. It is well built and pop- 
 ulous, and seated on the Serio, 30 m. S. of Ber- 
 gamo. 
 
 Cremasco, a small territory of Italy, in the south 
 part of the province of Bergamasco. It is near- 
 ly surrounded by the Duchy of Milan, and fertile 
 in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema is the 
 capital. 
 
 Crcmieu, a town of France, in the department 
 of Isere, at the foot of a mountain near the Rhone. 
 20 m. N. E.of Vienne. 
 
 Cremnitz, a town in the north part of Lower 
 Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 m. N. ol 
 Schemnitz. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Cremond, a city of Italy, capital of the Cre- 
 monese, and a bishop's see, with a castle and u 
 university. The streets are broad and strait, 
 adorned with some small squares, a few palaces, 
 40 parish churches, and 43 convents of both sex- 
 es It stands in a delightful plain, wateied b» 
 
 u 
 
CR1 
 
 230 
 
 CRO 
 
 I he Ogho, nbout a quarter of a mile from the Po, 
 nver which is a bridge of boats, defended by a 
 fort. A canal passes through the town, and forms 
 a communication between the two rivers. Cre- 
 mona has been several times taken. It has con- 
 siderable manufactures of silk, and is peculiarly 
 c 'lebrated for the manufactures of violins. A 
 lower, 372 feet in height, forms a prominent ob- 
 j"i t over ail the surrounding country. The Ro- 
 mins established themselves here in 291. B. C. 
 If is 43 in. S. of Milan, and about the same dis- 
 tance S. by W. of Mantua. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Crcmonese Tciritorij, extends from the south in 
 a W. N. W. direction, for about 45 miles, be- 
 tween the River Po on the south, which divides 
 it from the Duchy of Parma, and the Oglio on 
 the north, which divides it from Bresciano ; the 
 east end borders on the Duchy of Mantua, and the 
 west on the small district of Cremasco. It is a 
 very fertile country. 
 
 ( remsier, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle 
 and a convent, seated on the west bank of the 
 River Marsch, 18 m. S. S. E. of Olmutz. 
 
 Cre.pi/, a town of France in the department of 
 Oise, 17 m. S. of Compiegne. 
 
 Cresapsburg, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland. 
 
 Qrescentino, a fortified town of Piedmont, on 
 the north bank of the River Po, 20 m. N. E. of 
 Turin. 
 
 Cressa or Crccy, a village of France, in the de- 
 partment of Somme, celebrated for the victory 
 over the French, gained by Edward III. in 1346. 
 It is 32 m. N. W. of Amiens. 
 
 Crest, a town of France in the department of 
 Drome, on the River Drome, 16 m. S. S. E. of 
 Valence. 
 
 Crevcldt, a town of Germany, at the north ex- 
 tremity of the territory of Cologne. Near tins 
 olace the French were defeated by the Hano- 
 verians in 1753. It has considerable manufac- 
 tures of linen. It is 32 m. N. N. W. of Cologne, 
 and 7 from Dusseldorf. Pop. about 700. 
 
 Creusc, an interior department nearly in 
 the centre of France, so named from a river, 
 which crossed from south to north, and flows in- 
 to the Vienne. It contains the late province of 
 Marche. Gueret is the capital. 
 
 Creusen, a town of Franconia, in the princi- 
 pality of Bayreuth, seven miles east of Bay- 
 reuth. 
 
 Crentzbury, a town of Silesia, in the principali- 
 ty of Brieg, with a castle. It has a great trade- 
 in honey, wax, leather, and flax ; and is seated 
 on the Brinnitz, 35 m. E. by N. of Brieg. 
 
 Creutznach, a town of Germany, in the cir- 
 cle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade in wine, salt, 
 corn, wool, and tobacco. On Dec. 2, 1705, this 
 town was taken three times ; first, by the French, 
 then by the Austrians, and again by the former. 
 It is seated on the Nahe, 25 m. S. W. of Mentz. 
 
 Creipkerne, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. In 
 1825 it had six considerable establishments for 
 the manufacture of sail-cloth. It is seated near a 
 branch of the Parret, 25 m. S. of Wells, and 132 
 W. S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,021. 
 
 Creirsville, p.t. Goochland Co. Va. 
 
 Crirheitb, a town of Wales, in Caernarvon- 
 shire, 18 m. S. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 244 IS. 
 W. of London. 
 
 CrickhoweU, a town of Wales, in Brecknock- 
 shire. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle. 
 It is seated on the Usk, 10 m. S. E. of Brecknock, 
 and 153 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 1,008. 
 
 Criehlade, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. seated 
 near the Thames, and the Stroud Canal, 25 m 
 W. by S. of Oxford, and 84 W. by N. of London. 
 Pop. in 1821,1,506. 
 
 Crief, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with 
 manufactures of paper and thin linen, seated on 
 the Erne, 18 m. W. of Perth. 
 
 Grim, a town of the Crimea, supposed to be on 
 the site of an ancient city that once gave its 
 name of Crim Tartary, or Crimea, to the whole 
 peninsula of the Taurida ; after having, under 
 the name of Crimmerium, been the capital of a 
 famous people, who gave laws to the greatest 
 part of Europe. The modern town called Esk: 
 Krim (Old Crim) by the Tartars, is seated at 
 the foot of an insulated mountain, 10 m. W. of 
 Caffa. 
 
 Crimea, or Taurida, the ancient Taurica Cher 
 sonesus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded on thr 
 south and west by the Black Sea, north by the 
 province of Catharinenslaf, with which it com- 
 municates by the isthmus of Prekop, and east by 
 the Sea of Asoph and the Strait of Caffa. To- 
 wards the end of the 11th century the Genoese 
 settled in this country, but they were expelled 
 by the Crim Tartars in 1474. See Caffa. These 
 Tartars had been settled in the Crimea above 
 two centuries before the expulsion of the Gen- 
 oese. They were subjects of Batu Khan, grand- 
 son of Zingis ; and their conquest was annexed 
 to the kingdom of Kasan, till the death of Tamer- 
 lane in 1400, vvhen Edegai Khan, an officer of 
 that prince, took possession of it, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Duelet Cherai, in whose family the sov- 
 ereignity continued till the 18th century. The 
 Khans however, were vassals, or tributary to 
 the Turks, till the year 1774, when their inde- 
 pendence was stipulated in the treaty of Cainargi. 
 In 1783 the Russians took possession of the coun 
 try with an army ; the following year it was ced- 
 ed to them by the Turks ; and the peaceable pos- 
 session of the whole was secured to them in 1791 
 by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The 
 Crimea is divided into two parts by the river 
 Salgir, which runs from west to east. The north 
 division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. 
 It has neither tree nor hillock ; salt lakes and 
 flocks of sheep are its greatest riches. This dis- 
 trict is bleak and cold in winter, and sultry and 
 scorching in summer. The south part is moun- 
 tainous ; but the valleys are astonishingly pro 
 ductive. and the climate extremely mild, from 
 the exclusion of those violent winds by which 
 the north division is frequently incommoded. 
 The lower hills, extending from Caffa to the east 
 extremity of the country, are principally used in 
 gardening, and produce excellent fruit. Besides 
 the port of Kertch, the road of Caffa, and the 
 harbour of Balaclava, there is, near Sebastopql. 
 one of the finest harbours in the world The 
 principal articles of export are corn, salt, hon- 
 ey, wax, butter, horses, female slaves, hides, and 
 furs, especially the Tauric lamb-skins, which are 
 in high esteem. The Crimea now forms one pi 
 the two provinces of the government of Catha- 
 rinenslaf, under the name of Taurida. Symphe 
 rodol is the capital. See Russia. 
 
 Croatia, a province of the Austrian Empire, 
 bounded on the N. by the river Drave, which se- 
 parates it from Lower Hungary, extending south 
 for about 160 miles to the Adriatic : the Save 
 intersects it from the west in an E. S. E. direc- 
 tion, parallel with the Drave, at a distance ol 
 about forty-five miles ; the part north of the Save 
 
CRO 
 
 2:u 
 
 CRO 
 
 is hounded on the east by Sclavonia, and on the 
 west by Lower Stiria ; and the part south of the 
 Save is bounded on the east by the Turkish pro- 
 vince of Bosnia, and on the west by Lower Car- 
 'iiola : this part was ceded to France at the peace 
 of Vienna in 1809, but restored to Austria at the 
 general peace of J 815. The mean breadth of 
 Croatia is about, sixty miles, and its superficial 
 area 9,420 square miles, containing a population 
 of about 800,000. It was called by the Romans 
 Lib urn la, and subsequently formed part of Ulyria 
 and Sclavonia, and at a somewhat later period be- 
 came an independent kingdom under the protec- 
 tion of the eastern emperors. In 1087 it was 
 conquered by Ladislaus, king of Hungary, and 
 passed into the hands of Austria by its being 
 made an integral part of Hungary in 1102. It 
 is now divided into six counties, and the south- 
 east part into six districts. It is in general a moun- 
 tainous country ; containing some mines of iron 
 and copper, and the best timber in Europe. 
 The valleys are tolerably fertile, and the mulber- 
 ry, prune, vine, and olive are interspersed over 
 most parts of the country, and in parts flourish 
 luxuriantly. Honey is collected in great quanti- 
 ties on the banks of the Drave. The Port of 
 Fiumo, at the south-west extremity of the pro- 
 vince, supplies the interior with such foreign pro- 
 ductions as the inhabitants can command, in ex- 
 change for their surplus produce, which is limit- 
 ed both in value and extent. The capital of the 
 country is Carlstadt, and the other princ'pal 
 towns are Warasden, Agram, Petrinia, Oguiia, 
 Zettin, &c. &c. See Morlaclria. 
 
 Crogkansville, v. Sandusky Co. Ohio. 
 Croja, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, 
 seated near the Gulf of Venice, 13 tri. N. by E. 
 of Durazzo. It was once the residence of the 
 kings of Albania. 
 
 Croisic, or Croisil ',a town of France in the de- 
 partment of Lower Loire, seated on the Bay of 
 Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and 
 Vilaine, 35 m. W. of Nantes. 
 
 Croix, St., a river of North America, which 
 forms the north-east boundary of the United 
 States, and runs into the Bay of Passamaquoddy, 
 in the lat. of 45. 0. N., and 67. 0. of W. long. 
 
 Croix, St., one of the Virgin Islands, in the Car- 
 ribean Sea, thirty miles long and eight where 
 broadest; lying forty miles east by south of St. 
 Thomas, and about the same distance E. S. E. of 
 Crab Island, off the S. E. end of Porto Rico. 
 Columbus landed upon this island in one of his 
 early voyages. It was successively held by the 
 Spaniards, English, and Dutch. In 1651 it was 
 bought for the knights of Malta, who sold it in 
 1664 to the French West India Company, by 
 whom it was sold to the Danes in 1696 ; these held 
 it till 1801, when it was taken by the English, and 
 restoied after the naval action off Copenhagen in 
 the same year; retaken in 1807, and restored again 
 at the general peace of 1815. It is divided into 
 about 350 plantations, yielding about 25.000 hogs- 
 heads, or 16,000 tons, of sugar annually. The 
 population in 1813 amounted to 31,387, of whom 
 23,000 were slaves. The chief town is Chris- 
 tianstadt, on the north coast, with a fine harbour, 
 defended by a fortress. Long. 65. 28. W., lat. 17. 
 45. N. 
 
 Crocc, St., Croix, St., or Cruz, Santa. There 
 are several towns, villages, and rivers of this 
 name both in Europe and America, but all incon- 
 siderable. 
 
 Cromack-icater, a lake in Cumberland between 
 
 Buttermere- water and Lows-water, receiving the 
 former at its south end by the river Cocker, and 
 the latter at its north end. It is 4 m. long, and half 
 a mile over ; with three small isles, one of them a 
 rock, and the other covered with wood. Half a 
 mile from the south-west end is a waterfall, called 
 Scale Force, between the mountains of Mell 
 brake and Bleacragg. At the north-east corner 
 is a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker. It 
 abounds with char and red trout. 
 
 Cromarty, a county of Scotland, 16 miles long 
 and six broad, comprehending part of a peninsu- 
 la on the south side of a frith to which it gives 
 name. On the south and west it is bounded by 
 Ross-shire. It is divided into five parishes, 
 and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. The high- 
 lands are healthy, and on the coast it is fertile and 
 well cultivated. It sends one member to parlia 
 ment alternately with Nairnshire. The towns 
 are Cromarty, Kirkmichael. Resolis, and Urqu- 
 hart. 
 
 Cromarty, a seaport of Scotland, and capital of 
 the preceding county. The harbour is one of the 
 finest in Great Britain, and has a commodious 
 quay. Here is a considerable manufacture of 
 hempen cloth, and a coasting trade in corn, thread, 
 yarn, fish, and skins of various sorts. It stands at 
 the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, 16 m. N. N. 
 E. of Inverness. Long. 3. 50. W.. lat. 57. 33. N 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,993. 
 
 Cromer, a town in Norfolk, Eng. It formerly 
 had two churches, one of which, with several 
 houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The in- 
 habitants are chiefly fishermen ; and the best lob- 
 sters on this part of the coast are taken here. It 
 is seated on the Germxin Ocean, 22 m. north of 
 Norwich, and 129 north- east of London, and is 
 frequented in the summer season for sea bathino. 
 Pop. in 1821,1,023. 
 
 Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. on the 
 river Derwent, 2 miles north of Wirksworth. The 
 Arkwrights have erected an extensive cotton mill 
 at this place, and connected it by a canal with the 
 Erwash and Nottingham canals, and thereby with 
 the river Trent. Pop. in 1821, 1,242. 
 
 Crompton, a township in the parish of Oldham, 
 Lancashire, Eng. Pop. in 1821, 6,482. See 
 Oldham. 
 
 Cronach, a town of Bavaria, in the principality 
 of Bamburg, near which is a mountain-fortress 
 called Rosenberg. It is seated near the river Cro- 
 nach, 11 m. N.of Culmbach. 
 
 Cronborg, a strong fortress of Denmark, on the 
 Isle of Zealand, near Elsinore, which guards the 
 passage of the sound. It is situate on the point of 
 a peninsular promontory, opposite Helsingburg in 
 Sweden, little more than two miles distant. In 
 1658 it was taken by the king of Sweden, and re- 
 stored in 1660. In this fortress is apalace where 
 queen Matilda was imprisoned till she was per- 
 mitted to retire to Zell. Not far from this is Ham- 
 let's Garden, said to be the spot where the murder 
 of his father was perpetrated. 
 
 Cronenberg, or Kronberg, a town of Germany, 
 in the late electorate of Mentz, seated on a moun- 
 tain, nine miles north-west of Frankfort. 
 
 Cronstadt, a seaport and fortress of Russia, on 
 the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland. 
 The harbour is the chief station of the Russian 
 fleet. Here are great magazines of naval stores, 
 docks, and yards for building of ships, a foundry 
 for casting cannon balls, and an extensive marine 
 hospital. The Man of War's Mole is enclosed 
 bv a strong rampart, built of granite, in the sea, 
 
CRO 
 
 832 
 
 CUB 
 
 ind Peter's Canal, lined with masonry, is 1,050 Croydon, t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 80 m. fr. Ports 
 
 fathoms long, 60 broad at the bottom, and 100 at mouth. Pop. 1,057. 
 
 the top ; it is 24 fathoms deep, and in this man- Croydon, a town in Surrey, Eng. It has an 
 
 ner stretches 358 fathoms into the sea. At the end hospital and free-school, founded by archbishop 
 
 of the canal are two pyramidal columns, with in- Whitgift ; and in the church are some monu- 
 
 scriptions relative to this great work. The town 
 occupies the east part of the island, and the in- 
 habitants are estimated at 40,000. It is 22 m. W. 
 of Petersburg, of which it is the outport. Long. 
 29. 2b". E., lat. 59. 56. N. 
 
 Cronstadt, a town of Transylvania. See Brassau. 
 
 Crooked Island. See Bahamas. 
 
 Cropani, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- 
 ore, 9 m. E. N. E. of St. Severino. 
 
 Crosby, a village in Hancock Co. Me. Also a 
 township in Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 
 Cross Creek, a township in Jefferson Co. Ohio. 
 
 Crosne, a town of Austrian Poland, in the pa- 
 latinate ofLemberg, 80m.W. S. W. of Lem- 
 berg. 
 
 Crossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New 
 
 ments of the arch-bishops of Canterbury, who had 
 here an ancient palace; which was alienated from 
 the see in 1780 : the building and adjoining pre- 
 mises are now occupied by some cotton manufac- 
 tures. Croyden, is seated near the source of the 
 Wandle^lO miles south of London. Pop. in 1821 
 9,254. 
 
 Crowsville, p. v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. 
 
 Crozcn, a town of France, in the department of 
 Finisterre, situate on the promontory which forms 
 the south boundary of Brest Harbour, 16 m. N 
 W. of Chateaulin. Pop. about 8,000, mostly sail- 
 ors and fishermen. 
 
 Cruachan, Ben, a mountain of Scotland, be- 
 tween Loch Etive and the north end of Loch 
 Awe, in Argyleshire. It has two conical peaks, 
 
 Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with one of which is 3,962, and the other 3,390 feet 
 
 a strong castle. It is seated on the frontiers of 
 Silesia, near the conflux of the Bober with the 
 Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit, 
 23m.S. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Cross-fell, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. 8 
 m. E. S. E. of Kirkoswold. Its extreme altitude 
 is 2,802 feet. At different elevations there are 
 two extensive plains ; and a third on the summit 
 contains several hundred acres covered with moss 
 and other vegetable productions. The view from 
 this height comprehends a great part of six coun- 
 ties. A few yards below the summit is a spring 
 called the Gentleman's Well. 
 
 Cross Plains, p. v. Fayette Co. Ken. 
 
 Cross River, p. v. West Chester Co. N. Y. 
 
 Cross Roads, villages in Chester Co. Pa. and 
 Kent Co. Maryland. 
 
 Crosswick, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. 
 
 Crotona, or Croton, a seaport of Naples, on the 
 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 Cruces, a small seaport in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 about 15 m. W. S. W. of Porto Bello. 
 
 Crumlau, or Crumau, a town of Bohemia, in 
 the circle of Bechin, with a castle, seated on the 
 Muldau, 12 m. south by west of Budweis. 
 
 Crumlaw, or Cromau, a town of Moravia, in 
 the circle of Znaim, with a castle, 10 m. N. N. 
 E. of Znaim. 
 
 Cruz, St. a sea-port of Morocco. The Portu- 
 guese had a fortress here, which was taken from 
 them by the Moors in 1536, and the emperor 
 caused it to be destroyed in 1773. The harbour 
 is safe and commodious. It is seated on a bay of 
 the Atlantic, 130 miles W. S. W. of Morocco, 
 and 65 S. of Mogadore. Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 30 
 28. N. 
 
 Cruz, St. a seaport on the south-east side of 
 Teneriffe, and the general residence of the gov- 
 
 east coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and a bishop's ernor of all the Canary Islands. It has a well- 
 
 see, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, cheese 
 oil, and silk, and is 15 m. S. E. of St. Severine! 
 Long. 17. 27. E. lat. 39. 9. N. 
 
 Crotoy, a town of France, in the department 
 ofSomrae, on the east side of the mouth of the 
 Somme, 35 m. north-west of aumcjis. 
 
 Crouch, a river in Essex, Eng. which rises near 
 Horndon, and enters the German Ocean between 
 Burnham and Foulness Island. The Walfleet 
 and Burnham oysters are the product of its creeks 
 and pits. 
 
 Crowland, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here 
 was formerly an abbey of great note, and some 
 stately ruins yet remain. The town consists of 
 four streets, which are separated by watercourses, 
 and connected by a curious triangular bridge for 
 foot passengers. The chief trade is in fish and 
 
 built pier and quay, and is defended by several 
 forts and batteries. Long. 16. 16. W., and lat. 28. 
 27. N. 
 
 Cruz, St. a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- 
 tion, in the audience of Charcas, and a bishop's 
 see. The country is woody and mountainous ; 
 but the town stands in a fertile valley, near the 
 River Guapaix, 160 miles N. N. E. of Plata. Long. 
 65. 15. W., lat. 17. 26. S. 
 
 Cruz, St. a town on the north side of the Island 
 of Cuba, 50 m. E. of Havana. 
 
 Cruz, St. an island in the Pacific Ocean. See 
 Crocc, St. 
 
 Cuba, an island of the West Indies lying be 
 tween the lat. of 19. 42. and 23. 20. N., and ex- 
 tending from 74. to 85. of W. long. The east 
 end is bounded by a strait called the Windward 
 
 wild ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent Passage, about 65 m. wide, which divides it from 
 
 pools and marshes. It is 11 miles north of Pe- 
 terborough, and 93 north bv west of London. 
 Pop. in 1821,2,113. 
 
 Crowle, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. seated on 
 the Isle of Axhblm, near the river Dun, 18 m. 
 N. of Gainsborough, and 167 N. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1821, 1,961 
 
 the north-west end of Hispaniola ; and the west 
 end projects into the Gulf of Mexico, being about 
 100 miles from the promontory of Yucatan on the 
 south, and the same distance from the promonto- 
 ry of East Florida on the north. Its mean breadth, 
 however, does not exceed 75 miles, comprising 
 an area of about 52,000 square miles or a super- 
 
 Crown Point, a fort and town of New York, ficies, nearly equal to that of England and Wales 
 
 in Essex county. The fort was erected by the The island was first made known to Europeans 
 
 French in 1731, on a point that runs north into by Columbus in 1492; and from the great extent 
 
 Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the Eng- of its coast from east to west, was at first supposed 
 
 lish in 1759, taken by the Americans in 1775 to form part of the western continent. It was, 
 
 and retaken by the English the year after. It is however, ascertained to be an island in 150b, by 
 
 123 in. N. of Albany. Pop. 2,041. Nicholas Ovando, who sailed round it in thai 
 
cub 
 
 233 
 
 CUL 
 
 ear, and in about three years after it was taken 
 possession of by a Spanish force from Hispaniola, 
 under the command of Don Diego do Velasquez, 
 who extirpated the natives ; after which the is- 
 land remained, with but little interruption, in 
 possession of the Spaniards, until 1741, when an 
 unsuccessful attempt was made upon it by the 
 English, to whom however it surrendered on the 
 13th of August, 17 ( >2, after a desperate resistance 
 of the Spaniards, for about two months. It was 
 restored to Spain in the following year, and has 
 remained in their quiet possession up to 182(3, hav- 
 ing been but little affected by the events which 
 ?^ ;■? the entire subversion of Spanish domi- 
 nation over every part of their continental pos- 
 sessions in the western hemisphere. Since the 
 period of 1791, when the mania of the French 
 revolution extended to the neighbouring island of 
 Hispaniola, numerous planters of that island fled 
 to Cuba, which has ever since continued to im- 
 prove in cultivation and increase in population, 
 and its produce in sugar, coffee, and tobacco, 
 since the commencement of the present century, 
 has been very great and progressively increasing. 
 The tobacco is unequalled in quality, and is chief- 
 ly made into cigars. 
 
 Mountain ridges pervade the whole island, ren- 
 dering the face of the country exceedingly pic- 
 turesque. It is tolerably well watered ; and, by 
 social arrangements and well-directed exertion, 
 it is capable of maintaining twenty millions of 
 people in the highest degree of earthly enjoyment. 
 In the woods are some valuable trees, particularly 
 cedars of a large size ; and birds abound here, 
 both in variety and number, more than in any 
 of the other islands. The soil is fertile, and cattle, 
 sheep, and hogs are numerous. There are copper 
 mines in the mountains, and the forests are full 
 of game. The principal ports are Havana, 
 and Matanzas, on the north coast, near the west 
 end ; and St. Jagode Cuba and St. Salvador, on 
 the south coast, near the east end. In addition 
 to its staple productions, of sugar, coffee, and 
 tobacco ; ginger, long pepper, cassia, tamarinds 
 wild cinnamon, mastic, aloes, honey, &c. &c. are 
 abundant. 
 
 The lime grows plentifully in this island. It 
 is produced by a small tree or rather shrub. 
 
 Its fruit is a great favourite in the West Indies 
 and its acid is sharper as well as more coolino- 
 than that of the lemon. 
 
 Cuba, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 36 m. 
 S. by E. of Evora. 
 
 Cubagua, a small island off the north coast of 
 Colombia, between that of Margaretta and Cuma- 
 na. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, established a 
 fishery of pearl ; but the banks disappeared in 
 in 1524. The island is barren and nitrous. Lono\ 
 j4. 10. W lat. 10. 50. N. 
 30 
 
 Cuban, a river, which issues from the north 
 side of the Caucasian Mountains, divides Cir- 
 cassia from part of Taurica, and flows into the 
 north extremity of the Black Sea, near the en- 
 trance to the Sea of Asoph ; it receives several 
 tributary streams from the south. 
 
 Cuban, or Cuban Tartary, a county in the Rus- 
 sian province of Taurica ; bounded on the west by 
 the sea of Taurica, north by the river Don, which 
 separates it from Europe", east by the desert of 
 Astracan, and south by the river Cuban, which 
 divides it from Circassia. 
 
 Cuckfield, a town in Sussex, Eng. 13 m. N. W. 
 of Lewes, and 3D S. by W. of London. Pop. in 
 1821,2,385. 
 
 Cuddahne, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast 
 of Carnatic, near the place where Fort St. David 
 once stood. It was taken by the French in 1758, 
 and again in 1783. It is 20 miles S. S. W. of 
 Pondicherry. Long. 70. 55. E., lat. 11.41. N. 
 
 Cuddapa, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 circar of the same name, ceded by Tippoo in 
 1792, to the nizam of the Deccan. It is 133 m. 
 N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 57. E., lat. 14. 
 23. N. 
 
 Cudrefin, a town and bailiwick of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Bern, 21 miles west of Bern. 
 
 Cucnza, a province of Spain, on the east side 
 of New Castile, intersected by the River Xucar. 
 Sq. miles, 11,884. Pop. 294,290. 
 
 Cuenza, a city, bishop's see, capital of the 
 preceding province: is seated on a high and 
 craggy hill, on the banks of the Xucar, over which 
 is an elegant stone bridge of five arches. The 
 cathedral is a stately edifice, besides which there 
 are several churches and six monasteiies. It is 
 90 m. E. by S. of Madrid. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Guinea, a town of Colombia and capital of a 
 jurisdiction of the same name in the province of 
 Quito, bounded on the west by the shore of the 
 Kay ol Guayaquil, and east by the Andes. The 
 town is situate in a valley, about midway from 
 the foot of the Andes and the shore of the bay 
 and 176 miles south by west of the city of Quito. 
 Pop. about 14,000 
 
 Cucrnavaca, a town of Mexico, 40 miles south 
 by west of the city of Mexico on the road to 
 Acapulco. In the time of Cortes it was the capital 
 of an independent state. It is situate on the 
 southern declivity of the Cordilleras 5,400 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The climate is delio-ht- 
 ful. 
 
 Cuiaba, a town of Brazil, in the province of 
 Matto Grosso, seated on the west bank of the 
 river Cuiaba, which falls into the Paraguay, in the 
 long, of 5<>. W.,and lat. of 15. 35. S. The popu- 
 lation is estimated at 30,000. There is a tolerably 
 productive gold mine in the vicinity of the town. 
 
 Cuilly, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Bern, on the north-east side of the Lake of Gene- 
 va, eight miles E. S. E. of Lausanne. 
 
 Culenburg, or Karlenbourg, a town of Holland, 
 in Gelderland. on the south bank of the river 
 Leek, l(i m. S. S. E. of Utrecht. 
 
 Culiaran, a town of Mexico, seated near the 
 source of a river of the same name, which, after a 
 course of about 50 miles, falls into the Gulf of 
 California, in the lat. of 24. 20. N. It is cele- 
 brated in the Mexican history undei the name of 
 Hueicnllmacan, and as the capital of a populous 
 and fertile district. 
 
 Cull en, a borough of Scotland, in Banffshire, at 
 the mouth of the Culan or Cullen. It has 
 manufactures of linen and damask, and a trade in 
 u2 
 
CUM 
 
 234 
 
 CUM 
 
 fresh and dried fish. Near it are seen three lofty 
 spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, called the 
 Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 m. west by north 
 of Banff. Pop. in 1821 , 1,452. 
 
 Cullera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the 
 mouth of the Xucar, 21 m. south of Valencia. 
 Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Culm, a city of Prussia, capital of a palatinate of 
 the same name, and a bishop's see, with a Catho- 
 lic university. It is seated on the east bank of the 
 Vistula. 85 m. south of Dantzic. Long. 18. 30. 
 E., lat. 53. 24. N. 
 
 Culm is also the name of a town in Bohemia, 
 in the west part of the circle of Saaz. It was 
 near this place where the French general Van- 
 damme was defeated by a corps of Austrians and 
 Prussians, in August 1813. 
 
 Culmharh, a town of Franconia, formerly the 
 capital of a principality of the same name. Near 
 it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of Plassen- 
 burg, where the archives of the principality were 
 preserved, but they were removed to Bayreuth in 
 1783. Culmbach is seated near the Weiss branch 
 of the Maine, 13 m. N. N. W. of Bayreuth. Pop. 
 about 3,800. 
 
 Culmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Londonderry, on the coast of Lough Foyle, five 
 m. north by east of Londonderry. It is stated in 
 a return made to parliament in 1821, to be extra- 
 parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parish, and 
 county rate. Pop. in 1821, 661. 
 
 Culpeper, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia, bounded on the north-west by the blue ridge 
 of the Apalachian Mountains, and on the east by 
 the Rappahannock River. Fairfax, is the chief 
 town. Population of the county 24,026. 
 
 Culross, a borough of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 in a district almost surrounded by Clackmanan- 
 shire. Here is a princely abbey, built in 1217. 
 It is situate on the frith of Forth, 20 m. south of 
 Perth, and 21 W. N. W of Edinburgh. Pop. in 
 1821, 1,611. 
 
 Cutnana, a sea-port of Colombia, and capital 
 of the province of Orinoco. It is seated on an 
 arid sandy plain at the entrance of a spacious 
 inlet of the Carribcan sea, in the lat. of 16. 12. N. 
 and 64. 24. W. long. Cumana has suffered much 
 both by inundations and by earthquakes. On the 
 14th of Dec. 1797 about four-fifths of the town was 
 destroyed. It is otherways advantageously situate 
 for external commerce, which it carries on to 
 some extent in cotton, cocoa, mules, cattle, &c. in 
 exchange for the manufactures of Europe gene- 
 rally. Pop. in 1826, about 20,000. 
 
 Cumber, or Comber, a parish and town in the 
 county of Down, Ireland. The town is pleasant- 
 ly seated at the head of a small bay of Strangford 
 Lough. Population of the town in 1821, 1,283, 
 and of the parish 6,918 more. 
 
 Cumberland , a maritime and mountainous coun- 
 ty of the north of England, bounded on the north 
 by the river Liddel, which separates it from Scot- 
 land, and on the east by the counties of Northum- 
 berland and Durham ; south by those of West- 
 moreland and part of Lancashire, and east by the 
 Irish sea. This county contains a good deal of 
 dreary moor, but. some of the valleys intersected 
 by streams of water and interspersed with lakes 
 are exceedingly picturesque,, and very fertile. 
 The two principal rivers are the Eden and Der- 
 went, which abound with salmon and char. The 
 mountains and moors are rich in minerals, espe- 
 cially coals and lead. It. has also a yery valuable 
 bed of plumbago, or blacklead. Sea Fell, the 
 
 highest peak of the mountains, rises to a height of 
 3,166 feet above the level of the sea. Skeddau and 
 Helvellyn also each rise to heights exceeding 
 3,000 feet, and five or six others approximate to 
 3,000 feet Carlisle is the capital, where some 
 considerable manufactures of cotton are carried 
 on. The county also yields a surplus of cattle 
 and about 200,000 chaldron of coals annually. 
 The sea-ports are Whitehaven, Workington and 
 Mary port ; and the principal towns in the interioi, 
 Aldston, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wigton. 
 
 Cumberland, is also the name of six counties in 
 different parts of the United States of North Amer 
 ica : viz. 
 
 1st. In the state of Maine, of which Portland is 
 the chief town, and formerly was the seat of gov 
 eminent of the state. It is a maritime county, its 
 area not exceeding 700 square miles, comprising a 
 considerable surface of lakes. The north-east 
 corner of the county is bounded by the Kenebec 
 River. Pop. 60,113. 
 
 2nd. At the S. extremity of New Jersey, bor- 
 dering on Delaware Bay, in the lat. of 39. 15. 
 to 39. 30. N. Pop. 14,091. Bridgetown is the 
 capital. 
 
 3rd. In the E. District of Pennsj'lvania, bound- 
 ed on the north by the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany 
 Mountains, and on the east by the Susquehanna 
 River. It is about 35 miles in extent from east to 
 west, and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 29,218. Car- 
 lisle, is the chief town. 
 
 4th. In the E. District of Virginia, extending 
 south from James River for 28 miles, to the Ap- 
 pomattax River. The mean breadth of this county 
 does not exceed eight miles. Carterville is the 
 chief town. Pop. 11,689. 
 
 5th. In the interior of North Carolina, intersect- 
 ed by Cape Fear River. Pop. 14,824. Fayette- 
 ville is the chief town. 
 
 6th. In Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, in 
 tersected by the Cumberland River. Pop. 8,636 
 Burkesville is the chief town. 
 
 Cumberland, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 
 3,675. Also towns in Pa. and Va. 
 
 Cumberland River, which gives name to three of 
 the above counties, rises on the west side of the 
 Cumberland Ridge of mountains, which divide 
 the south-east end of the state of Kentucky from 
 that of Virginia, in the lat. of 37. N., runs west 
 for about 120 miles, when it leaves the state of 
 Kentucky in a southerly direction, at the south- 
 west corner of Cumberland County, into the state 
 of Tennessee, through which it runs a course of 
 about 150 m., when it re-enters the state of Ken- 
 tucky in a north-west direction, and, after a fur- 
 ther course of about 60 miles, falls into the Ohio 
 about 50 miles above the entrance of that river 
 into the Mississippi. From the source of the 
 Cumberland River to its conflux with the Ohio, 
 the distance in a direct line is 300 miles, being 6 
 deg. of long, between 82. 15. and 88. 15 in the 
 lat. of 37. N. but the distance by the course and 
 windings of the stream is near 600 miles, 500 of 
 which it is navigable for batteaux of 14 or 15 tons 
 burthen. 
 
 Cumhrrhind Ridge, is the most westerly of tne 
 Apalachian chain of mountains, and extends from 
 the frontier of Georgia in the lat. of 35. N. in a 
 E. N. E. direction, through the state of Tennessee, 
 flanking the south-east end of the state of Ken- 
 tucky, into Tazeville County, in the stale of Vir- 
 ginia, in the lat. of 37. 20. N. where it terminates 
 in several knolls, which give rise to the streams 
 that form the Big Sandy River. 
 
cuu 
 
 235 
 
 CUS 
 
 Cumberland, an island on the coast of Georgia ; 
 the most southern territory of the United States 
 on the Atlantic Ocean, previous to their posses- 
 sion of the Floridas in July 1821. It is 15 miles 
 loner and two broad. Opposite its south extremity 
 is the island of Aniilla, and between them is the 
 entrance to St. Mary's River, n the lat. of 30. 
 30. N. 
 
 (/umberland, a town and fort of British Ameri- 
 ca, in a county of the same name, forming the 
 isthmus which unites Nova Scotia to New Bruns- 
 wick. The fort is situate at the head of the bay of 
 Fundy, on the east side of its northern branch, 
 called Chignecto Bay. The isthmus is here about 
 15 miles across, easily admitting a canal to unite 
 the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 Long. 64. 10. W., lat 45. 45. N. 
 
 Cumberland House, a station of the Hudson 
 Bay Company, in the country of the Knisteneaux 
 Indians, on the south-west side of Pine Island 
 Lake, in the lat. of 54. N. and 102. of W. long. 
 
 Cumbo, or Combo, a kingdom on the west coast 
 of Africa, south of the river Gambia. The Por- 
 tuguese have a settlement at Cacheo. 
 
 Cumbraij, Great and Little, two islands of Scot- 
 land, at the entrance of the frith of Clyde, to the 
 south-east of the isle of Bute. The former is six 
 miles in circumference, has excellent freestone 
 quarries, and the ruins of a cathedral dedicated to 
 St. Columba. The latter lies a little to the south 
 of the other, and on it is a lighthouse. Long. 4. 
 47. W., lat. 55 45. N. They are included in the 
 county of Bute. Pop. in 1821, 657. 
 
 Cumirna, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles south- 
 west of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. 
 
 Cumly, a fort and town of Hindoostan, in Ca- 
 nara, seated between two rivers, at their entrance 
 into a salt water lake, which is separated from the 
 sea by a spit of sand. On the opposite side of the 
 south river is the town of Kanyapura, to which it 
 was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 15 m. S by 
 E. of Mangalore. 
 
 Cummin<rton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 102 m. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,260. 
 
 Cumree, t. Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Cundinamurca. one of the four great divisions 
 into which the new republican territory of Colom- 
 bia was first divided ; but since the division of 
 1823, when the country was divided into twelve 
 provinces, it forms the central and metropolitan 
 province of the republic. See Bogota. 
 
 Cupar, a borough of Scotland, capital of Fife- 
 shire. Here are manufactures of coarse linens, 
 and a considerable tannery. It is seated in a rich 
 valley, on the north side of the Eden, eight miles 
 west by south of St. Andrew, and 30 N. N. E. of 
 Edinburg. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 5,892 
 
 Cupar, in Angus, a town of Scotland 1 , partly in 
 Forfar, but chiefly in Perthshire, with a consider- 
 able linen manufactory and tannery. It is seat- 
 ed on the Isla, 12 miles north-west of Dundee, and 
 13 N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 1821, 2,622. 
 
 Curacao, an island in the Carribean Sea, lying 
 off the coast of Colombia, near the entrance to the 
 Gulf and Lake Maracaibo, 35 miles long and 12 
 broad, subject to the Dutch. It produces sugar, 
 tobacco, and salt ; has numerous warehouses, 
 which used formerly to supply the adjacent coast 
 with the productions of Europe and Asia, and 
 which still continue to do so to some extent. In 
 1800 some French having settled on part of the is- 
 land, and becoming at variance with the Dutch, 
 tiie latter surrendered the island to a single British 
 frigate. It was restored to the Dutch, by the 
 
 peace of 1809, and taken from them by a British 
 squadron in 1807, and again restored by the peacfi 
 of 1814. The principal town is St. Peter, at the 
 north-east extremity of the island. Long. 69. 15 
 W., lat. 12. 52. N. 
 
 Curico, the tenth in order to the provinces of 
 Chile, the chief town of the same name is about 
 100 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 35. S., on the 
 road from Concepcion to Santiago. 
 
 Curia Murla, an island on the coast of Arabia 
 Felix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim. Long. 
 55. 25. E., lat. 17. 0. N. 
 
 Curisch Huff, a lake or bay of Prussia, separa- 
 ted from the Baltic Sea by a tongue of land, 70 
 miles in extent, in a N. N. E. direction but not 
 more than from two to three miles wide ; the Haff 
 is about 30 miles wide at the south end, pro- 
 gressively narrowing to about a mile only at its 
 outlet into its sea at Mennel. 
 
 Currah, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, 
 on the south bank of the Ganges, 36 m. north 
 west of Allahabad. 
 
 Current, a township in Lawrence Co. Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 CurvinsviUe, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. 
 
 Currituek, a maritime country at the north-east 
 extremity of North Carolina, the north end border- 
 ing on the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and 
 the south end on Albemarle Sound. This was 
 formerly a very dreary district, but some of the 
 land within the present century has been render- 
 ed very productive in rice. Pop. 7,654. The 
 county gives name to one of the inlets into Albe- 
 marle Sound. 
 
 Curupa, a town o r Brazil, in the government of 
 Para, seated on th» south bank of the main chan- 
 nel of the Amazon. 250 miles west of Para. Long 
 5:?. 10. W., lat. 1. 50. S. 
 
 Curzola, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on 
 the coast of Dalmatia, about 26 miles long. It 
 abounds in wood proper for building ships, and 
 produces good wine. At the east end is a forti- 
 fied town of the same name, with a good harbour, 
 Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 43. 6. N. 
 
 Cusco, or Cvzeo. a city of Peru, and a bishop's 
 see, formerly the capital of the Incas, supposed to 
 have been first founded by Manco Capac, in 1043. 
 The Spaniards, under Pizarro, took possession of 
 it in 1534. On a mountain contiguous to the 
 north part of the city are the ruins of a fort and 
 palace of the Incas, the stones of which are of an 
 enormous magnitude. Cuzco is built in a square 
 form, in the middle of which is the best market 
 in all America : four large streets, whicli are 
 perfectly straight, terminate in the square. It 
 contains nine churches besides the cathedral, 
 which is a noble structure. The number of in- 
 habitants is about 30,000, of which one-half are 
 original Americans. Streams of water run through 
 the town, which are a great conveniency in a 
 country where it seldom rains. It is seated near 
 the source of a river falling into the Pilcomayo, 
 on the east side of the first collateral ridge of the 
 Andes. 350 miles east by south of Lima. Long. 
 71. 47. W.. lat. 13. 20. S. 
 
 Ousking, t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 681. 
 
 Cusset, a town of France, in the department of 
 Allier. 37 miles south by east of Moulins. Pop. 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Cv.stee. a town of Bengal, on the south oank 
 of the main branch of the Ganges, 100 miles 
 north by east of Calcutta. It has considerable 
 manufactures of silk. 
 
 Custrin, a fortified town of Brandenburg, capi- 
 
CYP 
 
 236 
 
 CZE 
 
 lal of the New Mark, with a castle. In 1760 it 
 was bombarded and almost destroyed by the 
 Russians, and in 1806 it was taken by the French. 
 It is seated amid morasses, at the conflux of the 
 Warta with the Oder, 46 m. east by north of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Cutais. the chief town of Imeritia. The re- 
 mains of the cathedral seem to prove that it was 
 once a considerable place. It is seated on the 
 Riona, 120 miles west by north of Teflis. Long. 
 43. 0. E., lat. 42. 25. N. 
 
 Cutch, a country of Hindoostan, governed by a 
 rajah, and situate on the south-east of Sind ; the 
 east branch of the Indus separated the two coun 
 
 but its mean breadth does not exceed 30 miles, 
 giving an area of about 5,000 square miles, inter- 
 sected by mountains and streams of water. The 
 mountains are of considerable elevation, and the 
 tops of some of them are covered with snow a 
 great part of the year. The principal river runs 
 from west to east, and is called the Pedia. Dur- 
 ing the national career of Egypt, Persia, Greece, 
 and Rome, Cyprus was the resort of the learned, 
 gay, refined, and vicious, of those nations. Its 
 preeminence declined with the fall of the Roman 
 Empire, and from its being the abode of all that 
 was refined in art, and voluptuous in every spe- 
 cies of indulgence, yielding to a numerous pop- 
 
 tries. It extends along the north coast of the ulation abundance of every thing necessary tc 
 
 Gulf of Cutch, and is separated from Guzerat by 
 the river Ban. It abounds with hills, woods, and 
 sandy wilds. The capital is Booge-booge, in the 
 lat. of 23. 16. N., and 69. 2. of E. long. 
 
 Cuttack, a maritime district of Hindoostan, ex- 
 tending from Lake Chilca in the lat. of 19. 30. N. 
 to the Subunreeka River which separates it from 
 
 subsistence and a variety of the most delicious 
 fruits ; it rapidly became a wilderness in compar- 
 ison with its previous fertility, overrun by tribes 
 of Arabs, who were driven from the island during 
 the crusades, at the close of the twelfth century 
 by Richard I. of England, who assumed the title 
 of king of Cyprus. In 1480 it fell into the hands 
 
 Bengal in the lat. of 21. 30. N., being bounded on of the Venetians, at which period it is made the 
 the west by the province of Orissa. The rivers place and scene of a drama by the English dra- 
 Coyle, Nuddy and Mahanuddy intersect it from matic poet, Shakspeare. The Venetians surren- 
 west to east. It is a very fertile district, and has dered it to the Turks in J 570, in whose possession 
 numerous and extensive manufactures of cotton ; up to 1826 it still continued. Its present popula- 
 but is more particularly celebrated as the chief tion is supposed not to exceed 60,000, about one- 
 district of Hindoo devotees, and containing the third of whom are Turks, and the remainder 
 
 temple of Jagarnaut. The chief town of the 
 same name, sometimes called 
 
 Cuttack Benares is seated on an island formed 
 by the Mahanuddy River, about fifty miles from 
 the soa, in the lat "of 20. 30. N. and 86. 10. of E. 
 lono-. Besides Jagcrnaut the other places of note 
 are Balasore, Masulipatam and Jagepoor. This 
 district was familiar to the Mahomedans as early 
 as the commencement of the thirteenth century, 
 but continued in possession of the Hindoos till 
 1569, when it surrendered to Solyman Kerang, 
 who annexed it to Bengal. In 1757 it was ceded 
 to the Nagpore Mahrattas, and fell into the pos- 
 session of the English in 1803. Population about 
 1,200,000 
 
 Greeks, who have three bishops and one arch- 
 bishop. The principal towns are Pafo, or Bafa 
 at the west end : Massarea, and Mancorta, or Fam- 
 agousta, at the mouth of the Pedea towards the 
 east end ; and Cerina, on the north coast of the 
 island, and Lesscossia, or Viconia, the capital in 
 the interior. Cyprus is still rich by nature, in 
 mineral, animal and vegetable productions : the 
 vine and olive, with a variety of other plants and 
 flowers, esculent, ambrosial and medicinal, lux' 
 uriate in a perfection equal to any part of the 
 world, and superior to most parts. The wines 
 possess a strong aperient quality, and require for- 
 ty years to duly qualify them for the palate. The 
 inhabitants carry on various manufactures in silk, 
 
 CvtteraJi, a town of Hindoostan in the province cotton, and wool, and their carpets are deservedly 
 
 of Oude, 25 miles south by east of Bereilly, cele- 
 brated for a decisive battle fought in its vicinity 
 on the 18th of April, 1774, between the Rohillas 
 and the British. 
 
 Cuxharen, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, in the 
 Duchy of Bremen, situate near the point of the 
 promontory formed by the mouths of the rivers 
 Weser and Elbe. It is an insignificant place, but 
 rendered of some importance as the station of the 
 post office packets between England and the north 
 of Europe. It is 60 miles N. N. W. of Hamburg. 
 Lat. 53. 50. N., and 8. 40. of E. long. 
 
 esteemed for the variet3 r , richness, and beauty of 
 their colour. 
 
 Cyr, St. a village of France, two miles from 
 Versailles, celebrated for an abbey founded by 
 Madame de Maintenon, who was the abbess till 
 her death in 1719. 
 
 * w * There are a number of towns and villages 
 of this name in different parts of France, but all 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 Cz. For places sometimes written with Cz, see 
 Cs and TscK. 
 
 Czaslau, or Tohaslau, a circle of Bohemia, bor- 
 
 Cuya.hoga, a stream of Ohio falling into Lake dering on Moravia, the N. end jetting upon tht 
 
 Erie at Cleaveland. The great Ohio Canal, passes Elbe; containing about 800 square miles of terri 
 
 alono- this river and joins the Lake at its mouth, tory. It is intersected from east to west by the 
 
 See Ohio Canal. Yasawa, which river falls into the Moldau, ana 
 
 Cuyahoga, a county of Ohio bordering upon from north to south by another river which falls 
 
 Lake Erie at the outlet of the above stream. Pop. into the Elbe. Pop. about 180,000, chiefly agri- 
 
 10.360. Cleaveland is the capital. cultural. The chief town of the same name is 
 
 Cycladcs, the ancient name of ten islands at seated in the north part of the circle, 8 miles S. 
 
 the entrance of the Grecian Archipelago, between of the Elbe, and 45 E. N. E. of Prague. The 
 
 36. and 38. of N. lat. 
 
 Cynthiana, p.t. Harrison Co. Ken. Also a 
 township in Posey Co. Ind. 
 
 Cyprus, an island at the eastern extremity of 
 the Mediterranean Sea, lying off the coast of 
 Syria, from which the eastern extremity of the 
 island is distant 70 miles. It is 165 miles in ex- 
 treme length, and 50 wide in its broadest part, 
 
 church has the highest tower of Bohemia. Near 
 this place the king of Prussia gained a victory 
 over the Austrians in 1742. 
 
 Czenstochoir, or Czcstochow, a town of Prus- 
 sian Poland, near the frontier of Silicia and the 
 source of the Warta ; near which there is a cele- 
 brated convent, fortified and garrisoned. It sus- 
 tained a seige against the Swedes in 1C57, and 
 
DAG 
 
 237 
 
 DAH 
 
 near it a battle was fought in 1665; between the 
 royal army of Poland and Lubomirski, to the dis- 
 advantage of the former. It was garrisoned by 
 the French in 1812. It is 50 m. N. N. W. of 
 Cracow. 
 
 Cfercossi, or 6'£. Czyrkossy, a town of Russia, 
 in the Ukraine, with a castle, seated near the 
 Dneiper, 85 m. S. E. of Kiow. Long. 32. 5. E., 
 lat. 49. 20. N. 
 
 Czernetz, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Walachia, near the Danube, 140 m. W. by N. of 
 Bucharest. 
 
 Czcrnstz, or Kaschau, a town of Carniola, re- 
 markable for its lake, which produces grass and 
 corn every year. The lake is surrounded by 
 mountains, and in dry seasons is from 20 to 25 
 miles in circumference ; but when full it is 40 
 miles round, and contains several islands, on the 
 largest of which is a village. When the water 
 subsides, buck-wheat is sown on the dry parts, 
 and becomes ready for the sickle in six weeks , 
 a nd the pasturage is not hurt by the water if it 
 
 does not stay too long. The town is situate at 
 the north part of the lake, 20 m. S. by W. of 
 Laybach. 
 
 Czcrnigov, or Tchernigov, a government of Eu- 
 ropean Russia, bounded on the west by the Dnies- 
 ter. The chief town of the same name is seated 
 on the north bank of the Desna, which falls into 
 the Dniester, 450 m. S. S. W. of Moscow, and 
 75 N. by E. of Kiev. Pop. about 5.000. 
 
 Czersko, a town of Prussian Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Masovia, seated on the west bank 
 of the Vistula, 30 m. S. S. E. of Warsaw. 
 
 Czenceniza, a town of Upper Hungary, famous 
 for mines of opal, a noble gem not yet discovered 
 in any other region of the globe. It is 15 m. iN 
 of Cassovia. 
 
 Czongrodt, or Jlh-Czongrad, a town of Hun 
 gary, at the influx of the Theiss and Korosh, 13 
 m. N. of Zegedin. 
 
 Cz begins the names of several other towns in 
 Poland, Russia and Austria. 
 
 D 
 
 DABER, a town of Hither Pomerania, in a 
 circle of its name, 16 m. N. N. E. of Stargard. 
 
 Dabul, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of 
 Concan, with a trade in pepper and salt, seated at 
 the mouth of a river, 75 m. S. by E. of Bombay. 
 Long. 72. 54. E., lat. 17. 50. N. 
 
 Dacca, a district of Bengal, lying between the 
 main branch of the Ganges and the Burrampooter 
 rivers. The chief town of the same name is seat- 
 ed on the banks of a small river, which commu- 
 nicates with the Burrampooter. It was once the 
 capital of Bengal, and defended by a strong fort- 
 ress, the remains of which appear. It has a vast 
 trade in muslins and other cotton manufactures 
 of the most delicate texture, manufactured from 
 the cotton produced in the province. The coun- 
 try round Dacca lies low, and is always covered 
 with verdure during the dry months. It is 150 
 miles north-east of Calcutta. Long. 90. 32. E., 
 lat. 23. 42. N. 
 
 Dachau, a town of Bavaria, where the king has 
 a palace seated on a hill near the river Ammer, 
 10 m. N. N. W. of Munich. 
 
 Dagclefs Island, an island about nine miles in 
 circumference, in the Japanese Sea, at about an 
 equal distance from the Isle of Niphon and the 
 Coast of the Corea, in the lat. of 37. 25. N. It 
 was visited by La Perouse. It abounds with tim- 
 ber, which the Coreans are supposed to use in 
 buil ding of boats. 
 
 Dagcnham, a village of Essex, England, on the 
 north bank of the Thames, from the tide-water of 
 which it is secured by an embankment. In 1703 
 the embankment gave way, and inundated 5,000 
 acres of ground, which were reclaimed in 1715. 
 
 Daghestan,a. province of Georgia, lying between 
 the west shore of the Caspian Sea and the Cau- 
 casian mountains. It is intersected by several 
 small rivers falling into the Caspian. The inhab- 
 itants are a brave and hardy race, and successful- 
 ly resisted the -arms of Nadir Shah in 1743. Its 
 sovereignty is claimed by Russia, but the resolute- 
 ness of the inhabitants renders it. nominal rather 
 than real. It has two considerable towns, Tasker 
 and Derbent, on the shores of the Caspian. It is 
 a fertile district, and under social institutions 
 
 might be made an agreeable country. It is inter 
 sected by the line of 42. of N. lat. 
 
 Dago, or Dagao, an island in the Baltic, on the 
 coast of Livonia, seven miles north of the Isle of 
 Oesel, near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. 
 It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two cas- 
 tles, called Dagervvort and Paden. Long. 22. 56. 
 E., lat. 58.44. N. 
 
 Dagon. See Ragoon. 
 
 Dagsborough, p.t. Sussex Co. Del. 
 
 Dahl, the finest river of Sweden , which flows 
 through Dalecarlia, or Dalarne, and on the south 
 confines of Gastricia, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia 
 south of Gefle. Near Escarleby, not far from its 
 mouth, it forms a celebrated cataract, little inferi 
 or to that of the Rhine atLauffen. 
 
 Dahlak, an island in the Red Sea, near the north 
 end of the coast of Abyssina, 40 miles long and 
 six broad. It is fertile, populous, and remarkable 
 for a pearl fishery. The inhabitants are blacks, 
 and great enemies to the Mahometans. Long. 40 
 10. E., lat. 15. 44. N. 
 
 Dalme, a town of Prussia, at the south extremi 
 ty of the middle mark, 45 m. S. of Berlin. Pop. 
 about 3,000. 
 
 Dahomey, a kingdom of Guinea, supposed to 
 reach 180 miles inland. The country is fertile, 
 yielding a plentiful supply of farinaceous vegeta- 
 bles and tropical fruits ; also indigo, cotton, su- 
 gar-cane, tobacco, palm-oil and a variety of spi- 
 ces. The religion of Dahomey consists of a jum- 
 ble of superstitious ceremonies, of which it is im- 
 possible to convey any satisfactory idea. The 
 king of Dahomey is under a partial subjection to 
 the king of the Eyeos. The government is per- 
 haps the most perfect despotism in the world ; for 
 the policy admits of no intermediate degree of 
 subordination between king and slave, at least in 
 the royal presence, where the prime minister 
 prostrates himself with as much abject submission 
 as the meanest subject. The king maintains a 
 considerable standing army, commanded by an 
 agaow, or general, and their subordinate officers, 
 who must hold themselves in readiness to take 
 the field at the command of the sovereign. On 
 extraordinary occasions, all the males able to bear 
 
DAL 
 
 238 
 
 DAM 
 
 arms are obliged to repair to the general's stan- 
 dard ; ever}' caboceer marching at the head of 
 his own people. Sometimes the king lakes the field 
 at the head of his troops ; and on very great em- 
 ergencies at the head of his women. In the differ- 
 ent royal palaces, in Dahomey, are immured not 
 less than 3,000 women ; several hundreds of whom 
 are trained to arms, under a female general and 
 other officers. The general character of the Da- 
 homans is marked hy a mixture of ferocity and po- 
 liteness ; the former appears in the treatment of 
 their enemies ; the latter they possess far above 
 the African nations with whom Europeans have 
 hitherto had any intercourse. The leopard and 
 li}'a;na are common in this part of Africa, and 
 commit great ravages, as sometimes do also a spe- 
 cies of white ant. Grewhe, or Griwhee.in the lat. 
 ofb'. 17. N., and 3. 6. of E. long, is the principal sea 
 port. Pop. about 6,500. Abomey, about 90 m. 
 inlan I is the capital. 
 
 Dalbeattie, a village of Scotland, 12 miles east 
 by north of Kirkcudbright. It stands near the 
 mouth of the Urr, in Solway Frith, and has a con- 
 venient harbour for small vessels. 
 
 Dalebu, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalia, sit- 
 uate on the south-west side of Lake Wener, 60 
 m. north by east of Gotheburg. 
 
 DalecarUa, or Dalarne, an interior province of 
 Sweden, in the division of Sweden Proper, be- 
 tween Nordland and the mountains of Norway. 
 It is 270 m. long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The 
 principal productions are wood, corn, and hemp; 
 and it contains many mountains, in which are 
 mines of silver, copper, and iron. The capital is 
 Fahlun. The manners of the people are distinct 
 from inose of other parts of Sweden. 
 
 Daletotim, p. v. Wilcox Co. Alab. 
 
 Dalheim, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 ducny of Limberg, capital of a territory of the 
 same name, seated near the Meuse, 15 m. N. W. 
 of Limburg. 
 
 Dalen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Ju- 
 liers, situate on the Bervine, which falls into the 
 Meuse, 15 m. N. N. \\ . of juliers. Pop about 
 3,700. 
 
 Dalia, Daland, or Dalsland, a province of Swe- 
 den, in Gothland, to the west of Wermeland 
 and Lake Wener. It is eighty-five miles long 
 and forty broad. The north part is full of moun- 
 tains, forests, and lakes ; but to the south it 
 produces corn sufficient for the inhabitants. Cat- 
 tle, fish, butter, and cheese are the chief articles. 
 The capital is Daleburg, or Amal, on the shore of 
 the lake. 
 
 Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in Edinburgshiro, 
 with a great market, for corn and oatmeal. Here 
 is Dalkeith house, the magnificent seat of the 
 duke of Buci leugh. It is seated on a strip of 
 land between the north and south Esk, six miles 
 south-east of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 5,169. 
 
 Dalia, or Delia, a district of lowland at the Del- 
 ta of the Irrawaddy River; a town of the same 
 name on the east bank of the main branch of the 
 river, about 40 miles W. S. W. of Rangoon, 
 manufactures a great quantity of salt. The soil 
 is capable of being rendered very productive. It 
 is. it present much infested with wild animals. 
 
 Dallas, a county of Alabama. Pop. 14,017. 
 Cahawba is the chief town. Also a township in 
 Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 Dalmatia, a country of Europe stretching in a 
 north-west direction, from the lat. of 42. to 44. 
 N., along the east shore of the Adriatic Sea. It is 
 a country of great antiquity, -and formerly extend- 
 
 ed inland to the lat. of 45. 39. N. and included 
 parts )? Croatia, Bosnia, and Albania: the whole 
 was incorporated with Hungary in the twelfth 
 century. The Venetians afterwards made inroads 
 upon the sea-coast, and in the 15th century the 
 whole country, now commonly called Dalmatia. 
 became subject to that republic. It was ceded to 
 Austria by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 ; 
 Austria ceded it to France in 1805. It fell again 
 into the possession of Austria at the general par- 
 titioning of 1814. This portion of Dalmatia, 
 which is all now understood by that name, has 
 about 200 miles of sea coast, within the latitude 
 above mentioned, being about 40 miles in meat... 
 breadth, which gives an area of about 8 000 
 square miles, and is supposed to contain 350,00c 
 inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Bo- 
 cana River, which separates it from Albania, and 
 on the north by Bosnia and Croat'a ; west by Mor 
 lachia. It has several islands lying oft' the coast, 
 the principal of which are Brazza, Lessena, Car- 
 zola, Sabonelio and Meleda. It has some moun- 
 tainous territory, containing marble, gypsum, iron 
 and other minerals; but parts are very fertile, and 
 the mulberry, vine, and olive, flourish in consid- 
 erable luxuriance. The principal river is the 
 Narenta, which rises in Bosnia, and either this or 
 the Bocana might easily be united with collateral 
 branches of the Save, near its union with the 
 Danube, and thereby open a water communica- 
 tion by means of the latter, with the Black Sea 
 on one side, and the interior of Germany on the 
 other, but military despotism and catholic subju- 
 gation are incompatible with social improvements. 
 The principal towns on the coast are Cattaro, Ra- 
 gusa, and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and 
 Mostar. 
 
 Dairy, a village of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 7 m. 
 N. N. W. of Irvine. It has a cotton manufac- 
 ture, and near it are valuable coal mines, and 
 a strong sulphureous spring. Pop. in 1821, 3,313. 
 Dalsland. See Dalia. 
 
 Dalton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here are 
 the remains of an ancient castle, and near it are 
 the magnificent ruins of Furness abbey. It is 
 seated in a champaign country, not far from the 
 sea, six miles S. W. of Ulverston, and 265 N. N. 
 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 714. 
 
 Dalton, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connecti 
 cut, at the 15 mile falls. Pop. 532. 
 
 Dalton, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 791. 
 Damanhar, a town of Egypt, near the canal oi 
 Alexandria, 32 m. E. S. E. of Alexandria. 
 
 Damar, a town of Arabia Felix, in Yemen 
 with a university, 60 m. S. by E. of Sana. 
 
 Damariscotta, a river of Maine flowing into the 
 sea between Penobscot and Casco Bays. 
 
 Damascus, or (as it is called by the Arabs) 
 Sham, a city of Syria, capital of a Turkish pacha- 
 lie, and the see of a Greek archbishop. The form 
 is an exact square, each side being a mile and a 
 half long, and is supposed to contain from 180, 
 000 to 200,000 inhabitants, among whom are <rreat 
 numbers of Christians and Jews. It has three 
 walls, now almost entirely ruined ; and of the 
 several suburbs which it formerly had, there re 
 mains only one, which extends three miles in 
 length. Several streams flow across the fertile 
 plains of Damascus, which water all the gardens, 
 supply the public fountains, and are carried into 
 every house. The houses are built of wood, with 
 their fronts inward, where there is a court; in 
 the streets there are only walls to be seen, but the 
 insides are richly adorned. The moat remarkable 
 
DAM 
 
 239 
 
 DAN 
 
 buildings are the caravanserais, which consist of 
 long galleries supported by marble pillars, and 
 surrounding a large square court. The castle is 
 like a little town, having its own streets and hous- 
 es : and the famous Damascus steel was kept here 
 in a magazine. The mosques, of which there 
 are about 200, are extremely handsome edifi- 
 cies, the most stately of which was a christian 
 church. One street runs across the city and sub- 
 urbs in a direct line, on each side of which are 
 shops, where all sorts of rich merchandise are 
 sold. Several manufactures are carried on here, 
 among which that of sabres and knives has been 
 the most famous. Damascus is one of the most 
 ancient places existing ; it is mentioned by Abra- 
 ham 1917 years before the christian era, as the 
 place near which he encountered the forces of 
 Chedorlaomer king of Elam, {Persia,) and res- 
 cued his nephew Lot with considerable treasure, 
 which the Elamites had taken from the cities of 
 the plain. It afterwards became the capital of 
 an independent kingdom, and at a later period 
 became subject to the Jews. It was conquered 
 by the Romans ; and after the fall of the Roman 
 empire. Damascus became the seat of the grand 
 caliph of the Saracens, who surrendered it to the 
 Turkish emperor Selim, the third of the Otto- 
 man dynasty about 1515. It has continued sub- 
 ject to the Turks since that time. The pachalic 
 which extends from the desert of Arabia, through 
 five degrees of latitude to Aleppo, is considered 
 the most valuable and important of all the Turk- 
 ish possessions. The pacha makes an annual 
 journey to Mecca, as the representative of the 
 grand seignior. (See Syria.) Damascus is seated 
 sixty miles from the sea, at Berut, in the lat. of 
 33. 30. N., 130 miles N. N. E. of Jerusalem, and 
 170 S.by W. of Aleppo. 
 
 Damascus, towns in Wayne Co. Pa., Frederick 
 Co. Md., and Logan Co. Ohio. 
 
 Damaun, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the 
 country of Baglana, at the entrance of the Gulf 
 of Cainbay. Aurungzebe besieged it about the 
 middle of the seventeenth century, with an army 
 of 40,000 men ; but the garrison sallying out on 
 a part of his camp, guarded by 200 elephants, so 
 terrified those animals by their fire-arms, that they 
 turned on their masters, and trampled to death 
 half his army. The Persees (see Barhu) have a 
 celebrated temple here. It is subject to the Por- 
 tuguese, and is sixty miles south of Surat. Long. 
 72° 47. E., lat. 20. 18 N. 
 
 Damegan, or Damgan, a town of Persia, seated 
 near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in the 
 district of Mazenderan. It is supposed once to 
 have been the seat of government of the Parthian 
 empire. It is 90 m. east by south of Ferrabad, 
 and 300 north by east of Ispahan. 
 
 Damgartin, or Damgard, a town of Hither 
 Pomerania, with a castle-seated at the mouth of 
 the Recknitz, 18 m. W. of Stralsund. 
 
 Damietta, a town of Egypt, and a Greek arch- 
 bishop's see, with a good harbour, at one of the 
 eastern mouths of the Nile. It has several 
 squares, various grand mosques, and public baths 
 faced with marble. The rice mezelaoui. the 
 finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring 
 plains. Here are likewise Indian stuffs, silk, sal 
 ammoniac, wheat, &c. The Christians of Aleppo 
 and Damascus carry on the principal trade, the 
 Turks being indolent, and contenting themselves 
 with occasional extortions. During the crusades, 
 Damietta was frequently an object of contention. 
 It surrendered to the French in 1798, since which 
 
 period it has been on the decline. It is aboiu 
 ninety miles east of Alexandria, the sam- 
 distance north by east of Cairo, in the lat. of 31. 
 26. N., and 31. 50. of E. long. Pop. about 30,000. 
 
 Damm, a town of Further Pomerania, which 
 has a considerable trade in steel manufactures. It 
 is seated at the south end of a lake of the same 
 name, near the mouth of the Oder, 8 m. E. S. E. 
 of Stettin. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Damme, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 
 ders, seated on the canal between Sluys and 
 Bruges, 5 m. N. by E. of Bruges. 
 
 Damme, or Jippingedam, a town of Holland, in 
 Groningen, seated on the Damster, near the 
 mouth of the Ems, 14 miles N. E. of Groningen. 
 
 Dampiers Land, in the lat. of 19. S., on the 
 west coast of New Holland, so called from a nav- 
 igator of that name, who visited it in 1688, and 
 who reported having discovered a large river or 
 deep inlet of the sea in that part, but the assertion 
 yet remains to be confirmed. 
 
 Dan, a river of North Carolina, rising in Vir 
 ninia and falling into the Roanoke near Mecklen 
 burg. 
 
 Dana, t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 623. 
 
 Danbury, a village in Essex, England, 5 m. E. 
 of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of the sea. It stands 
 on the highest ground in the county, and the 
 spire of the church serves as a sea-mark. Pop. in 
 1821, 1,005. 
 
 Danbury, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 93 m. from Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 786. 
 
 Danbury, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield 
 County. This town, with a large quantity of 
 military stores, was burnt by the British in 1777. 
 It is 20 miles N. N. W. of Fairfield, and 65 N. N 
 E. of New York. Pop. 4,325. 
 
 Danby, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,362. 
 
 Dancali, a country in the east part of Abyssinia, 
 at the entrance to the Red Sea. The soil is un- 
 productive; and its chief riches consist in fossil 
 salt and honey. It is governed by a prince nomi- 
 nally tributary to the negus, or emperor of Abys- 
 sinia. Bailur is the principal town. 
 
 Dandridgc, p.t. JefFerson Co. Ten. 
 
 Danielsville, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. and Mad- 
 ison Co. Geo. 
 
 Danger, Isles of, three islands in the Pacific 
 Ocean, seen by Byron in 1765, but so surrounded 
 by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to land. 
 The commodore supposed them to be the islands 
 seen by Quiros, in the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth century, and named Solomon's Islands. 
 Long. 169. 28. W., lat. 10. 15. S. 
 
 Dannemora, or Dammora, the most celebrated 
 iron mine in Sweden. It produces from four to 
 five thousand tons of iron of the very best quality 
 annually. It is about thirty miles N. of Upsal. 
 
 Dannr.nburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Luneburg, capital of a district of the 
 same name ; seated on the Jetze, near the Elbe, 
 30 m. E. by S. of Luneburg. 
 
 Dansville, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728. 
 
 Dantzic, a city of Europe, very advantageously 
 located on the west bank of the Vistula, about five 
 miles above its entrance into the Baltic Sea, in 
 the lat of 54. 21. N., and 18. 38. of E. long. It 
 is supposed to have been first founded by the 
 Danes in the twelfth century, and for some time 
 continued a fiee and independent city. In 1454 
 it became subject to Poland, retaining, however, 
 all its municipal institutions, and long continued 
 to rank as the chief commercial city of the north 
 of Europe, included in the Hanseatic league. At 
 
DAN 
 
 240 
 
 DAR 
 
 tho commencement of the eighteenth century it 
 contained upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, more 
 than 20,000 of whom were carried off by a pest in 
 1709. In 1734 it offered protection to Stanislaus, 
 king of Poland, when it was besieged by the Rus- 
 sians and Saxons, to whom it was forced to sur- 
 render. In 1703 it was taken possession of by a 
 Prussian force, who held it till 1807, when, after 
 a lono- siege, it surrendered to the French, who, 
 in their turn, were forced to surrender it to a uni- 
 ted Russian and Prussian force, after the disaster- 
 ous campaign of 1812-13, and in the following 
 year (1814) Tt was confirmed in full sovereignty to 
 Prussia. The easy navigation of the Vistula, and 
 three or four considerable collateral rivers which 
 intersect an extensive and fertile country, affords 
 to Dantzic great commercial advantages. The 
 chief product of the interior country is grain, of 
 which article Dantzic has occasionally exported 
 500,000 quarters per annum, and the vicinity of the 
 city contains some extensive granaries. It is al- 
 so capable of affording very large supplies of 
 timber, pearl-ash, flax, and hemp. It has several 
 yards for ship building, but its commercial activi- 
 ty has of late years very much declined. It has 
 upwards of twenty churches, chiefly Lutheran, 
 and several other public buildings. It is nearly 
 surrounded by water, and two streams intersect 
 the city, dividing it into three parts. The fortifi- 
 cations are very strong by nature, and rendered 
 formidable by art. It is 00 m. W. S. W. of Kon- 
 isburg, 250N.E. of Berlin, and 100 N.byW. of 
 Warsaw. Pop. in 1825, 52,820. 
 
 Danube, or Donau, (the lower part called Ister 
 by Strabo,) the noblest river of Europe ; has its 
 source in the territory of the grand duke of Baden 
 on the eastern confines of the Black Forest, in the 
 lat. of 48. N , and 8. 15. of E. long. It pursues 
 a winding course in a N. N. E. direction to Ulm, 
 where it receives the Iller from the south, and be- 
 comes navigable. From Ulm it bears north into 
 Bavaria, to the lat. of 49. at Ratisbon, previously 
 receiving the united waters of the Wartasch and 
 Lech froTn the south, and before passing Ratisbon 
 it receives the waters of the Altmucht and of the 
 Nab from the north. From Ratisbon it bears to 
 the south, past llstadt into Austria, previously re- 
 ceiving the Iser, Inn, and Salza, all from the 
 south. 
 
 Its course through the archduchy of Austria, 
 past Vienna to Presburg, is rather circuitous ; 
 from Presburg it runs E. by N. for about 100 m. 
 receiving several streams from the Carpathian 
 mountain, when it takes a course due south 
 through the heart of Lower Hungary, past Buda, 
 for 160 miles to the lat. of 45. 25. Here it re- 
 ceives the waters of the Drave from the west, 
 and again bears to the east, receiving the Theiss, 
 which divides Upper and Lower Hungary from 
 the north, and the Save from the west at Bel- 
 grade. From Belgrade it forms the boundary be- 
 tween Hungary and Servia, then bears S. sepa- 
 rating Bulgaria from Walachia, receiving nume- 
 rous streams, both from the north and south. It 
 ao-ain bears north to Galatz, near which it re- 
 ceives the waters of the numerous rivers of Mol- 
 davia and Bessarabia, falling into the Black Sea 
 on the east, by several channels between the lat. 
 of 44. 40. and 45. 30. N. in 20. 20. of E. long. 
 The meridional distance from the source to tho 
 mouth of this river is 21 degrees of long., be- 
 tween the lat. of 45. and 40.. equal to about 1,000 
 English miles, but the course of the stream, by 
 its continued windings, may be estimated at from 
 
 1,500 to 1,000 miles. It is navigable to Ulm 
 within 150 miles of its source, but political per- 
 versions preclude the countries through which 
 this noble river flows, from deriving much exter 
 nal advantage from its navigation. In the arch- 
 duchy of Austria it forms several islands. Un- 
 der the head of Dalmatia it is shown that it might 
 easily be made to communicate with the Adriatic. 
 It contains a great variety of fish, and is celebra- 
 ted for its sturgeon, which ascend the river seve- 
 ral hundred miles. 
 
 Danube, Upper. Circle of, forms the south-west 
 part of the kingdom of Bavaria, lying between 48 
 and 49. of N. lat. and 10. and 11. of E. long 
 it comprises the S. part of the circle of Su- 
 abia, the county of Pappenheim,and the principal- 
 ity of Neuberb. It is watered by the Iller, Min- 
 del, Wertach, and the Lech, all running from 
 south to north into the Danube, which gives name 
 to the circle. The Iller might readily be united 
 with the lake of Constance, and thereby open a wa- 
 ter communication between the Danube and the 
 Rhine. It is a district of capability, and of re- 
 source, under a well-directed exertion of agricul 
 tural pursuit. The principal towns are Gunsburg, 
 Dillengen, Hochstadt, Donauwert, Pappenheim, 
 Neuberg, Eichstadt, Nordlingen, &c. 
 
 Danube, Lower, Circle of, another circle of the 
 kingdom of Bavaria, comprises the east part of 
 Lower Bavaria, and the bishopric of Passau. 
 It lies on both sides of the Danube, between tho 
 lat. of 12. 30. and 13. 40. E. in the same parallel of 
 lat. as the Upper Circle. The Iser and the Inn 
 intersects the south part, which is considered the 
 most fertile district of all Bavaria. Passau is the 
 capital ; and the other principal towns are Strau- 
 bing, Landau, Deckendorf, Osterhofen, &c. Pop 
 about 400,000. 
 
 Danube, Circle of. The source of the Danube 
 also gives name to a circle in the territory of the 
 grand duke of Baden, comprising part of the 
 Black Forest. Willengen, 20 m. E. by N. of Fri- 
 burg, is the capital. Pop. about 75,000. 
 
 Danube, District of, one of the four great divi- 
 sions of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, according 
 to the distribution of 1818. 
 
 Danvers, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. adjoining Salem. 
 Pop. 4,238. It has many flourishing manufactures 
 of cotton. 
 
 Darby, the name of 4 townships, viz. in Dela- 
 ware Co. Pa., Union, Madison, and Pickaway Cos 
 Ohio. 
 
 Danville, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,128. 
 Also a p.t. in Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 3,631. Al- 
 so a p.t. in Columbia Co. Pa. Also villages in 
 Pittsylvania Co. Va., Mercer Co. Ken., Knox 
 Co. Ohio and Hendricks Co. Indiana. 
 
 Darabgherd,a. town of Persia, in Farsistan, said 
 to have been founded by Darius. It is large but 
 not populous ; and surrounded by luxuriant groves 
 of orange and lemon trees. Near it salt is found 
 of various colours, white, black, red and green. 
 A considerable manufacture of glass is carried on 
 here. It stands 140 m. E. S. E. of Shiraz, on the 
 road to Ormus. Long. 54. 56. E., lat. 28. 56. N. 
 Darah, or Dross, a country of Barbary, bound- 
 ed on the nortii by Sus, east by Tafilet, south by 
 Zahara, and west by the Atlantic. A river of the 
 same name flows through it, which enters the At- 
 lantic on the south side of Cape Non. The prin- 
 cipal produce is indigo and dates. The rnhabi- 
 itants are Arabs and Mahometans; and some of 
 the districts are dependant on Morocco. 
 
 Daraporam, a town of Hindoostan, capital of 
 
DAR 
 
 241 
 
 DAR 
 
 the south part of Coimbetore. It has a large mud 
 fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton 
 and tobacco are cultivated in the vicinity, and the 
 garden and rice grounds are considerable. It is 
 seated at about an equal distance from the Mala- 
 bar and Coromandel Coasts ; 42 miles E. S. E. of 
 Coimbetore, and 10G W of Tanjore. Long. 77. 
 40. E., lat. 10. 47. N. 
 
 Dansville, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,728. 
 
 Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary 
 built bv the Turks in lf>86,and taken by the Aus- 
 trians the next year. It is seated near the Drave, 
 at the end of the bridge of Esseck, 8 m. S. of 
 Barrany. 
 
 Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey, the one call- 
 ed Sestos, seated in Rumelia, the other called My- 
 dos, in Natolia. They command the south-west 
 entrance of the strait of Gallipoli, leading from the 
 Grecian Archipelago, into the sea of Marmora, 
 which separates Europe from Asia. 
 
 Dardenne, p.t. Charles Co. Missouri. 
 
 Darfoor, a kingdom of North Africa, on the 
 borders of Nubia and Negroland, governed by a 
 chief who calls himself sultan, and assumes the 
 most extravagant titles. The wild animals are 
 the lion, leopard, hyaena, wolf and buffalo. The 
 domestic animals are camels, goats, sheep and 
 horned cattle. Considerable quantities of grain 
 of different sorts are raised, and after the tropical 
 rains the fertility is sudden and great. The peo- 
 ple are very barbarous ; consisting of native tribes, 
 of a deep black complexion, and woolly hair, 
 though with features different from those of the 
 Negroes, and of Arabs of various tribes. Polyga- 
 my is not only established, but the intercourse of 
 the sexes is totally destitute of decency. The 
 most severe labours of the field are left to the wo- 
 men ; and the houses, which are of clay covered 
 with thin boards, are chiefly built by them. Salt 
 is the general medium of commerce here, as gold 
 dust is in other parts of Africa. Caravans travel 
 between this country and Eu-ypt. Cobbe is the 
 capital, in the lat. of 13. 40. N„ and 28. 30 of E. 
 long. 
 
 Darien, Gulf of, at the north-west extremity 
 of the territory of Colombia, opening into the 
 Carribean Sea. It runs inland about 80 miles, 
 and is from 20 to 30 miles wide ; under the do- 
 mination of Spain, in South America, this gulf 
 gave name to a province on the east side in the 
 vice-rovalty of New Granada, now comprised in 
 the Colombian province of the Ysthmo, or Isth- 
 mus. On the west, shore of the gulf, at the 
 mouth of the river Atrata, are the remains of a 
 town founded by a company of Scotch adventurers 
 in H>99, and although the most favourable spot 
 in all South America, on the Atlantic side, for 
 opening a water communication with the Pacific 
 (see Choco) the project for forming a permanent 
 establishment completely failed. It has been usual 
 to confound the narrowest part of the chain of 
 territory which unites the two grand divisions of 
 the western hemisphere under the name of the 
 Isthmus of Darien, but this is 200 m. west of 
 the Gulf of Darien ; and the isthmus more proper- 
 ly comes under the head of Panama (which see) 
 and between the province of Darien and Panama 
 lies the province of Terra-Fir ma, which, as well 
 as South America, see also. 
 
 Darien, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,201. 
 
 Darien, a town of the state of Georgia, in 
 Liberty County, seated on the Alatamaha, not 
 far from its mouth, and 47 in. S. S. W. of Savan- 
 nah. Lono-. 81. 14. \V., lat 31. 23. N. 
 31 
 
 Darke, a frontier county of the state of Ohio 
 bordering on Indiana. It is about 33 miles from 
 north to south, and 22 wide. Chief town, Gren- 
 ville. Pop. (5,203. 
 
 Darlaston, a parish of Staffordshire, England, 
 contiguous U' the great coal district of Wednesburv 
 (which see). Pop. in 1821, 5,585. 
 
 Darlington, a town in the county of Durham, 
 Eng. Here are manufactures of huckabacks, 
 camlets, small wares of the Manchestei kind, and 
 leather ; also a curious water machine for grind- 
 ing optical glasses, the invention of a native, and 
 another for spinning linen yarn. It is seated on 
 the Skerne, 19 miles south of Durham, and 24 J 
 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,551. 
 
 Darlington, a district of S. Carolina ; the seat 
 of justice has the same name, and stands a little 
 to the west of the Great Pedee River. 
 
 Darmstadt, the capital and seat of government 
 of the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, in the 
 circle of the Upper Rhine. It is seated on the 
 banks of the river Darm, contains several public 
 buildings, and a population of about 13,000. It 
 is about 18 miles south of Frankfort on the Maine, 
 and the same distance S. E. of Mentz. 
 
 Darnestoicn, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland. 
 
 Darney, a town of France in the department 
 of Vosges, 21 m. W. S.W. of Epinal. 
 
 Daroca, a town of Spain in Arragon, with sev 
 en parish churches one of which is collegiate. 
 It stands between two hills, on the Xiloca, 57 m. 
 S. S. W. of Saragossa. 
 
 Darraway, a town of Hindoostan, in the coun- 
 ty of Tatta, al the mouth of a river of the samp 
 name, a branch of the Indus, 75 m. W. S. W. of 
 Tatta. Long. G7. 31. E. lat. 24. 32. N. 
 
 Dart, a river in Devonshire, Eng. which rises 
 at the foot of Dartmoor hills, crosses Dartmoor to 
 Ashburt.on and Totness, where it is navigable 
 for small vessels, and enters the English Channel 
 at Dartmouth. 
 
 Dartford, a town of Kent, Eng. seated on the 
 river Darent. Here was a celebrated nunnery, 
 which Henry the Eighth converted into a royal 
 palace, and is now become a gentleman's seat 
 The first paper mill in England was erected here 
 by Sir John Spilman, to whom king Charles I. 
 granted a patent with 200Z. a year, to encourage 
 the manufacture. On this river was also the first 
 mill for slitting iron bars to make wire. Dart- 
 ford is distinguished in English history as the 
 place where, in 1391, the insolence of a taxgath- 
 erer to the daughter of Wat Tyler provoked the 
 father's resentment to such a degree, as led to 
 his exciting 100,000 men to arms, who threaten- 
 ed the subversion of the government of Richard 
 H. Tyler was killed by the treachery of the lord- 
 mayor of London. It is 15 m. E. S. E. of Lon- 
 don, on the great road to Dover. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,595, being 1,190 more than in 1801. 
 
 Dartmouth, a borough and sea-port in Devon- 
 shire, Eng. It stands on the side of a craggy hill, 
 by the river Dart, near its entrance into the sea, and 
 has a spacious bay, defended by a castle and strong 
 battery. The dock yards and quay project into 
 the river, and the rocks on each side are compos 
 ed of a purple coloured slate. The town contains 
 three churches, and has a considerable trade to 
 the south of Europe and to Newfoundland, as 
 well as a share in the coasting traffic. It was 
 burnt in the reigns of Richard I. and Henry IV. 
 by the French ; but they were repulsed in a third 
 attempt afterwards, chiefly by the valour of the 
 women, who fought so bravelv, that after a great 
 
 a x y 
 
DAY 
 
 242 
 
 DEA 
 
 slaughter, they took M. Castel. the French gener- 
 al, three lords, and twenty-three knights, prison- 
 ers. It is 31 miles south of Exeter, 204 W. S. 
 W. of London, and returns two members to par- 
 liament. Pop! in 1821, 4,485 
 
 Dartmouth College. See Hanover, N. H. 
 
 Dartmouth, a sea-port in Massachusetts, in 
 Bristol county, adjoining New Bedford. Pop. 
 3.867, 62 m. S". of Boston. Long. 70. 52. W., lat 
 41. 37. N. 
 
 Dartown. p. v. Butler Co. Ohio. 
 
 Daricar, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the coun- 
 try of Sanore, taken from Tippoo by the British in 
 1701, and afterward restored to the Mahrattas. It 
 is 45 m. W. N. W. of Sanore, and 90 E. of Goa. 
 
 Darwen, Upper and Lower, two townships in 
 the parish of, and contiguous to. Blackburn, Lan- 
 cashire. Pop. in 1821, 8,94!). Sec Blackburn. 
 
 Dartmoor, an extensive forest in Devonshire, 
 Eng. bounded on the north by bleak hills com- 
 prising about 80,000 acres, and is watered by the 
 river Dart. Many sheep are bred here, but of 
 a small kind, and black cattle, which thrive well 
 on the coarse herbage. 
 
 Dassel, a town in Germany, in the principality 
 of South Calenburg, 48 m. S. by W. of Hanover. 
 
 Dauphin, a county in the E. District of Pennsyl- 
 vania, bounded on the west for about 40 miles by 
 the Susquehanna River, being about 20 miles in 
 mean breadth. The Blue Mountain Ridge inter- 
 sects this county from W. to N. by E. Pop. 25,- 
 303. Harrisburg is the chief town, and seat of 
 government of the state. 
 
 Dauphiny, a late province of France, extend- 
 ing 40 leagues from north to south, and 36 from 
 east to west ; bounded on the west by the Rhone, 
 north by the Rhone and Savoy, south by Pro- 
 vence, and east by the Alps. The heir apparent 
 of the kings of France derive the title of dauphin 
 from this province. Two-thirds of Dauphiny are 
 intersected by mountains, which afford good pas- 
 turage ; plenty of timber, fir-trees in particular, 
 for the building of ships : and very scarce simples. 
 In these mountains, which are branches of the 
 Alps, are bears, chamois, marmots, eagles, hawks, 
 &c. and mines of iron, copper, and lead. The 
 valleys afford wheat, and the hills in the vicinity 
 of the Rhone, excellent wines, olives and silks. 
 The principal rivers are the Rhone, Durance, 
 Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments 
 of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps (each of which 
 see.) 
 
 Davenport, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,780. 
 
 Daventry, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of whips. It stands on the Roman 
 highway called Watling-street, on the side of a 
 hill, 16 miles west of Northampton, and 72 N. W. 
 of London, on the mail-coach road to Birmingham 
 and Liverpool. It is distinguished for its cheese 
 fairs, in April and October. Pop. in 1821, 3,326. 
 
 David, St. a town of South Wales, in Pem- 
 brokeshire. It was formerly an archbishop's see, 
 and in king Arthur's days the metropolitan of the 
 British church, and continued so till king Henry 
 I. at which time Bernard, who was the forty- 
 seventh archbishop of St. David's, became suffra- 
 gan to the see of Canterbury. The situation of 
 the town being very unhealthful, and the soil of 
 the adjacent country very barren, it has nothing 
 now to boast of but its cathedral, which is 300 
 feet long, and about 127 high, and supposed to be 
 the highest in Britain ; though the east end is in 
 ruins, the western part and choir are in good re- 
 
 pair. St. David's is at present a bishop's see, yet 
 only a single street of miserable cottages. It is 
 seated on the Ulen, near the coast, 24 miles N. W 
 of Pembroke, and 255 west by north of London. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,816. 
 
 David, St a village of Scotland, in the parish of 
 Dalgety, Fifeshire, with a harbour in Inverkei- 
 thing bay. It-has a considerable manufacture of 
 salt, and exports an immense quantity of coal. 
 
 David, Fort St. an English fort on the coast of 
 Coromandel, which was taken and destroyed by 
 the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. 
 It is 80 miles south of Fort St. George. 
 
 Davidson, a county of West Tennessee, about 30 
 miles square. It is intersected from east to west 
 by Cumberland River. Pop. 22,523. Nashville, 
 on the south bank of the river, is the chief town. 
 
 Davidsonville, p.t. Lawrence Co. Arkansas, on 
 Current River. 
 
 Davidstoicn, village, Hunlindon Co. N. J. 
 
 Davies, an interior county of the state of In- 
 diana, 25 m. from south to north, and 15 wide 
 intersected by White River, which falls into the 
 Wabash. Pop. 4,512. Washington is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Davies, another county in the western part of 
 Kentucky, bounded on the south and west by 
 Green River, and on the north by the Ohio, which 
 separates this county from the state of Indiana. 
 Owenboro', on the south bank of the Ohio, is the 
 chief town. Another town called Vienna, is seat- 
 ed on the north bank of Green River. The ex- 
 tent of this county is about 25 miles each way. 
 Pop. 5,218. 
 
 Davis's Straits,a.n arm of the sea between Green 
 land and North America, discovered by captain 
 Davis in 1585, when he attempted to find a north- 
 west passage. This sea comprises a space be 
 tween the lat. of 58. and C8. N., and from 50. to 
 70. of W. long., to which from fifty to sixty sail of 
 ships are annually fitted out from England to fish 
 for whales. 
 
 Davisburg, v. Christian Co. Ken. 
 
 Dayton, p. v. Montgomery Co. Ohio, on the 
 Great Miami river. 
 
 Davos, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Grisons, capital of a district in which are mines 
 of copper, lead, and silver. It is 14 miles east of 
 Coire. 
 
 Daicley, Great and Little, two villages contigu- 
 ous to Shiffnal in Shropshire, Eng. abounding in 
 coal and iron ; the working of which gives em- 
 ployment to from 2,000 to 3,000 persons. Total 
 population in 1821,5,147. 
 
 Dawlish, a village pleasantly situate near Teign- 
 mouth, on the shore of the English Channel, in 
 Devonshire. It is a good deal frequented in the 
 summer season for sea bathing. Pop. in 1821 , 
 2,709. 
 
 Dax, or Dacqs, a town in France in the depart- 
 ment of Landes, and lately a bishop's see. Here 
 are some famous hot baths, the spring of which 
 discharges thirty-six cubic feet of water in a 
 minute. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with 
 towers, and seated on the Adour, 24 m. N. E. of 
 Bayonne. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1826 
 contained 4.849 inhabitants. 
 
 Dead, r. Coos Co. N. H. falls into the Margalla- 
 way. 
 
 Dead Sea, a lake or inland sea of Palestine into 
 which the river Jordan runs. I* is sixty miles 
 long and fifteen broad, enclosed on the east and 
 west by high mountains There is no verdure on 
 its banks, or fish in its waters owing to the ex- 
 
DEA 
 
 243 
 
 DED 
 
 treme saltness and other qualities of its water. 
 Mines of fossil salt are found in the sides of the 
 mountains, which supply the neighbouring Arabs, 
 and the city of Jerusalem ; also fragments of sul- 
 phur and bitumen, which the Arabs convert into 
 trifling articles of commerce. This lake, called 
 also Lake Asphaltites, and by the Turks and 
 Arabs Almotana, has no outlet ; and it has been 
 demonstrated, that evaporation is more than suffi- 
 cient to carry off the water brought in by the 
 rivers. It was on the site of this lake that Sodom 
 and Gomorrah, and three other cities were situate, 
 which were destroyed by a miraculous conflagra- 
 tion about 1,900 years antecedent to the Christian 
 oera. 
 
 Deadman s Head, a cape on the south coast of 
 England, in Cornwall, between St. Mawes and 
 Fowey. 
 
 Deal, a town in Kent, Eng. It is seated be- 
 tween the North and South Foreland, and is a 
 member of the cinque port of Sandwich, governed 
 by a mayor. It has no harbour, but the sea be- 
 tween the shore and the Godwin Sands, called the 
 Downs, is generally a secure road for ships, where 
 they usually ride at their leaving or entering the 
 river Thames. The port is defended by two 
 castles, Deal or Walmer Castle to the south, and 
 Sandown Castle to the north ; and also by several 
 batteries. The mariners of Deal are considered 
 most intrepid seamen, but there being no port 
 regulations, strangers embarking or disembarking 
 in the Downs, are exposed to the most wanton 
 and unjustifiable impositions, whilst the induce- 
 ments to smuggling, which the unparalleled rates 
 of taxation in England excite among the inhabi- 
 tants of this part of the coast, on account of its 
 proximity to the continent, makes the seamen as 
 desperate and vicious as they are craft}' and im- 
 posing. The town of Deal is 9 m. N. of Dover, 
 and 74 E. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,811. 
 
 Dean, a celebrated forest in Gloucestershire, 
 Eng. which originally included all that part of the 
 county which lies between the Severn and the 
 shires of Monmouth and Hereford, and contained 
 four market towns and twenty-three parishes. It 
 is fertile in pasture and tillage, bears very fine 
 oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal. It was 
 once reckoned the chief support of the English 
 navy ; but lraving been much thinned by fre- 
 quency of felling, and narrowed by increase of 
 cultivation, it was near losing all features of its 
 former character, until within the present century, 
 when a still extensive tract, containing a popula- 
 tion exceeding 5,500, has been replanted and re- 
 plenished with deer, and divided into six walks, 
 extra parochial, over which proper rangers have 
 b°en appointed. There is a village without the 
 boundary of the present forest, one mile north of 
 Newnham, called Little Dean, containing, in 1821, 
 807 inhabitants ; and contiguous is Mitchel Dean, 
 at which a market was formerly held on Mon- 
 days. Pop. in 1821, 556. 
 
 * # * There are ten other villages in different 
 parts of England named Dean, all inconsider- 
 able. 
 
 Dearborn, a frontier county at the south-east 
 extremity of the state of Indiana. Lawrenceburg, 
 the principal town, is seated on a point of land 
 formed by the junction of the Miami with the 
 Ohio River. The county is about 30 m. from 
 south to north, and 15 in mean breadth. The 
 N. E. part borders on the state of Ohio, and the 
 S. E. on that of Kentucky. Pop. 14,578. Law- 
 rencpburg'is the chief town 
 
 Dearborn, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 616. 
 
 Dehalpoor, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district in the country of Moultan. It is situate 
 on the great road from Delhi to Moultan, near the 
 river Setlege. 80 miles south of Lahore, and 170 
 east by north of Moultan. Long. 73. 32. E., lat. 
 30. 5. N. 
 
 Dehen, a river in Suffolk, Eng. which rises near 
 Debenham, and flows to Woodbridge, where it 
 expands into a long narrow arm of the German 
 Ocean, a little to the north of Harwich. 
 
 Denbenham, a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on 
 the side of a hill, near the source of the Deben 24 
 m. east of Bury St. Edmunds, and 83 N. E. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 1,535. 
 
 Debretzin, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of 
 a district of the same name, and one of the most 
 populous and important trading towns in all Hun- 
 gary. It was taken by the Turks in 1684, and the 
 Austrians retook it the same year. It is 107 in 
 E. of Buda. Long. 21.38. E., lat. 47.34. N. 
 
 Decatur, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,110. Also 
 towns in Mifflin Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Alab., 
 Adams and Brown Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Deccan, an extensive tract in Hindoostan, which 
 from the signification of its name, the South, has 
 been supposed to include the whole region south 
 of Hindoostan Proper. But, in its more accepted 
 sense, it contains only the countries situate be- 
 tween Hindoostan Proper, and what is termed the 
 Peninsula; namely, the provinces of Candeish, 
 Dowlatabad, Visiapour, the north part of Golcon- 
 da, Berar, Orissa, and the Circars. It is bounded 
 on the north by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, 
 and by Bahar ; and the river Kistna forms its 
 separation on the south from what is called the 
 peninsula of Hindoostan. All this vast country 
 was once the southern province of the Moguls, 
 who did not pass the Kistna till a recent period. 
 Candeish, Visiapour, and a part of Dowlatabad, 
 Berar. and Orissa are subject to the Mahrattas. 
 The English have part of Orissa and of the Cir- 
 cars. The dominions of the Nizam of the Deccan 
 comprising Golconda, the principal part of Dow 
 latabad, and the western part of Berar. His ter- 
 ritories are bounded on the north-west by the 
 Poonah Mahrattas, north by the Berar Mahrattas. 
 east by the Circars, and south by the Carnatic and 
 Mysore. By a family succession in 1780 the 
 Nizam became possessed of the districts of Adon. 
 and Tachore, and of the Gunto or Circar ; and 
 by the peace of 1792 and partition of 1799 he had 
 a share of the countries belonging to Tippoo Sul- 
 tan, including Kopaul, Cuddapa, Gangecoha, 
 Gooty, and Gurrumconda. His dominions (with- 
 out including the cessions) are supposed to be 
 430 miles from N. W. to S. E. by 300 wide. The 
 capital is Hydrabad. 
 
 Decize, a town of France, in the department of 
 Nievre, seated on an island, at the conflux of 
 the Airon with the Loire, 16 miles S. E. of Nevers. 
 
 Deckendorf, a town of Lower Bavaria, seated 
 on the Danube, 27 miles N. W. of Passau. 
 
 Decker stoicn, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Deddington, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 16 m. 
 north of Oxford, and 69 W. N. W. of London. 
 Pop. in 1621, 1,847. 
 
 Dedham, a town in Essex, Eng. with a manufac- 
 ture of baize. It has an ancient large church, 
 with a curious steeple, and a free grammar- 
 school endowed by queen Elizabeth. It is seated 
 on the Stour, 8 m. N. N. E. of Colchester, 
 and 58 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 1 ,651. 
 
 Dedham, a town of Massachusetts chief of 
 
DEH 
 
 244 
 
 DEL 
 
 Norfolk county, seated on Charles river, Jim. S. 
 W. of Boston. Pop. 3,117. 
 
 Dee, a river of Wales, held in great veneration 
 by the ancient Britons, and the theme of many 
 a poet since. It issues from the lake of Bala, in 
 Merionethshire, whence it flows through a fine 
 vale across the south part of Denbigshire to the 
 north-west part of Shropshire, visits the west bor- 
 der of Cheshire, passes on to Chester, and flows 
 thence to the Irish sea, making a broad estuary, 
 which separates Cheshire from Flintshire. The 
 Dee is navigable from near Ellesmere, in Shrop- 
 shire, to Chester, where the continuity of the nav- 
 igable is broken by a ledge of rocks, running 
 across the river ; but by embankments made here, 
 much land has been gained from the tide ; and a 
 narrow channel, fitter for navigation, has been 
 formed from Chester half way to the sea. See 
 Chester. 
 
 Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises on the 
 west border of Aberdeenshire, amid the moun- 
 tains of Mar Forest, and flows east through a 
 wild country till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae- 
 mar, whence it proceeds to Aberdeen, below 
 which it enters the German ocean. 
 
 Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 west part of Kirkcudbrightshire, receives the Ken 
 below New Galloway, and runs into the Irish 
 sea, five miles below Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Deeping, or Market Deeping, a town in Lin- 
 colnshire, Eng. seated on the banks of the river 
 Welland, in a fenny country, six miles east of 
 Stamford,and 00 N. of London. Pop. in 1821 ,1 ,01G. 
 
 Deeping, St. James's, contiguous, contains about 
 the same number of inhabitants. 
 
 Deer, a village of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 
 on a river of its name, 10 miles west of Peter- 
 head. It has a trade in fine yarn, and near it are 
 the remains of the abbey of Deer. 
 
 Deer Creek, a township of Madison Co. Ohrb. 
 
 Deerfield, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 55 m. N. 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,086, 
 
 Deerfield, a town of Massachusetts, in Hamp- 
 shire county, seated on the Connecticut, near the 
 influx of the river Deerfield. 15 m. N. of North- 
 ampton, and SO W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 2,003. 
 
 Deerfield, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mohawk, 
 opposite Utica. Pop. 4,182. Also a p.t. in Cum- 
 berland Co. N. Y., 4 townships in Ohio, and a 
 village in Augusta Co. Va. 
 
 Deerhust, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 three miles south of Tewkesbury, subject to fre- 
 quent inundations from the Severn. Here was a 
 celebrated monastery, which was afterwards made 
 a cell to Tewkesbury abbey. 
 
 Deering, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N H. 66 m. fr. 
 Boston. Pop 1,227. 
 
 Deer Island, in Penobscot Bay, state of Maine, 
 containing 2,217 inhabitants. 
 
 Dehli, commonly mis-spelt Delhi, a province of 
 Hindoostan,bounded on the N. W. by Lahore.N. E. 
 by Serinagur, east by the Rohilla country, south by 
 Afifra,and west by Moultan. Having been the seat of 
 continual wars above sixty years, previous to 1806, 
 when it fell under the influence of the English, 
 it had become almost depopulated ; and a tract of 
 country that possessed every advantage that could 
 be derived from nature, contained the most mis- 
 erable of inhabitants. It is now all that remains 
 to the Great Mogul of his once extensive empire, 
 but since his alliance with the English, the country 
 has been progressively improving. 
 
 Dehli, the capital of the province of the same 
 name. It is the nominal capital of all Hindoos- 
 
 tan, and was actually so during the greatest part 
 of the time since the Mahometan conquest in 
 1193. In 1738, when Nadir Shah invaded Hin- 
 doostan, he entered Dehli, and dreadful were the 
 massacres and famine that followed : , 100,000 
 of the inhabitants perished by the sword ; and 
 plunder to the amount of 62,000,000/, sterling 
 was said to be collected. The same calamities 
 were endured in 1761, on the invasion of Abdalla, 
 kinff of Candahar. [n 1803 the Mahrattas, aided 
 by the French, got possession of this place ; but 
 they were afterwards defeated here by Gen. Lake, 
 and the aged Shah Aulum, emperor of Hindoos- 
 tan, was restored to his throne. Dehli may be 
 said to be now in ruins ; but there are many 
 splendid remains of palaces with baths of marble. 
 The grand mosque is a magnificent edifice of 
 marble and red freestone, with high minarets, 
 and domes richly gilt. At Cuttab Minor, 15 m. S. 
 W. of the city, is a noble monument, 242 feet 
 high, built by the Khan Cuttabaddeen in 1194, to 
 commemorate his conquest of Dehli, which is 
 seated on the west bank of the Jumna, 350 miles 
 N. W. of Allahabad, and 1,500 N. W. of Calcutta 
 Long. 77. 40. E., lat. 28. 27. N. 
 
 Deizabad, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, 90 
 m. N. of Ispahan. 
 
 De Kalb, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop 
 1,061. 
 
 Delagoa, a bay on the east coast of South Af- 
 rica, at the north end of the country of Natal. 
 The adjacent country abounds in cattle and 
 poultry, which may be purchased for a trifle ; and 
 it is frequently visited by vessels employed in the 
 whale fishery. Long. 32. 0. E., lat 26. 0. S. 
 
 Delaware, a town of Virginia, in King Wil- 
 liam County, seated en the broad peninsula for- 
 med by the confluence of the Pamunky and Mat- 
 tapony. whose united streams hence assume the 
 nameof York River. It is 20 m. N. by W. ol 
 Williamsburg, and 45 W. of Richmond. 
 
 Delaware, a river of the United States, formed 
 of two streams in the state of New York, in the 
 lat. of 42. 30. N. In its course south, it separates, 
 for about fifty miles, the north-east part of Penn- 
 sylvania from New York, and afterwards for about 
 100 miles in a direction nearly due south, it sepa- 
 rates Pennsylvania from New Jersey, and a few 
 miles below Philadelphia, the state of Delaware 
 from New Jersey, till it enters the head of Dela- 
 ware bay, at Bombay bar, in the lat. of 39. 15. 
 N. where it is about five miles wide. At Phila- 
 delphia, it has sufficient depth of water for a 74 
 gun ship ; is navigable thence for sloops up to the 
 falls of Trenton, a distance of about thirty miles, 
 and for boats that carry eight or ten tons, forty 
 miles higher. 
 
 Delaware Bay, into which the preceding river 
 falls, is formed by Cape Henlopen on the south, 
 and on which is a light-house, in the lat. of 38. 
 45., and Cape May on the north, in the lat. of 39. 
 N. ; the two capes being about 18 m. distant, nar- 
 rowing to about 10 m. at Bombsiy bar which is 
 considered as forming the entrance to the river. 
 The bay, and its entrance is interspersed with 
 numerous shoals, the ship channel being on the 
 side of Cape Henlopen, and about midway be 
 tween Bombay Hook and Philadelphia is a small 
 island called Pea Patch, on which are two strong 
 forts. Just within Cape Henlopen, at the mouth 
 of the bay, there' is now constructing a breakwa- 
 ter of solid rock, and a dike farther inward, which 
 form an artificial harbour with 5 or 6 fathoms ot 
 water. 
 
DEL 
 
 1245 
 
 i»EL 
 
 Delaware, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Pennsylvania; E. by Delaware Bay and 
 river : S. and W. by Maryland, extending from 
 38. 29. to 39. 47. N. lat. and from 74. 56. to 75. 40. 
 W. long. 92 miles in length ; and 23 in its great- 
 est breadth; containing 2,120 sq. miles. Pop. 
 76.739, of whom 3,305 are slaves. 
 
 "This state is almost wholly an alluvial level ; 
 the northern extremity is hilly. In the south the 
 soil is sandy and unproductive, but toward the 
 north it is excellent and produces the finest wheat 
 in the United States. This article is the staple 
 
 commodity of the state, and the flour mills of 
 Brandywine, near Wilmington, are among the 
 largest in the country. The soil also produces 
 maize, flax, buck-wheat, potatoes, &c. and there 
 are some excellent grazing lands. At the south- 
 ern extremity of the state, is the Cypress Swamp. 
 from which great quantities of timber are obtained 
 for exportation. In the same quarter is found 
 abundance of bog iron ore. 
 
 There is no large river in the state, nor any 
 good harbour upon the bay, although this latter 
 defect will in some measure be remedied by the 
 breakwater above mentioned. The Chesapeak 
 and Delaware canal (which see) crosses the north- 
 ern part of the state and will materially assist the 
 trade of the country. The chief pursuits are ag- 
 ricultural. The commerce consists in the export 
 of flour. The shipping in 1823, amounted to 
 13,213 tons. The manufactures of the state are 
 considerable. They are chiefly at Wilmington, 
 and consist of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder, 
 snuff, &c. 
 
 Delaware is divided into 3 counties, New- 
 castle in the north, Kent in the middle, and 
 Sussex in the south. The legislature is called 
 the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate 
 and House of Representatives. The Governor 
 is chosen for 3 years. All elections are popular 
 and suffrage is universal. Dover is the capital. 
 The other chief towns are Wilmington and New- 
 castle. 
 
 The Methodists have 15 ministers ; the Presby- 
 terians 10; the Baptists 9, and the Episcopalians 
 6. There is no college in Delaware, but common 
 schools are established by law ; and the School 
 Fund of the state yields an annual income of 9,225 
 dollars. Also the proceeds of 25,000 dollars in- 
 vested in the Chesapeak and Delaware Canal 
 are devoted to purposes connected with education. 
 
 This state was first settled by the Swedes, and 
 afterwards formed a part of the colony of Pennsyl- 
 vania. The present constitution was framed in 
 1792. 
 
 Delaware is also the name of four counties in 
 the different states of North America, as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 1. In the state of New York, bordering on 
 Pennsylvania, in which is the Susquehanna, as 
 well as the Delaware rivers, both have their 
 source. It is a somewhat mountainous district, 
 but its fertility and local advantages may be in- 
 ferred from its increase of population, which in 
 1800 was 10,228, and in 1830, 32,933. Delhi is 
 the chief town. 
 
 2. In E. Pennsylvania, bounded on the south 
 by the state and east by the river Delaware, and 
 north by the county of the city of Philadelphia. 
 It is the smallest county in the state. Pop. 17,361 . 
 Chester, 15 m. S. YV. of Philadelphia, is the chief 
 town 
 
 3. In the centre of the state of Ohio, intersect 
 ed by the Scioto river, and Walnut, Alum, and 
 Whetstone creeks. It is a square of about 28 
 miles each way. The pop. which in 1810, was 
 only 2,000, in 1830 had increased to 11,523. The 
 chief town of the same name is seated between 
 the main branch of the Scioto and Whetstone 
 creek, twenty-five miles north of Columbus. 
 
 4. In the eastern part of Indiana. Pop. 2,372. 
 Muncytown is the capital. 
 
 Delaware, city, Newcastle Co. Del. This place 
 has just been laid out, and is situated on the 
 Delaware at the entrance of the Chesapeak and 
 Delaware Canal. 
 
 Delaware, is also the name of 4 townships and 
 villages in Pa., Va. and Ohio. 
 
 Delft, a town of South Holland, well built, 
 with canals in the streets, planted on each side^ 
 with trees. Here are two churches, in one of 
 which is the tomb of William I. prince of Or- 
 ange, who was assassinated. It has a fine arsenal, 
 and a considerable manufacture of earthenware. 
 Delft is the birth-place of the renowned Grotius. 
 It is seated about midway between Rotterdam 
 and the Hague. 
 
 Delftshaven, a fortified town of South Holland 
 on tha north side of the Maese, with a canal t< 
 Delft. It is between Rotterdam and Schiedam 
 about three miles from each. 
 
 Delflzuyl, a town and fortress of Holland, in 
 Gronino-en, with a good harbour. It is seated on 
 the Demster, at its entrance into the mouth of 
 the Ems, 12 miles west by south of Emden. Long. 
 6. 58. E., lat 58. 18. 
 
 Delhi, the chief town of Delaware County, in 
 the state of New York, seated on the north bank of 
 the Mohawk branch of the Delaware River, 40 m 
 VV. S. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,114. See also Delhi. 
 
 Delitz, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia. Great quantities of worsted stockings 
 are made here. It is 15 miles north by east of 
 Leipzig. 
 
 Delldmcotta, a fortress of the countiy of Bootan, 
 which commands the principal -pass over the 
 mounta ; ns. It was taken by storm in 1773, by a 
 detachment under the command of captain John 
 Jones. It is 55 m. S. S. W. of Tassa.udon, and 
 200 N. of Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 46. E. lat. 
 27. 2. N. 
 
 Delmenhorst, a town of Westphalia, capital of 
 a district in the duchy of Oldenburg; seated on 
 the Delm, near the Weser, 8 m. S. W. of Bre- 
 men. 
 
 Delos, or Deli, an island of the Grecian Archi- 
 pelago, formerly celebrated for the temples «f 
 Diana and Apollo, whose birth-place it is said to be. 
 It is 6 miles in circumference, but now little 
 more than a desert rock, covered with ruins, and 
 uninhabited. Long. 25. 12. E. lat. 37. 38. N. 
 
 Delphi, or Delphos, a town of Independent 
 
 A *J 
 
DEM 
 
 246 
 
 DEiN 
 
 Greece, in Livadia, once famous for the oracle of 
 Apollo, which people came from all parts to 
 • insult. It is seated in a valley near Mount 
 Parnassus, 18 m. W. S. W. of Livadia and now 
 called Castrid. 
 
 Delphi, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y., also a p.t 
 m Marian Co. Ten. 
 
 Del Ret/, a tract of country on the coast of Brazil, 
 about 100 miles wide, and 800 from north to south, 
 between the mountains of Paraguay and the 
 Atlantic ocean. At its south extremity are two 
 takes, called de los Petos and Mini, each about 
 180 miles long, and from 10 to 50 broad, with a 
 fort at each end. The principal place on this 
 extensive coast is the island of St. Catherine, in 
 the lat. of 27. 30. S. This coast is now princi- 
 pally included in the province of Rio Grande. 
 
 Delsbunj, a town of Switzerland in the late 
 bishopric of Basil, on the river Birs, 10 m. N. 
 W. of Soleure. 
 
 Delta, a part of Lower Egypt, inclosed between 
 the mouth of the Nile and" the Mediterranean ; 
 so called, it is supposed by some, from its trian- 
 gular form resembling the Greek letter of that 
 name, and by o^'ers, as implying a maritime and 
 swampy district hence, the term Delta is now 
 genen.ily applied to the mouths of all great rivers 
 having diverging branches, such as the Indus, 
 Ganges, Mississippi, &c. 
 
 Delvino, a town of Lower Albania, seated about 
 15 miles from the coast of the Adriatic, opposite 
 Corfu. It is the residence of a pacha, and is 
 populous. 
 
 Dembea, an interior province of Abyssinia, of 
 which Emfras is the capital, in the lat. of 12. N. 
 and 37. 30. E. long. In the centre of the province 
 is alike, supposed to be 450 m. in circumference, 
 and contains many islands, one of which is a place 
 of confinement for state prisoners. Its waters 
 appear to form one of the principal sources of the 
 Nile ; but this part of Africa is at present very 
 little known. 
 
 Dcmerara, a river and plantation of South 
 America. The entrance to the river is in the lat. 
 of G. 48. N. and 58. 2. of W. long. It is naviga- 
 ble for about 100 m. inland, and at its entrance 
 forms a very commodious harbour, impeded how- 
 ever by a* bar, not admitting vessels drawing 
 more than 18 feet of water. The plantations lie 
 on both banks of the river. They were original- 
 ly formed by the Dutch, but fell into the hands 
 of the English in 1700; restored at the peace of 
 Amiens in 1802 ; retaken on the renewal of the 
 v/ar in the following year, and confirmed to Eng- 
 land at the general peace in 1814 ; since which 
 the cultivation has been greatly extended, and 
 next to Jamaica, is now the most populous and 
 productive of all the British colonies in the West 
 Indies and South America. 
 
 Demianskoi, ?i town of Siberia, in the govern- 
 ment of Tobolsk, seated on the Jrtysh, at the 
 influx of the Demianha, 100 m. N. N. E. of 
 Tobolsk. 
 
 Demmin, a fortified town of Anterior Pomera- 
 nia, seated on the banks of the Ribnitz, 27 m. S. 
 of Stralsund. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Demona, a town and fort of Piedmont, on the 
 river Stura, 10 m. S. W. of Coni. 
 
 Demona Vol. See Dlmona. 
 
 Demotica, or Domotica, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Romania, where a Greek archbishop 
 resides. It was the residence of Charles XII. 
 for some years ; and is situate near the Marisca, 
 12 m. S. of Adrianople. 
 
 Denain, a village of France, in the department 
 of Nord, where a victory was gained over prince 
 Eugene, by Marshal Villars in 1712. It is seated 
 on the Scheldt, 6 m. S. W. of Valenciennes. 
 
 Denbigh, a borough of North Wales, capital of 
 Denbighshire. Its ruined castle, with its vast, in- 
 closure crowning the top of the hill, forms a 
 striking object. Denbigh has a considerable 
 manufacture of gloves and shoes. It is situate on 
 the side of a rocky hill, above the vale of Clywd, 
 on a branch of the river of that name, 27 miles 
 west of Chester, 5 S. of St. Asaph, and 218 N. 
 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,195. It returns 
 one member to parliament. 
 
 Denbighshire, a county of North Wales bounded 
 on the north by the Irish sea, north-east by Flint- 
 shire, east by Cheshire, south by Salop, Merio- 
 neth and Montgomeryshires, and west by the river 
 Conway, which separates it from Caenarvon- 
 shire. It is 48 miles long from south to west, and 
 20 in its broadest part, but its mean breadth does 
 not exceed 14 miles. This county contains some 
 picturesque and beautiful scenery, besides the 
 the Conway, the Clywd and Elwy also fall into 
 the Irish sea, whilst the Dee, running in a mean- 
 dering course from east to west, intersects all the 
 south part of the county ; and the vale of Clywd, 
 for 20 miles in extent, is deservedly celebrated 
 for its fertility as well as for its picturesque 
 beauty. Its surplus product consists principally 
 of cattle and butter, a partial supply of grain, 
 some wool, &c. &c. by which the rent-tax. state 
 and local exactions are discharged. It contains 
 veins of both coal and lead, but the mines are 
 very partially worked. Besides the borough of 
 Denbigh, the other principal towns are Wrexham, 
 Ruthin, Abergely, and Llhangolen. 
 
 Deader, a river of the Netherlands, which rises 
 in Hainault, flows by Leuze, Ath, Lessines, 
 Grammont, Ninove, and Alost, and joins the 
 Scheldt at Dendermond. 
 
 Dendera, a town of Egypt, the residence of an 
 Arabian prince who takes the title of Emir. It 
 was anciently called Tentyra, and from the ruins 
 that are seen appears to have been a large city. 
 This place supplies most part of Egypt with char- 
 coal. It is seated near the west bank of the Nile. 
 260 miles S. by E. of Cairo. Long. 31 . 58. E., lat. 
 26. 15. N. 
 
 Dendermond, a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, in Flanders, with a strong citadel. It was 
 taken by the allies in 1706, and the Dutch put a 
 garrison into it as one of the barrier towns. The 
 French took it in 1745, and again in 17.04. It is 
 surrounded by marshes and fine meadows which 
 can be covered with water, and seated at the non 
 flux of the Dender with the Scheldt, 16 miles E. 
 of Ghent. Pop. about 6,000. Its name is ren- 
 dered immortal by Sterne in his tale of Lefevre. 
 Denia, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia. The 
 entrance into the harbour is difficult , and the chief 
 trade is in almonds and raisins. It stands at the 
 foot of a mountain, 47 miles N. E. of Alicant. 
 Long. 0. 2. E., lat. 38. 50. N. 
 
 Denis, St., or St. Denys. a town of France, in 
 the department of Paris. The abbey cf the Ben- 
 edictines, to which the town owes its rise, has 
 the appearance of a palace. Here is an ancient 
 and magnificent church, in which were the tombs 
 of many of the French kings, and in the treasury, 
 among other curiosities, the sword of St. Louis 
 and the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of 
 Charlemagne. In 1703, after tne abolition of roy- 
 alty, the royal tombs in the church were all de 
 
DEN 
 
 247 
 
 DEN 
 
 atroyed ; and the name of the town was changed 
 to that of Francade ; but, at the re-establishment 
 of the monarchy and Catholic mummery, St 
 Denis resumed its former celebrity. It is the seat 
 of a prefect, and seated on the river Crould, near 
 the Seine, five miles N. of Paris. Pop. in 1825, 
 5,56:). 
 
 Denmark, a kingdom of the north of Europe, 
 lying between the lat. of 53. 34. and 57. 43. N., 
 partly continental and partly insular. The conti- 
 nental part comprises North and South Jutland 
 and Holstein Lunenburg ; and the insular part, the 
 islands of Zealand, Funen, Laaland, Falster, 
 Bornholm, Femern, &c, all lying between the 
 east coast of Jutland and Sweden ; and in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, in the lat. of 62., are the Ferro Isles ; 
 and in the lat. of from 64. to 60. Iceland, and 
 several other islands lying off the west coast of 
 Jutland, all forming a part of the European do- 
 minions of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising 
 together an area of about 22,000 square miles of 
 surface. In addition to these the islands of St. 
 Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West 
 Indies, are also subject to Denmark. See each 
 part and island under its respective head. The 
 aspect of the continental part of Denmark is flat 
 and undiversified, containing neither mountains 
 nor rivers of any magnitude. It is largely inden- 
 ted by the sea, and possesses numerous creeks 
 ind bays, as well as internal lakes. The only ca- 
 nal of importance is that of Kiel, which will ad- 
 nit vessels of 120 tons burden, and extends from 
 .he Baltic to the Eyder at Rendsburg, where the 
 fiver becomes navigable, thus opening a com- 
 nunication between the two seas, through 105 
 niles of territory. It is 22 English miles in 
 ength, and ten feet deep; its breadth at the top 
 s 100 feet, at bottom 54 feet. It was begun in 
 i777, and completed in 1785, at an expense of 
 £800,000 sterling. During the last war, between 
 3,000 and 4,000 vessels annually passed through 
 it, but in the time of peace the number is much 
 smaller. The lands are in general in an excellent 
 state of cultivation, and the pasturage is rich : the 
 climate bears a great resemblance to that of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The Danish community, although its early his- 
 tory is involved in considerable obscurity, appears 
 to have been of Scandinavian origin, and its 
 monarchy ranks among the most ancient, perhaps 
 the most so of any, in Europe, having been con- 
 temporary with the proudest epoch of the Roman 
 empire. The advancement of the Danes in dis- 
 cipline and arms in the tenth century may be in- 
 ferred from their irruption into England at that 
 period, and their complete conquest of the coun- 
 try in the early part of the following century. It 
 was not, however, till towards the close of the 
 fourteenth century that Denmark appears to have 
 obtained a respectable and commanding position 
 in the great European compact, when Norway by 
 inheritance, and Sweden by conquest and cession 
 in 1397, became united with Denmark under 
 queen Margaret, whose heroism obtained for her 
 the appellation of the Semirimis of the North. 
 When, in 1448, the royal race of Skioldung be- 
 came extinct, Christian of Oldenburg succeeded 
 to the crown, by whom Holstein and Sleswick, 
 the southern province of Jutland, also became 
 annexea to the dominions of Denmark. Sweden 
 however, reestablished her independence in 1523, 
 which she has ever since maintained. The doc- 
 trines of Luther were early promulgated in Den- 
 mark. In 1522 the inhabitants embraced the 
 
 confession of Augsburg, and in 1536 the bishops 
 were deprived of their temporal power, and 
 placed on a fooling similar to those of England, 
 with the exception of the Danish bishops having 
 no legislative voice. Previously to 1660 Denmark 
 was a limited and elective monarchy : in that 
 year it was made absolute and hereditary, by a 
 revolution almost unparalleled in history. The 
 avarice and contentions of a rival aristoc_-acy led 
 to such oppressions of the people as inayed them 
 voluntarily to resign their liberties into the hands 
 of their sovereign. The turbulent and martial 
 spirit of Charles XII. of Sweden involved Den- 
 mark in a state of continual warfare during the 
 first twenty years of the eighteenth century, which 
 contention terminated in 1720. In this year a 
 treaty of peace was concluded, that continued 
 with but little interruption for about eighty years, 
 during which period the inhabitants of Denmark 
 directed much of their attention to external com- 
 merce. This they pursued with considerable 
 success, purchasing from a company of Frenrh 
 adventurers the island of St. Croix in the West 
 Indies. They formed settlements in the East, at 
 Tranquebar on the Coromandel coast, and at the 
 Nicobar Isles ; and a factory at Canton, in Chi- 
 na ; and at the close of the century the commer- 
 cial navy of Denmark exceeded 230,000 tons, with 
 a proportionate national marine for its protection. 
 
 The interruption of the external commerce of 
 Holland and France, by the events of the war 
 with England, commencing in 1793, promised for 
 a time to make Denmark the emporium for all the 
 external commerce of the north of Europe, which 
 her local and advantageous maritime position at 
 the entrance to the Baltic Sea, tended much to 
 favour. But, unhappily for the Danes, Denmark 
 became involved in the general contention of ti}t 
 time, and in 1801 a British armament frustrated 
 their commercial career by the almost total de- 
 struction of their national marine. (See Copenha- 
 gen). The peace of Amiens, and the almost im- 
 mediate renewal of war, tended to revive the 
 hopes of Denmark for regaining her commer- 
 cial importance, and great exertions were made 
 to replenish and strengthen her national marine ; 
 but the spirit and circumstances of the times 
 were such as to admit of no neutrality, and in 
 1807 another armament from England annihilated 
 her commercial career and her power for resu- 
 ming it. Her possessions both in the East and 
 West all fell into the hands of the English in that 
 year, and Norway was offered to Sweden as a 
 boon to induce that power to join the confederacy 
 against France, with which Denmark had coales- 
 ced. This proposal being assented toby Sweden, 
 involved Denmark in the political necessity of 
 endeavouring to resist the transfer; but, although 
 the efforts made were not inconsiderable, they 
 proved ineffectual. After the battle of Leipzig, 
 however, in Oct. 1813, which changed the rela- 
 tions of all the states of Europe, it was endeav- 
 oured to reconcile Denmark to the transfer of 
 Norway to Sweden, by proposing to cede to Den- 
 mark the Island of Rugen and Swedish Pome- 
 rania ; but in the general partitioning which took 
 place after the peace of Paris, in 1814, Norway 
 was confirmed to Sweden ; the island of Rugen 
 and Pomerania to Prussia ; whilst Denmark was 
 confirmed in the possession of Holstein Lunen 
 berg, and reinstated in her former possessions in 
 the West Indies. 
 
 As sovereign of Holstein-Lunenberg, Denmark 
 is a member of the Germanic confederation, her 
 
DEN 
 
 248 
 
 DER 
 
 quota of troops being 3.000, occupying the 10th 
 place in the diet, and having three votes. 
 
 Since the general peace, in 1815, Denmark has 
 excited little or no interest in the considerations 
 of the relations of Europe. Like most of the other 
 states she has been occupied in attempting to re- 
 pair her finances, so extensively deranged by the 
 events of so protracted a state of warfare, and the 
 speculative experiments to which it gave rise. In 
 182(5 the national marine of Denmark consisted of 
 three ships of the line, four frigates, and three 
 brigs : her commercial navy has increased since 
 the termination of the war, but not equal to its 
 extent in 1800, when she possessed above 2,000 
 merchantmen, 20,000 seamen, and 250,000 tons of 
 shipping. The nature and extent of her commerce 
 and capabilities will be found more particularly 
 elucidated under the heads of Holstein, Jutland, 
 and Zealand. The manufactures of Denmark are 
 very limited. The ancient literature of Denmark 
 s nch in the elucidation of Scandinavian antiqui- 
 ties ; and their traditions, whilst they vie with the 
 Heathen Mythology in preposterousness, .are ex- 
 ceedingly amusing for their quaintness. For the 
 higher order of mental cultivation, at the present 
 time, there is a university at Copenhagen on an 
 extensive scale and under liberal regulations ; 
 another at Kiel in Holstein, and a college at Oven- 
 see in the island of Funen. The manners and 
 customs of the superior classes differ but little, 
 whilst the manners of the people are more social 
 and orderly than in most other parts of Europe. 
 For some time after the adoption of the tenets of 
 Luther, the penal statutes against dissenters were 
 very severe, but the most complete toleration in 
 reference to religious pretensions now prevails. 
 
 The Danes have regular and well-formed fea- 
 tures ; frequently fair or brownish hair, blue eyes, 
 and a body capable of sustaining fatigue. The 
 women are of a more delicate frame. Their com- 
 plexion is dazzlingly white ; but upon the whole 
 
 tneir countenances nre destitute of animation ; and 
 soon after twenty-five they begin to lose all their 
 charms. The Dane is gallant and brave ; a spir- 
 ited sailor or soldier, but averse to enterprise. The 
 dress of the Danes is generally copied from the 
 French, and the French language is very general 
 in Denmark. The population of the Danish do- 
 minions is about 2,000.000. This includes Ice- 
 land, the Ferro Islands, Greenland, and the settle- 
 ments in Africa and the West Indies, which 
 amount to 167,000. 
 
 Denmark, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 954. Also a 
 
 p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,270. Also a township 
 in Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 
 
 Dennewitz, a village of Brandenburg, where the 
 French experienced a severe defeat in 1813, two 
 miles from Juterbock. 
 
 Dennis, p.t Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod. 
 Pop. 2,317. 
 
 Dennis Creek, p. v. Cape May Co. N. J. 
 
 Dcnnysvillc, p.t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 85G. 
 
 Dentila, a country of Western Africa, situated 
 to the W. of Kcnkodoo. It is famous for its iron, 
 in preparing which the natives employ as a flux 
 the ashes of the bark of the kino tree. 
 
 Denton, a town of Maryland, capital of Carolina 
 count) 7 ; seated on the E. side of Choptank River, 
 37 m. S. S. E. of Chester. 
 
 Dentrecasteaux's Channel, a strait on the S. E. 
 coast of Van Diemen's Land, about 30 or 40 m 
 long. 
 
 Dentrecastcaux's Port, or Port North,, a harbour 
 near the S. extremity of Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 Deogur, the Mansion of the Gods, a town in the 
 the province of Bahar, Hindoostan, 170 m. N. N 
 W. of Calcutta; the name is applied to several 
 hill forts in different parts of India. 
 
 Deounella, a town of the Mysore, supposed to 
 have been the birth place of Hyder Ali, it surren- 
 dered to the English under Lord Cornwallis m 
 1791. It is 20 m. N. by E. of Bangalore. 
 
 Deptford, an appendage to London, situate in 
 the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the 
 Thames, the market place is 4 1-2 miles E. of 
 London bridge. The town is intersected by a 
 stream called the Ravensbourne, on the banks of 
 which are some extensive flour mills ; a hand- 
 some bridge over the river near its entrance into 
 the Thames, connects Deptford with Greenwich 
 on the E. It contains the principal store house 
 for victualling the national marine, and also sev- 
 eral slips for building and repairing the largest 
 ships of war. It has also two floating docks, a 
 basin, and two ponds for masts, and extensive 
 workshops for the manufacture of cables, anchors, 
 and blocks. In the reign of Hen. VIII., a socie- 
 ty was incorporated here under the title of the 
 Master, Warden, and Assistants of the guild of 
 the most glorious and undivided Trinity, which 
 society was invested with the power of examining 
 the masters of the king's ships, the appointment 
 of all pilots, ballasting of all ships in the Port of 
 London, and the erecting and maintaining light- 
 houses, buoys, beacons, &c. in the river Thames 
 and within certain limits on the E. coast of Eng- 
 land. The business of this society was trans- 
 ferred to an elegant edifice in the vicinity of the 
 Tower in London, in 1788 ; but in 1085 a hos- 
 pital with 50 apartments, and another in 1783, 
 with 25 apartments, was endowed here for decay- 
 ed Masters of Vessels and Pilots, and their wid- 
 ows, with very comfortable allowance. Dept- 
 ford is divided into two parishes, St. Nicholas and 
 St. Paul ; the church of the latter, erected in 
 1730, is an elegant and spacious structure. With 
 the exception of the importance which Deptford 
 derives from its extensive government establish- 
 ments, it is an uninviting part of the metropolis : 
 and as such its population has not materially in- 
 creased since 1801. when it amounted to 17,548. 
 and to 19,802 in 1821. 
 
 Derhent, a district or khanship in the province 
 of Daghestan, Persia, extending for about 20 m 
 alono- the W. shore of the Caspian sea, and 15 m 
 inland : the chief town of the same name, whicl- 
 implies a door locked, or an impassible place, is 
 
D£R 
 
 249 
 
 DER 
 
 supposed to have been ouilt by order of Alexan- 
 der of Macedon, as the portal of Persia from the 
 North. The town extends from the shore of the 
 Caspian to the foot of a lofty mountain, and is 
 surrounded by a strong wall, flanked with nume- 
 rous towers, and with a well organized garrison 
 might defy any assault. It surrendered to the 
 Russians in 1722, when it was defended by 230 
 pieces of ordnance ; the Russians held it till 1735, 
 since when it has several times changed masters, 
 and since 180G, has again been occupied by the 
 Russians ; the inhabitants of the district, however, 
 acknowledge no sovereignty but their own will, 
 and the town is now deemed but of little impor- 
 tance. It is inhabited by about 900 families, Per- 
 sians,Tartars,and Armenians ; the harbour is near- 
 ly choked up. It is in the lat. of 42. 8. N. and 48. 
 10. of E. long. 
 
 Deptford, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. J. 
 
 Derbif, an interior county of England, extend- 
 ing about 56 miles from N. to S. and 20 in mean 
 breadth, the greater part of its W. side is bound- 
 ed by the river Dove, which divides it from Staf- 
 fordshire ; the N. W. corner is bounded by the 
 county of Chester, and the N. by the county of 
 York ; and the counties of Nottingham and Lei- 
 cester bound it on the E. and S. The noble 
 river Trent and the Trent and Mersey canal in- 
 tersect the S. end, whilst the Derwent falling into 
 the Trent, intersects the heart of the county 
 from N. to S. The N. W. part of the county is 
 mountainous, several of the peaks rising to the 
 height of upwards of 1,700 feet, and Holme Moss, 
 the. highest point, to 1,859 feet above the level 
 of the sea ; near the centre of the county is a rich 
 vein of lead ore ; it also contains several veins of 
 iron ; in the mountainous district of the N. W. 
 corner of the county, are several extensive cav- 
 orns. which attract numerous visitors, and pro- 
 duce a beautiful variety of spar and petrifactions, 
 tvhich are extensively wrought into vases and 
 other ornaments (see Peak.) It abounds also in 
 numerous mineral sprir.gs, (set Buxton and Mat- 
 lock) and parts of the county are esteemed as the 
 most beautifully picturesque of any in the king- 
 dom ; the south part of the county is rich in pas- 
 ture and yields a considerable surplus of cheese 
 and cattle, and other agricultural produce. The 
 county also contains several tan- yards, participates 
 partially in the cotton, silk, and hosiery manufac- 
 tures, and extensively in the manufacture of nails. 
 Besides the Trent and Mersey canal, already 
 mentioned, another canal extends from the S. 
 extremity ofthe county into Warwickshire. Two 
 others, the Derby and Erewash, intersect the S. 
 E. part of the county; another extends from 
 Chesterfield in the N. E. Into Yorkshire, and 
 -mother intersects the mountainous district of the 
 N. W. running through Cheshire into Lanca- 
 shire. The principal towns in Derbyshire, be- 
 sides those previously mentioned, are Derby, the 
 county town-, Alfreton, Ashhorne, Bake well, 
 Chaoel-in-le-frith, Dronfield, Duffield, and Tides- 
 well' 
 
 Derby, the chief town of the preceding county 
 is situate on the W. bank of the river Derwent, 
 about ten miles above its entrance into the Trent, 
 28 miles N. of Leicester, 15 W. of Nottingham, 
 about 30 E. of Stafford, and 126 N. N. W. of 
 London, on the mailcoach road to Manchester, 
 from which it is distant 60 miles. Derby is a 
 place of considerable antiquity, and was created 
 a royal borough by Edward I. in 1305. It con- 
 sists of five parishes. The church of All Saints 
 32 
 
 is a stately and elegant structure, having a beau 
 tiful gothic tower 178 feet in height. About the 
 year 1735 an extensive silk mill was erected here, 
 the model of which was sureptitiously obtained 
 from Italy ; it was for many years the only estab- 
 lishment ofthe kind in England, and is still one 
 of the most extensive ; and in 1750, a porcelain 
 manufacture was established which is now in 
 high repute for the elegance of its productions. 
 In 1803 a military depot was established here, 
 suitable for the arming and equipment of 15,000 
 men ; and in 1810 a county infirmary was erect- 
 ed on an extensive scale, and rendered very com- 
 plete in all its interior arrangements. Besides 
 the original silk mill, Derby has now 3 others, 
 and 2 for spinning of cotton on a tolerably exten- 
 sive scale, 4 paper mills, 5 tan yards, 14 malting 
 houses, and 2 public breweries, 5 establishments 
 for the manufacture of silk stuffs, and 6 for small 
 wares of cotton, &c., 5 for the manufacture of 
 hats, 11 for hosiery, 2 bleach grounds, 9 manu- 
 factures of shot, white lead, and painters colours, 
 3 soap houses, 5 foundries, 2 watch manufacturing 
 establishments, and 7 for the working of spar and 
 petrifactions into chimney ornaments, with some 
 of almost every other occupation attendant on an 
 active and social state. This variety of occupa- 
 tion since the commencement ofthe present cen- 
 turv, has rendered Derby one ofthe most flourish- 
 ing towns in the kingdom; the population, which 
 in 1801 was only 10,332, in 1821 had increased to 
 17.423. The general aspect of the town is re- 
 spectable, and in its prinicipal part assumes a fea- 
 ture of importance ; the county hall and other 
 county buildings are stately ; it has a spacious as- 
 sembly room, and a literary and philosophical so- 
 ciety, a range of alms houses for clergymen's 
 widows. 2 others for lay persons, and several dis- 
 senting places of worship. Derby was formerly 
 surrounded by a wall, and contained a castle and 
 3 monasteries, no vestiges of any one of which 
 now remain. The Pretender's army from Scot- 
 land entered the town in 1745, but withdrew after 
 a very short stay. Derby returns two members 
 to parliament, and holds 7 fairs annually. The 
 river Derwent is navigable from the Trent up to 
 Derby in a N. N. W. direction, but the town com- 
 municates with the Trent and Mersey canal by 
 a cut in a direction due S. and with the Erewash 
 canal, in a direction nearly due E. which affords 
 an easy conveyance to all the S. E. parts of the 
 country. 
 
 Derby, West, a township 4 miles N. of Live- 
 pool, Lancashire, which in 1821 contained 0,30^ 
 inhabitants (see Walton and Liverpool '.) 
 
 Derby, a town of Connecticut, in New Haven 
 county, seated on the Housatonic, which is navi- 
 gable hence to the sea. It is 14 miles N. W. of 
 New Haven. Pop. 2,253. 
 
 Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin 
 county. Here is a cave divided into several apart- 
 ments, and adorned with stalactites. It is situate 
 on the Swatara, two miles above its conflux with 
 the Susquehanna, and 10 S. E. of-Harrisburg. 
 
 Derby, is also the name of a township in Orange 
 Co. Vermont, on the E. side of lake Memphre- 
 magog, and bounded on the N. by the conven- 
 tional line which divides the United States ter- 
 ritory from Lower Canada. Pop. 1,469. 
 
 Dereham, a town in Norfolk. Eng. The church 
 is a very ancient structure, with four chapels, and 
 a curious stone font. It is 16 miles W. of ISor 
 wich, and 101 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821 
 3,273. 
 
DES 
 
 250 
 
 DEV 
 
 Dsikus, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania, on the coast of the Black Sea, 30 miles 
 N. N. W. of Constantinople. At some former 
 period a wall appears to have extended from this 
 place to Erekli, 100 miles W. of Constantinople 
 on the coast of the sea of Marmora. 
 
 Dermon, t. Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Derne, a town of Barbary on the coast of the 
 Mediterranean. It is the capital of the district of 
 Barca, and is a pleasant town, surrounded by 
 gardens, and watered by a number of rivulets. 
 The government is a dependency of Tripoli, and 
 during the war between the United Stales and 
 that power in 1808, Derne was stormed and taken 
 by the Americans under General Eaton. 
 
 Derry, townships in Dauphin, Mifflin, West- 
 moreland and Columbia Cos. Pa and Guernsey 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Derrij, see Londonderry. 
 
 De. Ruytcr, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,447. 
 
 Dei-went, the name of4 rivers in different parts 
 of England ; 1st rising in the peak district of 
 Derbyshire, and after a course of about 50 miles in 
 a direction S. E. by E. falls into the Trent about 
 10 miles below the town of Derby, from whence it 
 is navigable. 2nd rises near Whitby, in the N. 
 Riding of Yorkshire, and after a winding course 
 of about 25 miles is joined by the Rye, when the 
 united stream runs S. for about 35 miles falling 
 into the Ouse, and 6 miles below Selby. 3rd 
 rises at the foot of Kilhope Law Mountain, and 
 for about 15 miles in an irregular course forms the 
 boundary between the counties of Durham and 
 Northumberland, when it intersects for about 7 
 miles the N. W. corner ofthe former county, falling 
 into the Tyne about 5 miles above Newcastle. 4th 
 rises on the border of Westmoreland, intersects 
 the S. E. part of the county of Cumberland, and 
 after a course of about 30 miles through Derwent 
 and Bassenthwaite waters, and past Cockermouth, 
 falls into the Solway Firth at Workington ; this 
 river abounds in excellent fish. 
 
 Derwent-water .near to Keswick in Cumberland, 
 is of an oval form, three miles in length, and a 
 mile and a half wide. It is surrounded by rocky 
 mountains, broken into many fantastic shapes. 
 The precipices seldom overhang the water but are 
 arranged at some distance ; and the shores swell 
 with woody eminences or sink into green pastoral 
 margins. The lake contains five islands; one of 
 whicli near the centre, is famous for having been 
 the residence of St. Herbert, the ruins of whose 
 hermitage are yet remaining. 
 
 Desaguadero, a river and lake of Bolivia, com- 
 municating with the S. end ofthe lake Titicaca. 
 
 Desaauadcro Chahalge is the name applied to 
 part ofthe channel of waters concentrating in the 
 great plains E. of the Andes, between the lat. of 
 36. and 41. S. whose outlet is into St. Matthias' Bay. 
 
 Deseada, a small island 12 miles E. of Point 
 Chateau, the eastern extremity of Guadaloupe. to 
 which it is dependent ; it is about 25 square miles 
 in extent, and contains about 300 white inhabitants 
 and 600 slaves ; it was the first land-mark of 
 Columbus on his second voyage. Lat. 1(J. 40. N. 
 and 61. 20. of E. long. 
 
 Deseada, Cope, the N. W. point of Terra del 
 Fuege, forming the S. W. point of entrance into 
 the straits of Magellan from the Pacific Ocean. 
 Lat. 53. 48. and 74. 18. of W. long. 
 Deseada River, see Port Desire. 
 Dessau, a strong" toitfn of Upper Saxony, capi- 
 tal ofthe principality of A nhalt- Dessau. It has 
 manufactures of cloth, stockings, and hats; and 
 
 is seated on the Mulda, at its conflux with the 
 Elbe, 37 m. N. of Leipzig. Pop. about 9,500. 
 
 Detmold, a town of Westphalia, in the county of 
 Lippe, with a fortified castle ; seated on the river 
 Wehera, 17 m. N. N. W. of Paderborn. Pop. 
 about 2,400. 
 
 Detroit, the capital of Michigan territory. Its 
 trade consists in a barter of coarse European 
 goods with the Indians for furs, deerskins, tallow, 
 &c. It is situate in a fruitful country, on the 
 W. side of the strait, or river, that forms the 
 communication between the lakes of St. Clair, 
 and Erie, and the boundary line between the 
 United States territory and Upper Canada. Long 
 83. 0. W. lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Dettenheim, a small town of Bavaria in the 
 district of Pappenheim, in the circle ofthe Upper 
 Danube, it is seated on the E. bank ofthe Ahlt- 
 muhl, and is remarkable as the place from near 
 which Charlemagne in the 8th century under- 
 took to unite by a canal, the waters of the 
 Ahltmuhl with the Rednitz and thereby the Dan- 
 ube with the Rhine. 
 
 Dettlebach, a town of Franconia, in the princi- 
 pality of Wurtzburg, now included in the king- 
 dom of Bavaria, circle ofthe Lower Maine, seat- 
 ed on the Maine, 8 m. E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Dettingcn, a village of Bavaria, in the territory 
 of Hanau, circle of the Lower Maine, 4 miles S. 
 E. ofHanau. Here George II. gained a victory 
 over the French, in 1743. 
 
 %* There are three small towns of this name 
 in the Duchy of Wurtemburg. 
 
 Dera, a considerable town of Transylvania 
 seated on the S. bank ofthe Marosch, about 12 
 m. S. W. of Carlsburgh. 
 
 Detal cotty, a town of Upper Hindoostan, on 
 the E. bank ofthe main branch ofthe Ganges, 10 
 m. S. of Gangotry, in the lat. of 32. 40. N. 
 
 Dcvaprayaga, or Deuprag, another town of Up 
 per Hindoostan, on the E. bank ofthe Ganges, 
 a few miles S. of Sirinagur, (which see), and 
 near the junction of 4 united streams from the 
 N. with the Ganges, and where the water is es- 
 teemed most sacred by the Hindoos. The town 
 contains the celebrated temple of Ramachandra, 
 the resort of numerous pilgrims who contribute 
 to the support of numerous Brahmins who form 
 the principal population ofthe town. It suffered 
 considerably by an earthquake in 1803. 
 
 Deucar, a district of Nepaul, bordering on the 
 province of Oude, a town of the same name is 
 about 90 m. N. ofthe city of Oude. 
 
 Develto, or Zagora, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Romania, the see of a Greek archbishop; situ- 
 ate on the Paniza, near its entrance into the gulf 
 of Forus in the Black Sea, 58 m. N. E. of Adri- 
 anople, and 106 N. N. W. of Constantinople 
 Long. 27. 22. E. lat. 42. 35. N. 
 
 Derenter, a city of Holland, the capital cl 
 Overyssel, with a college. It is surrounded by 
 strong walls, and seated on the Yssel,50 m. E. of 
 Amsterdam. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Deveron, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the S. E. of Banffshire, and enters the ocean at 
 Banff. It forms the boundary between the coun 
 ties of Aberdeen and Banff for about 50 m. 
 
 Devicotta, a town on the coast of the Carnatic 
 at the mouth ofthe Colran or N. branch of the 
 Cavery river in the lat. of 11. 40. N. This place 
 surrendered to the English in 1749, and for seve- 
 ral years was one ofthe principal factories ofthe 
 East India Company on that coast ; the entranoe 
 to the harbour, is impeded by shoals. 
 
DEV 
 
 251 
 
 DEV 
 
 Devil's Bason, a harbour in Christmas Sound, 
 at the S. W. extremity of Terra del Fuego, open- 
 ing into the S. Pacific Ocean in the lat. of 55. 25. 
 S. ; the harbour is surrounded by rocks of a very 
 repulsive aspect, and so lofty as to preclude the 
 rays of the sun from ever beaming on its waters, 
 hence its name. 
 
 Devil's Island, Key and Rare, names given to 
 several small islands in the West Indies, and off 
 the E. coast of S. America, generally of rugged 
 aspect and difficult to approach. 
 
 Devizes, a borough town in the centre of the 
 county of Wiltshire, England, 85 miles W. by S. 
 of London, on the road to Bath, from which it is 
 distant 18 miles. It was a Roman station, and at 
 a more recent period, had considerable manufac- 
 tures of worsted stuff; but two puhlic breweries 
 on no very extensive scale are now the only 
 source of surplus of production 
 
 Devonport, the principal station of the national 
 navy of England, formerly called Plymouth Dock 
 (see Plymouth) ; but received its present name by 
 mandate of Geo. IV. on Jan. 1st, 1824 ; it is situ- 
 ate at the S.W. extremity of the county of Devon 
 at the mouth of the Tamar river, which here forms 
 one of the most commodious harbours in the 
 world. This spot was first used for a marine sta- 
 tion at the close of the 17th century, previous to 
 which it was a mere fishing village, and it was not 
 till after 17(50 that it assumed any thing like im- 
 portance, whilst during the long war from 1793 
 to 181f>, it progressively rose to be the most ex- 
 ten ive and complete arsenal in the world, the 
 natural advantages having been rendered as con- 
 venient as labour and skill could make them. 
 The natural accommodations of Devonport con- 
 sist of a triple harbour, the outer one is called 
 the Sound, the first inner one Catwater, and the 
 upper one Hamoaze ; the Sound was formerly 
 open and exposed to the swells of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, which during a continuance of fl. W. 
 winds, used to subject the anchorage to much 
 inconvenience, and sometimes to danger; but in 
 August, 1812, the first stone was sunk of a break- 
 water, pier, or mole, 5,100 feet in length, 4,000 feet 
 in a straight line, with an angle inclining into the 
 Sound at each end ; this stupendous work is com- 
 posed of upwards of two millions tons of stone, 
 blasted from the adjoining rocks, in pieces of ] 1-2 
 to 5 tons each, sunk indiscriminately into the wa- 
 ter to work their own position ; it is carried up 
 10 feet above high water mark at spring tides. ISO 
 feet broad at the top. on which it is proposed to 
 erect storehouses at intervals, and lights along its 
 whole extent. The space within the pier is about 
 3 miles each way, affording anchorage for 2,000 
 sail of the largest ships, secure from the fury of 
 the ocean however tempestuous ; the ingress and 
 egress being safe and easy at either end of the 
 pier, defended from the land side on the W. bv 
 the rock of St. Carlos, and on the E. by the Sho- 
 vel rock. The Catwater is formed bv the estu- 
 ary of the little river Ply in with the Tamar, and 
 may be regarded as the harbour of the town of 
 Plymouth, and applicable to the commercial in- 
 tercourse of the port ; whilst the Hamoaze extends 
 inland for. about 4 miles, in a direction nearly due 
 N. and about half a mile wide, forming one of the 
 the most convenient and beautiful natural basins 
 km. wo in the world, affording moorings for 100 
 ♦of the largest ships of war. without interruption 
 to the anchorage and movement of numerous 
 other vessels ; and with sufficient depth of water 
 to enable ships of the largest burden to take in 
 
 their stores directly off the quays and jettys, that 
 range along its eastern shore. The Dock Yard ex- 
 tends 3,500 feet along the shore and comprises 96 
 acres, containing a basin 250 feet by 180, in which 
 are kept the boats and launches belonging to the 
 Yard ; also two mast ponds and a canal, which 
 enables vessels bringing stores, to land them at the 
 door intended for their reception. Ships and dry 
 docks for building and repairing of the largest 
 ships of war, range along the shore of Ha- 
 moaze, and communicate with the Dock basin, a 
 block of store houses built of stone, 450 feet long, 
 and 300 wide, 2 roperies 1,200 feet in length, 3 
 stories high, and a smithery containing 48 forges, 
 all are within the Yard. The bakehouse, brew- 
 house, and cooperage, and slaughter house, hos- 
 pital and barracks for 3,000 men, are without the 
 Yard, but contiguous thereto ; all defended on 
 the land side by several batteries, and a line of 
 circumvallation mounted with numerous cannon, 
 and an outer trench excavated 22 to 20 feet deep, 
 out of the solid rock, forming altogether the most 
 complete and magnificent display of human art 
 and exertion in the world. The parish church is 
 at Stoke, about a mile distant, but the town con- 
 tains two chapels of ease and numerous dissen- 
 ting meeting-houses. Here are also a commo- 
 dious town-hall and a public library, besides sev- 
 eral other handsome buildings. The column 
 erected to commemorate the name of the town is 
 a prominent and interesting object. The streets 
 are mostly at right angles and well paved. In the 
 census of 1821 the population of Devonport, then 
 Plymouth Dock, was returned with Plymouth, 
 which see ; the post office at Devonport is 217 1-2 
 miles S. W. of Hyde Park Corner, London, by 
 way of Salisbury and Exeter, distant from the 
 latter 45 miles. The block house flag-staff of the 
 garrison is in the lat. of 50. 22. 5G. N., and 4. 9. 
 11. long. W. of Greenwich. 
 
 Devonshire, a maritime county in the S. W. of 
 England, bounded on the N. E. by the county of 
 Somerset, N. W. by the entrance to the Bristol 
 Channel, W. S. W. by the Tamar River, which 
 divides it from the county of Cornwall, and S. by 
 the English Channel. Its extreme length from 
 the Start Point in the English Channel to Ilfra- 
 comb, on the shore of the Bristol Channel, is 
 about 70 miles, but its mean length and breadth 
 is about 50 miles, giving the largest area of any 
 county in England, except those of York and 
 Lincoln. It is the fourth county in order of pop- 
 ulation, and the most agricultural of any in the 
 kingdom. Although it has the finest harbour in the 
 world, and several other convenient ones, and in- 
 tersected by numerous streams, favourable for mill 
 sites, and other manufacturing operations, rela- 
 tively, it is one of the least commercial and man- 
 ufacturing counties in the kingdom. The S. W. 
 part of the county contains a dreary tract called 
 Dartmoor, containing upwards of 53,000 acres ; 
 the highest elevation of this moor, is 1,549 feet 
 above the level of the sea ; the other parts of the 
 countv more particularly the S. and W. are ex- 
 ceedingly fertile. Its principal surplus produce 
 is cattle of a remarkably fine breed, either for 
 dairying or for feeding, and of beautiful symme 
 try ; the N. E. part of the county contains veins 
 of copper, lead, manganese, gypsum, and of load- 
 stone ; antimony, bismuth, and cobalt are also 
 found in small quantities ; it has also quarries of 
 beautiful marble and granite, none of which how- 
 ever are worked to any great advantage. The 
 principal manufactures of the county are serges. 
 
DEW 
 
 DIA 
 
 Kerseys, shaKoons. broadcloth, blond lace, and 
 porcelain; there is also a considerable ship-build- 
 ing trade at Barnstable. The. woolen cloth man- 
 ufactures at Tiverton and Great Torington, and 
 the wool-combing at Chumleigh, were formerly 
 extensile, but have now much decayed or van- 
 ished. Besides the Tamar, which divides the 
 county from Cornwall on the S. W., the other 
 principal rivers falling into the English Channel 
 are the Dart and the Exe, and into Bideford Bay, 
 on the side of the Bristol Channel, the Torridge, 
 and the Taw ; Devonshire contains one city, Ex- 
 eter. 
 
 Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 S. E. part of Perthshire, and, after a course of 40 
 miles, enters the Forth at Clackmannan, only 
 eight miles distant from its source. In Perthshire 
 it forms some romantic waterfalls, called the De- 
 vil's Mill, the Rumbling Bridge, and the Caldron- 
 iinn. 
 
 Deurcn, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and 
 paper, and some iron works. It is 14 miles E. of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. about 3,500. 
 
 Deittz. See Duytz. 
 
 Deux Pouts, a late duchy of Germany, lying 
 W. of the Rhine ; it is about 30 miles in length 
 from N. to S., and 12 in mean breadth, and tole- 
 rably fertile. It was ceded to France at the peace 
 of Luneville in 1802, assigned to Austria at the 
 general partitioning after the peace of Paris in 
 1814, and by Austria exchanged with Bavaria for 
 other districts on the E. It now forms part of the 
 Bavarian circle of the Rhine, and is supposed to 
 contain from 50.000 to 60,000 inhabitants ; besides 
 the chief town of the same name, the other prin- 
 cipal towns are Kussel, Honiburg and New Horn- 
 bach. 
 
 Deux Ponts, the chief town of the preceding 
 district or duchy, is seated at the confluence of 
 the Hornbach with the Erlbach, a short distance 
 above the entrance of the united stream into the 
 Blise near the S. end of the duchy. Its castle, 
 the former residence of the grand duke, is a state- 
 ly edifice ; and it has two spacious churches, an 
 academy, and an orphan house, and was formerly 
 celebrated for a printing establishment, which pro- 
 duced a valuable edition of the Greek and Latin 
 Classics, since removed to Strasburg. Pop. about 
 5.000 ; Deux Ponts is "> miles E. by N. of Metz* 
 and 65 N. W. bv N. of Mentz. Lat. 40. 15. N. 
 and 7. 22. of E. long. 
 
 Deioanoungrc, a town of Bengal, on the W. 
 bank of the Burrampooler, 110 miles N. N. W. of 
 Dacca. 
 
 Dcwarcotta, a town and district of North Hiri- 
 dooslan, between the Ganges and the Jumna ; the 
 town is seated on the W. bank of the main branch 
 of the Ganges. 175 miles N. bv W. of Dehli, and 
 90 N. W. of Sirinagur. 
 
 De Witt's Land, the name given to about 10 de- 
 grees of lat. of the N. W. part of New Holland, 
 after the Dutch navigator of that name, who first 
 uinde it known to Europeans. 
 
 Dewsburgh or Detosbury, a parish and town in 
 the west Riding- of Yorkshire, England. The 
 parish which includes the townships of Osset, 
 Soothill, arid Clifton-cum Heartshead, contain- 
 ed in 1821, 10,201 inhabitants. The town of 
 Dewsbury is a place of great antiquity, being 
 mentioned as early as 020. when Paulinus, the 
 first archbishop of York, preached Christianity to 
 the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; it is 
 now distinguished as the seat of an extensive 
 
 commerce, having upwards of 50 establishment? 
 for the manufacture of blankets, carpets, and other 
 heavy woolen fabrics ; and Heckmondwike ad- 
 joining, has 40 other establishments for the like 
 purpose, chiefly blankets. Dewsbury is seated 
 near the N. bank of the Calder river, 5 miles W. 
 by N. of Wakefield, on the road to Halifax, and 
 in 1821, the town contained 6,380 inhabitants. 
 
 Deynse. a town of Flanders, seated on the S. 
 bank of the Ly, 9 miles W. S. W. of Ghent. 
 
 Deyrah. a town of Upper Hindoostan, on the 
 frontier of Dehli, in the province of Sirinagur. 
 
 Dcsaignc, a town of France, in the N. part of 
 the department of L'Ardeche, 25 miles W. N. W. 
 of Valence. Pop. about 3,500. 
 
 Dexter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 885. 
 
 Dczensano, a town of Breciano, situated at the 
 S. end of lake Garda. 15 miles E. of Brescia. 
 Pop. about 3,500. 
 
 Dezful, a populous town of Persia, in the pro- 
 A'ince of Chochistan, seated on the banks of the 
 Abzal, over which is an elegant bridge of 22 arch- 
 es. Dezful is 130 miles N. by E. of Bassora ; the 
 Abzal falls into the Ahwas, which joins the Tigris, 
 at its junction with the Euphrates. 
 
 Diadin, a town of Armenia, seated near the 
 source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia, 80 
 miles S. S. W. of Erwan. 
 
 Diakovar, a town of Sclavonia, about 20 miles 
 S. S. E. of Essig. on the road to Brodo Pop. 
 about 3.000. 
 
 Diamond Harbour and Point, on the Hoogly 
 river, (see Calcutta). 
 
 Diamond Isle, a small island lying off the S. W. 
 point of Pegu, and S. E. point of the Bay of 
 Bengal, in the lat. of 15. 51. N. and 94. 12. of E 
 long. 
 
 Diamond Point, the N. E. point of the island of 
 Sumatra, at the entrance to tiie strait of Malacca, 
 in the lat. of 5. 18. N. and 97. 48. of E. long. 
 
 %* There is a river of Sumatra, called Diamond 
 river, falling into the strait a little S. of the 
 point. The S. W. part of the island of Mar- 
 tinique in the West Indies, in the lat. of 14. 25. 
 N. and 61. 9. of W. long, is also called Diamond 
 Point. 
 
 Dia.no, a town of Naples, W. oMhe Apennines, 
 in Principato Citra. 15 miles ?.. by E. of Poli- 
 castro. Pop. about 4,500. 
 
 Diarbekir, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in the 
 province of Algazira. the whole of which extend- 
 ing from 33. 20. to the lat. of 39. N. was for- 
 merly called Diarbekir : and the Pasha or gover- 
 nor of the province is still called the Pasha of 
 Diarbek. It formed the ancient kingdom of 
 Mesopotamia ; but the district of Diarbekir is 
 is now confined between the 37th and 38th de- 
 grees of N. lat. ; it lies E. of the Euphrates, and 
 is intersected by numerous streams, forming the 
 head waters of the Tigris. It is beautifully di- 
 versified with mountains and vallies, and to a 
 social people would form a most delightful resi- 
 dence. 
 
 Diarbekir, the chief city of the preceding dis- 
 trict, or as it is called by the Turks KarJe Amid, 
 which signifies a black wall, in reference to a 
 lofty wall of black stone with which the city was 
 formerly surrounded, is seated on the banks of 
 the main branch of the Tigris, in the lat. of 37. 
 55. N. and 39. 22. of E. long. 570 miles E. S. E. 
 of Constantinople, and 180 N. E. of Aleppo." 
 The Pasha resides in an extensive castle on the 
 N. side of the city. Extensive manufactures of 
 silk. wool, cotton, and leather, and in metals are 
 
DIE 
 
 253 
 
 DIM 
 
 carried on at Diarbekir ; and their dyed fabrics in 
 wool and cotton are justly esteemed for the beau- 
 ty of their colours. As in most eastern cities, 
 the streets are narrow and dirty, but many of 
 the houses are spacious and elegant within. It 
 contains several commodious bazaars, a magnifi- 
 cnt mosque, and also a noble cathedral belong- 
 ing to the Armenians. As a place of residence 
 to Europeans it is considered among the most 
 agreeable of all the Turkish cities. The popu- 
 lation is variously estimated at from 40,000, to 
 80,000, consisting of Armenians, Kurds, Chris- 
 tians, Jews, and Turks. 
 
 Dickinson, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. 446. 
 Alsr> a township in Cumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Dickson, a County of West Tennessee, about 
 28 miles from N. to S. and 25 in breadth. Duck 
 river, which falls into the Tennpssee, washes all 
 the S. part of the county, whilst the E. and W. 
 corners of the N. side jet upon the great Cumber- 
 land river : a collateral ridge of the Alleghany 
 mountains intersects the county from the S. E. 
 to the N. W. Pop. 7,261. Charlotte, N. of the 
 mountain ridge, is the principal town. 
 
 Didier, St. a town of France at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of the department of Upper Loire, 40 
 miles S. S. W. of Lyons. Pop. about 3.200. 
 
 * il * There are three other small towns of the 
 same name in different parts of France. 
 
 Die, a town of France in the department of 
 Drome, situate on the N. bank of the river 
 Drome ; it is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 
 contained 3,50!) inhabitants. It produces excel- 
 lent wine, and has a mineral spring in its vicini- 
 ty. It is 30 miles S. W. of Grenoble, and 80 S. 
 S. E. of Lyons. 
 
 Dieburgli, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, seated 
 on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river, 7 miles 
 K. by i\. of Darmstadt, and 18 S. S.E. of Frank- 
 fort on the Maine. 
 
 Diego. St. a town on the coast of New Albion, 
 in the north Pacific Ocean, capital of a jurisdic- 
 tion of its name. It stands in so barren a coun- 
 try, that in the dry season cattle are sent up- 
 ward of 20 miles for pasturage. The port affords 
 excellent anchorao-e. Lon-*. 116. 53. W. lat. 33. 
 12. N. 
 
 Diemen 's Land. See Van Diemen's. 
 Diepholtz, a town and castle of Westphalia, 
 capital of a county of the same name. It has 
 manufactures of coarse woolen and linen cloth, 
 and stands on the river Hunte, near the lake 
 Dmnmer, 30 miles N. W. of Minden, and 38 S. 
 S. W. of Bremen ; the county comprises about 
 265 square miles, and contains about 15,000 in- 
 habitants ; and now forms part of the kingdom of 
 Hanover, the inhabitants subsist chiefly by breed- 
 ing of cattle, which they drive down to the mar- 
 kets of Holland. 
 
 Dieppe, a sea port town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Lower Seine, with a good harbour 
 formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an old 
 castle and two piers. The principal trade consists 
 in fish, ivory, toys, and laces. It was bombarded 
 by the English in 1694, and is not so considera- 
 ble as formerly. It is situate on the coast of the 
 English Channel, opposite to Brighton, from 
 whence packet boats sail daily to Dieppe dur- 
 ing the summer season, forming the easiest route 
 from London to Paris. Dieppe is 50 miles N. N. 
 E. of Havre. 35 N. of Rouen, and 96 in a meri- 
 dional line N. N. W of Paris, the lighthouse at 
 the entrance of the harbour is in lat. 4!). 55. 34. 
 N. and 1. 4. 29. of E. Ion?. ; it is the seat of a 
 
 prefect, and in 1825 contained a population of 
 16,664.' 
 
 Dierdorf, a town of Westphalia, capital of the 
 upper county of Wied, with a castle, situate on 
 the Wiedbach, 10 miles N. N. W. of CohlenU. 
 Diernstein, a town of Austria, with an Augus- 
 tine convent, and the ruins of a castle, in which 
 Richard I. of England was imprisoned. The 
 French were repulsed here by the Austrians and 
 Prussians in 1805. It is seated on the N. bank 
 of the Danube, 17 miles N. of St. Polten, and 45 
 W. by N. of Vienna. 
 
 Diesen, a town of Bavaria, on the W. side 
 of the lake Ammersee, 10 m. S. E. :f Lands- 
 berg. 
 
 Diesenhofen, a town of Switzerland, in Thur- 
 gau, seated on the Rhine, 5 miles E. of Schaft- 
 hausen. 
 
 Diest, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 with considerable manufactures of cloth, stock- 
 ings, &c. seated on the Denier, 82 miles E. N. E. 
 of Brussels. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Dietz, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald, 
 capital of a county of the same name, with a 
 strong castle. It is seated on the Lahn, 18 miles 
 above its entrance into the Rhine, near Coblentz. 
 
 Dieuze, a town of France, in the department 
 of Meurthe, with wells of salt water, which pro- 
 duce much salt. It is seated on the Seille, 22 in. 
 N. E. of Nancy, and 50 W. N. W. of Strasburg. 
 Pop. about 3,600. 
 
 Diez, St. a town of France in the department 
 of Vosges. It had lately a celebrated chapter, 
 whose canons were obliged to produce proofs cf 
 nobility. It is seated near the source of the 
 Meurthe 30 m. S. E. of Luneville, and 45 S. W. 
 Strasburg. It is the seat of a prefect, and ir 
 1825 contained 6,823 inhabitants. 
 
 Dighton, a town of Massachusetts, in Bristol 
 county, situate near Taunton river, 7 miles S. S. 
 W. of Taunton. Pop. 1,737. Upon the rocks 
 on the margin of the river are some rude inscrip- 
 tions, which the researches of antiquarians have 
 not yet rendered intelligible. 
 
 Digne. a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lower Alps, and a bishop's see. It is 
 famous for its hot baths, and seated on the Bleone, 
 30 miles S. by W. of Embrun, and 70 N. E. 
 of Marseilles. Pop. in 1825, 3,621. 
 
 Dijon, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or. The public structures, and 
 particularly the churches, are very fine. The 
 spire of St. Benigne is 370 feet in height. In 
 front of the Palace Royale is the ancient palace 
 of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gates of 
 Dijon is a chartreuse, in which some of those 
 princes are interred. Dijon is seated in a pleas- 
 ant plain, which produces excellent wine, be- 
 tween two small rivers, 48 m. N. E. of Autun, 
 and 175 S. E. of Paris. Pop. in 1825, 22,397. 
 
 Dili. See Delos. 
 
 DiUenburg, a town of Germany, in the Wes- 
 terwald, capital of a county of the same name, 
 rich in mines of copper and iron. It has a for- 
 tress, on a mountain, the usual residence of the 
 prince of Nassau-Dillenburg ; and is seated on the 
 Dillen. 41 miles N. N. W. of Wetzler. Long. 
 8. 27. E., lat. 50. 42. N. 
 
 Dillingen, a town of Suabia, with a catholic 
 university, seated on the Danube, 17 m. N. W.of 
 Augsburg. Now included in the Bavarian cir- 
 cle of the Upper Danube. 
 
 Dilliatdsmlle, p. v. Rutherford Co. Ten. 
 
 Dimotuc, or Domotica, a town of European 
 
D1S 
 
 254 
 
 DM 
 
 Turkey, in Romania,, and a Greek archbishop's 
 see; seated on a mountain, surrounded by the 
 Meriza, 12 m. S. W. of Adrianople. 
 
 Dinagepoor, the capital of a district, north of 
 the Ganges in Bengal, 10 miles north of Mooshe- 
 dabad. 
 
 Dinan. a town of France, in the department of 
 Cotes du Nord, seated on a craggy mountain, by 
 the river Ranee, 20 miles south of St. Malo. It 
 is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 7,075. 
 
 Dinant, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 territory of Liege, with a castle, and eight church- 
 es The chief trade is in leather, and in the 
 vicinity are quarries of marble and mines of 
 iron. It is seated near the Meuse, 15 miles S. 
 by E. of Namur, and 44 S. W. of Liege. 
 
 Dinapoie, or Danapoor, a military cantonment 
 of Hindoostan, 11 m. W. ofPatna, on the S. bank 
 of the Ganges. 
 
 Dinasmoilthy, a town of Wales, in Merioneth- 
 shire. It stands at the foot of a high precipice, 
 on the river Dysi, 18 m. S. by W. of Bala, and 196 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Dindifful, a province of the peninsula of Hin- 
 doostan, 86 miles long, and 40 broad, lying be- 
 tween Coimbetore and Travancore, and chiefly 
 fertile in rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 1799, 
 it became subject to the British. 
 
 Dindigul, a town of Hindoostan, capital of the 
 province of the same name, with a fortress on a 
 rock. It is 40 m. N. bv W. of Madura, and 77 
 S. E. of Coimbetore. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 10. 
 24. N. 
 
 Dingeljingen, a town of Bavaria, seated on the 
 'ser,20 m. E. N. E. of Landshut. 
 
 Dingle, a seaport and borough'of Ireland, in the 
 eoun'.y of Kerry. The chief exports are butter, 
 beef, corn, and linen. It is seated at the head of 
 an inlet, on the N. side of Dino-le bay, 23 m. W. 
 3. W. of Tralee. and 164 S. W. of Dublin. Pop. 
 in 1821.4,538, and the parish 1,942 more. Loner. 
 10. 38. W. lat. 51. 53. N. 
 
 Dingwall , a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire. 
 Some linen yarn is manufactured here, and there 
 is a lintmill in the neighbourhood. It is seated 
 at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18. miles W. 
 of Cromarty. Pop. in 1821, 2,031. 
 
 DinkrJsbuhl , a town at the N. E. extremity of 
 the circle of Suabia. It has a foundation of Teu- 
 tonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping- 
 hooks. It is seated on the Wernitz,22 miles S. S. 
 W. of Anspach, and is now included in the Bava- 
 rian circle of the Rezat Pop. about 6,500. 
 
 Dinwiddie, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia, lying between Appomattox and Nottoway 
 rivers. It is about 18 miles square. Pop. 18,637. 
 Petersburg is the chief town. 
 
 Dijrpoldiswalda, a town of Saxony, 12 miles S. 
 by W. of Dresden. 
 
 Disentis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of prisons, with an abbey founded in the seventh 
 century. It is situate near the source of the Low- 
 er Rhine, 10 miles W. by S. of Ilantz. 
 
 Diskfey, a village in Leicestershire, Eng., two 
 miles N. W. of Loughborough, rendered famous 
 by a native grazier and farmer, Robert Bake well, 
 (who died in 1795) from his successful experi- 
 ments and practices in the improvement of live 
 stock, more particularly sheep. 
 
 Dismal Swamp, Great, extends about 30 miles 
 
 from N. to S . and 10 broad between the Chesa- 
 
 peak and Albemarle Sound, partis in Virginia, 
 
 and partly in North Carolina, It derived its 
 
 '■• ii . its d amal asp< ct. being impervious in 
 
 most parts, for trees and brushwood; there is a 
 pond in the centre about 15 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. This territory abounds with noxious rep- 
 tiles and wild animals ; within a few years a ca- 
 nal has been cut through it from the Elizabeth 
 River, falling into the Chesapeak to the Pasquo- 
 tank, falling into Albemarle Sound ; this canal 
 unites the harbour of Norfolk with Albemarle 
 Sound : it is 23 miles long and is navigable for 
 sloops. There is another swamp between Albe- 
 marle and Pamlico Sounds, called the Little Dis- 
 mal Swamp. 
 
 Diss, a town of Norfolk, Eng. on the border 
 of Suffolk. It is seated on the river Waveney, 
 on the side of a hill. 19 m. S. of Norwich, ant 
 85 N. N. E. of London. Population in 1821, 
 2,764. 
 
 Dissen, or Tissen, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 principality of Osnaburg, where are salt works 
 which belong to Hanover. It is 16 miles S. E. 
 of Osnaburg. 
 
 Ditmarse?i, a district of the Duchy of Hol- 
 stein, lying on the ccast of the German Ocean, 
 between the rivers Eyder and Elbe, it contains 
 no towns of importance. 
 
 Ditteah, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 Bundelcund, on the frontier of Agra, about 120 
 miles S. by E. of the city of Agra. 
 
 Diu, an island of Hindoostan, making the S. 
 point of Guzerat, at the entrance of the gulf of 
 Cambay, 3 miles long and one broad. On it is 
 a fortified town of the same name, built of free- 
 stone and marble ; and it contains some fine church- 
 es, erected by the Portuguese, about the time 
 they took possession of the island in 1515. 
 The trade of the town, once so important, is 
 almost entirely removed to Surat. It is lfO 
 miles W. by S. of Surat, and 200 N. W. of 
 Bombay. Long. 71. 5. E. lat. 20. 45. N. 
 
 Dizan, town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, seated 
 on the top of a conical hill, and inhabited by. 
 Moors and Christians. Their chief trade is steal- 
 ing children, and carrying them to a market at 
 Masuah. whence they are sent to Arabia or 
 India. It is 34 miles S. of Masuah. 
 
 Dix Cove, a British fort on the Gold Coast of 
 N. Africa. 40 miles S. W. of Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 Dirfield, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 890. 
 
 Dixmont, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 945. 
 
 Dixmude, a fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheese and 
 butter. It is seated on the Yper. 13 miles N. of 
 Ypres L.ndll S. of Ostend. 
 
 Dixon, a township in Preble Co. Ohio. 
 
 Dixvillc, an unsettled township in Coos Co.N.H. 
 
 Dizier, St. a town of France, at (he N. extremi- 
 ty of the department of Upper Marne, seated on 
 the Marne, 13 m. N. N. E. of Joinville, and 120 
 E. of Paris. The Marne is navigable from here 
 to Paris which renders St. Di.ier a place of con 
 siderable commerce. Pop. abi>nt 6,000. 
 
 Djibail, or Gcbail, a town of Syria, seated near 
 the coast on the site of the ancient Biblos, about 
 25 miles N. of Berus. It was a place of some 
 importance during the reign of Solomon, the 
 Biblos. having had at that time several vessels 
 employed in the conveyance of wood for the 
 building of the temple. The town was taken 
 possession of by the Crusaders in 1100, and at 
 present contains from 5 to 6,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Djebcl, or Gebel Hadda, Gebel Saade, and Gebe'. 
 Amer Kemir, places of Mahometan devotion S. o 
 Mecca. 
 
 Dnievrr, a river of European Russia (the a:i 
 
DOL 
 
 2oj 
 
 DOM 
 
 cient Borysthenes) , rising near the northern front- 
 ier of the government of Smolensk, in the lat. of 
 5(3. 20. N. and after a course of about 800 miles 
 in a direction nearly clue S. falls into the Black 
 Sea, at Otchakov in the lat. of 40. 30. N. It is 
 navigable from above the city of Smolensk, the 
 whole of its remaining course, but is impeded by 
 rapids within about 200 miles of its entrance into 
 the Black Sea ; it receives a great number of trib- 
 utary streams both from the E. and W., the prin- 
 cipal of those on the E. are the Sotz, the Uiput, 
 and the Deszna ; and from the W. the Berezina, 
 and the Przypiec, by the latter and a canal, the wa- 
 ters of the Black Sea are made to communicate 
 with the Baltic. See Brazcsc. 
 
 Dneister, a river of Europe, (the ancient Tyras), 
 rising on the N. side of the Carpathian mountains 
 in Austrian Galicia, in the long, of 23. E. ; and 
 from the long, of 26. 20. to 29. E. in a direction 
 S. S. E. it divides the Polish Palatinate of Podo- 
 lia, from Moldavia, when it takes its course near- 
 ly due S. for about 100 miles past Bender, and 
 dividing Bessarabia from the Russian province 
 of Catharineslaef, falls into the Black Sea at 
 Akermen, 100 miles W. of Otchakov, it is navi- 
 gable the greater part of its course. 
 
 Dobrzin, a town of Poland in the palatinate of 
 Ploczko, or Polock, seated on a rock near the 
 Vistula, 14 m. N. W. of Ploczko. 
 
 Dokum, a town of Holland, in West Friesland, 
 near the mouth of the river Ee, 10 m. N. E. of 
 Le warden. 
 
 Dodbrook, a town of Devonshire, Eng. noted 
 as being the first place where white ale was brew- 
 ed. It stands on a rivulet, by which it is parted 
 from Kingsbridge, 208 miles W. S. W. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. 885. 
 
 Doeblcn, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S. E. of 
 Leipzig. Population upwards of 4,000, chiefly 
 employed in manufactures. 
 
 Doel, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, 
 on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 7 m. N. W. 
 of Antwerp. 
 
 Doesburg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland. 
 It has been often taken ; and the reduction of it, 
 in 1586, was the first exploit of the English for- 
 ces sent by queen Elizabeth to the assistance of 
 the Dutch. It is seated on the Yessel, 10 m. S. S. 
 W. of Zutphen. 
 
 Dofar, a town on the coast of Arabia, in the 
 Indian Ocean, seated on the E. shore of a bay 
 of the same name ; it is the residence of a sheik 
 and exports some gum olibanum and other drugs. 
 Lat. 16. 16. N. a"nd54. of E. long. 
 
 Dogger Bank, a sand bank in the German 
 Ocean, between Flamborough Head and the 
 coast of Jutland; it is about 200 miles from W. 
 to E. and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30 
 fathoms depth of water ; it yields abundance of 
 excellent cod to the English and Dutch fisher- 
 men. A sanguinary but undecisive sea fight be- 
 tween the Dutch and English, took place on this 
 bank, on the 8th August, 1781. 
 
 Dogliani, a populous town of Piedmont, 18 m. 
 N. by'E. of Mondovi. 
 
 Dol, a town of France, in the department of 
 Ille and Vilaine. situate in a morass, 5 miles from 
 the sea, and 11 S. E. of St. Malo. Pop. about 
 3,500. 
 
 Dolce Aqua, a town of Piedmont, in the county 
 of Nice, with a castle, seated on the Nervia, 5 m. 
 N. of Vintirniglia. 
 
 Dole, a town of France, in the department of 
 Jura, on the- river Daubs. It contains several 
 
 public buildings, evidences of Roman magnifi- 
 cence. Under the ancient regime of France, it 
 was the capital of Franche Comte, until 1674, 
 when Bensanoon was made the capital. It is 
 now the seat of a prefect; and in 1825 contained 
 9.647 inhabitants. It is 70 miles N. by W. of 
 Geneva, and 30 S. E. of Dijon. 
 
 Dole La, one of the loftiest peaks of the Jura 
 chain of mountains, rising to the height of 5,600 
 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Dolgelly, a town of Wales, in Merionethshire, 
 with a manufacture of coarse woolen cloth, un- 
 dyed called webbing. It is seated on the river 
 Avon, on the foot of the mountain Cader Idris, 
 12 miles S. E. of Harleigh, and 208 N. W. of 
 London, on the road to Caernarvon, from which 
 it is distant 39 miles. The summer assizes for 
 the county are held here. Population in 1821, 
 2,093. 
 
 Dollart Bay, a bay or lake separating East Fries- 
 land, in Germany, from Groningen, in Holland. 
 It was formed by an inundation of the sea, in 
 1277, when 33 villages are said to have been des- 
 troyed. 
 
 Domfront, a town of France, in the department 
 of Orne, seated on a craggy rock, by the river 
 Mayenne, 35 miles N. W. of Alengon, and 65 E. 
 of St. Malo. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop 
 in 1825, 1,670. 
 
 Domingo, St. or Hispaniola, or Hayti, an island 
 of the West Indies, extending from Cape Engano, 
 in the long, of 68. 20. W. to Cape Donna Maria, 
 in 57. 26. W., this gives an extreme length of 
 408 English statute, or 346 geographical miles, but 
 as the west end projects out in two promontories, 
 the mean length will not exceed 275 English 
 statute miles, between 18. and 20. of north lat. or 
 a breadth of 135 statute miles ; these limits give 
 an area of 23,760,000 English statute acres, being 
 about three fourths the extent of England exclu- 
 sive of Wales. The east end of the island is 
 separated from Porto Rico, by the Mona, or Porto 
 Rico channel, about 120 miles wide, and the 
 northern promontory of the west end is separat- 
 ed from the island of Cuba, by the windward 
 passage about 60 miles wide ; and the southern 
 promontory of the west end, is about 100 miles 
 distant from the east end of the island of Jamaica. 
 A chain of mountains extend from the extremity of 
 the northern promontory of the west end to the 
 S. E. end of the island and about the centre rise 
 to the height of about 6,000 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Other mountain chains run in various 
 directions, giving great variety of feature and 
 climate to every part of the island, whilst streams 
 of water intersect it in all directions, contributing 
 alike to its beauty and fertility. There are four 
 principal streams rising about the centre of the 
 island, the Yuna flowing into Samana Bay in th« 
 E., the Yaque de Santiago, flowing to the N., the 
 Artibonate to the W. and the Neibe to the S. 
 
 This island was discovered by Columbus, on 
 the 6th of December, 1492, after having touched 
 at the Bahamas on his first voyage, and is mem- 
 orable for being the first spot in America, which 
 was colonized by Europeans. Columbus landed 
 at Navidad near the extrem'ty of the N. W. prom 
 ontory, where he left 38 of his comrades ; returning 
 to Spain the following month. At this time the 
 country was called Hayti by the natives ; Colum 
 bus gave it the name of Espanola, or little Spain, 
 hence Hispaniola. Columbus returned in No 
 vember following, and landed on the N. coast 
 of the island in the long, of 71 near to the mouth 
 
DOM 
 
 256 
 
 DOM 
 
 of a small river, which in compliment to his 
 patroness, Isabella of Spain, he named after her. 
 The avarice of the settlers soon excited the just in- 
 dignation of the native inhabitants, whose resent- 
 ment, however, was readily subdued by the more 
 ample and destructive means of warfare of the 
 Spaniards. Columbus returned to Spain in 
 1496, leaving his brother Bartholomew in com- 
 mand of the settlement, who soon after removed 
 to the southern coast, and founded the city of St. 
 Domingo, which afterwards gave name to the 
 whole island. The number of settlers from Spain 
 increased rapidly, and the natives were compelled 
 to the severest labour, which soon brought on dis- 
 ease and premature death, and so fatal to life was 
 the cruel policy of the Spaniards, that after a 
 lapse of about 20 years, an efficient labourer scarce- 
 ly remained on the island. Under this exigency, 
 about 40.000 of the inhabitants of the Bahama 
 Isles were decoyed from their homes to become 
 labourers or slaves in St. Domingo ; but such was 
 the perverse policy of the Spaniards ; that not- 
 withstanding this acquisition, and 1,000,000 of 
 native inhabitants, (some historians even carry 
 the number as high as 3,000,000,) which the isl- 
 and was supposed to contain on its first discovery 
 in 1492, by the middle of the following century 
 scarcely 150 remained alive ; whilst the Span- 
 iards had progressively sunk into indolence, and 
 the island was reduced again to a wilderness. 
 
 The French obtained a footing on the W. end 
 of the island about the middle of the 17th century, 
 and resumed the culture of the sugar-cane which 
 had been early introduced by the Spaniards from 
 the Canary Islands, but had been entirely neglect- 
 ed by them. By the treaty of Ryswick in 
 1691, Spain ceded to France all the west part of 
 the island from the little river Pedernallo on the 
 S. to the Capotillo falling into the Bay of Man- 
 cenilla on the N., in the long, of about 71. 40. W., 
 being about a third part of the island. After this 
 period the French plantations progressively in- 
 creased in number and importance, and in 1789 the 
 population of the French part of the island had 
 increased to 30,830 whites, 24,000, mulattoes, and 
 480,000 slaves, making a total of 534.830 inhabi- 
 tants, whilst the total population of the Spanish 
 part did not exceed 155,000, and in 1791, the fol- 
 lowing produce was exported to France : viz. 
 84,017,328 lbs. of coffee, 11,317,222 lbs. of cotton, 
 3,257,610 lbs. of indigo, 1,536,017 lbs. of cocoa, 
 and 217,463 casks of sugar. 
 
 From this period a new and important era in 
 the history of St. Domingo commences. The deso- 
 lating mania of the French revolution, had ex- 
 tended to this island ; an insurrection ensued, in 
 which upwards of 5,000 of the whites fell a prey 
 to the fury of their slaves. In 1792 the national 
 assembly of France proclaimed the political equal- 
 ity of the negroes and whites ; in the following 
 year three commissioners were despatched from 
 France, who on their arrival in St. Domingo pro- 
 claimed the emancipation of the slaves. This served 
 as a signal for the slaves to wreak their vengeance 
 oa their white oppressors, and on the 21st of 
 June 1793, a force of 3,000 blacks entered Cape 
 Francois and began an indiscriminate slaughter 
 among the white inhabitants, whilst the most 
 cruel vengeance displayed itself over all that 
 part of the island. 
 
 In the midst of this confusion, the English at- 
 tempted to establish their authority ; and a force 
 from Jamaica succeeded in taking possession 
 of Po"t au Prince, but after suffering much from 
 
 disease and th a resistance of the blacks, they aban 
 doned the island in 1798. By this time the 
 whole of the white population had become nearly 
 extirpated, whilst the blacks, under the command 
 of Rigaud and Toussaint L'Ouverture, had effect 
 ed considerable progress in military discipline 
 On the 1st of July 1801, the independence of the 
 island was formally proclaimed in the name of the 
 republic of Hayti, when Toussaint L'Ouverture 
 was appointed governor for life, with the power 
 of naming his successor. On the 6th October, 
 1801 , the Frencli concluded a peace with England, 
 and in the December following despatched a 
 squadron with 20,000 men, under the command of 
 general Le Clerc, to attempt the subjugation of 
 St. Domingo. The troops landed in Samam 
 Bay, at the E. end of the island. Le Clerc com- 
 menced the campaign in February 1802, and 
 fought with varied success until the following 
 May, when a truce was concluded upon ; during 
 which Toussaint was inveigled on board a ves- 
 sel and conveyed to France, where he died in 
 prison, in April, 1803. Suspicion of treachery in 
 his death having been entertained against the 
 French, hostilities recommenced with greater an- 
 imosity than ever. Ths command of the black 
 troops devolved on Dessalines, and the English 
 being now regarded as auxiliaries against the 
 French, on the 30th December 1803, the whole of 
 the remaining French forces surrendered prison- 
 ers of war to the English. 
 
 Thus St. Domingo was again freed from al 
 European oppression ; but new calamities nov 
 awaited it. On the 1st of January 1805, the gen 
 erals and chiefs of the army entered into a solemi 
 compact, in the name of the people of Hayti, re 
 nouncing forever all dependence on France 
 Dessalines was then appointed governor for life 
 and invested with extensive powers ; in Septeui 
 ber following he assumed the imperial title of Jac 
 ques the 1st, Emperor of Hayti. His ambitio? 
 and tyranny brought upon him the detestation of 
 the people, and he was slain by a military conspi 
 racy in October 1806. He was succeeded by 
 Christophe as " chief of the government," but 
 Petion starting as a rival candidate for the su- 
 preme authority, a severe battle was fought be- 
 tween the forces of Petion and Christophe, on the 
 1st of January 1807, in which Petion was defeat- 
 ed. In the same year Christophe was appointed 
 chief magistrate for life, with the power of ap- 
 pointing his successor, but like his predecessor 
 Dessalines he was not content with conditional 
 power, and in 1811, he assumed the regal title of 
 Henry I. King of Hayti, making the title heredi- 
 tary in his family, and Sans Souci, a village about 
 15 miles from Cape Frangois, now called Cape 
 Henry or Capa Hayti, the seat of his court and 
 government. King Henry was both avaricious 
 and cruel, and like Dessalines fell a prey to his 
 own soldiery, who dragged him from his palace 
 by force, and massacred him in October 1820. In 
 the mean time, from 1801 to 1818, Petion after his 
 defeat in 1807 retreated to the south of the west 
 part of the island, and remained at the head of a 
 considerable portion of the country. In 1816 he 
 was appointed president for life, but died in May 
 1818, universa'ly lamented byallwhr had espou? 
 ed his cause. He was succeeded by Boyer, who 
 on the death of Christophe obtained the command 
 and government of the whole of what was for- 
 merly the French part of the island. 
 
 In 1794 Spain ceded the whole of the remaining 
 part of the island to France, but the trouble* 
 
DOM 
 
 257 
 
 DOM 
 
 which ensued rendered the cession nominal, tho 
 French never having been able to take possession. 
 The Spanish flag continued to wave over the 
 fortress of the city of St. Domingo, until the 1st 
 of December 1821, when the inhabitants issued a 
 lormal declaration of independence, and made 
 overtures to the republic of Columbia, to be ad- 
 mitted as an integral part of its confederacy, which 
 proposition however was not acceded to. Such 
 was the political state of St. Uominju at the pe- 
 riod of 1822, about which time the French by in- 
 trigue endeavoured again to regain an ascendan- 
 cy in the island, and conceiving all attempts by 
 force of arms likely to prove ineffectual, they suc- 
 ceeded in inducing the Hay tians to agree to a pecu- 
 niary indemnity, for the loss of the plantations at 
 the commencement of the revolution ; this after 
 several years negociation, in 1825, was settled at 
 120,000,000 francs, or about £5,000,000 sterling, 
 payable by instalments, and under regulations 
 calculated to divert a great portion of the produce 
 of the island into the lap of France on better 
 terms than though she held the island in colonial 
 possession. 
 
 Under the mild and judicious administration of 
 president Boyer, Hayti promises to advance in 
 prosperity and social influence; a college has 
 been founded and liberally endowed at Cape Hay- 
 ti, i<r which provision is made for instruction in 
 all the languages, arts, and sciences, usually 
 taught in the European establishments of the like 
 kind ; public schools have been established in 
 most of the principal towns of the west part of 
 the island ; and be the future destiny of St. Do- 
 mingo what it may, she is at present one of the 
 most interesting subjects for contemplation in the 
 world ; an age has hardly passed away~since the 
 bulk of the inhabitants were held in the most ab- 
 ject and degraded state of bondage ; since when 
 they have successfully resisted the arms of two of 
 the most powerful nations of their time, and now 
 remain pursuing a silent but steady course to- 
 w rads giving a new and additionally important 
 character to the social relations of the civilized 
 world. 
 
 Of its present extent of population and produce 
 there is no satisfactory information. The popu- 
 lation of the Spanish part of the island is suppos- 
 ed to have decreased considerably since 1785, 
 and is thought, now, not to exceed 100,000. In 
 speaking therefore of the island of St. Domingo 
 or Hayti, as it is now again generally called, all 
 that is politically important in relation to pop- 
 ulation and intercourse applies almost exclu- 
 sively to the W. end or about one third only of 
 the island ; the chief occupation of the compari- 
 tively few inhabitants of the eastern, or greater 
 part of the island, being that of attending to the 
 breeding of cattle, which they drive to the 
 markets of the more populous districts of the 
 west. 
 
 Under social institutions, and well directed ex- 
 ertion, Hayti would doubtless prove adequate to 
 supply the whole of Europe with an abundance 
 of all the luxurious products common to a tropi- 
 cal climate, whilst the artificial productions and 
 conveniences which Hayti would be able to com- 
 mand in exchange, might make it the most de- 
 lightful residence on earth. The temperature of 
 the mountains ranges at a mean of about 70, and 
 although in the plains it ranges at about 100, the 
 pressure of the heat is considerably modified by 
 the alternate land and sea-breezes ; the coast on all 
 fides is indented with convenient bays and har- 
 33 
 
 bours The indigenous vegetable productions of 
 St. Domingo are various, beautiful and valuable ; 
 its mahogany is unrivalled for its texture and 
 beauty, and there is a satin wood proportionably 
 superior to that of other parts of the world. The 
 flowering shurbs are various, and no where sur- 
 passed in beauty and fragrance ; vanilla and the 
 plantain are both luxuriant ; pine for ship building 
 and house carpentry is abundant, whilst the cot- 
 ton tree supplies the material for canoes. Of 
 quadrupeds one only is known peculiar to the 
 island, the agouti cat, in size less than the com- 
 mon cat oi Europe ; all the domestic animals of 
 Europe, have, however, been introduced, and 
 thrive exceedingly ; swine, horses, and horned 
 cattle, all running wild in considerable numbers. 
 The feathered race are numerous and beautiful in 
 plumage, and more melodious than common with 
 birds of tropical climates. There is a salt water 
 lake of considerable extent between the French 
 and Spanish part of the island, on the S. side, 
 which as well as the plains and rivers of that side, 
 abound in alligators and other reptiles of great 
 size, and also in the noxious insects common to 
 the situation and climate. The land tortoise is 
 common, and the coast abounds in turtle and oth- 
 er fish. 
 
 Domingo, St., City of, is situate on the west 
 bank of a river called the Ozama, in lat. and long, 
 as previously laid down. The city was originally 
 founded in 1406, on the opposite bank of the riv 
 er, but afterwards moved to its present site. It is 
 regularly laid out, and like most of the cities built 
 by the Spaniards in this part of the world, the 
 private houses have interior courts and flat roofs 
 The cathedral, finished in 1540, is a ponderous ed- 
 ifice; the government house, hall of justice, bar 
 racks, and arsenal, are all respectable buildings, 
 it has also several convents, which have been 
 mostly deserted by their inmates since 1794. The 
 harbour is capacious, but exposed tc the tempests 
 from the S. W. The population, which at one 
 time amounted to 25,000, is now reduced to half 
 that number, and indicates decline rather than 
 prosperity. It was sacked by the English Admi- 
 ral Drake, in 1586, who obtained a ransom from 
 the inhabitants of about £7,000 to prevent further 
 devastation. It has not experienced any marked 
 vicissitudes since that period. 
 
 %* There are several other towns called St. 
 Domingo in different parts of America, settled by 
 the Spaniards, but all inconsiderable. 
 
 Dominica, one of the West Indian Leeward Is- 
 lands.lying N. of Martinique and S. of Guadaloupe, 
 being about 34 miles from N. to S. and 10 in mean 
 breadth. It was discovered by Columbus on Sun- 
 day, November 3, 1493. A party of Frenchmen 
 settled upon it about the beginning of the 17th 
 century, who by cultivating the friendship of the 
 natives, succeeded in the cnltnre of the soil. At 
 the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, it was 
 agreed that it should be neutral, but the English 
 took possession of it in 1750, and it was confirmed 
 to them at the peace of 1763. It was captured by 
 a French force from Martinique in 1778, but re- 
 stored to the English in 1783, since when it has 
 remained in their possession. It is very produc- 
 tive of coffee of a choice quality, and yields some 
 sugar. Charlotte Town at the mouth of a river 
 towards the S. end of the island on the W. side, 
 is in lat. 15. 18. N. and 61. 28. of W. long. 
 
 Dominica, the largest of the islands of the Pa 
 cific Ocean, called the Marquesas. Long. 139. 2. 
 W. lat. 9. 41. S. 
 
 Y 2 
 
DON 
 
 258 
 
 DON 
 
 Domino, St one of the Tremitti islands, in the 
 gulf of Venice. 15 miles from the coast of Naples 
 in thelat. of 42. 10. N. 
 
 Domitz, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen- 
 burgh-Schwerin, with a fort seated at the conflu- 
 ence of the Elde and Elbe, 25 m. S. of Schwerin. 
 Domrriel, a river of Dutch Brabant, which re- 
 ceives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows 
 into the Meuse. 
 
 Domo d'Ossula, a town oi Italy, in the Milan- 
 ese, with a castle, sealed near the frontier of the 
 Valois on the Tossa, 20 m. N. of Varallo. 
 
 Domotica, or Dimoticc, a large town of Europe- 
 an Turkey, situate on the W. bank of the Maris- 
 sa, 12 miles S. by W. of Adrianople. Pop. about 
 6,000. 
 
 Dompairc, a town of France, in the department 
 of Vosges, 10 m. W. N. W. of Epinal. 
 
 Domrcmy, a town of France, in the department 
 of Meuse, the birth-place of the celebrated Joan 
 of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the 
 Meuse, 5 in N. of Neufchateau 
 
 Domvillers, or Danvillers a town of France in 
 the department of Meuse, 14 m. N. of Verdun. 
 
 Don. a river of Europe (the Tanais of the an- 
 cients.) which intersects the south-east provinces 
 of Russia. It issues from the lake St. John, in 
 the governmeut of Tula, and after a very circui- 
 tous course of several hundred miles, flows into 
 the sea of Azoph. This river has so many wind- 
 incrs, and such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely 
 navigable, except in the spring, on the melting 
 of the snows ; and flat-bottomed boats only, ex- 
 cept in the same seas .m, can pass into the sea of 
 Asoph . 
 
 Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in the W. 
 part of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie-water at 
 Inverary, passes by Kintore, and enters the Ger- 
 man Ocean, at Old" Aberdeen. 
 
 Don, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. which rises on 
 the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penistone, Shef- 
 field, Rotheram, Doncaster, and Thorn, and joins 
 the Ouse near its termination in the Humber. 
 
 Donaghades,, a town and parish of Ireland, 
 in the county of Down, it is seated on the coast 
 35 miles W. N. W. of the Isle of Man, and 23 
 W. by S. of the Mull of Galloway. It is celebra- 
 ted as the mail packet station between Ireland 
 and Scotland (See Port Patrick.) It has a custom 
 house, and exports some cattle and other live 
 stock to Scotland, but in other respects its com- 
 merce is very inconsiderable, the receipt of cus- 
 toms not equalling the expense. Population of 
 the town in 1821, 2,795, and the parish 3,793 
 more ; on Mew island at the entrance of the har- 
 bour, which has been made convenient for the 
 packets, is a light house in the lat. of 54. 40. N. 
 and 5. 24. of W. long. 
 
 Donaldsowville, p. v. the capital of the parish of 
 Ascension. Louisiana, on the Mississippi. 
 
 Donaueschingen. or Doneschingen, a town of 
 Suabia on the ~E. border of the Black Forest, in 
 the principality of Furstenburg. It is the chief 
 residence of the prince ; in the court yard of 
 whose palace are some springs, collected in a res- 
 ervoir about 30 feet square, which has the honour 
 of being called the head of the Danube. It is 13 
 m. N. N. W. of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Donawert, a strong town of Bavaria, seated on 
 the N. bank of the Dauube. at the influx of the 
 Wernitz, 25 miles N. by VV. of Augsburg ; here 
 is a bridge over the Danube, which causes Dona- 
 wert to be a place of considerable intercourse. 
 Pop. about 2,500. 
 
 Doncaster, a handsome town in the S. E. part 
 of the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It is situate 
 on the great high road from London to York and 
 Edinburgh, on the S. bank of the river Don, over 
 which are two handsome bridges. The principal 
 street is about a mile in length ; the mansion 
 house, in which the mayor and justices hold their 
 sittings, is a spacious and elegant building ; there 
 is also a town hall, theatre, dispensary, hospital, 
 and two or three other public buildings, and the 
 church dedicated to St. George is a noble ed- 
 ifice. Doncaster has 5 tan yards, several flax 
 dressers, and some manufactures of sacking, car- 
 pets, nails, «,tc. and its trade in corn is consider- 
 able ; but the agreeableness of its locality ren- 
 ders it more celebrated as a place of gaiety and 
 fashion, than as a manufacturing or trading town 
 The annual races are about the gayest in the king- 
 dom, and the frequent balls and concerts held in 
 the mansion house make it the resort of all the 
 fashion and gaiety of the surrounding country ; 
 there are also about a dozen separate private es- 
 tablishments for the education of young ladies and 
 gentlemen ; these with its constant thoroughfare 
 tend to render it a cheerful and an agreeable res- 
 idence. It is 158 miles N. from London, 18 N. 
 E. of Sheffield, 20 S. E. of Wakefield, and 37 S 
 of York. The population, which in 1801 was 
 5.697. in 1821 had increased to 9,116. Market on 
 Sunday. 
 
 Dondra Head, the southern point of the island 
 of Ceylon, in tiie lat. of 5. 55. 30. N. and 80. 42 
 of E. long. The land is low and densely popula 
 ted, but appears to have been of greater impor- 
 tance than at present, there being the ruins of a 
 magnificent Hindoo temple in the vicinity. See 
 Malura. 
 
 Donegal, a maritime county forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Ireland ; it is about 70 miles in ex 
 treine length, but being indented by numerous 
 bays and harbours, it has about 150 miles of sea 
 coast ; the principal bay is called Lough Foyle. 
 and divides Donegal from the county of London- 
 derry, opening by a narrow strait into the north 
 channel. Lough Swilly is another capacious bay, 
 opening into the Atlantic Ocean, and Donegal 
 bay, forms the southern boundary of the county, 
 which is bounded on the E. and S. E. by the 
 counties of Tyrone and Fermanagh. The river 
 Finn intersects the centre of the county from W. 
 to E. and then takes a northern course into Lough 
 Foyle. Donegal is a mountainous and rather 
 dreary district, and its inhabitants may be consid- 
 ered the rudest in Ireland, the greater portion 
 speaking only their vernacular language. The 
 mountains contain various minerals ; kelp is made 
 upon the coast, which yields also a salicious sand 
 used in the manufacture of glass ; the spinning 
 of flax, the linen manufacture, and distillation of 
 spirits prevail over the greater part of the coun- 
 ty ; the principal towns are Liffbrd, Raphoe, 
 Johnstown, Letterkenny, Ballyshannon, Donegal, 
 and Killibegs ; at Ballyshannon is a valuable 
 salmon fishery. It contains the ruins of several 
 castles and other works of antiquity. For divi- 
 sions, superfices, population, &c. see Ireland. 
 
 Donegal, a town and parish of the preceding 
 
 "a bay 111 miles N. 
 
 W. of Dublin, and 25 S. W. of Lifford. Pop. 
 
 county, seated at the head of a bay 111 rni 
 
 of the town in 1821, 690, and of the parish 4.420. 
 
 * * There are four townships called Donegal in 
 the state of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Donerailr, a town and parish of Ireland, in the 
 county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautiful 
 
ORF 
 
 259 
 
 DOR 
 
 variegated marble. It is situate on the Awbeg, 
 which falls into the Black Water 19 miles N. W. 
 of Cork, and 113 S. W. of Dublin. Pop. of the 
 town in 1821,2,455, and the parish 1,419 more. 
 
 Dongola, or Dungala, a town of Nubia, capital 
 of a province of the same name. It contains 
 10,000 houses of wood, and is seated on the Nile, 
 among mountains, 500 miles N. by W. of Sen- 
 naar. The country is celebrated for a fine breed 
 of horses, and the inhabitants for their skill in 
 horsemanship. Long. 32. 5. E. lat. 19. 25. N. 
 
 Donjon, a town of France, in the department of 
 Allier, 24 til. S. E. of Moulins. 
 
 Donnington, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 Much hemp is cultivated in the neighbourhood. 
 It is 8 miles W. S. W. of Boston, and 106 N. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 1,038. 
 
 \* There are 7 villages of the same name in 
 different parts of England, the principal one in 
 Leicestershire, with a population of 2,308. 
 
 Donny Brook, one of the out parishes of the 
 city of Dublin, celebrated for its annual saturna- 
 lia or fair. 
 
 Donzy, a town of France, in the department of 
 Nievre, 22 m. N. of Nevers. 
 
 Dooab, a term applied by the Hindoos to tracts 
 of land lying between two rivers ; the most cele- 
 brated tract is that lying between the Ganges and 
 Jumna, in the provinces of Allahabad, Agra, and 
 Dehli. 
 
 Doon, a river of Scotland, which issues from 
 a lake of the same name in Avrshire, and enters 
 the frith of Clyde, 2 in. S. of Ayr. 
 
 Doran, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the 
 side of a mountain, 28 m. S. of Sana. 
 
 Dorat, a town of France, in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, seated on the Abran, near its junc- 
 tion with the Sevre,25 m. N.of Limoges. 
 
 Dorchester, a borough and the capital of Dor- 
 setshire, England. It was formerly much larger, 
 and the ruins of the walls are still to be seen in 
 some places. It has three churches ; and a fine 
 terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds 
 the town, which has no manufactures, but is fa- 
 mous for excellent ale. A little to the S. is a 
 Roman amphitheatre, constructed of chalk and 
 turf,- supposed to be the most perfect in the king- 
 dom. One mile to the S. W. is the Maiden cas- 
 tle, another work of the Romans ; there are three 
 ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole 
 area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated on the 
 river Frome, about 10 m. from the sea at Wey- 
 mouth, 53 E.of Exeter, and 120 W. by S. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 2,743. 
 
 Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. which 
 was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the 
 wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till 
 1036, when William the Conquerer translated it to 
 Lincoln ; and it had five churches, though now 
 but one, which was the cathedral. It is seated 
 on the Tame, 3-4 of a mile above its junction 
 with the Isis ; the united streams forming the 
 river Thames, 10 miles S. E. of Oxford, and 49 
 W. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 854. 
 
 Dorchester, a county of the state of Maryland, 
 .ying between the Nanticoke and Choptank riv- 
 ers, on the E. side of Chesapeak bay. Pop. 
 18,685. The chief town is Canibrido-e, on the S. 
 bank of the Choptank, 60 miles S. S. W. of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Dorchester, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 702. 
 
 Dorchester, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoininor 
 Boston. Pop. 4,064. 
 
 Dorchester, p.t. Colleton Dis. S C. 
 Dordogne, an interior department in the S. W. 
 of France, comprising the late province of Peri- 
 gord, and part of the Limousin; a river of the 
 same name intersects the S. part of the depart- 
 ment; the Vizere, Ille, and la Drome, all fall- 
 ing into the Dordogne, in its course to the Ga 
 ronne at Bourg, intersects other parts of the de- 
 partment, which is in general fertile and yields 
 some delicious wines ; it is divided into five ar- 
 rondissements, the principal towns of which are 
 Perigueux, the capital, Bergerac, Nontron, Ribe- 
 rac, and Sarlat ; the other principal towns are 
 Belves, Monpont, and Eaciderfil. For territori- 
 al extent, population, &c. &c. sec France. 
 Dorestro. See Silistria. 
 
 Dorking, a beautifully picturesque town in 
 Surrey, England, with a market on Thursdays, 
 celebrated for a remarkably fine breed of poultry ; 
 a vast quantity of lime is burnt in the neicrhbour- 
 hood. It is 23 m. S. S. W. of London bridge.— 
 Pop. in 1821, 3,812. 
 
 Dorn, a village in a detached part of Worces- 
 tershire, Eng. 3 m. S. E. of Camden in Glouces- 
 shire. The Roman foss way runs through it, and 
 abundance of coin, both Roman and British have 
 been found here. 
 
 Dornburg , a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Weimar, with a castle ; situate on 
 a hill, by the river Saale, 14 m. E. of Weimar, and 
 40 S. W. of Leipsig. 
 
 Dornoch, a borough on the E. coast of Scotland, 
 capital of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a 
 frith of the same name, over which it has a fi?rry 
 to Tain. It is a small place, and half in ruins, 
 but was formerly the residence of the bishopa oi 
 Caithness, and part of the cathedral is kept up as 
 the parish church. It is 40 miles N. of Inverness. 
 Long. 3. 48. W. lat. 57. 52. N. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,100. 
 
 Dorp, Dorpat, or Dor/at, a town of Russia, 
 in the government of Riga, with a university ; 
 seated on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero 
 and Pepas, 60 in. S. of Narva, and about 50 E. ol 
 Pernau. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Dorset, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,507. 
 Dorsetshire, a maritime county of England, 
 having about 70 miles of coast in the British 
 Channel; bounded on the W. by Devonshire, N. 
 by the counties of Somerset and Wilts, and E. by 
 Hampshire; it is of an irregular form, having an 
 extreme length of 55 miles from W. to E. and 35 
 in extreme breadth, but the mean lines do not 
 much exceed half that extent; the superficial 
 area being only 1,005 square miles. The soil is 
 generally rich and fertile, though in some parts 
 very sandy ; the northern part, which is divided 
 by a range of chalk hills from the southern, 
 affords good pasturage for cattle ; while the south- 
 ern part chiefly consists of fine downs, and feeds 
 incredible numbers of sheep. The chalk hills, 
 which run through every county from the S. E. 
 part of the kingdom thus far, terminate at the 
 further extremity of this ; but on the coast, chalk 
 cliffs extend beyond it into Devonshire, 10 miles 
 W. of Lyme. From the Hampshire border to 
 the neighbourhood of Blandford a heathy com- 
 mon extends, which causes an exception to the 
 general character of fertility which this county 
 merits; but the rich vales to the S. W. make 
 ample amends. The greater altitude of the 
 county is 669 feet above the level of the sea ; the 
 climate is mild and congenial. The principal 
 rivers are the Stour, Piddle, and Frome. Hen; is 
 
DOU 
 
 260 
 
 DOV 
 
 >leniy of poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcocks, 
 pheasants, partridges, fieldfares, &c. The prin- 
 cipal towns on the coast are Lyme Regis, Mel- 
 combe Regis, Weymouth, Bridport, Wareham, 
 and Poole ; at the two latter some ships are built, 
 and some foreign trade carried on ; and Poole 
 was formerly celebrated for its extensive interest 
 in the Newfoundland fishery ; and considerable 
 manufactures of cordage, twine, and coarse wool- 
 ens were formerly carried on in the vicinity of 
 Bridport and Poole. The commercial and 
 manufacturing concerns of the county have of 
 late years declined and are now, relatively, in- 
 significant, the shipping being principally em- 
 ployed in carrying, and the rental, taxes, and sup- 
 ply of shop goods for the consumption of the 
 county, are now paid out of the surplus produce 
 of sheep and lambs for the London market, some 
 cattle, wool, and stone, from the quarries of 
 Portland, and Purbeck, and freight of shipping. 
 Some trilling manufactures also contribute to con- 
 stitute an exchange ; and the W. part of the coast 
 abounds in mackerel during the season. The prin- 
 cipal towns in the interior are Dorchester (the 
 capital), Corfe castle, and Shaftesbury, each of 
 which, as well as each of those on the coast, and 
 the county, return two members to parliament. 
 There are 13 other market towns, and upwards 
 of 200 villages in this County. 
 
 Dorsettsuille, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C. 
 Dorstcn, a fortified town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Recklinghausen, seated on the Lippe, 
 15 m. E. by N. of Wesel. 
 
 Dort, or Dordrecht, a city of South Holland on 
 an island formed by the Meuse, which is here 
 called the Merwe. The island was formed in 
 1421, in November of which year an inundation 
 destroyed 72 villages and drowned 100,000 per- 
 sons. In 1457 Dort was nearly destroyed by fire, 
 and is further celebrated for an assembly of pro- 
 testant clergy from all parts of Europe, in 1G18 
 — 1019 called the synod of Dort, which condemn- 
 ed the tenets of Arrninius. Here are several Lu- 
 theran and Calvinist churches, a fine council- 
 house an excellent academy, and the mint of 
 South Holland. It has a good harbour, and a 
 great trade in corn, wine, and timber; of the 
 'atter immense rafts are floated hither from An- 
 dernach, in Germany. It was formerly the chief 
 depository of Rhenish wines ; but its commerce 
 has much declined of late years, having been 
 transferred to Rotterdam. The father of the cel- 
 ebrated De Witts was Burgomaster of Dort, and 
 Vossius was once superintendant of its academy. 
 The natural situation of Dort is such that it has 
 never been taken by an enemy ; but it surren- 
 dered to the French in 1795. It is 10 miles S. 
 E. of Rotterdam. Loner. 4. 45. E. lat. 51. 51. N. 
 Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 Dortmund, a strong town of Westphalia, in a 
 nook at the S. extremity of the upper bishopric 
 of Munster. It was lately imperial, and is seat- 
 ed on the Emster, 15 m. S. W. of Ham, and 30 
 S. by W. of the city of Munster. Pop. about 
 4,000. 
 
 Dotekom, or Deutckom, a town of Holland, in 
 Gelderland, with afoundery for bombs and cannon 
 nails ; seated south of the Yssel, 10 m. S. E. of 
 Doesburg. 
 
 Douamenez, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, seated on a bay of the same 
 name, at the entrance of the English channel, 8 
 m. N. W. of Quimper. 
 
 Douau, a city of France, formerly the capital of 
 
 the department of Nord, with a fine arsenal, a foun 
 dery for cannon, a military school, a citadel, am; 
 three famous colleges ; to which a great number 
 of the catholic youths of England and Ireland 
 are sent for education. It was taken by the Duke 
 of Marlborough in 1710, and retaken by the 
 French in 1712, after the suspension of arms. It 
 is 110 miles N. by E. of Paris, 70 E. S. E. of Bo- 
 logne, and 18 S. of Lisle, to which it is connect- 
 ed by a canal. It is the seat of a. prefect, and in 
 1825 contained 18,854 inhabitants. 
 
 Doubs, a department of France, on the frontier 
 of Neufchatel in Switzerland. It comprises the 
 eastern part of the late province of Franche 
 Compte, and is watered by a river giving name 
 to the department which falls into the Saone a 
 little above Chalons. Doubs is a woody and 
 mountainous district, interspersed with fertile 
 vallies ; the mountains yield a considerable sup- 
 ply of iron, the forests abundance of timber, 
 whilst sheep and black cattle abound in the val- 
 lies, yielding a considerable supply of butter and 
 cheese, the latter is celebrated by the name of 
 grueyere ; the vine is also cultivated with suc- 
 cess, and to some extent ; it has been proposed 
 to unite the river Doubs with the Hie, falling 
 into the Rhine, and thereby unite the waters of 
 the north sea, with the Mediterranean. The de- 
 partment of Doubs is divided into four arron- 
 dissements ; Besaneon, 210 miles S. E. of Paris, 
 is the capital; and the chief towns of the other 
 three arrondissements are Baume, Pontarlier, and 
 Montbelliard ; there are two other considerable 
 towns, viz. Quingey and Ornans. 
 
 Dmie, a town of France, in the department of 
 Mayenne and Loire, with a considerable manu- 
 facture of druggets and tammies. Near it is a 
 vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid 
 rock. It is 9 miles S. W. of Saumur. 
 
 Done, a river of Derbyshire, Eng. which rises 
 in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county from 
 Staffordshire, and after a course of about 40 miles 
 joins the Trent, 4 miles below Burton 
 
 Dover, Straits of, between the S. E. point ol 
 England, and the N. W. extremity of France, 
 leading from the Atlantic Ocean, through the En- 
 glish channel into the north sea ; the narrowest 
 part of the strait is about 20 English statute 
 miles, and the two usual points of intercourse 
 about 23 miles. Dover castle being in 1. 19. 7. 
 and Calais lights in 1. 51. 1. of E. long, being a 
 difference of 32 miles of long, which in the lat. 
 of 51. is equal to 19 geographical or 23 English 
 statute miles. The straits extend from the S. W. 
 in a direction N. N. E. for about 44 m., intersect- 
 ed by the long, of 51. of N. lat. 
 
 Dover, Toicn of, which gives name to the pre- 
 ceding strait, is seated on the English coast, in the 
 county of Kent, and is celebrated in every perioa 
 of English history ; by the ancient Britons it was 
 called Dour, by the Romans Dubris, and by the 
 Saxons Dovre ; and the Romans regarded it as 
 Claris ct refraguhnn, totius regni — the lock and 
 key of the whole realm. Dover may doubtless 
 still be regarded as the great outlet and portal of 
 the realm on the side of northern Europe, and 
 from its peculiar local situation and advantages to 
 be still entitled to high consideration. But as 
 navigation has advanced towards perfection, and 
 England advanced in her maritime ascendency, in 
 a relative sense, Dover has become an inconsider- 
 able place, and in point of security and defence 
 is very insignificent compared with either Ports- 
 mouth or Davonport ;, while Harwich, Sout-hamp- 
 
DOU 
 
 261 
 
 DOW 
 
 ton and Falmouth vie with it, as points of egress 
 and ingress to and from foreign parts, and since 
 the application of steam to purposes of navigation, 
 numerous visitors to and from France now pro- 
 ceed and arrive direct from and to the Thames at 
 London, who used formerly to pass by way of 
 Dover. Dover is, however, still (1831) the medi- 
 um of conveyance for the mails, and of all mes- 
 sengers and travellers intent on despatch, between 
 England and France, for whose accommodation 
 packets proceed to and from Calais with every 
 tide, and the intercourse is still very great, consti- 
 tuting the chief support of the town. It ex- 
 tends for near a mile along the shore, and is divi- 
 ded into two parts ; the eastern part is called the 
 toion, at the extremity of which, on an eminence, 
 is the castle, supposed to have been first founded 
 by Julius Cffisar, the west part is called the pier, 
 and is overhung by a range of chalk cliffs, which 
 seem to threaten an immediate overwhelming of 
 all below ; the heights 300 to 350 feet, above the 
 level of the sea, are fortified with trenches, subter- 
 raneous works and casements for the accommoda- 
 tion of 2,000 men, and in clear weather present 
 fine prospects of the coast of France. Dover is 
 one of the (five) cinque ports vested with peculiar 
 privileges : by the 32 Hen. VIII. cap. 48. On 
 condition of furnishing a number of ships equip- 
 ped and manned for the national defence, one of 
 the privileges was, each port returning two mem- 
 bers to parliament, by the title of Barons of the 
 Cinque Ports. Dover post office is 71 m. S. S. E. 
 of London Bridge, by way of Canterbury, from 
 which it is distant 16 miles. It is divided into two 
 parishes, with two weekly markets on Wednes- 
 days and Saturdays. The castle is a very exten- 
 sive edifice, and interesting from its antiquity, and 
 the historical events connected with it; besides 
 the castle and two churches, the other public 
 buildings are a town hall, theatre, military hospi- 
 tal, victualling office, and custom house : the busi- 
 ness of the latter is confined almost exclusively to 
 the inspecting the baggage of the passengers arriv- 
 ing by the packets. The harbour will admit ships 
 of 500 tons burthen ; but the town carries on little 
 or no foreign trade. Pop. in 1811, 9,074, and in 
 1821, 10,327. 
 
 Dover, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1.042. 
 
 Dover, p.t. Strafford Co. N. II. 10 m. fr. Ports- 
 mouth on the falls of the Cocheco, a stream run- 
 ning into the Piscataqua. The falls have several 
 pitches, one of which is 40 feet perpendicular, af- 
 fording a vast water power, which has been ap- 
 plied to manufacturing purposes. The cotton 
 manufactories produce 10,000 yards of shirting 
 a week. The iron works roll and slit 1,000 tons 
 of iron annually, and make 700 tons of nails. New 
 sstablishments are also in progress, and the mill 
 sites here are numerous. Dover is one of the 
 oldest towns in the state. Pop. 5,449. 
 
 Dover, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. Pop. 497. 
 
 Dover, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,198. 
 
 Dover, p.t. Kent Co. Del., the capital of the 
 state of Delaware. It is situated upon a small 
 stream falling into the Delaware, and is hand- 
 somely laid out and built. The houses are mostly 
 of brick and in the centre of the town is a spacious 
 square surrounded by the State House and public 
 Difices. 
 
 *^* There are six other towns called Dover in 
 the United States, viz. in Monmouth Co. N. J., 
 York Co. Pa., Cuyahoga, Athens and Tuscarawas 
 Cos. Ohio and Stuart Co. Ten. 
 
 Douglas, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, 
 
 seated on a river of the same name, falling into 
 the Clyde, 29 m. S. S. E. of Glasgow on the road 
 to Carlisle. Pop. in 1821,2,195. 
 
 Douglas, the chief town of the Isle of Man, 
 seated at the mouth of two united streams, on the 
 E. side of the island, in the lat. of 54. 4. N. and 4. 
 36. of W. long. Pop. in 1821, 6,054. See Man. 
 
 Douglas, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,742 
 
 Douglas, Cape, a promontory on the W. coast 
 of America, the W. point of the entrance to 
 Cook's Inlet. Its summit forms two very high 
 mountains. Long. 153. 30. W lat. 58.56. N. 
 
 Doulain court, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Marne, 10 m. S. W. of Joinville. 
 
 Doullens, a town of France in the deparment 
 of Somme, with two citadels ; seated on the Autie, 
 15 m. N. of Amiens; it is the seat of a prefect. 
 Pop. in 1825,3,504. 
 
 Doune, Donn, or Donne, a town of Scotland, in 
 the parish of Kilmadock, Perthshire, with the ru- 
 in of a huge square castle, whose tower is yet full 
 80 feet in height. Here is a manufacture of pis- 
 tols; also an extensive work called the Adelphicot- 
 tan-mill. It is seated on the Teih, 8 m. N. W. 
 of Sterling, and 32 S. W. of Perth. In 1821 the 
 parish contained 3,150 inhabitants. 
 
 Dourdan, a town of France, in the department 
 of Seine and Oise, with a manufacture of silk and 
 worsted stockings : seated on the Orge, 25 m. S. 
 W. of Paris. 
 
 Douro, a river of the Peninsula, rising near So- 
 ria, in old Castile, in the long, of 2. 30. W. It 
 rises to the W. of Soria, and from thence runs S. 
 for about 20 miles, when it takes a course nearly 
 due W. past Aranda into Leon, past Zamora to 
 the frontier of the Portuguese province of Trazos 
 Montes; it then takes a course S. S. W. past Mi- 
 randa, and for about 60 miles forms the boundary 
 between Leon in Spain and Tras os Montes : it 
 then takes a course N. by W. dividing the latter 
 province and Entre Douroe Minho from Beira, fall- 
 ing into the sea a short distance below Oporto. 
 The meridional distance from its source to its en- 
 trance into the sea is about 300 miles, while the 
 course of the stream will be near 400 miles ; it re- 
 ceives numerous tributary streams both from the 
 N. and S. 
 
 Doiclatahad, formerly called Amednagur, a 
 province of the Deccan of Hindoostan ; intersect- 
 ed by the Godavery river, bounded on the N. by 
 Candeish, W. by the Gauts, S. by Visiapour and 
 Golconda, and E. by Berar. Aurungabad is the 
 capital. 
 
 Dowlatabad, one of the celebrated hill-forts 
 of Hindoostan, and formerly the capital of the 
 preceding province. The fort is 420 feet above 
 the level of the plain. In the beginning of the 14th 
 century the Emperor Mahomet III. caused a great 
 number of the inhabitants of Dehli, to emigrate S.of 
 the Godavery river, and attempted to make Dow- 
 latabad the seat of government of his empire, but 
 the project did not succeed, and his successor re- 
 turned to the ancient capital Dowlatabad never- 
 theless continued an important place and capital 
 of the province, until the time of Aurungzebe, 
 who fixed his residence at Aurungabad (which 
 see), about 10 miles to the S. ; it is now included 
 in the territories of the Nizam of the Deccan. 
 
 Doicn, a maritime county on the N. E. coast of 
 Ireland, opposite to the Isle of Man, it is bounded 
 on the N. by the Lough of Belfast, which divides 
 it from the county of Antrim, S. by Carlingford 
 Bay, which divides it from the county of Louth 
 and on the W. it is bounded by the "ounty of Ar 
 
DRA 
 
 262 
 
 ORE 
 
 • i - rh. It is 53 miles in extreme length from S. 
 \V. to S. E. and about 25 in mean breadth, the N. 
 T. being indented by Strangfbrd Lough, contain- 
 ing about 100 square miles of surface ; a canal 
 from Carlingford Bay to the Lough Neagh, bounds 
 the VV. end of the county, and the river Lagan 
 falling into Belfast Lough, waters tlie northern 
 side ; the river Bann intersecting the S. W. Down 
 is the fifth county in Ireland, in order of popula- 
 tion, both collectively and relatively, and although 
 it is one of the least productive counties in the 
 c 'untrr, a great portion of its surface being occu- 
 pied as bleacn grounds, the industry of the in- 
 habitants in the linen manufactures, enables it 
 to command an equal or greater share of comforts 
 than in most other parts of Ireland ; the S. part 
 of the county is mountainous, Slieve Donard Peak 
 rising to theheight of 2,800 feet above the level of 
 the sea ; various minerals are found in different 
 parts of the county, but none are worked to ad- 
 vantage, the linen manufactures absorbing all the 
 labour and exertion of its inhabitants, about an 
 eiqna] portion of whom are Protestants, emigrants, 
 or .eseendants of emigrants from Scotland. Re- 
 mains of antiquity are common in every part of 
 the count}'. The principal towns are Downpat- 
 frck (the capital and a bishop's see). Newton Ar- 
 des. Bano-or, Donaohadee, Killyleagh, Hills- 
 borough, Dromore, (another bishop's see), and 
 NY-wry. at the head of Carlingford Bay, which is 
 the largest and most considerable trading town in 
 the county. For extent of surface, divisions, &c. 
 see Ireland. 
 
 Dotrn, or Downpntricl;, the chief town of the 
 preceding county, is pleasantly located on the 
 banks of a stream falling into the S. end of 
 Sh-anglbrd Lough. 74 miles N. N. E. of Dublin, 
 and 23 S. by E. of Belfast ; it a bishop's see in 
 c ^junction with Connor, in the county of An- 
 trim, and besides the cathedral has three other 
 places of religious worship; its other public 
 b-iildings consists of a diocesan school, hospital, 
 town hall, court house and goal. Down is cele- 
 brated as the supposed place of interment of Ire- 
 land's adopted saint, St. Patrick, and a well in 
 the vicinity dedicated to that saint, is held in 
 'high veneration. Down participates in the linen 
 manufacture; its population in 1821^ amounted 
 *.o 4.12'.?, and the parish to 4.4 17 more. It returns 
 a member to the parliament of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Doienc, a township in Cumberland Co. N. J. 
 
 Dotrnham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on 
 the side of a hill, about a mile from the Ouse. It 
 has a irreat trade in butter, which is sent up the 
 river in boats to Cambridge, and thence conveyed 
 in waggons to London, under the name of Cam- 
 bridge butter. It is 11 miles S. of Lynn, and 86 
 N. by E. of London, and is celebrated for a foun- 
 der',- of church and turret bells, of a peculiarly 
 harmonious tone. Pop. in 1801 , 1 .512, and in 
 1^21.2,044. 
 
 *„* There are four villages of the same name 
 it! different parts of England. 
 
 Dorrington, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Dowrts', a famous road for shipping, on the E. 
 coast of Kent, between the North and South Fore- 
 land. See Godwin Sands, and Deal. 
 
 Dou-nton, a borough in Wiltshire, En_r. seated 
 on the Avon, 6 m. S. E. of Salisbury, and 88 W. 
 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,112. 
 
 Do>j!estoion, p. v. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Draalntrghy'h town of Carinlhia. on the river 
 Dravc, near the frontier of Tyro!. 
 
 Dracnt, a town of Massachusetts, in Middlesex 
 county on the N. bank of the Merrima.*, at Paw- 
 tucket falls, 28 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 30 N. N. 
 W. of Boston. Pop. 1,615. 
 
 Dradate, or Dorho , a town of Nubia, with a 
 harbour on the Red Sea, and wells of good water 
 in the vicinity. It is 36 miles N. N. W. of 
 Suakem. 
 
 Draguignan, a town of France, capital of the 
 department of Var, 10 miles N. W. of Frejus, 40 
 N. E. of Toulon, and 420 S. S. E. of Paris. Pop. 
 in 1825,8,616. 
 
 Drain nst.ein, an extensive valley in the Cape 
 of Good Hope territory. See SteUcnhosck. 
 
 Drama, a town of Macedonia, near the ruins of 
 Philippi, and about 20 m. N. N. E. of ErnboL. 
 
 Dramlnrroh, a town of Brandenburgh, in the 
 N. part of the New Mark, seated on the Drage, 15 
 tin E.by N. of New Stargard. 
 
 Drammen, the two towns of Stromsoe and Brag- 
 nas, on each side of the Drammen river, falling 
 into the bay of Christiana, in Norway, are called 
 Drammen. See Stromsce. 
 
 DranesvUlc, p.t. Fairfax Co. Va. 
 
 Drove, a river which rises in Germany, at ln- 
 nichen in Tyrol, flows through Carinthia and 
 Stiria, then along the confines of Sclavonia and 
 lower Hungary, and after a course of about 300 
 miles joins the Danube a little below Essig. 
 
 Drayton, a town in Shropshire, England, with 
 a market on Wednesday, it is seated on the banks 
 of the river Tern, at the N. E. end of the county, 
 on the road from Shrewsbury to Newcastle. It 
 has 3 tan yards, 2 paper mills, and 2 manufac- 
 tures of hair cloth; 151 miles N. W. of London. 
 Pop. in 1801, 3,162, and in 1821, 3,700. 
 
 \* There are \G villages called Drayton, and 
 9 Drayrott, in different parts of England. Dray 
 is a Saxon word, but its application to the names 
 of places is not very obvious; the etymologist 
 must draw his own inferences respecting it. 
 
 Dresden, a city of Germany, and the capital of 
 the kingdom of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe 
 into the old and new town, which are united by a 
 errand bridge, and surrounded by strong fortifica- 
 tions. It has a castle, an academy of painting 
 and sculpture, and a magnificent church for the 
 Pioman catholics, with a tower 300 feet in height, 
 one Calvinist, and 1 1 Lutheran churches. The 
 houses are built of freestone, almost all of the 
 same height ; and though the palaces are few, it 
 is deemed the handsomest city in Germany. The 
 palaces of Holland and Japan are full of curiosi- 
 ties from that country and China ; and the pic- 
 ture gallery may claim precedence over every in- 
 dividual gallery in Italy. The royal palace has a 
 tower 355 feet in height. Dresden is deservedly 
 celebrated for its manufacture of porcelain , the 
 repository for which is in the castle. Here are 
 also manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewel- 
 lery, paper-hangings, and wind-instruments of 
 music. Ac. Ac. The arsenal contains specimens 
 of the first invented fire arms, and a curious col- 
 lection of arms of all ages and countries. The 
 other public buildings of Dresden are the house 
 of assembly of the Saxon diet, an academy for 
 the young nobility, a military school, and several 
 edifices for charitable institutions. It was taken 
 by the king of Prussia in 1745, and a<rain in 1756, 
 but retaken in 175!); and it was bombarded by 
 him in 1760, for nine days, when he was obliged 
 fo raise the siege. Dresden is further rendered 
 memorable fir its neighbourhood being the prin- 
 cipal theatre of operations between tlie allied and 
 
DR1 
 
 263 
 
 DRO 
 
 French armies, during the greater part of the year 
 181:5. The Russian and Prussian troops having 
 entered it in the month of March, was obliged to 
 quit it in May, after the battle of Lutzen ; and 
 Bonaparte afterwards held his head-quarters here 
 for a long time. On the 26 and 27th of August 
 of the same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong, 
 under prince Schwartzenburg, attempted to carry 
 the town by assault ; but Bonaparte having arri- 
 ved from Silesia, with his guards, the night be- 
 fore the attack, repulsed tbem with great loss in 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners. It was at this 
 time, the celebrated general Moreau, received a 
 mortal wound, while in conversation with the 
 Emperor of Russia. The allies, in consequence 
 of this disaster, immediately commenced their re- 
 treat into Bohemia; and the French being too ea- 
 ger to profit by their success, had sent general 
 Vandamme with about 30,000 men, into the 
 mountains of that country to cut off their retreat. 
 But on their arrival near Culm, they were, assail- 
 ed on all sides; and after a furious conflict, the 
 whole army was nearly destroyed, and the com- 
 mander with the whole of his staff were made 
 prisoners. On the 6th of November, after the 
 battle of Leipzig, marshal St. Cyr who remained 
 in Dresden with, a French force of 39,000 men, 
 after a fruitless attempt to negociate a retreat, 
 *vas compelled to yield to an unconditional sur- 
 render. Prior to the spoliation by Prussia in 1756 
 Dresden contained aboul 65,000 inhabitants, from 
 which period it progressively declined down to 
 •15,000 in 1810, but since the restoration of peace 
 in 1814, it has gradually increased, and in 1825 
 contained again a population of 54,000. In the 
 vicinity are several fine gardens and public prom- 
 enades, which serve to render Dresden one of 
 the most agreeable abodes in the north of Europe. 
 It is in the lat. of 51. 2. 50. N. and 13. 43. of W. 
 lono-. 230 miles N. N. W. of Vienna, 240 N. N. E. 
 of Munich, 100 S. by E. of Berlin, 190 E. of Cas- 
 sell by way of Leipzig, from which it is distant 
 55 miles. See Pilnitz and Saxony. 
 
 Dreux, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eure and Loire, with a considerable manufacture 
 of cloth for the army. It is seated on the river 
 Blaise, at the foot of a mountain, 48 rti. W. by S. 
 of Paris. It was burnt by Men. II. of England, 
 in 1186, taken by Hen. V. in 1421, and is further 
 celebrated for a battle fought in its neighbourhood, 
 on the 18th of December 1562, between the army 
 of the King of France and the protestants under 
 the Prince of Conde, when the latter were defeat- 
 ed. It surrendered to Hen. IV. of France in 
 1593, and is now the seat of a prefect, with a pop. 
 of 6,032 in 1825. 
 
 Drcwsville, v. Cheshire Co. N. H. included 
 in Walpole. 
 
 Driesen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New 
 Mark, on an island, formed by the river Netze, near 
 the Polish frontier, 20 miles E. of Landsberg. 
 
 Driffbor, t. Norway, in Drontheim ; 46 m. E. 
 Romsdal. 
 
 Driffield, Great, t. Eng., in the east Riding of 
 Yorkshire, on a canal which joins the river Hum- 
 ber ; 23 m. N. Hull, 30 E. York. Long. 0. 20. W. 
 lat 54. 6. N. Pop. 1,857. Here are manufac- 
 tures of woolen and cotton, both lately introduced, 
 and a weekly market on Thursday. 
 
 Driglilington, t. Eng., in the W. Riding of 
 Yorkshire; 5 m. from Leeds. Pop. 1,355. 
 
 Drifo. a small island on the VV. side of the ffulf of 
 Bothnia. Long. 17. 7. E. lat. 62. 28. N. 
 
 DriUo. or Achates, r. Sicily, in the valley of 
 
 Noto, which runs into the Mediterranean, 6 rn. 
 S. E. Terra Nuova. 
 
 Drimana Point, cape, Ireland, on N. coast of 
 the bay of Donegal ; 3 m. S. Killibegs. 
 
 Drin, or Drinus, r. which rises in S. W. part 
 of Servia, and runs into the Save, 32 m W. Sabaoz. 
 Drinaza, r. Servia, which runs into the Save, 
 15 m. W. Sabacz. 
 
 Dringenburg, t. Prussia Minden; 6 m. E. S. E. 
 Paderborn. Pop. 734. 
 Dringfort, t. Prussia; 9 m. N. E. Rastenburg. 
 Drino JYei-o, or Black Drino, or Drilo, r. Eu 
 Turkey, which rises in the lake near Akrida ; 
 joining the Drino Bianco, it takes the name of 
 Drino only, and runs into the Adriatic ; about 8 m. 
 S. VV. Alessio, forming a bay at its mouth, called 
 the Gulf of Drino. It is navigable nearly 100 m. 
 for large rafts 
 
 Drissa, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Polotsk, at the conflux of the Drissa with the 
 Dwina, 20 m. VV. N. VV. of Polotsk, and 272 S. 
 of Petersburg. 
 
 Drista. See Silistria. 
 
 Drie astro, a town of European Turkey, in Alba- 
 nia, 20 m. N. E. of Dulcigno. 
 
 Drogheda, a seaport on the S. coast of Ireland, 
 seated at the head of a bay on the banks of the 
 river Boyne, which here divides the counties 
 of Meath and Louth, Drogheda, being a town 
 and county of itself, with a separate jurisdiction. 
 It is a respectable town, and carries on a consid- 
 erable trade in butter, grain, and coarse linens ; 
 the harbour is tolerably commodious, but its en- 
 trance is impeded for ships of large burthen by a 
 bar. It is divided into three parishes ; Oliver 
 Cromwell took it by storm in 1649, and jt was 
 near here where the decisive battle was fought 
 between the forces of William and James in 1691 , 
 when the latter were defeated. See Boyne. Droo-- 
 heda is 24 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1S21, 
 18,300. It returns a member to the parliament 
 of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Droitwich, a borough in Worcestershire. Here 
 are famous salt springs, which were in great celeb- 
 rity at the period of the Norman conquest ; from 
 these is made much peculiarly fine white salt. 
 It is seated on the Salwarp, 7 m. N. N. E. of 
 Worcester, and 116 W. N. VV. of London. It is 
 connected with the river Severn by a canal, 7 m. 
 in length, and the Birmingham and Worcester 
 canal runs at a short distance, and by this means 
 the salt is distributed over all parts of the kino-, 
 dom. Droitwich is divided into four parishes, 
 and returns two members to parliament. Pop. in 
 1821,2,176. 
 
 Drome, a Department of France, takes its ap- 
 pellation from the river Drome, which crosses it, 
 bounded by the department of the Upper Alps, 
 Lower Alps, and Vaucluse ; the Rhone bounds 
 it on the west. The country is high, full of 
 mountains and valleys; the soil in many parts un- 
 productive. Valence is the capital. Pop. 253,372. 
 Protestants, 34,000. 
 
 Drome, or Druna, a r. of France, which rises 
 near Valdrome, passes by Die, Pontaix, Saillans, 
 Crest, Livron, &c, and falls into the Rhone about 
 11 m. S. Valence. 
 
 Dromo, a small island in the Grecian Archipel- 
 ago. Long. 24. E. lat. 39. 28. N. 
 
 Dromorc, a town and parish in the county of 
 Down, Ireland ; the town is a bishop's see, the 
 palace of the prelate is a stately edifice. It is 
 20 m. W. by N. of Downpatrick, and 66 N. of 
 Dublin, on the road to Belfast. Pop. of the town 
 
DRU 
 
 264 
 
 DUB 
 
 in 1*21, 1,861, and of the parish 12,769 more; 
 there is another parish and town of the same 
 name in the county of Tyrone. Pop. of the town 
 415, and of the parish 7,698. 
 
 Dromore, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 Dronero, a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the 
 Alps, on the river Maira, 15 m. S. S. W. of Sa- 
 lii-szo, and about the same distance W. by N. of 
 Cvini. It contains 6 churches, and has a fine 
 bridge across the river. Pop. about 6,500. 
 
 Drontheiin, the most northerly of the four great 
 diocesses of Norway, extending from the lat. of 
 62. 5. to 65. 20. N. being about 80 miles in mean 
 breadth ; it is intersected by several small streams, 
 and the coast is indented with numerous inlets 
 and bays, and flanked with numerous islands ; 
 although a dreary district, the industry of the in- 
 habitants counteracts in a considerable degree 
 the inhospitality of its position and climate. It 
 is divided into 80 parishes containing a population 
 of about 250,000, having considerably increased 
 during the last and present century. The chief 
 town of the same name is seated on a point of 
 land, formed by a deep inlet, about 40 m. from 
 the open sea, in the lat. of 63. 26. N. and 10. 22. 
 ofE. long., 253 m. N. E. of Bergen, about the 
 same distance due N. of Christiana, and 360 N. 
 W. of Stockholm. It was the residence of the 
 ancient kings of Norway, and is now the princi- 
 pal trading town of the diocese, and exports a 
 very considerable quantity of fir timber and deals, 
 some pitch, tar, peltry, &c. It is the residence of 
 the bishop of the diocese ; the cathedral is a state- 
 ly edifice ; the houses are mostly built of wood, 
 but the streets are commodious, and in the sum- 
 mer season this town is not an unpleasant resi- 
 dence. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Drosendorf, a town of Austria, with an ancient 
 castle, seated on the Teya, on the frontier of Mo- 
 ravia, 10 m. N. of Hon. 
 
 Drossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the New 
 Mark, 14 m. S. E. of Custrin. 
 
 Drum, the name of two parishes in Ireland, one 
 in the county of Mayo, and the other in Roscom- 
 mon ; there are also about thirty other parishes, 
 and several villages in different parts of Ireland 
 beginning with Drum, such as Drumara, Druin- 
 boe, Drumcannon, &c. &c. 
 
 Drumsna , a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Leitrim, seated on the E. bank of the Shannon, 4 
 m. S. E. of Carrick, and 73 from Dublin, it is 
 rather a neat town. Pop. in 1821, 606. 
 
 Drusenheim, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Rhine, seated on the M otter, near 
 the Rhine, 15 m. N. by E. of Strasburg. 
 
 Druses, a community of people in Syria, 
 which had its origin in a fanatical persecution 
 of a caliph of Egypt, against the Mahomedans. 
 About the beginning of the 11th century, the ca- 
 liph and his prophet (a native of Persia), both met 
 a violent death, and such of their disciples (the 
 Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for a refuge 
 to the mountains of Lebanon,and Antilibanus; from 
 whence they successively made war against the 
 Crusaders, the Sultans of Aleppo, the Mamelukes 
 and Turks ; they were effectually subdued by Am- 
 irath III. in 1588, who imposed a regular tribute 
 upon them, appointing an emir or chief whom he 
 invested with executive power, and held him re- 
 sponsible for the payment of the tribute. This 
 organization, however, the Druses soon turned 
 against the Turks, with whom thev have since 
 been involved in repeated conflicts with alter- 
 nate success ; they still maintain a nominal inde- 
 
 pendence, occupying about 70 miles of coast from 
 Saide the ancient Sidon, to Gebail or Djebail 
 Bairut or Berut (which see) being their chief sta- 
 tion. Their number is estimated at about 120, 
 000, all the males being trained to arms. Their 
 language is the Arabic ; and they now appear to 
 have but little religion of any kind, praying indif 
 ferently in Christian churches or Turkish mosques. 
 Dryburg, or Drihurg, a town in the Prussian 
 States, seated near the source of a stream, falling 
 into the Weser, in the principality of Paderborn ; 
 it is pleasantly located and distinguished for its 
 baths ; 10 m. E. of the town of Paderborn. 
 
 Dryden, p.t. Tomkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5.206. 
 Duanesburgh ,p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,837. 
 
 Dublin, a maritime and fertile county on the 
 E. coast of Ireland, being about 30 miles in ex- 
 treme length, and 13 in mean breadth. Its capital 
 a city of the same name is the capital of all Ire- 
 land, and in extent of population and architectu- 
 ral display is the second city of the British domin- 
 ions in Europe, but in other respects inferior t< 
 either Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, or Edin- 
 burgh. For divisions, extent of superfices, popu- 
 lation, &c. of the county of Dublin. See Ireland 
 Dublin City, the capital of Ireland, is seated on 
 the banks of the river Liffey, at its entrance into 
 a bay of about 40 square miles in surface. The 
 city lies up the river, about a mile from the bay, 
 which is much more remarkable for its pictur- 
 esque beauty on either side than for its navigable 
 uses. This bay has been compared, rather idly, 
 by some person in the first instance, with that of 
 Naples ; and after him, still more idly, by a thou- 
 sand others. It forms a vast semicircular basin 
 about eight miles in diameter, perilous from its 
 shallows and breakers ; which are, however, coun- 
 teracted by a long and massive central mole run- 
 ning into it, with a lighthouse at its extremity, 
 and two piers on either side at its entrance. A 
 bold peninsular promontory, called the hill of 
 Howth, shelters it on the north, having a range 
 of lowlands from its base skirting the sea, luxuri- 
 antly wooded and varied, exhibiting here and 
 there, a church, a mansion, or a pretty villa : 
 whilst, on the south, it is bordered, at a short dis- 
 tance, by the picturesque and beautiful range of 
 hills called the Wicklow mountains. 
 
 Dublin resembles the cities to be met on the 
 continent much more than those of England, in 
 the frequent juxtaposition of magnificence and 
 meanness. The late Mr. Curran compared it to 
 a man with a new coat over a dingy under dress 
 Its square area of about two miles and a half con- 
 tains more noble edifices, wretched habitations, 
 and public charities, than will be found within the 
 same compass elsewhere. It is in form a rectan- 
 gle, divided by the river into two nearly equal 
 parts. We will suppose the spectator in the open 
 space called College-green, on the left bank of the 
 river and eastern side of the city. Looking east- 
 ward, he beholds the Bank of Ireland, formerly 
 the parliament house, on his left ; and the Univer- 
 sity immediately facing him, with a bronze eques- 
 trian statue of king William between 
 
 The Bank of Ireland presents a noble, simple, 
 and really classic mass of Grecian architecture. 
 Its principal front is a grand Ionic colonnade, 147 
 feet long, resting on an elevated plane, reached 
 by a flight of steps. 
 
 The front of the University, at a right angle 
 with the Bank, is a long and florid Corintian fa- 
 cade ; the central columns surmounted by a pedi 
 
DUB 
 
 26: 
 
 D.IfJ 
 
 ment, and the whole terminated by Corinthian 
 pavilions, with coupled pilasters of the same or- 
 der. An octagonal vestibule, with the museum 
 on the right, leads from the town into the first of 
 three squares, which is built of hewn stone, and 
 contains three principal buildings ; — the chapel, 
 presenting a beautiful Corinthian colonnade, on 
 the left; the theatre or examination-hall on the 
 ritrht, exactly corresponding ; and beyond this 
 square, on the left hand, forming the smaller side 
 of a rectangle, with a simple pilastered front, the 
 hall in which the fellows and students of the whole 
 university dine. The library, though inferior to 
 to many others in the number of volumes, is one 
 of the most complete and precious in Europe ; 
 containing rich materials of bibliography. It con- 
 sists of two compartments ; the ancient library of 
 the university, entered at one end, and present- 
 in^ a lono- and noble vista, with, on either side, 
 a gallery and balustrade above. The books are 
 admirably arranged in stalls beneath. At the re- 
 mote end is a handsome pavilion, containing the 
 Fao-el library, a gem in its kind, once the family 
 library of the Fagels, Grand Pensionaries of Hol- 
 land, and purchased by the university. There is, 
 ao-ain, archbishop Usher's library, left by him to 
 the university, of which he was the founder, — 
 containing many books noted and commented on 
 with his own hand. There is, lastly, a collection 
 of valuable, or at least curious, manuscripts, Per- 
 sian, Arabic, Chinese, and Irish. Graduates of 
 the university only, as in the Bodleian, have 
 the privilege of reading ; but studious strangers 
 are admitted, upon a proper introduction to the 
 provost and board. The chapel and theatre were 
 built from the designs of sir W. Chambers ; the 
 latter contains a monumental marble group in 
 memory of provost Baldwin, full of grace, senti- 
 ment, and beauty, and not sufficiently apprecia- 
 ted or known. There are also some mediocre 
 portraits, including one of Swift, in whom, by the 
 way, his Dublin alma mater could discover only 
 ill nature and incapacity. The spectator returns 
 to his former place, goes up Dame-street, and 
 meets at its extremity on the left hand tiie Royal 
 Exchange, on an elevated site, a quadrangle of 
 which the principal factade presents a Corinthian 
 portico surmounted by Corinthian pilasters and a 
 balustrade, over which is visible the summit of 
 the dome. The interior is a rotunda formed by 
 twelve fluted Corinthian columns, and richly 
 stuccoed. Immediately to the left is the Castle, 
 the residence of the vice-regal court. The upper 
 castle-yard or court is a quadrangle, with an Ionic 
 structure crowned with a Corinthian tower and 
 cupola, from which the vice-regal flag waves ; and 
 on the opposite side a colonnade leads to the vice- 
 regal apartments. In the lower chapel-yard is 
 observed a Gothic chapel built by a living archi- 
 tect of Dublin : it is a very graceful specimen 
 of the pointed Gothic. 
 
 Crossing the river to the north side, the Law 
 Courts present themselves; a noble edifice, ill- 
 placed on a low site, looking immediately over 
 the river : it is a modern building, the first stone 
 having been laid by the duke of Rutland, lord 
 lieutenant, in 1786, The whole fagade is 450 
 feet, with a central portico of Corinthian columns 
 surmounted by a pediment, and allegorical statues 
 over these, — the wings connected in a right line 
 with the front by arched screen walls with areas 
 behind. The hall a circular area, lighted from the 
 top and surmounted by a dome with a mosaic ceil- 
 ing, is paced round and round, or occupied in 
 
 groups, by barristers, attorneys, and strangers, 
 while business is proceeding in the several courts 
 which are in the periphery of the hall. Return- 
 ing on the same side, and descending with the 
 river, Sackville-street, a spacious and even noble 
 avenue, opens on the left. At about half its 
 length appears Nelson's pillar, a heavy column, 
 placed in its centre, with a perversness of absur 
 dily rarely seen to break a fine and complete view 
 The new Post-office, a fine building, with an 
 Ionic fluted portico surmounted by a pediment 
 and several allegorical figures, is in this street 
 immediately near Nelson's pillar ; and at the re 
 mote end another handsome mass of buildings, 
 comprises the Lying-in Hospital and Rotunda 
 Assembly-rooms. A little further on are the 
 King's Inns, comprising the record-office and 
 prerogative court; a recent edifice, with much ol 
 architectural and well-executed sculptural orna 
 ment. Having retraced his steps to the river, and 
 followed its course a short way, the observer be- 
 holds the Custom-house, with its principal front 
 nearly at the water's edge — its centre a Doric 
 portico, supporting an entablature and frieze rather 
 too ornamental, with various allegorical groups 
 single figures, — and a noble dome, supported by 
 columns and surmounted at its vertex by a colos- 
 sal statue of Hope, — placed there most inauspi- 
 ciously. — for all idea of customs or commerce has 
 been abandoned even in expectancy, and the 
 building receives another destination. Crossing 
 again to the left bank or south side of the town, 
 the spectator should halt for a moment on Carlisle- 
 bridge to view Sackville-street, — unfortunately 
 broken and disfigured by Nelson's pillar, but 
 adorned by its own breadth and elegance, — the 
 portico of the Post-office, and the Rotunda in the 
 distance; the south front of the Custom-house, 
 and a noble line of walled quays, over an innavi- 
 gable river flowing into a bay without ships ; 
 Westmoreland-street, with on either side a por- 
 tico of the bank and a pavilion of the university ; 
 and d'Olier-street, with the Dublin Library, and 
 a view of the front of the new square of Trini- 
 ty-college. A little furthur on to the south is the 
 theatre, a handsome building, and adapted to its 
 purposes, built in 1821 by Mr. Henry Harris, 
 whose name is honourably associated with the 
 English drama. 
 
 There are in Dublin five squares ; three on the 
 south and two on the north side of the river ; of 
 which one, called Stephen's-green, may be called 
 magnificent, from its space, ornament, and edifi- 
 ces. The river is crossed by seven bridges within 
 the city, all, with one exception, modern and well 
 built, and one of them of cast iron. Sarah's 
 bridge, so called from Sarah, countess of West- 
 moreland, who laid the first stone in 1701, is about 
 a mile above the city ; consisting of a single arch, 
 beautifully constructed and of very picturesque 
 effect. 
 
 Dublin is an archiepiscopal see, and is sin- 
 gular in the United Kingdom as having two ca- 
 thedrals, both of which are more interesting for 
 their antiquity and monumental associations than 
 for their architecture. St. Patrick's cathedral, 
 founded in 1190, but commenced in its present 
 form in 1370, is a Gothic structure, beautiful only 
 for its arched stuccoed ceiling; and containing, 
 among many other monuments, that of Jonathan 
 Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, " one who loved 
 virtue, liberty, and his country ; and here only re 
 leased from the torture of his honest indignation." 
 
 Christ-church cathedral, founded, it is stated, 
 
DUD 
 
 266 
 
 DUL 
 
 in 1033, but constructed successively some centu- 
 ries later, is a dilapidated Gothic edifice, contain- 
 ing some interesting monuments : among them 
 that of earl Strongbow, the first English invader 
 of Ireland. There are, besides the two cathedrals, 
 nineteen churches and two chapelt of easfe ; of 
 which few are deserving of particular notice. St. 
 Andrew's is a vain and unfinished attempt after 
 the church of the Rotunda at Rome St. Wer- 
 burgh's exhibits the Ionic, Corinthian, and com- 
 posite, in its facade ; and contains the remains, 
 but not the monument, of lord Edward Fitzge- 
 rald. St. George's is a modern edifice, with a 
 handsome Ionic fluted portico and a light and 
 lofty steeple. 
 
 There are in Dublin twenty Roman Catholic 
 chapels. The metropolitan chapel, built by sub- 
 scription, and begun in 1816, is in the best taste, 
 — a large edifice, with a simple but majestic Doric 
 portico, resting on an elevated plane, approached 
 by a flight of steps, and sustaining a marble pedi- 
 ment. The places of worship for dissenting non- 
 catholic congregations are also very numerous, 
 and exceed, in proportion, the number in any 
 other part of the United Kingdom. There are 
 about a hundred public hospitals, and other be- 
 nevolent institutions and private associations, for 
 the relief, protection, reformation, and education 
 of the poor. 
 
 Dublin contains one public and two large sub- 
 scription libraries ; the Dublin Society, for pur- 
 poses of science and art ; the royal irish acade- 
 my, and several others. Literature, however, in 
 Dublin is rather an accessory accomplishment 
 than a profession : there is no authorship, no pub- 
 lishing trade The university sends forth well 
 educated and disciplined generations, but does no 
 more : the junior fellows are occupied with the 
 " crambre repetita" of public and private lectures, 
 and other academic duties, whilst the senior fel- 
 lows I've in opulence and learned ease. 
 
 The medical and surgical schools are well sup- 
 plied with professors and all the other means of 
 knowledge, — much frequented, and in high re- 
 pute. Several attempts have been made in Dub- 
 lin, but without success, to establish a school of 
 art: men conscious of their genius, or who have 
 proved it, migrate to London. From these may 
 be singled out, without distinguishing invidious- 
 ly, the president of the royal academy in London 
 (Mr. Shee,) and Mr. Mulready. 
 
 The chief manufactures of Dublin are, what are 
 called Irish poplins, tabinets, silks, cottons, wool- 
 ens, and hardware, — of which last the extent 
 does not at all equal the excellence. 
 
 Dublin occupies a square area of about 2 m. 
 and a half. It is distant 102 m. from Belfast. 95 
 from Waterford, 122 from Limerick, and 156 
 from Cork. Lat. 53. 21. N. Long. 6. 0. 15. W. 
 Pop. 200.000. 
 
 Dublin, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 70 m. fr. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,218. Also towns in Huntington, 
 Bedford, Philadelphia and Montgomery Cos. Pa., 
 Laurens Co. Geo. and Franklin Co. Ohio. 
 
 Dubois, a county of Indiana. Pop. 1,774. Por 
 tersville is the chief town. 
 
 Dubro, a town of Russian Poland in the pro- 
 vince of Volhynia, seated on the banks of a branch 
 of the Przypiec, near the frontier of Galicia ; it 
 was formerly celebrated for its great annual fair. 
 It is 24 miles S. E. of Lucko. Pop. about 6,500, 
 chiefly Jews. 
 
 Duddingston. a pleasant village on the S. side 
 of Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 Duderstadt, a town of Germany, in the territory 
 of Eichsfeld, 18 miles E. of Gottingen. Pop. abou\ 
 4,000. 
 
 Dudley, a town of Worcestershire, Eng., insu- 
 lated in the county of Stafford, 10 miles W. by N. 
 of Birmingham, and 128 from London. It is a 
 place of antiquity, having the remains of a castle, 
 built about the year 700 ; the neighbourhood 
 abounds in coal, iron, and limestone, and the town 
 participates largely in the manufactures of the dis- 
 trict ; having about 20 establishments fo? the man- 
 ufacture of nails, anvils, vices, tracery, and other 
 heavy iron work ; 10 other establishments for the 
 manufacture of fenders and fire irons, 5 glas« 
 houses, and two other establishments for glass 
 cutting ; 3 malt and coffee mill makers, 20 malt 
 ing houses, &c. &c. It has two churches, that 
 of St. Thomas, recently rebuilt, is a beautiful 
 structure with a loftv spire. The pop. which in 
 1801, was only 10,107, and in 1811,13,925, in 
 1821 had increased to 18,211. 
 
 Dudley, a town in \Vorcester county, Massa 
 chusetts near the frontier of Connecticut, 20 m, 
 S. of Worcester. Pop. 2,155. 
 
 Duffel, a town of the Netherlands, a few m. N 
 of Malines. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Duisburg, a town of Prussia in Cleves. 
 
 Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, discovered by commodore Byron, in 1765, 
 lying N. of the Friendly islands. Long. 172. 30. 
 W. lat. 7. 56. S. 
 
 Duke of York Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, lying between New Britian and New Ire 
 land, so named by captain Carteret, in 1767. The 
 natives go entirely naked ; are stout, well made, 
 and of a light copper colour; their hair is woolly, 
 but they dress it with grease and powder, and 
 make it hang straight. Their huts are made 
 chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the shade of 
 cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before them, within 
 which the plantain, banana, yam, sugar-cane, &c 
 are cultivated. The island produces, besides the 
 plants above-mentioned, betel-nuts, mangoes, 
 bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are also dogs, hogs, 
 poultry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen 
 by captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter 
 bay, in this island, in 1791. Long. 151. 20. E. lat 
 4. 7. S. 
 
 Duke's County, in Massachusetts. See Martha's 
 Vineyard. 
 
 Dulas, a village of Wales in the isle of Angle- 
 sey, 10 m. N. W. of Beaumaris. It stands on the 
 Irish sea at the mouth of a river of the same name ; 
 and is much frequented on account of the corn and 
 butter trade, and for fern-ashes and kelp. Pop. 
 in 1821, 220. 
 
 * # * There are several small rivers in different 
 parts of Wales, named Dulas, and also a village 
 in Herefordshire. 
 
 Dulcigno, a town of European Turkey, in Alba- 
 nia, seated at the mouth of the river Boina, 15 
 m. S. W. of Scutari, which see. Long. 18. 56. E 
 lat. 42. 23. N. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Duleck, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Meath, formerly the see of a bishop, but now an 
 inconsiderable place. It is seated near the S. bank 
 of the river Boyne, 3 m. S. W. of Drogheda. and 
 21 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. of the town in 1821, 
 1,030, and of the parish 2,668 more. 
 
 Dulken, a town of the Prussian states, lyin<r 
 about midway between the Rhine and the Maese) 
 20 m. N. by W. of Juliers. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Dull, an extensive parish in the highlands of 
 Scotland, in the county of Perth, about 30 m. in 
 
DUM 
 
 267 
 
 DUN 
 
 length, by 12 broad ; it is intersected by the mili- 
 tary road, from Sterling to Inverness, it contains 
 a village of the same name on the N. bank of 
 Loch Tay. Pop. of the parish in 1801, 4,055, 
 and in 1821, 4.508. 
 
 Dulmcn, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- 
 pality of Munster, 14 m. S. W. of Munster. Pop. 
 about 1,800. 
 
 Dulverton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of coarse woolen cloths and blankets. 
 It is seated near the Ex, 20 m. S. of Minehead, and 
 105 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,027. 
 
 Dylwich, a beautifully sequestered village in 
 Surry, 4 m. S. of London. It is famous for a 
 college, founded by Edward Alleyn a comedian, 
 called the college of God's Gift ; to which is at- 
 tached a o-allery containing a beautiful collection 
 of paintings ; the village is seated in a vale. Pop. 
 included with Cambervvell, which see. 
 
 Dumarin<r, a town of the island of Borneo, 
 on the E. coast. Long. 117. 30. E., lat. 2. 10. N. 
 
 Dumbarton, County of, sometimes called Dun- 
 barton, formerly Lennox, formed a narrow strip 
 of territory between the lowlands and highlands 
 of Scotland, extending W. from near the Frith 
 of Forth, for about 25 miles to the mouth of the 
 Clyde, and then N. for about 25 miles more be- 
 tween Loch Long and Loch Lomond, the mean 
 breadth not exceeding 5 miles ; the grand canal 
 from the Clyde to the Fortli runs along the E. 
 part of the county, which is divided into 12 par- 
 ishes : the principal towns and villages are Cuin- 
 bernald and Kirkintilloch in the E. part; Kirk- 
 patrick, Killpatrick, Dumbarton, Cardcross, Bon- 
 hill, and Kilmarnock in the centre ; and Rose- 
 neath, Row, Lup, and Aroquhar in the N. The 
 cotton manufacture is carried on in the central 
 part of the county, and illicit distillation in the N. 
 
 Dumbarton, the chief town of the preceding 
 county, is a royal burgh, seated on the N. bank, 
 of the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the 
 outlet of Loch Lomond ; on a point of land form- 
 ed by the junction of the two rivers is a castle, 
 occupying a very commanding position, and 
 formerly deemed the key of the pasturage be- 
 tween the lowlands on the W., as well as com- 
 manding the navigation of the Clyde. The 
 town consists principally of one long street, in 
 the form of a cresent, parallel with the Leven ; 
 over which is a handsome bridge of five arches. 
 It has a handsome church, with a lofty spire 
 erected at the close of the last century. Its prin- 
 cipal manufacture is glass ; a portion of the in- 
 habitants are employed in the cotton manufac- 
 ture in connexion with Glasgow. It has a con- 
 venient port for small vessels, and a quay, but no 
 custom house, being included in the port of 
 Greenock. It is 12 miles W. N. W. of Glas- 
 gow. Pop. in 1801, 2,541 , and in 1821, 3,481. 
 
 Dumbooc, or Doiuboo, a salt lake on the north 
 frontier of Bournou, in the interior of North 
 Africa, from whence much salt is carried to 
 Agades and other parts of western Africa ; there 
 is a considerable town of the same name on the 
 W. side of the lake, which is S. of the Tropic 
 of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 50. E. 
 
 Dumfries, a county of the S. of Scotland, being 
 about 05 miles in extreme length from E. to W., 
 and 30 in mean breadth its superficial area being 
 !,00G" square miles ; it is bounded on the N. by the 
 counties of Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, and 
 Roxburg, and E. S. E. by the English border, W. 
 S. W. by Kirkcudbrightshire, and S. by the 
 Sohvay Frith; is intersected from N. to S. by 
 
 three considerable rivers, abundant in salmon 
 and trout, viz. the Nith, Annan, and Esk, all run- 
 ning from the N. into Sohvay Frith, and is divid- 
 ed into 44 parishes, including four royal burghs, 
 viz. Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaber, and Sanquha.. 
 A great part of this county is mountainous, over- 
 spread with heath, well stocked with game, and 
 affording pasturage to numerous herds of sheep 
 and black cattle, which are driven into England, 
 in great numbers ; the valleys watered by the 
 three rivers before mentioned, and the coast bor- 
 dering on the Frith, are fertile both in pasture 
 and tillage ; the mountains in the N. W. part of 
 the county contain a bed of ricli lead ore, yield- 
 ing a small portion of silver ; coa and lime abound 
 over the greater part of the county, and on the 
 English border both copper and iron have been 
 found ; the county also contains a vein of anti- 
 mony, and two mineral springs. Tt has no man- 
 ufactures of importance. 
 
 Dumfries, a royal burgh, and chief town of 
 the preceding county, seated on the E. bank of 
 the river Nith, where that river forms the boun- 
 dary between the counties of Dumfries and 
 Kirkcudbright, and about 7 miles above its en- 
 trance into Solway Frith. Dumfries is a port of 
 entry, but its external commerce is inconsidera- 
 ble (except coastwise) ; it derives its chief impor- 
 tance from being the assize town for the county 
 of Kirkcudbright as well as for Dumfries, and 
 from being the seat of the commissary and sher- 
 iff court and of the Presbytery and Synod, 
 while the agreeableness of its locality renders 
 it the focus of gaiety and fashion for all the S. 
 W. part of Scotland. It has 2 bridges over 
 the Nith, one of them ancient, the other modern 
 and elegant, 2 churches, a catholic chapel, and 
 4 dissenting places of worship. Its other public 
 buildings are the town house, guild-hall, infir- 
 mary, house of correction and lunatic asylum ; 
 Dumfries is 38 m. W. N. W. of Carlisle, 75 S. W. 
 of Edinburgh, 7!) S. S. E of Glasgow, and 80 E. 
 N. E. of Port Patrick. Pop. in 1801, 7,288, and 
 1821, 11,052. It is the place of interment of Bums. 
 
 Dummcr, t. Coos Co. N. H., 20 m. fr. Lancas- 
 ter. Pop. 65. 
 
 Dun, a town of France, in the department of 
 Meuse, on the river Meuse, 15 m. N. N. W. of 
 Verdun. 
 
 Dun le Roi, a town of France, in the department 
 of Cher, on the river Auron, 15 m. S. of Bouges. 
 
 Dunamundc, a town of Russia, in the govern 
 ment of Riga. It formerly belonged to the duchy 
 of Courland, but was taken by the Swedes in 
 their wars with the Poles. In 1700 it was taken 
 by the Poles, and retaken the next year by 
 Charles XII. In 1710 it was taken by Peter the 
 Great. It is situate at the mouth of the Dwina, 
 15 m. N. W. of Riga, to which it is the outport, 
 and 20 N. of Mittau. Long. 23. 41. E., lat. 57.5. N. 
 
 Dunahurgk, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Vitepsk, seated on the E. bank of the 
 Dwina, about 100 m. above Riga. The Rus- 
 sians formed extensive entrenchments near this 
 place in 1812, but abandoned them on the ap- 
 proach of the French towards Moscow. Pop. 
 about 6,000. 
 
 Dunbar, p.t. Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Dunbar, a town of Haddingtonshire, on the S 
 E. coast of Scotland, seated on the shore of? 
 bay opening in the German Ocean, the liar 
 hour, defended by a battery, is difficult of access 
 but safe and commodious when attained. It is 
 a port of entry, but it? foreign commerce i3 in- 
 
DUN 
 
 268 
 
 DUN 
 
 considerable ; it has a yard for ship-building, a 
 roper}', soap work, one or two iron founderies; 
 exports a considerable quantity of corn to the 
 London market, and the inhabitants in the sea- 
 son pursue the herring fishery with much indus- 
 try. Here was anciently a castle, now in ruins, 
 which stood on a rock, and before the use of 
 artillery, was deemed impregnable. Under the 
 rock are two natural arches, through which the 
 tide Hows ; and between the harbour and the cas- 
 tle, is a stratum of vast basaltic columns of red 
 stone, interspersed with veins of jasper. Dun- 
 bar is distinguished in various periods of Scot- 
 tish history through several centuries, and was 
 formerly deemed of much greater importance than 
 at present. It was created a royal burgh about 
 the middle of the 14th century. The parish ex- 
 tends for about 9 m. along the coast, and in 1801 
 contained a pop. of 3.951. and in 1821,5,272. It 
 is 27 m. E of Edinburgh, and 29 N. W. of Ber- 
 wick on Tweed. Lat. 50. N. and 2. 30. of W. 
 long. 
 
 Dunharton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 65 m. fr. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,067. 
 
 Dunblane, or Dumblanc, a town of Scotland in 
 Perthshire, formerly a bishop's see, with a mag- 
 nificent cathedral; it is 6 m. N. of Stirling. Pop. 
 in 1821, 3,135. 
 
 Duncansby, or Dungisby Head, the extreme N. 
 E. point of Great Britain, in the lat. of 58. 40. 
 N. and 3. 8. of W. long. 
 
 Duncanville, p. v. Barnwell Dis. S. C. 
 Dunchurch, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 80 
 m. N. W. of London on the mail coach road to 
 Liverpool and to Holyhead, by Birmingham, 
 which makes it a place of great intercourse ; it 
 derives its name from its situation on the border 
 of what was formerly an extensive heath, called 
 Dunsniore heath, celebrated for a legendary tale 
 of a cow of enormous size, which roamed upon it. 
 Dundalk, a parish and town on the E. coast of 
 Ireland, in the county of Louth, and of which it 
 is the assize and chief town. The town is seated 
 at the mouth of a small river, falling into a bay of 
 the same name. It participates largely in the 
 linen manufacture, and is distinguished for a 
 manufacture of fine cambrics, established in 
 1737. It has a custom house, and an elegant 
 town hall, and other public buildings. Pop. in 
 1821, 9,256, and the parish 3,096 more. It is 18 
 m. N. of Drogheda, and 12 S. of Newry. It re- 
 turns a member to the parliament of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Dundee, a seaport of Scotland, seated at the S. 
 extremity of Angus, or Forfarshire, on the N. 
 shore of the Frith of Tay, which forms a con- 
 venient and commodious harbour for ships of 
 large burthen. Next to Edinburgh and Glas- 
 gow, Dundee is the most manufacturing and 
 commercial town in Scotland ; independent of 
 its extensive coasting trade, it imports a large 
 quantity of flax and other products direct from 
 the Baltic, and employs several ships in the 
 Greenland whale fisher}'. Its manufactures con- 
 sist of sail-cloth, cotton, bagging, osnaburgs 
 and other heavy linen fabrics, and coloured sew- 
 ing threads. The town consists of 4 principal 
 streets, diverging from a square in the centre ; 
 Lhe public buildings are a town house, trades hall, 
 infirmary, oplian and lunatic asylum, 3 churches, 
 and a theatre. Dundee was erected into a royal 
 burgh in 1 165, and has been exposed to the repeat- 
 ed ravages of the contending parties which 
 nave prevailed in Scotland since that period; the 
 
 last time it suffered from such cause was in the 
 time of Cromwell, when it was taken by assault 
 and given up to pillage by the troops under gen- 
 eral Monk, who shared £60 a man from the booty 
 they obtained. It is 22 m. E. of Perth, and 42 
 N. E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56. 27. N. and 3. 3. pi 
 W. long. Pop. in 1801, 26,084, and in 1821, 
 30,575. 
 
 Dundonald, a village S. of Irvine, in Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, abounding in excellent coal. The cot- 
 ton manufacture is also carried on in the villa ces. 
 Pop. in 1801, 1,210, and in 1821, 2,482. 
 
 Dunfermline, a royal burgh of Scotland, in 
 Fifeshire, seated near the S. W. extremity of the 
 county about 3 m. from the north shore of Jio 
 Frith of Forth. It is celebrated for its once maj> 
 nificent abbey, which fell a prey to the plunder 
 ing army of Edward I., and as the place of inter- 
 ment of Malcolm Canmore, the founder of the 
 abbey ; 7 other Scottish monarchs, 5 queens, and 
 several of the most eminent persons who figure 
 in the Scottish history. Dunfermline has been 
 celebrated in latter times for its extensive manu- 
 facture of fine linen, and still ranks among the 
 most important manufacturing towns of Scotland. 
 The town is well built on an eminence, and com- 
 mands some beautiful prospects of the surround- 
 ing country ; its public buildings consists of a 
 town house, an elegant guildhall, &c. It is 17 
 m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1801, 9.980, and in 
 1821, 13,681. 
 
 Dungannon, a town of Ireland, in the S. E 
 part of the county of Tyrone. It returns a mem 
 ber to the parliament of the United Kino 
 dom. It is 11 m. N. by W. of Armagh, and 73 
 from Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 3,243. 
 
 Dungarvon, a town of Ireland, seated at the 
 head of a bay, in the county of Waterford ; al- 
 though the harbour is safe and convenient, it is 
 not a port of entry, its principal trade consists of 
 potatoes and fish, for the Dublin market. It re- 
 turns a member to the parliament of the United 
 Kingdom, and is frequented in the summer sea- 
 son for sea bathing ; the principal object of the 
 town is the ruin of an ancient castle, 17 hi. W. 
 by S. of Waterford, in the lat of 52. 2. N. and 7. 
 35. of W. long. Pop. in 1821, 5,105. 
 
 Dungencss, a celebrated promontory forming 
 the S. E. point of the county of Kent, Eng. at 
 the entrance into the straits of Dover ; the light- 
 house is in the lat. of 50. 55. 1. N. and 0. 57. 18. 
 of E. long. 
 
 Dunkeld, a town of the highlands of Scotland, 
 seated on the N. bank of the river Tay, in a de- 
 lightfully romantic part of the county of Perth. — 
 It was the capital of ancient Caledonia; and 
 at an early period a Pictish king founded here a 
 monastery of Culdees, which was converted into 
 a bishopric by David I. in 1130, and for a length 
 of time held the first rank in Scotland. The 
 choir of the cathedral is still entire, and serves 
 for the parish church. At a more recent period 
 it was much frequented as a place of fashionable 
 retreat, and for obtaining goat's whey ; but this 
 practice has ceased. The town and surrounding 
 country is claimed by the Duke of Argyle, as his 
 exclusive property, and as such, he has convert- 
 ed the whole of the adjacent vicinity to his own 
 immediate profit and gratification ; here is an 
 elegant bridge of 7 arches over the Tay. Dun- 
 keld is the chief market town of the highlands 
 it is 15 miles N. of Perth, on the line of the mill 
 tary road to fort Augustus and Inverness. Pod 
 iu 1821 1,364. 
 
DUN 
 
 269 
 
 DUR 
 
 Dunkard, a township in Greene Co. Pa. 
 
 Dunkirk, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord. It was taken from the Spaniards 
 by the English and French in 1658, and put into 
 the hands of the English, but sold to the French 
 by Charles II. in 1662 Louis XIV. made it 
 one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom ; 
 but all the works are demolished, and the basins 
 filled up., in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht, 
 in 1713. The French afterwards resumed the 
 works ; but they were ordered to be demolished 
 at the peace of 1763. They continued thus till 
 the peace of 1783, when the works were again 
 resumed; and the next year it was declared a 
 free port. The English attempted to besiege this 
 place in 1793, but were obliged to retire with 
 loss. Dunkirk is divided into the old and new 
 town, is well built, has a spacious market place, 
 and an elegant modern built church ; as a sea- 
 port it is now but of little note. It is the seat 
 of a prefect, and in 1825 contained a population 
 of 23,012; 16 m. E. by N. of Calais. 
 
 Dunkirk, p.v. King and Queen Co. Va. 
 
 Dunlapsville, p.v. Union Co. Indiana. 
 
 Dunlcary See Kingstoicn. 
 
 Dunmow a corporate town in Essex, Eng. It 
 is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. N. W. of Chelms- 
 ford, and 38 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 
 2,409. 
 
 Dunmow, Little, a village 2 miles from Dun- 
 mow. It had once a monastery, built in 1103, 
 and part of the priory now forms the parish 
 church. This place is famous for the tenure of 
 its manor ; namely, that whatever married couple 
 will go to the priory, and swear they have not 
 repented of their marriage, within a year and a 
 day after it took place, shall receive a flitch of 
 bacon. 
 
 Dunnct Head, an extensive promontory of 
 Scotland, in the county of Caithness. Its N. ex- 
 tremity, in the Pentland frith, is the most north- 
 ern point of Great Britain. Long. 3. 29. W. 
 lat. 58. 42. N. it gives name to a bay on the 
 west ; on the E. shore of which is a village of 
 the same name. See Thurso. 
 
 Dunnosc, a cape in the English channel, on 
 the S. E. side of the Isle of Wight. Long. 1. 12. 
 W. lat. 50. 37. N. 
 
 Dunnsburi/, p.v. Lycoming Co. Pa. 
 
 Dunse, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ber- 
 wickshire. Here is a woolen manufacture, and a 
 celebrated mineral well, similar to that of Turn- 
 bridge in England. It is situate under a hill, 
 near the river Whiteadder, 14 m. W. of Berwick, 
 and 40 E. S. E. of Edinburgh ; it is distinguish- 
 ed as the birth place of Joannes Duns Scotus, in 
 1274. Pop. in 1821, 3,773. 
 
 Dunsinnan, or Dunsinane, a hill, 6 miles N. E. 
 of Perth, in Scotland, 1,024 feet above the level of 
 the sea; immortalized by Shakspeare, in his 
 drama of Macbeth. 
 
 Dunstable, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It is 
 of great antiquity, having been ruined by the 
 Danes, and restored by Henry I., who made it a 
 borough, but no members were ever sent to par- 
 liament. The church is the remainder of a prio- 
 ry, and opposite to it is a farm house, once a roy- 
 al palace. Dunstable consists principally of one 
 long street, and is celebrated for its manufactures 
 of straw for bonnets, &c. It is seated on the 
 verge of a range of chalk hills, which extend 
 across the counties of Bedford. Buckingham, and 
 Oxford : and large quantities of larks, are caught 
 in its vicinity, and sent to the London market. 
 
 It is 33 miles N. N. W of London. Pop. in 1821 
 1,831. 
 
 Dunstable, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. on the 
 Merrimack, 34 m. from Boston. Pop. 2,417. 
 
 Dunstable, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 25 m. N. 
 W. of Boston. Pop. 593. Also a township in 
 Lycoming Co. Pa. 
 
 Dunstanville, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Dunstaffnage, a castle of Scotland in Argyll- 
 shire, one of the first seats of the Pictish and 
 Scottish monarchs. Here was long preserved the 
 famous stone, used as the coronation seat of the 
 Scottish monarchs, which was removed to Scone 
 by Kenneth II., and thence by Edward I., in 
 1296, to Westminster abbey, where it now re- 
 mains as an appendage to the coronation chair. 
 Some of the ancient regalia still continue in the 
 castle; and near it is a small roofless chapel, of 
 elegant architecture, where several of the kings 
 of Scotland are said to be interred. It stands on 
 a promontory, almost insulated, at the entrance 
 of Loch Etive, 24 m. N. W. of Inverary. 
 
 Dunster, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It 
 has a castle, on a steep knoll ; and at one corner 
 of the terrace is an ancient turret, supposed to be 
 part of the original castle, built in the time of 
 William I. A priory stood on the N. W. side of 
 the castle, part of which now serves for the parish 
 church. It stands on the edge of a vale, near 
 the Bristol channel, 20 m. N. W. of Taunton, 
 and 161 W. of London. Pop. 895. 
 
 Dumcich, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. It was 
 formerly a bishop's see, and had many churches 
 which have been swallowed up by the sea. The 
 remains of two churches and a palace are the on- 
 ly marks left of its former greatness. It is seated 
 at the top of a loose cliff 24 miles S. of Yarmouth, 
 and 100 N. of London ; it returns 2 members to 
 parliament. Pop. in 1821, 200. 
 
 * s * There are numerous other towns and villa- 
 ges in England, the names of which begin with 
 Dun, a Saxon word signifying a down or level 
 place, or country. There are also a number 
 more in Ireland, and Scotland, but none that 
 merit any particular mention. 
 
 Duplin, an interior county in the S. E. part of 
 the state of North Carolina, watered by the N. E. 
 branch of cape Fear river. Pop. 11,373. Kenans- 
 ville is the chief town. 
 
 Duprccsville, Northampton Co. Va. 
 
 Duquella, a province of Morocco, about 80 m. 
 long and 60 broad, exceedingly fertile in corn and 
 pasture. 
 
 Durance, a river in the S. E. of France, which 
 is formed near Briancjon, of the rivulets Dure and 
 Ance, and flows by Embrun, Tallard, Sisteron, 
 Monsoque, Cavaillon, and Avignon, into the 
 Rhone. 
 
 Durango, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 14 m. S. 
 E. of Bilbao. 
 
 Durango, one of the 15 new divisions of Mexi- 
 co, extended from the lat. of 24. to 32. N. compri- 
 sing the greater portion of the late province of 
 New-Biscay, intersected from S. to N. by the 
 main ridge of the Andes. Its superficial area is 
 computed at 129,247 square miles, and in 1803 
 contained a population of 159,700. The chief 
 town of the same name, is seated near the S. end 
 of the province in the lat. of 24. 10. N. and 104. 
 of W.long. at an elevation of 6,854 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is about 520 miles N. W. of 
 the city of Mexico Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Durazzo, a town of European Turkey, capital 
 of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has 
 z2 
 
DUR 
 
 270 
 
 DUX 
 
 a ruined fortress, and a good harbour on the gulf 
 of Venice, 50 m. N. of Alvona. Long. 19. 36. E. 
 lat. 41. 25. N. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Durhaiga, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 
 near the Gogary, 50 m. N. E. of Patna. 
 
 Durbuti, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, seated on the Ourthe, 25 m. S. by W. of 
 Liege, and about the same distance E. by S. of 
 Namur. 
 
 Dureh, or Dciirrn. a town of the Prussian states 
 of the Rhine, on the E. bank of the Roer, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, 15 m. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 Pop. "about 4,700. 
 
 Durham, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast 
 of 'England, bounded on the S. and S. W. by the 
 river Tees, which divides it from Yorkshire ; the 
 western extremit}^ of the county jets upon West- 
 moreland and Cumberland, and the rivers Der- 
 went and Tyne divide it from Northumberland 
 on the N. ; the line of the coast from the mouth 
 of the Tees to the Tyne, is about 32 miles, but 
 in its extreme extent from N. to S. the distance 
 is 30 miles, and from E. to AV. about 40 miles; 
 be:;.g, however of a triangular form, its superfi- 
 cial area does not exceed 1 ,061 square miles. All 
 the W. part of the county is mountainous, some 
 of the peaks rising upwards of 2,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea : from these mountains rises 
 the river Wear, which by its circuitous course 
 and collateral streams, waters all the interior 
 parts of the county. The chief characteristic of 
 this county, is the coal mines, which yield about 
 two million tons annually, chiefly for the supply 
 of London, and the E. and S. E. parts of Eng- 
 land. The river and coasts abound in salmon 
 and other excellent fish, while the E. and S. E. 
 parts of the county yield a surplus of agricultural 
 produce, both in grain and cattle : it owns also a 
 considerable extent of shipping, empkyed chiefly 
 in the conveyance of its coal, the value of which, 
 including the freight and its supply of agricul- 
 tural produce, together with some lead, iron, and 
 mill-stones, constitute an exchangeable amount, 
 exceeding £1,000,000 per annum. The principal 
 towns besides the capital of the same name, are 
 Stockton, Darlington, and Bernard castle, on the 
 N. bank of the Tees ; Gateshead, and South 
 Shields on the S. bank of the Tyne ;Monk Wear- 
 mouth, Bishop's Wenrmouth, and Sunderland, 
 at the mouth of the Wear; Bishop's Auckland, 
 Chester-le-Street, &c. in the interior. 
 
 Durham. City, the chief place, and capital of 
 the preceding county, is seated oiVthe banks of 
 the river Wear, about the centre of the county, 
 on the line of the great high road from London 
 to Edinburgh, 10 miles from the sea in a direct 
 line, about 20 from the mouth of the Wear by 
 the course of the stream, 14 from the Tyne at 
 Newcastle, 10 from the Tees at Darlington, 242 
 in a meridional line, and 255 by the line of road 
 N. by W. of London. It was created a bishop's 
 see, by a king of Northumberland prior to the 
 conquest, who out of devotion conferred the 
 whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a 
 monk of Landisfarne, its first bishop, and his suc- 
 cessors for ever. This grant was confirmed by 
 William the Norman ( \>nqueror, who constitu- 
 ted it a principality, or county palatine ; hence 
 the county is sometimes designated the principal- 
 ity of Durham ; and the revenue of the see jus- 
 tifies the appellation, it being the richest in Eng- 
 land. The cathedral was founded towards the 
 close of the llih century, and is n magnificent ed- 
 ifice, upwards of 400 feet in length, seated on 
 
 an eminence SO feet above the surface of the river; 
 the principal tower is 214 feet, in height. Besides 
 the cathedral there are six other churches, three 
 of them fine edifices, two Roman catholic, and 
 several dissenting places of worship. Durham 
 has also a stately castle, founded by William the 
 Norman, now the bishop's palace, and several 
 public buildings more immediately belonging to 
 the city; while the goal, house of correction, 
 courts and governor's house for county purposes, 
 have all been recently rebuilt in a handsome 
 style. There are three bridges over the river: 
 and on the whole, the city of Durham presents a 
 very interesting and imposing aspect and is cele- 
 brated in several pages of English history. It re- 
 turns two members to parliament; market, ifti 
 Thursday ; it has no manufacture of importance. 
 Pop. in 1801, 7.530, and in 1821, 0,822. 
 
 Durham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. IT. 11 rh. fr. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,606. Also a p.t. Cumber 
 land Co. Me. Pop. 1.731. Also a p.t. Middlesex 
 Co. Conn. Pop. 1,116. Also a p.t. Green Co. N 
 Y. Pop. 3,039. Also a township of Bucks Co 
 Pa. 
 
 Durkheim, a town of Germany, in the palati- 
 nate of the Rhine ; seated on the river Hardt, 17 
 m. S. W. of Worms. 
 
 Durhheim, or Turkheim, a town of France, in 
 the department of Upper Rhine, where the French 
 gained a victory over the Austrians in 1675. It 
 is 4 m. N. W. of Colmar. 
 
 Durlach, a town Suabia, capital of Baden-Dur- 
 lach, with a castle. It. was formerly the seat of 
 government of the grand Duke of Baden, who 
 transferred his residence to Carlshrue, since the 
 peace of 1814. Here are manufactures of porce- 
 lain, cloth, and stuffs. It is seated on the Gies- 
 sen, 15 miles N. N. E. of Baden. Lono-. 8. 35. 
 E., lat. 48. 58. N. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Durslcy, a corporate town in Gloucestershire, 
 Eng. In 1821 it had 3 establishments for draw- 
 ing of wire, 4 for the manufacture of carding ma- 
 chines, and 4 for the manufacture of woolen cloths* 
 it had formerly a castle. It is 13 m. S. W. oi 
 Gloucester, 20 W. of Cirencester, and 108 from 
 London. Pop. in 1821, 3J80. 
 
 Durtal, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mayenne and Loire. The chief trade is tan- 
 ning. It is 16 m. N. E. of Angers. 
 
 Dusky Bay, a bay on the S. W. coast of New 
 Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean. The country here 
 is steep, and the hills near the sea-side are cover- 
 ed with intricate and impenetrable forests. Abun- 
 dance of excellent refreshments are found here 
 and it contains several coves and harbours. Long 
 166. 18. E., lat. 45. 47. S. 
 
 Dusseldorf, a strong city of Westphalia, capital 
 of the duchy of Berg. Contiguous to the palace 
 is a. celebrated gallery of paintaings. Dussledorf 
 was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated oil 
 the river Dussel, near the Rhine, 25 m. S. of Wes- 
 sel. It was included in the sessions to P ussia in 
 1815, and is now the capital of a cirr t with 
 about 356,000 inhabitants : that of the town about 
 20,000. Long. 6. 40. E., lat. 51. 12. N. 
 
 Dutchess, a county of N. Y., extending for 45 
 m. along the E. bank of the Hudson river, and 22 
 in breadth. Poughkeepsie, the chief town, seat- 
 ed near the banks of the river, is 60 m. N. of Ibe 
 city of N. Y., and 73 S. of Albany. Pop. 50,r.20 
 
 Duttoti, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop 
 652. 
 
 Diuhiiry, t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 652. 
 
 Dnrbiirij.a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth 
 
EAS 
 
 271 
 
 EAT 
 
 county, on the W shore of Massachusetts bay, 
 with a harbour for small vessels, and a light-house 
 at the S. extremity of the beach. It is situate S. 
 by E. of Plymouth, 3 m. across Plymouth bay. 
 Pop. 2,705. 
 
 Duysburg, a fortified town of Westphalia, in 
 the duchy of Cleves, with a Calvinist university. 
 It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is 
 seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 m. S. by 
 E. of Wesel. 
 
 Daijtz, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of 
 Berg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is inhabited 
 chiefly by Jews, and seated on the Rhine, oppo- 
 site Cologne. 
 
 Diajvelund, one of the islands of Zealand, in 
 Holland, E. of Schowen, from which it is separa- 
 ted by a narrow channel. 
 
 Dwina, a river of Russia, which runs from S. to 
 N. into the White Sea, at Archangel. 
 
 Dwina, another river of Russia, which issues 
 from two lakes, one in the government of Twer, 
 and the other in the government of Pskov, 
 
 runs S. by W. to Vitepsk, then W. N. W. past 
 Polotsk and Dunabourg, dividing the ancient 
 province of Livonia on the N.,from Samigalia on 
 the S., and after a course of 450 m. in a men 
 dional line, and upwards of GOO by the course ol 
 the stream, falls into the gulf of Riga at Duna 
 maunde, a few miles below the city of Riga. 
 
 Dybcrry, a township of Wayne Co. Pa. 
 
 Dyer, a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 1,904. 
 Dyersburgh is the capital. 
 
 Dynapoor, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in 
 Bahar, near which is a diamond mine. It is seat- 
 ed on the Ganges, 10 m. W. of Patna. 
 
 Dysart, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 with a good harbour. It has a considerable trade 
 in coal, a salt work, a manufacture of checks, and 
 some employ in building ships. The number of 
 inhabitants in tne borough in 1821, was 1,658, and 
 of the parish 4871 more. It is seated on the N. 
 shore of the frith of Forth, 16 m.N. by E. of Ed- 
 inburgh, and 20 S. W. of St. Andrews. 
 
 E 
 
 EAGLE, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. 
 
 Eaglesham, a village of Scotland, in Renfrew- 
 shire, 9 m. S. W. of Glasgow. It has bleaching- 
 orounds, and a considerable cotton manufacture. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,927. 
 
 Eaglesville, v. in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and 
 Marengo Co. Alabama. 
 
 Eating, with Old Brentford, a village in Mid- 
 dlesex, having a great number of private schools 
 for the education of the youths of the metropolis. 
 Pop. of the parish in 1821, 6,608. See Brentford. 
 
 Eaooioe, one of the Friendly islands, in the 
 Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman in 1643, 
 and by him named Middleburgh. The land gent- 
 ly rises to a considerable height, presenting a beau- 
 tiful prospect of extensive meadows, adorned with 
 tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. 
 Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 21. 24. S. 
 
 Earl, townships in Bucks Co. and Lancaster 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Earlston, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire. 
 Near it, on a rocky bank, stands Cowdenknows, 
 an old building, now somewhat modernized ; and 
 on the adjacent knolls may be seen, the remains 
 of its Broom, so renowned Scottisli ditty. Earls- 
 ton is seated on the river Leader; 35 m. S. E. of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Earn. See Erne. 
 
 Easdalc, a small island of Scotland, near the 
 coast of Argyleshire, to the S. E. of Mull, cele- 
 brated for its slate quarries, which abound 
 throughout the whole island : it is also traversed 
 in many places with basaltic veins and thin layers 
 ofquartzose and calcareous stones. 
 
 EasenhaU, a village in the parish of Monks 
 Kirby, Warwickshire, seated near the river Avon, 
 4 m.N. by W. of Rugby; the line of canal from 
 London to Manchester and Liverpool passes 
 through the hamlet. 
 
 Easin<iwold,a. town in the North Riding of York- 
 shire, Ennr. with a great trade in bacon and but- 
 ter. It is" 13 m. N. N. W. of York, and 208 N. 
 by W. of London. Pop. 1821,1,912. 
 
 Eastbuvrn, a town in Sussex, Eng. noted for 
 plenty of the birds called wheatears, and as a 
 
 place of resort for bathing. Near it is a chaly- 
 beate spring. In 1707 a tessellated pavement 
 and a Roman bath were discovered here. It is 
 seated near Beachy Head, in the English channel 
 15 m. E. S. E. of Lewes, and 61 S. S. E. of 
 London. Pop. in 1821,2,607. 
 
 East Cape, the most eastern extremity of Asia, 
 on the W. side of Behring's strait, nearly opposite 
 Prince of Wales Cape on the continent of America. 
 Long. 92. 20. E. lat. 59. 17. N. 
 
 East Chester, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop 
 1,300. 
 
 East Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. Pop 
 1,591. 
 
 East Haddam, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop. 
 2,763. 
 
 East Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 
 734. 
 
 East Hartford, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 
 3,373. 
 
 East Haven, township, Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 33. 
 
 East Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 
 Pop. 442. 
 
 East Manor, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 East Nantsvifle, a township in Chester Co. Pa 
 
 EaM Sudbury, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 944. 
 
 East Windsor, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 
 3,537. 
 
 Easton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. Pop. 1,756. 
 
 Easton, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,753. 
 
 Easton, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryland. 
 
 Easton, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. It is seated 
 on the Delaware immediately above the Lehigh, 
 and is a handsome town regularly laid out, with a 
 large square in the centre. There are two bridges 
 across the Delaware and Lehigh. The Delaware, 
 Morris and Lehigh canals unite at this point, and 
 afford it remarkable facilities for trade. 
 
 Eastown, a township of Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Eastville, p. v. Northampton Co. Va. 
 
 Easticoodford , p. v. Union District, S. C. 
 
 Eaton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pod. 1,432 
 
 Eaton, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,558 
 Also townships in Luzerne Co. Pa. and Preble 
 Co. Ohio 
 
EBR 
 
 EDD 
 
 Eddyvillc, p. v. Caldwell Co. Kentucky. 
 Eatonton, p.t, Putnam Co. Geo. 
 Eatontown. a village of Monmouth Co. N. J. 
 Elensburg, p v. Cambria Co. Pa. 
 Easter Island, an isle in the Pacific Ocean, 
 12 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and stony 
 surface; is naturally barren, and affords neither 
 safe anchorage, fresh water, nor wood for fuel. 
 Itats are the only quadrupeds, and there are but 
 few birds. The natives are industrious, and plant 
 paper-mulberries and bananas, with regular fields 
 of potatoes and yams. This island was seen by 
 Davis in 1686; it was visited by Roggewein in 
 172-2, and by Cook in 1774. Long. 109. 57. W., 
 lat. 27. 6. S. 
 
 Eastport, p.t. Washington Co. Me. the most 
 eastern point of the United states of America. 
 The town is situated on Moose island, in Passama- 
 quoddy bay, and is favourably placed for carrying 
 on an extensive traffic, up the Passamaquoddy, and 
 other rivers falling into the bay of Fundy. Lat. 
 44. 43. N. and 10. 5. or about 530 statute m. in a 
 meridional line N. E. of Washington, in the Long, 
 of 66. 49. W. of Greenwich. Pop. 2,450. 
 
 Eastonness, a cape of England, on the coast of 
 Suffolk, forming the N. point of Southwold bay. 
 
 Eastwood, a parish of Renfrewshire, Scotland, 
 seateu on the border of Lanarkshire, participat- 
 ing largely in the cotton manufacture. Pop. in 
 1821, 5,676. 
 
 Eaton Socon, a town in Bedfordshire England, 
 'inited with St. Neots, in Huntingdonshire by a 
 handsome brido-e over the river Ouse, 55 m. N. of 
 London. Pop. of Eaton in 1821,2,030, and of 
 St. Neots, 1,255. 
 
 Eanse, a town of France, in the department of 
 Gers, 17 m. S. W. of Condom. Pop. 3,350. 
 
 Ebeltoft, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, with a 
 (rood harbour, on a bay of the Cattegat, 16. m. N. 
 E. of Aarhus. 
 
 Ebenezer , a town of Effingham county in Geo. 
 situate on the Savannah 25 m. N. N. W. of Sa- 
 vannah. 
 
 Ebenfurth, a town of Austria, on the Leyta, 22 
 m. S. of Vienna. 
 
 Eberbach, a town of Germany, in the Lower 
 Rhine, with a Cistertian abbey ; seated on the 
 Neckar, 11m. E. by N. of Hiedelberg, now in- 
 cluded in the territory of Baden. 
 
 Ebermanstadt, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Bamberg, on the Wisent, near its en- 
 trance into the Rednitz, 13 m. S. S. E. of Bam- 
 berg. 
 
 Eberstcin, a town and castle of Suabia, 8 m. S. 
 by E. of Baden. 
 
 Ebcrvillc, a town of France, in the department 
 of Puy de Dome, with a Benedictine abbey, seated 
 on the Scioule, 8 m. N. of Riom. 
 
 Ebingen, a town of Wertemberg, noted for its 
 cheese' 7 m. S. of Hohenzollern Pop. about 
 3,800. 
 
 Ebro, a river of Spain, the ancient Iberis, which 
 rises in the mountains of Asturias on the confines 
 of Leon, about 60 m. from the shore of the bay 
 of Biscay, runs E. across the N. part of Old Cas- 
 tile, and afterwards in a direction E. S. E., form- 
 ing the boundary between that province and those 
 of Biscay and Navarre: it then, in a S. E. direction, 
 divides Arragon into nearly two equal parts, in- 
 tersecting the S. part of Catalonia, and after a 
 course of 300 m. in a meridional line, and about 
 400 by the course of the stream, past Logrono, Ca- 
 lahorra, Tudela and Saragossa. falls into the Med- 
 iterranean a few in. below Tortosa. There are 
 
 several Islands off its mouth, and a canal runs par- 
 allel with it through Arragon, used more for ir- 
 rigation than navigation. The river is but little 
 used for navigable purposes, on account of its 
 numerous shoals and rapids. 
 
 Eccles, a parish of Lancashire, Eng. consisting 
 of five townships on the W. side of Manchester, 
 (ickieh see). Pop. in 1821, 23,331. 
 
 Ecclesall Bierloic, a township in the parish of, 
 and contiguous to Sheffield, Eng. on the S. W. 
 side. Pop. in 1801 , 5,362, and in 1821 , 9,113. See 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Ecclesfield, a town and parish 5 m. N. of Shef- 
 field, the town in 1821 contained 7,163 inhabitants, 
 and the remainder of the parish 5,333 more. See 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Eccle.sfechan, a town of Scotland, in Dumfrie- 
 shire, noted for its great monthly market for cat- 
 tle, 5 m. N. of Annan, and 15 E. of Dumfries. 
 Pop. about 500. 
 
 Ecclesholl, a parish and town in Staffordshire, 
 Eng. The bishop of Litchfield and Coventry 
 has a castle here. It is seated on the river Sow, 
 7 m. N. W. of Stafford and 148 of London. The 
 parish consists of 21 small townships ; the total 
 pop. in 1821, 4,227, of which the town contained 
 1,254. 
 
 Ecclesiastical State, or States of the Church. See 
 Popedom, and Rome. 
 
 Echoconno,Y>t- Crawford Co. Geo. 
 
 Echternach, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux 
 emburg, on the river Sour, surrounded by moun- 
 tains, 18 m. N. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Ecija, an episcopal and populous town of Spain, 
 in Andalusia, with manufactures of leather and 
 shoes, and a trade in wool and hemp. It is seated 
 on the Xenil, 62 m. E. N. E. of Seville. 
 
 Eckardsberg, a town and castle of Upper Saxo- 
 ny, in Thuringia, 10 m. S. W. of Naumburg. 
 
 ' Eckernforde, a seaport of Denmark, in South 
 Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. Near the town 
 in a fresh-water lake, which is connected with 
 the bay. It is 14 m. N. W. of Kiel in Holstein. 
 Long. 10. 1. W., lat. 54. 33. N. 
 
 Eckmuhl, a small town of Bavaria, near to which 
 Bonaparte defeated the Austrians in Apr. 1809 : 
 it is 13 m. S. by E. of Ratisbon, and about the 
 same distance W. of Straubing S. of the Danube. 
 
 Economy, a beautiful little village in Beaver 
 Co. Pa. on the Ohio, a few m. below Pittsburg. 
 It is inhabited solely by the sect of Harmonists 
 under the celebrated Rapp. The village is regu- 
 larly laid out with wide and rectangular streets. 
 The houses are mostly of wood. The inhabitants 
 are Germans, and are very industriously occupied 
 in manufacture, and husbandry. They have a 
 woolen and cotton manufactory with steam ma- 
 chinery on a large scale, also breweries, distille- 
 ries, tanyards, &c. The buildings for these are 
 generally of brick. Here is also a handsome 
 church, and a spacious building with a hall for 
 concerts, a museum, a mineralogical collection, 
 a mathematical school, a library and a school for 
 drawing. Considerable attention is paid to the 
 cultivation of grapes, and close to the village is 
 a hill covered with vineyards. All their property 
 is held in common. They carry on an extensive 
 trade with the neighbouring county, and are in a 
 very thriving condition. Pop. about 800. 
 
 Eddenlmrg, p. v. Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Edam, a town of North Holland, famous for 
 its red rind cheeses ; seated on the Ey, near the 
 ZuyderZee, 11 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam. 
 
 Eddyslone, the name of some rocks in the En 
 
EDI 
 
 273 
 
 EDI 
 
 glish channel, lying S. S. W. from the middle of 
 Plymouth sound, at the ''■stsnce of 14 m. On 
 the principal roc* (for the rest are under water) 
 Mr. Winstanley built alight-house in 1700, which 
 was destroyed by a storm in 1703, and the projec- 
 tor perished in it. In 1709 another, built of 
 wood, was erected by Mr. Rudyard, which was 
 consumed by fire in 1755. Within four years 
 after, one was built by Mr. Smeaton, which also 
 was burnt down in 1770 ; and another, of stone, 
 was completed by him in 1774, which has hither- 
 to withstood the fury of the elements. The 
 building to the height of 33 feet from the foun- 
 dation, is a solid mass of stones, engrafted into 
 each other ; above this are four rooms, one over 
 the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern. 
 It is nearly 80 feet high ; and its distance from 
 the Ram Head, the nearest point of land is 12 m. 
 Long. 4. 24. W., lat. 50. 8. N. 
 
 Eden, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 957. Also a 
 p.t. in Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,066. 
 
 Edenburg, p. v. Johnson Co. Indiana. 
 
 Edenton, a town of North Carolina, capital of 
 Chowan county : it formerly gave name to an 
 extensive district now divided into 8 or 9 coun- 
 ties, in the N. E. corner of the state. It is sit- 
 uate on Albemarle sound, at the mouth of the 
 Chowan, 110 m. E. by N. of Raleigh. Long. 77. 
 5. W.,lat. 32. 38. N. 
 
 Edessa, or Vodena, a town of European Turkey 
 in Macedonia, once the residence of the Mace- 
 donian kings. It is seated near the Viestrieza, 
 44 m. W. N. W. of Salonichi. Long. 22. 3. E., 
 lat 40. 50. N. 
 
 Edgarton, p.t. Dukes Co. Mass. on the island 
 of Martha's Vineyard. Pop. 1,509. 
 
 Edgbarton, an out-parish of the town of Bir- 
 mingham, {which see.) 
 
 Edgecomb, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,258. 
 
 Edgecomb, Mount, a hill on the W. side of the 
 harbour of Devonport, from the summit of which 
 is an enchanting prospect of the surrounding 
 country and the English channel. 
 
 Edgecombe, an interior county on the E. part 
 of N. Carolina, intersected by Tar river. Pop. 
 14,933. Tarborough is the chief town. 
 
 Edgefield, a district of S. Carolina, bounded on 
 the S. W. by the Savannah river, comprising 
 about 1,500 square m. of surface. Pop. 30,511. 
 The chief town of the same name in the centre 
 of the county, is 63 m. E. S. E. of Columbia, and 
 140 S.S. E" of Savannah. 
 
 Edgehill, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 14 
 m. S. of Warwick, memorable for the first battle 
 fought between Charles I. and the parliament, in 
 1642 ; from the brow of the hill there is an exten- 
 sive and delightful prospect over the vale of 
 Red horse. 
 
 Edgeware, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It stands 
 on the Roman road, leading to St. Albans, 8 m. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Edinburghshire, or Mid Lothian, a county of 
 Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Fritli of Forth, 
 E. by the shires of Haddington, Berwick, and 
 Roxburg, S. by those of Selkirk, Peebles, and 
 Lanark, and W. by Linlithgowshire. It is divi- 
 ded into 31 parishes, comprising an area of 354 
 square miles. The soil is fertile, and produces 
 corn of all sorts with plenty of grass; also coal, 
 iron, limestone, and black marble. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the N. and S. Esk, Leith. Amond, 
 and Gala, all flowing into the Frith of Forth. See 
 Scotland. 
 
 Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland stands on 
 35 
 
 the southern shore of the Frith of Forth about a 
 mile and a half from the sea. The situation of 
 this interesting city is worthy of the capital of 
 such a romantic land. Built on three lofty emi- 
 nences, the interior arrangment of its streets and 
 public edifices, and the surrounding scenery, af- 
 ford a spectacle of the greatest beauty and variety. 
 The castle, from which it originated, is built on 
 the rocky verge of the central hill, and marks 
 with Holyrood-house on the opposite side, the 
 limits of the Old Town. The northern division is 
 occupied by the New Town, which is as remarkable 
 for the neatness of its buildings and the elegance of 
 its streets and squares as the more ancient quarter is 
 for its closeness and irregularity . The two divisions 
 are connected by a bridge thrown over the inter 
 vening hollow, and an artificial hillock called the 
 Mound. The southern quarter is less distinguished 
 for regularity of plan than the New Town, but con- 
 tains several important public buildings, and is join- 
 ed to the other parts of the city by Bridge-street, 
 formed of the north and south bridges, which re- 
 spectively cross the two lakes, now dry, that former- 
 ly separated the different eminences on which it 
 stands. About a mile and a half distant is the Frith 
 of Forth. On the east rise, the precipitous rocks 
 named Calton-hill, Arthur's-seat, and Salisbury- 
 crags ; the Corstorphine-hills bound the prospect 
 on the west ; and the Pentland mountains, with 
 those of Braid, form the romantic landscape of 
 the south. The principal part of the Old Town 
 consists of the High-street, which is more than a 
 mile long, and in some parts ninety feet wide ; of 
 Cowgate, which runs parallel with the former ; 
 and of innumerable lanes and alleys which form 
 the communication between these great avenues. 
 Owing to the narrowness of the inferior streets, 
 and to the extreme height of the houses in the 
 larger ones, this quarter of the city has to stran- 
 gers an unpleasant appearance ; but when viewed 
 without relation to the advantages of domestic 
 comfort, there is something very imposing in its 
 massy extent of building ; while the beautiful 
 brido-e across the southern valley, covered as it is 
 on each side by rows of handsome houses, offers 
 an object as picturesque as it is singular. The 
 New Town is intersected by George-street, which, 
 is terminated by St. Andrew's-square on the east, 
 and Charlotte-square on the west, and is 115 feet 
 wide. The principal streets parallel with thisare 
 Prince's-street and Queen-street, which are cross- 
 ed by others of proportionate width and extent. 
 But every year is adding to the size and beauty ot 
 this elegant capital. The road by which it is con>- 
 nected with Leith has become a street, and the 
 new road over the Calton-hill has opened another 
 magnificent passage for its growing wealth. 
 
 Of the public buildings of Edinburgh the most 
 interesting are the palace and abbey of Holyrood. 
 The former is a quadrangular edifice, surrounding 
 a spacious court, the sides of which are ornamen- 
 ted with piazzas. The west front is supported by 
 circular towers at the angles, and has a portico 
 and cupola resting on Doric columns. It was in 
 a small apartment of the north-west tower that 
 Rizzio was murdered while attending the unfor- 
 tunate queen Mary ; and the bedchamber which 
 she occupied, with some relics of its furniture, are 
 still shown. The great gallery is 150 feet long 
 by 72 wide ; and is now used by the nobility when 
 they elect their sixteen representatives in parlia- 
 ment. Of the ancient abbey only the walls re- 
 main standing, but the spot marked out as its bu- 
 rial-ground possesses the dust of a long line of 
 
EDI 
 
 274 
 
 EGG 
 
 Rings. The castle is at present employed as a 
 barrack, and can hold about 3,000 men. It was 
 once a place of great strength ; the rock on which 
 it is situated being near 200 feet above the plain 
 beneath, and in some places overhanging the base. 
 Palisades, a dry ditch surmounted by a draw- 
 bridge, and two batteries to protect the gate, form 
 the principal defences of the fortress; the area of 
 the whole occupying about seven acres. 
 
 Of the religious edifices of Edinburgh, the 
 church of St. Giles is the principal and the most 
 ancient. Charles I. made it the cathedral of the 
 new diocese, and it was a collegiate church as 
 early as the year 14f>6. It is built in the form of 
 a cross, and occupies one entire side of the Par- 
 liament-square. The most remarkable circum- 
 stance connected with it is, that it is divided into 
 four parts, each of which is a distinct church. It 
 is here also that the General Assembly is held, 
 and that ttie affairs of the Scottish church are or- 
 dered by its ruling ministers. The part of the 
 building most admired is the elegant tower and 
 spire, which rise from the centre of the edifice to 
 the height of 1G1 feet, and are ornamented by 
 richly wrought arches. Of the other churches it 
 is only necessary to mention that of Trinity col- 
 lege, founded by Mary of Gueldres in 1402, a no- 
 ble Gothic structure ; and those of St. Andrew's 
 and St. George, which are elegant buildings of 
 modern erection. Besides these, which belong 
 to the national church, there are six episcopal 
 chapels, of which St. Paul's and St. John's, rais- 
 ed within late 3 r ears, are amongst the grandest of 
 modern structures : the former is after the mod- 
 el of King's college chapel, Cambridge ; and the 
 latter is a parallelogram, the parts of which are 
 composed in richest Gothic style. A Roman 
 Catholic chapel built in 1814, is greatly admired 
 for a similar species of architecture ; and almost 
 every class of dissenters has its appropriate place 
 of worship. 
 
 The university was founded in the year 1582, 
 but at that period had only one professor : anoth- 
 er, however, was soon after appointed, and then 
 a third, till the number increased to twenty-seven, 
 the present establishment. The original building 
 belonging to the university was so ill adapted to 
 its increasing celebrity, that in 1789 it was part- 
 ly taken down, and a new structure commenced ; 
 but from want of funds the work was for many 
 years delayed, and was not till of late resumed, 
 and then on a diminished scale. The university 
 library contains more than 50,000 volumns ; and 
 the number of students is, on an average, 2,000. 
 Next to this establishment we may mention the 
 high school, founded in the sixteenth century, 
 and consisting of a rector, four masters, and near 
 500 scholars. 
 
 The charitable institutions are numerous, and 
 some of them richly endowed. The hospital, es- 
 tablished by the celebrated jeweller of James VI., 
 George Heriot, is a handsome Gothic edifice ; 
 and under its venerable roof 180 boys are boarded 
 and educated with benevolent care. Watson's 
 hospital is also on a similar plan ; and there are 
 others for the support of decayed tradesmen, their 
 wives, and daughters. Of the literary and scien- 
 tific institutions of Edinburgh, the Royal, Anti- 
 quarian, and Wernerian societies are deservedly 
 distinguished; and there is no other city in Europe 
 where the men of letters and scientific ability 
 bear so great a proportion to the number of the in- 
 habitants. 
 
 No particular manufacture is carried on in this 
 
 city ; the working and trading classes being chief 
 ly supported by the production and sale of the 
 more general articles of domestic use. Edinburgh 
 sends one member to parliament. Distance N. 
 N. W. of London 396 miles. Lat. 55. 58. N. 
 Long. 3. 12. W. Pop. in 1821, 112,335. See Leith. 
 
 Edisto, a river in South Carolina, which after 
 a course of about 140 m. falls into the Atlantic 
 Ocean by two channels, about 40 m. S. of 
 Charleston. The island, formed by the diver- 
 gence of the stream, contains about 3,000 inhabi 
 itants, the greater part of whom are slaves. 
 
 Edmonton, a village of Middlesex, England, 
 6 m. N. of Shoreditch Church, London, on the 
 great high road to Edinburgh. It has nothing 
 but its thoroughfare to entitle it to notice. Pop. 
 in 1801, 5,093, and in 1821,7,900. 
 
 Edwards, a county on the E. frontier of the 
 state of Illinois, bounded by the great Wabash 
 river, 35 m. from S. to N. and about 30 in mean 
 breadth, the little Wabash intersects the W. side 
 of the county; and towards the S. part, between 
 the two rivers. Pop. 1,649. Albion is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Edicardsville, a village in Madison Co. Illinois 
 Also a township in Greenville Co. Upper Can- 
 ada. 
 
 Eecloo, a populous town of the Netherlands, 11 
 m. N. by W. of Ghent. 
 
 Effcrding, a town of Austria, with a castle, 
 seated near the S. bank of the Danube, 12 m. W. 
 of Lintz. 
 
 Effingham, a village in Surry, Eng. 12 m. N. 
 E. of Guilford. It was once a much larger place, 
 and supposed to have contained 16 churches, 
 wells, cavities like cellars, having been frequently 
 found in the neighbouring fields and woods ; and 
 in the present church are some ancient stalls and 
 monuments. 
 
 Effingham, a county in the state of Georgia, 
 bordering on the Savannah river, its area compri- 
 ses about 500 sq. m. Pop. 2,969. Willoughby is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Effingham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 67 m. fr. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,911. 
 
 Egeln, a town and castle of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Bode, 16 m. S. 
 S. W. of Magdeburg. 
 
 Egenburg, a town of Austria, noted for good 
 wine, 13 in. S. W.ofZnain in Moravia. 
 
 Eger, a river in Germany, which rises in the 
 principality of Culmbach, running in an E. N. E. 
 direction through the circle of Saaz, and after a 
 course of about 120 miles falls into the Elbe", near 
 Leutmeritz. 
 
 Eger, a fortified town at the western extremity 
 of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with a castle and 
 college. It was taken by the French in 1742, but 
 they were forced to evacuate it the next year 
 through famine. Here are manufactures of lea 
 ther, hats, cloths, and stuffs ; and its mineral wa- 
 ters are famous. It is seated on the Eger, 90 m. 
 W. by N. of Prague. Long. 12. 27. E., lat. 50. 5. 
 N. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Egcrseg Szala, a town of Lower Hungary, seat- 
 ed on the banks of the Szala, which falls into the 
 S. end of lake Balaton. 
 
 Egg, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 
 to the S. of Skye, 5 m. in length, and from 2 to 3 
 in breadth. It is partly flat, and partly hilly and 
 rocky, with some basaltic pillars. The low 
 grounds are fertile. 
 
 Egg Harbour River, Great and Little, the 
 former constituting the S., and the other the 
 
EGY 
 
 27E 
 
 EGY 
 
 N. boundary of Gloucester county, New Jer- 
 sey ; the harbours opening into the Atlantic 
 Ocean, in the lat. of 30. 17. and 39. 30. N. On 
 both these harbours are towns of the same name. 
 
 Egliam, a village of England, in Surry, 18 m. 
 from Hyde Park Corner, London, on the great 
 western road. 
 
 Egluigen, a town of Suabia, capital of a lord- 
 ship of the same name, 8 m. N. of Dillengen. 
 
 Egllsau, a town and castle of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Zurich, seated on the Rhine, 13 m 
 N. of Zurich. 
 
 Egment op den Hoef, a village of North Hol- 
 land, 3 m. W. by S. of Alkmaer. It appears to 
 have been a considerable town, but was destroyed 
 in 1573, by the enraged Spaniards, after their 
 failure before Alkmaer. It now exhibits exten- 
 sive and picturesque ruins perhaps the only ruins 
 in all Holland. Near it are two other villages ; 
 Egmont op Zee, a m. to the W. on the sea-coast , 
 and Egmont Binnen, nearly two m. to the S.; 
 where a bloody but undecisive battle was fought, 
 in 1799, between the allied English and Russian 
 army, and the French and Dutch. 
 
 Egremont, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On 
 the W. side is an artificial mount, with the ruins 
 of a castle ; and 3 m. S. E. of the town, in the 
 wooded vale of the Calder, are the remains of 
 the Calder abbey. Egremont, is seated near the 
 Irish sea, on the river Eden, 5 m. S. S. E. of 
 Whitehaven, and 289 N. W. of London. 
 Egremont, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 889. 
 
 Egypt, a country comprising the N. E. extrem- 
 ity of Africa, having about 400 m. of coast, be- 
 tween Alexandria, and El Arish, including the 
 indentations of lakes and bays ; Cape Bourlos its 
 N. extremity is in lat. 31. 36. N., from which 
 point it extends inland to the frontier of Nubia, 
 in the lat. of about 24. 30. giving a length of about 
 500 m. while its boundaries E. and W. are very un 
 defined. It is divided from Asia, at its N. E. ex- 
 tremity, by an extensive desert, and further S. by 
 the gulf of Suez, and the Red sea, (gee Suez.) 
 It is bounded on the W. by the deserts of Barca 
 and Libya, and parts of Africa but little known, 
 and in its extreme limits from W. to E. may be 
 considered as comprising about 2 degrees of loner, 
 or 122 statute m. between 31. and 32. E. ; the 
 inhabited parts however, do notexceed more than 
 15 to 25 m. on each side of the Nile, which runs 
 in a direction N. by W. through the whole ex- 
 tent of Egypt, except for about 120 in. above its 
 ontrance into the Mediterranean, where it diver- 
 ges into two main and numerous collateral chan- 
 nels. This is called the Delta of the Nile, com- 
 prising an area of about 12,000 square m. studded 
 over, the greater part, with towns and villages. 
 
 In the marshes of this region grows that remark- 
 able reed grass celebrated in ancient times by the 
 
 name of papyrus, the leaves of which afforded 
 the first materials for making paper. It has 
 a tapering stem surmounted by a tuft or plume 
 of hairy leaves. 
 
 This country, so celebrated in history for its 
 fertility, its policy and arts, appears first to have 
 attained pre-eminence under the renowned Sesos- 
 tris about 1720 years antecedent to the christian 
 era. For nearly four centuries prior to this period. 
 Egypt appears to have been divided into several 
 petty sovereignties, under what was then termed 
 Hycsos or Shepherd Kings, of whom Amasis al 
 Thetmosis was the first who gained an ascend- 
 ancy over his compeers ; this ascendancy 
 was acquired about 100 years prior to that 
 of Sesostris ; and it appears to have been the de- 
 scendants of Amasis who were ruling in Egypt 
 at the time of the dearth in western Asia, when 
 Jacob and his family established themselves in 
 the valley of Gessen, or Goshen, east of the Nile. 
 From the descendants of Amasis and Sesostris 
 sprung the race of the Pharoahs, who ruled over 
 Egypt for 12 centuries, until Cambyses king of 
 Persia, became master of it, 525 years B. C. 
 By the Pharaoh's all those wonderful structures 
 were raised, and works perfected, which we 
 cannot behold without astonishment. These are, 
 the pyramids, the labyrinths, the immense grottos 
 in Thebaid, the obelisks, temples and pompous 
 palaces, the lake Mceris, and the vast canals, which 
 served both for trade, and to irrigate the land. 
 After this conquest, Cambyses demolished the 
 temples, disinterred the remains of Amasis and 
 burnt them, and persecuted the priests. This 
 country continued under the Persian yoke till 
 the time of Alexander of Macedon, who having 
 conquered Persia, built the city of Alexandria. 
 He was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 
 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeed- 
 ed each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last 
 Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt be- 
 came a Roman province, and continued so till the 
 reign of Omar, the second caliph of the successors 
 of Mahomet, who drove out the Romans after it 
 had been in their hands 700 years. When the 
 power of the caliphs declined in the 13th century, 
 Saladin set up the empire of the Mamelouks 
 who in time became so powerful, that they ex- 
 tended their dominions over a great part of Afri- 
 ca, Syria, and Arabia. Next, about 1570, Egypt 
 yielded to the arms of Selim, the 2nd emperor 
 of the Turks, under whose dominion it still 
 continues. 
 
 The present inhabitants are composed of four 
 different races of people ; the Turks, who assume 
 to be masters of the country ; the Saracen Arabs, 
 who were conquered by the Turks ; the Copts, 
 who were descended from the first Egyptians 
 that became Christians ; and the Mamelouks, 
 who were originally Circassian or Mingrelian 
 slaves, and being the only military force, continu- 
 ed for centuries to be the real masters of the 
 country ; and Egypt had been for many years, 
 distracted by the civil wars between the different 
 contending beys, by which its 24 provinces were 
 governed. The famous Hassan Ali, the Turkish 
 admiral, gained several victories over them in 
 1786 ; but though he repressed, he could not 
 totally subdue them. The French invaded Egypt 
 in 1798, under Bonaparte, who defeated the beys 
 in several engagements ; but after the departure 
 of Bonaparte, a strong British force arrived 
 to aid the country, and the French were expelled 
 in 1801. But the Turkish Pacha. finding the 
 
EGY 
 
 276 
 
 EIB 
 
 power of the Mamelouks broken by their con- 
 flicts with the French, partly by treachery and 
 partly by force, succeeded in driving them out 
 of Egypt into Nubia. 
 
 The complexion of the Egyptians is of a dusky 
 brown, they are generally indolent and cowardly; 
 and the lower class are disgustingly filthy in their 
 persons ; the richer sort do nothing all day but 
 drink coffee, smoke tobacco, aud sleep ; and they 
 are ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously 
 vain. But the Copts are an ingenious people, 
 and have great skill in business. From March to 
 November, the heat, to an European, is almost 
 insupportable ; but the other months are more 
 temj>erate. The S. winds which occur at inter- 
 vals, from February to the end of May, are by 
 the natives called poisonous winds, or the hot 
 winds of the deserts ; they are of such extreme 
 heat and aridity, that no animated body exposed 
 to it can withstand its fatal influence ; and for 
 the three days that it generally lasts, the streets 
 are deserted. The sands are so subtile, that they 
 penetrate into the closets, chests, and cabinets, 
 which, with the hot winds, are probably the cause 
 of sore eyes being so very common here. It rains 
 very seldom in Egypt ; but that want is fully 
 supplied by the annual inundation of the Nile. 
 
 neumon enters the jaws of the Crocodile while he 
 is asleep and devours his entrails. This animai 
 
 When the waters retire, all the ground is covered 
 with mud ; then the corn is harrowed into it, and 
 in the following March there is usully a plenti- 
 ful harvest. But some lands are never fallow, 
 and yield three harvests annually ; particularly 
 in Lower Egypt, where sowing and reapincr are 
 going on incessantly, wherever the water of the 
 river can be obtained for irrigation. There is no 
 place in the world better furnished with corn, 
 flesh, fish, sugar, fruits, and all sorts of garden 
 vegetables ; and in Eower Egypt, oranges, lemons, 
 figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and plantains, arc 
 produced in great plenty. Lentils form a con- 
 siderable article of food to the inhabitants of Up- 
 per Egypt, who rarely enjoy the luxury of rice; 
 and onions remarkably mild and of the purest white 
 continue to be a favourite diet among all classes. 
 
 The animals of Egypt are tigers, hyenas, 
 antelopes, apes, black-cattle, fine horses, large 
 asses, the cameleon, crocodiles, hippopotami, 
 the cerastes, or horned viper, and a kind of 
 rat called ichneumon. This animal is do- 
 mesticated among the Egyptians, as the cat 
 is among us. He destroys rats and mice, and 
 hunts also birds, serpents, lizards and in- 
 sects. He sucks the eggs of the crocodile, 
 an< 4 even kills the young ones when they first come 
 ou. of the shell. It is a fable however, that the ich- 
 
 '^^W 
 
 was so highly esteemed for his services that ho 
 was deified by the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 Among the birds may be mentioned eagled. 
 hawks, pelicans, water fowls of all kinds, and the 
 ibis, which resembles a duck, and was deified 
 by the ancient Egyptians, on account of its de- 
 stroying serpents and noxious insects. 
 
 The pyramids of Egypt, so justly celebrated as 
 evidences of human labour and art, are all built 
 on rocky and sandy plains ; the largest is 500 
 feet in height, and covers eleven acres of ground. 
 They are situate in the south part of the Delta, 
 or Lower Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile. 
 Egypt is now spoken of as divided into three 
 parts, Lower, or the Delta, Middle, and Upper. 
 During the reign of part of the Pharoahs, Thebes 
 in Upper Egypt in the lat. of 25. 25. appears to 
 have been the capital of the whole country ; af- 
 terwards transferred to Memphis, in the lat. of 
 29. ; and during the reign of the Ptolemies, the 
 seat of the empire was transferred to Alexandria, 
 whilst at the present time Cairo is the seat of 
 government. Under the present Pasha, Mahom- 
 ined Ali, who has ruled since 1798, Egypt has 
 made advances in enterprize and cultivation al- 
 most without a precedent; and cotton wool, indigo, 
 sugar, and grain, are again forming the basis of 
 an extensive external commerce. Respecting 
 the extent of the pop. of Egypt, information is 
 very imperfect, both in reference to the past, as 
 well as at the present time, being now variously 
 estimated at from 2 to 4 millions : conjecture 
 has hardly ever offered an opinion as to the num- 
 ber in former times. In further illustration of 
 this very interesting section of the globe, see Nile, 
 Suez, and Tfiebcs. 
 
 Ekingen, a town of Suabia, near which the 
 Austrians were defeated by the French, in 1805. 
 It is seated on the Danube, 12 m. S. W. of Ulm. 
 
 Ehingcn, another town of Suabia, seated on the 
 Neckar, opposite Rotenberg, 6 m. W. by S. of 
 Tubingen, and 25 S. S. W. of Stuttgard ; both 
 these towns are in the dominions of the king of 
 Wurtemberg, and contain each about 4,000 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Ehrenbrcitstcin, a fortress of Germany, in the 
 circle of Lower Rhine, on the E. bank of the riv- 
 er Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It stands on the 
 summit of a stupendous rock, not less than 800 
 feet above the level of the river, and is deemed to 
 be impregnable. It has a communication with 
 Coblentz by a subterraneous passage, cut out of 
 the solid rock, and is plentifully supplied with 
 water from a well 280 feet deep. In the vale of 
 Ehrenbreitstein is an old palace, which belonged 
 to the elector of Treves. This fortress surrender- 
 ed to the French through famine, in 1799, after a 
 blockade of above 20 months. 
 
 Eibenstock, or Eybcnstock, a town of Upper Sax 
 ony, in the circle of Erzeberg, near the N W. 
 frontier of Bohemia, 00 m. S. by E. of Leipzig 
 Pop. 3,200. 
 
ELB 
 
 277 
 
 ELB 
 
 Eichsfcldt, a territory of Germany, at the N. E. 
 extremity of the circle of the Lower Rhine, sur- 
 rounded by Brunswick, Thuringia, and Hesse. 
 It produces much flax and tobacco. Heileigen- 
 stadt is the capital. It is now divided between 
 Prussia and Hanover : it formerly belonged to 
 the elector of Mentz, and contained a pop. of 
 90,000, on a surface of about 600 square miles ; 
 Stadt Worbis and Mulhausen are the other prin- 
 cipal towns. 
 
 Eichstadt. See Aichstadt. 
 
 Eil Loch. See Linnhe Loch. 
 
 Eilcnburg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 
 situate on The Mulda, 12 m. N. E. of Leipzig. 
 
 Eimeo, one of the Society isles, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, lying 12 m. W. of Otaheite. The prod- 
 ucts of the two islands, and the manners of the 
 people, are much the same. Eimeo has steep 
 rugged hills, running in different directions, leav- 
 ing large valleys, and gently rising ground about 
 their sides. The hills, though rocky, are gener- 
 ally covered with trees almost to the tops. 
 
 Einbeck, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in 
 the principality of Calenberg. It has manufac- 
 tures of cloth and all kinds of stuffs ; and in the 
 mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, cop- 
 per, and lead. It is situate 17 m. N. of Gottin- 
 gen, and 45 S. of Hanover. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Eisenach, or Eysenach, a town of Upper Saxo- 
 ny, at the western extremity of Thuringia, capital 
 of a principality of the same name, with a cele- 
 brated college. The duke resides in a castle 
 within the town ; and there is another on a 
 mountain out of it, called Wartburg, which, in 
 1521, was for some time the asylum of Luther. 
 It is seated on the Nesse, at its conflux with the 
 Horsel, 10 m. W. of Golha Long. 10. 21. E., 
 lat. 51 0. N. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Eiscnartz, or Eisenitz, a town of Germany, in 
 Stiria, famous for its iron mines, 34 m. N. N. W. 
 of Gratz. 
 
 Eisenberg, another town in Thuringia, 35 m. 
 S. W. of Leipzig. Pop. 3,500. 
 
 Eisc/istadt, a town of Hungary, with a magnifi- 
 cent palace, 5 m. N. W. of Odenburg, and 27 S. 
 of Vienna. 
 
 Eisleben, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of 
 the county of Mansfield, with a decayed castle. 
 The celebrated Luther was born and died here. 
 In the churches of St. Andrew and St. Ann are 
 the superb burial places of the ancient counts of 
 Mansfield. Eisleben contains many breweries, 
 and derives much profit from the neighbouring 
 iron mines. It is 28 in. N. N. W. of Naumburg. 
 Long. 11.47. E., lat. 52. 32. N. 
 
 Eisfeld, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin- 
 cipality of Coburg, with a castle. It has manu- 
 factures of vitriol, &c. and stands on the Werra, 
 near its source, 7 m. E. of Hildburghausen. 
 
 Elba, an island in the Mediterranean sea, be- 
 tween Italy and the island of Corsica, and separ- 
 ated from Tuscany by the channel of Piombino. 
 It was known to the Greeks by the name of 
 jEthalia, and to the Romans by that of Ilva. The 
 form of the island is very irregular, the length 
 from E. to W. is about 14 m. and the greatest 
 breadth, which is at the W. end, is between 8 
 and 9 m. and contains a pop. of about 14,000 souls. 
 The whole island presents numerous mountains, 
 separated by deep valleys, and some plains of con- 
 siderable extent ; the south-west part is the most 
 elevated, and are composed of black and white 
 granite, susceptible of a fine polish. Elba has 
 been renowned for its mines of iron and load 
 
 stone, for a period beyond the reach of history 
 Aristotle speaks of them as opened from time im 
 memorial ; it has also quarries of fine marble. On 
 the N E. part is the mountain, or mine of iron 
 ore, which supplies most of the forges of Italy. 
 The tower of Voltorajo stands on this mountain, 
 on a shaggy rock. The view from this tower is 
 wonderfully fine every way, as the eye overlooks 
 the whole island, that of Corsica, many scattered 
 islets, the channel of Piombino, and a great range 
 of continent. On the E. side of the mountain 
 stands Rio, a village inhabited by miners. Under 
 it breaks out the only rivulet in Elba, which does 
 not run above a mile before it falls into the sea; 
 but the water gushes out of the rock in such abun- 
 dance, that it turns 17 mills in that short course. 
 The soil of Elba is very shallow, with scanty room 
 for cultivation, and few places level enough for 
 corn, producing little more than six month's pro- 
 vision for its inhabitants ; but the island is so situ- 
 ated that it can, in spite of a blockading fleet be 
 always supplied with provisions, and the garrison 
 with reinforcements. The wine is good, if made 
 with care and properly kept; the fruit of its stan- 
 dard trees are excellent, though not in great plen- 
 ty ; orange and lemon trees thrive very well in the 
 sheltered vallies and narrow plains near the sea. 
 There are several springs of excellent water in 
 the island ; and the climate is much milder than 
 the adjacent continent, for it produces many fruits 
 and plants that cannot stand the Tuscan winters. 
 Among the animals and birds are .wild boars, 
 hedge-hogs, partridges, quails, canary-birds, 
 nightingales, ortolans, &c. It has no rivers ; but 
 there are a number of rivulets. This island was 
 held with Piombino, by the Appiani, as a fief of 
 the empire, till Charles V. thought proper to 
 transfer it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, that he 
 might rescue it and the adjacent coasts from the 
 Turks and French. Before the French revolu 
 tion, it was subject to the prince of Piombino. ex- 
 cept Porto Ferrajo, and Porto Longone, the former 
 belonging to the duke of Tuscany, and the latter 
 to the king of Naples ; but in 1801 the French be- 
 came possessed of the whole island. It now owes 
 its chief celebrity to the circumstance of its hav- 
 ing been ceded by the powers of Europe in full 
 sovereignty to Napoleon Bonaparte ; after the 
 surrender of Paris to the allies in Majch 1814. 
 He landed at Porto Ferrajo, the capital of the 
 island, on the 4th of May in that year, but on the 
 26th of February following, he embarked again 
 for France, and reached Paris, without encount- 
 ering the least obstruction : since when the island 
 has been wholly ceded to the duke of Tuscany. 
 Porto Ferrajo, on the N. side of the island, is in 
 lat. 42. 50. N., and 10. 15. of E. long. 
 
 Elba, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,679. 
 
 Elbassano, a town of European Turkey, in Al- 
 bania, 45 m. S. E. of Durazzo. 
 
 Elbe, a river of Europe, rising on the N. E. 
 frontier of Bohemia, bordering on Silesia, in the- 
 lat. of 50. 30. N., and 15. 35. of E. long., flows 
 S. for about 40 m. past Konigingratz to Pardu- 
 bitz, in the circle of Chrudin, from whence it 
 takes a meandering course in a N. W. direction 
 to Melniek, where it receives the Moldau from 
 the frontier of Austria on the S. : from Melniek, 
 it continues a winding course through the circle 
 of Leutmeritz, in which it receives the Eger from 
 the frontier of Franconia, on the W. S. W. and 
 then enters the circle of Meissen in Upper Sax- 
 ony, still running in a N. W. direction past Dres- 
 den, into the duchy of Saxony to Magdeburg ; 
 2 A 
 
ELE 
 
 273 
 
 ELK 
 
 from whence it takes a direction N. by E. to Ha- 
 velberg, where it receives the Havel ; from Ha- 
 velberg it intersects in a N. W. direction the Old 
 Mark of Brandenburgh ; and then divides Meck- 
 enburgh Schwerin, and the duchy of Saxe Lau- 
 enburg on the N., from Luneburg Zell, to Ham- 
 burgh : from whence it becomes navigable for 
 ships of the largest burthen, dividing for about 
 TO m. the duchy of Holstein on the N., from Bre- 
 men on the S. ; and after a course of 330 m. in a 
 meridional line, and upwards of 500 m. by the 
 course of the stream, falls into the North sea at 
 Cuxhaven, in the lat. of 53. 52. N., and 8.46. of 
 E. long. The Elbe is rendered subservient to 
 the purposes of navigation ; and by itself and col- 
 lateral branches, receives and distributes produce 
 along lines of country, several hundred m. in ex- 
 tent. See Lubcc. 
 
 Elberfeldt, or Elerfeldt, a town of the grand 
 duchv of Berg, seated on the banks of the Wip- 
 per, which falls into the Rhine between Cologne 
 and Dusseldorf. It has extensive manufactures 
 of linen, silk, and wool, and a pop. of near 20,000. 
 It is 18 m. due E. of Duseldorf. 
 
 Elberston, p.t. Effingham Co. Geo. 
 
 Elbeuf, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine. It has extensive manufactures of 
 cloth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 m. S. of 
 Rouen, and 65 N. W. of Paris. 
 
 Elbert, a county of the state of Georgia, tying 
 between the Savannah and Broad rivers. Pop. 
 12,354. Elberton the chief town ; it is 190 m. N. 
 W. of the city of Savannah. 
 
 Elbing, a strong town of W. Prussia, in the 
 palatinate of Marienburgh, with a considerable 
 trade !"> butter, cheese, and corn. It is seated on 
 a river of the same name, near its entrance into 
 the Frische Haff, 30 m, E. S. E. of Dantzic. 
 Lon ? . 19. 30. E. lat. 54. 13. N. Pop. about 18,000. 
 
 E'boncn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz, with a citadel ; seated on a mountain, by 
 the river Eo-er, 10 m. N. E. of Egra. 
 
 Elhidgefp.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,357. 
 
 El burn, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, on 
 the E. coast of Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. E. of Har- 
 derwick. 
 
 Elche AVbufera de, a town of Spain, in Valen- 
 cia, 10 m. W. S. W. of Alicant, 
 
 Elchingcn, a village of Suabia, on the N. bank 
 of the Danube, about 5 m. N. E ofUlm, where 
 a battle was fought between the French and 
 Austrians in 1805, which obtained for Ney, one 
 of Bonaparte's generals, the title of duke of El- 
 chingen. 
 
 Elda, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 m. W. 
 N. W. of Alicant. 
 
 Elderton, p.t. Armstrong Co. Pa. 
 
 Eldridge, p. v. Buckingham Co. Va. Also a 
 township in Huron Co. Ohio. 
 
 Elcphanta, called by the natives Gharipoor, an 
 island on the W. coast of Hindoostan, 5 m. fro..i 
 Bombay. It contains one of the most celebrated 
 temples of the Hindoos. The figure of an ele- 
 phant of the natural size, cut coarsely in stone, 
 appears on the landing place, near the foot of a 
 mountain. An easy slope then leads to a subter- 
 ranean temple, hewn out of the solid rock, 80 
 feet long, and 40 broad, the roof supported by 
 rows of pillars 10 feet high. At the further end 
 are gigantic figures of the three Hindoo deities, 
 Brahma, Vishna, and Seva, which were mutilated 
 by the zeal of the Portuguese, when this island 
 was in their possession. Elephanta was ceded to 
 the English by the Mahrattas 
 
 Eleuths, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the N 
 W. of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered in 1750 
 by the emperor of China. See Kalmucs. 
 
 Elgin, a borough of Scotland, capital of Mur- 
 rayshire, and formerly the see of a bishop. Here 
 are many large old buildings over piazzas. Its 
 cathedral was one of the most magnificent struc 
 tures in Scotland ; of which its ruins are a suffi- 
 cient proof. Two miles to the N. E. on the banks 
 of a lake, is the palace of Spynie, formerly the 
 residence of the bishop, of which some rooms are 
 still pretty entire. Elgin stands on the Lossie, 5 
 m. from its port at Lossiemouth, where there is 
 a tolerable harbour, whence much corn is expor- 
 ted. It is 33 m. E. N. E. of Inverness, and 16^ 
 N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Elginshire. See Murrayshire. 
 Elinge, a village of Hampshire, Eng. at the 
 head of Southampton bay, 5 m. W. of Southamp- 
 ton. Here are docks for building and repairing 
 ships, and store-houses for merchandize and corn, 
 in which last it carries on a considerable trade. 
 Elie. See Ely. 
 
 Elizabeth City, a small county of Virginia, for- 
 ming the promontory between the mouths of York 
 and James rivers upon Chesapeak bay. Pop. 
 5,068. The chief town is called Hampton, and 
 gives name to the celebrated anchorage ground 
 called Hampton Roads, at the entrance of James 
 river. — A town of the same name is seated on the 
 Pasquotank river, in North Carolina, which is uni- 
 ted with Chesapeak Bay, by the canal cut through 
 the Great Dismal Swamp. 
 
 Elizabeth Islands, small islands near the coast 
 of Massachusetts, bearing N. W. of Martha's Vine- 
 yard, and belonging to Dukes county. They are 
 about 16 in number ; the chief of which are Nas- 
 hawn, Pasqui, Nashawenna, Pinequese, and Cha- 
 tahunk. Nashawn, the largest, supports a con- 
 siderable number of cattle and sheep, and is fa- 
 mous for excellent cheese and wool. It is two 
 miles from the continent, and the N. point 6. m. 
 W. S. VV. of Falmouth. Long. 70.38. W..lat. 
 41. 34. N 
 
 Elizabeth, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,729. 
 Elizabethtoicn, a town of New Jersey, in Essex 
 county, with a handsome presbyterian church, an 
 episcopal church, and an academy. It is situate 
 on a creek of Newark bay, 14 m. W. S. W. of the 
 city of New York. Pop'. 3,451 . 
 
 Elizabethtown, a town of North Carolina, chief 
 of Baldwin county, seated on the W. bank of Cape 
 Fear river. 36 m. S. by W. of Fayette ville. and 43 
 N. W. of Wilmington. 
 
 Elizabethtown, or Hagerstown, a town of Mary- 
 land, chief of Washington county. It has a con- 
 siderable trade with the western country, and the 
 neighbourhood produces the finest Orinoko to- 
 bacco. It is situate in a valley, 70 m. W. N. W 
 of Baltimore, and 80 N. N. W. of Washington 
 Also townships and villages in Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 Alleghany Co. Pa. Bladen Co. N. C. Hardin Co. 
 Ken. Carter Co. Ten. Gallaway Co. Missouri ; 
 and Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 
 Elk, a river of Maryland, which falls into the 
 head of Chesapeak bay. It has been lately 
 united with the Delaware, by a Canal. 
 Elk, a township in Athens Co. Ohio. 
 Elk River, a township in Columbiana Co. Ohio 
 Elk Creek, a township of Erin Co. Pa. 
 Elkholn, p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri. 
 Elkland, a town of Lycoming Co. Pa. 
 Elk I .irk, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. 
 Elk Mursh, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. 
 
CLS 
 
 279 
 
 EMB 
 
 Elk Ridge, p.t. Anne Arundel Co. Maryland. 
 
 Elkton, villages in Todd Co. Ken. and Giles 
 Co. Ten. 
 
 Elkton, a town of'Maryland, chief of Cecil coun- 
 ty with a considerable trade, particularly in wheat. 
 It is situate at the conflux of the head branches of 
 the Elk, 13 miles from its mouth in Chesapeak 
 bay, and 47 S. W. of Philadelphia. Long. 76. 20. 
 W. lat. 39. 40. N. 
 
 Ellenj p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,001. 
 
 Ellesmere, a town in Shropshire, Eng. with a 
 considerable trade in malt. It has a canal from 
 Shrewsbury, which passes hence, by Wrexham 
 and Chester, to the estuary of the Mersey. The 
 town is seated on a large mere, 1G miles N. N. W. 
 of Shrewsbury, and 173 N. W. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 6,056. 
 
 Ellichpour , or Ellishpoor, a town of Hindoos- 
 tan, in Berar, capital of a circar of the same name, 
 subject to the Nizam of the Deccan. It was 
 formerly the capital of Berar, and is 154 m. N.E. 
 of Aurungabad. Long. 78. 5. E., lat. 21. 12. N. 
 
 Ellicott, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,101. 
 
 Ellington, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,279. 
 
 Ellington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,455. 
 
 Elliot, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,845. Also 
 the name of a missionary station in the eastern part 
 of Mississippi. 
 
 Ellisburn, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,292. 
 
 Ellisville, p.v. Nicholas Co. Ken. 
 
 Ellore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of 
 the Circars, on the bay of Bengal. It is 32 
 miles north of Masulipatam. Long. 81. 15. E., 
 lat. 16. 43. N. 
 
 Ellsworth, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,385. 
 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a ter- 
 ritory, in the Circle of Saatz, with a castle on a 
 rock, by the river Egra, 38 miles W. S. W. of 
 Saatz. Long. 12. 50. E., lat. 50. 20. N. 
 
 Elite, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees. It suffered greatly in the 
 civil wars, during the reign of Louis XI. and is 
 8 miles S. by E. of Perpignan. 
 
 Elora, a town of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad, 
 celebrated for its wonderful temple cut out of the 
 natural rock. It is 15 miles N. of Aurungabad. 
 
 Eiphin, a town of Ireland in the county of 
 of Roscommon, and the see of a bishop, 16 m. N. 
 of Roscommon. 
 
 Elrich, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, 
 capital of the county of Hohenstein. It stands on 
 the river Zorge, 12 m. N. N. VV. of Nordhausen. 
 Long. 10. 43. E., lat. 51. 38. N. 
 
 Elsflet, a town of Westphalia, at the conflux of 
 the Huntorf with the Weser, 13 m. E. N. E. of 
 Oldenburg, and 12 N. W. of Bremen. 
 
 Elsborough, t. Salem Co. N. Y. 
 
 Elsinburg. See Hclsinburgh. 
 
 Elsinore, a town in Denmark, seated on the 
 Sound, in the isle of Zealand. It is the most 
 commercial place in Denmark, next to Copenha- 
 gen, being the residence of a considerable num- 
 ber of foreign merchants, and the consuls of the 
 principal nations trading to the Baltic. A little 
 to the E. is the fortress of Cronborg, which 
 guards the Sound. Every vessel as it passes, 
 pays a toll at Elsinore, in return for which, the 
 crown takes the charge of constructing light- 
 houses, and erecting signals to mark the shoals 
 and rocks, from the Categat to the entrance into 
 the Baltic. Elsinore has no harbour, but a good 
 and safe road, and is 22 m. N. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Long. 12. 35. E., lat. 56. 9. N. See Cronborg. 
 
 Eisner, White and Black, two rivers of Upper 
 Saxony, the first rises near the northern frontier 
 of Franconia and runs N. nearly parallel with 
 and E. of the Saal, into which it fills about 18 m. 
 N. W. of Leipzig ; this river proved very disastrous 
 to the French troops, on their retreat after the 
 battle of Leipzig, in October 1813.— The Black 
 Elster rises near the Spree in Upper Lusatia, and 
 after a winding course E. of the Elbe, falls into 
 that river in the duchy of Saxony. 
 
 Elsterberg, a town on the W. bank of the 
 White Elster, near its source, 7 m. N. of Plauen. 
 
 Etsterwerda, a town and castle of Upper Sax- 
 ony, in Misnia, on the E. bank of the Black Els- 
 ter, 24 m. N. by W. of Dresd»«. 
 
 Eltham, a town in Kent, Eng. Here are the 
 remains of a palace, in whicn Edward II. often 
 resided, and his son, John of Eltham, was born ; 
 it is now in part converted into a farm house, and 
 the stately hall forms the barn. It is 8 m. S. W. 
 of London Bridge. Pop. in 1821, 1,883.- 
 
 Elvas, a strong frontier town of Portugal, in 
 Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a castle. Here 
 is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough 
 for the town for six months. The water is 
 brought by a Moorish aqueduct, three miles in 
 length, which, in some places is supported by 
 several stories of arches. On the side of it is a 
 forest of olive-trees, among which are walks and 
 fine mountains. Elvas was bombarded by the 
 French in 1706. A royal academy for young 
 gentlemen was founded here in 1733. It is seat- 
 ed near the Guadiana, 15 m. W. of Badajos, and 
 118 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 16,000. 
 
 Elvira, a township in Union Co. Illinois. 
 
 Elwangen, a town of Suabia, nea-r the S 
 frontier of Franconia, with a castle on a moun- 
 tain ; seated on the Jaxt, 18 m. N. W. of Nord- 
 lingen. 
 
 Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, Eng. and a 
 bishop's see. It is seated on the Ouse (which is 
 navigable hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract, call- 
 ed the Isle of Ely. The spring assizes are held 
 here. It is a county of itself, including the ter- 
 ritory around it, and has a distinct civil and crimi- 
 nal jurisdiction, of which the bishop is the head. 
 It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean 
 place. It is 17 m. N. of Cambridge, and 67 N. 
 by E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 5,079. 
 
 Ely, or Elie, a town of Scotland, on the S. E. 
 coast of Fifeshire, with a good harbour, with up- 
 wards of 20 feet water at common tide, but has 
 little trade. It is opposite to N. Berwick, and 
 forms the N. point of entrance to the Frith of Forth. 
 
 Elyon, p.v. Jefferson Co. Alabama. 
 
 Elyria, p.t. Lorrain Co. Ohio. 
 
 Elze, a town of Lower Saxony, in the princi- 
 pality of Hildesheim, seated on the Leine, 12 m. 
 S. W. of Hildesheim, and 20 S. of Hanover. 
 
 Emanuel, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,681. 
 Swainsborough is the capital. 
 
 Emboly, or Jemboli, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Macedonia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It 
 is the ancient Amphipolis ; and is sometimes call- 
 ed Christopolis. It is seated on the Strumona, 
 at its entrance into the gulf of Contessa. Long. 
 23. 55. E., lat. 40. 59. N. 
 
 Embden, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 894. 
 
 Embrun, a city of France, in the department of 
 Upper Alps. It has a fortress built by Louis XIV. 
 and is seated on a craggy rock, near the river Du- 
 rance, 17 m. E. of Gap. It is the seat of a pre- 
 fect, and in 1825, contained 3,002 inhabitants 
 
ENG 
 
 280 
 
 ENG 
 
 Emden, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of 
 '•*!. Friesland. It has a good harbour and a safe 
 road at the mouth of the Ems ; and considerable 
 manufactures of stockings, soap, leather, and cot- 
 ton. The greatest part of the inhabitants are 
 Calvinists, but there are some Lutherans, Papists, 
 and Jews. It was a free port under the protec- 
 tion of the United Provinces, but in 1744 they 
 sold their right to the king of Prussia. It was a 
 neutral port during the early part of the war be- 
 tween England and France, which began in 1793. 
 It is now included in the kingdom of Hanover ; 
 population about 12,000. It is 28 m. E. N. E. of 
 Gronino-en, and 47 W. N. W. of Oldenburg. 
 Long. 7. 8. E., lat. 53. 20. N. 
 
 Ennnaus, a villan-e of the Moravians in Lehigh 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Emmcndingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, 
 and chief town in the marquisate of Hochberg, 
 seated on the river Ens, 10 m. N. by W. of Fri- 
 burg. 
 
 Emmerich, a strong town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Cleves. It has a considerable trade with 
 Holland, and is seated on the Rhine, 22 m. N. W.' 
 of Wesel. 
 
 Emmhtshurg, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland, 50 
 m. N. W. Baltimore. 
 
 .Ems, a river of Westphalia, which rises in the 
 territory of Paderborn, and after a course of about 
 150 m. in a N. N. W. direction, flows at Emden, 
 into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean. 
 
 Ems, or Embs, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 near which are some baths impregnated with 
 sulphur. It is 10 m. S. E. ofthe lake of Constance. 
 Enchcyscn, a town of N. Holland, on the Zuider 
 Zee. It was once a flourishing place; but its 
 harbour being now obstructed by sand, it has lost 
 its former consequence. It was taken by the Eng- 
 lish in 1799. It is 27 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. 
 Endeavour Strait, a strait of the S. Pacific 
 Ocean, which separates New Guinea from the N. 
 E. point of New Holland. It received its name 
 from captain Cook, who explored it in 1770. Its 
 length, is 10 leagues, and its breadth about five, 
 except at the N. E. entrance, where it is contract- 
 ed to less than two miles, by the islands called 
 Prince of Wales Islands. 
 
 Endingen, a town of Suabia, in Briscrau, near 
 the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. E. of Old Brisach. 
 
 Enfield, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It was 
 once famous for an extensive royal chase, disfor- 
 ested in 1779 ; and had a royal palace, of which 
 little now remains, the front having been taken 
 down in 1792, and its site occupied by some 
 houses. It is 10 m. N. of London. Pop. 8,227. 
 
 Enfield, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 105 m. fr. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1 ,492. 
 
 Enfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1.058. 
 Enfield, a town of Connecticut, in Hartford 
 county, situate on the E. bank ofthe Connecticut, 
 16 m. N. by E. of Hartford. Pop. 2,129. 
 
 Enfield, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,332. 
 Also a village in Halifax Co N. C. 
 
 Engadlna, or Inthal , a delightful valley of Swit- 
 zerland, in the canton of Grisons, extending along 
 the banks of the river Inn, from its source to 
 Tyrol. It is divided into Upper and Lower, the 
 chief towns are Zurz and Cernetz. 
 
 Engelberg,a. valley of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Underwalden, 10 m. lonir, surrounded by 
 mountains. It is subject to the abbot of a Bene- 
 dictine monastery of the same name, whose reve- 
 nues arise principally from a commerce in cheese. 
 The country contains extensive glaciers, on the 
 
 side of fertile mountains, fine black marble, white 
 veined ; small crystals called Swiss diamonds ; 
 silver and vitriol. The abbey is 12 m S. W. of 
 Altdorf. 
 
 Engelholm, a sea port of Sweden, in Schonen, 
 on a bay of the Categat, with good anchorage 
 near the entrance to the Sound. In 1678, it was 
 taken by the Danes, after an obstinate defence 
 It is 44 m. N. by W. of Lund. Long. 12. 57. E.. 
 lat. 56. 22. N. 
 
 Engcrs, a town of Germany, in the Wester- 
 wald, capital of a county of its name ; seated near 
 the Rhine, 5 m. N. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Engkein, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain- 
 hault, 15 m. S. W. of Brussels, on the road to 
 Tournay. It gives the title of Duke to one ofthe 
 Bourbon family. 
 
 Engia, Engina, or JEgina (its ancient name), 
 an island of European Turkey, in the gulf of En- 
 gia, between Livadia and the Morea. It has a 
 town ofthe same name, 22 m. S. S. W of Athens 
 Long. 23. 39. E.. lat. 37. 45. N. 
 
 England, the southern part of the island of 
 Great Britain is a very irregularly shaped territory, 
 extending in its extreme length, from the Land's 
 End in Cornwall, in the lat. of 50. 4. 7. and long, 
 of 5. 41.31. to Berwick, at the mouth of the Tweed, 
 which divides it from Scotland, in the lat. of 55. 
 46. 21. N., and 1. 59. 41. of W. long. The me- 
 ridional distance between these two points is 366 
 geographical, or 425 English statute m. ; this line, 
 however, intersects the entrance to the Bristol 
 channel, South and North Wales, and the Irish 
 Sea ; the extreme meridional line that could be 
 drawn on English ground, from N. to S. would bo 
 from Berwick to St. Alban's Head, in the county of 
 Dorset : this line would measure 366 statute m. ; 
 and the extreme length from W. to E. would be 
 from the Land's End, Cornwall, to the Dudgeon 
 lights on the N. E. coast of Norfolk, which would 
 measure 359 statute m. The four S. E. counties of 
 Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, however 
 form a promontory ; and as the superficial area of 
 England by actual survey proves to be 50,535 
 square m. taking the length from N. to S. to be 366 
 m. the mean breadth from W. to E. will be within 
 150 m. The sea on the S. is called the English 
 Channel, and which divides England from the N. 
 W. coast of France : the sea at the S. E. point is 
 called the straits of Dover, and divides England 
 from the N. W. point of France and the Nether- 
 lands : the sea on the E. coast of England is called 
 the North Sea, or German Ocean, and divides 
 England from Holland, Germany, and Jutland: 
 the sea on the N. W. coast of England is called 
 the Irish Sea, and divides England from the N. 
 E. coast of Ireland. Wales, North and South, 
 bound the centre of its western side ; and the four 
 S. W. counties before mentioned, project into the 
 Atlantic Ocean. England, for local purposes, is 
 divided into 40 counties, viz. : Bedford, Berks, 
 Bucks. Cambridge, Chester, Cornwall, Cumber- 
 land, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex, 
 Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Huntingdon, Hert- 
 ford, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Mid- 
 dlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, North- 
 umberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Rutland, Salop, 
 Somerset, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, War- 
 wick, Westmorland, Wilts, Worcester, and York ; 
 each of which is subdivided into hundreds and 
 parishes. For judicial purposes it is divided into 
 six circuits ; and for ecclesiastical purposes into 
 two archiepiscopal and 20 episcopal sees, or juris- 
 dictions. The extent, relations. &c, of each of 
 
ENG 
 
 28] 
 
 ENG 
 
 the several counties, towns, &c, are noticed in 
 their alphabetical place in this work. 
 
 The face of the country affords all that beauti- 
 ful variety which can be found in the most exten- 
 sive tracts of the globe ; not, however, without 
 romantic, and even dreary scenes, lofty mountains, 
 craggy rocks, black barren moors, and wide un- 
 cultivated heaths; and yet, few countries have a 
 smaller proportion of land, absolutely sterile and 
 incapable of culture. The richest parts are, in 
 general, the midland and southern. Towards tbe 
 N. it partakes of the barrenness of the adjoining 
 parts of Scotland. The E. coast is in many places, 
 sandy and marshy. A range of rude and elevated 
 land, sometimes rising into mountains 3,000 feet in 
 height, extends from the borders of Scotland to 
 the very heart of England, forming a natural di- 
 vision between the E. and W. sides of the king- 
 dom. Cornwall is also a rough hilly tract; and 
 a similar character [ire vails in part of the adjacent 
 counties These mountainous tracts abound with 
 various mineral treasures, more particularly coal, 
 iron, copper, lead, and tin 
 
 The rivers of England are numerous, and con- 
 tribute essentially to the beauty and fertility of 
 the country, as well as to facilitate the convey- 
 ance of its products from one part of tbe kingdom 
 to another: the four most deserving of notice for 
 their magnitude and utility, are the Trent. Mer- 
 sey, Severn, and Thames. These four rivers 
 rise in the interior of the country, and flow in 
 contrary directions, the first to the N. E.,thc next 
 to the N. W., the Severn to the S. W., and tbe 
 Thames to the S. E. ; and being rendered navi- 
 gable and united to each other by canals, they 
 afford an admirable facility of conveyance over 
 all parts of the country. In addition to these, the 
 great Ouse and the Nen, flow from the centre of 
 the country in a N. E. direction, into the N. sea 
 between the Thames and the Trent, and the Nen 
 is united to the line of canal which unites those 
 two rivers, and thereby with the Mericy and 
 Severn. Further N. are the Humber, Teer,, Wear, 
 Tyne, and the Tweed, which divides England 
 from Scotland, all flowing from W. to E. into the 
 North Sea : and on the other side is the Eden, 
 Derwenl, Ribble and the Dee, flowing into the 
 Irish Sea : the tributary rivers deserving of notice, 
 are the Med way and Lea, fallinir into the Thames, 
 the Soar and Derwent falling into the Trent, the 
 Don, Aire, and Ouse falling into the Humber, the 
 Irwell into the Mersey, and the Upper and Lower 
 Avon and Wye into the Severn ; all of which are 
 navigable, and yield a variety offish : The Tamar, 
 Torridge, Tame, Exe, Arun, and a few other 
 rivers of inferior note, intersect the S. and S. W. 
 parts of the country, falling into the Bristol and 
 English channels. The lakes are neither numer- 
 ous nor extensive, and are chiefly in the N. W. 
 counties : those of Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 land, in particular, exhibit such varieties of beau- 
 tiful scenery, as to become the object of summer 
 excursions from every part of the country. With 
 respect to climate, England is situate in the N. 
 part of the temperate zone, so that it enjoys but a 
 scanty share of the genial influence of the sun. 
 Its atmosphere is inclined to dullness and mois- 
 ture, subject to frequent and sudden changes ; and 
 is more favourable to the growth, than to the 
 ripening of the products of the earth. No country 
 is clothed with so beautiful and lasting a verdure , 
 but the harvests, especially in the northern parts, 
 frequently suffer from unseasonable rains. The 
 •.ountry, nevertheless, o-enerallj' affords an abun- 
 36 
 
 dant supply of grain, and all the other necessa/iefe 
 of life, and the rigours of winter, and the heats of 
 summer, are felt here in a much less degree than 
 in parallel climates on the continent ; a circum- 
 stance common to all islands. The whole coun- 
 try, some particular spots excepted, is sufficiently 
 healthy ; and the longevity of its inhabitants is 
 equal to that of almost any region. All its most val- 
 uable productions, both animal and vegetable, have 
 been imported from foreign countries, and have 
 been kept up and improved by constant attention. 
 England has now no other wild quadrupeds than 
 those of the smaller kind; as the fox, bado-er, 
 marten, otter, hare, rabbit, squirrel, &c. On the 
 other hand, every kind of domestic animal, im- 
 ported from abroad, has been reared to the greatest 
 degree of perfection. The horse has been trained 
 up for all the various purposes of strenoth and 
 swiftness, so as to excel in those qualities the same 
 animal in every other country. The whole num- 
 ber kept in Great Britain has been estimated at 
 1,500,000, including ever}' valuable variety of that 
 noble animal. The breeds of cattle in various 
 parts of the kingdom have also been cultivated 
 with much care, and have been brought to the 
 largest size and greatest justness of shape. The 
 different races of sheep are variously distinguish- 
 ed, either for uncommon size, goodness of flesh, 
 or plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of its 
 parks, which are originally a foreign breed, are 
 superior in beauty of skin, and delicacy of flesh, 
 to those of most countries. Even the several 
 kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of 
 courage, strength, and sagacity, rarely to be met 
 with elsewhere. Domestic poultry, as well as 
 wild birds, are numerous ; the shape and beauty 
 of plumage of the pheasant, and delicious note of 
 the nightingale, cannot be surpassed. The im- 
 provement in the vegetable products of this island 
 is not less striking than in the animal. Nuts, 
 acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almost 
 all the variety of vegetable food which its woods 
 could boast. To other countries, and to the ef- 
 forts of culture, ii is indebted for corn, esculent 
 roots, plants, and all its garden fruits. The seas 
 as well as the rivers of England are stocked with 
 a areat variety of fish, which yield a plentiful ar- 
 ticle of provision to all ranks of people. 
 
 The Eno-lish are generally of a middle size, and 
 are upon an average an inch shorter than the 
 Americans. They are well-formed, handsome, 
 robust, and though not so fair as the northern 
 nations generally, of a florid complexion. The 
 females are distinguished for their grace and 
 beauty. la the cities a. d among the more fash- 
 2 k 2 
 
ENG 
 
 232 
 
 ENT 
 
 ionable classes their dress is showy, although the 
 fashions are generally copied from the French. 
 The manners of the English are formal, stiff, and 
 reserved, and there is no country where ranks and 
 conditions are fenced round with so many bar- 
 riers. 
 
 Of the early history of England, but little is 
 known prior to its becoming a province of the 
 Roman empire, during the first century of the 
 Christian era. The first invasion of England by 
 the Romans was under Julius Csesar in the 
 year 35, at which period the country was in- 
 habited by a very numerous but hardy and rude 
 race of people denominated Britons, living in 
 tribes and subject to an austere and rigorous 
 priesthood. About the year 86 the whole country, 
 after numerous conflicts, was subdued by the 
 Romans. During a period of nearly 400 years, 
 from the time of Agricola to the year 447, 
 when the Romans finally quitted the island, they 
 had effectually succeeded in reconciling the na- 
 tives to a dependence on their government, and 
 in diffusing a taste and desire to cultivate and 
 practice the arts of social life ; they had, however, 
 so implicitly yielded to Roman government and 
 protection, that, on being left to govern and pro- 
 tect themselves, they were unable to withstand 
 the rude and vigorous attacks of the Picts and 
 Scots, who poured into the country from the 
 north. The Romans, on being applied to by 
 the Britons, declining from inability to render 
 them assistance, the Britons invited the assistance 
 of the Saxons, a people who had acquired celeb- 
 rity for their valour in the north of Europe. In 
 the year 449 Hengist and Horsa, two Saxon 
 leaders, arrived with a force of 1,600 men, who 
 succeeded in speedily subduing the Scots and 
 Picts ; but perceiving the inefficiency of the 
 Britons, the Saxons obtained a succession of rein- 
 forcements, made allies of the Scots and Picts, 
 and turned their whole force to the subjugation 
 of England ; and, in the progress of time, the 
 country became divided into seven monarchies, 
 some one of which, however in its turn maintain- 
 ing an ascendancy over the rest, the ascendant 
 monarch being regarded as king of England. 
 The following is a list of the seven monarchies: 
 with the dates of their foundation and extinction, 
 viz — 
 
 Kent founded in 454 extinct 823 
 
 South Saxons . . — 
 
 East Saxons . . — 
 
 Northumberland . — 
 
 East Angles . — 
 
 Mercia . . — 
 
 West Saxons . . — 
 
 This period is denominated the Heptarchy, 
 which merged into an undivided sovereignty un- 
 der Egbert, the 17th king of the West Saxons, 
 in 828. In 860 the Saxon Dynasty in its turn 
 was assailed by the Danes, and, after repeated 
 conflicts and aggressions, Sweyn, a Dane, was 
 crowned king of England in 1013. The crown 
 reverted again to the Saxons in Edward, sur- 
 named the Confessor, in 1042; but on the 14th 
 of October, 106^, the destinies of England were 
 placed in the hands of William of Normandy, 
 surnamed the Conqueror, from the decisive victo- 
 ry lie gained on that day, over Harold II., king 
 of England. From that period to the present time 
 the whole country has been under the rule of a 
 successive line of kings, except for 11 years, from 
 
 491 
 
 — 
 
 685 
 
 527 
 
 — 
 
 827 
 
 547 
 
 — 
 
 827 
 
 575 
 
 — 
 
 792 
 
 582 
 
 — 
 
 827 
 
 592 
 
 — 
 
 828 
 
 1649, to 1660, when it was under the protectorate 
 of Cromwell, during which time it was ruled by 
 the Parliament or the Protector, and was called 
 the commonwealth of England. 
 
 England, Neic. See JYvw England. 
 
 English Town, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. Y. 
 
 English Turn, a bend in the river Mississippi, 
 18 m. below New Orleans. 
 
 Enkioping, a town of Sweden, in Upland, on 
 the N. side of Lake Maeler, 21 in. S. W. of 
 Upsal. 
 
 Ennis, a town in the parish of Drumcliff, Ire- 
 land, capital of the county of Clare. It is seated 
 near the head of a bay, on the N. side of the riv- 
 er Shannon. It is 19 m. N. N. W of Limerick, 
 and 113 S. S. W. of Dublin. Population of the 
 town (which is sometimes called Clare), in 1821, 
 6,702, and the remainder of the parish 3,533 more. 
 It returns a member to the parliament of the 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Enniscorthy, a borough of Ireland, in the coun- 
 ty of Wexford, with a manufacture of coarse 
 woolen cloth, and some iron works. It is situate 
 on the Slaney, close under Vinegar-hall, 10 m. 
 N. of Wexford, and 27 N. E. of Waterford. 
 
 EnniskiUen, a borough of Ireland, capital of 
 the county of Fermanagh. It is seated on an 
 island in Lough Erne, where that lake is contract- 
 ed for about six miles to the width of an ordinary 
 river, and has a strong fort, it being a pass of 
 great importance between the N. and S. of Ire- 
 land. In 1595 it made an obstinate defence 
 against the army of queen Elizabeth, and again 
 in 1680 against James II. It is 80 m. N. W. of 
 Dublin. Population, in 1821, 2,399, and of the 
 parish 10,000 more. It returns one member to 
 the parliament of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Ennisville, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Eno, or Enos, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Rumelia, and a Greek archbishop's see ; seated 
 near a gulf of the Archipelago, at the influx of 
 the Marissa. 90 m. S. by W. of Adrianople, and 
 145 W. S. W. of Constantinople. Long. 28. 15. 
 E., lat. 40. 46. N. 
 
 Enosburgh, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,560. 
 
 Ens, a town of Austria, on a river of the same 
 name, at its conflux with the Danube, 12 m. E. 
 S. E. ofLintz. 
 
 Enscne, a town of Egypt, on the E. side of the 
 Nile. Here are considerable ruins of the ancient 
 Antinoe. It is 120 m. S. of Cairo. Long. 30. 
 54. E., lat. 28.5. N. 
 
 Ensisheim, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Rhine, on the river Illo, 10 m. 
 S. of Col mar. 
 
 Enskirken, a town in the duchy of Juliers, 15 
 m. S. W. of Cologne. 
 
 Enstorf, a town of the palatinate of Bavaria, 
 22 miles N. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Entlihnch,a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Lucern, 14 m. W. S. W. of Lucern. 
 
 Ent.re Douro e Minho, the most N. W. province 
 of Portugal, lying on the sea coast, between the 
 rivers Douro and Minho, and bounded on the E. 
 by Tra los Montes. It. is (>S miles from N. to S., 
 and 40 broad, and in 1.810 contained a population 
 of 907,905. Bra»a, 30 miles N. N. E. of Oporto, 
 is the capital. It is watered by two other rivers, 
 falling into the Atlantic Ocean, viz. tiie Lima and 
 Cavado; the other principal towns are, Lacros, 
 Lapeda, and Moncao, on the S. bank of the Min- 
 ho, which divides the province from the Spanish 
 province of Galicia : Port de Lima, and Viana, 
 near the mouth of the Lima, Barcellos, between 
 
ERB 
 
 283 
 
 ERI 
 
 Braga and the mouth of the Cabado, Guimaraens, 
 and Amarante in the S. E. and Oporto on the N. 
 bank near the mouth of the Douro, which sepa- 
 rates the province from Beira. 
 
 Eperies, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of 
 the county of Saros, celebrated for its mines of 
 salt. It is seated on the Tatza, 20 miles N. E. of 
 Cassovia. Long. 21. 13. E., lat. 43. 50. N. Pop. 
 about 7,500. 
 
 Epernay, a town of France, in the department 
 ofMarne. It was taken by Henry IV, in 1502, 
 when marshal Biron was killed while the king's 
 hand was on his shoulder. The wines produced 
 in its neighbourhood are excellent. It is 17 miles 
 N. W. of Chalons, and the seat of a prefect, with 
 a population in 1825, of 4,997. 
 
 Epernon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Eure and Loire, 15 m. N. N. E. ot Chartres. 
 
 Epliesus, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 lia, anciently one of the most splendid cities of 
 Asia Minor, and the most frequented emporium 
 of that continent. Of its former splendour there 
 is nothing to be seen but heaps of marble, over- 
 turned walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of 
 statues. The fortress, which is upon an emi- 
 nence, seems to have been the work of the Greek 
 emperors; and also the aqueduct, part of which 
 is yet standing, supported by pillars of fine mar- 
 ble. The eastern gate has three basso-relievos, 
 taken from some ancient monuments ; that in 
 the middle was constructed by the Romans. 
 The most remarkable structure was the Temple 
 of Diana, deemed one of the seven wonders of 
 the world, and which the primitive Christians had 
 converted into a church ; but it is now so entire- 
 ly ruined, that it is not easy to find the ground- 
 plot. Ephesus is seated near the mouth of the 
 Cayster, which formerly afforded a good harboui 
 for ships, but is now almost choked up with 
 sand. The present inhabitants are only Greek 
 peasants, who live in extreme wretchedness and 
 insensibility. It is 30 miles S. S. E. of Smyrna. 
 Long. 27. 23. E., lat. 38. 8. N. 
 
 Epkrata, or Tunkerstown, a town of Pennsylva- 
 nia, in Lancaster county, and the principal settle- 
 ment of a sect called Tunkers [Dippers], who 
 are of German extraction, and first appeared 
 in America in 1710. It is 22 miles N. of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 Epinal, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Vosges. It is famous for its paper- 
 mills, and seated on the river Moselle, near the 
 mountains of the Vosges, do miles S. W. of 
 Strasburgh. and 105 E. by S. of Paris. Pop. in 
 1825, 7,941. 
 
 Eppintr, a town in Essex, Eng. It is famous 
 for excellent butter, and seated at the N. end of 
 a forest of the same name, 17 miles N. N. E. of 
 London. Pop. in J 821, 1,688. 
 
 Epplng, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m. fr. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,263, 
 
 Epsom, p.t- Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1,413. 
 
 Epsom, a town in Surry, Eng. celebrated for 
 its mineral waters and salts ; and on its neigh- 
 bouring downs are annual horse-races. It is 15 
 miles S. S. W. of London. Population in 1821 
 3,890. 
 
 Epworth, a town in Lincolnshire. Eng. on the isle 
 of Axholm, with a manufacture of sacking. John 
 Wesley, the founder of the Arminian sect of 
 methodists, was born here. It is 1 1 miles N. of 
 Gainsborough, and 10U N. N. VV. of London. 
 Pop. in 1821,1,502. 
 
 Erbuch, a town ofFranconia, capita! of a coun- 
 
 ty of the same name, with a castle. It ii 22 
 miles W. by S. of Wertheim, and 35 S. S. E. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Erekli, a town of European Turkey, on the N 
 shore of the sea of Marmora, 55 u .les W. of Con- 
 stantinople. It was the ancient Heraclina, and 
 contains the ruins of an amphitheatre, built by 
 the emperor Severus ; and a wall at some former 
 time extended from this place to Derkus on the 
 shore of the Black Sea, a distance of about 55 
 miles, the object of which, seems to have been 
 the protection of Constantinople from the north- 
 ern barbarians. 
 
 ** There is another town of the same name 
 on the S. W. shore of the Black Sea, 130 m. E. 
 by N. of Constantinople. 
 
 Erfurt, a city of Upper Saxony, sometimes ac- 
 counted the capital of Thuringia, with a univer- 
 sity and two strong forts. The principal magis- 
 trate is sometimes a protestant and sometimes 
 a papist ; but the greatest part of the burghers are 
 protestants. It has three fine libraries, one of 
 which belongs to the papists, another to the uni- 
 versity, and a third to the protestant ministers 
 The inhabitants are computed at 15,000. A fire 
 happened here in 1736, which burnt down 180 
 houses, and several churches. In 1800 it was 
 taken by the French ; and in 1814, it surrendered 
 to the allies. It is seated in a fertile country, on 
 the river Gerar, 58 m. W. S. W. of Leipzig. 
 
 Eribol, Loch, in Scotland, an arm of the sea, on 
 the N. coast of Sutherlandshire, in the long, of 
 4. 30. W., capable of affording a safe retreat to 
 the largest vessels. It receives several streams; 
 particularly that which flows from a lake called 
 Loch Hope. 
 
 Ericht, Loch, a. lake of Scotland, lying in the 
 counties of Inverness and Perth. It is 24 m. in 
 length and one in breadth, surrounded by lofty 
 mountains and rugged cliffs, and its banks cover- 
 ed with heath and a few straggling birches and 
 alders. Its outlet, at the S. extremity, is the riv- 
 er Ericht, which flows into Loch Rannock. 
 
 Eric, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes 
 in North America, lies between 79. and 84. W. 
 long., and 41. and 43. N. lat. Its length is 230 m. 
 and 40 its medium breadth. It is upwards of 050 
 m. in circumference, and navigable for ships of 
 any burthen. The coast on both sides is generally 
 favourable for batteaux and canoes ; yet in some 
 places, chiefly on the S. side, there are rocks that 
 extend several m. in length. Some of these, near 
 the mouth of the Cuyahoga, rise 40 or 50 feet 
 perpendicular out of the water, and project ovet 
 the lake. The heathen Indians, when they pass 
 this impending danger, offer a sacrifice of tobacco 
 to the water. The islands and banks towards its 
 W. end are so infested with rattlesnakes, as to 
 render it dangerous to land on them The lake is 
 covered, near the banks of the islands, with a 
 large pond lily ; the leaves of which are thickly 
 spread on the surface of the water, to an extent 
 of many acres : on these, in the summer, lie 
 mvriads of watersnakes, basking in the sun. 
 This lake, at its N. W. end, receives the waters 
 of the great chain, from the N W. by the river 
 Detroit, and discharges them by the river Niaga 
 ra. over the great falls at its N. E.end, into Lake 
 Ontario. It forms the boundary line between the 
 United States, and British North American terri- 
 tories, both parties claiming an equal right of nav- 
 igation. During the war of 1812 — 1815, the 
 Americans had a squadron of 9 vessels, carrying 
 5G guns, and the British one of 6 vessels, carrying 
 
ER1 
 
 234 
 
 ERZ 
 
 G9 guns ; on the 10th of September 1313, after an 
 action of three hours, the whole of the British 
 squadron surendered to the American Commodore 
 Perry. The English have a fort called fort Erie, at 
 the N. E. extremity of the lake where it narrows 
 into the river Niagara, in the hit. of 42. 57. N., 
 and 78. 20. of W. long. 
 
 Erie, a county of West Pensylvania. The 
 N. W. side is washed by the shore of the lake, 
 the W. end borders on the State of Ohio, and the 
 E. end on that of New York. Its area is about 
 750 square m. Pop. 16,906. A town of the same 
 name seated near the shore of the lake, is 315 m. 
 in a meridional line, N. N. W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Erie, a county of New York, bordering on the 
 E. end of the lake and Niagara river, bounded 
 N. by the Tonnewanta, and S. by the Cattarau- 
 gus river. Buffalo, opposite the British fort Erie, 
 is the chief town. Pop. 35.710. 
 
 Erie, p.v. Erie Co. N'.T. 
 
 Erie, p.t. Erie Co. Pa. on Lake Erie at the har- 
 bour of Presqu' Isle which is safe and commodious 
 but has only 8 feet water at the entrance. The 
 town has considerable trade, principally by the 
 lake commerce. A turnpike road extends from 
 hence to Pittsburg. 
 
 Erieville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 
 Eric Canal, the largest in the United States 
 unites Lake Erie with the river Hudson. It is 
 362 m. long, 40 feet wide and 4 deep. It has 679 
 feet of lockage ; the locks are 90 feet in length 
 and 15 in width. This immense work leaves 
 the lake at Buffalo and passes northwardly along 
 Niagara river towards lake Ontario. It then 
 turns to the east and proceeds northward of the 
 small lakes of New York to the valley of the Mo- 
 hawk down which it passes to the mouth of that 
 stream. It then follows the western bank of the 
 Hudson to Albany where it joins the river. It 
 has several large aqueducts; one of which across 
 the Genesee at Rochester is 804 feet in length, and 
 two other across the Mohawk are 1 188 and 748 feet 
 in length. The sides of the canal are paved with 
 stone or covered with thick grass. There are a 
 number of branches or side cuts to this canal ; 
 one of them which extending from Syracuse to 
 Oswego is 38 m. long, and another to Geneva 20 
 m. The navigation upon this canal is very great, 
 and the canal duties amply compensate the cost 
 of the work, which was above 7,000,000 dollars. 
 It was begun in 1817 and finished in 1825. 
 
 Travelling upon the canal is very easy and 
 cheap. The boats for passengers are 80 feet 
 long with cabins nearly the whole length of the 
 deck. They are drawn by horses and proceed 4 
 m. an hour, day and night. The fare is 4 cents 
 per mile. 
 
 Erisliay, a small island of the Hebrides of Scot- 
 land, at the S. end of South Uist; noted for being 
 the first place upon which Charles Stuart landed, 
 in his wild attempt to gain the British crown. 
 
 Erith, a village in Kent, Eng. on the Thames, 
 5 m E. by S. of Woolwich. Great quantities of 
 corn and wood are shipped hence ; and here the 
 East India ships, in their passage up the river, 
 generally discharge a part of their cargoes. 
 
 Eriran, the capital of Persian Armenia, in a 
 province of thesame name, and the seat of an Arme- 
 nian patriarch. The city is defended by a fortress, 
 in which is the governor's palace, and by a castle, 
 on the river Zuengui, near the lake of Erivan, 
 which is ve'ry deep, and 60 m. in circumference. 
 The Meidan is an open square. 400 paces over, in 
 which are very fine trees. The baths and cara- 
 
 vanserais have their beauties, but the churches of 
 the Christians are small, and half under ground. 
 It is seated on the banks of the Arus river, which 
 runs past Shirvan into the Caspian sea, from which 
 it is distant about 130 m., and about the same dis- 
 tance from Gonieh on the S. E. shore of the Black 
 Sea. Long. 44. 10. E., lat. 40. 20. N. 
 
 Erkelens, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Juliers ; seated on the Roer, 10 m. N. W. of Ju- 
 liers. Pop. about 2,300. 
 
 Erlan, or Erlau, a populous town on the fron- 
 tiers of Lower and Upper Hungary, 60 in. E. N. 
 E. of Buda. It is the see of an archbishop. The 
 cathedral and archiepiscopal palace are stately 
 edifices. 
 
 Erlangen, a town of Franconia, with a univer- 
 ity and a palace. It is divided into the old and 
 new town ; and the latter is one of the handsom- 
 est towns in Germany. The principal manufac- 
 tures are hats, gloves, and stockings. It is seat- 
 ed on the Rednitz, 12 m. N. of Nuremberg; and 
 is now included in the dominions of the king of 
 Bavaria. Long. 11. 2. E. ; lat. 49. 38. N. 
 
 Erne, a river of Scotland, which issues from 
 a lake of the same name in Perthshire, flows 
 by Crieft", and joins the Tay, a little below 
 Abernethy. 
 
 Erne, a river of Ireland, which issues from a 
 small lake on the N. border of the county of Long- 
 ford, flows N. through that of Cavan, and N. W 
 through Fermanagh into Donegal bay. In the 
 latter county It forms a lake, called Lough Erne 
 30 m. in length, containing several islands ; and 
 on one in the middle part, where the lake is very 
 narrow, stands the town of Enniskillen. 
 
 Ertice,a. town of France, in the department of 
 Mayenne, on a river of the same name, 15 m. N 
 N. W. of Laval. 
 
 Erodu, or Erroad, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Coimbetore, with a large mud fort. 
 Much coarse cotton cloth is made here and in the 
 vicinity. It is seated on a canal from the Bhaw- 
 ani, E. of the Cavery river, 75 m. W. N. W. of 
 Tritchinopoly. 
 
 Errol, t. Coos Co. N. H. on the W. of Umba 
 gog lake. Pop. 82. 
 
 Erromango, one of the new Hebrides in the S. 
 Pacific Ocean, 70 m. in circumference, with low 
 shores. On the W. side is a promontory that sep 
 arates two bays, and captain Cook, from the 
 treacherous behaviour of the inhabitants, named 
 it Traitor's Head. Long. 169. 19. E., lat. 13. 
 47. S. 
 
 Erry, a town of France, in the department of 
 Aube, 17 m. S. by W. of Troyes. 
 
 Erzcrum, or Arz Roum, the capital of Turkish 
 Armenia, with Armenian and Greek episcopal 
 sees. It is surrounded by double walls, de- 
 fended by strong towers, and estimated to con- 
 tain 125,000 inhabitants. The Turks are all jan- 
 issaries ; but most of them tradesmen, and re- 
 ceive no pay. The Armenians have two church- 
 es, the Greeks but one ; the latter are mostly braz- 
 iers, and live in the suburbs. A great trade is 
 carried on in furs, Persian silks, cottons, calicoes, 
 and drugs. This city is a thoroughfare, and a 
 resting place, for the caravans to the East Indies 
 It is situate between the two sources of the Eu- 
 phrates, at the foot of a chain of mountains, 104 
 in. S. E. of Trebisond, on the S. E. shore of the 
 Black Sea. Long. 41. 36. E.. lat. 39. 57. N. 
 
 Erigebirg, Circle of, a populous district of Up- 
 per Saxony, forming the S. W. part of the Mar- 
 graviate of Meissen, or Misnia, bounded on the 
 
ESN 
 
 285 
 
 ES(i 
 
 S. by the Bohemian mountains. It abounds in 
 valuable minerals. Freyburg, Altenburg, and 
 Chemnitz, are the principal towns. 
 
 Escalona, a town of Spain, in New Castile, sur- 
 rounded bv walls. It is situate oh an eminence, 
 in a fertile country, near the Albreche, a tributa- 
 ry of the Tacrus, 20 in. N. W. of Toledo, and 32 
 S. \V. of Madrid. 
 
 Escambia, a county of West Florida. Pop. 
 3,386. Pensacola is the capital. 
 
 Eschwcgen, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 the landgraviate of Hesse Cassel, seated on the 
 Werra, 25 m. E. S. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Esrurial, a village of Spain, in New Castile, 
 seated on the Guadara, 15 m. N. W. of Madrid. 
 It takes its name from a noble structure, founded 
 by Philip II. in memory of the victory gained 
 over the French near St. Quentin, in 1557. This 
 edifice consists of a royal palace, a church, a mon- 
 astery, a college, a library .shops of different artists, 
 apartments for a great number of people, beautiful 
 walks, large alleys, an extensive park, and fine 
 gardens. It is built of grey stones, found in the 
 neighbourhood, and in the lorm of a gridiron, be- 
 cause St. Lawrence, on whose day the victory 
 was gained, suffered martyrdom by being broiled 
 on such an instrument. It is along square of 740 
 feet by 580, and four stories high, with a tower 
 at each angle 200 feet high ; and the palace forms 
 the handle of this imaginary gridiron. The most 
 remarkable part is the arched chapel ; in which 
 is a magnificent sepulchre called the Pantheon, 
 being built in imitation of that church at Rome : 
 it is the burying-place of the kings and queens of 
 Spain; and is thought by some to be the most 
 curious piece of architecture in the world. The 
 church is built after the model of St. Peter's at 
 Rome. 
 
 Esgueyra, or Esgueria, a town of Portugal, in 
 3eira, 8 m. S. of Averio. 
 
 Esk, a river which rises in Scotland, in the N. 
 E. part of Dumfriesshire, and flows S. E. through 
 a dale to which it gives name to the edge of the 
 county. It there receives the Liddel from Rox- 
 burghshire, and enters Cumberland, flowing S. 
 bv Longtown into the N. E. extremity of Solway 
 frith. 
 
 Esk, a river of Scotland, in Edinburghshire, 
 formed by the junction of two streams called N. 
 and S. Esk. They almost encircle the town of 
 Dalkeith, passing on each side of the eminence 
 on which it stands, and unite a little below the 
 town. The river enters the Frith of Forth, at 
 Musselburgh. 
 
 Esk, North and South, two rivers of Scotland, 
 in Angusshire. which descend from the hills call- 
 ed the Braes of Angus. The former divides the 
 county from Kincardineshire for several miles, 
 and reaches the ocean, a little to the N. of Mont- 
 rose : the latter, after traversing the whole breadth 
 of the county, enters the bay on the W. of the 
 same town. 
 
 Eski Shehr, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- 
 tolia, on the river Sakaria, which falls into the 
 Black Sea, 80 m. E. S. E. of Bursa. Long. 3.1. 
 18. E., lat. 39.' 48. N. 
 
 Esnc, Asna, or Esnay, a town of Egypt, sup- 
 posed to be the ancient Latopolis. Here is an 
 ancient temple, with walls on three sides, and in 
 the front 24 columns, well preserved : within it 
 are three stories of hieroglyphics, of men about 
 three feet high ; and the ce'iling is adorned with 
 animals, painted with beautiful colours. On the 
 X. side of the town is another temple ; richly 
 
 carved with hieroglyphics, crocodiles, &c. and & 
 mile to the S. is the monastery of St. Helena, which 
 contains many magnificent tombs. Esne stands 
 on the Nile. 300 m. S. of Cario. Long. 31 . 40. E., 
 lat. 24. 46. N. 
 
 Esopus, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,770. 
 
 Espalion, a town of France, in the department 
 of Aveiron, on the river Lot, 14 m. N. N. E. of 
 Rhodez. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1325 
 contained 3,261 inhabitants. 
 
 Es/>erance,p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 
 
 Esposcnda, or Espandenda, a sea-port of Portu- 
 gal, in Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of 
 the. Cavado, 22 m. N. of Oporto. Long. 8. 21. W , 
 lat. 41. 32. N. 
 
 Esquimaux, a people of North America, chiefly 
 inhabiting Labrador, the shores of Hudson's bay, 
 the country between Gulf Welcome and Mac- 
 kenzie's River, and probably Bhering's Straits. 
 To the S. they extend as far as Slave Lake, and, 
 to the N., the territory which they occupy is 
 bounded by an icy sea, if such a sea really exists, 
 or else they extend their wandering excursions 
 into a frozen desert. A permament establishment 
 of this nation was met with by Captain Ross, at 
 Prince Regent's Bay, in lat. 76. N. ; and their 
 huts were numerous in many parts of Melville 
 Island, in lat. 75. N. The latter officer observed 
 them frequently in the islands of the Archipelago 
 of Barrow's Straits, though their timidity preven- 
 ted any intercourse. Little, squat, and feeble, 
 the complexion of these Polar men partakes less 
 of a copper hue, than of a reddish and dirty yel- 
 low. Their huts, which are of a circular form, 
 and are covered with deer-skins, can only be en- 
 tered by creeping on the belly. Yet the rude 
 necessities of the climate have suggested to this 
 feeble race many contrivances which do honour 
 to their ingenuity. The snow-house, or the com- 
 fortable, and comparatively speaking commodious 
 
 dwelling, which they construct from the frozen 
 snow that surrounds them, affords a favourable 
 example. The rapidity and neatness with which 
 they raise these edifices, and render them imper- 
 vious to the rigorous atmosphere around, is tru!y 
 admirable ; and these edifices, when finished, af- 
 ford their inhabitants a similar protection to that 
 which the vegetable world receives from a cover- 
 ing of snow. The Esquimaux of Prince Regent's 
 Bay, and of the Arctic Highlands, are entirely ig- 
 norant of boats and canoes, affording, it is said, 
 a unique instance of a fishing tribe unacquainted 
 with the means of floating on the water. Ross 
 advances strong grounds for considering them as 
 the true aboriginal race, from whence all other 
 Esquimaux are derived. They seem utterly ig 
 norant of the nations to the south, and may be 
 considered as an independent tribe, separated by 
 
ESS 
 
 286 
 
 EST 
 
 almost impassable mountains from the regions of 
 South Greenland, and extending beyond the most 
 northern inlet of Baffin's Bay. They are almosl 
 entirely destitute of religious ideas. The othei 
 tribes have canoes made of the skins of the sea 
 calf, which sail with great swiftness. These sav- 
 ages patiently work a grey and porous stone into 
 the shape of pitchers and kettles. The edges of 
 these vases are elegantly ornamented. They 
 preserve their provisions of meat in bags, filled 
 with whale oil. Those who live near the mouth 
 of Mackenzie's River, shave their heads, a pecu- 
 liar custom, but not sufficient of itself to prove an 
 Asiatic origin. 
 
 Esquimaux, Bay, a bay on the S. coast of Lab- 
 rador, at the entrance to the straits of Belleisle 
 from the gulf of St. Lawrence. Long. 57. 59. W., 
 lat. 51. 30. N. 
 
 Esquimaux Islands, a cluster of small islands in 
 the gulf of St. Lawrence, off the entrance to the 
 bay. 
 
 Esseg, or Eszch, a trading town of Sclavonia, 
 with a strong castle. It has a wooden bridge over 
 the Drave, into Lower Hungary, and the marsh- 
 es, 8 m. in length, and 80 feet in breadth, with 
 towers at a quarter of a m. distant from each oth- 
 er. It is a difficult pass, and several battles have 
 been fought here between the Turks and Ger- 
 mans. Esseg was taken from the Turks in 1C87, 
 since which time it has continued in the hands of 
 the house of Austria. It is seated on the river 
 Drave, 100 m. W. N. W. of Belgrade, and 136 S. 
 of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E., lat. 30. 45. N. Pop. 
 about 9,000 
 
 Essen, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of 
 Berg. Here are several Catholic churches and 
 convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Luther- 
 ans. It is 8 m. E. of Duysburg. 
 
 Essens, a town of Westphalia, in East Fries- 
 land, near the German Ocean, 20 m. N. N. E. of 
 Emden. 
 
 Essequibo, a river of Dutch Guiana, on which 
 is a settlement of the same name, in lat. 7. N. 
 long. 58. 30. W. It formerly belonged to the 
 Dutch, but was ceded to the English in 1814. 
 The river is 300 m. long and 20 wide at its mouth 
 but incommoded with shoals. The whole dis- 
 trict is fertile and well cultivated, producing cof- 
 fee, cotton, sugar and cocoa. 
 
 Essex, a maritime and beautifully fertile coun- 
 ty of England. It is bounded on the S. by the 
 river Thames, which divides it from the county 
 of" Kent. The county is nearly a square, the 
 area of which is 1 ,532 square m. It possesses a 
 variety of soil and face of country. The S. W. 
 part is occupied principally by the two forests of 
 Epping and Hainhault, and is noted for its butter, 
 which takes the name of Epping butter. The N. 
 W. part from Saffron- Walden to Cambridge, is 
 famous for the growth of saffron ; and for a kind 
 of triple crop of coriander, carraway, and teazle, 
 which are all sown together, but come to matu- 
 rity at different periods. The middle part is a 
 fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities 
 of surface, aud sprinkled with woods. The part 
 bordering on the Thames and the sea consists 
 chiefly of marshy grounds, which afford excellent 
 pasturage, being secured from the inroad of the 
 tides by embankments. Its contiguity to the 
 metropolis, affords it a facile and advantageous 
 market for its surplus produce of grain, seeds, 
 calves, butter, poultry, potatoes, fruit, wild fowl, 
 and oysters, all of which it supplies in a greater 
 proportion than any other counly in the kingdom ; 
 
 yet, notwithstanding all the advantages of fertil 
 ity, abundance, and contiguity to market, pau- 
 perism and crime prevail to an equal extent to 
 any, and to a much greater extent than in most 
 other parts of the kingdom. The manufacture of 
 baize and other worsted stuffs was formerly car- 
 ried on over the greater part of this county, but 
 since the middle of the 18th century it has pro- 
 gressively declined, and is now almost extinct. 
 It has large establishments for the printing of 
 calico, and mills for making sheet lead. 
 
 Essex is also the name of a county in Upper 
 Canada, forming a promontory at the southern 
 extremity of the province, and nearly surrounded 
 by lakes Erie, and St. Clair, and Detroit river. 
 
 Essex is also the name of five counties in differ- 
 ent parts of the United States of America: viz. 
 
 First in Vermont, bounded on the E. for about 
 45 m. by the Connecticut river, and bounded on 
 the N. by Lower Canada; its mean breadth is 
 about 20 in. Population 3,981 : chief town Guild- 
 hall. 
 
 Second, forming the N. E. part of the state of 
 Massachusetts, bordering on New Hampshire and 
 the Atlantic Ocean ; it is intersected by the 
 Merrimack river, and contains several large 
 towns : viz. Newburyport, Ipswich, Gloucester 
 Marblehead, Salem, and Beverly, &c. Popula 
 tion 82,887. Salem is the chief town. 
 
 Third, in New York, bounded on the E. for 52 
 m. by lake Champlain. Population 19,187. The 
 court house is at Elizabeth town, in Pleasant Val- 
 ley. 
 
 Fourth, in New Jersey, bounded on the W., N. 
 and E. by the Passaic river ; its area is only about 
 150 square m. Pop. 41,028. Newark, is the chief 
 town ; its contiguity to New York renders it the 
 most populous and important part of the State. 
 
 Fifth, in the E. District of Virginia, on the S. 
 W. bank of the Rappahannock river, along which 
 it extends about 30 m. being about 8 m. in mean 
 breadth. Pop. 10,531. Tappahannock, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Essex, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. Pop. 1,664 
 Also a village in Middlesex Co. Conn. 
 
 Esslingen, a village of Austria, on the N bank, 
 of the Danube, about 6 m. E. S. E. of Vienna, 
 between which and Aspern a sanguinary battle 
 was fought between the French and Austrians, 
 on the 2lst and 22nd May, 1809. 
 
 Esslingen, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom 
 of Wurtemberg. Here are several convents, but 
 the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans. It has 
 three extensive suburbs, and its district yields 
 good Neckar wine. It is seated on the Neckar, 8 
 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 7,000. 
 
 Estain, a town of France in the department of 
 Meuse, 12 m. E. N. E. of Verdun. 
 
 Estakar, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, capitai 
 of a district of the same name. Near it are the 
 magnificent ruins of ancient Persepolis. It is 50 
 m. N. E. of Shiras. Long. 53. 40. E.. lat. 30. 5. N. 
 
 Estavayer, a town and baliwick of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle, seated 
 on the lake of Neufchatel, 13 m. W. of Friburo-. 
 
 Este, a populous town of the Venetian territory, 
 14 m. S. S. W. of Padua. 
 
 Estdla, an episcopal town of Spain, in Navarre, 
 with a castle and a university, seated on the 
 Esra. 15 m. W. S. W. of Pamplona. Long. 2. 2 
 W.. lat. 42. 38. N. 
 
 Eslepa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with an 
 ancient castle on a mountain, 18 m. S. of Ecija 
 and 58 E. of Seville. 
 
ETA 
 
 287 
 
 EUH 
 
 Estepona, a town of Spain, in Granada, near 
 f.he coast, 20 m. W. S. W. of Marbella. 
 
 Eslerabad. See Asterabad. 
 
 Esthonia, or Revel, a government of the Russian 
 empire, bounded on the W. by the Baltic, N. by 
 the gulf of Finland, E. by Ingria, and S. by Livo- 
 nia. After having been long an object of bloody 
 contention between the Russians, Poles, and 
 Swedes, it was confirmed to the latter by the 
 peace of Oliva in 1660 ; but it was subdued by 
 Peter the Great in 1710, and finally ceded to Rus- 
 sia in 1721. It is divided into 4 circles. Revel 
 is the capital. 
 
 Esthxcaite -water, a lake in Lancashire, Eng. be- 
 tween Hawkshead and Windermere-water. It is 
 two m. and a half long, and half a m. broad, in- 
 tersected by a peninsula from each side, jetting 
 far into the lake. On the banks are villages and 
 scattered houses, pleasantly situate under woods 
 and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all 
 heightened by the strong back ground of rocky 
 mountains. No char are found in this lake, 
 though it is connected with Windermere-water. 
 
 Estill, an interior county in the E. part of the 
 state of Kentucky, intersected by the Kentucky 
 river ; its area is about 500 square m. Pop. 4,018. 
 Irvine is the chief town. 
 
 Estillville, p.v. Scott Co. Va. 
 
 Estremadura, a province of Spain, extending 
 from the lat. of 37. 56. to 40. 15. of N. lat. bounded 
 on the W. by the Portuguese province of Alemtejo 
 and part of Beira. It is about 90 m. in mean 
 breadth, giving an area of 14,400 square m. The 
 pop. in 1820, was returned at 428,493. The N. 
 end is intersected by the Tagus, and the S. by the 
 Guadiana ; it seems a country of great capability. 
 The vine, olive, and corn, all luxuriate within its 
 limits. Cattle and fine wool are the chief articles 
 of trade ; and great herds of black swine are fed 
 on the hills, which are covered with oaks. Ba- 
 dajoz, near the Portuguese frontier, is the capital, 
 and the other principal towns are Plazencia, Coria, 
 Alcantara, Albuquerque, Truxillo, Merida, Oliven- 
 za, Xeres, and Llerena. 
 
 Estremadura, the metropolitan province of Por- 
 tugal, lying on both sides of the Tagus ; its area 
 is about 700 square m. and the pop. in 1810, was 
 returned at 82b',G80. The part S. of the Tagus 
 is mountainous and unproductive, whilst the N. 
 although in parts mountainous, is exceedingly 
 fertile ; the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other 
 delicious fruits, as well as corn, millet, and le- 
 gumes, abound. Besides Lisbon, the capital of the 
 province, and of all Portugal, the other principal 
 towns are Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarein, 
 and Alenquer, all N. of the Tagus, and Setubal 
 near the coast on the S. 
 
 Estremos, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, and 
 one of the strongest in the kingdom, being sur- 
 rounded by ten bastions. An earthenware is 
 made here, generally esteemed for its beauty and 
 fine smell ; and in the vicinity are quarries of 
 beautiful marble. It is 18 m. W. of Elvas. and 
 100 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about G,500. 
 
 Eszck, or Eszeg. See Esseg. 
 
 Elampes, a town of France, in the department 
 o r Se ne and Oise, seated on the river Loel or 
 Etampes, 15 m. E. of Chartres. It is distinguished 
 for the murder of its prefect on the 1st of March, 
 1792. Pop. in 1825. 7,693. 
 
 Etaplcs, a town of France, in the department of 
 Pas de Calais, situate on the English Channel. 
 ne.T the mouth of the river Canehe, 13 m. S. of 
 Boulogne. 
 
 Elaya, or Etaweh, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Agra, situate on the E. bank of the 
 Jumna, which is here 60 feet high. On the top, 
 near the river, are the remains of a fort. It is 62 
 m. S. E. of Agra. Long. 79. 16. E., lat. 26. 45. 
 N. 
 
 Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region of 
 Africa has been distinguished by some geogra 
 phers, who have divided it into Upper and Lowei 
 Ethiopia. The first includes Nubia, Abyssinia, 
 and part of Guinea : the second all the countries 
 S. of the equinoctial line, as Congo, Monumugi, 
 Monomotapa, &c. Ethiopia appears to have once 
 been a great and powerful empire, but the details 
 of its history are lost in the vortex of time. The 
 Egyptian empire, was probably founded on the 
 ruin of that of Ethiopia. 
 
 Etienne, St. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Loire. Beside the manufactures of arms, 
 hardware, and cutlery (the most considerable in 
 France,) the weaving of ribbands forms a consid- 
 erable article of commerce. Coal is found in the 
 neighbourhood, and also a soft stone, fit for grind- 
 stones. It is the seat of a prefect, 20 m. S. E. of 
 Montbrison, and 32 S. W. of Lyon. Pop. in 1825, 
 19,102. 
 
 %• There are about a dozen other towns in dif- 
 ferent parts of France, named after St. Etienne 
 (Stephen) all inconsiderable. 
 
 Etire Loch, a navigable inlet of the sea, on the 
 W. coast of Scotland, in Argyleshire. It is 20 m. 
 in length, but of very unequal breadth; and its 
 banks are indented with creeks, which afford 
 safe anchorage. About 7 m. from the en- 
 trance it contracts into a narrow channel, called 
 Connel, where a ridge of rocks occasion, at par- 
 ticular times of the tide, a violent current. About 
 2 m. below is the ancient castle of Dunstaffnage. 
 
 Etna. See JEtna. 
 
 Etna, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 
 362. Also a village in Tompkins Co. N. Y. 
 
 Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, England, 
 seated on the N. bank of the Thames, opposite to 
 Windsor, to which it is united by an elegant stone 
 bridge over the river. Eton is celebrated for its 
 school, founded by Henry VI. 1440, for the edu- 
 cation of 70 scholars, a portion of which, when 
 duty qualified, are annually elected to King's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. In addition to the 70 founda- 
 tion scholars, there are generally 3 to 400 of the 
 sons of the opulent classes, receive their educa- 
 tion at Eton. The buildings are commodious and 
 elegant, their light gothic turrets form a beautiful 
 and interesting contrast to the massive and ma- 
 jestic towers of Windsor Castle, from which it is 
 separated only by the river. Eton is 22 m. N. W 
 of London. Pop. in 1821,2,475. 
 
 Etruria. See Tuscany, and Stoke upon Trent. 
 
 Ettenhcim, a town in the territory of the grand 
 duke of Baden, 25 m. S.by E. of Strasburg. 
 
 Ettlingcn, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of 
 Baden, on the river Albe, 4 m. S. S. W. of 
 Durlach. 
 
 Em, a town of France, in the department ol 
 Lower Seine, with a strong castle, and a harbour 
 for small vessels at Treport. The principal trade 
 is in serges and lace. It is seated on the river 
 Bresle, near the English channel, 15 m. N. E. of 
 Dieppe. 
 
 Eufemia, St. a town of Naples, on the W. coast 
 of Calabria Ulteriore, on a gulf of the Mediter- 
 ranean, to which it gives name, 27 m. S. by E. 
 of Cosenza. 
 
 Eu-ho, or Precious-river, a river of China, in 
 
El'R 
 
 233 
 
 EUR 
 
 Pe-tche-li, which flows N. E. into the Pei-ho, at 
 Tien-sing. Much grain is conveyed by this riv- 
 er for Pekin and it is°also important for its connec- 
 tion with the N. extremity of the grand canal. 
 
 Eule, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Kurziir, with a gold mine, 11 m. S. by E. Prague. 
 
 Ev -alors'ia. or Koslnf. a town of Russia, in the 
 Crimea or government of Taurida, situate on the 
 W. side of a salt lake, and near the Black Sea, 
 68 m. S. bv. W. of Perecop. Long. 33. 16. E., 
 lat. 45. 12. N. 
 
 Eupen. See Oeper.. 
 
 Euphrates, a noble river of Western Asia, whicn 
 rises from three sources in Turkish Armenia. 
 The principal head is about 35 m. S. E. of Erze- 
 rum, and is called by the Turks Binggheuil Frat, 
 or 1,000 springs, and on the opposite side of the 
 mountains from whence these springs flow, the 
 Raksi, a branch oftheAras, which falls into the 
 Caspian sea below Shirvan. also has its source: 
 another branch of the Euphrates rises about 35 m. 
 N. by W. of Erzerum ; these two branches unite 
 in the long, of 40. E., and lat. of 39. 50. N., and 
 about 40. m. W. by S. of Erzerum, from whence 
 the united stream becomes navigable for boats. 
 Another branch rises on the frontier of Persia, in 
 the lono-. of 43. 40. E., and runs a course nearly 
 due W.lo the long, of 39. 25. and lat. of 39. ; the 
 united streams are then called the Frat, and flow 
 in a direction S. S. W. to Semisat, in the lat. of 
 37. 8. N. and long, of 37. 20. E., being within 00 
 m. of the gulf of Aiasso, at the N. E. extremity 
 of the Mediterranean; from this point the Eu- 
 phrates flows in a S. E. direction through 12 de- 
 grees of longitude in European Turkey, falling 
 into the gulf of Persia, in the lat. of 30., and long, 
 of 48. 40. E., the meridional distance from the 
 source to the mouth of this noble river, is about 
 800 m. but the course of the stream is about 1,200. 
 It is navigable for ships of the largest burthen to 
 Bassora, 35 m. from its mouth; and, were the 
 country through which it runs, inhabited by a so- 
 cial and well organized people, it might be instru- 
 mental to the conveyance of a reciprocal inter- 
 change of the products of Asia and Europe. A 
 social, scientific, and enterprising people would 
 not be content with its communicating with the 
 Persian gulf, but would unite its waters with the 
 Mediterranean on one side, and the Caspian sea 
 on the other. The ancient Babylon was seated on 
 its banks. See Syria. Irak-Arabi. and Roum, and 
 Tigris. 
 
 Eure, a department of the N. of France, so na- 
 med from a river which intersects the E. part, fall- 
 ing into the Seine, about 15 m. above Rouen ; the 
 Seine then forms its northern boundary to its en- 
 trance into the sea. Eure, however, may be con- 
 sidered a manufacturing and agricultural, rather 
 than a maritime department. It is divided into 
 Wve arrondissements. 
 
 Eure and Loire, an interior department of 
 France, bordering on the preceding province, on 
 the S. It is so named from the two rivers, the 
 Eure and the Loire, both of which rise within the 
 department; the Loire flowing to the S., and the 
 Eure to the N., as described in the preceding 
 article. 
 
 Europe, one of the five grand divisions of the 
 irlobe ; the extreme limits of which, are Cape 
 Matapan, S. in 30. 23. N. and 22. 29. E., Cape St. 
 Vincent, W. in 37. 3. N. and 9. 2. W., Cape North, 
 N. in 71. 10. N. and 25. 50. E., Cara River, E. in 
 GO. 30. N. and 03. 30. E. The longest meridional 
 line, that could be drawn across EuroDe, would 
 
 be from Europa point, in the strait of Gibraltar 
 which divides Europe from the N. W. extreinitv 
 of Africa, in the lat. of 36. 7. N.. and 5. 20. of W. 
 long-., to the Cara river, in the long, of 63. 30. E. 
 in the lat. of 66. 30. N. This line, the angle of 
 which is N. E. bearing E. would intersect the 
 gulfs of Dantzig, Riga, and Finland, and the lakes 
 Ladoga and Onega ; and its length would be 
 3,065 geographical, or 3,546 English statute m. 
 The longest line that could be drawn from S. to 
 N. would be from Cape Matapan at the S. extrem 
 ity of the Morea, to Cape North, at the northern 
 extremity of Finmark : this line would intersect 
 the gulf of Riga, the entrance to the gulf of Fin- 
 land, and the N. E. shore of the gulf of Bothnia ; 
 and its length would be 2,090 geographical, or 
 2.423 English statute m. The boundaries of Eu- 
 rope, however, on all sides, are extremely irregu- 
 lar, jetting out into several great peninsulas, so 
 that if it was resolved into a square, the sides 
 would not exceed 1,600 geographical m. each way. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Sea, W. 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, S.from the long, of 5. W. 
 to 35. E. by the Mediterranean Sea, and E. by 
 Asia. 
 
 Among all the divisions of the globe, Europe is 
 that in which perhaps the works of external na- 
 ture are on the smallest scale, and in which cer 
 tainly the development of mind is the greatest. 
 " A mere adjunct of the immense Asiatic conti- 
 nent " — to use the words of the most illustrious 
 geographer of modern times — " the whole penin- 
 sula could hardly contain a basin large enough 
 for the Nile, the Kiang, or the Amazon. Its 
 loftiest mountains cannot be compared in height, 
 or in extent to the Andes, or Himalayas. If all 
 its downs and uncultivated lands were added to 
 the sandy plains of Africa, the augmentation might 
 be wholly imperceptible. The productions of 
 the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms are 
 here few and insignificant. Its mines do not 
 abound in gold ; the diamond is not found among 
 its minerals. There are not more than fifteen or, 
 twenty species of quadrupeds that belong exclu- 
 sively to Europe, and these are not of the most 
 useful kind. Some animals, as the horse, the ox, 
 the sheep, and the dog, have been greatly improv- 
 ed by the care and industry of man ; but the 
 most valuable natural productions have been im- 
 ported from other quarters of the world. The 
 silk-w T orm was brought from India, fine wool from 
 Mauritania, the peach from Persia, the orange 
 from China, and the potato from America, [t 
 it is rich, its wealth has been derived from 
 the produce or spoils of other countries." Pre- 
 senting a less extent of surface than Asia, Africa, 
 or America, this continent shows that surface more 
 crowded with men, improved by cultivation, en- 
 riched by productive industry, and extensive com- 
 merce, embellished with mighty cities, and splen- 
 did works of art, illumined with the reflections of 
 genius, and invested with irresistible preponder- 
 ance in the scale of political importance. In oth 
 er regions, we contemplate, amid the great physi 
 cal features of the scene, 
 
 A world of wonders, where creation seems 
 No more the works of Nature, but her dreams. 
 
 In Europe, we behold a yet more elevating 
 spectacle, — spirit asserting its supremacy oyer 
 body, — and man, the lord of nature, pursuing 
 most gloriously the high destiny originally as- 
 signed him ' to replenish the earth, and to sub- 
 due it.' In other regions, it is matter we wonder 
 
EUR 
 
 280 
 
 EUR 
 
 at ; in Europe, it is rnind we admire. Here hu- 
 manity has her chosen seat, and from hence have 
 emanated her noblest gifts. 
 
 The superficial extent of Europe has been va- 
 riously estimated by different geographers. Our 
 want of information respecting the extent of some 
 countries, and the doubts regarding the real boun- 
 daries between Europe and Asia, noticed above, 
 increase the difficulty of stating precisely the ex- 
 tent of surface belonging to Europe. Kitchen 
 reckons 3,258,038 English square miles ; Hassel, 
 3,331,579; and Crome, 3,796,349. Perhaps, not- 
 withstanding its irregularity of form, we may as- 
 certain the superficial area of this continent with 
 tolerable accuracy, by reducing it to an oblong 
 square. If for angles of this square, be taken the 
 North Cape in Norway, and the town of Ekate- 
 rineburg in the Russian government of Perm, 
 Bordeaux in France, and Cape Solomon the east- 
 ern extremity of the Island of Crete, the sides 
 of this parallelogram will measure 2,100 fn'.', and 
 1,500 m. respectively, and will enclose a super- 
 ficies of 3,150,000 square m. ; and the different 
 portions of land excluded from this measure- 
 ment, will amount to about 300,000 square m., 
 making in all a superficial extent of 3,450,000 
 square m. Europe thus embraces about one- 
 sixteenth part of the whole terrestrial surface 
 of the globe ; and, with all its islands, does not 
 exceed in superficial extent, the Australian con- 
 tinent. Europe is particularly distinguished by 
 the seas and numerous gulfs that wash its shores, 
 and the number and extent of its inland waters. 
 Hence the facility with which the commercial in- 
 tercourse of nations is here conducted ; and hence 
 too the influence which Britain has been enabled 
 to exert over the political destinies of Europe, as 
 a great maritime power. Europe has an abun- 
 dance of inland lakes. The greater part of them 
 are situated in Switzerland, Upper Italy, Ger- 
 many, Russia, and Sweden; but very few of 
 them can be compared, in point of extent, to 
 those found in other parts of the world. The 
 largest European lake is the Ladoga, in Russia, 
 which has a superficial extent of 0,340 square m. ; 
 the Onega, in the same country, is about half that 
 size, and greatly exceeds the largest of the re- 
 maining lakes. The accumulation of lakes, or 
 insulated pools of water, in some places of Europe, 
 is very remarkable. Some Russian governments 
 possess an incredible number. They are less nu- 
 merous in the western parts of Europe. But in 
 Iceland, a hundredth part of the territory is occu- 
 pied by lakes. Europe is abundantly watered, 
 though its rivers are greatly inferior in size to 
 those of the other continents. In fact, this con- 
 tinent is too much intersected by the sea, and 
 presents too small a mass of land, to abound in 
 such magnificent streams as are found elsewhere. 
 In the eastern part only, where it stands con- 
 nected with the great Asiatic massof land, is found 
 any considerable breadth of contiguous territory, 
 and here also do we find its largest rivers. 
 
 The greater part of Europe is a mountainous 
 surface ; but the masses which tower up in the 
 south greatly exceed those of the north. The 
 plains of Europe are much inferior in dimensions 
 to the same physical feature in the other conti- 
 nents. With the exception of the wide valley of 
 the Theiss, and the basin of the Po, we do not 
 recognise any extensive plain on the south of the 
 Sudetic chain ; but an enormous plain extends 
 from the mouth of the Rhine, over the whole of 
 northern Germany and the o-reater part of Poland, 
 37 "" 
 
 to the foot of the Uralian chain. The difference 
 in creneral elevation between northern and south- 
 ern Europe may be illustrated by stating, that if 
 the waters of the Atlantic Ocean were to rise 
 1 ,500 or 1 , GOO feet above their present level, the 
 whole of northern Europe, with the exception of 
 the mountainous districts of Norway and Scot- 
 land, would be laid under water ; while southern 
 Europe, on the contrary, being higher than the 
 level of such inundation, would form one or two 
 large and high islands. The most elevated dis- 
 tricts in Europe are Switzerland and Savoy. In 
 the comparatively level countries of Europe, ex- 
 tending from Iceland to the Caspian sea, the 
 mountains rise in insulated groups ; while in the 
 southern and central parts of this continent, ar 
 from Etna in Sicily, to the Blocksberg of the Man., 
 and from the Strait of Gibraltar, to the Bosphoius, 
 all the mountains belong to one great connected 
 sj'stem. In this quarter are the Alps, — the high- 
 est, and beyond comparison the most extensive 
 range of mountains in Europe, though scarcely 
 exceeding i e-half of the average height of the 
 great South American chain under the equator. 
 Perpetual ice commences here at the elevation of 
 7,000 or 8.000 feet. At the height of 10,800 feet 
 the ice disappears, and the atmospheric vapour, 
 congealed as it descends, covers the ground with 
 eternal snow. The Alps extend over a space of 
 13,000 square miles. They branch out, in vari- 
 ous angular directions, into the Maritime, Cot- 
 tian, Graian, Peninne, Lepontine, Swiss, Rhe- 
 tian, Norian, Carnian, Julian, and Dinarian Alps, 
 which again spread out in many secondary chains. 
 The Apennines, stretching in a vast crescent 
 through the whole length of the Italian peninsula, 
 and evidently connected with the mountains of 
 Sicily, may be regarded as a sonthern branch of 
 the Alpine series. The average height of this 
 chain is about 5,000 feet. A second great chain 
 stretches its branches over the whole peninsula 
 of the Pyrenees. The two outer bulwarks of this 
 peninsula — which consists of a central plain ele- 
 vated from 2,000 to 4,000 feet — are the moun- 
 tains commonly called the Pyrenees, stretching 
 between France and Spain on the north, and the 
 Alpujarras or Sierra Nevada of Spain on the south. 
 The mountains of Auvergne, which are connect- 
 ed with those of Vivarais and the Cevennesy are 
 united to the Pyrenees by the Logere. At the 
 other extremity of Europe, three chains of moun- 
 tains meet together, collectively called Argen- 
 taro, at a point nearly equidistant from the Danube,, 
 the Adriatic, and the iEgean Sea. This central 
 point may be considered as the nucleus of all the 
 mountain in European Turkey. From it pro- 
 ceeds the ancient Hasmus or modern Balkan r 
 eastwards to the Black Sea. A second range runs; 
 N. W. till it joins the Carnian Alps; and a third! 
 runs southwards through the peninsula, dividing 
 the northern continent of Greece into two parts 
 of nearly equal breadth, aswi passing into the 
 islands of the Archipelago. As the Hellenic 
 Mountains, with the exception perhaps of Athos- 
 and Olympus, have never been accurately meas- 
 ured, it is impossible to determine whether os 
 not they are higher than the Apennines. Mount 
 Orbelus, the northern boundary of the country, 
 has, according to Ponqnevirie, its summit perpetu- 
 ally covered with snow, and must therefore, ac- 
 cording to the laws that fix the lower limit of con- 
 gelation, exceed 8,500 feet of elevation.. None 
 of the other Hellenic Mountains, however, wheth 
 er they be insulated or disposed! in groups and 
 
EUR 
 
 290 
 
 EUR 
 
 ranges, attain the line of perpetual snow. The 
 Carpathian and Hercynian Mountains are sepa- 
 rated from the Alps and the Hellenic Mountains 
 hy the Danube. This wild range, the general 
 elevation of which is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, 
 completely encircles Transylvania, and is con- 
 nected with the Sudetes or Giant Mountains of 
 Silesia, and the Erzgcbirge or Metallic Mountains 
 of Saxony. The mountains of Russia have no 
 visible connexion with the other European moun- 
 tains. The woody heights of Valdai and Duder- 
 hof seem to form their centre, from which a num- 
 ber of secondary branches diverge, like radii, in- 
 to the surrounding country. The British, Irish, 
 and Icelandic mountains are all of secondary 
 rank. There are only three volcanoes properly 
 so called, in Europe; viz. Etna, Vesuvius, and 
 Hecla. Besides these, however, there are nine 
 jukels in Iceland, and two mountains upon Strom- 
 boli and Milo, which emit flames. Some natural- 
 ists assert that there are two great subterranean 
 fires under Europe, one of which cuts the first 
 meridian of the Arctic polar circle, and the other 
 extends under Italy and the Mediterranean, to- 
 wards the Archipelago. 
 
 The greater part of Europe is situated within 
 the northern Temperate zone ; about a twelfth 
 part only of its superficies extends within the 
 Arctic polar circle. Although the astronomical 
 climates are greatly modified in this part of the 
 world by physical causes, we may, in taking a 
 general view of the climate of Europe, consider 
 it divided into four different districts, the boun- 
 daries of which are defined by parallels of latitude. 
 The Arctic district of Europe extends over a 
 superficies of about 400,000 square m., and the 
 warm district may be estimated at 540,000 square 
 m ; while upwards of 1,500,000 square m. belong 
 to the cold, and 970,000 to the temperate. With 
 the exception perhaps of Australia, Europe in 
 natural fertility of soil, and variety and richness 
 of pn^ Lotions, is much inferior to any other di- 
 vision <>' L.'e earth. Zimmermann asserts that 
 it has oniy sixteen species of indigenous animals., 
 and these chiefly mice and bats. Some species 
 of wild animals have entirely disappeared before 
 the increase of population, while others have be- 
 come extremely rare The Fallow Deer are 
 found in greatest abundance in England. Yet 
 
 here they are diminishing. — And according to 
 Aristotle, the lion was once found in Greece, but 
 it no longer exists in Europe. The buffalo, the 
 elk, the stein-buck, and the beaver, are becoming 
 daily more rare in Europe ; and the varieties of 
 game — which once seemed to possess, under the 
 protection of merciless tyrants, a fuller right in 
 the soil than man himse!."— are now confined to 
 juster limits. The rein-deer and dog are the 
 only domestic animals of the Polar zone. The 
 walrus, white bear, and blue fox, appear on the 
 
 shores of the Frozen Sea. The horse is found 
 to the GGth parallel, but in the high latitudes is 
 reduced to a dwarfish stature; cattle too lose 
 their horns in the northern regions, and shrink 
 in size ; even man himself appears here an infe- 
 rior species, whether physically or morally con- 
 sidered. Some Asiatic animals are found in 
 the neighbourhood of the Caspian and Sea of 
 Azof. The black bear, the urus, and the wolf, 
 are the most formidable wild animals now known 
 
 in Europe. The jackal is found in all the warm 
 regions ; and the lynx and wild-cat attain con- 
 siderable dimensions in the Italian forests. Eu- 
 rope, though not wholly free of dangerous rep 
 tiles, suffers less from their presence than any 
 other region of the globe. The chameleon is 
 one of the most singular European reptiles The 
 
 mosquito is troublesome in the highest north ; and 
 flights of locusts occasionally arrive in Taurida 
 from the African or Syrian coast. Europe is in- 
 debted for its most valuable plants to other climes. 
 Originally it probably possessed little more than 
 forest-trees, a few shrubs, and some species of 
 grass. The cereal and leguminous plants are 
 now universally cultivated, and garden-herbs are 
 here usually of finer quality than elsewhere.. The 
 vine is successfully cultivated at Witzenhausen 
 under 51. 21 . 30., and at Zullichau under 51. 58. ; 
 but, with these exceptions, wine manufactured 
 above the 50th parallel does not deserve the name. 
 The northern countries furnish good materials for 
 the carpenter and ship-builder. The forest-trees 
 of the warmer climate are tamarisks, carubes. 
 sumachs, mastics, the cork-tree, planes, syca- 
 mores, and cypresses. Every species of the infe- 
 rior and superior metals, and even several of the 
 more precious minerals, are found in Europe. 
 Hungary and Transylvania possess the nobler 
 ores ; Russia, Sweden, and Norway, abound in 
 iron ; England produces copper and tin ; and 
 Scotland, lead. There are likewise extensive 
 mines of rock-salt, alum, saltpetre, and coal, in 
 Europe. 
 
 It is difficult to estimate the precise amount of 
 the population of Europe, notwithstanding the 
 accuracy with which the census of most coun- 
 tries has been taken : for we do not possess a 
 census of contemporary surveys, and in Turkey 
 the population can only be loosely estimated from 
 the number of hearths paying tax to the Porte 
 The population-returns of Russia, Hungary, Spain, 
 
EUX 
 
 291 
 
 EVO 
 
 and Transylvania, are very old. In 1787, Zim- 
 mermann estimated the population of Europe 
 at 144,000,000 ; at present, according to Malte 
 Brun, it is not likely to be overrated at 205,000,000. 
 In 1819, Hassel estimated it at 180,550,000. Per- 
 haps 200,000,000 will be pretty near the truth, 
 which gives an increase of 50,000,000 in 40 years. 
 This population is not equally concentrated 
 throughout Europe. Thus, in the Duchy of 
 Lucca, it is in the ratio of 288 to a square m. ; 
 while in Iceland and Faroe it is only 4 2-3. ; 
 in the Netherlands it is as 212, in Great Britain 
 as 178, and in Sweden and Norway as 10 to 
 the square m. Upon the whole, the south of 
 Europe is more populous than the north in 
 proportion to its extent : and must continue so, 
 as the means of subsistence are procured with so 
 much greater facility in the countries of the for- 
 mer than in those of" the latter. The climate of 
 Norway is quite as favourable to longevity as 
 that of Lucca ; but the one comprehends a vast 
 tract of rugged, untillable surface, — the other is 
 a garden throughout. 
 
 In almost every European State, we find the 
 citizens divided into four distinct classes. The 
 first is that of the nobility, which exists in every 
 State, with the exception of Norway and the 
 Turkish empire. Nobility is, in most cases view- 
 ed in Europe as an hereditary rank ; but it can 
 be acquired by the will of the sovereign, and 
 even, in some instances, purchased by money. 
 The clergy form the second class of the commu- 
 nity. The third is that of the citizens, or inhab- 
 itants of towns, which in most countries enjoys 
 peculiar rights and privileges. The fourth and 
 lowest class includes the peasants, and forms the 
 mass of the population in every country. 
 
 Eurville, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Marne, 5 m. S. E. of St. Dizier. 
 
 Euskirchen, a town of the Prussian states, 23 m. 
 m. S. E. of Juliers. 
 
 Eustace, an island which forms, with a long 
 point of land, the entrance to the harbour of St. 
 Augustine, in E. Florida. 
 
 Eustatia, St. one of the least of the Leeward Isl- 
 ands, in the West Indies, 10 m. N. W. of St. Chris- 
 topher. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar 
 loaf, whose top is hollow, yet for its size, it is one 
 of the most valuable of all the Carribees. To- 
 bacco is cultivated on its sides, to the very sum- 
 mit ; and hogs, kids, rabbits, and all kinds of poul- 
 try, are in great abundance. It has a town of 
 the same name, with a good fort. It was taken by 
 the English in 1731, who pillaged the inhabitants, 
 and confiscated all private property ; it was soon 
 after retaken by the French, and restored to the 
 Dutch, in 1783 ; again taken by the English, in 
 1801, and again restored to the Dutch, at the gen- 
 eral peace of 1814. 
 
 Eutin, a town of Lower Saxony, in Holstein, 
 near the side of a lake, 20 m. N. N. W. of Lu- 
 bec. 
 
 Euxine, or Black Sea, a large inland sea, divid- 
 ing Europe from Asia, between the latitudes of 
 41. and 47. N. extending E. from the long, of 28. 
 to 41.25., giving aa extreme length from W. to 
 E. of GOO geographical, or 702 British statute m. 
 On the W. it washes the coasts of Romania, Bul- 
 garia, and Bessarabia ; and on that side receives 
 the waters of the Danube : at the N. W. corner 
 it receives the waters of the Dneister, and the 
 Dnieper, which flow through the southern prov- 
 inces of European Russia ; and from the N. be- 
 tween the longitudes of 33 and 37. E. projects 
 
 the peninsula of the Crimea, or Russian province 
 of Taurida. A narrow strait at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of this peninsula, leads into the sea of 
 Azof, into which flows the river Don : the N. E. 
 part of the Euxine, washes the coast of Circassia, 
 and the territory of the Abkhas ; the eastern ex- 
 tremity washes the coast of Mingrelia, which con- 
 tributes to the waters of the Euxine by several 
 streams, the most important of which is the Roni 
 or Phasis : the S. part washes the coasts of the 
 Turkish provinces of Armenia, Roum, and Natolia 
 which contribute the waters of the Kisil-Jermak, 
 and numerous other rivers of inferior note. The 
 Euxine communicates with the Mediterranean, 
 first by the narrow strait of Constantinople into 
 the sea of Marmora, and from thence by the Dar- 
 danelles, the ancient Hellespont, or Thracian Bos- 
 phorus, into the Grecian Archipelago. The nav- 
 igation of the Euxine appears to have been more 
 general in past than at the present time, the Phoe- 
 nicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Venetians, 
 and Genoese, all appearing to have maintained an 
 extensive intercourse with the inhabitants on its 
 shores. In 1476, when the Turks drove the Gen- 
 oese from the Crimea, they precluded all inter- 
 course through the straits of Constantinople, and 
 claimed an exclusive right of navigation within. 
 In 1774 the Russians, and in 1784 Austria obtained 
 by treaty an equal right of navigation, which at the 
 peace of Amiens was extended to all nations ; and 
 since the peace of 1814 a considerable traffic has 
 been carried on from the port of Odessa, between 
 the rivers Dniester and Dneiper, with the Medi- 
 terranean and with England ; but the other parts 
 of its extensive shores are but little frequented, 
 and but little known, though doubtless suscep- 
 tible of affording a rich field fir well-directed en- 
 terprize and exertion. 
 
 Euzet, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Gard, and the chief pla'je of a canton, iu 
 the district of Uzes, 9 m. W.N. W. of Uzes. 
 
 Evansvillc, p.t. Vanderburg Co. Indiana. 
 
 Evaux, a town of France, in the departmen : 
 of Creuse, near which is a mineral spring ant 
 baths. It is 25 m. E. of Gueret. 
 
 Evansburg, p. v. Crawford Co. Pa. 
 
 Ererettsville, p. v. Albermarle Co. Va. 
 
 Ever ding. See Efferding. 
 
 Everfeld, or E^vcrfeld, a town of Westphalia, 
 in the duchy of Berg, near the river Wipper, 18 
 m. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Evergham, a populous town of the Netherlands, 
 7 m. N. of Ghent. 
 
 Evesham, a borough in Worcestershire, Eng- 
 land. Here are three churches, and it had form- 
 erly an abbey, of which some remains are still 
 visible. A remarkable battle was fought here in 
 1265, between prince Edward, afterward Edward 
 I., and Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, in 
 which the earl and most of his adherents were 
 slain. Evesham is seated in a fertile vale, and 
 is nearly surrounded by the Avon. The vale is 
 mostly appropriated to gardens, and supplies vast 
 quantities of fruit and vegetables for the. Worces- 
 ter, Bath, Bristol and other markets. It has also 
 some extensive flour mills, worked by the water 
 of the Avon, over which there is here a bridge 
 of 7 arches. It is 14 m. S. E. of Worcester, 
 and 100 N. W. of London. It returns two mem- 
 bers to parliament. 
 
 Evesham, t. Burlington Co. N. J. 
 
 Eoora, a fortified city of Portugal, capital of 
 Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a university. 
 Some remains of the ancient Roman wall are 
 
*AC 
 
 292 
 
 FAH 
 
 visible, part of a temple of Diana, of which 
 there are seven entire pillars standing, is now 
 converted into butchers' shambles ; and the fa- 
 mous aqueduct built by Sertorius, still conveys 
 a noble stream of water to the city. Evora is 
 seated in a pleasant country, surrounded on all 
 sides by mountains, 65 m. E. by S. of Lisbon. 
 Long. 7. 50. W., lat. 38. 28. N. 
 
 Evoramonte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 
 situate on a rock, 8 m. W. S. W. of Estremoz, 
 and 23 N. N. E. of Evora. 
 
 Evercux, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Eure, and a bishop's see. The cathedral 
 is a handsome structure. The trade consists in 
 corn, linen, and woolen cloth ; and it has manu- 
 factures of cotton, velvets, and tick. It is seated 
 on the Iton, 25 m. S. of Rouen, and 55 N. W. of 
 Paris. Pop. in 1825, 9,728. 
 
 Ewcll, a town in Surry, Eng. contiguous to Ep- 
 som, 6 m. W. of Croydon, and 13 S. S. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Ex, a river rising in the forest of Exmoor, in 
 Somersetshire, Eng. and leaving the county 
 below Dulverton, "runs through Devonshire, by 
 Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham, whence it forms 
 an estuary to the Engliah channel, at Exmouth. 
 
 Exeter, a city of England, and the capital of 
 Devonshire, on the river Ex. It was formerly 
 the seat of the W. Saxon kings, who resided in 
 the castle, called Rougemont, from the colour 
 of the hill on which it is built. It was encom- 
 passed by walls, and four gates, two of which are 
 now pulled down. With its suburbs it contains 
 19 churches, beside the cathedral, which is a 
 magnificent fabric. It is governed by a maj'or, 
 has 13 companies of tradesmen, and formerly car- 
 ried on an extensive commerce in woolen stuffs to 
 Spain, &c. ; but its commerce end manufactures 
 have materially declined since the close of the 
 18th century, and its present importance is deriv- 
 ed from the agreeableness of its locality, occasion- 
 ing it to be much resorted to by the neighbour- 
 ing gentry : an elegant new bridge crosses the 
 river. The public buildings consists of a guildhall, 
 county hall, hospital, lunatic asylum, &c. &c. 
 It is situate 9 m. above the entrance of the river 
 into the sea, 43 m. E. of Plymouth, 87 S. W. of 
 Bath, and 168 W. S. W. of London, by way of 
 Salisbury. Pop. in 1821, 23,479. 
 
 Exeter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,438. 
 
 Exeter, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on Exeter 
 river, a branch of the Piscataqua. It has several 
 manufactures, and the sadlery business is carried 
 on to a great extent. Some vessels are built here, 
 the river being capable of floating down those 
 of 500 tons. Here are an academy, and a court- 
 house, 15 m. S. W. of Portsmouth, and 47 N. of 
 Boston. Pop. 2,759. Also a p.t. in Washington 
 
 Co. R. I. Pop. 2,3S9. Also a p.t. in Otsego Co 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,690. Also a p.t. in Luzerne Co 
 Pa. Also a township in Berks Co. Pa. and 
 villages in New Hanover Co. N. C. and Harrison 
 Co. Indiana. 
 
 Exidcuil, or Exciderjil , a town of France, in 
 the department of Dordogne, 20 m. N. E. of Peri- 
 gueux, and 32 S.of Limoges. 
 
 Exillcs, a strong town of Piedmont, with a fort- 
 ified castle on a mountain, which guards one of 
 the passes into the countrv. It is seated on the 
 river Doire, 37 m. W. N. W. of Turin. 
 
 Exmouth, a village in Devonshire, Eng. on the 
 E. side of the mouth of the river Ex, 10 m. S. S 
 E. of Exeter. It is much frequented for the 
 benefit of sea-bathing. 
 
 Eybenschitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle 
 of Znaim, on the river Ollawa, 12 m. S. W. of 
 Brunn. 
 
 Eycler, a river and canal that separates Jutland 
 from Holstein. The river rises in Holstein, and 
 flows W. by Rendsburg, Fredericstadt, and Ton- 
 ningen into the German Ocean. The canal pas- 
 ses E. from Rendsburg to a bay of the Baltic, 
 a little N. of Kiel. These jointly afford a safe 
 inland navigation across the country, between 
 the Baltic sea and German Ocean. 
 
 Eye, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Here are the 
 ruins of a castle and a Benedictine abbey. The 
 women are employed in making bonelace. It 
 is a mean place, 20 m. N. of Ipswich, and 89 N. 
 E. of London. It returns two members to par- 
 liament. Pop. in 1831, 1,882. 
 
 Eyemouth, a town of Scotland, in Berwick- 
 shire, with a harbour for vessels of small burden 
 and a trade in corn and meal. It is seated at 
 the mouth of the Eye, 8 m. N. by W. of Ber- 
 wick 
 
 Eylau, a town in E. Prussia, 20 m S Ko 
 nigsberg ; famous for a bloody battle between the 
 Russians and French, Oct. 7, 1807. 
 
 Eymoutiers, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne, with a considerable trade 
 in skins, leather, and rags ; seated on the Vienne, 
 20 m. N. of Limoges. 
 
 Ei/ndhorcn, a town of Dutch Brabant, at the 
 conflux of the Eynds with the Dommel, 13 m 
 S. E.of Boisle Due. 
 
 Eywanowitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle 
 of Olmutz, 27 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Ezagen, a rich and ancient town in the king 
 dom of Fez, 60 m. S. of Tetuan. 
 
 Ezel, an island in Russia, in the Baltic sea, of 
 a triangular form, about 8 m. in circumference. 
 Long. 40. E., lat. 58. 20. N. 
 
 Ezy, a town of France, in the department of 
 the Eure, 15 m. S. E. of Evreux. 
 
 F 
 
 FA ABORG, a seaport town of Denmark, on the 
 S. coast of the island of Funen, in a flat but fer- 
 tile country. The principal trade is in provis- 
 ions. It is 17 m. S. of Odence. Long. 10. 16. 
 E., lat. 55. 12. N. 
 
 Fabius, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,071. 
 
 Fabriano, a town of Italy, in the marquisite of 
 Ancona, famous for its excellent paper. It is 
 25 m. N. E. of Foligno. 
 
 Factoryville, p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Faenza, a city of Italy, in Romagns, and a 
 bishop's see, with an old fortress. The cathedral 
 stands in the great square, and has a steeple 5 
 stories high, with balustrades. In 1796 it was 
 taken by the French; and afterwards taken by 
 the troops of the pope. In 1797, the pope's troops 
 were defeated and expelled. Faenza is famous 
 for fine earthen ware. It is seated on the Amona, 
 20 m. W. S. W. of Ravenna. 
 
 Fahhin, a towr of Sweden, capital of Dalecar 
 
FAI 
 
 293 
 
 FAL 
 
 lia. Near it is a large copper mine, deemed the 
 most ancient in Europe ; also a manufacture of 
 green and blue vitriol. It is situated in the midst 
 of the rocks and hills, between the lakes Run and 
 Warpen, 110 m. N. W. of Stockholm. Pop. 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Faifo, a town of Cochin China, and a place of 
 jrreat trade ; situate on a river that flows into the 
 bay of Turon, 30 m. S. E. of Turon. 
 Fairbank, p. v. Chatauque, Co. N. Y. 
 Fairfax, a county of the E. District of Virgin 
 ia lying W. of the Potomac river, bounded on the 
 E. by the district of Columbia. Its area is about 
 400 square m. Pop. 9,206. 
 
 Fairfax, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,729. Also 
 towns in Fairfax and Culpepper Cos. Va. 
 
 Fairfield, a county at the S. W. extremity of 
 Connecticut, bounded in a W. S. W. direction 
 by Long Island Sound, and N. N. E. by the 
 Housatonick river. It is divided into 18 town- 
 ships. Pop. 46,950. The chief town of the same 
 name is seated on the W. bank of a creek in Long 
 Island Sound, 22 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. It 
 was burnt by a party of tories and British in 1777. 
 Pop. 4,246. 
 
 Fairfield, is also the name of an interior coun- 
 ty in the south part of Ohio, in which the Hock- 
 hockings river and a tributary of the Scioto have 
 their sources ; it extends about 20 m. from N. to 
 S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 24,788. Lan- 
 caster is the chief town. 
 
 Fairfield, a district of South Carolina, lying 
 between the Catawba and Broad rivers. Pop. 
 21,546. Wanesborough is the chief town. 
 
 Fairfield, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,265. 
 Also towns in Cumberland Co. N. J.; Crawford, 
 Westmoreland and Adams Cos. Pa. ; Rockbridge 
 and Nelson Cos. Va. ; Columbia and Putnam Cos. 
 Geo.; Jefferson, Columbiana, Highland, Tusca- 
 rawas, Greene, Butler, and Licking Cos. Ohio. 
 Nelson Co. Ken. ; Franklin Co. Indiana, and 
 Wayne Co. Illinois. 
 
 Fairford, a town of Gloucestershire, Eng. The 
 church was founded in 1493, by John Tame, a 
 merchant of London, purposely for the reception 
 of some glass, taken by one of his vessels, in a 
 ship going to Rome : it has 23 windows, beauti- 
 fully painted with subjects chiefly scriptural, de- 
 signed by the famous Albert Durer. It is seated 
 near the Coin, 25 m. S. E. of Gloucester, and 
 80 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,547. 
 
 Fairhavm, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 675. Also 
 a p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Buzzard's Bay opposite 
 New Bedford. Pop. 3,034. 
 
 Fairhead, the N. E. point of Ireland, rising 
 631 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 55. 44. 
 N., and 6. 2. of W. long. It is opposite to 
 Raughlin Island. 
 
 Fair Isle, a small island in the Northern ocean, 
 between the Shetland and Orkneys, from both 
 which its high towering rocks are visible. On 
 the E. side the duke of Medina Sidonia, admi- 
 ral of the Spanish armada, was wrecked in 1588. 
 Fairlec, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 656. 
 Fair ley, a village of Scotland, on the coast of 
 Aryshire, 12 m. N. W. of Irvine. Ithas a small 
 harbour; and the strait in the frith of Clyde, 
 formed by the coast and the Cumbray isles is call- 
 ed Fairley Road. 
 
 Fairport, p. v. Geauga Co. Ohio, on lake Erie. 
 It has a good harbour for small vessels. 
 
 Fairtoicn, a village in Cumberland Co. N. J. 
 
 Falrmcw, a township in York Co. Pa. Also a 
 
 village in Erie Co. Pa. on the lake. Also a vil- 
 
 lage in Brooke Co. Va. ; and a village in Guern 
 sey Co. Ohio. 
 
 Faisans, an island in the river Bidassoa, which 
 separates France from Spain. It is also called 
 the Isle of Conference, because Louis XIV. and 
 Philip IV. here swore to observe the peace of 
 the Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 conferences be- 
 tween their ministers. It is considered as a neu- 
 tral place, and is situate between Andaye and 
 Fontarabia. 
 
 Faken/iam, a town in Norfolk, Eng. situate 
 on a hill, by the river Yare, 9 m. from the coast, 
 20 N. W. of Norwich, and 108 N. N. E. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1821, 1,635. 
 
 Falaise, a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados, with a castle, and one of the finest 
 towers in France. It is the birth-place of Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, and has a good trade in ser- 
 fes, linen, and lace. It stands on the river Ante, 
 m. S. E. of Caen, and 115 W. of Paris, it is 
 the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 9,912. 
 
 Fale, a river in Cornwall, which flows by Gram- 
 pound and Tregony to Falmouth, where it forma 
 a fine haven in the English channel. 
 
 Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz, with manufactures of alum, sulphur, and 
 vitriol ; seated on the river Egra, 12 m. N. E. of 
 Egra. 
 
 Falkenberg, a town of Sweden, in Holland at 
 the mouth of the Athran, on the Categat, oppo- 
 site to the isle of Anholt, 17 m. N. by W. of 
 Halmstadt. 
 
 Falkenberg, a town of Brandenberg, in the New 
 Mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage, 32 rn. 
 E. by N. of New Stargard. 
 
 Falkenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal- 
 ity of Oppefn, with a castle, 14 m. S. by E. of 
 Brieg. 
 
 Falkenstein, a town in Germany, in a county 
 of the same name. It stands a little to the N. of 
 Winweiler, 24 m. W. by S. of Worms. 
 
 Falkenstein, is also the name of a town in 
 the Vogtland, near the N. W. frontier of Bo- 
 hernia. 
 
 Falkioping, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 
 56 m. E. of Uddevalla. It is memorable for a bat- 
 tle fought in 1383, between Margaret, queen of 
 Denmark, and Albert, king of Sweden, when the 
 latter was defeated and taken prisoner with his 
 son. 
 
 Falkirk, a populous town of Scotland, in Stir- 
 lingshire, famous for its trysts, held thrice a year 
 at which 60,000 head of black-cattle liava been 
 sold at one tryst, beside a great number of sheep 
 and horses. It is seated near the Carron and the 
 Great canal, 12 m. S. E. of Stirling. The royal 
 army was defeated near this place in 1746. Pop. 
 about 12,000. 
 
 Falkland, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with 
 some linen manufactures. Here are the ruins of 
 the royal palace in which James V. died in 1582; 
 some of its apartments are still inhabited. It is 
 20 m. N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Falkland Islands, two large islands, surrounded 
 by a great number of smaller, lying in the Atlan- 
 tic ocean, to the E. of the strait of Magellan. 
 The smaller of the two large islands lies E. of the 
 other, from which it is separated by a channel 
 called Falkland Sound. These islands were 
 probably seen by Magellan, but Davis is deemed 
 the discoverer of the min 1592. They were visit 
 ed by sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594 ; and in 
 1765, commodore Byron made a settlement, here ; 
 but in 1770, the Spaniards forcibly dispossessed 
 2 b2 
 
FAM 
 
 294 
 
 FAR 
 
 the English. This affair was settled by a conven- 
 tion, and the English regained possession ; but in 
 !774, it. was abandoned, and the island ceded to 
 Spain. Since the commencement of the 19th 
 century they have been uninhabited. 
 
 Fall Creek, a stream in New York which runs 
 into Cayuga Lake. The falls upon it consist of a 
 violent rapid which after descending for a mile 
 and a half, falls perpendicularly in a cataract of 
 L'O feet. The view is very grand and pictur- 
 esque. 
 
 Fulling Spring, a cascade in Virginia upon a 
 small creek which rises about 20 in. from the 
 warm spring and runs into Jackson's River. This 
 stream falls over a precipice 200 feet in perpen- 
 dicular height, and the sheet of water is thrown 
 so far forward that a person may walk dry be- 
 tween the cataract and the rock. 
 
 Falling Waters,, p. v. Berkeley Co. Va. 
 
 Fallowjield, East and West, two townships in 
 Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Fallowjield, townships jn Washington and 
 Crawford Cos. Fa. 
 
 F Jl River, a village in the town of Troy, Mass. 
 (which see.) 
 
 Falls, townships in Bucks Co. Pa. and Mus- 
 kingum and Hocking Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Fallsington, a village in Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Fallstown, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. 
 
 Falmouth, a seaport on the E. coast of Corn- 
 wall, Eng. It has a noble and extensive harbour, 
 communicating with a number of navigable 
 creeks, and its entrance is defended by the castles 
 of St. Mawes and Pendennis. It is a town of 
 great traffic, much improved by its being the sta- 
 tion of the Post Office packets to the S. of Eu- 
 rope, the West Indies and America. It stands on 
 the Fale, at its entrance into the English channel, 
 !4 m. N. N. E. of the Lizard Point, 10 S. of Tru- 
 ro, and 2(59 W. S. W. of London. Long. 5. 2. 
 W.. lat. 50. 8. N. Pop. in 1621 , 2,543. 
 
 Falmouth, a town of the island of Jamaica, on 
 the N. coast, and on the S. side of Martha Brae 
 harbour. Long. 77. 33. W., lat. 18. 31. N. 
 
 Falmouth, a town of the island of Antigua, on 
 the S. coast, with a fortified harbour. Long. 62. 
 0. W., lat. 1(3. 55. N. 
 
 Falmouth, a seaport of Massachusetts, in Barn- 
 stable county. It is situate on the W. side of a 
 small bay, 70 m. S. S. E. of Boston. Lono-. 70. 
 32. W., lat. 41. 36: N. Pop. 2,548. 
 
 Falmouth, p. t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,966. 
 Also villages in Strafford Co. Va. and Pendleton 
 Co. Ken. 
 
 False Bay, a bay between the cape of Good 
 Hope and Cape False, frequented during the 
 prevalence of the N. W. winds in May. Long. 
 18. 53. E., lat. 34. 10. S. 
 
 False Cape, a promontory 20 m. E. of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. Long. IS. 44. E., lat. 34. 16. S. 
 
 Falster, a fertde island of Denmark, 6 m. in 
 circumference, near the entrance of the Baltic, 
 off the N. end of Zealand, and between the is- 
 lands Moen and Laland. Nykoping is the capi- 
 tal. Its area is about 185 square m. and pop 
 16.500. 
 
 Fa.lsteroo, a town of Sweden, in Schonen, 
 chiefly known for its lighthouse^ at the entrance 
 of the Baltic from the Sound, 22 m. S. S. W. of 
 Lund. Long. 12. 48. E., lat. 55 22. N. 
 
 Famagustu, a town on the S. E. coast of the 
 island of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's see, with 
 a harbour defended by two forts. It was taken 
 bv the Turks, in 1570, after a siege of 10 months, 
 
 when they flayed the Venetian governor alive 
 and murdered the inhabitants, though they sur- 
 rendered on honourable terms. It is 02 m. S. by 
 E. of Nicosia. Long. 33. 35. E., lat 35. 10. N. 
 
 Famars,a. village of France, in the department 
 of Nord ; near which the French were defeated 
 by the allies in 1793. It is 3 m. S. of Valen- 
 ciennes. 
 
 Fannct, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. 
 
 Fano, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Urbino. and a bishop's see. Here are an ancient 
 triumphal arch, handsome churches, and tine pal- 
 aces. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 13 m. 
 E. of Urbino, and 32 N. W. of Ancona. Fop 
 about 7,500. 
 
 Fanoc, an island of Jutland, at the entrance ol 
 the Little Belt from the Categat. 
 
 Fantees, Fantin, the Gold Coast of Africa, from 
 Cape Three Points, to Anconah, was formerly 
 called Fantin ; but since 1811, it lias more com- 
 monly been called Ashantee. The Fantees occu- 
 py the coast, and the Ashantees the interior. See 
 Ashantee. 
 
 Faoua. See Foue. 
 
 Faouet, a town of France in the department of 
 Morbiham, 21 in. N. by W. of L'Orient. 
 
 Farehum, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Sloop3 
 and smaller vessels are built here ; and it has a 
 considerable trade in coal, corn, canvas, and ropes. 
 It is seated at the N. W. point of Portsmouth 
 harbour, 5 m. N. N. W. of Gosport, and 37 W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Farewell Cape, the most southerly promontory 
 of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis strait. 
 Long. 42. 42. W., lat. 59. 38. N. 
 
 Farewell Cape, a promontory of the N. end of 
 the island of New Zealand. Long. 172. 41. E., lat 
 40. 37. S. 
 
 Fargeau, St. a town of France, in the depart 
 merit of Yonne, with a castle, 10 m. S. E. of 
 Auxerre. 
 
 Farim, a county of Africa, to the S. of the riv- 
 er Gambia. It has a town of the same name, on 
 the river St. Domingo, about 130 in. above its en 
 trance into the sea. Long. 14. 30. W., lat. 12 
 10 N 
 
 Farlyscille, a village in Charlotte Co. Va. 
 
 Farmer svillc, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop 
 1,005. 
 
 Farmington, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,340. 
 
 Farmington, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 26 m. N. 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,464. 
 
 Farmington, a town of Connecticut, in Hart- 
 ford county, with a large congregational church, 
 situate on the river Farmington, which below the 
 town receives the Cambridge, and then acquires 
 the name of Windsor river. It is 10 in. W. S. 
 W. of Hartford, and 22 E. of Litchfield. Pop. 
 1,901. 
 
 Farmington Canal, in Connecticut and Massa- 
 chusetts, extends from New Haven to Westfield 
 in Massachusetts, passing for a considerable dis- 
 tance along the valley of Farmington River, 
 whence it has received its name. It is intended 
 to prolong the canal to Northampton, on the Con- 
 necticut, which will make its whole length about 
 90 m. ; at present its extent is nearly four fifths 
 of this distance. The transportation upon it is al- 
 ready considerable, but as it does not fully meel 
 the expectations of the projectors, the completion 
 of the work will probably be delayed for a time. 
 
 Farmington, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,773 
 Also towns in Trumbull and Belmont Cos. Ohio 
 
 Fannnillc, p.v Prince Edward Co. Va 
 
FAW 
 
 295 
 
 FEL 
 
 Farnham, a town in Surry, Eng. on the border 
 of Hampshire. It has a castle, situate on an emi- 
 nence, belonging to the bishop of Winchester. 
 Farnham is celebrated for its plantations of hops, 
 and has a great trade in corn. It is seated on the 
 Wey, 38 m .W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Farnham, p. v. Richmond Co. Va. Also a town 
 in Bedford Co. Lower Canada. 
 
 Faro, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, off the 
 N. E. end of the island of Gothland, about 30 m. 
 in circumference, populous, and fertile. The 
 principal town has the same name, and is situate 
 on the S. E. coast. Long. 19. 27. E., lat. 57. 50. 
 N 
 
 Faro, a town in Portugal, in Algarve, and a 
 bishop's see. It has some trade in almonds, figs, 
 orano-es, and wine ; and is seated on the gulf of 
 Cadiz, 20 m. S. W. of Tavaria. Long. 7. 54. 
 W., lat. 36. 52. N. 
 
 Faroer Islands. See Feroe Islands. 
 
 Faro of Messina, the strait between Italy and 
 Sicily, remarkable for having the tide ebb and 
 flow every six hours, with great rapidity, though 
 it is but 7 m. over. It is so named from the faro, 
 or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity 
 to Messina. 
 
 Farr, a town of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, 
 at the head of a bay of its name, on the N. coast, 
 52 on. N. by W. of Dornoch. 
 
 Farringdon, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated 
 on an eminence ; vast quanties of hogs are fatten- 
 ed in its neighbourhood. It is 68 m. W. by N. of 
 London. 
 
 Farrowville, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va. 
 
 Fars, or Farsistan, a province of Persia, bound- 
 ed on the E. by Kerman, N. by Irac Agemi, W. 
 by Kusistan, and the gulf of Persia. It is very 
 fertile in the centre ; mountainous on the N., 
 where are a great number of wild swine ; and the 
 land so sandy on the S. as to produce little else 
 than palm-trees. In the forests is a tree from 
 which mastic is gathered, and emeralds are com- 
 mon. Shiras, {ichich see), is the capital. 
 
 Fartash, a town of Arabia Felix, in Hadramant, 
 at the foot of a cape of the same name in the In- 
 dian ocean, 150 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 51. 50. 
 E., lat. 15. 30. N. 
 
 Fasano, or Fasiano, a populous town of Naples, 
 near the coast of the Adriatic in Terra di Bari, 15 
 m. S. S. E. of Polignano. 
 
 Fate, a township in Clermont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Fattipour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Agra. Here the emperors of Hindoostan, 
 when in the zenith of their power, had a palace 
 which is now in ruins ; and on a hill is a grand 
 mosque, built by the emperor Acbar. It is 22 m. 
 W. by S. of Agra. 
 
 Faucigny, a town and castle of Savoy, in a dis- 
 trict of the same name ; seated on the Arve, 14 m. 
 S E. of Geneva. 
 
 Fauquemont. See Valkcnburg. 
 
 Fauquier, a county of the E. District of Virgin- 
 ia, bounded on the W. by the Rappahannock riv- 
 er, and N. W. by the Blue Mountains : it is about 
 35 m. in length, and 12 in mean breadth. Pop. 
 26,379. Warrenton is the chief town of the 
 county. 
 
 Favcrnay, a town of France in the department 
 of Upper Saone,8 m. N. of Vesoul. 
 
 Fuvognana, an island, 15 m. in compass, off the 
 W. end of Sicilv, with a fort and a good har- 
 bour. Long. ]2."25. E., lat. 38. 16. N. 
 
 Faiccettslown, p.v. Columbiana Co. Ohio. 
 Fawn, p.t. York Co. Va. 
 
 Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western Islands, 
 which suffered greatly by an earthquake, in 
 1764. Its capital is Villa do Horta, the S. E. 
 point of the island ; is in lot. 38. 31. N., and 28. 
 42. of W. long. It is very fertile, and exports 
 large quantities of wine. 
 
 Fayette, the name of five counties in the United 
 States. 
 
 1st, at the S. W. corner of Pennsylvania, bound- 
 on the E. by the Laurel Ridge of the Allegha- 
 ny mountains ; W. by the Monongahela river, 
 and S. by Monongahela county, Virginia. It is 
 nearly a square of about 32 m. each way. Pop. 
 29,237. Union, 186 m. W. by S. of Harrisburgh, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 2nd, in Georgia, bounded on the W. by Flint 
 river, which divides it from the territory of the 
 Creek Indians. Pop. 5,501. Fiiyetteville is the 
 chief town. 
 
 3rd, in the S. W. part of Ohio, W. of the Scio- 
 to river. Pop. 8,180. Washington, the chief 
 town, is 40 m. S. W. by S. Columbia, and 35 N. 
 W. of Chilicothe. 
 
 4th, in the interior of Kentucky, E. of Ken- 
 tucky river. Pop. 25,174. Lexington, (ichich 
 sec) is the chief town. 
 
 5th, in the E. part of Indiana. Pop. 9,112. 
 Connersville, 65 in. S. E. by E. of Indianopolis is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Fayette, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,049. 
 Also a township in Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,216. 
 Also a township in Alleghany Co. Pa. 
 
 Fayctteville, a town of N. Carolina, in Cumber- 
 land Co., capital (-fa district, formerly called Fay- 
 ette, but now divided into several counties. Its 
 trade with Wilmington is considerable, to which 
 it sends tobacco, wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber, 
 staves, naval stores, &c, and has a return of Eu- 
 ropean and India goods. It is situate on the N. 
 W. branch of Cape Fear river, 50 m. S. by W. of 
 Raleigh, and 90 N. W. of Wilmington. 
 
 Fayetteville, p.v. Fayette Co. Geo. and Lincoln 
 Co. Tenn. 
 
 Fayoum, or Fium,a town of Egypt, capital of a 
 province of the same name. It has a trade in 
 flax, linen, mats, raisins, and figs ; and is seated 
 on a canal, which communicates with the Nile, 
 49 m. S. S. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 39. E., lat. 
 29. 27. N. 
 
 Faifston, a township in Washington Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 458. 
 
 Fear, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, where there 
 is a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the 
 Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear 
 river. This river is formed by two branches, 
 called the N. W. and N. E. branches, which 
 unite above Wilmington ; and it enters the At- 
 lantic below Brunswick. Long. 77. 45. W., lat. 
 33. 40. N. 
 
 Fecamp, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine, with a trade in linen, serges, lace, 
 leather, and hats ; seated near the English chan- 
 nel, 24 m. N. E. of Havre de Grace. 
 
 Fcdcralsburg, p.v. Carolina Co Maryland. 
 
 Feestown, p.t. Clermont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Feira. a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10 m. S. 
 E. of Oo.>rto, and 30 N. by E. of Aveiro. 
 
 Feldki, 7:, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name. It is seated 
 on the river 111, near its entrance into the Rhine. 
 19 m. S. of the Lake of Constance. 
 
 Feldsburg, a town and castle at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Lower Austria, with a fine palace, 
 seated on the Teya, 18 m. E. of Laab. 
 
FER 
 
 296 
 
 FER 
 
 Feliruda, one of the Lipari islands, in the Med- 
 iterranean, 28 in. W. of Lipari. 
 
 Felipe, St., a populous town of Colombia, seated 
 on the banks of a river falling into the Carribean 
 sea, about 100 m. W. of Caracas. 
 Felipe, St. See Xativa. 
 
 Felix, St., an island in the Pacific ocean, N. N. 
 W. of Juan Fernandez. Long. 86. W. lat. 20 S. 
 Felletin, a town of France, in the department 
 of Creuse, with a manufacture of tapestry. It is 
 20 m. S. S. W. of Evaux, and 21 S. S. E. of 
 Gueret. 
 
 Fellin, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the 
 river Pernau, G2 m. S. E. of Revel. 
 
 Felsberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel 
 with an ancient castle on a rock, 12 m S. ot 
 Cassel. 
 
 Felso-Banya, a village of Upper Hungary, near 
 the frontier of Transylvania, celebrated for a gold 
 mine in its vicinity. 
 
 Fcltri, a town of Italy, capital of Feltrino, and 
 a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on the 
 Asona, a small stream, falling into the Piave from 
 the W., 30 m. N. W. of Treviso. Long. 11. 55. 
 E., lat. 46. 3. N. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Feltrino, a district of Italy, lying between Bel- 
 unese, Trevisano, Vicentino, and the principality 
 of Trent. It abounds in mountains, in which are 
 iron mines. Feltri is the onlv place of note. 
 
 Femcrn, a fertile island of Denmark, at the en- 
 trance of the Baltic, from the passage of the Great 
 and Little Belt. It is 10 m. long and 5 broad, 
 separated from the coast of Holstein by a narrow 
 channel, called the Femern Sound, Borg is the 
 chief town. Pop. of the island about 7,500. 
 
 Femme Osage, a village in St. Charles Co 
 Missouri. 
 
 Fenestrange, or Pcnestrange, a town of France, 
 in the department of Meurte, on the river Sarre, 
 40 m. E. by N. of Nancy. 
 
 Fenestrelle, a town and fort of Piedmont, seated 
 on the Cluson, 18 m. W. of Turin. 
 
 Fenner, p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,017. 
 Ferabad, a town of Persia, capital of the prov- 
 ince of Mazenderan. The environs produce su- 
 gar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, about 16, 
 OllO. are principally descendants of Georgians and 
 Armenians. It is seated among the mountains 
 which bound the Caspian sea to the S., 12 m. from 
 that sea, and 280 N. of Ispahan. Long. 52. 21. 
 E., lat. 36. 54. N. 
 
 Fercula, or Forcula, a town of the kingdom of 
 Tafilet, E. of Morocco, and the principal place of 
 a district. It is 50 m. W. of Sigilmessa. Long. 
 4. 30. W., lat. 31. 40. N. 
 
 Ferdinand , a township, in Essex Co. Vt. Also 
 a township in St. Louis Co. Missouri. 
 
 Fere, a town of France, in the department of 
 Aisne, famous for its powder mill and school of 
 artillery. Near it is the castle of St. Gobin, in 
 which is a manufacture of fine plate-glass. 
 Fere is seated at the conflux of the Serre, with the 
 Oise, 20 m. N. of Soissons, and 75 N. E. of Paris. 
 Fercntino, or Fiorenzo, a town of Italy, in Cam- 
 pagna di Roma, 3 m. W. of Alatri, on the high 
 road from Rome to Naples. 
 
 Ferettc, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, near its source, 
 40 in. S. of Colmar. 
 
 Ferguson, a township in Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Fermanagh, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 
 of Ulster, bounded on the N. by the counties of 
 
 Donegal and Tyrone, E. by Monaghan, S. by 
 
 Cavan.and W. by Leitrim, the N. W. end jetting 
 
 upon Donegal Bay ; it extends from the S. in a N 
 W. direction about 36 in. being about 24 in mean 
 breadth, one-fourth of its area is occupied by Lough 
 Erne, which discharges its waters into Donegal 
 bay,dividing the county into nearly twoequal parts. 
 In the centre of the county, the water narrows so 
 as to admit of the two parts being united by a 
 bridge, see Enniskillen. The linen manufacture, 
 and the raising of cattle, and hemp, are the chiet 
 employ of the inhabitants. The county is navi- 
 gable throughout, by means of Lough Erne, but 
 its uneven surface, and numerous bogs, render it 
 difficult for travelling. Enniskillen is the capital 
 and only town of importance in the county. 
 
 Fermo, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of 
 Ancona, and an archbishop's see, with a good 
 trade in corn, wool, &c. It has a harbour on the 
 gulf of Venice, and is 17 m. S. E. of Macerata. 
 Long. 13. 50. E., lat. 43. 7. N. Pop. about 7,000. 
 Fremosella, or Formosella, a town in Spain, in 
 the province of Leon,seatea on the N bank of 
 the Tormes, near its entrance into Douro. 
 
 Fcrmoy, a town of Ireland in the county of 
 Cork, seated on the banks of the Blackwater, 
 106 m. N. W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork, 
 from which it is distant 17 m. This place has risen 
 from an inconsiderable village since the commence- 
 ment of the war in 1793, to a town of 6,702 inhabi- 
 tants in 1821. 
 
 Fernando Noronka, an island in the S. Atlantic, 
 100 leagues from Cape St. Roque, the N. E. 
 point of the province of Pernambuco. Long. 
 32. 33. W., lat. 3.56. S. 
 
 Fernando Po, an island of Africa, on the coast 
 of Benin, 30 in. long and 20 broad. Long. 7. 36. 
 E., lat. 3. 6. N. 
 
 Ferncy, a village of France, in the department 
 of Ain, a few m. N. W. of Geneva, celebrated 
 as having been the residence of Voltaire. 
 
 Ferns, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Wexford, and a bishop's see united to Leighlin. 
 It is seated on the Bann, near its conflux with 
 the Slaney, 17 m. N. of Wexford, and 30 S. S. 
 W. of Wicklow. 
 
 Fcroe Islands, a cluster of 22 small islands in 
 the Northern Ocean, between the Shetland 
 Islands and Iceland, in 5. and 8. W. long., and 01. 
 and 03. N. lat. subject to Denmark. Seventeen 
 are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain, 
 divided from the others by a deep and rapid cur- 
 rent. Some of them are deeply indented with 
 secure harbours all of them steep, and most of 
 them faced with tremendous precipices. They 
 produce agate, jasper, and beautiful zeolites. 
 The surface consists of a shallow soil of remarkable 
 Fertility ; yielding plenty of barley and fine grass 
 for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or 
 stunted willow will grow here; and the only quadru- 
 peds are sheep. Vast quantities of sea fowls frequent 
 the rocks, and the taking of them furnishes a peri- 
 lous employment for the inhabitants. The exports 
 are salted mutton, tallow, goose-quills, feathers, 
 eiderdown, knit woolen waistcoats, caps, and 
 stockings. To the S. of these islands is a consid 
 erable whirlpool. Pop. in 1820, 5,205. 
 
 Ferzabad, or Firuzabad, a city of Persia, in 
 Farsistan, formerly of considerable repute, and 
 yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens, 
 and buildings. It is seated in a fertile country, 
 00 ni. S. by W. of Shiras, on the route to Ornius 
 Long. 53. 0. E., lat. 28. 50. N. 
 
 Ferrara, a city of Italy capital of a duchy of 
 the same name, and an archbishop's see, with a 
 strong citadel, and a university. Its broad streets 
 
FEV 
 
 207 
 
 FEZ 
 
 and number of fine buildings, evince that it was 
 formerly a flourishing place, but the present in- 
 habitants are few in proportion to its extent. 
 In the middle of the city is a palace, surrounded 
 by walls flanked with towers and ditches. The 
 cathedral is remarkable for its antiquity. In the 
 Benedictine church, Ariosto the poet is interred. 
 Ferrara was taken by the French in 17!Ki; in 1799 
 it was retaken by the Austrians, but shortly after 
 surrendered to the French. It is seated near the 
 Po, 25 m. N. E. of Bologna. Long. 12. 36. E., 
 hit. 44. 50. N. 
 
 Ferrara, or Ferrarese, a duchy of Italy, bound- 
 ed on the N. by the Po, which divides it from 
 Polesino di Rovigno, W. by the Mantuan, S. by 
 the Bolognese and Romagna, and E. by the gulf 
 of Venice. It had its own dukes till 1597, when 
 Clement VIII. united it to the apostolic cham- 
 ber. The air is unwholsome, on account of the 
 marshes which the abject condition of the inhab- 
 itants precludes from draining. Ferrara is the 
 capital. 
 
 Fcrrendina, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 
 near the river Basianto,25 m. S. W. of Matera. 
 
 Ferrisbura, a township in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 
 1,822. 
 
 Fcrro, or Hierro, the most westward of the 
 Canary Islands, above 18 m. in circumference. 
 It is not fertile, but produces some corn, sugar, 
 fruits, and legumes. The inhabitants make use 
 of water collected in cisterns during the rainy 
 seasons, for there is no spring in the island. 
 Voyagers speak of a fountain tree in the middle 
 of the island, and say that in the night much water 
 distils from its leaves. Some geographers have 
 taken their first meridian from the \V. extremity 
 of this island. Long. 17. 52. W., lat. 27. 47. N! 
 
 Fcrrvl, a sea port of Spain, in Galicia, on a 
 bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the 
 best in Europe, and here the Spanish squad- 
 rons frequently rendezvous in time of war. The 
 town is surrounded on three sides by the sea, 
 and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 the 
 English made an unsuccessful attempt on this 
 place. It is 20 m. N. E. of Corunna, and 305 N. 
 VV. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W., lat. 43. 28. N. 
 
 Fcrrysbridge, a large village in West Yorkshire, 
 Enfp. on the S. side of the Aire, over which is a 
 noble bridge, 21 m. S. by W. of York, and 174 N. 
 by W. of London. 
 
 Ferrtjport, a village of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 on the frith of Tay, 4 m. below Dundee, and 
 9 N. N. W. of St. Andrews. It has a considera- 
 ble manufacture of brown linens ; and a ferry 
 over the Tay, well frequented before the bridge 
 at Perth was built. 
 
 Fcrte sur Aube, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Marne, seated on the Aube, 22 
 ra. W. by S. of Chaumont, and 33 E. S. E. of 
 Troyes. 
 
 *„,* There are seven or eight other towns in 
 France named Ferte, all prefixed to some other 
 name, as in the case of Aube, to distinguish them 
 from each other. 
 
 Fcstenberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Oels, 14 in. N. W, of Wartenburg. 
 
 Fethard, a borouo-h of Ireland, in the county 
 of Tipperary, 8 m. S. E. of Cashel, and SC S. S. 
 W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1820,2,878. 
 
 Fethard, a borough of Ireland, in the county 
 of Wexford, on the W. side of Bannow bay, 14 
 m. S. by E. of New Ross. 
 
 Fevershain, a town in Kent, Eng. on a creek 
 falling into the mouth of the Thames, much fre- 
 38 
 
 quented by small vessels. It is a member of the 
 port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. The 
 church is in the form of a cross, and the interior 
 well worthy of observation ; and here is a free 
 grammar-school founded by queen Elizabeth. It 
 has a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; is 
 famous for the best oysters for laying in stews ; 
 and has several gunpowder mills in its neighbour- 
 hood. Here are the remains of a stately abbey, 
 built by king Stephen, who was interred in it 
 with his queen and son. James II. embarked 
 here in disguise, after the success of the prince 
 of Orange; but the vessel was detained by the 
 populace, and the king conveyed back to Lon- 
 don. Feversham is 47 m. E. by S. of London. 
 Pop. in 1820, 3,919. 
 
 Fears, a town of France, in the department of 
 Loire, seated on the Loire, 13 m. E. N. E. of 
 Montbrison. 
 
 Fcystritz, or Windisch Fistritz, a town and castle 
 of Germany, in Lower Stiria, on a rive*- of the 
 same name, 17 in. N. N. E. of Cilley. 
 
 Fez, a kingdom of Barbary, at the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of North Africa, bounded on the W. by 
 the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, E. by 
 Algiers, and S. by Morocco and Tafilet. It ex- 
 tends upwards of 400 m. from E. to W. and is 
 about 150 in breadth; is divided into 9 provinces, 
 and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The 
 country is full of mountains, particularly to the 
 yV, and S. where Mount Atlas lies; but it is 
 populous and fertile, producing citrons, lemons, 
 oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins, 
 honey, wax, cotton, flax, pitch, and corn in abun- 
 dance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves, 
 sheep, and the finest horses in Barbary. At the 
 extreme N. point is the town and fortress of 
 Ceuta, garrisoned by the Spaniards, (see Ceuta) ; 
 the principal places on the Atlantic coast arc 
 Salee and Larache ; Melitta and Tangier, on the 
 coast of the Mediterranean; and in the interior 
 Mequinez, Fez, and Teza. 
 
 Fez, the capital of the kingdom of Fez. and 
 one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed 
 of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New 
 Fez. Old Fez is the most considerable, and con- 
 tains about 80,000 inhabitants. New Fez, foun- 
 ded about the 13th century, is principally inhab- 
 ited by Jews, who trade with the Moors, not- 
 withstanding the contempt with which they are 
 treated by them. Old Fez was founded in 
 793 by Sidy Edris, a descendent of Mahomet and 
 Ali, whose father fled from Medina to avoid the 
 proscriptions of the caliph Abdallah. The palaces 
 are magnificent; and there are numerous mosques, 
 one of which, called Carubin, is one of the 
 finest edifices in the empire. The houses are 
 built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic 
 work: those of brick are ornamented with glazing 
 and colours like Dutch tiles, and the wood-work 
 and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt The 
 roofs are flat; and every house has a court, in 
 which is a square marble basin. Here are two 
 colleges for students, finely built of marble, and 
 adorned with paintings. The hospitals and pub- 
 lic baths are numerous, many of which are state- 
 ly structures. All the traders live in a separate 
 part of the city ; and the exchange, full of all 
 sorts of rich merchandise, is as large as a small 
 town. The gardens are full of all kinds of fra 
 grant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are 
 clothed like the Turks; and though more polish- 
 ed than their countrymen, are vain, superstitous, 
 and intolerant. The saints, whom they pretend 
 
FEZ 
 
 298 
 
 FIG 
 
 to have beta buried in the city, serve them for 
 a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Chris- 
 tians ; and an order from the emperor is necessary 
 to gain admission. Arabic is better spoken here 
 than in other parts of the empire ; and the rich 
 Moors send their children to the schools at Fez, 
 where they gain more instruction than they could 
 do elsewhere. Fez is the centre of the trade of 
 this empire; and hence caravans go to Mecca, 
 carrying ready-made garments, leather, indigo, 
 cochineal, and ostriches feathers, for which they 
 bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other 
 caravans go to Tombuctoo, and the river Niger. 
 They travel over such dry barren deserts, that 
 every other camel carries water. Their com- 
 modities are salt, cowries, wrought silk, British 
 cloth, and the woolen manufactures of Barbary. 
 Fez is seated in a circular valley, watered by a 
 river, and surrounded by mountains, 1G0 m. S. S. 
 W. of Gibraltar, and* 240 N. E. of Morocco. 
 Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 33. 40. N. 
 
 Fezzan, an interior kingdom of North Africa, 
 lying between the great deserts of Zahara and 
 Libya bounded on the N. by Tripoli to the Ba- 
 shaw of which province Fezzan pays an annual 
 tribute of 4,000 dollars. It is an extensive plain, 
 encompassed by mountains, except to the W. ; 
 and to the influence of these heights it may be 
 owing, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no 
 rain is ever known. Though the character of 
 the surface (which in general is a light sand) and 
 the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility, 
 yet the springs are so abundant, that few regions 
 in the N. of Africa, exhibit a richer vegetation. 
 The greatest length of the cultivated part is about 
 300 m. from N. to S., and 200 from E. to W. 
 From wells of 10 or 15 feet deep, with which 
 every garden and field is furnished, the husband- 
 man waters the productions of his land ; among 
 these are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot, 
 pomegranate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions 
 or calabash, carrots, cucumbers, onions, and gar- 
 lic. Among the tame animals are the sheep, 
 cow, goat, camel, ass, and a species of the domes- 
 tic fowl of Europe. The wild animals are the 
 ostrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A mul- 
 titude of noxious animals infest the country ; ad- 
 ders, snakes, scorpions, and toads, swarm in the 
 fields, gardens, and houses ; the air is crowded 
 with mosquitos ; and persons of every rank are 
 over-run with vermin. The heat of the climate 
 in summer is intense, and the S. wind is scarcely 
 supportabie even by the natives ; and in winter 
 a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to 
 the fire even the natives of a northern country. 
 Tempests of wind are frequent, which whirl up 
 the sand and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to 
 the atmosphere. The towns are chiefly inhabit- 
 ed by husbandmen and shepherds ; for though 
 they also contain merchants and artificers, yet 
 agriculture and pasturage are the principal occu- 
 pations. The houses are built of clay, with a 
 flat roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a 
 quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a 
 deep swarthy complexion ; their hair a short curly 
 black, their lips thick, their noses flat and broad, 
 and their skin emits a fetid effluvia ; they are 
 tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indolent, and 
 inactive. Theii dress is similar to that of the 
 Moors of Barbary. In their common intercourse, 
 all distinctions of rank seem forgotten : the she- 
 reef (or governor) and the lowest plebeian, the 
 rich and the poor, the master and the servant, 
 convers* familiarly, and eat and drink together. 
 
 Generous and hospitable, let his fare be scanty or 
 abundant, the Fezzaner is desirous that others 
 should partake of it; and if twenty persons were 
 unexpectedly to visit his dwelling, they must all 
 participate as far as it will go. When they settle 
 their money transactions, they squat upon the 
 ground, and having levelled a spot with their 
 hands, make dots as they reckon : if they are 
 wrong, they smooth the spot again, and repeat 
 the calculation. Gold dust constitutes the chief 
 medium of payment ; and value in that medium 
 is always expressed by weight. In religion, they 
 are rigid, but not intolerant Mahometans. The 
 government is monarchical ; and its powers are 
 administered with such a temperate hand, that 
 the people are ardently attached to their sovereign 
 Mourzouk, is the capital. 
 
 Fiano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St 
 Peter, on the Tiber, 15 m. N. of Rome. 
 
 Fianono, a town of Istria, on the S. W. coast, 
 17 m. N. ofPola. 
 
 Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of 
 St. Peter, noted for fine muscadine wine ; seated 
 on a mountain near lake Bolsena. 12 m. N. W. 
 of Viterbo. 
 
 Ficherulolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the 
 Ferrarese, seated on the Po, 12 m. W. of Fer 
 rara. 
 
 Fichtelberg, a mountain in Franconia, one of 
 the highest mountains in Germany. It extends 
 from near Barenth, to Eger in Bohemia, about 10 
 m., and is covered with pines and other trees. 
 
 Firlewicr, an island near the W. coast of Nor- 
 way, 22 m. long and 4 broad, with a town of the 
 same name, 48 m. W. N. W. of Drontheim 
 Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 63. 44. N. 
 
 Fife, a maritime county on the E. coast of 
 Scotland, forming a peninsula between the frith 
 of Forth and Tay, it extends from the mouth of 
 the river Forth, in a N. N. E. direction, about 40 
 m., and is about 12 m. in mean breadth. Some 
 linen manufactures are carried on in the S. W. 
 parts of the countv, (see Dumfermline), but as a 
 whole it is an agricultural rather than a manufac- 
 turing district ; it produces coal and lime in 
 abundance, and copper, lead, iron, and other 
 minerals are also found in different parts of the 
 county though but partially worked ; a beautiful 
 grey marble, cornelian, agates, and jasper, are oc- 
 casionally met with, and fishing on its coasts and 
 its rivers is assidiously pursued by the inhabit- 
 ants. For divisions, rental, population, &c. see. 
 Scotland. Cupar is the assize town. 
 
 Figaruolo, an island in the jjulf of Venice, near 
 the coast of Istria. Long. 13. 47. E., lat. 45. 18. N. 
 
 Figcac, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lot, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on the 
 Selle, 22 m. E. of Cahors. It is the seat of a 
 prefect, and in 1825, contained (5,153 inhabitants 
 
 Fighig, or Fihig, a town of Barbary, in Bile 
 dulegerid, at the foot of the mount Atlas on the 
 S. Tlie inhabitants carry on a great trade with 
 the merchants of Morocco and Fez, and with the 
 negroes. It is 240 m. E. S. E. of Mequinez. 
 Long. 1 . 5. W. lat. 32. 20. N. 
 
 Figueras, or St. Fernando de Figueras, a strong 
 town and important fortress of Spain, in Catalo- 
 nia. It surrendered to the French in 1794, with- 
 out firing a shot. It is 10 m. S. by W. of Roses, 
 and 25 due S. of Perpignan. 
 
 Figucro dos Pinkos, a town of Portugal, in Es- 
 treniadura, celebrated for its wine ; seated among 
 mountains, near the frontier of Beira, and the 
 river Zezere, 22 m. E. of Thoniar. 
 
FIN 
 
 299 
 
 FIN 
 
 Finale, a sea-port of Genoa, with a strong cita- 
 del, two forts, and a castle. It was the capital 
 of a marquisate, and annexed to the duchy of Mi- 
 lan in 1602, but sold to the Genoese in 1713. In 
 17-10, it was taken by the king of Sardinia, and 
 restored in 1748. It is 30 m. S. W. of Genoa. 
 Long. 8. 25. E., lat. 44. 14. N. Pop. about 
 7,000. 
 
 Finale, a town of Italy in the Modenese, on an 
 island formed by the river Panaro, 22 m. N. E. 
 of Modena. 
 
 Fincastle, p. v. a village of Bottetourt Co. Va. 
 190 rn. N. W. of Richmond. 
 
 Finistcrrc, Cape, a cape of Spain, forming the 
 extreme N. W. point of that country, projecting 
 into the Atlantic Ocean, from the province of 
 Galicia. It was thought by the ancients, to have 
 no country beyond it, and therefore they gave it 
 this name which signifies the Land's-end. Long. 
 9. 17. W., lat. 42. 54. N. 
 
 Finislerre, a maritime department of France, 
 which includes part of the late province of Bre- 
 tagne. It is the most westerly part of France, 
 and bounded on three sides by the sea ; on the 
 N. it forms the boundary to the entrance of the 
 English channel. It is divided into five arron- 
 dissements, of which Quimper, Brest, Morlaix, 
 Chateaulin, and Quimperle, are the seats of the 
 prefects. The other principal towns are Lesne- 
 ven, Landerneau, and Carhaix. For pop. &c. 
 see France. 
 
 Finland, a country of the North of Europe, ex- 
 tending from the lat. of CO. to 60. 30. N., and in 
 its extreme breadth from the long, of 21. to 31. 
 30. E. It is bounded on the S. by the gulf of 
 Finland, and W. by the gulf of Bothnia ; N. by 
 Lapland, and E. by the Russian provinces of 
 Wilburg and Olonelz ; it formerly belonged to 
 Sweden and was divided into two great parts, the 
 N. called E. Bothnia, (see Bothnia.) and the S. 
 Finland Proper, which contains several conside- 
 rable towns, of which Abo is the chief and capi- 
 tal of the whole country, (see Mo.) The other 
 towns are Nystadt, Raumo, and Biorneborg, on 
 the shore of the gulf of Bothnia, and Helsinfors, 
 Borgo and Louisa, on the shore of the gulf of 
 Finland. There are also 4 or 5 considerable 
 towns in the interior. About one-third of the 
 area of Finland Proper is composed of lakes. The 
 contiguity of Finland to the maritime capital of 
 the Russian empire, had long rendered it an ob- 
 ject of jealousy to the Russians, and in 1808 they 
 overran it with so formidable a force as to com- 
 pel the Swedes to consent to a formal cession of 
 the whole country, and it now forms one of the 
 50 governments of the Russian empire. It is di- 
 vided into 13 districts, containing together in 
 1825, a pop. of 980,000, who contributed a reve- 
 nue of 3.200,000 rubles, equal to about £130,000. 
 
 The Finns have been supposed to be nearly re- 
 lated to the Lapps ; but though they are equally 
 diminutive in stature, the fair hair, either yellow, 
 flaxen, or almost white, added to the brave and 
 warlike character of the Finn, evidence him to be 
 of a different origin. 
 
 Tacitus describes the ancient Finns as a people 
 i: whose ferocity was extraordinary, and poverty 
 extreme ; having herbs for their food, skins for 
 their covering, and the ground for their couch : re- 
 gardless of man and of gods," continues he, " they 
 have attained the very difficult condition of not 
 having a single wish to form." 
 
 The modern Finn is honest, laborious, and ca- 
 pable of enduring great hardship; but he beai'3 
 
 the reproach of being sometimes obstinate and in- 
 flexible. The Lutheran form of Christianity 
 was introduced among the Finns by the Swedes; 
 and since the annexation of their country to Rus- 
 sia, no attempt has been made to change their 
 mode of religious worship. 
 
 Dr. Clarke describes the costume of the Finnish 
 peasants as very elegant. Among the men it 
 consists of a jacket, with pantaloons, buskins, and 
 a sash, worn as a girdle, round the loins. The 
 sash, though generally yellow, is sometimes red, 
 and sometimes variegated with flowers. The 
 buskins are bound about the ankles with scarlet 
 garters, ending in a black tassel. The jacket and 
 pantaloons are generally white; though blue, 
 black, and grey, are also used. A few of the 
 men appear in long white coats bound with the 
 Don Cossack sash. The women wear a short 
 scarlet or striped vest, made as gaudy as possi- 
 ble, with large and loose sleeves of very white 
 linen, and white hoods or kerchiefs upon their 
 heads. The vests are often of silk or rich damask, 
 embroidered with larjre brocade flowers. 
 
 - • 1 
 
 ft WSr* 
 
 ^^^^^^M 
 
 iimSk T -rgfm, 
 
 )<li h£5 /. )jv.« ] / /tfTveBf ^V 
 
 .timlV^M 1 '■■ IW^ 
 
 pfpwnpr wfv^r ■-? 
 
 ;^^3i I -hb m --- 
 
 mS^Mmm 
 
 The Finns, like their neighbours, exhibit a scat 
 tered population, and a rude state of society. The 
 cottages consist of dismal huts, with walls made 
 of the round trunks of trees, barely stripped of 
 their bark, and rather resembling a casual pile of 
 timber, than a human dwelling. The interstices 
 are caulked with clay and moss ; a few glazed 
 windows are occasionally seen ; but their place 
 is more generally supplied by square open cran- 
 nies. " In fact," says Mr. James, from whom 
 this accouut is derived, " the felling of the timber 
 is the only part of the labour which a peasant 
 thinks it behoves him to calculate upon, when 
 about to erect his habitation." 
 
 Of the Finns who inhabit the islands of the 
 Baltic, the last quoted writer thus speaks : — ' : The 
 cottages of the islanders are rough-hewn log- 
 houses ; and they are themselves a people appa- 
 rently of such simple manners and habits, as their 
 secluded situation and scanty number might lead 
 one to expect ; each rustic householder is provi- 
 ded with the tools and implements of a dozen nec- 
 essary arts or professions ; performing for him- 
 self, with equal address, the duties of carpenter, 
 shoemaker, tailor, fisherman, miller, baker, &c. 
 Their corn mills are of simple form, and driven 
 by sails constructed of wooden planks ; and their 
 mill-stones are shaped like the querne, or old Cel- 
 tic machine for grinding with the hand. Luxu- 
 ries, such as ochre paint for their cabins, or coats 
 of woolen cloth, where sheepskins will suffice 
 
FIS 
 
 300 
 
 FLA 
 
 are not common. Caps of the most ordinary fur 
 serve as a covering for their heads ; and for their 
 feet, the want of shoes is supplied by a mis-sha- 
 pen bag of dried seal-skin. The harness of their 
 horses consists of nothing more than a plain col- 
 lar attached to the shafts of the cart or sledge, 
 through which, when the horse's neck is thrust, 
 le has only to proceed : this contrivance answers 
 all the purposes of draught, for neither here nor 
 in Sweden is the animal trained to resist the 
 weight of a carriage on the descent, however 
 steep it may be. 
 
 FlnJayville, a village of Mecklenburgh Co. N. C. 
 
 Finhy, a township of Washington Co. Fa. 
 
 Flnaeysnilie, p. v. Rutland Co. Vt. 
 
 Finmark, the most northern section of Europe, 
 jetting into the Arctic Ocean ; it formerly be- 
 longed to Denmark, but with Norway was ceded 
 to Sweden, in 1815. The coast is flanked with 
 islands, and indented with bays. It comprises 
 about 400 sq. m. of surface, but the inhabitants, a 
 mixed race of Finns, and Laplanders, do not ex- 
 ceed 2G,000, who principally inhabit the coiist, 
 fishing and hunting constituting their chief em- 
 ployment : the S. part bordering on Lapland is 
 mountainous. North Cape, its extreme northern 
 limit, and also of Europe, is in the lat. of 71. 10. 
 N., and 25. 50. of E. long. 
 
 Finow, a town of Brandenburgh, in the Ucker 
 Mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and 
 Havel are united. It is 28 m. N. W. ofCustrin. 
 
 Flonda, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 and a bishop's see. on the gulf of Satalia, 25 m. 
 S. W. of Satalia.' 
 
 Fiorcnzo. See Fercntlno. 
 
 Fiorenzo, St. a sea-port on the N. W. coast of 
 Corsica, defended by walls and a tower. It was 
 taken by the English and Corsicans, from the 
 French, in 1794. It is 7 m. W. of Bastia. 
 
 Fireplace, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. 
 
 Fishcrsfield, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H.95 m.fr. 
 Boston. 'Pop. 798. 
 
 Fishing Creek, p.t. Columbia Co. Pa. 
 
 Fishing Ford, p.v. Bedford Co. Ten. 
 
 Firosepour, a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan, 
 seated on the Setlege, at the influx of the Beyah, 
 20 m. W. of Depalpour, and 150 E. by N. of 
 Moultan. 
 
 Flshback, a town of Switzerland in the Valais, 
 27 m. E. of Sion. A battle was fought in this 
 neighborhood between the Swis, and Amadeus, 
 Duke of Savoy in which the Swiss were victori- 
 ous 
 
 Fishers Islands, in Long Island Sound, opposite 
 to Stonington harbour in Connecticut. It is 10 
 in. long and 2 broad, with a fertile soil, and is 
 annexed to the township of Southhold, in Long 
 Island, and belongs to the State of New York. 
 
 Fishguard, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire. 
 Here is a good pier, with every convenience for 
 ship-building, and a considerable trade in herrings, 
 corn, and bu ter. It is situate on a steep cliff, on 
 a bay of St. George's channel, 10 m. N. E. of St. 
 David, and 249 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 
 1^21.1,837. 
 
 Flshausen, a town of Prussia, with a royal cas- 
 tle, seated on the Frische Haff, 21 m. W. of Konis- 
 berg, and 5 N. N. E. of Pillau. 
 
 Fishhill, a town of New York, in Dutchess coun- 
 ty, on a creek of the same name, 5 m. E. of Hud- 
 son river, and GG N. of New York. Pop. of the 
 township 8,292. 
 
 Fishklll Landing, a village of Dutchess Co N. 
 Y. on the Hudson opposite Newburg. 
 
 Fish Lake. p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y. 
 
 Fish River, Great, a river of Southern Africa 
 flowing South into the ocean East of the Cape 
 of Good Hope. The limits of the Cape Colony 
 extend a little beyond it to the East. 
 
 Fissato, a sea-port of Barbary, in the province 
 of Tripoli, 90 m. N. W. of Tripoli. Long. 12. 10. 
 E., lat. 33. 50. N. 
 
 Fistella, a fortified town of Morocco. The in- 
 habitants carry on a great trade in fine garments. 
 It is 125 m. N. E. of Morocco. Long. 5. 55. E. 
 lat. 32. 27. N. 
 
 Fltchbvrg, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 48 ax. N. 
 W. Boston. It has some manufactories. Pop. 
 2,180. 
 
 Fltzwllllam, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the 
 Massachusetts border, G5m. N. W. Boston. Pop 
 1,229. 
 
 Flam. See Fayoum. 
 
 Flume, a sea-port of Austrian Istria, with a cas- 
 tle, and many fine churches and convents. It is 
 noted for wine, good figs, and other fruits ; and 
 has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufacture. 
 The harbour is formed oy the river Fiumara 
 which enters the bay of Carnero, at the extremity 
 of the Adriatic. It is 37 m. E. of Capo d'Istria. 
 Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 45. 38. N. Pop. about 
 12,000. 
 
 Fladstrand, a sea-port of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland, with a harbour defended by three forts, 
 just within the entrance to the Cattgat. It is 30 
 m. N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 29. E., lat. 57. 
 33. N. 
 
 Flaggtoicn, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 
 
 Flamborough, a factory of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, on Hayes river, 70 m. from its mouth, 
 on the Wi side of "Hudson Bay. Long. 90. 5. W. 
 lat. 5G. 8. N. 
 
 Flamborough Head, a lofty promontory on the 
 coast of Yorkshire, Eng. whose snow-white cliffs, 
 rising from 300 to 450 feet above the level of the 
 sea, are seen at a great distance from shore, and 
 afford shelter to innumerable multitudes of sea- 
 fowls. The lower parts contain vast caverns, 
 and on the summit is a lisrht-house, 5 m. E. N. 
 E.of Burlington. Long. 0.2. W., lat. 54. 8. N. 
 There is a village of the same name, contiguous to 
 the cliffs. Pop. in 1821, 917. Off this headland the 
 celebrated John Paul Jones in the American 
 Frigate Bonne Homme Richard, captured the 
 British Frigate Serapis after one of the most des- 
 perate battles ever fought. 
 
 Flu instead, a village in Hertfordshire, Eng. 
 Pop. in 1821, 1,392. It was a place of some im- 
 portance at the time the Romans were in pos- 
 session of England. The house in Greenwich 
 Park, in which is the Royal Observatory, and 
 from whence the English meridional line of lon- 
 gitude is drawn, is commonly called Flamstead 
 House after the name of its first astronomer. See 
 Greenicich. 
 
 Flanders, a country of Europe, bounded on the 
 N. by the mouth of the Scheldt, and N. W. by 
 the North Sea or German Ocean, lying between 
 the lat. of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and 2. 15. to 4. 15. 
 of E. longitude. The early history of this coun- 
 try is involved in considerable obscurity ; it has, 
 however, for several centuries ranked among the 
 most fertile, populous, and civilized parts of Eu- 
 rope, it was formerly known under three divisions, 
 of French, Austria, and Dutch Flanders; the 
 French, or S. part, was comprised in the late 
 province of Artois, now the department du Nord, 
 or N. The Austrian comprised the centre frum 
 
FLE 
 
 301 
 
 FLO 
 
 E. to W. ; nnd the Dutch the coast off the mouth 
 of the Scheldt; the whole Country was overrun 
 by the French in the early part of the war which 
 commenced in 1793, and confirmed to them by 
 the treaty of Campo Fprmio in 17!>7. After 
 the treaty of Luneville in 1801 .Austrian and Dutch 
 Flanders were divided into two departments; 
 Lvs on the W. and Scheldt on the E. and incor- 
 porated with the French Empire. At the gener- 
 al partitioning of this part of Furope, which follow- 
 ed the peace of 1814, those two departments were 
 ceded to the new kingdom of the Netherlands, 
 and were called the East and West Flanders. 
 For their subsequent history, see Netherlands. The 
 area of the E. part comprises about 1 ,080 square 
 m., and contains about 600,000 inhabitants. It is 
 divided into four circles, of which Ghent, Dender- 
 monde, Oudenarde and Eecloo, are the chief 
 towns ; the other places of note are Sluys, Arden- 
 berg, Phillipina, and Sas Van Ghent on the shore 
 of the mouth of the Scheldt ; and Deynse, Ren- 
 aix, Grammont, Sotteghem, Alost. and Watteren 
 in the S. The river Scheldt which rises in the 
 French department, of Aisne enters the S. W. 
 corner running N. by E. to Ghent in the centre 
 of the province, and then nearly due E. till it 
 changes its course to the N. forming the bounda- 
 ry of the province on the side of Brabant ; towards 
 the S. the surface is slightly undulated, but north- 
 ward it is an entire level intersected by canals, 
 communicating both with the North Sea and the 
 mouth of the Scheldt. 
 
 West Flanders is bounded on the S. and S. W. 
 by the French department ; on the N. and N. W. 
 by the North Sea ; the area of this province is 
 about 1,500 square m., containing 530,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It is also divided into four circles, of which 
 Bruges, Furnes, Ypres, and Courtray are the chief 
 towns, the other places of note are the sea-ports of 
 Nieuport and Ostend; the latter is regarded as the 
 maritime portal of this part of Europe. This like 
 E. Flanders is a level country; in the S. E. part, fine 
 thread, lace, and linen cambrics are manufactured 
 to a great extent for exportation ; over all the oth- 
 er parts of the two provinces, fishing, agriculture 
 and manufactures are assiduously pursued, and 
 tend to render the inhabitants among the most soci- 
 al and best conditioned in Europe. The language 
 of the common people is peculiar, a mixture of 
 Dutch and French ; but in the towns the French 
 is most generally spoken. The Catholic religion 
 prevails through both provinces ; the clergy are 
 a tolerant and respectable body. 
 
 Flanders, p. v. Morris Co. N. J. 
 
 Flatbush, a town of N. Y., chief of King's coun- 
 ty, Long Island. The Americans were defeated 
 near this place by the British in 177(5. It is situ- 
 ate amid garden-grounds, 5 m. S. by E. of New 
 York. Pop. 1,143. 
 
 Flatlands, a township of Kings Co. N. Y. on 
 Long Island. Pop. 596. 
 
 Flatter)/, Cape, on the W. coast of North Amer- 
 ica, discovered by Cook, in 177.8 ; and so named, 
 because he was disappointed at not finding a har- 
 bour. Long. 124. 57. W., lat. 48. 25. N. 
 
 Flanigny, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, with a Benedictine abbey ; 
 seated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain, 27 
 m. W. N.W. of Dijon. 
 
 Fleche, La, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Sarte. Here was a noble college, built 
 by Henry IV., at which Descartes was educated ; 
 the centre is now converted into a town-house, 
 and one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or 
 
 military school for soldiers' children. It is sea 
 ted on the N.bnnk of the Loire, and is the seal 
 of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 5,387. It is 80 m. 
 E. N. E. of Nantes. 
 
 Fl.eckeroe, Justcrue, or Flccheren, an island in 
 the Scagerack. near the coast of Norway, a few 
 m. E. of Christiansand. Between the island and 
 the continent is a most excellent harbour, de- 
 fended by a fortress. Long. 8. 18. E.. lat. 53. 4. N. 
 
 Fleet, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire 
 which issues from a small lake of the same name, 
 and enters Wigton bay, below Gatehouse. On 
 its W. side are the vestiges of a camp, a dru- 
 idical circle, and a vitrified fort. 
 
 Fleming, a. county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,493. 
 Flemingsburg is the capital, 50 m. N. E. of Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 Flemington, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 
 Fletcher, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 
 793. 
 
 Flensburg, a seaport of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbour 
 at the head of a bay in the Little Belt, at its en- 
 trance into the Baltic. It is a place of great com- 
 merce, 15 m. N. N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 
 47. E., lat. 54. 52. N. Pop. about 15,000. 
 
 Fleurance, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gers, on the river Gers, 3 m. N. of Audi. 
 
 Ftcurus, a village of the Netherlands, in Na- 
 mur, 6 rn. N. E. of Charleroy. Here, in 1690, a 
 victory was gained by the French over the allies ; 
 and in 1794, the Austrians were defeated in a 
 general attack of the French posts. 
 
 File, or Vlieland. an island on the coast of Hol- 
 land, N. of the Texel, at the middle of the en- 
 trance of the Zuider Zee. 
 
 Flint, a county at the N. E. extremity of Wales, 
 bounded in a N. W. direction by the estuary of 
 the river Dee, and N. by W. by the Irishsea 
 It is the smallest county in Wales, its superficies 
 being only 243 sq. m. It is, however, rich in 
 coal, copper and lead, and since the commence- 
 ment of the present century, the cotton manu- 
 facture has been introduced, and the pop. du- 
 ring the 20 years, 1801 — 1821 has increased 36 
 percent. The principal towns are Mold, Holy- 
 well, Hawarden, and St. Asaph {each of which 
 see), there is also a town called Flint, formerly 
 the chief town of the county, though now a small 
 place. It has the county-goal, but the assizes 
 are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a 
 royal castle, in which Richard II. took shelter 
 on ariving from Ireland ; but on leaving it he was 
 delivered into the hands of his rival, afterward 
 Henry IV. : it stands on a rock close to the sea, 
 and is governed by a constable, who is also mayor 
 of the town. Flint has no market, but is well 
 frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on 
 the estuary of the Dee, 12 m. W.N. W. of Ches- 
 ter, and 195 N. N. W. from London. Pop. in 
 1821,1,612. 
 
 Flint, a river of the state of Georgia, which 
 rises in the country formerly occupied by the 
 Creek Indians, runs S. W. and joining the Chat- 
 ahoochee, at its entrance into E. Florida, forms 
 the Apalachicola. 
 
 Flintstone, p. v. Alleghany Co. Maryland. 
 Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strono- both 
 by nature and art. It stands on a peninsula 
 formed by the Ebro, and the side where the rivei 
 does not pass is covered by mountains, and defen- 
 ded by a castle. It is 23 m. N. of Tortosa. 
 
 Floddon, a field in the parish of Kirknewton, 
 Northumberland, Eng. 5 m. N. N. W. of Wool 
 2C 
 
FLO 
 
 302 
 
 FLO 
 
 er, on which a battle was fought between the 
 English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV. 
 was killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000 
 men. 
 
 Florae, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lozer'e, 13 m. S. of Mende, and 55 N. of 
 Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 
 1825, 2,082. 
 
 Florence, a celebrated city of Italy, capital of 
 Tuscany, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel, 
 and a utiiversity. It was first founded by the 
 soldiers of Sylla, embellished and enlarged by the 
 triumvirs ; destroyed by Totila. and rebuilt by 
 Charlemanoe. The circumference is about G ni. 
 and the fortifications consist of only a wall and a 
 ditch, with two or three forts which command a 
 part of the town. It is divided into two unequal 
 parts, by the river Arno, over which are four 
 handsome bridges. The quays, the buildings on 
 each side, and the bridges, render the part 
 through which the river runs by far the finest; 
 but every part is full of wonders in the arts of 
 painting, statuary and architecture. The envi- 
 rons are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of 
 the Florentine merchants, formerly, were men 
 of great wealth ; and one of them, in the middle 
 of the fifteenth century, built that noble fabric, 
 which, from the name of its founder, is still called 
 the Palazzo Pitti. It was afterwards purchased 
 by the Medici family, who made some enlarge- 
 ments ; and it thence became the residence of 
 the errand dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo 
 Vecchio, or old palace, contains a room 172 feet 
 long, and 70 wide, for public entertainments. 
 The beauties and riches of these palaces, in all 
 that is masterly in architecture, literature, and 
 the arts, especially those of painting and sculpture 
 have been often described. The celebrated Venus 
 of Medici, the standard of taste in female beauty 
 and proportion, stood in a room called the Tri- 
 bune ; this, with other masterpieces of sculp- 
 ture, was carried away to Paris, but restored with 
 most of the other works of art at the general 
 peace in 1815. There are other rooms, whose 
 contents are indicated by the names they bear ; 
 as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural histo- 
 ry, medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, &c. 
 Beside the Medicean library begun by Julius 
 de Medici, and greatly augmented by duke 
 Cosmo I., there are several other copiotss libra- 
 ries, especially those in the two Benedictine and 
 Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy 
 and the Academia della Crusca were instituted 
 to enrich the literature and improve the language 
 of Tuscany ; the latter is so named because it 
 rejects like bran all words not purely Tuscan. 
 The cathedral, the churches, and other public 
 buildings, contain paintings and sculpture by the 
 first masters in Italy ; and the chapel of Lorenzo is 
 perhaps, the most expensive habitation that ever 
 was reared for the dead, being incrusted with 
 precious stones, and adorned with the workman- 
 ship of the best modem sculptors. The manufac- 
 tures of Florence are chiefly silks, satins, gold 
 and silver stuffs, and damask table cloths. It has 
 a considerable trade in fruits, oil, and excel- 
 lent wines. Florence is 45 m. E. N. E. of Leg- 
 horn, which is its out-port, and 125 N. W. of 
 Rome. Long. 11.3. E., lat. 43. 46. N. Pop. in 
 1825, 75,207. 
 
 Florence, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 964. Also 
 a village in Alabama, the capital of Landerdale 
 Co. on the Muscle Shoals of Tennessee River. 
 Also a village in Huron Co Ohio. 
 
 Florent, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Mayenneand Loire, with a Benedictine abhey ; 
 seated on the Loire. 20 m. W.S. VV. of" Angers. 
 
 Flprentin, a town of France, in the department 
 of Yonne, at the conflux of the Armance and 
 Armancon, 15 m. N. E. of Auxerre, and SO S. E. 
 of Paris. 
 
 Florentine, or Fiorcntino, a province of Tusca- 
 ny ; bounded on the N. W. by the republic of 
 Lucca and the Modeuese ; N. E. by the Apen- 
 nines, and S. by the Siennese. Pop. about 580.- 
 000: besides Florence the capital, the other prin- 
 cipal towns are Leghorn, Pisa, and Pistoia. 
 
 Flores, or Mangeylc, an island of the East Indies, 
 one of the chain that forms the S boundary of 
 the Java and Banda seas. 108 in. long and 45 
 broad, lying to the E. of thai of Sumbawa. On 
 the S. side, near the E. end. is a town named 
 Larantuca. Long. 121. 50. £.', lat. 8. 50. S. 
 
 Flores, a. fertile island, one of the Azores, so 
 called from the abundance of flowers found upon 
 it. Lagens is the most populous town, but St. 
 Cruz is the capital. Long. 31. 0. W., lat. 39. 
 34. N. 
 
 Florida, a Territory of the United States, and the 
 most southern portion of the country. Its south- 
 ern point is in 25. N. lat., and it extends N to 31. 
 It lies between SO. 25. and 87. 20. W. long, and 
 contains, about 45,000 sq. m. It is shaped some- 
 what like an L, the southeastern part being a pe- 
 ninsula washed by the ocean on the E., and the 
 Gulfof Mexico on the W. Its boundaries on the 
 N. are Georgia, and Alabama. It has been usual 
 to consider this territory as consisting of two divi- 
 sions, East and West, but there is at present no 
 political distinction. 
 
 The land is low and generally either sandy or 
 swampy. On the coast it is mostly barren. There 
 are many savannas covered with a thick growth 
 of grass and flowers. In the swampy tracts the 
 cane brakes are of an enormous height and thick- 
 ness. The reed canes are sometimes 30 and 40 
 feet high. The ponds and bayous are in summer 
 covered with aquatic plants, and abound with al- 
 ligators. The uplands of the interior are the most 
 fertile and bear the name of hawvwc lands from 
 the tufts or swells which they exhibit. The greater 
 part of the surface is a pine barren ; this is a land 
 with a grey and reddish soil producing coarse 
 grass and a scanty growth of pine trees. Almost 
 every part of the county affords abundance of 
 timber, as pitch pine, live oak, cypress, &c. Two 
 thirds of the country are covered with pine for- 
 ests. 
 
 The magnolia is a very common and beautiful 
 tree, and grows to the height of 100 feet with a 
 straight trunk surmounted by a conical mass of 
 dark green foliage covered over with large milk- 
 white flowers. Orange trees also flourish here, 
 and about St. Augustine and on the borders of ma- 
 ny of the lakes and savannas are many beautiful 
 groves of them. Limes, grapes, and figs, grow 
 wild. The long moss or Spanish beard which 
 hangs in festoons upon the branches of the live 
 oak and pine, affords a good material for stuffing. 
 
 This country is very thinly inhabited, and har- 
 dly any thing is known from experience as to its 
 capabilities for agriculture ; but it is thought to be 
 excellently adapted to the culture of tobacco, cot- 
 ton, indigo, rice, and sugar. At present the chief 
 objects of attention among the planters, are maize, 
 rice, potatoes, beans, melons, &c. The olive and 
 coffee have been tried here and the former will 
 undoubtedly succeed. 
 
FLO 
 
 J03 
 
 FOI 
 
 The climate is very hot, although in the north- 
 ern parts water sometimes freezes. In the peninsu- 
 la the most delicate orange trees bear fruit in full 
 perfection. In the lower parts the air is moist, 
 and in the neighbourhood of the rice fields it is 
 unhealthy. From October to June the weather 
 La most delightful. The southern extremity is 
 subject to the hurricanes of the West Indies. 
 
 The largest river is the St. Johns, which rises 
 in the centre of the peninsula and flows north- 
 easterly to the sea; it passes through several lakes 
 and its current is gentle. The Apalachicola pas- 
 ses through West Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Many small streams rise in the pine forests 
 and fall into the inlets of the Gulf. The springs 
 which give rise to these rivers are very remarka- 
 ble for their size and depth. See Wakulla Fountain. 
 
 The only townsof consequence are St. Augustine 
 on the eastern coast, and Pensacola on the western. 
 There is a chain of low islands or sand banks skirt- 
 ing the whole coast, but they afford few good 
 harbours. Off" cape Sable, which is the southern- 
 most point of the peninsula, are a cluster of islands 
 at some distance from the land, on one of which, 
 called Key West, was lately established a naval 
 station of the United States. 
 
 Florida is divided into 15 counties. The Gov- 
 ernor is appointed by the United States, and there 
 is a legislative council of 16 members. Talla- 
 hassee is the seat of government. It has one del- 
 egate in Congress. The Pop. is 34.723, of whom 
 15,510 are slaves. The commerce of the territory 
 is inconsiderable. The shipping in 1828 amoun- 
 ted to 2,781 tons. The imports for ld29 were 
 153 (542 dollars. The exports of domestic produce, 
 38.1(13 dollars. Total exports 56,086 dollars. 
 
 This territory was discovered in 1497. It was 
 first settled by the Spaniards in 1524. Some set- 
 tlements were made by the French about 30 years 
 afterwards, and they established themselves in the 
 neighbourhood of the spot where St. Augustine 
 now stands in 1564. The Spaniards however, ex- 
 pelled the French. In 1763 Florida was ceded to 
 Great Britain, and retained by that power till 1781 
 when it was reconquered by the Spaniards. In 
 1821 Spain ceded it by treaty to the United States 
 as an indemnity for spoliations upon our com- 
 merce ; and the following year it was made a ter- 
 ritorial government. 
 
 Florida Cape, is on the E. coast of East Flori- 
 da, in the gulf of the same name, in the lat. of 25. 
 41. N.. and 80. 5. of W. long. ; 90. m. N E. of 
 Cape Sable, and about 30 W. of the N. W. end 
 of the Great Bahama Bank. 
 
 Florida, Gulf of , is the passage out of the gulf 
 of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean, between the 
 N. W. coast of the Island of Cuba, and the Baha- 
 ma Bank and islands on the E.. and the promon- 
 tory of East Florida on the W. Through this 
 passage the great body of waters flowing into the 
 gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi, Colorado, 
 and Rio del Norte, set, in a continual stream, 
 running at the rate of 4 to 5 m. per hour: the 
 stream continues to run along the eastern coast 
 of North America, to the lat. of 42., when the 
 current is dispersed by the great bank of New- 
 foundland. The gulf passage is from 30 to 130 
 m. wide, the narrowest part being between Cape 
 Florida, and the Great Bahama Bank before men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Florida Keys, or Martyrs Islands and Reefs, are 
 the shoals and sand-banks flanking the southern 
 extremity and E. coast of the promontory of East 
 Florida, as previously described. 
 
 Florida, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 454. 
 Also a p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,838. 
 
 Florisant, a village in St. Louis Co. Missouri, 
 on the Missouri. 
 
 Flour, St. a city of France, in the department 
 of Cantal, and a bishop's sec. Good knives are 
 made here, and it has a considerable trade in corn. 
 It is seated on a mountain, 35 m. S. of Clermont, 
 and 108 N. by W. of Montpelier. It is the seat 
 of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,372. 
 
 Flour Town, a village in Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Floyd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 4,262. 
 Prestonburg is the capital. Also a county of In- 
 diana. Pop. 6.363. New Albany is the capital 
 
 Floyd, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,699. 
 
 Floydsburg, a village in Jefferson Co. Ken. 
 
 Flushing, a strong sea-port of Dutch Zealand, 
 in the island of Walcheren, on the N. side of 
 Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it de- 
 fends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal 
 runs through the town, which is deep enough to 
 admit loaded vessels. The stadthouse is a superb 
 building, after the model of that of Amsterdam. 
 Flushing was the birth place of admiral De Ruy- 
 ter, and has a capacious harbour and basin for 
 ships of the largest burthen. It is one of the na- 
 val depots of the Netherlands. Its trade is 
 chiefly smuggling. Pop. about 6,000. It is in 
 lat. 51. 27. N.,and 3. 34. of E. long. 
 
 Flushing, a town of New York, in Queen's 
 countv, Long Island, situate on the E. side of 
 Hell-gate, 7 m. E. by N. of New York. Pop. 
 2,820. 
 
 Flushing, p. v. Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Fluvanna, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia, N. of James river, at the foot of the first 
 ridge of the Alleghany mountains. Pop. 8,221. 
 Palmyra is the chief town. 
 
 Fochabers, a town of Scotland belonging to 
 Murrayshire, though seated on the E. side of the 
 river Spey. It is 8 m. E. by S. of Elgin, and 22 
 W. of Banff. 
 
 Fochan, a populous village of China, in the vi- 
 cinity of Canton. 
 
 Fochea, or Foggia, a sea-port of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, in Natolia, with a castle. The Venetians 
 beat the Turkish fleet near this place, in 1650 
 It is seated on the gulf of Smyrna, at the influx 
 of the Hermus. 28 m. N. W. of Smyrna. Long. 
 26 39. E., lat. 38. 44. N. 
 
 Focdicar, a town of Hungary, seated on the 
 W. bank of the Danube, opposite Colocza, 40 m 
 S. of Buda. Pop. 2,500. 
 
 Fogaras, a town and castle of Transylvania, on 
 the river Alauta, 30 m. N. by E. of Hermadstadt. 
 
 Foggia, a town of Naples, in Capitanata. It is 
 a staple for corn and wool, and seated near the 
 Cerbero, 20 m. S. of Manfredonia ; it suffered 
 greatly by an earthquake, in 1732. Pop. about 
 17,000. 
 
 Foglesville, a village in Lehigh Co Pa. 
 
 Foglia, a river of Italy, which rises on the con 
 fines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino, 
 and enters the gulf of Venice, at Pesaro. 
 
 Foglizzo, or Foglino, a town of Piedmont. 5 m- 
 N. W. of Chivasso, and 13 W. of Crescentino 
 
 Fogo. See Fuego. 
 
 Fo/ir, or Fora, an island of Denmark, about la 
 m. in circumference, near the coast of Sleswick, 
 in the German Ocean, 65 m. N. of Heligoland. 
 Pop. about 5,500. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 54. 44 .N. 
 
 Foix, a late district of France, in Languedoc, 
 adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms, with 
 Couserans, the department of Arriege. 
 
FON 
 
 304 
 
 FOR 
 
 Foix, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Arriege. Here is a manufacture of coarse 
 woolen cloths, with some copper-mills. It is seat- 
 ed on the Arriege, near the foot of the Pyrenees, 
 42 m. S. by E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Fo-kien a maritime province in the S. of China, 
 bounded on the N. by Tche-kiang, VV. by Kiang- 
 si, S. by Quang-tong, and E. by the China Sea. 
 The climate is warm ; and yet the air is so pure, 
 that no contagious diseases ever prevail. It pro- 
 duces musk in abundance, precious stones, quick- 
 silver, iron, and tin ; also gold and silver, but it 
 is forbidden to dig for these. It has fine plains ; 
 and industry fertilizes even the mountains, the 
 greater part of which are cut into terraces, rising 
 .ibove each other. Its valleys are watered by 
 springs and rivers from the mountains, which the 
 husbandman distributes with great skill, to refresh 
 his rice : he lias even the art to raise his water to 
 the tops of the mountains, and to convey it from 
 one side to the other, by pipes made of bamboo. 
 The people speak a different language in most of 
 the cities, eac'i of which has its particular dialects. 
 The language of the mandarins is that which is 
 spoken every where ; but few understand it in 
 this province : however, it produces a great num- 
 ber of literati. It contains 9 cities of the first 
 and GO of the third class. Fou-tcheo is the 
 capital. 
 
 Foleshitt, a parish in the county of the city of 
 Coventry, Eng. lying on the N. side of the city, 
 and intersected by the Coventry canal. Pop. in 
 1320, 4,937, almost exclusively employed in the 
 riband manufacture. 
 
 Foligno,a. town of Italy, in the duchy of Urn- 
 bria, famous for its sweetmeats, paper mills, and 
 silk manufactures. It is seated on the W. side 
 of the Apennines, near a fertile plain, 09 m. N. of 
 Rome. 
 
 Follcingham, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 Here are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is 
 seated on a rising ground, 18 m. W. S. W. of 
 Boston, and IOC N. of London. Pop. 759. 
 
 Folkstone, a town in Kent, Eng. It had once 
 five churches, four of which iiave been destroyed 
 by the incursions of the sea. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly employed in fishing. Dr. Wm. Harvey, 
 *.he celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the 
 blood, was born here in 1578. It is a member of 
 the port of Dover, governed by a mayor, and a 
 little to the W. is Sandgate castle, built by Henry 
 VIII. It is seated on the English channel, 8 m. 
 S. W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821, 4,232, chiefly dependent on fishing and 
 smuggling for support. 
 
 Fondi, a town of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro, 
 seated on the Jlppian Way near the sea coast, 05 
 m. S. S. W. of Rome. 
 
 Fong-tsiang , or Fontcheou, a city of China, in 
 the province of Chen-si. Its district contains 
 eight cities of the second and third class. It is 
 seated on the Hoie Ho, which falls into the Yel- 
 low river, 500 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 100. 
 57. E., lat. 34. 30. N. 
 
 Fong-yang, a city of China, in the province of 
 Kiang-nan. It incloses within its walls several 
 fertile little hills ; and its jurisdiction comprehends 
 five cities of the second, and 13 of the third class. 
 It is seated on a mountain which overhangs a 
 river fallino- into the Hongts Hou, 70 m. N. E. of 
 Na-king. Long. 110. 58. C, lat. 32. 52. N. 
 
 Fons, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lot, 5 m. N. W. of Figeac. 
 
 Fontainblcau, a town of France, in the depart- 
 
 ment, of Seine and Marne, celebrated for its fine 
 palace, and a hunting seat of the sovereigns of 
 France. It stands in the midst of an extensive 
 forest, 35 m. S. S. E. of Paris. It is the seat of a 
 prefect. Pop. in 1820, 0,439. 
 
 Fontaine V Evr.que a town of the Netherlands, in 
 the territory of Liege, in. W. of Charleroi. 
 
 Fontanrtto, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. E. of 
 Crescentino. 
 
 Fontarabia, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, on 
 the frontiers of France, from which it is separated 
 by the river Bidassoa, which forms a harbour at 
 its mouth, in the bay of Biscay. It stands on a 
 peninsula, at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains, 
 and is so strong both by nature and art as to be 
 accounted the key of Spain, on that side ; but it 
 opened its gates to the French in 1794. It is 22 
 m. S. W of Bayonne, and 02 E. by N. of Bilbao 
 Long. 1.47. W.,lat. 43. 23. N. 
 
 Fontcnay le Comte, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Vendee. It has a woolen manufac- 
 ture, and its fairs are famous for cattle. It is 
 seated on the Vendee, 25 in. N. E. of Piochelle, 55 
 W. by S. of Poitiers, and 215 S. E. of Paris. It 
 is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 7,470. 
 
 Fonlcnoy, a village of the Netherlands, in 
 Hainault, 4 m. S. E. ofTournay. It is celebra- 
 ted for a battle between the allies and the French 
 in 1745, in which the former were defeated. 
 
 FontevrauU, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire. Here is a famous 
 abbey, in the church of which, several kings and 
 queens of France lie interred. It is 7 m. S. E. ot 
 Saumer. 
 
 Fora, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast 
 of S. Jutland, between those of Sylt and Nord- 
 strand. It is of an oval form, 20 in. in circum- 
 ference, and the chief place is Utersen. See 
 Fohr. 
 
 Forcheim, a strong town of Franconia, in the 
 principality of Bamberg, with a fine arsenal. It 
 surrendered to the French in 1790, but the Aus- 
 trians compelled them to abandon it soon after- 
 ward. It is seated at the conflux of the Wisent 
 and Rednitz, 10 m. S. S. E. of Bamberg, and is 
 now included in the territory of the king of Ba- 
 varia. 
 
 Fordingbridge, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of checks and bed-ticks ; seated on 
 the Little Avon, 10 m. S. of Salisbury, and 88 W. 
 by S. of London. Pop. in 1820, 2,444. 
 
 Fordsville, a village in Pearl River, Marion Co. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Foreland, North, a promontory of Kent, Eng. 
 the E. point of the isle of Thanet. It is the most 
 southern point of the port of London ; and a line 
 thence extended N. to the point called the Nase, 
 in Essex, forms the mouth of the Thames. Here 
 is around brick tower, nearly 80 feet high, erect- 
 ed by the Trinity -house for a sea-mark. Long. 
 1.29. E., lat. 51.* 22. N. 
 
 Foreland, South, another promontory of Kent. 
 It is called South, in respect to its bearing from 
 the other Foreland, which is 13 m. to the N. Be- 
 tween these two capes is the noted roadstead, call- 
 ed the Downs. # 
 
 Forest Towns, four towns of Suabia, in Brisgau, 
 situate on the Rhine and the confines of Switzer 
 land, at the entrance of the Black Forest. Their 
 names are Waldschut, Lauffenburgh, Seckingen, 
 and Rheinfelden. 
 
 Foresterton, a village in Burlington Co. N. Y. 
 
 Forfar, a borough of Scotland, capital of An- 
 gusshire. It contains many neat modern houses 
 
FOR 
 
 305 
 
 FOU 
 
 •Mid has manufactures of coarse linens and shoes. 
 it is situate in an extensive plain, nearly in the 
 centre of the county, 14 m. N. by E. of Dundee. 
 
 Forfarshire. See Jlngusshire. 
 
 Forges, a town of France, in the department of 
 Lower Seine, celebrated for its mineral waters. 
 It is 24 m. N. E. of Rouen. 
 
 Forio, or Fontario. See Ischia. 
 
 Forli, a town of Italy, in Romagna, seated on 
 the frontier of Tuscany, in a fertile country, near 
 the river Rones, 11 m. S. S. W. of Ravenna. 
 
 Formentera, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 belonging to the crown of Spain. It is situated 
 to the south of Ivica, from which it is separated 
 by a channel 4 m. wide. 
 
 Formosa, an island in the China Sea, lying be- 
 tween 120. and 122. E. long., and 22. and 25. N. 
 lat., and separated from the province of Fo-kien, 
 in China, by a channel about 30 m. where nar- 
 rowest. It is 230 m. from N. to S., and 70 in its 
 broadest part, but is greatly contracted at the S. 
 extremity. It is subject to the Chinese, who, 
 however, did not know of its existence till the 
 year 1430. A chain of mountains, running its 
 whole length, divides it into two parts, the E. and 
 W. The Dutch built the fort of Zealand, on the 
 W. part, in 1643. They were driven thence, in 
 1661, by a Chinese pirate, who made himself 
 master of all the W. part. In 1632 the whole 
 island submitted to the emperor of China. It 
 contains extensive and fertile plains, watered by 
 a great number of rivulets from the mountains. 
 It produces abundance of corn and rice, most of 
 the Indian fruits, many of those of Europe, to- 
 bacco, sugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon. 
 Wholesome ' rater is the only thing wanting in 
 Formosa. The inhabitants rear a great number 
 of oxen, which they use for riding, from a want 
 of horses. This island was almost totally destroy- 
 ed by a furious hurricane and dreadful inundation 
 of the sea. Taiouang, at the S. W. end of the 
 island, is the capital. 
 
 Formosa, Cape, the point of land between the 
 bights of Benin and Biafra, in the gulf of Guinea. 
 Lat. 4. 15. x\., and 5. 10. of E. long. One of the 
 Bissagos Isles on the W. coast of North Africa, is 
 also called Formosa. Lat. 11. 30. N., long. 16. 
 10. W 
 
 Fornovo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Par- 
 ma; near which, in 1495, Charles VIII. of France 
 obtained a victory over the princes of Italy. It 
 is 8 m. W. S. W. of Parma. 
 
 Forres, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Murray- 
 shire, neatly built on an eminence, on the river 
 and near the bay of Findhorn, which is its port, 
 ft has manufactures of linen and thread, and a 
 valuable salmon fishery. A little W. of the town 
 is a column, called Sweno's stone, covered with 
 antique sculpture, and said to have been erected 
 in memory of a victory obtained over the Danes, 
 in 1008. "Forres is 12*m. W. by S. of Elgin, and 
 12 E. of Nairn. Pop. in 1821, 3,540. 
 
 Forsta, a town of Lusatia, with a castle. It has 
 manufactures of woolen and linen cloths and 
 carpets, ana stands on a little island in the Neissa, 
 15 m. S. S. W. of Guben, and 54 N. E. of Dres- 
 den. 
 
 Forteventura, or Fuerteventura, one of the Ca- 
 nary Islands, 65 m. in length, and of a very irre- 
 gular breadth, consisting of two peninsulas, joined 
 by an isthmus 12 m. in breadth. Its chief pro- 
 duct is the barilla plant, it also produces some 
 wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. The S. W 
 point is in long. 14. 31. W., lat 28. 4. N 
 39 
 
 Forth, a river ot Scotland, \\ Inch rises .n the- 
 mountain Ben Lomond, in Dumbartonshire, flows 
 E. in a sinuous course by Stirling and Alloa, and 
 meets the German Ocean a little below Alloa, 
 where it forms a noble estuary, called the Frith of' 
 Forth. The Forth is navigable for vessels of 8(1 
 tons, as far as Stirling bridge, and for merchant 
 vessels of any burden, as far as Grangemouth, 
 where there is a communication between this river 
 and the Clyde, by a canal. 
 
 Forth, Frith of, the estuary above mentioned, 
 is about 10 m. in mean breadth, that is, reckon- 
 ing the entrance from North Berwick on the S., 
 to Elie Ness on the N., the distance from which 
 two points is about 8 m. ; from this line to the 
 Queensferry, where it narrows to a m. and a half, 
 the distance is about 28 m. and from Queensferrv 
 to Grangemouth the distance is about 12 m. the 
 water spreading again to the extent of 3 to 4 m 
 Between Queensferry and the line of Elie Ness 
 are a number of islands, the most celebrated of 
 which, are Inch Garvie, Inch Colm, and Inch 
 Keith ; on the latter, and on the Isle of May. 
 without the line of Elie Ness, are light-houses, 
 and these, as well as most of the other islands, 
 contain ruins of castles or religious houses. St. 
 Abb's head on the S., and Fife Ness on the N., 
 distant from each other 35 m. are by some con- 
 sidered as forming the points of entrance to the 
 Frith of Forth. 
 
 Fortrose, a borough of Scotland, in Rosshire. 
 situate on the Murray Frith nearly opposite Fort 
 George, to which there is a regular ferry. It is 
 composed of two towns, Rosemarkie, and Cha- 
 nonry ; the former a very ancient borough, and 
 the latter one, a bishop's see. Two small parts of 
 the ancient cathedral remain, one used as a burial- 
 place, the other as a court-house and prison. It 
 is 9 m. S. S. W. of Cromarty. 
 
 Fort Ann, a township of Washington Co. N. \ 
 Pop. 3,210. 
 
 Fort Edward, in the same Co. Pop. 1,816 
 
 Fort-Royal, the capital of Martinique, on the 
 W. side of the island, with one of the best har- 
 bours in the West Indies, defended by a strong 
 citadel. Long. 61. 9. W., lat 14. 36. N. 
 
 Fort-Royal, the capital of the island of Grana- 
 da. See St. George. 
 
 Fossano, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel, 
 seated on the Store, 10 m. N. E. of Coni. It has 
 manufactures of silk. 
 
 Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur, 
 situate between the Sambre and Meuse, 7 m. N. 
 W. of Namur. 
 
 Fossombrone, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Urbino, with a castle on a mountain, near the 
 river Metro, 10 m. S. E. of Urbino; the vicinity 
 is very productive of silk. 
 
 Fossiim, a town of Norway, in the government 
 of Aggerhuys, noted for rich mines of cobalt, 35 
 m. W. of Christiania. 
 
 Foster, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. 15. m. W 
 Providence. Pop. 2,672. 
 
 Fothcringay, a village in Northamptonshire, 
 Encr. 3 m. N. of Oundle, near the Nen Hore 
 are the ruins of a castle in which Richard III 
 was born, and Mary Queen of Scots tried and be 
 headed. In the church are interred two dukes of 
 York ; Edward, killed at Agincourt in France, 
 and Richard, slain at Wakefield. 
 
 Foue, or Faoua, a town of Lower Egypt, seat- 
 ed on the W. branch of the Nile, 25 m. S. by E. 
 of Rosetto. 
 
 Fowreres, a town of France, in the department 
 2c2 
 
FOX 
 
 306 
 
 FRA 
 
 of TTIe and Vilaine, with an ancient castle. In 
 1802, it was taken by John, king of England. It 
 •s seated on the Coesnom,25 m. N. E. of Rennes, 
 and lnO W. by S. of Paris. It is the seat of a 
 prefect. 
 
 Foula, or Fowla. See Fitla. 
 
 Fouli, Phole.y, or Foulah, a country of Africa, 
 extending on both sides of the river Senegal about 
 500 m. from E. to W. ; the boundaries from N. to 
 S. are unknown. It is populous and fertile. The 
 Foulahs are, in general, of a tawny complexion, 
 though many of them are entirely black. Some 
 lead a wandering life, and roam about the country 
 with large droves of cows, sheep, goats, anil 
 horses : others are dexterous at hunting wild 
 oeasts ; the teeth of elephants, and the skins of 
 lions, leopards, and tigers, being articles of trade. 
 Their arms are bows and arrows, lances, swords, 
 dao-gers, and occasionally a kind of small fusee. 
 They are praised by travellers for their hospitali- 
 ty : nor is their humanity in other respects less 
 commendable ; for if one of their countrymen have 
 the misfortune to fall into slavery, the rest join 
 stock to redeem him. The king of this country is 
 called the Siratick ; and though he seldom ap- 
 pears with the badges of majesty, he has great 
 authority, and is as much respected as any one 
 on the coast. 
 
 Foulness, a small island on the S. E. coast of 
 Essex, Eng. formed by the river Crouch, at its en- 
 trance into the mouth of the Thames. It has a 
 village, with a church, 8 m. E. by N. of Rochford. 
 Pop. in 1821,565. 
 
 Foalsham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 3 m. N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Waldstcedtcr Sea. 
 
 Fourncaux Island, a small island in the Pacific 
 ocean. Long. 143. 2. W., lat. 17. 11. S. 
 
 Fou-tchcou, a city of China, in Fokien, and the 
 most considerable in that province, on account 
 of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port, 
 and the number of its literati. It is the residence 
 of a viceroy, and has under its jurisdiction nine cit- 
 ies of the third class. It is seated near the mouth of 
 a river falling into the China sea, 4:35 miles N. E. 
 of Canton, and 1,030 S. by E. of Peking. Long. 119. 
 4. E., lat. 26. 4. N. 
 
 Fou-tchcou, another city of China in Kiangsi, 
 formerly one of the most beautiful cities in China, 
 but almost ruined by the invasion of the Tartars. 
 It is 240 m. N.W. of the other Fou-tcheou, and 
 835 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 56. E., lat. 27. 
 55 N. 
 
 Ftribey, or Fawu, a river in Cornwall, Eng. 
 which rises four miles S. E. of Camelford, passes 
 •>y Lostwithiel, and after a winding course of 
 aoout 40 m. enters the English channel, at Fowey. 
 
 Fowcy, a borough and sea-port in Cornwall, 
 Eng. with a considerable trade by the pilchard 
 fishery. The harbour is defended by St. Cathe- 
 rine fort, on the summit of a steep pile of rocks, 
 and an adjoining battery The streets are so 
 narrow, and with such sudden turnings, that no 
 wheeled carriages can be admitted. The church 
 is a spacious structure. It is seated at the mouth 
 of the Fowev, which forms a capacious harbour, 
 32 ra. S. W. of Launceston, and 239 W. by S. 
 of London. Long. 4. 37. W., lat. 50. 19. N. 
 
 Fowler, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 
 !,447 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Foxborough, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. on a branch 
 
 of Taunton river 25 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,099. 
 
 Fozcroft,a. township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 
 
 677. 
 
 Fox Islands, a group of islands in the Northern 
 Archipelago. They are 16 in number, between 
 the coast of Kamtschatka and the W. coast of 
 America, between 52. and 55. N. lat. Each is- 
 land has a peculiar name ; but this general name 
 is given to the whole group, on account of the 
 great number of black, grey, and red foxes, with 
 which they abound. The dress of the inhabitants 
 consists of ( a cap, and a fur coat which reaches 
 down to their knees : some wear a cap of party co- 
 loured bird-skin, upon which is left part of the 
 wings and tail. On the forepart of their hunting 
 and fishing caps, they place a small board, like a 
 screen, adorned with the jawbones of sea-bears, 
 and ornamented with glass beads, which they re- 
 ceiye in barter from the Russians. They feed 
 upon the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and gen- 
 erally eat it raw. The provision intended for 
 keeping, is dried without salt, in the air. Their 
 weapons are bows, arrows and darts ; and for de- 
 fence, they use wooden shields. The most per- 
 fect equality reigns among them : they have nei- 
 ther chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor pun- 
 ishments. They live together in families, and 
 societies of several families united, which form 
 what they call a race, who, in case of attack or 
 defence, mutually aid each other. They have a 
 good share of plain natural understanding ; and 
 seem cold and indifferent in most of their actions ; 
 yet if an injury, or mere suspicion, rouse them 
 from this phlegmatic state they become furious 
 and revengeful. The Russians call these islands 
 the Lyssie Ostrova. 
 
 * # * There is a cluster of small but beautiful, 
 fertile and romantic islands, called Fox islands, 
 in Penobscot Bay, Maine. 
 
 Foxford, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Mayo, on the river Moy, 8 m. E. N. E. of Castle- 
 bar. Pop. in 1821, 1,024. 
 
 Foy, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Gironde, on the river Dordogne, 33 m. E. of 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 Foyers, or Fyers, a river of Scotland, in the 
 county of Inverness, which rises a few m. E. of 
 fort Augustus, and flows into Loch Ness. About. 
 2 m. before its entrance into the lake is the Fall 
 of Floyers, one of the highest in the world, being 
 207 feet in height, in one unbroken stream. 
 
 Foyle, a river of Ireland, formed by the con- 
 flux of the Fin and the Mourne, at Lifford, in 
 the county of Donegal. It passes by St. Johns- 
 town and Londonderry, and 4 m. below expands 
 into a bay, called Lough Foyle, of an oval form, 
 14 m. long and 8 broad, which communicates with 
 the ocean by a short and narrow strait. 
 
 Fraga, a town of Spain, in Arragon, strong 
 by situation, having the river Cinca before it, 
 whose high banks are difficult of access, and at 
 its back a hill, which cannot easily be approached 
 with cannon. Alphonso VII., king of Arragon 
 was killed here b} T the Moors, in 1134, when h» 
 besieged this town. It is 63 m. E. S. E. of Sara- 
 gossa. 
 
 Fragos,a. town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 7 
 in. S. W. of Santarem. 
 
 Frumingluim , p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 20 m. 
 S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,213. 
 
 FramlingJtam, a town of Suffolk, Eng. It has 
 the remains of a castle. To this place the prin- 
 cess Mary retired, when lady Jane Grey was pro- 
 claimed queen ; and here she found that power- 
 ful support, which soon seated her on the throne. 
 It is 30 m. E. of Bury, and 87 N. E of Lon 
 don. 
 
FRA 
 
 307 
 
 FRA 
 
 Francavllla, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Otranto, with a trade in oil, cotton stockings, and 
 snuff, 15 m. E. N. E. of Taranto. 
 
 FrancavilLi, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on 
 the river Sino, 20 m. W. S. W. of Trusi. 
 
 France, a country of Europe, extending in its 
 extreme limits from the village of Peats de Mello, 
 at the foot of the Eastern Pyrenees, in the lat. of 
 42. 25., in nearly a perpendicular line to Dun- 
 kirk, in the lat. of 51. 2. N. ; this line gives a 
 distance of 517 geographical, 593 British statute 
 m. ; the most important extreme point on the W. 
 is Brest, in the long, of 4. 29. W., and 48. 23. of 
 N. lat., and on the E. Strasburg in the long, of 
 7. 45. E. and lat. of 48. 35. ; the distance between 
 those two points is 12. 14. of W. long., which in 
 the mean lat. of 48. 29. is equal to 490 geographi- 
 cal, or 576 British statute m., but a line exceed- 
 ing this by about 40 m. might be drawn in this 
 direction within the French territory, from Point 
 Ras, 28 m. S. of Brest, to the extreme eastern 
 limit, 45 m. S. byE. of Strasburg; the mean 
 line, however, from N. to S. does not exceed 470, 
 and from W.to E. 420 British statute m. This limit 
 gives a superficies of 197,400 sq. m., equal to 
 126,336,000 British statute acres ; a report made 
 to the French government m 1817 computed 
 the superficies to be equal to 128 millions of 
 acres, of which about 92 millions were in a state 
 of cultivation, ard about 36 millions of acres 
 reported as unproduc*. "'e, and unfit for cultivation. 
 
 This fine territory is bounded from Dunkirk to 
 the Rhine, in the Tat. of 59. N. a distance of 290 
 m. in a direction E. S. E. of Netherlands and 
 the Prussian provinces of the Rhine; about 100 
 m. of this frontier nearest to Dunkirk is an open 
 plain without any natural barrier ; further S. the 
 inroad is more or less impeded by forests. From 
 the lat. of 49. the Rhine in a direction S. by W. 
 for about 110 m. divides France from the territory' 
 of the grand duke of Baden ; from the lat. of 47. 
 40. to 43. 42. it is divided from Switzerland, 
 Savoy, and Piedmont, by collateral ridges of the 
 Alpine mountains ; the S. E. extremity is bounded 
 by the little river Var which divides France from 
 the county of Nice The meridional distance 
 from this point to the eastern extremity of the 
 Pyrenees is 220 statute m., but the indentations 
 of the Mediterranean sea, give an extent of sea- 
 coast on that side of France, near to, if not ex- 
 ceeding 300 m. The Pyrenean mountains in a 
 direction W. by N. for 250 m. next form the 
 southern boundary of France, dividing it from the 
 Iberian peninsula of Spain and Portugal ; the 
 little river Bidassoa forms the boundary at the S. 
 W. extremity, and W. from the mouth of this 
 river in the lat. of 43. 22. and 1. 47. of W. long, 
 to the isle of Ushant, in the lat. of 48. 28. and 5. 
 '*. of W. long. France is bounded by the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to 
 Dunkirk by the English channel. The meridional 
 distance from the Bidassoa to Ushant is 390 m., and 
 from Ushant to Dunkirk 330 m., but the indenta- 
 tions of the sea will give about 500 ni. of coast 
 on each side of the isle of Ushant, and with the 
 S. E. boundary on the Mediterranean an aggre- 
 gate extent of sea-coast of about 1,300 m., and 
 a circumference of about 2,200 m. The sea-ports 
 are Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Fecamp, 
 Havre, Caen, Chevburgh, St. Maloand Morlaix,on 
 the coast of the English channel; Brest, Quimper, 
 L' Orient, Nantes, Rochelle,Rochefort, Bordeaux, 
 and Bayonne, on the coast of the Bay of Biscay 
 or Atlantic Ocean, and Marseilles and Toulon 
 
 in the Mediterranean ; Cherburgn, Brest, Roche- 
 fort, and Toulon are the chief stations of the 
 French national marine. 
 
 Every part of France is intersected by rivers 
 flowing in all directions. Taking them in geo- 
 graphical order from the N. the first entitled to 
 notice are the Moselle and the Meuse, both of 
 which rise in the N. E. part of France, and take 
 circuitous courses northerly into the Netherlands, 
 the former falling into the Rhine, and the latter 
 into the N. Sea. The Somnie is an inconsidera- 
 ble river running W. N. W. into the English 
 channel. The next in order and importance ia 
 the Seine which also runs in a W. N. W. direc- 
 tion into the English channel, being joined in 
 its course by the Marne, Aube, and the Oise, on 
 the N.,and by the Yonne and the Euro on the S. 
 The Orne, and two or three other rivers of inferior 
 note also fall into the English channel. The no- 
 blest river in all France is the Loire, which rises 
 in the S. and flows in a direction N. by W. for 
 about 250 m., when it takes a direction nearly 
 due W. for about 250 m. more, falling into the 
 Atlantic Ocean. It receives in its course numer- 
 ous tributary streams, the most considerable of 
 which, are the Allier, running parallel with it 
 from the S. for about 180 m., and the Cher, Indre, 
 Creuce, Vienne, and Sevre, all from the S., and 
 from the N. it receives the Lower Loire, Sarthe, 
 Mayenne, and a few others of a smaller size. In 
 the S. the united streams of the Lot, the Tarn, 
 and Garonne, with several others of inferior note, 
 form the Gironde which falls into the Bay of 
 Biscay, being joined from the E. below Bordeaux 
 by the Dordogne and Ille. Between the Loire 
 and the Gironde the Charente, and between the 
 Gironde and the Pyrenees the Adour, each 
 with numerous tributary streams also fall into the 
 Bay of Biscay. The Rhone rising near Mount 
 St. Gothard in Switzerland, after formino- the 
 lake of Geneva it enters France on the S. E., and 
 after a course of about 80 m. to Lyons, first S. 
 and then W. it takes a course nearly due S. from 
 Lyons, for about 150 m. falling into the Mediter- 
 ranean ; being joined at Lyons by the Saone 
 from the N., and below Lyons from "the E. by the 
 Isere, the Drome, and the Durance. The Seine 
 is united with the Loire by a canal as is the 
 Garonne with the Mediterranean sea. 
 
 Since the revolution which commenced in 1789, 
 France has been divided into 86 departments, each 
 department into 3 to 6 arrondissements, the total 
 being 368 , the arrondissements into 2,669 cantons, 
 and the cantons into 38,990 communes. Accor- 
 ding to censuses of the population taken in 1789, 
 the numbers were 20,300,000, and in 1820, 30,451, 
 187 ; this number, taken in reference to the ex- 
 tent of surface over which it is spread, renders 
 France, relatively, more than one-third less popu- 
 lous than England and Wales. 
 
 With the exception of the S. E. departments 
 bordering on the Alpine territories of Swit- 
 zerland, Savoy, and Piedmont which are elevat- 
 ed, France may be regarded as a level, rather than 
 a mountainous country, and in many respects, 
 alike in a geographical, political, and social sense, 
 as bearing a similar relation to Europe that the fine 
 and fertile plains and people of China do to Asia. 
 Over all the S. E. part of the country the vine, al- 
 mond, olive, and mulberry, luxuriate and bring 
 forth fruit in the highest degree of perfection, 
 and the vine and a variety of delicious fruits flour- 
 ish over the greater part of the country, to the 
 49th degree of lat 
 
FRA 
 
 308 
 
 FRA 
 
 Wild animals are not numerous in France, from who is of a slender and elegant figure and very 
 
 the want of large forests and extensive mountains, destructive to small game This bird ks also 
 
 Th a black art'd brown bears are found among found in Germany and occasionally in Great 
 
 .1 t» i .u_ i , „ — „„... tv..-, jinn Ti,o n..;*;->n 
 
 the Pyrenees and the lynx among the Alps. The Britian. 
 
 badger digs its den in the remotest woods, ind 
 the mole is abundant in the most fruitful fields. 
 The forests of the Vosges and the woods upon 
 the Moselle afford a shelter to several species of 
 squirrels. And the Siberian flying squirrel, which 
 issues from its retreat in the night and springs 
 from branch to branch is not uncommon among 
 the Alps. The hamster rat is one of the most per- 
 
 nicious of the tribes in existence. He makes ex- 
 traordinary ravages among the crops and will 
 sometimes amass in his den an hundred pounds 
 of grain. All the large forests are inhabited by 
 the wolf, the most destructive of the carnivorous 
 animals in France. 
 
 Almost every species of bird common to Europe 
 is found here. The flamingoes from Africa ap- 
 pear in flocks on the shores of the Mediterranean. 
 The becaficoes or fig-peckers, so much osteeemed 
 by the epicure are abundant in the south. That 
 fine songster, the nightingale, is by no means rare. 
 Larks are so abundant that the markets are often 
 stocked with them for food, and the business of 
 
 taking them with bird-lime affords employment to 
 great numbers of people. The red partridge is 
 common in the central and western departments, 
 and the grey in the southern. Woodcocks and 
 snipes frequent the woods and marshes. The 
 ring ouzel is a bird of passsage and feeds upon 
 
 insects and berries, but is particularly fond of the 
 grapes of this country. The goldfinch, the lin- 
 net and the bulfinch may be added to the list of 
 singing birds. Of hawks there is a variety, and 
 among them may be mentioned the goshawk 
 
 The N. and N. W. departments are productive in 
 every kind of grain, pulse and legumes ; man- 
 ufactures of silk, wool, linens, leather, and met- 
 als, are carried on over all parts of the country, 
 and since the termination of the war in 1814, the 
 cotton n anufacture has been progressively in- 
 creasing, and is now carried on to a great extent. 
 In addition to these internal resources, Franc 
 exclusively enjoys the abundant produce of the 
 islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe in the West 
 Indies ; she also holds in colonial possession Cay- 
 enne in South America; Goree and Senegal on 
 the coast of Africa ; and the isle of Bourbon in the 
 Indian Ocean ; and draws considerable supplies 
 of produce from Brazil, the United States of Amer- 
 ica, parts beyond the Cape of Good Hope, the 
 Levant, and other parts of the world, in exchange 
 for her surplus produce of wines, brandy, silks, 
 and various manufactures. Exempt from all those 
 extremes of climate which in several parts of the 
 world militate against physical exertion, as well 
 as vegetation, France may be considered as pos- 
 sessing within itself all the means of commanding 
 a higher degree of human enjoyment than can be 
 obtained in any other part of Europe, and equal to 
 what can be obtained in any other part of the globe. 
 For centuries prior to the Christian era, this 
 part of Europe appears to have been inhabited by 
 a numerous and hardy race of people, those oc- 
 cupying the interior being denominated Celts. 
 The first important notice which history furnishes 
 of them is in 225 B. C. when the Gauls who in- 
 habited part of Piedmont and the north of Italy, 
 invited the people then occupying the banks of 
 the Rhone to aid them in repelling the aggressions 
 of the Romans ; and from thus being brought in 
 contact with that powerful and enlightened peo 
 pie, they acquired the name of Transalpine Gauls, 
 in reference to their territory lying W. of the 
 Alps, and in contradistinction to the ancient 
 Gauls, who were designated the Cisalpines. In 
 106 B. C. the Cimbri and Teutones from the 
 north of Germany marched through Transalpine 
 Gaul into Spain, ravaging the country on their 
 way. but being driven back by the Celtiberians, 
 they divided their forces with the view of pene- 
 trating into Italy in two directions: the Teutones 
 directed their course to the S. E. when they 
 were opposed by Marius, between the mouths of 
 the Rhone and the Durance, and experienced a 
 complete defeat, losing 200,000 men on the field 
 of battle, and 80,000 more taken prisoners. From 
 this period the Romans extended their arms and 
 their arts over the greater part of the country, 
 and in 59 B. C. the Roman senate conferred on 
 Julius Caesar the government of all Transalpine 
 Gaul for five years ; two years after this, tho 
 whole western coast from the Seine to the Loir» 
 
FRA 
 
 30 
 
 FRA 
 
 became effectually subdued to Roman control, 
 and in five years more, by awarding honorary 
 distinctions to the principal cities, and distri- 
 buting bribes to the leading chiefs, the whole 
 country became reconciled to the Roman gov- 
 ernment. It was afterwards divided into 17 mili- 
 tary divisions. 
 
 As the power of the Romans declined, Transal- 
 pine Gaul again became exposed to the inroad of 
 the different tribes on the N. E. In the year 
 406, a tribe of Burgundians from the banks of the 
 Vistula crossed the Rhine and took possession of 
 that part of the country, afterwards named Bur- 
 gundy, and in 420 another tribe from Franconia, 
 under the command of Pharamond entered from 
 the N. E. From 450 to 452 it was ravaged by the 
 Huns under Attila, who on laying siege to Or- 
 leans was brought to battle by Meroveus, who 
 defeated Attila with a loss of 200,000 men. In 
 482 Clovis, a Franconian and descendant of Me- 
 roveus, possessed himself of all the places in 
 Transalpine Gaul, previously held by the Ro- 
 mans, and in 492 marrying Clotilda, daughter of 
 Chilperic, king of the Burgundians, became king 
 of the whole country now called France. Clotilda 
 at the time of her marriage had embraced Chris- 
 tianity, and in 496 Clovis initiated himself in its 
 mysteries through the means of St. Remi, and 
 was baptized at Rheims on Christmas eve of that 
 year : hence the custom of the coronation at 
 Rheims of the kings of France through a period 
 of more than 1,300 years. Clovis was the first of 
 a race of 17 kings who reigned over France in 
 /egular succession, denominated the Merooingian 
 race, in reference to their descent from Meroveus. 
 In 732 France was ravaged by the Saracens un- 
 der the command of Abdairahman, when Eudes, 
 duke of Aquitain, implored the assistance of 
 Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia who brought 
 Abdairahman to battle between Tours and Poiters, 
 and defeated him, as history informs us, with the 
 loss of 375,000 men, Abdairahman himself being 
 slain on the field of battle. In 737 the crown of 
 France devolved to Charles Martel, whose manly 
 spirit, however, disdained regal parade. He ruled 
 France for four years under the title of duke ; he 
 died in 741, and was succeeded by an imbecile 
 named Childeric, whose authority in 752 was 
 superseded by Pepin, and this person became the 
 first of a race of 13 kin rs denominated Carlovin- 
 sians. Pepin died in 768. and was succeeded by 
 Charlemagne the renowned, crowned emperor of 
 the Romans, or of the West, at Rome, in 800. 
 On the death of Louis V. in 936, after a reign of 
 one year, the crown of France descended to 
 Charles, an uncle of Louis, but in consequence 
 of his having vassalatod himself to the emperor 
 Otho III. he was precluded from its accession, 
 and the crown was conferred by election on Hugh 
 Capet, who became the first of another race of 
 11 kings termed the Capet ian. Charles IV. the 
 last of the Capets in regular succession dying in 
 1334, without male issue, the crown devolved on 
 Philip of Valois, who was the first of 7 kings of 
 that race. In 1498 it devolved on the duke of 
 Orleans, who became Louis XII. and was the 
 first of another race of 6 kings. On the death of 
 Henry III. in 1539, the succession was again 
 broken, when the crown devolved on Henry of 
 Bourbon, in whose line it continued until the de- 
 capitation of Louis XVI. on the 21st ol January, 
 1793. 
 
 For some centuries antecedent to this period, 
 h'ranc.e had been divided into 32 provinces of very 
 
 unequal extent, each with a distinct local admin- 
 istration. The period of their formation does not 
 appear. At the time the Romans first entered 
 France, it was divided into four great parts, viz. 
 Narbonensis, comprising the S. E., Aquitain the 
 S. W., Celtica the interior, and Gallia Belgica 
 the N. The division into ]7 provinces took place 
 under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, and 
 some of the Roman names continued as late as 
 the 13th century, John, king of England, in the 
 preamble to Magna Charta, being styled duke of 
 Normandy and Aquitain. Austrasia, over which 
 Charles Martel presided in the 8th century, ap- 
 pears to have comprised part of the N. E. of 
 France, and what now forms part of the Prussian 
 Provinces of the Rhine. Subsequent to the pe- 
 riod of the accession of Clovis in 481, the country 
 appears to have been exposed to a continuity of 
 internal dissensions ; and when these had subsi- 
 ded, the vain glory which France acquired under 
 Charlemagne, increased the jealousy of the neigh- 
 bouring powers, and excited external broils. In 
 912 the N. W. coast was invaded by a northeiii 
 tribe called Normans who retained possession of 
 that part of the country afterwards called Nor 
 mandy ; and in 1060, William the duke of this 
 province, invaded, conquered, and became king 
 of England. This event subsequently led to 
 violent contests between England and France. 
 Louis VII., in 1137, embarked in the crusading 
 mania of that period, and in 1334 on Charles IV., 
 the last of the Capets, dying without male issue, 
 Edward III. of England, set up his claim to the 
 French crown. The battles of Cressy and 
 Poitiers in 1346 and 1355 resulted from this pre- 
 tension. At the battle of Poitiers, John, king of 
 France was taken prisoner, but afterwards ran- 
 somed for 3,000,000 crowns of gold, equal to 
 £1,500,000. A respite from external war followed 
 this negotiation, but internal broils again ensued, 
 and in 1415 Henry V. king of England, availed 
 himself of prevailing dissensions to renew the 
 claim of Edward to the French crown, and on 
 the 25th of October of that year, the French 
 forces experienced a decisive defeat at Agincourt. 
 Henry followed up hi& victory by the capture of 
 several of the most important towns in Normandy, 
 and in 1420 the succession to the crown wa9 
 ceded to him by treaty. In 1422 he assumed the 
 regency of France ; but he dying at Vienne on 
 the 30th of August of that year, his brother suc- 
 ceeded him in the regency during the minority 
 of his son Henry VI. who was crowned king of 
 France at Paris, on the 7th of December 1431. 
 The English influence had, however, previously 
 experienced a considerable check, by the singular 
 and daring exploits of Jeanne of Arc, celebrated 
 as the maid of Orleans, and by 1451, Calais was 
 the only place in France held by the English. 
 Her kings, however, retained the title of king of 
 France until the peace of Amiens, in 1801-2. 
 After having succeeded in driving the English 
 from the French territory, France embroiled her- 
 self in the contentions of her northern and east- 
 ern neighbours ; but a general peace pervaded 
 all Europe during the latter part of the 16th cen- 
 tury, by the treaty ofCambray in 1559. The rest- 
 less spirit of the French government during the 
 reigns of Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III. 
 the three last kings of the Orleans race, directed 
 their wantonness and cruelty against their own 
 protestant subjects. This persecution was allay 
 ed for a time by Henry IV. the first of the Bour- 
 bons, who ascended the throne in 1589, undei 
 
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 310 
 
 FRA 
 
 'Hi >se conciliatory policy, the interests of France 
 Itec-ime more consolidated than at any former pe- 
 riod. Henry; however, was assassinated hy a 
 fmatic in 1610, when fresh disorder ensued, and 
 France acain was seen involved in all the conten- 
 tions of the European states, and of England with 
 her American colonies, which took place in the 
 interval of that period. 
 
 It was immediately after the general peace .of 
 Europe in 1783, when the English American 
 colonies obtained an honorable independence, 
 that the triple oppression of the crown, the no- 
 bles, and the clergy became intolerable to the 
 French people. 
 
 The finances became ii.extricably embarrassed, 
 and the States General or assembly of the repre- 
 sentatives of the people according to an ancient 
 but disused custom, were called together in 1789. 
 From the consideration of fiscal affairs they were 
 led to the discussion of political rights and theo- 
 ries of government. The revolution followed, 
 and its events form the most tragic and bloody 
 page in all modern history. This occurrence in- 
 volved France in a war with almost all Europe, 
 and her efforts single handed against this tremen- 
 dous odds excited the astonishment of the world. 
 Among those who contributed more especially 
 to the eclat of the French armies, was a young 
 officer. Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on his return 
 to Paris, after his successful campaign in Italy, 
 was intrusted with the command of a vast ar- 
 mament to the shores of Egypt, and when he re- 
 turned in 179!) was mainly instrumental in form- 
 ing a new constitution under a Triune consulate, 
 senate and legislative body, in which he himself 
 was appointed one of the consuls. In October, 
 1301 . a peace was signed with England, which 
 proved, however, of short duration. War was 
 renewed in 1803. when Bonaparte was appointed 
 Consul for life, with power to nominate his suc- 
 cessor ; this, however, fell short of his ambition, 
 and in May of the following year he was pro- 
 chimed Emperor of France. On the 1st of 
 October, 1805, he again headed a powerful army 
 against the German States; detached the minor 
 powers from the Germanic confederacy, and 
 united them to his own interest, under the new 
 title of the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1808, 
 he marched an army of 80,000 men into Spain, 
 and placed one of his brothers on the throne of 
 that country ; another brother he had caused to 
 be crowned king of Holland ; another king of 
 Westphalia, and a brother-in-law king of Naples. 
 The whole of the Netherlands he had annexed to 
 France, in 16 departments; and on the king of 
 Holland resigning his crown in 1809, the whole 
 of that country, with the coast of Germany, as 
 far as the Elbe ; the states of the papal church, 
 and the greater part of the north of Italy, were 
 also decreed integral parts of the French empire, 
 in 23 additional departments. 
 
 The emperor of Austria, imagining that the di- 
 vision of the French forces into Spain afforded 
 him an opportunity of avenging the repeated de- 
 feats he had sustained, provoked a new contest in 
 1809, when Napoleon again took the field against 
 the Austrians, and on the 5th of July completely 
 defeated them. A treaty of peace followed, 
 in which the daughter of the emperor of Austria 
 was ceded in marriage to the conqueror of her 
 father's capital. The birth of a son in 1811 seemed 
 for a time to render permanent, the fortunes of 
 Napoleon and his family ; but an ill-fated ambi- 
 tion led him. in 1812, to march an army of 300,000 
 
 men into Russia. After repeated and severe cm 
 flicts he reached Moscow, the acient capital of 
 that empire, on the 14th of September. . By the or- 
 der cf the governor, this city was secretly set en 
 fire, and the desolation by which Napoleon found 
 himself surrounded induced him to withdraw his 
 forces. They were overtaken with snow storms 
 before they could reach the frontiers, whilst the 
 Russians on their rear subjected them to continued 
 disasters ; and in the end destroyed the finest ar- 
 my which ever assembled in Europe. In the meai 
 time the French troops in the peninsula were e i- 
 posed to frequent defeats ; and, by 1814, Napoleon 
 and his troops had not only been driven with- 
 in their own frontier, but a united Russian, 
 Prussian, and Austrian army entered France from 
 the N. E., the British, Spanish, and Portuguese 
 armies entered it from the S. W., and Napoleon, 
 seeing the tide of fortune completely set against 
 him, immediately abdicated the sceptre. The is- 
 land of Elba was assigned to him as a residence 
 in full sovereignty for life, with an income of 
 about £200,000 per annum. On the 3rd of May, 
 1814, Louis XVill., who had been exiled in Eng. 
 during the consular and imperial dynasty, arrived 
 in Paris to resume the throne of his ancestors. 
 On the 5th of March, 1815, Napoleon secretly lan- 
 ded at Frejus, and inarched without interruption 
 to Paris, from which Louis fled at midnight on 
 the 20th. Napoleon arrived the same evening; 
 on the 27th the national council annulled his abdi- 
 cation, and called upon him to resume his impe- 
 rial functions. On the 29th he abolished the Af- 
 rican slave trade; on the 12th of June he left- 
 Paris, to take the command of an army on the N. 
 E. frontier , but, after a whole day's severe fight- 
 ing, on the 18th his line was broken, his troops 
 thrown into confusion, and the palm of victory 
 left with the allies, who marched again upon Paris, 
 which they reached on the fith of July. Napoleon 
 again abdicated the imperial sceptre, and on the 
 29th of June quitted Paris never to return. Louis 
 again resumed the sovereignty on the 18th of 
 July; on the 25th of the same month Napoleon 
 surrendered to the commander of a British ship 
 of war, and was afterwards carried to the island 
 of St. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean, where he 
 died on the 5th of May, 1821. 
 
 Louis XVIII. died in September 1824, and was 
 succeeded by his brother Charles Philip (Count 
 d'Artois) under the title of Charles X., whose in- 
 creasing infringement of the rights of the people 
 at length aroused universal indignation, and ex- 
 pelled him from the throne he had so unworthily 
 filled, and the country he had laboured to enslave. 
 The form of government since 1814 resembled 
 that of Britain — the power being vested in the 
 king, the chamber of peers, and the deputies. To 
 strengthen himself in the chamber of peers, 
 Charles X. increased it by creations: to weaken 
 the people he invaded the elective franchise and 
 shackled the press. In August 1829 he dismissed 
 M. Martignac's administration because it would 
 not go all lengths against the people, and appoint- 
 ed another of ultra royalists, under his natural 
 son Prince Polignac. The first act of the depu- 
 ties, on the meeting of the chambers in March 
 1830, was an address praying for the dismission 
 of the ministers. The king answered it haughtily 
 and dismissed the chambers. Finding that the 
 new chamber was likely to thwart his views 
 still more than the former, he determined to strike 
 a decisive blow, and on Sunday, July 25, he 
 signed three ordinances — the first abolishing th<- 
 
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 311 
 
 FRA 
 
 freeGom of the press — the second dissolving the 
 chamber of deputies, which had never assem- 
 bled — and the third abrogating the most important 
 rights of the elective franchise. — This, however, 
 was the last act of his misrule. A revolution en- 
 sued The people were victorious. The govern- 
 ment of Charles was overturned, and himself left 
 to drag out the remains of his days in ignominious 
 and unpitied banishment; while the sceptre was 
 placed in the hands of a constitutional monarch, 
 Louis Philippe I. — formerly the duke of Orleans. 
 This revolution has already had a powerful influ- 
 ence on other states, and promises to open the 
 way to the most important changes on the conti- 
 nent of Europe. A distinguishing feature of the 
 present order of government is its perfect tolera 
 ♦ ion in religious matters. The religion of the sov- 
 ereign and the court is the Roman Catholic, but 
 the teachers of all other sects of Christians are 
 now supported by government. A considerable 
 number of priests have recently separated them- 
 selves from the Romish pale, and the number of 
 Protestants is increasing daily. 
 
 France exhibits an imposing picture of physical, 
 moral, and social power, which the philosopher 
 and philanthropist will view with mingled feelings 
 of hope and fear ; with hope, that she will hence- 
 forward be as assiduous to acquire glory in pursu- 
 ing the arts of peace, and the attainments of so- 
 cial order, as she has heretofore been in the pur- 
 suit of conquest and political aggrandisement ; 
 and with fear, lest intrigue, priestcraft, and sel- 
 fish ambition should again obtain an ascendancy, 
 and predominate over the rights and interests of the 
 people. 
 
 It is not easy for American readers to acquire 
 any just knowledge of the charactei of the 
 French. English travellers have written much 
 upon this nation, but they are not to be trusted. 
 The French people in many respects occupy the 
 first rank among the European nations. The in- 
 fluence of this country may be compared to that 
 of ancient Greece over the civilized world. The 
 French language is the language of courts and 
 ambassadors, and almost a common medium of 
 intercourse among the different members of the 
 ?ivat European family. This universality of 
 their language with the affability and agreeable 
 manners of the people their courtesy to strangers, 
 the concentration of men of science and litera- 
 ture from all quarters at their capital, no less than 
 geographical position of the country, all combine 
 to render France more immediately centra! in 
 point of influence and example than any other 
 nation in the world. It was a true saying of 
 Napoleon, that a revolution in France is a revolu- 
 tion in Europe. 
 
 The French are slender, active, well-propor- 
 tioned, and rather shorter than their neighbours. 
 Their eyes and hair are black, and their complex- 
 ion brown or sallow, which it has been thought, 
 gave rise to the custom of painting the face among 
 the ladies. The women in France are celebrated 
 more for their vivacity and wit, than for personal 
 beauty. The superior people are very attentive 
 to the exercises of dancing, fencing, and riding, 
 in all which they generally excel in point of 
 gracefulness. 
 
 Nothing appears to the French more odious than 
 uniformity, on which account the changes among 
 them are so frequent, that it is impossible to de- 
 scribe any particular dress as that which is adopt- 
 ed as a standard. Notwithstanding the fickleness 
 of fashion at Paris, and other large cities of the 
 
 empire, the great mass of the people in distant 
 provinces, always faithful to ancient manners, 
 smile, under the enormously large hat, at the new 
 modes which rise and fall almost every day 
 among their more polished compatriots. 
 
 Paris sets the fashions of all Europe, and an 
 immense trade in articles of dress and new pat- 
 terns is carried on by tailors, mantua-makers, and 
 milliners. Every week has its new female fash- 
 ions, and every month its new male fashions ; all 
 say they, for the good of trade. 
 
 Brutal battles, quarrels, and noisy drunken 
 fellows, are nuisances seldom met with. The 
 lower class of people behave to each other with 
 a surprising degree of civility. The unhappy 
 females who roam the streets at nights, are nei- 
 ther obtrusive, rude, nor riotous. At the theatres, 
 the tranquillity of the audience is seldom inter- 
 rupted : people go for the wise purpose of being 
 pleased, and with the good-humoured disposition 
 to be satisfied. These places of amusement are, 
 doubtless, much indebted for their tranquility to 
 the national sobriety of the French. 
 
 Politeness and good manners may be traced, 
 though in different portions, through every rank. 
 This however, does not form a more remarkable 
 and distinguishing feature in the French nation- 
 al character, than the vivacity, impetuosity, and 
 fickleness, for which the ancient, as well as the 
 modern inhabitants of Paris, have been noted. 
 
 Sunday is but slightly observed in France, at 
 any season ; and very slightly indeed in harvest. 
 Some go to church for about an hour ; but, be- 
 fore and after no great marks of Sabbath are per- 
 ceptible. This is to be regretted : a day of rest 
 is at least an excellent political regulation ; good 
 for man and beast ; but in France all the theatres 
 and places of amusement are open, and more 
 frequented than on any other day in the week. 
 
 The scrupulous honesty of the lower and mid- 
 dling classes in restoring any lost property to its 
 owner, is worthy of particular remark. The 
 postilions, coachmen, servants, &c. may general 
 ly be trusted with confidence. The tradesmen 
 also, though they ask more than they mean to 
 take for their goods, would cheerfully and unask 
 ed,restoreto you your purse, umbrella, cane.or any- 
 thing you might have left in their shop by acci- 
 dent, and this, if not reclaimed for a considerable 
 time. 
 
 The temperate mode of life pursued by the 
 French, their geographical position and agricul- 
 tural pursuits, exempt them from any great vari- 
 ety and severity of disease. The fact is exem 
 
FRA 
 
 312 
 
 FRA 
 
 plified not less in the happy constitution of the 
 people, than in the advanced age at which the 
 majority of those persons die in France, whom 
 it is an object to record, from the abilities of the 
 individual, or the rank which he may have held 
 in society. " He was only 56 or CO," is a com- 
 mon fi.rmula of French biography- The Cardin- 
 al de Fleuri died at 90; the President d'Henanlt 
 at 96 ; Crebillon, the son, at 70 ; Condamine at 
 74 ; Voltaire at 84 ; the Marquis du Deffand at 
 84. Men of 70 and 80 have usually as much 
 life and playfulness in France, as their grand-chil- 
 dren. 
 
 France, Isle of, a late province of France, so 
 called, because it was bounded by the rivers 
 Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It now 
 forms the fout departments of Oise ; Seine ; and 
 Oise ; Seine and Marne ; Seine, and Paris. 
 
 France, Isle of, or Mauritius, an island in the 
 Indian ocean, 400 m. E. of Madagascar. It was 
 discovered by the Portuguese ; but the first who 
 settled here were the Dutch, in 1598. They call- 
 ed it Mauritius, in honor of the prince Maurice, 
 their stadtholder ; but, on their acquisition of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, they deserted it ; and it 
 continued unsettled till the French landed here 
 in 1720, and gave it the name of one of the finest 
 provinces in France. It is 150 m. in circumfer- 
 rence. The climate is healthy ; but the soil not 
 very fertile. There are many mountains, some 
 of which are so high, that their tops are covered 
 with snow ; they produce the best ebony in the 
 world. The valleys are well watered with rivers, 
 and are made very productive by cultivation, of 
 which sugar is the principal object. The town 
 and harbour, called Port Louis, are strongly for- 
 tified ; but in the hurricane months the harbour 
 cannot afford shelter for more than eight vessels. 
 Here are large store-houses, and every thing nec- 
 essary for the equipment of fleets. This island 
 was taken by the British in 1801, and confirmed 
 to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. In 1819 
 the pestilential cholera was introduced into this 
 island from India and carried off 7,000 of the 
 inhabitants. According to an account presented 
 by the colonial department to the British parlia- 
 ment, in the session of 1825, the island was divi- 
 ded into 8 districts, containing a pop. of 87,503, 
 m the proportion of 65,769 slaves, 13,475 free 
 blacks, and 10,359 whites, exclusive of 1,310 
 troops. Port Louis on the N. W. coast of the 
 island, is in lat. 20. 10. N. and 57. 29 of E. long. 
 See Bourbon. 
 
 Francestown, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H., 60 
 m. from Boston. Pop. 1,540. 
 
 Franche Comte, a late province of France, 
 bounded on the N. by Lorraine, E. by Alsace and 
 Switzerland, W. by Burgundy, and S. by Bresse. 
 It is 125 m. long and 80 broad, and abounds in 
 corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper, 
 and lead. It now forms the three departments 
 of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. 
 
 Franchemont, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 territory of Liege, 12 m. S. E. of Liege. 
 
 Franciade. See Denis, St. 
 
 Fraiicis, a village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri. 
 
 Francis, St., a tributary stream of the great riv- 
 er Mississippi, rising in the state of Missouri, in 
 the lat. of 37. 45. N., running parallel with the 
 Mississippi on the W., at trie distance of about 40 
 m. and enters it after a course of about 220 m., 45 
 m. aoove the entrance of the Arkansas. 
 
 Francis, St., a river of Lower Canada, rising in 
 the lake Memphramago?, which spreads intothe 
 
 state of Vermont. The St. Francis, after a course 
 of about 200 m. falls into St. Lawrence, about mid- 
 way between Montreal and Quebec, and will 
 probably some future day, be united by a canal 
 with the Connecticut. 
 
 Francis, St., a river of Brazil, which rises W. 
 of the Brazilian Andes, in the province of Minas 
 Geraes, in the lat. of 20. S., runs N. through the 
 province of Bahia, to the frontier of PernambucOj, 
 when it takes a course E. by S., dividing that 
 province from Bahia, and after a course of neai 
 1,000 m. falls into the Atlantic ocean, in the lat 
 of 11. 20. S. It has a number of towns am' set 
 tlements, chiefly on its head waters. 
 
 Francisco, St., a seaport of New Albion, „ai ital 
 of a jurisdiction of its name, with a citadel, j-ionp - . 
 122. 8. W., lat. 28. 18. N. 
 
 *a* There are a number of other rivers, bayp, 
 towns, and settlements, in different parts of Amer 
 ica, named after St. Francis by the Spaniards, Por- 
 tuguese, and French. 
 
 Francois, a village of Wayne Co. Missouri. 
 
 Francois, Cape, now called Cape Haytien, the 
 principal seaport and city of what was formerly 
 the French part of St. Domingo. It is seated on 
 the N. coast of the island, in the lat. of 19. 46. N. 
 and 72. 15. of W. long. Before the sanguinary 
 revolt of the negroes in 1793, it contained 8 to 900 
 houses of stone or brick, and 8,000 free inhabitants, 
 exclusive of about 12,000 slaves : but in 1793, the 
 whole of the white inhabitants, who could not ef- 
 fect their escape, were massacred by the blacks. 
 It was named Cape Henry by Christophe in 1811 . 
 and during his reign it was deemed the principal 
 port of the island, though inferior to Port au 
 Prince in commercial importance. Its quota of 
 the contribution towards the 30 millions of dol- 
 lars be paid to France in ten years, from the 1st 
 of January, 1827, as an indemnity for the sacri- 
 fice of their plantations by the revolt in 1793, is 
 208,451 dollars annually. It is 84 m. due N. of 
 Portau Prince, and 134 W., 30 degrees N. of the 
 city of St. Domingo. The harbour is secure and 
 commodious, and the environs rich in tropical 
 productions. 
 
 Franconia, one of the ten circles into which the 
 German Empire was formerly divided, lying be- 
 tween the lat. of 48. 45. and 50. 55. N. It is 
 bounded on the N. by Upper Saxony, E. by Bo- 
 hemia and the palatinate of Bavaria, S. by Suabia 
 and W. by the circles of the Rhine. The middle 
 is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; but the bor 
 ders are full of woods and barren mountains. 
 The Franks, who conquered France, in the early 
 part of the 15th century, came from this province, 
 and gave their name to that country. It compri- 
 ses about 11,000 sq. m. and was formerly divided 
 into 2 principalities, 3 bishoprics, 7 counties, and 
 3 lordships ; but at the genera! partitioning cf 
 this part of Europe, after the peace of Paris in 
 1814, the greater part of Franconia was assigned 
 to Bavaria, and the remainder to \Y urtemberg, 
 Baden, Hesse, and Saxe Coburg. The river 
 Mavn. which falls into the Rhine, intersects it 
 from E. to W., the Rednitz from S. to N., falling 
 into the Mayne, and the Altmuhl, falling into 
 the Danube, intersects the S. E. Nuremburg 
 was considered the capital. 
 
 Franckcr, a town of Holland, in Friesland. with 
 a castle and a university. The public building? 
 and palaces are magnificent, and it has 2 naviga- 
 ble canals, communicating with the Zuydor Zee 
 and Leewarden, it is 5 m. E. of Harlingen. Pop 
 about 4,000. 
 
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 313 
 
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 Francknau, a town of Germany, in Upper 
 Hesse, 26 m. S. W. of Cassel. 
 
 Franckenburg, another town in Hesse, 5 m. W. 
 S. W. of Franckenau. 
 
 Franconia, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 140 m. N. W. 
 Bosto... Pop. 443. There are two iron manufac- 
 tories in this town, consisting of blast furnaces, 
 air furnaces, forges and trip hammers. The ore is 
 taken from a mountain 3 m. from the furnace, 
 and is the richest in the U. Stales, yielding from 
 5b' to 63 per cent, and the mine is inexhaustible ; 
 15 tons of iron are made in a week. There is a 
 mineral spring 2 m. from the furnace, and in the 
 neighbourhood are other iron works. The Pro- 
 file Mountain in this town is a curiosity, being a 
 ruggea peak, 1,000 feet high, with a front of sol- 
 id rock, representing in a side view a profile of 
 the human face, every feature of which is con- 
 spicuous. Franconia \& also the name of a town- 
 ship in Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Frankenlurg, a town in Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, with a considerable manufacture of wool- 
 en stuffs, 7 m. N. N. E. of Chemnitz. 
 
 Frankenthal, a town of Germany, in the palat- 
 inate of the Rhine. It has rich manufactures of 
 stuffs, silks, cloths, &c, and a canal to the river 
 Rhine. It was taken by the French in 1703, and 
 retaken by the allies in 1794. It is seated 2 
 in. W. of the Rhine, and 7 S. of Worms. 
 
 Franlcenhausen, a town of Upper Saxon}', in 
 Thuringia, with some extensive salt-works ; sit- 
 uate on a branch of the Wipper, 26 m. N. of 
 Erfurt. Pop. about 3,000. 
 
 Frankenstein, a town of Germany, in the pal- 
 atinate of the Rhine, 9 m. S. E. of Kayserslautern. 
 
 Frankenstein, a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Munsterberg, on the river Bautze, 13 m. 
 W. S. W. of Munsterberg. 
 
 Frankford, towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Phila. 
 Co. Pa., Green Brier and Hampshire Cos. Va. 
 
 Frankfort, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Penob- 
 scot. Pop. 2,437. Also a p.t. Herkimer Co. N. 
 Y. Pop. 2,620. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Illinois, 
 45 m. N. W. Shawneetown. Also villages and 
 towns in Beaver Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Va., and 
 Guernsey Co. Ohio. 
 
 Frankfort on the Maine, a fortified city of Ger- 
 many, in the circle of the Rhine. It is divided 
 by the river Maine, 25 m. above its entrance into 
 the Rhine, into two pirts, which communicate 
 oy means of a stone bridge ; the larger part, on 
 the N. side is called Frankfort, and the smaller 
 Sachsenhausen. It'contains several palaces and 
 courts belonging to princes and counts ; and here 
 the kings of the Romans have generally been elect- 
 ed and crowned. The chief structure is the town- 
 house, in which is preserved the golden bull, the 
 origin of the fundamental laws of the empire. All 
 religions are tolerated at Frankfort, under certain 
 restrictions ; but Lutherauism is the established 
 faith ; though the principal church is in the pos- 
 session of the Roman Catholics. The Jews, 8 to 
 9,000 in number, were formerly confined to a par- 
 ticular corner of the city ; but since 1796, they 
 have resided indiscriminately in all parts. Frank- 
 fort is one of the most considerable trading places 
 in Europe, and has two great fairs every year. It 
 was taken in 1759, by the French, who evacuated 
 it in 1 763. It was several times taken and retaken 
 by the French and Austrians, in the war of 
 1793 — 1814. Since the peace of the latter year, 
 it has been declared the permanent seat of the 
 Germanic diet,- and as such most of the Europe- 
 an states have a minister resident here. It was 
 40 
 
 the birth place of Goethe ; and also of the family 
 of the Rothschilds, who, daring the war between 
 1807 and 1815 and ten years subsequent thereto, 
 became the greatest money jobbers in Europe. 
 Frankfort is in lat. 50. 7. N. and 8. 32. of E. 
 long. Pop. about 40,000. 
 
 Frankfort on the Oder, a town of Brandenburg, 
 in the Middle Mark, with a famous university arftl 
 a noble academy. It has three great fairs, and 
 the exclusive right of navigation up the Oder to 
 Breslau. Here are two suburbs called Lebus and 
 Guben, and a bridge over the Oder. In 1759, it 
 was taken by the Russians and Austrians, and in 
 1806, it fell into the hands of the French ; but fell 
 to Prussia on the retreat of the French army from 
 Moscow in 1812. It is 45 m. E. by S. of Berlin, 
 and 72 S. of Stettin. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Frankfort, the chief town of Franklin county, 
 Kentucky, and seat of the legislative assembly of 
 the state. It is regularly laid out, and stands on 
 the E. bank of the Kentucky, 60 m. from its con- 
 flux with the Ohio, and 415 m. W. by S. of Wash 
 Ington. Pop. 1,937. 
 
 Franklin, the name of 15 American counties 
 The following are the states in geographical or- 
 der, with the population of each, and name of its 
 chief town. 
 
 Vermont, 24,525, St. Albans. 
 
 Massachusetts, 29,344, Greenfield. 
 
 New York, 11,312, Malone. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 35,103, Chambersburg. 
 
 Virginia, 14,911, Rockymount. 
 
 North Carolina, 10,P.05, Louisburg. 
 
 Georgia, 10,135, Carnesville. 
 
 Alabama, 11,078, Russelville. 
 
 Mississippi, 4,022, Franklin. 
 
 Tennessee, 15,644, Winchester. 
 
 Kentucky, 9,231, Frankfort. 
 
 Ohio, 14,766, Columbus. 
 
 Indiana, 10,199, Brookville. 
 
 Illinois, 4,081, Frankfort. 
 
 Missouri, 3,484, Union. 
 Franklin, is also the name of 34 towns, villages 
 and townships in different parts of the United 
 States. 
 Franklininllc, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 
 Frankstotcn, a township in Huntingdon Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, 
 seated on the side of a woody mountain ; it is a 
 bishop's see, always possessed by one of the 6 el- 
 dest cardinals ; and in its neighbourhood are some 
 of the most magnificent villas in Italy, and a sem 
 inary richly endowed by Cardinal York. The 
 ancient citv of Tusculum is supposed to have 
 stood above Frascati ; and between the ruins and 
 the town, it is generally believed, was the Tuscu 
 lum of Cicero, where some Greek monks in the 
 1 1 tli century, built a convent on the ruins of his 
 house. Frascati is 12 m. S. E. of Rome. Pop. 
 about 9,000. 
 
 Frascrhurg, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, with a small but excellent harbour, and a 
 manufacture of linen yarn. It is seated on the 
 German Ocean, a little S. of the point of Kin- 
 naird Head, and 38 in. N. of Aberdeen. Pop. in 
 1821,2,831. 
 
 Fratta Maggiore, a populous village in the vi- 
 cinity of Naples. 
 
 Fraucnburg , a town of E. Prussia, in the bish- 
 opric of Ermland, on the Frisch Haff, 14 m. N 
 E. of Elbing, and 4 W. of Braunsberg. Cop- 
 ernicus died here in 1543. 
 
 Frauenfeld, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 2D 
 
FRE 
 
 81 4 
 
 FRE 
 
 the canton of Thurgau, with a castle. It is seat- 
 ed on an eminence, by the river Murg, 19 m. N. 
 E. of Zurich, and 8 W. of Constance 
 
 Frauenstein, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- 
 nia, on the river Boberisch, 20 m. S S. W. of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Fraustadi, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Posen, which has a great trade in wool and ox- 
 i n. Near this town a battle was gained by the 
 S.vedes over the Saxons, 170b'. It stands on the 
 frontiers of Silesia, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau, and 
 55 S. S. W. of Posen. 
 
 Fredcberg, a town of the duchy of Westphalia, 
 on the river Wenne, 23 m. S. S. E. of Arensberg. 
 
 Frederica, p. v. Kent Co. Del. 12 m. E. Dover. 
 
 Frederica, a town of the state of Georgia, in 
 Glynn county, and on the W. side of St. Simon 
 island, with a safe and commodious harbour, 64 
 m. S. W. of Savannah. Long. 80. 56. W., lat. 
 31. G. N. 
 
 Frederica, or Fridericia, a town and fortress of 
 Jutland, at the entrance of the Little Belt, from, 
 the Categat, in the lat. of 55. &5. N., and 9. 44. 
 of E. long. All ships entering the Little Belt, 
 are here brought to, and a contribution levied to- 
 wards the lights and buoys on the coasts of Den- 
 mark. Pop. about 3,500. 
 
 Frederick, a county of the state of Maryland, 
 bounded on the N. by the conventional line which 
 divides Maryland from Pennsylvania, and on the 
 S. by the Potomac river, which divides it from 
 Virginia ; it is about 35 m. in length from N. to 
 S., and 25 in mean breadth ; it is intersected 
 from N. to S. by the Monocoey river, which 
 springs from several sources in Pennsylvania, and 
 falls into the Potomac. Pop. 45,793. Frederick- 
 town, the chief town, with a pop. of about 5,000, 
 VV. of the Monocoey, is 120 m. N. W. of 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Frederick, a county in the West District of Vir- 
 ginia, betwen the Blue and North ridges of the 
 Alleghany Mountains ; the Shenandoah river 
 skirts the foot of the Blue Mountains on the E. 
 side of the county running from S. to N. into the 
 Potomac. It is divided into East and West 
 Frederick; the former has a pop. of 14,099 and the 
 latter 11,949. Winchester, the chief town, is 130 
 m. N. by W. of Richmond. 
 
 Frederick l a township of Montgomery po. Pa. 
 
 Fredericksburg, p. v. Spottsylvania Co. Va. on 
 the Rappahannock, with a considerable trade in 
 flour and tobacco. The river here is deep enough 
 to admit vessels of 140 tons . Also towns in Gal- 
 latin Ken. and Washington Co. Indiana. 
 
 Fredericsburg, a Danish fort, on the Gold-coast 
 of Guinea, near Cape Three-points, 62 m. W. S. 
 W. of Cape Coast Castle. Long. 1. 5. W., lat. 4. 
 30. N. 
 
 Frcdericslmrtr, a town of Further Pomerania, 
 23 m. N. of Stargard, and 33 S. S. W. of Colberg. 
 
 Fredericsburg, an interior town of Denmark, in 
 the isle of Zealand, with a castle and palace, 15 
 i!i. N. N. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Fredericshall, or Frcdcricstadt, a sea-port of Nor- 
 way, in the province of Aggerhuys, situate at the 
 uicatli of the river Tiste, in a bay called the 
 S.vinesund. The harbour is safe and commo- 
 dious; but the l«rge quantity of saw-dust brought 
 down the river, from the different saw-mills, oc- 
 casions an annual expense to clear it away. On 
 the summit of a rock, which over-hangs the town, 
 stands the hitherto impregnable fortress of Fred- 
 ericstein ; at the siege of which, in 1718, Charles 
 XII. of Sweden was killed by a musket-ball. It 
 
 is 51 m. S. E. of Christiania. Long. 10. 55. E., 
 lat. 59. 12. N. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Frcdericshum, a town and fortress of Russia, in 
 Carelia. [t is neatly built, the streets going off" 
 like radii from a centre. Here, in 1783, an inter 
 view was held between the empress of Russia and 
 the king of Sweden. It is seated near the gulf 
 of Finland, 68 m. W. S. W. of Wiburg. Lone 
 28. 18. E., lat. 60. 36. N. 
 
 Frcdcricstadt, a town of Denmark, in S. Jut- 
 land, seated at the conflux of the Tren with the 
 Eyder, 17 m. S. W. of Sleswick, and 6 N. E. of 
 Tonningen. 
 
 Frcdcricstadt, or Frcdericstcin, a town of Nor- 
 way, in the province of Aggerhuys, and the most 
 regular fortress in this part of Norway. It has a 
 considerable trade in deal timber, and is seated on 
 the Glomme, 26 m. W. of Fredericshall. 
 
 Fr< dcricton, the capital of New Brunswick, 
 on the river St. John, which runs thus far navi- 
 gable for sloops, 90 m. above the citv of St. John. 
 Long. 66. 30. W., lat. 46. 20. N. 
 
 Freehold, or Monmoutli, p. v. the capital of Mon- 
 mouth Co. N. J., 25 m. S. E. Bordentown. This 
 place is famous for a battle between Washington's 
 army and Sir Henry Clinton in 1778. Also a 
 village in Greene Co. N. Y. 
 
 Fredonia, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Also a 
 village in Crawford Co. Indiana. 
 
 Freeburg, p.v. Union Co. Pa. 
 
 Freedovi, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 869. Also 
 a village in Dutchess Co. N. Y. and Baltimore, 
 Co. Maryland. 
 
 Freeman, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 724. 
 
 Freeport, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,623. 
 Also villages in Ontario Co. N. Y., Armstrong 
 Co. ; Pa. and Harrison Co. Ohio. 
 
 Freetown, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton 
 River. Pop. 1.909. Also a p.t. Cortland Co. N.Y. 
 Pop. 1,051. 
 
 Freetown, the capital of the colony of Sieri; 
 Leone. The harbour has three wharves, and is 
 protected by a battery. It stands on the S. side 
 of the river Sierra Leone, near its entrance into 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Long. 12. 56. W., lat. 8. 30. N. 
 
 Frehcl , a cape of France, in the department of 
 Cotes du Nord, 13 m. W. of St. Malo. Long. 2. 
 15. W., lat. 48. 41. N. 
 
 Frejvs, a town of France, in the department of 
 Var. By the Romans it was called Forum Julii ; 
 and had then a port on the Mediterranean, from 
 which it is now 2 m. It is the birthplace of that 
 great Roman general and philosopher, Agricola ; 
 and near it some fine remains of antiquity are 
 still visible. It is celebrated in later times as the 
 place where Napoleon landed on his return from 
 Egypt, in the autumn of 1799, and again in 
 March 1815 from the island of Elba. It is seateo 
 near the river Argens, in a morass. 40 m. N. E. 
 of Toulon. Long. 6. 44. E., lat. 43. 26. N. 
 
 Frenaij Ic Vicomte, a town of France, in the 
 department of Sarte, 9 m. S. S. W. of Ale.ngon. 
 
 French Creek, townships of Mercer Co. and Ve- 
 nango Co. Pa. 
 
 Frenchton, a village of Dinwiddie Co. Va. 
 
 Frenchtown, a village in Cecil Co. Maryland 
 near Elkton. Also a village in Monroe Co 
 Michigan. 
 
 Frenchman's Bay, a harbour with a small vil- 
 lage upon it in Lincoln Co. Me. 
 
 Frcudenbcrg, a town of Franconia, on the river 
 Maine, 8 m. W. of Wertheim. 
 
 Freudenberg, a town of Westphalia, in tht 
 county of Hoya, 13 m. S. by W. of Bremen. 
 
FR1 
 
 31." 
 
 FR1 
 
 Freud cnstadt, a strong town of Suabia, in the 
 Black Forest, built to defend the passage into that 
 forest. In 1796, it was taken by the French. It 
 is 23 m. S. by E. of Baden. 
 
 Freuderitkal, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Troppau, celebrated for its breed 
 of horses, and manufacture of fine linen ; seated 
 near the Mohra, 24 in. \V. of Troppau. 
 
 Freyberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 
 with a castle. In the environs are mines of cop- 
 per, tin, l°ad, and silver, which employ a great 
 number of workmen. Here is the usual burying- 
 place of the princes of the house of Saxony. It 
 is situate on a branch of the Muldau, 15 m. W. 
 S. W. of Dresden. Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Frcybercr, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz. lb' m. S. W. of Teschen, and 48 E of 
 Olmulz! Pop. about 3,500. 
 
 Freyberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Schweidnitz, near the river Polsnitz, 7 m. N. 
 W. of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Freyenstcin, a town of Brandenburg in the Mark 
 of Pregnitz, on the frontiers of Mecklenburg, 22 
 m. N. E. of Perlberg. 
 
 Freyenwalde, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Middle Mark, near which are mineral springs and 
 extensive alum works. It is seated on the Oder, 
 30 m. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Frcijsinrrcji, a town of Bavaria, capital of a prin- 
 cipality of the same name. The cathedral and 
 palace are beautiful structures. It was taken by 
 the French in 1706. It is seated on a mountain, 
 near the Iser, 20 m. N. N. E. of Munich. Lono-. 
 11. 50. E., lat. 48. 21. N. 
 
 Freystadt, a town of Hungary, with a castle, 
 seated on the Waag, opposite Leopoldstadt. 
 
 Freystadt, a town of Moravia, in the principali- 
 ty of Teschen, with a castle, on the river Elsa, 8 
 in. N. N. W. of Teschen. 
 
 Freystat, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Glogau, witli an ancient castle, 14 m. N. E. of 
 Sagan. 
 
 Freystat, a town of Austria, which has a great 
 trade in worsted, 17 m. N. of Ens. 
 
 Friburg, one of the cantons of Switzerland, 
 surrounded on all sides bv the canton of Bern. 
 It is fertile in corn, fruits, and pastures ; and the 
 cheese made in this canton is deemed the best 
 made in Switzerland. The inhabitants, 70,000 in 
 number, are papists, quota of troops, 1.240. 
 
 Friburg, a fortified town of Switzerland, capital 
 of the canton of the same name. It is seated in 
 a mountainous country on the river Sanen, which 
 divides it into two parts; that on the W. side 
 standing on plain ground, and the other among 
 rocks and hills. The public buildings, especially 
 the cathedral, are very handsome; and the bishop 
 of Lausanne resides here. Throe miles from this 
 town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, said 
 to be the work of one man, with his servant, who 
 performed it in 25 years. Friburw was taken by 
 the French, in 1708. It is 18 m. S. W. of Bern, 
 and 30 N. E. of Lausanne. Lonor. 7. 15. E., lat. 
 46. 43. N. 
 
 Friburg. a. town of Suabia, capital of Brisijau. 
 The steeple of its great church is the finest in 
 Germany ; and here is a university, a college 
 formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and several 
 i onvents. The inhabitants are famous for polish- 
 .ng crystal and precious stones. It has been often 
 taken. It is seated on the Triser, 53 m. S. by W. 
 of Baden, and 10 E. of Brisach, on the Rhine. 
 Long. 7. 58. E., lat. 48. 3. N. Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Friburg, a town of Upper Saxony in Thurin- 
 
 gia, with a castle on a mountain, situate on the 
 Unstrut, 5 in. N. N. W. of Naumberg. 
 
 *„,* There are numerous other towns and villa- 
 ges beginning with Fri or Frey in different parts 
 of Germany and Fri and Frey are indiscriminate- 
 ly written sometimes one way and sometimes the 
 other. 
 
 Frideck, a town of Silesia, in the circle of Tes 
 chen, on the frontier of Moravia, 12 m. S. by W 
 of Teschen. 
 
 Fridino-cn. a town of Suabia, on the Danube 
 50 m. S.'W.'of Ulm. 
 
 Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia 
 It is seated on a mountain, by the river Usbach 
 15 m. N. by E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Friedberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, sit 
 uate on the Lechfeld, G in. E. of Auo-sburo- and 
 30 N. W. of Munich. 
 
 Friedberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Schweidnitz. A little N. of the town a battle 
 was gained by the king of Prussia, over the Aus- 
 trians, in 1745. It is 7 in. N. W. of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Ft iedberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, on the 
 river Pink, and frontiers of Hungary, 33 m. N. E 
 of Gratz. 
 
 Friedburg, a town of Westphalia, in East Fries 
 land, with a castle, 25 m. E. of Emden. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Oppelen, on the river Steina, 12 m. E. of 
 Neisse. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meek 
 lenburg, seated in a swampy country, on the 
 frontiers of Pomerania. 16 in. S. S. W. of An- 
 clam. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Bohemia, on the confines 
 of Lusatia, 7 m. E. S. E. of Zittau. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the French 
 under Bonaparte, gained a complete victory over 
 the Russians. June 14, 1807. It is seated on the 
 Alia, 28 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Friendly Islands, a group of islands in the 
 South Pacific ocean, so named by Cook, in 1773, 
 on account of the friendship that appeared to sub- 
 sist among the inhabitants, and their courteous 
 behaviour to strangers. Tasman, a Dutch navi- 
 gator, first touched here in 1653, and gave the 
 name of New Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Mid- 
 dleburg, to three of the principal islands. Cook 
 explored the whole cluster, which he found to 
 consist of more than 20 islands, the principal of 
 which are Tongataboo, or Amsterdam ; Eaoowe 
 or Middleburg; Annamooka, or Rotterdam ; Ha- 
 paee, and Lefooga. The first, which is the lar- 
 gest, lies in 174. 46. W. long., and 21. 9. S. lat. 
 The general appearance of these islands, conveys 
 an idea of the most exuberant fertility the sur- 
 face at a distance, seems entirely clothed with 
 trees of various sizes, some of which are very 
 large, particularly the tall cocoa, palm, and spe- 
 cies of fig with narrow-pointed leaves. On closer 
 examination, they are almost wholly laid out in 
 plantations, in which are some of the richest pro- 
 ductions of nature ; such as bread-fruit and co- 
 coa-nut trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a 
 fruit like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds 
 are scanty ; but they received from Cook some 
 valuable additions, both to the animal and vege- 
 table kingdom. Their domestic fowls are as 
 large as those of Europe. Among the birds are 
 parrots and parroquets of various sorts which fur- 
 nish the red feathers so much esteemed in the So- 
 ciety isles. The numerous reefs and shoals afford 
 shelter for an endless variety of shell-fish. These 
 islands are all inhabited by a race of people, who 
 
FRI 
 
 316 
 
 FUE 
 
 cultivate the earth with great industry. Na- 
 ture, assisted by a little art, appears no where in 
 
 greater splendour. Agriculture, architecture, 
 boat-building and fishing, are the employments 
 of the men: and to the women is confined the 
 manufacture of cloth. 
 
 Friendship, a town in Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 
 034. Also a p.t. in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,502. Also a village in Anne Arundel Co. Ma- 
 ryland. 
 
 Friendsville, a village in Susquehanna Co Pa. 
 
 Friesach, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, 
 with a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on 
 the Metnitz, 17 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Friesland, one of the provinces of Holland, 
 bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, W. by 
 Zuyder-Zee, S. by the same and Overyssel, and E. 
 by Overyssel and Groningen. This country much 
 resembles the province of Holland in its soil, canals, 
 and dikes. Lewarden is the capital. Harlin- 
 gen on the shore of the Zuyder-Zee, is the princi- 
 pal seaport. 
 
 Friesland, East, a principality of Westphalia, 
 so called from its situation with respect to the 
 Dutch province of Friesland. It is 46 m. long, 
 and 43 broad ; bounded on the N. by the German 
 Ocean, E. by Oldenburg, S. by Munster, and W. 
 by Groningen and the German Ocean. The 
 country being level and low, is necessarily secur- 
 ed against inundations by expensive dikes. The 
 land is fertile ; and the pastures feed horned cat- 
 tle, horses, and sheep, of extraordinary size. On 
 the death of prince Charles Edward, in 1744 it 
 became subject to the king of Prussia. It was 
 taken possession of by Bonaparte in 1806, and at 
 the general partitioning of Europe subsequent to 
 the peace of Paris in 1814, it was relinquished 
 by Prussia, and ceded to Hanover. Emden is 
 the principal sea-port; and the principal towns 
 in the interior are Aurich, Essens, and Friede- 
 burg The aggregate pop. is estimated at 120,- 
 000, spread over a surface of about 1,150 sq. 
 miles. 
 
 Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brazil, in the prov- 
 ince of Rio Janeiro. Long. 41. 31. W., lat. 22. 
 54 S. 
 
 Frisch Haff, a lake or bay of Prussia, from 3 
 to !l no. broad, and extending 70 in length, along 
 the Baltic sea, with which it communicates by 
 ;i narrow passage, at Pillau ; it receives the Preg- 
 el at the N. E. end, the Passarges from the S. and 
 the E. branch of the Vistula at the W. end ; the 
 principal sea-ports within the Haft", are Elbing, 
 Braunsberg, Brandenburg, and Konigsberg. 
 
 Fritzlar, a fortified town of Germany, in Low- 
 er I [esse, with two colleo-es and a convent, seat- 
 ed on the Eder, 20 m. S. W. of Casse!. 
 
 Friuli, Austrian, a district of Austria, compris- 
 ing about 400 square m., bounded en the N. and 
 
 E. by Upper and Inner Carniola, and W. by Ve 
 netian Friuli, while a strip of the Venetian terri 
 tory, shuts it in from the gulf of Trieste. Gradis- 
 ca, 30 m. N. N. W. of Trieste, is the capital. 
 
 Friuli, a province of Italy, bounded on the N 
 by Carinthia, E. by Carniola and Austrian Friuli, 
 S. by the guif of Venice, and W. by the Trevisa- 
 no and Bellunese. It is rich in timber, cattle, 
 silk, wine, and fruit. It is watered by theTaglia- 
 mento, and several other rivers falling into the 
 gulf of Venice, and contains about 370,000 inhab- 
 itants. Udina, in the centre of the province, is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Friuli, or Cilta di Friuli, a town of Italy, i" 
 Friuli, with a collegiate church, and five convents. 
 It stands at the foot of the mountains, which 
 separates Friuli from Carniola, on the river 
 Natisone, 15 m. N. E. of Udina. 
 
 Frodlingham, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. 36 
 m. E. of York, and 194 N. of London. 
 
 Frodsham, a town in Cheshire, Eng. Here is 
 a graving dock and yard for building and repairing 
 vessels. It is seated on the Weever, near its en- 
 trance into the estuary of the Merse3', 11 m. N. E 
 of Chester, and 192 N. N. W. of London. It 
 has some extensive salt-works in the town and 
 neighbourhood, and partakes partially of the cot- 
 ton manufacture. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 
 5,451, of whom 1,556 reside in the town. 
 
 Frome, a river which rises in the N. W. part 
 of Dorsetshire, Eng. near Beaininster, flows by 
 Frampton, Dorchester, and Wareham, and enters 
 the bay that forms the harbour of Poole. There 
 is another river of the same name, which rises 
 on the border of Worcestershire, and falls into 
 the Lug a little above its entrance into the Wyt, 
 near Hereford ; and another rising on the border 
 of Wilts, flows through Somersetshire, and falls 
 into the Lower Avon near Bath. 
 
 Frome Sehcood, a town of Somersetshire, Eng. 
 seated on the banks of the last of the preceding 
 rivers, over which is a bridge of five arches ; it 
 has three churches, one of them ancient and 
 elegant, another erected in 1731. several schov's, 
 alms houses, five meeting houses, new market 
 house, &c. Frome is the seat of an extensive 
 manufacture of fine woolen cloth, there being 
 about 50 establishments engaged therein, 6 ex- 
 tensive dealers in wool, and many dyers, 3 dres- 
 sers, 4 wire drawers, and 7 for the manufacture 
 of cards. It is 12 m. S. of Bath, and 104 W. 
 by S of London. The pop. which in 1801 was 
 8,747, increased in 1821 to 12,411. 
 
 Frontenac, a county of Upper Canada border- 
 ing upon the eastern part of lake Ontario. 
 
 Frontigtian, a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Herault, celebrated for its muscadine 
 wine, generally called Frontignac. It is seated 
 on the lake Magulcone, 12 in. S. S. W. of Mont- 
 pelier. 
 
 Froslberg, or Frost Town, p. v. Alleghany Co 
 Maryland, 10 m W. Cumberland. This place 
 occupies perhaps the highest situation of any 
 town in the United States, being seated upon one 
 of the Apalachian ridges, about 1,800 feet above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 Froyeii, an island in the North Sea, near the 
 coast of Norway, about 35 m. in circumference 
 Long. 9. 0. E., "lat. 63. 45. N. 
 
 FruitstQwn, a village in Cumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Frijehurg, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,353. 
 
 Fruthigcn . a town of Switzerland, in Hie can 
 ton of Bern. ^'0 in. S. E. of Friburg. 
 
 Fuegp, one of the Cape Verd Island, in the 
 
FUN 
 
 an 
 
 FUR 
 
 Atlantic Ocean; it is a volcano, which burns con- 
 tinually. It is much higher than any of the rest, 
 and seems to be a single mountain at sea, but on 
 the sides there are deep valleys. It has no river, 
 and is almost destitute of fresh water ; but is fer- 
 tile in maize, gourds, wild figs, oranges, and ap- 
 ples, and has a great number of wild goats. It 
 is 300 m. W. of Cape Verd. Long. 24. 30. W., 
 lat. 14. 54. N. 
 
 Fuen-tcheou, a city of China, in the province 
 of Chan-si. Here are hot baths which attract a 
 great number of strangers. Its district contains 
 one city of the second, and seven of the third 
 class. It is seated on the river Fuen, 230 m. S. W. 
 of Peking. Long. 111. 20. E., lat. 27. 20. N. 
 
 Fucntn Duenna, a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 
 t.le, seated on the Tagus, 35 m. S. E. of Madrid. 
 
 Fucnte Giraldo, a town of Spain, in Estrema- 
 
 dura. In 1734 it was taken and plundered by 
 
 the Portuguese. It is 16 m. N. W. of Coria. 
 
 Fussen,a. town of Suabia, in the principality 
 of Augsburg, with an ancient castle and a Bene- 
 dictine abbey. It commands the pass into Bava- 
 ria and Tyrol, and is seated on the Lech, 50 m. 
 S. of Augsberg. Long. 10. 45. E., lat. 27. 
 43. N. 
 
 Fula, or Foula, the most western of the Shet- 
 land Islands, supposed to be the Ultima Thule of 
 the ancients. It is 3 m. in length, and half as 
 much in breadth. and affords pasturage for sheep. 
 The only landing-place, which is called Ham, 
 lies on the E side. Long. 1. 37. W., laL 60. 
 27. N • 
 
 Fulda. a bishopric of Germany, in the elector- 
 ate of Hesse, circle of Upper Rhine ; bounded 
 on the E. by the county of Henneberg and 
 Wurtzburg, and on the other sides by Wetteravia 
 and Hesse. This country containing 7(50 square 
 m. is very bleak and mountainous, but contains 
 numerous towns and villages, and an aggregate 
 pop. of about 65,000. The river Fulda running 
 from S. to N. intersects the N. W. part of the 
 district, and falls into the Weser, above 3 in. S. 
 of Cassel. 
 
 Fulda, a town, capital of the preceding bishop- 
 ric, contains several very fine buildings, among 
 which are a palace, three churches, college and 
 university. It is seated on the E. bank of the 
 Fulda, 55 m. S. by E. of Cassel, in the lat. of 50. 
 34. N., and 9. 48. of E. long. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Ful ham, a village of Middlesex, Eng. seated on 
 the N. bank of the Thames, 4 m. W. by S. of Hyde 
 Park Corner. Here is a wooden bridge over the 
 Thames, erected in 1729, at an expense of £23, 
 975, to defray the interest of which, a toll is still 
 levied. Fulham has been the demesne of the 
 bishops of London, ever since the conquest ; here 
 they have a palace and very fine gardens, and in 
 the church-yard are the tombs of several of the 
 prelates. The situation of the village is rather 
 secluded, and as such has been selected for the 
 residence of a number of the retired traders of the 
 metropolis. The pop. in 1801 , was 4,428, increas- 
 ed in 1821, to 6,492. 
 
 Fulnek. a town and castle of Moravia, on the 
 frontiers of Silesia, 2(3 E. N. E. of Prerau. 
 Fulton, p.t. Rowan Co. N. C. 
 Funchal, the capital of Madeira, situate round 
 a bay, on the gentle ascent of some hills, in form 
 of an amphitheatre. An old castle which com- 
 mands the road stands on the top of a steep black 
 rock, called the Loo Rock, surrounded by the sea 
 at high water ; there are also three other forts, 
 and several batteries. The strsetsare narrow and 
 
 dirty, though streams of water run through them. 
 The houses are built of freestone, or of bricks ; 
 but they are dark, and only a few of the best are 
 provided with glass windows ; all the others have 
 a kind of lattice-work in their stead, which hang 
 on hinges. The beams and roof of the cathedra! 
 are of cedar ; but the chief curiosity here is m 
 chamber in the Franciscan convent, the walls and 
 ceiling of which are covered with human skulls 
 and thigh bones, said to be the relics of holy men 
 who have died on the island. The town contains 
 about 11,000 inhabitants. Long. 17. C. E , lat. 32. 
 38. N. 
 
 Fundy, a bay of North America, between New 
 Brunswick and Nova Scotia, remarkable for its 
 tides, which rise from the height of 30 to 60 feet, 
 and flow rapidly. It extends about 200 m. in a 
 E. N. E. direction ; and with Vert bay, which 
 pushes into the land in a N. W. direction from 
 Northumberland strait, forms an isthmus of onl> 
 12 m. wide, which unites Nova Scotia, to New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Funen, an island of Denmark, 150 m. in cir- 
 cumference; separated from Jutland by a strait, 
 called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, by the 
 Great Belt. It is fertile in pasture and grain and 
 exports to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and pens. 
 Pop. about 130,000. Odensee on a bay at the N. 
 end of the island, is the capital. 
 
 Funfkirehen, or Five Churches, an episcopal 
 town of Hungary, situate in a fertile country, 
 between the Drave and the Danube, 85 rn. S. S. 
 W. of Buda. Long. 18. 13. E., lat. 46. 12. N. 
 Pop. about 11,500. 
 
 Fuorli, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 
 21 m. S. S. E. ofSulmona. 
 
 Furnace, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 
 Furnes, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, 
 seated near the German Ocean, on the canal from 
 Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the barrier 
 towns ; but in 1781, emperor Joseph II. expelled 
 the Dutch garrison. It was taken by the French, 
 in 1793, and is 12 m. E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Furruckabad, a town of Hindooslan, in the ter- 
 ritory of Rohilcund, capital of a small district, 
 about 30 m. in length, on the W. bank of the 
 Ganges, which belongs to a chief of the Patan 
 Rohilla tribe. Holkar was defeated here by the 
 British in 1804. It is seated on the Ganges, 70 
 m. E. of Agra, and 76 N. W. of Lucknow. Lono\ 
 79.30. W., lat. 27. 28. N. 
 
 Furstenau, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Osnaburg, 13 m. S. W. of Quakenburg. 
 Furstenbcrg, a principality of Suabia, between 
 the Black Forest and the principality of Con- 
 stance. In this state the river Danube takes its 
 rise. 
 
 Furstenbcrg, a town of Suabia, in the princi- 
 pality of the same name, with an ancient castle 
 on a mountain, near the Danube, 27 m. E. by S 
 of Friburg. Long. 8. 35. E., lat. 47. 53. N. 
 
 Furstenberg , a town of Upper Saxony, in Lusa- 
 tia, on the river Oder, 11 m. S. by E. of Frankfort 
 Furstenberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- 
 lenburg-Strelitz, on the river Navel, 10 m. S. of 
 Strelitz. 
 
 Furstcnfeld, a town of Germany, in Stiria, with 
 a castle, on the frontier of Hungary. 39 in. E by 
 S. of Gratz. 
 
 Furstenwald, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Middle Mark, seated on the Spree, 32 in. E. S- E 
 of Berlin. 
 
 Furstenwerder, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Ucker Mark, 12 m. N. W. of Prenzlo 
 2 d2 
 
GA1 
 
 na 
 
 GAI. 
 
 Furth. a town and castle of Lower Bavaria, on 
 the river Cham, 10 in. N. E. of Cham. 
 
 Furth, a town of Franconia in the principality 
 ofAnspach, seated on the Itednitz, 5 m. N. W 
 of Nuremburg. It is a populous place, and the 
 seat of extensive manufactures, which the exclu- 
 sive privileges of Numerberg prevent from being 
 carried on in that city. Pop. about 13,000. 
 
 Futtchpour, or Fattipoor, a town of Hindoostan, 
 in tne province of Agra, 24 m. W. of the city of 
 Agra. It was a favourite place of Akbar. 
 
 Fi/rrs, a river of Scotland, in Invernesshire, 
 which falls into the E. side of Lochness. It is 
 celebrated for its fall, a height of 107 feet, form- 
 ing one of the most romantic and interesting 
 scenes in the world ; the falls are 10 m. N. E. of 
 Fort Augustus. 
 
 Fyne, Loch, in Scotland, an inlet of the Atlantic 
 in Arg3'leshire, nearly 40 m. in length. It re- 
 ceives and returns a tide on each side of the isle 
 of Arran, which is opposite its entrance. It is 
 indented with bays, and in the herring season is 
 the resort of numerous fishing vessels. 
 
 Fijzabud, a city of Hindoostan, in the territory 
 of Oude, of which it was once the capital. Here 
 are the remains of a vast building, the palace of 
 the nabob Sujah Addowlnh, which, at the time of 
 his death, is said to have contained 1,000 women 
 and upwards of 50 of his children. The city is 
 populous; but, since the removal of the court of 
 Oude to Lucknow, it has greatly declined in 
 wealth. It is seated on the Gogra, 70 m E of 
 Lucknow. Lontr. 82. 2G. E., lat. 2G. 40. N. 
 
 G 
 
 GABARET, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Landes, seated on the Gelisse, 16 m. W. 
 of Condom. 
 
 Gabel, a fortified town of Bohemia, which com- 
 mands the pass into Lusatia. It is 8 m. S. of 
 Zittau. 
 
 Gabes, or Gabs. See Cabcs. 
 
 Gabion, a village of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Herault, 9 m. N. W. of Beziers. It has 
 a.- mineral spring ; and near it is a rock from 
 which issues petroleum. 
 
 Gabon, a country of Guinea, bounded on the N. 
 by Majombo, E. by Anziko, S. by Loango, and 
 W. by the Atlantic. It has a river of the same 
 name, which enters the Atlantic a little N. of the 
 equinoctial line. The chief town is Sette. 
 
 Gadamis, a town of Barbary, in Biledulgerid, 
 capital of a country of the same name. It is 170 
 m. S. W. of Tripoli. Long. 10. 40. E., lat. 30. 
 40. N. 
 
 Gadcbusch, a town of Lower Saxony, in Meck- 
 lenburg, near which the Swedes defeated the 
 Danes and Saxons in 1712. It is 16 m. N. N. W. 
 of Schwerin. 
 
 Gaeta, a strong town on the W. coast of Naples, 
 in Terra di Lavoro, with a fort, a citadel, and a 
 harbour. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707, 
 by the Spaniards in 1734, and by the French in 
 1806. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on 
 the gulf of Gaeta, 30 in. N. W. of Capua. Long. 
 13.47. F, lat. 41. 30. N. 
 
 Gaifdorf, a town of Franconia, in the lordship 
 of Linburgh, with a castle near the river Koeher, 
 13 m. W. of Elwangen. 
 
 Gaillac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Tarn, celebrated for its wine. It is seated on 
 the Tarn, which is here navigable, 10 in. S. W. 
 of Alby. It is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 
 contained /',310 inhabitants. 
 
 Gaillon, a town of France, in the department 
 nf Eure, with a magnificent palace, belonging 
 to the archbishop of Rouen. It is 11 m. N. E. 
 of Evreux.and 22. S S. E. of Rouen. 
 
 Gaines, p.t. Broome Co. Kentucky. 
 
 Gainesville, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 I.-2H. 
 
 Gainsborough, villages in Frederick: Co. Va. 
 and Jackson Co. Ten. Also a township of Lin- 
 ■■ !m ( 'o. Upper Canada. 
 
 Gainsbortnijsh, a town in Lincolnshire. Eng. 
 seated on the Trent, over which is a handsome 
 stone bridge. It is a river-port of some conse- 
 
 quence, being accessible to vessels of sufficient 
 size to navigate the sea ; and serves as a place of 
 export and import for the N. part of the county, 
 and for Nottinghamshire. It is 17 in. N. W. 
 of Lincoln, and 149 N. by W. of London. Pop. 
 in 1801, 4,506, and in 1821, 5,893. 
 
 Gainsbvrg, p. v. Christian Co. Ken. 
 
 Gairloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the W 
 coast of Ross-shire, which gives name to a trad 
 of land near it. The fishing of cod. and other 
 white fish, is here very considerable. 
 
 Galacz, or Gala, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Moldavia. In 1790, it was taken by the Bus 
 sians, after a bloody battle. It is seated on a bike 
 near the conflux of the Pruth with the Danube 
 55 in. W. of Ismael, and 120 S. S. W. of Bend, r 
 Long. 28. 24. E., lat. 45. 24. N. 
 
 Galapagos, a cluster of islands, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, near the coast of Colombia. They lie 
 under the equator, and the centre island is in 
 rong. 85. 30. W. They are uninhabited, but 
 are frequently visited by the South Sea whale 
 ships for fresh water and provisions. The largest 
 is 60 or 70 m. long and 50 broad. 
 
 They are in general barren ; but some of the 
 highest have a stunted brushwood, and all of 
 them are covered with the prickly pear-tree, up- 
 on which a large species of land-tortoise lives and 
 thrives in a wonderful manner. The most accu- 
 rate and full account of these curious animals is 
 contained in a very amusing book, Delano's 
 Voyages and Travels, printed at Boston, in 1817. 
 Captain Delano says, — '■ The Terrapin, or as it is 
 sometimes called, the Land-Tortoise, that is found 
 
 at the Galapagos Islands, is by far the largest, 
 best, and most numerous, of any place 1 ever vis- 
 ited. Some of the largest weigh three or foui 
 hundred pounds; but their common size is be- 
 tween fifty and one hundred pounds. Their 
 shape is somewhat similar to that of our small 
 land-tortoise, which is found upon the upland 
 and is. like it, high and round on the >ack. The) 
 
GAi. 
 
 319 
 
 GAL 
 
 have a very long neck, which, together with their 
 head, has a disagreeable appearance, very much 
 resembling a large serpent. I have seen them 
 with necks between two and three feet long, and 
 when they saw anything that was new to them, 
 or met each other, they would raise their heads 
 as high as they could, their necks being nearly 
 vertical, and advance with their mouths wide 
 open, appearing to be the most spiteful of any 
 reptile whatever. Sometimes two of them would 
 come up to each other in that manner, so near as 
 almost to touch, and stand in that position for 
 two or three minutes, appearing so angiy, that 
 their mouths, heads, and necks appeared to quiver 
 with passion, when, by the least touch of a stick 
 against theii necks or heads, they would shrink 
 back in an instant, and draw their necks, heads, 
 and legs into their shells. This is the only quick 
 motion I ever saw them perform. I was put in 
 the same kind of fear that is felt at the sight or 
 near approach ofa snake, at the first one 1 saw, 
 which was very large. I was alone at the time, 
 and he stretched himself as high as he could, 
 opened his mouth, and advanced towards me. 
 His body was raised more than a foot from the 
 ground, his head turned forward in the manner 
 of a snake in the act of biting, and raised two 
 feet and a half above its body. I had a musket 
 in my hand at the time, and when he advanced 
 near enough to reach him with it, 1 held the muz- 
 zle out so that he hit his neck against it, at the 
 touch of which he dropt himself upon the ground, 
 and instantly secured all his limbs within his 
 shell. They are perfectly harmless, as much so 
 as any animal I know of, notwithstanding their 
 threatening appearance. They have no teeth, 
 and of course they cannot bite very hard. They 
 take their food into their mouths by the assistance 
 of the sharp edge of the upper and under jaw, 
 which shut together, one a little within the other, 
 so as to nip grass, or any flowers, berries, or 
 shrubbery, the only food they eat. Those who 
 have seen the elephant, have seen the exact re- 
 semblance of the leg and foot of a terrapin. I 
 have thought that I could discover some faint re- 
 semblance to that animal in sagacity. They are 
 very prudent in taking care of themselves and 
 their eggs, and in tile manner of securing them 
 in their nests; and I have observed on board my 
 own ship, as well as others, that they can easily 
 be taught to go to any place on the deck, which 
 may be wished for them to be constantly kept in. 
 The method to effect this is, by whipping them 
 with a small line when they are out of place, and 
 lo take them up and carry them to the place as- 
 signed for them ; which, being repeated a few 
 times, will bring them into the practice of going 
 themselves, by being whipped when they are 
 out of their place. They can be taught to eat on 
 board a ship, as well as a sheep, or a goat ; and 
 will live for a long time, if there is proper food 
 provided for them. This I always took care to 
 do, when in a place where I could procure it. 
 The most suitable to take on board a ship, is 
 prickly pear-trees; the trunk of which is a soft, 
 pithy substance, of a sweetish taste, and full of 
 juice. Sometimes I procured grass for them. 
 Either of these being strewed on the quarter- 
 deck, the pear-tree being cut fine, would imme- 
 diately entice them to come from all parts of the 
 deck to it; and they would eat in their way, as 
 well as any domestic animal. I have known 
 -hem live several months without food ; but they 
 always, in that case, grow lighter, and their fat 
 
 diminishes, as common sense teaches, notwitii 
 standing some writers have asserted to the con- 
 trary. Their flesh, without exception, is of as 
 sweet and pleasant a flavour as any that I ever 
 eat. It was common to take out of one of them, 
 ten or twelve pounds of fat, when they were open- 
 ed, besides what was necessary to cook them with. 
 This was as yellow as our best butter, and of a 
 sweeter flavour than hog's lard. They are the 
 slowest in their motions of any animal 1 ever saw. 
 except the sloth. They are remarkable for their 
 strength-, one of them would bear a man's weight 
 on his back and walk with him. I have seen 
 them at one or two other places only. One in- 
 stance was, those brought from Madagascar to 
 the Isle of France ; but they were far inferior in 
 size, had longer legs, and were much more ugly 
 in their looks, than those of the Galapagos 
 Islands. 
 
 Galashiels, a town of Scotland, in Selkirkshire 
 with a manufacture of woolen cloth, known by 
 the name of Galashiels Gray. It is seated on 
 the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, 5 
 m. N. of Selkirk. 
 
 Galbally, a village of Ireland, in the county 
 of Limerick, 23 m. S. E. of Limerick. Pop 
 412. 
 
 Galen, a township of Seneca Co. N. Y. 
 
 Galicia, a late province in the S. W. part of 
 Poland, lying between the lat. 48. and 51. N. 
 and 19. and 2G. of E. long. It is bounded on 
 the S. in a direction W. by N. by the Carpathian 
 mountains, which divides it from Hungary ; the 
 W. end jets upon Silesia, the Vistula river forms 
 part of its northern, and the Bug part of its east- 
 ern boundary ; the S. E. extremity is divided by 
 the Bukowine district from Moldavia, and the 
 Dneister river intersects the S. E. part. This 
 territory was forcibly seized by the Austrians in 
 1772, and incorporated into the Austrian domin- 
 ions, under the appellation of the kingdom »f 
 Galicia and Lodomiria. The mountainous parts 
 possess fine pasture ; the plains are mostly sandy 
 but abound in forests, and are fertile in corn. 
 The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, 
 wax, and honey ; the country also contains mines 
 of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latter 
 are the most valuable. Its limits comprise up- 
 ward of 32,000 sq. m., the pop. about 3,750,000. 
 It is divided into East Galicia and West Galicia, 
 of which the capitals are Lemburg and Cracoy. 
 
 Galicia, a province of Spain, forming the N 
 W. extremity of the Peninsula, bounded on the 
 N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by 
 Asturias and Leon, on the S. by the Portuguese 
 province of Tras-os-Montes, and on the S. W. by 
 the river Minho, which divides it from the Por- 
 tuguese province of Entre Douro e Minho. Its 
 extreme length from the mouth of the Minho 
 river in 41. 52., to Cape Ortegal, the exterme 
 northern limit of Spain in 42. 40. N., is 133 statute 
 m. , and its extreme width from the frontier of 
 Leon to Cape Finisterre, the extreme western 
 limit of Spain in the lat. of 42. 50. !N., and 9. 17. 
 ofW. long, is about 120 m.; but the mean length 
 and breadth does not much, if at all, exceed 100 
 m. : its area therefore comprises about 10,000 sq. 
 m. ; the pop. in 1810 amounted to 1,142,030. It 
 is one of the most mountainous districts in Spain, 
 yielding abundance of fine timber, and various 
 minerals. The whole extent of its coast is in- 
 d< nted with fine bays and harbours. Ferrol, 25 
 m. S. S. W. of Cape Ortegal, is one of the prin 
 c'pal stations of the Spanish national marine 
 
GAL 
 
 320 
 
 GAX 
 
 the port of Corunna is on the S. W. side of the 
 same bay, in which the harbour of Ferrol is situ- 
 ate : the most important harbour on the W. coast 
 is Vigo bay, about 50 m. S. of Cape Finisterre, 
 and a few m. IN. of the mouth of the Minho. 
 Santiago, or St. Jago de Compostella, 35 m. S. 
 of Corcnna, and 300 N. W. of Madrid, is the cap- 
 ital of die province ; the other principal towns 
 are Nondoneda and Betanzos in the N. E., Lugo 
 35 in. E. of Santiago, Orense on the S., and 
 Ciudad Tuy on the N. bank of the Minho, and 
 Bayona on a southern inlet of Vigo bay. 
 
 Galitsch, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Kostroma, on the S. side of a lake of its name, 
 56 m. E. N. E. of Kostroma. Long. 42. 54. E., 
 lat. 57. 56. N. 
 
 Gall, St. a small but populous canton of Swit- 
 zerland, the E. end bordering on a lake of Con- 
 stance, between the cantons of Thurgau, and Ap- 
 penzel. Its population in 1825, amounted to 134, 
 000, its quota of troops 2,630. 
 
 Gall, St. or St. Gallen, a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of the canton of St. Gall. It has a rich ab- 
 bey, whose abbot formerly possessed the sover- 
 eignty of the town. The town is entirely protes- 
 tant ; and the subjects of the abbot whose territory 
 is distinct, are mostly catholics. The abbey is sit- 
 uate close to the town ; and in its library are many 
 curious manuscripts. The town has an extensive 
 trade, arising chiefly from its linen and cotton 
 manufactures and bleaching grounds. It is seat- 
 ed in a narrow valley, on two small streams, 35 
 m. E. of Zurich. Long. 9. 18. E., lat. 47. 21. N. 
 Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Galla, an extensive territory of Africa, com- 
 prising all the S. part of Abyssinia; the limits 
 on the S. and W. are very undefined : the inhab- 
 itants are among the rudest and uncivilized of 
 any in Africa. 
 
 Galium, a town of Negroland, capital of a king- 
 dom of the same name, on the river Senegal. The 
 French built a fort here, which was ceded to the 
 English in 1763. During the American war it 
 was taken by the French, but restored in 1783. 
 Long. 10. 0. W., lat. 14. 35. N. 
 
 Gallatin, a county of Kentucky, bounded on 
 the N. for about 35 miles by the Ohio river, which 
 divides it from the state of Indiana. Pop. 6,680. 
 Port William, on the east bank of the Kentucky 
 river at its entrance into the Ohio, 45 m. N. N. W. 
 of Frankfort, is the chief town. 
 
 Gallatin, is also the name of another county in 
 the state of Illinois. Pop. 7,407. It is celebrated 
 for its salt springs, from which vast quantities of 
 salt are made. Equality is the chief town. 
 
 Gallatin, a township in Columbia Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 1,588. Also villages in Sumner Co. Ten. 
 and Copiah Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Gallatin's River, one of the head water streams 
 of the Missouri rising in the lat. of 44. N. and 
 110. 5. of W. long., upwards of 3,000 miles 
 by the course of the river, above the entrance of 
 the Missouri into the Mississippi. 
 
 Gallia, a county on the S. E. border of the 
 state of Ohio, bounded by the Ohio river, where 
 it receives the great Kanahwa from Virginia. Pop. 
 9,733. Gallipolis, on the Ohio is the chief town. 
 
 Galle, or Point de Gallc, a sea-port on the S. 
 coast of Ceylon, in a rich and beautiful district, 
 with a strong fort and a secure harbour. It is 
 populous, and in point of trade ranks next to Co- 
 lumbo. The chief branch of its traffic consists in 
 t'le exportation of fish to the continent; but a 
 great part of the products of the island are also 
 
 shipped here for Europe. It is 85 m. S. by E. of 
 Columbo. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 6. 0. N. 
 
 Gallipoli, a strait between European and Asia- 
 tic Turkey, the ancient Hellespont. It forms 
 the communication between the Archipelago and 
 the sea of Marmora, and is defended at the S. W 
 entrance by two castles. It is here 2 m. over, 
 and is 33 m. long. See Dardanelles. 
 
 Gallipoli, a town of European Turkey, which 
 gives name to the preceding strait, is seated 
 near its opening into the sea of Marmora. It is 
 the residence of a pacha, and the see of a Greek 
 bishop. It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,500 
 Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an 
 open place, with no other defence than a sorry 
 square castle. It was the first place in Europe 
 possessed by the Turks; 100 m. S. W. of Con- 
 stantinople." Long. 26. 59. E., lat. 40. 26. N. 
 
 Gallipoli, a sea-port of Naples, in Terra diOt- 
 ranto, and a bishop's see. This place is a great 
 mart for olive oil, and has a manufacture of 
 muslins. It is seated on a rocky island, on the 
 E. shore of the bay of Tarento, nid joined to the 
 main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 23 m. 
 W. of Otranto. Long. 18. 5. E., lat. 40. 20. N 
 Pop. about 9,000. 
 
 Gallipolis, p.Vi Gallia Co. Ohio, on the Ohio 
 river. 
 
 Galloway, a district of Scotland, now divided 
 into East and West Galloway, or Kirkcudbright 
 shire, and Wigtonshire. It was famous for a par- 
 ticular breed of small horses, called galloways. 
 
 Galloway, Mull of, the extreme S. W. point of 
 Scotland, in the lat. of 59. 33. N., and 4. 50. of 
 W. long. It forms the W. point of entrance to 
 Luce bay, and the E. point of entrance to the 
 North Channel, between the Irish Sea, and the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Galloway, New, a borough of Scotland, in Kirk- 
 cudbrightshire, on the river Ken, 18 in. N. of 
 Kirkcudbright, and 80 S. W. of Edinburgh. Pop 
 in 1821, 941. 
 
 Galmier, St. a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Loire ; with a medicinal spring of a vi 
 nous taste, 18 m. E. of Montbrison. 
 
 Galston, a populous village of Ayrshire, Scot 
 land, seated on the banks of the river Irvine, 3 m 
 S. S. E. of Kilmarnock. 
 
 Galum, p.v. Jackson Co. Illinois. 
 
 Galway, a maritime county, in the province 
 of Connaught, on the W. coast of Ireland, being 
 about 100 m. in extreme length from E. to W. 
 the W. part projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, is 
 a mountainous and dreary district, but the inland 
 part is in general fertile both in grain and pasture ; 
 next to Cork it is the largest county in Ireland, 
 comprising 989,950 acres, and in 1821 contained 
 a pop. of 337,374. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the river Suck, which divides it from Roscommon, 
 and the Shannon on the S. E. divides it from Tip- 
 perary, lake Corrib divides the W. from the E. 
 part of the county ; beside the county town of the 
 same name, the other principal towns are Tuam, 
 Athenry, and Loughrea. 
 
 Galway, the chief town of the preceding coun- 
 ty, is seated on the banks, of the outlet of lake 
 Corrib into Galway bay, 126 m. due W. of Dublin. 
 It was formerly surrounded by strong walls ; the 
 streets are large and straight, and the houses are 
 generally well built of stone. The harbour is de- 
 fended by a fort Here is a coarse woolen and 
 linen manufacture, and a considerable trade in 
 kelp. The salmon and herrincr fishery is also 
 considerable. It is divided into 3 parishes, and is 
 
GAJN 
 
 321 
 
 GAR 
 
 a coanty of itself, having a separate jurisdiction. 
 The principal church, which its collegiate, is a 
 spacious gothic edifice ; it has several catholic 
 establishments of friars and nuns, a county infirm- 
 ary, exchange, and several other public buildings. 
 Pop. in 1820, 27,775. 
 
 Galway Bay, extends about 20 m. from W. to 
 E., and is from 7 to 20 m. wide ; the South Arran 
 Isles stretch across the entrance. 
 
 Galway, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,710. 
 Gambia, a noble river in Africa, falling into the 
 Atlantic Ocean by several channels between the 
 lat. of 12. and 13. 45. N. Cape St. Mary, the S. 
 point of entrance to the main channel, is in the 
 lat. of 13. 8. N. ; and 16. 33. of W. long. The 
 banks for about 100 m. from the mouth are low 
 and swampy, but higher up, the river flows 
 through a delightfully fertile country, interspersed 
 with numerous towns and villages. At a distance 
 of about 400 m. from its mouth, the navigation 
 is impeded by falls, and above them but little is 
 known of its course. 
 
 Gambron. See Gombron. 
 Gana, Ganara. See Ghana. 
 Ganah, a town of the empire of Cassina, in the 
 interior of North Africa, 230 m. N. by E. of 
 Agades. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 24. 40. N. 
 
 Gander skeim, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, with a celebra- 
 ted convent, 17 m. S. W. of Goslar. 
 
 Gandia, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a 
 small university ; seated on a river, near its en- 
 trance into the gulf of Valencia, 32 m. S. E. of 
 Valencia, and 43 N. by E. of Alicant. Pop. about 
 (3,000. 
 
 Gandicotta, or Wandicotta, a town and fortress 
 of Hindoostan, in the circar of Cuddapa, near 
 which is a diamond mine. It is seated on a lofty 
 mountain, by the river Pennar, 33 m. W. N. W. 
 of Cuddapa. 
 
 . Gangapatnam, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 Carnatic, at the mouth of the Pannar, 94 m. N. 
 of Madras. Long. 80. 12. E., lat. 14. 24. N. 
 
 Gangea, or Ganja, a town of Persia, in the 
 province of Eviran, 105 m. S. by E. of Teflis. 
 Lang 45. 50. E., lat. 41. 10. N. 
 
 Ganges, a celebrated river of Asia, which has 
 its source in two springs, on the W. side of Mt. 
 Kentaiffe, in Tibet, in the lat. of 34. N., and 82. 
 of E. long. The 2 streams take a W. direction 
 for 300 m. when meeting the ridge of Himmaleh, 
 they tnrn S., unite their waters, and form what is 
 properly called the Ganges, from the Hindoo 
 word Ganga, which signifies a river ; a term giv- 
 en it by way of eminence. This great body of 
 water now forces a passage through the ridge of 
 Himmaleh at the distance of 400 m. below the 
 place of its first approach, and rushing through a 
 cavern, precipitates itself into a vast basin, at the 
 hither foot of the mountain. The Ganges thus 
 appears, to incurious spectators, to have its source 
 from this chain of mountains. Superstition has 
 given to the mouth of the cavern the form of the 
 head of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in 
 great veneration ; * and it is therefore called the 
 Gangotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this place 
 it takes a S. E. direction through the country of 
 Sirinagur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes 
 from this mountainous tract in which it has wan- 
 dered 800 m. From Hurdwar, where it gushes 
 through an opening in the mountains, and enters 
 Hindoostan, it flows 1,200 m. with a smooth nav- 
 igable stream, through delightful plains, to the 
 i>av of Bengal, which it enters by several mouths, 
 II 
 
 that form an extensive -delta, in the lat. of 22. N , 
 and between 88. and 91. of E. long. In its course 
 through these plains,«it receives 11 rivers, -some 
 of them larger and none smaller than the Thames, 
 besides many of inferior note ; the principal of 
 which are the Gogra, Coesy, and the Burampoo- 
 ter from the N., and the Jumna, Soane.and Dura- 
 niooda from the S. In the annual inundation of 
 this river, which on an average rises 31 feet, the 
 country is oveflowed to the extent of more than 
 100 m. in width. The Ganges is, in every re- 
 spect, one of the most beneficial rivers in the 
 world ; diffusing plenty immediately by means of 
 its living productions ; and by enriching the 
 lands, affording an easy conveyance for the pro- 
 duction of its borders, and giving employment to 
 many thousand boatmen. It is no wonder, there- 
 fore, that the Hindoos regard this river as a kind 
 of deity, that they hold its waters in high vene- 
 ration, and that it is visited annually by a prodig- 
 ious number of pilgrims from all parts of Hin- 
 doostan. See Hoogly. 
 
 Gangotri, a town of the country of Sirinagur, 
 seated on the Ganges, where that river rushes 
 through a cavern of the Himmaleh mountains, 
 170 m. N. N. W. of Sirinagur. Long. 76. 35. E., 
 lat. 38. 8. N. 
 
 Gangpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, 
 capital of a circar of its name. It. is 50 m. N. N. 
 E. of Sumbulpour, and 160 N. W. of Cuttack. 
 Long. 84. 10. E., lat. 22. 2. N. 
 
 Ganjam, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar 
 of Cicaole, on the bay of Bengal, at the motith 
 of a river which is rarely navigable, near the S. 
 end of lake Chilca, 110 m. N. E. of Cicaole. 
 Long. 85. 20. E., lat 10. 22. N. 
 
 Gannat, a town, of France, in the department of 
 Allier, 30 m. S. of Moulins ; it is the seat of a 
 prefect. 
 
 Gap, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Upper Alps, and lately a bishop's see. 
 It has a fort called Puymore, and is seated on 
 the small river Bene, at the foot of a mountain, 
 in which some mineral waters are found, 348 m. 
 S. S. E. of Paris and 82 N. N. W. of Nice. 
 
 Gapsal, a town of Russia, in the governmenS 
 of Revel, on a small gulf of the Baltic, 36 m. W, 
 S. W. of Revel. 
 
 Garak. See K'arek. 
 
 Gard, a department of the S. of France, in- 
 cluding part of the late province of Languedoc 
 It has its name from a rapid river which rises in 
 the department of Lozere, flows S. E. through 
 this department, and enters the Rhone, above 
 Beaucaire. It is bounded on the E. by the Rhone • 
 the S. point jets upon the Mediterranean ; it par- 
 takes, however, more of the character of an interi- 
 or than a maritime district. It is rich in mines 
 of lead, calamine, antimony, manganese, gypsum, 
 &c. The vine and olive, and especially the lat- 
 ter, flourish luxuriantly. 
 
 Ga.rda, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, seated 
 on the E. shore of a lake of its name, 17 m. N. W. 
 of Verona. 
 
 Garda, Lake of, the largest lake in Italy, lying 
 between the territories of Verono and Brescia. It 
 is 30 m. long, and 20 where broadest ; b«t not 
 above four towards its northern extremity, which 
 enters the principality of Trent ; its outlet is by 
 the Mincio, which runs past Mantua into the Po. 
 Gardefan, or Gnardafui, a cape in the Indian 
 Ocean, the most easterly point of Africa. Long. 
 51. 10. E., lat 11.40. N. 
 
 Gardeleben, a town of Brandenburg, in the OH 
 
GAS 
 
 322 
 
 GEF 
 
 Mark, with manufactures of cloth, and a trade in 
 beer, seated on the river Beise, 15 m. W. of Sten- 
 dal. ' 
 
 Gardiner, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the W. 
 bank of the Kennebec River, 4 m. S. Hallowell. 
 Pop. 2,030. This is a flourishing town with con- 
 siderable trade in lumber and manufactories of 
 cotton and iron. It has a fine gothic church built 
 oforanite; the handsomest specimen of architec- 
 ture in the state. 
 
 Gardner, p t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,023. 
 
 Gardner's Island, lies in Gardner's Bay at the 
 E. end of Long Island, N. Y. It is about 4 m. 
 long and is a part of the township of East Hamp- 
 ton. 
 
 Gargna.no, a town of the Bresciano, seated on 
 the W. shore of lake Garda, 26 mi. N. E. of Bres- 
 cia. 
 
 Garland, t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 621. 
 
 Gurvwuth, a town of Scotland, in Murray shire, 
 at the mouth of the Spey, with a good harbour. 
 Great quantities of ship-timber are floating down 
 the river to the town, and many small vessels are 
 built here. Wool is also a considerable article 
 of commerce. It is 8 m. E. of Elgin. 
 
 Garonne, a river of France, which rises in the 
 Pyrenees, and flows N. N. E. to Toulouse, and 
 from thence N. W. past Valence, Agen, Mar- 
 mande, and Bordeaux, into the bay of Biscay, re- 
 ceiving in its course from the E. the Tarn, Lot, 
 Vezere, and Dordogne, from whence it is called 
 the Gironde, and is united with the Mediter- 
 ranean by a canal from Toulouse, called the ca- 
 nal of Languedoc. 
 
 Garonne, Upper, a department of the S. of 
 France, containing part of the late province of 
 Languedoc. The S. extends to the Pyrenees, 
 and it is intersected its whole extent from S. to 
 N. by the Garonne. It is fertile both in tillage 
 and pasture ; the vine is also cultivated to a great 
 extent. It is divided into four arrondissements, 
 of which Toulouse (the capital) Villefranche, and 
 St. Gaudens are the chief towns. 
 
 Garrard, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 11,870. 
 Lancaster is the chief town. 
 
 Garretsvillc, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y. 
 
 Gar sis, a town of the kingdom of Fez, surroun- 
 ded by walls, and the houses are built with black- 
 stone. It stands in a fertile country, on the Mulu, 
 56 m. S. E. of Melilla. 
 
 Garstang, a parish and corporate town in Lan- 
 cashire, Eng. Here are the ruins of Greenhough 
 castle ; and in the neighbourhood are several cot- 
 ton works. The town is seated on the river Wyre, 
 10 m. S. of Lancaster, and 229 N N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Gartz^ a town of Hither Pomerania, seated on 
 the Oder, 13 in. S. by W. of Stettin. 
 
 Gascony, a late province of France, bounded on 
 the W. by the bay of Biscay, N. by Guienne, E. by 
 Languedoc, and S. by the Pyrenees. The inhabi- 
 tants ar^ of a lively disposition, famous for boasting 
 of their exploits, which has occasioned the name 
 of Gasconade to be given to all bragging stories. 
 This province, with Armagnac, now forms the 
 departments of Landes, Gers, Upper Pyrenees, 
 and parts of the Upper Garronne, and Arriege. 
 
 Gaspe, an extensive district of Lower Canada, 
 lying between the river St. Lawrence on the N., 
 and bay of Chaleur on the S., bounded on the E. 
 by the gulf of St. Lawrence; it is at present but 
 thinly inhabited; the population is, however, pro- 
 gressively increasing along the shore of the bay 
 of Chaleur, which supplies abundance of fine tim- 
 
 ber. The bay of Gaspe it at the eastern extrem 
 ity of the district. 
 
 Gastein, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of 
 Salzburg, near the frontier of Carinthia, celebrated 
 for its warm baths, and mines of lead, iron, and 
 gold. It is 45 in. S. of Salzburg. 
 
 Gata, Cape, a promontory of Spain, on the 
 coast of Granada, consisting of an enormous rock 
 of a singular nature and appearance, 24 m. in cir 
 cuit. Long. 2. 22. W., lat. 36. 43. N. 
 
 Gatehouse, a town of Scotland, in Kirkcud- 
 brightshire, near the mouth of the river Fleet 
 Here are considerable cotton works, and an exten- 
 sive tannery. It is 9 m. N. W of Kircud 
 brigbtshire. 
 
 Gates, a township of Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 7,484. 
 
 Gates, a frontier county of North Carolina, bor- 
 dering on the Great Dismal Swamp, and bounded 
 on the W. by the Chowan river; it comprises 
 about 200 sq. m. Pop. 7,866. 
 
 Gateshead, a town in the county of Durham, 
 Eng. seated on the Tyne, over which is a hand- 
 some bridge to Newcastle. It appears like a su- 
 burb to Newcastle, and is celebrated for its grind- 
 stones, which are exported to all parts of the 
 world. It is 13 m. N. of Durham, and 269 N. bj- 
 W. of London. Pop. in 1801, 8,597, and in 1821 
 11,767, chiefly employed in the coal trade. 
 
 Gatton, a borough in Surrey, Eng. It is 2 m. N. 
 E. of Ryegate, and 19 S. by W. of London. In 
 1G21 it had only 22 houses, chiefly cottages, in- 
 habited by 135 persons ; it nevertheless returns 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 Gaudens, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 13 m. 
 E. N. E. of St. Bertrand ; it is the seat of a 
 prefect. 
 
 Gavi, a town of the territory of Genoa, an im- 
 portant frontier place toward Montserrat and the 
 Milanese ; seated on the Lemo, 22 m. N. W. of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Gaur, or Zouf, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital 
 of the province of Cruar ; seated on the river 
 Zouf, 120 m. S. by W. of Balk. Long. 64.40. W., 
 lat. 35. 5. N. 
 
 Gauts. See Ghauts. 
 
 Gaza, a town of Syria, in Palastine, 2 m. from 
 the Mediterranean, with a harbour and a castle. 
 It is now very small ; but, from the appearance 
 of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place. 
 Here are manufactures of cotton ; but the princi- 
 pal commerce is furnished by the caravans be- 
 tween Egypt and Syria. It stands in a fertile 
 country, 50 m. S. W. of Jerusalem. Long. 34. 
 45. E., lat. 31. 28. N. 
 
 Gazypoor, capital of a fertile and populous dis 
 trict of Hindoostan, seated on the N. bank of the 
 Ganges, 45 m. N. E. of Benares. 
 
 Gearon, or Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, 
 in whose territory the best dates of Persia are pro- 
 duced. It is 80 m. S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 51. 
 17. E., lat. 28. 15. N. 
 
 Geauga, a county in the N. E. of Ohio ; the N. 
 end borders on lake Erie ; it comprises about 600 
 sq. m. Pop. 15,813. Chardon, in the centre of 
 the county, is the chief town. 
 
 Gtddes, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Gefle, a sea-port of Sweden , capital of Gestricia, 
 seated on an arm of the gulf of Bothnia, which di- 
 vides the town, and forms two islands. The ex- 
 ports are principally iron, pitch, tar and deals. 
 It is 90 m. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 
 20. E., lat 60. 40. N. 
 
GEN 
 
 323 
 
 GEN 
 
 Gchol, or Zkchol, a town of Chinese Tartary, 
 with a large palace, and a magnificent temple of 
 Budha. Here the emperor of China received the 
 British embassy in 1793. It is 13G m. N. of 
 Pekin. 
 
 Gelderland., one of the provinces of Holland, 
 and the largest of them all. It lies between the 
 Zuyder Zee. the provinces of Holland, Utretcht, 
 and Overyssel, the principality of Munster, the 
 duchy of Cleves, and Dutch Brabant ; and is divi- 
 ded into three quarters or counties, called Nime- 
 guen, Arnheim, and Zutphen. from the principal 
 towns. It is fertile in fruit and corn ; and, in ma- 
 ny parts, abounds in wood. 
 
 Gelderland, Upper, a territory of the Nether- 
 lands, lying in detached parts, on both sides the 
 river Meuse, divided into Austrian, Dutch, and 
 Prussian Gelderland. The Austrian part includes 
 Ruremonde, and its dependencies ; the Dutch 
 comprehends the lordships of Venlo and Stevens- 
 wert ; and the Prussian contains the capital, Guel- 
 dres, and its district, which is reckoned as a part 
 of the circle of Westphalia ; the Austrian and 
 Dutch part, at the peace of 1814, were included 
 in the kingdom of the Netherlands, and the re- 
 mainder assigned to Prussia. 
 
 Geldcrs, a town of the Netherlands, .and the 
 capital of Prussian Gelderland. Here is a palace, 
 the residence of the former dukes. It was taken 
 in 1702, by the king of Prussia ; and in 1713. the 
 town and its district was ceded by France to that 
 prince, in exchange for the principality of Orange. 
 In 1757 it surrendered to the French, who restored 
 it in 1764. after demolishing the fortifications ; and 
 in 1794, it again surrendered to them; and, at 
 the peace of 1814, was assigned to Prussia. It is 
 20 m. S. S. E. of Cleves. Long. 0. 1(3. E., lat. 51. 
 31. N. 
 
 Gelnhausen, a town of Germany, in the electo- 
 rate of Hesse, with a castle, seated on the Kintzig, 
 18 m. N. E. ofHanau. 
 
 Gemappcs, a village of Hainault in the Neth- 
 erlands, near the Scheldt, 2 m. from Mons, 
 famous for a victory gained by the French repub- 
 licans under Dumourier, over the Austnans, in 
 1792. 
 
 Gembloux, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, with an ancient abbey, seated on the Or- 
 neau, 22 m. S. E. of Brussels, on the road to 
 Namur. 
 
 Geminiano, St. a town of Tuscany, in the Flor 
 entino, seated on a mountain, in which is a mine 
 of vitriol, 25 m. S. S. W. of Florence. 
 
 Gemona. a town of Italy, in Friuli, near the 
 river Tagliamento, 20 m. W. N. W. of Friuli. 
 
 Ge.rn.Hnd, a town of Suabia, seated on the Rems, 
 24 m. N. by W. of Ulm, and 25 E. by S. of 
 Stuttgard. 
 
 Gemund,a. town of Germany, in the Duchy of 
 Juliers ; seated on the Roer, 24 m. S. W. of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Gemund, a town of Upper Carinthia, with man- 
 ufactures of iron and steel, 16 m. N. W. of 
 Villach. 
 
 Gemunden, a town of Franconia, in the princi- 
 pality of Wurtzburg, on the river Maine, 22 m. 
 N. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Gemunden, a town of Austria, famous for its 
 salt-works ; seated at the N. end of a lake of the 
 same name, on the river Traun, the outlet of the 
 lake, 40 m. S. S. W. of Lintz, on the Danube. 
 
 Genap, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 with an ancient castle, seated on the Dyle, 15 m. 
 S. E. of Brussels. 
 
 Genesee, a river of the United States, which 
 rises on the N. border of Pennsylvania, and runs 
 N. N. E. through the state of New York into Lake 
 Ontario. It has three falls, which furnish excel- 
 lent mill-seats ; one of them at Rochester is 90 
 feet perpendicular. On its borders are the Gene- 
 see flats, 20 m. long and four broad, the soil rich 
 and clear of trees. 
 
 Genesee, a county in the state of New York, the 
 N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario ; it 
 comprises about 1,000 square m. and is intersected 
 by the canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson river 
 The pop. which in 1810 was stated at only 12, 
 588, in 1830 was returned at 51,992. Batavia is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Geneseo, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,675. 
 
 Geneva, a fortified city, capital of a territory oi 
 the same name, surrounded by the duchy of Sa- 
 voy, of which it was formerly a part, and the see 
 of a bishop, now resident at Annecy. In 1584, 
 Geneva concluded an alliance with Zurich and 
 Bern, by which it was an associate with Switzer- 
 land. During the greater part of the 18th cen- 
 tury, there were frequent contests between the 
 aristocratic and the popular parties ; and the years 
 1768, 1782, 1789, and 1794. were distinguished by 
 great revolutions. The last was effected entirely 
 by the influence of the French ; and not long 
 after, this city and its territory was made a de- 
 partment of France, under the name of Leman ; 
 but in 1814, after the expulsion of the French, it 
 was annexed to Switzerland. Geneva, which 
 stands partly on a plain at the W. end of a lake, 
 and partly on a gentle ascent, is irregularly built. 
 It has a good arsenal, and an university founded 
 in 1368. The houses are lofty ; and many in the 
 trading part of the city have arcades of wood, 
 which are raised even to the upper stories. The 
 inhabitants, estimated at 26,000, carry on a great 
 trade, and among others the watch-making busi- 
 ness is particularly flourishing. The pop. of the 
 district in 1825, was 41,560. Geneva is 40 in. N. 
 E. of Chamberry, 135 N. W. of Turin, and 256 S. 
 E. by S. of Paris. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 46. 12. N. 
 
 Geneva, Lake of, a large expanse of water, be- 
 tween Savoy and Switzerland, in a valley which 
 separates the Alps from Mount Jura. Its length 
 from the city of Geneva to Villeneuve, is 54 m. , 
 and the breadth in the widest part is 12. The 
 water near Geneva is shallow ; in other parts the 
 depth is various ; the greatest, yet found by sound- 
 ing, is 160 fathoms. The river Rhone runs 
 through it from the £. to the W. extremity. 
 
 Geneva, a duchy of Savoy, comprising an area 
 of about 600 square m. bounded on the N. W. by 
 the Rhone. 
 
 Geneva, a village in the township of Seneca, 
 Ontario Co. N. Y. It stands on Seneca lake and 
 is one of the neatest villages in the State. The 
 neighborhood has a varied and pleasant scenery 
 with many elegant country seats. The village 
 contains 4 churches, a bank and a college. The 
 college was founded in 1823. It has 6 instructers 
 and a library of 1,500 volumes. It has 3 vacations 
 of 10 weeks. Commencement is in August. 
 
 Geneva is also the name of a township in Ash- 
 tabula Co. Ohio, and of a village in Jennings Co. 
 Indiana. 
 
 Genevieve, St. a county in the state of Missouri, 
 on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, compri- 
 sing about 1,100 sq. m. of territory. Pop. 2,182. 
 The St. Francis river intersects the S. W. part of 
 the county, which contains an exceedingly rich 
 bed of lead ore 
 
GEO 
 
 324 
 
 GEO 
 
 Gengenbach, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, with 
 « Benedictine abbey ; seated on a rivulet of the 
 same name, which flows into the Kintzig, 20 m. 
 N. of Friburg. 
 
 Genoa, a celebrated city and sea-port of Italy, 
 distinguished for its trading importance as far 
 back 'as the 11th century, about which period it 
 began to take under its protection the towns and 
 territory of the adjoining coast ; but the most cele- 
 brated period of its history is from the close of the 
 13th to the middle of the 15th century, when the 
 Genoese divided with the Venetians the exclusive 
 commerce of Europe in the productions of Asia. 
 Their success however in commerce and banking 
 excited the jealousy of the Venetians, and ulti- 
 mately involved them in open hostilities, and in 
 1746 it surrendered to the Austrian power, whose 
 oppression of the inhabitants was such, that the 
 latter suddenly rose and expelled their conquerors, 
 who again besieged the city the next year, but 
 without effect. In 1798, the French became mas- 
 ters of this city. In 1800, it sustained a siege by 
 a British fleet and Austrian army till literally 
 starved, and was evacuated by capitulation; but 
 soon afterwards it was again delivered up to the 
 French, on their victory at Marengo. Early in 
 1814, it was taken by the British, under lord Ben- 
 tinck, but at the general partitioning of Europe 
 which followed the peace of Paris, in that year, 
 the city and territory of Genoa was assigned to the 
 king of Sardinia, and incorporated as a state 
 into his dominions. The harbour is commodious, 
 protected by two moles of considerable length; 
 the city is about 6 m. in circumference, surrounded 
 on all sides by a strong wall, and on the land side 
 is defended by a double fortification; most of 
 the streets are narrow and irregular, but the 
 Balbi, New Street, and Strada Nuovissima, are 
 spacious and elegant. Prior to the French revolu- 
 tion it had upwards of 30 churches and 70 re- 
 ligious houses, three theatres, and several other 
 public buildings. Many of the houses in the 
 principal streets are adorned with marble porticos, 
 and several of the churches are beautiful speci- 
 mens of architecture, and their interior decora- 
 tions exceedingly tasteful and rich. The bank 
 of Genoa, established in 1345, considerably ex- 
 tended at the commencement of the following 
 century, in 1751 became insolvent for a large 
 amount, and in 1798 was finally abolished by Bon- 
 aparte. Although Genoa now holds an inferior 
 rank, yet from its advantageous local position 
 and maritime accommodation as the outport and 
 depot for the whole of Piedmont and Sardi- 
 nia, it must necessarily continue a place of con- 
 siderable importance. Genoa is the see of an 
 archbishop, and the seat of an university with a 
 valuable library; a nautical and other public 
 schools ; has several manufactures of silk and 
 jewellery, and is particularly distinguished for its 
 manufacture of silk velvets. It is seated at the 
 head of a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, in 
 the lat. of 44. 25. N., and 8. 58. of E. long., 80 m. 
 in a meridianal line S. E. of Turin, about the 
 same distance S. bv W. of Milan, 86 N. W. of Leg- 
 horn 95 N. E. of Nice. Pop. 76,000. The territory 
 which formed the republic of Genoa extends along 
 the shore of the gulf for about 120 m. 
 
 Genoa, p.t. Cayuga County, New York. Popula- 
 tion 2,768. 
 
 George, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, in Inver- 
 nesshire, which has several handsome streets of 
 barracks. It is seated on the point of a peninsula, 
 'foj-ming the point of entrance into the Murray 
 Frith, and completely commands the entrance in- 
 
 to the harbour of Inverness. It is 10 m. N. E. of 
 Inverness. 
 
 George, St. a small island in the Gulf of Venice, 
 to the S. of Venice, to which it is subject. Here 
 is a Benedictine monastery, whose church is one of 
 the finest in Italy. 
 
 George, St. one of the Azores, which produces 
 much wheat. In 1808 a volcano broke out here, 
 which destroyed the town of Ursulina, several 
 farming-houses, &c. The chief town is Vellas. 
 Long. 28. 0. W., lat. 33. 39. N. 
 
 George del Mina, St. a fort of Guinea, on the 
 Gold Coast, and the principal settlement of the 
 Dutch in those parts. The town under it, called by 
 the natives Oddenna, is very long, and pretty broad 
 The houses are built of stone, which is uncommon, 
 for in other places they are composed only of claj 
 and wood. It is 10 m. W. S. W. of Cape Coast 
 Castle. Long. 0. 4. W., lat. 8. 46. N. 
 George, Fort, St. See Madras. 
 George, St. the largest of the Bermuda Islands. 
 It is in the form of a hook, about 40 m. in length, 
 but seldom 2 in breadth. It has a town of the same 
 name, containing 500 houses built of freestone, 
 which is the capital of all the islands. Long. 63. 
 35. W., lat. 32. 45. N. 
 
 George, St. the capital of the island of Grenada, 
 formerly called Fort-Royal, which name the fort 
 still retains. It is situate on the W. coast, not 
 far from the S. end of the island, and has a safe 
 and commodious harbour. Long. 61. 45. W., lat. 
 11. 50. N. 
 
 George's Key, St. a small island in the bay of 
 Honduras, on the E. coast of Yuctan. It is like- 
 wise called Cassina, or Cayo Cassigo. By a con- 
 vention in 1786, the English logwood-cutters 
 were permitted, under certain restrictions, to oc- 
 cupy this island. Long. 88. 35. W., lat. 17. 
 40. N. 
 
 George, Lake, in the eastern part of the state 
 of New York, between Lake Champlain and the 
 Hudson. It is 34 m. long, but very narrow, never 
 exceeding 4 m. Its waters pass by a narrow out- 
 let into Lake Champlain. This is one of the most 
 beautiful sheets of water in the world, being sur- 
 rounded by mountains and diversified with a 
 great number of islands. The water is deep and 
 remarkably pure and transparent. A fish or a 
 stone may be seen at a depth of 30 feet. The 
 shores consist of abrupt and shelving points, and 
 are bounded by two long ranges of mountains, 
 sometimes rising boldly from the water and at 
 others ascending with a gentle and graceful sweep, 
 exhibiting naked and weather beaten cliffs, and 
 wild forests intermixed with fine cultivated fields, 
 lawns, and pastures. The village of Caldwell 
 stands on the south-eastern side of the lake, and is 
 much visited by travellers who come to enjoy the 
 fine scenery in the neighbourhood. A steamboat 
 plies upon the lake in summer. 
 
 The islands of the lake are said to be 365 in 
 number. They are of all sizes and forms, and 
 contribute greatly to the romantic beauty of its 
 surface. Some of them are covered with trees, 
 others are thinly wooded, and others are abrupt and 
 craggy rocks. Diamond Island, abounds in crystals 
 of quartz. Long Island contains 100 acres and is 
 under cultivation. At a place called the Narrows, 
 the lake is contracted, and its surface is covered 
 with a most beautiful cluster of islands which ex- 
 tends for several miles. 
 
 These arc of various sizes, but generally very 
 small, and of little elevation. A few of them are 
 named, as Green, Bass, Lone-tree islands. Some 
 
GEO 
 
 325 
 
 GEO 
 
 of them are covered with trees, others with shruhs, 
 s »me show little lawns or spots of grass, heaps of 
 b.irren rocks, or gently sloping shores; and most 
 of' them are ornamented with gaceful pines, hem- 
 1 >eks, and other tall trees, collected in groups, or 
 standing alone, and disposed with most charming 
 variety. Sometimes an island will be observed 
 just large enough to support a few tine trees, or 
 perhaps a single one, while the next may appear 
 like a solid mass of bushes and wild flowers ; 
 near at hand, perhaps, is a third, with a dark grove 
 of pines, and a decaying old trunk in front of it ; 
 and thus, through every interval between the is- 
 lands as you pass along, another and another laby- 
 rinth is opened to view, among little isolated 
 spots of ground, divided bv narrow channels, 
 from which it seems impossible for a person who 
 should have entered them, ever to find his way 
 out. Some of the islands look almost like ships 
 with their masts ; and many have an air of light- 
 ness as if they were sailing upon the lake. 
 
 After passing the Narrows, the lake widens 
 again, and the retrospect is, for several miles, 
 through that passage, with Tongue Mountain on 
 the west, and Black Mountain opposite, the Lu- 
 zerne range appearing at a great distance between 
 them. The mountains in view have generally 
 rounded summits ; but the sides are in many pla- 
 ces broken by precipitous ledges. They are in- 
 habited by wolves, deer, rattlesnakes, &c. 
 
 The lake contains abundance of the finest perch, 
 bass and other fish ; trout are found in a stream 
 flowing into the southern part. Near the south- 
 ern shore are the ruins of Fort William Henry 
 and Fort George, celebrated in the early wars 
 with the French. 
 
 George, St. an island of the United States, in 
 me strait of St. Mary which forms the commurti- 
 •ation between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. 
 
 George, St. an island in the gulf of Mexico, op- 
 posite the mouth of the Apalachicola. Long. 
 >4. 50. W., lat. 29. 30. N. 
 
 Georgeville, p. v. Franklin Co. Ohio. 
 
 Georgetown, a maritime district of South Car- 
 olina, bounded on the. S. by the Santee river, 
 ivhich divides it from Charleston district; it 
 las 34 m. of sea-coast, indented with several 
 ■;mall inlets. Black °iver, Cedar and Lynches 
 Creeks, the great .«nd little Pedee, and the 
 Waccamaws river, all unite their waters in tins 
 district, which comprises a surface of about 900 
 square miles, exceedingly fertile in rice and cot- 
 ton. Pop. 19,943. 
 
 Georgetoum, a city of the District of Columbia 
 adjoining Washington, from which it is separated 
 by a small creek. It stands on the east bank of 
 the Potomac at the head of tide water. The 
 site of the town is very pleasant, occupying a 
 succession of Ii ills rising gradually from the river. 
 On a height overlooking the town stands a cath- 
 olic monastery. The streets of the town are 
 regular and the houses generally of brick, ft 
 das a considerable trade in the exportation of to- 
 bacco and flour. Pop. 8,441. A canal from the Po- 
 tomac to the Ohio begins at this place. See Po- 
 tomac and Ohio Canal 
 
 Georgetown, p.t. the chief town of the district 
 of that name in S. Carolina, stands on Winyaw 
 Bay near the mouth of the Pedee, 13 l.i. from the 
 sea ; and has considerable connnerc. 
 
 Gcoro-etoicn is also the naint of 9 Otb/jr towns 
 and villages in different parts of the United 
 States ; name)'/, Lincoln Co. Me. Po;v 1 „'•« >8. Mad- 
 ison Co. N. X. Pop. 1,094. Meieei Co. Pi., Beaver 
 2 E 
 
 Co. Pa., Sussex Co. Delware, Kent Co. Maryl 
 Warren Co Geo., Harrison Co. Ohio, Dearborn, 
 Co. Ind. 
 
 Georgia, a country of Asia, called by the Per 
 sians, Curdistan,and by the Turks, Gurtchi. It is 
 one of the seven Caucasian nations, in the coun- 
 tries between the Black sea and the Caspiar . and 
 the lat. of 39. and 43. N., and comprehenas the 
 ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is bounded <>:i 
 the N. by Cif cassia, E. by Daghestan and Sciiir- 
 van, S. by Armenia, and W. by Cuban, or the 
 new Russian government of Caucasia. It is 
 divided into 9 provinces. Of these, 5 r>rm 
 what is commonly called the kingdom of Ceor- 
 
 ?ia; and four the kingdom or principally of 
 meritia. The last reigning prince, Herachus. 
 ceded this country to Russia on his death, whi^h 
 happened in 1800. The hills of Georgia are cov 
 ered with forests of oak, ash, beech, chestnut, 
 walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing 
 perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of 
 grapes, from which much wine and brandy are 
 made. Cotton grows spontaneously, as well as 
 the finest European fruit trees. Rice, wheat, 
 millet, hemp, and flax, are raised on the plains, 
 almost without culture. The valleys afford the 
 finest pasturage, the rivers are full of fish, the 
 mountains abound in minerals, and the climate 
 is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, the principal 
 of which is the Kur, falling into the Caspian Sea, 
 being fed by mountain torrents, are always ei- 
 ther too rapid or too shallow for the purposes of 
 navigation. The Georgians are Christians of the 
 Greek communion, and appear to have received 
 their name from their attachment to St. George, 
 the tutelary saint of these countries. Their dress 
 nearly resembles that of the Cossacs ; but men of 
 rank frequently wear the habit of Persia. They 
 usually dye their hair, beards, and nails with 
 red. The women employ the same colour to stain 
 the palms of their hands. On their head they 
 wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair 
 falls on their forehead ; behind it is braided into 
 several tresses : their eyebrows are painted with 
 black, in such a manner as to form one entire line 
 and the face is coated with white and red. They 
 are celebrated for their beauty : but their air and 
 manners are extremely voluptuous. The Georg- 
 ians have great skill in the use of the bow and 
 are deemed excellent soldiers : but the men have 
 no virtue, except courage ; fathers sell their 
 children, and sometimes their wives. Both sexes 
 are addicted to drunkenness, and are particularly 
 fond of brandy. The other inhabitants of Georgia 
 are Tartars, Ossi, and Armenians. These last 
 are found all over Georgia, sometimes mixed with 
 the natives, and sometimes in villages of their 
 own. They speak among themselves their own 
 language, but all understand and can talk the 
 Georgians. Besides these there are a considera- 
 ble number of Jews, some having villages of their 
 own, and others mixed with the Georgian, Armen- 
 ian and Tartar inhabitants, but never with the Ossi; 
 the aggregate number amount to 320,000. The 
 Christians of the country in part follow the rites 
 of the Armenian, and in part that of the Greek 
 church ; and they are represented as the most 
 tractable Christians in the east. Teflis is the 
 capital. See Imeritia. 
 
 Georgia, one of the United States of America, 
 bounded N. by Tennessee and N. Carolina, E. by 
 S. Carolina and the ocean ; S. by Florida, and W. 
 by Alabama. It lies between 30. 20. and 35. N. 
 lat. and 81. and 80. 48. W. long. It is 300 m. in 
 
GEO 
 
 •326 
 
 GER 
 
 length from.Pf. to S and 240 in breadth and con- 
 tains 50,000 sq. in. 
 
 The river Savannah washes almost the whole 
 of the eastern boundary. The Ogeechee and 
 Alatainaha have their whole course within the 
 state; the Flint and Chatahoochee pass out of 
 the state to the south. There is a small mountain- 
 'jua tract in the north, but nearly the whole country 
 is an unbroken level. The soil is of various qual- 
 ities. A chain of islands stretching along the 
 whole coast have a fertile soil and produce the 
 first cotton in the world, well known by the name 
 of ^ea Island cotton. The land here and along 
 the shore consists of marshy tracts, and swells in 
 the surface called hammoc land. On the Florida 
 border is the great swamp of Okefonoko, (which 
 see.) Beyond is a belt of pine barrens interspersed 
 with swamps. Still farther the country becomes 
 sandy, but towards the hilly region the soil is 
 strong and productive. There are many large 
 forests which afford timber for exportation. In 
 those parts which are flooded by the rivers the 
 'and is devoted to the cultivation of rice. The 
 rice plant has a fibrous root, and puts forth stems 
 which grow to the height of 4 and 5 feet. The 
 
 ters, sounding exactly like those three words. It 
 begins its call towards evening, and continues with 
 
 .eaves are long and fleshy, somewhat similar to 
 those of the leek. The flowers are of a purple 
 colour and grow in clusters on the top of the 
 stalks. In the early stages of its growth the rice 
 fields are inundated with water. 
 
 The most profitable agricultural employment is 
 the cultivation of cotton. Indigo was formerly 
 produced in considerable quantities, but the cul- 
 ture has almost totally ceased. Slave labour 
 is universally employed, and agriculture as a sci- 
 ence has made very little improvement. 
 
 The climate in the southern part is hot and un- 
 healthy. Epidemic fevers rage in the summer 
 and autumn, rendering the country unsafe for 
 strangers and even natives. The sea islands how- 
 ever are esteemed salubrious and many of the 
 planters spend the hot season there. In the 
 north, pine forests abound ; and here the air is pure 
 and as healthy as in any part of the United States. 
 The heat of summer, is excessive and the annoy- 
 ance from moschetoes one of the greatest dis- 
 comforts imaginable. No sleep can be enjoyed 
 at night without the precaution of placing a 
 moscheto net of gauze at every window. The 
 number of frogs in the swamps and small 
 streams is prodigious. Alligators abound in eve- 
 ry stream of the low country. Great numbers 
 of water fowl frequent these parts as well as the 
 beaches and inlets of the sea-coast. The Chuck 
 Will's Widow is one of the most common birds 
 here, but is rarely seen north of Tennessee and 
 Virginia. It is a solitary bird, somewhat resemb- 
 ling the Whip-poor-will, and is often confounded 
 with it It name is derived from the notes it ut- 
 
 short interruption for several hours. In a still 
 evenino- it may be heard at the distance of a mile. 
 Georgia is divided into 76 Counties. The cap- 
 ital is Milledgeville. The largest towns are Sa- 
 vannah and Augusta. It has a university at Ath- 
 ens and a school fund of 500,000 dollars. It ha? 
 no manufactures. Its trade consists chiefly in the 
 exportation of cotton and rice. The commerce 
 of the state is chiefly carried on by northern ves- 
 sels. The shipping owned in the state amounted 
 in 1828 to 13,959 tons. The imports in 1829 were 
 380,293 dollars. The exports of domestic produce 
 4,980,642 dollars. Total exports, 4,981,376 dol- 
 lars. 
 
 The legislature is called the General Assembly . 
 and consists of a Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives. The Senators and Representatives are 
 chosen in counties. The Governor is chosen by 
 the legislature for two years. Suffrage is univer 
 sal. The pop. is 516,567, of whom 217,240 are 
 slaves. In addition to these are the Cherokee In- 
 dians, inhabiting the north-western part of the 
 state. See Cherokecs. 
 
 The Baptists are the most numerous sect in re- 
 ligion ; they have 205 ministers. The Methodists 
 have 64 ; the Presbyterians 31 ; the Episcopalians 
 4 ; the Christians 28 and the Catholics 3. 
 
 The first settlement in Georgia was made at 
 Savannah in 1733, consequently it was the latest 
 settled of all the Atlantic states. The present 
 constitution was formed in 1798. 
 
 Georgia, or South Georgia, an island in the 
 South Atlantic Ocean, visited by Cook in 1775 
 It is 64 m. long, and 30 in its greatest breadth. 
 It abounds in bays and harbours, which the vast 
 quantities of ice render inaccessible the greatest 
 part of the year. Here are perpendicular ice 
 cliffs, of considerable height, like those at Spits- 
 bergen ; from which pieces were continually 
 breaking off" and floating out to sea. The vallevs 
 were covered with snow ; and the only vegeta- 
 tion observed was bladed grass, wild burnet, arid 
 a plant, like moss, which sprung from the recks 
 Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on the 
 whole coast. 
 
 Georgia, Gulf of , a gulf of the North Pacific 
 Ocean, between the continent of North America 
 and Quadra and Vancouver Island ; about 120 
 in. in length, from N. to S., but the breadth va- 
 ries in its different parts from 6 to 20 m. It con- 
 tains several clusters of islands, and branches oft' 
 into a great number of canals, most of which were 
 examined by captain Vancouver and his officers 
 Gera, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia 
 It has a castle about a mile from the town, on a 
 
GEK 
 
 327 
 
 GER 
 
 mountain in a wood, and is called Osterstein. 
 It is seated on the Elster, 32 m. S. S. W. of 
 Leipzig. 
 
 Gerau, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, 8 m. W. N. W. of Darmstadt. 
 
 Gcrbstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 county of Mansfeld, Thuringia, 7 m. N. E. of 
 Mansfeld. 
 
 Gerdaven, a town of Prussia, defended by two 
 castles, and seated on the Omet, near a consid- 
 erable lake, 50 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Germain, St. a borough in Cornwall, Eng. It 
 was once the largest town in the county, and a 
 bishop's see, but now consists chiefly of fisher- 
 men's cottages : it still returns two members to 
 parliament. What remains of the cathedral is 
 used as the parish church ; and near it is the pri- 
 ory. It stands near the sea, 10 m. W. of Ply- 
 mouth, and 228 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Germain, St. a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Seine and Oise, with a magnificent 
 palace, in which Louis XIV. was born. Here 
 James II. found an asylum, when he fled to 
 France. It is seated on the Seine, near a fine 
 forest, 10 m. N. W. of Paris. 
 
 German, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 884. 
 Also townships in Fayette Co. Pa., Clarke, Mont- 
 gomery and Darke Cos. Ohio, and Cape Girar- 
 deau Co. Missouri. 
 
 German Flats, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,4GG. 
 
 Germanna, p. v. Orange Co. Va. on Rapid Ann 
 river. 
 
 German Ocean, or North Sea, is the sea between 
 the E. coast of England, from the straits of Do- 
 ver tu the Shetland Isles, and the coasts of Jut- 
 land and Norway, it comprises about 8 degrees 
 of latitude and 10 of longitude. 
 
 Germano, St. a town of Piedmont, on the river 
 Naviglio, 9 m. W. of Vercehi, on the line of the 
 canal to Ivrea. 
 
 Germano, St. a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, at the foot of Monte Cassino, 17 m. S. S. 
 E. of Sora. 
 
 Germantown, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. on the 
 river, 12 m. below the city of Hudson. Pop. 967. 
 Also a village in Philadelphia Co. Pa. 6 m. N. 
 of Philadelphia. It contains Mount Airy Acade- 
 my and is celebrated for a battle fought here 
 Oct. 4, 1777. Also villages in Fauquier Co. Va., 
 Hyde Co. N. C, Bracken Co. Ken. 
 
 Germany, an extensive country of Europe, lying 
 between the 45th and 54th degree of N. lat., and 
 and G. to 19. of E. long.; the mean length, how- 
 ever, from N. to S. does not exceed 530 British 
 statute in. and the mean breadth 4G0 m., compri- 
 sing an area of about 245,000 square m. It is 
 bounded on the E. by Hungary and Poland, N. 
 by the Baltic Sea and Denmark, W. by the Neth- 
 erlands and France, and S. by Switzerland and 
 Italy. The extreme S. point jets into the gulf 
 of Venice. Prior to the French revolutionary 
 war, which commenced in 1793, Germany had 
 geographically been divided into 9 circles, politi- 
 cally subdivided into 20G archbishopricks, bishop- 
 ricks, principalities, dukedoms, marquisates, lord- 
 ships, provinces, <fcc. under the government of 
 nearly as many sovereign potentates ; but the 
 whole of them formed a great confederacy, gov- 
 erned by political laws, at the head of which was 
 an emperor, whose power in the collective body, 
 or diet, was not directive but executive. The 
 western Roman empire, which had terminated in 
 the year 475, in the person of Augustulus, the last 
 
 Roman emperor, and which was succeeded by the 
 reign of the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the 
 Lombards, was revived by Charlemagne, king 
 of France, on Christmas day, in the year 800. 
 This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo III. 
 crowned him emperor, in St. Peter's church ; and 
 Nicephorus, who was then emperor of the east, 
 consented to this coronation. The French kept 
 the empire under eight emperors, till the year 
 912, when Louis 111., the last prince of the line 
 of Charlemagne, died without issue male. Con- 
 rad, count of Franconia, the son-in-law of Louis, 
 was then elected emperor. Thus the empire 
 went to the Germans, and became elective, having 
 been hereditary under the French emperors. 
 The emperor was chosen by the princes, the lords, 
 and the deputies of cities, till the year 1239, when 
 the number of the electors was reduced to seven; 
 one more was added in 1649, and another in 1692' 
 these nine electors continued to the year 1798. 
 when, in consequence of the alterations made in 
 the constitution of the empire, under the influ- 
 ence of France and Russia, they became ten in 
 number; namely, the elector and archbishop of 
 Ratisbon, the elector and king of Bohemia, (the 
 then emperor) the elector of Bavaria, the elector 
 of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburo- (king of 
 Prussia) the elector of Hanover (king of England) 
 the elector of Wurtzburg (late grand duke of 
 Tuscany) the elector of Wurtemburg, the elector 
 of Baden, and the elector of Hesse. On the death 
 of Charles VI. of Austria, in 1740, an emperor 
 was chosen from the house of Bavaria, by the 
 name of Charles VII. On the death of this 
 prince, in 1745, Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, 
 was elected emperor; whose grandson, Francis 
 II., enjoyed the dignity of emperor of Germany 
 till 1806, when he formally resigned the title and 
 office, transferring his title of emperor to his he- 
 reditary dominions of Austria. 
 
 At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the 
 prerogatives of the emperor were very considera- 
 ble; but, in 1437, they were reduced to the right 
 of conferring all dignities and titles, except the 
 privilege of being a state of the empire ; of grant- 
 ing dispensations with respect to the age of ma- 
 jority, of erecting cities, and conferring the priv- 
 ilege of coining money ; of calling the meetings 
 of the diet, and presiding in them. But, after all, 
 there was not a foot of land annexed to this title ; 
 for ever since the reign of Charles IV., the em- 
 perors depended entirely on their hereditary do- 
 minions, as the only source of their power, and 
 even of their subsistence. To prevent the ca- 
 lamities of a contested election, a king of the 
 Romans was often chosen in the lifetime of the 
 emperor, on whose death he succeeded to the im- 
 perial dignity of course. The emperor (always 
 elected and crowned at Frankfort on the Maino) 
 assumed the title of august, and pretended to be 
 successor to the emperors of Rome. Although 
 he was chief of the empire, the supreme authori- 
 ty resided in the diet, which was composed of 
 three colleges ; the college of electors, the col- 
 lege of princes, and the college of imperial towns. 
 The diet had the power of making peace or war, 
 of settling general impositions, and of regulating 
 all the important affairs of the empire ; but the 
 decisions ha-d not the force of law till the empe- 
 ror gave his consent. When a war was deter- 
 mined on, every prince contributed his quota of 
 men and money, as valued in the matriculation 
 roll ; though as an elector or prince he might 
 espouse a different side from that of the diet All 
 
GER 
 
 323 
 
 GHA 
 
 Ihe sovereigns of Germany had and still have an 
 absolute authority in their own dominions, and 
 can lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliances, 
 provided they do not prejudice the empire. They 
 determine all civil causes definitely, unless in 
 some particular cases in which an appeal may bt.- 
 made. These appeals were to two courts, called 
 the Imperial Chamber, at Wetzlar; and the Aulic 
 Council, at Vienna. 
 
 The three principal religions are, the Roman 
 Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic ; but 
 Christians of all denominations are tolerated, and 
 there is a multitude of Jews in all the great towns. 
 Germany is watered by numerous rivers, the three 
 principal of which, are the Rhine, the Danube, 
 and the Elbe; the first of these rises in Switzer- 
 land, and forms the S. W. boundary of the em- 
 pire, dividing it from Switzerland and France ; it 
 afterwards intersects the N. W. part of Germany 
 and Holland, and falls into the Meuse, near Rot- 
 terdam. The Danube rises in Suabia, the S. W. 
 circle of the empire, and by itself and several 
 trihutary streams of inferior note, intersects a 
 great portion of the southern part of Germany ; 
 ft afterwards runs through Hungary and Europe- 
 an Turkey, into the Black Sea. The Elbe rises 
 near the centre of the eastern frontier, and runs 
 in a N. W. direction into the North Sea. The 
 Oder intersects all the N. E. part of Germany, 
 and falls into the Baltic Sea. The Weser, the 
 Ems, the Adige, the Drave and other small riv- 
 ers are navigable, and afford admirable means for 
 facilitating an interchange of productions from 
 one part of the country to the other ; but the 
 Oder and the Elbe are the only two that are uni- 
 ted by art. The mountains of the south are rich 
 in every kind of metal and semi-metal. The for- 
 ests supply abundance of the finest timber, and 
 the vine, olive, and mulberry, only require com- 
 mon attention to yield fruit in abundance ; while 
 the plains of the north yield a surplus of grain 
 and cattle for exportation, and of wool and flax 
 to furnish materials for extensive manufactures, 
 especially of linens, which are exported in consid- 
 erable quantities to almost every part of Europe, 
 Africa, and America. 
 
 In 1806, the Germanic confederacy was dis- 
 solved by Napoleon, and several of the minor 
 6tates formed into a new confederacy under the 
 title of the confederation of the Rhine ; while 
 Westphalia, Wurtemberg and Bavaria, were con- 
 stituted new and independent kingdoms ; Prus- 
 sia and Austria retaining their respective heredi- 
 tary dominions ; but at the general pacification of 
 Europe, in 1815, the Rhenish confederacy was 
 dissolved, and that of Germany again re-establish- 
 ed, with some variations and modifications. In 
 1825 the confederacy consisted of 35 sovereign- 
 ties, exclusive of the four free towns of Ham- 
 burg, Bremen, Lubec, and Frankfort. No people 
 apply themselves more closely to their studies 
 than the Germans ; and the Hebrew is no where 
 so generally learnt, or better understood. Print- 
 ing is most extensively encouraged; every man 
 of letters is an author : they multiply books with- 
 out number ; thousands of esssays and dis- 
 putations are annually published, with which they 
 overstock the fairs of Frankfort and Leipzig ; for 
 no man can be a graduate in the university who 
 has not published one disputation at least. The 
 language of Germany is a dialect of the Teutonic, 
 which succeeded that called the Celtic. The 
 population is estimated at 30,000,000. Vienna is 
 the principal city 
 
 Germany, a township in Adams Co. and t vil 
 lage in Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Gerona, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 and a bishop's see ; seated on the Ter, 20 m. from 
 its entrance into the Mediterranean, and 47 N. 
 E. of Barcelona. 
 
 Gcrrardstown, p. v. Berkeley Co. Va. 
 
 Gerry, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,110. 
 
 Gers, an interior department in the S. W. of 
 France : it is watered by numerous streams, run 
 ning from S. to N. into the Garonne, the princi- 
 pal of them is the Gers, which gives name to the 
 department. It contains a strata of pit coal, and 
 has manufactures of wool, linen, and saltpetre; 
 its chief vegetable productions are flax, the vine, 
 and pears. It is divided into four other arron- 
 dissements ; the chief towns of which are Condom, 
 Lectoure, Lombez, and Mirande. 
 
 Gersau, a town of Switzerland, on the lake of 
 Schweitz, at the foot of the Ragi, 12 m. S. W. of 
 Schweitz. 
 
 Gertruydenburg, a fortified town of South Hol- 
 land, with a good harbour and salmon fishery on 
 a large lake, called Biesbosch. It has been often 
 taken, the last time by the French in 1793, but 
 soon recovered. It is 7 m. N. by E. of Breda. 
 Long. 4. 52. E., lat. 51. 42. N. 
 
 Gcrumenha, or Jurumenha, a town of Portugal, 
 in Alemtejo, with a strong castle ; seated on a 
 hill, near the river Guadiana, 18 m. below 
 Badajoz. 
 
 Gesecke, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Westphalia, seated on the Weyck, 11 m. W. S. 
 W. of Paderborn. 
 
 Ge.ssenay. See Sanen. 
 
 Gestricia, a province of Sweden, the S. part of 
 Nordland, between Dalecarliaon the W., and the 
 gulf of Bothnia on the E. It is 100 m. long, and GO 
 broad, diversified by forests, rocks, hills, and 
 dales, lakes, and rivers ; and there are numerous 
 mines and forges. Gefle is the capital. 
 
 Gettysburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in York 
 Co. situate at the head of Rock creek, 30 m. W 
 by S. of York. 
 
 Gex, a town of France, in the department of 
 Ain, noted for excellent cheese ; seated at the 
 foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone, 
 the lake of Geneva, and Switzerland, 10 m. N. W. 
 of Geneva. It is the seat of a prefect. 
 
 Geyss, a town of the electorate of Hesse, in the 
 principality of Fulda, seated on the Ulster, 17 m. 
 N. E. ofFulda. 
 
 Gezan, or Ghczan, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, 
 which has a considerable trade in senna and 
 coffee ; seated on the Red Sea, 90 m. N. W. of 
 Loheia. Long. 43. 15. E., lat. 16. 25. N. 
 
 Gezira, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbek 
 on the island formed by the Tigris, 70 m. N. W. 
 of Monsul. Long. 40. 50. E., lat. 37. 16. N. 
 
 Gezula, a province of Morocco, which is very 
 productive, and contains mines of iron and cop- 
 per. The inhabitants are numerous, and consid- 
 ed as the most ancient people of Africa : they live 
 in tents, are so independent that the)' are rather 
 the allies than the subjects of the emperor of 
 Morocco. 
 
 Ghana., or Gana, a city in Negroland, capital of 
 a country of the same name, governed by a sul- 
 tan. It stands on the S. side of a large lake, at 
 at its outlet, which separates the city into two 
 parts, and soon after joins the river Niger, whicl* 
 is here called'Neel il Abeed, or Nile of the Ne 
 gros. It is 100 in. E. by S. of Cassina. 
 
 Ghauts, the name given to seve-al groups and 
 
GHA 
 
 329 
 
 GHE 
 
 cnains of mountains in Hindoostan. The word 
 signifies ' passes' or ' gates'. These mountains 
 are considered as commencing at Cape Comorin : 
 yet the southern chain, or Malayala mountains 
 Form a separate group, terminating in the district 
 of .Coimbetore, at the great valley in which the 
 Forts oF Palikadery and Annamaly are situated. • 
 
 The Ghauts begin separately on the north oF 
 these plains, Forming two branches, one running 
 to the east, and the other to the west oF north. 
 The eastern Ghauts extend 70 m, beyond Madras, 
 firming the boundaries oF the Carnatic, and to 
 the north oF that country divide into several 
 branches, in which the mountains are subjected 
 to interruptions, being separated by valleys cov- 
 ered with thick Forests. But the principal chain 
 is divided by no hollow grounds, except narrow 
 defiles, which are well lined with Fortresses. To 
 the natives, this chain is known by the name oF 
 Ellacooda, or the ' ; White Mountains." It then 
 runs along the northern margin oF the Circars, 
 Forming an uninterrupted series oF mountains so 
 close as to afford only two military passes. 
 At the place where the Ghauts separate the Cir- 
 cars From the province oF Berar, the mountains 
 become almost inaccessible, and there is only one 
 passage For carriages and For horses, viz. that oF 
 Salarghaut which leads to Behar. Nothing is seen 
 on every hand but masses oF rock, rising perpen- 
 dicularly to the clouds, and leaving apparently no 
 outlet For the intimidated travellei. All the sum- 
 mits oFthis chain are composed oF granite, and it 
 every where presents one picture of total barren- 
 ness and utter nakedness. Yet large trunks oF 
 trees in a state of petrification, are found here, 
 and most particularly in the ravines created by 
 the torrents, where trunks, projecting from the 
 steep sides of the rocks, sometimes serve for 
 bridges. 
 
 The western chain of the Ghauts extends along 
 the west coast to a distance of 70 m., and acquires 
 a greater elevation than the eastern chain. Its 
 height has not yet been ascertained by barometri- 
 cal observations, but it is generally believed to 
 amount to three or four thousand feet. The chain 
 then crosses Kanara and Sunda, passes near to 
 Goa, enters the Mahratta country, and divides in- 
 to several branches. The closeness of the forests, 
 the depth of the precipices, and the rapidity of 
 the torrents, render these mountains very difficult 
 to cross, and the passage is in many places, 50 
 or 00 m. long. They are described as containing 
 much limestone, and some basaltic rocks, but no 
 one has deliberately studied the position and ma- 
 terials of the different strata. Towards the sea- 
 coast, the western Ghauts present a magnificent 
 amphitheatre of rocks and verdure, enlivened with 
 towns and villages. The highest, or at least the 
 steepest part to the east of Snrat, goes under the 
 lame of the Bala-Ghauts, which is sometimes ex- 
 tended to the whole of the western Ghauts, while 
 the eastern chain, together with the intermediate 
 plateau, is called the Paian-Ghauts. 
 
 About the sources of the river Godavery, some 
 lower chains are sent oft" from tne mass of the 
 western Ghauts, pass through the interior of the 
 peninsula, and join the mountains of Berar and 
 Gundanwa. 
 
 The central chains which run parallel to the 
 course of the Nerbuddah river, one on its north 
 side, and the other on the south, generally pass 
 under the Sanscrit name of the Vindhias; the ex- 
 tent which this name embraces appears somewhat 
 .arbitrary to our most learned eastern <reooraphers. 
 42 ° a P 
 
 But Arrow smith more positively confines it to 
 the mountains immediately adjoining the Nerbur- 
 dah. It is also in these central countries that the 
 Hindoos place their Sanyah and their Sookhian 
 mountains, though they have been mistaken for 
 the western Ghauts. 
 
 Ghent, called by the French Gand, the chief 
 town of East Flanders, is situate at the junction 
 of the Scheldt and Lys. Julius Cresar is said to 
 have been its founder. The Vandals afterwards 
 became its masters, and called it Vanda, or Wan- 
 da ; of which its present name is by some 
 thought to be a corruption. 
 
 This town has been the scene of some diplo- 
 matic transactions : the compact of the provinces 
 of the Netherlands against the tyranny of Spain 
 in 1578, called the Pacification of Ghent, was 
 drawn up and executed here ; the last treaty of 
 peace concluded between Great Britain and 
 America, in 1814, was signed here also. It was 
 likewise the residence of Louis XVIII. during 
 the period in which he was forced to quit France 
 after the return of Bonaparte from Elba. 
 
 Ghent is situate on a beautiful plain : its area 
 may vie in extent with that of any other city in 
 Europe, being little less than fifteen miles in cir- 
 cumference ; but no small portion of the enclosed 
 space is covered with gardens, orchards, and fields 
 of grain. Like all other towns in this flat coun- 
 try, it is intersected with numerous canals, cross- 
 ed by three hundred bridges ; some of stone, but 
 most of wood. Their banks, being generally 
 planted with majestic trees, afford an extensive 
 and grateful promenade for the inhabitants. The 
 streets are spacious ; though some of the most 
 frequented, as is the case in many old towns, 
 are so narrow that two carriages can scarcely pass 
 each other. There are thirteen public squares, 
 the principal of which is ornamented with a pe- 
 destrian statue of Charles V. 
 
 The town hall is an immense pile of building, 
 presenting an incongruous combination of various 
 styles of architecture : one front, which is unfin- 
 ished, is Gothic ; another Italian ; each story be- 
 ing supported by pillars of a different order ; — 
 the ground story Doric, the next Ionic, and the 
 upper Corinthian. It is enriched with many val- 
 uable documents of an early period, and with 
 some good paintings. 
 
 The structure and arrangements of the public 
 prison or house of correction are on an excellent 
 plan. The building is a spacious octagon, having 
 a large court-yard in the centre, by means of 
 which an immediate and constant communication 
 can be easily kept up with every part. Each 
 department branches off* from this; and the pris- 
 oners are kept in separate classes, according to 
 the nature of their crimes and the depravity oi 
 their character. In the centre of the woman's 
 apartment is a large basin or trough for washing 
 linen. Every prisoner is locked up at night in 
 a separate cell, and brought out to work at a sta- 
 ted hour in the morning. The average number 
 of prisoners is 1 ,300 ; the annual expenditure is 
 50,000 florins, or somewhat more than £4,000 
 sterling ; therefore the cost of each prisoner to 
 the state is less than £4 annually. This eco- 
 nomical effect is produced by employing every 
 convict capable of working in some species of in- 
 dustry. The principal portion of the profits is 
 set apart for defraying the expenses of the estab- 
 lishment, and the remainder is divided into two 
 parts ; one of which is allowed to the prisoner 
 for pocket-money, and the other forms a fund 
 2 £ 2 
 
GHE 
 
 330 
 
 GIB 
 
 which he receives on his liberation. Near the 
 prison is the Atelier de Beinfaisance ; an institu- 
 tion intended to cheek mendicity, by supplying- the 
 paupers with work until they can provide for them- 
 selves. 
 
 The Mont de Piete is a singular establishment 
 for lending money upon goods, on the principle 
 of pawn-broking, but upon moderate interest. It 
 has been found very useful, in enabling industri- 
 ous persons labouring under a temporary pressure 
 to relieve themselves, without the necessity of 
 selling their property under very disadvantageous 
 circumstances, or of disclosing their pecuniary 
 difficulties. 
 
 All the public arrangements of Ghent seem to 
 have been devised with a systematic intention of 
 stimulating industry, correcting idleness, and en- 
 couraging habits of order and cleanliness. Three 
 times every day, at sunrise, at noon, and in the 
 evening, the ear of the observing traveller is 
 struck with the tolling of a bell. Its sound 
 serves not only as a signal to summon the work- 
 man to his appointed place of labour, but as a 
 warning to the rest of the inhabitants not to ap- 
 pear in the streets at these hours ; lest the pro- 
 gress of the former, while crowding to their occu- 
 pations, should experience any obstruction. For 
 the same reason, the drawbridges are not allowed 
 to be then open. 
 
 The splendour of Ghent is most observable in 
 its churches ; and of these the most magnificent 
 is that of St. Bavon. The choir is supported by 
 pillars of pure white Italian marble, rendered 
 more striking from the contrast of the highly- 
 polished black marble with which all the walls 
 of the interior are coated. The principal church 
 is surrounded by twenty-four chapels, each adorn- 
 ed with some splendid work of the most admired 
 masters. The pulpit is a piece of exquisite work- 
 manship, forming an allegorical picture of Time 
 contemplating Truth. The figures of angels at the 
 foot of its staircase are objects of peculiar ad- 
 miration. Beneath the present cathedral the 
 body of the original church still remains, little 
 injured by time, forming' a subterraneous place of 
 worship : it is now chiefly used as a school for 
 Sunday instruction. The tower or steeple is as- 
 cended by 446 steps ; and like all others in this 
 flat country, presents an extensive view of the 
 surrounding towns and scenery. It has a re- 
 markably fine ring of bells, which includes semi- 
 tones, and is sounded by keys and levers like an 
 organ. 
 
 One of the few monastic institutions of Belgi- 
 um, exists in Ghent. It is a convent of Beguine- 
 nuns, which escaped the effects of the emperor 
 Joseph's reformation of the conventual societies, 
 and still more destructive ravages of the subse- 
 quent revolution in France. Strangers are ad- 
 mitted to some parts of the building, and par- 
 ticularly the chapel, during the time of divine 
 service. 
 
 The great provincial school or college of Ghent 
 has long been in much repute as a place of edu- 
 cation. On the formation of the kingdom of the 
 Netherlands, it was advanced to the rank of a 
 royal university. According to its present ar- 
 rangements, it has nineteen professors ; five of 
 medicine, three of law, five of natural science and 
 mathematics, and six of philosophy and literature : 
 the number of students exceeds 400. The palace 
 of the university, in which the lectures are 
 delivered, is a splendid edifice. The great hall 
 is sufficiently opacions to accommodate 1,000 
 persons : it is divided into two parts ; one for 
 the members of the university, the other for the 
 accommodation of the public' Around the walls 
 
 the arms of the nineteen provinces of the Neth- 
 erlands are emblazoned. It is lighted by a lantern 
 sixty feet in circumference, in the middle Of the 
 dome. From the hall the apartments for the dif- 
 ferent courses of instruction branch on each side. 
 The cabinet of natural history is one hundred and 
 twenty feet long, and already well furnished : that 
 of mineralogy is one hundred and thirty feet long, 
 and contains several thousand specimens scien- 
 tifically arranged. There is also a fine dissecting 
 room, and a cabinet of models of agricultural im- 
 plements. 
 
 Between Ghent and Antwerp lies a tract of land 
 called the Pays de Waes. It was originally a 
 barren and shifting sand ; but the persevering 
 industry of the inhabitants has rendered it the 
 admiration of every visitor, whether native or for 
 eigner. It is throughout divided into small fields, 
 each surrounded by a low quickset hedg^e and a 
 deep trench. The middle of every field is eleva- 
 ted and the ground declines in all directions to 
 the ditch. The object of this singular mode of 
 husbandry is to prevent the bad effects of heavy 
 rains, which, if they fell upon the level surface, 
 consisting of dry porous sand, would carry down 
 the manure through it, and render it useless ; 
 whereas the water, as it falls on the declivity 
 glides down more gently, and does no injury. 
 The farms are so small, and the cottages so close- 
 ly intermixed, that the whole exhibits the appear- 
 ance of one continued village. The interior of 
 each dwelling presents an aspect of neatness and 
 comfort fully corresponding with what might be 
 expected from the exterior appearance of their 
 farms. 
 
 Ghent is situate thirty miles S. W. of Ant- 
 werp. Lat. 51. 3. N., "long. 3. 44. E. Popula- 
 tion 78,000. 
 
 Ghent, p. v. Gallatin Co. Kentucky. 
 
 Ghergong, a city and the capital of the kingdom 
 of Assam. It is seated on the Legoo, near its con- 
 flux with the Burrampooter, 400 m. N. E. of Cal- 
 cutta. Long. 93. 36. E., lat. 25. 35. N. 
 
 Ghcriah, a sea port of Hindoostan, on the coast 
 of Concan. It was the capital of Angria, a famous 
 piratical prince, whose fort here was taken by the 
 English and Mahrattas, in 1756, and his whole fleet 
 destroyed. It is 165 m. S. by. E. of Bombay. Long. 
 73. 8. E., lat. 16. 45. N. 
 
 Ghilan, a province of Persia, on the S. W. side 
 of the Caspian Sea, supposed to be the_ Hyrcania 
 of the ancients. On the W. side are high moun- 
 tains which are covered with many sorts of trees, 
 and in the highest parts of them are deer, bears, 
 wolves, leopards and tigers. It produces abun- 
 dance of silk, oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and excel- 
 lent fruit. This province was ceded to Russia, 
 by a treaty concluded at Petersburg in 1724, but 
 not possessed by Russia till 1780. Reshd is the 
 capital. 
 
 Ghizni, or Gazna, a town of the country of Ca- 
 bul, once the capital of a powerful empire of the 
 same name. It is called the second Medina, from 
 the great number of illustrious persons who have 
 been interred here. It is 54 m. S. of Cabul. Long. 
 68. 20. E., lat. 38. 40. N. 
 
 Gholsanville, p. v. Brunswick Co. Va. 
 
 Ghourbond, a town of the country of Cabul, 43 
 m. N. W. of Cabul. 
 
 Ghurka, now Aurungabad, (which see). 
 
 GibeUo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Par- 
 ma, on the river Po, sixteen miles N. W. oi 
 Parma. 
 
 Gibraltar, a town of Spam, near a mountain of 
 
GIB 
 
 331 
 
 GIB 
 
 the same name in lat. 36. 6. N. Long. 5. 19. W. 
 It is the ancient Calpe, one of the pillars of Hercu- 
 les, the other being Ceuta on the African coast. 
 It is a rocky promontory on the southern extremity 
 of Andalusia, from 3 to 4 m. in length, and about 
 half a m. in its utmost breadth. Steep in all parts 
 and in some perpendicular, it seemed formed by 
 nature for a strong hold ; and since it became 
 an English fortress, it has been rendered impreg- 
 nable. The name, originally Gebel-Tarif, the 
 rock of Tarif, is derived from Tarik or Tarif 
 Abenzaea, general of the caliph Walid in the in- 
 vasion of 711, who landed here, and conquered 
 the town of Heraclea at the foot of the moun- 
 tain. Gibraltar is joined to the main land by an 
 isthmus on the north which is about a mile and a 
 half in length : the northern front of the rock is 
 almost perpendicular ; the east side is full of pre- 
 cipices ; and the south is so narrow and abrupt 
 as to be inaccessible to any enemy at sea. The 
 western front is also precipitous, but affords a 
 landing place on the level tract of ground which 
 forms the site of the town; and this part is pro- 
 tected by batteries and other strong woiks of de- 
 fence. The straits to which Gibraltar o-ives name 
 are supposed to commence in Spain at Cape Traf- 
 algar, and in Africa at Cape Spartel, between 
 which points they are 70 m. wide ; and to end 
 toward the Mediterranean, beyond Gibraltar and 
 Ceuta ; the entire length being about 100 m. and 
 the narrowest part, about three leagues west of 
 Gibraltar. 15 m. A strong current always runs 
 from the ocean into the Mediterranean. 
 
 The noble bay of Gibraltar, 9 m. long and 5 
 broad, forms a most important naval station. On 
 the east are the promontory and isthmus ; to the 
 south is the sea ; to the west and north the main 
 land of Spain; but the promontory wholly com- 
 mands the bay. 
 
 Gibraltar was strongly fortified by the Moors 
 after their own manner. Jt was taken in 1302 by 
 Ferdinand II. of Castile ; regained by the Moors 
 in 1333; and recovered in J462*by Henry IV. 
 The emperor Charles V. caused the fortification 
 to be reconstructed by two of the most eminent 
 engineers of his time. The natural and artificial 
 strength of the place having been thenceforth re- 
 garded as unquestionable by the other maritime 
 powers, the Spanish government seems to have 
 been lulled into a : dangerous security respecting 
 it ; for in August, 1704, during the war of suc- 
 cession, when an expedition under admiral Rooke 
 and prince George of Hesse- Darmstadt suddenly 
 and unexpectedly appeared in the bay, this mari- 
 time strong hold was held only by a drowsy gar- 
 rison of 80 men, who immediately surrendered. 
 Philip of Anjou besieged it in October ; but in 
 the brief interval the English had*so strongly 
 fortified it on tne land side, that the pass of the 
 isthmus was called by the Spaniards the Gate of 
 Tire. It was blockaded with 24 ships of war by ad- 
 miral Poyetz, but received succours from the Eng- 
 lish and Dutch fleet under admiral Leake. The land 
 blockade lasted until the peace of Utrecht. From 
 that time England omitted no expense or exer- 
 tion It) render the place wholly impregnable. An- 
 other siege, in 1727, was frustrated by the arrival 
 of admiral Wager with 11 sail of the line. Spain 
 offered two millions sterling for the restitution of 
 Gibraltar ; but was obliged to resign all title and 
 pretension to it in the treaty of Seville 1729. 
 She immediately endeavoured to diminish its ad- 
 vantages arid deteriorate its value as a colony and 
 a place of commerce, by interdicting all inter- 
 
 course between it and her own territory, and by 
 strengthening the military lines of San Roque and 
 Algeziraa. But the town and garrison could easi 
 ly be furnished with supplies while England re 
 tained the empire of the sea ; and the rock itself 
 had a well of fresh water, with some other resour- 
 ces which science and skill might daily improve. 
 The most strenuous efforts for its recovery were 
 made d mg the war of the American revolution, 
 when its preservation depended mainly on the 
 valour and constancy of its resident governor, 
 general Elliot. The preparatory hostile operations 
 were commenced in 1779, and continued during 
 the two following years. In June, 1782, the 
 duke de Crillon. commander of the Spanish army 
 that had taken Minorca, arrived with reinforce- 
 ments, and the French princes of the blood came 
 to be present at the siege. Their army amount- 
 ed to 30,000 men ; and the conquest was to be 
 completed by ten floating batteries, impenetrable 
 by shot or shells, and mounted with 147 brass 
 and 150 iron guns. They were manned by 
 criminals, who in reward for good service, were 
 promised their liberty and yearly pensions of 200 
 livres each. The garrison had varied from 5,600 
 to 7,000 men. The most dreadful carnage was to 
 be apprehended as the consequence of a success- 
 ful assault. On the 13th of September, the float- 
 ing bulwarks approached and opened their fire. 
 General Elliot, finding ordinary means of repulse 
 unavailing, determined to batter them with red- 
 hot shot ; and while deliberating on the means of 
 heating the balls, a German nail-smith, named 
 Schwankendieck, invented and constructed a 
 furnace for the purpose. From this the artillery 
 was so well served, that in the course of the can- 
 nonade 4,000 red-hot balls were discharged. In 
 the afternoon, the chief battery and two floating 
 batteries began to emit smoke : the enemy were 
 unable to quench the fire or stop the leakage. At 
 one o'clock in the morning, three batteries were 
 in a blaze, and several others were seen to have 
 taken fire. Those on board in vain signalled the 
 Spanish fleet with rockets ; no relief could be af- 
 forded to the batteries ; all that could be attempted 
 was to save the men. Twelve gun-boats from the 
 fortress, prevented the boats of the besiegers 
 from landing, and at the same time poured a well 
 directed fire on the floating batteries. At day- 
 break, those on board were seen making signals 
 of distress and calling for help, and the besiegers 
 hastened to their relief, amidstcontinually increas- 
 ing danger ; for the heated guns of the batteries 
 en fire were from time to time discharging their 
 shot, and occasional explosions of gunpowder 
 scattered destruction around. Captain Curtis and 
 his men, at the peril of their lives, saved 13 of- 
 ficers and 344 men. A grand attack on the land 
 side was in the mean time repulsed by general 
 Elliot ; and a severe storm occurred, from which 
 the Spanish fleet sustained great damage. Next 
 month, an English squadron having arrived With 
 succours, the enemy were compelled to convert 
 the siege into a mere blockade, which terminat- 
 ed on the 20th January, 1783, when peace was 
 signed at Versailles. 
 
 The town of Gibraltar, situated at the foot of 
 the promontory, on its north-west side, suffered 
 severely during this attack, and was rebuilt on an 
 improved plan. The houses have flat roofs and 
 large bow windows ; they are generally paint- 
 ed black, to mitigate the rays of the sun, and 
 are marked with a white stripe between each 
 story. The principal street, about a mile in 
 
G1E 
 
 332 
 
 GIO 
 
 length, is full of shops ; in other parts of the 
 town the buildings are too dense, and the pop. 
 dwelling in them is exposed to much danger in 
 case of pestilential fever. That which raged in 
 1804 carried off several thousands ; while the 
 military, stationed on higher ground, were, by 
 that advantage, and through the judicious precau- 
 tions adopted by the medical staff, preserved 
 from contagion. It has been ascertained that the 
 fever is fosxered, if not generated, during sultry 
 weather, by the stoppage of the drains; and a 
 proposal has been made to erect a steam-engine; 
 which shall raise from the bay a constant stream 
 of water, to supply all the baths and refresh every 
 corner of the town. 
 
 The inhabitants, exceeding in number 12,000, 
 are mostly British ; though there are many Span- 
 iards, Italians, Jews, and even Moors, occupied 
 in commercial pursuits. Gibraltar is a general 
 mart of merchandise from every quarter : piece 
 goods and hardware from England; sugar, rum, 
 coffee, from the West Indies ; tobacco, rice and 
 flour, from North America ; wine, fruits, and silks 
 from the countries and isles of the Mediterra- 
 nean. The chief public buildings are the bar- 
 racks, the house of the lieutenant-governor, the 
 navy hospital, and the victualling office. The 
 places of worship are, at the English church, a 
 catholic chapel and three synagogues. For the 
 use of the officers stationed on this isolated rock, 
 there is a garrison library ; and a small theatre 
 augments the limited range of amusement which 
 can here be generally' participated. The town is 
 fortified ; but owes its chief protection to the bat- 
 teries on the neighbouring heights, which sweep 
 the isthmus and the approach from the sea. Since 
 the siege of 1783, great sums have been expended 
 in these works : extensive excavations have been 
 made, to establish communication between the 
 different posts, and enable them to be relieved 
 without loss from an enemy's fire : the embellish- 
 ments of which so rugged a spot is susceptible 
 have not been neglected ; — trees, shrubs, and 
 flowers have been planted in various places ; and 
 roads opened in the solid rock, and made passable 
 for carriages. 
 
 Gibraltar, a town of Colombia, in the province 
 of Zulia. defended by some fortifications. The 
 air is so unhealthy in the rainy season, that 
 the town is now reduced to an insignificant 
 hamlet 
 
 Gibson, a countv of the state of Indiana, bound- 
 ed on the N. b) White river, and W. by the Wa- 
 bash, which divides it from the state of Illinois. 
 The S. W. point of the county is 30 m. above 
 the entrance of the Wabash into the Ohio. Pop. 
 5,417. Princeton is the capital. 
 
 Gibson, is also the name of townships in Clear- 
 field and Susquehanna Cos. Pa. 
 
 Gibsonrille, p. v. Bedford Co. Ten. 
 
 Gien, a town of France, in the department of 
 Loire. It is seated on the N. bank of the Loire, 
 40 m. E. by S. of Orleans. It is the seat of a 
 prefect. 
 
 Glentren, a town of Suabia, on the river Brentz, 
 18 m. N. N. E. of Ulm, now included in the king- 
 dom of Wurtemburg. 
 
 Gierace, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 seated on a mountain, near the sea, 34 m. E. N. 
 E. of Reggio. 
 
 Gicsscji, a fortified town of Germany, in Upper 
 Hesse, with a citadel and a university. It is seat- 
 ed on the Lahn, 1G m. W. S. W.'of Marbur<r. 
 Long. 8. 43. E., lat. 50. 35. N. 
 
 Gigay, a small island, one of the Hebrides, lying 
 on the W. coast of Scotland. 
 
 Giglio, a small island, on the coast of Tuscany 
 with a castle, 15 m. W. S. W. of Orbitello. 
 
 Gignac, a town of France, in the department of 
 Herault, on the river Herault, 14 m. W. of 
 Montpeiier. 
 
 Gihon. See Amu. 
 
 Gijon, or Gyon, a sea-port of Spain, in Asturi- 
 as, with an ancient castle ; seated on the Bay of 
 Biscay, 18 m. N. E. of Oviedo. Long. 5. 36. W. 
 lat. 43. 34. N. 
 
 Gilbertsville, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y. 
 
 Gilboa, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 
 
 Gilcad, a township in Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 377 
 
 Giles, an interior county in the W. part of Vi- 
 ginia bounded on the E. by the great Kanahwa 
 river. It contains about 2,000 sq. m. of surface. 
 Pop. 5,298. 
 
 Giles, another county East of Tennessee, border- 
 ing on Alabama, intersected by the Elk river, which 
 flows S. into the Tennessee, it comprises about 
 GOO sq. m. of surface. Pop. 18,920. Pulaski is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Gilford, t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the S. side of 
 L. Winipisebgee. Pop. 1,872. 
 
 Gill, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. .Pop. 864. 
 
 Gilles, St. a town of France in the department 
 of Gard, 10 in. S. of Nismes. Pop. in 1S25 
 5,600. 
 
 GiUingham, a town in Kent, Eng. on the E. 
 bank of the Medway, near its entrance into the 
 Thames, it is strongly fortified, forming the out 
 port of the arsenal of Chatham. It is a place of 
 considerable antiquity. 
 
 There is an extensive parish of the same name 
 in Dorsetshire, Eng. Pop. in 1821,2,246. The 
 town is 4 m. N. W. of Shaftsbury. 
 
 Gilmanton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the S. E 
 of L. Winipiseogee. Pop. 3,816. Iron oreexists 
 here, and there were formerly iron works. Here 
 is also a mineral spring, "potent in cutaneous and 
 bilious diseases. 
 
 Gilolo, an island, the largest of the Moluccas. 
 It is 130 miles from N. to S., but is intersected by 
 several large bays ; the breadth of any limb sel- 
 dom exceeds 40 miles. The shores are in gene- 
 ral low, and the interior rises in high peaks. It 
 does not produce any fine spices, but has a great 
 deal of rice, and abounds with oxen, buffalos,_ 
 goats, deer, and wild hogs. The sultans of Ter- 
 nate and Tidore share this island between them. 
 The natives are industrious, particularly in weav- 
 ing. One of the chief towns is Tatany, on a 
 small promontory on the eastern limb, and only 
 accessible by ladders. 
 
 Gilsum, 4. Cheshire Co. N. H. adjoining 
 Keene. Pop. 642. 
 
 Gimont, a town of France, in the department 
 of Gers, 16 m. E. of Auch. 
 
 Gingee, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic 
 strong both by nature and art, being seated on a 
 mountain, whose top is divided into 3 points, on 
 each of which is a castle. It is 38 m. N. W. of 
 Pondicherry. Long. 79. 35. E., lat. 12. 15. N 
 
 Giorgier, or Giurdesov, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Walachia, near which the Russians 
 gained a victory over the Turks, in 1771. It is 
 seated on the Danube, 48 m. S. W. of Bucharest 
 
 Giovenazzo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 with a castle. It has high houses and towerE, 
 built of polished stone with flat roofs, which 
 give it a singular appearance It is seated neai 
 the sea, 10 m. N W. ofBari. 
 
GIG 
 
 333 
 
 GLE 
 
 Girardeau, Cape, a county of the state of Mis- 
 souri, lying between the St. Francis and Missis- 
 sippi rivers ; it contains about 1,200 sq. m. of sur- 
 face. Pop. 7,430. Jackson is the chief town. 
 
 Girest, a town of Persia, in Kerman, with a 
 trade in wheat and dates, 100 m. E. by N. of Gom- 
 broon. 
 
 Girire, a town of Egypt, about 3 m. in circum- 
 ference, and contains several mosques, bazars, and 
 squares, but no marble buildings, or remains of 
 ancient structures. It stands near the left bank of 
 the Nile, 40 m. N. of Esne, and 200 S. of Cairo. 
 Long. 31. 12. E., lat. 23. 35. N. 
 
 Girgenti, an episcopal town, on the S. W. 
 coast of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, with a castle. 
 It is part of the ancient Agrigentum, and in the 
 vicinity are numerous remains of temples, &c. ; 
 great quantities of sulphur are exported from this 
 place. It stands on a hill, near the river St. 
 Blaise, 62 m. S. of Palermo. Long. 13. 38. E., 
 lat. 37. 14. N. 
 
 Giron.de, a river of France, formed by the union 
 of the Garonne and Dordogne, 12 m. N. of Bor- 
 deaux. 
 
 Girondc, a maritime department of France, 
 which includes part of the late province of Gui- 
 enne. It lies on both sides of the Garonne, and 
 it is the largest of the 8(i departments, containing 
 about 1,022,000 hectares ; it yields abundance of 
 wine, and is fertile in every kind of grain 
 and cattle, whilst the rivers and coast supply 
 abundance of fish. Its principal manufactures 
 are in founderies, glass, earthenware, dye stuffs, 
 liquors, (anniseed) and salt ; it contains some 
 seams of pit coal, and beds of peat. It is divided 
 into 6 arrondissements, of which Bordeaux, (the 
 capital,) Bazas, Blayc, Lesparre, Libourne, and 
 Reole are the chief towns. Pop. in 1825,522,040. 
 
 Girons, St. a town of France, in the department 
 of Arriege, 4 m. S. by E. of St. Lizier. 
 
 Girvan, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, at the 
 mouth of the river Girvan, which forms a tolera- 
 ble harbour. It is 16 m. S. S. W. of Ayr. 
 
 Gisborough, a town in North Yorkshire. Engr. 
 It is celebrated for being the first place where 
 alum was made, as it was formerly for its fine 
 abbey. It is 22 m. N. W. of Whitby. 
 
 Gisors, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eure, seated on the Ept, 23 m. S. E. of Rouen. 
 
 Gitschin, a town of Bohemia, which suffered 
 greatly during the long war of the Swedes in Ger- 
 many. It is 22 m. S. VV. of Koningsgratz. 
 
 Givet, a fortified and frontier town of France, 
 in the department of Ardennes, divided by the 
 Meuse, into 2 parts, Givet Saint Hilaire, and 
 Givet Notre Dame, the former situate at the foot 
 of a mountain close by Charlemont, and the other 
 on the opposite side of the river. It is 15 m. N. 
 rJ. of Rocroy. Pop. in 1825, 4,068. 
 
 Giula or Guliest, a strong town of Upper Hun- 
 gary, on the frontiers of Transylvania and the 
 river Keresblau, 30 m. E. of Great Waradin. 
 Long. 20. 40 E., lat. 46. 40. N. 
 
 Giula Nuova, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Iflteriore, near the gulf of Venice, 13 m. N. of 
 Atri. 
 
 Giuliani, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 on a craggy rock, 12 m. N. N. E. of Xacca or 
 Siacca. 
 
 G'izih, a fortified town of Egypt, with a palace, 
 several mosques, a cannon foundery, and a manu- 
 facture of coarse earthen pots and tiles. A few 
 in. to the S. W. are the largest pyramids in the 
 country. Gizeh was taken from "the French by 
 
 the British in 1801. It stands on the left bank of 
 the Nile, nearly opposite Cairo. 
 
 Gladbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Juliers, with a Benedictine abbey. It has man- 
 ufactures of fine strong linen, and is seated on the 
 Ners, 18 m. N. of Juliers. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Gladenbach, a town of Germany, in Upper Hes- 
 se, 12 m. N. of Giessen. 
 
 Glammis, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire. 
 with manufactures of yarn and linen cloth. Near 
 it, on the bank of the Dean, is Glammis Castle, 
 a large edifice, in which Malcolm II. was mur- 
 dered. 
 
 Glamorganshire, the extreme S. E. county of 
 Wales, bounded on the S. for about 50 m. by the 
 Bristol Channel, on the E. by the county of Mon- 
 mouth N. by Brecknock, and W. by Caremari hen- 
 shire. It contains 792 sq. m. of surface, or about 
 506,880 acres; is divided into ten hundreds, and 
 124 parishes; has 1 city and 5 market-towns; 
 and sends 2 members to parliament. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants in J 811 was 85.067. increased 
 in 1821 to 101,737. On the N. side it is moun- 
 tainous ; but being more level on the S. side, it 
 there bears large crops of corn and very sweet 
 grass. Cattle abound in all parts, there being 
 fruitful valleys among the mountains, that yield 
 very good pasture. The quantity of butter with 
 which it supplies the Bristol market is very con- 
 siderable. In the N. part of the county are the 
 most extensive iron works in the world, (see Mer- 
 thyr Tydvill ;) copper and lead also abound, (see 
 Swansea.) The county is intersected from N. to 
 S. by several streams of water, and by 3 canals, 
 by which the heavy products of the mines and 
 forges are conveyed to the coast. Cardiff, {which 
 see,) is the assize town, but Merthyr Tydvill is the 
 most populous, and Swansea the most important 
 town in the county ; the other towns of note are 
 Neath, Lantrissant, Cowbridge, and Landaff. 
 
 Glandfurdbridge, or Brigg, a town in Lincoln- 
 shire, with a market on Thursday, and a good 
 trade in corn, coal, and timber. It is seated on the 
 Ancholm, which is navigable for sloops to the 
 Humber, 23 m. N. of Lincoln. 
 
 Claris, or Glurus, a canton of Switzerland, boun- 
 ded on the N. by the river Linth, Grisons, and 
 lake of Wallenstadt, E. by the canton ofSargans, 
 the canton of Uri, and W. by that of Schweitz 
 It is a mountainous country ; and the chief trade 
 is in cattle, cheese, ana butter. The inhabitants, 
 amounting to 27,000, are partly protestants, and 
 partly catholics ; and both sects live together in 
 the greatest harmony. Glaris is surrounded by 
 the Alps, except toward the N.; and there is no 
 other entrance but through this opening, which 
 lies between the lake of Wallenstadt, and the 
 mountains separating this canton from that of 
 Schweitz. 
 
 Glaris, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 preceding canton is surrounded bv mountains, and 
 seated on the river Linth. It had manufactures 
 of cloth, and a trade in cattle, horses, cheese, slate, 
 and wooden ware ; 32 m. S. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Glasgow, a large and populous city of Scotland, 
 in Lanarkshire. From its extent, beauty, regu- 
 larity, and modern improvements, it is undoubt- 
 edly the second if not first city in North Britain 
 The four principal streets, whisJ) intersect each 
 other at right angles, divide the city nearly into 
 four equal parts. The high church, the most 
 magnificent gothic structure in Scotland, St. 
 Andrew's church, St. Enoch's church, the Tron 
 church, the college, the Tontine, and trades'-hall 
 
GLA 
 
 334 
 
 GLO 
 
 nre some of the principal buildings in Glasgow. 
 The town-house is an elegant building with a 
 piazza in front ; and opposite to it is the exchange, 
 a square building, with an equestrian statue of 
 William III. in the centre. The toll-booth, the 
 guildhall, and the theatre are also worthy of no- 
 tice. There arc several charitable establishments; 
 particularly th? Merchant's Hospital, and that of 
 the town, and a large infirmary. Here is also a 
 monument, 145 feet high, in the green of Glas- 
 gow, to the memory of the gallant Nelson. The 
 university, instituted in 1450, is constantly increas- 
 ing in reputation. At present it consists of a chan- 
 cellor, rector, dean of faculty, a principal, and 16 
 professors, of which one is for law, four for theol- 
 (<'j\\ five for the study of medicines and subjects 
 connected therewith, and the others for the fac- 
 ulty of arts. It has lately been greatly enriched 
 in the mathematical department by the library of 
 the late celebrated Dr. Robert Simpson, author of 
 (he translation of Euclid, and has received nn im- 
 portant addition, by a collection of rare books and 
 manuscripts, in every department of science, but 
 particularly in medicine, bequeathed by the late 
 Dr. William Hunter, who has also left his exten- 
 sive museum to the university of Glasgow. Be- 
 sides the anatomical preparations, the museum, 
 for which an elegant building has been erected, 
 contains a collection of shells, corals, insects, and 
 fossils, made by the late Dr. Fothergill, and a cabi- 
 net of medals and coins, ancient and modern, 
 the most complete of the kind in Europe. The 
 observatory is well fitted up, and supplied with 
 the most improved instrument for the use of the 
 professor of practical astronomy.- But being main- 
 ly dependent on private aid for suppport, since the 
 novelty of its erection has ceased, it is not main- 
 tained without difficulty. Glasgow, next to Lon- 
 don and Liverpool, is the most commercial place 
 in the British dominions, and in manufacturing ex- 
 tent and importance, it is only exceeded by Man- 
 chester and Leeds ; the cotton manufacture em 
 ploys about 40,000 looms, wtih all the attending 
 operations of staining, dyeing, glazing, &c. &c, 
 which support numerous iron founderies, machine 
 makers, &c. &c, ; in addition to which, it has sev- 
 eral glass houses, sugar refineries, &c. Glasgow 
 was originally one parish, but is now for the beni- 
 fit of the poor and ease of ministers, divided into 
 12; with as many churches, and several chapels 
 of ease, and numerous meeting houses for Dis- 
 senters. The population of 10 parishes within 
 the city, in 1821, amounted to 72,765, the Barony 
 51.919, and Gorbals 22.359, making an aggregate 
 population of 147,043, being 63,274 more than in 
 1801, and more than treble the number in 1780. 
 The citv of Glasgow is seated on the N. bank of 
 the Clyde, the suburbs extending to the opposite 
 side connected by three elegant bridges of stone. 
 The river is navigable for vessels of eight feet wa- 
 ter as far as the bridge ; but larger vessels stop 
 at Port Glasgow, or Greenock, at the mouth of 
 the river to unload ; it has also the advantage of 
 *wo canals, beside the great canal that joins the 
 Clvde to the Forth. Glasgow is 44 m. W. of Ed- 
 inburgh, and GO S. W. of Perth: the mean dis- 
 tance from London, is only 348 m. the route of 
 the mail 404. 
 
 Glasgow Port. See Port Glasgow. 
 Glaseorough, p.V. Gloucester Co. N. J. 
 Glastcnhurij, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 
 2,980, 
 
 Glastonbury, t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 52. 
 Glastcnhurij, a town of Somersetshire, Eng. it 
 
 is seated near a high hill, called the Tor, and fa- 
 mous for an abbey, that occupied an area of 60 
 acres, of which some considerable ruins still re- 
 main ; particularly the kitchen which is the most 
 entire, and of a very unusual contrivance. The 
 George Inn was formerly an hospital for the ac- 
 commodation of pilgrims w r ho came to the abbey 
 and to the thorn, which, it is pretended, was 
 planted by Joseph of Arimathea, and blossomed 
 en Christmas eve. It was also pretended, that 
 the bodies of Joseph of Arimathea, of king Ar- 
 thur, and of Edward the confessor were buried 
 here. The last abbot of this place was hanged on 
 the top of the Tor, by order of Henry VIII. for 
 not acknowle.ding his supremacy ; and on this hill 
 is a tower, which serves as a landmark to se;.. 
 men. Glastonbury has two churches, and a man- 
 ufacture of worsted stockin gs. It is seated on the 
 river Brue, 6 m. S. W. of Wells, on the road to 
 Exetei, and 124 W. by S. of London, 
 
 Glatz, a sovereign county of Germany, lying 
 between Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia, sur- 
 rounded by mountains. It is 40. m. long, and 25 
 broad ; has mines of coal, copper and iron, good 
 quarries of marble and stone, and fine springs of 
 mineral waters. In 1742, it was ceded to the 
 king of Prussia, by the queen of Hungary, and is 
 now deemed a part of Silesia. 
 
 Glatz. a strong town of Silesia, capital of the 
 county of Glatz. seated on* the side of a hill, by 
 the river Neiss. On the top of the hill is an an- 
 cient castle, and a new citadel. In 1742, the Prus- 
 sians took the town by capitulation ; and in 1760, 
 the Austrians, took it by storm, but restored it i n 
 1763. It is 60 m. S. S. W. of 'Breslau. and 90 E. 
 N. E. of Prague. Long. 16. 32. E., lal. 50. 18. N. 
 
 Glauchau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 
 with considerable manufactures of cotton and oth- 
 er stuffs ; seated on the Mulda, 36 m. S. by E. of 
 Leipzig. 
 
 Gleiwitz, a town of Silesia, noted for the culture 
 of hops and the weaving of cloth ; 34 m. S. E. of 
 Oppelen. 
 
 Glenlucc, a town of Scotland, in Wigtonshirc, 
 with a harbour for small vessels. 
 
 Glenn, p. v. Gloucester Co. Pa. 
 
 Glemis Falls, on the Hudson 25 m. above Alba- 
 ny. They are a violent rapid descending 63 
 feet in 500. The stream is divided by the rocks 
 into three channels. A village of the same name 
 is situated a quarter of a mile from the falls. 
 
 Gloaau, orGnoss Glogau, a town of Silesia, cap- 
 ital of a principality of the same name, which is 
 very fertile, and produces wine. The town is well 
 fortified, and formerly stood close by the Oder, 
 which has since changed its course, and now flows 
 above a m. from it. Besides the papists, there 
 are a great number of protestants and Jews. It 
 was taken by the king of Prussia, in 1741. It is 
 60 m. N. W. of Breslau. Long. 16. 14. E., lat. 
 51.38. N. 
 
 Glogau, Little, a town of Silesia, with a col- 
 legiate church and Minorite convent, 23 m. S. of 
 Oppeln. 
 
 Glomme, a river of Norway, in the bishopric 
 of Aggerhuys, which flows into the North Sea 
 at Frederickstadt. At least 50,000 trees are an 
 ually floated by this river to Frederickstadt. 
 
 Glossop, a parish of Derbyshire, Eng. which 
 contains 18 townships and hamlets :• total pop in 
 1821, 13,766. The township of the same name 
 contained 1 ,357 inhabitants. It is 8 m. N. of 
 Chapel-in-le-frith. 
 
 Gloucestershire,, a county of England, 60 in 
 
GLO 
 
 335 
 
 GOC 
 
 long, and 29 broad ; bounded on the W. by 
 Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, N. by Wor- 
 cestershire, E. by Warwickshire, and Oxfordshire, 
 and S. by Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It con- 
 tains 803,000 acres ; is divided into 27 hundreds, 
 and 339 parishes ; has two cities and 25 market- 
 towns ; and sends 10 members to parliament. 
 The air is sharp in the E., or hilly part, called the 
 Coteswold ; but very mild in the rich vale that 
 occupies the centre, through which the river 
 Severn flows. The W. part which is the small- 
 est district, is varied by hill and dale, and is 
 chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The 
 staple commodities of the county are its woolens 
 and cheese. Its principal rivers are the Severn, 
 Warwickshire Avon, Lower Avon, Wye, Thames, 
 Ciln, and Lech; the Severn and Thames are 
 united by a canal. The principal manufacturing 
 t ivvas are Stroud- water, Tewkesbury, and 
 Woot.on-under-edge, and the other places of 
 n >te besides the capital and city of Bristol, are 
 Cheltenham, Cirencester, and Dursley. 
 
 Gloucester , a city and capital of the preced- 
 ing county. It is a county of itself, governed by 
 a mayor, rind seated on the E. side of the Severn, 
 where, by two streams, it makes the isle of Al- 
 nev. It was fortified with a wall, which Charles 
 II. after the Restoration ordered to be demolished. 
 The four principal streets have their junction in 
 the centre of the town. It once contained 11 
 churches, but now has only 5 beside the cathe- 
 dral, in which is a large cloister, a whispering 
 gallery, and the tombs of Robert, duke of Nor- 
 mmdy, and Edward II. It has five hospitals, 
 two free-schools, and a large county jail It has 
 four extensive establishments for the manufac- 
 ture of pins, and is a great mart for wool, and 
 there are 12 incorporated trading companies. 
 Ships come up by the Severn to the bridge ; but 
 the navigation being circuitous and difficult, a ca- 
 nal is made hence to Berkeley, with sufficient 
 depth of water for fihips of 400 tons burthen, at 
 the head of whic.it is a basin, fit for the reception 
 of 100 vessels. Berkeley is distant from Glou- 
 cester 15 m. The city and neighbourhood con- 
 tain many remains of abbeys ; and those of Lan- 
 tony abbey, in the S. suburb, are converted into 
 outhouses beloninno- to adjacent farms. Glouces- 
 ter is 24 m. N. E. of Bristol, and 104 W. by N. of 
 London. Pop. in 1801, 7,559, and in 1821, 9,744. 
 
 Gloucester, a county of the state of New Jer- 
 sey, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to Del- 
 aware river, a distance of GO m. and is about 20 
 in mean breadth, giving a superficies of 1,200 sq. 
 m. It is divided into 12 townships. Pop. 23,431. 
 Woodbury is the chief town. 
 
 Gloucester, a maritime county in the E. District 
 of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by York riv- 
 er, and Chesapeak bay. It contains about 300 
 sq. m. Pop 10,603. The chief town of the same 
 name stands on a point of land on the N. side of 
 the mouth of York River, 17 m. N. E. of York 
 town, and 70 E. by S. of Richmond. 
 
 Gloucester, a sea-port of Massachusetts, in Es- 
 sex county, and on the peninsula of Cape Ann, 
 which forms the N. side of Massachusetts bay. The 
 harbour is accessible for large ships, and defend- 
 ed by a battery and citadel. It is one of the most 
 considerable fishing-towns in the United States, 
 1G m. N. E. of Salem. Long. 70. 40. W., lat.42. 
 3G. N. Pop. 7,513. 
 
 Gloucester, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the N. 
 W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,524. Also a vil- 
 lage in Gloucester Co. N. J. 
 
 Glover, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop 902. There 
 was formerly a small lake in this town, which 
 burst its borders and deluged the neighbouring 
 country in a singular manner. See Vermont. 
 
 Gloydsborough, a village of Hampshire Co. 
 Va. 
 
 Gluckstadt, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, capital 
 of the duchy of Holstein, with a strong castle. 
 It has a considerable foreign trade, the principal 
 branch of which is the whale fishery. It is seated 
 on the Elbe, near its mouth, 28 m. N. W. of 
 Hamburg. Long. 9. 29. E., lat. 53. 51. N. 
 
 Glynn, a maritime county of the state of Geor- 
 gia, comprising about 3,050 square m. of territory 
 Pop. 4,467. Brunswick is the chief town. 
 
 Gnesen, or Gnesna, in Prussian Poland, con- 
 tains an archbishop's see, whose prelate was pri- 
 mate of Poland. It was the first town built in the 
 kingdom, and formerly more considerable than at 
 present. It is 98 m. N. by E. of Breslau, and 145 
 W. bv N. of Warsaw. Long. 17. 40. E., lat. 52. 
 23. N. 
 
 Goa, a city of Hindoostan, in the Concan, and 
 the capital of the Portuguese settlements in In- 
 dia. It stands on the N. side of an island, 22 m. 
 long, and 6 broad, formed by the river Mandova, 
 which is capable of receiving the largest ships. 
 The viceroy's palace was a noble building ; but 
 this, as well as the city at large, is very much on 
 the decline. The inhabitants are contented with 
 greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, 
 rice, and fish, are their principal diet, though they 
 have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is 
 the Roman catholic, and the clergy are numerous 
 and illiterate. In this place was one of the last 
 refuges of the inquisition ; a description of which 
 is given in Dr. Buchanan's Christian Researches. 
 Goa has few manufactures or productions, the 
 best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from 
 the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is de- 
 fended by several forts and batteries. It is 250 
 m. S. by E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 45. E., lat. 15. 
 31. N. 
 
 Goalpara, a town of Hindoostan, at the N. E. 
 extremity of Bengal, where the Europeans have 
 factors, who carry on a great trade with Assam, 
 Bootan, Thibet, &c. It stands on the E. bank of 
 the Brahmapootra, 38. m. E. of Rangamatty. 
 
 Goar, St. a small town of Germany, formerly 
 the capital of the lower county of Catzenellenbo- 
 gen. It is seated on the Rhine, under the stupen- 
 dous rock and castle of Rheinfels, with which it 
 surrendered to the French, in 1794. It is 25 m. 
 S.ofCoblentz. 
 
 Goat Island, There is an island of this name in 
 the harbour of Newport R. I. and another at Ni- 
 agara Falls, which see. 
 
 Goave, Grand, a. town of St. Domingo, near the 
 sea-coast. It is 10 m. S. S. W. of Leogane. 
 
 Goave, Petit, a sea-port of St. Domingo, in the 
 gulf of Gonaves, and the mart to which the tra- 
 ders in Grand Goave and other places send their 
 commodities. It is 31 m. W. S. W. of Port au 
 Prince. 
 
 Gobbi, a country of South Africa, on the coast 
 of the Atlantic, between the country of Cawma 
 and Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, under the equator. 
 The chief town is situated about a day's journey 
 from the sea. The principal trade of the inhabi- 
 tants consists in elephants and ivory. 
 
 Gobin St. See Fere. 
 
 Goch, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Cleves, seated on the Niers, G m. S. of Cleves. 
 
 Gochsheim, or Gochen, a town of Suavia, late- 
 
GOL 
 
 336 
 
 GOM 
 
 ,y |y"'-i»iyig to Wurtemberg ; but ceded to Ba- 
 varia ii 1802, 21 m. S. of Heidelberg, and 34. N. 
 W. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Gociano, a town of Sardinia, capital of a coun- 
 ty of the same name, with a castle, seated on the 
 Chirgo, 25 m. E. of Algheri. 
 
 Godtthning, a town in Surry, Eng. with manu- 
 factures of stockings and coarse woolen cloths. It 
 is seated on the Wye, where it divides into seve- 
 ral streams, 4 m. S. W. of GuiXbrd, and 34 of 
 London. 
 
 Godavery, a river of Hindoostan, which has its 
 source in the Sukhien mountains, 70 m. to the N. 
 E. of Bombay. In the upper part of its course is 
 esteemed a: sacred river by the Hindoos, who call 
 it Gonga, a term for a river in general. After 
 crossing Dowlalabad and Golconda, from W. to 
 E-, it turns to the S. E., and receiving the Bain, 
 about 90 m. above the sea, divides into 2 princi- 
 pal channels at Rajamundry ; and these subdivi- 
 ding ao-ain. form altogether several tide harbours, 
 for vessels of moderate burtben, at its different 
 mouths in the bay of Bengal. Its course is esti- 
 mated to be above 700 m. and extensive forests of 
 leak timber border on its banks, within the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 GPoding, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle, 
 sedted on a branch of the Marsche. 33 m. S. E. 
 of Brunn. 
 
 Godmanchestcr, a corporate town in Hunting- 
 donshire Eng. parted from Huntingdon by the 
 river Ouse. It is seated in a rich fertile soil, 
 which yields great plenty of corn. When James 
 I. came through it from Scotland, the inhabitants 
 met him with 70 ploughs, drawn by as many 
 team of horses ; for which novel sight he granted 
 them a charter. Here is a school called the free 
 (T.-ammar school of Queen Elizabeth. It is 59 m. 
 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,953. 
 
 Goes or Ter Goes, a small town of the Nether- 
 lands, in the island of S. Beveland. It has a con- 
 siderable trade, particularly in salt and corn. The 
 great church was burnt down in 1648, and anoth- 
 er was built, which is a handsome structure. It 
 communicates with the Scheld by a canal, and is 
 10 m. E. of Middleburg. Long. 3. 50. E., lat. 51. 
 33 N. 
 
 Goffstoum, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. on the 
 Merrimack, 55 m. from Boston. Pop. 2.213. 
 
 Gogard, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, 
 near fake Wetter, 23 m. N. N. W. of Linkioping. 
 
 Gogo, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with 
 a good tide harbour, at the mouth of a river, in 
 the o-ulf of Cambav, 100 m. S. by W. of Ameda- 
 bad. Long. 71. 53. E., lat. 21. 45. N. 
 
 Goggra or Sarfew, a river which issues from 
 lake Lankee in Thibet, and forcing its way through 
 Mount Himmalch, pervades the province of 
 Oude, in Hindoostan, where it takes a S. E. direc- 
 tion, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah, 
 in the province of Bahar. 
 
 Gohud, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir- 
 car of the same name, in the province of Ara, 63 
 m. S. E. of Agra. Long. 78 44. E., lat. 26. 24. 
 N. 
 
 Golto, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated 
 on the river Mincio, betwen the lake of Mantua 
 and that of Garda, 15 m. N. W. of Mantua. 
 
 GolansvilJc, p. v. Caroline Co. Va. 
 
 Golconda, a province of Hindoostan, now called 
 Hyderabad, between the lower parts of the rivers 
 Kistna and Godavery, and the principal part of 
 Dowlatabad. It was formerly called Tellingana, 
 or Tilling, and is subject to the nizam of the Dec- 
 
 can. The king of Golconda, at one time, main 
 tained in his pay above 500,000 soldiers ; but in 
 1667 the reigning prince became tributary to 
 Aurengzebe. The kings had vast revenues, aris 
 ing from the properties of land, customs of mer 
 chandises and provisions, but chiefly from the dia- 
 mond mines ; for Golconda may be called the 
 country of diamonds. In some districts the in- 
 habitants have yearly two crops of rice, and sev- 
 eral other kinds of grain. Hyderabad is the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 Golconda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the 
 country of the same name, 6 m. W. N. W. of Hy- 
 derabad, and joined to that city by a wall of cim- 
 munication. It occupies the summit of a conical 
 hill, and is deemed impregnable. 
 
 Golconda, p. v. Pope Co. Ilinois. 
 
 Gold Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, 
 where the Europeans have several forts and set- 
 tlements. It is about 220 m. in length from W. to 
 E., between the rivers Ancobar and Volta ; and 
 includes several districts, in which are two or 
 three towns or villages, lying on the sea-shore. 
 Seven of the districts are dignified with the title 
 of Kingdoms, though they contain but a small ex- 
 tent of land along the coast, the chief is Ashantee. 
 The natives are generally very rich, as they carry 
 on a great trade with the Europeans for gold ; 
 and many of them are employed in fishing, and 
 cultivating rice, which grows in incredible quan- 
 tities. This they exchange with others for maize, 
 yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhab- 
 itants go naked ; and those who are best clothed 
 have only some yards of stuff wrapped about their 
 middle. 
 
 Golden Grove, p. v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 
 
 Goldberg, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Lignitz. It has manufactures of woollen and 
 linen, and is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the 
 river Katzbach, 11 m. S. W. of Lignitz, and 50 
 W. of Breslau. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Goldingen, a town of the duchy of Courland, 
 with a castle, formerly the residence of the 
 dukes. It is seated on the Wela, about, 18 m. 
 from the shore of the Baltic, and 60 m. W. of 
 Mittau. Long. 22. 21. E., lat. 56. 48. N. 
 
 Goldsborough, I. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 880. 
 
 Golctta, or Goulette, a fortress of Tunis, on a 
 narrow channel, between the lake of Tunis and 
 the sea. In 1536 it was taken by Charles V. 
 when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and kept 
 by the Spaniards till 1574, when it was taken from 
 them by Selim II. 
 
 Golling, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Salzburg, 14 m. S. by E. of Salzburg. 
 
 Golnitz, or Gcelanit . a populous town of Upper 
 Hungary, 26 m. N. N. W. of Raschan. 
 
 Golnoic, a town of Pomerania, seated on the 
 Ihna, 14 m. N. E. of Stettin. 
 
 Gombroon, or Gambron, a sea-port of Laristan, 
 in Persia, called by the natives Bunder Abbasse. 
 The best houses are built of brick, flat at the top, 
 with a square turret; but the common people 
 have huts, made with the boughs of palm-trees, 
 and covered with leaves. It is now reduced to 
 a low condition. Long. 56. 10. E., lat. 27. 18. N. 
 
 Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, 20 m. long, 
 and 10 broad. It has a town of the same name, 
 with an excellent harbour, where the Sp;inish 
 ships often take in refreshments. Long. 17. 8. 
 W., lat. 28. 6. N. 
 
 Gomersal, a town of Yorkshire, Eng. 6 m. W. 
 of Huddersfield. 
 
 Gommern, a town of Upper Saxony, with a cas- 
 
GOP 
 
 337 
 
 GOS 
 
 tic, situate near the Elbe, 7 m. S. E. of Madge- 
 burg. 
 
 Gonave, a sea-port of the island of St. Domin- 
 (to, in the gulf of Gonaves, with an excellent har- 
 bour. Here is a medicinal spring, with baths, 
 and accommodations for visitors. It is 30 m. S. 
 E. of St. Nicholas-le-mole. Long. 72. 26. W. 
 lat. 19. 36. N. 
 
 Gonaves, Gulf of, is formed by two promonto- 
 ries jutting from the W. end of the island of St 
 Domingo; it is about 100 m. wide at its entrance 
 between Capes St. Nicholas-le-mole, and Donna 
 Maria, and extends eastward about 100 m. termi- 
 nating in Port au Prince bay, which is formed by 
 the island of Gonave, about 35 in. from E. to W. 
 and 5 to 7 wide ; the N. side into Port au Prince 
 bay is called St. Mark's channel, and the S. Go- 
 naves channel. 
 
 Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, situate on 
 a hill of considerable height. The palace of the 
 neguz, or king, is at the W. end, flanked with 
 square towers. The houses are chiefly of clay ; 
 the roofs thatched in the form of cones. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at 40,000. They have no 
 shops ; but carry on their trade in a large square, 
 where they expose their merchandise upon mats. 
 There are numerous churches, and the patriar- 
 chate depends upon that of Alexandria. It is 180 
 m. S. E. of Sennaar. Long. 37. 33. E., lat. 12. 
 34. N. 
 
 Gondegama, or Gondlacomma. a river of Hin- 
 doostan, which rises near Combam, forms the 
 nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the N., and 
 enters the bay of Bengal at Mootapilly. 
 
 Gondrccourt, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Meuse, seated on the Ornain, 20 m. S. of 
 St. Michael. 
 
 Gondrevill.e, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, with a castle and a magnificent 
 hospital. It is seated on a hill, on the river 
 Moselle, 8 m. W. of Nancy. 
 
 Goncsse, a town of France, in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Crould, 10 m. N. 
 E. of Paris. 
 
 Goniek, a town of Asiatic Turkey, at the S. E. 
 extremity of the Black Sea, in the lat. of 41. 25., 
 and 41. 15. of E. long. 
 
 Gonjah, a kingdom of Africa, between the 
 coast of Guinea on the S., and Tombuctoo on 
 the N. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 in. VV. by S. 
 of Cassina. Long. 6. 10. W., lat. 13. 20. N. 
 
 Goochland, a county in the Eastern District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 10,358. 
 
 Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Goodwin Sands, sand -banks off the coast of 
 Kent, Eng. between the N. and S. Foreland. 
 They run parallel with the coast for 10 m. at 
 about 7 in. distant, and add to the security of the 
 capacious road, the Downs. 
 
 GoodwinsviHe, p. v. Dinvviddie Co. Va. 
 
 Goomty, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in 
 the Rohilla country, flows S. E. by Lucknow and 
 Joanpore, and enters the Ganges, a little below 
 Benares. 
 
 Gooracpoor, a town and district, of Hindoostan, 
 in the province of Oude,65 m. E. of Fyzabad. 
 
 Gooty, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, cap- 
 ital of a district of the same name, on the N. 
 side of the Pennar, formerly subject to the re- 
 gent of Mvsore, but ceded to the nizam of the 
 Deccan in" 179b'. It is 46 m. S. S. W. of Can- 
 oul. Long. 77. 48. E., lat. 15. 15. N. 
 
 Gopphigcn.a town of Suabia, in the kingdom 
 of Wurtemberg. with a castle, a woolen manu- 
 43 
 
 facture, ind a celebrated medicinal spring. It 
 stands on the rivulet Vils, 22 m. S. E. of Stut- 
 gard. Pop. upwards of 4,000. 
 
 Goragot, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 94 
 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 89. 22. E., lat. 
 25. 14. N. 
 
 Gorcum, a town of South Holland, which has 
 a small trade in corn, cheese, and butter. It is 
 seated on the Linghe, at its junction with the 
 Wahal, 20 in. E. of Rotterdam, and 38 S. of 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Gordonville, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 
 
 Gore Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 so named by captain Cook, who discovered it in 
 1778. It is 30 m. long, and appeared to be bar- 
 ren and uninhabited. Cape Upright, the S. E. 
 extremity, is in long. 172. 50" W., lat. 00. 
 30. N. 
 
 Gorec, a small island of Africa, near to, and 
 S. by Cape Verd, of importance only as an al 
 most impregnable military position. The French 
 surrendered it to the British in 1800 ; it was re- 
 taken in January 1804, by the French ; and they 
 were compelled to surrender it again in March 
 following, but it was given up to them at the gen- 
 eral peace of 1814. Long. 17. 15. W., lat. 14. 
 40. N. 
 
 Goree, or Gocrcc, a town of Holland, capital 
 of an island of the same name, at the southern 
 mouth of the Maese. It is 12 m. S. S. W. of 
 Briel. Long. 3. 56. E., lat. 51. 44. N. 
 
 Goree, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. 
 
 Goreij. See Ncicborough. 
 
 Gorgona, a small island of Italy, 16 m. from 
 the coast of Tuscany, opposite Leghorn, near 
 which large quantities of anchovies are taken. 
 
 Gorgona, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 18 m. 
 from the coast of Colombia. It is high land, 
 very woody, and about 10 in. in circumference. 
 Long. 77. 50. W., lat. 3. 6. N. 
 
 Gorham, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,988. 
 Also a p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,977. 
 
 Goritz, or Goritia, a town of the Austrian 
 empire, capital of a county of its name, with a 
 castle. Here are considerable manufactures of 
 leather, and the environs produce wine, fruit, 
 corn and silk. In 1797 it was taken by the 
 French. It stands on the Isonzo, on the frontier 
 of Friuli, 12 m. N. E. of Palma, and 40 W. o* 
 Laubach. See Grudisca. 
 
 Gorkah, the capital of a county of the same 
 name, in Asia, on the borders of Napaul, 35 m. 
 N W. of Catmunda, and 200 N. of Benares. 
 Long. 84. 36. E., lat. 28. 25. N. 
 
 Gorlitz, a strong town of Upper Lusatia, with 
 a celebrated academy. The inhabitants are above 
 12,000, and carry on a considerable trade in linen 
 and woolen cloth. It is seated on the Neissa, 50 
 m. E. by N. of Dresden. 
 
 Goroditchi, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Penza, 30 m. E. S. E. of Penza. 
 
 Gort, a town of Ireland, in the S. part »f the 
 county of Galvvay. 
 
 Gosckutz, a town of Silesia, with a ca&tle, 
 near the frontiers of Poland, 14 m. N. of Oels. 
 
 Goshen, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 42 m. fr. Con- 
 cord. Pop. 772. 
 
 Goshen, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield 
 county, famous for excellent cheese ; 7 m. N. N 
 W of Litchfield. Pop. 1,732. 
 
 Goshen, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop 
 
 555 Also a town in Hampshire Co. Mass. 
 
 Pop 606. Also a town in Orange Co. N. Y. 
 
 Pop. 3,361. Also towns in Cape May Co. N. J., 
 
 2F 
 
GOT 
 
 338 
 
 GOZ 
 
 Chester Co. Pa., Loudon Co. Va., Lincoln Co. 
 Geo., Tuscarawas, Belmont, Champaign and 
 Clermont Cos. Ohio, and St Clair Co. Illinois. 
 
 Goslar, a city of Lower Saxony, in the terri- 
 tory of Brunswick. It derives its principal sub- 
 sistence from the neighbouring iron mines, man- 
 ufactures of brass and copper, and brewing. 
 Mere the art of making gunpowder it said to 
 have been discovered bv a monk. It is seated on 
 the river Gose, at the foot of a mountain, call- 
 ed Rammelsbersr, 28 m. S. of Brunswick. Long. 
 10.31. E.. lat. St. 57. N. Pop. about 6.000. 
 
 Gosport, a fortified town in Hampshire, Eng. 
 on the W. side of the harbour of Portsmouth, over 
 which is a ferry. I' has a considerable trade, 
 especially in times of war, from its contiguity to 
 the nnval arsenal at Portsmouth. Here are sever- 
 al breweries, an extensive iron foundery,and a 
 royal hospital, called Haslar Hospital, for the sick 
 and wounded of the royal navy. It is 15 m. S. 
 E. of Southampton, and 73 S. W. of London. 
 The pop. which in 1811 was returned at 7,781, 
 in 1821 had decreased to 6,184. 
 
 Gosport, a township comprising a part of the 
 Lies of Shoals,in Rockingham Co. N. II. Pop. 103. 
 
 Gosport, p.t. Elizabeth Co. Va. on Elizabeth 
 river, opposite Norfolk. Here is a Navy Yard 
 of the United States with a dry dock. 
 
 Gosswcinstchi, or Gossmanstein, a town of Fran- 
 conin. in the principality of Bamberg, on the 
 Patlach, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Gotha, a town of Upper Saxony, the capital of a 
 principality oT the same name, in Thuringia. 
 It is the residence of the duke of Saxe- Gotha 
 whose palace contains a fine library, and a rich 
 enbinct of coins. Near it is the ducal observato- 
 ry of Seeberge, the most beautiful and useful in 
 Ge-rmanv. Gotha has a foundery for cannon, a 
 porcelain manufacture, and a considerable trade in 
 wouiens, wood, and beer. It is seated on the 
 Leitie, 19 m. W. by S. of Erfurt, and 75 from 
 Leipzig. Long. 10. 48. E., lat. 50. 51. N. Pop. 
 about 12.000 ; the principality contains about 50 
 sq. m. and upwards of 80,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Gotha, a river of Sweden, which issues from the 
 S. W. extremity of lake Wener, flows by Trol- 
 hatta (where it forms a cataract) and Bahus, and 
 enters the Categat at Gottenburg. 
 
 Gothard, St. a celebrated mountain of Switzer- 
 land, in the canton of Uri. It is 9,055 feet above 
 the sea, and 22 m. S. of Altorf. Though not the 
 highest mountain, it is deemed the principal sum- 
 mit of the Helvetian Alps; for in its vicinity rise 
 the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss. and Rhone, which 
 flow hence in every direction. 
 
 Gotheburor, or Gottenburg, a city of Sweden, 
 capital of West Gothland, seated at the mouth of 
 the Gotha, which forms an excellent harbour ; 
 the best situate for foreign trade of any in the 
 kingdom, as it lies on the Categat. Here is a 
 considerable herring fishery ; and a great trade in 
 salt, iron, and fir-planks; and from this port the 
 Swedish East India ships take their departure. 
 The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. Its 
 envious present a uniform scene of barren rocks 
 on the side of which part of the suburbs are built. 
 The interior of the city resembles in some respects 
 the towns of Holland, having canals with rows of 
 trees along their margin. In 1802 nearly a 
 fourth part of the city was consumed by a fire. It 
 obtained great importance as a commercial depot 
 during the proscription of Bonaparte in 1807 — 
 1811. It is 180 m. S. W. of Orebro. Long. 11. 
 3!). E., lat. 57. 42. N. 
 
 Gothland, one of the five general divisior.w of 
 Sweden ; bounded on the N. by Sweden Proper 
 E. and S. by the Baltic, and W. by the Sound 
 and the Categat. This country is inhabited by 
 a nation, celebrated for their excursions and 
 invasions of other countries, which had its origin 
 from the Geta?, or Tartars of the Crimea. The 
 Goths had kings of their own till 1132, when they 
 were united to Sweden. It was formerly divided 
 into E., W. and S. Gothland, but now into 9 
 provinces and the isle of Gothland and Gil- 
 land. 
 
 Gothland, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, 
 70 m. from N. to S., and 25 in its greatest breadth 
 From its form and situation it has obtained the 
 name of the Eye of the Baltic. The soil is fertile 
 and remarkable for an excellent breed of sheep. 
 Here are fine woods of oak and pine, quarries ef 
 excellent stone, and very good limestone. Wisby 
 is the capital. 
 
 Gottcsberg, a town of Silesia, where great quan 
 tities of worsted stockings are knit, 16 m. S. W 
 of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Gottingen, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Brunswick. Here George II. of Great Britain 
 founded a university, which has acquired a very 
 distinguished reputation : and it contains one 
 of the most capital libraries in Europe. There 
 are also manv other literary institutions, and a 
 commandery of the Teutonic order. The woolen 
 manufactures are the principal support of the in- 
 habitants. It is seated on the Leine, 58 m. S. 
 of Hanover. Long. 9. 53. E., lat. 51. 32. N. Pop. 
 about 9.000. 
 
 Gottlcben, a small town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, on a river of the same name, 18 m. S. S. 
 E. of Dresden. 
 
 Gottorp, a castle of Denmark, formerly the 
 ducal residence, from which the ducal line, form- 
 ed by Adolphus, son of Frederic I., was demoni- 
 nated Holstein-Gottorp, which still subsists in 
 the person of the emperor of Russia. 
 
 Gottschee, a town of Lower Carniola, with a 
 castle, 17 m. N. N. E. of Fiume. 
 
 Govan, a town of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, 
 near the river Clyde, 5 m. W. of Glasgow, in the 
 manufactures of which city it participates. 
 
 Gouda, or Tergouw, a strong town of South 
 Holland, celebrated for its noble church, and 
 painted glass windows, supposed to be the finest 
 in Europe. Great quantities of yarn and tow 
 are made here, also good cheese and tobacco- 
 pipes. It is seated on the Issel, at the influx 
 of the Gouw, 10 m. N. E. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Gouldsbormigk, a township of Hancock Co. Me. 
 Pop. 880. 
 
 Gour, the ruins of a city in the province of Ben- 
 gal. It was the seat of government of Hindoostan 
 during the Afghan dynasty, from 1204 — 1564. 
 It is on the E. bank of the Ganges, 160 m. N. of 
 Calcutta. 
 
 Gourdon, a town of Fiance, in the department 
 of Lot, 25 m. N. of Cahors. It is the seat of a 
 prefect. 
 
 Gournay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seine, seated on the Epte, 24 m. E. of 
 Rouen. 
 
 Gouverneur, a township of St. Lawrence Co 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,552. 
 
 Gowensville, p. v. Greenville District S. C. 120 
 m. N. W. Columbia. 
 
 Gozi, or Gozzo, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 the ancient Clauda, under which St. Paul sailed 
 on his voyage to Rome. It is 24 m. from the 
 
GRA 
 
 339 
 
 GRA 
 
 S W. coast of Candia, and vessels often put in 
 here for water and provisions. Long. 23. 46. E 
 lat. 34. 50. N. 
 
 Gozo, a fortified island of the Mediterranean, 5 
 m. N. W. of Malta, and dependent on that island. 
 It is 8 m. long and 4 broad, and more equally fer- 
 tile than Malta. 
 
 Graboiv, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Mecklenburg with a castle, seated on the Elde, 
 24 m. S. by E. of Schwerin. 
 
 Graccham, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland. 
 
 Graciosa, one of the Azores, 10 m. long and 8 
 broad. Its produce is wheat, wine, butter, and 
 cheese. The principal place is Plata. Long. 27. 
 58., W. lat. 39. 2. N. 
 
 Gradisca, a fortified town of Sclavonia, on the 
 frontier of Croatia, seated on the Save, 20 m. S. 
 W. of Poseo-a. Long. 18. 39. E., lat 45. 21. 
 N. 
 
 Gradisca, a strong town of Friu!i,on the con- 
 fines of Carinthia, capital of the county united 
 with Goritz, and a bishop's see. It is seated on 
 the Lisonzo, G in. S. W. of Goritz. Long. 13. 32. 
 E., lat. 46.2. N. 
 
 Grado, a town of Italy, in a small island of the 
 same name, on the coast of Friuli, 50 m. E. by 
 N. of Venice. Long. 13. 10. E., lat. 45. 46. N. 
 
 Graff Reynet, the most eastern of the four dis- 
 tricts, in the territory of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 bounded on the E. by the county of the CafFres 
 and N. by that of the Hottentots. 
 
 Grafton, a county of the state of New Hamp- 
 shire, bounded on the W. 55 m. by the Connec- 
 ticut river, which divides it from the State of Ver- 
 mont ; it is about 28 m. in mean breadth, and 
 contains a pop. of 38,691. Haverhill, on the E. 
 bank of the Connecticut is the chief town. 
 
 Grafton, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 36 in. from 
 Concord. Pop. 1,207. Mica in large sheets pop- 
 ularly termed isinglass, is found in abundance in 
 this town and exported to foreign parts. 
 
 Grafton, p. 1. Worcester Co. Mass. 44 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,889. Also a p.t. Windham Co. 
 Vt. 22 m. S. Windsor. Pop. 1,439. Also a p.t. 
 Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,681. 
 
 Grain Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, 
 extending along the Atlantic about 300 in. be- 
 tween the Sierra Leone country on the W., and 
 the Ivory coast on the E. The productions are 
 peas, beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, dates, and 
 palm wine ; but the chief article is the abundance 
 of Guinea pepper, or grains of paradise, which 
 form a great inLerior and export trade. Cows, 
 hogs, sheep and goats, are numerous. The Port- 
 iguese had formerly the whole commerce of this 
 coast, but it has long been chiefly in the hands of 
 the English and Dutch. 
 
 Graitz, or Greitz, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 with a castle on a rock}' mountain, and another 
 in the town. It has manufactures of stuff", and is 
 situate on the Elster, between mountains and 
 woods, 10 m. N. of Plauen, and 50 S. of Leipzig. 
 Pop. about 6.000. 
 
 Gramat, a town of France, 28 m. N. N. E. of 
 Cahors. Pop. 3,295. 
 
 Grammont, a town of Flanders, seated on both 
 sides of the Dender, 18 m. N £. ofTournay. 
 
 Grampian Hills, a chain of hills in Scotland, 
 which extend in a N. E. direction, from the moun- 
 tain Ben Lomona Dumbartonshire, through 
 the counties of Perth, Angus, and Kincardine, 
 to Aberdeen ; and thence in a N. W. direction, 
 through the counties of Aberdeen, Banff", and 
 Murray, to the borders of Inverness. They take 
 
 their name from a single hill, the Mons Grampius 
 of Agricola, where Galgacus waited the approach 
 of Agricola, and where the battle was fought, so 
 fatal to the brave Caledonians. 
 
 Gram-pound, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of gloves ; seated on the Fal, 40 
 m. S. W. of Launceston, and 244 W. by S. of 
 London ; it formerly returned two members to 
 parliament, but was disfranchised at the general 
 election in 1820. 
 
 Gran, a town of Lower Hungary, and an arch 
 bishop's see ; seated near the conflux of the Gran 
 with the Danube, 70 m. E. S. E. of Presburg. 
 Long. 18. 46. E., lat. 47. 46. N. 
 
 Gran, or Gran, a sea-port of Arabia, in the 
 province of Bahrin, at the N. W. end of the gulf 
 of Persia, and on the borders of Irac Arabi. 40 m. 
 S. of Bassora. Long 47. 45. E., lat. 29. 56 
 N. 
 
 Granada. See Grenada. 
 
 Granada, a maritime province, formerly a 
 kingdom of Spain, part of Andalusia, having 
 about 270 m. of sea coast, on the Mediterranean ; 
 the mean length of the province from W. to E. 
 being about 234 m., the extreme breadth at the 
 E. end is about 95 m. but the W. part not more than 
 30, its superfices not exceeding 805 sq. leagues. 
 Pop. in 1810 092,924. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the kingdom of Seville, N. by those of Cordo- 
 va and Jaen, and W. by Murcia. Though a 
 mountainous country, the soil is good : but it has 
 not been well cultivated since the Moors were 
 expelled in 1492. However, it produces corn, 
 wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, hon- 
 ey, wax, and mulberry-trees, which feed a great 
 number of silk- worms. The forests produce gall- 
 nuts, palm-trees, and oaks. It is intersected by 
 several streams falling into the Mediterranean, 
 but the principal rivers run from E. to W. into 
 the Guadalquivir through Cordova and Seville. 
 Granada was the last province in Spain occupied 
 by the Moors. The principal towns on the coast 
 of the Mediterranean, beginning at the W. are 
 Marbella, Malaga, Almunecar, Motril, Adra, 
 Almeria, and Vera, and in the interior, Granada, 
 (the capital) Ronda, Velez Malaga, Santa Fe. 
 Guadix, Baza, Huescar, and Purchena. 
 
 Granada, a city of Spain the capital of the king- 
 dom of that name, is situated near the confluence 
 of the Xenil and the Darro, at the foot of the 
 highest mountain in the Peninsula, the Sierra 
 Nevada, and on the verge of that fertile district 
 called the Vega de Granada. Notwithstanding 
 its vicinity to the snow-clad Alpujarras, the win- 
 ters are mild in Granada, and the climate is 
 healthy and agreeable. The number of houses is 
 12,000, and the pop. according to the last census, 
 was 68,295. In commerce and splendour the 
 city has much declined notwithstanding the fer- 
 tility of its territory. It rose to its highest pros- 
 perity under the Moors, by whom it was occupied 
 soon after their first invasion of Spain in 711 : it 
 became a royal residence in 1013 ; during two cen- 
 turies retained that distinction ; and was not fi- 
 nally surrendered to the Spaniards until 1492. 
 Of its magnificent edifices, the most notable are 
 the palace of the Alhambra and the Generalife, 
 or pleasure-house and garden of the Moorish 
 kings. The Alhambra, with its 30 towers, alone 
 occupies the space of a town, and is situated on a 
 hill, fronting that called the Alcanaza, and sepa- 
 rated from it by the rapid Darro. The ascent t" 
 the Alhambra is through groves of poplars ann 
 orange-trees, with fountains bv the road side. 
 
GRA 
 
 340 
 
 GRA 
 
 The outer walls inclose a large area, surround- 
 ing the inner walls ; and a number of tanks or 
 cisterns occupy the space between these and the 
 Moorish palace, — a congeries of buildings chief- 
 ly remarkable for their interior decorations. The 
 chambers are all paved with marble, and orna- 
 mented with marble pillars, sustaining arches of 
 pure Arabic form : they are adorned with stucco, 
 and with a species of porcelain which freshly re- 
 tains its gilding after a lapse of 5 centuries. The 
 Court of the Lions, so called from the sculptures 
 which adorn its fountain, has no fewer than 158 
 mirble pillars. 
 
 The hall of the Abencerrages is so called from 
 the massacre of that illustrious tribe, said to have 
 been here perpetrated by Boabdil the last king of 
 Granada. They were the objects of envy to the 
 Zegris and the Gomeles, by whom they were 
 falsely accused of treason to the king; and one 
 of them was charged with illicit intercourse with 
 the queen. In consequence of this charge, the 
 monarch beheaded 86 of the Abencerrages (or, 
 according to some statements 35) in one day. 
 The sultana committed her defence to 4 Christian 
 kniorhts, her champions, who each overcame the 
 accuser with whom he fought, and vindicated both 
 her character and that of the noble family which 
 had been slaughtered. The common people fancy- 
 that in the alabaster bason, which is in the centre 
 of the apartment, they can discern traces of the 
 blood of those brave men ; but the unanimous 
 oplnioD of enlightened travellers is, that these 
 ensanguined stains are nothing more than the 
 effects of time and exposure to he air. 
 
 This hall appears to have been a central saloon, 
 communicating with the other apartments of the 
 palace. Every possible variety of combination 
 which could be devised by ingenuity, was employ- 
 ed to decorate the wall and ceiling, and the style 
 of execution is the most exquisite that can be 
 conceived. The lines regularly cross each other 
 in a thousand forms, and after manifold windings 
 return to the spot whence they begin. 
 
 The ceiling is equally extraordinary and worthy 
 of admiration ; it represents a series of grottoes 
 from which depend stalactites, painted of various 
 colours. 
 
 The Golden Saloon, so termed by the Arabs 
 from the profusion of gold ornaments which it 
 contained, was appropriated to the reception of 
 ambassadors, from which circumstance the Span- 
 iards have designated it La Sala de los embaxado- 
 res. It is situated in the lofty tower called the 
 Comaresh ; is 36 feet square, and 64 feet 4 inches 
 hio-h, from the floor to the highest part of the ceil- 
 inc. The walls are, on three sides, fifteen inches 
 thick, and on the fourth side nine. The lower 
 range of windows is thirteen feet in height. The 
 grand entrance to this noble hall is through an 
 arched doorway, admirably finished, and embel- 
 lished with flowers and arabesques in stucco : 
 the)' were blue and gold, but the gilding is now 
 almost entirely effaced. Over the principal door 
 is an Arabic inscription, which appears to have 
 een executed in a style corresponding to the rest 
 f the edifice : it is taken, with the exception of 
 ts concluding sentence, from the Koran. On en- 
 tering the Hall of Ambassadors, the beholder is 
 lost in astonishment at the exquisite taste and ele- 
 gance of execution which characterise every 
 part of it ; and if thus superb, even in its pre- 
 sent deserted state, observes Mr. Murphy, how 
 resplendent must this golden saloon have been, 
 when the soyereign. arrayed in all the pomp of 
 
 oriental magnificence, assembled his brilliant court 
 to give audience to the representatives of neigh- 
 bouring monarchs ! 
 
 The whole floor is inlaid with mosaic. The 
 same kind of ornament, but of different patterns, 
 covers every part of the walls, interspersed with 
 flowers and Arabic inscriptions executed in por- 
 celain, with exquisite taste, so as to unite and 
 harmonise exactly with the stucco ornaments 
 that every where abound. 
 
 The most remarkable part of the Alhambra, 
 for exterior beauty, is the palace begun by the 
 emperor Charles V. in 1537, when he had hoped 
 to fix his court at Granada : it is a square build- 
 ing, each front being 220 feet in length ; and 
 though it is roofless, so mild is the climate, that 
 the marble staircases appear as fresh as if they 
 were just completed. Fine as the prospect is 
 from the Alhambra, a still finer is enjoyed from 
 the Generalife on the opposite hill, which was the 
 residence of the court during the heats of sum- 
 mer. The rooms are all floored with marble, 
 and have streams of pure water running through 
 them ; a luxury which the Spaniards of Granada, 
 in imitation of their Moorish ancestors, are fond o f 
 introducing into their houses. Most of these 
 have fountains in the inner courts, with awnings 
 around them, where the inhabitants in hot weath- 
 er take their repasts and receive visits. Granada 
 is an archiepiscopal see : it has an university, now 
 dwindled into insignificance ; forty-one convents, 
 various churches, thirteen hospitals, many re- 
 mains of Moorish magnificence, and a bazar 
 called Alcanteria. Its rich territory bears, in 
 perfection, all the products peculiar to the south 
 of Europe. In the stately cathedral are the 
 tombs of Ferdinand the Catholic and his queen 
 Isabella ; also that of the renowned warrior 
 Gonsalvo de Cordova. Granada is in lat. 37. 15 
 N., long. 3. 35. W. 
 
 Granada, New, an extensive territory of South 
 America, whic . comprised all the western part 
 of the new republic of Colombia from the great 
 river Maranon, or Amazons, to the Caribbean 
 Sea; this part of the western hemisphere was 
 first explored by Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, 
 in 1508, and became completely subdued to Span- 
 ish rule under a captain general, in 1547. In 
 1718 it was formed into a viceroyalty ; restored 
 to a captain generalship in 1724 ; but in 1740, the 
 viceroyalty was re-established and continued un- 
 til 1816. In December 1819, an union was ef- 
 fected with Venezulea into one republic, under the 
 name of Colombia , (which see). 
 
 Granard, a neat town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Lono-ford, 16 m. E. N. E. of Lono-ford. Pop 
 in 1820,2,534. 
 
 Granby, a township of Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 97 
 Also a p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,06< 
 Also a p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 2,730. Also 
 a p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,423. Also a vil- 
 lage in Lexington District South Carolina, seat- 
 ed on the Congaree, on the contrary side to Co- 
 lumbia, about a m. below that city. It is noted 
 for a curious bridge, whose centre arch is 1U0 
 feet wide, to give passage for large trees which 
 are brought down by the floods. 
 
 Grand Island, in Niagara River, N. Y. is about 
 6 m. long and 3 broad. It has a good soil and is 
 generally covered with trees. 
 
 Grand Isle, a county of Vermont consisting 
 mostly of the islands in Lake Champlain, Pop 
 3,698. North Hero is the capital. There is a vil 
 lage of the same name in this county. 
 
GRA 
 
 341 
 
 GRE 
 
 Grand Lick, p. v. Campbell Co. Kentucky. 
 
 Gratidmont, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne. Near it was a celebrated 
 abbey, suppressed in 1769, after the death of the 
 then professed members. It is 15 m. N. N. E. 
 of Limoges. 
 
 Grand Manan, an island at the entrance of the 
 bay of Fundy, the S. end of which is in lat. 44. 
 43. N., and 67. of W. long. ; it is included in the 
 province of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Grandpre, a town of France, in the department 
 of Ardennes, seated on the Ayre, 32 m. E. of 
 Rheims. 
 
 Grand View, a township of Washington Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Grangemouth, a village of Scotland, in Stirling- 
 shire, at the junction of the Great Canal with 
 the river Carron, 4 m. N. E. of Falkirk, in which 
 parish it is included. Upwards of 40,000 tons of 
 shipping are annually entered here, belonging 
 either to the foreign or coasting trade. 
 
 Granger, a county of East Tennessee. Pop. 
 1,006. Rutledge is tlie chief town. Also towns 
 in Cuyahoga and Medina Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Gransee, a town of Brandenburg, in the Mid- 
 dle Mark, 30 in. N. of Berlin. 
 
 Granson, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de 
 Vaud. It stands near the S. end of the lake of 
 Neufchatel, 16 m. W. S. W. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Grant, a county of Kentucky, E. of the Ken- 
 tucky river. Pop. 2,987. Williamstown is the 
 capital. 
 
 Grantham, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 The church is an elegant structure with a verj' 
 lofty spire. A canal passes hence to the Trent 
 at Nottingham. Grantham is seated on the 
 Witharri, 20 m. S. by W. of Lincoln and 110 N. 
 by W. of London. It returns two members to 
 parliament. The population which in 1801 was 
 3.303. in 1821 was 4,148. 
 
 Grantham, t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 45 m. N. W. 
 Concord. Pop. 1,079. 
 
 Grantsville, p. v. Greene Co. Geo. 
 
 Granville, a town of France, in the department 
 of Manche, seated on the English channel, in the 
 bay of St. Malo, partly on a rock, and partly on a 
 plain, 15 m. S. by W. of Coutances, and 25 N. E. 
 of St. Malo. Pop. 7,030 ; it carries on a consid- 
 erable traffic with the Island of Jersey. 
 
 Granville., a county of North Carolina. Pop. 
 19.343. Oxford is the chief town. 
 
 Granville, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,052. 
 Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,882. 
 Also towns in Licking Co. Ohio. Monongahela 
 Co. Va., and a Seignory of Cornwallis Co. Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 Graslitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 >aaz. famous for its manufacture of brass, 15 in. 
 N. W. of Elbogen. 
 
 Grasmere-water, a small lake of Westmoreland, 
 Eng. W. of Ambleside. Its margin is hollowed into 
 small bays, with bold eminences ; some of rock, 
 some of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure 
 of the lake. A low promontory projects far into 
 the water ; and on it stands a white village. 
 
 Grason, an island in the gulf of Bothnia, near 
 the coast of Sweden, 15 m. lono- and 2 broad. 
 Long. 18. 20. E., lat. 00. 12. N. 
 
 Grasse., a town of France, in the department of 
 Var. and lately a bishop's see. It has a trade in 
 dry fruit, oil, perfumes, and tanned leather, and 
 is seated on an eminence, 11 m. W. N. W. of 
 Antibes, and 20 W. by S of Nice. It is the seat 
 of a prefect. Pop. 12,553 
 
 Grasse la, a town of France, in the department 
 ol Aude, on the river Othieu. Pop. 1,244. 
 
 Gratis, a village in Preble Co. Ohio. 
 
 Gratz, a fortified town of Germany, capital of 
 Lower Styria, and a bishop's see. Here are 
 many churches, and a fine arsenal. The castle 
 stands on a rock, and is a strong place. Gratz is 
 seated on the W. side of the Muer, over which is 
 a bridge to an extensive suburb. The inhabitants 
 are estimated at 35,000. In 1797 it was taken by 
 the French. It is 88 m. S. S. W. of Vienna. 
 Long. 15. 26. E., lat. 47. 4. N. 
 
 Graudcnz, a town of Prussian Poland, on the 
 E. bank of the Vistula, '8 m. N. of Culm, and 
 55 S. of Dantzic. Pop. about 8,000. 
 
 Grave, a strong town of Dutch Brabant, on the 
 left bank of the Maese, beyond which there is a 
 fort. It has been often taken. It is 8 m. S. S. 
 W. of Nimeguen. 
 
 Grave Creek, p. v. Ohio Co. Va. 
 
 Gravelines, a small sea-port of France, seated 
 at the mouth of the Aa. defended by Fort Phillip, 
 12 m. E. of Calais. Pop. 2.570. 
 
 Gravcnan, or Grayenau, a town of Bavaria, in 
 the principality of Passau, on the river Sag. 16 
 m. N. of Passau. 
 
 Grarenwert, a town of Bavaria, in the uppe* 
 palatinate, 17 m. N. of Amberg. 
 
 Gravesandc, a town of South Holland, where 
 the ancient counts of Holland formerly resided. 
 It is about 4 m. from the sea, and 6 W. by S. of 
 Delft. 
 
 Gravesend, a town in Kent, Eng. It stands on 
 the S. bank of the Thames, and is the common 
 landing and embarking place for seamen and 
 passengers to and from London ; and here all 
 outward bound vessels stop to be examined by 
 the custom-house officers, and to receive their 
 clearances : and inward vessels deliver in their 
 manifests, it being the boundary of the port of 
 London. A great part of it was burnt down, with 
 the church, in 1727 ; the latter was rebuilt as one 
 of the 50 new churches. It is called the corpo- 
 ration of Gravesend and Milton, these two places 
 being united under the government of a mayor. 
 The latter place is a m. E. of the other, and has 
 a blockhouse over against Tilbury fort. They 
 were incorporated by queen Eli:abeth ; but, long 
 before, Richard II. had granted them the exclu- 
 sive privilege of conveying passengers to London 
 in boats. Gravesend is famous for asparagus and 
 other vegetables, with which most of the ships 
 outward bound on long voyages supply them- 
 selves ; and the chief employment of the labour- 
 ing people is the spinning of hemp, to make nets 
 and ropes. It is 22 m. E . S. E. of London. Pop. 
 in 1821,3,814, and of Milton 2,769. 
 
 Gravina, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 32 m. W. S. W. of Bari. It has nine churches 
 and a Pop. of about 9,000. 
 
 Gray, a town of France in the department >f 
 Upper Saone. It has a trade in iron, and is seat- 
 ed on the Saone, 25 m. N. E. of Dijon. It is the 
 seat of a prefect. Pop. 6,584. 
 
 Gray, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,575. 
 
 Grayson, an interior county of Kentucky, 
 bounded on the S. by Green river. Pop. 3,879. 
 Litchfield is the chief town. Also a county of 
 the Western District of Virginia, bordering on 
 Nortli Carolina ; it is intersected by New River 
 which runs from S.to N. into the Ohio. Pop. 7,675. 
 
 Greasley, a village 7 m. N. W. of Nottingham, 
 Eng. 
 
 Great Britain, an island on the western coast of 
 2 f2 
 
GRE 
 
 342 
 
 GRE 
 
 Europe, comprising England, Wales and Scotland. 
 This island and the neighbouring one of Ireland 
 constitute one kingdom called the United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great 
 Britain is the largest in Europe : its extreme length 
 is about 580 miles: in the south it is 370 miles 
 broad ; at the centre 80 : and near the centre of 
 Scotland 180. It is situated between 49. 57. and 58. 
 43. north latitude, and between 35. and 8. 34. west 
 ! .nintude from Paris. Its surface contains 11,400 
 leagues. Its eastern and southern shores are less 
 deeply indented than the western : they are con- 
 sequently bolder. There are no islands upon the 
 eastern coast, and upon the southern none except 
 that of Wight and two others of inconsiderable 
 size: on the west are those of Sicily elsewhere de- 
 scribed. Anglesey, Man, Arran, Ua, Jura, Mull, 
 Tirv, Egg, Rum, Sky, the Hebrides and Orkneys, 
 la the smith the largest bay is that of Exeter. In 
 tiie east are, beginning at the south, the sandy 
 bay of the Thames; the Wash, where the little 
 stream called the Glen meets the sea; the frith 
 which receives the Humber ; the friths of Forth, 
 Murray and Dornoch. On the western coast are 
 the friths of Clyde and Solway ; the bays of More- 
 cainle and Arlech, and the Bristol Channel, which 
 receives the Severn. 
 
 The mountains of this island compose three 
 oronps : the first toward the north is formed by the 
 highlands of Caithness and Inverness; of this 
 group the Orkneys, the Hebrides, Sky and Mull 
 are the extremities : The second consists of the 
 Grampian Hills and some other eminences which 
 terminate at the friths of Forth and Clyde : The 
 third comprises the Cheviot Hills and the broken 
 surface of Wales and the south part of the island. 
 The first group does not rise above 2,500 feet : the 
 highest eminence in the second attains to 4,370, and 
 in the third a few summits rise to 2,500 and 3,000 
 feet. 
 
 There are no basins of great extent. The hills 
 of Caithness, and the Grampian chain form the 
 one most northerly : the most considerable and 
 rapid river of this basin is the Speij which flows 
 witli a swift course, and with much obstruction 
 from cataracts into Murray Frith. The southern 
 ramifications of the Grampians form with the 
 Cheviots an extensive basin through which flows 
 the Forth .-"'this river in a course of (50 leagues 
 traverses an extent of meadows, forests, and fer- 
 tile pin ins. and its waters abound in excellent fish. 
 The Moorlands and a few other hills surround the 
 vast basin of the Uusc, which under the name of 
 Urr rises in the valley of Wensley, flows to Ays- 
 garth, where it forms a beautiful cascade, takes 
 the name of Ouse after receiving the Swale, and the 
 name of Humber upon joining the Ocean. The 
 ridge which forms the southern limit of this basin, 
 bounds on the north that of the most important 
 river of Great Britain, the Thames. The basins 
 of the southern face of the Island are too small to 
 give rise to any considerable stream. Those on 
 the western face are of small extent except that 
 traversed by the Severn : this basin is formed by 
 the highest mountains of England and Wales : the 
 Severn rises at the foot of Plinlimmon and runs 
 into the Bristol Channel. The basin of the Clyde 
 in Scotland, is narrow, but worthy of notice for 
 the beautiful falls of this river, one of which near 
 Stone Byres is 84 feet perpendicular. The region 
 watered by this stream is one of the most romantic, 
 fertile, and populous in the whole country. 
 
 The lakes of Great Britain are small ; the largest 
 in England is Loch Lomond 30 m. long and 8 
 
 wide. Its beautiful banks are much frequented in 
 summer. It embosoms several islands, and \*a 
 waters are subject to violent agitations without any 
 apparent cause. In Scotland are many lakes, the 
 most noted of which is Loch Lomond, 30 m. long 
 and two to three wide. 
 
 The rigors of winter, and the heats of summer, 
 are much less felt in Great Britain than on the 
 continent under the same parallel. The winds 
 from the sea, temper seasons the most opposite, 
 but the variations of temperature are sudden and 
 frequent. If the northern regions are favorable to 
 the growth of vegetables, the state of the atmos- 
 phere is often an obstacle to their maturity : rains 
 destroy the too early expectation of a plentiful crop 
 Moreover, in the north there are wide tracts of 
 barren territory, and on the eastern coast, sand an! 
 marshes oppose an obstacle to fertility. The most 
 fertile districts are in the centre and south. 
 
 The most useful plants and animals have been 
 imported from the continent at different periods 
 into the British Islands. At the most ancient 
 period, England was covered with virgin forests 
 like the wilds of America: the food of the inhabi- 
 tants consisted of acorns, apples, nuts and berries : 
 bears, wolves, and wild boars ranged undisturbed 
 among these vast solitudes : the deer fed in the 
 woods and the wild bull in the plains. The beasts 
 of prey have disappeared; the deer only is reserv- 
 ed to afford a sport to the rich, and no other of the 
 wild quadrupeds remain but the small tribes which 
 find a shelter in the mountains and forests. A 
 goat is almost a rarity throughout the island, ex- 
 cept in Wales, where they approach somewhat to 
 a savage nature : the Welsh take great delight in 
 hunting them ; they prefer the he-goats as having 
 the best fat and skin : the horns of this animal are 
 sometimes three feet in length. Most of the 
 domestic animals of Scotland are small, but their 
 flesh is savoury and highly esteemed. The island 
 of Great Britain contained in 1821 a pop. of 14,158, 
 815. Adding to this the pop. of Ireland which is 
 0,801,800, gives a total of 20,963,513. for the pop. 
 of the United Kingdom. The total pop. of the 
 British empire throughout the world is estimated 
 at from 140 to 150 millions. The national debt of 
 Great Britain in 1839 was £804 ,800,1 S3 sterling: 
 The shipping of the kingdom amounts to 2,500, 
 000 tons The imports are valued at 43 millions 
 sterling, the exports 57 millions. The yearly man- 
 ufactures of cotton 20 millions ; of woolen 18 mil- 
 lions ; of silk 10 millions. The whole amount of 
 property in the British empire is estimated at 4,09(i 
 millions sterling. 
 
 The geographical position of the British Islands 
 has necessarily raised the commercial power of the 
 United Kingdom to a degree of prosperity beyond 
 anything which antiquity exhibits to us. It has 
 lonir been customary to compare the naval powe- 
 of Great Britain to that of Carthage, but nothinjr 
 will establish the pretended resemblance. Seated 
 upon a continent, Great Britain would never have 
 attained the preponderance she now exercises. 
 If her two great islands formed but one, the same 
 advantages would not have arisen. The extent 
 of her coasts maintains an immense maritime pop- 
 ulation, and removes the apprehension of any 
 rival in the empire of the seas. 
 
 The secret of the English power first began to 
 be understood by Elizabeth. Called to the throne 
 at a period when the religious reformation which 
 marked an important era, as political reformation 
 characterizes the present, had been obstructed in 
 its progress under the short and bloody reign of 
 
GRE 
 
 343 
 
 GRE 
 
 Mary, this great princess placed herself at the head 
 of the movement which had drawn all minds with- 
 in its influence. Unjust and cruel towards Mary 
 Stuart, the political difficulties of her situation can 
 hardly palliate the enormity of her crime, but in 
 other respects we cannot too much admire the 
 grandeur of her conceptions. It was she who laid 
 the foundations of the English power : who first 
 despatched ships to circumnavigate the globe, and 
 who, after sending colonies to both Indies, laid 
 tlie foundation of that company of merchants who 
 rule over nearly an hundred miUions of people in 
 t!ie East. Skilful in turning the peculiarities of 
 the English constitution to her advantage, she 
 had the talent to govern despotically without of- 
 fending the nation, to restore order and economy 
 among tne finances, and to give ;l new impulse to 
 trade and commerce. The accession of James 
 VI, of Scotland, to the English throne, under the 
 name of James I, was attended with the advantage 
 of uniting without violence, two crowns which the 
 common interest should have placed on the same 
 head. His reign was disturbed by plots which 
 ceased only with the Stuarts, but exterior quiet 
 favoured the operations of trade. Charles I, after 
 sundry acts of indecision, weakness, and despo- 
 tism, died upon a scaffold, before the eyes of a 
 people who had learned by the tragical end of 
 Lady Jane Grey and Mary Stuart, to witness the 
 fall of a crowned head without shuddering. Under 
 the protectorate of Cromwell, the English navy 
 attained to a degree of power and reputation, which 
 earned a title of glory not to be withheld from this 
 cruel and crafty usurper. 
 
 Charles II, restored to the throne of his ances- 
 tors, confirmed the abolition of the feudal laws, 
 encouraged commerce and agriculture, and found- 
 ed the Royal Society of London ; but his luxuries 
 and pleasures led him into foolish expenses, to 
 met which he espoused the Infanta of Portugal 
 with the sole desire of enjoying her rich dowry. 
 He sold Dunkirk to France for 25,000 pounds 
 sterling, and compromised the interests of Eng- 
 land by joining Louis XIV, in the undertaken to 
 destroy the Dutch power. His despotism and ex- 
 tortions prepared a new revolution, nhich was 
 accelerated by the pretentions of the Jesuit party, 
 and the distrust of the protestants: victims on 
 both sides fell upon the scaffold, and James II, in 
 the midst of these troubles, forerunners of civil 
 war, succeeded his brother, shocked the prejudices 
 of the nation upon political and religious liberty, 
 and fled from the kingdom at the approach of 
 William of Orange. Enlightened by the experi- 
 ence of the past, the parliament, in decreeing the 
 c vu to the son-in-law of James, drew up the 
 celebrated Bill of Rights, which restrained the 
 royal power within its just limits; the two houses 
 retained the management of the public expenses, 
 and the king that of the civil lists. In vain Louis 
 XIV, actuated by his attachment to the catholic 
 religion, generosity towards an unfortunate prince, 
 and hatred of William, placed at the command of 
 Junes his money, soldiers, and ships : the battles 
 of the Uoyne and Aghrim, in which this prince 
 showed neither the courage nor presence of mind 
 so necessary to a king, took away from him the 
 hope of ever reconquering his throne. Finally 
 alter a reign of thirteen years, in which, for the 
 maintenance of expensive wars with France, he 
 was obliged to resort to loans, William died, leav- 
 ing the kingdom burthened with a debt of 48 mil- 
 ions of dollars, or ten times the amount of the 
 debt in 1683. 
 
 Anne the daughter of James II, in placing 
 Marlborough at the head of the army, saw the 
 national glory revive in the victorios of Blenheim 
 and Ramillies, while the battles of Oudenarde 
 and Malplaquet caused that of Almanza to be for- 
 gotten. Under her reign, Newfoundland, Hud- 
 son's Bay, Minorca, and Gibraltar, were acknowl- 
 edged to belong to the English. Conformable to 
 the act of succession, the house of Brunswick fur- 
 nished, in 1714, a new dynasty to Great Britain. 
 George I. and George II. had to struggle against 
 the bold enterprises of Charles Edward, the grand- 
 son of James II. till the battle of Culloden, which, 
 in 1740, overthrew the party of the Pretender, and 
 delivered England from civil war, and the fears 
 of a new revolution. Toward the middle of the 
 reign of George I, the private fortunes of many 
 individuals were ruined by the South Sea scheme, 
 as it happened in France at the same time, from 
 the financial system of Law. The reign of George 
 II, longer and more abounding in importanlevents, 
 witnessed the renewal of that rivalry between 
 Great Britain and France, which had subsequent- 
 ly such important effects upon the political sys- 
 tem of Europe. The former consoled herself for 
 the loss of the battle of Fontenoy, and the disas- 
 ters of the Duke of Cumberland in Flanders, by her 
 successes on the ocean and in India, and by the 
 capture of the island of Goree,and the conquest of 
 Gaudaloupe and Canada. 
 
 Undsr these favourable auspices George III. 
 succeeded to the throne of his grandfather in 1760. 
 Born in England, he possessed a great advantage 
 over his predecessor, and was the idol of the na- 
 tion. A war which had broken out in 1755, between 
 France and England, was continued for three 
 years longer, and when the former had suffered 
 the loss of her fleets, and the latter so far exhaust- 
 ed her finances as to be no longer able to raise 
 soldiers without difficulty, the treaty of 1763 fol- 
 lowed. Great Britain retained Canada, the island 
 of Cape Breton, Dominica, Grenada, Tobago, St. 
 Vincent, and Senegal, but these acquisitions in- 
 creased her debt tenfold, and the sum now 
 amounted to 134 millions sterling. This was no 
 favourable time for diminishing the taxes, and 
 still less so for increasing them, particularly by 
 imposing burdens upon colonies so important 
 as those of North America, and who required 
 so much forbearance. These colonies had always 
 possessed the right of taxing themselves in their 
 provincial assemblies. The British parliament 
 in 1765, passed an act for collecting stamp-duties 
 in America, but this attempt failing in conse- 
 quence of the spirited resistance of the Americans, 
 it was renewed in another form by imposing a 
 duty on tea imported from England : the Colo- 
 nies began reprisals by refusing to make use of 
 any British imports, and the Bostonians threw 
 the tea into the sea. The mother country scorned 
 the medium of concession and took up arms. The 
 colonies assembled in a national congress, de- 
 clared the country an independent,sovereign state, 
 made preparation for war and placed Washington 
 at the head of the army. Victory, long time un- 
 decided, at length inclined to the side of the 
 Americans, and in 1778 France made a treaty 
 with the new confederation, and agreed to defend 
 their cause : this was a declaration of war against 
 England : the struggle was obstinate and bloody, 
 and the successes balanced, as shown by the treaty 
 of peace in 1783 by which Great Britain ceded to 
 France Tobago, the banks of the Senegal, and 
 some districts in the neighborhood of Pondicher- 
 
GRE 
 
 344 
 
 GRE 
 
 ty, restored her conquests from this power, and 
 ner ally, Spain, and abandoned the demolition of 
 Dunkirk. France also gave up her conquests, and 
 the consequence of this treaty was the acknowl- 
 edgement of the independence of the United 
 States. The events worthy of note in the affairs 
 of England down to the subsequent rupture with 
 France are, abroad, the conquest of half the do- 
 minions of TippooSaib in India, and at home, the 
 progress of religious toleration, the extension of 
 the privileges of juries in criminal cases to judge 
 not only of the fact, but of the law, and the propo- 
 sal for the abolition of the slave trade, brought for- 
 ward by the virtuous Wilbcrforce, adopted by the 
 commons, and rejected by the lords. 
 
 But the principles which gave rise to the French 
 revolution were now proclaimed with enthusiasm 
 in the political societies of Great Britian, and the 
 parliament adopted the bill for the exclusion of for- 
 eigners, and prohibited the exportation of corn to 
 France. The latter complained of the violation 
 of the commercial treaty of 1787, but Great Britain 
 dismissed the French ambassador and organized 
 against that power in 1793 the first coalition, of 
 which she herself wa* the soul, and which was 
 composed of nearly the whole of Europe. The 
 victories of the French broke up this alliance, and 
 rendered France more powerful than ever. Eng- 
 land stirred up a second coalition in 1799, but was 
 herself forced into a peace, and the treaty of 
 Amiens was signed in 18(12. A new coalition arose 
 under her auspices in 1805, and new victories and 
 new aggrandizements on the side of the French ax. 
 the expense of their neighbors were the result. In 
 1807 the fourth English coalition was broken by 
 the treaty of Tilsit. In 1809 a fifth was formed, 
 and ended in the treaty of Vienna by a new ac- 
 quisition of territory for France. Finally after 
 a perseverance which exhibits in a striking view 
 the power of England, and the immense resources 
 within her reach, the sixth coalition, renewed 
 in 1813, terminated in the fall of the French em- 
 pire, the restoration of the house of Bourbon, and 
 the treaty of peace concluded at Paris in 1814. 
 
 The British constitution, is a piece of mosaic 
 work belonging to different epochs: it is the 
 great charter of Henry I, modified a century 
 later and forced upon the acceptance of king 
 John. It is the charter confirmed with great al- 
 terations by Henry III, and sanctioned by Ed- 
 ward I. Its completion is the Declaration of 
 of Rights in 1G88. It possesses however, the ad- 
 vantage of not impeding the developement of 
 any social faculty, of securing every liberty, by 
 the unrestrained exercise ot that of the press, and 
 of exalting the character of the subject by placing 
 his life and property under the safeguard of the 
 laws. The king of England joins to the dignity 
 of supreme magistrate, that of head of the church. 
 The former gives him the right of making 
 war and peace, alliances and treaties, raising 
 troops, assembling, proroguing, adjourning, and 
 dissolving parlamem, appointing all officers, civil 
 and military, and the chief Ecclesiastical digni- 
 taries, and pardoning or commuting the punish- 
 ment of criminals : the latter gives him power to 
 convoke national and provincial synods, who un- 
 der his approbation, established dogmas and dis- 
 cipline. The parliament enjoys the prerogative 
 of proposing laws, but no law has any validity 
 till approved by the king. On the other hand the 
 will of the sovereign or his ministers, and the an- 
 nual demand for supplies cannot take the shape 
 of a law till under this form they have been sanc- 
 
 tioned oy the votes of both houses. The king 
 may increase not only the number of peers, but 
 even that of the commons, by authorizing a city 
 to return members to parliament. He arrives at 
 majority at the age of eighteen, and on his acces 
 sion to the throne must sanction all the laws 
 passed during his minority. Females as well as 
 males possess a hereditary right to the crown. 
 The responsibility of the ministers, not an empty 
 phrase in England, secures the inviolability ot 
 the monarch: the ministers are four in number, 
 and independantof one another : — the First Lord 
 of the Treasury, or prime minister, who has under 
 his direction the taxes, the custom house, the 
 stamp office and the post office ; — the Secretary 
 of State for foreign affairs ; — the Home Secretary, 
 who has the direction of colonial affairs excepting 
 those of the East Indies, — and the Secretary at 
 War whose authority extends over the concerns 
 of India. A council is organized to examine 
 whatever relates to Indian affairs, and another 
 superintending the business of commerce and the 
 colonies, is composed of enlightened individuals 
 who combine among themselves the interests of 
 agriculture, industry and commerce, and study 
 unceasingly the wants and tastes of every people 
 for the purpose of making them in some way sub 
 servient to British industry. The House of Com- 
 mons consists of G58 members, of whom 489 rep- 
 resent England, 24 the principality of Wales, 45 
 Scotland, and 100 Ireland. 
 
 At the present moment Great Britain is ap- 
 proaching a fearful crisis. Her trade is embar- 
 rassed, her subjects disaffected, and her political 
 institutions threatened by the example of popular 
 revolt in the neighboring countries. The Whigs 
 have once more come into power, and a ministry 
 preside in the national councils whose avowed 
 and leading object is to effect an essential change 
 in the government. A struggle for life and death 
 has commenced between the popular and aristoc 
 radical bodies. The checks and balances which 
 political theorists have been accustomed to con- 
 sider as apart of the British constitution, have 
 beo-un to jive distinct evidences of their conflict- 
 ing tendencies ; and the hostile operation of dis- 
 cordant elements seems to promise collision and 
 not equilibrium. The whole aspect of affairs is 
 such as to warrant the belief that the present gov- 
 ernment of Great Britain cannot last. 
 
 Great Barrington, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass 
 Pop. 2,276. 
 
 Great Bay, a lake in N. H. formed by the 
 waters of the Svuamscot, Winnicot and Lam- 
 prey rivers. It is 4 m. wide'. — Another lake 
 connected with the Winipiseogee. 
 
 Grcbenstein, a town of Germany, in Lower 
 Hesse, on the river Esse, 12 m. N. N. W. of 
 Cassel. 
 
 Greece, a territory of the S. E. extremity of 
 Europe, and 2,000 years ago the most celebrated 
 portion of that quarter of the globe, it having suc- 
 cessfully combated the myriad armies of Persia 
 and the east, and extended its arts and its arms 
 eastward to the banks of the Indus. As the glo- 
 ry of Egypt declined, that of Greece rose to its 
 meridian, to be eclipsed in its turn by the as- 
 cendancy of Rome, till in the 15th century it be- 
 came tributary to the Turks. The main land of 
 Greece extends from the lat. of 36. 25. to 42. N. 
 or about 400 in., and is about 110 in mean breadth. 
 In the days of Grecian celebrity, it was divided 
 into four great parts, viz. Macedonia, Thcssaly, 
 Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, exclusive of the 
 
GRE 
 
 345 
 
 GRE 
 
 island of Candia, and the Archipelago. Under 
 the Turks it was divided into four pachalics, viz. 
 Salonica, Joannina, Egropos or Negropont, and 
 Tripolizza. 
 
 It will be proper, before we speak of modern or 
 Independent Greece, first to describe the whole of 
 the country in Europe inhabited by the descendants 
 of the ancient Greeks. This region is a sort of 
 peninsula lying between the Archipelago and the 
 Ionian sea. Its northern boundary is rather 
 indefinite. 
 
 Pindus, now Metzova, is probably the nucleus 
 of the mountains in the Greek peninsula; its 
 rocks, forests and poetic fountains have of late 
 given rise to many interesting observations, but 
 its elevation is still unknown. The numerous val- 
 lies on its sides are covered with trees ; snow falls 
 ceuerally during the month of October on all its 
 summits, and two of them, Dokimi and Peristera, 
 are covered with snow almost the whole year ; 
 th^ir height may be vaguely estimated at eight or 
 nine thousand feet. The mountains of Epirus ex- 
 tend to the shores of the sea ; Thessaly is encom- 
 passed with hills, and forms an amphitheatre on 
 yvhich seventy-five towns were in ancient times 
 built. 
 
 Olympus or the modern Lacha is not, according 
 to Xenagoras, more than 5,760. feet; according 
 to Bernoulli it is 6,120 high ; its rugged and pre- 
 cipitous rocks give it a picturesque and sublime 
 appearance ; the pass of Platamona on the north 
 of Olympus, is encompassed with perpendicular 
 rocks, that rise to the height of 3,000 feet ; the fa- 
 mous pass of .Thermopylae is not so imposing, but 
 .neither can vie with the one in the ancient Meg- 
 aris, between the Scironion rocks and the Salon- 
 ic o-ulf. Dark and steep rocks hang above the sea, 
 the waves resound beneath their base, the travel- 
 ler walks along a narrow path near these precipi- 
 ces, and appears suspended between the ocean and 
 the sky. 
 
 The erect and steep summits of the ancient 
 Parnassus or the present Liakoura are very lofty, 
 but although they have been seen by many trav- 
 ellers, they iiave been measured by none. The 
 middle districts of the Peloponnesus form an ele- 
 vated ridge, and several mountainous groups arise 
 from it ; of these Culmos or the ancient Cyllene 
 is said to be the highest central point, and Cape 
 Matapan or the ancient Tienarus, which extends 
 farthest to the south, forms the southern extremi- 
 ty of the European continent. 
 
 The coasts of Albania descend gradually towards 
 the gulf of Drino, and rise suddenly near the en- 
 trance of the Adriatic. Rocks are heaped above 
 rocks, their summits reach to the clouds, their 
 sides are rent by lightning, the sea which wash- 
 es them is always tempestuous, and the shores 
 are covered with the wrecks of vessels. Such 
 are the Acroceraunian mountains, so much dread- 
 ed by the ancients ; they are now better known 
 by the name of the Monte de Chimera. 
 
 The coasts of the Ionian islands are for the most 
 part very steep, the calcareous rocks of Leucade 
 rise from the bottom of a deep and stormy sea ; 
 they were the cause of much alarm to mariners 
 in the time of iEneas and Ulysses, they are con- 
 sidered dangerous even in the present dav. 
 
 The island of Candia or Crete is supposed to 
 be a continuation of the mountainous districts 
 which extend along Greece and the Peloponne- 
 sus, and the Cyclades are said to be the scattered 
 fragments of two small chains, the one of which 
 extends from Athens, the other from Euboea ; 
 44 
 
 thus, as we remove from Hemus, the range be- 
 comes gradually irregular, or terminates in de 
 tached hills and abrupt rocks ; the marks of those 
 changes and revolutions which have altered the 
 surface of our globe are apparent in the south of 
 Greece. 
 
 It has been maintained that there are some ve- 
 ry high mountains in the Archipelago, a learned 
 Greek physician declares that the summits of the 
 mountains in the island of Andros are covered all 
 the year with snow. If that statement were cor 
 rect, it might be concluded that the most elevated 
 points in the whole of Greece are situated in that 
 island ;, philosophers might expect to find there 
 the remains of an immense volcano, an Etna that 
 has been extinguished for ages. So extraordina- 
 ry a fact requires to be confirmed by better evi- 
 dence before it can be generally believed ; the au- 
 thor may have perhaps confounded these moun- 
 tains with others in Euboea. 
 
 The vale of Tempe extends from the south-west 
 to the north-east, its length is about forty stadia 
 or a league and a half; its breadth, although in 
 o-eneral a stadium and a half, is in one place not 
 more than a hundred feet. The calm streams of 
 the Peneus water the valley under the shade 
 of poplars or plane trees, near rocks overspread 
 with ivy, and green and fertile hills ; several ver 
 dant and beautiful islands have been discovered 
 on the river, but its banks are suddenly contract- 
 ed, rocks care confusedly heaped on rocks, and its 
 streams are precipitated with a loud noise across a 
 narrow pass, but beyond it the waters resume 
 their tranquil course, and mingle with the sea. 
 
 The following tradition was very generally be- 
 lieved in ancient times; the Peneus, it is said 
 having at one period no outlet, formed a great 
 lake, which covered a part of Thessaly, particu- 
 larly the Pelasgic plain to the south of Larissa 
 The valley of Tempe was opened by an earth- 
 quake, the lake flowed into the sea, and the dry 
 land gradually appeared. The inhabitants of that 
 region instituted a festival to commemorate an 
 event by which the face of their country had 
 been changed. Theophrastus having observ- 
 ed that the climate of Thessaly was colder in his 
 time, attributes it to the artificial channels, by 
 means of which the stagnant waters had been 
 drained; some of the poets corroborate that opin- 
 ion, and claim for Hercules the glory of having 
 opened a passage for the Peneus. According to 
 some authors, the deluge in the time of Deuca- 
 lion extended over the whole earth; it is more 
 generally supposed to have been a partial inunda- 
 tion of Thessaly, which lasted three months ; it 
 mav be accounted for by admitting that the chan- 
 nel of the Peneus was blocked either by an earth- 
 quake during which some rocks were overturned 
 and thus formed an effectual barrier for its course, 
 or by excessive rains, which occasioned a sudden 
 and extraordinary augmentation of its waters. 
 
 The cave of Trophonius, a long time the abode 
 of superstition, is still to be seen in Bcetia, and 
 that of Corycius is situated to the north of Del 
 phi ; although very deep, almost the whole of it 
 is illumined by the light of day ; it is so large that 
 all the inhabitants of Delphi went to it for shel- 
 ter during the invasion of Xerxes. Every part in 
 the neighbourhood of Mount Parnassus abounds 
 in caverns, which were held in great veneration 
 by the common people; it has been supposed that 
 mephitical vapours issued from the spiracles near 
 the celebrated cave of the oracle, above which the 
 pythoness sat on the sacred tripod ; the natural 
 
GRE 
 
 346 
 
 GRE 
 
 effect of the exhalations was to occasion convul- 
 sions and those ecstacies which have accompanied 
 in every age the gift of prophecy. 
 
 Greece is situated between two seas, and is not 
 for that reason exposed to excessive droughts ; 
 but the cold is often more intense than in Italy 
 or Spain, and the cause is owing to its being on two 
 sides with the great range of the continent,the tem- 
 perature of which in equal parallels is always low- 
 er towards the centre, and also to its proximity to 
 two great mountainous chains, Haemuis and Taurus. 
 
 The temperature of Greece varies greatly in 
 different districts, it has been said that the cli- 
 mates of all the regions in Europe are concen- 
 trated in that country; the waters of the Dan- 
 ube and the Ilebrus are frozen in winter ; the Rus- 
 sians who crossed Mount Hsemqiua had recourse 
 to their furs to protect them against the cold ; but 
 on the other hand, spring and summer are the 
 only seasons on the coast of Attica. "The 
 notes of the nightingale are herd in verdent plains 
 where the cold of winter is unknown, and rude 
 blasts never felt ; the branches of fruit trees en- 
 circled with ivy or the tendrils of the vine shel- 
 ter these vallies from the burning rays of the 
 sun. Bacchus and his joyous votaries wander in 
 the groves ; the narcissus and the glittering, 
 crocus, which adorn the wreaths of the gods 
 are always in flower. Venus and the muses 
 meet on the magic banks of the Cephisus; its 
 winding streams, flowing through a thousand 
 channels, water fertile meads." Sophocles. 
 
 The traveller, after having crossed the heights 
 of Thermopylae, enters into Greece Proper ; the 
 climate is more oppressive, water is scarcer, but 
 the soil is fruitful ; oil is the most valuable pro- 
 duction in the southern provinces, and that of 
 Attica is superior to every other, but a thick hoar- 
 frost rises occasionally from the Archipelago and 
 is destructive to plants ; it falls in the form of dew 
 and penetrates into the roots and sap, the leaves 
 become yellow, the flowers decay, or if they ri- 
 pen, the fruit is of little use. The oil export- 
 ed annually from Attica was calculated to be 
 worth 300,000 piasters ; that from the Morea 
 about 400,000. Corinth is still famed for its rai- 
 sins. Arcadia for its cheese, and Mount Hymet- 
 tus for its honey. The soil of Attica is covered 
 with aromatic plants, and that circumstance ena- 
 bles us to account for the excellence of its honey; 
 it is sweeter than that of other countries, retains 
 its aromatic fragrance, and, although of a red 
 colour, is perfectly transparent. The same coun- 
 try' might rival Spain in the fineness of its wool ; 
 the goat thrives on its hills, the uncultivated 
 lands are over-run with thyme, serpillum and 
 marjoram, the Albanian shepherds lead their flocks 
 in summer to these pastures. The breed of goats 
 was improved in the time of the Byzantine em- 
 perors by the mixture of the African and Asia- 
 tic race, but it has not since been sufficiently 
 crossed; the breed of sheep in Livadia and 
 Arcadia is the best, that of Attica the worst. 
 
 The view from Mount Parnassus is extensive, 
 a traveller saw from it Olympus, the Ionian Isl- 
 ands and the Cyclades ; he might have observed 
 beneatl him the town and gulf of Lepanto, and on 
 the east amidst flowery meads, the populous town 
 of Livadia in the province of the same name. 
 
 Corinth, its two gulfs and rock}' isthmus, which 
 so many sovereigns have in vain endeavored to 
 cut, still command the entrance into the Pel- 
 oponnesus or Morea, which has been st.vled by 
 the Slavonic tribes who oenetrated into it during 
 
 the Byzantine empire, the maritime country 
 We observe in that region the agreeable town of 
 Argos and Napoli de Romania, or as it is some- 
 times called the Gibraltar of Greece. Three hun- 
 dred vessels may ride at anchor in its harbour. 
 Napoli de Malvoisia and its great inland bay, the 
 populous town of Misitra on the valley of the 
 Eurotas, the present Vasili-Potamo or royal river 
 and Tripolitza, where a pacha resided with impu- 
 nity near the ruins of Mantinea. The towns on 
 the south-west coast are Calamata on the fruit- 
 ful plains of Messenia, Navarino which still re- 
 tains its admirable harbour, Gastouni towards the 
 west in the fertile fields of Elis ; but Patras, a 
 place of greater trade than any of them contains 
 8,000 souls. Maga-Spileon, a convent partly cut 
 in a rock, the gloomy lake of Stymphali and ma- 
 ny other places renowned in history are situated 
 in the interior of that rich peninsula, of which 
 the produce in corn, grapes, figs, wine, oil, cot 
 ton. silk and many other articles amounted to 
 fifteen millions of piasters. 
 
 The Greeks, who wander among the ruins of their 
 ancient glory, have at last shaken off the Turk- 
 ish yoke ; heroic deeds both on land and sea, 
 convinced every one that they had awaked from 
 their long lethargy, but as in ancient times, their 
 efforts have been enfeebled by internal discord ; 
 the modern Greeks have unfortunately inherited 
 the vanity, inconstancy and treachery of their 
 fathers. Nature has not denied them high intel- 
 lectual endowments ; poets and orators are borr 
 amongst thein, but their natural abilities are nol 
 improved by cultivation : sarcasm and raillery 
 supersede argument, and in their deliberations, 
 a frivolous expression, a single word or gesture is 
 sufficient to make them unmindful of their most 
 important interests. The Morait.es are less vola- 
 tile than the townsmen of Romelia, and better 
 fitted to enjov the blessings of freedom under a 
 good government The Athenians have not lost 
 their ancient urbanity, their accent is more har- 
 monious than any other in Greece, their language 
 is less diffuse, and for that reason more energetic. 
 Their appearance is nearly the same as that of 
 their ancestors, the women of Athens are still 
 distinguished by their light figures, the oval 
 form of the face, the regular contour, the straight 
 
 line flat marks the profile, full black eyes, hi^h 
 forehead, red lips, small hands and feet; they 
 are equally graceful in the mournful dance o*f 
 Ariadne and in the rapid mazes of the Romaika. 
 The simplicity of the ancient dress is in some 
 degree retained ; a white tunic descends from the 
 neck and a white mantle covers the arms and falls 
 
GRE 
 
 347 
 
 GRE 
 
 over the shoulders, a handkerchief tied loosely 
 round the head does not conceal their jet-black 
 hair ; but the barbarous empire is typified in a 
 clumsy and ill-placed girdle, red trowsers and a 
 heavy Turkish cloak. 
 
 The Greek revolution broke out in 1821, and a 
 National Congress assembled at Epidaurus the 
 tame year. On the 1st of January , 1822, this Con- 
 gress published a constitution for the Greek na- 
 tion. From this period a bloody and devastating 
 war was waged against them by the Turks for a 
 period ofse>en years. At length the govern- 
 ments of Russia, France and Great Britain inter- 
 fered. The Turkish marine was annihilated at 
 the battle of Navarino, a French army occupied 
 he Morea, and Greece became an independent 
 state under the protection of the three powers in 
 1829. 
 
 Independent Greece comprises the Morea and 
 the territory without the isthmus, bounded on 
 the north by a line beginning at the mouth of 
 the river Aspropotamus, the ancient Achelous, 
 and passing up the south-eastern bank of that 
 river to Angelo Castron. Thence it passes 
 through the lakes Sacarovista and Vrachori, to 
 mount Artoleria and thence along the valley of 
 Calouri, and the top of mount CEta to the gulf 
 ofZeitoun. The western Sporades and Cyclades 
 are also included ; the whole forming a territory 
 about double the extent of the state of Massachu- 
 setts, and containing a population of 050,000. 
 The government in its present state is provision- 
 al and experimental. During the war it was 
 elective and republican, but the three protecting 
 powers have recently made attempts to establish 
 a monarchy in Greece. The Prince of Saxe Co- 
 burg was offered the crown but declined it. 
 
 Greece, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,574. 
 
 Greegville, p. v. Loudon Co. Va. 
 
 Greene, the name of 11 counties in different 
 parts of the United States. The following are 
 the States in which they are situated, with the 
 population of each county and the name of the 
 chief town. 
 
 New York, 20,525 Catskill. 
 
 Pennsylvania, W. Dis. 18,028 Waynesburer. 
 N.Carolina, (3,313 Snow Hill. 
 
 Georc-ia. 12,551 Greenesboroua'h. 
 
 Alabama, 15,026 Erie. 
 
 Mississippi, 1,84!) Leaksville. 
 
 Tennessee, E. 14,410 Greenville. 
 
 Kentucky, 13,718 Greensburg. 
 
 Ohio, 15,084 Xenia. 
 
 Indiana, 4,353 Bloomfield, 
 
 Illinois, 7,604 Carrollton. 
 
 Greene, is also the name of a town in Kennebec 
 Co. Me. Pop. 1,324. A village in Chenango Co. 
 N. Y., townships in Greene and Beaver and 
 Franklin Cos. Pa. and 12 townships in Ohio. 
 
 %* In Maine and Ohio the above name is spelt 
 Green. 
 
 Greenfield, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 02 m. 
 fr. Boston. Pop. 940. 
 
 Green Bay, an arm or bay of Lake Michigan, 
 on the N. W. side, about 90 m. in length. At 
 its junction with the lake is a group of islands. 
 The bay is navigable for vessels of 200 tons. 
 
 Greenburg, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,195. 
 
 Greenhush, p. v. Windsor Co. Vt. 
 
 Greenbush, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson opposite Albany. Pop. 3,216. 
 
 Green Castle, p. v. Franklin Co. Pa. Also a 
 village in Fairfield Co. Ohio.. 
 
 Greenfield, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 
 946. Also a p.t. Franklin Co. Mass on the Con- 
 necticut, 20 m. above Northampton Pop. 1,540. 
 Also a p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,151. Also 
 towns and villages in Bedford and Erie Cos. Pa., 
 Nelson Co. Va., Fairfield, Gallia and Highland 
 Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Greenfield Hill, a village in Fairfield Co. Conn. 
 6 m. W. Bridgeport. 
 
 Green Hill, p. v. Campbell Co. Va. 
 
 Greenland, a country in theN. E. part of Amer- 
 ica, extending probably to the pole. It was dis- 
 covered in the tenth century, by the Nor vegians, 
 who planted a colony on the eastern cast; and 
 the intercourse between this colony and Denmark 
 was continued till the beginning of the 15th cen- 
 tury : in that century, by the gradual ncrease of 
 the arctic ice, the colony became cor pletely im- 
 prisoned by the frozen ocean ; while on the W. 
 a range of mountains and plains, covered with 
 perpetual ice, precluded all access. This settle- 
 ment contained several churches and monaste- 
 ries, and is said to have extended about 200 miles 
 in the S. E. extremity. In more recent times the 
 western coast washed by the waters of Davis' 
 Straits and Baffin's Bay, was chiefly explored 
 by Davis and other English navigators ; but there 
 was no attempt to settle a colony. In 1721, a 
 Norwegian clergyman, named Egede, proceeded 
 to this dreary country, where he continued till 
 1735, preaching to the natives ; and his benevo- 
 lent example has been since followed by several 
 missionaries. The country is said to be inhabit- 
 ed as far as 70 N. lat. but the Danish and Mo- 
 ravian settlements are chiefly in the S. W. ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 This country, in reality, is nothing more than a 
 mass of rocks intermingled with immense blocks 
 of ice, thus forming at once the image of chaos 
 and of winter. Icy Peak, an enormous mass ol 
 ice, rises near the mouth of a river, and diffuses 
 such a brilliancy through the air, that it is distinct- 
 ly perceived at the distance of more than ten 
 leagues. Icicles, and an immense vault, give this 
 edifice of crystal a most magic appearance. An 
 uninterrupted chain of mountains traverses the 
 part of Greenland with which we aie acquainted. 
 There are innumerable gulfs, but none of them 
 advance towards the eastern coast. The three 
 points called Stag's Horn, are descried at sea at the 
 distance of five-and-twenty leagues. The rocks 
 are rent into fissures, which, in general, are per- 
 pendicular, and are rarely 'more than half a yard 
 in breadth, and contain a great quantity of spar, 
 quartz, talc, and garnets. The rocks are com- 
 monly composed of granite, clay slate, and pot- 
 stone, arranged in vertical beds. The Greenland 
 .Museum at Copenhagen has received from this 
 country a very rich mineral of copper ore,schistus 
 of the nature of mica, a coarse marble, and ser- 
 pentines, together with asbestos, amianthus, crys- 
 tals, and black schorl. Greenland likewise fur- 
 nishes us with a new and curious mineral, the 
 filiate of alumina. A vast mine of sea-coal has 
 been discovered in the island of Disco Three 
 hot springs are the only volcanic indications that 
 have hitherto been observed. During the short 
 season of summer, the air, which is very pure on 
 the mainland, is obscured in the islands by fogs. 
 The flitting glimmer of the aurora borealis, in some 
 degree softens the gloomy horror of the polar night 
 What has been termed the smoke of ice, is a va 
 pour which rises from the revices of marine ice 
 The rare occurrence of ra the small quantity of 
 
GRE 
 
 »no\v. and the intense degree of cold produced by 
 the east-north-east wind, lead us to suspect that 
 the most eastern parts of Greenland form a great 
 archipelago, incumbered with perpetual ice, which 
 for many centuries, has been piled together by the 
 winds and currents. 
 
 There is some land that admits of cultivation ; 
 
 and probably barley might be made to grow in the 
 
 outhern part of the country. The mountains are 
 
 overed with moss to the north, but the parts that 
 
 ave a southern exposure produce very good herbs, 
 
 gooseberries, and other berries, in abundance, and 
 
 a few liti'e willows and birch. Not far from Ju- 
 
 lianshaal . is a valley covered with birch ; but the 
 
 tallest ot the trees are only eighteen feet high. 
 
 Near the Danish colonies cabbages and turnips are 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 The most remarkable animal of this region is 
 the White Lear, the largest of his tribe. These 
 animals are sometimes 12 feet in length and are 
 distinguished for their tremendous ferocity. Some- 
 
 348 GRE 
 
 has two large ivory tusks in the upper jaw which 
 weigh from 10 to 30 pounds each. They are hunt- 
 
 -4 : ' : \™iir m "^ffif^Iifff 
 
 times they are seen on floating ice out at sea, and 
 are often in this manner conveyed to Iceland. At 
 sea they prey upon fish, seals, and the carcases of 
 whales. On land they devour deer and other 
 animals, yet they often feed upon berries. In 
 winter they dig themselves dens under the snow 
 or ice and sleep till the sun appears in spring;. 
 Among the animal kingdom we also meet with 
 large hares, which are excellent eating, find afford 
 a good fur; rein-deer of the American variety, 
 great numbers of foxes, and large dogs, that howl 
 instead of barking, and are employed by the Green- 
 landers in drawing their sledges. An immense 
 number of aquatic birds live near the rivers, which 
 abound with salmon. 
 
 Turbots and small herrings swarm in every di- 
 rection in the sea. The natives have been suppli- 
 ed with nets, and now begin to experience their 
 utility. In north or west Greenland, ihe Danes 
 and natives go in companies to the whale-fishing ; 
 but tiiis tumultuous, and, to the natives, far from 
 lucrative occupation, spreads vice and misery 
 through this district. The natives of the south 
 confine themselves to hunting the seal. The flesh 
 of this animal is their principal food; its skin fur- 
 nishes them with dress, and at the same time they 
 construct their boats of it; thread is made of its 
 tendons, and its bladder is converted into bottles ; 
 its fat is sometimes used as a substitute for butter, 
 atid at other times for tallow ; and even the blood 
 itself is considered by the Greenlander as excellent 
 for making broth ; in fact, he cannot possibly com- 
 prehend how any one can live without the sea-dog, 
 which, to him , is like the bread-fruit tree to the 
 Otaheitan, or wheat to the inhabitants of Europe. 
 
 The Walrus, or Morse, called also the Sea Cow, 
 is very common in these parts. It is much larger 
 than the seal and is generally found in company 
 with that animal. Like the elephant the Walrus 
 
 ed for their fat, and are sometimes encountered «r 
 herds of an hundred. When wounded they be- 
 come exceedingly furious, and bite the lances of 
 the hunters in pieces with their teeth. When in 
 great numbers they will sometimes attack boats 
 and attempt to overturn them. 
 
 The Greenland Company, established at Copen- 
 hagen, estimate its annual revenue at 104,000 rix- 
 dollars, (20,000 to 25,000 pounds Sterling;) ana 
 the exportations alone have amounted to 50, or 
 100,000 rix-dollars, without including the produce 
 of the whale fishery. The expenses of the com- 
 pany are estimated at 10,000 pounds Sterling. 
 
 The natives are of a very low stature, have long 
 black hair, small eyes, a flat face, and a yellowish 
 brown skin, evidently indicating them to be a 
 branch of the Esquimaux or Samoiedes of America. 
 This connexion is particularly proved by their lan- 
 guage, which is also remarkable for the copious- 
 ness of its grammatical forms. 
 
 The Greenlanders have not preserved any posi 
 tive trace of a communication with the Scandina- 
 vian colony, whose establishments they invaded 
 and destroyed. The sun, they consider to be a 
 deified female, and the moon, a man, conforma- 
 bly with the belief of the Goths, which differed 
 from that of the other Scandinavians; but as we 
 find a God called Lunus. or Men, among even the 
 classical nations themselves, this analogy either 
 proves too much or nothing. As to ourselves, we 
 have, on the contrary, recognized in the Green- 
 lander, a crowd of characteristic circumstances, 
 which demonstrate his connexion with the Esqui 
 maux, even with those that live at the remotest, 
 distances from them. The fishing implements 
 employed by the inhabitants of Russian America, 
 among others, are made exactly like those of the 
 Greenlanders. Both of these people, too, make 
 use of the bladder of the sea-dog, distended with 
 wind, and attached to the javelin with which they 
 strike the whale, in order that it may thus serve 
 to prevent the animal, when once he is wounded, 
 from remaining any length of time plunged under 
 water. A similar invention observed both at the 
 eastern and western extremity of North America, 
 must lead us unavoidably to infer that an habitual 
 communication is kept up between those distant 
 tribes. The little boats used by the inhabitants 
 of Oonalaska, in Prince William's inlet, (the 
 Tchougatchian Gulf of the Russians,) by the Es- 
 quimaux of Labrador and the Greenlanders, are 
 all precisely of the same construction, and resem- 
 ble a box formed of slight branches and covered 
 on every side with the skin of the sea-dog. They 
 are twelve feet long, but only a foot and a half 
 wide. In the middle of the upper surface there is 
 a hole surrounded by a wooden hoop, with a skin 
 attached to it, which admits of being drawn to- 
 gether like a purse, by means of a thong. It is in 
 
GRE 
 
 349 
 
 GRE 
 
 this hole that the rower places himself. Supplied 
 with a single oar, which is very thin, three or four 
 feet long, and becoming broader at the two sides, 
 the navigator, or to speak more correctly, the man- 
 fish, paddling rapidly to the right and left, advances 
 in a straight line across the foaming waves in the 
 midst of the tempest itself, without incurring more 
 risk than the whales and phocae of whom he is 
 become the companion and rival. This invention, 
 which was admired by Captain Cook, and is adopt- 
 ed in part by the Norwegian and Danish pilots, 
 could not possibly have made its appearance by 
 mere chance under exactly the same form, among 
 all the tribes of the northern extremities of Ameri- 
 ca. These tribes consequently, must have the 
 same common descent, and must long have com- 
 municated together. 
 
 The present character of the Greenlanders is an 
 indefinable mixture of good and bad qualities; 
 while their attachments to their national customs, 
 opposes the influence of foreign civilization. The 
 Greenlanders bitterly accuse the Danes and other 
 navigators of having brought among them the 
 double scourge of small-pox and spirituous liquors. 
 The present well regulated Danish administration 
 follows a plan of colonization calculated for estab- 
 lishing order and happiness ; but the ancient 
 defects and modern vices of the Greenlanders 
 present great obstacles to the system. Almost 
 entirely destitute of every idea of religion and of 
 law, our religious worship appears in their eyes, 
 nothing but a useless ceremony, while they look 
 upon our criminal punishments as an unjust abuse 
 of power. The malefactor appears to them to be 
 sufficiently punished, when in a public assembly, 
 he is loaded with reproaches. The missionaries 
 confess that the conversion of the Greenlanders 
 advances slowly, and exerts but little influence 
 over their moral ideas. For some years back 
 however, the preaching of natives educated as 
 missionaries, has been productive of a happy 
 change. The Moravians have also succeeded in 
 a remarkable manner in engaging the affections, 
 and reforming the conduct of this simple people, 
 who are gifted with considerable quickness of per- 
 ception. The commercial administration, by in- 
 troducing numerical calculation, and even paper 
 money, have given them new notions with regard 
 to property. In the southern part of the country, 
 they have been taught to make barrels and con- 
 struct boats. The name of their ancient divinity, 
 Torngarsook, to whom they never offered any 
 worship, is already forgotten as well as the malevo- 
 lent goddess without a name, who was supposed 
 to inhabit a palace at the bottom of the sea, guard- 
 ed by terrific sea-dogs. Even a kind of philosophy 
 has introduced itself among them, and various 
 new opinions exist concerning a future slate and 
 the transmigration of souls. The freethinkers of 
 Greenland will not admit the prevalent belief that 
 there is a paradise, where the soul in a state of 
 happy indolence, is nourished with the heads of 
 sea-dogs. The priests and sorcerers, called Jln- 
 gckok. and the malevolent enchanters denomi- 
 nated Hiseets, are daily losing their influence. 
 Perhaps the period may not be far distant, when 
 the sublime devotion of the virtuous Egede will 
 meet with its reward, and a Christian and civil- 
 ized people will at length inhabit this memorable 
 colony, the most northern that the Europeans have 
 ever established. A mild and pure glory will then 
 recompense Denmark for the pecuniary sacrifices 
 which this struggle with the elements has cost her, 
 n struggle into which she lias been drawn by a 
 
 pious zeai ; and the influence of historical recol- 
 lections. 
 
 Greenland, p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 5 m. 
 fmm Portsmouth. Pop. G81. 
 
 Gfrnlaw, a town of Scotland, capital of Ber- 
 wickshire, though a small place. Here are the 
 remains of two religicus houses. It is seated 
 mi the Blackadder, 8 m. S. W. of Dunse, and 3(> 
 S. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Green Mountains, a branch of the Apalachian 
 chain in Vermont, extending through the state 
 fjom N. to S. In the souti era part they consti- 
 tute a single range, but toward the centre of the 
 state they divide into two branches and pass off 
 separately into Canada. The eastern slope of the 
 mountains is watered hy the tributaries of tne 
 Connecticut, and the we.-tern slope by the streams 
 falling into Lake Champlain. The highest point 
 is Killington Peak, near Rutland, 3,024 feet above 
 the sea. Camel's Rump, between Montpelier and 
 Burlington, and Mansfield Mountain in the same 
 neighbourhood, are each above 3,500 feet high. 
 Throughout the state these mountains are from 
 10 to 1") miles in breadth They are every where 
 intersected with valleys, abounding in springs 
 and streams, and exhibiting that perpetual verdure 
 which has conferred upon them their name. Their 
 sides are completely covered with woods, and 
 th°ir rocky summits are clad in a coat of green 
 moss. The trees appear old, but small ; they are 
 all of the evergreen sort, pine, spruce, hemlock 
 and fir, intermixed with shrubs and bushes. 
 Vegetation decreases on approaching the top of 
 the mountains; the trees diminish in size, and fre- 
 quently terminate in a shrubbery of spruce and 
 hemlock, two or three feet high, with branches so 
 interwoven as to prevent all passage through them. 
 Trees of this height with shrubs and vines pro- 
 ducing berries, and a species of weed called win- 
 ter grass, mixed with the moss of rocks, are all 
 the vegetation which the mountains produce. 
 The sides of the mountains are generally rugged 
 and irregular ; some of them have large aper- 
 tures and caves. The thick, green moss which 
 coats their tops, is so compact and firm, and 
 lies in such extensive beds, as to reach from rock 
 to rock, and they will sometimes bear the weight 
 of a man without being broken through. These 
 immense spongy masses receive the moisture sup- 
 plied by the clouds and rain, and while a part of 
 it runs down the sides of the mountain, much of 
 it is absorbed, and penetrates the whole mass. In 
 this manner, several of these mountains are con- 
 tinually wet on their tops, and have large marshy 
 spots, which are the constant resort of water 
 fowl during the warm season. The roads across 
 them are frequently wet and miry, when the 
 valleys below are dry. 
 
 The mountains exhibit but few rocky or sterile 
 tracts, and afford generally excellent pasturage 
 for sheep and cattle 
 
 Greenock, the chief sea-port of Scotland, in Ren- 
 frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with a small 
 fort for the defence of the harbour. Here are sev- 
 eral dry docks, and the building and rigging of 
 ships is much followed. It has a great trade ; and 
 the fisheries, particularly for herrings, and the 
 Newfoundland fishery, are carried on to a great 
 extent. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was 
 17,458, and in 1821, 22,088. It is 24 miles W. by 
 N. of Glasgow, of which it is the port Long. 4. 
 47. W., lat. 55. 56. N. 
 
 Green River, a stream of Kentucky falling into 
 the Ohio, about 250 m. ia length. 
 2G 
 
GRE 
 
 350 
 
 GRE 
 
 Greensborough, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 30 m. N. 
 E. Montpelier. Pop. 7o4. Also towns in Caro- 
 line Co. Maryland, Mecklenburg Co. Va., Guilford 
 Co. N. C, Green Co. Ala., and Greene Co. Geo. 
 
 Grcensburgli, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2.195. Also towns in Westmoreland and Green 
 Cos. Pa., Greene Co. Ken. and Decatur Co. ind. 
 
 Grecnstcd, a village in Essex, Eng. 1 m. W. 
 of Ongir. remarkable for its little church, (built 
 prior to the Conquest) the walls of which are 
 formed of the trunks of trees. 
 
 Greenville, a frontier county of the E. District 
 of Virginia, bounded on the N. by the great Not- 
 toway river, and S. by North Carolina ; super- 
 flees about 300 square miles. Pop. 7.117. Hicks- 
 ford is the chief town. 
 
 Greenup, a frontier county, the extreme N. E. 
 point cf Kentucky, with a superfices of about 
 800 square miles. Pop. 5,353. Greenupsburg is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Greenville, a district at the N. W. extremity of 
 South Carolina; superfices about 600 square 
 miles. Pop. 10,470. The chief town of the same 
 name in the centre of the county is 95 in. W. N. 
 W. of Columbia. 
 
 Greenville, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,505. 
 Also towns and villages in Providence Co. R. I., 
 Luzerne and Somerset Cos. Pa., Sussex Co. N.J., 
 Augusta Co. Va., Pitt Co. N. C, Greenville and 
 Darlington Districts, S. C, Greene Co. Term., 
 Muhlenberg Co. Ken., Darke Co. Ohio, Floyd 
 Co. Ind., Bond Co. Illinois, Jefferson Co. Mis- 
 sissippi and Butler Co. Alabama. 
 
 Greenwich, formerly a district town, but now an 
 appendage to the British metropolis. It isseated in 
 the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames, 
 5 in. below London Bridge. It is celebrated for 
 its hospital for wounded and decayed seamen of 
 the national marine, wluch is one of the finest 
 architectural edifices in the world. The buildings 
 consists of four distinct piles, two along the bank 
 ot the river, with a noble terrace in front 800 
 feet in length ; between these two piles is a lawn 
 270 feet wide ; the two other piles are built behind, 
 projecting into the square or lawn, so as to form a 
 quadrangle with an opening in the centre, which 
 is terminated by an eleo-ant building more recent- 
 ly erected for a naval school ; behind this on the 
 summit of a hill, is the royal observatory, from 
 whence the English mariners reckon their longi- 
 tude : a beautiful colonnade adjoins the buildings 
 in the interior of the quadrangle, and immediate- 
 ly contiguous is a spacious park most beautifully 
 undulated and planted with trees, affording the 
 most delightful promenades and interesting pros- 
 pects, whilst the liberality and economy of the 
 establishment is in every way worthy of the 
 celebrity it has acquired, and the interest inspired 
 by the beauty and magnificence of the edifice and 
 its surrounding objects. Here was once a royal 
 palace, in which Edward VI. died, and queen 
 Mary and queen Elizabeth were born : it has been 
 long pulled down, and on part of its site now 
 stands the house belonging to the ranger of the 
 park. Here is a college, for the maintenance of 
 20 decayed housekeepers ; and another called 
 Queen Elizabeth college. In 1799, the chapel of 
 tin 1 hospital, the dining-hall, and eight wards were 
 destroyed by fire ; but the whole were soon re- 
 built. The tuwn is irregularly built, and with 
 the exception of the church, which is a noble 
 structure, and the hospital, has nothing to recom- 
 mend it to particular notice. Since 1820, one or 
 two new churches have been built, and the town 
 
 fenerally has undergone some improvement, 
 op. in 1801, 14,339, and in 1821, 20,712. See 
 Blackheath, and Deptford. The observatory is in 
 thelat. of 50. 29. N. 
 
 Greenwich, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 813. 
 Also a town in Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 3,805. 
 Also 2 towns in Kent Co. R. I. called East and 
 West Greenwich. Pop. of the former 1,591; of 
 the latter 1,817. Also a town in Washington 
 Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,850, and towns in Gloucester 
 and Cumberland Cos. N. J., Berks Co. Pa. and 
 Charleston District S. C. 
 
 Greenwood, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop 
 094. Also a town in Columbia Co. Pa. 
 
 Grecnsburg, p. v. Beaver Co. Pa. 
 
 Gretrstown, a village of Somerset Co. N. J. 
 
 Grciffen, a town of Switzerland, on a small lake 
 of its name, 9 m. E. S. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Greiffcnberg, a town of Brandenburgh, in the 
 Ucker Mark, on the river Sernitz, 13 m. S. S. E. 
 of Prenzlo, and 28 N. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Greiffcnberg, a town of Silesia, in the principal- 
 ity of Jauer, with a fortress on a mountain. It is 
 celebrated for its linen manufactures, and seated 
 on the Queiss. 2dm. W. S. W. of Lignitz. 
 
 Greiffcnhagcn, a town of Further Pomerania, on 
 the river Oder, 12 m. S. of Stettin. 
 
 Grcifswalde. See Gripswald. 
 
 Grein, a town of Austria, on the Danube, 28 m. 
 E. of Lintz. 
 
 Greit. See Graitz. 
 
 Grenada, an island in the West Indies, the last 
 of the Windward Caribbees, and 30 leagues N. W. 
 of Tobago. It is 20 no. long, and 13 broad, finely 
 wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar, 
 tobacco, and indigo. It was taken from the 
 French in 1702, confirmed to the English in 1703, 
 taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the 
 English in 1783. In 1795, the French landed 
 some troops, and caused an insurrection in this 
 island, which was not finally quelled till June 
 1790. St. George is the capital. 
 
 Gretuidillas, or Grenadines, a cluster of islands 
 in the West Indies, dependent on Grenada, and 
 situate between that island and St. Vincent. 
 They are upwards of 20 in number, most of them 
 fertile, and capable of producing cotton, coffee, 
 indigo, and sugar. The most considerable is 
 Cariacou 
 
 Grenade, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, seated at the junction of the 
 Save with the Garonne, 17 m. N. W. of Toulouse. 
 Pop. 3,925. 
 
 Grenoble, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fort- 
 ified castle. The leather and gloves that, are 
 made here are highly esteemed. It is seated on 
 the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass 
 into fhe part called Perriere, a large street on thp 
 side of the river. It is the head quarters of tin. 
 7th military division, and seat of the Cour Royale 
 for the department of the Upper Alps, Dromr, 
 and Isere ; 300 m. S. S. E. of Paris, 00 from 
 Lyons, and 100 due W. of Turin. Pop. in 1822, 
 23,002. 
 
 Gretna-Green, a village of Scotland, in Dum- 
 friesshire, near the mouth of the Esk, and on the 
 borders of Cumberland. It has long been famous 
 for the clandestine marriages of fugitive lovers 
 from England, which are usually performed by 
 two illiterate and drunken mechanics in the vil 
 lage, who have no form in the operation, except 
 ing the entry of the name of the parties in a 
 school-boy's copy-book. All their inquiries turn 
 
GRI 
 
 351 
 
 GRO 
 
 upon the length of the applicant's purse, that 
 they may know how to regulate their demand ; 
 as they are not usually nice as to fees, any sum 
 from half-a-crown to 100 guineas will be accept- 
 ed, provided in all cases it is as much as they can 
 get. It is 10 m. N. of Carlisle. 
 
 Greussen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- 
 gia. on the river Helbe, 15 m. N. of Erfurt. 
 
 Grcyscillc, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Griffinsburg, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. 
 
 Grimaud, a town of France, in the department 
 of Var, 12 m. S.W. of Frejus. 
 
 Grimbergen, or Grumbergh.cn, a town of the 
 Netherlands, in Brabant, with an abbey and a 
 castle, m. N. of Brussels. 
 
 Grimuia, or Gramma, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 la Misnia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, and 
 flannel , seated on the Mulda, 14 S. E. of Leip- 
 zig. 
 
 Grimmen, a town of Hither Pomerania, 16 m. 
 S. of Stralsund. 
 
 Grimbsy, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. It 
 has a large church, like a cathedral, and a good 
 trade in coal and salt. The harbour, at the mouth 
 of the Huuiber, has been improved. It is 35 m. 
 N. E. of Lincoln, and 168 N. of London. It re- 
 turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 
 3,064. 
 
 Grimsby, a town of Lincoln Co. Upper Cana- 
 da. 
 
 Grindenwald, a village of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, seated among mountains, at the 
 foot of a celebrated glacier, 5 m. S. E.of Thun. 
 
 Grindon, a village of Eng. in that part of Dur- 
 ham called Norhamshire, 6 m. S. W. of Berwick. 
 To the S. of it, at a place called Grindon Rigg, 
 are 4 upright stone pillars, funeral monuments 
 of the chieftains slain in a famous victory gained 
 here over the Scots, in 1558, by the earl ol North- 
 umberland and his brother. 
 
 Grinstead,East, aborough in Sussex, Eng. Here 
 is Sack ville college ,a large stone building, founded 
 by the duke of Dorset, in 1616, for 24 aged per- 
 sons of both sexes. It is seated on a hill, 20 m. 
 N. of Lewes, and 29 S. of London. It returns 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 Grinton, a mountainous and mineral parish in 
 the north riding of Yorkshire, Eng. comprising 
 the four townships of Grinton, Melbecks, Muker, 
 and Reitli, seated near the head waters of the 
 Swale river. Pop. of the parish in 1820, 5,300. 
 Grinton is 8 and Muker about 20 m. W. of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Gripswald, or Grief walde, a town of Hither 
 Pomerania, with a good harbour, and a university. 
 It is seated on the river Rik. which is navigable 
 to the Baltic, 14 m. W. of Walgost, and 22 S. E. 
 of Stralsund. 
 
 Grisons, anew canton of Switzerland, bounded 
 on the S. by Milan and Venice, E. and N. by Ty- 
 rol, and W. by lite cantons of Claris, Uri. and Tes- 
 sin. It formerly included the Valteline, and the 
 counties of Chiavenna, and Bormio, now included 
 in the Austrian doit'inions. The country was 
 formerly .divided into ihree leagues, namely, the 
 Grey League, the League ot God's House, and 
 the League of the Ten Jurisdictions: each of them 
 had a distinct internal government, and they were 
 connected as one republic by an annual diet, held 
 alternately at the towns of Coire, Hantz, and Da- 
 vos. But in 1803, the constitution was changed 
 by the French, and the country made an addi- 
 tional canton of Switzerland. The inhabitants, 
 amounting to about 73,000 are partly Calvinists 
 
 and partly Catholics ; but the former are most nu 
 merous. The principal subsistence of the peas 
 antry is by breeding oxen, most of which are sent 
 to Milan. The capital is Coire. The Rhine and 
 the Inn both have their source in the Grisons. 
 
 Grodno, the principal town, though not the 
 capital, of Lithuania. It has the appearance of a 
 decayed town, containing a mixture of wretched 
 hovels, falling houses, and ruined palaces, with 
 magnificentgateways„remains of its ancientsplen- 
 dour. A few habitations in good repair, make 
 the contrast more striding. Here is a college and 
 physic garden. In the new palace, built by Au- 
 gustus III. the diets were sometimes held ; par- 
 ticularly the last in 1793, which was compelled, 
 at the point of the bayonet, to consent to the sec- 
 ond partition of Poland ; and here, in 1795, Stan- 
 islaus III. formally resigned his crown. Grodno 
 is now subject to Russia. It is seated partly in a 
 plain, on the river Niemen, and partly on a moun- 
 tain, 140 m. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 24. 25. 
 E., lat. 53. 28. N. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Grisicold, a township of New London Co. 
 Conn, on the Thames, 5 m. below Norwich. Pop. 
 2,212. 
 
 Gruhndc, a town of Hanover, near which is a 
 monument of stone, erected in memory of a battle 
 fought here in 1421. It is seated on the Weser, 9 
 m. S. of Hameln. 
 
 Groll, a small town of Holland, in Gelderland. 
 A duty is collected here on all merchandise pass- 
 ing through it for Germany. It is seated on the 
 Slink, 20 m. E. by S. of Zutphen. 
 
 Grondines, a seigniory of Hampshire Co. U. C. 
 on the St. Lawrence, 45 m. above Quebec. 
 
 Groningen, the most N. E. province of Holland, 
 bounded on the E. by East Friesland, W. by 
 Friesland, N. by the German Ocean, and S. by 
 Drenthe It is divided into 2 parts, called Gron- 
 ingen and Omelands. The excellency of this 
 country consists in pastures which feed a great 
 number of large horses. 
 
 Groningen, a city of Holland, capital of the 
 province of the same name, with a citadel and uni- 
 versity. It is seated on the rivers Hunse and Aa, 
 and has a communication, by a canal, with a 
 bay of the German Ocean, at the distance of 10 
 in. by which large quantities of butter are export- 
 ed. The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. It 
 is 96 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 35. E., 
 lat. 53. 12. N. 
 
 Grossa, an island in the gulf of Venice, near 
 the coast of Dalmatia, 25 m. long and 2 broad. 
 Long. 15. 7. E., lat. 44. 18. N. 
 
 Grosscnhayn, or Hayn, a town of Upper Saxo- 
 ny, in Meissen, with manufactures of cotton and 
 woolen cloths, seated on the; Roder, 8 m. N of 
 Meissen. 
 
 Grossetto, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 
 with a castle, situate near the sea; 30 m. S. W. 
 of Sienne. 
 
 Grothau, a town of Silesia, in the district of 
 Neisse. The forests round this town are the joint 
 property of all the inhabitants. It is 16 m. N. N. 
 E. of Neisse, and 30 S. of Breslau. 
 
 Groton, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 45 m. from Con- 
 cord. Poi 689. Also a p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 
 18 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 836. Also a p.t. Mid- 
 dlesex Co. Mass. 35 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,925. 
 Also a p.t. New London Co. Conn. Pop. 4,750. 
 Also a p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y Pop. 3,597, 
 and a township in Huron Co. Ohio 
 
 Grove Hill, p. v. Warren Co. N. C. 
 
 Groteland.nt. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,703 
 
GUA 
 
 352 
 
 GUA 
 
 Groyne. See Corunna. 
 
 Grubenhagen, a town and castle of Hanover. 
 The castle is now in ruins. It is 7 m. S. by W. 
 of Eimbick. 
 
 Grubenhagen. a principality of Hanover, at the 
 S. extremity of the circle of Lower Saxony, com- 
 prising a portion of the Hartz mountains The 
 principal towns are Osterode, Grund, Clausthal, 
 Cellerfeld, &c. 
 
 Grunberg, a town of Germany, in the electorate 
 of Hesse, where the kings of the Merolingian race 
 and Charlemagne held their court. It is 10 m. E. 
 of Giesen. 
 
 Grunberg, or Grumberg, a populous town of 
 Silesia, in the principality of Glogau. surrounded 
 with vineyards. Here is a manufacture of cloth, 
 and a great trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It 
 is 30 b. N. W. of Glogau. 
 
 Grunde. a town of Hanover, in the mountains 
 of Hartz, 4 in. W. of Clausthal. 
 
 Grunhuyn, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, 
 with a trade in copper and lead, 16 m. S. by W. 
 of Chemnitz. 
 
 Grunlngen, a town in the canton of Zurich., 
 Switzerland, with a castle on an elevated rock, 
 10 m. S. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Grunstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
 Upper Rhine, county of Leininu-en, 22 m. N. N. 
 W of Spire, and 25 S. of Mentz. 
 
 Gruiieres, a town and bailiwic of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Frisburg, with a castle on a hill. 
 It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 m. S. W. 
 of Frisburg. 
 
 Gnjfe, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 S. VV. angle of Renfrewshire, runs over several 
 precipices into the lower country, falling into the 
 Black Cart, near the town of Paisley. 
 
 Guadalaxara, an interior province of Spain, 
 forming the N. W. part of the kingdom of New 
 Castile. Superfices 163 square leagues, with a 
 pop in 1810, of 121,115. The chief town of the 
 same name is seated on the banks of the river 
 Henares, 30 m. N. E. of Madrid. It has a wool- 
 en manufacture. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Guadalaxara, one of the 15 intendencies or di- 
 visions of Mexico, bounded on the W. by the Pa- 
 cific Ocean. Superfices 73,623 sq. m. with a pop. 
 in 1303 of 030,500. It is intersected by the San- 
 tiago river, or Rio Grande. The chief town of 
 the same name is seated on the W. bank of the 
 Santiago, in the lat. of 21. 19. N., 70 m. N. of 
 Chapala, and 275 N. W. of the city of Mexico. 
 Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 Guadaloupc, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 with a celebrated convent; seated on a rivulet 
 of the same name, 34 m. E. by N. ofTruxillo. 
 
 Guadaloupe, one of the Leeward Carribean isl- 
 ands, in the West Indies, between Antigua and 
 Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a 
 strait, called the Salt River. At this place the 
 land on each side is not above 4 m. broad, and by 
 this strait the sea on the N. W. communicates 
 with that on the S. E. The S. W. part is 60 m. 
 long and 24 broad ; and the N. E. part is much 
 the same. The soil is exceedingly good, and well 
 watered near the sea, by rivulets which fall from 
 the mountains, and produces large quantities of 
 sugar, cotton, and coffee. On this island is a vol- 
 cano, called the mountain of Sulphur ; and on its 
 E. side are two mouths, which open into a pit of 
 sulphur : the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it 
 from this pit. The French settled on this island 
 in 1635. It was taken by the English in 1759, 
 but restored in 1763; again taken by the English 
 
 in 1794, but evacuated the next year. The Eng 
 lish again took it in 1810 ; and, in order to allure 
 the Swedes into the late coalition against France, 
 gave them this island. It was, however, by the 
 consent of Sweden, restored to France in 1814. 
 Basseterre, at the S. W. extremity of the island, 
 is the capital. Lat. 16. N., 61. 48. W. long. 
 
 Guadalquivir, a river of Spain which rises in 
 the S. part of New Castile, flows through the 
 kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and en- 
 ters the bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, after a course 
 of about 300 m. 
 
 Guadarrama, a town of Spain, in Old Castile. 
 It has a great trade in cheese, and is seated on the 
 Guadarrama, 25 m. N. W. of Madrid. 
 
 Guadiana, a river which rises in New Castile, 
 in Spain, crosses Estremadura into Portugal, and, 
 separating Algarve from Andalusia, enters the bay 
 of Cadiz at Ayamonte. 
 
 Giiadix, a town of Spain, in Granada, and a 
 bishop's see. It contains three parishes and six 
 convents, and is situate in a rich country, on a 
 river of the same name, 36 m. E. N. E. of Gran- 
 ada. 
 
 Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Islands, in the 
 Pacific Ocean, 100 ra. in circumference. The 
 Spaniards have a garrison here ; but the inhabi- 
 tants are almost all natives of the country, and 
 reputed to be skilful in building boats. It abounds 
 with excellent fruit, and has several good har 
 bours. Umata is the capital. Long. 143. 15. E 
 lat. 13. 10. N. 
 
 Guainanga, a city of Peru, capital of an interior 
 province of the same name. It is famous for its 
 mines of silver. It is 180 m. E. S. E. of Lima. 
 Long. 74. 5. W., lat. 13. 20. S. The province in 
 1795 contained 111,559 inhabitants, of whom 
 75,284 were native Indians, and 29,620 Mestizoes. 
 
 Guanahani, or Cat Island, or>e of the Bahama 
 Islands, the first land of America, discovered by 
 Columbus in 1491, and named by him St. Salva- 
 dor. See Bahamas. 
 
 Guanorc, an interior town of Colombia, seated 
 on a branch of the Apure River, 195 m. S. W. of 
 Caracas, and 130 E. of Merida. Pop. estimated 
 at 12,000. 
 
 Guanaxuatu, a small interior province of Mexi- 
 co, containing only 6,878 sq. in. but a pop. of 517, 
 300 ; it is the most densely populated part of the 
 country, and is considered the most productive 
 mineral district in Mexico. The chief city, of 
 the same name, is seated on the eastern declivity 
 of the Cordilleras, upwards of 6,800 feet above the 
 level of the sea, in the lat. of 21. N., and 101. 55. 
 of W. long., giving a mean distance from the city 
 of Mexico of 190 geographical, or 214 British 
 statute m. Pop. about 40,000, exclusive of about 
 30,000 more, employed in, or dependant on, the 
 mines in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 Guancavelica, an interior province of Peru, E. 
 of the maritime range of the Andes, extending 
 about 190 m. from N. to S. between the lat. of 12. 
 20. and 14. 30. S., and is about 50 in. in mean 
 breadth ; it is thinly populated but has mines of 
 quicksilver. The chief city, of the same name 
 is seated in an elevated glen of the Andes, in the 
 lat. of 13. 5. S., and 74. 35. of W. long., 170 m 
 S. E. of Lima. 
 
 Guanuco, a town of Peru, capital of a fruitfu 
 district of the same name. It is 172 m. N. N. E 
 of Lima. 
 
 Guarco. See Gagnete. 
 
 Guarda, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a 
 bishop' 1 * see. It is strong by nature arid art, and 
 
GUA 
 
 353 
 
 GUA 
 
 has a stately cathedral, 138 m. N. E. of Lisbon. 
 Guardafui. See Gardefan. 
 Guastalla, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a 
 small duchy, included in that of Parma, with an 
 ancient decayed castle. It is seated near the river 
 Po. 1L> m. N. E. of Parma. 
 Guastcca. See Panuco. 
 
 Guatemala, a province of South America, hav- 
 ing about 400 m. of sea-coast on the shore of the 
 Pacific Ocean, between the lat. of 14. and 17. N., 
 being from 30 to 50 in breadth ; it forms part of 
 the chain of territory which connects the two 
 great divisions of the western hemisphere, and 
 was formerly with several other provinces included 
 in the government of Mexico ; but, since the 
 subversion of Spanish authority in the western 
 world, it has been formed into an independent re- 
 public, by the name of Central America. This re- 
 public is bounded N. by Chiapa and Yucatan in 
 Mexico, and the bay of Honduras ; E. by the 
 Gulf of Nicaragua nnd Colombia, and S. and W. 
 by the Pacific Ocean. It contains about 150,000 
 sq. m. It is divided into 5 states. Guatemala, 
 Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica: 
 these are subdivided into 45 districts. 
 
 The name of Guatemala, or more correctly 
 Quauhit email an, that is to say, the place full of 
 trees, originally belonged to a single district. The 
 Spaniards applied it to a Captain-Generalship, 
 which bore the title of kingdom, and to one single 
 province, comprehended within this kingdom. 
 
 The province of Guatemala, properly so called, 
 ?xtends from the confines of Guaxaca to those of 
 Nicaragua, along the Pacific Ocean. The climate 
 in general is hot and moist. The plains are fertile, 
 botli in American and European fruit of a delight- 
 ful flavour. The maize produces 300 for one, as 
 well as the cocoa. Indigo of a superior quality is 
 produced there, and the annotto is cultivated. 
 The forests with which the mountains are covered 
 give shelter and food to animals that are still im- 
 perfectly known; and many nondescript shrubs 
 are met with, from which they distil valuable bal- 
 sams. Many ports on the South Sea afford this 
 province great facility for carrying on an advan- 
 tageous commerce with Peru, Terra Firma, and 
 New Spain. The coasts abound with fish, but 
 fishing is not followed with any considerable ac- 
 tivity- They likewise neglect their silver mines, 
 which are said to be rich; but they collect the 
 sulphur that floats on the surface of several lakes. 
 The whole province is filled with volcanoes, and 
 exceedingly subject to earthquakes. 
 
 Guatemala is the capital, and is the see of an 
 archbishop, and the seat of a University. The 
 ancient city was destroyed on the 7th June, 1777, 
 by one of the most tremendous earthquakes of 
 which we have any record. From the 3d of June 
 the agitated sea had risen from its bed ; the two 
 volcanoes adjacent to the town appeared to boil ; 
 one of them shot out torrents of water, the other, 
 waves of blazing lava. On every side the earth 
 was seen to gape in deep fissures. At length, after 
 five days of unutterable anguish, the abyss opened, 
 and the town, with all its riches, and 8.000 fam- 
 ilies, was instantly swallowed up, while torrents 
 of mud and sulphur, rushing over the ruins, ob- 
 literated forever all vestiges of its former existence. 
 The spot is now indicated by a frightful desert. 
 The new city is built at the distance of four leagues 
 from the site of the old town. We must not omit 
 noticing Jimatitlan, or the town of letters, so call- 
 ed in consequence of the talent which the Indians, 
 its inhabitants, displayed for carving hieroglyphics 
 45 
 
 on the bark of trees. The district of Soconusco, of 
 which the chief place is Guaguetlan, produces the 
 best cocoa of all America; but very little of it ia 
 met with in commerce. In the district of Qucsalte- 
 nango, very fine alum and sulphur are found. 
 Solola produces the best figs in the kingdom, and 
 a good deal of cotton is spun there. Two volca- 
 noes are met with in the vicinity, the one called 
 Atitun, and the other Solola. The district of Sucli- 
 itepec, fertile in annotto, is subject to excessive 
 rains. 
 
 In the forests very large trees are met with, 
 from which a fragrant odour is diffused, and odori 
 ferous resin distils. Different varieties of gum, 
 balsam, incense, and dragon's blood are also col- 
 lected. Canes of a hundred feet long are found, 
 and of such a thickness, that from one knot to 
 another twenty-five pounds of water are contained. 
 The bees of this region make a very liquid honey, 
 which, after becoming acid, is made use of, they 
 say, instead of orange juice. The forests are in- 
 fested with wild animals, amongst which Alcedo 
 distinguishes the Tapir or Danta. When enraged, 
 the animal shows his teeth like the wild boar, and, 
 it is asserted, cuts through the strongest tree. Its 
 skin is six fingers thick, and when dried, resists 
 every kind of weapon. Very large bears are also 
 met with. 
 
 The province of Honduras is very little known 
 It extends from that of Vera Paz to that of Nica- 
 ragua. The first Spanish navigators perceiving 
 a great number of pompions floating down the 
 banks of the river, called it the Coast of Hibueras, 
 that is to say, the Coast of Pompions. The most 
 western part of this province contains the little 
 Spanish towns of Comayagua and of Truxillo. The 
 latter of these has been built near a lake, where 
 floating islands, covered with large trees, move 
 from place to place at the discretion of the wind. 
 Near the river Sihun, caverns have been discovered, 
 or rather immense subterranean galleries, which 
 run under several mountains, and appear to have 
 been hollowed out by ancient currents. The in- 
 terior of the country is inhabited by a savage and 
 ferocious nation, the Mosquito- Sambos. The coasts, 
 especially near Cape Gracias a Dios, are occupied 
 by another tribe of Indians, whom the English 
 navigators denominate the Coast Mosquitoes 
 
 This appellation originates in the insupportable 
 cloud of mosquitoes, or stinging flies, that here 
 torment the wretched inhabitants, and compel 
 them to pass one part of the year in boats on the 
 river. The Mosquito Indians of the coast, a tribe 
 governed by aristocratic chiefs, do not reckon 
 more than fifteen hundred warriors. We are an 
 acquainted with their notions of religion ~ T bnt, ac- 
 cording to the older voyagers, they divided the 
 year into eighteen months and twenty davs> ano 
 2 62 
 
GUA 
 
 354 
 
 GtTE 
 
 they termed the months loalar, that is to say, a 
 moveable thing, — a very remarkable denomina- 
 tion, because it evidently approaches the word Iol, 
 by which the ancient Scandinavians designated 
 the feast that terminated the year, — a term ap- 
 parently analogous with wheel or cycle. Similar 
 divisions of the year into eighteen months pre- 
 vailed among the Aztecs of Mexico. Each month 
 consisted cjf twenty days, and five complementary 
 days were added at the end of the year, which was 
 denominated Ctmpokualilhuitl, from cempohualll, 
 twenty, and ilhuitl, festival. The cazique of these 
 Mosquitoes, who inhabit the coast between Black 
 River and Cape Gracias a Dios, lately sold or 
 transferred that territory to a person of the name 
 of Gregor MacGregor, who had attained some 
 notoriety in the late Colombian struggle for lib- 
 erty. 
 
 According to the respectable testimony of Go- 
 mara, and almost all the accounts and maps that 
 have been published, the great lake of Nicaragua, 
 is covered with beautiful and populous islands, 
 amongst which only one contains a volcano, named 
 Omo that always continues burning ; it has no out- 
 let towards the South Sea ; all its waters descend- 
 ing by the river St. John, in the direction of the 
 North or Atlantic Sea. This river, the scene of 
 Nelson's earliest exploits, forms about thirtv falls 
 before it reaches the marshy shores of the sea, 
 where a pestilential air, and Indians distinguished 
 alike for their perfidy of character, and the feroci- 
 ty of their disposition, fill the most intrepid navi- 
 gators with alarm. The lake, then, is situated on 
 a plateau, but at what elevation? " The coast of 
 Nicoya," sa3's Dampier, '• is low. and covered with 
 shrubs. To reach San Leon de Nicaragua one 
 must walk twenty miles across a flat country, co- 
 vered with mangroves, pasture land, and planta- 
 tions of the sugar cane." These remarks of a ju- 
 dicious observer appear to indicate that there is 
 no considerable chain of mountains between the 
 Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. The 
 physical geography of this country is unquestion- 
 ably possessed of great interest, and yei it is to- 
 tally neglected. 
 
 Among the numerous volcanoes of this country, 
 that of Masatja, three leagues (Castilian) from 
 Granada, and ten from Leon, appears to be the 
 most considerable. Its crater, which is half a 
 league in circumference, and 250 fathoms in depth, 
 ejects neither cinders nor smoke. The matter, 
 ivltich is perpetually boiling within it. diffuses so 
 intense a light through the air that it is visible at 
 the distance of 20 leagues. So much, in fact, 
 does it resemble gold in a state of fusion, that the 
 first Spaniards actually supposed it to be this met- 
 al, the object of their anxious search ; and stimu- 
 lated by their avaricious temerity, vainly attempt- 
 ed to seize, with iron hooks, some of this very sin- 
 gular lava. 
 
 No mines have as yet been discovered in the 
 province of Nicaragua ; but it is fertile in every 
 description of fruit, and abounds in large and small 
 cattle, especially in mules and horses. They also 
 carry on a great trade in cotton, honey, wax, ani- 
 seed, sugar, cochineal, cocoa, salt, fish, amber, 
 turpentine, and petroleum, together with different 
 balsams and medieinal drugs. The palm trees 
 grow to a colossal size. Leon, the capital, is sit- 
 uated on the margin of a lake, which empties it- 
 self into the Nicaragua. It inhabitants, rich, vo- 
 luptuous, and indolent, derive but little advantage 
 from the excellent port of Realejo, formed by a 
 bay of the South Sea 
 
 The province of Costa Rica contains no mines, 
 and hence it has been said that this name has 
 been ironically applied to it ; but its extensive 
 forests of building timber, its rich pastures, and 
 picturesque scenery, afford abundant reasons for 
 this appellation. Cattle, and especially hogs, 
 swarm here to an extraordinary degree. In the 
 Gulf of Salinas the muscle yielding purple is 
 caught. 
 
 Guatemala declared itself an independent state 
 in 1823. The government bears a close resem- 
 blance to that of the United States. The Con- 
 gress consists of a Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives. The executive are a President and Vice Presi- 
 dent chosen for 4 years. The government however is 
 little more than nominal, the country having been 
 lately in a perpetual state of turbulence and dis- 
 sension. The population is about 1,800,000. 
 
 Guatemala, city, the capital of the above repub- 
 lic, commonly called Guatemala La Nueva, or 
 New Guatemala, stands on a little stream called the 
 Yacas flowing into the Pacific. It is in lat. 14. 40. 
 N. and long. 91. 25. W. It is handsomely built, 
 with regular streets and many elegant public 
 buildings. It was greatly damaged in 1830 by an 
 earthquake. Previous to that event it contained 
 40,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Gvaxaca, a province of the chain of territory 
 now forming the republic of Guatemala, compris- 
 ing about 28,000 square miles, extending from sea 
 to sea. The chief city of the same name is seat- 
 ed on the banks of a river, which falls into the 
 gulf of Mexico, in the lat. of J 7. 15. N., and 96. 
 20. of W. long., 450 m. N. W. of'the city of Gua- 
 temala. 
 
 Guyaquil, one of the 12 provinces of Colombia, 
 according to the division of 1825. bordering on the 
 Pacific Ocean, comprising the S. W. part of the 
 republic. The capital or chief town of the same 
 name, is seated on the W. bank of a river falling 
 into a gulf or bay of the same name, about 20 m. 
 from the sea. Guyaquil is the sea-port of Quito, 
 from which it is distant about 150 m. S. S. W. 
 The surrounding country produces an abundance 
 of the finest cocoa, of which large quantities are 
 exported to all parts of Europe. Lat 2 U.S. 
 W. long. 79. 40. Pop. about 20,000. 
 
 Guayra la, or Laguira, a sea-port of Colombia, 
 on the shore of the Carribean sea, and in the 
 new province of Venezuela. It is in lat. 10. 37. 
 N., and 66. 58. of W. long., 7 m. N. of the 
 city of Leon de Caracas, of which it is the sea- 
 port ; it exports large quantities of cocoa to 
 Europe, and mules and cattle to the West India 
 Islands ; and although the harbour is inconveni- 
 ent, the traffic is considerable. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Guben / a town of Lusatia, capital of a circle of 
 its name, which yields great quantities of excel- 
 lent red wine. It is seated on the Lubst near it? 
 conflux with the Neisse, 24 m. N. E. of Cot- 
 bus, and 68 S. E. of Berlin. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Gvdenslerg, a town of Germany, in Lower 
 Hesse, 10 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. 
 
 Guerande, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Loire, with a considerable trade in salt. 
 It is 3 m. from the Atlantic, and 40 W. by N. of 
 Nantes. Pop. 7,252. 
 
 Guerche, a town of France in the department 
 of Ille and Vilaine, 20 m. E. S. E. of Rennes 
 Pop. 3,980. 
 
 Gucret, a town of France, capital of the depart 
 ment of Creuse. It is seated on the river Creuse, 
 35 m. N. E. of Limoges, and 190 S. by W. of 
 Paris. Pop. 4,014. 
 
GUI 
 
 355 
 
 GUI 
 
 Guernsey, an island in the English Channel, 
 35 m. S. W. of Cape la Hogue, a promontory of 
 the N. coast of France. It formed part of the 
 dukedom of Normandy ; but Henry I. of England, 
 annexed it to Great Britian, to which it has ever 
 since continued an appendage, although the lan- 
 guage, dress, manners, and form of government 
 of the ancient Normans still continues. The is- 
 land is about 3G m. in circumference, well de- 
 fended by natural rocks ; the surface is consider- 
 ably' varied, generally fertile, and breed a consid- 
 erable number of small cattle. It is divided into 
 10 parishes, which in 1S21 contained an aggre- 
 gate population of 20,827. St. Peter's port, on 
 the E. side of the island, in lat. 49. 33. N., 
 and 2. 40. of W. long., is the chief place of the is- 
 land, containing more than one half of the total 
 population. The principal point of intercourse 
 with England is Weymouth, from which it is dis- 
 tant 72 m. 
 
 Guernsey, an interior county in the E. part of 
 Ohio, containing about 650 square m. It is in- 
 tersected by Will's Creek, a branch of the Musk- 
 ingum. The population, which in 1810 was only 
 3.051, in 1830 had increased to 18,036. Cam- 
 bridge, the chief town, in the centre of the coun- 
 ty, is 85 m. due E. of Columbus. 
 
 Gu.eta, or Hueta , a town of Spain in New Cas- 
 tile, 52 m. E. by S. of Madrid. 
 
 Guglinaen, a town of Suabia in the kingdom 
 of Wurtemberg, situate on the Zaber, 20 m. N. of 
 StuMgard. 
 
 Guiana, an extensive territory of South Amer 
 ica, comprising the whole country between the 
 two nrreat rivers Amazon and Orinoco, extending 
 VV. from the Atlantic Ocean through 16 degrees 
 of long. Prior to the war between England and 
 France, which commenced in 1793, this extensive 
 territory was divided between Portugal, Spain, 
 France, and Holland ; the Portuguese claimed the 
 whole country lying N. of the Amazons, to about 
 ]. 40. of N. lat. By a treaty in 1801, a line of 
 demarcation was agreed upon between France 
 and Portugal, this line extended from the island 
 of Carpory in the lat. above mentioned, through 
 about 8 degrees of long. From this line French 
 Guiana, extends along the coast to the Maroni 
 river, in the lat. of 5. 44. N., giving about 300 m. 
 of sea-coast, but westward it is not more than 130 
 m. wide. Dutch Guiana, next extends along the 
 coast from the river Maroni in 5. 44. of N. lat., and 
 53. 55. of W. long., to Cape Nassau, in 7. 34. N., 
 and 58. 54 of W. long, giving about360m. of sea- 
 coast, and a mean breadth of about 170 m. : and 
 Spanish Guiana comprised the coast from the river 
 Maroni, to the Delta of the Orinoco, and all the 
 countrv W. of Dutch and French Guiana, as far 
 as the 63 degree of W. long. Portuguese Guiana 
 now forms part of the empire of Brazil. French 
 Guiana surrendered to the English in 1800, but 
 was restored at the peace of 1814 ; see Cayenne 
 The Dutch had formed four settlements upon 
 their portion of the territory, viz. Surinam, Ber- 
 bice, Demarara, and Essequibo. along the banks 
 of four several rivers of those names, which also 
 surrendered to the English during the war. At 
 the peace of 1814, Surinam was restored to the 
 Dutch, and all the rest confirmed to England by 
 treaty. The greater portion of this vast territory 
 is comprised of extensive swamps and low larffls 
 of unbounded fertility, of which various kinds of 
 animals, reptiles, and insects, are the chief pos- 
 sessors, the human inhabitants being very limit- 
 ed exceptupon the rivers Surinam, and Demerara. 
 
 The coast, from its lowness, is subject in many 
 places to inundations ; the land, at the distance 
 of several leagues from the sea, is deluged by the 
 tides. The sailor loses sight of the capes or 
 promontories at a short way'from the shore ; but 
 ships can approach them without danger, for the 
 distance may be ascertained with sufficient accu- 
 racy by means of the sounding line. The turbid 
 appearance of the sea is owing to the great quan- 
 tity of alluvial matter borne down by rivers. The 
 mangrove grows on the low grounds, in which 
 the sea water remains stagnant; several fens ot 
 marshes, occasioned by the inundations of rivers, 
 are covered with reeds, that afford shelter to the 
 cayman and different sorts of water fowl. The 
 dry season lasts from the end of July to Novem- 
 ber, and the rainy season corresponds with the 
 winter months in Europe , but the most violent 
 rains fall sometimes in January and February; 
 the weather is dry and agreeable during the month 
 of March and the beginning of May ; this period 
 has, for that reason, been denominated the short 
 summer. The whole of April and the latter part 
 of May are subject to continued rains. The cli- 
 mate of Guiana is not liable to the excessive heat 
 of the East Indies, Senegambia, or the Antilles. 
 
 It is well known that the trees which bear fruit 
 during the whole of the year in this country, 
 yield more abundant crops in particular seasons, 
 as the orange, the lemon, the guava, the laurus 
 persea, the sapota, the amionaand others, which 
 grow only in cultivated lands. The trees in the 
 woods and all those in a wild state bear fruit but 
 once a year, and the greater number of them at 
 a season that corresponds with our spring ; the 
 most remarkable of these trees are the grenadilla 
 and different species of palms. The mango and 
 other East Indian plants thrive in Guiana, but the 
 fruits of Europe, with the exception of the grape, 
 the fig and pomegranate, are not adapted to the 
 climate. The first European settlers observed 
 in this county three specie-, of the coffee tree, the 
 Coffea guyanensis, Coffea puriculata, and Coffea 
 occidehtalis ; a fourth kind from Arabia was after- 
 wards added by the colonists. Many aromatic 
 plants were imported by the earlier settlers ; the 
 country produces in abundance cloves, cinnamon, 
 and different sorts of pepper. The tree which 
 produces the Cashew nut bears a considerable re 
 
 semblance to the walnut, and tne leaves have 
 nearly the same scent. It bears a sort of apple at 
 the end of which grows the Cashew nut, enclosed 
 in two shells, between which is a native inflam- 
 mable oil, so caustic as to blister the skin. The 
 kernel has a fine flavour, and is used to give a 
 
GUI 
 
 356 
 
 GUI 
 
 peasant taste to chocolate and many products of 
 cookery. The cocoa tree grows spontaneously 
 on the east of the Oyapok ; indigo and vanilla are 
 indigenous to the soil; manioc and cassada are 
 considered the best alimentary plants ; the potato, 
 the io-name, two kinds of millet and the tayove 
 are also very nutritive. 
 
 The quadrupeds of Guiana are the same as 
 those of Brazil and Paraguay. M. Bajon states, 
 th it the jaguar is smaller in this country than in 
 a.iv other part of America: he adds, that it can 
 brine an ox to the ground, but that it is afraid of 
 man, and never ventures to attack him. Sted- 
 mtn on the other hand observes, that these ani- 
 mals sometimes carry off negro women, and too 
 frequently their children, while they are working 
 in che fields. The cougar, or red tiger of Suri- 
 n in is less than the jaguar, but resembles it in 
 its habits, and is equally ferocious. The tiger- 
 cat is a very beautiful animal of the same class ; 
 it is not much larger than the common cat, and 
 ot -i vellow colour with annulated black spots ; 
 like the rest of its kind, it is lively, mischievous, 
 and untameable. It is evident, from Stedman's 
 account of the jaguaretta, that he supposes it to 
 be different from Ihe jaguar ; but this opinion is 
 contrary to the common one and to that of the 
 most celebrated naturalists, who consider the 
 jatruaretta to be the same animal as the jaguar. 
 The ant bear is indigenous to the country ; the 
 two species, which are best known are the ta- 
 manda and the tainanoir ; the former is almost 
 eight feet in length ; it attacks the jaguar, and 
 seldom leaves its hold without destroying it. 
 The cancrophagus, or dog-crab, frequents the sea- 
 shore and uses its feet very dexterously in draw- 
 ing shell-fish out of their cavities. There are 
 
 many species of monkeys in Guiana; the quota 
 is, perhaps, the most remarkable from its like- 
 ness to man ; a fanciful traveller takes notice of 
 a striking resemblance between these animals 
 and Indian old women. The guata has short ears, 
 four fingers on its hands, and five toes on its feet ; 
 the extremity of its tail is of a spiral form, and 
 enables it to suspend itself on the branches of 
 trees. Some naturalists maintain that the orang- 
 outang has been observed in Guiana, but this is 
 by no means certain, and many well-informed 
 travellers are of a different opinion. Three spe- 
 cies of deer are said to be indigenous to the coun- 
 try, and one of these, (the enriacon,) resembles 
 the roe-buck in size and form. The agouti and 
 paca are considered the best game in Guiana. 
 The cabiai is an amphibious animal armed with 
 strong tusks, and covered with bristles ; it has 
 been classed as a species of cavey on account of 
 its not having a tail. The peccary or Mexican 
 hog has an orifice on its back containing a fetid 
 liquor not unlike musk, for which reason it has 
 been called the porcus moschiferus ; they go to- 
 gether in herds and sometimes lay waste orchards 
 
 and cultivated fields. The Indians shoot them 
 with poisoned arrows. 
 
 The boa, or, as it is called in the country, the 
 aboma, is a large amphibious snake about forty 
 feet in length, and four or five in circumference ; 
 it is indifferent as to its prey, and destroys, when 
 hungry, any animal that comes within its reach ; 
 the negroes consider it excellent food, and its fat 
 is converted into oil. The rattle snake and dip- 
 sas are the most noxious reptiles in Guiana ; the 
 sting of the latter is not always fatal, but it pro 
 duces fever accompanied with excessive thirst, 
 from which circumstance it has derived its name ; 
 Guiana is besides infested with serpents, lizards, 
 and alligators. VVaterton the traveller has given 
 us an account of his amusement in riding upon 
 
 the back of one of these latter animals. Those that 
 have visited Holland and Lower Holstein, may 
 form an imperfect notion of the Dutch and British 
 settlements in Guiana; — avast plain covered with 
 plantations, or enamelled with a rich verdure, 
 bounded on one side by a dark ridge of impene- 
 trable forests, and watered on the other by the 
 azure billows of the ocean. This garden, between 
 the sea and the desert, is intersected by a great 
 many streams confined by dikes, and separated 
 from eacli other by excellent roads or navigable 
 canals. Each habitation seems to be a village, 
 from the number of small buildings attached to 
 it, and the natural beauties of the country form a 
 striking contrast with its rich cultivation. The 
 revolted negroes have established several petty 
 republics in the interior; although the inhabit- 
 ants of these states go naked, they live in abun- 
 dance. They make their butter from the fat of 
 the palm-tree worm, and extract good oil from 
 the pistachio nut. They are not only skilled in 
 the chase, but are expert fishermen, and acquaint- 
 ed with the art of curing their provisions. Like 
 the Hindoos, they obtain salt from the ashes of 
 the palm-tree : and if a sufficient quantity of that 
 article cannot be procured, they season their food 
 with red pepper. The palm-tree furnishes them 
 with plenty of wine ; their fields are covered with 
 rice, manioc, ignames and plantains. The mani- 
 cole supplies them with all the materials of which 
 their huts are constructed ; their cups of gourds 
 are made from the calabash tree, and a sort of 
 net-work woven by an insect, serves them for 
 hats. The nebees or banes, so common in the 
 forests, are converted into cordage. 
 
 Guienne,a. late province of France, 220 m. long 
 and 85 broad, on the S. W. coast, of which Bor 
 deaux was the capital. It now forms the depart- 
 ment of Gironde, Lot and Garonne, Dordogne, 
 Lot, and Aveyron. 
 
 Guildford, a borough in Surry, Eng. It is sea 
 ted on the Wey, on the side of a hill, and had a 
 
GUI 
 
 357 
 
 GUI 
 
 castle and a palace, now in ruins ; here is also 
 part of a monastery, which is still occupied. The 
 summer assizes are alternately held here and at 
 Croydon ; but the election of members for the 
 county is always held here. It is a well built 
 town, with two churches, and an elegant town 
 hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and 
 the trade in timber and corn is considerable. It 
 is 23 m. W. S. W. of Croydon, and 20 S. W. of 
 London. It returns two members to parliament. 
 Pop. 3,161. 
 
 Guilford, an interior county of North Carolina, 
 a sq. of about 25 m. each way ; it is well irrigated 
 by the head waters of Cape Fear river. Pop. 
 trfj735. Greensborough is the chief town. 
 
 Guilford, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. G55. 
 Also a p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1,827. Also 
 a p.t. of Connecticut, in New Haven county, sit- 
 uate on a bay in Long Island Sound, 17 Hi. E. by 
 S. of New Haven. Pop. 2,344. Also a p.t. Chenan- 
 go Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,634. Also townships in 
 Franklin Co. Pa. and Medina Co. Ohio. 
 
 Gui.l lac, or Gaillac, a town of France, seated on 
 the N. bank of the river Tarn, in the department 
 of Tarn ; it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7,31(1. 
 It is 35 in. N. E. of Toulouse, and 15 W. by S. of 
 Alby. 
 
 Guimara.cns, a town of Portugal, in Entre 
 Douro e Minho, which has formerly been the res- 
 idence of its kings. It is divided into the old 
 and new town, the former situate on an eminence 
 surrounded by walls. Here is a manufacture of 
 linen in high estimation. The public buildings 
 are magnificent, and the collegiate church is said 
 to be founded on the ruins of a temple of Ceres. 
 It is 10 to. S. E. of Braga and 25 N. E. of 
 Oporto. 
 
 Guinea, Upper, an extensive region of North 
 Africa, comprising about 1,500 m. of seit coast, 
 from Cape Mesurado, in the lat. of G. 2G. N.,and 
 10. 30. of W. long., to the Calabar river, in 4. 10. 
 N., and G. 42. of E. long., and from thence S. to 
 the equator; of the interior parts of this country 
 either N. or S. very little is known. The coast 
 of Upper Guinea, from Cape Mesurado, to Cape 
 Palmas, a range of 240 in., is called the Grain 
 Coast, from the vast quantity of grains of paradise 
 or Guinea pepper which it was found to produce 
 on first being visited by Europeans ; further E. 
 for upwards of 200 in. is called the Tooth or Ivory 
 Coast, from the large quantity of fine elephants 
 teeth which are brought to its markets ; eastward 
 of the Ivory Coast to the meridional line, is cal- 
 led the Gold Gold, from the gold dust which is 
 found in its rivers; and eastward of the meridio- 
 nal line is called the Slave Coast, from the exten- 
 sive traffic in slaves which was formerly carried 
 o.i from thence by the English, Spaniards, French 
 and Americans, to the West Indies and America. 
 This extensive tract of territory is occupied by 
 various tribes and communities of negroes; the 
 most numerous are the Fantees who occupy 
 the coast from Cape Mesurado to the meridional 
 line ; from a long continued intercourse with Eu- 
 ropeans, the Fantees have acquired strong trad- 
 ing habits, and among them most of the trading 
 nations of Europe have formed settlements pro- 
 tected by forts. In the rear of the Fantees are 
 the Ashantees, who, although they appear to be 
 one people, live in continued hostility with each 
 other. North of the Ashantees, is a tribe called 
 the Chambas, who are represented as an amiable 
 and industrious people, diligent in the pursuit of 
 agriculture ; and it was from this peaceful and 
 
 social occupation from which the Ashantees were 
 wont to drag the people to the coast as slaves, 
 when that traffic was carried on by the English. 
 The cessation of this traffic seems to be the 
 cause of the revenge of the Ashantees who acted 
 as robbers and drovers to the inhabitants on the 
 coast, their enmity being extended to the English 
 whom they regard as the cause of the cessation ; 
 and in 1823 and 182G, they waged for a time sue 
 cessful war against the discipline and skill of the 
 British arms. The principal towns or trading 
 station* on this part of the coast, westward of the 
 meridional line, are Cape Coast Castle, Annama- 
 boe.and Anconah : eastward of the meridional line 
 is the kingdom of Dahomey, the principal town 
 of which, on the coast, is Griwhee, and in the 
 interior Abomey, distant about 90 in. The peo- 
 ple of Dahomey are represented as fine looking 
 and industrious, their helds being productive in 
 maize, legumes, and yams, and their pastures 
 well stocked with sheep, goats, and cattle. Great 
 ravages are frequently committed among them by 
 1« opards and hyenas, whilst the termes or white 
 ants, insidously intrude in such vast numbers into 
 the habitations ot tlie people, as to commit the 
 most destructive ravages before resistance can be 
 applied; there have been instances of their devour- 
 ing an ox in n single night, and persons debili- 
 tated by disease are liable to be attacked by them. 
 Another remarkable animal of Dahomey is a bat 
 oi enormous size ; they suspend themselves in 
 thousands by their claws, to the branches of trees, 
 immediately contiguous to the habitations of the 
 people. Eastward of Dahomey on the banks of 
 a , - iver about 25 in. from the sea, is the town o- 
 Aidrah, with a pop. of from 7 to 10,000, which 
 sevmsan independent or free town under the pro- 
 tection of the Hios, a powerful and numerous 
 pecple, whose country extends 180 to 300 in. into 
 the interior. The country around Ardiah is 
 represented as exceedingly beautiful and produc- 
 tive in every variety of tropical vegetation; fur- 
 th si east is the town of Lagos, the country ti 
 the northward of which is inhabited by the Jaboob, 
 a v n ry industrious people, who manufacture great 
 quantities of cotton cloth, and wiiose country is 
 well motivated, and rich in all the products of 
 agriculture; east of the Jaboos is the kingdom 
 of Benin, supposed to be very extensive, the cap- 
 ital of the same name is about 40 m. from the coast, 
 the sea-port being Gatto ; further east, extending 
 to the 10th degree of longitude, are the kingdoms 
 of VVarre, and Old and New Calabar. It was 
 from this part of the coast from whence the most 
 active slave trade was carried on by the English, 
 a people from the interior called tiie Heebas, be- 
 ing the principal victims, and the town of Bonny 
 the principal market. Since the abandonment 
 of this traffic in slaves by the English, the inhab- 
 itants of this coast have directed their attention 
 to agriculture and commerce, and now export large 
 quintites of palm oil, ivory and dye woods. From 
 Old Calabar the coast extends to the south, which 
 is commonly called Lower Guinea. 
 
 Guinea, Lower, consists of Biafra, Calbonga, 
 I >/pcz, Malemba, Loango, Congo, Benguela, 
 &c. &c, it is from this part of the coast, 
 from whence the Brazilians still continue to draw 
 30 or 40,000 slaves annually. Malemba, in the 
 lat. of 5. 24. S., and 12. 20. of E. long., is represent- 
 ed as having a very salubrious climate, and as 
 affording the most favourable spot on the whole 
 western coast of Africa for the residence of Eu- 
 ropeans. Off this coast, N of the equator, are the 
 
GUI 
 
 353 
 
 GUI 
 
 islands of Fernando, Po, Princes, and St. Thomas, 
 which also afford favourable situations, from 
 whence to dispense the blessings of civilization 
 and social order. The Pintado, or Guinea Hen, 
 now well known and domesticated in Europe 
 
 and America, was originally from this country 
 and is still found wild in various parts. 
 
 All the rivers are filled with crocodiles, called 
 by some travellers caymans ; they are generally 
 25 feet long, according to CaVazzi ; there are 
 some also which never enter the water, but hunt 
 fowls, sheep, and she-goats. In another place, 
 however, he states, that there are lizards which 
 differ very little from crocodiles. Cameleons are 
 found in great numbers, and are considered very 
 venomous. The flying lizard, or palm-rat, a pret- 
 ty little animal, is an object of religious worship ; 
 the rich preserve it with great care, aud exhibit 
 it to the adoration of the people, who offer it pre- 
 sents. Frogs and toads are of an enormous size. 
 Monstrous serpents infest these inhospitable 
 countries. The boa, or boma, in length from 25 
 to 30 feet, and 5 in thickness, darts from trees 
 upon men and animals, swallowing them at once, 
 and in it= turn becomes a prey to the negroes, who 
 attack it during its digestion, or burn it by setting 
 fire to the woods at the termination of the lains. 
 It wages an interminable war against the croco- 
 diles. The bite of another species of serpent is 
 mortal within 24 hours. Travellers who are fond 
 of the marvellous, represent it as blind, and de- 
 scribe it with 2 heads ; they mean the amphisbana. 
 
 The mamba, as thick as a man's thigh, is 20 
 feet long, and very nimble. It instinctively 
 chases the n'damba, and devours it whole and 
 alive. This last is only an ell long, with a wide 
 and flat head like the viper, and the skin beauti- 
 fully spotted ; its poison is very subtle. The 
 n'bambi, is one of the most venomous ; is with 
 difficulty distinguished from the trees themselves, 
 the trunks of which it entwines, lying in wait for 
 its prey. It is reported that the touch only of the 
 lenta, a variegated viper, is followed by death, but 
 that the bite of the animal is its antidote. The 
 country swarms with scorpions and centipedes ; 
 the former often creep into houses and books. 
 
 The fleas, bugs, and flies of Europe, are not 
 found in Guinea; there are, however, gnats and 
 moschetoes in abundance, which form one of the 
 plagues of the country. The sting of the hunzo, 
 of the same size as our gadfly is said to be mortal. 
 Different species of very formidable ants infest 
 both men and animals. Malefactors, who are 
 sometimes bound and exposed to them, are con- 
 sumed to the bones in one day. The insondi or 
 insongongi, enter the trunk of elephants, and 
 cause them to die in extreme madness. The sting 
 of the inzeni, which are a black and very large 
 species, produces violent pains for some hours. 
 The salute (ants,) small, round, red, and white, 
 are the most dangerous ; they insinuate them- 
 
 selves every where, and destroy linen, merchan- 
 dise, furniture, and even houses, the wood work 
 of which they hollow out, leaving nothing but an 
 external shell. According to Grandpre, they 
 have the instinct to fill up with clay the stakes 
 which support the houses, to prevent their fall. 
 Fire alone, and marble, can resist their devouring 
 teeth ; but furniture may be secured by placino- 
 the feet in pans of water. 
 
 In a country so infested with noisome and de- 
 structive insects, it is pleasant to know that one, 
 at least, of considerable utility exists ; it is a sca- 
 rabceus, of the size of a cockchafer, which con- 
 tributes essentially to the salubrity of the atmos. 
 phere, by making deep holes, and burying in 
 them all impure and corruptible matters under 
 ground ; it is the more valuable in consequence 
 of its wonderful fecundity. Numberless swarms 
 of bees wander in the forests, occupying the 
 hollows of trees. — and it is only necessary to drive 
 them away by lighting fires under them, and 
 thus take their honey. Grasshoppers are esteemed 
 as food by the natives, and are not despised even 
 by Europeans. 
 
 The ostrich and peacock are esteemed by the 
 negroes. In Angola, the king has reserved the 
 sole privilege of keeping peacocks. There are 
 both brown and red partridges, which have the 
 peculiarity of perching upon trees. The quail, 
 pheasant, thrush, the widow and cardinal birds 
 are found in abundance. The cuckoo differs 
 from ours in its note. The Cuculus indicator, 
 found in every p;irt of the torrid zone, here bears 
 the name of sengo. The parrot varies much as to 
 size, colour, and voice. Very different from those 
 we see in cages ; strong, nimble, and bold, they 
 fly with great rapidity, and are very formidable 
 to other birds, which they attack, and lacerate 
 most unmercifully in the combat. 
 
 The different species of the turtle doves, 
 pigeons, fowls, ducks, and geese of this country 
 are not well distinguished. The idle disposition 
 of the natives has never thought of profiting by 
 the use of the eggs of fowls in domestic economy. 
 The hen, left to herself, deposits her eggs where 
 she pleases, and runs undisturbed about the fields 
 with her chickens in search of food. Among the 
 fisher birds, is the pelican, the puffin, and gulls 
 of every variety. The skin of the pelican, ap- 
 plied to the stomach, is said to restore its vigour 
 
 It is astonishing to behold the immense num- 
 ber of eagles, vultures, falcons, hawks, and other 
 birds of prey, which hover over the woods when 
 set on fire by the negroes, and snatch from the 
 midst of the flames quadrupeds and serpents half 
 roasted. According to the report of travellers, 
 who have given a very superficial account of 
 birds, the number of owls, screech owls, and bats, 
 is also considerable. 
 
 Among the quadrupeds, the hippopotamus af- 
 fords the negroes an agreeable dish ; which, on 
 meagre days, is not unacceptable to Europeans. 
 
 The wild boar (engaUi,) of which there are sev- 
 eral varieties, is a scourge to the country. The 
 hog, introduced by the Portuguese, is less remark- 
 able for its size than for the goodness of its flesh. 
 The blacks rear a few guinea-pigs. Though 
 originally a native of hot climates, this animal 
 lives and breeds in temperate and cold countries. 
 Its skin is of little value, and the flesh although 
 sometimes eaten, is indifferent food. They are 
 so cleanly that much of their time is spent in lick- 
 ing and smoothing each other's fur. They feed 
 on all sorts of herbs, especially on parsley, which 
 
GUI 
 
 359 
 
 GUZ 
 
 they prefer even to bran, flour or bread. They 
 are also exceedingly fond of apples and fruits. 
 Like the rabbit they eat precipitately ; little at a 
 
 time, but very often. The}'' are very prolific and 
 multiply astonishingly. A single couple will 
 produce one thousand in a year. The use of 
 the horse, the ass, and the mule is a nullity to 
 the negro, who dares not even venture to mount 
 them. Whether negroes or Portuguese, the in- 
 habitants find it preferable to be carried about in 
 hammocks. 
 
 Guinea, „Yt?o, or Papua, an island of the South 
 Pacific Ocean, to the N. of New-Holland, from 
 which it is separated by Endeavour Strait, it is 
 next in size to New-Holland, extending S. E. 
 from the equator, to 12. S. lat., and from 131. to 
 153. E. long., a length of more than 1 ,200 miles.by 
 a medial breadth of perhaps 300 ; but the coasts of 
 the eastern part are far from being completely in- 
 vestigated. The northern part is said to have 
 been discovered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who 
 had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice Is- 
 lands. The coasts are generally lofty ; and in 
 the interior, mountain rises above mountain ; but 
 the whole appears covered with such luxuriance 
 of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceiv- 
 ed. The cocoa, sago, bread-fruit, and plantain 
 tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and plants, 
 common to the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, 
 are found here in great perfection. This island 
 is the chosen residence of the singular birds of 
 paradise, which breed here during the wet mon- 
 soon, and in the dry migrate in flocks westward, 
 to the smaller islands, particularly Arroo. Here 
 are also elegant parrots ; and pigeons that almost 
 equal a turkey in size. The inhabitants of the 
 northern part are called Papous : whence the name 
 of the country. They seem to have the true 
 Malay complexion and features; but in general are 
 of horrible appearance, and great ferocity. Their 
 language and habitations resemble those of Bor- 
 neo, »fec. On the west the women seem the most 
 industrious in making mats, and pots of clay, 
 which they afterward burn with dry grass or 
 brushwood ; and they even wield the axe, while 
 the men are indolent, or engaged in the chase of 
 wild hogs. In the interior is a race called Hara- 
 forus, who live in trees, which they ascend by a 
 notched pole, drawing it after them to prevent 
 surprise. On this extensive territory, so favoured 
 by nature, there is no European settlement. 
 The chief commerce is with the Malays and 
 Chinese, from whom they purchase blue and red 
 cloth, axes, knives, and other instruments. Their 
 returns are ambergris, tortoise-shell, small pearls, 
 birds of paradise, and other birds, which the Papu- 
 ans dry with great skill. Some slaves are also ex- 
 ported, probably captives taken in intestine wars. 
 
 Guingamp, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cotes du Nord, seated on the Trie u, 18 
 m. S. of Treguier, and 23 W. by N. of St. Brieux. 
 It is the seat of a prefect. 
 
 Guipuzcoa, a district of Spain, forming the N. 
 W. part of Biscay, comprising a superfices of 52 
 sq. leagues. Pop. in 1809, 104,491. St. Se- 
 bastian is the capital. 
 
 Guise, a town of France, in the department of 
 Aisne, with a castle, seated on the Oise, 18 m. E. 
 of St. Quintin. 
 
 Guislain, St. a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Hainault, seated in marshy land, on the river 
 Haine, C m. W. of Mons. 
 
 Gujunat, or Gujurat, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Lahore, 60 m. N. by W. of Lahore, on the road 
 to Benares. 
 
 Gumbinnen, a town of Prussia, capital of a gov- 
 ernment of the same name in Lithuania. It has 
 manufactures of cloth, and is seated on the Pissa, 
 which falls into the Pregel, 75 m. E. by S. of Ko 
 nigsberg. The superfices of the government of 
 Gumbinnen, comprises upwards of 6,000 square 
 miles, with a population of aoout 350,000. Pop. 
 of the town about 5,000. 
 
 G11711 Springs, a village in Orange Co. Va. 
 
 Guvnirginia, a populous town of European 
 Turkey, in Rumelia, near the sea-coast, 190 m. 
 due W. of Constantinople. 
 
 Gundelfingcn, a town of Bavaria, situate on the 
 Brenz, near the Danube, 17 m. W. S. W. o' 
 Donawert. 
 
 Guntoor, a district of Hindoostan, formerly the 
 most southern of the circars, intersected by the 
 river Kistnah, on the western coast of the Baj 
 of Bengal. The chief town of the same name is 
 seated S. of the Kistnah, 45 m. W. by N. from 
 Masulipatam. See Circars. 
 
 Gvntzburg , a town of Suabia, with a castle. 
 It stands on the river Guntz, near its conflux 
 with the Danube, 6 m. W. of Burgau, and 14 E. 
 ofUlm. 
 
 Gunzenhausen, a town of Franconia, in the 
 principality of Anspach, seated on the Altmuhl, 
 near a forest, 16 m. S. S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 Gurau, a town of Silesia, in the principality of 
 Glogau, with good cloth manufactures, and a 
 great trade in corn. In 1759 it was reduced to ashes 
 by the Russians. It stands on an eminence, by 
 the river Bartch, 19 in. E. of Glogau. 
 
 Gurck, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, and 
 lately a bishop's see ; seated on the river Gurck, 
 20 m. N. by W. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Gurckfeld, a town of Germany, in Carniola, 
 with a castle on a hill, situate on the Save, 28 m 
 S. E. ofCilley. 
 
 Gurgistan. See Georgia. 
 
 Guricf, or Gouricv, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Astracan, with a good harbour: 
 seated near the Caspian Sea, between the mouths 
 of the Ural. 210 miles E. by N. of Astracan. 
 Long. 51.56., lat. 47.37. N. 
 
 G-urrah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Allahabad, situate near the river Nerbuddah, 
 190 m. S. S. W. of Allahabad. Long. 80. 23. E.. 
 lat. 23. 9. N. 
 
 Gurrumconda, a town of Hindoostan, lately 
 subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded by the 
 Nizam to the British in 1799. It is 73 m. N. E. 
 of Bangalore, and 112 W. N. W. of Madras 
 Long. 78. 36. E., lat. 13. 47. N. 
 
 Gustavus, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Gustroio, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Mecklenberg-Schwerin. The chief courts of 
 judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it 
 has an elegant ducal palace. It is situate on the 
 Nebel, 29 m. E. N. E. of Schwerin. Long. 12. 
 13. E., lat. 53. 47. N. 
 
 Gutta, a town of Hungary, seated on the Wag, 
 in the island of Schut, 16 m. N. W. of Comorn. 
 
 Guzerat, a province of Hindoostan, which is a 
 peninsula, 200 miles long and 140 broad, formed 
 
HAC 
 
 360 
 
 HAD 
 
 by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and 
 Cutch. The W. part is mountainous and woody, 
 and inhabited by a wild hardy race, governed by 
 rajahs of their own ; but the largest and finest part 
 is included within the extensive empire of the 
 Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capital. 
 
 Gwalior, a fortress of Hindoostan, in a district 
 of the same name, in the province of Agra, situa- 
 ted on a rock about four miles in length, but nar- 
 row, and nearly flat on the top, with sides almost 
 perpendicular, from 200 to 300 feet above the 
 surrounding plain. The rampart conforms to the 
 edge of the precipice all around; and the only 
 entrance is by steps running up the side of the 
 rock, defended on the side next the country by a 
 wall and bastions. The area within is full of no- 
 ble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells, and cul- 
 tivated land ; so that it is a little district within 
 itself. At the N. VV. foot of a mountain is the 
 town which is well built. This fortress is con- 
 sidered as the Gibraltar of the east ; but, in 1780, 
 major Popham took it by an unexpected noctur- 
 
 nal escalade, and in 1804, it capitulated after a 
 practicable breach was made through its walls by 
 colonel Henry White, It was afterwards given 
 ud to the Mahrattas by lord Cornwallis. It is 80 
 m*. S. of Agra. Long. 78. 28. E., Iat. 26. 15. N. 
 
 Gwinnett, a county of Georgia. Pop. 13.220. 
 Lawrenceville is the capital. 
 
 Gy, a town of France, in the department of the 
 Upper Saone. Pop. 2,701. 
 
 Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Luneburg, seated near the junction of 
 the Iser with the Aller, 20 m. N. of Brunswick 
 
 Gyon. See Gijon. 
 
 Gyongyos, a town of Hungary, 21 m. W. S. "VV 
 ofErlau. Pop. 8,000. 
 
 Gyula, or Julia, a town of Hungary, situated 
 on an island in the river Kores, or Korash. with 
 a castle. Pop. about 2,000. It is 92 m. W. S. 
 W. of Colossvar. 
 
 Gzat, or Ghjat, a town of Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Smolensk, 140 m. E. N. E. of Smo- 
 lensk 
 
 H 
 
 HAA, a small island in the North Sea, near the 
 north coast of Scotland, three miles and a half S. 
 E. of Farout Head. 
 
 Haag, a town of Bavaria, capital of a county of 
 the same name. It is seated on a hill, 26 m. E. 
 by N. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., Iat. 48. 7. N. 
 
 Haarlem, or Haerlcm. See Harlem. 
 
 Haastrecht, a village of South Holland, 3 m. E. 
 of Gosida. Pop. about 1,200. 
 
 Habergham, Eves, a township of England, in 
 Lancashire, 2 m. W. of Bumly, and 208 VV. N. 
 W. of London. Pop. about 4,6*12. 
 
 Ha.belschwerdt, a town of Silesia, in the county 
 of Glatz, on the river Neisse, 9 m. S. of Glatz. 
 
 Habolichetto, a viliage in Hancock Co. Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Hacha. See Rio de la Hacha. 
 
 Hachcnburg, a town of Germany, in the county 
 of Sayn, with a castle, 20 m. N. N. E. of Cob- 
 lentz. 
 
 Hacketstown, a town of New Jersey, in Sussex 
 county, seated on the Musconekunk, 22 m. W. of 
 Morristown. 
 
 Hackinsack, a town of New Jersey, chief of 
 Bergen county, with a Dutch and episcopal 
 church, and a flourishing academy. It is situate 
 on a river of the same name, 20 m. N. W. of New 
 York. 
 
 Hackney, a village and parish of Middlesex, Eng. 
 an appendage to London, 2 in. N. E. of Shore- 
 ditch Church. It has several hamlets, the princi- 
 pal of which are, Upper and Lower Clapton on 
 the north; Dalst.on, Shackwell, and Kingsland on 
 the west; and Homerton on the east. It has a 
 liaiidsome modern church, begun in 1792, and a 
 chapel of ease erected in 1810. The term Hack- 
 ney Coach was derived from the circumstance 
 of this village being the first near the metropolis, 
 Lhat was accomodated with carriages of that de- 
 scription. It has a receptacle for lunatics St. 
 John's palace, an ancient edifice in Well Street, 
 is said to have been the residence of the prior of 
 the order of St. John of Jerusalem. In this par- 
 ish, south of Leabridge are the Temple Mills, so 
 called from having formerlv belonged to the 
 Knights Templars Pop. 22*494 
 
 Haddam, a town of Connecticut, in Middlesex 
 county, on the E. side of Connecticut river, 18 
 m. N. by E. of Saybrook. Pop. 2,830. 
 
 Hadenham, two parishes of England, the one 
 in Buckinghamshire, 47 m. from London; the 
 other in Cambridgeshire, 62 m. from London. 
 
 Haddington, a royal borough of Scotland, capi- 
 tal of the county of the same name on the Tyne, 
 17 m. E. of Edinburgh, and the first stage on the 
 road to London. It consists of four principal 
 streets, which intersect each other at nearly right 
 angles, and has a considerable manufacture of 
 coarse woolen cloth. Part of a monastery here is 
 occupied as a parish church, which is a large and 
 venerable building. It has a town house and 
 county hall ; there are also two bridges over the 
 Tyne. The site of the ancient abbey of Hadding- 
 ton, is about a mile E. of the town, founded in 
 1178. In conjunction with Dunbar, North Ber- 
 wick, Jedburgh, and Lauder, it sends a member 
 to parliament. Here the celebrated John Knox 
 was born. 
 
 Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, of which the 
 preceding is the capital, a county of Scotland, 25 
 m. long and 15 where broadest ; bounded on the 
 W. by "Edinburghshire, N. by the Frith of Forth, 
 E. by the German Ocean, and S. by Berwickshire, 
 and comprises an extent of about 297 sq. m. Jt 
 is divided into 24 parishes, and contained in 1801, 
 a pop. of 29,686, and in 1821, 35,127. The soil 
 is in many places doubly productive ; rich crops 
 are raised on the surface, and mines cf coal are 
 inexhaustible. Tile southern part is mountainous, 
 comprehending the north side of Lammermuir 
 hills; but these high grounds feed many sheep 
 It is intersected by numerous streams, but the 
 principal river is the Tyne. The chief towns are 
 the three royal burghs of Haddington, North Ber- 
 wick, and Dunbar 
 
 Hnadiivfic/d.p.v Gloucester Co. N J 
 
 Jliidrnvilh, a village in Goochland Co. Va. 
 
 Hadcrsleben, a town of Denmark, in Sleswick, 
 with a citadel, on a small island, in a narrow bay 
 of the Baltic, 30 m. E. by S. of Ripen. 
 
 Hadit, or Hadirc, a town of Syria, on the Eu- 
 phrates, 115 in. W. of Bagdad. 
 
HAI 
 
 otil 
 
 HAL 
 
 Hadley, or Hadhigh, a town of Suffolk, Eng. 
 It is seated on the Bret, 20 m. S. E. of Bury, and 
 C4 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,929. 
 
 Hadley, a village in Essex, Eng. 5 m. S. W. of 
 Rochond. Here are some ruins of a castle, on 
 the brow of a hill, on a channel of the Thames be- 
 tween Canvey island and the shore. 
 
 Hadley, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the Con- 
 necticut, opposite Northampton. It contains an 
 academy. Pop. 1 ,886. Also a town in Saratoga 
 Co. N. Y. Pop. 829. 
 
 Hadr amount, a province of Arabia Felix, on 
 the sea-coast, between Yemen on the VV., and 
 Oman on the E. Some parts are dry and desert, 
 others are extremely fertile with well watered 
 valleys. The chief products are frankincense, 
 gum arable, dragons blood, myrrh, and aloes. 
 Shibam is the capital. 
 
 Hccmus, a famous ridge of mountains in Euro- 
 pean Turkey, separating Bulgaria from Romania. 
 
 Haerlebecke, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 
 ders, on the Lys, 23 m. S. W. of Ghent, on the 
 road to C'jurtray, from which it is distant 3 m. 
 Pop. in 1821, about 3,000. 
 
 Huff, a lake or bay of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 divided into great and little, at the mouth of the 
 Oder, between which and the Baltic are situated 
 the islands of Usedoin and Wallen. It is 36 m. 
 in length, and its greatest breadth 9. 
 
 Hogcn, a town of Westphalia, in the county of 
 Mark. It has manufactures of cloth, and stands 
 on the Vollme, 13 m. S. of Dortmund. 
 
 HagerstozDn, p.t. Washington Co. Maryland. 
 It is a handsome town with the houses generally 
 of stone and brick. The territory around it is 
 fertile. 
 
 Hagetman, a town of France, in the department 
 of Landes, 18 m. S. of Mont de Marsan, in the vi- 
 cinity of which are some silver mines. Pop. in 
 1821, about 2.350. 
 
 Haifiar, a town of Arabia Deserta, 160 m. N. by 
 W. of Medina. 
 
 Hague, a town of South Holland, which may 
 compare witli the handsomest cities in Europe in 
 tile magnificence of its palaces, the beauty of ils 
 streets, the pleasantness of its situation, and the 
 p iliteness of its inhabitants. It is seated 2 in. 
 from the sea. and there is a pavement across the 
 sand hills, with trees on each side, which leads 
 to Scheveliny; on the sea-shore. There are 14 
 churches and some charitable institutions. The 
 Castle of Ilyswick, from which the treaty known 
 by that name received its appellation, is about a 
 mile and a half S. E. of the town. It was lately 
 with Brussels, the alternate sent of government. It 
 suffered greatly by the revolution under Bona- 
 parte, but the inhabitants threw off the French 
 yoke in 1813. It is 30 m. S.- W. of Amsterdam. 
 "and 7 S. by W. of Leyden. 
 
 Hague, p t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 721. Al- 
 so a township in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. and a 
 village in Westmoreland Co. Va. 
 
 Hagueaau, a fortified town of France, in the 
 department of Lower Rhine, with a citadel ; seat- 
 ed on the Mutter, 15 m. N. of Strasburg. There 
 are manufactures of tobacco, madder, and earth- 
 enware. 
 
 Haimburg, a town of Austria, with a castle on 
 a mountain, near the south bank of the Danube, 
 27 m. E. by S. of Vienna. Pop. about 2,700. 
 
 Halna, or laina, a river of St. Domingo, w hich 
 falls into a bay of the same name, 12 m. W. of St. 
 Domingo. 
 
 Ilai-nan, an island in the China Sea, to the N. 
 46 
 
 of the gulf of Tonquin, and to the S W. of th« 
 province of Quangtong, from which it is 12 m. 
 distant. It is 400 m. in circumference. The soil 
 of the N. part is level ; but in the S. and E. are 
 mountains, among which are valleys that produce 
 two crops of rice every year. There are mines 
 of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is carried to 
 Canton, to paint the porcelain. There are also 
 several kinds of wood, the most valuable of which 
 is that called by the natives hoali, and by Euro- 
 peans rose or violet wood. It produces the same 
 fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, cotton, and 
 indigo. Among the animals is a great black ape, 
 with features resembling those of the human face : 
 but the common sorts of apes are grey, and very 
 ugly. 
 
 Hainault, a province of the Netherlands ; 
 bounded on the N. E. by Brabant, N. W. by Flan- 
 ders, S. W. by France, and E. by the territories 
 of Liege and Namur ; it comprises an extent of 
 1,700 sq. m., and is intersected by the Scheldt, the 
 Sambre, and the Haine. Its mineral productions 
 are considerable, and there are several manufac- 
 tures. The chief towns are,Tournay, Mons. and 
 Charleroi. It was formerly divided into Austrian 
 and French Hainault. and in 1814 was ceded by 
 Austria to the Netherlands, in 1815 it received an 
 accession of Beaumont, Merbe, Le Chateau, and 
 Dour, formerly belonging to French Hainault. 
 
 Hajosh, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Minor, 
 G5 m. S. by E. of Pest. 
 
 Hajypoor, the chief town of the district of 
 the same name, seated on the N. E. bank of the 
 Ganges at its confluence with the Gunduck. 
 
 Halasz, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Mi- 
 nor, 17 m. E. of Hajosh. Pop. about 8,700. 
 
 Halbcrstadt, a town of Prussia, in Lower Sax- 
 ony, capital of the principality of the same name, 
 which was formerly a bishopric. The cathedral 
 is a superb structure ; here are three regular ab- 
 beys, and two nunneries, and the Lutherans have 
 five churches. It is seated on the Hotheim, 32 
 m. S E. of Brunswick on the road to Leipzig. 
 
 Haldcnslcbcn, JYcio, a town of Prussia, in Lower 
 Saxom',in the Duchy of Magdeburg, on the river 
 Ohra, 14 rn. N. N. W. of Magdeburg. 
 
 Haldenstein, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 country of Grisons, seated near the Rhine, 4 m. 
 N. of Coire. 
 
 Halen, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 seated on the river Geet, 17 ra. E. N. E. of 
 Louvain. 
 
 Hates, a village of Gloucestershire, Eng. 2 m. 
 N, E. of Winchcomb ; noted for the remains of its 
 abbe}-, which formerly was very magnificent, and 
 had great privileges. 
 
 Halesford, p. v. Franklin Co. Va. 
 
 Halesowen, an insulated town of Shropshire, in 
 Worcestershire, Eng. with a manufacture of nails, 
 and pearl and horn buttons. The poet Shenstone 
 was born and buried here; and near it is the 
 Leasowes, in the decoration of which his whole 
 fortune was spent. It is 10 in. N. E. of Kidder- 
 minster, and 127 N. W. of London. 
 
 Halesworth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It has a 
 canal to Southwold, and is seated near the river 
 Blyth, 28 m. N. E. of Ipswich, and 101 of 
 London. 
 
 Haleysbridge, p. v. Southampton Co. Va. 
 
 Halfmoon, a township in Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Halibut Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 off the coast of Alaska, so named by Cook, on ac- 
 count of the number offish of that name caught 
 here. It is seven leagues in circumference, and 
 2 11 
 
HAL 
 
 362 
 
 JIAM 
 
 very low and barren. Long. 164. 15. "W., lat. 64. that abound in mines of salt, 8 m. S. by E. of 
 
 58. N. Salzburg. 
 
 Halifax, a town in the west riding of Yorkshire, Hallespring , a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 
 Eno-. It is a very large parish, containing 12 principality of Calenberg, at the source of the 
 
 chapels of ease ; the inhabitants are principally Haller, 16 m. S. S. W. of Hanover. 
 
 employed in the woolen manufacture. This town Halloieell, p.t. Kennebec Co. on the Kennebec 
 
 is the great mart for shalloons and worsted stuff's 40 m. at its mouth. Pop. 3,964. It has a con- 
 
 in o-reat variety. It has a market-house, called siderable commerce in the exportation of lumber 
 
 Piece Hall, and various others for particular 
 goods. The church is a venerable building, and 
 contains a number of ancient monuments. A 
 handsome new church was built in 1793. It is 
 about three quarters of a mile long, and is seated in 
 
 Hallsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Also 
 a village in Dauphin Co. N. C. 
 
 Halmstadt , a sea-port of Sweden, capital of 
 Halland. Here are flourishing woolen manu- 
 factures, and a profitable salmon-fishery. It 
 
 a hilly country, near a blanch of the Calder, 40 stands at the mouth of the Nissa, on a bay of 
 in W S W. of York, and 197 N. by W. of Lon- the Categat, 82 m. S. S. E. of Gothenburg. Long, 
 don. Pop. in 1801,8,886, and in 1821,12,623. 12. 52., lat. 56. 40 
 
 Halifax, a city and the capital of Nova Scotia. 
 It stands on the W. side of Chebucto bay, which 
 is larcre enough to shelter a thousand men of war. 
 An island at the mouth of the harbour is so strong- 
 ly fortified, as to bid defiance to all attack, and 
 the town is protected on the land side by a fort, 
 and several batteries, which render it impregnable. 
 The streets are parallel and at right angles. At 
 the N. extremity is the king's yard, supplied with 
 stores of every kind for the royal navy. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at above 15,000. It is 600 
 'D. N; E. by E. of New York, and 90 E. of Anna- 
 polis. Lat. 44. 44., long. 63. 36. 
 
 Halifax, an interior county of North Carolina, 
 bounded on the N. E. by Roanoke, near the north- 
 ern boundary. Pop. 17,738. The chief town 
 Halifax, is 130 m. N. E. by E. of Raleigh. 
 
 Halifax, a county of the'E. District of Virginia, 
 bordering on North Carolina, and bounded on the 
 N. E. by°the Roanoke. Pop. 28,032. Its chief 
 
 Halstead, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the 
 side of a hill, on the river Coin, 16 m. N. of 
 Chelmsford, and 46 N. E. of London. 
 
 Halter en, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Munster, seated on the Lippe, 22 m. 
 S. W. of Munster. 
 
 Hal ton, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It had a 
 stately castle, belonging to the duchy of Lancas- 
 ter, which maintained a large jurisdiction round 
 it, by the name of Halton Fee ; but all that re- 
 mains is now a prison. It is seated near the 
 Mersey, 13 m. N. E. of Chester, and 195 N. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Halliokilstle, a town of Northumberland, Eng. 
 seated on a hill, on the S. branch of the Tyne, 
 35 m. W. of Newcastle, and 315 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Ham, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of 
 the county of Mark. It is a place of good trade, 
 and has extensive bleaching-grounds. In 1761, 
 
 town, Bannister, is 134 m. S. W. by W. of Rich- the French were defeated near this place by the 
 
 mond. 
 
 Halifax, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1 ,562. Al- 
 so a p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 709. Also a 
 village in Dauphin Co. Pa. Also a p.t. Halifax 
 Co. N. C. on the Roanoke, 70 m. from the sea. 
 
 Halitz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Lemberg, with a castle. Since 1773 it has been 
 included in the new kingdom of Galicia. It is 
 seated on the Dneister, 60 m. S. S. E. of Lem- 
 berg. 
 
 Halland, a province of Sweden, on the W. 
 coast of Gothland. It is 60 m. along the coast, 
 but not above 18 in breadth. The country is 
 in general mountainous, with considerable 
 woods of oak and birch. Hamstadt is the cap- 
 ital . 
 
 Hallaton. a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 12 m. 
 E. S. E. of Leicester, 90 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Halle, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Magdeburg, with a famous university. It 
 has large salt-works, and manufactures of starch, 
 linen, and flannel. It is seated on both sides of 
 the Sanle. over which there are five bridges, 18 
 m. N. N. W. of Leipzig, and 46 S. S. E. of 
 M.iirdeburg. 
 
 Halle, a town of Suabia, noted for its salt-pits, 
 and the famous protestant league concluded here 
 in 1610. It is seated on the Kocher, among rocks 
 and mountains, 32 m. N. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 //////f, a town nf Germany, in Tyrol, famous 
 for its salt-mine ; seated on the Inn, 6 m. E. N. E 
 of Inspruck. 
 
 Halle, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain- 
 ault, seated on the Senne, 10 in. S S. W of 
 Brussels. 
 
 Hallein, a town in Bavaria, in the duchy of Salz- 
 burg ; seated on the Salza. among mountains 
 
 troops of Brunswick. It is seated on the Lippe, 
 20 m. W. of Lipstadt. Long. 7. 57. E., lat. 51 
 40. N. 
 
 Ham, West, a village and parish of England in 
 Essex, on the river Lea, 5 m. from the Royal 
 Exchange, London. In 1801, the pop. was re- 
 turned at 1,960, and in 1821, 9.753. 
 
 Ham, a town of France, in the department of 
 Somme. with a strong castle, seated on the Som- 
 me, 70 m. N. N. E. of Paris. 
 
 Hamadan.. See Amadan. 
 
 Haviah, a town of Syria, the residence of the 
 schiek, with the title of emir. The best houses, 
 the mosques, and the castle, are built of black 
 and white stones. The river Assi, formerly call- 
 ed Orontes, runs close by the castle and fills its 
 ditches, which are cut deep into the solid rock 
 The inhabitants have a trade in linen of theii 
 own manufacture. It is seated among hills, 78 m. 
 S. S. W.of Aleppo. 
 
 Hamamet, a town'of the kingdom of Tunis, on 
 a gulf of the same name, 37 in. S. of Tunis 
 Long. 10. 15. E.,lat. 36. 13. N. 
 
 Hambledon, a town in Hampshire, Eng. 15 m 
 S. E. of Winchester. 
 
 Hamburg, a free and imperial city of Germa- 
 ny, in Lower Saxony, seated on the north bank 
 of the Elbe, about 55 m. from its mouth consist- 
 ing of the old and new town ; both nearly of an 
 equal size. Most of the houses are built after the 
 manner of the Dutch, and richly furnished with- 
 in. The principal streets of the old town have 
 long and broad canals, which are filled by the 
 tide. It is seated on the river Elbe and Alster, 
 and the latter, a tributary stream of the Elbe, 
 before it enters the town by sluices, forms a 
 fine basin. Here is a celebrated college, an 
 
HAM 
 
 363 
 
 HAM 
 
 arsenal, a bank, and a handsome exchange. 
 The established religion is Lutheran, but all 
 denominations are tolerated. Beside the five 
 principal churches, there are eleven smaller ones 
 for particular occasions, some of which belong to 
 hospitals of which there are a great number. It 
 has a library containing about 100,000 volumes. 
 The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine structure. 
 The city is well fortified, and on the ramparts are 
 handsome walks, planted with rows of trees. 
 On the east is the suburb of St. George, and on 
 the west the Hamburger Berg. Hamburg, from 
 its situation, has all possible advantages for for- 
 eign and domestic trade ; particularly from its 
 communication, by the Elbe, with some of the 
 principal navigable rivers of Germany ; and hence 
 it is one of the most commercial places in Europe. 
 The number of vessels that frequent its port is 
 about 2,000. It is distinguished for its sugar- 
 refinery, and it has manufactures of cotton 
 stockings, gold and silver lace, silk, linen, hand- 
 kerchiefs, sail-cloths, thread, ribands, and velvets. 
 The commerce however, received a severe shock 
 in 1800 ; and since that the city itself has been 
 almost reduced to ruin. Previous to the year 
 1800, this city became the depot of all the con- 
 tinental commerce, and numbers of merchants 
 flocked here from every part of Europe, bring- 
 ing their property along with them, as to a place 
 free from military sway, and secure from the 
 warlike commotions which then agitated Europe ; 
 but after the defeat of the Prussians at the battle 
 of Jena, the French took possession of it, and af- 
 terwards annexed it to the empire. In 1813, on 
 the advance of the Russians into Germany, the 
 French evacuated the town, and the Russians 
 immediately entered. In May following, the 
 Frencli laid siege to it for more than a month, 
 when the Russians finding it impossible to defend 
 it any longer, retired. The French, on re-enter- 
 ing, began to strengthen the fortification ; and 
 after the battle of Leipzig, the commander, 
 marshal Davoust, hearing of the approach of 
 the allies, made preparations for a long siege. 
 For this purpose he destroyed the suburbs and 
 gardens ; and expelled all the inhabitants who 
 were not able to provide provisions for six months. 
 On the restoration of the Bourbons, however, 
 the French garrison was withdrawn, and the 
 place delivered up to the allies in May, 1S14 ; 
 since which it has recovered its former in- 
 dependence and activity. This city suffered 
 much from the pestilential cholera in the autumn 
 of 1831. It is 55 m. N. E. of Bremen, and 40 
 S. W. of Lubeck. Pop. about 1 15,000. Lat. 53. 
 84.. long. 9. 58. 
 
 Hamburg, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,348. Also 
 villages in Sussex Co. N. J. and Berkes Co. Pa. 
 
 Hamdcn, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y. 
 
 Ham.el.bygg, a town of Franconia, in the princi- 
 pality of Fulda, seated on the Saale, 20 m. W. N. 
 W. of Sehweinfurt. 
 
 Hameln, a strong town of Lower Saxony, at 
 the extremity of the duchy of Brunswick, of 
 which it is the key. Here are manufactures of 
 stuffs, silks and stockings. The fortress surren- 
 dered to the French in 1800. It is situate ut the 
 confluence of the Hamel with the Weser, 28 m. 
 S. W. of Hanover. 
 
 Hu-mi, a province of Western Tartary, sur- 
 rounded by deserts, yet accounted one of the most 
 delightful countries in the world. Its rice and 
 fruits, particularly the melons and dried raisins, 
 »f9 in high esteem in China. It is tributary to 
 
 that country ; and its capital is of the same name 
 Long. 91. 44. E., lat. 42. 55. N. 
 
 Hamilton, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, 
 with a noble seat belonging to the duke of that 
 name. It has a trade in cabinet work, and the 
 making of shoes ; and the women are famous for 
 the spinning of linen yarn, and making thread 
 lace. It is seated on the Avon, near its conflux 
 with the Clyde. It has a handsome parish church, 
 and an elegant town house and prison, and a 
 commodious market place. It was made a royal 
 burgh in 1548 by Queen Mary. It is 11 m. S. E. 
 of Glasgow, and 37 W. S. W. of Edinburgh. 
 Pop. in 1801, 5,008, and in 1821, 7,613. 
 
 Hamilton, a county of East Tennessee, bounded 
 on the S. E. by the river Tennessee. Pop. 2,274. 
 The chief town, Brainerd, is 102 m. S. E. of 
 Murfreesborough. 
 
 Hamilton, a county in Ohio, bounded on the S. 
 by the river Ohio, and intersected by the Great 
 Miami river. Pop. 52,321. Cincinnati is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Hamilton, is also the name of a county in New 
 York. Pop. 1,324. The court house in the cen- 
 tre of the county, is 80 m. N. W. by N. of Alba- 
 ny. There are several townships of the same 
 name in Lower Canada. 
 
 Hamilton, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. 
 Salem. Pop. 743. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 3,220 Also villages in St. Lawrence and 
 Catarauirus Cos. N. Y. Also townships and vil- 
 lages in Franklin and Northampton Cos. Pa., Mar- 
 tin Co. N. C, Warren and Franklin Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Hamiltonvillc, a village of Huntington Co. Pa. 
 
 Hampden, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 
 2,020. 
 
 Hampden, a county of Massachusetts. It lies 
 on both sides of Connecticut river and is bounded 
 S. by the state of Connecticut. It contains 585 
 sq. m. and a pop. of 31,640. Springfield is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Hammam, Leef, a town of the kingdom of Tu- 
 nis, celebrated for its baths ; 12 m. W. of Cabes. 
 
 Hammam, Mcskoutcen, a town of the kingdom 
 of Tunis, with a celebrated hot bath, seated near 
 a mountain, rich in lead ore, 16 m. S. of Tunis. 
 
 Hammersmith, a large village in Middlesex, Eng. 
 seated on the north bank of the Thames, and one 
 of the appendages of the metropolis, 3 m. and 
 a half west of Hyde Park Corner. Here also is 
 a nunnery, established originally as a boarding 
 schoo 1 for young ladies of the Roman Catholic 
 persuasion ; and toward the river are a numbei 
 of handsome seats and villas. Here is a charity 
 school, a workhouse, and several places of wor 
 ship for dissenters. The chapel is near the cen 
 tre of the town. Here also was the celebrated 
 villa of Brandenburg House, in which her late 
 majesty Queen Caroline died. Pop. in 1801, 
 5,600, and 1821,8,809. 
 
 Hamont, a town of Netherlands in the late bish 
 opric of Liege, 20 m. W. by N. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Hampshire, a maritime county of England, 
 bounded on theN. by Berkshire, E. by Surry and 
 Sussex, S. by the English Channel, W. by Dor 
 setshire and Wiltshire. It is nearly square, ex- 
 cept a projection on the S. W. ; is divided into 39 
 small hundreds, and 253 parishes ; and has one 
 city, Winchester, and 20 market towns. It 
 sends, with the Isle of Wight, 26 members to 
 Parliament. This county has a great variety of 
 soils, but the principal part is chalk. The Dor- 
 setshire border has large tracts of heath; and to- 
 ward the sea are great quantities of marsh land, 
 
HAN 
 
 304 
 
 HAN 
 
 nit very fertile ; and all the remainders excellent 
 and. It is one of the most fertile and populous 
 counties in England. On the downs, of which 
 i ridore runs almost across the county, are fed 
 plenty of sheep : but the stock is considerably de- 
 creased, owing to enclosures. Besides wheat, 
 barley, and hops, it is famous for bacon, honey, 
 and timber ; the last in particular, on account of 
 its great woods, of which the principal are the 
 New Forest, and the Forest of Bere. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Avon, Test, Itchen, and Stour. 
 The principal harbours, of which there area great 
 number along the coast, are Portsmouth and Yar- 
 mouth. Southampton is deemed the county-town, 
 but the assizes are held at Winchester. SeeJY*«o 
 Forest and Wight. 
 
 Hampshire, New. See New Hampshire. 
 
 Hampshii e, a county in Massachusetts, inter- 
 sected by the Connecticut River, bounded by the 
 counties of Hampden, Berkshire, Franklin and 
 Worcester. Its chief town, Northampton, 94 m. 
 W. of Boston, is seated on the W. side of the 
 Connecticut. Pop. 30,210. 
 
 Hampshire, a county in the W. District of Vir- 
 ginia, bounded on the N. E. by t lie river Potomac, 
 and bv the counties of Morgan, Frederic and Har- 
 ris'. Pop. 11,279. Its chief town isRomney. 
 
 Hainpstead, a village of Middlesex, Eng. 4 m. 
 N. N. W. of London, from Tyburn turnpike, 
 formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It may 
 be considered one of the appendages of the me- 
 tropolis, being a favourite residence of the mer- 
 chants and citizens. It is seated on the side of a 
 hill, on the top of which is a fine heath that com- 
 mands a delightful prospect; and in the vicinity 
 are many elegant scats and villas. In the win- 
 dows of an ancient edifice, called the Chicken 
 House, are painted in stained glass, portraits of 
 king James I. and the duke of Buckingham, of 
 the former of whom it is said to have been a hunt- 
 ing seat. 
 
 Hampstead, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 30 m. 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 913. 
 
 Hampstead, p. v. King George Co. Va. 
 
 Hampton, a sea-port of Virginia, in Elizabeth 
 county, near the mouth of James river. 29 m. S. 
 E. of'Williamsburgh. Long. 70. 17. W. lat. 37. 
 5. N. 
 
 Hampton, a sea-port of New Hampshire, in 
 Rockingham county, on a river of its name, near 
 the sea. It subsists by the cod and mackerel fish- 
 eries ; and is 12 m. S. by W. of Portsmouth. 
 Long. 70. 45. W., lat. 42. 55. N. Pop. 1,103. 
 
 Hampton, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. 
 1.101. Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 L069. Also a town of Elizabeth City Co. Va. at 
 the mouth of James River. Hampton Roads, at 
 this place afford a convenient station for shipping 
 ar d afforded a shelter to the enemy's blockading 
 squadron during the war of 1812; but they are 
 now strongly fortified against any hostile intru- 
 sion. 
 
 Hamptonvillc, p.t. Surrey Co. N. C. 
 
 Ilninpton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. on the 
 N. bank of the river Thames, 13 m. S. W. of 
 Lor Ion. It is famous for a royal palace, called 
 Hampton court, originally and magnificently built 
 :>V cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VIII. 
 The remains of the old palace are only some of 
 the domestic offices, the principal part being taken 
 down in 1090, and the present palace erected by 
 William III. The buildings, gardens, and parks 
 are 4 m. in circumference. 
 
 Hanau, a strong town of Germany, in Hesse 
 
 Cassel, capital of a fertile county of the same 
 name. It is divided into the old and new town, 
 and in the former is a magnificent castle. It has 
 manufactures of woolen stuffs, stockings, porcelain 
 and tobacco; and a trade in corn, iron, and tim- 
 ber. It is seated on the Kintzig, near its conflux 
 with the Maine, 13 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort on 
 the Maine. Pop. about 12,000. 
 
 Haneock, a County of Maine lying on the coast 
 round Penobscot Bay. Pop. 24,347. Castine is 
 the chief town. Also an interior County of 
 Georgia. Pop. 11,822. Sparta is the chief town. 
 Alsoa County of Ohio. Pop. 813. Findlay is the 
 chief town. Also a county of Mississippi. Pop 
 1 ,901 . Pearlington is the capital. Also a towi. 
 in Hillsborough Co. N. If. 35 m. from Concord. 
 Pop. 1.310: in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 472: in 
 Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,053: in Delaware 
 Co. N. Y. Pop. 7C0 : and in Washington Co. 
 Maryland. 
 
 HaneoclsriUe, p. v. Union Dis. S. C. 
 
 ffang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class, 
 capital of the province of Tche-kiang. It is 12 
 m. in circumference, exclusive of its suburbs ; 
 contains it is said a million of inhabitants, and 
 is the general emporium of all articles that pass 
 between the northern and southern provinces. 
 Here are extensive shops and warehouses ; and it 
 has a great trade in dyed cottons and nankins, 
 silks, rice, and other grain. It is seated between 
 a large basin, that forms the S. extremity of the 
 grand canal, and a small lake, called See-hou. 700 
 m. S. by E. of Peking. Long. 120. 20. E., lat. 30. 
 20. N. 
 
 Hcnckinsonrillc, p. v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Hannibal, a township of Oswego Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 1,794. 
 
 Hanover, a territory in the N. of Germany, 
 bounded on the N. E. by the river Elbe, N.W. by 
 the German Ocean, S. W. by Dutch Friesland 
 and Prussian Westphalia, and S. E. by Saxony. 
 Since 1815 it has been divided into the provinces 
 of Calenberg, Gottingen, Luneburg, Hoya and 
 Diepholtz, Hildesheim, Osnaburg, Verden, 
 Duchy of Bremen, Bentheini, East Friesland. 
 Lingen, and the lordship of Meppen. The chief 
 towns are, Hanover the capital, Embden, Hildes- 
 heim, Luneburg, Osnaburg, Gottingen, Zcll, 
 Clausthall, Goslar, Eimbeck, and Hameln. In 
 the S. is the mountainous tract of the Hartz, cov- 
 ered with forests, and with the exception of which 
 the whole country is a vast plain. (See article 
 Hartz). Towards the N. are numerous barren 
 heaths ; but the valleys in the S. are very fertile. 
 This country abounds in extensive mines of sil- 
 ver, iron, copper and lead. The iron mines are 
 the most valuable, and bring annually to the rev- 
 enue about £115,000 sterling. The principal riv- 
 ers are, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Embs with 
 their tributary streams, and the chief lakes, 
 Steinheim and Dummer. 
 
 The corn cultivated is much the same as in Brit- 
 ain. The extensive heaths of Luneburg produce 
 honey annually to the amount of £40,000. The 
 chief manufactures are thread, linen, woolens, pa- 
 per, and glass. The exports are linen, iron, cop- 
 per, timber, horses, and black cattle. The imports 
 are linen, broadcloth, silk and jewelry. 
 
 The revenue of Hanover is about £1,000,000. 
 The prevailing religion is the Lutheran ; but 
 all denominations are tolerated. The Catholics 
 amount to 150,000, and the Calvinists to 40,000. 
 In every village elementary schools are establish 
 ed, and in ;r;ore populous places academies, or high 
 
HAiN 
 
 365 
 
 HAN 
 
 schools, which are well conducted, as well as the 
 university of Gottingen. The frankness, sim- 
 plicity and hospitality, mentioned by Tacitus as 
 :haracteristic of the ancient Germans, is still a 
 prominent feature in the manners of the Hano- 
 verians, particularly the inhabitants of the heaths. 
 
 Hanover though under the government of 
 Great Britain for more than a century, has under- 
 gone no political incorporation. At the diet of 
 Germany, the king of Hanover occupies the fifth 
 rank, and has four votes at the general assembly. 
 The king's power is limited, having a counterpoise 
 in the nobility of Wolfenbuttel, the heads of the 
 church and the deputies of the towns. The only 
 order of knighthood, is that of the Guelf, institu- 
 ted in 1815. 
 
 Hanover was taken possession of by the king 
 of Prussia in 1801. and invaded by Bonaparte 
 in 1303, and in 180G partly ceded to the Prussians. 
 But on the expulsion of the French in 1813, the 
 wh ile electorate was restored to the king of Great 
 Britain; and the electoral office having been an- 
 nulled, he assumed, in 1315, the title of king of 
 Han.jver. Population of the whole territory about 
 l,300,OOPj of whom about 8,000 are Jews. 
 
 Hanover, a city of Germany, and capital of the 
 above kingdom. It is built in the form of a half 
 moon, and divided by the river Leine into the old 
 and new town. The old town presents an anti- 
 quited appearance, but the buildings in the new 
 t uvn are in a better style. Hanover contains a 
 considerable number of public buildings, among 
 which are the elector's palace, and the public li- 
 brary ; the latter founded by Leibnitz, to whom 
 an elegant monument has been erected in the 
 t »wn. There are five Lutheran churches, besides 
 the chapels of the Calvinists and Catholics, and a 
 Jewish synagogue. There are small manufac- 
 tures of gold and silver lace, printing of cotton, 
 linen, brewing, vinegar, &c. Pop. 25,000. 41 m. 
 W. by N. Brunswick, and 154 W. of Berlin. 
 
 Hanover, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- 
 necticut, 114 m. fr. Boston: 102 fr. Portsmouth. 
 Pop. 2,361. Tn this pleasant village is situated 
 Dartmouth College, which was established in 
 1771. The institution at present comprises a 
 three story wooden edifice containing 34 rooms 
 for the scholars and 6 for other purposes ; a brick 
 structure called Medical House, 75 feet long and 
 3 stories high, containing a laboratory, an anatom- 
 ical museum, a inineralogical cabinet, 2 lecture 
 rooms, 6 rooms for students and a chapel ; there is 
 also a greenhouse. The officers are a President 
 and 8 Professors. The college library contains 
 6,000 vols, and there are 8,000 in the students 
 libraries. The number of students in 1831 was 
 150. There are 3 vacations in May, August and 
 December of 15 weeks. Commencement is in 
 August. 
 
 Hanover, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1,300. 
 Also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,614. 
 Also a village in Oneida Co. N. Y. And towns 
 in Burlington Co. N. J. ; Montgomery, York, Lu- 
 zerne, Lebanon, Dauphin, Northampton and Bea- 
 ver Cos. Pa. ; Columbiana, Harrison, Butler and 
 Licking Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Hanover, a town of Virginia, in a county of the 
 same name, situate on the Pamunky, the S. 
 branch of York river, 22 m. N. N. E. of Rich- 
 mond. Pop. of the county in 1810. 15,082. in 
 1320, 15,267. 
 
 Hanover, New, a large island in the South Pa- 
 cific Ocean, opposite the N. W. extremity of 
 New Ireland. It is high and covered witli trees, 
 
 among which are many beautiful plantations 
 Lat. of W. end, 2. 25. long. 149. 6. 
 
 Han-san. See Turon. 
 
 Hanse Toicns, the name of certain free towns of 
 Germany, which, being infested with pirates and 
 robbers, entered into a mutual league for their 
 protection. This association is supposed to have 
 continued from the 13th to the 16th century. 
 It consisted at first of only two towns, but it so 
 increased in strength and reputation, that at last 
 it consisted of 66 cities. Having at length 
 proclaimed war against Woldemar, king of Den- 
 mark, with 40 ships and 12,000 troops, several 
 merchants were ordered by the princes of their 
 respective kingdoms, to withdraw their effects, 
 and the association for the most part was dissolved. 
 Several towns in Germany still retain the name, 
 though the laws by which they are governed a>e 
 annulled. 
 
 Hanson, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1 ,03ti 
 
 Han-tchong, a city of China, of the first class, 
 in the province of Chensi, on the river Han, sin 
 rounded by mountains and forests. The articles 
 of trade are honey, wax, musk, and cinnabar. 
 Long. 106. 35. E.jat. 32. 58. N. 
 
 Hanuijc, or Ha?inut,a. town of the Netherlands, 
 in Brabant, on the frontiers of Liege and Namur, 
 20 m. N. N. E. of Namur. 
 
 Han-yang, a city of China, of the first class, in 
 the province of Houquang. It is seated at the 
 conflux of the Han with the Kiang-ku. Long. 
 113. 44. E., lat. 30. 36. N. 
 
 Hapace, the name of four of the Friendly Is- 
 lands, in the Pacific Ocean. They are of sinuliar 
 height and appearance, and connected by a reef 
 of coral rocks, dry at low water. The planta- 
 tions are numerous and extensive. These islands 
 extend from N. to S. about 19 m. and lie between 
 174. 24. and 174. 15. W. long., and lat. 19. 39. 
 and 19. 53. S. 
 
 Hapsal, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Revel, seated on the Baltic, opposite the island 
 of Dago, 45 m. S. W. of Revel. 
 
 Hapsburg, an ancient castle of Switzerland, on 
 a lofty eminence, near Schintznach. What is 
 left of it is now inhabited by the family of a 
 peasant. This castle was the cradle, as it were, of 
 the house of Austria, whose ancestors may be 
 traced back to the beginning of the 13th century, 
 when Rodolph, count of Hapsburgh was elevated 
 to the empire of Germany and archduchy ot 
 Austria. 
 
 Haran, or Charan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 Diarbek, known in Scripture as the country of 
 Laban. To this place Crassus retired after his 
 defeat by the Parthians, and not far from it he 
 was killed. It is 25 m. E. by S. of Orfa. 
 
 Harborough, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 
 It is seated on the Welland, 15 in. S. of Leicester, 
 and 83 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Harburg, a town of Hanover, in the du^r.^ of 
 Luneburg, with a strong castle. It has manufac- 
 tures of silk, stockings, wax and tobacco ; and a 
 great trade in timber with Hollanu. In 1757 
 it was taken by the French, and retaken the same 
 year by the Hanoverians. It is seated on the 
 Seeve, at its conflux with the Elbe, opposite Ham- 
 burg:, 29 m. N. W. of Luneburg. 
 
 Harcourt, a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados, 12 m. S. by W. of Caen. 
 
 Hadberg, a town of Germany, in Stiria, 12 
 m. S. S. W. of Friedberg, and 25. E. S. E. of 
 Gratz. 
 
 Hardcgson. a town of the province of Calen- 
 2 H 2 
 
HAR 
 
 366 
 
 HAR 
 
 berg, with a considerable manufacture of leather, 
 ]() m. N. W. of Gottingen. 
 
 Hardcnberg, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy 
 of Berg, 16 m. E. N. E, of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Hardcnberg, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, 
 situate on the Vecht, 10 m. S. W. of Covoerden. 
 Hardenwyck, a fortified town of Holland, in 
 Gelderland, with a university. It has a trade in 
 corn and wool, and is seated on the Zuider Zee, 
 30 m. N. N. E. of Arnheim, and 33 E. by S. of 
 Amsterdam. Long. 5. 8. E , lat. 52. 20. N. 
 
 Hardiman, a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 
 11 .(128. Bolivar is the capital. 
 
 Hardin, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,1-18. 
 Elizabethtown is the capital. Also a county of 
 VV. Tennessee. Pop. 4,807. Savannah is the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 A 1st a county of Ohio. Pop 500. Hardy is the chief 
 town. Also a village in Shelby Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hardinberg, p. v. Dearborn Co. Indiana. 
 
 Hardlnsclllc, p. v. Hardin Co. Ten; 
 
 Hardistan, a township of Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Hcirdioick, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,210. 
 Also a township of Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 
 1.835. Towns in Warren Co. N. J. and Ryan Co. 
 
 Geo. 
 
 Hard if, a county of the W. District of Virginia, 
 bordering on Maryland. Pop. 6,798. Its chief 
 town is Moorfield. 
 
 Ha.rewood, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. 
 on the river Wharf, 8 m. N. of Leeds, and 204 
 from London. Here are the remains of an ancient 
 e;istle ; and in the church is the monument of Sir 
 William Gascoyne, who committed Henry, prince 
 of Wales, to prison, for affronting him while he 
 sat administering justice. Near it is Harewood- 
 h uise.the noble seat of lord Harewood. Pop. in 
 1321, 1,063. 
 
 Harflmir, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seine. Its fortifications have been long 
 demolished, and its harbour nearly choked up. 
 It stands on a small river, near the mouth of the 
 Seine, 30 m. N. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 12. E., 
 Iat. 4!). 30. N. 
 
 Harford, a town of Maryland, in a county of 
 the same name, situate on Bush river, 25 m. E. N. 
 E. of Baltimore. Pop. of the county 16,315. 
 
 Harford, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. 
 
 Harikara, or Hurryhnn, a town of Hindoostan, 
 in Mysore, with a fort, in which is a celebrated 
 temple. It stands on the E. side of the Toom- 
 buddra, which here separates Mysore from the 
 country of Mahrattas. In the vicinity much cot- 
 ton wool is cleaned and spun into thread. It is 
 130 ni. N. E. by N. of Mangalere. 
 
 Harlan, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,928. 
 
 Harlanbu.rg, a village in Mercer Co. Pa. 
 
 Harleigh, a town of Wales, capital of Merioneth- 
 shire. It is a poor place, though governed by ;i 
 mayor, and has a castle, built by Edward I. al- 
 most entire, on a rock, projecting into St. George's 
 channel. It. is 20 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and 
 231 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Harlcni, Haarlem, or Hacrlem, a fortified city of 
 North Holland, memorable fir the siege it h^ld 
 out against the Spaniards in 1573, for lOmon'hs, 
 before it capitulated. It has broad regular streets, 
 and man}' canals ; and is noted for its velvets, 
 damasks, worsted stuffs, and bleaching-grounds. 
 A communication has been opened with the lake 
 of Harlem, Amsterdam, and Leyden, by means 
 of navigable canals. It was formerly strongly 
 fortified, but public promenades have been formed 
 of (lie ramparts. The chief public buildings are 
 
 the stadthouse, the royal palace, and some char- 
 itable institutions. It has 15 churches, one of 
 which, called the great church, is the largest in 
 Holland, and has the grandest organ in Europe , 
 it contains 8,000 pipes, and 68 stops. Harlem is 
 seated near a lake of the same name, 12 m. W. of 
 Amsterdam. Long. 4. 37. E., lat. 52. 22. N. 
 
 Harleston, a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on 
 the Wavenay, 16 m. S of Norwich, and 99 N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Harlesrille, a village in Marion Dis. S. C. 
 Harlem, or Haerlem, a village in Newyork Co 
 N. J. on Harlem river, 7 m. from the city. Also 
 a township in Delaware Co. Ohio. 
 
 Harligcn.n. fortified sea-port of Holland, in F.-ie? 
 land, of which, next to Lewarden, it is the iar<r. 
 est and most populous. It has flourishing man- 
 ufactures of paper and canvass, and is seated on 
 the Zuider Zee, 60 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam, 
 and 15 W. of Lewarden. Lono-. 5. 20 E., lat. 53 
 10. N. 
 
 Ifarlingen.p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 
 
 Harlow, a town in Essex, Eng. On a common 
 2 m. from the town, is a famous fair on the 9th 
 September, called Harlow Bush fair, much re- 
 sorted to by the neighbouring o-entry. It is 23 
 m. E. of London. 
 
 Harmony, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 9C5 ; 
 also a p V Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,088; a 
 p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. ; a village of Butler Co. Pa. ; 
 a township of Clarke Co. Ohio; a villao-e in 
 York district S. C. and a village in Posey Co. 
 Indiana. See JVmd Harmony. 
 
 Harper's Ferry, a village in Jefferson Co. Va. 
 on the Potomac, at the spot where the river 
 breaks through the Blue Rid^e Here is an 
 armory and a manufacture of muskets established 
 by the United States. 
 
 Har-pirefield, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Prp. 
 1,936. Also a town in Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 
 
 Har/iersville, a village in Broome Co. N. Y. 
 
 Harpith, p.v. Williamson Co. Ten. 
 
 Harpewell, a township in Cumberland Co. Me. 
 Pop. 1,353 
 
 Harlington, p.v. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 1 ,118. 
 Also a township in Bergen Co. N. J. 
 
 Harpoyirlly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district of the same name, in the Mysore country. 
 At the partition of this country, in 1799. Harpon- 
 nelly was ceded to the Mahrattas. It is 28 m. S. 
 S. W. of Bijangur. 
 
 Harrington, a small port in Cumberland, Eng. 
 on. a creek of the Irish sea, which admits vessels 
 of 120 tons burden up to the houses. Coal, lime, 
 iron-stone, and fire-clay, are sent hence to Ireland 
 and Scotland. It is 6 m. N. of Whitehaven, and 
 8 W. S. W. of Cockermouth. Pop. in 1820, 
 1,845. 
 
 Harriorpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the east- 
 ern extremity of Orissa, capital of the district of 
 Mohurbunge". It is 90 m. N. N. E. of Cuttack, 
 and 130 W: S. W. of Calcutta. 
 
 Harrodsburg, a town of Kentucky, in Mercei 
 county, at the head of Salt river, 30 m. S. of Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Harroic on the Hill, a village in Middlesex, on 
 the bin-best bill in the county, commanding a de- 
 lightful prospect of the metropolis, 10 m. W. N 
 W. of London. It has a celebrated free school. 
 
 Harroirgate,j. village in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. 2 in. W. of Knaresborough. It 
 is famous for medicinal springs, cne of which is 
 chalybeate, and the other the strongest sulphure- 
 ous water in Great Britain. Here are several 
 
HAR 
 
 367 
 
 HAR 
 
 lar<re buildings, with a theatre, <fcc. for the accom- 
 modation of the numerous visitants in the sum- 
 mer. It is 211 m. N. by W. of London. Pop. in 
 1301 , about 1.195, and in 1821, about 1,834. 
 
 Hartenstein, a town and castle of Upper Saxony, 
 in Misnia, (im. S. of Zwickau. 
 
 Hartford, a county of Connecticut, lying upon 
 Connecticut river, with the northern part bound- 
 ed by Massachusetts. It contains about 740 
 sq. m. Pop. 51,141. Hartford is the capital. 
 
 Hartford, city, the capital of the above county, 
 and jointly with New-Haven, the seat of govern- 
 ment of Connecticut. It stands on the western 
 bank of tiie Connecticut at the head of sloop navi- 
 gation. Pop. 9,780. It is handsomly built and con- 
 tains many fine public edifices, among which are a 
 Gothic church, much admired for its architecture ; 
 a state house, a deaf and dumb asylum, a retreat 
 for tl.e insane, and a seminary called Washington 
 College. This institution was founded in 1820. 
 It has 9 instructers and 70 students. Its libraries 
 hnve 0.200 volumes. It has 3 vacations in April, 
 August and December, of 11 weeks. Com- 
 mencement is in August. Hartford enjoys a con- 
 siderable commerce with Boston, New York and 
 the southern cities. The bookselling trade is 
 carried on here extensively, and there is much in- 
 land traffic with the towns on the Connecticut 
 and in the neighbourhood. On the opposite bank 
 of the river is East Hartford which is connected 
 with the city by a bridge. The inhabitants point 
 out to the stranger an ancient oak tree in the 
 southern part of the city which bears the name 
 of the Charter Oak, from the following circum- 
 
 %^5^^Sf%|S?#a.^ -%, 4 
 
 
 -^^S^t^^^^^ 
 
 
 3PS9HI 
 
 
 fe^^^^^©** 
 
 
 SBoaai^S ^^^fe:^^^^PfeJ 
 
 
 stance. In 1G8G Sir Edmund Andros was sent by 
 James II. to seize the charters of the New-Eng- 
 land colonies. On arriving at Hartford he con- 
 vened the legislature and declared his mission. 
 Delays were practised till evening, when the in- 
 strument was brought into the hall and laid upon 
 the table, but before Andros could lav his hand 
 upon it, a signal was given and all the lights 
 were immediately overturned. When they were 
 re-lighted the charter was no-where to be found. 
 It had been secretly conveyed away and hidden 
 in the tree above mentioned, where it remained 
 safely till the deposition of Andros and the acces- 
 sion of King William III. 
 
 Hartford, is also the name of a town in Wash- 
 ington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,420; in Oxford Co. 
 Me. Pop. 1,297; Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,044, 
 and towns in Pulaski Co. Geo., Ohio Co. Ken., 
 Trumbull and Licking Cos. Ohio, and Dearborn 
 Co. Ind. 
 
 Hartland, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 718. 
 Also a town in Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,503 ; in 
 Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1.221 ; and in Niagara 
 Co N. Y. Pop. 1,584. 
 
 Hartleton, p.t. Union Co. Pa. 
 
 Hartsville, villages in Bucks Co. Pa. and Sura 
 ner Co. Ten. 
 
 Hartsville, a village of Dutchess Co. N. Y. 
 
 Harticich, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2 772. 
 
 Harrisburg, the seat of government of the state 
 of Pennsylvania, is in Dauphin Co. and situated 
 on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna, 9G m. 
 from Philadelphia. It is regularly built and has 
 a handsome state house and other public edifices. 
 A bridge here crosses the Susquehanna. Pop. 
 4,311. 
 
 Harrisburg, is also the name of a township in 
 Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 712 ; and villages in Lan- 
 caster Dis. S. C. and Ocatahoola Parish, Loui- 
 siana. 
 
 Harrishoroug/i,a. village of Richmond Co. Geo. 
 
 Harrison, a county of the W. District of Vir- 
 ginia, divided into East and West East Harri- 
 son has a pop. of 10,119, West Harrison 4,558. 
 Clarksburg is the seat of justice for both. Also a 
 county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,180. Also a coun- 
 ty of Ohio. Pop. 20,920. Cadiz is the chief town. 
 Also a county of Indiana. Pop. 10,288. Cory- 
 don is the capital. Also the name of 18 towns in 
 the United States, 13 of which are in Ohio. 
 
 Harrisonburg, p. v. Rockland Co. Va. 
 
 Harrisonvdle, p. v. Monroe Co. Illinois. 
 
 Harrisvillc, villages in Butler Co. Pa., Bruns 
 wick Co. Va., Harrison and Medina Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Harrodsburg, p. v. Mercer Co. Kentucky. 
 
 Hart, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,292. 
 
 Hartland, a town in Devonshire, Eng. Near it 
 is Hartland abbey, which includes the site and 
 some portion of the ancient abbey. It is seated 
 near the Bristol channel, on a promontory called 
 Hartland Point, 28 m. W. S. W. of Barnstaple, 
 and 217 W. by S. of London. Lat. of the point 
 55. 1., long. 4. 30. 
 
 Hartlepool, a sea-port of Eng. in the county of 
 Durham, about G m. N. of the mouth of the Tees. 
 In the vicinity are coal mines, and a large flour 
 manufacture. It is seated on the German Ocean, 
 partly surrounded by rocks and hills, 19 m. E. S. 
 E. of Durham, and 258 N. by W. of London. 
 Long. 1.10. W., lat. 54. 41. N. 
 
 Hartley, a sea portin Northumberland, Eng. 6 m. 
 N. W. of Tynemouth. Its prosperity is chiefly 
 owing to the mineral productions of the neigh- 
 bourhood. A haven has been constructed half a 
 mile to the N. whence coal is shipped to London ; 
 and a canal is cut through a solid rock to the har- 
 bour. Here are also large salt, copperas, and 
 glassworks. About a mile to the N. W. stands 
 Seaton Delavel, a magnificent and modern struc- 
 ture, equalled by i'ew in the kingdom, the interior 
 of which was destroyed by fire a few years ago. 
 
 Hartsville, p. v. Bucks Co. Pa. Also a p. v. 
 Sumner Co. Tenn. 
 
 Harhcick, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,772. 
 
 Hartz, a mountainons tract lying chiefly in the 
 S. of Hanover, extending from Goslar to Hartz 
 gerode, 70 in. long, and 20 broad. It is part of 
 the ancient Sylva Hercynia, and still covered 
 with large forests, the timber of which is of great 
 importance in supplying the numerous mines, and 
 forges with fuel. (See Hanover.) There are ma- 
 ny natural curiosities in the Hartz. The caverns 
 of Scharsfeld and Baumann are the most interest- 
 ing. The magnetic rocks of Ilsenstein, and the 
 Brocken or Blocksberg mountain also deserves no- 
 tice, the latter of which commands a prospect of 
 about 8,000 sq. m. 
 
 Hartzgcrode, or Harzgcrode, a town of Upper 
 
HAT 
 
 368 
 
 1IAV 
 
 Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt-Bernburg, 
 situate near the Hartz mountains. It has a mine- 
 office and a castle, and is 23 m. S. W. of Brenburg. 
 Pop. about 1,800. 
 
 Harvard, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,601. 
 
 Harvard University . See Cambridge. 
 
 Harwich-, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on Barnsta- 
 ble Bay. Pop. 2,464. 
 
 Harwich, a sea-port and borough on the coast 
 of Essex, Eng. It has a capacious harbour, in 
 which a great number of the largest ships may 
 anchor, and a convenient dock for the building of 
 men of war. Much company resort hither for 
 the purpose of sea-bathing, and it is the principal 
 place of embarkation for Holland and Germany. 
 The entrance into the harbour is defended by a 
 battery and Lanijuard Fort. The town is seated 
 on a tongue of land, opposite the united mouths 
 of the Stour and Orwell, which are navigable 12 
 in. above the town, 42 m. E. by N. of Chelmsford, 
 and 17 E. N. E. of London. Long. 1. 13. E., lat. 
 51. .">(i. N. Pop. about 4,010. 
 
 Il'inc/aton, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. 
 l.'.lfi. 
 
 Haslrmcrc, a borough in Surry, Eng. 12 m. S. 
 W. of Guildford, and 42 of London. It sends two 
 members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, about 830. 
 
 Haslin'gden, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with 
 considerable manufactures of linen, woolen, and 
 cotton It is 16 m. N. by W. of Manchester, and 
 204 N. N: W. of London. 
 
 Hassclt, a fortified town of Holland, in Ove- 
 ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 6 m. N. of Zwoll. 
 
 Hassclt, is also the name of a town of the Neth- 
 erlands, in the province of Liege, 15 in. W. N. 
 VV. of Maestricht. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Hasscr, or Asoerghur, a town and fortress of 
 Hindoostan, province of Candeish, 20 m. N. of 
 Burhampoor. 
 
 Hassfart, a town of Franconia, in the principal- 
 ity of Wurtzburg, on the N. E. bank of the river 
 Maine, 8 m. E. of Schweinfurt. Pop. about 
 ] ,o00. 
 
 Hasslach, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, on 
 the river Kintzig, 14 m. S. S. E. of Gengenbach, 
 20 N. E. of Friburg. 
 
 Hastenbeck, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick, near which the French gain- 
 ed a victory over the duke of Cumberland, in 1757. 
 It is 5 m. S. E. of Hamelin. 
 
 Hastings, a borough on the eastern extremity 
 of Sussex, Eng. It is one of the Cinque Ports, 
 and had once a castle, now in ruins. The harbour, 
 formerly of much consequence, is now only an 
 indifferent road for small vessels. The town is 
 commanded by a strong fort, has two churches, 
 and is a fashionable watering place, which is now 
 the chief source of its prosperity. In 1066, a 
 bloody battle was fought here, between Harold II. 
 of England, and William, duke of Normandy, in 
 which the former lost his life and kingdom. Has- 
 tings sends two members to parliament, and is 
 seated between a high cliff towards the sea, and a 
 high hill towards the land side, 24 m. of Lewes, 
 and 64 S S. E. of London. Long. 0. 38. E., lat. 
 50. 52. N. 
 
 Hatborough, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Hatcher sville, p. v. Chesterfield Co. Va. 
 
 Hatches, p. v. Onslow Co. N. C. Also a town- 
 ship in Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Hatchy, a tributary stream of the Mississippi, 
 which it joins in Tennessee. 
 
 Hatfield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the W. 
 side of the Connecticut, nearly opposite Hadley, 
 
 to which place there is a ferry. It is 5 m. of 
 Northampton. Pop. 893. 
 
 Hatfield, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. It for- 
 merly belonged to the bishop of Ely, in whose 
 palace Elizabeth resided, and was thence conduct 
 ed, on the death of Mary, to ascend the throne. 
 She procured the alienation of this manor; and 
 James I. exchanged it with Sir Bobert Cecil, af 
 terwards earl of Salisbury, for Theobald ; and on 
 the site of the episcopal palace, that nobleman 
 built the magnificent seat called Hatfield-house. 
 It is seated on the river Lea, 20 m. N. by W. ol 
 London. 
 
 Hathaz, a town of Hungary, in the county ol 
 Szaboltz, 11 m. N. of Debretzin. The number ol 
 inhabitants are about 4,000, and chiefly Calvinists. 
 
 Halhcrlcy, or Hathcrleigh, a corporate town in 
 Devonshire', Eng. with a woolen manufacture. 
 It is seated on the river Oke, 28 m. N. W. of Exeter 
 and 200 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Hatras, a fort and tower of Hindoostan, province 
 of Agra, 18 m. S. S. W. of Coel, and 35 N. E. of 
 Agra. 
 
 Hattem, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, seated 
 on the Yssel, 4 m. S. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about 
 2,400. 
 
 Hatter as, a cape on the coast of North Carolina, 
 in the lat. 35. 7. N., and long. 75. 30. It is beset 
 with dangerous shoals. 
 
 Hattigen, a town of Westphalia, in the county 
 of Mark, seated on the Boer, 22 m. E. N. E. o"f 
 Dusseldorf. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Hatvan, a town and fort of Upper Hungary 
 seated on a mountain, 28 m. E. N. E. of Buda. 
 
 Hatzfeld, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 Upper Hesse, capita] of a county of its name 
 seated on the Eder, 17 m. N. N. W. of Marburg 
 and 60 N. E. of Coblentz. 
 
 Havana, a city and sea-port on the N. W. part 
 of Cuba, two m. in circumference, and the capital 
 of the island. The houses are elegant, built of 
 stone, and there are 11 churches richly ornament 
 ed, 2 hospitals, a dock-yard, lazaretto, and othei 
 public buildings. The harbour is capable of con 
 taining upwards of 1 ,000 vessels, and the entrance 
 which is so narrow that only one ship can ente: 
 at a time, is defended by two strong forts, called 
 the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many 
 other forts and platforms, well furnished with ar- 
 tillery. A citadel of great strength is erected 
 near the centre of the town, which contains the 
 captain general's palace, and where the treasure 
 is deposited. Here all the ships that come from 
 the Spanish settlements rendezvous on their return 
 to Spain. This city was taken by the English in 
 1762, but restored to the Spaniards in 1763. It is 
 seated on the W. side of the harbour, and water- 
 ed by two branches of the river. This town ex- 
 ceeds, in point of commerce, every other town in 
 Spanish America. Pop. about 70,000. Lat. of 
 fort Moro, 23. 9., long. 82. 15. 
 
 Havant, a town in the S. E. extremity of Hamp- 
 shire. Eng. 7 m. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 66 S. 
 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,099. 
 
 Havelberg , a town in Brandenberg, in the mark 
 of Pregnitz, seated on the Havel, near its conflux 
 with the Elbe. Many vessels for the navigation 
 of the Elbe are built here, and great quantities of 
 wood sent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 m. N. N. 
 W. of Brandenburg. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Haverford, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 
 
 Haverfordwest, a borough of Wales, in Pern 
 brokeshire, seated on the side of a high hill. It 
 is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, con 
 
HAV 
 
 3(i9 
 
 HAY 
 
 tains three parish churches, and has a considera- 
 ble trade, and sends one member to parliament. 
 The assizes and county gaol are kept here ; and 
 it had once a wall and castle, now in ruins, the 
 latter built in the reign of Stephen. It is seated 
 on the Cleddaw, which is navigable for vessels of 
 small burden as high as the bridge, and which soon 
 after enters a creek of Milford haven, 15 m. E. 
 S. E. of St. David, and 263 W. by N. of London. 
 Long. 5. 0. W., lat. 51. 50. N. 
 
 Haverhill, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- 
 necticut, 35 m. N. W. of Dartmouth College. 
 Pop. 2,153. 
 
 Haverhill, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merrimack, 
 12 m. above Newburyport. Pop. 3,912. This is 
 a pleasantly situated town and has considerable 
 ship building and trade by the river. It was set- 
 tled in 1640 and suffered much in the early Indian 
 wars. In 1693 the Indians attacked and set fire 
 to the town. A troop of them approached the 
 house of a Mr. Dustan, who at that time was 
 abroad in the fields. He flew to the house, which 
 contained his wife and eight children. He direct- 
 ed the children to escape as fast as possible while 
 he attempted to save his wife who was sick in bed. 
 Before this could be done, the savages were at 
 hand. He flew to the door, mounted his horse, 
 seized his gun and hastened away with his chil- 
 dren. The Indians pursued and fired upon them, 
 
 but Dustan returned the fire and keeping himself 
 in the rear ot his troop of little ones held the 
 savages at bay till he had retreated to a place of 
 safety. Mrs. Dustan witli her infant, six days 
 old and their nurse, fell into the hands of the In- 
 dians. 
 
 The child was soon dashed against a tree and 
 killed. The Indians divided into several parties 
 for subsistence ; and Mrs. Dustan and her nurse, 
 and a boy taken from Worcester, fell to the lot of 
 a family of twelve, with whom they travelled 
 through the wilderness to an island at the mouth of 
 Contoocook river, in the town of Boscawen, N. 
 H. where they encamped for the night. Just be- 
 fore daylight, finding the whole company in a pro- 
 found sleep, she arose and armed herself and com- 
 panions with the Indian tomahawks, which they 
 wielded with such destructive effect, that ten of 
 the twelve were instantly despatched ; one woman 
 escaping, whom they thought they had killed, and 
 a favourite boy was designedly left. They took 
 the scalps of the conquered enemy, and taking 
 a canoe for their own use, and cutting holes 
 in one or more that were left, to prevent pursuit, 
 they descended the river, and arrived home in 
 safety. She received a reward of 50 pounds from 
 the treasury of the colon}'. The place whence 
 they were taken, is about one m. north of the town; 
 it is still owned by her descendants, and part ot 
 '.he house is still standing. 
 47 
 
 Haveril, a town in Suffolk, Eng. on the borders 
 of Essex, with a manufacture of checks, cottons, 
 and fustians. It is 16 m. S. W. of Bury, and 59 
 N. E. of London. 
 
 Haverstraw, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y., on the 
 Hudson. Pop. 2,306. 
 
 Havre de Grace, a very important and commer- 
 cial sea-port of France, in the department of Lower 
 Seine, with a strong citadel, a good arsenal, and 
 storehouses for the construction and arming of 
 ships. It is surrounded by lofty walls, and large 
 ditches filled with water. The harbour has par- 
 ticular advantages above all others on the coast ; 
 for the water does not begin to ebb till near three 
 hours after the full tide. It is capable of contain- 
 ing a great number of the largest vessels. This 
 town was bombarded by the English in 1694 and 
 1759. It is seated at the mouth of the Seine, 45 
 m. W. of Rouen, and 112 N. W. of Paris, of which 
 it is the sea-port. Long. 0. 6. E., lat. 49. 29. N 
 Pop. 21,000. 
 
 Havre de Grace, a town of Maryland, in Hart- 
 ford county, on the W. side of the Susquehanna, 
 at the head of Chesapeak bay, 37 m. N. E. of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Hansen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, on the 
 river Kintsig, 22 m. N. N. E. of Friburg. 
 
 Hausruckviertel, on the quarter of Hausruck, a 
 circle of Upper Austria, bounded on the N. E. by 
 the Danube, S. E. by the quarter of Traun, S. W 
 by Bavaria, and N. VV. by the quarter of Inn. 
 comprising a superficies of 733 square m. Pop. 
 about 109,000. The chief town is Lintz. 
 
 Hanterive, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, seated on the Arriege, 18 m. 
 S. of Toulouse. 
 
 Hawarden, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with 
 a considerable manufacture of earthenware, and a 
 foundery for cannon. On an eminence between 
 the town and the river Dee, are the remains of an 
 ancient castle. It is 7 mi W. of Chester, and 196 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Hawick, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, 
 with manufactures of carpeting, woolen stockings, 
 and tape. It is seated on the Tiviot, where it re- 
 ceives the small river Slitridge, by which it i» di- 
 vided into two parts, and over which there are two 
 bridges. It has a parish church, and three chap- 
 els for dissenters. It is 21 m. S. W. of Kelso, 
 and 47 S. S. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Hawke, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 2 0m. &. W. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 528. 
 
 Hawkesbury, a river of New Holland, which 
 empties itself into Broken Bay, on the eastern 
 coast. It is navigable upwards of 100 m. for small 
 vessels. See Broken Bay. 
 
 Hawkskead, a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here 
 is a neat town house, and an excellent free school, 
 founded by archbishop Sandys, a native of this 
 place. It is 24 m. N. N. W. of Lancaster, and 
 276 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Haickins, a county of East Tennessee, border- 
 ing on Virginia, watered by the rivers Holston 
 and Clinch. Pop. 10,949. Rogersville, is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Hawley, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,037 
 
 Haws-ioater, a lake in Westmorland, Eng. S. of 
 Penrith, 3 m. long, and half a mile over in some 
 places. It is almost divided in the middle by a 
 promontory of inclosures, so that it consists of 2 
 sheets of water. 
 
 Hay, a town of Wales, in Brecknockshire. It had 
 a fine castle, now demolished ; and about 2 m. be- 
 low is the ruin of Clifford castle, where fair Ross 
 
HEB 
 
 370 
 
 HE! 
 
 mond was born. Hay is seated on the Wye, over 
 which there is a bridge, 15 m. N. E. of Brecknock, 
 and 156 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Haycock, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Haymarket, p. v. Prince William Co. Va. Also 
 a village in Muskingum Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hayes, a township of Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Haye, a town of France, in the department of 
 fndre and Loire. It is the birthplace of Des Car- 
 tes, and seated on the Creuse, 25 m. S. of Tours. 
 
 Hayn. See Grossenhayn. 
 
 Hayniehen, a town of Upper Saxony, 30 m. W. 
 by S. of Dresden. Pop. about 2,450. 
 
 Haysville, p. v. Franklin Co. N. C. 
 
 Haywood, a western county of North Carolina. 
 Pop. 4,593. Also a county of West Tennessee. 
 Pop. 5,356. Brownville is the capital. 
 
 Hay wood sborough, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C. 
 
 Haytl. See Domingo, St. 
 
 Hazebrouck, a town of France, in the department 
 of Nord,18 m. W. of Lisle, and 19 S. of Dunkirk. 
 Pop. 7,000. 
 
 Headford, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Galway, 42 m. N. of Galway. 
 
 Heart, a town of Tonquin, on the river Hoti,20 
 m. S. E. of Cachao, and 60 N. W. of the gulf of 
 Tonquin. 
 
 Heap, a township of England, in Lancashire, 
 3 m. S. E. of Burv, and 194 N. W. by N. of Lon- 
 don. Pop. in 1801. 4,283, and in 1821, 6,000. 
 
 Heath, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,199. 
 
 Hebrides, or Western Islands, a large cluster of 
 islands, situated in the Atlantic Ocean, on the 
 W. coast of Scotland, extending from the lat. of 
 55. 17. N., to 58. 29. They are upwards of 300 
 in number, and contain about 2,000,000 acres. 
 The chief of these are, Lewis and its circumjacent 
 islands, belonging to Rosshire ; Harris, N. and 
 S. Uist, Benbecular, St. Kilda, Bara, Sky, Raaza 
 .-and Egg. attached to Inverness-shire ; Cana, Rum, 
 Muck, Coll, Tirey, Mull, Jura, Colonsay, Isla, 
 Gighu, and Cara, belonging to Argyleshire ; and 
 Bute, Arran, Greater and Less Cambray,and In- 
 charmock, which compose the shire of Bute. The 
 ancient history of the Hebrides is connected with 
 much uncertainty. They were governed by inde- 
 pendent princes of their own, until the destruction 
 of She Picts, by Kenneth II., and for several cen- 
 turies -were the resort of pirates ; and their chief- 
 tains were long lawless and seditious, till they 
 were at last brought under the controul of the 
 royal power. The influence of the independent 
 chieftains of the Western Isles was completely 
 destroyed by the act of parliament in 1748, which 
 abolished all heritable jurisdictions. About 86 
 are inhabited, and are computed to eontain about 
 70,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Hebridees, JVew;, islands in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, lying between 14. 29. and 20. 4. S. lat., and 
 166. 41 and 170.21. E long. They were discover- 
 ed by Quiros, in 1G06, and considered as part of a 
 southern continent, under the name of Tierra 
 Australia del Espiritu Santo. Bougainville vis- 
 ited them in 1768, and found that the land was 
 not connected but composed of islands, which he 
 called the Great Cyclades. Cook, in 1774, ascer- 
 tained the extent and situation of the whole group 
 and gave them the name they now bear. The 
 principal islands are Tierra del Espiritu Santo, 
 and Mallicollo, beside several of less note, some 
 of which are from 18 to 25 leagues in circuit. In 
 general they are high and mountainous, abound- 
 ing with wood, water, and the usual productions 
 of the tropical islands. The inhabitants are of 
 
 very different appearances at different islands , 
 but are chiefly of a slender make and dark col- 
 our, and most of them have frizzled hair. Their 
 canoes and houses are small, and poorly construct 
 ed ; and except their arms, they have scarcely 
 any manufacture, not even for clothing. They 
 are, however, hospitable and good-natured, when 
 not prompted to a contrary conduct by the jeal- 
 ousy which the unusual appearance of European 
 visitors may be supposed to excite. 
 
 Hebron, a town of Syria, in Palestine, with a 
 Christian church, said to contain the tombs of 
 Abraham and Sarah, to which the Mahometans, 
 as well as Christians, come on pilgrimage. Con- 
 stantine built a church here, the walls of which 
 are still standing. It is 25 m. S. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Hebron, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 915. Also 
 a town in Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 538. Also a 
 p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,939. Also a p.t. 
 Washington Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. E. Albany 
 Pop. 2,685. 
 
 Hechingen, a town and castle of Suabia, which 
 gives name to a branch of the family of Hohen 
 zollern, and is the residence of the prince. It 
 is seated on the Starzel, 4 m. N. of Hohenzollern, 
 and 30 S. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,600. 
 
 Hccla, Mount. See Iceland. 
 
 Hector, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5,212. 
 
 Hedemora, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia, 
 with a manufacture of gunpowder, seated on the 
 Dahl, 30 m. S. S. E. of Fahlun. 
 
 Hedon, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng. 
 seated on a creek of the Humber, 6 m. E. of 
 Hull, and 179 N. by W. of London. It sends 
 two members to parliament. 
 
 Hedsjaz, or Hejaz, a division of Arabia, ex- 
 tending along the Red Sea, from Arabia Petrsea 
 to Yemen. It contains Mecca, the capital, and 
 Medina. 
 
 Heermund, or Hindmend, a river of Persia, in 
 the province of Sigistan. which after a westerly 
 course of about 400 m. falls into the lake of 
 Zereh or Durrah. 
 
 Heidelberg, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 
 Also a village in Lebanon Co. and a township in 
 York Co. Pa. 
 
 Heidelberg, a city of Germany, in the circle of 
 Lower Rhine, with a celebrated university. It 
 has manufactures of woolen stuff's, carpets, silk 
 stockings, velvet, and soap. It was the capital 
 of the palatinate, and celebrated for a great tun, 
 which held 800 hogsheads. The city has undergone 
 so many calamities by war and fire, that it is not 
 so large as formerly. The protestant electoral 
 house becoming extinct in 1693, a bloody war 
 ensued, in which the castle was ruined, and the 
 elector removed his residence to Manheim. 
 The French took possession of this town in 1800, 
 and in 1803 it was given to the elector of Baden. 
 It is seated on the Neckar, over which is abridge, 
 12 m. S. E. of Manheim, and 52 S. of Frankfort. 
 Pop. about 10,000. 
 
 Heidelsheim, a town of Germany, in Lower 
 Rhine, 17 m. S. of Heidelburg. Pop. about 
 1,800. 
 
 Heilbron, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom or 
 Wurtemberg. It is a handsome place situate in 
 a country yielding good wine, and derives great 
 advantages from its baths. It stands on the 
 Neckar, 25 m. N. of Stuttgard. Pop. about 
 6,000. 
 
 Heilbrunn, a town of Franconia, in the princi- 
 pality of Anspach, with a medicinal spring, 10 
 m. E. N. E. of Anspach. 
 
HEL 
 
 371 
 
 HEL 
 
 Heiligenbeil, a town of Prussia, in the pro- 
 vince of Natangen. It is famous for fine beer 
 dnd white bread, and seated on a small river 
 f.'hich soon after enters the Frisch Haff, 32 m. S. 
 W. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Heiligenberg, a town of Suabia, in the princi- 
 pality of Fufstenberg, 12 m. N. N. E. Con- 
 stance. 
 
 Hciligcnliafen, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 H.ilstein, seated on the Baltic, opposite the isl- 
 and of Femeren, 40 in. N. of Lubec. Lat. 54. 
 27. N., long. 10.48. E. 
 
 Hriligcnstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, capi- 
 tal of the territory of Eichfeld, with a castle and 
 a colleire. It is seated at the conflux of the 
 Geisland with the Leine, 17 m. S. E. of Got- 
 tingen. 
 
 Hcihberg, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Ermeland. In 1703 Charles XII. of Sweden 
 fixed his head-quarters here. It is seated on the 
 Alia. 45 m. S. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Hdder, a town of North Holland, with a strong 
 fort which defends the entrance of the Texel. 
 In September, 1790, the fort was taken by the 
 English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet lying 
 in the Texel surrendered to them, for the service 
 of the prince of Orange ; but the English aban- 
 doned the fort in November following. It is 
 situate on the N. W. point of the province, op- 
 posite the VV. end of Texel island, 24 m. N. of 
 Alcrmer, and 45 N. by W. of Amsterdam. Lon«\ 
 4. 34. E., lat. 53. 0. N. 
 
 Helena, p. v. Phillips Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Helena, St. an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 27 
 m. in circuit, belonging to the English East India 
 Company. It lies between the continents of 
 Africa and South America, about 1,200 in. W. of 
 the former, and 1,800 E. of the latter; and was 
 discovered by the Portuguese, in 1501, on St. 
 Helena's day. Afterward the Dutch were in 
 possession of it till 1600, when they were ex- 
 pelled by the English. In 1(373 the Dutch re- 
 took it by surprise ; but it was soon after recov- 
 ered. It has some high mountains, particularly 
 one called Diana Peak, which is covered with 
 wood to the very top. There are other hills also, 
 which bear evident marks of a volcanic origin, 
 and sotne have huge rocks of lava, and a kind of 
 half vitrified flags. The climate of St. Helena 
 is temperate, being exempted from the extremes 
 of heat and cold, from thunder and lightning 
 and hurricanes. It is moist, however, and only 
 about one day in three is illumined by sunshine. 
 The interior valleys and little hills are covered 
 with verdure, and interspersed with gardens, 
 orchards, and various plantations. There are 
 also nnnv pastures, surrounded by inclosures of 
 stone and filled with a fine breed of small cattle, and 
 with English sheep ; goats and poultry are like- 
 wise numerous. The inhabitants do not exceed 
 3 $00, including nearly 500 soldiers, and ] ,000 
 blacks, who are supplied with corn and manufac- 
 tures by the Company's ships in return for re- 
 freshments. The town, called James-town, is 
 small situated at the bottom of a bay on the S. 
 side of the island, between two steep, dreary 
 mountains. The principal street is well built and 
 contains about 30 houses, at the top of which 
 two other streets branch off to the east and west. 
 In the latter are the barracks, the hospital, and 
 several shops, stored with every kind of com- 
 modities. On the left side of the parade are 
 situated the govermnent-house and the main 
 guard-room, in the former of which the gover- 
 
 nor and public officers reside. The church is 
 situated in front of the gateway, by which the 
 town is entered, and near it there is a small 
 theatre. St. Helena is particularly celebrated 
 for having been the prison of Napoleon, the late 
 emperor of France, and for being the place in 
 which he breathed his last, and where his mortal 
 remains are deposited. He died in May, 
 1821. Lat. of James-town, 16. 35. S., long. 5. 43. 
 
 Helena, St. one of a cluster of islands on the 
 coast of S. Carolina, composing the parish of St. 
 Helena, in the district of Beaufort. Pop. 8,799 
 
 Helens, St. a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the 
 E. end of the Isle of Wight, 2 m. N. E. of Bra- 
 ding. It has a bay or road of considerable note 
 as a rendezvous for ships that are outwaid 
 bound. 
 
 Helens, St. a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 ra. 
 N. E. of Prescot. In and near it are a variety of 
 manufactures ; particularly an extensive copper- 
 work, and a still larger one at Favenhead, for 
 casting plate-glass. The Sankey canal begins at 
 the coal mines here, and takes a circuitous course 
 by Newton to the Mersey, below Warrington. 
 
 Heller, St. the capital of the island of Jersey, 
 seated on the E. side of the bay of St. Aubin, with 
 a harbour and a stone pier. It has of late rapid- 
 ly increased from a small village to a respectable 
 town. The inhabitants are computed to be 10,000, 
 and have manufactures of woolen, stockings, and 
 caps. At the top of the market-place is the statue 
 of George II. ; and in the church, where prayers 
 are read alternately in English and French, is a 
 monument to the memory of major Pierson, who 
 fell here in the moment of victory. Besides the 
 church there are chapels for dissenters. There 
 are three gazettes published weekly in French, 
 and one in English. Long. 1. 58. W.. lat. 49. 11. 
 N. See Jersey. 
 
 Helier, St. a little island near the town of the 
 same name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the S. 
 side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerius, or 
 Helier, a holy man who lived in this island, and 
 was slain by the Pagan Normans. His cell, with 
 the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks; 
 and in memory of him, a noble abbey was founded 
 here. On the site of this abbey now stands Eliz- 
 abeth castle, the residence of the governor, and 
 garrison of Jersey. It occupies the whole is- 
 land, which is near a mile in circuit, and is sur- 
 rounded by the sea at every half flood ; and hence, 
 at low water, is a passage to the town of St. He- 
 lier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, formed 
 of sand and stones. 
 
 Heligoland, or Helgoland, a group of small is- 
 lands in the German Ocean, off the coast of Den- 
 mark, to which they formerly belonged ; but now 
 to Great Britian. They are situated about 28 m. 
 from the Weser, the Elbe, and the Eyder. The 
 principal island which is divided into the Cliff 
 and Lowland, is about 2 nf. and a half in circum- 
 ference, and on it is erected a light-house, which 
 is visible nearly 30 m. distant. Heligoland has 
 two good harbours, and to the east of the smaller 
 island, called the Downs, is good anchorage in 
 48 feet of water. The number of inhabitants is 
 about 2,000 who live chiefly by fishing and acting 
 as pilots. Lat. of the light-house, 54. 11. N.,long. 
 7. 55. 
 
 Heliopolis, or Materea, a village of Egypt, 4 m. 
 E. N. E. of Cairo, where the French gained ade 
 cisive victory over the Turks in 1800. Here is 
 a celebrated spring of fresh water, said to be the 
 only one in Egypt ; and, according to tradition 
 
HEL 
 
 372 
 
 HEN 
 
 the Holy Family came here on their flight 
 from Herod, and bathed the child Jesus in this 
 fountain. 
 
 Helium, a township of York Co. Pa. 
 
 Urllrrstown, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Hell eh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Ara- 
 di, situate on both sides of the Euphrates, with a 
 bridge of communication. It is supposed to stand 
 on the site of the ancient Babylon. The surround- 
 ing gardens are so covered with fruit trees, par- 
 ticularly palms, that the town appears as if seated 
 in a wood. It is 73 m. S. by E of Bagdad. Pop. 
 about 12,000. 
 
 Hell gate, a strait near the W. end of Long Is- 
 land Sound, 8 m. N. by E. of New York. It is 
 narrow and crooked, with a bed of rocks extend- 
 ing quite across ; but, at proper times of the tide, 
 ships of any burden may pass through this 
 straight. 
 
 HiVin, a town of Spain, province of Murcia, 44 
 m. N. W. of Murcia. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Helmershausen, a town of Germany, in Low- 
 er Hesse, on the river Diemel, 20 m. N. of Cassel. 
 
 Belmont, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a 
 strong castle, on the Aa, 17 m. S. E. of Bois le 
 Due. Pop. about 25,000. 
 
 Helmsdale, a river of Scotland, which issues 
 from several mountain-lakes in Sutherlandshise, 
 and rolls over its rocky bottom to the Ord of 
 Caithness. At its mouth in the German Ocean is 
 a good salmon fishery. 
 
 Hehnsley, a town in the north riding of York- 
 shire. It lias the remains of a castle, and is seat- 
 ed on the Rye, 20 m. N. of York, and 218 N. by 
 W. of London. Pop. about 1,500. 
 
 Htlmstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick, with a university, 22 m. E. 
 of Brunswick. Pop. 5,300. 
 
 Helsinburgh, a sea-port of Sweden, in Schonen, 
 seated on the Sound, nearly opposite Elsinore. 
 Here is a ferry across the Sound to Denmark, 
 and it has manufactures of ribands, hats, and boots. 
 It is 5 m. N. E. of Elsinore and 32 N. W. of 
 Lund. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 12. 48. E., Iat. 
 56. 3. N. 
 
 Hclsinfors, a sea-port of Sweden, in Finland, 
 and the chief town in the province of Nyland. 
 It has a commodious harbour in the gulf of Fin- 
 land, and an immense fortress. It is 110 m. E S. 
 B. of Abo. Long. 25. E., Iat. 60. 5. N. Pop. 
 3,200. 
 
 Helsigia, or Helsingland, a province of Swed- 
 en, in Nordland, 210 m.in length, between Dale- 
 carlia and the gulf of Bothnia, and from 50 to 80 
 in breadth, and comprises a superficies of about 
 4,470 square miles. It has extensive forests and 
 many iron mines. The chief articles of trade are 
 iron, flax, linen, tallow, butter, tar, deal, and tim- 
 ber. Pop. about 52,000. The principal town is 
 Huds wicks wald. 
 
 Helston, a borough in Cornwall ,Eng. It stands 
 on the river Loe,near its entrance into Mount Bay, 
 and is one of the towns appointed for the coinage 
 of tin. A little below it is a harbour, where ves- 
 sels take in their lading. It sends two members 
 to parliament. It is 1 1 m. S. W. of Falmouth, 
 and 274 W. by S. of London. Long. 5. 15. E., 
 Iat. 50. 7. N. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Helvetia. See Switzerland. 
 
 Helvoctslvys, a strong sea-port of South Holland, 
 on the S. side of the island of Voorn. Here some 
 of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary; 
 and it is the general port for the English packets 
 from Harwich to Holland. It surrendered to the 
 
 French in 1795; and is 7 m. S. by W. of Brie! 
 Long. 4. 0. E., Iat. 51.46. N. 
 
 Hampsted, or Hemel Hempsted, a corporate town 
 in Hertfordshire, seated among hills on the rivei 
 Gade, 18 m. W. of Hertford, and 23 N. W. of 
 London. Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Hem, a city of Syria, surrounded by walls 3 m. 
 in circuit ; but the present buildings only take 
 up about a quarter of the area, in the N. W. quar- 
 ter. To the S. of the town is a large ruined cas- 
 tle, on a high round mount, faced with stone. 
 It is seated on a small river, which runs into the 
 Orentes, 100 m. S. of Aleppo. 
 
 Hempfield, a township of Lancaster Co. Po 
 Also a township in Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Hempstead, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,423. 
 Arkansas is the chief town. 
 
 Hempstead, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- 
 land. Pop. 6,215. 
 
 Henderson,?!, county in the western part of Ken- 
 tucky, on the S. E. bank of the Ohio, and inter- 
 sected, by the Green River. Pop. 6,649. Hen- 
 dersonville is the chief town ; 138 m. W. by S. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Henderson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 
 8,741. Lexington is the capital. 
 
 Henderson, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,428. 
 Also a village in Montgomery Co. N. C. 
 
 Hcndersonsrille, villages in Nottoway Co. Va., 
 Newbury Dis. S. C. and Sumner Co. Ten. 
 
 Hcndricksville, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va. 
 
 Heneagas, Great and Little, two of the most 
 southern of the Bahama Islands. Lat. of the 
 former, S. W. point, 20.56. N.,long. 73. 40. W., 
 lat. of the latter, W. point, 21. 29. N., long. 73. 6 
 
 Heng-tckcou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Hou-quang. The chief manu- 
 facture is oaper. It is seated on the river Hener, 
 265 m. N.'by W. of Canton. 
 
 Henin Lcitard, a town of France, department 
 of Pas de Calais, 6 in. N. W. of Douay. Pop. 
 about 2,400. 
 
 Henley upon Thames, a town in Oxfordshire, 
 Eng. The church is a large ancient building, 
 the tower of which was built by Cardinal Wolsey ; 
 the houses are modern and the streets spacious 
 The principal trade is in corn, flour, malt 
 and beech wood. It is seated on the Thames 
 over which is an elegant stone bridge, 24 m. S. E. 
 of Oxford, and 35 W. of London. 
 
 Henley, or Henley in Arden, a town in War- 
 wickshire, Eng. seated on the Alne, 15 m. S. by 
 E. of Birmingham, and 101 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Henl open, Cape, the S. W. side of the entrance of 
 Delaware Bay. Lat. 38. 46. N., long. 75. 12. W. 
 
 Henneberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in a 
 county of the same name. Some ruins of the 
 castle of its ancient counts are yet to be seen. It 
 is 12 m. S. S. W. of Meinungen. Pop. of the 
 county, which comprises a surface of 850 square 
 m. about 100,000. 
 
 Hcnnebon, a town of France, in the department 
 of Morbihan, with a great trade in corn, iron, 
 honey, &c. It is seated on the Blavet, 6 m. N. 
 E. of L'Orient. Pop. about 5,000. 
 
 Henniker, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1,725 
 
 Henrichcmont, a town of France, in the depart . 
 ment of Cher, seated on the Sauder, 15 m. N. 
 N. E. of Eourges. Pop. about 2,987. 
 
 Henrico, a county of the E. district of Vir- 
 ginia, bounded on the S. W. by James River, N. 
 by Hanover, and E. by Charles city. Pop. 28,798 
 Richmond is the chief town. 
 
HER 
 
 373 
 
 HER 
 
 Henrietta, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,302. 
 Henry, a county of the E. District of Virginia, 
 bordering on North Carolina, intersected by Ir- 
 vine, or Smith's River, and the N. and S. branch- 
 es of Mayo River. Pop. 7,100. Its chief town, 
 is Martinsville. 
 
 Henry, a county of Kentucky, bounded on the 
 N. W. by the Ohio, and on the E. by Kentucky 
 River. Poji. 11,395. Newcastle, is the chief town. 
 Henry, a county in Alabama, bounded on the 
 E. by Chatahoochy River, which separates it from 
 Georgia, and watered by the Choctaw and Yel- 
 low Water. Pop. 3,055. Columbia is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Hairy, Cape, the S. cape of Virginia, at the 
 e l'rance of Chesapeak bay. Long. 76. 12., lat. 36 
 57. 
 
 Ifrjipenheiin, a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Lower Rhine, situate on the Eisbach, 12 m. 
 E. .>f Worms. Pop. 3,200. 
 
 Hrptonstail, a township in the west riding of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. 8 m. W. of Halifax. Pop. in 
 1321, 4.54:1 
 
 HeraMi: See Erekli. 
 
 Harut, a city of Persia, in Chorasan, or Khoras- 
 san, of which it was formerly the capital. The 
 neighbouring country produces excellent fruit; 
 a:id roses are in such plenty, that it is called Sur- 
 gultzar, or the City of Roses, it has a considerable 
 manufacture of carpets. It is situate on a river 
 of the same name, 300 m. S. E. of Mesched, on 
 the high road from Persia to Hindoostan. 
 
 H/rault, a maritime department of France, so 
 n imed from a river which runs into the gulf of 
 Lions, in the Mediterranean. It is part of the 
 late province of Languedoc ; and the capital is 
 MmtpeLier. It contains 2,830 sq. m. Pop. about 
 300.000. 
 
 Herbemont, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux- 
 emburg, with a castle on a mountain, near the 
 river Semoy, 3 m. N. N. W. of Chiny. 
 
 Herbiers, les, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of La Vendee. 35 m. N. E. of La Roche. 
 
 Herborn, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
 Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calvinist acade- 
 my, and manufacture of iron ; seated on the Dille, 
 8 m. S. S E. of Dillenburg. Pop. about 2,000. 
 ffer.culancum, an ancient city of Naples, total- 
 lv overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuv- 
 ius, in the beginning of the reign of the emperor 
 Titus. Its situation was long doubtful till 1711, 
 when something of this city was discovered by a 
 peasant digging a well in his garden ; and from 
 1733 to the present time, researches being fre- 
 quently made by digging, a great number of manu- 
 script., paintings, statues, busts, domestic utensils, 
 instruments of husbandry, &c. have been found. 
 The village of Portici now stands on part of its 
 site. It is 5 m. E. by S. of Naples. See Pompeii. 
 Hercynd, a river of Greece in Bocotia, with two 
 streams, the larger called by the ancient Lethe, 
 and the smaller Mnemosyne. 
 
 Herefordshire, a county of England, bordering 
 on Wales, and bounded on the N. by Shropshire, 
 E. by Worcestershire, S. by Monmouthshire, 
 and Gloucestershire, and W. by the counties 
 of Brecknock and Radnor. It contains 550,400 
 acres, and is divided into 11 hundreds and 221 
 parishes. It has one city, Hereford, and 7 mar- 
 ket towns. Leominster, Ross, Weoblv, Ledbury, 
 Kington, Bromyard, and Pembridge ; and sends 
 8 members to parliament; two for the city of 
 Hereford, and two for the boroughs of Weoblv, 
 and Leominster and two for the county. Here- 
 
 fordshire is almost entirely an agricultural coun 
 ty. About nine-tenths of the land are in a state 
 of cultivation, and it excels in almost every de- 
 partment of husbandry. The face of the county 
 is rich and picturesque ; the climate is mild and 
 the soil extremely fertile, which arises from the 
 subsoil of limestone on which it rests. Hops are 
 cultivated, and the apples producing the cider, 
 for which Herefordshire is celebrated, grow in 
 greater plenty than in any other country. Red 
 and 3'ellow ochres are often met with. Fuller's 
 earth is dug near Stoke, and on the borders of 
 Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It is watered 
 by several streams, the chief of which are, the 
 Wye, the Munner and the Lug. Before the 
 invasion of the Romans, Herefordshire was in- 
 habited by the Silures, a brave people, who long 
 checked the progress of the Roman arms ; but be- 
 ing at last overcome, they retired into the fastnesses 
 of Wales. It was a part of Mercia, one of the 
 kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. Pop. in 1811 
 04,073, and 1821, 103,231. 
 
 Hereford, an ancient city, and chief town of 
 Herefordshire, Eng. seated on the N. bank of the 
 Wye, over which there is a stone bridge of six 
 arches. It has manufactures of gloves, flannels, 
 and hats. It was anciently defended by a castle 
 which is now destroyed, and only part of the 
 walls remain. It has four churches, the princi 
 pal of which is the cathedral, a large and venera- 
 ble structure, and there are also several places 
 of worship for dissenters. It has also an infirma- 
 ry, a county gaol, a house of correction, and a 
 lunatic asylum and a free grammar school. Th 
 city is in general well built, the streets wide 
 .and the environs delightful. It sends two mem 
 hers to parliament. Hereford, from its situation 
 on the borders of Wales, suffered much from thw 
 wars between that country and England, and ir. 
 later times, from the contests between the houses 
 of York and Lancaster, and the civil broils in the 
 time of Charles I. It is 135 m. W. N. W. of 
 London, and 30 N. W. of Gloucester. Pop. in 
 1811, 7,30G, and in 1821, 0,000. 
 
 Herenthals, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, on the river Nethe, 20 m. N. E. of Lou- 
 vain. 
 
 Hcrford, or Herfordcn, a town of Westphalia, 
 in the county of Ravensberg, with a nunnery 
 belonging to the protestants of the confession of 
 Augsburg. It has a trade in ale and linen, and is 
 seated on the Warra, at the influx of the Aa, 20 
 m. S. W. of Minden, and 11 m. E. N. E. of 
 Ravensberg. Pop. about 6,000. 
 
 Hericourt, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Saone, 15 m. S. E. of Lure, and 27 E. 
 of Vesoul. 
 
 Herjndaleri, a district on the N. of Sweden, now 
 included in Gefleborgstaen, and bounded on the 
 W. by Norway, and N. by Jemptland. It con- 
 sists of an extensive valley watered by the Ljusna 
 and Ljugna. It is mostly covered with wood, and 
 abounds in cattle, game, and fish. Territorial 
 extent 3,200 square m. with a pop. of only 4,000. 
 
 Hcrinnes, a town of South Brabant, with 3,300 
 inhabitants, 17 m. S. W. of Brussels. 
 
 Herisau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Appenzel, with manufactures of fine linen and 
 muslin, 12 m. N. W. of Appenzel, and 8 S. W. 
 of St. Gall. Pop. about 6,500. 
 
 Herivra, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 seated on the Vedawati, 22 m. W. N. W. of Sera. 
 
 Herkimer, a county of New- York on the Mo- 
 hawk river. Pop. 55.869. The chief town of 
 2 I 
 
HER 
 
 374 
 
 HES 
 
 the county has the same name and a pop. of 
 •J.436. 
 
 Herman, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. 
 Pope 535. 
 
 Hcrmanstudt, a strong city of Transylvania, 
 ;ind a bishop's see. It has a large church, built 
 by Maria Theresa, with a globe and steeple not 
 easily described. In the great square is the 
 bouse of the governor, in the best German style, 
 c mtaining many good pictures. It is seated on 
 She Szeben, 230 m. E. S. E.of Buda,and 67 S. S. 
 U of Colover. Pop. 16,000. 
 
 Hermsdorf, two large villages of Silesia, the 
 one 38 in. N. by W. of Breslaw, and the other 40 
 in. W. by S. of the same place. 
 
 Hcrmstadt, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Wolau, on the river Bartch, 10 m. N. W. of 
 Trachenberg, and 38 N. by W. of Breslaw. 
 
 Hnrndorsville, p.t. Scott Co. Ken. 
 
 Hcrngrtmd, or Herrengrund, a town of Upper 
 Hungary, seated among mountains, with rich 
 mines of copper, 28 m. N. by E. of Schemnitz, 
 and 4 N. N. W. of Neushol. 
 
 Hernhutt, a village in Lusatia, 12 m. N. N. W. 
 of Zittau. It was founded in 1722, by some per- 
 secuted Moravian brethren in the fields belong- 
 ing to count Zenzendorf. who they considered as 
 their bishop and father ; and they were for some 
 time called Hernhutters, as this place continued 
 their principal nursery. 
 
 Hernosand, a sea-port of Sweden, in Ano-erma- 
 nia, situated on an island in the gulf of Bothnia, 
 which is joined to the continent by a bridge. 
 It was formerly a staple town, and has a consid- 
 erable trade in linen. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it 
 tvas burned bv the Russians. It was 240 m. N. 
 oy W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 53. E., lat. 62. 
 S8. N. 
 
 Hcrnosand is also the name of an extensive gov- 
 ernment of Sweden, of which the preceding is the 
 capital, comprising the provinces of Angermann- 
 land, Jemptland, and Medelpad, containing 18,- 
 000 sq. m. with only 100,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Hero, North and South, two islands in Lake 
 Cham plain. 
 
 Herstal, or Heristal, a town of the Netherlands 
 in Leige, seated on the Msese, 4 m. N. of Leige. 
 Pop. 4,750 
 
 Hertford, p. v. Perquimans Co. N. C. 
 
 Hertford, an interior county of England, ex- 
 tending in a north-easterly direction, about 32 m. 
 in length, and 16 in mean breadth ; bounded on 
 the S. by Middlesex, E. by Essex, N. by Cam- 
 bridge, and Bedford, and W. by Buckingham and 
 part of Bedford. It contains 337,920 acres, is di- 
 vided into eight hundreds, 135 parishes, and has 
 19 market towns, the chief of which are St. Al- 
 bans, Hertford, Ware, and Royston. It sends six 
 members to parliament, two for the county, and 
 two for each of the two boroughs. The north 
 part is hilly, forming a scattered part of the chalky 
 ridge, which slopes towards London. A number 
 of clear streams take their rise from the S. side. 
 Flint stones are scattered in great profusion over 
 the face of this county ; and beds of chalk are fre- 
 quently to be met with. The soil, however, with 
 the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat 
 and barley, which come to as great perfection 
 here as in any part of the kingdom. The W. 
 part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil and under 
 excellent cultivation. The principal rivers are, 
 the Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one 
 called the New River. The Grand Junction Ca- 
 nal passes through the S. extremity of the coun- 
 
 ty. Corn is the principal object of agriculture, 
 and a great trade in malt is carried on. The man- 
 ufactures are inconsiderable. Pop. in 1821, 
 129,714. 
 
 Hertford, or Hartford, a borough, and the cap- 
 ital of Hertfordshire, with a market on Saturday. 
 It is seated on the Lea, which is navigable for 
 barges, as it was once for ships. In 879 the 
 Danes erected two forts here, for security of their 
 ships; but Alfred turned the course of the river, 
 so that their vessels were left on dry ground. 
 Edward, the eldest son of Alfred, built a castle 
 here, which has been often a royal residence. — 
 The town is governed by a mayor, and had for- 
 merly five churches, but now only two. Here ia 
 a fine hospital belonging to Christ's hospital in 
 London ; also a noble shire hall, and a large coun 
 ty gaol. About a mile to the E. is a basin of 
 water called Chadwell, which is the head spring 
 of the New River, and at the distance of two 
 miles and a half on the London road is the East 
 India College for the education of 100 students. — 
 Hertford is 21 m. N. of London. Pop. in 1811 
 3,900. 
 
 Hertford, a county of North Carolina, border 
 ing on Virginia, and bounded on the N. E. by 
 Chowan River. Pop. 8,541. Windsor is the 
 capital. 
 
 Hertzberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 principality of Grubenhagen,with manufactures ot 
 arms and iron tools; seated near the Hartz moun- 
 tains, 21 m. S S. W. of Goslar. 
 
 Hertzberg, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with 
 a trade in saltpetre, wool, and cloths ; seated on 
 the Elster, 14 m. N. N. E. of Torgau, and 28 S 
 E. of Wittemberg. 
 
 Herre, a town of the Netherlands in the prov- 
 ince of Liege, 8 m. W. N. W. of Limburg. 
 
 Herzgovina, a large tract of country stretching 
 along the east shore of the Adriatic, from N. Vv. 
 to S. E. The southern part belongs to the Turks, 
 and the rest to the Austrians. 
 
 Hesdin, a strong town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Canche 
 12 m. S. E. of Montreuil. Pop. including the 
 suburbs, 5,000. 
 
 Hesse Cassel, a territory in the west of Ger- 
 many, bounded by Hanover, the Prussian States, 
 Franconia, Nassau, and Hesse Darmstadt, com- 
 prising an extent of 4,350 square miles. The 
 chief towns are Cassel, the capital, Marburgh, 
 Fulda, and Hanau. It is chiefly composed ot 
 Upper and Lower Hesse, the grand duchy of 
 Fulda, the district of Hanau, and the lordship ot 
 Schmalkalden. The country is rather moun- 
 tainous, and produces abundance of wood and 
 minerals, among which are copper, silver, iron, 
 cobalt, salt, pitcoal, and marble. Pop. in 1817, 
 was 545,000, of whom the greater number art 
 Calvinists. 
 
 Hesse Darmstadt, or the grand duchy of'Hesse, 
 a district of Germany, belonging to Hesse Cassel, 
 like which it is far from being compact; being di- 
 vided by a strip of land into two parts, stretching 
 from east to west. It contains about 4,000 square 
 miles. The chief towns are Darmstadt and Gies- 
 sen. Its acquisitions by the French revolution 
 were considerable. It is mountainous like Hesse 
 Cassel, and is equally productive of minerals. 
 The principal rivers are the Rhine, Maine, Lahn, 
 Niddu, and the Ietir. Pop. about 600,000, of 
 whom the greater number are Lutherans. 
 
 Hesse Homlmrg, a small principality of Ger- 
 many, near Frankfort, belonging, with the title 
 
HIG 
 
 375 
 
 HIM 
 
 of landgrave, to the younger branch of the house 
 of Hesse Darmstadt. Pop. about 21,000. 
 
 Hettstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, on the 
 Wipper. 9 m. N. of Eisleben. 
 
 Huekelem, or Hoekelun, a town of South Hol- 
 land, seated on the Linghe, 5 m. N. E. of Gorcum. 
 
 Heusden, a strong town of South Holland, seat- 
 ed oa the Meuse, with a castle. It was taken by 
 the French in 1795; and is 8 m. N. W. ofBois 
 le Due. 
 
 Htzham, a town in Northumberland, Eng. with 
 a trade in tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It 
 had formerly a famous abbey, some parts of 
 which yet remain. Near this place, in 1463, was 
 fought a battle, between the houses of York and 
 Lancaster, in which the latter was defeated. — 
 Hexham is seated on the river Tyne, a little be- 
 low the junction of the North Tyne with the 
 South. 22 m. W. of Newcastle, and 235 N. N. W. 
 of L'imi..n. Pop. in 1311, 4,855. 
 
 II ydcii.heim, a town of Suabia, in the duchy 
 of Wirtemburg, with a castle, on the river Brenz, 
 l£>m. N. N. E.ofUlm. 
 
 Hcydensfeld, a town of Franconia,on the river 
 Miine. 3 in. S. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Heymertscn, a town in the circle of Lower 
 Rhine, situate on the Erfft, 11 m. S. of Cologne. 
 
 Hcyst-op-deit-Berg, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in South Brabant, on the Neethes, 11 m. N. E. 
 of Mechlin. Pop. 5,300. 
 
 Hiatstown, a village of Middlesex Co. N. J. 
 
 Hihcrnia, p. v. Callaway Co. Missouri. 
 
 Hickman, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded 
 on the N. by Duck river. Pop. 8,132. Vernon 
 is the capital. 
 
 Hickman, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,193. 
 
 Hicksford, p.v. Greenville Co. Va. 
 
 Hielmar, a lake in Sweden, 40 m. in length. 
 
 Mercs, a town of France, in the department of 
 Var, seated near the Mediterranean sea ; but its 
 harbour being choked up, it is now much decay- 
 ed. It is 9 m. E. of Toulon. Lat. 43. 7. N., 
 long. 6. 7. E. 
 
 Hieres, a cluster of islands, in the Mediterrane- 
 an, on the coast of France, opposite the town of 
 Hieres. The four principal ones are called Por- 
 querollos, Porteros, Bagueau, and Titan. 
 
 Hicrro. See Ferro. 
 
 Higham Ferrers, a borough in Northampton- 
 shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, now in 
 ruins ; and is seated on an ascent, near the river 
 Nen, 25 m. E. S. E. of Coventry, and 65 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Highgate, a village in Middlesex, Eng. con- 
 tiguous to London, seated on a hill, five miles 
 and a half N. W. of St. Paul's Cathedral. Here 
 lord chief baron Cholmondely built a free-school 
 in 1562, which was enlarged in 1570, by Sandys, 
 bishop of London, who also added a chapel. In 
 the vicinity are several elegant villas, the resi- 
 dences of wealthy citizens. 
 
 Highland,^, township of Muskingum Co. Ohio. 
 
 Highlands , an appellation applied to the moun- 
 tainous tract in the N. and N. W. part of Scot- 
 land, by which it is distinguished from the Low- 
 lands in the E. and S. E. It is divided into W. 
 and N. Highlands, the former comprehending the 
 shires of Argyle and Bute, and part of Perth and 
 Dumbarton, with the islands attached to them, 
 and the latter containing the shires of Inverness, 
 Ross, Sutherland, the districts of Atholl, Ran- 
 noch, and isles of Sky, Lewis, and those annexed 
 to Inverness, and Ross. Its extent is 200 m. in 
 length, and 90 in mean breadth. The proportion 
 
 of arable land is small, and is found chiefly on the 
 borders of the lakes and rivers. 
 
 Hightstown, p.v. Middlesex Co. N. J. 
 
 Higuey, a city on the E. part of the island of 
 St. Domingo, formerly of some importance, but 
 now greatly decayed. It is situated on a river of 
 the same name, 90 m. E. by N. of St. Domingo. 
 
 Hijellee, the chief town of a district of the same 
 name in Bengal, seated on an island near the 
 western bank of the river Hoogly, near its mouth. 
 It has an extensive salt-manufactory. Lat. 21. 51. 
 N., and long. 88. 7. 
 
 Hilburghauscn, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Coburg. It is subject to the duke 
 of Saxe-Hilburghausen, who has a palace here, 
 and seated on the Werra, 20 m. N. N. W. of Co- 
 burg. 
 
 Hildcsheim, a city of Lower Saxony, capital ol 
 a principality of the same name. It was lately 
 an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided 
 into the old and new town, and seated on the 
 Irneste, 20 m. S. E. of Hanover. 
 
 Hilliardstoton, p.t Nash Co. N. C. 
 
 Hillham, p.t. Overton Co. Tenn. 
 
 Hillsborough, a county of New Hampshire, bor- 
 dering on Massachusetts. Pop. 37,762. Amherst 
 is the capital. 
 
 Hillsborough, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop 
 1 ,792. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co 
 N. J., Caroline Co. Md., Loudon Co. Va., 
 Orange Co. N. C, Jasper Co. Geo., Franklin 
 Co. Tenn., Highland Co. Ohio., Montgomery Co. 
 Illinois. 
 
 Hillsborough, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Down, 20 m. S. W. of Belfast. 
 
 Hillsdale, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,546 
 
 Hillton, a village of Charles Co. Maryland. 
 
 Hilton, an island on the coast of S. Carolina 
 opposite Beaufort District,20 m. long and 5 broad. 
 
 Hiltoicn, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Himmaleh, a vast chain of mountains, extend- 
 ing from the 73rd degree of E. long, to the borders 
 of China, and separating Hindoostan from Thibet 
 and Tartary. 
 
 That part which forms the northern boundary 
 of India, is a continuation of the same range with 
 that to the west of the Indus, known among the 
 Afghans under the name of Hindoo Coosh. To 
 the east of that river, it increases in height, and 
 assumes a character of additional grandeur, both 
 from that circumstance and from its great extent 
 in every direction. It forms, in fact, one of the 
 sublimest features in the structure of the old con- 
 tinent and of the globe. Here a long range of 
 summits, covered with perpetual snow, presents 
 itself to the Hindoo, who has in all ages raised 
 towards it an eye of religious veneration. All the 
 names by which it is distinguished are derived 
 from the Sanscrit term Hem, signifying snow. 
 Hence have arisen the name hnaus and Emodus 
 among the ancients, and Himmaleh, Himadri, 
 Himachal, and Himalaya, of the moderns. The 
 river Indus passes through a series of narrow de- 
 files in lat. 55. which scarcely offer any interrup- 
 tion to the mountain chain. The direction of the 
 mountain is eastward, as far as the north-east 
 point of the valley of Cashmere : from this point, 
 its direction is to the south-east, extending along 
 the sources of all the rivers which run across the 
 Punjab to fall into the Indus, with the exception 
 of the Sutledge, which, like the Indus itself, rises 
 on the N. side of the range, and takes its passage 
 across its breadth. Pursuing the same direction 
 the Himmaleh mountains cross the heads of th© 
 
HIM 
 
 376 
 
 H1N 
 
 umna, the Ganges, and their numerous tributary 
 
 ivers. Farther east, they seem to be penetrated 
 »y several rivers, as the Gonduh, the Arum, the 
 Teesta, and Cosi, and the Burrampooter. The 
 g-eographv of the countries to the east of this last 
 
 iver is so little known, that it is a question 
 whether the same mountain range is continued 
 ;inv farther, [t seems agreed that, if it is contin- 
 ued, its height ceases to be equally great ; it is 
 urobable, however, that a continuation of it ex- 
 fends along the northern frontier of the provinces 
 of Quang-si and Quang-tong all the way to the 
 Chinese sea, declining gradually as it advances to 
 
 he east. 
 
 The following are the heights of some of the 
 peaks which have been ascertained : 
 Dhawalagivri, or the White Mountain, 
 near the sources of the Gonduk river, 
 above the level of the sea, - - 26,862 
 
 amootri, ------ 25,500 
 
 Dhaiboon, seen from Catmandoo, - 24,768 
 Another peak seen from the same capital, 24,625 
 Another near to the preceding, - - 23,262 
 A third in the same vicinity, - - 23,052 
 Peak St. George, - - - - 22,240 
 
 Thus the Himmaleh mountains exceed in eleva- 
 tion the Andes of America ; that of Chiinborazo, 
 the highest of the latter, not exceeding 21,470 
 feet above the sea. Through this stupendous 
 chain there are different passes, but all of them la- 
 borious to travel, and some highly dangerous. 
 One of the most practicable is that which in its 
 upper part, follows the bed of the river Sutledge. 
 To the east of this, there are some practicable 
 only at a favourable season, and where the trav- 
 eller still runs the hazard of being caught in a 
 fall of snow, or otherwise perishing with cold. 
 Through the whole mountainous tract, and even 
 before ascending much above the inhabited parts, 
 the traveller is liable to be attacked with an alarm- 
 ing failure of respiration, from the great rarity of 
 the air, an affection attributed by the natives to 
 various fanciful and sometimes superstitious cau- 
 ses. Some of the most difficult passes are occa- 
 sionally traversed by marauding parties from the 
 one side of the Himmaleh to carry off the properly 
 of the inhabitants on the other. Such passes ex- 
 ist between Nepaul and Thibet.or that stripe lying 
 close to the north side of the Himmaleh which is 
 inhabited by Bhootees, and may probably come 
 under the name of Bootan, a name of which we 
 are not at present able to assign the exact local 
 extent. Here there are also one or more easier 
 passes chiefly along the beds of the rivers Gon- 
 duk, Arum, and Teesta. Hence armies have 
 crossed from Nepual to attack the territory of Thi- 
 bet, and a Chinese army has in return invaded 
 and subjugated Nepaul. The difficulty of access 
 to these regions, heightens the ardour of the ad- 
 miring Hindoo, actuated in some degree by curi- 
 osity, but much more by superstition, to bnthe 
 himself in the icy streams which give origin to 
 the Ganges or its mighty tributaries ; to contem- 
 plate the mystic rock, which so closely resembles 
 the hind quarters of a bullock, and is reputed to 
 have been the result of a holy transmutation of a 
 divine being, a scene where it is reckoned a merit 
 to make a voluntary sacrifice of life, by precipita- 
 ting the body over the fatal crag. Superstition 
 has in many instances chosen to cherish its pro- 
 pensities in localities signalized as the origin of 
 large and fertilizing rivers. No where is this 
 carried so far as in this mountainous tract, and it 
 must be confessed, that in no locality is the sub- 
 
 lime character of the scenery so much in unison 
 with such feelings. In the Hindoc Pantheon 
 Himmajeh is defined, and is described as the father 
 of the Ganges, and of her sister Ooma, the spouse 
 of the destroying power Siva, the favourite object 
 of propitiatory adoration. 
 
 Hinchinbrook Isle, an island on the west coast 
 of America, in Prince "William's Sound. Lat. 
 60. 24. N., and long. 142. 35. to 146. 10. W. 
 
 Hinchinbrook Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in 
 the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 38. E., lat. 17. 25. 
 
 Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It 
 has a large church, with a lofty spire ; and had 
 formerly a castle and walls, traces of which are 
 still to be seen. Here is a considerable manufac- 
 ture of common stockings, thread, and worsted 
 It is seated on an eminence, 12 m. S. W. of Lei- 
 cester, and 99 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Hindelopen. a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Friesland, seated on the Zuider Zee 21 m. S. S. 
 W. of Le warden. 
 
 Hindia, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 country of the same name, in Candeish ; situate 
 on the S. bank of the Nerbudda, 90 m. N. N. E. 
 of Burhampour. 
 
 Hindoostan, or India, and by the Aborigines, 
 called Bharatta, a region of Asia, which com- 
 prises all the countries between the mountains of 
 Tartary and Thibet on the N., Bootan, Assam, and 
 the bay of Bengal, on the E., the Indian Ocean 
 on the S., and the same ocean and Persia on the 
 W. But this country must be considered under 
 the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper, 
 the Deccan, and the Peninsula. Hindooston Pro- 
 per includes the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and 
 all those that lie to the N. of the river Nerbudda ; 
 the principal of which are Agimere, Agra, Alia 
 habad, Cashmere, Dehli, Guzerat, Lahore, Ma] wa, 
 Moultan, Oude, and Sindy. The Deccan has been 
 extended to the whole region S. of Hindoostan 
 Proper ; but in its most restricted sense, it means 
 only the countries situate between Hindoostan 
 Proper and the river Kistna. See Deccan. The 
 tract S. of the river Kistna, is generally called the 
 Peninsula ; although its form does not authorize 
 that appellation : it includes a small part of Gol- 
 conda, Mysore, and the Carnatic, with Madura, 
 and other smaller districts ; the W. const being 
 called that of Malabar, and the E. that of Coro- 
 mandel. The sheiks possess Lahore, part of Moul- 
 tan and Delhi ; the king of Candahar, Cashmere, 
 Cabul, Sindy, and part of Moultan ; Berar and 
 Orissa, Malwa, Candeish, Visiapour. and part of 
 Agimere and Guzorat.are in the possession of the 
 Mahrattas ; and the nizam of the Deccan posses- 
 ses Golconda. part of Dawlatabad and Berar. 
 
 The British possessions are Bengal, Bahar, part 
 of Allahabad, and Orissa, the Northern Circars 
 the Jaghire in the Carnatic, the countries north 
 and south of Calicut. Bombay, and the island of 
 Salsette. The allies of the British are the Rajahs 
 of Mvsore, Tanjore, Madura, Travancore, Tritch- 
 inopoly, the nabobs of Oude and Arcot, and the 
 district of Cochin. The principal rivers are the 
 Ganges, the Indus, Nerbudda, Puddar, Taptee, 
 Caggar, Mahanada, Godavery, Kistna. The chief 
 mountains are the Himmaleh, the western and 
 eastern Ghauts, and those which divide Bengal 
 from Ava. The number of inhabitants is upwards 
 of 100,000,000, of which the greater proportion 
 are idolaters, and are divided into three great 
 sects; the first worship the Triad, Brahma, 
 Vishnu, and Siva; the second are the followers 
 
HIN 
 
 877 
 
 HIN 
 
 of Boodh, whose principal tenet is the doctrine of 
 transmigration; the Jains are the third, who 
 chiefly worship Pariswanath ; the other class of 
 inhabitants are Mahometans, of whom there are 
 about the eighth part of the number of Hindoos. 
 To give an idea of the modern revolutions in the 
 empire of Hindoostan, it is proper to observe, that 
 from a pure Hindoo government, it became, at 
 last, a Mahometan state, and continued to be so, 
 under various dynasties, till the beginning of the 
 18th century. The first irruption of the Maho- 
 metans was in the year 1000. From this period 
 the provinces of Hindoostan were held rather as 
 tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of the same 
 empire ; and the conquest of the Deccan, in par- 
 ticular, was for ages an object of. considerable im- 
 portance to the emperors. In 1389 the Mogul 
 Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Tamer- 
 lane., invaded Hindoostan ; but the conquest of 
 the country was not effected till 1525, by sultan 
 Baber, one of his descendants, who, from this cir- 
 cumstance, was the founder of the Mongul dy- 
 nasty ; and hence Hindoostan has been called the 
 Mongul Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. 
 The illustrious Acbar, his son, failed in his attack 
 upon the Deccan ; an attempt in which many of 
 his successors were equally unfortunate, and which 
 tended, in the sequel, lo the decline and dissolu 
 tion of the empire. In 1615 emperor Jehangire, 
 his son, received Sir Thomas Roe, as the first 
 English ambassador, and the Portuguese had, by 
 this time, acquired considerable settlements in 
 Bengal and Guzerat. In the reign of his grand- 
 son Aurungzebe, which lasted from 1G60 to 1707, 
 the empire attained its full extent ; his authority 
 reached from 10 to 35 degrees in lat. and nearly 
 • as much in long., and his revenue exceeded 32, 
 000,000'. sterling. But in the course of 50 years 
 after his death, a succession of weak princes and 
 wicked ministers reduced this astonishing empire 
 to verv narrow limits, and deprived it of al! its 
 power and splendour. In consequence of the 
 intrigues of the nizam of the Deccan, Nadir Shah, 
 the Persian usurper, invaded Hindoostan in 1738. 
 In the rei<m of Ahmed Shah, successor of Ma- 
 homed Shah, the entire division of the empire 
 took place ; nothing remaining to the house of 
 Tamerlane but the city and small territory of 
 Dehli. The last imperial army was defeated by 
 the Rohillas, in 1740. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe, 
 founded a state in Agra; Oude was seized by 
 Mahomed Kooli ; and the Mahrattas, beside their 
 ancient domains in the Deccan, obtained great 
 part of Malvva, Guzerat, Berar, and Orissa. The 
 Mongul empire was now become nearly nominal ; 
 and the emperors, from this period, must be re- 
 garded as of no political consequence, otherwise 
 than as their names and persons were made use 
 of, by different parties, to promote their own 
 views ; for the name and person of the emperor 
 retains a considerable degree of veneration among 
 the bulk of the people in Hindoostan. Ahmed 
 was deposed in 1753, and his successor was de- 
 posed and murdered in 1760. He was succeeded, 
 however, by his son Shah Ahlum, who was alter- 
 nately dependent on the contending powers, and 
 more particularly upon the English, who obtained 
 from him a grant of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, 
 Orissa, and the Circars. This prince died in 1806, 
 and was succeeded by his second son, Acbar Shah. 
 The Mahometans or Musselmans, whom the Eng 
 lish improperly call Moors, are represented to be 
 of a detestable character. The Hindoos, or Gen 
 toos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long, 
 
 their person straight and elegant, and their coun 
 tenanceopen and pleasant. They differ materially 
 from all other nations, by bei~g divided into tribes 
 or castes. The four principal tribes are the 
 Brahmins, Soldiers, Labourers, and Mechanics : 
 and these are subdivided into a multiplicity of in- 
 ferior distinctions. There are Brahmins of various 
 degrees of excellence, who have the care of reli- 
 gion allotted to them, and are held sacred by thu 
 rest ; some of these acknowledge the errors that 
 have crept into their religion, own one Supreme 
 Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multi- 
 tude, but insist upon the necessity of workino 
 upon the weaknesses of the vulgar ; yet the gen^ 
 erality of them are as ignorant as the laity. Sucti 
 as are not engaged ia worldly pursuits are a very 
 superstitious, innocent people, who promote char- 
 ily as much as they can, both to man and beast . 
 but those who engage in the world are generally 
 the worst of all the Gentoos ; but, persuaded that 
 the waters of the Ganges will purify them from 
 their sins, and being exempt from the utmost ri- 
 gour of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo 
 governments) they run into much greater exces- 
 ses. The Soldiers are commonly called Rajah- 
 poots ; that is, descended from rajahs. They are 
 much more robust than the rest, have a great share 
 of courage, and a nice sense of military honour, 
 which consists, among them, in fidelity to those 
 they serve. Fighting is their profession ; they 
 readily enter into the service of any that will pay 
 them, and will follow wherever he leads ; but 
 should their leader fall in the battle, their cause is 
 at an end, and they run off the field without any 
 stain of their reputation. The English East India 
 Company have many battalions of them in their 
 service ; they are called Sepoys, and are clothed 
 and disciplined in the European manner. The 
 Labourers include fanners, and all who cultivate 
 the land. The Mechanics include merchants, 
 bankers, and all who follow any trade ; these again 
 are subdivided into each profession. Besides these, 
 are the Hallachores, who cannot be called a tribe, 
 being rather the refuse of all the tribes. They 
 are a set of unhappy wretches, who perform all 
 the vilest offices of life, bury the dead, and carry 
 away every thing that is polluted. All the dif- 
 ferent tribes are kept distinct from each other by 
 insurmountable barriers : they are forbidden to 
 intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or 
 even to drink out of the same vessel with one of 
 another tribe. Every deviation from these points 
 subjects them to be rejected by their tribe, renders 
 them polluted forever, and obliges them, from that 
 instant, to herd with the Hallachores. The men- 
 bers of each caste adhere invariably to the profes- 
 sion of their forefathers , from generation to gen- 
 eration the same families have followed, and still 
 continue to follow, one uniform manner of life. 
 To this may be ascribed that high degree of per- 
 fection conspicuous in many of the Indian man- 
 ufactures ; and also that striking peculiarity in the 
 state of Hindoostan, the permanence of its insti- 
 tutions, and the immutability in the manners of 
 the inhabitants. The Hindoos vie with the 
 Chinese, in respect to the antiquity of their na 
 tion. Their institutions of religion form a com 
 plete system of superstition, upheld by everything 
 which can excite the reverence of the people. 
 The temples consecrated to their deities are mag- 
 nificent ; their religious ceremonies splended ; and 
 the absolute dominion which the Brahmins have 
 obtained over the minds of the people is support 
 ed by the command of the immense revenues with 
 212 
 
IIIN 
 
 373 
 
 HIN 
 
 which the liberality of princes, and the zeal of 
 pilgrims and devotees, have enriched their pago- 
 das. The dominion of religion extends to a thou- 
 sand particulars which, in other countries, are 
 governed by the civil laws, or by taste, custom, 
 anil fashion. Their dress, their food, the com- 
 mon intercourses of life, their marriages, and pro- 
 fessions, are all under the jurisdiction of religion. 
 The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting 
 chieflv of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfect butter), 
 milk, vegetables, and oriental spices. The war- 
 rior caste may eat of th« riesh of goats, sheep, and 
 poultry. Other super*or castes may eat poultry 
 and fish; but the inferior castes are prohibited from 
 eating flesh or fish of any kind. Their greatest 
 uxury consists in the use of the richest spiceries 
 and perfumes, of which the great people are very 
 avish. They esteem milk the purest of food, be- 
 eause they think it partakes of some of the pro- 
 oerties of the nectar of their gods, and because 
 they esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity. 
 Their manners are gentle. They are taught by 
 their religion that matrimony is an indispensable 
 duty in every man who does not entirely separate 
 aimself from the world from a principle of devo- 
 tion ; and, as none but male descendants can per- 
 forin the obsequies to the manes of their ancestors, 
 t is thought an irreparable calamity to die with- 
 out male issue. Scarcely any state can be more 
 degrading than that of Hindoo females. Till three 
 vears after the nuptial age, a girl is entirely at the 
 disposal of her father. When married, she is im- 
 mured in her husband's dwelling ; her dependence 
 upon him is perpetual and entire ; she is not per- 
 mitted to eat in his presence, and is considered 
 not as a companion to aid him in enduring the 
 evils of life, but as a slave to bear children, and 
 be subsevient to his rule. Polygamy is tolerated ; 
 nut females, except among the Nairs, are not per- 
 mitted to marry a second time. A husband can 
 dismiss his wife at any time ; but there is nothing 
 that can dissolve the wife from her matrimonial 
 engagement. The inhuman custom of women 
 burning themselves on the funeral pile of their 
 deceased husbands has however been recently 
 prohibited in the presidencies of Fort William and 
 Madras; and the progress of Christianity affords 
 reason to hope for the speedy abolition of other 
 revolting practices. The code of Gentoo laws, 
 with their sacred books, the Veidam and the 
 Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit language, 
 which is very copious and nervous, although the 
 style of their best authors is wonderfully concise. 
 Hindoostan, towards the N., is pretty temperate, 
 but hot towards the S. ; and it rains almost con- 
 stantly for three months in the year. Its pro- 
 ducts are diamonds and other precious stones, 
 silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and 
 sugar ; and the chief manufactures muslins and 
 calicoes. 
 
 The great forests and marshy districts are peo- 
 
 district he inhabits. The mountain bear is even 
 more terrible than the tiger ; he inhabits the 
 Ghauts and is probably a sort of hyaena. The 
 common bear is found in the forests of the south, 
 wolves and jackals are common in the interior 
 parts. The serval or panther cat which inhabit? 
 this country is little known. The lynx and car 
 acal inhabit the northern provinces. The rhinoc 
 eros seeks amid the mud and water of the marsh 
 es a shelter from the scorching heat of the cli- 
 
 pled with elephants. The tiger is common in 
 Malabar and Bengal and is the scourge of every 
 
 mate. He is a much rarer animal than the ele- 
 phant, and is never seen in troops like that ani- 
 mal. He never attacks men unless when provok- 
 ed. Hindoostan swarms with serpents, and almost 
 every river and lake abounds in crocod iles. 
 
 Hindoostan, p. v. Martin Co. Indiana. 
 
 Hinesville, p. v. Patrick Co. Va. 
 
 Hingham, a town in Norfolk, Eng., 14 m. W. of 
 Norwich, and 99 N. E. of London. 
 
 Hingham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass., 13 m. S. E 
 Boston. Pop. 3,357. It is situated on a small 
 bay communicating with Boston harbour. It is 
 actively engaged in the mackerel fishery, and has 
 long been famous for the manufacture of buckets. 
 
 Hing-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Fo-kien. The vicinity furnishes 
 abundance of rice, lichi, and silk. 
 
 Hinkley, p. v. Medina Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hinsdale, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H., 96 m. from 
 Boston. Pop. 937. This place was formerly nam- 
 ed Fort Dummer and Bridgman's Fort, and suffer- 
 ed much during the Indian wars. Also a p.t. 
 Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 919. 
 
 Hintcrgersdof, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 8 
 m. E. of Freyburgh. 
 
 Hinziian, Joanna, or Anjouun, one of the larg^ 
 est of the Comoro Islands, situated off the east- 
 ern coast of Africa. It is of a triangular form ; 
 and the whole island appears to have undergone 
 the action of a volcano, the rocks being every 
 where volcanized. It is entirely mountainous, 
 but is covered with vegetation, which reaches 
 even to the summit of the highest conical hill. 
 The coasts can be approached with safety. The 
 sovereign of Hinzuan takes the title of sultan, 
 and formerly ruled over the whole group of the 
 Comoro Islands. His subjects view him with the 
 most profound respect, and never approach him 
 without kneeling, and touching the earth witli 
 their forehead. The nobles are on a familiar foot 
 ing with the king, and must be consulted on ma 
 ny occasions. The natives are ingeneraltall.ro 
 bust, and well made; they have long black hair, 
 piercing eyes, and are of a colour between olive 
 and black. They profess Mahomedism ; but the 
 native African worship of fetid. es is still very 
 prevalent. They are courteou' and hospitable, 
 and all shipwrecked mariners h* e been received 
 with the greatest kindness. Tho"pine apples aro 
 most delicious, and the other fruits are excellent. 
 Varna and sweet potatoes are in abundance ; also 
 (»oats and poultry. The bullocks are of a moder- 
 ate size, are excellent food. This island is often 
 frequented by Europeans, and particularly by Eng 
 
HOA 
 
 379 
 
 HOG 
 
 lish vessels, for the sake of procuring water and 
 provisions. The commodities in demand are 
 arms, toys, looking-glasses, shirts and blue and 
 red cloth. Saltam is the capital. Long. 41. 30. 
 E.,lat. 12. 54. S. 
 
 Hio, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, seat- 
 ed on the lake Wetter, 145 m. S. W. of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Hiorring, a decayed town of Denmark, in N. 
 Jutland, 27 m. N. N. W . of Aalborg. 
 
 Hiram, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,026. Also 
 a village in Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hirschberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 
 Erincipality of Jauer, famous for its mineral 
 aths. In the neighbourhood are extensive bleach- 
 incr-grounds, and next to Breslau it is the most 
 considerable trading town is Silesia. It is seated 
 on the Bober, 23 m. S. W. of Jauer. 
 
 Hirschfeld, a town of Germany, in Lower 
 Hesse, capital of a principality of the same name, 
 depending on a famous abbey, which was secular- 
 ised in a favour of the house of Hesse-Cassel. It 
 is seated on the Fulda, 34 ni. S. by E. of Cassel. 
 Long. 9. 42. E., lat. 50. 50. N. 
 
 Hirscholm, a town of Denmark, in the island 
 of Zealand, with a castle, 12 m. N. of Copen- 
 hagen. 
 
 Hischorn, a town of Hesse-Darmstadt, with a 
 castle ; seated on the Neckar, 7 m. E. of Hei- 
 delberg. 
 
 Hispaniola. See Domingo, St. 
 
 Hissar, a town of Hindoostan, in the country 
 of Dehli, capital of a district of the same name ; 
 seated near the river Sursoory, 112 m. W. N. W. 
 of Dehh. Long. 75. 40. E., lat. 29. 5. N. 
 
 Hit, a town of Syria, near which is a spring of 
 naphtha and bitumen. It stands on a river of 
 the same name, which soon after joins the Eu- 
 phrates, 100 m. W. by S. of Bagdad. 
 
 Hitchin, a town of Hertfordshire, Eng. with a 
 great trade in malt. It has a handsome parish 
 church, and several meeting-houses. 15 m. N. 
 N. W. of Hertford, and 34 N. VV. of London. 
 
 Hithe, or Hythe, a borough in Kent, Eng. It 
 is one of the principal Cinque Ports. Near it are 
 the remains of Saltwood Castle, now turned into 
 a farm house, barns, &c. In consequence of the 
 harbour becoming gradually choked up, the trade 
 declined ; and the town itself was almost annihi- 
 lated by pestilence and famine. At present, how- 
 ever, it is a thriving and respectable place. It is 
 10 m. W. S. W. of Dover, and 68 S. E. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Hoai-king, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Ho-nan. 320 m. S. VV. of Peking. Long. 112. 
 34. E., lat. 35. 6. N. 
 
 Hoain-gan-foo, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Kian-nan. It is seated in a marshy, and in- 
 closed by a triple wall. The suburbs extend to 
 the distance of a league on each side of a canal, 
 and from their extremity a kind of port on the 
 Hoang-ho. The canal, being above the level of 
 the city, occasions perpetual danger of inunda- 
 tion. 515 m. S. S. E. of Peking. Long. 118. 4. 
 E., lat. 53. 30. N. 
 
 Hoang-ho, a large river of Asia, also called the 
 Yellow River, from the quantity of clay which it 
 devolves. Its sources are two lakes, situate 
 among the mountains of that part of Tartary 
 known by the name of Kokonor, in about 35. N. 
 lat. It pursues a N. E. direction to about 42. N. 
 lat., and after running due E. it suddenly bends 
 S. penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel 
 to its source ; and then it pursues an easterly di- 
 
 rection till it enters the Eastern Ocean, 100 m. to 
 the N. of the mouth of the Kian-hu. The length 
 of its course is estimated at 2,000 m. At 70 m. 
 from the sea, where it is crossed by the great ca- 
 nal, the breadth is little more than a mile ; but 
 it is so rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navi- 
 gable. 
 
 Hoboken, a village in Bergen Co. N. J., on the 
 Hudson, opposite New York, and noted as the 
 spot where many duels have been fought. 
 
 Hochberg, a castle of Baden, situate on a moun- 
 tain, 2 rn. N. E. of Emmeddingen. 
 
 Hochst, a town of Germany, in Nassau, with 
 an extensive tobacco manufacture ; seated on the 
 Maine, 6 m. W. of Frankfort, and 17 N. E. or 
 Mentz. 
 
 Hochstadt, a town and castle of Bavaria, fa- 
 mous for a single victory gained near it by the 
 duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the En- 
 glish call the battle of Blenheim, from a village 3 
 m. S. W. of this place. It is seated on the Dan 
 ube, 17 m. S. W. of Donawert. 
 
 Hochstadt, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- 
 conia, in the principalitv of Bamberg, on the riv- 
 er Aisch, 23 in. S. S. YV. of Bamberg. 
 
 Hoclthocking, a river of Ohio, flowing into the 
 Ohio, 200 m. below Pittsburg. It is navigable 
 for boats. 
 
 Hocking, an interior Co. of Ohio. Pop. 4,606. 
 Logan is the chief town. Also a township of 
 Fairfield Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hoddesdon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed near the river Lea, 4 m. S. E. of Herdford, 
 and 17 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Hodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a 
 harbour for small vessels, on the Red Sea, 90 m 
 N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 43. 30. E., lat. 14. 
 10. N. 
 
 Hoei-tcheou, a city of China of the first rank, 
 in Kian-nan, famous for its tea, varnish, and jap- 
 aned work, 625 m. S. of Peking. 
 
 Hoei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Quang-ton, 1,010 m. S. of Peking. 
 
 Hockelm. See Heukelum. 
 
 Hoff, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of 
 Bayreuth, with manufactures of cotton, linen, and 
 fine paper. The adjacent country has quarries 
 of excellent marble. It stand on the Saale, 32 m. 
 N. N. E. of Bayreuth. 
 
 Hoff, -a. town of Moravia, in the circle of Ol- 
 mutz, with a great trade of wool, 23 m. N. E. of 
 Olmutz. 
 
 Hog Island, one of the smaller Shetland islands 
 near the coast of the mainland. 
 
 Hog Island, is also the name of several other 
 islands ; one in Pamlico Sound, near the coast of 
 North Carolina. Long. 76. 36. W., lat. 34. 56. N. 
 — on the E. side of lake Champlain, 9 m. long 
 and about 3 broad ; near the coast of Virginia. 
 Long. 75. 42. W., lat. 37. 30. N. ;— in Rhode Isl- 
 and, in Narraganset Bay, 2 m. in circumference ; 
 — in the Eastern Sea, near the coast of Palawan. 
 Long. 11. 36. E., lat. 10. 18. N. ;— in the Eastern 
 Sea, 40 m. in length, and 3 in breadth. 60 m. W. 
 of Sumatra. Long. 95. 50. E., lat. 2 30. N. ;— in 
 the Eastern Sea, lying off the N. E. extremity of 
 Java, 20 m. in circumference. Long. 114.55. E., 
 lat. 7.5. S. ; — in the Eastern Sea, near the W. 
 coast of Saleyer, 15 m. in length, and 6 in breadth. 
 Long. 170. 45. E., lat. 6. 12. S. — on the W. coast 
 of India, not far from Pigeon Island. Long. 74. 
 37. E., lat. 14. 2. N. 
 
 Hog Islands, a cluster of small islands near the 
 S. W. coast of Ireland, and courty of Kerry, be- 
 
HOL 
 
 3S0 
 
 HOL 
 
 tween Ballinaskelling Bay and the mouth of 
 Kenmare River, 4 m. from Hog's Head. 
 
 Hogansburg, p. v. Franklin Co. N. Y. 
 
 Hogestoicn, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Hogue, Cape la, the N. W. point of Normandy 
 near which Admiral Rooke burnt 13 French 
 men of war, in 161)2. Long. 1. 52. W., lat. 49. 
 45. N. 
 
 Hogenbcrg, an ancient castle of Suabia, in a 
 county of its name, now belonging to Wurtemberg; 
 situate near the source of the Neeker, 10 m. S. 
 E. of Rothweil. 
 
 Hohenlinden, a town of Bavaria, near which the 
 French gained a great victory over the Austr'ans, 
 in 1800. It is 22 m. E. of Munich. 
 
 Hohenlohe, or Holach, a district of Franconia, 
 abounding in wine, corn, wool, and cattle. It 
 now belongs to the kingdom of Wurtemburg. 
 The castle of its ancient counts stood close by 
 the village of Holack, near Uffenheim. The chief 
 town is Ohringen. 
 
 Hohenmaut, a town of Bohemia, on the river 
 Meyta, 13 m. E. of Chruddin. 
 
 Hohenstein, an ancient castle of Saxony, situ- 
 ate on a mountain, at the foot of which is the 
 village of Neustadt, 5 m. N. E. of Nordhau- 
 sen. 
 
 Hohenttciel, a fortress of Wurtemberg,surround- 
 ed by the county of Nullenberg. Its fortifica- 
 tions were destroyed by the French in 1800. It 
 stands on a mountain, 9 m. E. N. E. of Scaff- 
 hausen. 
 
 Hokenzollern, a town of Germany, in a princi- 
 pality of the same name, with a castle on a moun- 
 tain the seat of the ancient counts of Hohenzollern. 
 It. is seated on a branch of the Neckar, 1G m. S. 
 by W. of Tubingen. Long. 9. 8. E., lat. 48. 
 28. N. 
 
 Hohnstein, a town of Saxony, on the river Mul- 
 da, 11 m. N. E. of Zwickau. 
 
 Hokesville, p. v. Lincoln Co. N. C. 
 
 Ho-kein, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Pe-tcheli, situate between two 
 rivers, 85 m. S. of Pekino-. Lono-. 116. 23. E., lat. 
 38. 40. N. 
 
 Hola, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, at 
 the mouth of a river, on the N. coast. Long. 19. 
 20. W., lat. 65.40. N. 
 
 Hqlbejich, a town of Lincolnshire, Eng. with a 
 considerable trade in corn and wool. 12 m. S. 
 by E. of Boston, and 109 N. by E. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Holbeck, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island 
 of Zealand, with a good harbour, from which 
 great quantities of corn are annually exported. 30 
 m. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Holdtn, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. N. of 
 Worcester. Pop. 1,718. 
 
 Holdswoithij, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed near the canal from Bude harbour, between 
 two branches of the Tamer, 43 m. W., by N. of 
 Exeter, and 214 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Holder ness, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H., on Squam 
 Lake. Pop. 1.409. 
 
 Hole in the Wall, a village of Talbot Co. Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Holland, an important province of the Nether- 
 lands, which has often given name to the Seven 
 United Provinces. It is divided into two parts, 
 North and South Holland ; and is bounded on 
 the N. and W. by the German Ocean, on the E. 
 by the Zuyder Zee and the ci-devant state of 
 Utrecht, and on the S. by the Meuse, and Dutch 
 Brabant ; extending from lat 51. 40. to 53. 10. 
 
 N. ; its longitude is about 180 m. E. of London. 
 It contains 90 walled towns, beside many others, 
 and above 400 villages. Before the Revolution 
 in 1796, six large cities had seats in the states 
 general; viz., Dort, Haerlem, Delft, Lej'den 
 Amsterdam, and Gouda. The number of inhabi- 
 tants was estimated at 800,000. They also reach- 
 ed this number in 1801 ; but in 1817 they had 
 been reduced by the war to 748,000. The divi- 
 sions into the two governments of South and 
 North Holland was recognised by the constitu- 
 tion of 1814: the former contains 1,170 sq.m. 
 with 389,000 inhabitants, and 'is divided into the 
 six districts of the Hague, Leyden, Rotterdam. 
 Dort, Gorcum, and the Briel ; while Holland 
 which in official papers, is called by its ancient 
 name of West Friesland, contains 930 sq. m. 
 with 359,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the 
 four districts of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Hoorn, 
 and Alkmaar. The whole province is a continu- 
 ed flat; and, but for the constant care in forming 
 ditches and canals, it would be hardly capable of 
 cultivation; some part of it lies even lower than 
 the sea. from which it is secured by dikes, 25 or 
 30 feet high, and as many broad at the top. The 
 climate is moist and variable, and in various 
 places, particularly in North Holland, unfavora- 
 ble to health. The winters are severe, and the 
 rivers are almost every season rendered unnavi- 
 
 fable, for several weeks together, by the ice. 
 'he soil is rich, consisting of a deep fat loam ; 
 but, owing to the humidity of both soil and cli- 
 mate, tillage is very limited. Wheat, madder, 
 tobacco, hemp, and flax, are raised, but the chief 
 agricultural wealth of the country consists in 
 the pastures, which feed great number of cows ; 
 the making of butter and cheese being a princi- 
 pal occupation. The meadows are generally un- 
 der water during the winter, and the inhabitants 
 only discharge them from it by mills adapted as 
 in the fenny parts of England to this particular 
 purpose. 
 
 The natives of the United Provinces are of 
 good stature, and inclined to be corpulent, but 
 they are remarkable in general for a heavy, awk- 
 ward mien ; their features are regular, and their 
 complexions fair. The better sort of people 
 imitate the French fashions in their dress ; but 
 those who are stamped with the genuine charac- 
 ter of their native country, never fail to load 
 themselves with enormous incumbrances of 
 clothes. The hats of the woman are as large as 
 tea-boards, projecting forward on each side so as 
 to overshadow face and body. They are chiefly 
 
HOL 
 
 381 
 
 HOL 
 
 of straw, with two broad ribands, not tied, but 
 pendent from the sides. This hat forms a striking 
 contrast with the short dress, of.which the milk- 
 maids sold in our shops is a faithful picture. Both 
 men and women wear at least two waistcoats, 
 with as many coats, and the former cover their 
 limbs with double trowsers. 
 
 The dress of the young girls is the most singu- 
 lar, especially at the time of any festival or hol- 
 iday. In speaking of these, an amusing writer 
 observes, that any one would have supposed that 
 the figures which appeared were masques, or de- 
 signed as caricatures. Imagine, says he, a short 
 runire, with more breadth than goes to the pro- 
 portion of elegance, and with very little altera- 
 tion in the width downward to the waist, the pet- 
 ticoats descending only halfway below the knee. 
 Imagine further, a round small face covered with 
 a hat of three feet in diameter, perfectly circular, 
 and applied t > the head in a part contiguous to 
 the circumference. Then conceive a number of 
 these figures in motion, brandishing their hori- 
 zontal hats, rolling their diminutive eyes, and 
 affecting a thousand ridiculous graces under cover 
 of this extensive canopy. The tout ensemble may 
 bring to the recollection those sculptural vagaries 
 in which human figure is made the prop of a ca- 
 thedral seat, the support of a wainscot pulpit, or 
 the stand of a mahogany table. 
 
 The Dutchman, living in continual danger of 
 inundation, and of losing not only the fruits of 
 his industry but his life, becomes habitually pro- 
 vident. His foresight is admirable, his persever- 
 ance not to be conquered, and his labours, unless 
 seen, cannot be credited. They astonish the 
 more, when the phlegm of his temper and the 
 slowness of his habits are considered. View the 
 minuteness of his economy, the solicitude of his 
 precaution, and the inflexibility of his methodi- 
 cal prudence ! Who would not pronounce him in- 
 capable of great enterprise ? He builds himself a 
 dwelling ; it is a hut in size, and it is a palace in 
 neatness. It is necessarily situated among damps 
 upon a flat, and perhaps behind the bank of a 
 sluggish canal; yet he writes upon it, " My 
 Goencge, " Mv delight; " Landlust, " Country 
 pleasures, " Lund fight, " Country prospect, or 
 some other inscription, that might characterize the 
 vale of Teinpe. or the garden of Eden. He cuts his 
 trees into fantastic forms, hangs his awnings 
 round with small bells, and decorates his Sunday 
 jacket with dozens of little buttons. Too provi- 
 dent to waste his sweets, he cunningly puts a 
 bit of sugar-candy in his mouth, and drinks his tea 
 as it melts; one morsel serves, let him drink as long 
 as he pleases. Around him is every token of care, 
 caution, and cleanliness ; but none in his domestic 
 Habits, of magnificence, or grandeur of design. 
 The Dutch are usually distinguished into five 
 classes ; the peasants and farmers ; seafaring 
 men ; merchants and tradesmen ; those who live 
 upon their estates, or the interest of their money ; 
 and military officers. The civet cat which is a 
 
 native of the hottest climate of Africa, and Asia, 
 is frequently reared in Holland where a great pro- 
 
 fit is obtained by their perfume. The civet ol 
 Amsterdam is better than that of the Levant ot 
 East Indies. Holland is said to have derived its 
 name from the vast and thick forests of wood with 
 which it was at one time covered ; Holtlant, in 
 German, signifying woodland. In the middle 
 ages it was governed by its counts or earls ; in the 
 loth century it became subject to the house of 
 Burgundy ; it passed afterwards to Austria ; and 
 finally joined the other provinces that declared for 
 independence. On the invasion of Holland by 
 the French, in the beginning of 1795, the stadt- 
 holder with his family took refuge in England 
 Holland was subsequently under various forms 
 of the French domination. At length the people 
 became weary of this connexion. The events of 
 1813 had weakened the power that bound them ; 
 the people rose ; their fetters were broken ; and a 
 provisional government was formed at Amster 
 dam on the 18th of November. William Frede- 
 rick, of Nassau and Orange, landed from Eng- 
 land at the close of the same month, entered 
 Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and was pro- 
 claimed Sovereign Prince of the United Nether- 
 lands, which had formerly been subject to the 
 dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the 
 prince of Orange, as William I., king of the 
 Netherlands, and these countries continued 
 under one government till 1830. For an ac- 
 count of the revolution of that year, See Nether- 
 lands. 
 
 Holland, a strong town of E. Prussia, seated 
 near the river Weeske, 14 rn. S. S.E. ofElbing. 
 
 Holland, New, an island of the South Pacific 
 Ocean, and the largest known land that does not 
 bear the name of a continent. It extends from 
 109. to 153. E. lontr., and from 11. to 39. S. lat., 
 or 2,730 m. from W. to E., and l,9G0from N. to S. 
 When this vast island was first discovered is un- 
 certain. The Portuguese and Spaniards appear 
 to have visited it in the sixteenth century, but it 
 was the Dutch who first made it known to Europe. 
 In the beginning of the seventeenth century they 
 traced the N. and W. coasts; and what was 
 deemed, till lately, the S. extremity, was discov- 
 ered by Tasman in 1642. Captain Cook, in 1770, 
 explored the E. and N. E. from 38, S., and ascer- 
 tained its separation fromNew Guinea; and in, 
 1773, captain Furneaux, by connecting Tasman's 
 discoveries with Cook's, completed the circuit. 
 But the supposed S. extremity, which Tasman 
 discovered by the name of Van Diemen Land, 
 was found, in 1798, to be an island, separated 
 from New Holland by a channel forty leagues 
 wide, named from the discoverer, Bass's Strait 
 Different parts of tho coast have been called by 
 the names of the discoverers, &c. The eastern 
 coast, called New South Wales, was taken pos- 
 session of in his majesty's name by captain Cook, 
 and now forms a part of the British dominions 
 See Wales, New South. 
 
 Holland, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 
 422. Also a p. t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 453 
 Also a p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,070. 
 
 Holleij p.t Genesee Co. N. Y. 
 
 Hollidaysburg , p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Hollis, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 7,501. 
 
 Holliston, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,304. 
 
 Hollodale, a river of Scotland, in the county of 
 Sutherland, which rises in the mountains on the 
 borders of Caithness and flows N. into a bay of 
 the North Sea., forming, for several miles, in the 
 latter part of its course, the boundary between 
 the two counties. 
 
HOL 
 
 382 
 
 HOL 
 
 Holm Cultram, a town in Cumberland, Eng. 
 sometimes called Holm-Abbey, from the celebra- 
 ted abbey that formerly stood here, the remains 
 of which have been converted into the parish 
 church. It is seated near the mouth of the Wa- 
 \er, 12m.N. of Cockermouth, and 310 N. N. W. 
 c f London. 
 
 Holmesburg, p.v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 
 
 Holmes's Hole, a harbour in the island of Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, ichich See. 
 
 Holmesville, p.v. Pike Co. Missouri. 
 
 Holstrbroe, a town of Denmrak, in North Jut- 
 land, situate on a shallow river which runs into 
 t!ie North Sea. The principal trade is in corn, 
 oxen, and horses. It is 24 m. VV. of Wiburg, 
 and 68 N. of Ripen. 
 
 Holstein, a dutchy at the N. extremity of Ger- 
 many belonging to Denmark, 100 m. long and 
 50 broad ; bounded N. by Sleswick, E. by the 
 Baltic and the dutch of Saxe-Lauenburg. S. by 
 the duckies of Bremen of Luneburg, and W. by 
 the German Ocean. Its principal livers are the 
 Elbe, the Eyder, and the Stor. It is a fruitful 
 country, and well seated for trade, having some 
 considerable harbours, particularly those of Ham- 
 burg, Lubec, and Kiel ; and from the latter is a 
 canal to the Eyder at Rensburg, by which there 
 is a free navagation from the Baltic to the Ger- 
 man Ocean. Pop. in 1818, 360,000, most of 
 whom are Lutherans. 
 
 Holston, a river of the United States which 
 rises in the Alleghany mountains in Virginia, and 
 il'iivs S. S. W. into the State of Tennessee, where 
 it takes a more Southerly course to Knoxville, 
 and 35 in. below that town is joined by the Clinch, 
 when their united waters take the name of Ten- 
 nessee. It is navigable for boats of 25 tons up- 
 wards of 100 in. On its banks are several iron 
 works ; and the adjacent country abounds with 
 iron ore, and has sundry lead mines. 
 
 Holt, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with an excellent 
 free school founded by Sir John Gresham. It is 
 situate in a fertile district, 2-1 in. W. N. W. of 
 Norwich, and 119 N. E. of London. 
 
 Holy Island, an island on the coast of England, 
 8 m. S. E. of Berwick upon Tweed, but belong- 
 ing to the county of Durham. It is 3 m. long 
 and 2 broad ; the soil rocky and full of stones •, 
 and at low water it is accessible by horses and 
 carriages. It has a town called Kilo, and a castle on 
 a high rock, under which is a commodious har- 
 bour, defended by a block-house. On this island are 
 considerable remains of a stately monastery, called 
 Lindisfarne, and here was anciently a bishop's 
 see, removed with the body of St. Cuthbert, first 
 to Chester Ie street, and afterwards to Durham. 
 
 Holyhead, a seaport and cape of Wales, in the 
 isle of Anglesey. It derives its principal support 
 from the expenditure of passengers to and from 
 Ireland, being the usual place of embarkation for 
 Dublin, and the station of the government pack- 
 ets to and from that city, distant about 20 
 leagues. In the neighbourhood is a large vein 
 of white Fuller's earth, and another of yellow. 
 Among the principal objects of interest are the 
 venerable ruins of a hermitage, two chapels, and 
 the remains of a Dutch wall ; these, with the 
 light-house and suspension bridge, attract the at- 
 tention of strangers. The church, near the verge 
 of the cliff, is a handsome structure of the thir- 
 teenth century : heie are also 4 chapels for dis- 
 senters, a free school, and some almshouses. Pop. 
 m 1821 , 4,007. 267 m. N W. of London. Long. 
 4 40 W., lat 53. 23. N. 
 
 Holyoke, Mount, an eminence near Northamp 
 ton in Massachusetts. It is about 800 feet high, 
 and may be easily ascended in a carriage. On 
 the summit is a building erected for the accomo- 
 dation of visitors who resort hither in summer to 
 enjoy the beautiful prospect which the mountain 
 affords. Southwardly is seen Connecticut river, 
 retiring under the shade of Mount Tom, whiten- 
 ed below by South Hadley Falls; beyond which 
 is the hill at Springfield. The river makes seve- 
 ral turns, and on the horizon are 2 very distant 
 peaks, which- are supposed to be East and West 
 Rocks, at New-Haven, about 70 m. distant. 
 Northeast is seen Monadnoc Mountain in New- 
 Hampshire ; and the view toward the east is >n 
 terrupted by the neighbouring peaks of Motim 
 Holyoke. North, you look up the charming val- 
 ley of the Connecticut ; bordered by distant ranges 
 of hills and mountains, varied by a few isolated 
 peaks, covered with the richest coat of vegetation, 
 and scattered with villages and innumerable farm 
 houses. The river makes a beautiful serpentine 
 course from where it first appears at the foot of 
 Sugar Loaf Mountain, and Mount Toby, until it 
 reaches the village of Hadley, which lies in full 
 view ; and then taking a bold sweep to the west, 
 and flowing 4 m. it returns to the end of the 
 street, only a mile distant from where it first meets 
 it. The whole peninsula is rich and fertile, 
 and covered with cultivated fields of wheat, 
 corn, grass, &c. without being disfigured by 
 fences, according to the custom prevalent here- 
 abouts ; this is the richest sight upon the river, 
 particularly when viewed in connexion with the 
 scene immediately below, where the river flows 
 on, almost immediately under our feet, and the 
 western shore presents the extensive Northampton 
 meadows, a mile wide. Following the current 
 with the eye, in the West south west, it forms a 
 still more remarkable peninsula, although one of 
 inferior size : the Hockanum Bend being a turn 
 measuring 3 m. in circuit while the isthmus is 
 only 46 rods across, or 150 yards. In the com- 
 pass of this view, from the north to the west and 
 south, numerous village spires are seen, with lev- 
 el fields, orchards, and gardens, almost without 
 number ; and the whole scene is so bounded with 
 mountainous ridges, as to seem to justify the 
 opinion of geologists, who say that it was onco 
 covered with an extensive lake, until the water 
 forced a passage between Mounts Tom and Holy- 
 oke. Northampton is seen about west-north- 
 west, with Round Hill ; and towards the right, 
 the top of Saddle Mountain, in the distance. 
 There are also others still further north, particu- 
 larly Haystack and Bare Mountain. More than 
 30 church steeples may be counted here. 
 
 Holywell, a. town of Wales, in Flintshire, with 
 a market on Friday. It has a neat parish church, 
 and 4 places of worship for dissenters. From its 
 vicinity to the mines, and the extensive manufac- 
 tures carried on in the neighbourhood, it is be 
 come the most flourishing town in the countv 
 Its name was derived from the famous well of St. 
 Winifred, concerning which so many fables 
 and superstitious notions have prevailed, bit* 
 which is certainly a very remarkable spring, 
 bursting out of the ground with great impetuosi- 
 ty, at the foot of a hill, and discharging upwards 
 of 29 tons of water every minute. The waters 
 have long since lost their reputation for miracu 
 lous healing powers, but are much esteemed bj 
 the manufacturer, being now applied to the pur 
 pose of turning several mills for the working ol 
 
HON 
 
 333 
 
 HOO 
 
 E 
 
 copper, making braes wire, paper, and snuff, and 
 spinning cotton. It is 10 m. E. of St. Asaph, and 
 207 N. W. of London. 
 
 Holzapfcl, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau. It is situate on the Lahn, at the foot of 
 a mountain, on which is the tower of an ancient 
 castle, the original seat of the princes of Nassau, 
 4 m. N. E. of Nassau. 
 
 Holzminden, a town of the state of Brunswick, 
 in Wolfenbuttel, with considerable iron works. 
 It is seated at the conflux of the Holz with the 
 Weser, 23 m. N. W. of Gottingen. 
 
 Hamburg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- 
 sel, with an iron forge and a glass manufacture, 
 20 m. S. of Cassel. — Also a town of Prussia, in 
 the duchy of Berg, 48 m. S. E. of Dusseldorf. — 
 And a town of Bavaria, in Deux Ponts; seated on 
 a mountain, 5 m. N. W. of Deux Ponts. 
 
 Ho-nan, a province of China, bounded on the 
 N. by the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chan-si, E. 
 b ' Kiang-si and Chantong, S. by Hou-quang, and 
 W. by Chensi. As every thing that can contri- 
 bute to render a country delightful is found in this 
 province, and as it is situate almost in the centre 
 of the empire, the Chinese call it Tong-hoa, The 
 Middle Flower. Besides Cai-fong, its capital, it 
 contains eight cities of the first class and 102 of 
 the second and third. 
 
 Honan, a city of China, of the first class, in the 
 rovince of Honan, 360 m. S. W. of Peking. 
 
 „ng. 112. 9. E., lat. 34. 44. N. 
 
 Honawera, or Onore, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Canara, seated in an inlet of the sea, which spreads 
 into a lake, and includes a number of islands. It 
 was formerly a place of great commerce, but was 
 demolished by Tippoo after he had recovered it by 
 the treaty of Mangalore. Here is now a custom- 
 house, and a few shops ; also some merchants who 
 live scattered near trie banks of the lake, and sell 
 rice, pepper, cocoa, and betelnuts, &c., to the 
 trading vessels that come from Goa, Rajaputra 
 and Bombay. It is 50 m. N. by W. of Kandapura, 
 and 84 S. S. E. of Goa. 
 
 Hondtchoote, a town of France, department of 
 Nord, near which a part of the allied troops were 
 surprised and defeated in 1793. 7 m. S. E. of 
 Dunkirk. 
 
 Honduras, a province of Mexico, 490 m. long, 
 and 150 broad bounded on the N. by a bay of 
 its name, E. by the Atlantic, S.by Nicaragua, and 
 W. by Guatemala and Vera Paz. The country 
 consists of mountains, valleys and plains, water- 
 ed by numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly fer- 
 tile. The vineyards bear thrice a year, and the 
 soil in many parts yields 3 crops of maize ; other 
 productions are wheat, peas, cotton, wool, log- 
 wood, with excellent pastures, honey, wax, and 
 provisions of all kinds. Honduras was formerly 
 one of the most populous countries in America, 
 but at present, though so fertile, is almost desert- 
 ed. The capital is Valladolid, or Comayuguas. 
 
 Honduras Bay, is that gulf of the Carribean 
 Sea between the peninsula of Yucatan and Cape 
 Honduras. It is well known from the colonies 
 settled on it by the British for the cutting down 
 of mahogany and dye woods. The trees are cut 
 at the wet season of the year, and afterbeing drag- 
 ged from the forest to the banks of the rivers, they 
 are made into rafts and floated to the shore. The 
 growth of the logwood here is extremely rapid, so 
 much so that it is said to attain maturity in 5 or t* 
 years, when it is cut and sent to Europe in logs. 
 Besides the mahogany and logwood tree, Hondu- 
 ras Bay, produces 9 or 3 kinds of the mangrove, 
 
 as the red, white, and black. Cedars are large 
 and abundant, and are commonly used in ship- 
 building. The palmetto, the sapadilla, and the 
 sea-grape trees, are all found very useful ; as are 
 also the bullet-tree, the iron- wood -tree, the cala- 
 bash-tree, and the button- wood-tree. The althea 
 grows at a considerable distance from the coast, 
 and is generally made into rafts for floating the 
 log-wood to the sea. The tree that exudes the 
 resinous substance called coutchouc, or elastic 
 gum, from which Indian-rubber is made, grows 
 plentifully in several provinces of Guatemala, 
 particularly in various parts of Honduras. In ad- 
 dition to those may be enumerated the locust-tree, 
 the fustic, the cocoa-nut-tree, the cabbage, and 
 the silk-cotton-trees, besides which both trees 
 and shrubs of a medicinal nature grow in great 
 variety and profusion. The soil which has been 
 brought under cultivation is extremely fertile, and 
 the climate is superior to a great part of the Amer- 
 ican continent. The shores abound with aquatic 
 birds of different kinds. Myriads of swallows are • 
 found in some parts, particularly in Honduras, 
 during the periodical rains. The humming-bird 
 is seen in most of its splendid varieties, and the 
 oxilis, one of the most minute and beautiful of 
 this elegant tribe, is very common. The number 
 offish, insects, and reptiles, is also great. 
 
 Honey Brook, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. on the head 
 streams of the Brandy wine. 
 
 Honeysville, p. v. Shenandoah Co. Va. 
 
 Honfleur, a seaport of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados. The harbour is very capa 
 cious, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its princi- 
 pal trade is in lace. 8 m. N. of Pont l'Eveque. 
 and 1 10 N. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 49 
 24. N. 
 
 Honiton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. cele- 
 brated for the manufacture of broad lace. The 
 church is half a mile from the town, but it has al- 
 so a chapel belonging to the establishment, and 
 three meeting-houses for Independents, Baptists, 
 and Presbyterians. A fire happened here in 1747, 
 which consumed three-fourths of the town; and 
 another, in 1765, destroyed nearly 180 buildings. 
 It is situated in a delightful vale on the river 
 Otter, 16 m. E. of Exeter. Market on Saturday. 
 
 Hooghly, a river of Hindoostan, formed by the 
 two westernmost branches of the Ganges, named 
 the Cosimbazar and Jellinghy, which unite at 
 Nuddea. It flows by Hooghly, Chinsura, Chan- 
 dernagore, and Calcutta, to the bay of Bengal, 
 and is the only branch of the Ganges that is com- 
 monly navigated by ships. 
 
 Hooghly, a city of Hindoostan, in Bengal, novt 
 nearly in ruins, but possesing many vestiges of 
 fomer greatness. In the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century, it was the great mart of the 
 export trade of Bengal to Europe. It is seated on 
 the river Hooghly, 25 m. N. of Calcutta. 
 
 Hoogstraten, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, 15 m. N. of Herentals. 
 
 Hookertown, p. v. Greene Co. N. C. 
 
 Hookset, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the Merri- 
 mack, 52 m. fr. Boston. Here is a beautiful cata- 
 ract, round which a canal passes. Pop. 880. 
 
 Hookstown, villages in Beaver Co. Pa. Balti- 
 more and Talbot Cos. Md. and Greene Co. N. C. 
 
 Hoorn, or Horn, a seaport of N. Holland on the 
 Zuyder Zee, with manufactures of woolen cloths 
 and carpets, and a considerable trade in cattle 
 butter, cheese, herrings, and other fish. 20 m. 
 N. N. E. of Amsterdam. 
 
 Hoosack Mountain, a ridge in the western part 
 
HOR 
 
 384 
 
 HOT 
 
 of Massachusetts passing through the state from 
 Vermont to Connecticut. 
 
 Hoosack, a stream rising in Vermont and fal- 
 ling into the Hudson, 8 m. above Lansinburg. 
 
 Hope, a river of the island of Jamaica, which 
 runs into the sea 5 m. S. of Kingston. 
 
 Hope, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 1,541. Also 
 towns in Durham Co. N. C. and Gaspe Co. L. C. 
 
 Hope Advance, Baa, a bay in Hudson's Strait, 
 ion m. W. of Cape Chidley. 
 
 Hope Bay, a bay at the N. E. corner of Nootka 
 Sound. — Also a bay in the English Channel, on 
 the coast of Kent, between Sandwich and Rams- 
 gate. 
 
 Hope Cape, a cape of Hudson's Bay, at the en- 
 trance of Repulse Bay 
 
 Hope field, p.v. Phillips Co. Arkansas, on the 
 Mississippi, opposite Chickasaw Bluff. 
 
 Hope Islands, two small islands on the coast of 
 New Holland. Lat. 15. 41. S. 
 
 Hopeton, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 
 Hopewell, the name of 13 towns and villages in 
 the United States, viz. in Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2.202. Cumberland and Huntingdon Cos. N. J. 
 York, Washington, Cumberland, Bedford and 
 Huntingdon Cos. Pa. Fauquier Co. Va. York Dis. 
 S. C. Perry, Licking, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Hopkins, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,7G3. 
 Madisonville is the capital. 
 
 Hopklnsville, a township of Caledonia Co. Vt. 
 Also villages in Powhatan Co. Va. and Christian 
 Co. Ken. 
 
 Hopkinton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on Con- 
 toocook river. Pop. 2,474. Also a p.t. Wash- 
 ington Co. R. I. pop. 1,777. Also a p.t. Mid- 
 dlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,809. Also a township 
 in St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 827. 
 
 Horaidan, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Farsistan, 76 m. N. W. of Shiras. 
 
 Horb, a town of Wurtemberg, with a consider- 
 able trade in woolen woods, seated on the Neck- 
 ar, 51 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen. 
 
 Horeb, mountain of Arabia Petrea, a little to 
 the W. of Mount Sinai. Here are two or three 
 fine springs, and a great number of fruit-trees. 
 
 Horn, a town of Austria, with a trade in beer, 
 made of oats ; seated on the Tiffer, 48 m. W. N. 
 W. of Vienna. 
 
 Horn, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov 
 ince of Liege, 3 m. W. N. W. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Horn, Cape, the southern extremity of South 
 America, forming part of Hermite Island, on the 
 coast of Terra del Fuego. Long. 68. 13. W., lat. 
 55. 58. S. 
 
 Hornachos, a town of Spain in Estremadura, 
 near the river Malachel, 30 m. S. S. E. of Merida. 
 
 Hornberg, a town of Baden, in the Black For- 
 est, with a fortress on a mountain ; seated on the 
 Gutlash, 12 m. N W. of Rothweil. 
 
 Hornburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the 
 Use, 8 m. S. of Wolfenbuttel. 
 
 Hornby, a small town in Lancashire, Eng. situ- 
 ated on the bank of the Wenning, 9 m. N. E. 
 Lancaster. The principal object of attraction is 
 Hornby Castle, erected, as is supposed, by Nicho- 
 las deMont Begons,soon after the conquest. Here 
 was formerly a weekly market on Friday, which 
 lias merged in the fair for cattle every alternate 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Horhcastle, a town in Lincolnshire, situated in 
 an angle formed by the confluence of the Bane 
 and the Waring, with a market on Saturday. It 
 was a Roman station, and part of the wall is still 
 remaining. Here are a church, four meeting-hou- 
 
 ses, a dispensary, &c. 21 m. E. of Lincoln, and 
 136 N. of London. 
 
 Hornellsville, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y. 
 
 Hornsea, a town in E. Yorkshire, nearly sur 
 rounded by an arm of the sea, and much resorted 
 to during the bathing season. Near it is a mere, 
 two m. long and one broad, famous for its pike 
 and eels. 16 m. N. of Hull, 193 N. of London. 
 
 Hornorsville, p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. 
 
 Horntown, p.v. Accomac Co. Va. 
 
 Horry, an eastern District of South Carolina. 
 Pop. 5,323. Conwayborough is the Capital. 
 
 Horseneck, a village of Essex Co. N. Y. on the 
 Passaic. 
 
 Horsens, a seaport of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 on the Categat, having manufactures of woolen 
 goods, and a considerable trade. 20 m. S. S. W 
 of Arhusen. 
 
 Horsham, a borough in Sussex, Eng. Here is 
 the county gaol ; and the spring assizes are held 
 here. It is seated on the Adur, 20 m. N. W. 
 Brighton, and 36 S. of London. 
 
 Horsham, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Horstmar, a town of Westphalia, with a castle, 
 and a collegiate church ; seated on an eminence 
 15 m. N. W. ofMunster. 
 
 Hosick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on Hoosack 
 river. Pop. 3,582. 
 
 Hot Spring, a country in Arkansas. Pop. 458. 
 It is named from several Springs in the territory 
 which have a temperature equal to that of boiling 
 water. The water has no mineral properties but 
 is remarkably limpid. 
 
 Hottentots, Country of the, a large region in 
 the S. extremity of Africa, extending N. by W. 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the mouth 
 of Orange River, and from that cape, in an E. N 
 E. direction, to the mouth of the Great Fish Riv- 
 er, which parts it from Caffraria. It is bounded 
 on the W., S., and E., by the Atlantic, Southern, 
 and Indian oceans, and on the N. by regions very 
 little, if at all explored. The Hottentots are as 
 tall as most Europeans, but are more slender ; and 
 the characteristic mark of this nation is, the 
 
 smallness of their hands and feet, compared with 
 the other parts of their body. Their skin is of a 
 yellowish brown hue, resembling that of a Euro- 
 pean who has the jaundice in a high degree. 
 There are not such thick lips among the Hotten- 
 tots as among their neighbours the Negroes, the 
 Caffres, and the Mozambiques ; and their mouth 
 is of the middling size, with the finest set of teeth 
 imaginable. Their heads are covered with hair 
 more woolly, if possible, than that of the Negroes. 
 With respect to shape, carriage, and every mo 
 tion, their whole appearance indicates health and 
 content. They are excellent swimmers and di 
 vers, and practise bathing several times in the 
 day. The women braid or plait their hair as an 
 
HAT 
 
 385 
 
 HOU 
 
 additional elegance, and adorn themselves with 
 necklaces of shells. Both the men and women 
 generally go bareheaded, and seldom wear any 
 shoes. Both sexes wear rings on their arms and 
 leo-s, chiefly made of thick leather straps, cut in a 
 circular shape ; but rings of iron, copper, or brass, 
 of the size of a goose-quill, are considered more 
 wenteel. Girls are not allowed to use any rings 
 till they are marriageable. Their habitations are 
 adapted to their wandering pastoral life. They 
 are merely huts, resembling around beehive, from 
 18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low that a mid- 
 dle-sized man cannot stand upright in them. The 
 fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or lie 
 round it in a circle. The low door is the only 
 place that admits the light, and the only outlet 
 that is left for the smoke. The order of these 
 huts in a kraal, or clan, is most frequently in the 
 form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by which 
 means a kind of yard is formed, where the cattle 
 are kept at night. Such are the Hottentots in 
 the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1778, 
 lieutenant Paterson visited a Hottentot village in 
 Little Namaqua Land, in the N. W. part of the 
 country ; it consisted of 19 huts and about 150 in- 
 habitants. The ensign of authority worn oy 
 their chief was a cane with a brass top, given to 
 him by the Dutch East India Company. The 
 Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with 
 music and dancing: their visitors, in return, 
 treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp 
 leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their 
 music was produced from flutes, made ol'the bark 
 of trees, of different sizes. The men form them- 
 selves into a circle, with their flutes ; and the 
 women dance round them. Among other tribes 
 of Hottentots are the Bosjesmans, who inhabit 
 the mountains in the interior part of the country, 
 N. E. of the Cape, and live by hunting and plun- 
 der. On this account they render themselves 
 odious to the planters, and are pursued and exter- 
 minated like wild beasts, or made slaves of when 
 taken alive. Their habitations are not more 
 agreeable than their manners or maxims ; bushes 
 and clefts in rocks serve them by turns for dwell- 
 ings. Many of these savages are entirely naked ; 
 but some of them cover their body with the skin 
 of any sort of animal. Being ignorant of agricul- 
 ture, they wander over hills and dales after cer- 
 tain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat 
 raw ; also caterpillars, termites, locusts, grasshop- 
 pers, snakes, and spiders. Another tnoe of Hot- 
 tentots, near the mouth of Orange River, were 
 observed by lieutenant Paterson, in his journey 
 to the N. W. in 1799. Their huts were loftier, 
 and thatched with grass ; and were furnished 
 with stools made of the back-bones of the gram- 
 pus. Their mode of living is in the highest de- 
 gree wretched, and they are apparently the most 
 dirty of all the Hottentot tribes. Their dress is 
 composed of the skins of seals and jackals, the 
 flesh of which they eat. When a grampus is 
 cast ashore, they remove their huts to the place, 
 and subsist upon it as long as any part remains. 
 They smear their skin with the oil, the odor of 
 which is so powerful that their approach may be 
 perceived some time before they appear in view. 
 To the N. of the country of the Bosjesmans, and 
 on the banks of Orange River, is another tribe 
 called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank high- 
 er than any of the other Hottentots known in the 
 S. of Africa. Their features are of a superior 
 cast ; they are more cleanly in their appearance, 
 and neater in their dress and domestic utensils ; 
 49 
 
 their huts are also constructed with greater care 
 and with a view of being more durable. They 
 seem to be a mixed breed, between the Hottentot 
 and Caftre. The Hottentots, in general, are 
 described as a mild, simple, affectionate, and in- 
 offensive race ; but extremely indolent in their 
 habits, and limited in their faculties. Where, 
 however, any sort of effort has been made to cul- 
 tivate their powers, and give them a feeling of 
 hope and liberty in their occupations, they have 
 been found active, intelligent, and useful. No 
 traces of religion appear to have been retained by 
 this people. But Christianity has been introduced, 
 through the exertions of the Moravians and other 
 missionaries, who have recently endeavoured, 
 with some degree of success, to ameliorate the 
 condition even of some of the wilder tribes, who 
 inhabit the N. and N. W. of the colony. The 
 country possessed by the Europeans is considera 
 ble; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, N. to 
 lat. 30, and E. to the Great Fish River, about 
 550 m. in length, and 230 in breadth. The whole 
 is naturally barren and mountainous ; but the in- 
 dustrious Dutch overcame all natural difficulties, 
 and it produces not only a sufficiency of all the 
 necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also for 
 the refreshment of all the European ships that 
 touch at the Cape. The year is considered as di- 
 vided into two seasons, termed monsoons : the wet 
 monsoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the 
 dry one, or summer, in September. Among the 
 quadrupeds of this country are antelopes, which 
 go in large herds; buffaloes; camelopardalises ; 
 the gemsbock, a species of antelope, which has 
 remarkably long sharp horns, and, when attacked 
 by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend 
 itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are 
 very destructive to sheep ; elephants ; elks ; hye 
 nas ; the koedo, an animal rather larger than a 
 deer, of a mouse colour, with three white stripes 
 over the back, and the male having very large 
 twisted horns ; lions ; jackals ; tigers ; the quagg.i. 
 a species of zebra, but more tractable ; rhinoce- 
 roses ; horses; domestic horned cattle ; common 
 sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered 
 with hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus, 
 or river-horse, is frequently seen here. Amonor 
 the birds are vultures, ostriches (whose eggs are 
 excellent food), and the loxia, a species of gregari- 
 ous bird. Among the insects are a species of ter- 
 mites, which do no injury to wood as in the East 
 Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they im- 
 pede the progress of vegetation. The black or 
 rock scorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any 
 of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous 
 kinds. 
 
 Haunt, an island of France, between Belleisle 
 and the continent. It is 10 m. in circumference, 
 and is defended by a fort. 
 
 Houdain, a town of France, department of Pa? 
 de Calais, 9 m. S. of Bethone. 
 
 Houdan, a town of France, department of Seine 
 et-Oise ; 21 m. W. of Versailles. 
 
 Ilcntnsfteld, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y 
 Pop. 3,415. 
 
 Hounslow, a town in Middlesex, Eng., situate 
 on the edge of a heath of the same name, on 
 which are many vestiges of ancient encamp- 
 ments, 10 m. W. by S. of London, 
 
 Hovsatonic, a river rising in Massachusetts and 
 flowing through Connecticut into Long Island 
 Sound. It is navigable for small vessels 12 m. 
 
 Houstonville, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. Also 3 
 village in Pendleton Dis. S. U 
 2K 
 
HUB 
 
 386 
 
 HUD 
 
 Hou-qziong, a province of China, which occu- 
 pies nearly the centre of the empire, and ia divi- 
 ded into two parts, the N. and S., by the river 
 Kian-ku. It is a flat, open country, watered by 
 lakes, canals, and rivers ; and has plenty of wild 
 fowl and cattle. The soil is remarkably fertile ; 
 g>ld is found in the sands of the rivers ; and there 
 is such a variety of all sorts of commodities that 
 it is called, by the Chinese, the store-house of the 
 empire. It contains 15 cities of the first class, and 
 114 of the second and third. Vou-tchang is the 
 capital. 
 
 Hourn, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast 
 of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, extending 20 in. 
 inland from the sound of Skye. 
 
 Houssu, a considerable town of Negroland, cap- 
 ital of a country of the same name, extending 
 alono- the N. side of the Niofer. It is 200 m. E. 
 of Tombuctoo. Long. 4. 207 E., lat. 16. 10. N. 
 
 Hou-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class, 
 in the province of Tche-kiang. The quantity of 
 silk manufactured here is almost incredible, and 
 it is the chief place for making writing pencils. 
 It stands near a large lake, called Tai, 110 m. S. 
 E. of Nan-king. Long. 120. 15. E., lat. 30. 55. N. 
 
 Hoieard, a county of Missouri Pop. 10,844. 
 Fayette is the Capital. 
 
 Hoieard, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,364 
 Also a township of Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Hoioden, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. It gives 
 name to a small district called Howdenshire. The 
 bishops of Durham had formerly a palace here, 
 the remains of which are now occupied as a farm- 
 house. Here is a large church, like a cathedral, 
 part of which is in ruins. It is seated near the 
 Ouse, and surrounded by a level country in a 
 high state of cultivation, 21 m. S. S. E. of York, 
 and 175 N. by \V. of London. 
 
 Hotce, Cupc, the promontory at the S. E. end 
 of New Holland. 
 
 Howell, a township in Monmouth Co. N. Y. 
 I Howland, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hoxt.er, a fortified town of the Prussian states, 
 on the Weser,23 m. E. by N. of Paderborn. 
 
 Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, situate between 
 the island of Pomona and the N. coast of Caithness- 
 shire. It is 15 m. long and 6 broad. Here is a 
 stupendous rock, ealled the Beary ; and on the 
 W. coast is a great conic hill, called Hoy Head, 
 which is a seamark. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 58. 
 46. N. 
 
 Hoija, a town of Hanover, capital of a county of 
 the same name. It is seated on the Weser, 37 m. 
 N. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 52. 47. N. 
 
 Hoyer, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sles- 
 wick, celebrated for its oj'ster-fishery, 4 m. W. of 
 Tonderen. 
 
 Hoticrswerda, a town and castle of Lusatia, on 
 the Black Elster, 17 m. N. N. W. of Bautzen. 
 
 Hoym, a town and castle of Saxony, in the prin- 
 cipality of Auhalt, seated on the Godel, at its 
 junction with the Selke 7 m. E. of Quedlinburg. 
 
 Hradisch, a town of Moravia, capital of a cir- 
 cle of the same name, which produces excellent 
 wine. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, 
 and stands on an island in the river Moraw, 30 
 m. S. S. E. of Olmutz. Long. 17. 30. E., lat. 49. 
 7. 9. 
 
 Huahine, one of the Society Islands, in the S. 
 Pacific, 30 leagues from Tahiti. It is 21 m. in 
 compass, and has a commodious harbour, called 
 Owharra Bay, on the W. coast. Long. 151. 8. 
 W , lat. 16. 44. S. 
 
 Hubbard, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hubbardston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. 
 W.Boston. Pop. 1,674. 
 
 Hubbardton, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 40 m. N. W. 
 Windsor. Pop. 865. 
 
 Hubert, St., a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Luxemburg, with a celebrated abbey, seated in 
 the forest of Ardennes, on the rivulet Homme, 14 
 m. W. of Bastogne. 
 
 Hubertsberg, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 
 with a magnificent hunting-seat, built by Augus- 
 tus III., then electoral prince, 22 m. E. of Leip 
 zig. 
 
 Huddersficld, a populous and flourishing town 
 in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here is a large circular 
 hall, in which narrow and broad cloths, serges, 
 kerseymeres, &c, manufactured in the town and 
 neighbourhood, are weekly exposed to sale. It 
 stands on the Colne, 3 m. from the Calder, from 
 which it has a canal to Ashton-under-Line. In 
 addition to the parish church, two others have 
 been erected — Trinity Church, in 1S19, and 
 Christ Church, completed in 1824 ; and there are 
 several meeting-houses for the different denomi 
 nations of dissenters. The charitable institutions 
 are numerous, and a mechanic's institutute was 
 established in 1825, to which a valuable library 
 has since been attached. It is 41 rn. S. W. of 
 York, 25 N. E. of Manchester, and 189 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Hudson's Bay, a bay of North America, lying 
 between 51. and 69. N. lat., discovered in 1610 
 by captain Henry Hudson. The entrance of the 
 bay, from the ocean, is between Resolution Isle 
 on the N. and the Labrador coast on the S., form- 
 ing the E. extremity of the strait distinguished 
 by the name of its great discoverer. It commu- 
 nicates on the N. by two straits with Baffin's Bay , 
 on the E. side it is bordered by Labrador, on the 
 S. W. by New South Wales, and on the W. by 
 New North Wales. These countries, included 
 under the name of New Britain, abound with 
 animals whose skins and furs are far superior in 
 quality to those found in less northerly regions 
 In the region to the westward Captain Franklin 
 discovered that beautiful little animal which he 
 
 named Parry's Marmot in honour of the celebrat- 
 ed navigator of that name. It bears a strona 
 resemblance to the striped squiril. The natives are 
 called Esquimaux and northern Indians ; and are 
 materially different from the southern tribes. In 
 1670 a charter was granted to a company for the 
 exclusive trade to this bay. The territories 
 claimed by this company are stated by some wri- 
 ters to extend from 70. to 115. of W. long., and 
 as far as 49. S. lat., thus comprehending a length 
 
HUE 
 
 387 
 
 HUN 
 
 of 1,300 or 1,400 geographical m. by a medial 
 breadth of 350 m. Animated by a prospect of 
 gain, the company have pushed their discoveries 
 into the interior, and thus has a knowledge of 
 these vast wilds been obtained, beyond what any 
 other motives would have supplied. In Decem- 
 ber, 1770, Mr. Hearne set out from Prince of 
 Wales Fort to explore a river that the Esqui- 
 maux, who came to the company's factories to 
 trade, had brought to their knowledge, and which, 
 on account of much copper being found near it 
 had obtained the name of Copper-mine River. 
 Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived 
 at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he 
 came in sight of the Arctic Ocean, finding it 
 encumbered with shoals and a bar at its mouth, 
 which is in long. 119. W., lat. 72. N. In 1789 
 Mr. Mackenzie, another officer of the company, 
 explored the country still more to the W. ; and 
 entering a river (now called after his name), 
 which is the outlet of the Slave-lake, he traced 
 it to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean, where it 
 forms a wide estuary in long. 135. W., lat. 71. 
 N. Further discoveries have been made by 
 Capt. Franklin. 
 
 Hudson, a city of New York, in Columbia 
 county with considerable manufacturing busi- 
 ness. The streets are spacious, and cross each 
 other at right angles ; and the houses are sup- 
 plied with water brought in pipes from a spring 
 2 m. distant. The trade is considerable, and 
 vessels of the largest size can unload here. It is 
 seated on an eminence, on the E. side of Hud- 
 son River. Pop. 5,392. 30 m. S. of Albany, and 
 120 N. of New York. 
 
 Hudson, villages in Caswell Co., N. C. and 
 Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Hudson, a river of the United States, which 
 passes its whole course of 300 m. in the state of 
 New York. It rises between the lakes Ontario 
 and Champlain, and flows S. by Albany, and 
 Hudson, and enters the Atlantic Ocean at New 
 York. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, and 
 for sloops to Albany, and is one of the finest nav- 
 igable streams in the world. 
 
 Hudwickswald, a seaport of Sweden, the chief 
 town of Helsingia, with a good harbour, on the 
 gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on an 
 advantageous trade in timber, flax, linen, butter, 
 fish, &c. 185 m. N. by W. of Stockholm. Lono-. 
 17. 46. E., lat. 62. 6. N. 
 
 Hue, or Huefo, the capital of Cochin China, 
 with a royal pahice. The inhabitants blacken 
 their teeth, thinking it a shame to have them 
 white, like dogs. It is seated in a beautiful 
 plain, and divided into two parts by a large river, 
 30 m. from its mouth, in the China Sea. Long. 
 107.25. E., lat. 16.25. N. 
 
 Huelva,n town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the 
 coast of the Atlantic, between the mouths of 
 the Odiel and Tinto, 53 m. W. of Seville. 
 
 Huen, an island in the Baltic, with one scat- 
 tered village, 3 m. from the coast of Sweden, and 
 9 S. S. E. of Elsinore. It is 6 m. in circumfer- 
 ence, and was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes, 
 in 1658. See Uraniburg. 
 
 Huesca, an old fortified town in the N. of Ar- 
 ragon, in Spain, situated in a plain on the [suela. 
 Its works have gone into ruins,but it is still a bish- 
 op's see, has a university, two large schools, a ca- 
 thedral, and 6,800 inhabitants, with manufactures 
 of cloth and leather. 30 m. N. E. of Saragossa. 
 
 Huescar, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a 
 castle, 42 m. N. E of Guadix 
 
 Hucssen, a town of Holland, in Guelderland, 
 seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. E. of Nimeguen. 
 
 Hueta. See Gueta. 
 
 Huetinberg, a town of the Austrian States, in 
 Carinthia, 20 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Huffingen, a town of Baden, in the principal- 
 ity of Furstenburgh 4 m. N. N. W. of Furs 
 tenburg. 
 
 Hull, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. on a peninsula 
 at the extremity of Nantasket Beach, on the S. side 
 of Boston Bay. Pop. 198 
 
 Hughesburgh. See Catawissa. 
 
 Hull , or Kingston upon Hull, a borough and sea- 
 port in East Yorkshire, Eng. The commerce of 
 this place is considerable, and it is deemed the 
 fourth port in the kingdon. Besides its commu- 
 nication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, il 
 has access also to the Trent, and all its branches 
 so that it has the import and export trade of many 
 of the northern and midland counties. The for- 
 eign trade is chiefly to the Baltic; but if i.s also 
 one of the privileged ports for trading to tlie East 
 Indies, and has traffic with the southern parts 
 of Europe, and with America. More ships are sent 
 hence to Greenland than from any other port, that 
 of London excepted. The harbour is artificial ; 
 and here are docks for building and repairing 
 ships. Among the public buildings are the Trini- 
 ty-house, for the relief of seamen and their wid- 
 ows, an armoury, a naval storehouse, a custom- 
 house and an exchange. It is seated on the north- 
 ern side of the Humber about 20 m. from its 
 mouth, the town extending almost in a direct line 
 along the river Hull, and lying on a level tract 
 of ground, washed on two of its sides by the Hull 
 and the Humber. It is now well secured from 
 inundations by embankments. 38 m. S. E. of 
 York, and 171 N. of London. 
 
 Hulledyepura, a town of Hindoostan, in Cana- 
 ra, seated in a plain of rice-ground to the E. of a 
 considerable creek, which runs N. from the en- 
 trance into Honawera Lake, 55 in. N. by W. of 
 Kandupura. 
 
 Hulmsville, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Hut pen, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 
 10 m. S. E. of Brussels. 
 
 Hulst, a town of the Netherlands, in Dutch 
 Brabant, strong by its situation and fortifications. 
 It was shamefully surrendered to the French in 
 1747, and taken by them in 1794. It is seated on 
 a plain, which may be overflowed, and on a ca- 
 nal that communicates with the Scheldt, 15 m 
 W. N. W of Antwerp. 
 
 Hultschin, a town of Silesia, near the river Op- 
 pa, 13 m. E. of Troppau. 
 
 Humber, a river formed by the junction of 
 the Trent and Ouse. It is a large estuary, which 
 divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and enters 
 the Gorman Ocean at Spurn Head. 
 
 Hummelstozcn, a township of Dauphin Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Humphreys, a county of W. Tennessee. Pr p. 
 6,189, Reynoldsburgh is the capital. 
 
 Humphrcysville, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. It 
 has manufactures of woolen. Also villages in 
 Chester Co. Pa. and Union Dis. S. C. 
 
 Hundsmarck, a town of the Austrian States, in 
 Styria, near the river Muehr, 17 i~ W. by S. of 
 Judenburg. 
 
 Hunefeld, a town of Germany, in the district 
 of Fulda, with a collegiate church. 10 m. N. of 
 Fulda. 
 
 Hungary, a country of Europe, forming an ini 
 portant part of the Austrian dominions. At differ " 
 
HUN 
 
 388 
 
 HUN 
 
 ent periods this name has been applied witli a very 
 different signification. In the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries Hungary comprised part of mod- 
 ern Poland and European Turkey, and was divi- 
 ded into ten separate governments, or kingdoms, 
 viz. Hungary Proper, Croatia, Sclavonia, Dal- 
 lnatia, Bosnia, Bulgciria, Moldavia, Galicia, and 
 Lodomiria, besides the principality of Tran- 
 sylvania. Several of these provinces have long 
 since been detached from Hungary ; but that 
 country has still a close political and military 
 connexion with the Austrian provinces of Scla- 
 vonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia. This kingdom 
 (Tor such it is still termed) is surrounded by moun- 
 tains, except on the S. where its frontier is along 
 the Danube and the Drave. It is bounded on the 
 W. by part of Germany, N. by Galicia, E. by 
 Transylvania and Wallachia, and S. by Turkey. 
 Sclavonia, and Croatia ; and has a territorial ex- 
 tent of 84,500 square m. It was formerly divided 
 into Upper and Lower Hungary ; but this divi- 
 sion has been superseded by that of the following 
 circles : — 1. Circle this side the Danube 2. Cir- 
 cle beyond the Danube ; 3. Circle this side the 
 Theyss; 4. Circle beyond the Theyss ; 5. Prov- 
 ince of Sclavonia ; 6. Province of Croatia. These 
 are divided into counties, of which there are 
 thirteen in the first circle, and eleven in each of the 
 others. The principal rivers are the Danube, the 
 Drave, the Marosch, the March, the white Kor- 
 esch, the Izamos, the Theyss, the Waag, and the 
 Temes. The chief lakes are Balaton and Nieusi- 
 edl, W. ; Palitsch on the S. W., and Grunsee or the 
 Grun Lake among the Carpathians. There arealso 
 several extensive marshes here, as that of the Isle 
 of Schut on the W. and that of Saxetje on the E. 
 of the kingdom. The climate among the moun- 
 tains is of course bleak ; but in the S. it is in 
 general mild ; in the sandy districts extremely 
 hot ; on the banks of the rivers and near the 
 marshes there is much humidity : indeed this is 
 a prevailing characteristic of the climate of the 
 level part of Hungary. The country abounds in 
 all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especial- 
 ly that called Tokay, is excellent. There are 
 mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also 
 of opal at Czerweniza, which gem is peculiar to 
 this country. There is such plenty of game that 
 hunting is allowed to all. The trade princi- 
 pally consits in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, 
 rye, wool, and wine ; and these are almost whol- 
 ly sent to the Austrian provinces. The com- 
 merce of the country is fettered by no inter- 
 nal taxes, a circumstance of which the Hun- 
 garians are very proud ; but the Austrian 
 government has environed it with custom houses, 
 where a duty of one and one-third per cent, is 
 gathered on all goods that pass into it from the 
 other Austrian states. We may thus see that the 
 encouragement of manufactures within the king- 
 dom will never, voluntarily become the policy 
 of that government. The kingdom of Hungary 
 can easily raise an army of 100,000 men. The 
 horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Hey- 
 dukes. The government is hereditary in the 
 house of Austria, and the established religion is 
 popery, though there are a great number of pro- 
 testants. No country in the world is better sup- 
 plied with mineral waters and baths ; and those 
 of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it, 
 were reckoned the finest in Europe. 
 
 Hungerford, a town in Berkshire Eng. with a 
 ;>ood trade by its canal navigation. John of 
 Gaunt granted a charter by the gift of a brass bu- 
 
 gle horn, which is blown annually for the inhai" 
 itants to elect the constable, who is the chief ofti 
 cer. It is seated on the Kennet, 22 m. S S. W 
 of Abingdon, and 64 W. of London. 
 
 /fK»(nfftt«B, a town of France, in the djspnrl 
 ment of Upper Rhine, seated on the Rhine. The 
 strong fortress of Huninguen, which for a lon<» 
 time held out against the allies in 1815, was af- 
 terwards demolished in consequence of a stipula- 
 tion in the treaty of Paris. 2 m. N. of Basel and 
 14 E. of Altkirch. 
 
 Hunmanby, a town in East Yoi&shire, Eng 
 The town is pleasantly situated on a rising 
 ground, surrounded by aline wood on the N.'V . 
 within two miles of the sea, and contains manv 
 good houses. 39 m. N. E. of York, and 207 N. of 
 London. 
 
 Hunter, p.v. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,060. 
 
 Hunterdon, a county of New Jersey, on the Del- 
 aware. Pop. 31,006. Trenton is the chief town. 
 
 Hunter stown, a village in York Co. Pa. and a 
 township in St. Maurice Co. L. C. 
 
 Huntcrsvillc, villages in Pocahontas Co. Ya. 
 and Lincoln Co. N. C. 
 
 Huntingdon, a borough and the capital of Hun- 
 tingdonshire, Eng. with a market on Saturday, 
 and a great trade in corn, coals, wood, &.c. It 
 was once a large place, said to have had 15 
 churches, which are now reduced to two ; and 
 there are the cemeteries of two other parishes, in 
 one of which is an ancient steeple. Huntingdon 
 is the birth-place of Oliver Cromwell. It is seat- 
 ed on the river Ouse,over which is a stone bridge 
 to Godmanchester, 16 m. W. N. W. of Cambridge 
 and 59 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Huntingdon, a county in the W. district of Pen- 
 sylvania. Pop. 27,159. The capital has the same 
 name. 
 
 Huntingdon, towns in Adams, Luzerne and 
 Westmoreland Cos. Pa. and Carroll Co. Ten. 
 
 Huntingdonshire, a county of England, 25 miles 
 long and 20 broad; bounded on the N. W. and 
 N. by Northamptonshire, E. by Cambridgeshire, 
 and S. W. by Bedfordshire. It contains 240,1(0 
 acres ; is divided into four hundreds, and 1(;~ 
 parishes ; and has six market towns. It sends 
 four members to parliament. The principal riv- 
 ers are the Ouse and Nen. The S. E. part con- 
 sists of beautiful meadows. The middle and west- 
 ern parts are fertile in corn, and adorned with 
 woods ; and the upland part was anciently a for- 
 est, peculiarly adapted for hunting. The N E. 
 part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; 
 but they are drained, so as to afford rich pastur- 
 age, and even large crops of corn. In the midst 
 of them are some shallow pools abounding with 
 fish; and a lake six miles long and three broad, 
 called Whittleseamere. The principal commod- 
 ities are corn, malt, and cheese ; and it fattens 
 abundance of cattle. 
 
 Huntington, p. t. Chittenden Co. Va. on Onion 
 river. Pod. 929. Also ap.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 
 Pop. 1,369. A p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 5,582. Also towns in Laurel Dis. S. C, Gallia. 
 Ross and Brown Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Huntingtown, p.v. Calvert Co. Maryland. 
 
 Huntley, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 
 with a manufacture of linen cloth; seated on the 
 Bogie, near its conflux with the Deveron, 35 m. 
 N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Huntsburg, a village in Franklin Co. Vt. near 
 the Canada line. Also a village in Geauga Co. 
 Onio. 
 
 Huntsvillc, villages in Otsego Co. N. Y., Sur 
 
ICE 
 
 389 
 
 ICE 
 
 rey Co. N. C, Laurens Dis. S. C, Madison Co. 
 Alab., and Robertson Co. Tenn. 
 
 Huntspill, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 7 m. 
 N. of Bridgewater, and 143 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Hurdtcar, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Dehli, where the Ganges first enters the 
 country. It is 100 m. N. by E. of Dehli. Long. 
 78 23 E.,lat. 29. 55. N. 
 
 Huron, a lake of North America, which lies 
 between 80. and 85. W. long., and 43. and 48. N. 
 lat. It has a communication with Lake Michi- 
 gan and Lake Erie. Its shape is nearly triangu- 
 lar, 250 m. in length, and its circumference 800 
 miles. On the N. side is a chain of islands 150 
 miles long, called Manitoualin by the Indians, 
 who consider them as sacred : on the S. W. is 
 Saginau Bay, and a little more to the N. W. is 
 Thunder Bay so called from the frequent thunder 
 that is heard there. 
 
 Huron, a county of Ohio, lying upon Lake 
 Erie. Pop. 13,345. Norwalk is the capital. 
 
 Hurst Castle, a fortress in Hampshire, 4 m. S. 
 of Lymington. It stands on the extreme point 
 of a neck of land, about a mile distant from the 
 Isle of Wight. In this castle Charles I. was con- 
 fined previously to his being brought to trial. 
 
 Hus, or Hussu, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Moldavia, the see of a Greek bishop. Here 
 Peter the Great made peace with the Turks in 
 1711. It is situate on the Pruth, 70 m. S. W. of 
 Bender. Long. 28. 34. E., lat. 46. 35. N. 
 
 Hussingabad, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Malwah, on the S side of the Nerbud- 
 dah, 140m. N. W. of Nagpore. Long. 77. 54. 
 E.,lat. 22. 42. N. 
 
 Hussum, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick, with a strong citadel. It has a trade 
 in horses and oxen, and manufactures of leather, 
 cotton, and linen. It stands on the river Ow or 
 Aue, near the German Ocean. 16 m. W. of Sles- 
 wick. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 54. 36. N. 
 
 Huttany, a town of Hindoostan. in the province 
 of Visiapour. It is surrounded by mud ram- 
 parts, and has a citadel, and a spacious caravan- 
 sera. 30 m. S. S. W. of Visiapour. Long. 75. 
 6. E., lat. 17. 5. N. 
 
 Huttonsville, p. v. Randolph Co. Va. 
 
 Huy, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory 
 of Liege, with many paper mills, and iron foun- 
 deries. It is seated on the Maese, 12 m. \V. S 
 W. of Liege. 
 
 Hyannis, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on the S. 
 side of Cape Cod. 
 
 Hyattstown, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland. 
 
 Hyde, a county of North Carolina, lying on 
 Pamlico Sound. Pop. 6,177. Lake Landing is 
 the seat of justice 
 
 Hyde Park, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. en the 
 Hudson. Pop. 2,554. Also a village in Halifax 
 Co. N. C. 
 
 Hyderabad, a populous city of Hindoostan, cap- 
 ital of Golconda, and the metropolis of the Dec- 
 can. The suburbs, which are very large, are oc- 
 cupied by merchants and tradesmen. It stands 
 in a plain, on a river that runs into the Kistna, 
 310 m. N. N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 52. E., 
 lat. 17. 16. N. 
 
 Hyderabad, a fort of Hindoostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Sinde, and the usual residence of the 
 prince of Sinde; situate near the Indus, 6 m. E. 
 of Nusserpour, and 62 N. E. of Tatta. 
 
 Hydra, a small island of Independent Greece, 
 the ancient Aristeia. It lies on the eastern coast of 
 the Morea about 3 m. from the shore. It is a 
 barren rock, but was an important naval station of 
 the Greeks during the war of the revolution. 
 The town of the same name contains 13,000 in- 
 habitants. The houses are built on the side of a 
 rocky hill and make a very picturesque appearance - 
 The inhabitants are enterprising, and engaged 
 altogether in naval affairs. A Greek newspaper 
 is printed here. 
 
 Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, seated on the Vidourle, near its 
 source, 12 m. S. W. of Alais. 
 
 Hypolite, St., a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Doubs, on the river Doubs, 40 m. E. by 
 N. of Besaneon. 
 
 Hys, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the Arabian 
 Irak, on the Euphrates, 120 m. S. of Bagdad. 
 
 Hythc. See Hithc. 
 
 IBARRA, the capital of a fertile province of the 
 same name in South America, is situated on an 
 extensive and delightful plain, watered on the 
 E. by the river Taguando, and W. by Ajavi. The 
 streets are wide and convenient, and the buildings 
 of good construction. 42 m. N. E. from Quito. 
 
 Iberville, an outlet for the overflowing waters 
 of the Mississippi, during the seasons of inunda- 
 tion, entering Lake Maurepas. 
 
 Iberville, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,050. 
 The chief town has the same name. 
 
 Iberia, Neio, a village of Louisiana, in the dis- 
 trict of Attakapas,200 m. W. of New Orleans. 
 
 Iberian Mountains , the most extensive mountain 
 range of Spain, beginning to the W. of the Ebro, 
 and extending to the shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Ibiza. See Ivica. 
 
 Iburg, a small town of Hanover, in the princi- 
 pality of Osnaburg, 10 m. S. W. of Osnaburg. 
 
 Iceland, an island of the North Atlantic Ocean, 
 belonging to Denmark, extending according to 
 Henderson from lat. 63. 20. to 67. 20., and be- 
 
 tween 15. 30. and 22. W. W. long. It is of an n 
 regular oval figure, about 380 m. in length, and 
 230 in its greatest bread' It. For two months to- 
 gether the sun never sets ; and in the winter it 
 never rises for the same space, at least not entirely. 
 The coast is indented all round with numerous 
 deep gulfs, bays, and creeks, several of which form 
 excellent harbours. The island is mountainous, 
 stony, and barren ; but in some places there are 
 excellent pastures. The chief rivers are in the 
 E. pa,rt ; the Skalfanda. Oxarfird, and Bruna, all 
 flowing from S. to N. Some are white with lime, 
 others smell of sulphur. The principal moun- 
 tains, clothed with perpetual snow, are called 
 Yokuls ; and of these Snafial, hanging over the 
 sea on the S. W. coast, is esteemed the highest, 
 being computed at 6,860 feet. Mount Hecla, about 
 2,000 feet in height, i« the most noted, and is a 
 volcano : there are also several other volcanoes 
 and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were 
 so dreadful and multiplied that it was feared the 
 island would fall to pieces ; the eruptions were 
 2 K 2 
 
IDA 
 
 390 
 
 ILH 
 
 the most tremendous of any recorded in history. 
 The last eruption, which was less terrific in its 
 consequences, occurred in December 1821. The 
 climate is not extremely cold, but the seasons are 
 variable. The sea, at a small distance from the 
 shores, is seldom frozen ; and very little ice is ever 
 seen near the W. coast, notwithstanding is prox- 
 imity to Greenland. Iceland is governed as a 
 dependency of Denmark, and is divided into four 
 provinces, 19 shires, and 184 parishes. The in- 
 habitants were estimated at 50,092 in 1824. Their 
 houses are at a distance from each other, and 
 many of them deep in the ground ; but they are 
 all miserable hovels of turf, without windows, and 
 those of the common class are such wretched dens 
 
 that it is wonderful how anything in the human 
 form can breathe in them. The Danes trade with 
 the natives for hides, tallow, train oil, whalebone, 
 and seahorses' teeth, which are as good as ivory. 
 The established religion is the Lutheran, and 
 there are 300 churches in the islond. The dis- 
 tressing scarcity of bibles which had long pre- 
 vailed, vvas relieved, in 1815, by a liberal distri- 
 bution from Britain, which were received with the 
 greatest thankfulness. The principal school, held 
 at a place called Bessestadt, near the W. coast, 
 has three masters, who teach the classics, the- 
 ology, and the Danish language ; and societies 
 have been formed for the cultivation of literature. 
 Icol.mkiU, or Iona, one of the Hebrides, near the 
 S .W. point of the isle of Mull, only 4 m. long, 
 and one broad. Here are the ruins of an augustine 
 nunnery, monastery, and cathedral, said to have 
 been founded by St. Columba, about the year 735 ; 
 also a small chapel dedicated to St. Oran, con- 
 taining many marble tombstones of the great lords 
 of the isles ; and adjoining it is a cemetery, in 
 which many ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland, 
 and Norway, are buried. Other ruins of monas- 
 tic and druidical edifices can be traced ; and many 
 places are pointed out, noted for particular acts 
 of St. Columba. This island was the retreat of 
 learning, during the Gothic ignorance which per- 
 vaded Europe, after the overthrow of the Roman 
 Empire ; and the seminary whence issued those 
 pious monks and laymen who again revived 
 learning, and propagated Christianity through 
 many kingdoms of Europe. 
 
 Ida, a lofty and pointed mountain in the middle 
 of the island of Candia, famous in ancient times 
 as being tne place on which Jupiter was brought 
 up, ana where there was a temple dedicated to 
 Cybele. 
 
 Ida, a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, 140 m. to 
 the W. of Olympus. 
 
 Idan/ia a JYeuva, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 3 
 m. S. W. of Idanha a Velha. 
 
 Idanha a Velha, a town of Portugal, in Beira 
 The French took it by assault in 1704. It i? 
 seated on the Ponsul. 25 m. E. of Castel Branco. 
 Long. f>. 14. W., lat. 39. 39. N. 
 
 Idria, a town of the Austrian states, in Carnio 
 la, celebrated for its rich quicksilver mines, 2t> 
 m. E.N. E. of Gorz. 
 
 Idstein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau, with a castle, the residence of the 
 duke ; situate in a district containing several 
 forests and iron works, 1G m. N. oi Mentz, 22. S 
 W. of Wetzlar. 
 
 If, an island in the Mediteranean, on the coast 
 of France, the most eastern of the three before 
 the harbour of Marseilles, and well fortified. 
 
 Itrlau, a fortified town of Moravia, capkal of a 
 circle of the same name, with two convents and 
 a college. Good cloth is manufactured here, and 
 the commerce in corn and hemp is considerable. 
 It is seated on the Igla, 40 m. W. N. W. of Brinn. 
 Long. 15. 32. E., lat. 49. 28. E. 
 
 Iglesias, a town of the island of Sardinia, and 
 a bishop's see, 37 m. W. S. W.of Cagliari. Long 
 8. 39. E., lat. 39. 18. N. 
 
 Ihor. See Johore. 
 
 Ikery, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, lor- 
 merly the capital of a principality. It was of a 
 great size, surrounded by three concentric walls ; 
 but, the court being removed to Nagara, the in- 
 habitants willingly followed, and the town was 
 depopulated. 
 
 Ila. See Isla. 
 
 llak, or Jaluk, a town of Nubia, on the Nile, 
 supposed by some to be the ancient Meroe. Long. 
 34. 30. E.jat. 18. 48. N 
 
 Ilanz, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, 
 capital of the Grey League. It is seated on the 
 Rhine, 23 m. S. W. of Coire. 
 
 Ilchester, or Ivclchcster, a borough in Somer- 
 setshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is a 
 place of great antiquity, and the birth-place of the 
 celebrated Roger Bacon. The election of the 
 county members is held here, and here also is tlie 
 county gaol. It is seated on the Ivel, 1(5 m. S. 
 by W. of Wells, and 122 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Ildefonso, St., a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 noted for a magnificent summer palace, built by 
 Philip V. ; and for a large manufacture of glass, 
 belonging to the crown. It is 5 m. N. of Uzeda, 
 and 40 N. W. of Madrid. 
 
 Ildefonso, St., a town of Mexico, in the prov- 
 ince of Guaxaca, seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. 
 N. E. of Guaxaca. 
 
 Ildcrton, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 4 
 m. S. of Wooler. On a hill near it is a semicircu- 
 lar encampment, defended by two high rampiers 
 of earth, and a deep fosse, with an inner circle of 
 stones, which appear uncemented. The area is 
 about 100 yards diameter, and contains many re- 
 mains of buildings. 
 
 llfracomb, a sea-port in Devonshire, Eng. It 
 has a spacious natural basin, with a good pier 
 and quay, projecting into the Bristol Channel. 
 This port employs a number of brigs and sloops, 
 chiefly in carryingore from Cornwall, coal from 
 Wales, and corn from Bristol; also a number of fish- 
 ing skiffs. It is 49 m. N. N. W. of Exeter, and 202 
 W. of London. 
 
 Ilheos, a province of Brazil, S. of that af All 
 Saints Bay. Its chief town of the same name is 
 
391 
 
 ILL 
 
 seated at the mouth of the river Uheos, 130 m. S. 
 S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 40. 15. W., lat. 14 
 55. S. 
 
 flkuck, a town of Poland, in the Palatinate of 
 Cracow, remarkable for its silver and lead mines, 
 15 in. N. W of Cracow. 
 
 file, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Teck, 10 in. W. 
 of Perpignan. 
 
 Ille-et-Vilaine, a department of France, contain- 
 ing part of the late province of Bretagne. It takes 
 its name from two rivers, which unite at Rennes, 
 the capital of the department. 
 
 Illcr, a river of German}', which rises in Tyrol, 
 runs N. through Bavaria, and joins the Danube 
 near Ulm. 
 
 Ulescas, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 m 
 S. S. W. of Madrid, and 15. N. N. E. of Toledo. 
 Illinois, a river of North America, formed by 
 the junction of several streams near the S. end of 
 Lake Michegan : after taking a S. W. course of 
 250 in. it enters the Mississippi, 30 in. above the 
 influx of the Missouri. 
 
 Illinois, one the United States, bounded on the 
 N. by the N. W. Territory. E. by Indiana. S. by 
 Kentucky and W. by the State and Territory of 
 Missouri. It extends from 37. to42 30. N. lat. 
 and from 87. 17. to 91. 50. W. long. 350 m. in 
 length and 1G0 in mean breadth and containing 
 56,000 sq m. The Mississippi washes its western, 
 and the Ohio its southern border, and it is travers- 
 ed by the Illinois and Kaskaskia rivers. The N. 
 E. corner touches upon Lake Michigan. This 
 State is not traversed by any ranges of hills or 
 mountains ; the surface in general is level, but in 
 a few instances uneven, and approaching to hilly. 
 It may be arranged under three general heads. 
 1. The alluvions of rivers, which are from one to 
 eight in. in width, in some places elevated, and 
 in others low, and subject to inundation. They 
 consist of an intermixture of woods and prairie. 
 The soil is almost invariably fertile — such are the 
 i nnks, on the Mississippi, Wabash, Illinois, 
 Kaskaskia, &c. 2. After leaving the alluvions, 
 and rising to the 'bluffs' which bound them, is a 
 tract of level land, elevated from fifty to one hun- 
 dred feet, and which is sometimes called ' table 
 land.' The greater proportion of this is pra'rie, 
 which in some places is dry, and in others wet 
 titid marshy, depending upon the convexity or 
 "oncavity of the surface. The soil is less fertile 
 than that of the alluvions, but is generally prefer- 
 e I by emigrants. The tract of country between 
 .he Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers belongs to 
 this class. 3. In the interior and towards the 
 northern part of the State, the country becomes 
 rough and uneven. It consists of an intermixture 
 of woods and prairies, diversified with gentle or 
 abrupt slopes, sometimes attaining the elevation 
 o*' hills, and irrigated with a number of streams. 
 Phe most of the country which lies south of aline 
 drawn from the mouth of the Wabash to the 
 mouth of the Kaskaskia, is covered with timber. 
 A very few prairies, and those inconsiderable in 
 point of size, may be found immediately south 
 of this line. Crossing that line, the timber is 
 tound to decrease in quantity, and the prairies to 
 expand ; yet the latter are still comparatively 
 small, wholly unconnected with each other, and 
 their outlines distinctly marked by the thick for- 
 ests which surround and separate them. Advanc- 
 ing to the north, the prairie surface begins to 
 predominate ; the prairies now become large, and 
 communicate with each ot.ier like a chain of 
 
 lakes, by means of numerous avenues or vistas • 
 still, however, the traveller is surrounded by tim- 
 ber ; his eye never loses sight of the deep green 
 outline, throwing out its capes and headlands : 
 though he sees no more than dense forests anil 
 large trees, whose deep shade almost appalled him 
 in the south. Travelling on from the centre of' 
 the State to its northern limit, we find ourselves 
 surrounded by one vast prairie. In the countrv 
 over which we have passed, the forest is inter- 
 spersed with these interesting plains ; here, this 
 prairie is studded with groves and copses, and 
 the streams fringed with strips of woodland. The 
 eye sometimes wanders over immense plains cov- 
 ered with grass, discovering no other objer t on 
 which to rest, and finding no limit to its vision 
 but the distant horizon ; while more frequently it 
 wanders from grove to grove, and from one point 
 of woodland to another, charmed and refreshed 
 by an endless variety of rural beauty. The 
 growth of the bottom lands consists of black wal- 
 nut, ash of several species, hackberry, elm, (white, 
 red, and slippery,) sugar-maple, honey-locust, 
 buck-eye, catalpa, sycamore, cottonwood, peccan, 
 hickory, mulberry, eeveral oaks — as, over cup, 
 bur oak, swamp or water oak, white, red or Span- 
 ish oak ; and of the shrubbery are red-bud. papaw, 
 grape vine, dogwood, spice bush, hazle, green- 
 brier, &c. Along the margin of the streams, the 
 sycamore and cottonwood often predominate, and 
 attain to an amazing size. The cottonwood is of 
 rapid growth, a light, white wood, sometimes 
 used for rails, shingles, and scantlings, not last- 
 ing, nor of no great value. Its dry, light wood is 
 much used in steam-boats. 
 
 The northern portion of Illinois is said to be 
 inexhaustibly rich in mineral productions, while 
 coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone, are 
 found in every part. Iron ore is often found in 
 the southern parts of the State, and is said to ex- 
 ist in considerable quantities near the rapids of 
 Illinois. Native copper in small quantities has 
 been found on Muddy river, in Jackson county, 
 and back of Harrisonville, in the bluffs of Mun- 
 roe county. One mass weighing seven pounds 
 was found detached at the latter place. A shaft 
 was sunk forty feet deep in 1317, in search of this 
 metal, but without success. Red oxide of iron 
 and oxide of copper were dug out. Crystalized 
 gypsum has been found in small quantities in St. 
 Clair county. Quartz crystals exist in Gallatin 
 county. Silver is supposed to exist in St. Clair 
 county, 2 m. from Rock-Spring, from whence 
 Silver creek derives its name. In the early set- 
 tlements by the French, a shaft was sunk here, 
 and tradition tells of large quantities of the pre- 
 cious metal being obtained. In 1828, many per- 
 sons in this vicinity commenced digging, and be- 
 gan to dream of immense fortunes, which however 
 vanished during the following winter. They dug 
 up considerable quantities of hornblende the 
 shining specula of which were mistaken for sil- 
 ver. Lead is found in vast quantities in the north- 
 ern part of Illinois, and the adjacent territory. 
 Here are the richest lead mines hitherto discover- 
 ed on the globe. This portion of country lies 
 principally north of Rock river and south of the 
 Wisconsin. Dubuque's and other rich mines, 
 are west of the Mississippi. There is scarcely 
 a county in the State, but what can furnish ;oal 
 in reasonable quantities. Large beds are saia to 
 exist near the junction of Fox river with the Illi- 
 nois, and in the vicinity of the rapids of the latter. 
 Salt is found in various parts of the State, held in 
 
1ME 
 
 392 
 
 1ND 
 
 solution in the springs. The manufacture of salt 
 by boiling and evaporation is carried on in Galla- 
 tin county, 12 m. W. N. W. from Shawneetown ; 
 in Jackson county, near Brownsville ; and in 
 Vermilion county, near Danville. The springs 
 and land are owend by the State, and the works 
 leased. A coarse marble, much used in building, 
 is dug fro. ii quarries near Alton, on the Mississip- 
 pi, where large bodies exist. Scattered over the 
 surface of the prairies, are large masses of rock, 
 of granitic formation, roundish in form, usually 
 called by the people lost rocks. They will weigh 
 from one thousand to ten or twelve thousand 
 pounds, and are entirely detached, and frequently 
 are found several miles distant from any quarry. 
 There has never been a quarry of granite dis- 
 covered in the State. 
 
 Agriculture is thriving, but education in Illi- 
 nois is still in its infancy, and many of the settlers 
 have no proper view of its necessity and impor- 
 tance. Many adults, epecially females, are una- 
 ble to read or write, and many more, who are able 
 to read a little, cannot readily understand what 
 they attempt to read, and therefore take no pleas- 
 ure in books and study. Common schools are usu- 
 ally taught some part of the year in most of the 
 settlements, but more frequently by teachers whol- 
 ly incompetent to the task. The Methodists are 
 the most numerous religious sect. This state is 
 divided in 52 counties, and has a pop. of 157,575, 
 of whom 746 are slaves. The capital is Vandalia. 
 The state was admitted into the Union in 1818. 
 The legislature is composed of a Senate and House 
 of Representatives called the General Assembly. 
 The Senates are chosen for 4 years and the Rep- 
 resentatives for 2. The governor is chosen for 4 
 years. Elections are popular, and suffrage is 
 uni .ersal. In the northern part are many Indian 
 tribes, as the Kaskas, Sauks, Foxes, Potawotam- 
 ies, &c. 
 
 Urn, a town of Saxony, on a river of its name, 
 13 m. N. W. of Rudolstadt, and 14 S. by E. of 
 Erfurt. 
 
 Ilmen, a lake of Russia, in the government of 
 Novogorod, 48 miles long, and from 12 to 18 
 broad. Near it stands the city of Novogorod. It 
 communicates with lake Ladoga, by the river 
 Volkhof. 
 
 Ilmenau, a town of Saxe-Weimar, in Henne- 
 berg. Near it is a mineral spring ; also a copper 
 and silver mine. It is seated near the source of 
 the Ilm 17 m. E. S. E. of'Smalkalden. 
 
 Eminister, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of narrow cloths. It is seated 
 among hills, near the river Ille, 26 m. S. W. of 
 Wells, and 136 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Ilsley, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated between 
 two hills, 14 m. N. W. of Reading, and 54 W. of 
 London. 
 
 list, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, 
 seated on the Weymer, 12 m. S. of Lewarden. 
 
 Jlstrop, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 
 27 m. S. S. E. of Gotheburg. 
 
 Ilten, a town of Hanover, in the province of 
 Luneburg, 16 in. S. S. W. of Zell. 
 
 Rtzhofen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 m. N. 
 E. of Halle. 
 
 Imbro, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, 
 about 20 m. in circumference. It is mountainous 
 and woodv, and affords plenty of game. Long. 
 25.44. E.,"lat. 40. 10. N. 
 
 Imcritia, a country of Asia, lying E. of the 
 Black Sea ; bounded on the S. by Turkey, W. by 
 Mingrelia, N. by Osseta, and E. by Georgia, of 
 
 which it is properly speaking, a part. The inhab 
 itants estimated at not more than 20,000 families, 
 are scattered over the country in small hamlets. 
 They send yearly considerable quantities of wine 
 to the neighbouring parts of Georgia, in leathern 
 bags, carried by horses : but they are without 
 manufactures, very poor and miserable, and cruei- 
 ly treated by their landlord. Cutais, or Cotatis, 
 is the capital. 
 
 Immenstadt, a town of Bavaria, in the circle 
 of the Upper Danube, situate on a small river 
 which soon after joins the Iller, 12 m. S. of Kemp- 
 ton. 
 
 Imola, an episcopal town of Italy, in the dele- 
 gation of Ravenna, with a strong citadel. It is 
 surrounded by walls, towers, and ditches ; con- 
 tains 16 churches and 17 convents ; and is seated 
 on the Santerno, 13 m. W. by S. of Ravenna 
 and 45 N. N. E. of Florence. 
 
 Inchbroyock, a small island of Scotland, in For- 
 farshire, within the mouth of the South Esk, neai 
 Montrose, with which it communicates by a draw- 
 bridge. It has also a large and convenient dry 
 dock. 
 
 Inchcolm, a small island of Scotland, in the 
 frith of Forth, near the village of Aberdour, on 
 the coast of Fife. Here is the ruins of a famous 
 monastery, founded by Alexander I. in 1123. to 
 commemorate the hospitable treatment he receiv- 
 ed here from a hermit. 
 
 Inchgarvie, a small island of the frith of Forth, 
 nearly in the middle of the passage over the 
 Queensferry. 
 
 Inchkeith, a small island of the frith of Forth 
 lying midway between the ports of Leith and 
 Kinghorn. Here is a light-house, and also a 
 ruinous fort. 
 
 Inchmarnock, a small island of Scotland, on 
 the S. W. side of Bute. The ruins of a chapel 
 dedicated to St. Marnock are still to be seen ; 
 and on the W. side are vast strata of coral and 
 shells. 
 
 Indal, a town of Sweden, in Medelpadia, on 
 a river of the same name, near its entrance into 
 the gulf of Bothnia, 16 m. N. by W. of Sundia- 
 wald. 
 
 Indapour See Indrapour. 
 
 Inden Hotun,a.to\vn of Chinese Tartary capital 
 of the Mantcheou Tartars, 420 m. E. N. E. o' 
 Pekin. 
 
 Independence, a township in Alleghany Co 
 N. Y. Pop. 877. Also townships in Sussex Co. 
 N. J. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio and Bond Co. Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 India, or Hind, a contraction of Hiridoostnn, 
 is a name often given to that region of Asia ly- 
 ing to the S. of Tartary, and between Persia and 
 China, with its independent islands. It contains, 
 besides Hindoostnn, the Birman Empire, Slum, 
 Cochin China, Tonquin, Thibet, Japan, and Cey- 
 lon ; but is now, in its geographical features, more 
 usally, and far more properly, described undei 
 those respective heads, which see. 
 
 Indiana, one of the United States, bounded N 
 by Michigan Territory, E. by Ohio, S. by Ken 
 tucky : and W. by Illinois. It extends from 37 
 45. to 41 . 50. N. lat. and from 84. 42 to 87. 49. W 
 long. It is 287 m. long, and 255 broad, and con 
 tains 36,000 sq. m. It is washed on the Southern 
 boundary by the Ohio and traversed by the White 
 and Wabash rivers. 
 
 There are no mountains in Indiana ; the conn 
 try, however, is more hilly than Illinois, particu 
 larly towards the Ohio river. A range of hills 
 
IND 
 
 393 
 
 INI) 
 
 called the Knobs, extends from the falls of the 
 Ohio to the Wabash, in a south-west direction, 
 which, in many places, produces a broken and 
 uneven surface. North of these hills lie the flat 
 woods, 70 m. wide. Bordering on all the princi- 
 pal streams, except the Ohio, there are strips of 
 bottom and prairie land ; both together from 3 to 
 G m. in width. Between the Wabash and lake 
 Michigan, the country is mostly champaign, 
 abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies, 
 lakes and swamps. A range of hills runs parallel 
 With the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Mi- 
 ami to Blue river, alternately approaching to 
 within a few rods, and recedin r to the distance of 
 2 m. Immediately below Blue river, the hills 
 disappear, and there is presented to view an im- 
 mense tract of level land, covered with a heavy 
 growth of timber. North of the Wabash, between 
 Tippecanoe and Ouitanon, the banks of the 
 streams are high, abrupt and broken, and the land 
 except the prairies, is well timbered. Between 
 the Plein and Theakiki. the country is flat, wet 
 and swampy, intersperesd with prairies of an in- 
 ferior soil. The sources of rivers are generally 
 in swamps or lakes and the country around them 
 is low, and too wet for cultivation. There are 
 two kinds of prairies, — the river and the upland 
 prairies. The former are bottoms, destitute of 
 timber and are said to exhibit vestiges of former 
 cultivation ; the latter are from 30 to 100 feet 
 more elevated, and are far more numerous and 
 extensive. Some of them are not larger than a 
 common field, while others extend farther than 
 the eye can reach. They are usually bounded by 
 heavy-timbered forests, and not unfrequently 
 adorned with copses of small trees. In spring 
 and summer, they are covered with a luxuriant 
 growth of grass and fragrant flowers, from six to 
 eight feet high. The soil of these plains is often 
 as deep and fertile as the best bottoms. The 
 intervals bordering on the Wabash are particularly 
 rich. Wells have been dug in them, where the 
 vegetable soil was 22 feet deep, under which was 
 a stratum of fine white sand. The ordinary depth 
 is from two to five feet. The principal produc- 
 tions of this state are wheat, Indian corn, rye, 
 oats, barley, buck-wheat, potatoes, pulse, beef, 
 pork, butter, whiskey and peach brandy. There 
 are salt springs in different parts, but they are 
 little used. The salt is more cheaply obtained 
 from the neighbouring States. Coal, iron, and 
 copper are found in some places. 
 
 The climate is generally healthy and pleas- 
 ant, closely resembling that of Ohio. The Wa- 
 bash is frozen over in the winter, so that it may 
 be safely crossed on the ice. This state abounds 
 with large caverns, the most celebrated of which 
 is called the Epsom Salts Cave, from the quantity 
 of that mineral which it contains. The hill, in 
 which the cave is situated, is about 400 feet high 
 from the base to the most elevated point ; and the 
 prospect to the south-east, in a clear day, is ex- 
 ceedingly fine, commanding an extensive view of 
 the hills and valleys bordering on Big Blue river. 
 The top of the hill is covered principally with 
 oak and chesnut. The side to the south-east is 
 mantled with cedar. The entrance is about mid- 
 way from the base to the summit, and the surface 
 of the cave preserves in general, about that ele- 
 vation. After entering the cave by an aperture 
 of twelve or fifteen feet wide, and in height, in 
 one place, three or four feet, you descend with 
 easy and gradual steps into a large and spacious 
 room, which continues about a quarter of a mile. 
 50 
 
 pretty nearly of the same appearance, varying m 
 height from eight to thirty feet, and in breadth 
 from ten to twenty. In this distance the roof is. 
 in some places arched ; in others a plane and in 
 one place, particularly, it resembles an inside 
 view of the roof of a house. At the distance 
 above named, the cave forks; but the right hand 
 fork soon terminates, while the left rises by a 
 flight of rocky stairs, nearly 10 feet high, into 
 another story, and pursues a course at this place 
 nearly south-east. Here the roof commences a 
 regular arch, the height of which, from the floor, 
 varies from 5 to 8 feet and the width of the cave 
 from G to 12 feet ; which continues to what is 
 called the creeping place, from the circumstance 
 of the visitor's crawling 10 or 12 feet into the next 
 large room. From this place to the Pillar, a dis- 
 tance of about one mile and a quarter, the visitor 
 finds an alternate succession of large and small 
 rooms, variously decorated ; sometimes mounting 
 elevated points by gradual or difficult ascents, and 
 again descending as far below; sometimes travel- 
 ling on a pavement, or climbing over huge piles 
 of rocks, detached from the roof by some convul- 
 sion of nature; and thus continues his route, un- 
 til he arrives at the pillar. 
 
 The aspect of this large and stately white col- 
 umn, as it comes in sight from the dim reflection 
 of the torches, is grand and impressive. Visitors 
 have seldom pushed their enquiries further than 
 two or three hundred yards beyond this pillar 
 This column is about fifteen feet in diameter, 
 from twenty to thirty in height, and regular! \' 
 reeded from the top to the bottom. In the vicin- 
 ity of this spot are some inferior pillars of the 
 same appearance and texture. Chemically speak- 
 ing, it is difficult to say what are the constituent 
 parts of these columns, but lime appears to be the 
 base. Epsom salts, abounds throughout this cave 
 in almost its whole extent, in a manner which, 
 has no parallel in the history of that article. This 
 neutral salt is found in a great variety of forms, 
 and in many different stapes of formation, some- 
 times in lumps, varying from one to ten pounds 
 in weight. The earth exhibits a shining appear 
 ance, from the numerous particles interspersed 
 throughout the huge piles of dirt collected in dif 
 ferent parts of the cave. The walls are covered 
 in different places with the same article, and re- 
 production goes on rapidly. With a view to as- 
 certain this, a visitor removed from a particular 
 place every vestige of salt, and in four or five 
 weeks the place was covered with small needle 
 shaped crystals, exhibiting the appearance of 
 frost. The quality of the salt in this cave is in- 
 ferior to none. The worst earth that has been 
 tried, will yield four pounds of salt to the bushel, 
 and the best, from twenty to twenty five pounds. 
 This quantity is inexhaustible. The next pro- 
 duction is the nitrate of lime, or saltpetre earth. 
 There are vast quantities of this. There are also 
 large quantities of the nitrate of alumine, or ni- 
 trate of argil, which will yield as much nitrate of 
 potash, or saltpetre, in proportion to the quantities 
 of earth, as the nitrate of lime. The three arti- 
 cles above enumerated, are first in quantity and 
 importance ; but there are several others, which 
 deserve notice as subjects if philosophical curiosi- 
 ty. The sulphate of limf , or plaster of Paris, is 
 to be seen variously formed ; ponderous, crystal 
 ized and impalpable or soft, light, and rather spon 
 gy. Vestiges of the sulphate of iron are also to be 
 seen in o; e or two places. Small specimens 
 of the cai bonate, also the nitrate of magnesia, 
 
IND 
 
 394 
 
 IND 
 
 have been founa. The rocks in the cave princi- 
 pally consist of carbonate of lime, or common 
 lime stone. Near the forks of the cave are two 
 specimens of painting, probably of Indian origin. 
 The one appears to be a savage, with something 
 like a bow in his hand, and furnishes the hint, that 
 it was done when that instrument of death was in 
 use. The other is so much defaced, that it is im- 
 possible to say what it was intended to represent. 
 This state is divided into G4 counties. The 
 pop. is 341,582. In the N. part are many Pota- 
 wotamies and Chippeway Indians. There are no 
 slaves. The State was admitted into the union 
 in 1316. The legislature consists of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives, styled the General As- 
 sembly. The Senators are chosen for 3 years and 
 the Representative fori. The Governor is cho- 
 sen for 3 years. Suffrage is universal. The cap- 
 ital of the state is Indianapolis. There is a col- 
 lege at Bloomington, and provision is made by 
 the state for the support of schools. 
 
 Indiana, a county of the Western District of 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 14,251. The chief town lias the 
 same name. Also a town in Alleghany Co. Pa. 
 
 Indianapolis, the capital of the state of Indiana 
 is situated in Marion county on White River in 
 the centre of the state. It has but recently been 
 established. 
 
 Indian Old Town, a settlement of Penobscot 
 Indians on an island in Penobscot river Maine, a 
 little ajove the great falls. It consists of about 
 500 souls. 
 
 Indian Town, villages in Dorchester Co. Md. 
 Currituck Co. N. C. and Williamsburg Dis. S. C. 
 Indies, East, the name given by Europeans to 
 that vast tract of country in Asia which is situ- 
 ated to the S. of Tartary, between Persia and Chi- 
 na (see Hindoostan,) as well as to a great num- 
 ber of islands in the Indian Ocean, extending 
 from the peninsula of Hindoostan as far E. as 
 New Guinea, and from the bay of Bengal and 
 the China Sea as far S. as New Holland. The 
 most western of them are the Maldives, and the 
 most eastern the Moluccas ; between which are 
 several very large ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, Ja- 
 va, Borneo, and Celebes ; besides many others of 
 considerable importance as to riches, though much 
 inferior in extent. 
 
 Indies, West, a denomination under which is 
 comprehended a large chain of islands extended 
 in a curve from the Florida shore on the north- 
 ern peninsula of America to the gulf of Venezuela 
 on the southern. Columbus gave this name to 
 them under the notion that they formed part of 
 the Indian continent, which it was his object in 
 his first voyage to find ; and this opinion was so 
 o-eneral that Ferdinand and Isabella, king and 
 queen of Castile, in their ratification of an agree- 
 ment granted to Columbus, upon his return, gave 
 them the name of Indies. Even after the error 
 which gave rise to this opinion was detected, and 
 the position of the New World was ascertained, 
 the name has remained, and the appellation of 
 West Indies is given by all the people of Europe 
 to these islands, and that of Indians to the in- 
 habitants, not only of these islands, but of the 
 continent of America. The principal of these 
 islands are Curacao, Ti'nidad, Tobago, Grenada, 
 St. Vincent, Barbadoe i, Martinique, Dominica, 
 Marie Galante, Guadal mpe, Antigua, Barbuda, 
 St. Christopher, St. Eustatia, St. Bartholomew, 
 St. Martin, Anguilla, St. Thomas, Porto-Rico, 
 St. Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas. 
 Most of the Antilles are situated under the 
 
 tropic of Cancer, and there is not much difference 
 in their climate ; accurate observations made on 
 any one of them may be applied with little variation 
 to them all. The spring begins about the month 
 of May ; the savannas then change their russet 
 
 hue, and the trees are adorned with a verdant 
 foliage. The periodical rains from the south may 
 at this time be expected ; they fall generally about 
 noon, and occasion a rapid and luxuriant vegeta- 
 tion. The thermometer varies considerably; it falls 
 sometimes six or eight degrees after the diurnal 
 rains ; but its medium height may be stated at 78 
 of Fahrenheit. After these showers have continu- 
 ed for a short period, the tropical summer appears, 
 in all its splendour. Clouds are seldom seen in 
 the sky ; the heat of the sun is only rendered 
 supportable by the sea breeze, which blows regu- 
 larly from the south-east during the greatest part 
 of the day. The nights are calm and serene, 
 the moon shines more brightly than in Europe, 
 and emits a light that enables man to read the 
 smallest print ; its absence is, in some degree, 
 compensated by the planets, and above all by the 
 luminous effulgence of the galaxy. From the 
 middle of August to the end of September, the 
 thermometer rises frequently above 90, the refresh- 
 ing sea breeze is then interrupted, and frequent 
 calms announce the approach of the great periodi- 
 cal rains. Fiery clouds are seen in the atmos- 
 phere, and the mountains appear less distant to 
 the spectator than at other seasons of the year. 
 The rain falls in torrents about the beginning of 
 October, the rivers overflow their banks, and a 
 great portion' of the low grounds are submerged^ 
 The rain that fell in Barbadoes in the year 1754, 
 is said to have exceeded 87 inches. The moisture 
 of the atmosphere is so great, that iron and other 
 metals easily oxydated are covered with rust. 
 This humidity continues under a burning sun ; — 
 the inhabitants, (say some writers,) live in a va- 
 pour bath ; it may be proved, without using this 
 simile, that a residence in the lower part of the 
 country at this season is disagreeable, unwhoh 
 some, and dangerous to a European. A giadiii.. 
 relaxation of the system diminishes the activity 
 of the vital functions, and produces at last a gen- 
 eral atony. 
 
 It has been observed by travellers that most of 
 the wild animals indigenous to the West Indies 
 are of a small size, as the Vespertilio molussus, 
 the Viverra caudivolvula, and the Mus pilorides. 
 Lizards and different sorts of serpents are ««' un' 
 common ; but the greatest number of them are 
 harmless, and, with the exception of Martinique 
 and St. Lucia, no scorpions are to be found in the 
 Lesser Antilles. This noxious reptile is frequent- 
 ly observed in Porto Rico, and it exists probably in 
 all the larger islands. The cayman haunts the 
 stagnant waters, and negroes are sometimes ex- 
 
IND 
 
 305 
 
 IND 
 
 posed to its murderous bite. The parrot and its 
 various species from the macaw to the paroquet 
 frequent the forests ; aquatic birds in unnumbered 
 flocks enliven the shores. The colibri or hum- 
 minir-bird is the sportive inhabitant of these warm 
 climes ; it seldom remains long in the same place, 
 but is seen for a moment on the blossoms of the 
 orange or lime tree, and displays in its golden 
 plumage the biightest tints of the emerald and the 
 ruby. Trees similar to those that we have ad- 
 mired in other tropical countries grow in equal 
 luxuriance on these islands. The Banana, which 
 in its full growth appears like a cluster of trees, 
 is at first weak, and requires the support of a 
 neighbouring plant. A canoe made from a single 
 trunk of the wild cotton tree, has been known to 
 contain a hundred persons, and the leaf of a par- 
 ticular kind of palm tree affords a shade to five or 
 six men. The royal palmetto or mountain-cabbage 
 »rows to the extraordinary height of two hundred 
 feet, and its verdant summit is shaken by the 
 slightest breeze. 
 
 Many of the plantations are enclosed by rows of 
 Campeachy and Brazilian trees ; the corab is as 
 much prized for its thick shade as for its excellent 
 fruit, and the fibrous bark of the great cecropia is 
 converted into strong cordage. The trees most 
 valuable on account of their timber, are the tam- 
 arindus, the cedar, the Spanish mountain ash, the 
 iron tree, and the laurus chloroxylon, which is 
 well adapted for the construction of mills. The 
 dwellings of the settlers are shaded by orange, 
 lemon, and pomegranate trees, that fill the air with 
 the perfume of their flowers, while their branches 
 are loaded with fruit. The apple, the peach, and 
 the grape ripen in the mountains. The date, the 
 supata, and sapotilla, the maimnee. several orien- 
 tal fruits, the rose apple, the guava, the inunga 
 and different species of spondias and annonas grow 
 on the sultry plains. 
 
 The heights are covered in many places with 
 groves of the Myrtus pimenta, and no other shrub 
 grows under its fragrant shade. The ignama and 
 potato are the principal food of the negroes ; ma- 
 nioc and angola pulse have been imported from 
 Africa. But the West Indian planter is wholly 
 occupied in ministering to the wants or luxuries 
 of Europeans; were it not for the immense sup- 
 plies of corn brought annually from Canada and 
 the United States, these fertile islands might be 
 desolated by famine. Sugar is the great staple 
 
 sidered in many respects superior to the commor. 
 Creole plant. 
 
 A field of canes is in arrow or full bloom about 
 the month of November. At this period of its 
 growth there are few objects in the vegetable 
 kingdom that can vie with it in beauty. The canes 
 are seldom lower than three feet and sometimes 
 higher than eight; this difference proceeds from 
 the nature of the soil and the mode of cultivation 
 
 A ripe field may be compared to an immense 
 sheet of waving gold tinged by the sun' s rays 
 with the finest purple. The stem with its narrow 
 depending leaves is at first of a dark green colour 
 but changes as it ripens to a bright yellow ; an 
 arrow or silver wand sprouts from its summit, and 
 grows generally to the height of four or five feet ; 
 the apex is covered with clusters of white mid 
 blue flowers not unlike tufts of feathers. The 
 finest plantations are sometimes destroyed by fire, 
 a calamity which occurs too frequently in these 
 islands. No conflagration is more rapid, none 
 more alarming ; those who have witnessed such 
 scenes can best describe them. The hopes and 
 fortune of the husbandman, the painful toil of 
 many hundred slaves, the labour of years are in a 
 few moments destroyed. If a plantation is by any 
 accident set on fire, the inhabitants sound the 
 alarm shell, and the shrill blast is repeated from 
 the neighbouring hills. Rolling smoke, spread- 
 ing flames, and cracking reeds are sometimes the 
 first indications of danger. Louder notes are af- 
 terwards heard from a distance ; bands of negroes 
 hasten to the flames, their fears and exertions, the 
 cruelty of their overseers, the noisy impatience of 
 the planters, groups of horses and mules moving 
 in the back ground increase the effect of so sub- 
 lime a picture. 
 
 The cotton plant flourishes on dry and rocky 
 lands, if they have not been too much exhausted 
 by former cultivation. Dryness is of great ad van- 
 tage to it in all its stages ; when the shrub is in 
 blossom or when the pods begin to unfold, the 
 plant is rendered completely useless by heavy 
 rains. These observations apply to every species, 
 but more particularly to that sort which is culti- 
 vated by the French settlers. There are several 
 varieties of this shrub, all of them resemble each 
 other; the best are the green seed, the Brazilian, 
 and the French or small seed. 
 
 There is but one species of the coffee tree here ; 
 it is supposed to be a native of Arabia Felix. This 
 
 commodity of the West Indies ; the cane was 
 
 transported hither from the eastern continent by plant was brought to Batavia, from thence to Am- 
 
 Columbus m his second voyage. The Otaheite sterdam and Paris, and afterwards transplanted to 
 
 cane has been generally introduced into the An- Surinam and Martinique. It seldom bears fruit 
 
 tilles since the time of Captain Cook ; it is con- before the third season, and sometimes not until 
 
1ND 
 
 396 
 
 INC. 
 
 the fifth or sixth ;. it never lasts more than thirty 
 years, and frequently decays long before that time. 
 A single plant may produce from one to four 
 pounds of coffee. 
 
 These islands were the resoit of the Buccaneers, 
 those celebrated freebooters, so noted and formi- 
 dable during the seventeenth century. These 
 
 bold adventurers attacked, in small numbers, and 
 with small means, but with an intrepidity which 
 bade defiance to danger, not only single merchant 
 vessels, but several of them together, and some- 
 times armed ships Their common mode of at- 
 tack was by boarding They directed their efforts 
 especially against the Spanish ships which sailed 
 for Europe Taden with the treasures of America. 
 By the repeated losses which they suffered, the 
 Spaniards were at last so discouraged, that they 
 seldom offered a serious resistance. Their man- 
 ner of dividing their booty was remarkable. Every 
 one who had°a share in the expedition swore that 
 he had reserved nothing of the plunder. A false 
 oath was of extremely rare occurrence, and was 
 punished by banishment to an uninhabited island. 
 The wounded first received their share, which 
 was greater according to the severity of their 
 wounds. The remainder was divided into equal 
 parts, and distributed by lot. The leader received 
 more than the others only when he had particu- 
 larly distinguished himself. Those who had per- 
 ished in the expedition were not forgotten. Their 
 part was given to their relations or friends, and, 
 in default of them, to the poor and to the church. 
 Religion was strangely blended with their vices, 
 and thev always began their enterprises with a 
 prayer. "The wealth which they acquired was 
 spent in gambling and debauchery, for it was the 
 principle"of these adventurers to enjoy the pre- 
 sent and not care lor the future. The climate 
 and their mode of life gradually diminished their 
 number, and the vigorous measures of the 
 English and French governments at last put. an 
 end" to their outrages, which had, perhaps, been 
 purposely tolerated. 
 
 Inttorc. a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Mahvah, capital of one of the Poonah Mah- 
 ratta chiefs, who was defeated by the British in 
 1804, and his successor compelled to enter into 
 an engagement to renounce all connexion with 
 the enemies of the British,and to furnish, when re- 
 quired, 3,000 cavalry. It is seated on a river 
 that flows into the Nerbuddah, 28 m. S. S. E. of 
 Ougein. Long. 76. 11. E., lat. 22. 5. N. 
 
 Indrapour, a seaport on the W. coast of Suma- 
 tra, capital of a district of the same name. 160 
 in. N. W. of Bencoolen. 
 
 Indre, a department of France, including part 
 of the ci-devant province of Berry. It has its 
 name from a river, which rises in this department 
 flows into that of lndre-et-Loire, and joins the 
 
 Loire 4 m. below the influx of the Cher. Its 
 area is estimated at 5.869 sq. in. ; its pop. 2O.">,000 
 Chateauroux is the capital. 
 
 Ind re-it- Loire, a department of France, includ- 
 ing almost the whole of the province of Tou- 
 raine and bounded by the departments of the 
 Loire-et-Cher, the Indre, the Vienne, and the 
 Maine. It consists mostly of fine plains, inter- 
 spersed, however, with small hills, The pii, c - 
 pal rivers are the Loire, the Vienne, the Cher, and 
 the Indre. Tours is the capital. 
 
 Indus, or Sinde, a great river of Asia, having 
 its source in a range of mountains of Tartarv. be- 
 tween 38. and 39. of of N. lat. From Thibet it 
 takes a S. W. course, and enters Hindoostan in 
 about 35. N. lat. It has always been considered 
 as the western barrier of Hindoostan. ()0 m. from 
 its source it is joined by the Cabul, when it is nc 
 longer fordable. Between 25. and 26. of lat. it en 
 ters the province of Sinde, and here we find it 
 again divided into two considerable branches ; the 
 principal or western divided into numerous 
 streams, which form a Delta similar to that of the 
 Nile or Ganges : the}' are, however, very shallow 
 and only navigable by boats. It is said to be ] ,3r>0 
 m. in length and some parts of it are capable of 
 bearing vessels of 200 tons. But there is very 
 little commerce transported by it. Its water is 
 very wholesome. On the E. of this river is a 
 great sand}' desert, extending nearly 500 in. in 
 length, and from 60 to 150 in breadth. 
 
 Industry, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 902. 
 
 Inglefingcn, a town of Wurtemheru, on the 
 Kocher, 20 in. S. S. W. ofMergentheim. 
 
 Ingelheim , a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, seated on an eminence, on the river Salva, 
 9 m. E. of Bingen. 
 
 Ingleborough , one of the highest mountains of 
 England, in Yorkshire, 8 m. N. N. W. of Settle 
 It is 2,361 feet above the level of sea. 
 
 Inglcsrillr, p. v. Montgomery Co. Va. 
 
 lngleton, a village in West Yorkshire, Eng. at 
 the foot of Jngleborough mountain. It is tolera- 
 bly well built, and has manufactures of cotton 
 yarn. Near it are several collieries, which supply 
 the surrounding country to a considerable dis- 
 tance with coals. 10 m. W. N. W. of Settle, and 
 245 N. VV. of London. 
 
 Inglis Island, an island on the N. coast of New 
 Holland, near the entrance of the gulf of Car- 
 pentaria. 
 
 Ingolstadt, a town of Bavaria. It is one of the 
 strongest places in Germany, surrounded by a 
 morass. The houses are built of stone, and the 
 streets are large. Here was formerly a universi- 
 ty, which in 1800 was transferred to Landshut. 
 It is seated on the Danube, 9 m. E. of Neuhurg, 
 and 45 N. by W. of Munich. Long. 11. 2". I!, 
 lat. 48. 40. N. 
 
 Ingrtiltatn Islands, a cluster of islands, seven in 
 number, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by 
 Captain Ingraham, of Boston, in 1791, and named 
 Washington, Adams, Lincoln, Federal, Franklin. 
 Hancock, and Knox. Federal island (or Noohe- 
 va) is considered the largest, most populous, and 
 fertile. They appear generally to be diversifi- 
 ed with hills and valleys, and to be well wooded. 
 Most of them are inhabited, and the people resem- 
 ble those of the Marquesas. 
 
 Ingrande, a town of France in the department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, situate on the Loire, 15 m. W. S. 
 W. of Angers. 
 
 In gre, a town of France in the department of 
 the Loiret, 4 in. N. VV. of Orleans. 
 
INV 
 
 307 
 
 ION 
 
 In/shannon, a tewn of Ireland in the county of 
 Cork, with a considerable linen manufacture ; 
 seated on the Bandon, 7 m. N. W. of Kinsale. 
 Inn, a. large river of Austria, which rises in 
 the Swiss canton of Grisons, flows N. E. through 
 Tyrol and Bavaria, and joins the Danube at Pas- 
 sau, where it is nearly 900 feet wide. It become 
 navigable at Hall, in the Tyrol, and its whole 
 course is more than 250 m. 
 
 Inrmconda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the 
 Guntoor circar, situate on a hill, 4G in. N. VV. of 
 Ongole 
 
 Inscli. a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 
 26 m. VV. N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 InsprucI;. a fortified town of Austria, capital of 
 Tvrol, with a strong castle, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the archdukes of Austria. The princi- 
 pal manufacture is that of cotton, but it has also 
 manufactures of silk and woolen stuff's, and all 
 kinds of glass wares; and the transit trade from 
 Germnny to Italy is considerable. Inspruck was 
 entered by the French in 1805, and was the scene 
 of several heroic efforts of the Tyrolese against 
 the French and Bavarians in 1809. It is 
 seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, 62 
 in S. of Munich. 
 
 Inslrrhcrg, a town and circle of East Prussia, 
 on the Angerap, in the government of Gumbin- 
 nen. Its chief trade is in corn and linseed. 
 The circle is of great extent, comprehending a 
 pop. of 1 50,000. Part of it is covered with forests, 
 but the soil of the rest is fertile, and pastures are 
 extensive : manufactures are hardly known here. 
 The town is 50 m. E. of Konigsberg; and con- 
 tains 5,300 inhabitants. 
 
 Interlachen, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 bailiwic of the same name, in the canton of Bern, 
 23 in. S. S. W. of Lucern, and 32 S. E. of 
 Bern. 
 
 [nverary, a borough of Scotland, of the coun- 
 ty-town of Argyleshire, situate on the N. W. 
 side of Loch Fyne, and the influx of the Aray. 
 It has some manufactures and a trade in wool,tim- 
 ber, and oak bark ; but its chief support is from 
 the herring fishery. Near the town is Invera- 
 ry Castle, the seat of the duke of Argyle ; and in 
 the neighbourhood is a considerable iron-work. 
 The planting around Inverary is very extensive 
 and admirably variegated. 45 m. N. W. of Glas- 
 gow, and 75 W. N. VV. of Edinburgh. 
 Inverbervie. See Bervie. 
 
 Invergondon, a village of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire, at the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, 8 
 m. S. S. E. of Tain. It has a good harbour, and 
 a regular ferry over the frith to the town of 
 Cromarty. 
 
 Inverkeithing, a borough and seaport of Scot- 
 ■and, in Fifeshire, with a considerable trade in 
 coal ana salt. Before the entrance of the har- 
 bour is a bay, which affords safe anchorage for 
 ships of any burden in all winds. The harbour 
 itself is commodious, and has two quays. It is 
 situate on the N. side of the frith of Forth, 18. 
 m. N. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Inverleighen, a village of Scotland, on the ri- 
 ver Tweed, at the influx of the Leithen, 5 m. E. 
 of Peebles. Here is an extensive woolen manu- 
 facture ; and near it is a sulphurous spring. 
 
 Inverness, a borough of Scotland, capital of a 
 county of the same name, situate on both sides 
 of the river Ness, near its entrance into the frith 
 of Murray. It has a commodious harbour, and a 
 good salmon fishery. The trade is very consid- 
 erable, and the town is vapidly improving. The 
 
 principal manufactures are those of hemp and 
 flax ; and there are also woolen and other manu- 
 factures, tanneries, brick works, &.c, which 
 furnish employment to many of the inhabitants. 
 On an eminence are the ruins of the old castle, 
 demolished by the rebels in 1740; and over the 
 Ness is a stone bridge of seven arches. The court- 
 house, nearly in the centre of the town, is a mod- 
 ern building, with a fine tower, terminated by 
 an elegant spire, which sustained considerable 
 injury from the earthquake in 181G. Near this 
 town, on Culloden Heath, the duke of Cumber- 
 land gained a decisive victory over the rebels in 
 1746. To the W. of the town is the hill of Craig 
 Phatric, on the summit of which are the exten- 
 sive remains of a vitrified fort, so called from the 
 marks of fusion which the cement and stones ex- 
 hibit. Inverness is 50 m. N. E. of Fort William, 
 and 156 N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Invern ess-shir c, the most extensive county of 
 Scotland; bounded on the N. by Boss-shire ; E. 
 by the countries of Nairne, Murray, and Abe-- 
 deen ; S. by those of Perth, and Argyle ; and W. 
 by the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes several 
 of the Hebrides. Independent of the islands, it 
 is 80 m. long and 50 broad. It comprehends the 
 district of Badenoch, Lochaber, and Glenaly, 
 which are subdivided into 32 parishes. The 
 principal towns are Inverness, Fort William (or 
 Inverlochy), and .Fort Augustus. The N. part 
 is mountainous and barren, and supposed to be 
 the most elevated ground in Scotland. This 
 county has several considerable lakes, and is di- 
 vided, in a manner, into two equal parts, by those 
 of Ness, Oich, Lochy, and Lochiel, united by 
 the Caledonian Canal, which forms a communica 
 tion between the two seas. The extensive plains 
 which surround the lakes are, in general, fertile ; 
 the high grounds feed many sheep and black cat- 
 tle, numerous herds of goats are found in every 
 district. The mountains and forests are inhabit- 
 ed by immense numbers of red and roe deer; the 
 alpine and common hare, and other game, are 
 also abundant. Limestone, iron-ore, and some 
 traces of different minerals have been found in 
 this county, with beautiful rock crystals of vari 
 ous tints ; but no mines have hitherto been work- 
 ed with much success. The principal rivers are 
 the Spey, the Beauly, the Ness, and the Lochy. 
 Inverness, a township of Buckingham Co. L. C. 
 Inverugie,a. village of Scotland, on the E. coast 
 of Aberdeenshire at the mouth of the Ugie, 1 m. 
 N. of Peterhead. It has an extensive bleach field, 
 and a considerable brewery. Near it are the ruins 
 of Inverugie Castle. 
 
 Inverury, an ancient borough of Scotland, in 
 Aberdeenshire, seated at the conflux of the Don 
 and the Ury, 15 m. W. N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 Iona. See Icolmhill. 
 Ionia, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 
 Ionian Islands, a recently constituted republic 
 of Europe, comprising, besides a number of islets, 
 the 7 principal islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zan- 
 te, Santa Maura, Ithaca, or Thiaki, Cerigo, and 
 Paxo ; of which Corfu, lying opposite to Albania 
 is the most northerly. The tentorial extent of 
 this small state is estimated at about 1,500 sq. m. 
 The climate is in general mild, but the transitions 
 from heat to cold are sudden : hot and score' ing 
 winds are sometimes destructive to vegetation : 
 and at certain seasons there are violent raij:s and 
 thunder. They are all subject to slight earth- 
 quakes, which are sometimes confined to a single 
 island. The soil in the plains and valleys is fer 
 2 L 
 
IRE 
 
 398 
 
 IRE 
 
 tile in vines, corn, olives, currants, cotton, honey 
 wax, &c. Pasturage is in general scanty ; goats 
 and sheep are reared in considerable number ; but 
 horses and cattle are brought from the continent. 
 The wild animals are foxes, hares, and rabbits. 
 Prior to the French revolution! these islands were 
 subject to Venice, but were ceded to France by 
 the treaty of Campo Formio (1797.) After re- 
 peatedly changing masters, the republic was plac- 
 ed under the protection of Great Britain by the 
 arrangements of the congress of Vienna ; and a 
 constitution for this small state was drawn up and 
 ratified bv the British government in July. 1817. 
 
 Ips, a town of Austria, near the conflux of the 
 Ips with the Danube. 22 m. VV. of St. Polten. 
 
 Ipsala, a town of European Turkey, in Roma- 
 nia, and a Greek archbishop's sea. Near it are 
 mines of alum : and red wine is an article of com- 
 merce. It is seated on the Marissa, 43 m. S of 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Ipsara, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 15 m. N. W. of the island of Scio. To the W. is 
 another small island, called A nti -Ipsara. 
 
 Ipsheim, a town of Franconia. in the principal- 
 ity of Bayreuth, 17 m. N. N. W. of Anspach. 
 
 Ipswich, a borough and principal town of Suf- 
 folk. Eno-. It was once surrounded by a wall, 
 traces of which are yet to be seen. It is irregu- 
 larly built, and has declined from its former con- 
 sequence , but now contains 12 parish churches, 
 several meeting-houses for dissenters, a library, 
 several hospitals, a free-school, a commodious 
 market-place, a guildhall, a custom-house, ami a 
 county jail. Much corn and malt are sent hence 
 to London, and great quantities of timber were 
 formerly sent to the king's dockyard at Chatham. 
 It has a considerable coasting trade, a small 
 share of foreign commerce, and sends ships to 
 Greenland Vessels of large burden are obliged 
 to stop at some distance below the town. It is 
 the birthplace of cardinal Wolsey ; and is seated 
 on the Orwell, 26 m. S. E. of Bury St. Edmund, 
 and 69 N. E. of London. 
 
 Ipswich, p.t. Essex Co. Massachusetts, situa- 
 ted on a river of the same name, about a mile 
 from the sea. 23 m. N. E. of Boston. Pop. 
 2,951. The manufacture of lace is carried on in 
 this town to a considerable extent 
 
 Ira, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 442. Also a p.t. 
 Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,198. 
 
 Irasburg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop 860. 
 Irnbatty. See Irrawaddy. 
 
 Irac, a province of Persia, comprehending the 
 greater part of the ancient Media. It is bounded 
 S. by Fars and Khuzistan. E. by Khorassan and 
 the Great Salt Desert, W. by Kurdistan, and N. 
 by Azerbijan, Ghilan, and IViazanderan. and divi- 
 ded into five districts, Ispahan, Tehraun, Naen, 
 Mullager, and Kermanshaw. 
 
 Irac-Arabi (the ancient Chaldea), a province of 
 Turkey in Asia, bounded W. by the desert of 
 Arabia, N. by Kurdistan and Diarbeck, E. by 
 Khuzistan, and S. by the gulf of Persia and Ara- 
 bia. Bagdad is the captal. 
 
 Irbit. or Irbitikaia, a town of Rusia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Perm, an the river Ifbit, and the fron- 
 tiers of Siberia. In the vicinity is a large iron- 
 work, which yields nearly 2,000 tons of iron a 
 year. 142 m. N. E. of Eknterinenburg. 
 
 frehtf, a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated in a 
 valley, at the source of the Ellen. 10 in. N. E 
 jf Cockermouth, 303 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 fredeU, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 
 15.202. Statesville is the chief town 
 
 Ireland, the second in magnitude of the British 
 Isles, is situated to the \V. of Great Britian, in 
 the Atlantic Oce in. It is bounded on the N. W. 
 and S. hy the Atlantic, and on the E. by the 
 North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. George's 
 Channel, which separate it from England. Its 
 greatest length is about 300 m. and its maximum 
 breadth about 110 in. The superficial contents 
 are estimated at. about 20,000,000 of English acres. 
 Ireland is divided into four provinces ; namely, LI 
 stor, to the N., Leinster to the E., Munster to the 
 S., and Connaught to the W.; and these are 
 subdivided into 32 counties. Ulster contains the 
 counties of Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Caba- 
 Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, and 
 Donegal ; Leinster has those of Dublin, Louth. 
 Wicklow , Wexford, Longford, East Meath, West 
 Meath, King's county, Queen's county, Kilken- 
 ny, Killdare, and Carlow : Munster includes 
 Clare, Cork. Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and 
 Waterford ; and Connaught has Leitrim, Ros- 
 common, Mayo, Sligo, and Galway. The cli- 
 mate of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more 
 humid than in England. It is on the whole, of a 
 mountainous character, but well watered with 
 lakes and rivers; and the soil, in most parts is 
 very good and fertile : even in those places where 
 the bogs and morasses have been drained, there 
 is good meadow ground. It produces corn and 
 hemp, in great plenty. The cultivation of 
 flax is so abundant as to afford nearly the whole 
 
 supply ol'the great linen manufactures of the coun- 
 try ; there are so many cattle that beef and but- 
 ter are exported to foreign parts ; and not only 
 the English, but other ships, frequently come to 
 be victualled here. The other commodities are 
 hides, wool, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and wax. 
 The commerce and manufactures have for many 
 years been greatly on the increase : the staple 
 branch of industry is the manufacture of fine lin 
 en cloth, which is brought to great perfection. 
 This country is well situate for foreign trade on 
 account of its many secure and commodious bays 
 mid harbours. Its principal lakes are Lough 
 Lean. Lough Ern. Lough Neagh,and Lough Cor- 
 rib : and its chief rivers are the Shannon, Liftey, 
 Boyne, Suire. Nore, Barrow, Blackwater, and 
 Lee. The mineral productions of Ireland, which 
 were little known till of late, are now fast rising 
 into importance. The mining companies recent- 
 ly formed are nearly all of them eminently sue 
 cesAil : copper, lead, iron, antimony, and Molyb- 
 denum, are now obtained : and some of the mines 
 are very productive. In the royalty of Glend 
 alough, in the county of Wicklow, are two veins 
 
IRK 
 
 399 
 
 ISE 
 
 of rich lead ore, at one of which the lead is raised 
 at an expense of £1. 5s. per ton, and within 12 
 fathoms two parallel veins, equally rich, were dis- 
 covered in 1827. There are likewise productive 
 colleries and quarries of marble, slate, and free- 
 stone ; and numerous mineral springs, chiefly 
 chalybeate. Formerly this kingdom had a par- 
 liament, which was subordinate to that of Great 
 Britain ; but, in 1800, it was deemed expedient 
 for the welfare of Ireland that it should be uni- 
 ted to great Britain. The two parliaments pass- 
 ed acts for that purpose, and the two kingdoms, 
 at the commencement of 1801, were styled the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: 
 and 32 peers (four of them bishops) and 100 com- 
 moners of Ireland are elected to represent that 
 country in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in 
 England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well 
 as the council, are appointed from time to time, by 
 the king. The country people in Ireland, are 
 remarkably hospitable and very warm in all their 
 affections. The peasantry in general, are how- 
 ever sunk in poverty and ignorance. Their diet 
 consists chiefly of coarse bread, potatoes and but- 
 termilk ; the favourite liquor is whiskey (usque- 
 baugh), a distillation from corn ; and the rural cot- 
 tage is a wretched hovel of mud. Education has 
 been much neglected, and still continues to be 
 discountenanced by the Catholic clergy. Great 
 efforts have been made for some years past to re- 
 move this, chiefly by two societies established in 
 Britain, who have under their patronage a great 
 number of schools, in a highly prosperous state. 
 The established religion is the same as in Eng- 
 land, but the great majority of the people are 
 Catholics. The latter were long excluded from all 
 civil and military distinction. This system of in- 
 tolerance, however, no longer exists ; and there 
 is reason to hope that Ireland will speedily occu- 
 py its proper rank among European nations, and 
 that the British government will liberally encour- 
 age its growing literature, commerce, agricul- 
 ture, and manufactures. 
 
 Ireland, New, a long narrow island of the East- 
 ern seas, N. of New Britain, extending from N. 
 VV. to S. E. about 190 m. and in general very nar- 
 row. The natives are Papuas, who go entirely 
 naked, smearing their faces, and powdering their 
 heads with white clay ; their huts have only 
 an opening to crawl in on their hands and knees. 
 Their canoes, however are neatly formed of a sin- 
 gle tree, sometimes 90 feet long, and furnished 
 with outriggers. See Britain, New. 
 
 Ireland, p. v. Hampden Co. Mass. 
 
 Irishtown. See Kilkenny. 
 
 Irjab, a town of Afghanistan, in Cabul, seated 
 near a western branch of the Indus, 111 m. S. 
 S. W. of Cabul. 
 
 Irken, or Irkien. See Yarkan. 
 
 Irkutsk, the largest and least populous govern- 
 ment of the Russian empire, comprising all the 
 E. part of Siberia, from the Northern Ocean to 
 the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, and from the 
 boundaries of the government of Tobolsk to the 
 Eastern Ocean. This large territory was grad- 
 ually conquered nnd appropriated by the Russians, 
 in their desultory excursion from Tobolsk. It is 
 divided into four provinces of I kutsk, Nertchinsk 
 Yakutsk, and Okhotsk. 
 
 Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of the gov- 
 ernment of the same name, and the see of a 
 bishop. It is a place of considerable commercial 
 importance, from the caravans passing through it 
 which trade to China, and from its being the seat 
 
 of supreme jurisdiction over eastern Siberia 
 There are several churches and other edifices of 
 stone, and the wooden houses are large and con 
 venient. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000 
 It stands on the river Angara, near the lake Bai 
 kal, 90u ra. E. S. E. of Tobolsk. 
 
 Iroquois. See Lawrence, St. 
 
 Irrawaddy, or Irahatty, a considerable river of 
 Asia, which rises in Thibet, flows S. through the 
 kingdom of Birmah and Pegu, and enters the bay 
 of Bengal by several mouths. On its banks are 
 produced great quantities of the finest teak timber. 
 so much esteemed in ship-building. The princi 
 pal market for this valuable timber is Rangoon, 
 at the most eastern mouth of the river 
 
 Irtysclt, a river of Siberia, which issues from 
 the lake Saisan, in Chinese, Tartary, runs N. W. 
 between the two countries above 300 m., then 
 flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, below 
 which it joins the Oby. 
 
 Irrillc, p.v. Muskingum Co. Ohio. 
 
 Irvine, a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire, which, 
 passes by Newmills and Kilmarnock to the town 
 of Irvine, below which it enters the frith of 
 Clyde. 
 
 Irvine, a borough of Scotland, in Ayrshire 
 The chief trade is the exporting of coals to Ire 
 land. Here is a dock-yard, a large tan-work, and 
 manufactures of carpets, muslins, silks, lawns 
 &c. It is seated near the mouth of the river Ir 
 vine, 10 m. N. of Ayr, and 24 S. W. of Glasgow 
 • Irwell , a river in Lancashire Eng., which rises 
 above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and 
 joins the Mersey, below Flixton. 
 
 Irwin, a county of Georgia bounding upon 
 Florida. Pop. 1,180. 
 
 Is sur Tille, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d'Or, seated on the Tille, 12 in. N 
 of Dijon. 
 
 Isabella, a town on the N. coast of Hispaniola, 
 founded by Christopher Columbus in 1493 
 Long. 71. 2. W., hit. 19. 55. N. 
 
 lsbellsville, p.v. Todd Co. Ken. 
 
 Ischia, an island of Naples, 15 m. in circuit, ly- 
 ing 3 ra. off the coast of Terra di Lavoro. It is 
 mountainous ; but abounds in minerals, sulphur 
 fruits, and excellent wines. It was taken by a 
 British and Sicilian force in 1807. Fresh water 
 is scarce, and the rain is collected in cisterns, 
 but the air is healthy, and th«re are several hot 
 baths, on which accounts it is much resorted to 
 by invalids. 
 
 Ischia, an episcopal city of Naples, capital oi 
 the above island, with a strong fort. It stands 
 upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a 
 brido-e, and is like a pyramid of houses piled one 
 upon another. At the end of the bridge, next 
 the city, are iron gates, which open into a subter- 
 ranean passage, through which the city is enter- 
 ed. Long. 14. 2. E., hit. 40, 41. N. 
 
 Isenbur<r, Upper, a principality of Germany, on 
 the borders of Hanau, subject partly to Hesse- 
 Cassel. partly to Hesse-Darmstadt. It is general 
 ly fertile, and contains 217 sq. m., and 47,500 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Isenburg, New, a small town in the foregoing 
 principality, 3 m. S. of Frankfort on the Maine. 
 Iseo, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on the S. E 
 side of a lake of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of 
 Brescia. 
 
 Iscr, a river of Bavaria, which rises on the con- 
 fines of Tyrol, and, passing by Munich and 
 Landshut, joins the Danube, between Straubing 
 and Passau. 
 
1SL 
 
 400 
 
 1SN 
 
 her, or Isar (Circle of), one of the modern di- 
 visions of Bavaria, bounded partly by the circles 
 of thp Regen and the Upper Danube, partly by the 
 Austrian slates. It comprises most of the south- 
 ern part of the old duchy of Bavaria, and is divi- 
 ded into 26 districts; its chief town, Munich, be- 
 ing the capital of the kingdom. The S. is moun- 
 tainous, and consequently cold : the N. forms a 
 large plain, with few elevations, possessing great 
 fertility The principal rivers are the Inn, the 
 lser, and the Lech. 
 
 here, a department of France, including part 
 of the late province of Dauphiny. It is so named 
 from a river, which rises in Savoy, crosses this 
 department by Grenoble, Moirans, u.nd St. Mar- 
 cellin, and joins the Rhone above Valence 
 (j'renoble is the capital. 
 
 herlohn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the 
 county of Mark, with manufactures of iron, tin, 
 velvets, silks, and stuffs. It is seated on the 
 Buaren, -11 m. E. by N of Dusseldorf. 
 
 hernia, a town of Naples, in the Molise, at the 
 foot of the Apennines. In L805 it suffered much 
 oy an earthquake, 12 m. W. of Molise. 
 
 higny, a town of France, in the department of 
 Calvados, 15 m. W. by N. of Bayeux. 
 
 Isinglass, r. N. H. flows into the Cocheco 
 
 his. See Thames. 
 
 hla, or Ila, an island of Scotland, one of the 
 Hebrides, to the S. W. of Jura, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow channel, called the Sound 
 of Isla. It is 21 m. long, and 15 broad. On the 
 E. side the surface is hilly, and covered with 
 heath, but the greater part of the island is flat, 
 and, when uncultivated, covered with a fine green 
 sward. In the centre of the island is Loch Fin- 
 lagan, about 3 m. in circuit, with an islet of the 
 same name in the middle where the great lord of 
 the isles resided, but the palaces and offices are 
 now in ruins. Isla has mines of iron, lead, cop- 
 per, emery, quicksilver, and black-lead ; with im- 
 mense stores of limestone, marl, coral, and shell- 
 sand, for manure. Much flax is raised here, a 
 great number of cattle fed, and a large quantity 
 of whiskey distilled. The principal village is Bou*- 
 more, which has a convenient harbour and quay. 
 
 Islamabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 
 capital of the country of Chittagong ; situate on 
 the Currumpooly, near its entrance into the bay 
 of Bengal. Long. 91. 55. E., lat. 22. 22. N. 
 
 Island Creek, a township of Jefferson Co. Ohio. 
 
 Islands, Bay of, a bay of New Zealand, at the 
 N. extremity of the most northern of the two isl- 
 ands that go under that name. In 1772 M. Du- 
 fresne Marion, with two French sloops, put into 
 this bay, and with 28 of his crew, was murdered 
 bv the natives. 
 
 hie Jidam, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Oise, 20 m. 
 N by W. of Paris. 
 
 hlc aux JVoix, an island in Sorel river. Lower 
 Canada, about l0 m. from Lake Champlain. 
 
 Isle Bouchard, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Loire, surrounded by the Vienne, 
 21 m. S. S. W. of Tours. 
 
 Isle Dicu, a small island of France, 14 m. from 
 the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the English 
 til 1795, but soon after evacuated. 
 
 Isle de France. See France hie of. 
 
 Isle lourdain, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gers, seated on an island in the river 
 Save, 8 m. N. of Lombez. 
 
 Isleborough, a township of Waldo Co. Mc. 
 Pop. 674. 
 
 Isle of Wight, a county of the E. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 10,417. Smithfield is the chiel 
 town. See also Wight. 
 
 Isles of Shoals, a cluster of small islands neai 
 the coast of N. Hampshire, between Newburyport 
 and Portsmouth, belonging to New Hampshire 
 and Maine. The New Hsmpshire portion con- 
 stitutes the township of Gosport. They are bar- 
 ren heaps of sand and rocks, with hardly a green 
 sod upon them, yet were once populous and 
 wealthy. The inhabitants live solely by fishing, 
 and the Isle of Shoals Dun Fish are well known 
 as the best cured cod in the world. They have 
 now about 100 inhabitants, and a lighthouse has 
 been recently built here. A cave is still shewn 
 upon one of them in which one of the female in- 
 habitants secreted herself when the islands werf 
 invaded by the Indians. The celebrated Captain 
 Smith discovered these islands, and they were 
 formerly called Smith's Isles. The New Eng 
 land Sea Serpent, that mysterious monster, whose 
 full length portrait has been shadowed forth in 
 the narration of many a wondering spectator, but 
 whose absolute non-entity is still maintained by 
 the perversity of scepticism — was accustomed to 
 
 make these shores his favourite resort. Recently 
 his visits, like the portentous humps upon his 
 back, have been few and far between. 
 
 Isleworth, a village in Middlesex, Eng. seated or. 
 the Thames, 9 m. W. of London. Fere are 
 many elegant villas; and near it is Sion-houso. 
 the magnificent seat of the duke of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 Islington, a large village in Middlesex, Eng. 
 N. of London, to which it is now contiguous. 
 The New River is received at the S. W. end of it 
 into a large reservoir, whence its water is convey 
 ed in pipes, to all parts of the metropolis. Near 
 this is a spring of chalybeate water, called New 
 Tunbridge Wells. To the E. of the town is a 
 manufacture of white lead. 
 
 Islip, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. 
 Pop. 1,653. 
 
 Ismail, a strong town of European Turkey, in 
 Bessarabia. The Russians took it by storm in 
 1790 ; and it is said that the long siege, and the 
 capture did not cost them fewer than 20,000 men. 
 The brave garrison merited the highest honours 
 but they were massacred by the Russians : and 
 the city was abandoned to the f u ry of the bruta. 
 soldiery. Ismail is seated on the N. side of the 
 Danube, 140 m. S. by W. of Bender. 
 
 hmid, a town of Asia Minor, on the side of a 
 hill overlooking the gulf of Nicomedia. Long. 29 
 34. E., lat. 40. 39. N. 
 
 hnili, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and 
 a Greek archbishop's see. It is the ancient Nice. 
 famous for the general council held here in 325. 
 Nothing remains of its ancient splendour but an 
 
1TA 
 
 401 
 
 1TA 
 
 aqueduct. The Jews inhabit the greater part 
 of it; and silk forms the principal article of trade. 
 It is seated in a country fertile in corn and wine, 
 00 m. S. E. of Constantinople. 
 
 Isny, a town of Wurtemberg, with an abbey, 
 called St. George, whose abbot was a state of the 
 empire. It is seated on the Isny, 18 ra. N. E. of 
 Lindau. 
 
 hordskick, or Kroczka, a town of Servia, 14 m. 
 S. E. of Belgrade. 
 
 Ispahan, a city of Persia, long the capital of the 
 Persian monarchy, is situated in the province of 
 Irak, and was formerly celebrated as the finest 
 city in the East. It stands in the middle of a plain, 
 surrounded on all sides by mountains at 8 m. dis- 
 tance, which rise gradually in the form of an am- 
 phitheatre. There is no river except a small one 
 called Sanderut, which supplies almost all the 
 houses with water, and over which are several fine 
 bridges. There are 100 mosques, 1,800 large car- 
 avanseras, and above 200 public baths. The streets 
 are not paved, but are generally clean, on account 
 of the dryness of the air; for it seldom rains or 
 snows here. The inhabitants are computed at 
 not more than 200,000, having been greatly de- 
 populated by the intestine broils and civil wars 
 with which this kingdom has been almost torn to 
 pieces. This city is the emporium of the inland 
 commerce of Persia, being the medium of com- 
 munication with India, Cabul, and Turkey. It is 
 205 m. N. E. of Bassorah, and 300 S. of the Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 Israel's River, N. H. a beautiful stream formed 
 by the cataracts which descend from the White 
 Mountains. It falls into the Connecticut at Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 Issel. See Yssel. 
 
 Iscngeauz, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Loire, 17 m. N. E. of Puy. 
 
 Issequibo, or Essequcbo, a settlement extending 
 alonor the banks of a river of the same name, in 
 Dutch Guiana, and contiguous to that of Derae- 
 rara, from which it is separated by the river 
 Borassierri. It was taken from the Dutch during 
 the late wars, and was finally ceded to Britain in 
 1314. It is extremely fertile, and is well cultivated. 
 The Issequibo River is 20 m. wide at its mouth, 
 and more than 300 in length. 
 
 Issoudun, a town of France, in the department 
 of Indre,wilh a brisk trade in wood, cattle, cloth, 
 hats, and stockings. It is seated on the Theole, 
 17 m. S. VV. of Bourges, and 135 S. of Paris. 
 
 Istapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of 
 Culiacan, 40 in. E. by S. of Culiacan. 
 
 Istria, a peninsula of Italy, between the bay of 
 Trieste and the Quarnaro Isles, bounded by Friuli 
 on the W. and Carniola on the N., being 200 m. 
 in circumference. The air is unwholesome, es- 
 pecially near the coast ; but the soil is fertile. Oil 
 and wine are abundant, and there are some pro- 
 ductive quarries of fine marble. The chief riches 
 of the country, however, consits in its vast and 
 valuable forests. One part of it belonged formerly 
 to the Venetians ; but the whole was ceded to the 
 emperor by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805. In 
 1809 it fell into the hands of Napoleon; but was 
 re-conquered by the Austrians in 1814, and now 
 forms the southern division of Austrian Ulyria. 
 The inhabitants (about 140,000) are chiefly oc- 
 cupied in agriculture, rearing bees, fishing, and the 
 manufacture of silk, leather, tallow, and salt. 
 
 Italy, one of the finest and most celebrated 
 countries of Europe, lying between 7. and 10. E. 
 long., and between 37. and 46. N. lat. On the 
 51 
 
 N. N. W., and N. E., it is bounded by France, 
 Switzerlan. , the country of the Orisons, and 
 Germany ; on the E. by the Adriatic Sea ; and 
 on the S.and W. by the Mediterranean; its fig 
 ure bearing some resemblance to a boot. Its 
 length from Aosta at the foot of the Alps, in Sa 
 voy, to the utmost verge of Calabria, is about 000 
 in. but its breadth is very unequal, being in suii!>- 
 places nearly 400 m. in others not above 25 or 
 30. It was formerly the seat of the Roman em- 
 pire, and, afterwards, of that more astonishing 
 usurpation, the dominion of the pope. In the 
 middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that 
 of Naples held the two extremes, and the Eccle- 
 siastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre. 
 In more modern times the northern part became 
 divided into a great number of states, differing 
 considerable in their extent and importance. By 
 the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, the Vene- 
 tian territories to the E. and N. of the river 
 Adige were ceded to Austaia ; and the remain- 
 der of the Venetian states, with the duchies of 
 Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of 
 Massa, and the three legations of Ferrara, Bo- 
 logna, and Romagna, in the pope's dominions, 
 were erected into a government by the French, 
 and called the Cisalpine Republic. This repub- 
 lic was overturned in 1799, but restored after the 
 battle ofMarenga, in 1800. In 1802 it receiveed a 
 new constitution, under the name of the Italian 
 Republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul ol 
 France, was elected president. In 1805 the Ital- 
 ian Republic was erected into a kingdom, and the 
 emperor of France assumed the title of king of 
 Italy. In December following, the Austrian 
 part of the Venetian states was added to its terito- 
 ries, by the treaty of Presburg. The kingdom 
 was divided into departments, and the city ol 
 Milan was the capital. But the subsequent chan- 
 ges which took place in Europe again deranged 
 the political situation of this country. The king- 
 dom of Italy was overturned ; and the country is 
 now divided into the following states : — The 
 Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, the kingdom of 
 Sardinia, the States of the Church, or pope's 
 dominions, the Two Sicilies, the grand duchy of 
 Tuscany, the states of Modena, the states of Par- 
 ma, the duchy of Lucca, and the republic of San 
 Marino. 
 
 Italy, as to climate, has been divided into four 
 separate regions. The first of these embraces the 
 basin of the Po, extending about 200 m. in length, 
 and 150 in its greatest breadth ; being bounded by 
 the Alps and Apennines on the N. W. and S., and 
 open to the Adriatic on the E. Here the atmos 
 phere is uniformly serene and bright ; and, be- 
 fog tempered by refreshing breezes from the adja- 
 cent heights, the climate is altogether one of the 
 most salubrious and delightful in the whole world. 
 The second region includes the Tuscan and Ro- 
 man territories, being screened on the N. by the 
 Apennines, and more exposed to the heats of 
 summer than to the rigors of the winter. Fiost 
 and snow are here experienced ; but the temper- 
 ature is sufficient to mature the orange, the fig, 
 and similar fruits. The third district contains 
 Campania Felix, "arid its dependencies, where 
 the vegetable treasures of nature are also found 
 in the greatest perfection, the air uniformly mild 
 and serene, and a peculiar glow of beauty per- 
 vades the landscape. The fourth division extends 
 from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and embraces 
 the southern districts of the peninsula. Here tnp 
 aloe *he palm, and other productions of a souoi 
 2l2 
 
1TA 
 
 em climate flourish ; but, when the sirocco blows, 
 tne heats are overcoming to a stranger from al- 
 most any other part of Europe. The climate 
 of Italy also experiences much diversity from 
 elevation and local circumstances. The general 
 aspect of the country is highly beautiful and pic- 
 1 uresque. The Alps and Apennines diversify this 
 peninsula with almost every possible combination 
 of hill and valley, rivers, lakes, and romantic 
 scenery. Northern Italy is broken into bold and 
 rugged acclivities by the former, from the south- 
 eralace of which decsend the streams that form 
 the Po and various other classical rivers. To- 
 wards the southern extremity of Italy, the Apen- 
 nines diverge into two branches, one of which 
 advances eastward to Capo de Leuca, and the oth- 
 er south ivard to the straits of Messina. Several 
 detatched mountains, among which is the celebra- 
 ted Vesuvius, here over-hang the gulf of Naples, 
 and discharge their liquid fires into its waters 
 The Apennines are, in many parts, clothed with 
 trees to their summits; in o"thcr places they are 
 more precipitous, and attain the altitude of ice and 
 snow. The principal rivers are the Po, Tiber, 
 Adige, Brenta, Piave, and Tagliamento, and there 
 are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano, 
 Como. Garda. Perugia, Bracciano, and Celano. 
 The soil, in general, is very fertile. It produces 
 a orreat variety of wines, and the best oil in Eu- 
 rope ; excellent silk in abundance ; corn of all 
 sorts, but not in such plenty as in other countries ; 
 oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, 
 raisins, sugar, figs, peaches, apricots, pears, apples, 
 filberts, chesnuts, &c. The olive is one of the 
 most valuable productions of Italy. The Tuscans 
 were the first that exported olive oil in any quanti- 
 ty ,on which account it is still called, Florence oil. 
 There is something peculiarly mild and graceful 
 in the appearance of the olive tree, even apart 
 from its associations. The leaves are somewhat 
 like those of the willow, only they are more soft 
 
 402 IVE 
 
 portation ; and great sums of money are expended 
 by travellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosi- 
 ties, relics, antiquities, &c. No country has pro- 
 duced better, politicians, historians, poets, musi- 
 cians, painters, and sculptors ; that is, since the 
 revival of the arts and sciences, exclusive of those 
 of ancient times. The Italians are generally well 
 proportioned; but of their complexion they can- 
 not boast. With respect to dress they follow 
 the fashions of the countries on which they bor- 
 
 and delicate. The flowers are as delicate as the 
 leaves. They come in little spikes from buds 
 between the leaf stalks and spikes. The ma 
 tured-wood of the olive is hard and compact 
 though rather brittle, and has the pith obliterated 
 like box. Its colour is reddish, and it takes a 
 fine gloss, on which accounts the ancients carved 
 it into statues of their gods. The moderns make 
 it into snuff boxes and other trinkets. This coun- 
 try also yields good pastures, abounds with cattle, 
 sheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, and 
 horses. The forests are well stored with game ; 
 and the mountains have not only mines of iron, 
 lead, alum, sulphur, marble of all sorts, alabaster, 
 jasper, porphyry, &c., but also gold and silver, 
 with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, 
 shrubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes, 
 fruits, and silks, are the principal articles of ex- 
 
 der, or to which they are subject. They are ve- 
 ry affable, courteous, ingenious, sober, and ready- 
 witted ; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lasiv- 
 ious, ceremonious, and superstitious Masquer 
 des, gaming, horse-races, and conversazione or 
 assemblies, are the chief diversions of the Italians, 
 excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are 
 pompous beyond all other nations. The establish- 
 ed religion is the Roman Catholic, but all other 
 sects are now tolerated : the number of archbish- 
 ops in the whole country is 38 ; and that of the 
 suffragans indefinite, as may be truly added of 
 the inferior ecclesiastics. Their language, a cor- 
 ruption of the Latin, is remarkable for its smooth 
 ness, and is said to be spoken in its greatest pu- 
 rity at Florence. Further particulars of this 
 country will be found under the names of its par- 
 ticular divisions, as Naples, &c. 
 
 Italy, Austrian. See Lombardo- Venetian King- 
 dom. 
 
 Italy, p.t. Yates Co. N. Y Pop. 1,092. 
 Itamarca. See Tamarira. 
 
 Itchen,or Aire, a river in Hampshire, Eng. which 
 enters the bay of Southampton, at the town of 
 that name. 
 
 Ithaca, or IhiaJci, one of the Ionian Islands. It 
 is as rugged and barren as it was in the times of 
 Ulysses, who was a native of this island. It has 
 about 8,000 inhabitants, who are the most indus- 
 trious in the Ionian Islands. 
 
 Ithaca, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. on Cayuga 
 Lake. Pop. 5,270. It has several manufactories, 
 and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. There 
 are some beautiful cataracts in the neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 Itzekoe, a town of Germany, in Holstein, be- 
 longing to Denmark, with a fortress. A duty is 
 exacted here from all ships coming up the Stoer 
 on which river it is seated, 12 m. N. N. E. of 
 Gluckstadt, and 31 N. W. of Hamburg. 
 Ivangorod. See Narva. 
 
 Ivanitz, a town of Croatia, seated on the L/jnia, 
 42m.N. E. of Carlstadt. 
 Ivelchester. See Rchester. 
 Ives, St., a borough in Cornwall, Eng. seated on a 
 
JAC 
 
 403 
 
 JAE 
 
 bay of the same name, celebrated for its extensive 
 pilchard fishery. It is governed by a mayor, and 
 has a market on Wednesday. The church is a 
 handsome building close to the sea. Here are al- 
 so meeting-houses for Independents and Metho- 
 dists, and a good grammar school, founded by 
 Charles I. In the vicinity of the town is Tregan- 
 ny Castle ; and one mile from this mansion on 
 the summit of a lofty hill, is a pyramid erected by 
 the late J. Knoll, esq., who died in 1311, and di- 
 rected by will that at the end of every 5 years an 
 old woman, and 10 girls under 14 years of age, 
 dressed in white and accompanied by music, 
 should walk in processsion from the market-house 
 to this pyramid, wh?re they should dance, and 
 sing the 100th Psalm. For this he bequeathed 
 certain freeholds, and vested them in the minis- 
 ter, to whom and the port collector he bequeath- 
 ed £10 for a dinner. 8 m. N. E. of Penzance, 
 and 277 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Iocs. St., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng.witli a 
 market on Monday ; seated on the river Ouse, 6 
 tn. S. E. of Huntingdon, and 59 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 lo'tca, an island of the Mediterranean, 56 m. S. 
 W. of Majorca. It is about GO m. in circumfer- 
 ence, and mountainous ; but fertile in corn and 
 fruits. A great quantity of salt is made here, 
 highly esteemed for its whiteness. The capital, 
 of the same name, which stands on the S. side of 
 the island, is well fortified, and has a convenient 
 harbour. Long. 1. 25. E., lat. 38. 52. N. 
 
 Ivingkoe, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng 
 with manufactures of bonelace. It is G m. S. W. 
 of Dunstable, and 33 N. W. of London. 
 
 Ivera, an ancient town of Piedmont, with a fort, 
 citadel, and castle. It is a bishop's see, and con- 
 tains a cathedral, four other churches, and severa' 
 religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, be 
 tween two hills, 20 m. N. of Turin. Long. 7. 43 
 E., lat. 45.22. N. 
 
 Icry, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eure, with a late Benedictine abbey ; seated on 
 the Eure, 12 m. S. E. of Evreux, and 50 N. W 
 of Paris. 
 
 Ivry, a town of France, in the department of 
 Cote 'd Or, 9 m. S. E. of Arnay le Due. 
 
 lxworth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with a market 
 on Friday, 7 m. N. E. of Bury St. Edmund, and 
 77 N. E."of London. 
 
 Izery, St., a town of France, department of 
 Aveiron, G m. N. W. of Vabres. 
 
 Izcron, a town of France, department of Rhone, 
 10 m. S. W. of Lyons. 
 
 Izininsk, a town of Sibera, in the province of 
 Okhotsk, defended by lofty palisades, and wooden 
 bastions, provided with cannon and military 
 stores. The commerce consists of furs, and the 
 skins of reindeer. It is seated on the Izengen, 15 
 m. from its mouth, and 520 N. E. of'Okhotsk. 
 
 Izquiutenanno, a town of Mexico, in the prov 
 ince of Chiapa. The country about it produces 
 cotton and a great number of pine-apples. It is 
 100 m. S. E. of Chiapa. 
 
 JAALONO, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Marne, 9 m. W. of Chalons. 
 
 Jabaz, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 20 m. N. W. of Angora. 
 
 Jablunkau, a town of Silesia, in the principali- 
 ty of Teschen, on the river Elsa, with a fort near 
 it, called Jablunkau Schanz, which defends a 
 defile toward Hungary. It is seated between 
 high mountains, 11 m. S. S. E.of Teschen. 
 
 Jacca. a town of Spain, formerly the capital of 
 Arragon, seated on a river of the same name, 
 among the Pyrenees. It is a bishop's see, and 
 is defended by a citadel. 45 in. N. by E. of 
 Saragossa. 
 
 JacicT Aqwla, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dem- 
 ona, 10 m. N. N. E. of Catania. 
 
 Jackson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 9,000. JefFer- 
 nn is the capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,974, 
 .he chief town has the same name ; a county of 
 Indiana. Pop. 4,894. Brownstown is the capital ; 
 a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,827. Brownsville is 
 th^ capital ; a countv of West Tennessee. Pop. 
 9.002. Gainesborough is the capital, a county of 
 Alabama. Pop. 12,172 ; a county of Mississippi. 
 Pop. 1.789. Also the name of 24 towns and vil- 
 1 iocs, namely in Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,054. Lebanon Co. Pa., Jackson, Franklin, Wayne, 
 Pickaway, Pike, Knox, Champaign, Monroe, 
 Stark, Perry, Montgomery, Preble, and Mus- 
 kingum Cos. Ohio, Jackson Co. Ind., Cape 
 Girardeau Co. Miss. Madison Co. Ten., Clark 
 Co. Alab., Hinds, Co. Miss., and Feliciana 
 Parish, Lou. 
 
 Jacksonborough, villages in C dleton Dis. S. C, 
 Scnvcn Co. Geo., Campbell, Co. Ten. 
 
 Jacksonburg, p. v. B utler Co. Ohio. 
 
 Jacksonville, p. v. Tompkins Co. N. Y., Lehio-h 
 Co. Pa., Hood Co. Va., Telfair Co. Geo., Duvall 
 Co. E. Florida, Fairfield, Adair, and Belmont 
 Cos. Ohio, and Morgan Co. Illinois. 
 
 Jacobsburg, p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. 21 m. from 
 Wheeling. 
 
 Jarobsdorf, a town of the Prussian states, in Pom- 
 erania, 3 m.S. E. of Jacobshagan and 8 E.ofZachan. 
 
 Jacobshagan, a town of the Prussian states, 
 in Pomerania, 14 m. S. of Daber. 
 
 Jacobstadt, a town of Russia, in Finland, with 
 a convenient harbour, and a thriving trade. 50 
 m. N. N. E.of Wasa. 
 
 Jacobstoion, p. v. Burlington Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. 
 Trenton. 
 
 Jacurso, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8 
 m. W. of Squillace. 
 
 Jaen, a. province of the eastern part of Andalu- 
 sia, surrounded by the provinces of La Manclia, 
 Murcia, Granada, and Cardova. Its territorial 
 extent is 4,7G0 sq. m. ; and its pop. about 207,000. 
 This province, though badly cultivated, produ- 
 ces wine, oil, silk, and corn, especially along the 
 Guadalaquivir, which is the largest river in the 
 province. Jaen was formerly a kingdom; and 
 the king of Spain, still takes the title of king of 
 Jaen, although it is now included in the govern- 
 ment of Andalusia. 
 
 Jaen, a fortified city of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 capital of the above province. It is a bishop's 
 see, and the residence of the magistracy of the 
 province. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 
 on the river Guadalbulon, 3G in. N ot Grana- 
 da. 
 
JAG 404 
 
 Jafa, a fertile country of Arabia, N. W. of 
 Aden and ofHadramaut; it was formerly under 
 the dominion of the imam ; but in the end of the 
 17th century the inhabitants made themselves 
 independent, and are now governed by three 
 petty chiefs, who have also conquered a part of 
 the province of Hadramaut. 
 
 J-tffa, anciently called Joppa, a town of Asia, 
 in Palestine, situated near the coast of the Med- 
 iterranean, with a small citadel. It was formerly 
 a celebrated city, and is frequently mentioned 
 in the Scriptures. It has long been inhabited by 
 Turks and Arabs, with a mixture of Geeks, Maro- 
 nit.es, and Armenians, The houses are small 
 and surrounded with the ruins of the ancient 
 walls and towers. The Franks, Greeks, and 
 Armenians have small convents for the reception 
 of pilgrims of different nations. The principal 
 commerce is in grain, particularly rice from 
 f-gypt. Jaffa was laid waste in the crusades, and 
 afierwards destroyed by an earthquake. In pro- 
 fane history it is said to be the place whence 
 Perseus delivered Andromeda. It was taken by 
 tiie French, under Bonaparte, in February 1739, 
 but they held possession 40 days only. It is 12 
 ci. N. W. of Gaza, and 33 W. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Jafjjia, a town of Ceylon, capital of Jaffhapa- 
 Uni, whence are exported great quantities of to- 
 bacco, and some elephants, which are accounted 
 the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch 
 took it from the Portuguese in 1(558 ; and it was 
 taken by the English in 1795. It is seated on a 
 river navigable for large boats, 100 m. N. of Can- 
 dy. Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 9. 45. N. 
 
 Jajfnapatam, a district in the N. part of Ceylon 
 fertile in fruit and vegetables, and said to be the 
 most populous and healthy in the island. Sever- 
 al small islands are politically connected with 
 this district; and between it and the Candian 
 provinces are numerous woods, inhabited by a 
 savage race, called Vaddahs, supposed to be the 
 aborigines of the country. 
 
 Jaffrabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 
 near theinouth of a river, noted for large oysters, 
 37 m. E. N. E. of Diu. 
 Jagernaut. See Juggernaut. 
 Jaffrey, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 62 m. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,353. In this town is Monadnock 
 Mountain, which see. Near the mountain is the 
 Monadnock mineral spring, which is slightly im- 
 pregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate 
 of soda. Yellow ochre is thrown out by the 
 spring, and many tons of it have been exported. 
 1 Sere are also cotton and woolen manufactures, 
 oil mills, &c. 
 
 Jagerndorf, a town and castle of Silesia, seated 
 on the Oppa, 13 m. N. W. of Troppau. Loner. 17. 
 44. E., lat. 50. 0. N. 
 
 Jago, St., the most fertile province of Chile, 
 extending 45 m. in length from E. to W., and 36 
 in breadth from N. to S. It is bounded on the 
 K. by the Andes, W. by Melipilla, N by the prov- 
 ince of Aconcagua, and S. by the river Maypo. 
 Corn, wine, and fruits are produced here in great 
 quantities. The mountains abound in the pre- 
 cious metals, and here are also mines of copper, 
 tin. and lead The province is watered by the 
 Mapacho, and Colina, and several other fine 
 streams. 
 
 Jago, St., the capital of the above province, 
 and a bishop's see. Besides the cathedral, there 
 are three parish churches, and 8 monasteries. 
 The inhabitants, about 46,000, are chiefly native 
 Americans and Spaniards. Here are several 
 
 JAM 
 
 canals, and a dike, by means of which they water 
 the gardens, and cool the streets. It is seated in 
 a beautiful plain, at the foot of the Andes, on 
 the river Mapocho, over which is a handsome 
 bridge which connects several suburbs with the 
 city. The commerce is considerable, and the 
 markets are well supplied with all kinds of pro- 
 visons. 53m. E. S. E. of Valparaiso. Lono-. G9. 
 48. W., lat. 33. 15. S. 
 
 Jago, St., a handsome town of Mexico, capital 
 of Veragua. It has an elegant hospital, and 
 stands in a fertile country, which produces maize, 
 plantains, &c, with abundance of cattle. 110 m. 
 S. W. of Porto Bello. 
 
 Jago, St. a fortified sea-port on the S. coast of 
 Cuba, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour ; 
 situate on a bay, about 6 m. from the sea. Long 
 76. 10. W., lat.* 20. 5. S. 
 
 Jago, dc los Cavallcros, St., a town of Hispaniola, 
 in a fertile soil, on the river St. Jago, 70 m. 
 from its mouth, and 90 N. N. W. of St. Domingo. 
 Jago dc Compostella, St. See Compostclla. 
 Jago dc los Vallcs, St., a town of Mexico, in the 
 province of Guasteca, seated on the river Panuco, 
 170 m. N. by E. of Mexico. 
 
 Jago dc la Vega, St. See Spanish-town. 
 Jagodina, a town of European Turkey, in Ser 
 via, seated on the Morava, 60 m. S. S. E. of Bel 
 grade 
 
 Jaisza, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, 
 with a strong citadel, seated on the Plena, 50 m 
 N. E. of Serai. 
 
 Jajgur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, cap- 
 ital of a district of the same name, in the province 
 of Agimere. The district contains upwards of 80 
 villages, chiefly inhabited by a predatory tribe of 
 Hindoos called Meena. 
 Jakutskoi. See Yakutsk. 
 
 Jalalabad, a town of Hindoostan, in the country 
 of Cabul, situate on the Kameh, 60 m. E. S. E. 
 ofCabul. 
 
 Jallindar,a. town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, in the country of Lahore. 
 80 m. E. by S. of Lahore. Long. 74. 10. E., lat. 
 30. 50. N. 
 
 Jaloffs, or Oualoffs, a people of Africa, who oc- 
 cupy great part of the country between the lower 
 part of the Gambia and that of the Senegal. 
 Their territory is estimated at 4,800 square miles. 
 They are celebrated as hunters and warriors : 
 and the cotton cloth which they manufacture is 
 superior, both in quality and colour, to that of the 
 Mandingos. 
 
 Jalonitza, a town of European Turkey, in Wa- 
 lachia, on a river of the same name, 95 m. S. "W. 
 of Ismail. 
 
 Jalour,a. town of Hindoostan, in the country of 
 Agimere, situate on a mountain difficult of access, 
 85 m. W. N. W. of Cheitore. 
 
 Jamagorod, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburg, with a strong fort, seated on 
 the Jama, 12 m. N. E. of Narva. 
 
 Jamaica, the most considerable and valuable of 
 the British West India islands, discovered by 
 Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W. of St. 
 Domingo, nearly the same distance S. of Cuba, 
 and is of an oval figure, 150 miles long and 40 
 broad, containing^ 4,080,000 acres. An elevated 
 ridge, called the Blue Mountains, runs lengthwise 
 from E. to W., whence numerous rivers take 
 their rise on both sides ; and though none of them 
 are navigable for barges, yet the sugars are car- 
 ried upon many of them in canoes from the re 
 mote plantations to the seaside : some of them 
 
JAM 
 
 405 
 
 JAM 
 
 run under ground for a considerable space, par- 
 ticularly the Cobre and Pedra. The year is 
 distinguished into two seasons, the wet and dry; 
 but the rains are not so frequent as formerly, 
 wliich is supposed to be owing to the cutting 
 down of the woods. About nine in the morning 
 it is so intolerably hot that it would be difficult to 
 live, if the easterly breeze did not rise to cool the 
 air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and 
 then' are great dews, which are deemed unwhole- 
 some, especially to new comers. The months of 
 Ju!j\ August, and September, are called the 
 hurricane months, because then they are the 
 most frequent; and there is lightning almost 
 every night. The best houses are generally built 
 1 <\v. on account of the hurricanes and earth- 
 qa i-k.es; and the negroes' huts, made of reeds, 
 wii! hold only two or three persons. The valleys 
 are embellished with plantations, so well laid out, 
 and with such a variety of fruit-trees, as to make 
 the country look like a paradise. Horned cattle, 
 hog-;, and sheep are plentiful; but the servants 
 generally feed upon Irish salt-beef, and the ne- 
 groes have herrings and salt-fish. The general 
 ptodutse of this island is sugar, ruin, molasses, 
 ginger, cotton, indigo, pimento, cocoa, coffee, 
 several kinds of wood, and medicinal drugs. It 
 his some tobacco, but not good, and used only 
 by the njegroes ; also maize, Guinea corn, and 
 peas of various kinds, with variety of roots. 
 Fruits are in great plenty, such as oranges, 
 lemons, shaddocks, citrons, pomegranates, pine- 
 apples, prickly-pears, melons, pompions, guavas. 
 and many others. The plaintain which Jamaica in 
 common with the other West India islands pro- 
 duces in abundance, is one of the most agreeable 
 and nutritious vegetables in the world. It grows 
 
 in a herbaceous form about 4 feet in height, and 
 produces clusters of fruit filled with a luscious 
 sweet pulp. The banana is very similar to the 
 plaintain but not so sweet. Jamaica can boast of a 
 Botanical garden, containing the rarest collection of 
 curious trees and plants, perhaps in the world. The 
 'vh >le island is divided into three counties, Mid- 
 dlesex-, Surrv. and Cornwall, and these into 20 
 p-.rishes, or districts, f> towns, and 27 villages. 
 The leffislatare is composed of the governor, a 
 council of 12 nominated by the crown, and a 
 house of assembly consisting of 43 members 
 elected bv the freeholders. The first settlement 
 on this island was made, in 1509, by the Span- 
 iards, who were cruel to the natives; but it was 
 taken by the English in 1656, and a colony soon 
 after formed by disbanded soldiers from the par- 
 liamentary arm}', who were governed by military 
 laws till the restoration. The tranquillity of this 
 colony has been occasionally disturbed by the in- 
 roads of the Maroons, or original natives, who, 
 however, were completely quelled in 179fi ; and 
 since that period the colony has rapidly increased 
 
 in importance. There is an ecclesiastical estab- 
 lishment in this island, consisting of 19 beneficed 
 clergymen, but the state of religion has long been 
 deplorable. Within the last few years, however, 
 considerable efforts have been made by mission- 
 aries and others ; and though the principal men 
 of the island have manifested much opposition, 
 yet these efforts have already been crowned with 
 very considerable success. The government of 
 Jamaica is one of the richest places, next to that 
 of Ireland, in the disposal of the crown : the 
 standing salary is 2,5001., and the assembly com- 
 monly vote as much more to. the governor, which, 
 witli other perquisites, make it little less than 
 10,0001. a year. Spanish Town is the seat of 
 government, but Kingston is the capital. 
 
 Jamaica, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 35 ra. S. W 
 Windsor. Pop. 1,523. Also a p.t. Queens Co. N. 
 Y.on Long Island. Pop. 2,376. 
 
 Jamalabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Camara, 
 with a fort on the summit of an immense r^.ck, 
 which is accessible only by one narrow way. 
 The town stands on the banks of a river, 30 m. 
 E. N. E. of Mangalore. 
 
 Javiuma, a town of Arabia, capital of a district 
 of the same name, lying W. of the province of 
 Bahrein. It is seated on the river Astan, 140 in, 
 S. W. of Lachsa. 
 
 Jambi, the capital of a district of the same name 
 on the N. E. coast of the island of Sumatra, with 
 a trade in gold dust, pepper, and canes. The 
 town is large, and situate inland, on a river navi- 
 gable for boats, 160 m. N. by E. of Bencoolen. 
 
 Jam bo, a town of Arabia Deserta, with a good 
 harbour, on the Red Sea, 72m. S. S. W. of Medi- 
 na. 
 
 James, a river of Virginia, which rises on the 
 W. side of the Blue Ridge of the Alleghany Moun- 
 tains, and, flowing E. through the state, enters 
 Chesapeak Bay, near Hampton. It is 270 m. in 
 length and is navigable for vessels of 125 tons 
 nearly to Richmond. 
 
 James Bay. See Hudson's Bay. 
 
 James Island, an island of Africa, 30 m. up the 
 river Gambia, and 3 m. from its nearest shore. 
 Here the English have a fort and factory. Long. 
 16. 0. W., lat. 13. 15. N. 
 
 James Island, an island of South Carolina, 
 on the S. side of Charleston harbour, opposite 
 Charleston. 
 
 Jamestown, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Also an 
 ancient town in James City Co. Va. on James 
 River, and the first English settlement in the 
 State Nothing remains of it but a few ruins. 
 Also a town in Newport Co. R. I. Pop. 414. Vil- 
 lages in Prince Edward Co. Va., Guilford Co. N. 
 C, Green Co. Ohio, and St. Louis Co. Missouri. 
 
 Jamestown, a borough of Ireland, in the county 
 of Leitrim, seated on the Shannon, 5 m. S. by E. 
 of Carrick, and 73 N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Jamcts, a town of France, in the department of 
 Meuse, 12 m. S. of Stenay. 
 
 JamesvilJe, p. v. Onondago Co. N. Y. Also a 
 village in Sumter District S. C. 
 
 Jamtland, a province of Sweden bodering on 
 Norway, nearly of a circular form, and 70 m. in 
 iencth, and 60 in breadth. The western part is 
 mountanious. The eastern is a fine champaign 
 country, watered with several lakes and rivers, 
 which abound with fish. The country produces 
 excellent oats and abounds in good turnips. The 
 pastures are extensive and of excellent quality, 
 but are much neglected. It contains alum quar- 
 ries, sandstone, slate, the lapis ollarius, fine rock 
 
JAP 
 
 406 
 
 JAP 
 
 crystal, and lead ore. The inhabitants carry on 
 considerable trade with the Norwegians. 
 
 .Janeiro. See Rio Janeiro. * 
 
 Janna, a province of European Turkey, bound- 
 ed on the N. by Macedonia, E. by the Archipela- 
 go, S. by Livadia, and W. by Albania. It is the 
 Thessaly of the ancients and Larissa is the capital. 
 
 Janna, a town of European Turkey, in the 
 province of the «ame name, 62 m. W. of Larissa. 
 
 Janville, a town of France, department of Eure- 
 et-Loire, 20 m. S. E. of Chartres. 
 
 Japan, an extensive empire in the most eastern 
 part of Asia, extending from long. 131. to 142. E. 
 and from lat. 30. to 41. N. It consists of three 
 large islands (the superficial extent of which is 
 estimated at 1)0,000 sq. m.), and several smaller 
 islands. The whole empire is divided into seven 
 principal districts, which are subdivided into 70 
 provinces ; and the pop. is in proportion to ex- 
 tent, deemed equal to that of China. It is the 
 richest country in the world for gold ; there are 
 also rich silver mines, and fine copper is the main 
 source of the wealth of many provinces. It pro- 
 duces a great deal of rice, which is the principal 
 article of subsistence ; millet, wheat, and barley, 
 are also cultivated to a small extent. Turnips, 
 carrots, melons, cucumbers, &c, all grow spon- 
 taneously. Cedars are common, and so large 
 that they are proper for the masts of ships and 
 columns for temples. The mulberry tree, the 
 laurel, the tree shrub, and camphire tree are also 
 common ; but the most remarkable is the varnish 
 tree (rhus vernix), the juice of which is used to 
 varnish, or (as we call it) japan their furniture. 
 The rocks and most barren places are cultivated 
 and produce a variety of fruits, plants, and roots. 
 The woods and forests, and long ridges of moun- 
 tains, with which the country is intersected, pro- 
 duce good pasturage, and are stocked with deer, 
 oxen, buffaloes, and a few horses ; but there are no 
 sheep nor goats. Here are large quantities of 
 fine porcelain, silk, and skins, as also red pearls, 
 which are not in less esteem than the white. The 
 Japanese are of a yellowish complexion all over ; 
 
 their heads are in general large, their necks short 
 and their hair which is naturally black and thick, 
 is rendered shining by the use of oils ; their eyes 
 ;>re small, of dark brown colour, and sunk deep in 
 the head, and the eyelids form in the great angle 
 of the eye a deep furrow, which discriminates 
 them from other nations ; their eyebrows are also 
 placed somewhat higher; and their noses though 
 not flat, a - e thick and short. They are naturally 
 ingenious, and have a high character for honesty 
 and veracity. Their common drinks are all hot ; 
 
 they uncover their feet out of respect, are fond of 
 black teeth, and get on horseback on the left side 
 Their houses are of wood, coloured white, and 
 never exceed two stories in height. The inte- 
 rior is divided into apartments at pleasure, by 
 moveable partitions sliding in grooves. They 
 have neither tables, beds, nor chairs, but sit and 
 lie on carpets and mats. The dress consists of 
 trowsers, and a loose robe of silk or cotton, fas- 
 tened by a girdle the number beingincreased accor- 
 ding to the coldness of the weather: stockings are 
 not used; and the shoes are commonly of rice straw. 
 The mathematical and physical sciences are yet 
 in their infancy, but are highly esteemed among 
 them ; and they have several schools at different 
 places, in which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric, 
 poetry, history, and astronomy. Some of their 
 arts and manufactures even surpass those of Eu- 
 rope. They formerly carried on a considerable 
 trade with the neighbouring countries ; but now 
 all communications are forbidden, except with the 
 Chinese and Dutch ; and with them only at the 
 port of Nangasaki. The merchandise brought by 
 the Dutch; are spices, sugar, linen and woolei 
 cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdashery wares; 
 for which they receive gold, silver, copper, rice, 
 tea, fine porcelain, cabinets, and other japanned 
 and lackered wares. Japan was formerly divided 
 into a great many small kingdoms, which still re- 
 tain their ancient names, but they were at length 
 swallowed up in one, to which all the rest are be- 
 come either subject or tributary. The tributary 
 princes, amounting to between 50 and 60, are 
 vested with the regal dignity, and are absolute in 
 their respective territories ; but they are entirely 
 subject to the emperor, who can depose, or even 
 condemn them to death, if he thinks proper. The 
 laws are extremely severe and cruel : and the 
 people are doubly slaves, first to their own princes 
 and then to the emperor, who has power of life 
 and death over them all. Anciently the emperor 
 was likewise sovereign pontiff", under the title of 
 of Dairo, and in fact worshipped by all his sub- 
 jects ; but in the civil wars which occurred on 
 the minority of one of them, in 1150, one of the 
 competitors for the crown assumed the ecclesias- 
 tical government, retaining the same title ; while 
 the other, who ruled in civil affairs, was called 
 Cubo. From that time the dairo has only been at 
 the head of religious matters, while the cubo or 
 secular emperor bears an absolute dominion over 
 all civil and military affairs. The former still 
 lives in great state and grandeur at Meaco ; and 
 the latter pays him a kind of homage, as if he act- 
 ed only as his deputy or viceroy ; but, in reality 
 the cubo is now the real monarch of Japan, and 
 the dairo only as his high priest. The Japanese 
 are as fabulous as the Chinese in the antiquity of 
 their empire ; but the certain period beoins with 
 the hereditary succession of the ecclesiastica 1 
 emperors, from the year 660 before the christian 
 epoch. The religion of the country is paganism ; 
 but there are two different sects. There was 
 once a great number of christians in different 
 parts of the empire; but, in 1638 they underwent 
 great persecutions and all who professed Christian 
 ity were either put to death or forced to revert back 
 to paganism. The capital of the empire is Jeddo. 
 Japara, a sea-port on the N. coast of the island 
 of Java, with a good harbour. It was the capital 
 of a considerable kingdom, till the Dutch made 
 themselves masters of it; and now they have a 
 colony here, and a considerable trade. 253 m. E 
 by S. of 13atavia. Long. 110. 45. E., lat. G. 20. S 
 
JAU 
 
 407 
 
 JAV 
 
 Jaquemel, a town of St. Domingo, on a bay of 
 its name, on the S. coast, 32 m. S. S. W. of fort 
 au Prince. 
 
 .Tuques, a navigable river of Louisiana, which 
 falls into the Missouri. 
 
 Jaques Carder, a river of Canada, so called 
 from the navigator who first explored the St. Law- 
 rence, into which it falls in long. 71. 41. W., lat. 
 40. 38. N. 
 
 Jar genu, a town of France, in the department 
 of Loiret. It was taken by the English in 1438, 
 and retaken by Joan of Arc the next year. It is 
 seated near the Loire, .10 m. E. S. E. of Orleans. 
 
 Jarisbtrg, a town of Norway, capital of a dis- 
 trict abounding in mines, in the diocese of Ag- 
 gerhuys, 5 in. N. of Tonsberg. 
 
 Jarnac,a. town of France, in the department of 
 Cbarente. Near this place the duke of Anjou, 
 afterwards Henry III., obtained a victory over 
 the Huguenots, in 1509. It is seated on the Cha- 
 rente, 20 m. W. of Angouleme. 
 
 Jaromitz, a town of Bohemia, seated on the 
 Elbe, 9 m. N. of Konigingratz. 
 
 Jnroii, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, celebrated 
 for abundance of palm-trees, and their excellent 
 fruits. 89 m. S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 53. 10. 
 E., lat. 23. 15. N. 
 
 Juroslau, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, 
 with a strong citadel. A battle was gained here, 
 bv the Swedes, in 1050, after which they took the 
 town. It is included in the kingdom of Galicia, 
 and seated on the Saine, 55 m. W. of Lemberg. 
 Long. 22. 43. E., lat. 50.4. N. 
 
 Jaroslarl, or Jaroslav, a governmen tof Russia, 
 formerly a province of the government of Mos- 
 cow. Its territorial extent is estimated at about 
 14.000 sq. m. and its inhabitants at 800,000. It is 
 divided into 10 circles, exclusive of the level call- 
 ed the Steppes of Jaroslav. The principal rivers 
 are tile Wolga, the Schekna, and Mologa. The 
 chief trade is in cattle and wood. The capital, 
 of the same name, is a large commercial place, 
 and a bishop's see, with numerous manufactures. 
 It is seated on the Wolga, 145 m. N. N. E. of 
 Moscow. 
 
 Jasenitz, a town of Hither Pomerania, seated on 
 the Oder, 10 in. N. of Stettin. 
 
 Jasque, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Mecran, which gives name to a cape in the gulf 
 of Ormus. Long. 57. 4. E., lat. 55. 40. N. 
 
 Jassq, a- town of European Turkey, capital of 
 Moldavia, and an archbishop's see, with a trade 
 n flax, corn, hides, wool, wax, honey, tallow, 
 (tnd canvass, large quantities of which are made 
 'n the town and sent to Constantinople. In 
 i.53 it was destroyed by fire ; it was subsequent- 
 ly rebuilt and well fortified ; but in 1788 the for 
 cifications were demolished, excepting a small 
 'brt. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000. 
 it has been several times taken in the wars be- 
 aveen the Turks and the Russians or Austrians. 
 It is seated on the Pruth, 170 m. N. N. E. of 
 Bucharest, and 370 N. of Constantinople. 
 
 Juucr, a town of Silesia, capital of a principal, 
 .ty of the same name, with a citadel, and a large 
 square, surrounded by piazzas. It has manufac- 
 tures of woolen and cotton, and a trade in flax 
 and yarn. It is seated in a fine country on the 
 rivulet Jauer. 35 m. W. by S. of Breslau. Long. 
 10. 23. E., lat. 51.2. N. 
 
 Jaulnais, a town of France, in the department 
 ot Vienne,0m. N. of Poitiers. 
 
 Jauru, a river of Brazil, in Matto-Grosso, 
 which rises in the plains of Parexis, in long. 58. 
 
 30. W., lat. 14. 42. S., and, after a long S. and S. 
 E. course falls into the Paraguay in lr.t. 10. 24. 
 S. At its mouth is erected a beautiful pyramid 
 of marble, bearing inscriptions commemorative 
 of the treaty between Spain and Portugal, whicn 
 defined the boundaries of thek respective territo- 
 ries. On its banks are extensive salt-pits, from 
 which the province of Matto-Grosso derives 
 large quantities of salt. 
 
 Java, an island of the E Indies, lying to the 
 S. of Borneo, and separated at its W. end from 
 Sumatra, by the strait of Sunda. It is some- 
 times called Great Java, to distinguish it from 
 Bali, by some named Little Java ; and is 040 m. 
 in length, and of various breadth, extending 
 from 105. to 110 E. long., and 0. to 9. S. lat. 
 The land is low, and in some places marshy, 
 near the shore, which renders the air unhealthy ; 
 but it rises in a gradual slope towards the inte- 
 rior of the country, admitting in its ascent eve- 
 rv variety of situation and verdure. Rice is the 
 staple production of the island, and is exported 
 in considerable quantity. Sugar, pepper, cotton, 
 and coffee, are produced in abundance. Indigo, 
 of a very superior quality, is also cultivated ; 
 and wheat, barley, oats, and Bengal grain, thrive 
 well, and might be produced in great abundance, 
 if due attention were bestowed on their culture. 
 The N. coast has a great many commodious 
 creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, with many little 
 islands near the shore. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly Javanese ; next to these are the Malays ; 
 and in the sea-ports a considerable number of 
 Chinese are settled. The Javanese inhabit all 
 the interior parts of the island, and are in gener- 
 al the cultivators of the soil. They are de- 
 scribed as a barbarous, proudand fierce people, of 
 a brown complexion, short, coal-black hair, large 
 cheeks, small eyes, and large eyebrows. The 
 men are very robust and strong limbed ; the women 
 are small, but of pleasing countenance, and in 
 some districts they are really beautiful. The men 
 wear a piece of calico, which is the principal 
 manufacture of the island, wrapt two or three 
 times round their middle ; and the women wear 
 them from their am; pits down to their knees ; 
 but all other parts are bare. The men have two 
 or three wives, and several concubines, according 
 to their circumstances. The Javanese appear, 
 from remains of temples and inscriptions, to be 
 of Hindoo descent, and their language is quite 
 distinct from that of the Malays : but the pro- 
 fessed religion of both is Mahomedism. The 
 Malays principally inhabit along the coast. They 
 are not so well featured as the Javanese ; but 
 the men are often very muscular and well made. 
 They are generally indolent, but at the same time 
 restless, vindictive, and treacherous. The Chi- 
 nese are distinguished by their habits of indus- 
 try, and generally by their wealth. Many of 
 them carry on a considerable trade with their na- 
 tive country, and the several islands of the eas- 
 tern archipelago. They intermarry with the Ja- 
 vanese and Malays, and purchase female slaves 
 for wives and concubines. This island has very 
 high mountains, particularly the Pepper Moun- 
 tain on the S. side; it has, likewise, impassable for- 
 ests and wildernesses ; but to the N., between 
 Batavia and Bantam, is a very populous country, 
 full of rice fields, and plenty of salt and pepper, be- 
 sides most sorts of fruits proper to the climate. 
 Here are also plenty of hogs, beeves, and sheep, 
 with other tame animals ;and likewise fowl, wild 
 and tame, in great abundance. In the woods a"> 
 
JEA 
 
 408 
 
 JEF 
 
 urge tigers, rhinoceroses, and other wild beasts ; 
 and in the rivers are crocodiles. The Babiroussa 
 is a sort of hog, yet instead of bristles he is cov- 
 ered with a soft short hair like wool. Herds of 
 them are found together and are easily discover- 
 
 ed in consequence of their strong odour. Their 
 enormous tusks are of a beautiful ivory, smoother 
 and finer than that of the elephant. The serene 
 season is from May till November ; and then the 
 rains beg-in, which lay the low grounds under 
 water, kill the insects, and continue till March, 
 when they commence sowing, and in July the 
 suijar and rice begin to ripen ; but September 
 and October are the best months for all sorts of 
 fruits. Java has a river which rises in the moun- 
 tains, and, dividing itself into many branches, 
 waters the circumjacent country : these after- 
 wards reunite, and pass through Batavia, divid- 
 ing it into two parts. For more than a century 
 Java was under the dominion of the Dutch. In 
 1811 it was captured by the British, under Sir 
 Samuel Auchmuty. and many important im- 
 provements were adopted in its internal admin- 
 istration. Government also did much to pro- 
 mote agricultural improvements, and the country 
 prospered and enjoyed tranquillity. Since it has 
 been restored to the Dutch. They appear .however, 
 t > have reverted to their former wretched system, 
 as they have been engaged in quelling insurrec- 
 tions, which there is little doubt were provoked 
 by their arbitrary and vexatious exactions. Bata- 
 via is the capital. 
 
 Jaxt, one of the four circles or departments of 
 Wurtomberg. deriving its name from the river 
 Jaxt. having Baden on the W. and Bavaria on the 
 E. It comprises a superficial area of above 14,00 
 square m., with a pop. of 200,000 : the name was 
 formerly given to a province not half the extent. 
 
 Jaxt, a river of Germany, in Wurtemberg which 
 rises in the county of Oettingen, and, after flow- 
 •na r through the principality of Elwangen. falls 
 info the Neckar opposite to Wimpfen, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt. 
 
 Jaztberrr, a small town of Wurtemberg, on the 
 river Jaxt, 10 m. S. E. of Mergentheim. 
 
 Jay, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 20 m. N. E. Paris. 
 Pop. 1,276. Also a township in Orleans Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 190. Also a town in Essex Co. N. Y. on 
 Saratoga river. Pop. 1,279. 
 
 Jean, St , a town of France, in the department 
 of Moselle, seated on the Sarre, 12 m. W. of Deux 
 Ponts. 
 
 Jean a" Angely, St., a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente, famous for its brandy. 
 It was taken from the Huguenots, in 1021, by 
 Louis XIII. , who demolished the fortifications. 
 It is seated on the Bontonne, 17 m N. E. of 
 Saintes, and 37 S. E. o-f Rochelle. 
 
 Jean de lj)sne, St., a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Cote d' Or, celebrated for the bravery of 
 its inhabitants, in opposing the imperial count 
 Gallas, at the head of a numerous army, in 1035. 
 It is Heated on the Saone, 15 m. S. S. E of Dijon 
 
 Jean de Luz, St., a town of France, department 
 of Lower Pyrenees, the last next Spain with a 
 harbour. It owes its opulence to the cod and 
 whale fishery, and is seated on a small river, near 
 the Bay of Biscay, 14 m. S. W. of Bayonne 
 Long. 1. 40. W., lat. 43. 25. N. 
 
 Jean de Maurienne, St., a. town of Savoy, capital 
 of the province of Maurienne, and a bishop's see. 
 It is seated on the river Arc, 25 m. E. N. E. of 
 Grenoble. Long. 6. 20. E., lat. 45. 17. N. 
 
 Jean de Pied de Port, St., a town of France, de- 
 partment of Lower Pyrenees, defended by a cita- 
 del, upon an eminence, at the entrance of those 
 passages, or defiles, in the Pyrenees, which, in 
 this country, are called Ports. It is seated on the 
 river Nive,20 m. S. S. E. of Bayonne, and 30 N. 
 E. of Pampeluna. 
 
 Jed, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire 
 which rises on the borders of England, and joins 
 the Teviot, a little below Jedburg. On its banks 
 are several large caverns, which were the hiding 
 places of ancient border-warriors. 
 
 Jedburgh a borough of Scotland, capital of Rox- 
 burghshire. Here is the ruin of a fine abbey, part 
 of which has been made the parish church. A 
 variety of woolen manufactures are carried on 
 here, and the vicinity is notea for its orchards. It 
 is situated on the Jed. near its conflux with the 
 Teviot, 42 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Jedo, or Jcddo, the capital of the empire of Ja- 
 pan, situate on the S. E. side of Niphon, the 
 largest of the Japanese Islands. The city has 
 neither walls nor ramparts, is 9 in. in length, and 
 G in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 inhabitants. 
 The houses are built of earth, and boarded on the 
 out side, to prevent the rains from destroying the 
 walls. In every street is an iron gate, which is 
 shut up in the night and a kind of custom-house, 
 or magazine, for merchandize. The imperial pal- 
 ace is surrounded by walls and ditches, with 
 drawbridges, forming of itself a considerable 
 town, in the middle of the city. Where the em- 
 peror resides are three towers, nine stories high, 
 each covered with plates of gold ; and the hall of 
 audience is supported by pillars of massy gold. 
 Near the palace are several others, where the re- 
 lations of the emperor live. The empress has a 
 palace of her own, and there are twenty small 
 ones for the concubines. Besides which, all the 
 princes of the empire, who are obliged to make it 
 their residence during half the year, have each a 
 palace in the city, with a handsome garden. The 
 houses of the common class are nothing but ground 
 floor, the rooms parted by folding screens, so that 
 they can be made larger or smaller at pleasure. 
 Jedo is seated in a plain at the head of a fine bay, 
 and a river, which passes through it supplies sev- 
 eral canals. Long. 139. 30. E.^ lat. 30. 10. N. 
 
 Jefferson, a county of NewYork lying on Lake 
 Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Pop. 48,515. 
 Watertown is the capital. A county of the W. 
 District of Pennsylvania. Pop. 2,225. Brookville 
 is the capital. A county of the W. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 12,927. Charleston is the capital. 
 A county of Georgia. Pop. 7,309. Louisville is 
 the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 0,855. 
 Elyton is the capital. A county of Mississippi. 
 Pop. 9,755. Fayette is the capital. A county 
 of the E. District of Tennessee. Pop. 11,799. 
 Dandridge is the capital. A parish of Louisiana. 
 Pop. 0,846. Coquille is the capital. A county 
 of Kentucky. Pop. 24,002. Louisville is the 
 capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 22,489. Steu 
 benville is the capital. A county of Indiana 
 
JER 
 
 409 
 
 JER 
 
 Fop. 11,465. Madison is the capital. A county of Il- 
 linois. Pop. 2,555. Mount Vernon is the capital. 
 A county of Missouri. Pop. 2,586. Herculaneum 
 is the capital. A county of Florida. Pop. 3,312. 
 Monticello is tho capital. A county of Arkansas. 
 Pop. 772. 
 
 Jefferson, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,074. p.t. 
 Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 49a. p.t. Schoharie Co. N. 
 Y. Pop. 1,743. Also towns and villages in Morris 
 Co. N. J., Greene Co. Pa., Powhatan Co. Va., 
 Ashe Co. N. C, Camden and Jackson Cos. Geo., 
 Rutherford Co. Ten., Pike and Cole Cos. 
 Missouri, and 13 towns in Ohio. 
 
 Jeffersonton, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. 
 
 Jeffersontown, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ken. 
 
 Jeffersonville, p.t. Clarke Co. Indiana, nearly op- 
 pDsite Louisville, Ken 
 
 Jegni-kevi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 lia, 24 m. N. N. W. of Degnizlu. 
 
 Jeunipannola, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Bulgaria, 70 m. E. S. E. of Distra. 
 
 Jehud, or Joud, mountains in the N. W. part 
 of Hindoostan, extending eastward from Attock 
 to Behnbur. They are part of the territory of 
 the mountaineers called Gickers, Gehkers,or Ka- 
 kares. 
 
 Jekyi, a small island of N. America, on the 
 coast of Georgia, S. of the island of St. Simon. 
 
 Jellasore, a town of Bengal seated on the Su- 
 baureeka, 50 m. S. by W. of Midnapour. 
 
 Jellinghy, a town of Bengal, on the right bank 
 of the Ganges, where a branch, called the Jelling- 
 hy River, separates from the main stream. 25 in. 
 E. by S. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Jemappee, See Gemappes, 
 
 Jemarrow, a kingdom of Africa, on the S. side 
 of the Gambia, about 120 m. from the sea The 
 inhabitants are chiefly Mahomedans. 
 
 Jena, a strong town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Saxe-Weimar, with a castle and a cele- 
 brated university. Near this place in 1806, there 
 was a general action between the French and 
 Prussians, in which the latter were defeated with 
 immense loss. It is seated on the Saale, 10 m. S. 
 S E. of Weimar. Long. 11. 34. E., lat. 50. 55. N. 
 
 Jcnisa. See Yenisei. 
 
 Jeniskoi. See Yeniseisk. 
 
 Jcnitz, a town of Germany, in the principality, 
 of Anhalt-Dessau, situate on the Muldau, 2 m. N. 
 E. of Dessau. 
 
 Jenitia, a town of European Turkey, in Mace- 
 donia, situate on a lake which communicates with 
 the gulf of Salonichi, by a canal 12 in. loner. It is 
 24 m. N. N. W. of Salonichi. 
 
 Jenkinton, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Jenner, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Jtnnersviilc, p. v. Chester Co. Pa 
 
 Jennings, a county of Indiana Pop. 3,950. 
 Vernon is the capital. 
 
 Jcremie, a town and cape on the N. side of the 
 southern peninsula of the island of St. Domingo. 
 The town is situate on an eminence, in a fertile 
 soil, particularly excellent for the culture of cof- 
 fee, 5 m. W. of St. Domingo. Lone 73. 14. W. 
 lat. 18. 42. N. 
 
 Jericho, a town of Syria, in Palestine, once a fa- 
 mous city. It is now called Herubi by the Arabs, 
 and contains only a few wretched huts, where 
 some beggarly Arabs reside. It is 5 m. W. of the 
 river Jordan and 20 E. by N. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Jericho, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov- 
 ernment of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe, 32 m. 
 N. N. E. of Magdeburg. 
 
 Jericho, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on Onion Riv- 
 52 
 
 er, 12 m. S. Burlington. Pop. 1,654. Also a 
 p.v. Queens Co. N. Y. 
 
 Jermah, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, dis- 
 tinguished by the numerous herds of sheep and 
 goats that feed around it, and by many majestic 
 ruins, that exhibit to '.he inhabitants of its clay- 
 built cottages vestiges of greatness to which they 
 are perfectly indifferent. 60 m. S. E. of Mour- 
 zouk. 
 
 Jeromestown, p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio. 92 m. N. 
 E. Columbus. 
 
 Jersey, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,391. 
 Also a township in Licking Co. Ohio. 
 
 Jersey City, a village at raulus's Hook, Bergen 
 Co. N. J. on the Hudson, opposite New York. 
 
 Jerscytoicn, p.v. Columbia Co. Pa. 
 
 Jersey, Neto. See JVeio Jersey. 
 
 Jersey, an island in the English Channel, 18 m 
 from the coast of Noimar.dy in France, and 84 S 
 of Portland in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the 
 English, but is still governed by the ancient Nor- 
 man laws. It is 30 in in circumference and d'ffi- 
 cult of access, on account of rocks, sands, and the 
 forts erected for its defence. It produces excel- 
 lent butter and honey, and the S. part of the isl- 
 and is nearly covered with apple trees for cider. 
 The commerce of Jersey extends to almost every 
 European nation and also to America. It exports to 
 England great quantities of cider; also fruits, pota- 
 toes and cattle ; and in return imports corn, flour, 
 seeds, coals, cloth, linen, glass, iScc. A number of 
 ships are engaged in the Newfoundland fishery. In 
 1812, 59 vessels, altogether of 6000 tons burden,and 
 navio-ated by 550 seamen, belonged to the island. 
 
 Jerusalem, an ancient and famous town of Asia, 
 formerly capital of Judea. It was taken by Neb- 
 uchadnezzar in the 11th year of Zedekiah, when 
 the Jews were led captive to Babylon. It was at 
 terwards taken by the Romans, and destroyed, 
 together with the temple, 70 years after the birth 
 of Christ, after sustaining one of the most remark- 
 able sieges in history. The emperor Adrian built. 
 a new city near its ruins. It was taken by the 
 Persians in 614, and by the Saracens in 636. In 
 1099 it was retaken by the Crusaders, who found- 
 ed a new kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under 
 9 kings. Saladin, king of Egypt and Syria, obtai li- 
 ed possession of it in 1 187. The Turks who drove 
 awny the Saracens in 1217, have retained it evei 
 since, and call it El Kods. that is, the Holy City. It 
 is now inhabited bv Turks. Arabs, Jews and Chris- 
 tians. It stands on a high rock with steep ascents 
 on every side except to the N. It is almost sur- 
 rounded with valleys encompassed with inoiiti 
 tains, so that it seems to stand in the middle of 
 an amphitheatre. The principal object of vene- 
 ration is the church of the holy sepulchre, a very 
 handsome building, 3,000 feet long and nearly 
 200 broad. It is supposed to comprehend within 
 these limits the scene of all the great events of the 
 crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection of 
 Christ. The chapel is cut out of the rock, and 
 lamps are kept constantly burning in it. The 
 whole is covered with white marble, both within 
 and without ; and on the outside there are 10 fine 
 columns of the same. It is covered with a plat- 
 form, the middle of which forms a small dome six 
 feet in height, covered with lead, and supported 
 by 12 columns of porphyry, placed by pairs on the 
 platform, and forming 6 arches, which have 3 
 lamps under each. Before the gate of the sepul- 
 chre is a silver lamp, so large that 2 men cannot 
 fathom it. On Good Friday, all the parts of our 
 Saviour's passion are solemnized in this church 
 2M 
 
JIN 
 
 410 
 
 JOH 
 
 Pilgrims flock hither from various parts, and the 
 inhabitants accomodate them with lodging and 
 provisions, which is their chief business, and a 
 bashaw, with a guard of janissaries, always re- 
 sides here to protect them from the insults of 
 the Arabs. The manufactures of Jerusalem 
 are almost confined to one branch, that of beads, 
 crosses, shells, and other objects supposed to de- 
 rive their sanctity from their local origin. These 
 articles receive a species of benediction in the 
 church of the sepulchre ; and they are bought 
 even by those who are most sensible of their in- 
 significance, a.a they form acceptable presents to 
 alf the inhabitants of Greek and Catholic coun- 
 tries. Jerusalem is politically included in the pa- 
 chalic of Damascus ; but the surrounding terri- 
 tory forms a kind of independent district. 112 in. 
 S. VV. of Damascus, 45 from the Mediterranean. 
 Long. 35. 20. E., lat. 31. 47. N. 
 
 Jerusalem, p. v. Ontario Co. N. Y. Also a vil- 
 lage in Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Also 
 a village of Southampton Co. Va. 
 
 Jesi, a town of Italy, in the states of the church, 
 seated on the river Esino, 10 m. W. S. W. of An- 
 cona. 
 
 Jessamine, a county of Kentucky, on Kentucky 
 river. Pop. 9,961. Nicholasville is the capital. 
 
 Jessclmere, a town of Hindoostan, in a district 
 of the same name, in the province of Agimere, 
 governed by an independent chief. 70 m. W. by 
 N. of Bickaneer. 
 
 Jesso, a large island, lying between those of Ni- 
 phon and Saghalien. It is 150 m. in length, and 
 from 80 to 220 in breadth : the narrow part is in 
 the S., towards Niphon. It is full of woods ; and 
 the natives, who live by fishing and hunting, are 
 strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when com- 
 pared to the Japanese. Here are some Japanese 
 colonies, and the island is generally deemed sub- 
 ject to Japan ; but it may be rather considered as 
 a foreign conquest than as a part of the civilized 
 empire. Matsmai is the capital. The S. point is 
 in long. 142. 30. W., lat. 40. 50. N. 
 
 Jessore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, capi- 
 tal of a district of the same name. It is seated 
 on the river Boirub, and on the high road from 
 Calcutta to Dacca. It was at this spot that the 
 pestilential cholera broke out in 1817, which from 
 that time till 1832 ravaged a great part of Europe 
 and nearly the whole of Asia. 
 
 Jever, a small district of Germany, situated 
 between East Friesland and the duchy of Olden- 
 burg. Though surrounded by Westphalia, it 
 was never included in any circle of the empire. 
 It was ceded to Oldenburg in 1814. 
 
 Jever, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy 
 of Oldenburg, 34 m. N. by W. of Oldenburg. 
 
 Jidda, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, on the Red 
 Sea, in a barren, sandy district, destitute of fresh 
 water. A very considerable trade is carried on 
 here, this city being a mart between Egypt and 
 India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed 
 further than this port, and those, from India are 
 not suffered to advance to Suez. The English 
 are permitted to trade here ; but, in consequence 
 of the numerous exactions to which they are sub- 
 jected, the trade has greatly declined. By the 
 treaty with the Porte the duty is 5 per cent., but 
 under various pretences it is raised to 12. 34 m. 
 W. S. W. of Mecca, of which it is the port. 
 Long 39. 15. E., lat. 21. 29. N. 
 
 Jinbala, a town of Negroland, capital of an is- 
 land so called, which is formed by two branches 
 of the Niger that separate at leaving the lake Dib- 
 
 bie, and unite again about 15 m. from Tombuctoo 
 The town is a resting place for traders between 
 Tombuctoo and the western parts of the country 
 II stands on the W. branch of the Niger, 80 m 
 S. W. of Tombuctoo. Long. 0. If.. E., lat. it>. 
 
 4. N. 
 
 Jionpour, a. town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir- 
 car of the same name, in Allahabad. It is seated 
 on the Goomty ; and not far from the conflux of 
 that river with the Ganges is the fort of Jionpour, 
 on a high bank commanding the bridge over the 
 Goomty. This place was at one time the seat of 
 an empire ; and sultan Shirki built the great mus- 
 jud, or mausolc-um, which is still remaining. The 
 stone bridge over the Goomty consists of sixteen 
 pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many lit- 
 tle shops on both sides. It was built in 15(57, aniJ 
 has hitherto withstood the force of the stream, 
 which, in the time of the rains, frequently flows 
 over the bridge ; and in 1774 a brigade of the 
 British army passed over it in boats. Jionpour is 
 48 m. N. W. of Benares. Long. 82. 55. E., lat 
 25. 45. N. 
 
 Joachim, a village in Jefferson Co. Missouri. 
 
 Joachimsthal, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Saatz, noted for its mines and a manufacture of 
 lace. 15 m. N. by E. of Elnbogen. 
 
 Joachimsthal, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Ucker mark, 30 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Joanna. See Hinzuan. 
 
 Joannina, or Janina, or Janina, a city of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, and the capital of Albania, stand? 
 upon the banks of a lake, the ancient Acherusia, 
 the waters of which are discharged into a subter- 
 ranean abyss. The town is 2 m. in length and 
 half a m. in breadth and contains a pop. of 40,000 
 engaged in the exportation of oil, wool, corn, 
 tobacco, and the importation of manufactured 
 goods. This place was the capital of the celebrated 
 Ali Pacha, and was visited by Lord Byron in bis 
 early travels in the East. 
 
 Jobstoicn, p v. Burlington Co. N. Y. 
 Jockgrim, a town of Bavaria, province of the 
 Rhine, situate on an eminence, near the Rhine, 
 9 m. S. E. of Landau. 
 
 Johan-georgen-stadt , a town of Saxony, in the. 
 circle of Erzgebirge, celebrated for its mines, 
 and for a considerable manufacture of lace. 18 
 in. S. S. E. of Zwickau. 
 
 Johannesburg, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Nassau, celebrated for the vineyards in 
 its environs, which were bestowed by the emperor 
 on prince Metternich in 1816. It has a citadel, 
 and is sealed on the river Pych, near the lake 
 Spirding, 95 miles S. E. of Konigsberg, and 18 
 W. of Mentz. Long. 22. 39. E., lat. 53. 16. N. 
 
 John, a township of Franklin Co. Missouri. 
 
 Johnsburg, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 985. 
 
 John, St., one of the Philipoine islands, E. <i 
 Mindanao. Long. 126. 32. E.,'lat. 9. 30. N. 
 
 John, St., a small island in the W. Indies, N. 
 of St. Croix, belonging to the Danes. It has 3 
 town and spacious harbour. 
 
 John, St., or Prince Edward, an island in tin 
 
 5. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having New 
 Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on the S. 
 and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long 
 and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams 
 In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the 
 English. The capital is Charlotte Town. 
 
 John, St., a river which rises in the N. W. part 
 of the district of Maine, flows N. E. into New 
 Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. course, 
 and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of S' 
 
JON 
 
 411 
 
 JUA 
 
 John. It is navigable 60 m. for sloops of 50 
 tons, and about 200 for boats ; and affords a com- 
 mon and near route from the province of New 
 Brunswick to Quebec. 
 
 John, St., a city of New Brunswick, situate at 
 the mouth of the river St John, in the bay of 
 Fundy. It stands in a high situation and is regu- 
 larly built. The harbour is open throughout the 
 year and the city carries on an extensive com- 
 merce. Long. 65. 15. W., lat.45. 12. N. 
 
 John, St., the chief town of Newfoundland, sit- 
 uate on the E. side of the island. It has a good 
 harbour, entirely land-locked, and defended by 
 several forts, in one of which the governor of the 
 island resides. This town suffered very severely 
 by repeated fires during the years 1816, 1617, and 
 1618. Long. 52. 26. W., lat. 47. 32. N. 
 
 John, St., the capital of Antigua. It is one of 
 the most regular towns in the W. Indies, and has 
 the most commodious harbour in the Leeward isl- 
 ands. Long. 62. 4. W., lat. 17. 4. N. 
 
 John, St., a town and fort of Lower Canada, 
 on the W. bank of Chambly or Richelieu River, at 
 the N. end of Lake Champlain. In 1796 it was 
 made the sole port of entry and clearance for all 
 
 foods imported from the U. States into Canada. 
 t is 20 m. E. by S. of Montreal, and 110 N. by E. 
 of Crown Point. Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 45. 25. N. 
 
 John cV Acre, St. See Acre. 
 
 Johnshaven, a village of Scotland, in Kincard- 
 ineshire, with a harbour for small vessels, 4 m. S. 
 S. W. of Bervie. It was formerly a great fishing 
 town, but is now more noted for an extensive man- 
 ufacture of canvas. 
 
 Johnson, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. on Lamoil river. 
 Pop. 1,070. 
 
 Johnson, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,596. 
 Vienna is the capital. 
 
 Johnsonburg, p. v. Warren Co. N. J. 74 m. N. 
 Trenton. 
 
 Johnston, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 
 10,933. Smithfield is the capital. 
 
 Johnston, p.t. Providence Co. R. 1. 5 m. N. Prov- 
 idence. Pop. 2,114. Also a township of Trum- 
 bull Co. Ohio. Pop. 400. 
 
 Johnstoicn, p.t. Montgomery Co. N.Y. 25 m. N. 
 W.Schenectady. Pop. 7,700. Also a p. v. Cam- 
 bria Co. Pa. and a p.t. Licking Co. Ohio. 
 
 Johnstoicn, a town of Upper Canada, extending 
 nearly a m. on the river St. Lawrence. It is 50 
 m. N. E. of Kingston, and 100 S. W. of Mon- 
 treal. Long. 75. 10. W., lat. 44. 42. N. 
 
 Johnstown, St., a borough of Ireland, in the coun- 
 ty of Donegal, on the river Foyle, 5 m. S. S. W. 
 of "Londonderry. 
 
 Johor, or Jor, a town of the peninsula of Ma- 
 laya, destroyed by the Portuguese in 1603, but 
 subsequently rebuilt ; it is seated near the S. coast, 
 150 m. S. E. of Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat. 
 1. 35. N. 
 
 Joignij, a town of France, in the department of 
 Yonne, surrounded by thick walls, and seated near 
 the Yonne, 17 m. S. S. E. of Sens. 
 
 JoinviUe, an ancient town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Marne, situate on the Marne, 
 25 in. S. W. of Bar-le-Duc, and 125 S. E. of Paris. 
 Long. 5. 20. E., lat. 48. 20. N. 
 
 Jolucar, a town of Spain, in Granada, 7 m. N. 
 E. of Motril. 
 
 Jonasville, a village of Alleghany Co. Maryland. 
 
 Jones, a county of North Carolina. Pop. 5,628. 
 Trenton is the capital. Also a county of Georgia. 
 Pop. 13,342. Clinton is the capital. 
 
 Joncsborough, a town of Tennessee, capital of 
 
 the county of Washington, seated near the foot of 
 the Iron mountains, 86 m. E. by N. of Knoxville- 
 Long. 82. 40. W., lat. 36. 8. N. 
 
 Jonesborough, a village in Jefferson Co. Alab. 
 
 Joncsburg, p. v. Camden Co. N. C. and Union 
 Co. Illinois. 
 
 Jonkioping, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, and 
 the seat of justice for Gothland. It has a strong 
 citadel, and a manufacture of arms. The houses 
 are chiefly of wood ; and on the roof are spread 
 layers of birch bark, covered with turf or moss, 
 many of them producing herbage, and some orna- 
 mented with flowers. It is seated near the S. end 
 of the lake Wetter, 80 in. W. N. W. of Calmar. 
 
 Joodpour, a town of Hindooslan, capital of a 
 district of the same name, in the province ui'Ai'i- 
 mere. It carries on a considerable trade bv means 
 of caravans with Guzeiat and the Deccan. The 
 rajah is now one of the British allies. It is seated 
 near a branch of the Pudda, 100 m. W. S. VV. of 
 Agimere. Long. 73. 18. E., lal. 26. 8. N. 
 
 Joppa, a village of Hartford Co. Maryland, 16 
 m. N. L^. Baltimore. 
 
 Jordan, a river of Syria, which rises in Mount 
 Libanus, and flows S. through the lake of Tiberias, 
 to the Dead Sea. 
 
 Jordan, a village of Onondaga Co. N. Y on the 
 Erie Canal, 10 in. N. Skeneateles. 
 
 Jor jan, or Korgan, a town of Persia, in Astera- 
 bad, bordering on the Caspian Sea. It is 60 m. 
 E. by N. of Asterabad, and 320 W. of Mesched. 
 Long. 56. 5. E., lat. 15. 56. N. 
 
 Jorkau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz, celebrated for its breweries. On a moun- 
 tain by the town is the magnificent castle of 
 Rothenhaus. 5 m. N. of Commotua. 
 
 Josselin, a town of France, in the department 
 of Morbihan, 25 in. N. N. E. of Vannes. 
 
 Jouarre, a town of France in the department 
 of Seine-et-Marne, 10 m. S. E. of Meaux, and 35 
 E. of Paris. 
 
 Joud. See J chut. 
 
 Joue, a town of France, department of Indre-et- 
 Loire, 3 m. S. of Tours. 
 
 Joue du Plaid, a town in the department of 
 Orne, 5 m. S. W. of Argentan. 
 
 Jougue, a town in the department of Doubs, 8 
 m. S. of Montarlier, and 22 E. S. E. of Salins. 
 
 Jougues, a town in the departmeut of Mouths 
 of the Rhone, 12 in. N. E. of Aix. 
 
 Joura, an island in the Grecian Archipelago 
 10 in. in circuit, and 2 S. W. of Andros. 
 
 Jouy, a town of France, in the department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, 3 m. S. of Versailles. 
 
 Jouy le Chatel, a town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, 10 in. N. W. of Provins. 
 
 Jouy sur Morin, a town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, 15 m. S. E. of Meaux. 
 
 Joux Mount. See Jura Mount. 
 
 Joyeuse, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 deche, seated on the Beaune, 27 m. S. W. of 
 Privas. 4 
 
 Juan, St., or Desanuadero, a river of Mexico, 
 which is the outlet of the lake Nicaragua. It 
 flows, from the S. E. corner of the lake, in an 
 easterly direction, between the province of Nica- 
 ragua and Costa Rica, into the Cairibean Sea. 
 
 Juan, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of 
 Nicaragua, situate at the head of the river St. 
 Juan, 110m. E. of Nicaragua. Long. 34. 45 W 
 lat. 11. 15. N. 
 
 Juan dc Fuca, Strait of, a large bay or gulf of 
 the Pacific Ocean, on the W. coast of N. America 
 The entrance is in long. 124. 55. W., lat. 43. 25. N 
 
JUG 
 
 412 
 
 JUL 
 
 Juan de la Frontcra, St., a town of Chile. Its 
 territory contains mines of gold, and a kind of 
 almonds that are very delicate. It is seated near 
 the lake Guanacho, on the E. side of the Andes, 
 150 m. N. of Mendoza. Long. 68. 40. W., lat. 31. 
 °0. S. 
 
 Juan de Porto Rico, St., the capital of the isl- 
 and of Porto Rico, with a good harbour, defended 
 by several forts. It is a bishop's see ; and is well 
 built, and better inhabited than most of the 
 Spanish towns. It was taken by sir Francis 
 Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumber- 
 land ; but, losing most of his men by sickness, 
 he was obliged to abandon it. In 1615 the Dutch 
 . took and plundered this city, but could not retain 
 it. It stands on a peninsula, on the N. coast of the 
 island. Long. 66. 45. W., lat. 18. 29. N. 
 
 Juan dr. Utuu, St., a small island in the gulf 
 of Mexico See Vera Cruz. 
 
 Jttan Fernandez, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 38 leagues eastward of the island of Masafuero, 
 and 390 W. of the continent It is supposed to 
 have been inhabited by a Spaniard, whose name 
 it retains ; but it is more remarkable for having 
 been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch- 
 man, whose life and adventures furnished De 
 Foe with the ground-work of that admirable no- 
 vel, Robinson Crusoe. The island is about 40 
 m. in circumference, and at a distance appears 
 like a naked rock ; but there are intersecting val- 
 leys covered with wood, and a great number of 
 g <ats on the side of every hill. In 1766 a set- 
 tlement was made by the Spaniards on the N. 
 and highest part of this island, at Cumberland 
 Bay, which is defended by batteries. The town is 
 situate in a fine valley, between two high hills, and 
 every house has a garden, with arbors shaded with 
 vines. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 33. 40. S. 
 
 Jubo, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, 
 with a capital of the same name, subject to the 
 Portuguese. Long. 43. 20. E., lat. 0. 50. N. 
 
 Jucatan. See Yucatan. 
 
 Judenburg, a town of Upper Styria, capital of 
 a circle of the same name, with a handsome cas- 
 tle. The public buildings, with the square, are 
 magnificent. This town was taken by the French 
 in 1797. It suffered dreadfully from fire in 1807 
 and 1818. It is seated oji the Muer, 40 m. W. of 
 Gratz. Long. 14. 24. E., lat. 47. 10. N. 
 
 Judith, Point, the Cape at the entrance of Nar- 
 raganset Bay on the West. Here is a light 
 house. 
 
 Judoinne, a town of the Netherlands, i-n S. 
 Brabant, near which are the ruins of an ancient 
 castle. It is seated on the Geele, 13 m. S. S. E. 
 of Louvain. 
 
 Jundispore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Bahar. 20 m. from Patna. 
 
 Juggernaut, a place of Hindoo worship, on the 
 coastof Orissa, district of Cuttack / with a pop. es- 
 timated at 30,000; It is one of the most celebrated 
 places in India. All the land within 20 m.is consid- 
 ered holy ; but the most sacred spot is enclosed 
 with a stone wall 21 feet high, and forms nearly a 
 square, being 656 feet long and 626 wide. Within 
 this area are about 50 temples, dedicated to various 
 idols; but the most conspicuous buildings consist 
 of one loily stone tower, 184 feet high and 28 1-2 
 feet square inside, and two adjoining stone build- 
 ings with pyramidal roofs. The tower is oc- 
 cupied by the idol Juggernaut, his brother Bul- 
 budra, and his sister Subudra, and the other 
 buildings are used for purposes connected with 
 the worship. Adjoining is also a low building on 
 
 pillars (with a fabulous animal in the centre; 
 which is intended as an awning to shelter the 
 entrance from the rays of the sun ; and after thi.s 
 is another, where the food prepared by the pilgrims 
 is daily brought previous to distribution. The 
 temple of Juggernaut was erected by rajah Anung 
 Bheem, in A. D. 119S; it was taken by the 
 British, together with the town, in 1803. The 
 roofs are ornamented in a singular style, with 
 representations of monsters: the walls of the 
 temples, which are not visible beyond the enclo- 
 sure, are covered with statues of stone. Each 
 side of the boundary wall has a large gateway in 
 the centre ; but the grand entrance is in th.i 
 eastern face. The idol Juggernaut is made of 
 wood, and is probably the coarsest image in thp 
 country, having a frightful black visage, with a 
 diste.nded mouth. The figure does not extend 
 below the loins, and it has no hands, but two 
 stumps in lieu of arms, on which the priests oc- 
 casionally fasten hands of gold : a Christian is 
 almost led to think that it was an attempt to see 
 how low idolatry could debase the human mind. 
 When two new moons occur in Assaur (part of 
 June and July), which is said to happen about 
 once in 17 years, a new idol is always made. 
 After the wood is made into a proper form by 
 common carpenters, it is entrusted to certain 
 priests, who are protected from all intrusion. 
 The process is a great mystery. One man is 
 selected to take out of the old idol a small box, 
 said to contain the spirit, which is conveyed in- 
 side the new ; and the man who does this is 
 always removed from the world before the end of 
 the year. On certain festivals the images of 
 Juggernaut, Bulbudra, and Subudra, are superbly 
 dressed and placed in an immense moveable 
 tower, which the pilgrims drag to a certain dis- 
 tance, and then return to the temple. During 
 these processions many of the infatuated devotees 
 fall under the wheels of the machine, and are 
 crushed to death. There are two principal festi 
 vals (the Swinging and Car festivals) and eleven 
 minor ones annually. The concourse of pilgrims 
 to this shrine is immense ; and the revenue de- 
 rived from them by the British government is 
 said to exceed £12,000 per annum. A road has 
 been recently completed from Calcutta to Jug- 
 gernaut, great part of the expense being paid by 
 a rich Hindoo (rajah Sookmoy Roy) on condition 
 that the road should be named after him. Jug- 
 gernaut is seated a few m. N. E. of the Chilka 
 Lake. 300 m. from Calcutta. Long. 85. 54. E., 
 lat. 19. 49. N. 
 
 Jutfar, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
 Oman, situate on a bay of the gulf of Persia, 100 
 m. N. W. of Oman. Long. 56. 14. E., lat. 25. 
 55. N. 
 
 Julien, St., a town of France, in the department 
 of Jura, 18 m. S. by W of Lons le Saulnier. 
 
 Julien du Sault, St., a town of France, in the 
 department of Yonne, seated between two moun- 
 tains, covered with vines, near the river Yonne, 
 6 in. N. W. of Joigny. 
 
 Juliers, a very fertile duchy of Westphalia, 
 now forming part of the Prussian province of the 
 Lower Rhine, adjacent to the territories of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. It contains 
 1,600 square m. and 200,000 inhabitants. Flax is 
 cultivated, and made into fine linen, which is sent 
 to Holland, and afterwards sold as the fabric of 
 that country ; there are also manufactures of 
 cloth, ribands, brass, iron, and wire. This duchy 
 was ceded, in 1648, to the palatine of Neuburg 
 
KAI) 
 
 413 
 
 KAF 
 
 in whose family it continued down to the peace 
 of Luneville, when it was given to France, but in 
 1815 it was transferred to Prussia. 
 
 Juliatown, p. v. Burlington Co. N. Y. 
 Jtdiers, a small town of the Prussian states, in 
 the government of Aix-la-Chapelle, and formerly 
 capital of the preceding duchy ; seated on the 
 Roer, 22 m. W. of Cologne. Long. 6. 25. E., 
 lat. 50. 55. N. 
 
 Jiiliusbursr, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 ensile, 4 m.~N. of Oels. 
 
 Jiiiriella, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Murcia, 22 m. S. W. of Murcia. 
 
 Jtimiege, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Seine, with a late celebrated Benedictine 
 abbey ; seated on the Seine, 12 in. S. W. of Rouen. 
 
 J amnion, or Jumho, a town of Hindoostan, 
 capital of a flourishing district of the same name, 
 which is governed by an independent Hindoo 
 chief: it is a place of considerable trade, being 
 seated on the banks of a small river on the high 
 nid from Cashmere, to Dehli. 80 m. N. E. of 
 Lihore. 
 
 Jumna, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in the 
 mountains of Serinaghur, flows S. E. by Dehli 
 and Agra, and joins the Ganges at Allahabad. 
 
 Junagur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 Guzerat, 170 m. S. W. of Amedabad. Long. 70. 
 33. E., lat 21. 48. N. 
 
 Juniata, r. a branch of the Susquehanna from 
 the west. It rises by several head streams in 
 Bedford county, and joins the Susquehanna 10 
 in. above Harrisburg. Its banks are rocky and 
 precipitous, and the scenery along its course is 
 very picturesque. 
 
 Juniata, a township of Perry Co. Pa. on the 
 above river, 20 m. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Junius, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,581. 
 
 Junien, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of 
 woolens, leather, hats, &c. It is seated on the 
 nver Vienne, 20 m. W. of Limoges. 
 
 Junkseilan, or Junkseylon, an island in the In- 
 dian Ocean, near the S W. coast of Siam, about 
 GO m. long and from 10 to 20 broad. The soil is 
 luxuriant, and it has a considerable trade in ivory 
 and tin. The principal town, of the same name, 
 is situate on the N. part of the island, and has a 
 harbour capable of receiving vessels of a moderate 
 size. Long. 08. 0. E., lat. 8. 10. N. 
 
 Jura, one of the western isles of Scotland, N. 
 E. of the island of Islay, on the coast of Argyle- 
 shire. It is 26 m. long, and 7 broad, and is com- 
 posed of huge naked rocks, piled one on another 
 m the utmost disorder. The mountainous ridges 
 occupy the centre of the island, extending along 
 its whole length, and terminating in four moun- 
 tains, called the Paps of Jura, which are of aeon- 
 i; form and of stupendous height. The west side 
 of the island is uninhabited. The whole of the 
 E. side forms a pleasing scene, and the coast is 
 indented with bays and harbours. The only pro- 
 ducts are oats, barley, potatoes, and flax. A few 
 wild roes are still seen here. 
 
 Jura, a department of France, including part of 
 
 the late province ofFranche Comte. It contains 
 mines of iron of a superior quality, mines of cop- 
 per and lead, and many quarries of black marble, 
 jasper, and alabaster. It takes its name from 
 Mount Jura. Lons le Saulnier is the capital. 
 
 Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains which be- 
 gins in the canton of Zurich, in Switzerland, ex- 
 tends along the Rhine into the canton of, Solcuie 
 and the principality of Neufchatel, branches out 
 toward the Pays de Vaud, separates that country 
 from France, and continues beyond the frontiers 
 of the Genevois as far as the Rhone. In the 
 Pays de Vaud this chain forms many elevated al- 
 leys ; particularly one on the top of that part call- 
 ed Mount Joux, which is watered by two pictur- 
 esque lakes, the largest called Joux, and the oth- 
 er Brenet. These mountains have different 
 names in different parU of their course in Svvi'z- 
 erland. 
 
 Jussey, a town of France, in the department of 
 Upper Saone, situate on the Amance, 17 ra N. 
 W. of Vesoul 
 
 Jussy, a town of France, in the department of 
 Yonne, 5 m. S. of Auxerre. 
 
 Justin, St., a town of France, in the department 
 of Landes,27 in. W. of Condom. 
 
 Juterbock, a town of the Prussian provii.oe 
 of Brandenburg, where in 1813 a battle was fought 
 between the French and the allies. It is seated 
 on the Rohrbach, 18 m. N. E. of Wittenberg. 
 
 Juthia. See Siam. 
 
 Jutland, a province of Denmark, bounded on 
 all sides by the sea, except towards the S., where 
 its boundary is the duchy of Sleswick. The name 
 Jutland, was formerly applied to the whole penin- 
 sula forming the mainland of the Danish domin- 
 ions, but it is now confined to the northern part 
 of the peninsula, extending from 55. to 58. N. lat. 
 It is shout 180 m. in length, and from 70 to 90 in 
 breadth ; and is divided into four dioceses or dis- 
 tricts, each of which has a bishop and governor. 
 The prevailing religion is the Lutheran. The 
 country is- generally low, and, except the rocks 
 on the E. coast, presents little picturesque scene- 
 ry. In the E. are fine woods of oak, beech, fir, 
 &c. The middle part consists of heaths and 
 moors, with some arable land : it affords good 
 pasture for oxen, sheep, and goats. The other 
 parts are fertile, and yield large crops of grain 
 (principally rye,) which together with horses and 
 beavers, are annually exported to Sweden, Nor- 
 way, and Holland. The air is cold, especially to 
 wards the North Sea, but the inhabitants areviir 
 orous and robust. It is the only province of Den- 
 mark which contains useful minerals ; and even 
 here they are confined to iron, limestone, and 
 marble. 
 
 Jyenagur, or Jyepour, a fortified town of Hin- 
 doostan, capital of a district of the same name, 
 in the province of Agimere. It is a place ol 
 great wealth, being the staple for goods that are 
 brought from the neighbouring provinces ; and 
 is reckoned one of the handsomest and most reg- 
 ular towns of Hindoostan. 120 m. W. by S. of 
 Agra. Long. 75. 40. E., lat. 26. 56. N. 
 
 K 
 
 KADHEMA, a sea-port of Arabia, in the prov- bay of the gulf of Persia, 170 m. N. by W of Lach 
 vince of Bahrein. The inhabitants are chiefly sa. Long. 47. 36. £., lat. 28 40. N 
 employed in the pearl fishery. It is seated on a Kaffraria. See Caffiaria. 
 
 2 M 2 
 
RAL 
 
 414 
 
 KAM 
 
 Kahla, a town of Germany, in Altenburg, seat- 
 ed on the Saale, 8 m. S. of Jena. 
 
 Kaklenlierg, a mountain of Austria, extending 
 along the Danube to the W. of Vienna, and form- 
 ing "the commencement of the Kahlengebirge 
 range, which is a branch of the Noric Alps. 
 
 Kahone. a town of Western Africa, capital of 
 the kingdom of Bur-Salum. It is seated on a 
 email river which falls into the Atlantic. 
 
 Kaia, a small village of Prussian Saxony, near 
 Lutzen. celebrated as the scene of much righting 
 on 2nd of May, 1813, between the French and the 
 allied Russian and Prussian army. 
 
 Kain. See Kin. 
 
 Knirwan. See Cairoan. 
 
 Kaisarich, or Kaisarijak, a town of Asia Minor, 
 the ancient capital of Cappadocia, then called Ce- 
 sarea. It is surrounded with walls, 5 m. in cir- 
 cumference, and defended by a castle. The in- 
 habitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on an exten- 
 sive trade, and it. is the resort of merchants from 
 all parts of Asia Minor and Syria. It is sit- 
 uate at the foot of a mountain, always capped with 
 snow, 130 m. E. N. E. of Cogni.. 
 
 Kaket, a town of the country of Georgia, in a 
 province of its name, which comprehends a part 
 of the ancient Iberia. It is situate near Mount 
 Caucasus, 45 m. N. N. E. of Teflis, and 120 N. 
 W. of Derbend. 
 
 Kalau, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with a 
 great trade in wool. 11 in. S. E. of Luckau. 
 
 Kalhat, a town of Arabia, on a river of the same 
 name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 80 
 m. S. E. of Mascat. 
 
 Kalisch, one of the eight palatinates of Rus- 
 sian Poland, bounded on the W. by Prussian Po- 
 land, and on the three other sides by the palati- 
 nates of Sendomir, Cracow, and Masovia. 
 
 Kalisch, a city of Poland, capital of the above 
 palatinate, with manufactures of cloth, linen, and 
 leather. It is surrounded by morasses and walls, 
 has a collegiate and ten other churches, four re- 
 ligious houses, and a Catholic high school. 6G 
 m. N. W. of Breslau. 
 
 Kalka Pira, a river of Chinese Tartary, which 
 gives name to a tribe of Monguls, inhabiting the 
 country N. of the Mongul Tartars, properly so 
 called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of 
 the Eluths, and is nearly 300 leagues in extent 
 from E. to W. 
 
 Kallingburg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the isle 
 of Zealand, seated oh an inlet of the Great Belt, 
 with the best harbour, next to Copenhagen, on 
 the island. 55 m. W. by N. Copenhagen. Long. 
 11. 11. E., lat. 55. 47. N. 
 
 Kalmucs, a nation of Tartars, inhabiting that 
 part of the Russian government of Caucasia 
 which lies between the Volga and the Ural, to- 
 ward the Caspian Sea. They all live in tents, 
 and remove from place to place in quest of pastur- 
 age for their numerous cattle, consisting of hor- 
 ses, camels, cows, and sheep. They neither sow 
 nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that 
 they live without bread, or any sort of vegetable ; 
 and, in winter, their cattle fare like the wild 
 beasts. Their food is flesh (especially that of 
 horses), fish, wild fowls, and venison; and they 
 have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ; 
 but mare's milk is the most esteemed, and from it 
 they make a strong spirit, to which they are par- 
 
 lal. They are divided into a number of hordes 
 or clans, each under its own particular khan, and 
 all acknowledge the authority of one principal 
 khan, who is called Orchicurtikhan, or the king 
 
 of kings, and derives his pedigree from the great 
 Tamerlane. All of them, however, have submit- 
 ted to the government of Russia, or live under its 
 protection. They are pagans, and believe in 
 transmigration of souls. In person, manners, 
 and customs, they resemble the ancient Sycthians, 
 from whom they are descended. See Tartan/. 
 
 Kalmunz, a town of Bavaria, seated at tin; 
 conflux of the Nab with the Vilz, 12 m. N. N. W 
 of Ratisbon. 
 
 Kaluga, a government of the Russiah empire, 
 formerly a province in the government of Mos- 
 cow. Its principal town, of the same name, is 
 seated on the Occa, 107 m. S. S. W. of Mos- 
 cow. 
 
 Kamakura, an island of Japan, 3 m. in circum 
 ference, lying on the S. coast of Niphon. It is 
 surrounded with very high and steep rocks, and 
 is used as a place of exile for state prisoners. 
 
 Kamalia, a town of Negroland, in the country 
 of Mandingo. The inhabitants are partly pagans 
 and partly Mahomedans, and have manufactures 
 of cotton, leather, and iron. 
 
 Kamhala, a ridge of mountains in Thibet, be- 
 tween the lake ralte, and the river Burrampno- 
 ter. 
 
 Kamcnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Bechin, 27 m. E. by N. of Bechin. 
 
 Kaminieck , a strong town of Bussian Poland, en p- 
 ital of Podolia, and a bishop's see, with a castle. 
 When the Russians seized part of the Polish ter- 
 ritories, in 1793, this fortress held out a long time 
 but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle 
 is seated on a craggy rock. 85 m. W. of Bra- 
 claw. 
 
 Kamnitz, a town of Bohemia, with manufac- 
 tures of stockings, glass, and linen ; also several 
 bleachfields. J21 m. N. N. E. ofLeitmeriz. 
 
 Kamtschatka, a peninsula on the eastern coast. 
 of Asia, extending from 52. to 63. of N. lat. 
 long, of its extremity to the S. being 156. 45. E. 
 The isthmus joining it to the continent on the N. 
 lies between the gulf of Olutorsh and Penshink ; 
 and its extremity to the S. is Cape Lopatka. Its 
 greatest breadth is 236 computed m., being from 
 the mouth of the river Tigril to that of the river 
 Kamtschatka; and towards each extremity it 
 gradually becomes narrower. It is bounded by 
 the N. Pacific Ocean to the S. and E.; and by 
 the sea of Okhotsk to the W. A chain of high 
 mountains from N. toS. extends the whole lengln 
 of the peninsula, and almost equally divides it; 
 whence several rivers rise, and take their course 
 into the Pacific Ocean, and the sea of Okhotsk. 
 Stunted trees are thinly scattered over the whole 
 face of the country, whose bottoms are mossy, 
 with a mixture of low heath ; the whole resem- 
 bling Newfoundland in a most striking degree 
 The severity of the climate is in proportion to 
 the sterility of the soil. Four months, comment 
 ing at midsummer, may be considered as forming 
 their spring, summer, and autumn : the rest ot 
 the year is all dreary winter. They have great 
 quantities of wholesome vegetables in a wild state 
 such as chervil, garlic, onions, angelica, and wild 
 celery, with some excellent turnips, and turnip 
 radishes, upon a few spots of ground in the val- 
 leys; and this is the utmost extent of their gar- 
 Hen cultivation. A variety of wild berries, which 
 are gathered at proper seasons and preserved by 
 mashing them into a thick jam, constitute a con 
 siderable part of the winter provisions, serving as 
 a general sauce to their dried fish, the main arti- 
 cle of food. The forests abound in wild animals, 
 
KAN 
 
 415 
 
 KAS 
 
 particularly the bear; and wild fowl are also 
 ulentiful. The people of Kamtschatka may be 
 said to consist of three sorts, the Kamtschadales 
 the Russians, and Cossacks, and a mixture produc- 
 ed by their intermarriages. The habitations of 
 the natives consist of three different kinds, which 
 they call jourts, balagans, and log-houses. They 
 inhabit the first in the winter, and the second in 
 the summer ; in the third, introduced by the Rus- 
 sians.only the wealthy people reside. The exter- 
 nal appearance of a jourt resembles a round, squat 
 hillock; a hole serving for a chimney, window, 
 and door, is left in the centre, and the inhabitants 
 go in and out by the assistance of a long pole, 
 hating notches deep enough to afford a little se- 
 curity for the toe. The upper garment of the 
 Kamtschadales resemble a wagoner's frock ; if 
 for summer wear it is made of nankeen; if intended 
 for winter it is made of skin, having one side 
 tanned, and the hair preserved on the other, 
 which is worn innermost ; a close jacket of nan- 
 keen, or other cotton stuff, is the next under this ; 
 and, beneath that, a shirt made of thin Persian 
 silk, of any colour. They wear long breeches, 
 and boots, made of skins, with the hair innermost. 
 They have also a fur cap, with two flaps, that 
 are usually tied up close to the head, but allow- 
 ed to fall round the shoulders in rough weather. 
 A species of dog, resembling the mountain or 
 shepherd dog of Europe, is used for the purposes of 
 labor and draught. None of the inhabitants keep 
 fewer than five of these dogs, which in winter 
 are fed upon offals or decayed fish : in summer, 
 when their services are not required, they are left 
 to rano-e over the country and provide for them- 
 selves ; but on the approach of winter they re- 
 turn home in the most punctual manner. They 
 are harnessed to a sledge, two abreast, with one 
 well trained in front as a leader, and are used both 
 for travelling and for conveying all sorts of com- 
 modities from place to place. The Russians made 
 themselves masters of the whole of this peninsula 
 in 1706; but the government they have establish- 
 ed is exceedingly mild, the inhabitants being per- 
 mitted to choose their own magistrates. Skins 
 and furs form the only articles of trade, in return 
 for which they import brandy (the introduction 
 of which has been attended with the most de- 
 structive effects.), nankeens, and other Chinese 
 stuffs, together with various commodities of Rus- 
 sian and European manufacture. 
 
 Kamtschatkoi, Niznei, a town of Siberia, capital 
 of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, arsenal, and bar- 
 racks It is seated on the N. side of the river 
 Kamtschatka, 20 m. from its mouth. Long. 161 
 -J. E., lat. 50. 30. N. 
 
 Kamtschatkoi, Verchni, a town of Siberia, in 
 Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 m. 
 S. W. of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. 
 
 Kanahica, or Kcnhawa,Great,a. river of Virginia. 
 It rises in North Carolina and flows North and 
 Northwesterly to the Ohio at Point Pleasant. It 
 is 400 m long. The Little Kanahwa flows into 
 the Ohio at Parkersburg 12 m. below Marietta. 
 Kandahar. See Candahar. 
 Ksncm, a town of the empire of Bornou, in a 
 province of the same name, where are bred mul- 
 titudes of cattle and horses. It is seated on the 
 Gazel, 150 m. N. N. W. of Bornou. 
 
 Kangaroo Island, an island on the S. coast of 
 New Holland, discovered by captain Flinders, 
 and so named from the number of kangaroos found 
 on it, which were extremely tame. Kangaroo 
 Head is in long. 137. 58. E., lat. 35. 43. S. 
 
 Kanisca, a strong town of Lower Hungary 
 capital of the county of Salawar ; seated on the 
 Drave, 100 m. S. by E. of Vienna. Long. 17. 40. 
 E., lat. 4(5. 55. N. 
 
 Kansas, r. a branch of the Missouri from the 
 south west between the Platte and the Arkansas. 
 It is formed of several branches, which interlock 
 with the head streams of the above rivers, and 
 flowing easterly 400 m. unite into a single stream 
 half am. in width. This flows 100 in. further and 
 joins the Missouri at a point which constitutes the 
 western limit of the State of Missouri. 
 
 Kan-tcheuu, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang-si. Its district contains 12 
 cities of the third class; and the soil produces a 
 great number of trees, whence distils a fine var- 
 nish, reckoned the best in China. It is seated on 
 the Kan-kiang, 840 m. S. of Peking. Long. 115. 
 2. E., lat. 25. 52. N 
 
 Kao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Quangtong. In its vicinity is found 
 a kind of marble, that represents naturally, rivers, 
 mountains, landscapes, and trees : it is cut into 
 leaves, and made into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou 
 stands on a navigable river, 36 m. from the sea, 
 and 1,130 S. S. W. of Peking. 
 
 Kaposwar, a fort of Lower Hungary, on the 
 river Kapos, which washes its walls. It is 55 in. 
 W. of Tolna. Long. 18. 13. E., lat. 46. 31. N. 
 Karahissar. See Aphiom. 
 
 Karsubanur, a town of the Crimea, noted for 
 its noble antique bath, and an ancient manufac- 
 ture of leather from the skins of Tauric goats. It 
 is situate on the Karasu, in a delightful valley, 
 34 in. W. of Caffa. 
 
 Karek, or Garalc, an island in the N. E. part of 
 the gulf of Persia, 5 m. long and 2 broad ; where 
 ships bound for Bassora generally call for pilots. 
 Long. 50. 26. E., lat. 29. 15. N. 
 
 Karleby, Gamla, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. 
 Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship- 
 building; seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the 
 influx of the river Karleby, 90 m. N. by E. of 
 Christinestadt. Long. 22. 20. E., lat. 63. 56. N. 
 Karleby, Ny, a town of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, 
 on the river Lappojock, 6 in. from the sea, and 20 
 S. of Gamla Karleby. 
 
 Kasan, the ancient Bulgaria, a government of 
 European Russia, lying on both sides the Volga, 
 between 46. 20. and 49. 40. of E. long., and 54. 
 and 57. of N. lat., and bounded by the govern- 
 ments of Viatka, Orenburg, Niznei-Novgorod, and 
 Simbirsk. Its extent is 22,000 square in.; its 
 pop. about 850,000, partly Russians and partly 
 Tartars, though of very mixed origin. It is water- 
 ed by the Volga, the Kama, the Sura, the Viatka, 
 and the Kasan ka, besides smaller streams and a 
 great number of lakes. It was formerly an inde- 
 pendent kingdom, belonging to the Kalmucs, to 
 whom the dukes of Moscow, with other petty 
 principalities of Russia, were tributary. But, in 
 1552, it was conquered by Ivan Bassilowitz II., 
 and annexed to Russia. 
 
 Kasan, a city of Russia, capital of the forego- 
 ing government, and an archbishop's see. It has 
 an antique Tartar fortress, built of stone, several 
 churches, and 11 convents; and there are several 
 suburbs, one of them inhabited by Tartars. At 
 one end of the city is a manufacture of cloth for 
 the army. It has also manufactures of woolen, 
 cotton, lace and earthenware, with large soap 
 works tnd tanneries ; and carries on an extensive 
 trade. At a short distance from Kasan is a new 
 admiralty establishment , with a navigation 
 
ki;ii 
 
 416 
 
 KEN 
 
 school, magazines, and a dock-yard, where galliots 
 are constructed, and sent down theVolga to the 
 Caspian Sea. It is seated on the rivulet Kasanka, 
 where it enters the Volga, 420. m. E. of Moscow. 
 Long. 49. 20. E., lat. 55. 48. N. 
 
 Kalaba, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a 
 citadel ; situate in a fertile country, near a river, 
 which runs into the sea at Aden. 75 in. N. of 
 \den. Long. 44. 39. E., lat. 13. 54. N. 
 
 Katif, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
 Bahrein. It is built of rock salt, and stands on 
 the gulf of Persia, 95 m. N. of Lachsa. Long 
 48. 38. E., lat. 27. 40. N. 
 
 Kaufbeuren, a town of Germany, in Bavari*., 
 with manufactures of cotton, linen, fustian, and 
 leather. It is seated on the Wertach,38 m. S. 
 by W. of Augsburg. 
 
 Kauga, the capital of a kingdom of the same 
 name, in the empire of Bornou. It is seated on a 
 'laro-e lake, 280 m. S. by E. of Bornou. Long. 23 
 30 a E., lat. 15. 20. N. 
 
 Kaukcban, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, situate 
 on an almost inaccessible mountain. 20 m. W. 
 Sana. 
 
 Kaunitz, a town and castle of Moravia on the 
 river Iglau' m. S. S. W. of Brinn. 
 
 Kaurzim, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle 
 jfthe same name, which produces much timber. 
 It stands on a river which runs into the Elbe, 26 
 m. E. S. E. of Prague. 
 
 Kaije Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 near the W. coast of N. America, 30 m. long 
 and 4 broad, discovered by Cook in 1778. Its N. 
 E. point is a naked rock, considerably elevated : 
 the other parts abound in small valleys, filled with 
 pine-trees, but of no extraordinary growth. Long. 
 144. 48. W., lat. 59. 56. N. 
 
 Kayserslautern, a town of Germany, in the pal- 
 atinate of the Rhine. In 1793 it was taken by 
 the French, who the year following were sur- 
 prised in their entrenchments near it, by the Aus- 
 trians, and defeated. It is seated on the Lauter, 
 28 m. S. W. of Worms. Long. 7. 50. E., lat. 49. 
 27. N. 
 
 Kayserstuhl, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 county of Baden, with a castle, seated on the 
 Rhine, 8 m. S. E. of Zurzack. 
 
 Kayserwert, a town of Germany, in the territo- 
 ry of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. W. 
 of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Lazimiers, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Kublin, with a castle, situate on a hill, on the 
 Vistula, 25 m. W. S. W. of Lublin. 
 
 Kazroon, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, of con- 
 siderable extent, but many parts of it are in ruins. 
 70 m. VV. S. W. ofShiras. 
 Kesho. See Cashao. 
 
 Kedleston, a village in Derbyshire, Eng with a 
 medicinal spring, much resorted to in summer, 
 and the elegant seat of the earl of Scarsdale 
 5 m. N N. W. of Derby. 
 
 Keff, or Keffts, a town of the kingdom of 
 Tunis, with a citadel ; situate on the side of 
 a hill, with a plentiful source of water, 70 m. W. 
 S. W. of Tunis. 
 
 Kejil, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac 
 Arabi, 14 m. S. of Hillah ; celebrated for the 
 tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, which is annually 
 visited by a number of Jews. 
 
 Kehl, a strong fortress of Germany, seated on 
 the Rhine, over which is a bridge to Strasburg ; 
 it is an important pass between France and Ger- 
 many. It was ceded by France at the peace of 
 Reswick, 1697, and conferred on the margrave 
 
 of Baden. During the war with Germany the 
 French repeatedly besieged and took it : in 1798 
 it fell into their hands, and they retained posses- 
 sion till 1804, when it was restored to the grand 
 duke of Baden. 
 
 Keighley, a town in W. Yorkshire, En^r. with 
 a market on Wednesday, and manufactures of 
 woolen cloths, cottons,and lindseys. The town is 
 nearly all built of stone ; and the church, which 
 was rebuilt in 1805, is a spacious and handsome 
 structure. Here is a free grammar school, found- 
 ed in 1716; also a mechanics' institute, with a 
 good library established in 1826. The town is well 
 supplied with water from two fine springs to the 
 E. and W., under an act obtained in 1816. It is 
 seated in a deep valley, at the junction of two 
 small rivulets, which discharge themselves about 
 a mile below into the river Aire. 12 m. N. of 
 Halifax, and 202 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Keith, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, with 
 manufactures of flax. 12 m. S. S. W. of Cullen, 
 and 46 N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Kelbra, a town of Prussian Saxony, near the 
 river Helm, 10 m. S. of Stolburg. 
 
 Kelheim, a town and castle of Bavaria, with a 
 Franciscan convent, a considerable brewery, and 
 extensive magazines of salt. It is situate at the 
 conflux of the Altmuhl and Danube, 10 m. S. S. 
 W. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Kelts, a borough of Ireland in E. Meath, on 
 the river Blackwater, 12 m. N. by W. of Trim. 
 
 Kcliyvale, a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 
 314. 
 
 Kelso, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, 
 with a bridge over the Tweed, below the influx 
 of the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruins of 
 which still remain, was founded by David I. 
 Here are manufactures of carpeting, flannels, 
 leather, linen, and shoes. It is 10 m. N. N. E. of 
 Jedburg, and 20 S. W. of Berwick. 
 
 Kemi, or Kiemi. See Kimi. 
 
 Kcmmoo, a town of Negroland, capital of a 
 country lying to the W. of Bambarra. It is 340 
 m. W. of Sego. Long. 7. 46. W., lat. 14. 15. 
 
 Kempsville, p. v. Princeton Co. Va. 16 m. S. E 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Kempten, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, 
 with a late princely abbey of the Benedictine 
 order. It has a great trade in linen, and is seat- 
 ed on the Iller, 45 m. S. by W. of Augsburg, and 
 50 S. by E. of Ulm. 
 
 Kempville, p. v. Niagara Co. N. Y. 
 
 Ken, a river in Westmoreland, Eng. which 
 flows by Kendal, and enters the sandy wash of 
 Lancashire, called Morecambe Bay. It has a 
 cataract near its mouth, which obstructs the nav- 
 igation. 
 
 Ken, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 N. W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, flows to New 
 Galloway, thence expands into a lake, 4 m. long 
 and one broad, and then joins the river Dee. 
 
 Kendal, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. It is 
 seated on the Ken, over which are two stone 
 bridges, and one of wood leading to the castle, 
 which is now in ruins. It has a spacious church 
 and two chapels belonging to the establishment, 
 and no fewer than 10 meeting-houses for dissen- 
 ters. Besides the free school, which is well en- 
 dowed and has some exhibitions to Queen's Col- 
 lege in Oxford, there is a large national school, 
 and also a school of industry, &c. Here are 
 manufactures of kerseymeres, linsey woolsey, ser- 
 ges, baizes, knit woolen caps and jackets, carpet- 
 ings of various textures, waistcoatings, &c. ; and 
 
KEN 
 
 417 
 
 K£N 
 
 in the neighbourhood are gunpowder works, corn 
 and paper mills, dye works, &c. It has seven 
 trading companies, who have each a hall : and 
 the trade, notwithstanding the disadvantage 
 of its river for water carriage, is very consid- 
 erable. It is 44 m. S. of Carlisle, and 261 N. of 
 London. Long. 2. 52. W ., lat. 54. 15. N. 
 
 Kenilworth, a town in Warwi< shire, Eng. Its 
 church is an ancient edifice ; ai J there are two 
 dissenting meeting-houses, a fre ? school, and a 
 school of industry. Here was a famous castle, 
 the remains of which form one of the most pic- 
 turesque objects in the kingdom. It is 5 m. N. 
 of Warwick, and 96 N. W. of London. 
 
 Kenmare, a town of Ireland, in ihe counly of 
 Kerry, at the head of a river or bay of the same 
 name, 20 m. S. S. E. of Tralee. 
 
 Kennct, a river of England, which rises among 
 the chalky hills in Wiltshire, becomes navigable 
 at Newbury in Berkshire, and joins the Thames 
 at Sunning. 
 
 Kcjisinnton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m. 
 W. of London. Here is a royal palace, which 
 until the reign of George III., was a favourite 
 residence of the king of England. King William, 
 Queen Mary, Queen Anne, and George II. died 
 here. The gardens now form a fashionable and 
 extensive promenade having been gradually aug- 
 mented to 3 1-2 m. in circumference. 
 
 Knsinglon, t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 45 m. fr. 
 Boston. Pop. 717. 
 
 Kent, a county of England, 55 m. long and 23 
 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Thames and 
 the German Ocean, E. by the same Ocean, S. E. 
 and S. by the English Channel and Sussex, and 
 W. by Surrey. It con \ins 035,600 acres ; is di- 
 vided into 63 hundreds, and 414 parishes ; has 
 two cities, Canterbury and Rochester, and 24 
 market towns; and sends 18 members to parlia- 
 ment. In the soil and face of the country there is a 
 great diversity. The banks of the Thames are low 
 and marshy, but backed by a range of chalky em- 
 inences, sometimes rising to a moderate height. 
 Tliis kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barren- 
 ness, extends to the N. K. extremity of the coun- 
 ty, and thence round to Dover,exhibiting its nature 
 in the lofty white cliff's which here bound the is- 
 land, and produce that striking appearance at sea 
 which gave it the name of Albion. The S. part 
 of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat and woody 
 tract of a clayey soil, and fertile. The midland 
 and western districts are a mixture of hill and 
 vale, arable and pasture, equal in pleasantness to 
 any part of England. The minerals of this coun- 
 ty, consists chiefly of chalk, flint, ragstone, and 
 pyrites ; and the only mineral water of any note 
 is that of Tunbridge Wells. The manufactures 
 are few, and mostly of the coarser kinds, but 
 every branch of agriculture is extensively pros- 
 ecuted with ability and success. Besides the 
 usual objects of agriculture, the county produces 
 large quantities of hops, fruit of various kinds 
 (especially cherries and apples, of which there 
 are large orchards for the London markets), and 
 madder for dyeing. The country inland from Do- 
 ver, consisting chiefly of open downs, is excellent 
 for the feeding of sheep ; and many bullocks are 
 fattened to an extraordinary size in Romney 
 Marsh. The principal rivers, besides the Thames 
 are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother. 
 
 Kendall, a village in Perry township, Stark 
 Co. Ohio, with a woolen manufactory. 
 
 Kennebec, a river of the State of Maine, flowing 
 into the Atlantic, formed by two branches, one of 
 
 which rises in Moosehead Lake, and the other 
 in the highlands on the north of the State. It is 
 300 m. in length and is navigable for ships 12 and 
 for boats 60 m. 
 
 Kennebec, a county of Maine on the above riv 
 er. Pop. 52,491. Augusta is the capital. 
 
 Kennebunk, p.t. York Co. Me., at the mouth ot 
 a river of the same name, 25 m. S. W. Portland. 
 It has some trade in lumber. Pop. 2,233. Ken- 
 nebunk Port has an additional pop. of 2,763. 
 
 Kent, a county of Rhode Island in the centre oi 
 the State. Pop. 12,784. East Greenwich is the 
 capital. Also a central county of Delaware 
 Pop. 19,911. Dover is the capital. Also acoun 
 ty in the northern part of Maryland, on the east- 
 ern shore of the Chesapeake. Pop. 10,502. Ches- 
 tertown is the capital. Also a county of Lower 
 Canada lying on the St. Lawrence, opposite Mon 
 treal. Also a county of Upper Canada extend 
 ing to the N. and W. without any defined limits 
 
 Kent, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Housa- 
 tonic,44 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 2,001. Also a 
 p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,928. 
 
 Kent Island, in the northern part of Chesa- 
 peake Bay. It contains about 30,000 acres and 
 is comprised within the county of Queen Anne. 
 Kentucky, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Illinois, Indianaand Ohio; E. by Virginia, 
 S. by Tennessee, and W. by Missouri. It extends 
 from 36 30. to 39. 10. N. lat. and from 81. 50. to 
 89. 26. W. long. Is 300 m. in length from E. to 
 W. and 150 in mean breadth, and contains 42,000 
 sq. m. It is washed by the Ohio on the whole of 
 its northern limit and traversed by the Licking, 
 Kentucky and Green rivers. The Cumberland 
 and Tennessee intersect the western extremity. 
 The former rises in the eastern part of the state 
 and passes into Tennessee after which it returns, 
 and flows through Kentucky into the Ohio. The 
 eastern boundary is formed by the Cumberland 
 Mountains, and the eastern portion of the state is 
 generally mountainous. The soil rests upon a 
 bed of limestone from 3 to 10 feet below the sur- 
 face. This substance is also mixed up in the soil 
 and imparts to it a warm and exciting quality 
 which with the help of moisture gives a remarka- 
 ble freshness and vigour to the vegetation. The 
 centre of the state contains a tract of 150 m. in 
 length and 50 in breadth, which for beauty of land- 
 scape and richness of soil surpasses any region 
 of the same extent in the western country. Along 
 the Ohio between Salt and Green rivers is a large 
 tract called the ' barrens' on account of its defi- 
 ciency in wood, yet here the land is generallj 
 good, and covered with grass. In many parts of 
 the state however, there are not wanting sterile 
 and mountainous tracts unfit for cultivation. The 
 general appearance of the county is remarkably 
 picturesque, being diversified by hills and dales 
 in the most charming manner. The woods have 
 a delightful appearance and resemble groves pro- 
 miscuously arranged by art for the effect of a 
 pleasure ground. The trees are walnut, cherry, 
 honey-locust, buckeye, pawpaw maple, cotton 
 wood, mulberry, elm, ash, hawthorn, sycamore, 
 &c. In the early part of spring the woods are 
 covered with the purple flower of the red bud and 
 the white blossoms of the dogwood. Grape vines ol 
 prodigious size climb the trees, and in early times 
 the country was covered with a thick canebrake. 
 
 This state does not furnish many mineral pro- 
 ductions, yet it is said to contain much iron and 
 some lead and coal. Salt springs are common, 
 but little salt is manufactured from them. There 
 
KEN 
 
 418 
 
 KEN 
 
 are some medicinal springs near Lexington, 
 and Harrodsburg. The surface of the country 
 in many parts exhibits remarkable cavities or de- 
 pressions called sink-holes ; these are something 
 in the shape of inverted cones, and appear to be 
 caused by perforations in the limestone rock be- 
 neath, which have occasioned the soil above to 
 sink. The sound of running water has sometimes 
 been heard at the bottom of these cones. But the 
 most remarkable natural curiosity is the Mam- 
 moth Cave, near Green River, which has been 
 traversed for 16 m. under the earth without reach- 
 ing the end. The sides and roof are formed of a 
 smooth limestone rock perfectly white. Some of 
 its apartments are 8 acres in extent and 100 feet 
 high. Others contain columns of brilliant spar and 
 stalactites GO or 70 feet in height. The earth in 
 the cave is strongly impregnated with saltpetre, 
 and here was found some years since an Indian 
 mummy in perfect preservation. 
 
 The wheat raised in this state is of the finest 
 kind. Maize is produced in great abundance. 
 Hemp and tobacco, are, next to flour, the staple 
 productions of the country. Some cotton is also 
 cultivated. The manufactures are woolen and 
 cotton cloth, cordage, bagging, maple sugar, 
 saltpetre, paper, whiskey, leather, &c. The trade 
 of the state is very flourishing. Agricultural 
 and manufactured products are exported by steam- 
 boats and other river craft to New Orleans, and 
 herds of cattle are driven across the mountains to 
 the Atlantic States. 
 
 The legislature of Kentucky is styled the Gen- 
 eral .isscmbly, and consists of a Senate and House 
 of Representatives. The Senators are chosen for 
 4 years and the representatives for one. The 
 Governor is chosen for 4 years ; one fourth of 
 the Senators are renewed annually. Elections 
 are popular, and suffrage is universal. Frankfort 
 is the seat of government, and Louisville is the 
 largest town. The other large towns are Lexing- 
 ton and Maysville. There are colleges at Lex- 
 ington, Danville, Augusta, Princeton, Bardstown, 
 and Georgetown. The Baptists are the most nu- 
 merous religious sect : they have 289 ministers ; 
 the Methodists 77; the Presbyterians 70; the 
 catholics 30 and the Episcopalians 5. The state 
 is divided into 83 counties, and contains a popu- 
 lation of688,844,of whom above 165,350 are slaves. 
 
 This state was originally a part of Virginia, 
 and was admitted into the Union as a state in 
 1702. The first settlement within its limits was 
 made by the celebrated Daniel Boone in 1775. 
 
 He was a native of Maryland, and as early as 
 1760 made a visit to this country. In 1770 he 
 wap living alone in the woods, the only white 
 man in Kentucky. The next year he with his 
 brother explored the country as far as Cumber- 
 
 land river, and in 1773 Boone had collected a 
 company of 45 persons who attempted to form 
 a settlement but they were attacked by the Indi- 
 ans and lost their cattle. In 1775 he built a fort 
 on the spot where Boonsborough now stands, and 
 this was the first effectual settlement in the state 
 Boone was afterwads taken prisoner by the sava 
 ges but escaped and arrived at Boonsborough 
 after a journey of 160 m. through the woods 
 which he performed in 4 days, eating but 
 a single meal in that time. He was after- 
 wards actively engaged in warfare with the 
 Indians who continually annoyed the early 
 settlers with hostilities. Being subsequently vex- 
 ed with law suits respecting his title to the land 
 in his possession, he retired to the banks of 
 the Missouri ; and led a solitary life among the 
 forests. '• We saw him" says Mr. Flint '•' on 
 those banks with thin grey hair, a high fore- 
 head, a keen eye, a cheerful expression, a singu- 
 larly bold conformation of countenance and 
 breast, and a sharp and commanding voice, and 
 with a creed for the future, embracing not many 
 articles beyond his red rival hunters. He appeared 
 to us the same Daniel Boone, if we may use the 
 expression, jerked and dried to high preservation, 
 that we had figured, as the wanderer in the woods, 
 and the slayer of bears and Indians. k He could 
 no longer well descry the wild turkey on the 
 trees, but his eye still kindled at the hunter's 
 tale, and he remarked that the population on 
 that part of the Missouri was becoming too dense, 
 and the farms too near each other, for comfortable 
 range, and that he never wished to reside in a 
 place where he could not fell trees enough into 
 his yard to keep up his winter fire. Dim as was 
 his eye, with age, it would not have been difli 
 cult, we apprehend, to have obtained him as a vol 
 unteer on a hunting expedition over the Rocky 
 Mountains. No man ever exemplified more 
 strongly the ruling passion strong in death.'' He 
 died in 1822 aged 85. 
 
 Kentucky River, ris es among the mountains in 
 the eastern part of Kentucky, and flows north 
 westerly into the Ohio. It is a very rapid stream 
 and for a great part of its course flows between 
 high and perpendicular cliffs of limestone. It 
 has a navigation of 150 m. and at its mouth is 450 
 feet in width. 
 
 Keppel Bay, a bay on the E. coast of New Hol- 
 land, which communicates with Port Curtis. 
 
 Kercolanir, an island in the Indian Ocean, about 
 80 miles in circumference. The face of the 
 country is diversified with steep hills and extensive 
 valleys, and is every where covered with trees 
 and verdure. The inhabitants are Malavs. Long. 
 126. 30. E., lat. 4.28. N. 
 
 Kcrgueleris Land, an island in the Southern 
 Ocean, which, on account of its sterility, capta ; n 
 Cook, who visited it in 1779, would have denomi- 
 nated the Island of Desolation, but tha» he was 
 unwilling to rob M. Kerguelen of the honour of 
 its bearing his name. On the N. E. coast is a 
 good and safe bay, named Christmas Harbour 
 Long. 69. 30. E., lat. 49. 20. S. 
 
 Kerfcuk, a town of Curdistan, the capilJ of a 
 government, and residence of a pacha. It is sur- 
 rounded by walls, and defended by a castle, 135 
 m. S. S. E. of Betlis. 
 
 Kerman, the ancient Caramania, a province of 
 Persia, lying on the gulf of Persia. The northern 
 part is barren, but towards the S. the land ia 
 fertile. 
 
 Kerman, or Sirgan, a city of Persia capital of 
 
KEX 
 
 419 
 
 RID 
 
 the foregoing province, celebrated for its beautiful 
 pottery, carpets, and stuffs. It is 120 m. N. by 
 W. of Gombron. Long. 55. 15. E., lat. 29. 20. N. 
 Kernesville, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 Kerpen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the 
 duchy of Juliers. It has a collegiate church, and 
 is seated on the Erft, 10 m. E. S. E. of Juliers. 
 
 Kerrsville, a village in Lawrence Co. Ohio. 
 
 Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Minister, bounded on the E. by the counties of 
 Limerick and Cork, W. by the Atlantic Ocean, 
 N. by the Shannon, which separates it from 
 Thoninnd, and S. by Desmond and the Ocean. 
 Its greatest length is about G7 m. and its maximum 
 breadth 62, comprising about 1,040,437 statute 
 acres, or 1,639 square m. The southern part is 
 plain, and fertile in corn ; but the greater part is 
 mountainous, and chiefly adapted for grazing. 
 Considerable quantities of beef, butter, hides, and 
 tallow, are exported from its excellent harbours. 
 Tralee is the capital. 
 
 Kerry, a parish of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, 
 situate in a beautiful vale of the same name, 3 m. 
 from Newton. 
 
 Kershaw, a District of South Carolina. Pop. 
 13,545. Camden is the capital. 
 
 Kertch, a sea-port and fortress on the E. coast of 
 the Crimea. The fortress is of great importance, 
 as one of those commanding the passage which 
 firms the communication between the Black Sea 
 arid the sea of Asoph. It is 60 m N. N. E. of 
 Caffa. Long. 36. 24. E , lat. 45. 15. N. 
 
 Keschim, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, in Hadra- 
 rriaut, 80 m. E. of Shibam. Long. 50. 50. E., 
 lat. 15. 25. N. 
 
 Kesk, or Scbs, a town of Usbec Tartary, in 
 Bukharia, once the ordinary summer residence 
 of Timur, who surrounded it with walls, and 
 built a new palace in 1379. It is 30 in. S. by VV. 
 of Samarcand. 
 
 Kesse! , a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- 
 vince of Antwerp, with a handsome castle, seated 
 on the Maese, 7 in. N. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Kesse.ldorf, a village of Saxony, 7 m. W. of 
 Dresden, celebrated for a victory gained by the 
 kinir (if Prussia over the Saxons, in 1745. 
 
 Keswick, a town in Cumberland, Eng. ; seated 
 in a vale of its name, near the rapid river Greta. 
 This vale is much visited bv the admirers of na- 
 ture • here is the lake of Keswick, or Derwent- 
 water; and to the N. of this soars the lofty 
 mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished 
 in England. Keswick has manufactures of 
 cotton, ituen, and coarse woolen goods, and an 
 establishment for making some of the finer tex- 
 tures lias been recently opened. About a mile 
 and a half to the S. of the town is a remarkable 
 arrangement of rude granite stones, which form 
 a circle, called the Druid.-' temple. It is 25 m. 
 N. W. of Kendal, and 293 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Kettering, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 
 with manufactures of tammies, serges, lutestrings, 
 <fec. It is 12 m. N. E. of Northampton, and 74 
 N. W.. of London. 
 
 K'Ziischberir, or Kiadc, a town of Prussian Sax- 
 ony. 6 in. S. E. of Mersburg. 
 
 Kew, a village in Surrey, Eng. G m. W. by S. 
 of London. The royal palace of Kew, taken 
 down in 1828, was a favorite retreat of George 
 III., who enlarged the gardens, and united them 
 with those of Richmond. The botanic garden, 
 chiefly for exotics, is one of the finest in the 
 world. 
 
 Kexliolm. See Wibur<r. 
 
 Kexliolm, a town of Russia, in Finland, formeily 
 the capital of the Swedish province of Carelia 
 and now of a Russian government. It is seated 
 on two islands in the River Woxon, which here 
 flows into lake Ladoga. 90 miles N. of Peters- 
 burg. Long. 30. 25. E., lat. 61. 3. N. 
 
 Keynsham, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with 
 a trade in malt : seated on the Chew, at its con- 
 flux with the Avon, 5 m. S. E. of Bristol, and 
 114 W. of London. 
 
 Keysville, a village of Charlotte Co. Va. 70 m. 
 S. W. Richmond. 
 
 Key- West, a small island in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 near the southern extremity of the peninsula of 
 East Florida. A settlement was made here by 
 the United States government with the design 
 of making it a naval station, but it has been 
 abandoned, from the unhealthiness of the spot. 
 
 Kliarkoff, or Charkow, a town of European 
 Russia, capital of a government of the same 
 name : seated on the small rivers Kliarkoff and 
 Lapan, 400 m. S. by W. of Moscow. 
 
 Khorassait. See Cho. 
 
 Khum. See Com. 
 
 Kia-king, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Tche-kiang. Canals are cut 
 through most of the streets ; and passengers are 
 sheltered from the sun and rain by beautiful 
 piazzas. The silk manufactures are very exten- 
 sive, and the trade considerable. It is 590 m. S. 
 S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 14. E., lat. 30 50. N. 
 
 Kiakta, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Irkutsk. It has a considerable fur trade 
 and is the centre of the Russian and Chinese com 
 merce. It stands on a small river, near its conflui 
 with the Selenga, 75 m. S. S. W. of Selenginsk 
 Long. 106. 30. £., lat. 50. 20. N. 
 
 Kiangari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 chief place of a sangiacat, with a castle on a rock 
 230 m. E. of Bursa. Long. 34. 47. E., lat. 39. 56. 
 N. 
 
 Kiang-nan, a province of China, bounded on the 
 W. by IIo nan, S. by Tche-kiang and Kian-si, E. 
 by the gulf of Nan-king, and N. by Chantong. It 
 is of vast extent, and contains 14 cities of the first 
 rank, and 93 of the second and third, which are all 
 places of considerable trade, the whole country 
 being intersected by lakes, rivers, and canals. 
 Its silks, cottons, japanned goods, and paper, are 
 in high esteem. Nan-king is the capital. 
 
 Kiang-si, a province of China, bounded on the 
 N. by Kiang-nan, W. by Houquang, S. by Quang- 
 tong, and E. by Fokien and Tche-kiang. The 
 N. part contains the great Po-yang lake, and some 
 extensive morasses ; the middle and S. parts are 
 mountainous, but intermixed with fertile and 
 well cultivated valleys. It contains 13 cities of 
 the first rank, and 78 of the second and third. It 
 is celebrated for its porcelain, which is the finest 
 and most valuable of the empire. Nan-tchang is 
 the capital. 
 
 Kian-ku, or Yang-tsc-kiun g , the largest river of 
 Asia. It flows E. during the first part of its 
 course along the borders of China, after which it 
 enters the empire, and passing through the grand 
 central provinces falls into the gulf of Irong-ming 
 in the eastern sea. 
 
 Kiburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Zurich, with a castle, seated on the Theoff, 14 
 m. E. N. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Kickapoos, a tribe of Indians in Illinois and the- 
 neighborhood. They have about 600 warriors. 
 
 Kidderminster, a corporate town in Worcester- 
 shire, Eng. It has long been celebrated for ii* 
 
K1L 
 
 A-M 
 
 KIL 
 
 v.arpet manufacture, which has neen brought to 
 great perfection. A fine specimen of carpet weav- 
 ing, delineating the Descent from the Cross, is 
 placed over the altar in St. George's chapel, re- 
 cently erected. The Staffordshire and Worcester- 
 shire, canal passes this place. It is seated on the 
 river Stour, 14 m. S. E. of Bridgenorth, and 126 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Kidge, or Kej, a fortified town of Persia, capital 
 of the province of Mecran, seated on the Nehenk, 
 530 m. S. W. of Candahar. Long. 63. 20. E., lat. 
 26. 15. N. 
 
 Kidicelly,a. town of Wales, in Caermarthenshire. 
 It stands on a creek of the Bristol Channel, and 
 has a canal to some collieries, whence coal is 
 brought down and exported. Here are also an 
 iron foundery and a tin mill. On the opposite 
 bank of the creek, where the old town formerly 
 stood, are the remains of a castle. It is 8 m. S. of 
 Caermarthen, and 226 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Kiel, a strong town of Denmark, capital of the 
 duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and a university. 
 It stands on* a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic, 
 and has a commodious harbour for ships of the 
 largest size. It is one of the most commercial 
 places in Holstein; and its trade is augmented by 
 means of the Eyder canal to Rendsburg. Kiel is 
 37 m. N. W. of Lubec, and 46 N. by E. of Ham- 
 burg Long. 10. 16. E., lat. 54. 21. N. 
 
 Kien-ning, a city of China, of the first rank in 
 the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the con- 
 quest of China by the Tartars it sustained two 
 sieges, and was at last taken, and all the inhabi- 
 tants put to the sword. It was afterwards re-es- 
 tablished by the Tartars, and is now a place of 
 considerable trade. It stands on the river Min- 
 ho, 260 m. S. E. of Nan-king. Long. 117. 2. E., 
 lat. 27. 5. N 
 
 K ien-tch an g, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kiang-si, seated in a fertile 
 country, 340 m. S. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 
 118. 20. E., lat 27. 35. N. 
 
 Kieou-kinng, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kiang-si, situate on the Kian- 
 ku, immediately above the influx of the Poyang- 
 hou. It is the rendezvous of all the barks which 
 pass to and from other places in this province, and 
 the nrovinces of Kiang-nan and Hou-quang. It is 
 250 m. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 116. 0. E., lat. 
 29. 54. N. 
 
 Kilharchan, a village of Scotland, on the W. 
 side of Loch Winnoch, 5 m. S. W. of Renfrew. 
 It is inhabited chiefly by weavers, and has exten- 
 sive bleach fields. 
 
 Kilbride, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, 
 noted for its cotton manufactures, and for being 
 the birthplace of Dr. William Hunter and his 
 brother John, celebrated anatomists. It is 6 m. 
 S. by E. of Glasgow. 
 
 Kilcalmoncll, a town of Scotland,in Argyleshire. 
 !7 m. N. of Campbelton. 
 
 Kilda, St. one of the Hebrides. 28 m. to the 
 W. of North Uist. It is 3 m. long and 2 broad, 
 fenced about with one continued perpendicular 
 face of rock, of prodigious height, except at the 
 landing place on the S. E., where there is a nar- 
 row and steep passage to a village on the top of 
 a rock. The surface of the island is hilly ; but it 
 feeds many sheep, and produces plenty of barley 
 and potatoes. Many of the inhabitants live chief- 
 ly by fishing, and catching wild fowl. In the 
 latter employment, they are incredibly adventu- 
 rous. Being let down by a rope from the summit 
 o< *.he precipitous rocks, they clamber along their 
 
 fronts in search of the eggs and nests of various 
 birds. St. Kilda is the most remote of the Heb- 
 rides, and is about 140 m. from the nearest point 
 of the mainland of Scotland. Long. 8. 23. W., lat. 
 57 43. N. 
 
 Kildare, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Leinster, about 37 m. long, and from 12 to 20 
 broad ; bounded on the E. by Dublin and Wick- 
 low, W. by King's county, and Queen's county, 
 N. by East Mcath, and S. by Carlow. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Liffey, Barrow, and Boyne. It 
 is a very fertile and arable country. It sends 2 
 members to the imperial parliament. 
 
 Kildare,a. borough of Ireland, capital of the fore- 
 going county, and a bishop's see. It is chief!' 
 supported by frequent horseraces on what is cal 
 ed the Curragh, a fine turfy plain, containing up 
 wards of 5,000 acres, which feeds a great number 
 of sheep. 27 m. S. W. of Dublin. Long. 6 57. 
 W.,lat. 53. 9. N. 
 
 Kilfcnora, a small town of Ireland, in the coun- 
 ty of Clare, and a bishop's see united with Killa 
 loe. 12 m. N. W. of Ennis. 
 
 Kilgarron, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire, 
 now inhabited principally by fishermen. Here 
 are the remains of an ancient and celebrated cas- 
 tle, on a high rock. It is seated on the Tivy, 30 
 m. N. of Pembroke, and 231 W. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Kilhaw, a parish in East Yorkshire, Eng. 31 m. 
 E. N. E. of York. 
 
 Kilia, a fortified town of European Russia, in 
 Bessarabia, with a good trade in wool, goat's hair, 
 tallow, wine, corn, &c. It is situated on the most 
 northern branch of the Danube, 86 m. S. W. of 
 Bialogorod. 
 
 Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, in the prov- 
 ince of Leinster, about 40 m. long and 20 
 broad ; bounded on the E. by Carlow and Wex- 
 ford, W. by Tipperary, N. by Queen's county, 
 and S. by Waterford. It sends 2 members to par- 
 liament. The surface is in general level and the 
 soil fertile. It is particularly noted for its coal 
 which makes no smoke in burning. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Barrow, Suire, and Nore. 
 
 Kilkennii. a city of Ireland, capital of the above 
 county, situate on the river Nore. over which are 
 two bridges. Irishtown, on the E. side ot'the riv- 
 er, is joined to it, and both together form a large 
 and pleasant place. It had formerly a bishop ; and 
 the cathedral, which stands in Irishtown, belongs 
 to the bishop of Ossory. The chief manufactures 
 are coarse woolens and fine blankets. 26 m. N 
 of Waterford. Long. 7 32. W. lat. 52. 36. N. 
 
 Kilkenny, t. Coos Co. N. H. among the White 
 Mountains. Pop. 27. Alsoa village in St. Law 
 rence Co. N. Y. and a township in Leinster Co 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Killala, a sea- port of Ireland, in the county of 
 Mnyo and a bishop's see united with Achonrv. 
 It stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which 
 it gives name. 24 m. N. of Castlebar. Long 
 9. 4. W., lat. 54. 8. N. 
 
 Killaloe, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Clare, and a bishop's see united with Kilfenora. 
 It is seated on the Shannon, over which is a 
 bridge of 19 arches, ]0 m. N. N. E. of Limerick. 
 Killarney, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kerry, much frequented on account of the" ad- 
 joining lake. 14 m. S. E. of Tralee. 
 
 Killarney, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in the 
 county of Kerry, otherwise called Lough Eean, 
 from its being surrounded by high mountains. It 
 is divided into three parts, called the Lower. Mid- 
 
KIL 
 
 421 
 
 KlN 
 
 die, ana Upper Lake. The northern, or lower 
 hike, is 6 m. long and 3 broad. On the side of 
 one of the mountains is O'Sullivan's Cascade 
 which falls about 70 feet into the lake with a 
 tremendous roar ; and opposite this cascade is the 
 island of lnnisfallen. The promontory of Muc- 
 russ divides the upper from the Lower lake, and, 
 on passing round its extremity into the upper lake, 
 there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, 
 which produces wonderful echoes. The upper 
 •ake is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and from the moun- 
 .ains descend a number of beautiful cascades. The 
 islands in this lake are numerous, and afford an 
 amazing variety of picturesque views. The cen- 
 tre lake is small in comparison with the other two, 
 i n'd cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores 
 ■ate indented with bays, surrounded by dark groves 
 of trees The E. boundary is formed by the base 
 of Manner ton, down the steep side of which de- 
 scends a cascade, visible for 150 yards: this fall 
 of water is supplied by a circular lake, near the 
 sum nit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch- 
 triwl, which is considered one of the greatest 
 curiosities of Killarney. 
 
 Killcal'en, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kildare. on the river Liffey, over which is a bridge. 
 y m. E. S. E. of Kildare, and 25 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 KMingty, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E. 
 Hartford. Pop. 3,2Gl. 
 
 Killington Peak. See Green Mountains. 
 
 Killingworth, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on Long 
 Island Sound, 26 m. E. New Haven. Pop. 2,483. 
 
 KiUmal.iock, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Limerick, formerly one of the best built inland 
 towns in the kingdom, but much decayed. 1G m. 
 S. of Limerick. 
 
 Killouy, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Slijjo, G m. S. of Sligo. 
 
 Killougk, or Port St. Ann, a seaport of Ireland, 
 in the county of l)own, to the N. of St. John's 
 Point, in the Irish Sea. A rock stands in the 
 middle of the entrance of its harbour, covered at 
 hilf flood. Here is a manufacture of salt. 6 m. 
 S. S. E. of Downpatrick. Long. 5. 40. W., lat. 
 54 14. N. 
 
 Kill ybegs,n town of Ireland, in the county 
 Donegal, with a spacious harbonr on the N. side 
 of D megal Bay. 12 in. N. W. of Ballyshannon. 
 
 Kiliyleagh, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 D >wn, with a linen and thread manufacture. The 
 celebrated Sir Hans Sloane was born in this town; 
 It is seated on an arm of Strangford Lou<rh, 35 m; 
 N. E.of Newry. 
 
 Kilmacduagh,a. village of Ireland, in the county of 
 ->f Gal way, an old episcopal see, united to Clonfert. 
 The ruins of the cathedral, a monastery, (fee., de- 
 note its former consequence. 12 m. N. of Ennis. 
 
 tCil.macth.omas, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Waterford, 12 in. W. S W of Waterford 
 
 Kilmainham, a town of Ireland, in a valley, 
 about half a m. W. of Dublin. It has a session- 
 house, a gaol, a foundling hospital, and an hos- 
 pital for invalid soldiers. Here the knights for 
 the county of Dublin are elected ; and it was the 
 seat of government before the castle at Dublin 
 was appropriated to that purpose. 
 
 Kilmarnock, a populous and flourishing town 
 of Scotland, in Ayrshire. It is the principal man- 
 ufacturing town in the county, and carries on an 
 extensive trade : its chief manufactures are car- 
 pets, serges, blankets, tartans, and other woolen 
 goods, saddlery, leather, &c. Near it are the re- 
 mains of Dean Castle, the seat of the earls of Kil- 
 marnock, in the desolate condition to which it was 
 
 reduced by lire in 1735. It is seated neartfie 
 Irvine, 11 m. N. N. E. of Ayr, and 20 S. S. W 
 of Glasgow. Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 55. 40. N. 
 
 Kilmarnock, p. v. Lancaster Co. Va. 
 
 Kilmaurs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, for- 
 merly celebrated for its cutlery. 2 m. N. W. of 
 Kilmarnock. 
 
 Kiimore, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cavan, and, with Armagh, a bishop's see. 3 m. 
 S. W. of Cavan. 
 
 Kilrenny, a parish of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on 
 the frith of Forth. 
 
 Kilsyth, a village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, 
 inhabited chiefly by weavers employed by the 
 Glascow manufacturers. It is situate on the 
 Great North Road from Edinburgh and Stirlinc 
 to Glascow, 15 m. S W. of Stirling, and 13 N° 
 E. of Glascow. 
 
 Kilwinning, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire. 
 Here is the elegant seat of the Montgomery family, 
 Eglington Castle ; also some remains of a ma'» 
 nificent monastery, which was erected here in 
 1140. The vicinity abounds in limestone and 
 coal. It is seated on the Garnock, over which is 
 a stone bridge, 5 m. N. N. W. of Irvine. 
 
 Kimbcrton, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Kirnherworth, a village in West Yorkshire Eiig. 
 2 m. W. of Rotherham. 
 
 Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. 
 Here is a castle, the seat of the dukeof Manches- 
 ter, where queen Catherine resided for some time 
 aft<>r her divorce from Henry VIII. 63 m. N. by 
 W. of London. 
 
 Kimi, or Kicmi, a town of Russian Lapland, on a 
 river of the same name, near its entrance into the 
 gulf of Bothnia, 10 in. E. of Tornea. 
 
 Kin, Kain, a town of Persia, in the province oi 
 Seistan, situate at the foot of a mountain, 60 m 
 S. S. W of Herat. 
 
 Kinburg. a fortress of Russia, in the government 
 of Taurida, on the S. side of the estuary of the 
 Dnieper. It has been frequently attacked by the 
 Turks, by land and sea, but without success. 18 
 m. S. S. E. of Oczakow, on the opposite side of 
 the Dnieper. 
 
 Kincardine, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 with a commodious harbour, and a good road in 
 the fritli of Forth. Ship-building is carried on to 
 a great extent, and the coasting and foreign trade 
 is considerable. 5 m. S. E. of Alloa, and 22 S. by 
 W. of Perth. 
 
 Kinkardine, a town of Scotland, in Rossshire, 
 with a small harbour, on the frith of Dornoch, .4 
 m. W. by N. of Tain. 
 • Kincardine, O'nect, a town of Scotland, in Aber 
 deenshire, seated on the river Dee, 23 in. W. by 
 S. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Kincardineshire, or Mcarns, a county of Scot- 
 land, bounded on the N. W. and N. by Aberdeen- 
 shire, E. by the German Ocean, and S. and W. 
 by Angusshire. lis length along the coast is 30 
 m. and its greatest breadth about 24. The N. W. 
 part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for pas- 
 ture ; but to the S. of the Grampians the surface 
 is in general fertile. The small village of Kincar- 
 dine 9.m. S. W. of Stonehaven, was formerly the 
 capital but Stonehaven is now the county-town. 
 
 Kinder/took, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson 20 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,706. 
 
 Kineton. See Kington. 
 
 Kin^ and Queen, a county in the E. district of 
 Virginia. Pop. 11,644. 
 
 King George, a county in the E. district of 
 Virginia. Pop. 3,397. 
 
 2N 
 
KIN 
 
 422 
 
 KIN 
 
 King Creek, a village in Barnwell Districts. C. 
 
 Kingfteld, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 554. 
 
 King George the Third Sound, a harbour on the 
 S W. coast of New Holland discovered by cap- 
 lain Vancouver in 1791. It is safe, and easy of 
 access any where between its outer points of en- 
 trance, Bald-head and Mount Gardener, 11 m. 
 distant from each other. Long. 118. 17 E., lat., 
 35. 5. S. 
 
 King George Sound, the name given by captain 
 Cook, in 1778, to the bay which he discovered on 
 the W. coast of North America, in long. 126. 48. 
 W., and lat. 49. 33. N. but the natives call it 
 JS'iwlka ; the name now generally adopted by the 
 English. It is notsituate on the continent, as 
 Cook had reason to suppose, but on an island, to 
 which captain Vancouver, in 1792, gave the name 
 of Quadra and Vancouver Island. In 1786 a few 
 British merchants in the East Indies formed a 
 settlement in this place to supply the Chinese 
 ms r\et with furs ; but the Spaniards in 1789, cap- 
 tureJ two English vessels, and took possession of 
 the settlement. The British ministry made their 
 demand of reparation, and the affair was ami- 
 cably terminated by a convention. 
 
 Kin-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiano--si, seated on the Kan-kiano-, 
 800 m. S.ofPekin. Long. 115. 10 E., lat. 27. 
 16. N. 
 
 Kindhorn, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 on the frith of Forth, nearly opposite Leith. It 
 joins with Burntisland, Kirkaldy, and Dysart in 
 returning two members to parliament. It has 
 two harbours, one below the town, and the other 
 half a mile W. at Pettycur, for the passage boats 
 between this place and Leith. The manufac- 
 ture of thread stockings, and the spinning of 
 cotton and flax, were fomerly carried on here to 
 some extent, but owing to the depression of 
 trade the former is given up and the latter is 
 not prosecuted with any great activity. 9 m. N. 
 by W. of Leith. 
 
 Kingsborough p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 50. 
 ni. N. W. Albany. 
 
 Kings County, a county of New York, compris- 
 ing the west end of Long Island. Pop. 20,537. 
 Flatbush is the capital. 
 
 Kinsburg , p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson 90 m E. Albany. Pop. 2,606. 
 
 Kings County, a county of Ireland, in the prov- 
 ince of Leinster, 43 m. long and about 39 in its 
 greatest breadth; bounded on the N. by West 
 Meath, E. by Kildare, S. by Queen's County and 
 Tipperary, and W. by the Shannon, which sepa- 
 rates it from Galway and Roscommon. It is di- 
 vided into 52 parishes, contains about 130,000 
 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. 
 The principal rivers are the Shannon, and the 
 Greater and Little Brosna ; and the grand canal 
 croses the N. part of the county. It is not so well 
 cultivated as some of the other counties, but the 
 soil is tolerably fertile. The capital is Philips- 
 town . 
 
 King's Langley, a village in Hertfordshire, where 
 Henry III. occasionally resided. It is seated on 
 the river Gade, 5 m. S. W. of St. Alban's. 
 
 Kingsbridge, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat- 
 ed on a branch of the Salcomb River, over which 
 is a bridge to Dodbrook, 34 m. S. by W. of Exeter, 
 and 208 W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Kingsclere, a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a 
 great trade in malt. It was the residence of 
 some of our Saxon kings. 54 m. W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Kingsdiff, a parish in Northamptonshire, Eng 
 12 m. W. of Peterborough. 
 
 Kingsessing , a township of Philadelphia Co 
 Pa. 
 
 King's Mountain, a mountain in Lincoln Coun- 
 ty in the western part of North Carolina. A 
 battle was fought here Oct. 7. 1780 between a 
 body of American militia and a party of British 
 and Tories in which the latter were defeated 
 and nearly the whole killed or taken prisoners. 
 
 Kingsteig, a strong fortress of Norway. See 
 Fredericstndt. 
 
 Kingston, a corporate town in Surrey, Eng. 
 At a national council held here, in the year 838, 
 king Egbert, and his son Athelwolf, were pres 
 ent ; and several of the Saxon monarchs were 
 crowned here. This town sent two members tc 
 parliament in the reigns of Edward II. and III. 
 but was disfranchised by the desire of the inhab 
 itants. Queen Elizabeth founded here a free- 
 school ; and the spring assizes are held at this 
 place. It is seated on the river Thames, over 
 which it had an ancient wooden bridge, now re- 
 placed by one of stone. 10 m. S. W. of London. 
 
 Kingston a sea-port of Jamaica, in the West 
 Indies, situate on the N. side of Port Royal Bay. 
 It was built in 1798, after the great earthquake 
 which destroyed the town of Port Royal, and tn 
 1803 was incorporated as a city. It is a place of 
 good trade being much resorted to by ships coin 
 ing to load and unload their cargoes ; and of late 
 years it has been greatly enlarged by the addition 
 of many handsome houses. Pop. including 18,000 
 slrves, 33,00o- It is 10 m. E. of Spanish Town. 
 Long. 76. 40 W., lat. 18. 3. N. 
 
 Kingston, the capital of St. Vincent, in the 
 West Indies, situate at the head of a bay of the 
 same on the S. W. shore of the island. 
 
 Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. adjoin- 
 ing Exeter. Pop. 999. Also a township of Ad 
 dison Co. Vt. 25 m. S. W. Montpelier. Pop. 
 803. A p.t. Plymuoth Co. Mass. on Plymouth Bay 
 4. m. N. W. Plymouth. Pop. 3,322. A p.t. Ulster 
 Co. N. Y. formerly Espus. It stands on the Hud- 
 son, 55 m. below Albany. Pop. 4,170. Also towns 
 and villages in Middlesex Co. N. J. Luzerne Co .Pa. 
 Talbut and Somerset Cos. Md. Delaware and Ross 
 Cos. Ohio. Roane Co. Ten. and Morgan Co. Geo. 
 
 Kingston, the largest and most populous town 
 of Upper Canada, with a good harbour. Here 
 the king's stores are kept and guarded. Vessels 
 from Lower Canada go no further than this place ; 
 and hence to York, Niagara, &c. Stores and 
 merchendise are conveyed in boats. It is seated 
 on Lake Ontario, and its outlet into the St. Law- 
 rence, 190 m. W. of Montreal. Long. 75 41. W., 
 lat. 44. 8. N. 
 
 Kingston on Hull. See Hull. 
 
 King-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Hou-quang. It is considered 
 one of the keys of the empire, is well fortified, and 
 has a large Tartar garrison. It stands on the 
 Kian-ku, 620 m. S. S. W. of Peking. Long. 111. 
 37. E., lat. 30, 26. N. 
 
 King-te-tching, a town of China, in the prov- 
 ince of Kiang-si, famous for its beautiful por- 
 celain. It is computed to contain above 1,000, 
 000 of inhabitants, and extends 4 m. along the 
 banks of a river which here forms a kind of har- 
 bour. 655 m- S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 54. E. 
 lat. 29. 25. N. 
 
 Kington, or Kineton,a. town of Warwickshire, 
 Eng. King John kept his court in a castle he 
 erected here. 85 m. N. W. of London. 
 
KIN 
 
 4;J3 
 
 KIR 
 
 Kington, or Kyneton, an ancient town in Here- 
 "brdshlre, Eng. with a considerable clothing 
 trade. It is seated on the Arrow, under Bradnor 
 Mountain, 19 m. S. W. of Hereford, and 150 W. 
 by N. of London. 
 
 Kintr-tree, p. v. Williamsburg District S. C. 64 
 m, N. Charleston. 
 
 Kinsville, p. v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio on Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 Kino- William, a county of the Eastern District 
 of Virginia. Pop. 9,812. 
 
 Kingioood, a township of Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 n the Delaware, also a p. v. Preston Co. Va. 
 
 Ki.n-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Tche-kiang, on the banks of a fine river, into 
 which several little streams discharge themselves. 
 It. has a great trade in dried plums and hams; 
 ant] is famous for good rice-wine and very white 
 candles : the latter are made of a substance obtain- 
 ed fir mi little shrubs with a white flower, not 
 unlike jessamine. It is l!)fl m. S. by. E. of Nan- 
 king. L ing.. 11!). II). E., lat. 29, 16 N. 
 
 Kinnnird Head, a lofty promontory on the E. 
 c >:ist of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, about a mile 
 lo the N T . of the town of Fraserburg. Here is a 
 castle .4 stories high, on the top of which is a 
 'Ighthouse. Long. 1. 40. W. lat. 57. 39. N. 
 
 Kinnoul, a parish of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 on the E. bank of the Taj', with the remains of an 
 ancient castle. It stands at the foot of a hill of 
 Kinnoul, which is particularly famous for its fine 
 agates, and also abounds with many rare plants. 
 
 Kinross, a borough of Scotland, capital of Kin- 
 ross-shire, seated in a plain, screened on the N. 
 by the Ochil Hills, and on the river Leven, be- 
 fore it enters Loch Leven. It has a manufacture 
 of cotton and coarse linens. 23 rh. N. N. VV. of 
 Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9. W., lat. 56. 7. N. 
 
 Kinross-shire, a county of Scotland, surrounded 
 by the shires of Perth and Fife, and almost cir- 
 cular, about 30 m. in circumference. It is divid- 
 ed into four parishes and contains about 7,000 in- 
 habitants. The central part is occupied by Loch 
 Leven, and the country around has a rich appear- 
 ance. It sends one member to parliament alter- 
 nately with the county of Clackmannan. 
 
 Kinsale, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in 
 the county of Cork. It is a maritime arsenal, 
 contains 10,000 inhabitants, and has an excellent 
 harbour, defended by a strong fort. In times of 
 war it is very much frequented by E. and W. India 
 fleets, on which account the leases of the inhabi- 
 tants oblige them to pay double rent during these 
 seasons. It is seated at the mouth of the Ban- 
 don, 13 m. S. of Cork. Long. 8. 28. W., lat. 
 51. 42. N. 
 
 Kinsale, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va. on the 
 Potomac near Chesapeak Bay. 
 
 Kinsman, p.t. Trumball Co." Ohio 180 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. Pop. 720. 
 
 Kinston, p.t. Lenoir Co. N. C. on the Neuse, 
 40 in. above Newbem. 
 
 Kintching, the capital of the island of Loo-choo, 
 •n the China Sea, and of all the islands under 
 that appellation. The king's palace, reckoned 
 to be four leagues in circumference, is built on 
 a neignbouring mountain. Long. 127. 30. E., 
 lat. 26. 2. N. 
 
 Kin-t.ong, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of Yun-nan. The surrounding country 
 is mountainous, but the valleys yield abundance 
 of rice. It is seated on the Pa-pien, 750 m. 
 W. by N. of Canton. Long. 100. 40. E., lat. 24. 
 30. N 
 
 Kintorc, a borough of Scotland, in Aberdeen 
 shire, on the river Don, 13 m. W. by N. of Aber- 
 deen. 
 
 Kintyre. See Cantyre. 
 
 Kin-yang, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Chen-si. It has always been deemed as a bar- 
 rier against the incursions of the Tartars, and is 
 strongly fortified. The country around is very 
 fruitful. 560 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107. 30 
 E.,lat. 36. 6. N. 
 
 Kin-yuen, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Quang-si. It is seated on a fine river, but sur 
 rounded with craggy mountains, inhabited by 9 
 rude and savage race of people. 310 m. W. by 
 N. of Canton. Long. 108. 15. E., lat. 25. 23. N. 
 
 Kinzua, p.t. Warren Co. Pa. 350 m. N. W. 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Kiov, or Kioto, a government of the Russian 
 empire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little Rus- 
 sia. It was once a duchy, belonging to the great 
 dukes of Russia, and Kiov was their capital. 
 This country was conquered by the Tartars, and 
 came again into the possession of the great 
 dukes but was overrun and possesed by the Cossacs. 
 under the protection of Poland. In 1664 the 
 natives, discontented with John Casimir, king 
 of Poland, submitted to Russia, and have ever 
 since remained subject to that empire. This gov- 
 ernment is divided into 12 circles, and contains 
 about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. 
 
 Kiov, a town of European Russia, capital of the 
 foregoing government, and a Greek archbishop's 
 see, with a castle. It is divided into the Old Town, 
 the Lower Town, and the fortress of Petscherski, 
 all connected by intrenchments. Here are cata- 
 combs of considerable extent, dug, as it would 
 seem, through a mass of hardened clay. It is 
 seated on the Dnieper, 180 m. N. E. of Kaminieck 
 and 335 E. S. E. of Warsaw. 
 
 Kio-fcou, a city of China, in the province of 
 Chan-tong and district of Yen-tcheou. It was 
 the birthplace of Confucius, several monuments 
 to whose memory are still to be seen here. 
 
 Kioge, or Koge, a seaport of Denmark, in the 
 isle of Zealand. The English defeated the Danes 
 here, and took the town in 1807. It is 10 m. S 
 W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 Kioping, or Koping, a town of Sweden, in the 
 government of Westeraas, 18 m. N. by W. of 
 Westeraas. 
 
 Kippen, a parish and village of Scotland, in 
 Stirlingshire, on the S. bank of the Forth, 9 m. 
 W. of Stirling. 
 
 Kirby Lonsdale, a town in Westmoreland Eng., 
 with manufactures of carpets and blankets. It is 
 seated on the Loyne, over which is a curious an- 
 cient stone bridge of three arches. 12 m. S. E. 
 of Kendal, and 252 N. W. of London. 
 
 Kirby Moorsidc, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 
 There are several interesting ruins in the neigh- 
 bourhood ; and in the village of Kirkdale, 2 m. 
 hence, many fossil animal remains were discov- 
 ered in 1820. It is seated on the river Dow, 29 
 m. N. of York, and 221 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Kirby Stephen, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. 
 The woolen manufacture is the chief trade here, 
 but there is also one silk factory in the town, and 
 many of the inhabitants are employed in the man- 
 ufacture of stockings. It is seated on the river 
 Eden, 3 m. S. S. E. of Appleby, and 266 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Kirchberg, a town and castle of Wurtemberg, in 
 a district of the same name ; seated on the Her, 9 
 m. S. of Ulm. 
 
KIR 
 
 424 
 
 KIT 
 
 Kirchbern, a town of Wurtemberg, with a castle 
 i.n a hill, by the river Jaxt, 12 m. S. S. W. of 
 
 Rotenburg. 
 
 Kirchhern, a town in the Prussian province of 
 the Lower Rhine, 41 m. W. of Mentz. 
 
 Kirchein, a town of Bavaria, on the Mindel, 
 29 m. E. S.E. of Ulm. 
 
 Kirrhhayn, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 Lusatia ; seated on the Bober, 18 m. S. of Luckau 
 
 Kirchlteim,& town of Wurtemberg, with a castle, 
 seated on the river Lauter, 18 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Kirdorf. a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, 42 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. 
 
 Kirin, a government of Eastern Tarlary, en- 
 closed between the sea of Japan, the northern 
 frontier of Corea, and the river of Saghalien. 
 The climate is extremely cold; and, from the 
 number of forests by which it is covered, the 
 country is thinly inhabited. The valuable plant 
 "■inseng grows here; and the emperor of China 
 s?rids hither the criminals banished by the laws. 
 
 Kirin, a city of eastern Tartary, capital of the 
 foregoing province, and the residence of a Mand- 
 shur general, who is invested with the authority 
 of a viceroy. It is situate on the river Songari, 
 which is here called Kirin, 540 m. E. N. E. of 
 Pekin. Long. 126. 20. E., tat. 43. 20. N. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 with a good harbour. Here are a dock yard for 
 small vessels and manufactures of checks, tick- 
 inn-, cotton, and leather. This was the birth-place 
 ofthe celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, author of the 
 ' Wealth of Nations.' It is seated on the N. side 
 ofthe frith of Forth, 11 m. N. of Leith. 
 
 Kirkcudbright, a borough and seaport of Scot- 
 land, capital of its name, with a castle. The har- 
 bour will admit ships of any burden to come up 
 to the town, and yet it has no considerable trade 
 or manufacture. It is seated at the mouth of 
 the Dee, 23 rri. S. W. of Dumfries. 
 
 Kirkcudbrightshire, or East Galloway, a county 
 of Scotland, 45 m. long and 30 broad; bounded 
 on the N. W. by Ayrshire, N. E. and E. by Dum- 
 fries-shire, S. by Solway Frith and the Irish Sea, 
 and W. by Wigtonshire. It is divided into 28 par- 
 ishes, contains 33,600 inhabitants, and sends one 
 member to parliament. The northern parts are 
 mountainous and uncultivated ; but there is some 
 fertile land on the sides ofthe rivers, and it feeds 
 a great number of cattle and sheep. The chief 
 rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Cree, and Orr. 
 
 Kirk ham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The an- 
 cient church was taken down in 1822, except the 
 tower, and rebuilt by a subscribed rate. The 
 manufactures, which are increasing in importance, 
 are sail cloth, cordage, coarse linens, cottons, &c; 
 It is seated near the mouth of the Ribble. 23 in. 
 S. of Lancaster, and 22G N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Kirkintilloch, a town of Scotland, in Dumbar- 
 tonshire, with manufactures of linen and cotton ; 
 seated near the junction of the Luggie with the 
 Kelvin, 7 m. E. N. E. of Glasgow. 
 
 Kirkless, a village in W.Yorkshire Eng. situate 
 on the Calder, 3 in. from Huddersfield. In the 
 park near it is the monument ofthe famous Rob- 
 in Hood. 
 
 Kirkoswald, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On 
 an elevated spot, a little E. of the town, are the 
 ruins of a castle ; and on another eminence, 3 m. 
 to the S., is the famous druidical monument called 
 Long Meg and her daughters. Kirkoswald is 
 seated at the conflux of the Croglin with the 
 Eden, 9 m. N. by E. of Penrith, and 292 N. W. 
 of London 
 
 Kirkpatrick, a village of Scotland, in Dumbarton 
 shire 5 m. E. S. E. of Dumbarton. The vestiges o. 
 ofthe Roman wall, built by Antoninus, extent from 
 the Clyde at this place to Abercorn on the frith o 
 Forth. It is called, by the country people, Gra 
 ham's Dike. 
 
 Kirkton, or Kirton, a town in Lincolnshire 
 Eng ; situate on the top of a hill, 20 m. N. of L<»» 
 coin, and 147 N. by W of London. 
 Kirkville, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 
 Kirksvillc, p. v. Mecklenberg Co. N. C. 150 m. 
 S. W- Raleigh. 
 
 Kirkwood, a township of Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 Kirkwall, a borough of Scotland, capital of Po- 
 mona, the principal island of the Orkneys. It is 
 built on a neck of land, on the E. side of the 
 island ; and the most striking object is the stately 
 cathedral of St. Magnus opposite which is the 
 bishop's palace, now called a castle. The harbour 
 is excellent, with a good outer road, defended by 
 a fortification. Here are manufactures of linen 
 and cotton ; and great quantities of kelp are ex 
 ported. It is 30 m. N. E. of Thurso, in Caith 
 ness-shire. 
 
 Kirn, a town of the Prussian province of Lower 
 Rhine, situate on the Nahe, 42 m. S. by W. of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Kirrymuir, a town of Scotland, in Forfarshire, 
 with considerable manufactures of brown and 
 coarse linens. It is 5 in. N. W. of Forfar, and 
 16 N. of Dundee. 
 
 Kirshehr, a tcwn of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia. 
 formerly a considerable city, called Diocajsarea. 
 Salt is made in the neighbourhood. It is 84 m. 
 N. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 15. E., lat. 39. 10. N. 
 Kirsora, a town of European Turkey, in Bul- 
 garia, seated on the Danube, 76 m. S. W. of Is- 
 mael. Long. 28. 4. E., lat. 44. 47. N. 
 
 Kiskiminitas , a branch of Alleghany river in 
 Pennsylvania. On this stream are many salt 
 springs. There is a village of this name in West- 
 moreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Kirtland, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 165 m. N. E. 
 Columbus Pop. 1,010. 
 
 Kismich, or Kisme, a fertile island at the en- 
 trance of the gulf of Persia, 60 m. long and 12 
 broad, separated by a narrow channel from the 
 continent of Persia. Its E. end is 12 m. S. oi 
 Gombron. 
 
 Kissingen, a town of the Bavarian states, in 
 Franconia, in the environs of which are some 
 medicinal and salt springs. 32 m. N. of Wurzburg. 
 Kistna, or Krishna, a river of Hindoostan, which 
 rises in the Sukhien. Mountains, not far to the S 
 of Poona, flows E. about 500 m. forming the 
 boundary between the Deccan and the Peninsula 
 and enters the bay of Bengal by several mouths, 
 to the S. of Masulipatam. Owing to the accu 
 mutation of sand at its mouths, it is not navigable 
 for ships ; but its inundations are of the greatest 
 importance to the fertility ofthe country through 
 which it passes. 
 
 Kistnagheri, a town and fortress of Hindoostan 
 in the province of Barramaul. Since it came intc 
 the possession of the British, in 1792, it has been 
 dismantled to save the expense of a garrison. It 
 is situate on a rock nearly 700 feet in height, 54 
 m. S. E. of Bangalore, and 66 W. S. W. ofAreot. 
 Kittanniny, a township of Armstrong Co Pa. 
 40 m. N. E. Pittsburg. 
 
 Kittatinny Mountains, the name given to a 
 branch of the Apalachian chain, in New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kittery, p.v. York Co. Me. at the mouth of Pis- 
 
KNI 
 
 425 
 
 KOE 
 
 cataqua river opposite Portsmouth. Pop. 2,202. 
 
 Kitzbichl, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Tyrol, in the vicinity of which are mines of cop- 
 Der and silver. It is seated on the river Acha, 
 11 m. S. E. of Kufstein. 
 
 Kitzingen, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the 
 river Maine, 10 m. E. S. E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Kiun-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 capital of the island of Hainan, on the N. coast, 
 at the mouth of the Limou. It stands on a prom- 
 ontory, and ships often anchor under its walls. 
 Long. 109. 38. E., lat. 20. N. 
 
 Kiutaja, or Cutaja, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 
 capital of Natolia. Near it are some warm baths, 
 much esteemed in several disorders. It is situate 
 at the foot of a mountain, near the river Pursak, 
 136 m. S. S. E. of Constantinople. 
 
 Kladrau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Pilsen, near the river Misa, 20 m. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Klattau, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle 
 of the same name, with a considerable woolen 
 manufacture. Part of it was destroyed by fire in 
 1810. It is 69 m. S. W. of Prague. 
 
 Klingeistown, p. v. Schuylkill Co. Pa. 
 
 Klingnau, a town of Switzerland, in the district 
 of Baden, on the river Aar, 7 m. N. of Baden. 
 
 Knapdah, a district of Argyleshire, Scotland, 
 about 20 m. long, and 16 broad. It is situate be- 
 tween the isthmus of Crinan and Tarbert, and is 
 divided into the parishes of N. and S. Knapdale. 
 
 Knappsburgh, p. v. Chenango Co. N. Y. 
 
 Knaresborough, a borough in W. Yorkshire, 
 Eng. It is the ancient seat of the linen manufac- 
 ture, which is now carried on to a great extent. 
 Here is a famous spring, of a strong petrifying 
 quality, called the Dropping Well, which falls in 
 drops from the top of a rock. The town is situate 
 at the top of a rocky mountain, at the foot of 
 which runs the river Nidd. 19 m. W. by N. of 
 York, and 197 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Knighton, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire, 
 seated on the Teme, 10 m. N. E. of Radnor, and 
 158 N. W. of London. 
 
 Knightsbridge, a village in Middlesex, Eng. now 
 forming part of the suburbs of London. Here 
 are extensive barracks for soldiers, and a consid- 
 erable manufacture of painted floor cloths. 
 
 Kniphauscn, a sea-port of Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Oldenburg, seated on the Jade, 
 39 m. E. of Embden. 
 
 Knistcneaux, a tribe of Indians in North Ameri- 
 ca who occupy a part of the British territory to 
 the North of the lakes of Canada. The Knisteneiiux, 
 denominated Cristinaux by the ancient Canadians, 
 and Killistonous by some modern writers — Grees 
 by the English, wander over, or inhabit all the 
 country to the south of the lake of the Mountains, 
 as far as the lakes of Canada, and from Hudson's 
 Bay to lake Winnipeg. The Knisteneaux are of a 
 moderate stature, are well proportioned, and pos- 
 sess a remarkable degree of activity. Black and 
 piercing eyes animate their agreeable and open 
 countenance. They paint their face of different 
 colours. They wear asimple and convenient dress, 
 cut and ornamented with taste ; but sometimes 
 they hunt, even during the severest cold, almost 
 entirely naked. It appears that of all the savages 
 of North America,the Knisteneaux have the hand- 
 somest women. Their figure is well proportioned, 
 and the regularity of their features would obtain 
 them admiration, even in Europe. Their com- 
 plexion is not so dark as that of other savage 
 women , because their habits are much more clean- 
 ly. These Indians are naturally mild, honest 
 54 
 
 generous, and hospitable, when the pernicious nse 
 of spirituous liquors has not changed their natural 
 disposition. They do not look upon chastity, how 
 ever, as a virtue, nor do they imagine that con 
 
 jugal fidelity is at all necessary to the happiness 
 of the married state. Accordingly they offer their 
 wives to strangers, and exchange them with each 
 other, as Cato is said to have done. The fogs 
 which cover their marshes, are beiieved to be the 
 spirits of their deceased companions. 
 
 KnitteJfeld, or Knitterfetdt, a town of Austria, 
 on the river Muhr, 98 m. S W. of Vienna. 
 
 Knoctopher, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kilkenny, 12 m. S. by E. of Kilkenny, and 63 S. 
 W. of Dublin. 
 
 Knottingley, an extensive and populous village 
 in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Aire, 3 in. E. 
 N. E. of Pontefract, noted for its great production 
 of limestone. 
 
 Knowllon, a township of Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Knox, a county of Ohio. Pop. 17,124. Mount 
 Vernon is the capital. Also a county of Kentucky. 
 Pop. 4,321. Barboursville is the capital. Also 
 a county of E. Tennessee. Pop 14,498. Knox- 
 ville is the capital. Also a county of Indiana. 
 Pop. 6,557. Vincennes is the capital. 
 
 Knox, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 20 m. W. Albany. 
 Pop. 2,186. Also townships in Columbia and Jef- 
 ferson Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Knoxvllte, a town of Tennessee, capital of Knox 
 county. Here is a college, established by gov- 
 ernment. It stands on the river Holston, 22 m. 
 above its junction with the Tennessee, and 200 S. 
 by E. of Frankfort. Long. 84. 8. W., lat. 3.">. 
 58. N. Also villages in Crawford Co. Geo., and 
 Jefferson Co. Ohio. 
 
 Knulsford, a town in Cheshire, Eng. Here are 
 some cotton-mills, and manufactures of shag vel- 
 vets, &c. It is seated on a branch of the Birken, 
 25 m. E. by N. of Chester and 175 N. W. of Lon- 
 don 
 
 Koang-sin, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Kiang-si. Here are manufactures of good paper, 
 and the best candles in the empire. It is 250 m. 
 S. by W. of Nanking. Long. 118. 20. E., lat. 28. 
 30. N. 
 
 Koei-tcheou, a province of China, near the S. W. 
 extremity of the empire. It is almost a desert, 
 and full of precipitous mountains, inhabited by 
 barbarous races, whom the Chinese have never 
 been able fully to subdue. In the mountains there 
 are mines of gold, silver, copper, and mercury 
 The horses are the best in China; and excellent 
 2n2 
 
RON 
 
 426 
 
 KOO 
 
 game abounds Stuffs are made of a certain herb 
 which resembles hemp, and are very much suited 
 for summer clothes. The capital is Koei-yang. 
 
 Koei-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Se-tchuen. It is very rich, and carries on a great 
 .rade. It stands on the great river Kian-ku, 637 
 n.S S. W. ofPekin. Long 109. 50. E., lat. 31. 
 10. N. 
 
 Koei-yang, a city of China, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Koei-tcheou. It is built partly of earth 
 and partly of bricks, and is surrounded by steep 
 mountains. Long. 108. 30. E., lat. 27. 40."N. 
 
 Kone. See Kione. 
 
 Kohistan, a district of Persia, in the province of 
 Mecran, possessed by a powerful chief, who re- 
 sides at Bunpoor. 
 
 Kohkelan, a mountainous district of Hindoostan , 
 In the province of Lahore, on the western side of 
 the Jhylum River, possessed by petty chiefs, who 
 are subject either to the Seiks or Afghans. 
 
 Kokonor, or Hohonor, a country of Tartary, on 
 the borders of China, inhabited by a tribe of Kal- 
 mucks called Sifans. It contains a large lake of 
 the same name. 
 
 Kola, a town of Russian Lapland, in the gov- 
 ernment of Archangel. It has a good harbour on 
 the river Kola, near a bay of the same name in the 
 Frozen Ocean. Long. 32. 30. E.. lat. 68. 20 N, 
 
 Kolin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaur- 
 zim, with a castle. A little to the W. of this place, 
 in 1757, the Austrians gained a victory over the 
 Prussians. 26 m. E. S. E. of Prague. 
 
 Ko/ivan, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a 
 district of the same name, in the government of 
 Tomsk. In the neighbourhood are some very 
 productive copper mines, with some silver and 
 gold. It is seated on the river Berd, at its conflux 
 with the Oby, 480 m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Long. 
 81. 20. E., lat. 55. 28. N. 
 
 Kolkokro, a lake in the peninsula of Kamt- 
 schatka, connected with a river of the same name. 
 It is said to be 112 m. in circumference, and 
 abounds with sea calves. 
 
 Kolomna, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Moscow, and a bishop's see, with a trade in corn, 
 tallow, salt beef, &c. It is seated on the Occa, 
 near the influx of the Moskwa, 65 m. S. E. of 
 Moscow. 
 
 Kom. See Com. 
 
 Kong, a kingdom of Central Africa, on the bor- 
 ders oT Guinea, from which it is separated by a 
 ridge of mountains. The country is populous, 
 and abounds in horses and elephants. 
 
 Koncr, a town of Africa, capital of the above 
 kingdom, 230 m. S. S. W. of Sego. Long. 3. 20. 
 W.,lat. 11.20. N. 
 
 Kongsberg, a town of Norway, in the govern- 
 ment of Aggerhuys, formerly celebrated for the 
 richest silver mines in Europe. It is situate on 
 both sides of the river Lowe, 30 m. S. W. of Chris- 
 tiana. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 59. 40. N. 
 
 Kongstcinger, a town of Norway, on the fron- 
 tiers of Sweden, near the river Glomme, at the 
 foot of a steep rock, on which is a strong citadel. 
 42 m. N. E of Christiana. Long. 12. 8. E., lat. 
 GO. 12. N. 
 
 Kong-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the "province o*" Chen-si. Itstands on the river 
 Hoei, surrounded by high mountains, where a 
 tomb is seen, which the Chinese pretend to be that 
 of Fo-hi. Long. 104. 20. E., lat. 34. 56. N. 
 
 Konieh, or Kointh. See Cogni. 
 
 Konigingratz, a fortified town of Bohemia, cap- 
 ital of a circle of the same name, and a bishop'* 
 
 see. It has a spacious, handsome market-place 
 an elegant cathedral, and many other handsome 
 buildings. In 1762 a body of Prussian troops en 
 tered the town, and laid the greatest ;)art of it in 
 ashes. It is seated on the Elbe, 44 m. E. of Prague. 
 Long. 15. 40. E., lat. 50. 10. N. 
 
 Konigsberg, a government of the Prussian states, 
 comprehending the N. and W. parts of the pro 
 vinceofE. Prussia, and corresponding nearly to 
 E. Prussia Proper. It comprises a superficial area 
 of 8,960. sq. m. with 491,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Konigsberg, the capital of E. Prussia, with a 
 university, a magnificent palace, and a public li- 
 brary. The town-house, the exchange, the royal 
 mint, and the cathedral are fine structures. The 
 tower of the castle is very high, whence there is 
 a beautiful prospect. The wall which encloses 
 the city and suburbs is 9 m. in circumference, but 
 more than half this space consists of gardens and 
 corn fields, the pop. of the whole not exceeding 
 55,000, who are principally of the Lutheran reli- 
 gion. Many of the houses are large and elegant; 
 and the trade is very considerable. No ships 
 drawing more than 8 feet water can pass the bar 
 of the river, so that large vessels anchor at Pillau, 
 a small town on the Baltic. Konigsberg, though 
 fortified, is not capable of making any serious re- 
 sistance. It was taken by the Russians in 1758; 
 and in June, 1807, it fell into the hands of the 
 French ; but, since the overthrow of Bonaparte, 
 it has been under the dominion of Prussia. It is 
 seated on the Pregel, near its entrance into the 
 Frisch Haff. 170 m. N. of Warsaw. Long. 20 
 45. E'., lat. 54. 42. N. 
 
 Konissbrrg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas 
 sel, 46 in. N. N. E. of Mentz. 
 
 Konigsberg, a town and castle of the Bava- 
 rian states, in Franconia. 14 m. N. W. of Bam 
 berg. 
 
 Konigsberg, a town and castle of Silesia, in the 
 principality of Troppau, 15 m. S. E. of Troppau. 
 Koninsberg, a town of Hungary, seated on the 
 river Gran, 70 m. E. by N. of Presburg. 
 
 Konigsberg, a well built town of Prussia 59 m 
 N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Konigshof, a town and castle of Bohemia seated 
 on the Elbe, 14 m. N. of Konigingratz. 
 
 Konigshofen, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on 
 the river Saale, 30 m. N. W. of Bamberg. 
 
 Konigslvttcr, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Brunswick, with a celebrated abbey. It is 
 seated on the rivulet Lutter, 16 m. E. of Bruns 
 wick. 
 
 Konigztein, a town of Saxony, on the frontiers 
 of Bohemia. A garrison is constantly maintained 
 in the fort, which stands on a mountain, and is 
 deemed impregnable. The town has manufactures 
 of woolen and linen, and is seated on the Elb° 
 16 m. S. E. of Dresden. Long. 14. 14. E., lat.' 
 50. 54. N. 
 
 Konia-stcin, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau, with a castle on a rock, 11 m. N. W. 
 of Frankfort. 
 
 Konitz, a town of W. Prussia, 10 in. N. W. ol 
 Culm. 
 
 Konkodoo, a country of W. Africa, bordering on 
 Jallonkadvo, Satadoo, and Dentila. It is full of 
 steep mountains, which, however, are cultivated 
 even to the summit. The streams which descend 
 from these mountains impregnate the sand and 
 earth with gold dust, which the natives separate 
 by a mechanical process. 
 
 Koonjoor, a town of Hindoostan, capital oi 9 
 ".irTar, in the province of Orissa. 86 m. N. N 
 
KOR 
 
 427 
 
 KRA 
 
 W. of Cattack, and 163 W. S. W of Calcutta. 
 Long. 85. 38. E., lat. 21. 52. N. 
 
 Kooshaub, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 
 seated on the Belut, 88 m. W. of Lahore. Long. 
 71.20. E., lat. 30. 55. N. 
 
 Kopys, a fortified town of European Russia, in 
 the government of Mohilef; seated on the Dnie- 
 per. 28 m. N. of Mohilet. 
 
 Kordofun, a country of central Africa, situated 
 to the W. of the Bahr-e.l-Abiad, between the 
 kingdom of Darfur and that of Sennaar. It is 
 sometimes independent, and sometimes subject to 
 the one or the other of these states. The^nhabi- 
 tants are said to be extremely licentious in their 
 manners, and cherish a most inveterate enmity 
 against those of Darfur. Ibeit is the capital. 
 
 Korfakan, a town of Arabia, in Oman, on a bay 
 rf the gulf of Ormus, 110 m. N. by W. of Rostak. 
 
 Korgan. See Jorjan. 
 
 Koriacs, a people of Siberia, who inhabit that 
 part of the government of Okhotsk which lies 
 around the gulf of Penginskaia, and N. as far as 
 the banks of the Anadir. They are divided into 
 two sorts. Those called simply Koriacs have a 
 fixed residence, and the resemblance between 
 them and the Kamtschadales is very striking. 
 The others are wanderers, and are known by the 
 appellation of Reindeer Koriacs ; they roam in 
 detached parties over these vast deserts, and are 
 noted hunters and robbers. Their only property 
 consists in their herds of reindeer, which they 
 maintain by conducting them to those cantons 
 that abound with moss ; and, when these pas- 
 tures are exhausted, they wander in search of 
 others. The number of fixed Koriacs scarcely 
 exceeds 900 ; and, though it is not easy to calcu- 
 late that of the wandering Koriacs, it is imagined 
 that they do not much exceed this amount. The 
 features of the majority of the Koriacs are not 
 Asiatic ; and they might be considered as Euro- 
 peans, but for their low stature, their ill shape, 
 and the color of their skin. In general tiie wo- 
 men have sunken eyes, flat noses, and prominent 
 cheeks, and in going about they carry their chil- 
 dren in a kind of net or basket arched over, in 
 which the infant is placed in a sitting posture, 
 and sheltered from the weather. They acknow- 
 ledge a Supreme Being, the creator of all things. 
 He is supposed to inhabit the sun, whose burning 
 orb they consider as the throne or palace of the 
 Lord of Nature. They neither fear nor worship 
 him : goodness, they say, is his essence ; and it 
 is impossible he should do any injury. The prin- 
 ciple of evil they consider as a malignant spirit, 
 who divides with the good Being the empire of 
 nature. As the one is intent on the happiness of 
 mankind, the other endeavours to render them 
 unhappy. Diseases, tempests, famine, calamities 
 of every kind, are his works, and the instru- 
 ments of his vengeance. To pacify his wrath, 
 they offer to him various animals, the first fruits 
 of their hunting and fishing, and whatever they 
 possess that is most valuable ; but there is no 
 temple set apart for his votaries, who conceive 
 that they render him propitious by piously getting 
 drunk in their jourta ; for drunkenness is become 
 with these people a religious practice, and the 
 basis of all their solemnities. 
 
 Korinchi, a valley in the island of Sumatra, 
 behind the ran^e of jiountains which forms the 
 boundary <"t Ctf. a jAliiea of Anak, Sungei, and 
 Indrapoor. I* •• r ri'rn a fine lake, which abounds 
 with fish, a' d .' i raaks are covered with villa- 
 ges. 
 
 Koros Black, a river of Hungary, which rises 
 in the palatinate of Bihar, and falls into the 
 Theyss, near Czongrad, in the palatinate of Bek- 
 esch. 
 
 Korotscha, a town of European Russia, in the 
 government of Kursk, on a river of the same name, 
 with a manufacture of saltpetre. 44 m. S. E. ot 
 Kursk. 
 
 Korsor. See Corsoer. 
 
 Kortright, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Poo 
 2,873. 
 
 Kosel, or Kosta, a fortified town of Prussia, in 
 Silesia, on the river Oder, 17 m. N. of Ratibor. 
 
 Kosie, a considerable kingdom of Western Af 
 rica, situated on the E. side of the river Lagos, 
 about GO m. from its mouth. By this situation 
 the people of Kosie command the trade of all the 
 slaves which are brought down the river; and 
 they prevent all communication between the tra- 
 ders of Lagos and those of the interior. The 
 capital, of the same name, is said to be of great 
 extent, and its buildings are described as resem 
 bling those of Coomassie, the capital of Ashantee 
 Koslof. See Eupatoria. 
 
 Kostroma, a town of Russia, capital of a govern 
 ment of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is> 
 surrounded by a strong wall, and situate on a riv- 
 er of the same name, at its entrance into the Vol- 
 ga. 380 m. E. S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 41. 
 14. E., lat. 57. 40. N. 
 
 Kotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Agimere, seated on the Chumbul. 
 Long. 75. 49. E., lat. 25. 15. N. 
 
 Kottokolee, a city of Central Africa, capital of 
 a country of the same name, of which the situa- 
 tion and extent are not accurately known. 
 
 Kotun, a city of Usbeck Tartary, in Cashgur, 
 1 10 m. S. E. of Ireken. Long. 81. 36. E., lat. 37. 
 50. N. 
 
 Koue-te, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of Ho-nan. It is seated in a vast plain, 
 between 2 large rivers, 312 m. S. of Pekin. ,Lonu\ 
 115. 29. E., lat. 34. 30. N. 
 
 Kous, or Coss, a town of Egypt, on the E. bank 
 of the Nile, once a place of great wealth and trade 
 being the staple of commerce between the Nile 
 and the Red Sea. 18 m. S. of Dendera, and 45. 
 N. N. E. ofEsne. 
 
 Kowno, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a 
 brisk trade, particularly in honey, wax, &c. It is 
 seated at the conflux of the Wilna, and Niemen, 
 66 m. W. N. W. of Wilna. 
 
 Kozlov, a large town of European Russia, in 
 the government of Tambov. The chief trade is 
 in cattle, which are sold to the Don Cossacs, and 
 in tallow and salt meat, which are sent to Mos- 
 cow. It is seated on the Voronet, 48 m. W. N. 
 W. of Tambov. 
 
 Krai.nbu, g , a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn 
 5 m. N. E. of Burkhausen. 
 
 Krainburg, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- 
 niola, with a castle seated on the Save, 20 m. N. 
 W. of Laubach. 
 
 Kranichfe.'d,a. town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Saxe-Gotha, on the river Ilm, 12 m. S. 
 E. of Erfurt. 
 
 Krappitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 eastle, at the conflux of the Prudnitz with the 
 Oder, 14 m. S. of Oppelen. 
 
 Krasnoiarsk, a flourishing town of Asiatic Rus- 
 aia, in the government of Tomsk with a trade in 
 furs, and a considerable transit of commodities 
 for the trade with China and Siberia, the great 
 road from Tomsk to Irkutsk passing through it. 
 
RUB 
 
 428 
 
 KUO 
 
 It is seated on a small river, which falls into the 
 Yenisei. 
 
 Krasnoiarsk, a town and capital of a district in 
 the government of Astracan, Asiatic Russia. It 
 is situated on an island formed by branches of the 
 Volga. Long. 48. 30. E., lat. 46. 30. N. 
 
 Krusnoslaw, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Lublin, 26 m. S. S. W. of Chelm. 
 
 Kravpen,a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Leutmeritz. It has considerable tin mines in its 
 vicinity, and is 17 m. W. N. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 Krauthcim, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 Baden, on the river Jaxt, 15 m. S. W. of Mergen- 
 thetm. 
 
 Kreiderville, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 Krehith, a corporate town of Wales, in Caernar 
 vonshire, seated on the Irish Sea, near Traeth- 
 Amawar Bay, where a castle formerly stood, now 
 in ruins. 13 m. S. by E. of Caernarvon, and 234 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Krempe, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, seat- 
 ed on a river of the same name, 5 m. N.of Gluck- 
 stadt. 
 
 Krems, or Crems, a town of Austria, with alum 
 works, and manufactures of velvet, silk stuffs, 
 and excellent thread. It is seated on a river of 
 the same name, at its conflux with the Danube, 
 48 m. W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 36. E., 
 lat. 18. 24. N. 
 
 Kronberg. See Cronennerg. 
 Kropp, a large manufacturing village of Aus- 
 trian Illyria, in Carniola, circle of Laucach, seat- 
 ed on a river of the same name. 
 
 Krotoschin, a town and castle of Prussian Po- 
 land, near the borders of Silesia, 28 m. W. of 
 Kalisch. 
 
 Krotzka, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, 
 on the S. side of the Danube, 15 m. S. E. of 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Krumlau. See Crumlau. 
 
 Kruszicica, a town of Russian Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Brzesc, with a castle, noted for be- 
 ing the birthplace of Piast, who from the station 
 of a private citizen, was elected king of Poland 
 in the year 842. It is seated on a lake called 
 Goplo, which supplies the Netz with a great 
 part of its water. 28 m. W. of Brzesc Litov. 
 Kteifa, a small walled town of Syria, on the 
 borders of the desert, supposed to be the ancient 
 Adarisi, 22 m. E. N. E. of Damascus. 
 
 Kuara, a province of Abyssinia, situated near 
 the banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad. It is very moun- 
 tainous and unwholesome, but abounds in gold, 
 which is brought from the neighbouring coun- 
 tries. The governor is one of the great officers 
 of state, and has absolute power in his own 
 province. 
 
 Kubbees, a city of Persia, in Seistan, in the 
 midst of a great sandy desert, on the road from 
 Kerman to Herat. 160 m. S. E. of Yezd. 
 
 Kubesha, a strong town of Asia, in Daghistan, 
 situate on a hill, between high mountains. Its 
 inhabitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a 
 name common in the E. to all Europeans), and 
 form a republic. They are excellent artists, and 
 make very good fire-arms, sabres and several arti- 
 cles in goid and silver, for exportation. They 
 have, likewise, for their own defence, small cop- 
 per cannons, of three pounds calibre, cast by 
 themselves. They coin Turkisli and Persian 
 silver money, and even rubles, which readily pass 
 current, because they are of the full weight and 
 value. Kubesha is considered as a neutral town, 
 where the neighbouring princes can deposit their 
 
 treasure with safety. In 1725 it acknowledged 
 the sovereignty of Russia, but without paying 
 any tribute. Long. 47. 49. E., lat. 42. 30. N. ° 
 
 Kubin, a town of Hungary, in the Bannat 
 opposite Semendria, with 2,400 inhabitants, who 
 carry on a brisk trade with Turkey. 
 
 Kubin, a town of Hungary, in the district of 
 the Tsaikists. Long, lft 18. E., lat. 49. 14. 
 N. 
 
 Kuf stein, a strong town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 
 with a castle on a rock. It surrendered to the 
 French and Bavarians in 1805. It is seated on 
 the Inn, on the frontiers of Bavaria, 46 m. S. S 
 E. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 47. 30 
 N. 
 
 Kullu, a country of Centra. Africa, to the S. E 
 of Wangara, traversed by a river of the same 
 name. It was represented to Browne as an im 
 portant state, but he did not enter it. 
 
 Kulsheim, or Kvlzheim, a town of Baden, in the 
 principality of Leiningen, 40 m. E. S. E. of Heid- 
 elberg. 
 
 Rumania, Great and Little, two districts in the 
 central part of Hungary, separated from each 
 other by a considerable tract of country as well 
 as by the river Theyss. Great Rumania comprises 
 a superficial extent of 420 sq. m. with 13.000 in- 
 habitants. Little Kumania is however the more 
 extensive district, comprising an area of 1.000 
 sq. m., and a pop. of 41,000. The Calvinist is 
 the prevailing religion in both districts. 
 
 Kundapura, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, 
 and the chief place in the northern part of the 
 province. It is seated near the mouth of a river 
 of the same name, which here expands into a 
 lake, and forms a number of islands. It is the 
 port for all goods coming from, or going to Naga- 
 ra ; but the bar will not admit vessels that draw 
 more than 12 feet. It is 30 m. W. S. W. of 
 Mangalore. Long. 74. 45. E., lat. 14. 24. N. 
 
 Kunersdorf, a village of Brandenburg, in the 
 Middle Mark, 3 m. E. N. E. of Frankford on the 
 Oder. Here, in 1759, was fought one of the most 
 bloody battles on record between the Prussians 
 and Russians, in which the king of Prussia, after 
 a great slaughter of the enemy for upwards of 
 six hours, was in the end obliged to quit the 
 field with the loss of all his cannon and 20,000 
 men. 
 
 Kunka, a district of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Orissa. situate on the sea-coast, near the 
 Point Palmyras. Being much intersected by 
 rivers, the rajah successfully maintained his inde- 
 pendence agaiiwt the Mahrattas, but surrendered 
 to the British in 1805. 
 
 Kunhagar, the capital of the above district, and 
 the residence of the rajah, situate on the sea 
 coast. Long. 87. 5. E.. lat. 20. 50. N. 
 
 Kunting, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the 
 principality of Eichstadt, at the conflux of the 
 Schwarzach with the Altmuhl, 12 m N. E. of 
 Eichstadt. 
 
 Kungee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 ofDehli, and district of of Sirhind. It is sur- 
 rounded by a mud wall and deep ditch, but was 
 taken by the British in 1809, withont resis- 
 tance. 
 
 Kuno,& fortress of Japan, in the island of Nip- 
 hon 60 m. W. S. W. of Jeddo. 
 
 Kunowitz, a town of Moravia, on the Olschowa 
 37 m. S. by E. ofOlmutz. 
 
 Kuopin,& town of Sweden, in Finland, capital 
 of Savolax, and that part of Carelia remaining to 
 Sweden. It is situate, on the W. side of an ex 
 
KUR 
 
 429 
 
 KTR 
 
 tensive lake 200 m S. E. of Ulea. Long. 29. 10. 
 E., lat. 63. 20. N. 
 
 Kuvferberg, a mine-town of Prussian Silesia, in 
 the principality of Jauer, on the river Bober, 17 
 •n. N. W. of Jauer. 
 
 Kur, (the ancient Cyrus), a river of Persia, 
 which rises in the Caucasian Mountains, passes 
 by Tefflis, and flows S. E. to the Caspian Sea. 
 At its mouth are several inlets, liable to be over- 
 flowed in the spring. 
 
 Karda, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Guzerat, near the N. W. frontier, about 3 m. 
 S . of Theraud. 
 
 Kurdistan, a country lying partly in Armenia 
 and partly in Persia, along the eastern bank of the 
 river Tigris, and comprehending great part of 
 ancient Assyria. Its limits are not precisely as- 
 certained ; but it may be viewed as bounded or 
 the N. by Armenia, on the E. by Persia, on the 
 S. by Arabian and Persian Irak, and on the W 
 by Diarbekir, or, as it is sometimes called, Alge- 
 zira. It is divided into two parts, viz., Lower 
 Kurdistan, or the western division, which is in- 
 cluded in the pachalic of Bagdad, and corres- 
 ponds nearly to the whole of the ancient Assyria 
 Proper ; and Ardelan, which extends from the 
 small river Sharook to the Turkish district of 
 Zohaub. The surface is diversified by mountains 
 and valleys ; and the soil is in some places fertile 
 and well cultivated ; but it abounds with deserts, 
 and, except in the neighbourhood of the towns, 
 is barren and desolate. Wheat and barley are 
 the grains most commonly raised. The inhabi- 
 tants are not subject either to the Turks or Per- 
 sians. Some live in towns and villages, and 
 others rove from place to place, having tents like 
 the wild Arabs, and being robbers like them. The 
 tribes are ruled by a number of their own princes 
 or chiefs. They are proud of their descent ; and 
 demand a premium for their daughters on giving 
 them in marriage. Their character and circum- 
 stances seem to have undergone little change 
 since the most remote times. Xenophon is sup- 
 posed to refer to them under the name of Cardu- 
 ohai, a people who opposed the retreat of the 
 10,000 Greeks. Their religion is partly Chris- 
 tianity and partly Mahomedism. Altunkupri is 
 the capital. The chief towns are Kerkook, Soly- 
 mania, Beltis, Erbile, Amadia, Sennah, &c. 
 
 Kur eh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 lia, 34 m. W. of Sinob. 
 
 Kuriles, a long chain of islands at the eastern 
 extremity of Asia, extending from the southern 
 point of Kamtschatka to the isles of Jesso or 
 Matsmai, an island of Japan. They lie between 
 42. and 51. of N. lat., and the whole length of 
 the range is said to be nearly 900 in. Exclu- 
 sive of the very small ones, they are 22 in num- 
 ber. They are annexed to the government of 
 Irkutsk, and pay a tribute of furs and sea calves, 
 which is collected every three years ; the Rus- 
 sian authority however can only be considered as 
 extending over 19, the three most southerly be- 
 longing rather to Japan. The northernmost, 
 called Shoomska, is three leagues from Cape Lo- 
 patka : the next, named Paramousic, is consid- 
 erably larger than Shoomska. Those two islands 
 were first visited by the Russians, in 1713. and 
 the rest have been gradually discovered since that 
 period. Some of these islands are fertile, wooded 
 and abound in fish and game ; while others are 
 destitute of water and uninhabitable, but are occa- 
 sionally visited by the islanders for the sake of 
 hunting foxes and otters. The natives are ve-y 
 
 hairy, wear long beard, and live entirely upon 
 seals, fish, and the produce of the chase. They 
 are hospitable and docile ; but pusillanimous and 
 unable to support misfortune with fortitude. 
 Their houses and customs resemble those of the 
 Kamtschatdales. They have some trade with the 
 Chinese, Japanese, and Russians. 
 
 Kurort, a chain of mountains in Asiatic Turkey. 
 See Tamus. 
 
 Kursk, a considerable town of European Rus- 
 sia, capital of a government of the same name. 
 It has 16,000 inhabitants, a Protestant consistory, 
 and 16 churches. The export trade is very con- 
 siderable, amounting to about £150,000 sterling 
 per annum. It is seated on the river Tuskanf, 
 240 m. S. of Moscow. Long. 37. 8. E., lat. 51. 
 40. N. 
 
 Kusistan, or Chusistan, a province of Persia, 
 bounded on the N. by Irac-Agemi, E. by Parsis- 
 tan, S. by the gulf of Persia, and W. by Irae- 
 Arabi. The N. part is mountainous, the S. flat 
 and marshy. Tostar is the capital. 
 
 Kutali. See Chiutaja. 
 
 Kuttenbcrg, a town of Bohemia, seated near a 
 mountain, in which are silver mines. 5 m. N. 
 W. of Czaslau. 
 
 Kuttore, a celebrated town and fortress of ri :s 
 N. of India, capital of a district of the same name, 
 in the province of Cafiristan. It is situated on 
 the summit of a perpendicular rock, and was with 
 great difficulty taken by Timur in the end of the 
 14th century. 100 m. N. E. of Cabul, and 280 
 N. W. of Lahore. Long. 70. 17. E., lat. 35. 
 27. N. 
 
 Kuty, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 
 on the Czeremosz, witli extensive manufactures 
 o Russia leather. 61 m. S. S. E. of Halicz. 
 
 Kuynder, a town and fortress of the Neth er- 
 lands, in Friesland, situated on a river of the same 
 name, at its entrance into the Zuyder Zee, 23 m. 
 S. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 32. E., lat. 52. 41. N. 
 
 Kuzneck, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov- 
 ince of the same name, in the government of 
 Kolivan. It has manufactures of iron, and stands 
 on the Tom, at the influx of the Kondoma, 130 
 m. E. S. E. of Kolivan. Long. 85. 50. E.. lat 
 54. 16. N. 
 
 Kyburg, a bailiwic of Switzerland, including 
 the whole of the N. E. part of the canton of Zu- 
 rich. It i» divided into 47 parishes, and is pro- 
 ductive, particularly in fruit and wine. 
 
 Kylburg, a town of the Prussian province of 
 the Lower Rhine, situated on the river Kyll, 30 
 m. N. N. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Kyll, a small river of Germany, which rises be- 
 tween the frontiers of Limburg and Juliers, and 
 falls into the Moselle, 4 m. below Treves. 
 
 Kymmenenard, an extensive province of Finland 
 equal in extent to the half of Scotland, but con- 
 taining only 115,000 inhabitants. It extends 
 along the river Kymmene. 
 
 Kyn, a small island in the Baltic, on the coast 
 of Russia, about 5 m. in length, 40 m. N. by E. 
 of Riga. 
 
 Kyndee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 ofBahar, and district of Raingur. Long. 86. 5. 
 E.,lat. 24. 15. N. 
 
 Kyneton. See Kington. 
 
 Kyranur, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 the province of Gundwaneh. It belongs to one 
 of the Goand chiefs, who is tributary to the rajah 
 of Nagpore. It is situate near the LucKnow 
 Hills, 95 m. S. E. of Ruttunpore. Long. 81. 32. 
 E., lat. 21.27 N. 
 
LAB 
 
 430 
 
 LAC 
 
 Kyranty, a town of Bengal, in the district of Morung, and W. by Nepaul. It was conquered 
 
 Cooch Bahar, on the Durlah River. Long. 88. by the rajah of Nepaul in 17(59, but is very little 
 
 50 E., lat. 26. 45. N. known to Europeans. 
 
 Kyraut, a district of Hindoostan, bounded N. by Kyritz, a town of the Prussian states, in Bran- 
 
 the Himmaleh Mountains, E. by Bootan, S. by denburg. 46 m. N. W. of Berlin. 
 
 LAAB, a town of Lower Austria, on the liver 
 
 Teya, 39 m. N. by W. of V.'enna. Long. 16. 20. 
 
 E.,lat. 48.43. N. 
 Laas, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carniola, 
 
 with a trade in salt, leather, and horses. 12 m. 
 
 S. of Laubach. 
 
 Laasplte, or Lasplie, a town of Germany, in the 
 
 Prussian states, seated on the Lahn, 75 m. E. of 
 
 Cologne. 
 
 Labadia, a town of Austrian Italy, seated on 
 
 the Adirge, 20 m. N. N. W. of Ferrara. 
 
 Laber, a river of Bavaria, in Franconia, which 
 
 rises near Neumark, and falls into the Danube at 
 
 Sinzing, above Ratisbon. 
 
 Labes, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with 
 
 manufactures of cloth ; seated on the Reca, 35 m. 
 
 N. E. of Stargard. 
 
 Labia, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, 
 
 70m.S. W. ofNissa. 
 
 Labiau, a town of East Prussia, with a strong 
 
 castle, seated at the mouth of the Deine, near the 
 
 Curische Haff, 25 m. N. E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Labrador, a country of North America, on the 
 
 E. side of Hudson Bay. The general aspect of 
 the country is most dreary : the surface is moun- 
 tainous and rugged, and covered with large stones, 
 and the soil is poor. Coarse plants, adapted to 
 the nourishment of deer and goats and other 
 
 wild animals, are its chief productions. The cli- 
 mate, in only lat. 47. N., is excessively cold dur- 
 ing winter. The ice begins to disappear in May, 
 and about the middle of July commences hot 
 weather, which at times is such as to scorch the 
 face of the hunters. Mock suns and halos are 
 not unfrequent ; and the night is enlivened by 
 the aurora borealis, which spreads over the whole 
 sky. No country is better furnished with large, 
 safe, and convenient harbours, or supplied with 
 better water. The numerous islands along the 
 E. coast abound with eider ducks and other wa 
 terfowl, and also with hares, foxes, and deer. 
 The animals are not numerous ; the most com- 
 mon are reindeer, bears, wolves, tigers, foxes, 
 beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, ermines, wild 
 cats. The Labrador jumping mouse is common 
 to this country and to all the interior as far as 
 Slave lake. Eagles, hawks, owls, geese, bustards, 
 ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl are 
 numerous. The fishes are whales, morses, seals, 
 cod, and a white fish preferable to herrings ; and 
 in the rivers and fresh waters are pike, perch, 
 carp, trout, &c. During the 3 months of summer 
 there is a variety in the color of the several ani- 
 mals, but in winter everything, animate and in- 
 animate, is white. The trees of Labrador are 
 mere shrubs, with the exception of the black, 
 white, and red spruce, silver fir, birch, and aspen. 
 A few vegetables are produced, and various kinds 
 of fruit. A beautiful spar, called Labrador stone, 
 waa discovered by the Moravian Missionaries, 
 who have successfully exerted themselves in im- 
 proving the condition of the natives. They have 
 now 3 settlements on these inhospitable shores, 
 
 the total pop. of which is about 600. The natives 
 are called Esquimaux. They have no fixed abod" 1 , 
 but rove from place to place, and sometimes come 
 as far as Newfoundland. They are of a difteren 
 race from the other native Americans ; for the 
 other tribes have no beards, but these have them 
 so thick and large that it is difficult to discover 
 any feature of their faces; they are likewise the 
 only savages that eat their food in a raw state. 
 They are of a middling stature, generally robust, 
 lazy, and of a brown color. Their head is large, 
 and their face round and flat ; they have thick 
 lips, a flat nose, long black hair, large shoulders, 
 and uncommonly small feet. They are always 
 well clothed; for there is nothing to be seen but part 
 of their faces and their hands. They have a sort of 
 shirt made of the guts offish, with a coat of bear 
 or bird skins, and a cap on their head. They have 
 likewise breeches made of skins, with the hair in>- 
 wards, and covered with furs without ; also two 
 pair of boots, one over another, of the same 
 sort of skins. In summer, they have nothing 
 to cover them in the night ; and in the winter, 
 they lodge in tents made of hides, or in caves. 
 The dress of the women is nearly the same as that 
 of the men. They are very superstitious, and 
 have some sort of sacrifices They acknowledge 
 two invisible essences > the one has the origin of 
 good ; the other, to whom they pay the most hom- 
 age, as the origin of every species of evil. Their 
 chief employment is hunting and fishing. They 
 are very covetous ; and pay so little regard to 
 private property as to take every advantage of 
 bodily strength to rob their neighbours, not only 
 of their goods but their wives. In other respects 
 they are the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be 
 found on the borders of Hudson Bay. Murder, 
 which is so common among all the tribes of south- 
 ern Indians, is seldom heard of among them. A 
 murderer is shunned and detested by all the tribe 
 and is forsaken even by his relations and former 
 friends. The women perform the most laborious 
 offices ; they pitch the tents, carry or haul bur- 
 dens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the vict- 
 uals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the 
 wives and daughters are never served till all the 
 males have taken what they think proper. 
 
 Laby, a considerable town of Western Africa, 
 in the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. It is upwards oi 
 2 m. in circumference and contains 5,000 inhabi- 
 tants, who are employed in the manufactuie ol 
 narrow cloths, and various articles in iron, silver, 
 wood, leather, &c, and carry on a good trade 
 with Tombuctoo, which is four months' journey 
 beyond. 
 
 Laccadives, a group of small islands in the In- 
 dian Sea, lying W. of the coast of Malabar, dis- 
 covered by Vasco de Gama, in 1449. They are 
 32 in number : and are inhabited by a race of 
 Mahomedans called Moplays, whose chief traffic 
 is in the produce of the cocoa palm, such as oil, 
 cables, and cordage; and in dried fish. These 
 are sent to the continent of India, whence they 
 
LAD 
 
 431 
 
 LAH 
 
 get rice, &c., in return; and also to Mascat, in 
 large boats, which bring back dates and coffee. 
 Calpeny, one of the largest, is 170 m. W. of Co- 
 chin. Long. 73, 32. E., lat. 10. 0. N. 
 
 Lacedogna. See Cedogna. 
 
 Lacepedes Islands, a group of islands on the N. 
 W. coast of New Holland : the largest is about 9 
 m. long. A long chain of rocky reefs and great 
 sand-banks proceed from their termination. 
 Many whales, sea serpents, and fishes of different 
 kinds, are seen in the surrounding sea. Long. 
 117. 8. E.,lat. 16.43. S. 
 
 Lacfodery, mountains of Ireland, on the E. 
 side of the country of Kerry, 12 in. E. of Tralee. 
 
 Laclien, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Schweitz, near which are some mineral springs, 
 and petrifactions : it is seated on the lake of 
 Zurich. 
 
 Lachen, a large village of the Bavarian circle 
 of the Rhine, district of Spire, 3 m. S. E. of Neu- 
 stadt. 
 
 Lachsa, or Lascha, a division of Arabia, occu- 
 pying nearly the whole of the southwestern coast 
 of the Persian Gulf, and extending to a consid- 
 erable distance inland. Great part of the interior 
 consists of sandy plains; but the coast is fertile, 
 and well peopled. The chief productions are 
 dates, rice, and cotton. The asses and camels 
 are esteemed to be of an excellent breed, and 
 some thousands of the latter are annually exported 
 to Syria. The extensive piracies committed by 
 the inhabitants of this country were so intolerable 
 that in 1809 the British fitted out an expedition 
 for the purpose of chastising them. They sailed 
 to Ras-el-Khhna, the principal port on this coast, 
 which they took by assault, burned 70 vessels, 
 and made considerable plunder. Lacsha was 
 formerly subject to Turkey, but the inhabitants 
 have now shaken off the yoke, and their sheik is 
 one of the most powerful princes of Arabia. 
 
 Lachsa, a city of Arabia, capital of the above 
 province, and the residence of the sheik. It is 
 well built, and seated on the Astan, which flows 
 into a considerable bay of the gulf of Persia, op- 
 posite the isle of Bahrein. Long. 48. 40. E., lat. 
 26. 20. N. 
 
 Lack, a town in Mifflin Co. Pa. 
 
 Lackawanna, or Lackawannock, a small stream 
 in Pennsylvania flowing into the Susquehanna. 
 In this neighborhood are large coal mines, for a 
 description of which see Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lackawaken, a small stream of Pennsylvania 
 flowing into the Delaware 174 m. above Phila- 
 delphia. Also the name of a township in Pike 
 Co. Pa. on the above stream. 
 
 Laconia, p. v. Harrison Co. Indiana. 
 
 Ladenbmg, a town of Germany, in Baden, 
 Beated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. W. of Heidelberg. 
 
 Ladona , a lake of Russia, between the omlf of 
 Finland and the lake Onega. It is 140 m. long 
 and 80 broad. The shores of the lake are flat, 
 but the navigation is very dangerous on account 
 of quicksands. This induced Peter I. to cause a 
 canal to be cut from the S. W. extremity of this 
 lake to the river Neva, by which it has a commu- 
 nication with the gulf of Finland. It was begun 
 in 1718, and finished in 1732; and is 67 m. long, 
 and 70 feet broad. 
 
 Ladona, New, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburg, seated on the Volkhof, be- 
 tween the lake and canal of Ladoga. Old Ladoga, 
 an inconsiderable place, is higher up the Volkhof. 
 New Ladoga is 56 m. E. of Petersburg. Long. 
 31. 42. E., lat. 60. 0. N 
 
 Ladrones, or Marian Islands, islands of the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, lying between 145. and 148. E. Ion., 
 and between 13. and 22. N. lat. They were dis- 
 covered by Magellan in 1521. He touched first 
 at the island of Guam, where the natives stole 
 some of his goods, which caused him to name 
 these islands the Ladrones, or Islands of Thieves. 
 Besides the other fruits natural to the soil and 
 climate, nere is the bread-fruit tree in abundance. 
 The names of the principal islands are Saypan, 
 Tinian, Guam, and Rota. 
 
 Ladrones, is also the name of a cluster of small 
 islands in the gulf of Sa, at the southern extremi- 
 ty of China. They are the resort of pirates, who 
 have long set the naval power of China at defiance. 
 In 1805 they had acquired possession of the whole 
 island of Hainan and the southern part of For- 
 mosa. 
 
 La Fargeville, p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 
 
 Lafayette, a parish of Louisiana Pop. 5,606 
 Vermilionville is the capital. 
 
 Lafourche, a bay on, or river of Louisiana, one 
 of the mouths of the Mississippi. 
 
 Lafourche Interior, a Parish of Louisiana, lying 
 upon the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 5,500. Thiba^ 
 deauville is the capital. 
 
 Lannasco, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, 24 m. S. of Turin. 
 
 Lagny, a town of France, in the department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, with a late famous Benedictine 
 abbey ; seated on the Marne, 15 m. E. of Paris. 
 
 Lagos, a seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with 
 a castle. Here the English fleet bound to the 
 Mediterranean usually take in fresh water. Off 
 the cape near this town, in 1759, admiral Bosca- 
 wen defeated a French fleet. It is 130 m. S. S. 
 E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Laguna. See Christophe de Laguna, St. 
 
 Lagunes of Venice, the marshes or lakes in Italy 
 on which Venice is seated. They communicate 
 with the sea, and are the security of the city. 
 There are about 60 islands in these Lagunes, 
 which together make a bishop's see. Eurano is 
 the most considerable, next to those on which 
 Venice stands. 
 
 Lahn, a river of Germany, which rises in Hes- 
 se-Cassel, and flowing by Marburg, Wetzlar, and 
 Nassau, falls into the Rhine above Coblentz. 
 
 Lahn, a town of the Prussian states, in Silesia, 
 near which is the castle of Lahnhaus. It is seat- 
 ed on the Bober, 10 m. N. N. W. of Hirsohberg. 
 
 Laholm, a seaport of Sweden, in Holland, with 
 a castle ; seated on the Laga. near its entrance 
 into the Categat, 12 m. S. S.' E. of Halmstadt. 
 Long. 12. 56. E., lat. 56. 31. N. 
 
 Lahore, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on 
 the. W. by Candahar, N. by Cashmere, E. by 
 Sirinagur and Dehli, and S. by Moultan. It is 
 often called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers. 
 It is extensive and fertile ; affording, in addition 
 to all the necessaries of life, wine, sugar, and cot- 
 ton wool. In the tract between the Indus and 
 the Chelum are salt mines, which afford pieces of 
 rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, 
 &c. See Panjab. 
 
 Lahore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the 
 above province, and of the country of the Seiks. 
 It was the residence of the Mahomedan conquer- 
 ors of Hindoostan, before they had established 
 themselves in the central parts of the country ; 
 and owes its chief improvements to Humaioon, 
 the father of Acar, who made it his residence 
 during a part of his troublesome reign. The city 
 and its suburbs form a circumference of 7 m It 
 
LAM 
 
 432 
 
 LAN 
 
 18 iurrounded by walls of brick, and adorned with 
 beautiful edifices and gardens. Here are manu- 
 factures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds, 
 and of very curious carpets. It is situate on the 
 S. bank of the Rauvee, 210 m. S. of Cashmere. 
 
 Lahr, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy 
 of Baden, which was only a village in 1780; but 
 is now an active manufacturing town. The man- 
 ufactures are of woolens, linens, cotton, tobacco, 
 and leather. 18. m. S. S. E. of Strasburg. 
 
 Laino. a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, near 
 a river of the same name, 19 m. W. N, W. of 
 Cassano. 
 
 Lairdsville, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 
 Lake, towns in Stark, Wayne and Logan Cos- 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lake Pleasant, a township of Hamilton Co. N. 
 Y. Pop. 266. 
 
 Lai-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Chang-tong, with a convenient 
 harbour on the Yellow Sea. It stands on a pro- 
 montory, 255 m. S. E. of Pekin. 
 
 Lalaiul, an island of Denmark, situated at the 
 entrance into the Baltic, near the coast of Zea- 
 land. It is about 60 m. in length by 14 in breadth, 
 and is reckoned the most fertile spot in the Danish 
 dominions. It produces plenty of all sorts of grain , 
 particularly wheat and peas. The climate, how- 
 ever, is considered unhealthy, on account of the 
 damp. Laland forms a part of the bishopric of 
 Funen. Naxkow is the capital. 
 
 Laland, an island near the N. coast of the island 
 of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. Long. 99. 
 20. E., lat. 1. 45. N. 
 
 Lambach, a town of Austria, on the Traun, 24 
 m. S. S. W. ofLaintz. 
 
 Lamballe, a town of France, in the department 
 of Cotes du Nord, with a good trade in cattle, 
 jinen, and parchment. 11 m. E. S. E. of St. 
 Brieux. 
 
 Lambayeque, a town on the coast of Peru, with 
 upwards of 10,000 inhabitants, the generality of 
 whom are poor Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Indians. 
 It is 95 m. N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 79. 35. 
 W. , lat. 6. 45. S. 
 
 Lambesc, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. N. of Aix. 
 
 Lambeth, a village in Surrey, Eng. on the River 
 Thames, opposite Westminster. Here the arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury has an ancient palace. By 
 the vast increase of buildings, Lambeth is now 
 joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of 
 the three bridges. Here are numerous extensive 
 manufactories, and various places of public amuse- 
 ment, particularly the celebrated Vauxhall Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 Lambcmrn, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated on 
 a river of the same name, 15 m. S. W. of Abing- 
 don, and 65 W. of London. 
 
 Lamego, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a 
 bishop's see, with a strong citadel, two cathedral 
 churches, and four convents. Here the states as- 
 sembled to confirm the election of Alfonzo Hen- 
 riquez, the first king of Portugal, and enacted the 
 fundamental laws, now forgotten. It is seated on 
 the Balsamao, 50 m. E. of Oporto. Long. 7. 30. 
 W., lat. 41. 12. N. 
 
 Lamermuir, a mountainous ridge in Scotland, 
 which divides the county of Berwick from that of 
 Haddington for above 20 m., and terminates on 
 the W. at SoutraHill, which is elevated 1 ,000 feet 
 above the sea level. These hills are bleak and 
 barren, affording but scanty pasture for sheep. 
 Lamlash, a town of Scotland, on the S. E. coast 
 
 of the isle of Arran, on a bay of its name, which 
 forms an excellent harbour for vessels of any size. 
 It is sheltered from the sea by a lofty islet, 2 In. 
 long, called Holy Isle. 
 
 Lamail, or Lamaille, a river of Vermont, ris- 
 ing in Caledonia county and flowing into Lake 
 Champlain opposite the southern extremity of 
 South Hero. 
 
 Lam-pa, an extensive and mountainous district 
 of Peru, in the intendancy of Cuzco. The cli- 
 mate is cold, and it is chiefly valuable for its pas- 
 tures. The chief town, of the same name, is 90 
 m. S. of Cuzco. Long. 81. 44. W., lat. 16. 55 
 S5« 
 
 Lampangui, a lofty mountain of the Chilian 
 Andes, celebrated for its rich mines. 240 m. from 
 Valparaiso. 
 
 Lampedosa, an island in the Mediterranean, be- 
 tween the coast of Tunis and the island of Malta. 
 It is about 21 m. in circuit, and is pleasant and 
 fertile ; but it is uninhabited. It has an excellent 
 harbour, sheltered from all winds except the N. 
 Long. 12. 24. E., lat. 35. 40. N. 
 
 Lampertheim, a village of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt. 9 m. S. E. of worms. 
 
 Lampeter, a towship of Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Lampon, a town of Sumatra, capital of a dis- 
 trict belonging to the king of Bantam. The Dutch 
 have a resident here. It is situate on a bay of the 
 same name, in the strait of Sunda, 180 m. S. E. 
 of Bencoolen. Long. 104. 15. E., lat. 5. 40. N. 
 
 Lamprey, a river of Rockingham Co. N. H. fall 
 ing into Great Bay at Durham. 
 
 Lampsaco, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 celebrated for its wine ; seated on the sea of Mar- 
 mora, 6 m. from the Dardanelles. 
 
 Lamspringe, a town of Hanover, in the princi- 
 pality of Hildersheim, situate at the source of the 
 rivulet Lame, 17 m. S. of Hildersheim. 
 
 Lanark, a borough of Scotland, and the county ■ 
 town of Lanarkshire. Since the intoduction of 
 the cotton manufacture, many new houses have 
 been built. It is seated on an eminence, near 
 the river Clyde, 22 m. S. E. of Glasgow, and 
 30 S. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 43. W., lat. 55. 
 42. N. 
 
 Lanarkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded N. 
 and N. W. by Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Stirling, 
 N. E. by Linlithgow and Edinburgh, E. by Pee- 
 bles, S. by Dumfries and S. W. by Ayrshire. It 
 is 52 m. in its greatest length, and 33 in its great- 
 est breath, comprising a superficial extent of 870 
 sq. m., or 556,800 English acres. On the whole, 
 it is mountainous and heathy, but pleasant and 
 agreeably diversified, exhibiting landscapes inter- 
 mingled with wood and water, hill and dale. It 
 contains as much curious, romantic, and varied 
 scenery, as any in Scotland; but the falls of the 
 Clyde are particularly interesting to a stranger. 
 The climate is rather moist, and the S. W. wind 
 is the most prevalent. The county is divided in- 
 to three districts, called the Upper Middle, and 
 Lower wards, and contains 41 parishes. The riv- 
 er Clyde runs through the whole extent of the 
 county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. 
 It abounds in lead, iron, and coal. 
 
 Lancashire, a maritime county of England, 
 bounded S. by Cheshire, E. by Yorkshire, N. by 
 Westmoreland, and W. by the Irish Sea. It is 74 
 m. from N. to S., and its greatest breadth is 44 m. 
 It contains 1,155,840 acres ; is divided into 6 hun- 
 dreds, and 63 parishes ; has 27 market towns , 
 and sends 14 members to parliament. It is a coun- 
 ty-palatine, under the title of the Dutchy of Lan 
 
LAN 
 
 433 
 
 LAN 
 
 caster : the only duchy of Englanu (that of Corn- 
 wall excepted) which is not merely titular. This 
 county comprises a variety of soil and face of 
 country ; but upon the whole, is one of the least 
 favoured by nature. The hundred of Furness, 
 which is separated from the rest by Morecambe 
 bay, is a wild and rugged region, stored with 
 quantities of iron ore and slate, and covered with 
 a growth of underwood, which is cut in succes- 
 sion, and made into charcoal. The E. part, be- 
 tween the Ribble and the Mersey, comprising the 
 ancient forests of Wyresdale and Bowland, is 
 mountainous and generally barren; but the S. 
 part of the tract between these two rivers is flat. 
 Much of this is a fertile country, though occaison- 
 ally deformed by black turf bogs, here called mos- 
 ses, some of which are of large extent, and impass- 
 able iu wet seasons. In the N. E. part of this di- 
 vision are some lofty hills, the most noted of which 
 is Pendle Hill. The remaining part is varied 
 with hill, dale, and moor. Among its products, 
 is a species of coal, called cannel, highly valua- 
 ble as fuel, and capable of being manufactured in- 
 to candlesticks, cups, snuff-boxes, &c. As a com- 
 mercial and manufacturing county, it is superi- 
 to any other in the kingdom. Its principal man- 
 ufactures are linen, 6ilk, woolen, and cotton 
 goods, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, hardware, 
 plate-glass, &c. Of the commerce of this county, 
 it may suffice to observe that Liverpool is the sec- 
 ond port in the kingdom. The principal rivers 
 are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern, 
 Wyre, Hoeder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, and 
 Ken ; and it has two considerable lakes, Winan- 
 dermere and Coniston-mere. It has numerous 
 canals, and had the honour of exhibiting the first 
 regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by 
 the duke of Bridgewater in 1758. 
 
 Lancaster, a. borough and the capital of LaHcas- 
 shire. It is seated on the Loyne, or Lune, which 
 forms a port for vessels of moderate burden. The 
 parish church of St. Mary is a fine structure, on 
 the side of a hill, on the summit of which is a no- 
 ble castle, serving both as the shire-house and the 
 county goal. Here are also two chapels belong- 
 ing to the establishment, and several dissenting 
 meeting-houses. On the top of the castle is a 
 square tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair, 
 whence there is an extensive prospect. Among 
 the modern improvements are an extensive quay, 
 with large warehouses, and a commodious and el- 
 egant bridge over the river, in place of the old 
 one, now in ruins. The canal from Kendal, winds 
 round the E*. part of the town, and is conveyed 
 over the river by an aqueduct of 5 arches, each of 
 7fl feet span. Besides numerous other charities, 
 there is a count}' lunatic asylum, a handsome 
 stone erection on Lancaster Moor, opened in 1816. 
 It has a ohapel attached, and the hospital is capa- 
 ble of accommodating 300 patients. 5 m. from 
 this place is Dunald-mill-hole, a cave at the foot 
 Of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and 
 passes 2 m. under ground before it appears again : 
 some of its vaults are so high that they resemble 
 the roof of a church, and in other parts so low that 
 they can be passed only by creeping on the hands 
 and feet. Lancaster depends for its support princi- 
 pally on its trade and manufactures and the county 
 business. The merchants trade chiefly to Ameri- 
 ca, the West Indies, and the Baltic. It is noted 
 for the making of mahogany cabinet ware, and 
 has manufactures of sail cloth, cordage, linens, 
 &c. The cotton manufacture is also gaining 
 giound. and ship-building is carried on to a con- 
 55 
 
 siderable extent. It is 53 m. N. W. of Manches 
 ter, and 240 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Lancaster, a handsome town of Pennsylvania, 
 capital of a county of the same name. It is a 
 pleasant and flourishing place, situate in a fertile 
 and well cultivated country, and contains a court 
 house, a jail, two banks, and nine places of wor- 
 ship. A college was founded here in 1787, but 
 the buildings are now appropriated to schools 
 Here are manufactures of guns and other hard- 
 ware ; and about a mile distant is a large cotton 
 manufactory. The town has considerable trade, 
 which increases with the population of the sur- 
 rounding country. It is seated near Conestoga 
 Creek, which runs into the Susquehanna, CI in. 
 W by N. of Philadelphia. Lon<r. 76. 32. W.. 
 lat. 40. 2. N. 
 
 Lancaster, a county in the E. District of Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 76,558, the capital has the same 
 name. Also a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 4,800. Also a District of South 
 Carolina. Pop. 10,361. 
 
 Lancaster, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connec- 
 ticut, 40 m. above Dartmouth College. Pop. 
 1,187. Also a p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. a branch 
 of Nashua river 36 m. N. W. Boston Pop. 2,010 
 Also a p.v. Fairfield. Co G K io, apt. Garrard Cc 
 Ken. a p.v. Smith Co. Ten. and a township in 
 Glengary Co. U. C. 
 
 Landaff, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. on 
 the Connecticut, 62 m. N. Concord. Pop. 951. 
 
 Lanecrota, one of the Canary isles, 30 m. long 
 and 10 broad. It is very high, and has a good 
 harbour at the N. E. end. Long. 13. 26. W., lat. 
 29. 14. N. 
 
 Lanciano,a. town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citrn. 
 on a river of the same name. It is an arch- 
 bishop's see, and has a good trade, and two great 
 annual fairs. 84 m. N. by E. of "Naples. Long. 
 14. 30. E., lat. 42. 16. N. 
 
 Landau, a small but strong town of the Bava- 
 rian circle of the Rhine, well known in mlitary 
 history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded 
 to Louis XIV. in 1680, and afterwards fortified 
 by Vauban. In 1702, 3, 4, and 13, it was alter 
 nately taken by the Austrian and French, but 
 was confirmed to France at tlie peace of 1713. 
 In 1793 it was attacked but without success bv 
 the Prussians and Austrians. The French ceded 
 it to Bavaria in 1815. It is seated on the Queich 
 56 m. N. N. E. of Strasburg, and 347 N. E. of 
 Paris. Long. 8. 7. E., lat. 49. 12. N. 
 
 Landau, a town of Lower Bavaria, situate on 
 an eminence on the Iser. Long. 12. 37. E., lat. 
 48. 36. N. 
 
 Landau, a small town of Germany, in West- 
 phalia, near the Watter. Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 51. 
 12. N. 
 
 Landeck, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 county of Glatz. 27 m. S. W. of Neisse. 
 
 Landelles, a town of France, in the department 
 of Calvados, seated on the Vire, 28 m. S. W. of 
 Caen. 
 
 Landcn, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- 
 bant, famous for an obstinate battle fought near 
 it in 1693, in which the French under marshal 
 Luxemburg defeated the allies commanded by 
 William III. of England, and also for a battle in 
 1793 in which the French were defeated by the 
 Austrians. It is seated on the river Becke, 19 
 m. S. E. of Louvain. 
 
 Landernau, a seaport of France, in the depart 
 ment of Finisterre, with considerable manufac 
 tures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated' 
 20 
 
IAN 
 
 434 
 
 LAN 
 
 at the mouth of the Elhorn, 23 m. N. E. of Brest. 
 Landeron, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Neufchatel, at the S. W. extremity of the lake 
 Neufchatel 7 m. N. E. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Landes, a department of France, bounded W. 
 by the Atlantic, and on its other sides by the de- 
 partments of Gironde, Lot-et- Garonne, Gers, and 
 Lower Pyrenees. It is divided into the three ar- 
 rondissements of Mont de Marsan, Dax, and St. 
 Sever, and has an area of 3,700 sq. m., with 
 '250.000 inhabitants. The principal rivers are the 
 Adour and the Douze, which traverse it from E. 
 to W. To the S. of these rivers the soil is tolera- 
 bly fertile, producing wine, fruit, and corn, but 
 on the N. it is perfectly sterile. The forests are 
 extensive ; and the climate is generally warm. 
 The exports are wood, turpentine, tar, wax, cat- 
 tle, wool, and brandy. 
 
 Landisburg, p,v. Perry Co. Pa. 
 Landrccy, a strong town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nord. It was beseiged in vain by 
 prince Eugene, in 1712. In 1794 it was taken 
 by the allies ; but shortly after evacuated. It was 
 one of the barrier fortresses occupied by the al- 
 lies after the second treaty of Paris. It is seated 
 on the Sambre, 18 m. E. by S. of Cambray, and 
 19 S. by E. of Valenciennes. 
 
 Landriago,a. town of Italy in the Milanese, 11 
 m. S. S. E" of Milan. 
 
 Landsberg, a town of Bradenburg, in the New 
 Mark, with a considerable trade in cloths and 
 wool. In 1758 it was taken by the Russians. It 
 is seated on the Warta, 23 m. N. E. of Custrin. 
 
 Landsberg, a town of Upper Bavaria, with a 
 castle near the river Lech, 30 m. S. of Augsburg. 
 Landscron, a town and fort of Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Cracow, 24 m. S. of Cracow. 
 
 Landscrona, a fortified seaport of Sweden, in 
 Schonen, seated on an island near the Sound, 
 with a good haTbour between the continent and a 
 small island. It is 20 m. N. W. of Lund, and 21 
 N. N. E. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 51. £., lat. 
 55. 53. N. 
 
 Lands-end, a promontory in Cornwall, and the 
 snost westerly point of Great Britian. It is a vast 
 aggregate of Moorstone, and on the outermost 
 tocks at low water are to be seen vains of lead 
 and eopper. Long. 5. 42. W., lat. 50. 4. N. 
 Landsford. p. v. Chester District S. C. 
 Landshvl, a town of Bavaria, with a palace, a 
 collegiate church, and a beautiful convent: the 
 last is now occupied by the university, which 
 was removed thither from Ingolstadt in 1800. 
 Brewing and distilling are carried on here to a 
 considerable extent, and there are manufactures 
 of cloth, leather, and watches. Upon an adjoin- 
 ing mountain is the ancient castle of Trausnitz. 
 It°is seated on an island in the river Iser, 32 m. 
 N. E. of Munich. Long. 12. 6. E., lat. 48. 30. N. 
 Landshut, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Schweidnitz. It has a flourishing 
 linen trade, and is seated on the Bober, 22 m. S. 
 W of Scheweidnitz. 
 
 Landshut, a town of Moravia seated on the Mo- 
 rau, on the confines of Hungary and Austria, 36 
 m. S. E. of Brunn. 
 
 Landstraas, or Landtrost, a town of Austrian 
 Illyria, in Carnolia, with a castle and a Cister- 
 cian convent ; situate on an island in the river 
 Gurk, 30 m. S by W. Cilley. 
 
 Lane, a river of Ireland, in the county of Ker- 
 ry, whose waters, being confined by a great ledge 
 of rocks, from the lakes of Killarney. It runs 
 from Lough Lane, into Castlemain Bay. 
 
 Lanebourg, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Savoy, in the province of Marienne. It stands 
 on the Arve, at the foot of Mount Cenis, and is 
 so shut up with hills that the sun is scarcely visi- 
 ble from November to January, 20 m. N. N. W. 
 of Susa. 
 
 Lane-end, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. noted 
 for its extensive potteries, by which it has greatly 
 increased of late years. It contains two good 
 market houses, two churches, several meeting- 
 houses for dissenters, a catholic chapel, an Eng- 
 lish charity school, a mechanic's institute, &c. 
 5 m. E. by S. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. 
 
 Lancmezan, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Pyrenees, 15 rn. S. E. of Tarbe. 
 
 La.nepax, a town in the department of Gers, 1' 
 m. S. S. W. of Condom. 
 
 Lancrcost, a parish of England, in the county 
 of Cumberland, situate in a romantic valley, 13 
 m. N.E. of Carlisle. 
 
 Lanesborougk, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Longford, situate on the Shannon, over which 
 is a fine stone bridge, 7 in. S. of Longford, and 62 
 W. N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Lamesborough, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 14 m. 
 N. Lenox. Pop. 1,192. Here are valuable marble 
 quarries. 
 
 Lancsville, p. v. Susquehannah Co. Pa. 
 Langariico the ancient Olympia., a town of 
 Independent Greece, in the Morea, situate on the 
 3mall river Carbon, the ancient Alpneus. It was 
 once a city of great note, near which the famous 
 Olympian games were celebrated ; and here was a 
 fine temple of Jupiter Olympus, with a celebrated 
 image of that god, r»0 cubits high, which was reck- 
 oned one of the seven wonders of the world. It 
 is now an inconsiderable place. 32 m. S. S. E. 
 of Chiarenza, and 60 S. W. of Co inth. 
 
 Langdon, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. on the Con 
 necticut. 40 m. W. Concord. Pop. 667. 
 
 Langeac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Upper Loire, seated near the Allier, 12 m. ft 
 of Brioud. 
 
 Langeais, a town of France, department of In 
 dre-et-Loire, noted for the culture of melons 
 seated on the Loire, 12 m. W. of Tours. 
 
 Langeland, a fertile island of Denmark, in the 
 S. part of the Great Belt. It is 33 m. long, but 
 scarcely 5 broad. The principal town is Rud- 
 kioping. 
 
 Lantrgenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ii 
 Konigingratz, on the Little Elbe, with some ex- 
 tensive manufactures of cambric and gauze. 
 
 Langenan, Upper and Lower, two populous 
 vilages of Prussia, in Silesia, 11 tn. S. of Glatz 
 
 Langenau, a long and straggling village of Ger 
 many, in Wurtemberg. It contains 3,600 inhab 
 itants, are mostly weavers, 10 m. N. N. E.ofUlm. 
 Langenberg, a town of the Prussian province of 
 Cleves and Berg. 15 m. N. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Langenburg, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- 
 berg, with a magnificent castle ; seated on the 
 river Jaxt. 32 m. W. of Anspach 
 
 Langensaha, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital 
 of Thuringia, with a castle, and manufactures 
 of silk, woolen, cotton, &c. It stands on the Sal- 
 za, near its conflux with the Unstrut, 14 m. W 
 by N. of Erfurth. Long. 10. 42. E., lat. 51. 5. N. 
 Langenthal, a town of Switzerland, in the can 
 ton of Bern, in the neighbourhood of which are 
 some medicinal springs. 18 m. N. E. of Bern. 
 
 Langenzenn, a town of Germany, '.n Bavaria, 
 on the river Zenn, and near the Rednitz, 20 n>. 
 N. E. of Anspach. 
 
LAO 
 
 435 
 
 LAP 
 
 Langholm, a town of Scotland, in Dumfriesshire, 
 with an extensive cotton manufacture ; seated 
 on the Esk, on the borders of England, 20 m. N. 
 by W. of Carlisle. 
 
 Langonge, a town of France, department of 
 Lozere, 21 m. N. E. of Mende. 
 
 Langon, a town of France, department of Gi 
 ronde, with an extensive trade in wine and 
 brandy. It has a good harbour and is seated on 
 the Garonne, 10 m. N. of Bazas. 
 
 Langport, a town in Somersetshire, Eng., situ- 
 ate on a hill, by the river Parrett, which is navi- 
 gable for barores to the Bristol Channel. 10 m. 
 S. E. of Bridgewater, and 128 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Langres, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Marne. Its cutlery wares are in high esteem. 
 It is seated on a mountain, near the source of the 
 Marne, 40 m. N. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 19. E., 
 lat. 47. 52. N. 
 
 Languard Fort, a strong fort of England, situ- 
 ate on a sandy point of land on the Suffolk side 
 of the harbour of Harwich, but within the limits 
 of Essex. At high water it is surrounded by the 
 sea, and becomes an island nearly a m. from the 
 shore. It was erected for the defence of the port 
 of Harwich, and has a garrison, under the com- 
 mand of a governor. 
 
 Languedoc, a province of the S. of France, di- 
 vided at the revolution into the departments of 
 Upper Garonne, Aude, Herault, Gard, Lozere, 
 and Ardeche. It extends on the £. to the Rhone, 
 and W. to the border of Gascony, and comprises 
 a superficial extent of 10,000 sq. m. The Upper 
 or Western Languedoc had Toulouse for its capi- 
 tal ; and the Lower or Eastern, Montpelier. 
 
 Lanier, a township of Preble Co. Ohio. 
 
 Lanjan, or Lanchang , a city, and the capital of 
 the kingdom of Laos, at least of the southern 
 part, to which it gives name. The king's palace 
 is said to be of vast extent, and the houses of the 
 
 frandees are also large, and highly ornamented, 
 t is situate on the W. side of the river Mecon, 
 400 in. N. N. W. of Cambodia. Long. 101. 38. 
 E., lat. 18. 30. N. 
 
 Lanmeur, a town of France, department of 
 Finisterre, 6 m. N. E. of Morlaix. 
 
 Lannitis, a town of France, department of 
 Finisterre 19 m. N. of Brest. 
 
 LanrtoB. a town of France, department of Cotes 
 du Nord, with a trade in wine, hemp, and butter. 
 In the neighbourhood are mines of iron and sil- 
 ver. It is seated on the Guer, 39 m. W. N. W 
 of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 27. W., lat. 48. 44. 
 N. 
 
 Lannoy, a town of France, department of Nord, 
 B m. E. N. E. of Lisle. 
 
 Lansargues, a town of France, department of 
 Herault, 9 m. W. of Montpelier. 
 
 Lansdown, a mountain in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 4 m. from Bath, 813 feet high. 
 
 Lansing, a township of Tompkin's Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 4,020. 
 
 Lansinburgh, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. It 
 contains four churches, a court-house, a jail, and 
 an academy ; and is seated on the E. side of the 
 Hudson, opposite the S. branch of the Mohawk, 
 9 m. N. N. E. of Albany. Pop. 2,663. 
 
 Lazno, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, on the river Stura, over which is an ele- 
 gant bridge, 12 m. N. W. of Turin. 
 
 Lao, a town of the island of Cuba, 25 m. W. 
 of HavannaL. 
 
 Lao, or Leao, a city of China, of the second 
 
 rank, in the province of Chan-si. Long. 112. 57 
 E., lat. 37. 4. N. 
 
 Loon, a decayed town of France, capital of the 
 department of Aisne, with a castle. The princi- 
 pal trade consists in corn and wine. It is cele- 
 brated for a battle fought under its walls, between 
 the French and allies, in March, 1814. It js 
 seated on a mountain, near the Ardon, 77 m. N 
 E. of Paris. Long. 3. 43. E , lat. 49. 34. N. 
 
 Laos, a kingdom of India beyond the Ganges, 
 extending from 12 to Id. N. lat., and bounded by 
 Laktho, Siam, Cambodia, Tonquin, and Cochin- 
 China, to the last of which it is nominally sub- 
 ject. It is surrounded by mountains covered 
 with forests ; but the country is in o-eneral flat, 
 and the soil fertile, being watered by numerous 
 rivulets from the mountains and a number of 
 canals from the Mecon, which flows from N. to 
 S. through the whole region. It abounds in rice, 
 fruit, honey, wax, and cotton ; and the principal 
 drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and silver are 
 found in certain places of the river ; and it has 
 mines of iron, lead, and tin. It is very thinly in- 
 habited, the greater part of the population con- 
 sisting of migrating tribes, who wage an almost 
 constant internal warfare. The religion, lan- 
 guage, and manners are much the same as in 
 Siam. Lanjan is the capital. 
 
 Lapland, a northern region of Europe, now be- 
 longing to Russia and Sweden, bounded on the N. 
 by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the White Sea, S. by 
 Sweden, and W. by Norway and the Atlantic. 
 It was formerty divided into three parts, Russian, 
 Swedish, and Danish (or Norwegian) Lapland. 
 The first, the most dreary region of the whole, 
 consisted of three districts, Bellamoreskoi, Mare- 
 manskoi, and Terskoi ; but these are now all in- 
 cluded in the general appellation of the circle of 
 Kola, which includes also the tract on the E. of 
 the Torneo called Kemi-Lapmark, which was 
 ceded by Sweden in 1809. Swedish Lapland, or 
 Lapland Proper, is subdivided into six provinces, 
 now comprised in the government of Umca. Nor- 
 wegian Lapland, or Finmark, the most northerly 
 of all, now belongs also to Sweden. The general 
 aspect of Lapland is mountainous. The principal 
 rivers are, the Tornea. which issues from a lake 
 of the same name, and, after a course of 300 m., 
 falls into the gulf of Bothnia ; the Tana, and the 
 Alten, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean. 
 The lakes are numerous, and many of them verv 
 extensive. The maritime districts are of uniform 
 and rather mild temperature ; but in the interior 
 the winter is intensely cold : in the most northern 
 parts the sun remains below the horizon from the 
 20th of November to the 10th of January ; and 
 the whole country is covered with snow and ice 
 from the beginning of September to the middle of 
 March. In summer the sun continues two months 
 above the horizon ; and in the valleys and plains 
 the heat is excessive, favoring the production of 
 numerous insects, particularly moschetoes, which 
 greatly infest the inhabitants. Barley is the com- 
 mon grain, but rye and oats are also cultivated in 
 some places, and a few culinary vegetables are 
 raised. The trees are fir, birch, larch, and small 
 beech, which form vast though not thick forests. 
 Metals and minerals are found in abundance : gold 
 has been found at Suappavara ; copper, iron, lead, 
 zinc, and plumbago, are found in various places ; 
 and in the S. of Swedish Lapland several mines 
 are wrought. Among the other internal produc- 
 tions of this country are limestone, marble, gyp- 
 sum, rock-crystal, jasper, amethysts, and garnets 
 
LAP 
 
 436 
 
 LAS 
 
 Tbe animals of this country are much the same as 
 those of Norway ; but the rein-deer may more 
 properly be said to belong to Lapland. The sin- 
 gular usefulness of this animal in a great measure 
 recompenses the Laplander for the privation of 
 the other comforts of life. The rein-deer in sum- 
 mer live upon leaves and grass, and in winter upon 
 moss, which they dig up from under the snow; 
 yet upon such scanty fare they will perform a 
 journey of inconceivable length. The animal is 
 fixed to a kind of sledge, shaped like a small boat, 
 in which the traveller, well secured from cold, is 
 laced down ; and taking the reins, which are fas- 
 tened to the horns of the animal, in one hand, 
 and a kind of bludgeon, to keep the carriage clear 
 of ice and snow, in the other, he sets out, and con- 
 tinues his journey with incredible speed, the ani- 
 mals choosing the road and directing their course 
 with very little trouble to the traveller. Their 
 milk and cheese are nutritive and pleasant ; their 
 flesh is well tasted food, whether fresh or dried ; 
 their skin forms excellent clothing both for the 
 bed and body ; and their intestines and tendons 
 supply their masters with thread and cordage. 
 
 The Laplanders are rather lower in stature than 
 the more southern Europeans. The men are of a 
 swarthy and dark complexion ; their hair is black 
 and short, their mouth wide, and their cheek hol- 
 low, with a longish pointed chin. The women are 
 in general well made, complaisant, chaste, and ex- 
 tremely nervous. In their manner of life the Lap- 
 landers are divided into fishers and mountaineers. 
 The former, in summer, fix their habitations in 
 the neighbourhood of some lake, from which they 
 draw their subsistence, and in winter live in the 
 woods. The latter seek their support on the moun- 
 tains, and possess herds of rein-deer more or less 
 numerous. They are active and expert in the 
 chase; and the introduction of fire-arms has al- 
 most abolished the use of the bow and arrow. 
 Besides looking after the rein-deer, the fishery, 
 and the chase, the men are employed in making 
 canoes, sledges, harness, cups, bowls, &c. ; and 
 the women in making nets, drying the fish and 
 meat, milking the deer, making cheese, and tan- 
 ning hides. Like the Icelanders, they consider 
 their country the finest in the universe. They 
 live in tents composed of several poles or beams 
 of wood, which meet at the top and support each 
 other ; the fire-place consists of a few stones, and 
 is always in the middle of the hut, a hole being 
 at the top for the smoke to pass. When travelling, 
 and exposed to the inclemency of the weather, 
 they throw a covering over the head, neck, and 
 shoulders, leaving only a small opening, through 
 which they see and breathe. In their dress they 
 use no kind of linen. The men wear close breeches, 
 reaching down to their shoes, which are made of 
 untanned leather, pointed and turned up before. 
 Their doublet is made to fit their shape ; it is open 
 at the breast, and over it they wear a close coat, 
 with narrow sleeves, the skirts of which reach 
 down to the knees and are fastened round them 
 by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of 
 tin and brass. To this girdle they tie their knives 
 instruments for making fire, pipes, and other 
 smoking apparatus. The dress of the women is 
 the same as that of the men, with the exception 
 of a few ornamental peculiarities. All the Swedish 
 and Norwegian, as well as the greater number of 
 the Russian Laplanders, bear the name of Chris- 
 tians ; but their religion is full of superstition, and 
 a compound of Christian and Pagan ceremonies. 
 Their language has an affinity with the Finnish, 
 
 but is greatly intermixed with others. They trade 
 with the Swedes and Norwegians, whom they 
 supply with the skins and furs of quadrupeds, sucli 
 as ermines, sables, martens, squirrels, foxes of 
 various colors, bears, lynxes, and wolves ; and re- 
 ceive in return meal, cloth, spirituous liquors, to- 
 bacco, and various utensils. 
 
 Laprairie, a Seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. 
 C. on the St. Lawrence opposite Montreal. 
 
 Lar, a town of Persia, capital of Laristan, witli 
 a castle on a rock, chiefly celebrated for the man- 
 ufacture of muskets and cloth. It was once a 
 magnificent city, but is now in ruins. Some hand- 
 some houses still remain, and the bazar is said to 
 be the noblest structure of the kind in Persia 
 Long. 43. 40. E., lat. 27. 30. N. 
 
 Lurachra, or Laraish, a strong town in the king- 
 dom of Fez, with a castle and a good harbour. 
 Here are magazines for the refitting of vessels, 
 but no docks for building. It is seated near 
 the mouth of the Lucos, 46 m. S. by W. of 
 Tangier. 
 
 Laredo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a good 
 harbour, 30 m. W. N. VV. of Bilbao. 
 
 Largo, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on a 
 bay of the same name, at the opening of the frith 
 of Forth, which is a safe roadstead for ships of all 
 descriptions. The town has a manufacture of lin- 
 en and checks. 8.m. S. S W. of S'. Andrew. 
 
 Largs, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with a 
 samll harbour on the frith of Clyde. It is memo- 
 rable for the defeat of the Norwegians, in their 
 last invasion of this county, in 1263. It is 15 m. 
 N. "W. of Trvine. 
 
 Larino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 25 m. 
 E. N. E. of Molise. 
 
 Larissa, a town of Greece, capital of Thessalv 
 and an archbishop's see , with a palace, and some 
 handsome mosques It was famous as the resi 
 dence of Achilles, and retains its former name. 
 The inhabitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on a 
 large trade. It is seated on the Peneus, 75 m. S. 
 by W. of Salonica. Long. 22. 47. E., lat. 39. 43 N. 
 
 Laristan, a small province of Persia, extendmff 
 along the northern shore of of the Persian Gulf 
 The soil is so impregnated with acrid substances, 
 and so destitute of water, that it is the most un- 
 productive province of the kingdom. Those who 
 inhabit the coast are addicted to piracy, and live 
 under their own sheiks, paying the king only a 
 trifling tribute. Lar is the capital. 
 
 Lame, a town of Ireland, in the county of An- 
 trim, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 
 8 m. N. of Carrickfergus. 
 
 Larnica, a town of Cyprus, the second in the 
 island, and the emporium of its commerce, the 
 bay on which it is situated forming one of the 
 best roadsteads in the island. It has no good wa- 
 ter but is supplied from a distance by an aqueduct 
 Long. 33. 45. E. lat. 34. 56. N. 
 
 Lurry Bnndar, a town of Hindoostan, on the N. 
 branch of the Indus, called the Pitta. 56 m. W 
 of Tatta. Long. 66. 42. E. lat. 24. 43. N. 
 
 Larta. See Jlrta. 
 
 Larvigen, or Launcigen, a sea-port of Norway, 
 in the bishopric of Christiania. It is a place of 
 considerable trade, and has productive iron works 
 It stands at the conflux of two rivers, near the 
 sea, 74 m. S.S. W. of Christiania. 
 
 La Salle, a seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. C. 
 12 m. S. Montreal. 
 
 Lasenbourg, a town of Savoy, on the river Arc, 
 at the foot of Mount Cenis, the passage of which 
 is the principal support of the inhabitants. The 
 
LAU 
 
 437 
 
 uAV 
 
 eon is bidden from the inhabitants of this town, 
 by the mountains, during two months in the year. 
 It is 20 m. N. N. W. ofSusa. 
 
 Lassa, or Lahassa, a city of Asia, capital of 
 Great Thibet. It is not large, but the houses are 
 spacious and built of stone. About 7 m. to the E. 
 of the city, is the mountain of Putala, on the sum- 
 mit of which is the palace of the grand Lama, 
 the high priest of Thibet, whose authority is as 
 great over almost all the regions of Tartary and 
 Thibet as that of the pope was formerly over Eu- 
 rope. Lassa is seated on a spacious plain, on a 
 river that flows S. into the Sanpoo, 680 m. N. 
 N. E. of Calcutta. Long. 91. 25. E., lat. 29. 
 30. N. 
 
 Lussakr, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a 
 Jake of the same name, 38 m. S. S. E. of Stral- 
 sund. 
 
 Lassam, a town of Java, on the N. coast, 
 through which flows a fine navigable river. It 
 has a considerable trade. 419 m. E. of Bata- 
 via. 
 
 Lassay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Mayenne, 12 m. E. N. E. of Mayenne. 
 Lasselsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y . 
 Lastrcs, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near a 
 cape of the same name, on the bay of Biscay. 
 35 m. E. N. E. of Oviedo. 
 
 Lasicaree, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Dehli, where a desperate battle was fought 
 in 1803. between the British under long Lake, 
 and the Mahrattas under Dowlat Row Scindia, 
 in which the latter were totally defeated. 
 
 Labacunna, a town of Peru, capital of a district 
 of the same name. The streets are broad and 
 straight ; the houses only one story high, and 
 arched, on account of the frequency of earth- 
 quakes, one of which overturned the whole place 
 in 1698. It contains manufactures of cloth and 
 baize, &c, and exports great quantities of salt 
 pork : the vicinity is noted for making fine red 
 earthenware. 50 m. S. of Quito. Long. 18. 16. 
 W., lat. 0. 56. S. 
 
 Latakia, the ancient Laodicea, a seaport of 
 Syria, and a bishop's see. It has beautiful re- 
 mains of antiquity, and a considerable trade, es- 
 pecially in tobacco though the harbour is become 
 too shallow for large vessels. It stands on the S. 
 side of a small peninsula, 75 m. S. W. of Aleppo. 
 Long. 24. 30. E., lat. 35. 40. N. 
 
 Latimore, a township of Adams Co. Pa. 
 Laltakoo, Old and New, two towns in Caffaria 
 about 900 m. N. E. of Cape Town. They are 
 about 50 rn. apart, and are inhabited by a sav- 
 age race called Bootshuanas, or Matchappces. See 
 Leelakoo . 
 
 Latty Aghany, a barren district of Hindoostan 
 between the provinces of Agimere and Moultan, 
 inhabited by a tribe of Hindoos, supposed to be 
 the aborigines of the country. 
 
 Laiibach, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, with a castles, 10 m. E. by S. of.Giessen. 
 
 Laubach, one of the two governments of Aus- 
 trian Illyria, containing nearly 640,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It is divided into the circle of Laubach, 
 Newstadtl, Adelsberg, Clagenfurt, and Vil- 
 lach. 
 
 Laubach, or Laybach, a strong town of Austrian 
 Illyria, capital of the preceding government. The 
 castle, called the Old Fort, stands on a mountain, 
 and is now used oulyfora prison. It has manu- 
 factures of silk, leather, and excellent cloth. In 
 1821 a congress was held here for deliberating 
 on the affairs of Italy, and attended by the era° 
 
 perors of Russia and Austria. It is seated on .i 
 river of the same name, 38 m. S. E. of Clagen- 
 furt. Long. 14. 35. E., lat. 46. 11. N. 
 
 Lauban, a walled town of Upper Lusatia, on 
 the frontiers of Silesia. It has a good trade in 
 cloth, yarn, and linen, and is seated on the 
 Queiss,"l4 m. E. S. E. of Gorlitz. 
 
 Lauda, a town and castle of Germany, in Baden, 
 on the river Tauber, 18. m. S. W. of Wurtz- 
 burg. 
 
 Lauder, an ancient royal burgh of Scotland, in 
 Berwickshire. The castle, originally built by 
 Edward I. as a fortress, is now the seat of the earl 
 of Lauderdale. It is seated on a river of the 
 same name, 21 m. S. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Lauderdale, a county of Alabama. Pop. 11,782 
 Florence is the capital. 
 
 Lauenburg, a duchy in the N. of Germany, on 
 the right bank of the Elbe, adjacent to Hamburgh 
 and included since 1815 in the Danish dominions, 
 of which it forms the southern extremity. 
 
 Lauenburg, the capital of the foregoing duchy. 
 There is only one wing of the ancient castle, 
 where the dukes resided, now remaining. Great 
 quantities of merchandise are sent hence to Lubec, 
 by means of the Steckenitz. It stands on <V; 
 Elbe and Steckenitz, 35 m. E. S. E. of Hamburgh. 
 Long. 10. 50. E., lat. 53. 22. N. 
 
 Lauenburg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 on the Leba, 37 m. W. by N. of Dantzic. Lon<r. 
 17. 48. E., lat. 54. 27. N. 
 
 Laufen a town of Austria, in the duchy of 
 Salzburg, with a fine castle, seated on the Salza, 
 12 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg. 
 
 Lauffen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Zurich, with a castle. Here is a celebrated 
 cataract of the Rhine, the perpendicular height 
 of which is about 60 feet, in the breadth 300. It 
 is 3 m. S. by W. of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Lavffenburg, a strong town in the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Germany, with a ca-tle. It is seated 
 on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two 
 parts. Here is a small cataract, noted for the 
 beauty of the scenery. 26 m. W. Schaffhausen. 
 Long. 8. 2. E., lat. 47. 35. N. 
 
 Laugklinton, a village of Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 23 rn-. E. Greenburg. 
 
 Langhton, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on 
 a high hill, 6 m. E. S. E. of Rotherham. It is 
 noted for its church, whose curious tower and 
 spire are seen at the distance of 60 m. 
 
 Lauingen, a town of Bavaria, in the principali- 
 ty of Neuberg, seated on the Danube, 3 m. W. of 
 Dillingen. 
 
 Launceston, a borough and the capital of Com 
 wall, Eng. It is seated on the side of a hill, oi» 
 the Attery, which falls into the Tamar, 3 m. be 
 low the town, 28 m. N. of Plvmouih, and 214 
 W. by S. of London. Long 4. 12 W., lat. 50. 
 38. N. 
 
 Launceston, a town of Van Diemen's Land 
 capital of Port Dalrymple, seated at the junction 
 of the Esk and Tamar, and containing 400 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Launy, a town of Bohemia, near the river Eper, 
 10 m. E. N. E. of Saaz. 
 
 Laupcn, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, at the conflux of the Sanden and Sense, 
 5 m. S. W. of Bern. 
 
 Laurel, p. v. Sussex Co. Del. 
 
 Laurel Mountains, one of the ^western A pa 
 lachian ranges in Pennsylvania. They are of a 
 moderate height and covered on the eastern side 
 with laurel trees. 
 
 2o2 
 
LAV 
 
 438 
 
 LEA 
 
 Laurenceourg, villages in Armstrong Co. Pa. 
 Franklin Co. Ken. and Dearborn Co. Indiana. 
 
 Laurens, a district of South Carolina. Pop. 
 20,863. Also a county of Georgia on the Oconee 
 river. Pop. 5,578. Dublin is the capital. 
 
 Laurens, a township of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,231. 
 
 Laurensville, p. v. Laurens Dis. S. C. 
 
 Lauirnuen, a town of Germany, on the river 
 Laur, 11 m. N. E. of Schweinfurt. 
 
 Laurington, a. village of Marlborourgh Dis.S. C. 
 
 Laurvin, a town of Norway, in the province of 
 Aggerhuys, 55 m. S. of Christiania. 
 
 Lausanne, a city of Switzerland, capital of the 
 canton of Pays de Vaud, and a bishop's see, with 
 a famous college. It stands on a very uneven 
 tract of land, formed by three small hills ; and 
 lofty parts afford the most subline views in na- 
 ture. The cathedral, the town-house, and other 
 public buildings, are magnificent, 30 m. N. E. 
 of Geneva, and 42 S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 45. 
 E.,lat. 40. 31. N. 
 
 Lausanne, a township of Northampton, Co. Pa. 
 on the Lehigh. 
 
 Lautcnburg, a town of W. Prussia, in the pala- 
 tinate of Culm, 4 m. E. by S. of Culm. 
 
 Lauter, a river which rises in the Vosges moun- 
 tains, and forms the boundary between France 
 and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, into 
 which it falls at Lauterburg. 
 
 Lauterbach, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Saatz, noted for excellent tin mines. 9 m. S. 
 S3. W. of Carlsbad. 
 
 Lauterbach, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Saxe-Weimar, with a trade in linen and 
 woolen cloth ; seated on the Vogelsberg, 15 m. 
 VV. N. W. of Fulda. 
 
 Lauterbrunn, a village of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, 6 m. S. of lnterlachen. It is 
 seated in a romantic valley of the same name, 
 celebrated for its cataract, called Staubbach. 
 
 Lauterburg, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Rhine. It stands on the Lauter, near its 
 conflux with the Rhine, 14 m. S. of Laudau. 
 
 Laugerte, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lot, 20 m. S. W. of Cahors. 
 
 Laugun, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lot-et- Garonne, 17 m. N. E. of Marmande. 
 
 Laval, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne. It is surrounded by an old 
 wall, and has two old castles, five churches, and 
 three hospitals, with a monastery established in 
 1815. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manu- 
 factured here ; and the neighbouring quarries 
 produce green marble,or black, veined with white. 
 It is seated on the Mayenne, 40 in. W. of Mans. 
 Long. 0. 45. W., lat. 48. 5. N. 
 
 Lavamunde, a small town of Austrian Illyria, in 
 Lower Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 m. E. 
 of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Laveld, or Lafeld, a village of the Netherlands, 
 in the province of Liege, 4 m. W. of Maestricht. 
 In 1747 the French obtained a victory here over 
 the allies, commanded by the duke of Cumber- 
 land. 
 
 Lavello, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 90 m. 
 E. by N. of Naples. 
 
 Lavenkam, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with manu- 
 factures of hempen cloth and woolen yarn. Here 
 is a spacious market place, with a cross in the 
 centre ; but the market has long been disused. 
 The town is situate on an eminence, at the foot 
 of which runs the river Breton, 12 m. S. by E. of 
 Bury St. Edmund, and 62 N. E. of London 
 
 Lavenza, a town of Italy, in the principality o 
 Massa, with a citadel ; seated at the mouth of the 
 Lavenza, on the gulf of Genoa, 6 m. W. N. W 
 of Massa. 
 
 Lavington, a town in Wiltshire, Eng, 4 in. S 
 of Devizes, and 90 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Lavis, a town of the Austrian stakes, in Tyrol, 
 at the conflux of the Lavis with the Adige. 7 m. 
 N. of Trent. 
 
 Lavoro, Terra di, a province in the N. W. part 
 of Naples, bordered on the W. by the Tuscan 
 Sea ; and containing 1 ,720 square m. with 520,0'~ 1 
 inhabitants. It is proper for tillage, whence it 
 took its name ; and is fertile in excellent wines 
 and fruits. There are also mineral springs, am' 
 mines of sulphur. Capua is the capital, and Gae- 
 ta is the chief sea-port. 
 
 Lawrence, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,366 Bur- 
 lington is the capital. A county of Indiana Pop. 
 9,237. Bedford is the capital. A county of W. 
 Tennessee Pop. 5,412. Lawrenceburgh is the 
 capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,806. 
 Jackson is the capital. A county of Mississippi. 
 Pop. 5,321. Monticello is the capital. A county 
 of Alabama. Pop. 14,984. Moulton is the capital. 
 A country of Kentucky. Pop. 3,897. Louisa is the 
 capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 3,661. Law- 
 renceville is the capital. 
 
 Laiorcnce, towns and villages in Stark, Tuscar- 
 awas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Hunterdon Co. 
 N. Y. and Clearfield Co. Pa. 
 
 Laiorencebnrg, towns in Armstrong Co. Pa. and 
 Dearborn Co. Indiana. 
 
 Lawrcnceville, villages in Tioga, Alleghany Co 
 Pa. Nansemond Co. Va., Montgomery Co. N. C. 
 Gwjnnett Co. Geo., Madison Co. Ohio. 
 
 Lawrence, St., a large river of North America, 
 proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which it runs 
 700 m. to the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Atlan- 
 tic. Its mouth is 100 m. wide ; and it is navigable 
 for ships of war as far as Quebec, which is 360 
 m. and vessels from Europe ascend to Montreal 
 which is 180 m. further. In its course it forms a 
 great variety of bays, harbours, and islands, many 
 of which are fruitful and extremely pleasant 
 See Quebec, Montreal, &c. 
 
 Lawrence, St., Gulf of, is formed between the 
 western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores 
 of Labrador, the eastern extremity of the province 
 of New Brunswick, part of the province of Nova 
 Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton. It com- 
 municates with the Atlantic Ocean by three dif- 
 ferent passages. 
 
 Lawrence-krk, a town of Scotland, in Kincar- 
 dineshire, with manufactures of lawn, cambric, 
 thread, &c, and a large bleach-field. It is seated 
 on the small river Leuther, 8 m. N. of Montrose. 
 
 Lawsrille, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. 10 in. N 
 Montrose. 
 
 Laicgcrsville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 
 
 Luxemburg, a town of Austria, with a palace, 
 seated on the Suechat, 17 m. S. of Vienna. 
 
 Laybach. See Laubach. 
 
 Lea, a river of England, which rises near Lu- 
 ton, in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and Ware, 
 and, dividing Essex from Hertfordshire and Mid- 
 dlesex, enters the Thames below Blackwall. 
 
 Leacock. p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 56 m. W. Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 Lead mines. This name is given to'a tract of 
 country on the Upper Mississippi which contains 
 inexhaustible quantities of lead ore. The tract 
 is more than 200 m. in extent. The chwf mines 
 are in the neighbourhood of Galena in the North 
 
LEA 
 
 439 
 
 LEG 
 
 Western part of Illinois. Here are the richest 
 lead mines hitherto discovered on the globe. This 
 portion of country lies principally north of Rock 
 river and south of the Wisconsin. Dubuque s, 
 and other rich mines, are west of the Mississippi. 
 Native copper, in large quantities, exists in this 
 renrion, especially at the mouth of Plum creek 
 and on the Peekatonokee. Plum creek is a 
 small creek, of Illinois about 40 miles above 
 Rock river, which runs into the Mississippi. 
 Peekatonokee is a' branch of Rock river. For 
 many years the Indians, and some of the French 
 hunters and traders, had been accustomed to dig 
 lead in these regions. They never penetrated 
 much below the surface, but obtained considera- 
 ble quantities of the ore, which they sold to the tra- 
 ders. In 1823, the late Col. James Johnson, of 
 Great Crossings, Ky. obtained a lease of the United 
 States Government, and made arrangements to 
 prosecute the business of smelting, with con- 
 siderable force, which he did the following sea- 
 son. This attracted the attention of enterprising 
 men in Illinois, Missouri, and other States. Some 
 went on in 1826, more followed in 1827, and in 
 1828 the country was almost literally filled with 
 miners, smelters, merchants, speculators, &c. 
 Such was the crowd of adventurers in 182!), in 
 this hitherto almost unknown and desolate region, 
 that the lead business was greatly overdone, and 
 the market for awhile nearly destroyed. Fortunes 
 were made almost upon a turn of the spade, and 
 .ost with equal facility. The business is now re- 
 viving, and probably will be prosecuted in fu- 
 ture more in proportion to the demand for lead. 
 The following table shows the amount of lead 
 made annually at these diggings, from 1821, to 
 Sept.30, 1830. Pounds of lead made from 1821, to 
 
 Sept. 30, 1823, 335,130 
 Do. for year ending Sept. 30, 1824, 175,220 
 Do. do. do. 1825, 664 530 
 
 Do. do. do. 1826, 958 842 
 
 Do. do. do. 1827, 5,182,180 
 
 Do. do. do. 1828, 11,105.810 
 
 Do. do. do. 1829, 13,343,150 
 
 Do. do. do. 1830, 8,323,098 
 
 Total, 40,088,860 
 
 The government formerly received ten per 
 cent, in lead, for rent. It is now reduced to six 
 per cent. These lands will soon be surveyed, 
 and probably sold, which will add greatly to the 
 stability and prosperity of the mining business. 
 
 Leadhills, a village of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, 
 situate amid mountains, in which are rich mines 
 of lead. Here is a public library, fitted up by the 
 miners, who work only eight hours :n a day, and 
 employ much of their spare time in reading. It 
 is supposed to be the highest inhabited place in 
 Britain, being about 2,000 feet above the level of 
 the sea. It is situate on the road from Glasgow 
 to Dumfries, 18 m. S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Lcadville, p. v. Randolph Co. Pa. 
 
 Leakesvdle, p. v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 105 m. 
 N, W. Raleigh. 
 
 Leamington Priors, a town in Warwickshire, 
 Eng. Here are some saline springs, with warm 
 and cold baths, a pump-room, and other accom- 
 modations for genteel company. It is seated on 
 the river Learn, near its confluence with the 
 Avon, 2 m. E. ofWarwickand89N. W. of London. 
 
 Leao-tong. See Chen-yang. 
 
 Leasburg, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. 84 m. N. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Leatherhead, a town in Surrey, Eng. Here is 
 a bridge of 14 arches over the river Mole, which 
 a little above is said to make its re-appearance 
 above ground. 18 m. S. S. W. of London. 
 
 Leathes -water , or Withburn, a fine lake in Cum 
 berland, Eng. lying S. E. of Keswick. It is nar- 
 row and irregular, about 4 m. in length, skirting 
 the foot of Helvellyn, and receiving numerous 
 torrents from that huge mountain. The singular 
 beauty of this lake is its being almost intersected 
 in the middle by two peninsulas, which are joined 
 by a neat wooden bridge. Its outlet at ',he N. 
 end joins the river Greeta, which runs into the 
 Derwent below Keswick. 
 
 Leavenworth, p.v. Crawford Co. Indiana. 
 
 Leba, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a 
 river of the same name, which, after forming a 
 lake 15 m. in circumference, enters the Baltic 
 Sea. 16 m. N. N. W. of Luenburg. 
 
 Lebanon, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,391. p.t. 
 Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,868. p.t. New London 
 Co. Conn. Pop. 2,552. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 Pop 2.249. p.t. Huntingdon Co. N. Y. p.t. Leba- 
 non Co. Pa. 25 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Also 
 towns and villages in Russell Co. Va. Washing- 
 ton Co. Geo., Warren, Meigs, and Ashtabula Cos. 
 Ohio. Washington Co. Ken., Wilson Co. Tenn. 
 and St. Clair Co. Illinois. 
 
 Lebanon, a count)' of the E. District of Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 20,546. Lebanon is the capital. 
 
 Lebida, a sea-port of Africa, in the territory of 
 Tripoli, with a good harbour and an old castle. 
 It is seated on the Mediterranean, 30 m. S. E. 
 of Tripoli. 
 
 Lebrixa, or Lebrija, a town of Spain, in Anda 
 lusia, with a castle, seated in a territory abound- 
 ing in olive-trees that produce the best oil in 
 Spain, 20 m. S. by W. of Seville. 
 
 Lebus, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, seat- 
 ed on the Oder, 5 m. N. of Frankfort. 
 
 Lccasello, a town in the state of Genoa, 22 m. 
 N. E. of Genoa. 
 
 Lecce, a city of Naples, in Otranto, and a bish- 
 op's see. It is the residence of the governor of 
 the province, which by some is called Lecce in- 
 stead of Otranto. 17 m. N. W. of Otranto, and 
 195 E. S. E. of Naples. Long. 18. 20. E., lat. 40. 
 36. N. 
 
 Lecco, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milan- 
 ese, with several flourishing manufactures. It is 
 seated on the E. branch of the lake Como, 15 in. 
 E. N. E. of Como. Lono-. 9. 23. E., lat. 45. 5. 
 N. 
 
 Lech, a river of the Bavarian states, which rises 
 in Tyrol, divides Suabia from Bavaria, and enters 
 the Danube below Donawert. 
 
 Lechlade, or Letcldade, a town in Gloucester- 
 shire, Eng. A canal from the Severn joins the 
 Thames near this town, and the traffic here, on 
 both, is considerable in cheese, corn, and coal. 
 It is seated at the confluence of the Lech with 
 the Thames, -28 in. E. by S. of Gloucester, and 76 
 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Lechnitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 province of Oppeln. Near it is the convent of 
 St. Annenburg, much resorted to by pilgrims. It 
 is seated near the Oder, 17 m. S. S. E. of Op- 
 peln. 
 
 Leek, a river of Netherlands, which branches off 
 from the Rhine at Deurstede, and enters the 
 Maese, 10 m. E. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Lectoure, a strong town of France, departmeni. 
 of Gers, with manufactures of leather, and some 
 trade in corn and wine. It is situate on arnoun- 
 
LEE 
 
 440 
 
 LLH 
 
 tain, near the river Gers, 16 ra. N. of Auch. 
 Long. 0. 37. E., lat. 43. 56. N. 
 
 ltdlury, a town in Herefordshire Eng. with 
 a considerable manufacture of ropes and sacking. 
 The navigable canal from Gloucester to Hereford 
 passes by this town, which is situate near the S. 
 extremity of the Malvern Hills. 16 m. E. of 
 Hereford, and 129 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ledesma, a small but strong town of Spain, in 
 Leon, seated on the Tormes, 20 m. S. W. of 
 Salamanca. 
 
 Lee, a river of Ireland, which rises on the con- 
 fines of Kerry, flows E. to Cork, and falls into 
 Cork Harbour. 
 
 Lee, a county of the W. District of Virginia. 
 Pop. 6,461. Jonesville is the capital. Also a 
 township of Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1.009. 
 p. 1. Berkshire Co. Mass. 140 m. W. Boston. 
 Pop. 1,825. p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,514. 
 township in Athens Co. Ohio. 
 
 Leeds, a flourishing town in West Yorkshire, 
 Eng. It stands on the river Aire, over which is 
 a stately stone bridge. It is the principal of the 
 clothing towns in Yorkshire, and the mart for the 
 colored and white broad cloths, of which vast 
 quantities are sold in its two cloth halls, within the 
 space of an hour, without the least confusion. 
 Leeds has flourishing manufactures of carpets ; 
 also some mills for the cutting of tobacco, and 
 several potteries. In the neighbourhood are 
 numerous collieries, and great quantities of coal 
 are sent to York and Hull. 3 m. N. N. W. of 
 the town, on the river Aire, stands the remains 
 of that venerable pile, Kirkstal Abbey, embower- 
 ed in groves of oak. A canal passes hence to 
 Liverpool, by which and the river this town has 
 a communication with the Irish Sea and the Ger- 
 man Ocean. 24 m. S. W. of York, and 189 N. 
 W. of London. Long. 1 . 34. W., lat. 53. 48. N. 
 
 Leeds, a parish in Kent, Eng. which had form- 
 erly a castle and a priory : some ruins of the lat- 
 ter still remain. 5 m. S. W. of Maidstone and 40 
 from London. 
 
 Leeds, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,685. Also 
 a village in Gloucester Co. N. J. on the coast. 
 
 Leedsto n, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Va. 105 m. 
 W. Washington. 
 
 Leefogo, the most fertile of the Hapaee islands, 
 in the South Pacific. It is not above 7 m. in 
 length, and only 2 or 3 in breadth, but is superior 
 in many respects to Annamooka. The inhabi- 
 tants are treacherous, and have frequently attemp 
 ted to seize European vessels. Long. 185. 49. E., 
 lat. 19. 49. S. 
 
 Leek, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. It has a 
 brisk trade, and manufactures of bandanna and 
 other handkerchiefs, ribands, twist, and buttons. 
 It is seated on the Churnet, 21 m. N. of Stafford 
 and 154 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Leer, or Lehr, a town of Hanover, in East 
 Friesland, on the river Leda, which soon ailer 
 joins the Ems. 14 m. S. E. of Emden. 
 
 Leerdam, a town of the Netherlands, in South 
 Holland, seated on the Linghe, 11 m. S. of 
 Utrecht. 
 
 Leerort, a fortress of Hanover, in East Friesland, 
 seated at the conflux of the Leda with the Ems, 
 10 m. E. by S. of Emden. 
 
 Leers, or Liers, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 the territory of Liege, near which the allies were 
 defeated by the French in 1746. 4 m. N. of 
 Liege . 
 
 Leersburg, p.t. Loudon Co. Va. 46 m. N. W. 
 Alexandria, also towns in Harrison Co. Ken., 
 
 Washington Co. Ten., Tuscarawas, Champaign 
 and Highland Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Leeville, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y., p.v. Camp- 
 bell Co. Va., p.v. Lexington Dis. S. C, p.v. 
 Lawrence Co. Indiana. 
 
 Lcetakoo, or Latlakoo, a town of Southern Africa. 
 The old town of this name was until lately the most 
 remote place known in the Botshuana country. 
 The inhabitants, when visited by Mr. Campbell and 
 others in 1813, appeared to have made consider- 
 able progress in the arts and civilization. Soon 
 after they removed to a more suitable situation, 
 several miles distant, in a southern direction, and 
 founded New Leetakoo. On his return, in 1820, 
 he found this new town occupied by about 8.000 
 persons, collected from various tribes. The 
 women perform most of the agricultural labor ; 
 while the men milk the cows, make the clothes, 
 and go to war. New Leetakoo is 800 rri. N. E. 
 of Cape Town. 
 
 Leetown, p.v. Jefferson Co. Va. 
 
 Leeuwe, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 South Brabant. It is seated in a morass on the 
 river Geete, 12 m. E. of Louvain. 
 
 Leeward Islands, such of the Carribee Islands 
 in the West Indies, as commence at Porto Rico, 
 and extend to Dominica. 
 
 Lefooga. See Leefpgo. 
 
 Leghorn, a strong city of Italy in the grand 
 duchy of Tuscany, and a bishop's see. It has a 
 good harbour, and is the greatest commercial 
 depot of Italy The Jews, who are numerous 
 and rich, have a handsome synagogue and schools ; 
 the Greeks and Armenians have churches of their 
 own; and no religion is disturbed. The inhabi- 
 tants are computed at 66,000. The town is sup- 
 plied with excellent water brought from the moun- 
 tains of Colognole by means of a long and expen- 
 sive aqueduct, constructed by government. The 
 streets are wide and straight, and almost all the 
 houses of the same height. There are so many 
 canals, that some have given it the title of New 
 Venice. At a little distance is a light-house, on 
 a small island. The trade consists of foreign 
 goods, as cotton, sugar, cocoa, spices, sulphur, 
 and alum; and in home productions, as essences, 
 oils, wine, straw hats, cloth, juniper berries, 
 oranges, lambs' and goats' skins, and coral. In 
 1741 this city suffered greatly by an earthquake. 
 The neighbouring marshes have been rendered 
 fit for culture by means of canals, which have al- 
 so been useful in dissipating the noxious effluvia : 
 but the air is still far from healthy. ]40 m. N. 
 W. of Rome, and 46 W. of Florence. Long. 10. 
 17. E., lat. 43. 33. N. 
 
 Legnuno, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 Veronese, with a fortress regularly constructed. 
 The town is populous, and carries on a considera- 
 ble trade, particularly in grain, which is greatly 
 facilitated by means of a canal from the Adige to 
 the Po. It is seated on the Adige, 22 m. S. E. 
 of Verona. 
 
 Leibnitz, a town of the Austrian empire, in Low- 
 er Styria, seated on the Sulm, 10 rri. S. ofGnatz. 
 
 Lehigh, a river of Pennsylvania running into 
 the Delaware from the N. W. In this neigh- 
 bourhood are large coal mines, for an account of 
 which see Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lehigh, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl 
 vania lying upon the river above mentioned. Pop 
 22,266. Allentown is the capital. 
 
 Lehighton, a village of Northampton Co Pa 
 on the Lehigh, 36 m. N. W. Easton. 
 
 Leicester, a borough and the capital of Leices 
 
LEI 
 
 441 
 
 LEI 
 
 tershire, Eng. In the civil wars the walls were 
 in a great measure demolished ; the castle was 
 also dismantled, the hall and kitchen being the 
 only parts that are left entire. It has G churches, 
 18 meeting-houses for the different denominations 
 of dissenters, several hospitals, a free school and 
 three charity schools. In 1821 an act was passed 
 for lighting the town withgas, which has since 
 been carried into effect. The principal manufac- 
 ture is that of stockings, of which several years 
 ago the value amounted to £60,000 annually, and 
 it has of late much increased. A canal passes 
 hence by Loughborough to the river Trent. At 
 a. parliament held here, in the reign of Henry V., 
 the first law was made for the burning of heretics. 
 In the meadows near the town are the ruins of 
 an abbey, in which Cardinal Wolsey died. It 
 is seated on the Soar, 23 m. S. by E. of Derby, 
 and 96 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 8. W., 
 lat. 52. 38. N. 
 
 Leicestershire, a county of England, bounded 
 on the N. by Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, 
 E. by the counties of Lincoln and Rutland, S. by 
 Northamptonshire, and W. by Warwickshire and 
 Staffordshire. It is about 45 m. long and 30 broad, 
 c mtaiiis 51,456 statute acres, is divided into six 
 hundreds and 196 parishes, has 12 market towns, 
 and sends four members to parliament. The cli- 
 nvite is temperate and the county is well watered. 
 The chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Swift, 
 Wreke, Anker, and Welland ; and it has three 
 distinct lines of canal navigation. The soil, in 
 general, affords great quantities of ricli grazing 
 lmd and is peculiarly fitted for the culture of 
 beans. Toward the N. W., the Bardon-Hills 
 rise to a great height ; and in their neighbour- 
 hood is Sherwood Forest, a rough and open tract: 
 further to the N. W. are valuable coal mines. 
 T;ie manufacture of stockings, the principal one 
 in the county, is very considerable ; but it may 
 be considered rather an agricultural than a man- 
 ufacturing county. It is famous for its breed of 
 large^black cart horses, numbers of whicli are 
 continually sent to London, and for its fine neat 
 cattle and sheep : the latter, owing to the great care 
 paid to crossing the breed and other modes of im- 
 provement, have been brought to an astonishing de- 
 gree of excellence. More than halfthe land is con- 
 stantly in pasture, and most of the rest maintained 
 in tillage is also rendered subservient to the rear- 
 ing of cattle. The principal object of the gra- 
 ziers here is to fatten their cattle tor the butcher, 
 but the dairy is also in some places attended to ; 
 and great quantities of cheese are annually ex- 
 ported. The Stiltonchee.se is made in this coun- 
 ty, near Melton Mowbray. 
 
 Leicester, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. S. W. 
 Biston. Pop. 1,782. Here is a manufactory of 
 wool cards. Also a township of Livingston 
 Co. N, Y. on the Genesee. Pop. 2.042. Also 
 a township of Addison Co. Vt. on Otter Creek. 
 42 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 638. 
 
 Leigh, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with consid- 
 erable manufactures, particularly of fine jeans, in 
 imitation of those of India, fustians, and other cot- 
 ton articles ; and a great traffic by its canal navi- 
 gation. 12 m. W. of Manchester, and 193 N. W. 
 of London 
 
 Leigh, a small sea-port in Essex, Eng. opposite 
 the E. extremity of Canvey Island. It is noted 
 for ovsters, and has a good road for shipping. 18 
 m. S" S. E. of Chelmsford, and 39 E. of London. 
 
 Leigh, a parish of England, in Worcestershire 
 4 1-2 m. W. by S. of Worcester. 
 56 
 
 Ltighhn, Old, a decayed town of Ireland, m tho 
 county of Carlow, 9 m. N. E. of Kilkenny. 
 
 Leighlin Bridge, a village of Ireland, in tho 
 county of Carlow, with tne ruins of an ancient 
 abbey, and also of a strong castle ; seated on the 
 river Barrow, 7 m. S. of Carlow. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard, a. town in Bedfordshire, Eng. 
 The trade consists in corn, cattle, lace, platted 
 straw, &.c. About half a m. distant are the re- 
 mains of a Roman camp. It is seated on the Ouse, 
 13 m. S. of Bedford and 41 N. W. of London. 
 
 Lein, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nas- 
 sau, 4 m. N. E. of Welburg. 
 
 Lciningen, a small town of the Bavarian circle 
 of the Rhine, 30 in. S. of Mentz. 
 
 Lcinstcr,a province of Ireland, 104 m. long and 
 56 broad ; bounded on the E. and S. bv St. 
 George's Channel. W. by Connaught and Muns- 
 ter and N. by Ulster. It contains the counties of 
 Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's coun- 
 ty, Longford, Lough, East Meath, West Meath, 
 Wexford, and Wicklow. Dublin is the capital. 
 The principal rivers are the Boyne, the Barrow, 
 the Liffey,the Noire, and the May. 
 
 Leipa, a town of Bohemia, with manufactures 
 of porcelain, glass, fine cloth, and cotton. 47 m. 
 S. E. of Dresden. 
 
 Leiphdm, a town of Bavaria, on the S. bank of 
 the Danube, 12 in. N. E. of Ulm. 
 
 Leipriic,a. walled town of Morvana, near the 
 river Beczwa, 14 m. E. S. E. of Olumtz. 
 
 Leipzig, Circle of, a province of the kingdom of 
 Saxony, bounded E. by the circle of Meissen, S. 
 by that of the Erzebirge and the principality of 
 Altenburg, and W and N. by the Prussian part 
 of Saxony. It comprises 14 bailiwics, and is the 
 seat of considerable manufactures. 
 
 Leipzig, a city of Saxony, in the circle of Meis- 
 sen, with a famous university, and a strong cit i- 
 del, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a consid- 
 erable trade ; and has three great fairs every year, 
 which last a fortnight each. The number of in- 
 habitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the principal man- 
 ufactures are silk, gold, and silver stuffs, linen 
 and cotton printing, leather, and paper. There 
 are six handsome colleges belonging to the univer- 
 sity, besides the private colleges; and the exchange 
 is a fine structure. Leipzig was taken by the 
 Prussians in 1745 and 1756. The Austrians, in 
 1756, besieged it in vain ; they took it two years 
 after, but were soon obliged to give it up. Leip- 
 zig is celebrated for two of the greatest battles 
 recorded in history having been fought in its vi- 
 cinity, between the French and allied armies, on 
 the 16th and 18th of October, 1813, which were 
 followed by the capture of the town and the 
 rear-guard of the French army, on the follow- 
 ing morning, and also the king of Saxony and 
 his family, who were made prisoners. It is seat- 
 ed in a plain, on the river Pleysse, 64 m. W. 
 N. W. of Dresden. 90 S. W. of Berlin, and 180 
 N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. Long. 12. 21. 
 E., lat. 51. 19. N. 
 
 Leirin, a town of Portugal, in Estreinadura, 
 and a bishop's see, with an ancient castle on an 
 eminence. 77 m. N. N. E. of Lisbon. Lornr. 
 8. 34. W., lat. 39. 43 N. 
 
 Leisznig, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with 
 manufactures of cloth, lace, stockings, &c. It 
 is seated on the Mulda, 24 m. E. S E. of Leip 
 zig and 32 N. W. of Dresden. 
 
 Leith, a sea-port of Scotland, on the frith of 
 Forth, 2 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, of which it is 
 the port. It is situate at the mouth of the river 
 
LEM 
 
 442 
 
 LEO 
 
 Loith, which forms the harbour, ana divides the 
 town into N. and S. Leith, which communicate 
 by two draw-bridges. The harbour is secured by 
 a noble stone pier, and it is accommodated with 
 wet and dry docks and other conveniences for 
 ship-building, which is carried on to a considera- 
 ble extent. Here are also manufactures of ropes, 
 canvas, carpets, glass, shoes, leather, soap, and 
 candles, and several iron forges. There are three 
 churches, an episcopal chapel, three meeting- 
 houses, a magnificent banking-house, an hospital 
 for disabled seaman, rebuilt in 1817, and numer- 
 ous charities. A little to the E. of the town are 
 the baths, which are constructed upon a grand 
 scale, and in a style of great elegance. The har- 
 bour is defended by a martello tower and to the 
 W of the citadel is a battery for the protection of 
 the shipping. The commerce of Leith is very con- 
 siderable ; and the vessels employed in the Lon- 
 don trade are, in general, of a large size ; but the 
 largest ships are those employed in the Green- 
 laud whale fishery. To foreign parts are export- 
 ed lead, glass ware, linen, woolen stuff's, and a 
 variety of other goods. Long. 2. 56. W., lat. 55. 
 54. N. 
 
 Leitmeritz. See Leutmeritz. 
 Leitomisckel. See Leutmischel. 
 Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 ( 'onnaught, bounded on the N. by Donegal Bay, 
 N. E. by Fermanagh, E. by Cavan, S. E. by 
 Longtord, S. W. by Roscommon, and W. by 
 Sligd. Its greatest length is about 54 English m., 
 and its maximum breadth 20. It contains 21 par- 
 ishes, and an area of 407,260 English acres. The 
 northern parts are mountainous and uncultivated 
 but they abound with inexhaustible veins of lead, 
 iron, and copper ore, and have likewise some coal 
 mines. The S. is level and fertile. The county 
 is traversed by the river Shannon, abounds with 
 small lakes and rivers, has some productive iron- 
 works, and feeds great herds of cattle. It re- 
 turns two members to the imperial parliament. 
 Carrick is the capital. 
 
 Leitrim, a village of Ireland, from which the 
 preceding county has its name, and formerly a 
 place of some note. It is seated on the Shannon, 
 4 m. N. of Carrick, and 82 W. N. W. of Dub- 
 lin 
 
 Leinslip, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kildare. It has a noble castle with large gardens, 
 on one side of which is a fine waterfall, called 
 the Salmon Leap. Near it is the ruins of the 
 church and castle of Confy. It is seated on the 
 Liffey, 8 m. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Lemburg, or Leopold, a town of Austrian Po- 
 land, formerly the capital of Red Russia, and now 
 of Galicia and Ladomeria. It is well fortified, 
 and defended by two citadels, one of which is on 
 an eminence without the city. The cathedral, 
 churches, and public buildings are magnificent; 
 and the inhabitants, computed at 44,000, of whom 
 14,000 are Jews, carry on a considerable trade. 
 Ft is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and 
 has also an Armenian and Russian bishop. It is 
 seated on the Pelton, 72 m. S. S. E. of Chelm, and 
 159 E. of Cracow. Long. 24. 26. E., lat. 49. 51. 
 N. 
 
 Lemarow,a. town of Prussia, in Westphalia, and 
 in the principality of Lippe-Detmold, with some 
 cloth and stuff" manufactures, and a considerable 
 trade in printing and bookselling. It is seated 
 on the Beya, 17 m. S. of Minden. 
 
 Lemnos, or Stalimene, an island of the Archi- 
 pelago, lying near «t.«? «tn : t of Gallipoli, 15 m. 
 
 long and 11 broad. The poets made it sacred to 
 Vulcan, who was hence called Lemnius Pater 
 It was also celebrated for its labyrinth, of which 
 not a trace remains. The air is pure, and the 
 produce consists of corn, oil, cotton, and a varie- 
 ty of fruits. It has two barbours on the S. oast 
 and an extensive roadstead on the N. Its napi- 
 tal is of the same name, and is a metropolitan see. 
 Long. 25 28. E., lat. 40. 3. N. 
 
 Lempster, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 40 m. W. 
 Concord. Pop. 999. 
 
 Lemington, a township of Essex Co. Vt. on 
 the Connecticut,65 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 182 
 
 Lemon, a township of Butler Co. Ohio, on the 
 Miami. Pop. 2,870. It contains the villages of 
 Middleton and Monroe. 
 
 Lewi, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the govern 
 ment of Irkutsk, which rises in the mountains to 
 the N. W. of the lake Baikal, flows N. and N. E. 
 to Yakutsk, where it is 5 m. wide, and proceed- 
 ing N. N. W., enters the Frozen Ocean by sever- 
 al mouths. 
 
 Lenaicee, a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,591 
 Tecumseh is the capital. 
 
 Lenczicz, a strong town of Poland, with a fort 
 on a rock. It stands in a morass on the river 
 Biusa, 77 m. W. of Warsaw, and 110 N. by W 
 of Cracow. 
 
 Lenham, a decayed market town in Kent, Eng 
 seated on an eminence, at the source of the Len 
 10 m. E. of Maidstone, and 44 S. E. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Lennep, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 province of Cleves and Berg, on a river of the 
 same name, 20. m.E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Lenoir, a county of'North Carolina. Pop. 7,935. 
 Kingston is the capital. 
 
 Lenox, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 6 m. S. Pitts- 
 field, and 147 W. Boston. Pop. 1,355. It is a 
 very neatly built town and has manufactures of 
 woolen and iron. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 on Oneida Lake. Pop. 5,039. Also towns in Sus- 
 quehanna Co. Pa. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 
 
 Lenox, a county of Upper Canada lying upon 
 the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. 
 
 Lenox Castle, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. C. 
 
 Lenoxville, p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. on Core 
 Sound. 
 
 Lens, a town of France, department of Pas de 
 Calais, 10 m. N. W. of Douay. 
 
 Lentini, an ancient town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Noto. It is a small remainder of the ancient 
 Leontium, and situate at the foot of a height, on 
 the top of which Charles V. built a new town, 
 called Carlentini. Lentini was greatly damaged 
 by an earthquake in 1693. It is seated on a river 
 of the same name, 17 m. S. W. of Catania. 
 
 Lentzburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Aargau, with a castle, and manufactures of lin- 
 en, cotton, tobacco, &c. It is seated on the Aa, 
 6 m. E. of Aargau. 
 
 Lentzen, a town of the Prussian province of Bran 
 denburg, near the Elbe, 74 m. JN. W. of Berlin. 
 
 Leobeii,n town of the Austrian states, in Uppei 
 Styria, situate on the Muhr, 20 m. N. W. of 
 Gratz. 
 
 Leobschuz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 trade in corn and yarn, 10 m. N. N. E. of Jagern 
 dorf. 
 
 Leognne, a town and fort, with a good harbour 
 on the N. side of the S. peninsula of St. Domin- 
 go. It was taken by the British in J 796. 26 m. 
 S. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 72. 37. W 
 lat. 18. 38. N. 
 
LEP 
 
 443 
 
 LES 
 
 Leominster, a borough in Hertfordshire, Eng. 
 with a trade in cloth, gloves, hats, hops, leather, 
 cider, &c. The church is spacious, and has a 
 beautiful altar-piece by Rubens. Here are also 
 four meeting-houses, two charity schools,and two 
 free schools, one of them endowed by Queen Mary. 
 It is seated on the Lug, 26 m. W. of Worcester 
 and 137 N. W. of London. 
 
 Leominster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 20 m. N. 
 Worcester, on Nashua river. Pop. 1,861. It has 
 manufactures of combs and other articles. 
 
 Lton, an important N. W. division of Spain, 
 still retaining the title of a kingdom, bounded .on 
 the N. by Asturias, W. by Galicia and Portugal, 
 
 5. by Estremadura, and E. by Old Castile. It is 
 200 m. long and 170 broad, and divided into al- 
 most two equal parts by the River Duero. It is 
 divided into the districts of Leon, Salamanca, Pa- 
 lencia, Zamora, Toro, and Valladolid. 
 
 Leon, the capital of the above province, and a 
 bishop's see, was formerly richer ?nd more popu- 
 lous than at present. Its cathedral which is ad- 
 mired for its elegant lightness, contains the tomb 
 of 37 kings and one emperor. 174 m. N. by 
 W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 38. W., lat. 42. 36. N. 
 
 Leon, Isle of, an insulated tract on the S. W. 
 coast of Spain, separated from the mainland by a 
 canal and river, 10 m. in length, and from 20 to 
 30 feet in depth. The defence thus afforded 
 against an enemy in possession of the mainland 
 (as was the case of the French in 1810) is farther 
 strengthened by the salt marshes, which extend 
 to the eastward, and are impassable except along 
 a causeway. See Cadiz. 
 
 Leon, a town on the above island. The popu- 
 lation including St. Carlos, is said to amount to 
 40,000, whose chief support arises from the works 
 carried on at the neighbouring arsenal and dock- 
 yard of Caracas. 11 in. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 
 
 6. 12. W., lat. 36. 27. N. 
 
 Leon, a city of Guatemala, capital of the prov- 
 ince of Nicaragua. In the vicinity is a mountain 
 with a volcano, which sometimes occasions earth- 
 quakes. It is a commercial place, seated near 
 the N. W. extremity of the lake Nicaragua, 30 in. 
 from the Pacific Ocean. Long. 87.20. W., lat. 12. 
 30. N. 
 
 Leon, New, a province in the S. part of New 
 Mexico, having the gulf of Mexico on the E., Pa- 
 nuco on the S., and New Biscay on the W. It 
 is little known. 
 
 Leonard, St., an ancient town of France, de- 
 partment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of 
 paper and cloth ; seated on the Vienne, 10 m. 
 N. E. Limoges and 195 S. of Paris. 
 
 Leonardstown, p.v St. Mary's Co. Maryland, 
 on the Potomac, 68 m.. S. E. Washington. 
 
 Leonard sville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. 95 m. N. 
 W. Albany. 
 
 Leonberg, a town of Germany, in the kingdom 
 of Wurtemberg, situate on the Glern, 6 in. W. of 
 Stuttgard. 
 
 Leopoldstadt, a town and fortress of Hungary, 
 seated on the Waag, 56 m. E. of Vienne. 
 
 Lepanto, a sea-port of Greece, in Livadia, and 
 an archbishop's see. It is surrounded with high 
 walls, and defended by a castle on an eminence. 
 The produce of the adjacent country is wine, oil, 
 corn, rice, leather, and tobacco. It is seated at 
 the entrance of a gulf of the same name, 100 m. 
 W. N W. of Athens and 360 S. W. of Constan- 
 tinople. Long. 22. E., lat. 38. 30. N. 
 
 Leper's Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in the 
 Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 5. E. lat. 15. 23. S. 
 
 Le Ray, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. 20 
 m. N.E. Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 3,430. 
 
 Lerena, or Llercna, a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, at the foot of a mountain, and the source 
 of the Malachel, 50 m. S. of Merida and 63 N. of 
 Seville. Long 5. 59. W , lat. 38. 7. N. 
 
 Lerida (the Ilerdc of Lucan), an ancient town 
 of Spain, in Catalonia, and a bishop's see, with a 
 university and a castle. Near this place are the 
 remains of a palace of the kings of Arragon. It 
 is seated on a hill, on the river Segra, 69 m. S. S. 
 E. of Saragossa and 200 N. VV. of Madrid. Long 
 0. 25. E., lat. 41. 32. N. 
 
 Lerins, two islands in the Mediterranean, or 
 the coast of France, 5 in. from Antibes. That 
 nearest the coast, which is the larger island, is 
 called St. Margaret; the smaller is called St. Ho- 
 norat, and has a Benedictine abbey. 
 
 Lerma, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Burgos, with a palace, seated on the Arlanza, 23 
 m. S. of Burgos. 
 
 Lernica, a town of Cyprus, formerly a large 
 city, as appears from its ruins. It is situate on the 
 S. coast of the island, where there is a good road, 
 and a small fort, for its defence, 30 m. S. W. of 
 Famagusta. 
 
 * Le Roy, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 10 m. E. Bata- 
 via. Pop. 3,909. Also a township of Geauga Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lerwick, a town of Scotland, capital of the 
 Shetland Islands, situate on the spacious harbour 
 called Brassa Sound. It is the rendezvous of the 
 fishing busses and vessels employed in the her- 
 ring fishery. Near the N. end of the town is 
 Fort Charlotte, which commands, the N. entrance 
 to Brassa Sound. Long. 0. 56. W., lat. 60. 12. N. 
 
 Lcscar, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, seated on a hill, 3 in. N. W. of Pau and 
 42 S. E. of Bayonne. 
 
 Lesqiystan, or Daghistan. See Daghistan. 
 
 Lesignau,a town of France, department of Aude, 
 11 m. W. of Narbonne. 
 
 Lesina, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the 
 coast of Dalmatia, 65 m. long and 14 broad. It 
 contains great quantities of different kinds of mar- 
 ble and produces wine, oil, figs, almonds, oranges, 
 saffron, aloes, honey, &c , in great abundance ; 
 but salt-fish is the chief a r ticle of commerce. The 
 capital, of the same name, has a good harbour, and 
 contains 1 200 inhabitants. 20 m. S. of Spalatro. 
 Long. 16. 20. E., lat. 43. 33. N. 
 
 Lcskeard, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with 
 manufactures of leather and yarn. It is one of 
 the largest and best built towns in the country, 
 had formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of 
 the coinage towns for tin. Besides the church 
 which is a large and noble edifice, here are three 
 places of worship for dissenters, a free grammar 
 school, two national schools, and a charity school 
 for poor children. In the vicinity are several ex- 
 tensive sheep-walks. 16 m. N. W. of Plymouth 
 and 225 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 42. W., 
 lat. 50. 27. N. 
 
 Lesparre, a town of France, department of Gi 
 ronde, near which are found transparent pebbles, 
 known by the name of Medoc stones. It is 13 m. 
 N. N. W. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Lessines, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain 
 ault, famous for its linen manufacture ; seated on 
 the Dender, 28 m. S. W. of Brussels. 
 
 Lestwithiel , or L<estwithiel, a borough in Corn 
 wall, Eng. with a tolerable woolen manufacture 
 Here is the stannary goal, and the county courts 
 are held here. It is seated on the river Fowey, 
 
LEV 
 
 414 
 
 LEW 
 
 which was formerly navigable, but is now choked 
 up with sand. 22 m. N. E. of Truro and 232 W. 
 by S. of London. 
 " Lctart, a township of Meigs Co. Ohio. 
 
 Letter e, a town of Naples, seated at the foot of 
 a mountain, 12 m. N. W. of Salerno. 
 
 Letter kenny, a township of Franklin Co. Pa. 
 5 m. N. W. Chambersbug. 
 
 Leubus, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a cele- 
 brated Cistercian abbey ; seated on the Oder, 30 
 m. N. N. W. of Breslau. 
 
 Leucate, a town of France, departmentof Aude, 
 situate near the Mediterranean, on the N.side of -a 
 lake ot the same name, 20 m. N. E. of Perpignan. 
 
 Leuch, or Lcuk, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 Valais, much frequented on account of its hot 
 mineral springs. It is seated on an eminence near 
 the Rhone, 20 m. E. S. E. of Sion. 
 
 Leuse, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, 
 seated on the Dender, 14 m. N. W. of Mons. 
 
 Leutkirch, a town of Germany, in Wurtemburg, 
 with two suburbs, and a good linen trade. It is 
 seated on the Eschach, which runs into the Iller, 
 22 m. N. E. of Lindau. 
 
 Leutmeritz, or Leitmeritz, a town of Bohemia, 
 capital of a circle of the same name. The circle 
 is such a delightful country that it is called the 
 Bohemian Paradise ; it produces excellent wine, 
 and contains warm baths, tin-mines, and precious 
 stones. The town is well built and populous, and 
 is seated on the Elbe, 36 m. N. £. of Prague. 
 Long. 14. 17. E., lat. 50. 32. N. 
 
 Leutviischel, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Chrudim, with manufactures of cloths and dye- 
 stuffs, and extensive distilleries. 20 m. E. S. E. 
 of Chrudim. 
 
 Leutch, a town of the Austrian states, in Car- 
 niola, 8 m. S. S. E. of Idria. 
 
 Levana, p. v. Brown Co. Ohio. 
 
 Levant. This word properly signifies the East ; 
 but it is used, when speaking of trade, for Tur- 
 key, in Asia, comprehending Natolia, Syria, the 
 island of Cyprus, &c. The Levant Sea means 
 the E. part of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Levant, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. W. 
 Bangor. Pop. 747. 
 
 Leveh. See Cambodia. 
 
 Leven, a river in Lancashire, Eng. which issues 
 from the S. extremity of Windermere-water, and 
 flows into Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Leven, a river of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, 
 which issues from Loch Lomond, and enters the 
 estuary of the Ctyde below Dumbarton. 
 
 Leven, a river of Scotland, which rises in Kin- 
 ross-shire, flows through Loch Leven, and crosses 
 Fifeshire to the town of Leven, where it enters 
 Largo Bay. - 
 
 Leven, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a 
 good harbour, and some share in the coasting and 
 Baltic trade. It stands on the W. side of Largo 
 Bay, at the influx of the river Leven, 7 m. N. E. 
 of Dysart. 
 
 Leven, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Kinross- 
 shire, upwards of 10 m. in circumference, and 
 somewhat of a circular form. It has several 
 small islands, on one of which is a ruinous castle, 
 where Mary, queen of Scots, was confined by the 
 confederate lords, after she had separated from 
 Bothwell ; and on another, named St. Serfs Isle, 
 is the ruin of a priory. On the E. side of the 
 lake, near its outlet, stands the ruinous monastery 
 of Portmoak. 
 
 Leccnworth, a village in Crawford Co. Indiana, 
 •n the Ohio. 68 m. below Louisville. 
 
 Leverett, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E. 
 Greenfield. Pop. 939. 
 
 Levenings, a village of Philadelphia Co. Pa. 8 m 
 N. W. Philadelphia. 
 
 Levroux, a town of France, department of Indre, 
 11 m. N. of Chateauroux. 
 
 Lewarden, a strong town of the Netherlands, 
 capital of Friesland. It has several canals in the 
 streets, which, being continued to the sea, and to 
 the most considerable towns in the province, are 
 a great assistance to its trade. Many of the build- 
 ings, as well public as private, are magnificent. 
 It is seated on the Ee, 28 m. W. of Groningen. 
 Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 53. 13. N. 
 
 Lewentz, a town of Hungary, on a river of the 
 same name, 25 m. N. E. of Gran. 
 
 Lewes, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It had for 
 merly 12 parish churches, now reduced to six, in- 
 cluding those of the adjoining villages of South- 
 over and Cliff. It is a very ancient place, and 
 vestiges of its walls and castle, and of an extensive 
 priory, still remain. Here are 7 meeting-houses 
 for dissenters ; also a handsome county-hall, a 
 free grammar school, a good charity school, sev- 
 eral charitable institutions, and a theatre. On a 
 hill, about a mile from the town, is the race 
 ground, which is accounted one of the best in 
 Eno-land. Near this town was fought a battle in 
 1263, when Henry III. and his son (afterward 
 Edward I.) were made prisoners by the earl of 
 Leicester. Lewes is situate at the edge of the 
 South Downs, 8 m. N. E. of Brighton, and 49 S. 
 of London. Long. 0. 2. E., lat 50. 55. N. 
 
 Leicis, one of the most considerable of the 
 Western Islands of Scotland, parted by two arms 
 of the sea into two divisions, the southern ot 
 which is called Harris, and the northern Lewis : 
 the former is annexed to the county of Inverness, 
 but Lewis belongs to Ross-shire. It is about GO 
 m. in length from N. to S., and from 10 to 15 in 
 breadth. The country in general is wild, bleak, 
 bare of wood, and little fitted for cultivation. 
 Bear, oats, peas, rye, and potatoes, are the pro- 
 ducts of the soil. The hills are covered with 
 heath, which affords shelter for various sorts of 
 game. The lake and streams abound with salmon, 
 Targe red trout, &c, and there are good fisheries 
 on the W. coast, which is annually visited by 
 millions of herrings. The inhabitants amount to 
 13,942, whose principal employment is the rearing 
 of sheep and black cattle, and the fishery. There 
 are several small villages, but Stornaway is the 
 only town. The promontory at the N. extremity 
 of the island is called the Butt of Lewis. Long. 
 6. 32. E., lat. 58. 33. N. 
 
 Lewis, a county of New York. Pop. 14,958. Mar- 
 tinsburg is the capital. A county of the W. Dis- 
 trict of Virginia Pop. 6,241. Weston is the capi- 
 tal. A county of Kentucky on the Ohio. Pop. 
 5,206. Clarkesburg is the capital. 
 
 Lewis, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. 60 m. N. E. Montpe- 
 lier, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. G m. N. Elizabethtown. 
 Pop. 1,305. p.t. Brown Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,022. 
 
 Lcwisberry, p. v. York Co. Pa. 
 
 Lewisburg, p.t. Green Brier Co. Va. 250 m. W. 
 Richmond, p. v. Union Co. Pa. on the Susquehanna, 
 7 m. above Northumberland, p. v. Muhlenburg 
 Co. Ken. on Green River. 
 
 Lewisham, a village in Kent. Eng. which from 
 its pleasant situation, and its proximity to the 
 metropolis, has become the residence of several 
 opulent citizens, who have many elegant houses 
 here. 5 m. E. of London. 
 
 Lewision, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. at the falls of 
 
LEV 
 
 445 
 
 LIB 
 
 the Androscoggin, 30 in. W. Wiscasset. Pop. 
 1,549. Also a p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. on Niagara 
 river opposite Queenstown, at the head of ship 
 navigation from Lake Ontario. Pop. 1,528. p.t 
 Montgomery Co. Missouri. 
 
 Lewistown, p.t. Sussex Co. Del. on Delaware 
 Bay, 3 m. within Cape Henlopen. This town 
 was bombarded by the British fleet during the late 
 war, but without any effect. Salt is made here 
 by solar evaporation. Also a p. v. Mifflin Co. Pa. 
 on the Juniata, 55 m. N. W. Harrisburg. 
 
 LeicisviUe, p. v. Brunswick Co. Va. 70 m. S. 
 Richmond, p. v. Chester Dis. S. C. 72 m. N. 
 Columbia. p. v. Blount Co. Tenn. ]7G m. E. 
 M u rfreesborough . 
 
 Lexington, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 11 m. N 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,541. This town will be ever 
 memorable in American history, as the spot where 
 the first blood was shed in the revolutionary con 
 flict. This took place on the 19th April 1775. A 
 monument has been erected on the green at Lex- 
 ington in commemoration of the event. 
 
 Lexington, a town of Kentucky, chief of Fay 
 ette county, and formerly the capital of the state 
 It has six edifices for public worship, a university, 
 and a court-house. The trade is considerable, and 
 the manufactures numerous and flourishing. Pop. 
 0,104. Near this town are to be seen curious 
 sepulchres, full of human skeletons, which are 
 fabricated in a method totally different from that 
 now practised by the Indians. In the neighbour- 
 hood are the remains of two ancient fortifications, 
 with ditches and bastions ; one containing about 
 six acres of land, and the other nearly three. 
 Pieces of earthen vessels, a manufacture with 
 which the Indians were never acquainted, have 
 also been ploughed up near Lexington. These, 
 with the fortifications and the sepulchres, have 
 been urged as an argument that this country was 
 formerly inhabited by a people farther advanced 
 in the arts of life than the present Indians. Lex- 
 ington stands in a fine tract of country, on the 
 head waters of Elkhorn River, 24 m. E. S. E. of 
 Frankfort, the present capital. Long. 84. 55. W. 
 lat. 38. 15. N. Transylvania University at this 
 place was founded m 1798. It has G instructers 
 and 93 students Its libraries have 3,850 volumes. 
 It has 2 vacations in spring and autumn. Com- 
 mencement is in September. 
 
 Lexington, p.t. Greene, Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,248. 
 p.t. Henderson Co. Tenn., Rowan, Co. N. C, Og- 
 lethorpe Co. Geo., Erie Co. Pa., Richland and 
 Stark, Co, Ohio. Scott Cos. Indiana and Boone 
 Co. Missouri. 
 
 Lexington, a town of Virginia, chief of Rock- 
 bridge county, situate near the N. branch of 
 iarues River, 150 m. W. by N. of Richmond. 
 Washington College at this place was founded in 
 1812. It has 23 students ; the library is small. It 
 has 2 vacations in autumn and winter. Com- 
 mencement is in April. 
 
 Lexington, a District of South Carolina. Pop. 
 9,076. 
 
 Leyden, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- 
 land, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine, 
 which here almost expires in a number of small 
 channels. It is famous for the long siege it sus- 
 tained in 1574, against the Spaniards, during 
 which 6,000 of the inhabitants died of famine and 
 pestilence. In honour of this siege a university 
 was founded in 1575, celebrated for its colleges, 
 botanical garden, anatomical theatre, astronomical 
 observatory, cabinet of natural history, and valua- 
 ble library : in 1807 it was almost destroyed by 
 
 the blowing up of a vessel loaded with gunpow- 
 der. The principal church is a superb structure, 
 and the old castle, town-house, custom-house 
 and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here are 
 excellent manufactures of soap and indigo ; and 
 the vicinity produces the best Dutch butter and 
 cheese. It stands on 50 islands, and has ]45 
 bridges, the greatest part built of freestone. The 
 inhabitants are estimated at 50,000. Leyden is 4 
 m. E. of the German Ocean, and 20 S. W. of 
 Amsterdam. Long. 4. 28. E., lat. 52. 8. N. 
 
 Leyden, a town of Franklin Co. Mass. 117 m. 
 N. W. Boston. Pop. 796. Also a p.t. Lewis Co. 
 N. Y. 33 m. N. Utica. Pop. 1,502. 
 
 Leypa, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leut- 
 meritz, seated on the Pubietz, 23 m. E. N. E. of 
 Leutmeritz. 
 
 Leyta, one of the Philippines, about 40 leagues 
 in length, and 95 in circumference. Its soil on 
 the E. side, is very fertile : but the high moun- 
 tains that intersect it from E. to VV. occasion so 
 great an alteration in the climate, that, when 
 the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the 
 others sow , and they have two plentiful harvests 
 in the year, to which the rivers descending from 
 the mountains not a little contribute. The isl- 
 and contains 9,000 inhabitants, who pay tribute 
 in rice, wax, &c. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 10. 50. 
 N. 
 
 Liam-po. See Ming-po. 
 
 Libanus, or Lebanon, a. lofty mountain of Syria, 
 extending from the vicinity of Tripoli to the bor- 
 ders of Palestine, about 30 or 40 m. from the sea. 
 Its height is very considerable, the summit is cov- 
 ered with snow a great part of the year. Few 
 specimens now remain of those magnificent ce- 
 dars for which it was once so celebrated. Near 
 Damascus there are immense caverns, one of 
 which can contain 4,000 men. To the E. is a 
 parallel chain called Antilibanus. 
 
 Libatta, a town of Guinea, in the country ef 
 Gabon, seated near the mouth of a river of the 
 same name, 120 m. N.W. of Sette. Long. 8. 54. 
 E , lat. 0. 58 S. 
 
 Libau, a town of Courland, on the Baltic, with 
 a harbour for small ships. The chief articles of 
 commere are hemp and linseed. It is seated on 
 a peninsula, 50 m . N. of Memel, and 80 W. of 
 Mittau. Long. 21. 25. E., lat. 56. 30. N. 
 
 Liberia, a district on the coast of Africa so nam- 
 ed from its being colonized by liberated captives 
 and free people of colour. Under the auspices of 
 a colonization society, in America, the first set- 
 tlers proceeded to Africa in 1822. Cape Mesu- 
 rado, in lat. 6. 18. N., was purchased of the na- 
 tives ; the plan of a town, afterwards called Mon- 
 rovia, was formed ; and as fresh emigrants arriv- 
 ed they purchased additional tracts of country. 
 The greater part of the early settlers from Amer- 
 ica were men of eminent piety, and their just, 
 humane, and benevolent policy, has given them 
 an uncommon influence over the native tribes. 
 In 1827 this sable community had risen complete- 
 ly above the pressure of urgent necessities. Mon- 
 rovia was rapidly improving in accommodations 
 and increasing in magnitude, and several fresh 
 towns were already springing up. The soil is 
 extremely fertile : the natives of the country, 
 without tools, without, skill, and with little labour, 
 raising more grain and vegetables than they can 
 consume and often more than they can sell. 
 Cattle, swi.:*i, fowls, ducks, goats, and sheep, 
 thrive without feeding, and require no other care 
 than to keep them from stravinc. Cotton, coffee, 
 2 P 
 
LIT 
 
 446 
 
 LIE 
 
 indigo, and sugar-cane, are all the spontaneous 
 growth of the forests, and may be cultivated at 
 Measure, to any extent, by such as are disposed. 
 The same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Gui- 
 nea corn, millet, and too many species of fruits 
 and vegetables to be enumerated. Add to all 
 this that winter is here unknown, the hills and 
 plains are covered with perpetual verdure, and 
 nature is constantly pouring her treasures, all the 
 year round, into the laps of the industrious. The 
 trade and commerce extend to the coast, to the 
 interior parts of the continent, and to foreign 
 vessels, and is already valuable and fast increa- 
 sing. The chief exports are rice, palm oil, ivory, 
 tortoise shell, dyewoods, gold, hides, wax, and a 
 small amount of coffee. The imports consist of 
 the products and manufactures of the four quar- 
 ters of the world. The harbour is seldom clear 
 of European and American shipping ; and the 
 bustle and thronging of the streets show some- 
 thing already of the activity of the smaller sea- 
 ports of the United States. Mechanics of nearly 
 every trade are carrying on their various occupa- 
 tions, and not a child or youth in the colony but 
 is provided with an appropriate school. The 
 most recent accounts from Liberia are exceeding- 
 ly encouraging as to the health, commerce, and 
 prosperity of the colony. Fresh emigrants are 
 constantly arriving, who are immediately suppli- 
 ed with employment, or if sick, removed to a 
 spacious Infirmary. The piety of the first settlers 
 has continued to spread, and the standard of mor- 
 als consequently remains high. The Sabbath is 
 carefully regarded, and Sunday schools have 
 been established for the benefit of the native 
 children. The cheerful abodes of civilization and 
 happiness — the flourishing settlements — the sound 
 of Christian instruction, and scenes of Christian 
 worship, which are heard and seen in this land of 
 brooding pagan darkness — a thousand contented 
 freemen, united in founding a new Christian 
 empire, happy themselves, and the instrument of 
 happiness to others — while they refresh the hearts 
 cannot fail to encourage the brightest anticipa- 
 tions of Christian Philanthropists. 
 
 Liberty, a county in the E. part of Georgia, with 
 7,234 inhabitants; the chief town is Riceborough. 
 
 Liberty, a township of Sullivan Co. N. Y. on 
 the Delaware. Pop. 1,277. Also towns and vil- 
 lage in Adams and Tioga Cos. Pa., Bedford Co. 
 Va., Trumbull. Delaware, Fairfield, Highland 
 Clinton, Crawford, Butler, Jefferson and Mont- 
 gomery Cos. Ohio, Union Co. Indiana, Casey Co. 
 Ken.. Marion and Smith Cos Ten., and Amite Co. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Liberty Hall, p. v. Pittsylvania Co. Va., Pendle- 
 ton Dis. S. C. and Morgan Co. Geo. 
 
 Liberty Hill, p. v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. and 
 Green Co. Alab. 
 
 Libertytown, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland. 
 
 Liberthen, a town of Hungary, with rich mines 
 of copper and iron, and productive springs of 
 blue vitriol. 122 m. E. by N. of Vienna. 
 
 tdliongo, a town of Africa, on the Lufuna, near 
 the sea, 50 m. S. S. W.of Botnbi. 
 
 Libourne. a town of France, department of Gi- 
 ronrle. with manufactures of light woolen stuffs, 
 and a trade in wine and brandy It is seated at 
 the conflux of the Iller with the Dordogne, 20 m. 
 E. N. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Lickfield. See Litchfield. 
 
 Litrkstell, or Litchstollcn, a town of Switzerland, 
 m the canton of Basel, seated on the Ergetz,7m. 
 S E. of Basel 
 
 Lichtenau, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- 
 sel, 15 m. S. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Lichtenau, a town of Franconia, in the territory 
 of Nuremberg, with a fortress on the Rezel, 6 m. 
 E. of Anspach. 
 
 Lichtenberg, a town of Franconia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Bayreuth. In the neighbourhood are 
 medicinal springs, quarries of marble, and mines 
 of copper and iron. It is seated on the Selbnitz, 
 18 m. N. E. of Culmbach. 
 
 Lichtcnfcls, a town of Bavarian Franconia, with 
 a trade in timber; seated on the Maine, 15 m. N. 
 E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Lichtcnstein, a town of the Swiss canton of St 
 Gall, seated on the Thur, 27 m. E. S. E. of Zurich 
 Long. 9. 5. E., lat. 47. 16. N. 
 
 Lischtenstcin, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Erzgebirge, with a castle on a mountain, 6 m. N. E. 
 of Zwickau. 
 
 Lichtcnvord, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Guelderland, 42 m. S. of Leipzig. 
 
 Lick, a township of Jackson Co. Ohio, so nam- 
 ed from the number of salt licks within its limits. 
 
 Licking, a branch of the Ohio, falling into that 
 river opposite Cincinnati. 
 
 Licking, a county of Ohio. Pop. 20,864. New- 
 ark is the capital. Also towns in Licking and 
 Muskingum Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Lickville, p. v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 
 Licola, a lake of Naples, formerly famous for 
 excellent fish ; but, in 1538, an earthquake hap- 
 pened, which changed one part of it into a moun- 
 tain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was 
 anciently known by the name Lucrino, or the Lu- 
 crine Lake. 
 
 Liconia, a village of Harrison Co. Indiana. 
 Lida, a town and castle of Lithuania, in the 
 government of Grodno, 56 m. S. of Wilna. Long. 
 25. 34. E.,lat. 53.50. N. 
 
 Liddel, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, 
 and the only one in the county that flows south- 
 ward. It forms the boundary with England for 5 
 in., till it enters the Esk, from Dumfries-shire, 3 
 m. above Longtown in Cumberland. 
 
 Lidford, a village in Devonshire, Eng. formerly 
 a borough, with a castle. It is seated on the riv- 
 er Lid, at the edge of Dartmoor Forest. 7 m. N. 
 of Tavistock. 
 
 Lidknping, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 
 on the S. side of the lake Wenner, at the mouth 
 of the Lida, 80 m. N. E. of Gotheburgh. 
 
 Licbcnicald,& town of Prussia, in Brandenburg 
 near which commences the Finow Canal, that 
 unites the rivers Oder, Finow, and Havel. It is 
 seated on the Havel, 25 rri. N. of Berlin. 
 
 Libenwerda, a town of Prussian Saxony. \v Ht\ 
 a castle, seated on the Elster, 38 m. N. N. "\V . of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Liebenzell, a town of Wurtemberg, near whlcri 
 is the bath of Zell. It is seated on the Nagohl, 
 17 m. W. by N. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Lieberose, a town of Lusatia, with a castle, 
 seated on the Spreewald,20 m. W. of Guben. 
 
 Liebstadt, a town of W. Prussia, with a castle, 
 45 m. S. S. E. of Marienburg. 
 
 Liege, a province of the Netherlands, bounded 
 by the grand duchy of Luxemburg, the Belgic 
 provinces of Namur, S. Brabant, and Limburg 
 and the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. 
 It'is fertile in corn and fruits and contains mines 
 of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of 
 marble. 
 
 Liege, a large, ancient, and strong city of thf 
 Netherlands, capital of the above province. Hen 
 
L1G 
 
 447 
 
 L1M 
 
 the river Meuse is divided into three branches, 
 which after passing through the city, under sev- 
 eral bridges, unite again. Liege is 4 in. in 
 circumference, and has 1G gates : it has also 10 
 large suburbs, in which and the city there were 
 formerly a great number of churches and religious 
 houses, part of which are suppressed. The mag- 
 nificent cathedral contains many relics; and the 
 other public structures are the castle, the council- 
 house, the hotel de ville, and the arsenal. There 
 are manufactures of arms, clock-work, nails, cloth, 
 leather, glass, &c, and a brisk trade. In 1792 
 the French took the city ; they were driven 
 thence in 1793, but entered it again in 1794 ; and 
 it was afterwards annexed to France. In 1814, 
 however, Liege, with its district, was delivered 
 up to the allied forces. It is 60 m. W. S. W. of 
 Cologne. Long. 5. 35. E., lat. 50. 38. N. 
 Liegnitz. See Lignitz. 
 
 Lien-tchcou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Quang-tong. Its territories bor- 
 der on the kingdom of Tonquin, from which it is 
 separated by inaccessible mountains It is seated 
 on the Lien-kiang, which forms a convenient 
 harbour for Chinese barks, 325 m. W. S. W. of 
 Canton. Long. 108. 40. E., lat. 21. 40. N. 
 
 Here, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- 
 vince of Antwerp, with manufactures of woolen 
 and cotton, besides extensive breweries and dis- 
 tilleries, and a trade in cattle. It is seated at the 
 junction of the Great and Little Nethe, 10 m. S. 
 E. of Antwerp. 
 
 Liesse, a town of France, department of Aisne, 
 famous for an image of the Virgin, to which a 
 great number or pilgrims used to resort. 7 m. E. 
 of Laon. 
 
 Liffey, a river of Ireland, which rises in the 
 county of Wicklow, runs W. into Kildare, where 
 it has a cataract near Leixslip, and then turning 
 N. E. passes through the county and city of Dub- 
 lin, below which it enters the Irish Sea. 
 
 Lifford,a. borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Donegal, situate on the Foyle, 11 m. S- S. W. of 
 Donegal. 
 
 Ligne, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, 
 on the river Dender, 15 m. N. W. of Mons. 
 
 Lignerolles, a town of France, department of 
 Allier, 4 m. S. of Montlugon. 
 
 Lignitres, a town of France, department of 
 Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24 
 m. S. of Bourges. 
 
 Lignitz, or Leignitz, a government of Prussian 
 Silesia, including the former principalities of 
 Glogau, Sagan, Lignitz, Karolath, with part of 
 those of Jauer and Upper Lusatia. It is divided 
 into the circles of Lowenburg, Bunzlau. Gold- 
 berg, Lignitz, Luben, Glogau, Sprottau, Sagan, 
 Friestadt, Grunburg, Gorlitz, Rothenburg, and 
 Lauban. The climate is mild, and the soil in ma- 
 ny places fertile : it is neccessary, however to im- 
 port corn. 
 
 Lignitz, an ancient town of Prussian Silesia, 
 and capital of the government of the same name, 
 with a considerable trade in cloth and madder. It 
 is surrounded by an earthen mound, and has four 
 gates, but is not fortified. The old palace of the 
 princes, though within the town is surrounded with 
 a distinct moat and high wall. The other remark- 
 able objects are the castle, the council house, the 
 two Lutheran churches, the Catholic church of 
 St. John, and the superb chapel where the dukes 
 of Lignitz and Brieg were buried. Here is also 
 an academy founded by Joseph I., for the educa- 
 tion of the sons of Silesian gentlemen, whether 
 
 Protestants or Catholics. It is seated at the conflu 
 ence of the Katzbach, and the Schwartzwassar 
 30 m. W by N. of Breslau, and 110 N. E of 
 Prague. Long. 10 12. E., lat. 51. 12. N. 
 
 Ligny. a village of the Netherlands, in the prov- 
 ince of Narnur, celebrated for a sanguinary en- 
 gagement between the French and Prussians, on 
 16th of June, 1815, which was the prelude to the 
 battle of Waterloo, 3 m. N. E. of Fleurus, and 11 
 W. N. W. ofNamur. 
 
 Ligny, a town of France, department of Meuse, 
 with a castle, and a collegiate church. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at about 3,000. It is seat- 
 ed on the Orney, 9 m. S. E. of Bar le due. 
 
 Ligonia, villages in Somerset Co. Me. and 
 Westmoreland Cn Pa. 
 
 Ligonta, a village ir. Amelia Co. Va. 
 Ligore, a town of the Malay peninsula, sub- 
 ject to Siam, situate on a river of the same name. 
 Long. 100. 35. E., lat. 8. 18. N. 
 
 Ligueil, a town of France, department of 
 lndre-et-Loire. 21 m. S. of Tours. 
 
 Lihons, a town of France, department of Somme, 
 18 m. E. of Amiens. 
 
 Lilientkal,a. town of Saxony, on the river Warp 
 10 m. N.N. E.of Bremen. 
 Lille. See Lisle. 
 
 Lillcrs, a town of France, department of Pas de 
 
 Calais, seated on the Navez, 17 m. N. W. of Arras. 
 
 Lillo, a fort of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the 
 
 N. side of the Scheldt, 9 m.N.N. W. of Antwerp. 
 
 Lilley Point, a village of King William Co. Va. 
 
 Lima, a province of Peru ; bounded N. by Trux- 
 
 illo, E. by the Andes, S. by Arequipa,and W. by 
 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Lima, the capital of Peru, and an archbishop's 
 see with a university. This city was founded in 
 1534, by Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciu- 
 dad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings. This 
 Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but is 
 better known to foreigners by that of Lima. It 
 is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and surrounded by brick 
 walls, with ramparts and bastions. The streets 
 are handsome and straight : the houses are gen- 
 erally only of one story high, in consequence of 
 the earthquakes. They have flat roofs, and trees 
 round them to keep off the sun. The river forms 
 canals in the streets, which run to most of the 
 houses, and serve to water the gardens, &c. The 
 churches and convents are extremely rich ; and 
 many images of the saints are of gold, adornec" 
 with jewels. Here are the courts of the vicerov 
 and the archbishop, the royal mint, and the court 
 of the municipal body. All the provinces remit 
 their product and manufactures to Lima, and are 
 supplied hence with the neccessary commodities. 
 The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000, are rich, 
 fond of dress and splendid retinues, and extreme- 
 ly superstitious. Lima is 90 m. from the Cordil. 
 leras, and 850 S. by E. of Quito. Callao is its 
 port. Long. 76. 49. W., lat. 12. 1. S. 
 
 Lima, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 16 m. W. Ca 
 nandaigua. Pop. 1,764. 
 
 Limale, a town of the Netherlands, in Braoant, 
 
 seated on the Dyle, 13 m. S. E. of Brussels. 
 
 Limavady. See Neicton Limavady. 
 
 Limburg, a province of the Netherlands, bound 
 
 ed by Prussia and the provinces of S. and N. 
 
 Brabant, Liege, and Antwerp. It contains an 
 
 area of 1,500 sq. m. with 290,000 inhabitants. It 
 
 has good arable ground, and abounds in a fine 
 
 breed of cattle and contains mines of iron and lead . 
 
 Limburg, a town of the Netherlands, capital of 
 
 the province of that name, with & castle built of 
 
LIM 
 
 448 
 
 LIN 
 
 marble. Here is a manufacture of woolen cloths, 
 and it is famous for excellent cheese. In the 
 neighbourhood are quarries of different kinds of 
 marble, and good mines of calamine coal. Lim- 
 burg was taken by the French in 1793; but in 
 1814 they delivered it up to the allies. It is seat- 
 ed on a mountain near the river Weze, 20 m. E. 
 of Liege. Long. 6. 3. E., lat. 50. 28. N. 
 
 Limburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau, with a fine cathedral. The Austrians 
 defeated the French on the heights near this 
 place in 1766. It is seated on the Lahn, 26 m. 
 N. W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Lime, a town in Dorsetshire. See Lyme Regis. 
 
 Limekilns, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, on 
 the coast of the Forth. It is famous for great 
 lime-works, has a good tide harbour for small 
 vessels, and is 4 m. S. W. of Dumferrnline. 
 
 Limerick, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Munster, bounded on the N. by the river 
 Shannon, which separates it from the county of 
 Clare, W. by Kerry, S. by Cork, and E. by Tip- 
 perary. It is 50 English m. long, from E. to W., 
 and 32 broad from N. to S., and contains an area 
 of 970 square m. with 218,432 inhabitants, ex- 
 clusive of the city of Limerick. It is divided into 
 10 baronies, and 125 parishes, and sends two 
 members to parliament. The principal rivers are 
 the Deel, Maig, Comogue, Feale, Gal, and Black- 
 water, besides the noble river Shannon, which 
 may rather be said to flow by the county. The 
 surface of the county is tolerably level, but shel- 
 tered on the S. E. by a range of mountains called 
 the Galteas ; and the fertility of the soil is prover- 
 bial. To the N. of the Galteas lies the tract of 
 land denominated for its fertility the Golden 
 Vein, and on the banks of the Shannon lie the 
 earlaghs, or swamps, on which a quantity of man- 
 ure is annually deposited by the overflowing of 
 the river. 
 
 Limerick, a city of Ireland capital of the above 
 county, and generally considered the metropolis 
 of the province of Munster. It was formerly well 
 fortified, and reckoned the second city in the 
 kingdom, but has long since yielded that rank to 
 Cork. Limerick is a county of itself, and a 
 bishop's see, and is divided into the Irish and 
 English town, the latter being built on an island 
 of the Shannon called King's Island. The inhab- 
 itants are estimated at upwards of 40,000, and it 
 has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The 
 linen, woolen, and paper manufactures are carried 
 on to a great extent ; and the export of provisions 
 is considerable. Besides the cathedral and other 
 churches, it has a modern episcopal palace, many 
 hospitals, and other handsome public structures. 
 King William was obliged to raise the siege of 
 this city in 1690; but in 1691, the garrison sur- 
 rendered on a very honorable capitulation. It is 40 
 m. S. S. E. of Galway,and 94 W. S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Limerick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,426; p.v. 
 Jefferson Co. N. Y. and a township of Montgom- 
 ery Co. Pa. 25 m. W. Philadelphia. 
 
 Limestone, a county of Alabama, on Tennessee 
 river. Pop. 14,843. Athens is the capital. 
 
 Limington, p.t. York Co. Me. on the Saco, 22 m. 
 W. Portland. Pop. 2,320. 
 
 Limmat, a river of Switzerland, formed by the 
 junction of the Mat and the Linth, the former 
 issuing from the N. W. extremity of the lake 
 Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from the S. 
 The Limmat flows N. W., passes through the 
 lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aar below 
 Baden 
 
 Limne, or Limpne, a village in Kent. Eng. near it 
 are the remains of a fortress called Stutfall Castle. 
 It was formerly a port, but is now 2 m. from the 
 sea. The Roman road from Canterbury, called 
 Stanes Street, ended here. 3m.S. W.ofHithe, 
 and 64 S. E. of London. 
 
 Limoges, an ancient town of France, depart 
 ment of Upper Vienne. It is a trading place, and 
 the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It is 
 seated on the Vienne, 110 m. E. of Bordeaux. 
 Long. 1.20. E., lat. 45. 50. N. 
 
 Limosin, or Limousin, a late province of France, 
 divided into the Upper and Lower Limosin, the 
 former of which is cold and hilly, but the latter 
 is temperate and fertile. It contains mines of 
 lead, copper, tin, and iron, and now forms the 
 departments of Upper Vienne and Correze. 
 
 Limoux, a town of France, department of 
 Aude, with manufactures of woolen, leather, and 
 soap. It is seated on the Aude, 50 m. S. E. of 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Lincoln, a city and the capital of Lincolnshire, 
 Eng. It is situate on the river Witham, is divi- 
 ded into Upper and Lower Town, and has two 
 suburbs. Formerly it contained 52 churches, now 
 reduced to 15. It is a bishop's see, and the dio- 
 cese, though much reduced, is still the largest in 
 England. The cathedral stands on the brow of 
 the hill, and is admired for its rich and light arch- 
 itecture. The great bell of the cathedral, called 
 Tom of Lincoln, required 15 able men to ring it, 
 but has been forbidden to be used, in consequence 
 of the decay of the tower in which it hangs. 
 Here are several meeting-houses for different de- 
 nominations of dissenters, a catholic chapel, a 
 national school erected in 1814, and several other 
 schools and charitable institutions. Of the castle, 
 built by William I., few vestiges remain, but the 
 ruins of religious houses are so numerous that 
 the very barns, stables, &c, are built with arch- 
 ed doors and windows. Newport Gate, on the N. 
 side of the city still remains, and is one of the 
 noblest remnants of Roman architecture left in 
 Britain. Lincoln is a county of itself, governed 
 by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought 
 by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool, 
 which are sent by the Witham. Here is a small 
 manufacture of camlets. It is 32 m. N. E. of 
 Nottingham, and 131 N. by W. of London. Long. 
 0. 25. W., lat. 15. 53. N. 
 
 Lincoln, a county of Maine, on the Kennebec 
 and washed by the ocean. Pop. 57,181. Wis- 
 cassetis the capital ; a county of N. Carolina on 
 the Catawba. Pop. 22,625. Lincolnton is the cap 
 ital ; a county of Georgia, on the Savannah. Pop. 
 6,137. Lincolnton is the capital ; a county of 
 Kentucky on Green river. Pop. 11,012. Stanford 
 is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee, on 
 Elk river. Pop. 22,086. Fayetteville is the capi- 
 tal ; a countyof Missouri on the Mississippi. Pop 
 4,060. Troy is the capital. 
 
 Lincoln, a township of Grafton Co. N. H. Pop 
 50; a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 639; a 
 town in Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 709 ; and a 
 town in Mercer Co. Ken. 
 
 Lincolnshire, a large maritime county of Eng 
 land, bounded on the N. by the Humber, which 
 divides it from Yorkshire. It contains 2,888 sq. 
 m., is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parishes ; 
 has one city, and 31 market towns ; and sends 12 
 members to parliament. The coast is flat, and 
 at low water may be seen the submarine relics of a 
 forest, which is a great natural curiosity. The 
 principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Witham, 
 
LIN 
 
 449 
 
 LIP 
 
 Welland, and Ancholm. This country is divided 
 into three districts, called Holland, Kesteven, and 
 Lindsey. The air is various. The soil, in many 
 places, is very rich, the inland part producing corn 
 in great plenty, and the fens coleseed, and very 
 rich pastures ; whence their breed of cattle is larger 
 than that of any other county of England, except 
 Somersetshire ; their horses are also excellent, 
 and very large ; their sheep are not only of the 
 largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick 
 . wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and coarse 
 woolen manufactures, and many of the unimprov- 
 ed fens are devoted to the rearing of geese, the 
 quills and feathers of which are sent in immense 
 quantities to the London and other markets. In 
 the N. W. part, the rivers Trent, Dune, and Idle, 
 form an island, called .Axholm, which is a rich 
 tract, and produces much flax. To the N. E. is 
 a large tract of heathy land, called the Wolds, 
 in which great flocks of sheep are bred. The 
 southern portion is for the most part enclosed 
 and well inhabited. Lincolnshire has no consid- 
 erable manufactures, and its trade is almost con- 
 fined to the exchange of its produce for manufac- 
 tured and grocery goods, and other consumable 
 commodities. 
 
 Lincolnton, towns in Lincoln Co. N. C. and 
 Lincoln Co. Geo. 
 
 Lindau, a town of Bavaria, with a castle and 
 wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French 
 took possession of this city in 179G ; and it became 
 subject to Bavaria in 1805. It is a trading place, 
 seated on an island of the lake of Constance, join, 
 ed to the mainland by a long bridge, 25 m. E. S. 
 E. of Constance, and 75 S. W. of Augsburg. 
 Long. 9. 41. E., lat. 47. 32. N. 
 
 Lindau, a town and castle of Germany, in the 
 principality of Anhalt-Kothen, 5 m. N. of 
 Zerbst. 
 
 Lindeness. See Naze. 
 
 Linden, p. v. Marengo Co. Alabama. 
 
 Lindenfels, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, 22 m. N. N. E. of Manheim. 
 
 Lhidleystown, p. v. Steuben Co. N. Y 
 
 Lindisfarne. See Holy Island. 
 
 Lingen, a county of Germany, in Westphalia, 
 divided into Upper and Lower, and partly belong- 
 ing to Prussia, and partly to Hanover. 
 
 Lingen, a town of Hanover, with an excellent 
 Calvmist academy. A little to the N. of it is a 
 passage over the Elbe, called the Lingen Ferry. 
 It is seated on the Elbe. 40 m. N. N. W. of 
 Munster. 
 
 Lin-keang , a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kiang-si. It is thinly inhabit- 
 ed ; but it is of some note, on account of one of 
 its villages being the general mart for all the 
 drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on the 
 Yu-fio, 410 m. N. by E. of Canton. Long 115. 
 0. E., lat. 27. 58. N. 
 
 Linkioping , a government of Sweden, corres- 
 ponding nearly to the old province of East Goth- 
 land. It lies along the Baltic, and contains 3,280 
 sq. m. with 160,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Linkioping, a town of Sweden, capital of the 
 foregoing government, and a bishop's see. It is 
 defended by a castle, and stands on the river 
 Stoeng, near the lake Roxen, 112 m. S. W. of 
 Stockholm. 
 
 Linlithgow, a borough of Scotland, capital of 
 Linlithgowshire, seated on a rising ground, over- 
 looking a lake at its E. end. It has manufactures 
 of leather, and in the neighbourhood are an ex- 
 tensive printfield, bleachfield, and two distille- 
 57 
 
 ries. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their 
 noblest palaces, now in ruins ; but the room is 
 still shown in which queen Mary was born. Lin 
 lithgow is 17 m. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 33. 
 W., lat. 56. 0. N. 
 
 Linlithgowshire, or West Lothian, a county of 
 Scotland, 20 m. long and 12 broad; bounded on the 
 N. by the frith of Forth, S. E. by Edinburghshire. 
 S. W. by Lanarkshire, and N. W. by^ Stirling- 
 shire. It is divided into 13 parishes, and con- 
 tains about 20,000 inhabitants. The surface is 
 finely diversified with hill and dale : it is fertile 
 in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron, lime- 
 stone, and lead. The chief rivers are the Avon, 
 and Amond. 
 
 Liunhe, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast 
 of Scotland, which separates the counties of 
 Argyle and Inverness. Itextendsina N. E. di- 
 rection from the sound of Mull to Fort William, 
 where it takes a northerly direction, and acquires 
 the name of Loch Eil. Another branch, in a south- 
 easterly direction, is called Loch Leven. This 
 lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains. 
 Tiie island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in 
 it are interspersed several smaller ones. 
 
 Linnich, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 duchy of Juliers; seated on the river Roer, 5 m. 
 N. N. W. of Juliers. 
 
 Lin-tchein, a city of China, of the second rank, 
 in the province of Chan-tong, seated on the grea; 
 canal. Here is an octagonal tower, divided into 
 eight stories, the walls of which are covered on 
 the outside with porcelain. 187 m. S. of Pekin. 
 
 Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated 
 on the river Granton, 10 m. S. E. of Cambridge 
 and 40 IN. by E. of London. 
 
 Linlz, the capital of Upper Austria, and a bish 
 op's see, has two castles, and considerable woolen 
 manufactures. The French became masters of it 
 in 1741 and again in 1800. It is seated on the 
 right bank of the Danube, over which is a wooden 
 bndore, 96 m. W. of Vienna. Long. 14. 16. £., 
 lat. 48. 21. N. 
 
 Lintz, a town and citadel of the Prussian states, 
 in the late electorate of Cologne, seated on the 
 Rhine, 23 m. S. S. E. of Cologne. 
 
 Lions, Gulf of, in the Mediterranean, lying along- 
 the French coast between Spain and Italy. It 
 was named thus from the furious storms to which 
 it is subject, yet is commonly incorrectly written 
 Lyons, as if called after the city of that name 
 which is nearly 200 m. inland. 
 
 Lipari Islands, a cluster of islands in the Med- 
 iterranean, lying to the N. of Sicily, to which 
 they politically belong. They are all of volcanic 
 orio-in, were feigned to be the residence of ^Eofus 
 ana Vulcan, and formerly called iEolian Islands. 
 They are 12 in number; and nearly as follows, 
 in the order of their size : Lipari, Stromboli, Vol- 
 cano, Salini, Felicuda, Alicuda, Panaria, Volcan- 
 ello, Vacheluse, Lisca, Dattolo, and Tila Navi. 
 They produce great quantities of alum, sulphur, 
 nitre, cinnabar, and most kinds of fruits, particu- 
 larly raisins, currants, and figs. Some of their 
 wines are much esteemed, particularly the Mal- 
 vasia. 
 
 Lipari, the largest and most fertile of the Lipari 
 islands, about 15 m. in circumference. It has not 
 suffered from subterraneous fires for ages past 
 though it every where bears the marks of its for- 
 mer volcanic state. It abounds with the currant 
 grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quanti- 
 ties of pumice are exported. It has a town of 
 the same name, which is a bishop s see, and stands 
 2 p2 
 
LIS 
 
 450 
 
 LIS 
 
 on the S. E. side of the island, 26 m. N. N. E. of 
 Patti, in Sicily. Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 38. 35. N. 
 
 Lipno, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Ploczko, 33 m. N. N. W. of Ploczko. 
 
 Lipourec, a town of Poland, in the palatinate ol 
 Cracow, 22 m. W. of Cracow. 
 
 Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which flows W. 
 by Paderborn, Lippstadt, Ham, and Dorsten, and 
 joins the Rhine above Wesel. 
 
 Lippe- Detmold, a principality of Germany, in 
 Westphalia, bounded by the Prussian states and 
 Hanover, and containing an area of 430 square 
 ni. with 73,000 inhabitants. It is mountainous 
 almost throughout, and contains large forests ot 
 oak and beech. 
 
 Lippspring, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 near the source of the Lippe, 6 m. N. of Pader- 
 born. 
 
 Lippstadt, a strong town of Westphalia, with a 
 good trade in timber. It stands on the river Lip- 
 pe, 18 m. W. of Paderborn. Long. 8. 28. E., lat. 
 51.41. N 
 
 Lique, a town of France, department of Pas de 
 Calais, 12 m. W. of St. Omer. 
 
 Liqueo, Liquieux, or Likeo Islands. See Loo- 
 koo. 
 
 Liria, a town of Spain, in tne province of Val- 
 encia, the Edera of the Carthagenians, and the 
 Edeta of the Romans. It has manufactures of 
 linen, soap, and earthenware ; also brandy distil- 
 leries. 20 m. N. N. W. of Valencia. 
 
 Lis, a river of Asiatic Russia, which rises in a 
 lake of the same name, and falls into the Yenisei. 
 Long. 90. 14. E., lat. 62. 20. N. 
 
 Lis, a river which rises in France, in the de- 
 partment of Pas de Calais, flows by Aire, St. Ve- 
 nant, and Armentieres, into Flanders, where it 
 passes by Menin, Courtray, and Deynse, and 
 joins the Scheldt at Ghent 
 
 Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, and the see o( 
 a patriarch and an archbishop, with a university. 
 It is seated on the N. side of the Tagus, 10 m. 
 from its mouth, and built in the form of an am- 
 phitheatre, on seven hills, not broad, but six in. 
 in length. The city is walled round, and it has 
 so increased by degrees, particularly towards the 
 W., that the old walls now divide the two dio- 
 ceses ; the E. part under the archbishop, and the 
 W. under the patriarch. The harbour, which is 
 capable of containing 1 ,000 ships in the greatest 
 safety, is defended by two forts; and before the 
 entrance to the city is the fort of Belem. Near 
 this is a grand aqueduct, between two hills, which 
 conveys water to a great reservoir at one of the 
 extremities of Lisbon. In the middle of the city, 
 on one of the hills, is a citadel, which commands 
 the whole place. The cathedral, on another emi- 
 nence, is ancient and gloomy ; but the riches of 
 the Portuguese have rendered it magnificent. 
 The royal palace, which fronts the river, is large 
 and magnificent, and contains a library, collected 
 at vast expense by John V. Lisbon was almost 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, but has been 
 handsomely rebuilt. It contains many beautiful 
 edifices, 40 parish churches, 9!) chapels, 75 con- 
 vents of both sexes, and about 200,000 inhabitants. 
 There are public walks, two theatres, and a circus 
 for the bull-fights. The manufactures are in a 
 backward state, but the trade is very considerable, 
 and many foreign merchants, both catholic and 
 protestant, reside here ; this city beingthe grand 
 magazine of all goods brought from Brazil, and 
 the colonies belonging to Portugal. In December 
 1807 it was entered by the French, who retained 
 
 possession till August 1808, when they evacuated 
 it after the battle of Vimeira, in which they were 
 defeated by the British. The inhabitants of Lis- 
 bon are described as superstitious, vindictive, and 
 meanly acquiescing under power. In the early 
 part of the revolution they made a noble stand 
 for freedom, but have since submitted without 
 resistance to the usurper Don Miguel. See Por- 
 tugal. 178 m. W. bv N. of Seville, and 255 S. 
 by W. of Madrid. Long. 9. 5. W., lat. 38. 42. N. 
 
 Lisbon, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Andioscog- 
 gin. Pop. 2,432. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H 80 m. N. 
 W. Concord. Pop. 1,585. p.t. New London Co. 
 Conn. 7 m. N. Norwich. Pop. 1,166. p.t. St 
 Lawrence, Co. N. Y. on the St. Lawrence, 3 m 
 below Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,891. also a village of 
 Lincoln Co. Geo. on the Savannah. 
 
 Li.sburn, p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Lisburn, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Antrim, with manufactures of linen, cloth, mus- 
 lin, and cambric. It is seated on the Laggan, 8 
 m. S. W. of Belfast. 
 
 Lisca, or Lisca Bianca, one of the Lipari isl- 
 ands, 3 m. S. W. of Stromboli. It is a small des- 
 ert spot. 
 
 Lislcni, a town of France, department of Calva- 
 dos. It has a good trade, particularly in linen 
 cloth, and is seated on the Touque, 12 m. from 
 the sea,and 40 S. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 14. E., 
 lat. 49. 9. N. 
 
 Lisle, a strong city of France, in the department 
 of Nord, and one of the most commercial towns 
 in France. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 60,000. Its citadel is supposed to be the strong- 
 est in Europe, next to that of Turin. The streets 
 and squares are adorned with noble buildings, 
 particularly the Great Square and the Little 
 Square ; and among the public structures are the 
 exchange, a magazine of vast extent, and a gene- 
 ral hospital. The manufactures are numerous, 
 comprising camlets, serges, cotton, linen, silk, 
 velvet, lace, &c. Lisle was taken by the allies 
 in 1708 ; but was restored by the treaty of Utrecht, 
 in 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the 
 fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1782 it sustained a 
 severe bombardment from the Austrians. It is 
 seated in a rich and marshv soil, on the Deule 
 18 m. E. of Tournay, and 145 N. N. E. of Paris 
 Long. 3. 4. E . lat. 50. 38. N. 
 
 Lisle, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 4.393. 
 
 Lismore, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, at 
 the entrance of Loch Mull, on the coast of Argyle- 
 shire. It has a fertile island, 9 m. long and 2 
 broad, and was anciently the residence of the 
 bishop of Argyle. 
 
 Lismore, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Waterford, and a bishop's see united to Water- 
 ford. The cathedral is spacious and handsome, 
 but the town is now a small place. It stands on 
 the Blackwater, 26 m. N. K. of Cork. 
 
 Lisonzo, a river of Austrian Italy, in Frinli, 
 which enters the gulf of Trieste. 
 
 Lissa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the 
 coast of Austrian Dalmatia. Here is a fishery of 
 pilchards and anchovies, and it produces excellent 
 wine and abundance of oil and almonds. It is 56 
 m. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 42. 59 
 N. 
 
 Lissa, a town of Prussian Poland, near the 
 borders of Silesia. In 1707 it was laid waste by 
 the Russians ; but it has been rebuilt, with great 
 improvement, and carries on a great trade. It is 
 65 m. W. of Kaliseh. Long. 16. 35. E , lat. 52. 0. 
 N 
 
LIT 
 
 451 
 
 LIV 
 
 Lissa, a village of Prussian Silesia, on the 
 Weistritz, 6 m. N. W. of Breslau, celebrated for 
 a victory gained by the Prussians over the Aus- 
 trians in 1757. 
 
 Litchfield, a city of Staffordshire, Eng. It is a 
 county of itself, and, united with Coventry, forms 
 an episcopal see. It has 3 parish churches, be- 
 sides the cathedral, which is a beautiful structure, 
 and walled in like a castle. Litchfield is the 
 birthplace of two celebrated contemporaries, Sam- 
 uel Johnson and David Garrick. The city is 
 governed by two bailiffs, &c, and sends 2 mem- 
 bers to parliament. It is seated on both sides of 
 a small river, which soon afterwards joins the 
 Trent, 16 m. N. of Birmingham, and 119 N. W. 
 of London. Long. 1. 44. W.,lat. 52. 41. N. 
 
 Litchfield, a mountainous county of Connecti- 
 cut, bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Hartford 
 county, S. E. by New Haven county, S. W. by 
 Fairfield county, and W. by New York. 
 The soil is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat 
 and Indian corn, and affording fine pasture. Pop. 
 42,855. 
 
 Litchfield, the capital of the above county, sit- 
 uated in an elevated plain. It is a good agricul- 
 tura 1 town, and contains numerous mills and 
 manufacturing establishments. 8 m. N. N. W. 
 of New Haven. Pop. 4,458. 
 
 Litchfield, a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H. 
 Pop. 505 ; a township of Herkimer Co. N. Y. 10 m. 
 S. Utica. Pop. 1.750; p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 
 2,303, also villages in Bradford Co. Pa. and Gray- 
 son Co. Ken. 
 
 Lithuania, the former name of an extensive 
 tract of country lying between Poland and Rus- 
 sia, now forming the three Russian governments 
 of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It was divided 
 into Lithuania Proper and Samogitia; and in 
 1569 was united to Poland, under one elective 
 kinc. It is a flat country, fertile in corn, Uud 
 produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities 
 of wool ; also excellent little horses which are 
 never shod, their hoofs being very hard. There 
 are vast forests in which are bears, wolves, elks, 
 A'ild oxen, lynxes, beavers, wild cats, &c. ; and 
 eagles and vultures are very common. 
 
 LUiz. a village of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster 
 county, and a settlement of the Moravians, GO in. 
 W. by N. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Litschau, a town and castle of Austria, on the 
 frontiers of Bohemia, 23 m. N. W. of Horn. 
 
 Lilian, a town of Moravia on the river March, 
 9 m. N. N. E. of Olmutz. 
 
 Little Britain, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Little Comptun, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the 
 eastern point of Narraganset Bay. Pop. 1,378. 
 
 Little Creek, a township of Sussex Co. Del. 
 
 Little Egg Harbour, a township of Burlington 
 Co. N. Y. lying upon the sea; with a harbour and 
 river of the same name, navigable for small craft. 
 
 Little Falls, a village of Herkimer Co. N. Y. 
 on the Mohawk. 8 m. below Herkimer. 
 
 Little Plymouth, p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va. 
 GO m. N. E v Richmond. 
 
 Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas Territory, 
 so nam-ed by antiphrasis from the enormous mas- 
 ses of rock around it. The town stands on the 
 southern bank of Arkansas river, 120 m. from the 
 mouth of the stream. 400 m. S. W. St. Louis, 
 300 N. W. Natchez. Lat. 34. 17. N., and 1,068 m. 
 W. of Washington. 
 
 Littleton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- 
 necticut. 75 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1,435. p.t. 
 Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 
 
 947. p.v. Sussex Co. Va. 36 m. S. E. Rich 
 mond. 
 
 Little Valley, a township of Cattaraugus Co. N. 
 Y. Pop. 337. 
 
 Little York, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio. 77 m. 
 S. W. Columbus ; p.v. Harding Co. Ken. 90 m. S. 
 W. Frankfort. 
 
 Livadia, a province of Independent Greece, to 
 the north of the Morea, comprising Attica, Bceo- 
 tia, Phocis and Locris. The town of the same 
 name is situate E. of Mount Helicon. 50 m N. VV. 
 Athens. Pop. 4,000. 
 
 Livenza, a river of Austrian Italy, which runs 
 on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and en- 
 ters the gulf of Venice between the mouth of the 
 Piava and the town of Caorlo. 
 
 Livermore, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. E. 
 Paris. Pop. 2,456. 
 
 Liverpool, a city in Lancashire, Eng. with mar- 
 kets on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Up 
 to the close of the seventeenth century it was a 
 very inconsiderable place, having only one 
 church, which was a chapel of ease to Walton, a 
 village 3 m. off. In 1669 an act was passed to 
 make it a distinct parish, and erect a new church. 
 Since this period it lias been gradually advancing 
 in importance ; and, with respect to population 
 and commerce, it is become the second port in the 
 kingdom. It extends 3 m. along the E. bank of 
 the river Mersey, and about a mile in average 
 breadth; contains 23 churches and chapels for the 
 establishment, a much greater number of meet- 
 ing-houses for dissenters, five Roman catholic 
 chapels, and a Jews synagogue. Among the 
 public buildings, which comprise numerous speci- 
 mens of architectural taste, the most important 
 arc the town-hall, exchange buildings, lyceum, 
 Wellington rooms, corn exchange, infirmary, St. 
 John's market, blue coat school, dispensary, asy- 
 lum for the blind, theatre, athenaeum, music hail, 
 news room, custom-house, and a borough gaol on 
 the Howardian plan. The streets are generally 
 spacious, some of them elegant, and the greater 
 part lighted with gas. At the head of the insti- 
 tutions for literary and scientific pursuits is the 
 Royal Liverpool Institution, opened in 1817 at an 
 expense of £30,000. To enumerate the asylums 
 for the wretched and unfortunate, of every de- 
 scription and denomination, would be altogether 
 incompatible with our limits. The increase and 
 prosperity of Liverpool have been greatly promo- 
 ted by the enterprise and skill of its inhabitants, 
 by its local advantages, commanding the trade of 
 Ireland and America, and by the wisdom of the 
 corporation in abolishing all exclusive laws, and 
 encouraging every species of industry and com- 
 mercial talent. The principal manufactures, be- 
 sides those connected with the shipping, which 
 employ an immense number of persons, are fine 
 porcelain, watches, glass, iron, salt, copperas, &c. 
 The watch movement and tool business is almost 
 confined to this part of the country ; and the 
 breweries, soap-works, brass and iron founderies, 
 sugar-houses, &c, are on an extensive scale. 
 Few towns possess accommodations for shipping 
 at all comparable to Liverpool : it has, at present, 
 six docks, the Dry Dock, Salthouse Dock, King's 
 Dock, Queen's Dock, George's Dock, Prince's 
 Dock, North Dock, and Brunswick Dock, which 
 with their basins occupy nearly 100 acres of land. 
 The estuary of the Mersey may be properly term- 
 ed an arm of the sea, opening to this port a ready 
 access to the Western Sea, and ships of any bur- 
 den may come up fully laden to the town; whiL 
 
LLA 
 
 452 
 
 LOA 
 
 the system of canal navigation opens a communi- 
 cation inland with all parts of the kingdom. This 
 po.v is now estimated to engross a fourth part of 
 the foreign trade of Britain, a sixth of its general 
 trade, and to furnish one-twelfth of the shipping : 
 its customs amount to nearly £4,000,000, and its 
 exports exceed even those of the metropolis. 
 The town is governed by a mayor, and sends two 
 members to parliament. 48 m. S. of Lancaster, 
 and 206 N. W. of London. Long. 3. W., lat. 53 
 22. N. 
 
 Liverpool, a town of Nova Scotia, in Queen's 
 county, with a harbour at the mouth of a river of 
 its name, 58 m. N. W. of Halifax. Long. 64. 15 
 W., lat. 44. 10. N. 
 
 Liverpool, villages in Onondaga Co. N. Y., 
 Perry and York Cos. Pa. and Medina Co. Ohio. 
 
 Livingston, a county of New York, on Genesee 
 river. Pop. 27,709. Genesee is the capital ; a 
 county of Kentucky on the Tennessee and Ohio. 
 Pop. (1,607. Salem is the capital. 
 
 Livingston^ a township of Columbia Co. N. Y. 
 on the l1udson,40 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,087 ; also 
 a village in Essex Co. N. J. 
 
 Liringst.onrUlc, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 
 
 Livonia, a province of Russia, which, with that 
 of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and 
 possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and, for 
 more than two centuries, was a perpetual scene 
 of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested 
 from the Swedes by Peter the Great, was con- 
 firmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt in 
 1721, and now forms the government of Riga, or 
 Livonia. It is 250 m. long and 150 broad ; 
 bounded on the N. by the government of Estho- 
 nia, and S. by Courland. The land is fertile, but 
 is only partially cultivated : the products are rye, 
 barley, flax, and linseed. In the forests are 
 wolves, bears, elks, reindeer, stags, and hares. 
 The domestic animals are numerous ; but the 
 sheep bear very bad wool. The peasantry are in 
 a state of great degradation. 
 
 Livonia, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y.,20 m. S. W. 
 Oanandaigua. Pop. 2,665. Also a village in 
 Washington Co. Indiana. 
 
 Lizard, a peninsula on the S. coast of Cornwall 
 arid the most southern point of land in England. 
 On it are two light-houses, and the Lizard Point 
 is in long. 5. 11. W., lat. 49. 58. N. 
 
 Lizier, St., a town of France, department of 
 Arrieo-e; seated on the Salat, 50 m. S E. ofAuch. 
 Long. 1. 9. E., lat. 43. 0. N. 
 
 Llanarth, a town of Wales, in Cardiganshire, 
 15 m. E. by N. of Cardigan, and 223 W. by N. of 
 London. 
 
 Llanbeder, a corporate town of Wales, in Card- 
 iganshire, with a considerable traffic in horses, 
 cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and raw 
 hides. It is seated on the Teife, over which is a 
 bridge into Caermarthenshire, 27 m. E. of Cardi- 
 ganfand 209 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Llandaf, an ancient city of Wales, in Glam- 
 organshire, being an episcopal see, but it is a 
 small place, and has no market. The body of its 
 ancient cathedral was rebuilt in 1751, but with- 
 out cross aisles. Near it are some ruins of the 
 ancient castellated mansion of the bishop. It is 
 seated on the Taafe, and has the benefit of a tolera- 
 bly good harbour, which opens into the Severn. 
 2m. N. W. of Qardiff, and 163 W. of London. 
 Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 51. 29. N. 
 
 Lhmdilo-vaicr, a town of Wales, in Caermar- 
 thenshire, with a considerable manufacture of 
 Hannel. Near it are the picturesque remains of 
 
 Dinevwar Castle, formerly the residence of the 
 native princes of Wales. It is seated on the side 
 of a hill, on the river Towy, 13 m. E. of Car- 
 marthen, and 202 W. of London. 
 
 Llandovery, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen 
 shire. It is seated on the Towy, at its conflux 
 with the Braun, 26 m E. N. E. of Caermarthen, 
 and 191 W. of London. 
 
 Llanelly, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen- 
 shire, with a considerable trade in iron and coal, 
 seated on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 16 in. 
 S. S. E. of Caermarthen, and 217 W. of Lon 
 don. 
 
 Llanfair, a town of Wales. It is seated on the 
 banks of the rivers Verniew, 14 m. W. of New- 
 ton, and 180 W. by N. of London . 
 
 Llanfyllain, a town of Wales, in Montgomery 
 shire, sealed in a flat, among hills, near the river 
 Cain, 15 m. N. by W. of Montgomery, and ]8f 
 W. of London. 
 
 Llnngaddoc, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen 
 shire, 18 m. E.byN.of Caermarthen, and 195 
 W. of London. 
 
 Llangollen, a town of Wples, in Denbighshire 
 Near it, on a steep mountain, are the remains of 
 Castle Dinas, once astong place ; and about 2 m. 
 distant is the beautiful ruin of Valle Crucis ar>- 
 bey. The town stands on the Dee, .-»ver which 
 is a beautiful ancient bridge, 2 m. C S. W. of 
 Wrexham, and 182 N. W. London. 
 
 L'anidloes,atown of Wales,in Uenbigi.shir* with 
 a considerable manufacture of fine flannels &c 
 It is seated at the confluence of the Severn an * 
 Clewedog, 13 m. S. W. of Newton, and 18t IS 
 W. of London. 
 
 Llanrwst, a town of Wales, in Denbijrhsl. r* 
 Here are two churches, and the town is the c ■». 
 tre of the business of the vale of Conway. It i 
 seated on the Conway, over which is a bridge 
 into Caernarvonshire, 20 m. W. S. W. of Den 
 bigh, 220 N. W. of London. 
 
 Llantrisscnt, a town of Wales, in Glamorgan 
 shire. It had a castle, which is nearly destroyed 
 12 m. N. W of Cardiff, and 171 W. of Lon 
 don. 
 
 Llavgharm,a town of Wales, in Caermarthen- 
 shire. S It stands at the mouth of the Towy, where. 
 on a low rock, are the ruins of an ancient castle ; 
 and on the other side the river are the remains 
 of that of Lanstephan. Llaugharm is 7 m. S 
 W. of Caermarthen, and 223 W. by N. of Lon 
 don. 
 
 Llerrna, a town of Spain, in Estremaaura. 63 
 m. N. of Seville. 
 
 Lloydsvillc, p.v. Otsego Co. N. Y. 90 m. W 
 Albany. 
 
 Llwgor, or Llychioyr, a corporate town of 
 Wales, in Glamorganshire, on the left bank of s 
 river of the same name. It was the Leucarum, 
 of Antoninus. 312 m. W. of London. 
 
 Lo, St., a. town of France, department of La 
 Manche, with manufactures of serges, shal- 
 loons, ribands, and gold and silver lace ; seated 
 on the Vire, 125 m. W. by N. of Paris. 
 
 Loando, capital of the Portuguese settlement 
 in Angola. It has a good harbour formed by the 
 island of Loando, lying a little off the coast 
 The town is large and handsome, considering- 
 the country, containing 3,000 houses, built of 
 stone, and covered with tiles, beside a vast num- 
 ber of huts made of straw and earth. 260 in. 
 S. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 15. E., la* 
 8. 50. S. 
 
 Loando, an island in the Atlantic near the coas/ 
 
LOG 
 
 453 
 
 LOD 
 
 of Angola, about 20 m. long and only one broad, 
 and divided from the continent by a narrow chan- 
 nel. Goats and sheep are numerous. It produ- 
 ces no grain, but yields the best water in all the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 Loango, a kingdom of Western Africa, to the 
 N. of the river Zaire or Congo. It includes Loan- 
 go proper, and the districts of Mayomba and 
 Malembo, which are subject to the king of Loan- 
 go : and is said to extend more than 400 m. along 
 the coast, from the Zaire to Cape St. Catherine. 
 The climate is said to be very fine, and never 
 suoject to hurricanes, nor even to violent winds. 
 Rain rarely occurs, but the dews are sufficient 
 for vegetation. The land is fertile, yielding with 
 very little of agricultural skill or labour, three 
 crops of millet in a year. The potato and yam 
 are abundant; and there are a great number of 
 trees whence palm-wine is drawn. The women 
 cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest. 
 The inhabitants are well-made, mild, and tracta- 
 ble. 
 
 Lanugo, the capital of the above kingdom, with 
 a frarbour, ;it the mouth of the Quilla. The streets 
 are wide, and lined with palm-trees, bananas, 
 and bacava. The houses are oblong, and have 
 only a ground floor; separated from each other, 
 and fenced round with a hedge of palm-twigs, 
 canes, or bulrushes. In the centre of the city is 
 a large square, fronting the royal palace, which 
 forms another square, a mile and a half in com- 
 pass, surrounded by a palisado of stately palm- 
 trees. The principal trade consists in elephants' 
 teeth, pahn-cloth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and 
 slaves. It is 230 m. VV. IN. W. of St. Salvador. 
 Long. 12.30. E., lat. 4. 40. S. 
 
 Loano. or Loeano, a town of the Sardinian 
 states, in the territory of Genoa, near the sea, 6 
 in. S. S. \V. of Finale. 
 
 Lobrta. a tow/i of VV. Prussia, with a castle, 
 where the bishop of Culm resides. 45 m. E. by 
 ft. of Culm. 
 
 Lolui.a, a town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia, 
 which lias a trade in grey, striped and white lin- 
 ens. 13 m. S. E. of Bautzen. 
 
 Lohe7tstci.il, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Voiirtl and. seated on the Lennitz, 22 m. N. N. E. 
 of 5ulmbach; Long. 11. 52. E., lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Luboa, a town of 'Spaing in Estreinadura, seat- 
 ed on the Guadiana, 22 to. E. of Badajoz. 
 
 hob-stadia a town of Saxony in the circle of 
 Meissen, 10 in. S. S. E. of Leipzig. 
 
 Loh'Ur-n, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the. 
 government of Magdeburg. 22 m. E. of Magde- 
 burg. 
 
 L'icatm, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, seated in a fine valley, on the river 
 Or- ), 25 m. S. of Aosta. 
 
 Locarno, a town of Italy, capital of a bailiwic, 
 belonging to the Swiss. It contains three con- 
 vents, and a small Franciscan monastery, on a 
 rock overhanging the valley, and commanding a 
 view of the lake MajTfiore. 56 m. N. by W. of 
 Milan. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 46. 10. N. 
 
 l.ochabar, a district of Scotland, in Inverness- 
 shire, bounded on the E. by Badenoch, W. by 
 Moydart, N. by Glengary, and S. by Lorn. The 
 country is bleak, mountainous and rugged. The 
 inhabitants pay little attention to any commerce, 
 except the sale of their black cattle; and the only 
 finds cultivated are a few acres around the huts 
 of those who tend their flocks. Here the Pre- 
 tender erected his standard in 1745. 
 
 Locker Moss, a morass of Scotland, in Dum- 
 
 fries-shire, 12 m. long and 3 broad, extending down 
 by Dumfries to Solway Frith, and divided into two 
 parts by a river called Locher Water, which 
 abounds with excellent pike. Oak, fir, birch, 
 and hazel trees, also anchors, pieces of vessels,&c. , 
 have been dug up in different parts of this moss 
 
 Loches, a town of France, department of Indre 
 et-Loire, with a strong castle on a rock. In the 
 collegiate church is the tomb of the celebrated 
 Agnes Sorel, mistress of Charles VII., to whose 
 patriotic exhortations that monarch owed almost 
 all his glory. Loches is seated on the Indre, near 
 a forrest, 15 m. S. of Amboise, and 20 S. W. o( 
 Tours. 
 
 Lochmaben, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire, with a manufacture of coarse linen ; seated 
 on the W. side of the Annon,9 m. N. E. of Dum- 
 fries. 
 
 Lochrida, or Ocrida, a town in the province of 
 Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is well 
 fortified, and seated on a hill, near a lake of its 
 name,. 62 m. S. E. of Durazzo. Long. 20. 40. E., 
 lat. 41. 40. N. 
 
 Lochia, a sea-port of Sweden, seated on a bay 
 of the gulf of Bothnia, 30 m. S.of Tornea. Long. 
 24. 1G. E., lat. 04. 20. N. 
 
 Locktoinnoch, a town of Scotland, in Renfrew- 
 shire, with a considerable manufacture of cotton. 
 It is seated on Castle Semple Loch, 6 m. S. W. of 
 Paisley. 
 
 Lochy, Loch, a lake of Scotland in Inverness- 
 shire, 14 m. long, and from one to 2 broad. Out 
 of it flows the River Lochy, which, about a mile 
 below, receives the Spean, and their united 
 stream enters Loch Eil at Fort William. 
 
 Lochenitz, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Brandenburg, on the river Rando, 1G m. N. 
 E. of Prentzio. 
 
 Locke, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 23 m. S. E. Au- 
 burn. Pop. 3,310. 
 
 Lockerby, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire, with a trade in linen and woolen cloth ; 
 seated near the Annan, 12 m. E. by N. of Dumfries. 
 
 Lockport, p.t. .Niagara Co. N. Y. on the Erie 
 Canal. 296 m. W. Albany. Pop.. 3,823. Here 
 are the most remarkable works on the canal, con- 
 sisting of 10 locks overcoming an ascent of GO 
 feet in the canal. Besides these there is an ex- 
 cavation through the mountain ridge for 3 m. 
 cut in the rock. The town is a place of consid- 
 erable trade. Pop. 3.823. 
 
 Lockicood, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 in. N. Tren- 
 ton. 
 
 Lode, a town of Switzerland in an elevated 
 valley of the same name, in the canton of Neuf- 
 chatel, famous for watchmakers, laceweavers, 
 o-oldsmiths, cutlers, and enamellers. It is 9 m. 
 ft. W. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Loddon, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 8 m. S. E. of 
 Norwich, and 112 N. E. of London. 
 
 Lodeve, a town of France, department of He- 
 rault, with manufactures of silk, hats,&c. During 
 the late war it supplied a great part of the dcJi- 
 ing for the army. It is seated on the Largues, 
 30nr. W. by N. of Montpelier. Long. 3. 20. E 
 lat. 43. 43. N. 
 
 Lodl, a town of Austrian Italy, in the govern 
 ment of Milan, capital of a province of the same 
 name, and a bishop's see, with a fortress. It has 
 manufactures of porcelain, and the Parmesan 
 cheese made here is esteemed the best of its kind 
 The French defeated the Austrians at this place in 
 1796; it is seated on the Adda, 18 m. S. E of 
 Milan. Long. 9. 30. E., lat. 45. 18. N. 
 
LOI 
 
 454 
 
 LON 
 
 Lodimont. p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C. 134 m. W. 
 
 Columbus. 
 
 Lodomeria. See Gnlicia. 
 
 Lqffingen, a town of Germany, in Baden, with 
 a medicinal bath. 3 in. W. S. W. of Huiffengen. 
 Lofsta, a town of Sweden, in the province of 
 Upland, with extensive iron works. These works 
 were destroyed by the Russians, in 1710, but have 
 since been again erected. It is 39 m. N. of Upsal. 
 Logan, a county of Ohio. Pop. 6,442. Belle 
 Fontaine is the capital. A county of Kentucky. 
 Pop. 13,002. Russelville is the capital. Also 
 villages in Hocking Co. Ohio. Wayne Co. Mis- 
 souri and Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Logicrait, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 noted for its distillation of whiskey ; seated on 
 the Tummel, 22 m. N. N. W. of Perth. 
 
 Logrono, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Burgos, seated on the Ebro, in a country abound 
 ing with excellent fruits and good wines, 02 m. 
 K. of Buroros, and 155 N. N. E. of Madrid. Long. 
 2. 20. E., lat. 42. 22. N. 
 
 Loirrono, a town of Chile, capital of Melipilla 
 Long". 71. 16. W.,lat. 33. 38. N. 
 
 Lo/iagur, a celebrated fortress of Hindoostan, 
 province of Dovvlatabad, now belonging to the 
 British, 20 m. N. W. of Poona. 
 
 Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on tne 
 coast of the Red Sea. It has a great trade in 
 coffee, brought from the neighbouring hills : in 
 the vicinity is a mountain which affords a con- 
 siderable quantity of mineral salt. It has no har- 
 bour, and the smallest vessels are obliged to an- 
 chor at a distance from the town. ISO m. N. N. 
 W. of Mocha. Long. 42. 50. E., lat. 15. 42. N. 
 
 Loja. See Loxa. 
 
 Loire- et- Cher, a department of France, bounded 
 on the N. E. by the province of Loiret, N. W. by 
 t.'i it of Sarthe, S. by that of Indre, S. E. by that 
 of Cher, and S. W. by that of Indre-et-Loire. It 
 t:ikes its name from the rivers Loire and Cher ; 
 the former of which joins the Sarthe above An 
 gers ; and the latter runs into the Loire, 10 m. 
 below Tours. Blois is the capital. 
 
 Loire, the principal river of France, which rises 
 in the department of Ardeche, and falls into the 
 Atlantic about 40 m. below Nantes, watering a 
 vast plain of more than 600 m. and dividing 
 France almost into two equal parts. By means 
 of the central canal, it establishes a communication 
 between the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and 
 facilitates the commercial operations of the king 
 dom. 
 
 Loire, a department of France, adjoining those 
 of Rhone and isere. It has its name from the 
 river Loire, which flows N. through its whole 
 length. Montbrison is the capital. 
 
 Loire, Upper, a department of France, com- 
 prising the Velay and that part of the Cevennes 
 dependent on the former province of Languedoc. 
 It takes its name from the river Loire, which 
 flows through it from the S. to the N. E. Le 
 Puy is the capital. 
 
 Loire, Infer leiire, a department of France, con- 
 taining part of the ancient province of Bretagne. 
 It has its name from the river Loire, which crosses 
 it from E. to W. and then enters the ocean. 
 Nantes is the capital. 
 
 Loiret, a department of France, comprising part 
 of the former province of Orleanois. It has its 
 name from a small river that runs into the Loire. 
 Orleans is the capital. 
 
 Loitz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with a 
 castle seated on the Peene,25m. S. of Stralsund. 
 
 Loldong, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, on 
 the N. E. border of the province of Dehli, and on 
 the river Pattereah, 8 m. above its conflux with 
 the Ganges, and 100 N. N. E. of Dehli. Long. 
 78. 38. E., lat. 29. 47. N. 
 
 Lokeren, a large town of the Netherlands, in E 
 Flanders, with various manufactures and a con- 
 siderable trade. It is seated on the Darme, 12 ni 
 N. E. of Ghent. 
 
 Lombardo- Venetian-Kingdom, or Austrian Italy, 
 a kingdom of Italy, belonging to the house of 
 Austria. It is bounded on the E. by lllyria, S. 
 E. by the Adriatic, S. by the states of the church, 
 Parma, and Modena, W. by Piedmont, and N. t_* 
 Switzerland and Austria ; and is divided into tV 
 governments of Milan and Venice. The country 
 is well cultivated and is watered by the finest 
 lakes and rivers of Italy. It was erected into a 
 kingdom in 1815; and, though declared to be a 
 monarchy inseparable from the Austrian empire, 
 it has a constitution of its own and a prince of the 
 imperial family at its head, who has the title of 
 viceroy, and resides at Milan. 
 
 Lombardy, p.v. Amelia Co. Va. 50 m. S. W. 
 Richmond ; p.v. Columbia Co. Geo. 64 m. N. E. 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Lombez, a small town of France, department 
 of Gers. It is seated on the Save 27 in. S. W. 
 of Toulouse. 
 
 Lombock, an island of tne East Indies, between 
 Bali and Sumbava, 50 m. long and 45 broad. It 
 is very mountainous, but covered with wood and 
 verdure. At the town of Balli on the E. side, in 
 the straits of Alias, and in the many flourishing 
 villages of the coast, European ships passing to 
 the E. are well supplied. The inhabitants, origi- 
 nally emigrants from Hindoostan, retain most 
 Hindoo customs. 
 
 Lombock, a strait formed by the island of Balli 
 W. and that of Lombock E. The S. entrance is 
 in long. 115. 43. E., and lat. 8. 45. S., where is a 
 large island called Banditti Island, to the W. of 
 which there is no passage. Owing to the extreme 
 rapidity of the tides, navigation is here extremely 
 dangerous 
 
 Lomond, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Dumbar 
 tonshire, 30 m. long and from 1 to 9 wide. It 
 contains several islands, some of which are in- 
 habited, and adorned with antique ruins, concealed 
 among ancient yews : and others rise into high 
 rocky cliffs, the habitation of the osprey. On the 
 E. side is the mountain Benlomond, which rises 
 to the height of 3,240 feet ; and the river Leven 
 issues from its S. extremity. 
 
 Lonato, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- 
 ernment of Milan, 12 m. E. S. E. of Brescia. 
 
 Loncarty, a village of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 signalized by the great victory obtained by the 
 Scots over the Danes, in 970. It has extensive 
 bleaching grounds, and is seated near the Tay, 5 
 m. N. of Perth. 
 
 London, the metropolis of Great Britain, one 
 of the largest and most opulent cities in the world 
 mentioned by Tacitus as a considerable com- 
 mercial place in the reign of the Roman emperor 
 Nero. In its most extensive view, as the metrop- 
 olis, it may be said to consist of five great portions, 
 viz. : the west end of the town, the city, the east 
 end of the town, Westminster, and the borough. 
 The west end of the town is popularly regarded 
 as extending from Charing Cross to Hyde Park 
 and from St. James's Park to Paddington. This 
 is the best and most fashionable portion of the 
 metropolis, and is chiefly occupied by the tow u 
 
LON 
 
 455 
 
 LON 
 
 residences of the nobility and gentry, and fashion- 
 able shops. The city includes the central part, 
 and is the great emporium of commerce. The 
 east end of the town is also devoted to commerce, 
 ship-building, manufactures, &c. The southern 
 bank of the Thames, from Deptford to Lambeth, 
 bears a great resemblance to the east end of the 
 town, being occupied by persons engaged in com- 
 mercial and maritime concerns. London and 
 Westminster are situated in Middlesex, on the N. 
 side of the river Thames. Southwark is situated 
 on the opposite bank, in Surrey. The extent of 
 the whole, from Limehouse and Deptfor< to Mil- 
 bank and Vauxhall, is about 7 m. ; the breadth 
 varies from 3 to 5. 
 
 The extension of this metropolis, since the mid- 
 dle of the last century, has proceeded with un- 
 precedented rapidity, and covered the fields, gar- 
 dens, and marshes in the vicinity of London with 
 new squares and streets. The direction of the 
 principal streets accompanies the course of the 
 river Thames from east to west; and the cross 
 streets run mostly in a transverse direction from 
 north to south. There are two chief lines of 
 streets from west to east : one of which commen- 
 ces ;tt the north side of Hyde Park, and under the 
 successive nainesof Oxford -street, St.. Giles's, Hol- 
 bornj Skinner-street, Newgate-street, Cheapside, 
 Comhill, and Leadenhall-street, is continued to 
 While-chapel and Mile End, on the Essex road , 
 the other begins at the south side of Hyde Park, 
 and consists of Piccadilly, St. James's street, 
 Pall Mall, Charing Cross, the Strand, Fleet-street, 
 Ludgatehill, St. Paul's church-yard, Watling- 
 streel, Cannon-street, and Tower-street : whence 
 crossing Tower-hill, it may be said to be further 
 extended two miles along the river side, in Wap- 
 ping. The streets near the river, ».nd most of 
 the cross ones in the city are very narrow ; the 
 broadest and handsomest are to the north of Ox 
 *brd street and Holborn. They are well paved 
 with granite stones, for the attempts at macad- 
 amizing have not succeeded in London, and on 
 each side with flag-stones for the convenience of 
 foot passengers. The subterranean works, con- 
 structed for the accommodation of the inhabitants, 
 consisting of sewers, drains, water-pipes, and gas- 
 pipes, are most extensive. The houses are most- 
 ly built of brick of a pale colour. The principal 
 squares are Grosvenor, Portman, Berkeley, St. 
 James, Hanover, Manchester, Cavendish, Bed- 
 ford, Russel, Tavistock, Bloomsbury, Montague, 
 Leicester, Bryanston, and Finsbury squares, and 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. Among the public buil- 
 dings, St. Paul's cathedral is the most conspicu- 
 ous. It is 2,292 feet in circumference, and 340 
 in height to the top of the cross, and is inferior to 
 none in Europe except St. Peter's at Rome. It 
 contains monuments of many illustrious individu 
 als, who have done honour to their country by 
 their talents or their virtues. Westminster Ab- 
 bey is a grand specimen of Gothic architecture, 
 said to have been founded by Sebert, king of the 
 East Saxons, in 610. Here most of the English 
 sovereigns have been crowned, and many of them 
 interred. It contains also a great number of mon- 
 uments erected to the memory of kings, states- 
 men, heroes, poets, and persons distinguished by 
 genius, learning, and science. The chapel of 
 Henry VII., adjoining, Leland calls The Wonder 
 of the World. St. Stephen's, Walbrook, is a 
 small church of exquisite beauty, the masterpiece 
 of Sir Christopher Wren. Bow Church in Cheap- 
 side, St. Bride's in Fleet-street, St. Dustan's in 
 
 the East, and several others are worthy of notice : 
 but the far greater number are of plain and ordi- 
 nary architecture. The churches and chapels be- 
 longing to the establishment, in the bills of mor- 
 tality, including those erected under the recent 
 act of parliament, amount to 266. There are like- 
 wise a great number of meetings for Protestant 
 dissenters of all persuasions, 30 foreign Protes- 
 tant churches, 15 Roman Catholic chapels, and 
 C synagogues for the Jews. Besides the royal 
 palaces, there are many fine houses of the princes 
 of the blood, and of the nobility and gentry. The 
 Tower of London is very ancient, but the foun- 
 der is uncertain. It is surrounded by a wall, and 
 partly by a deep ditch. Here are the jewels and 
 ornaments ofthe crown, as well as the other rega. 
 
 lia; and the menagerie for foreign birds and 
 beasts. The Mint, on Tower Hill, is a very ele- 
 gant modern building of pure Grecian architec- 
 ture. The bridges are a great ornament to the 
 metropolis. The most ancient, London bridge, 
 was begun in 1176. and finished in 1209. The 
 length of it is 915 feet. The number of arches 
 ff as 19, of unequal dimensions; through which, 
 in consequence of their narrowness and clumsy 
 construction, the current rushed with such force 
 as to render the navigation extremely dangerous. 
 This clumsy fabric is however about to be sup- 
 planted by the New London bridge, a noble struc- 
 ture of 5 a'rches, which is now rapidly approaching 
 towards comDietion. Westminster bridge was 
 commenced in 1730, and opened to the public in 
 1750. It is 1,223 feet in length, and has 13 large 
 and two small semicircular arches. Blackfriars' 
 bridge, built by Mylne, was completed in 1768. 
 Its length is 995 feet ; the breadth of the carriage- 
 way 28, and ofthe foot-paths 7 feet each. It con- 
 sists of 9 elliptical arches, the centre one of which 
 is 100 feet wide ; and both this and the arch on 
 each side are wider than the celebrated Rialto at 
 Venice. Waterloo bridge, commenced in 1811 
 and opened in 1816, in the anniversary of the bat- 
 tle which it is designed to commemorate, is one 
 ofthe noblest structures ofthe kind in the wo-Jd^ 
 It consists of 9 arches, each 120 feet span and 35 
 feet elevation. The other bridges are those of 
 Southwark and Vauxhall. Among the other pub- 
 lic buildings, which can merely be enumerated 
 here, are Westminster Hall, containing the su- 
 preme courts of justice, and adjoining to which 
 are the houses of Lords and Commons ; the Ses- 
 sions House ; the Horse Guards, the Treasury, 
 and the Admiralty, at Whitehall ; the noble col- 
 lection of public offices which form that magnifi- 
 cent structure called Somerset Place ; the 
 British Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the Bank 
 of Eno-land ; the Excise Office ; the East India 
 House ; the Mansion House, for the lord mayor > 
 
LON 
 
 456 
 
 LON 
 
 the Monument, in commemoration of the great 
 fire in IG06 ; the New Post Office, in St. Martins- 
 le-grand, opened in September, 1829 ; the Stock 
 Exchange , the new Custom House ; the new 
 Corn Exchange, erected on the site of the old 
 one in Marklane in 1829 ; the Herald's College ; 
 and the halls of the various city companies. The 
 Adelphi-terrace is the admiration of foreigners, 
 for the noble view which it affords of the river, 
 the bridges and other public buildings, and of the 
 fine hills beyond Lambeth and Southwark. 
 The inns of court for the study of the law, the col- 
 It ses, learned societies, and public seminaries; 
 the noble hospitals and the other charitable in- 
 stitutions; the public places of diversion, &c, 
 are too numerous to be mentioned. 
 
 Such, 011 a cursory view of it, is the metropolis 
 of Great Britain, to" the extent and opulence of 
 which many causes have contributed. The broad 
 stream of the Thimes flowing between London 
 and Southwark, continually agitated by a brisk 
 current or a rapid tide, bring constant supplies 
 of fresh air, which no buildings can intercept. 
 The country arou id, especially on the London 
 side, is nearly open to some distance ; whence, 
 bv the action of the sun and winds on a gravel- 
 lv soil, it is kept tolerably dry in all seasons, and 
 affords no lodgment for stagnant air or water. The 
 cleanliness of'London, as well as its supply of wa- 
 ter, is generally aided by its situation on trie banks 
 of the Thames ; and the New River, with many 
 good springs within the city itself, further contri- 
 bute to the abundance of that necessary element. 
 All these are advantages, with respect to health, 
 in which this metropolis is exceeded by few. 
 Its situation, with regard to the circumstance of 
 navigation, is equally well chosen ; had it been 
 placed lower on the Thames, it would have been 
 annoyed by the marshes ; had it been higher, it 
 would not have been accessible, as at present, to 
 ships of large burden. It now possesses every 
 advantage That can be derived from a sea-port, and 
 at the same time, by means of its noble river and 
 its canal navigation, enjoys a most extensive com- 
 munication with the internal parts of the country, 
 which supply it with necessaries, and in return 
 receive from it such commodities as they require. 
 It contains several large wet docks, particularly 
 those called the West India, the East India, the 
 London, and St. Catherine's docks ; also dry 
 docks for reparing, and slips for building of ships, 
 besides the king's yard at Deptford, for building 
 men of war. London therefore unites in itself all 
 the benefit arising from navigation and commerce, 
 with those of a metropolis at which all the public 
 business of a great nation is transacted ; and is 
 thus both the mercantile and political emporium 
 of these kingdoms. It is the seat of many con- 
 siderable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to 
 itself, as administering to the demands of stud- 
 ied splendor and refined luxury; others in which 
 it participates with the manufacturing towns in 
 o-eneral. The most important of its peculiar man- 
 ufactures is the silk weaving established in Spit- 
 al field by refugees from France. A variety of 
 works iti gold, silver, and jewelry, the engrav- 
 ing of prints the making of optical and math- 
 ematical instruments are principally executed 
 here, and some of them in greater perfection than 
 many ether country. The porter-brewery, a busi- 
 ness of immense extent, is also chiefly carried 
 on in London. To its port are likewise confined 
 fiome branches of foreign commerce, as the vast 
 Last India trade, and those to Turkey and Hud 
 
 son s Bay. Thus London has risen to its preg 
 ent rank of the first city in Europe with respect 
 to wealth and population. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in 1811 was 1,099,- 
 104, in 1821, 1,225,960; since which period it 
 has been every year rapidly increasing. The city 
 is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alder- 
 man ; and from the alderman the lord mayor is 
 annually chosen. There are likewise 236 com- 
 mon-councilmen, a recorder, a common-serjeant. 
 two sheriffs (who are also sheriffs of Middlesex), 
 a chamberlain, a town-clerk, a city rernembran 
 cer, a water-bailiff, and many inferior officers. 
 Westminster is governed by a high steward, who 
 is generally a nobleman, chosen by the dean 
 and chapter, and he has an under steward who 
 officiates for him. Next to him is the high nailiff, 
 chosen also by the dean and chapter, whose pow- 
 er resembles that of a sheriff. The suburbs arc 
 under the jurisdiction of justices of the peace for 
 the county, and there are also several police offices 
 where magistrates sit every day for the examina- 
 tion of offenders and the determination of various 
 complaints in a summary way. During the last 
 three years the police of the metropolis and 
 suburbs has been strengthened by a new estab- 
 lishment, under the superintendence of a milita- 
 ry officer, who receives instructions from the 
 Home Department in Whitehall. The cost of this 
 establishment will be greater by about 30 per 
 cent, than that of the watchmen, which it has 
 superseded. This, however, is more then com 
 pensated by its superior efficiency, the former 
 "guardians of the night" being generally decrepid 
 from age and infirmities, while the new police is 
 entirely composed of men in the prime of life, 
 and of unblemished character. Southwark was 
 long independent of London, but Edward III. 
 granted it to the city. It was then called the vil- 
 lage of Southwark, and afterwards named the 
 bailiwic. In the reign of Edward VI. it was form- 
 ed into a2Gth ward, by the name of Bridge Ward 
 Without. On the death of the alderman of this 
 ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority, 
 to whatever ward he may belong, this ward being 
 considered as a sinecure, and consequently the 
 most proper for " the father of the city." The city 
 has likewise a high bailiff and steward here. 
 The city of London is a bishop's see, and is repre- 
 sented in parliament by four members, elected by 
 the livery, two other members are elected by the. 
 householders of Westminster, and two by those of 
 Southwark. To attempt an enumeration of the 
 events by which this great capital has been dis- 
 tinguished, within the limits of a work like this, 
 would of course be absurd ; but we cannot omit 
 to mention the plague, in 1665, which cut ofl 
 68,596 people, and the dreadful conflagration, in 
 1066, by which the cathedral and many othei 
 churches, with 13.200 houses, were destroyed. 
 London is 225 m. N. N. W. of Paris, 395 S. of 
 Edinburgh, and 338 E. S. E. of Dublin. Loner. 
 0.5. W.,lat. 51.31. N. 
 
 London t New. See New London. 
 
 London, a town of Upper Canada on the 
 Thames, 100 m. N. E. of Detroit. 
 
 London, p.t. Madison Co. Ohio. 25 m. S. W. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Ijondon Bridge., p. v. Princess Anne Co. Va. 140 
 m. S. E. Richmond. 
 
 London Britain, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Londonderry, a county of Ireland, in the prov 
 ince of Ulster, 40 English m. long and 33 broad 
 bounded on the W. by Donegal, N. by the ocean, 
 
LON 457 
 
 S. and S. W. by Tyrone, and E. by Antrim. It 
 contains, according to the last census, 93,809 in- 
 habitants, is divided into 31 parishes, and sends 2 
 members to parliament. It »s a fruitful chain, 
 paign country ; and the greater part of it was giv- 
 en by James I. to an incorporated company of 
 London merchants. The linen manufacture flour- 
 ishes through every part of the city. 
 
 Londonderry, a city and sea-port of Ireland, cap- 
 ital of the foregoing county, and a bishop's see. 
 It is still surrounded by walls, and celebrated for 
 a long siege it sustained against James II. in 
 1089. It is governed by a mayor, and sends one 
 member to parliament. The principal commerce 
 is with America and the W. Indies. Including 
 the suburbs, it contains 18,000 inhabitants, and is 
 seated on the river Foyle, over wh'ch is a wood- 
 en bridge, 1,068 feet in length. Londonderry is 4 
 m. S! of Lough Foyle, and 115 N. W. of Dublin. 
 Londonderry, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., with 
 a manufacture of linen, cloth, and thread ; seated 
 near the head of Beaver River, which runs into 
 the Merrimack,38 m. S. S. W. of Portsmouth. Pop. 
 1,469. 
 
 Londonderry, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 27 m. S. 
 W. Windsor. Pop. 1,302; also towns in Chester, 
 Dauphin, and Bedford Cos. Pa. and Guernsey 
 Co. Ohio. 
 London Grove, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. 
 London Town.a. village of Anne Arundel Co. Va. 
 Longacoming, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J., 16 m-. 
 S. E. Philadelphia. 
 
 Long, Loch, an arm of the sea in Scotland, 
 which, from the frith of Clyde, extends 20 m. N. 
 between the counties of Dumbarton and Argyle. 
 It is from 1 *."> 2 m. in breadth ; and near the mid- 
 dle, on the Argyle side, it sends oft' a small branch 
 called Loi.. u Goil. 
 
 Longford, a .rounty of Ireland, in the province 
 of Leinster, 25 m. long and 20 broad; bounded 
 on the N. W. by Leitrim, N. E. by Cavan, S. E. 
 by West Meath, and W. by the river Shannon, 
 which parts it from Roscommon. It is divided 
 into 25 parishes, contains 107,576 inhabitants, 
 and sends two members to parliament. The 
 country in general is fertile, but interspersed in 
 some parts with bogs, morasses, and forests ; the 
 flat parts, along the Shannon, are subject to in- 
 undation. It contains several lakes, and besides 
 the Shannon is watered by the Inny, the Carnlin, 
 the Fallen, and numerous inferior streamlets. 
 Oats form the chief article of agricultural export. 
 Longford, a borough of Ireland, capital of the 
 above country. Much linen is manufactured in 
 the town and neighbourhood, and great quantities 
 of flax sent to other parts. It is seated on the 
 Carnlin, 70 m. (English) W. N. W. of Dublin. 
 Long. 7. 40. W., lat. 52. 48. N. 
 
 Longforang, a town of Scotland, in the S. E. 
 corner of Perthshire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. W. 
 by S. of Dundee. 
 
 Long hlaiid, an island belonging to the State 
 of New York, extending along the coast of 
 Connecticut, from S. W. to N. E., about 140 m. in 
 length and 10 m. in average breadth. It is di- 
 vided into three counties, King, Queen's, and 
 Suffolk. At theW. extremity it forms the bay of 
 NewYork. On the side of the ocean the island 
 is bordered by an immense beach of sand. In other 
 parts,it is much indented with numerous bays; aud 
 Gardiner's Bay, with several others, occupies an 
 extent of near 30 m. at the E. end. These bays 
 also encompass many islands, several of which 
 are of considerable extent. A ridge or drain of 
 
 LON 
 
 low hills extends from the west end to the eastern 
 extremity. The waters are stored with a vast 
 abundance and variety of fish, and Long-Island 
 has long been celebrated for its wild fowl and 
 various forest game. Much of the land in the east 
 is a light sand, still clothed with vast forests of 
 pine: and in these are found abundance of game.' 
 East of the Hempstead plains, the island is cov- 
 ered with shrubby oaks and pines, called the 
 brush}' plains ; and here are found the grouse, or, 
 heath-hens. Farther eastward, towards Islip and 
 
 Fire-place, are streams where there is good trout 
 fishing; and towards the centre of the island, is 
 plenty of wild deer, that are hunted and killed by 
 way-laying them as they are driven along by 
 hounds. In October and November, brent, wild 
 geese, and other waterfowl, are killed in great num- 
 bers along the bays and inlets. Deer cannot lawful- 
 ly be killed on Long Island from January to July ; 
 nor heath-hens, partridges, quails, or woodcocks, 
 from 1st April to 5th October. 
 
 The face of the country on the north side of 
 the island is hilly, and in some places full of 
 rocky boulders ; while on the south, the country 
 is mostly free from large stones, and presents a 
 gradual slope towards the ocean, which appears 
 to have formerly washed the base of the hills. 
 
 Long Island Sound, is from 3 to 25 m. broad, ex- 
 tending the whole length of Long Island, and di- 
 viding it from Connecticut. It communicates 
 with the Atlantic at the E.end of the island, and 
 with the harbour of New York at the W. 
 
 Long Lake. See Rain Lake. 
 
 Longmeadow, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. on the 
 Connecticut, 6 m. below Springfield. Pop. 1,257. 
 
 Long-nan, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Se-tchuen. Long. 104. 13. E., 
 lat. 32. 22. N. 
 
 Longnor, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. seated 
 near the river Dove, 31 m. N. by E. of Stafford, 
 and 152 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Longtoion, a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated 
 on the Esk, 9 m. N. of Carlisle, and 310 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Longtoion, p. v. Rowan Co. N. C. 150 m. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Longuc, a town of France, department of Maine- 
 et-Loire, 7 m. N. of Saumur. 
 
 Longuion, a town of France, department of 
 Moselle. Here is a considerable iron forge and 
 cannon foundery. 10 m. S. W. of Longwy, and 
 36 N. W. ofMents. 
 
 Longwy, a town of France, department of Mo- 
 selle with a castle. It is divided into the Ola 
 SQ 
 
LOR 
 
 456 
 
 LOR 
 
 and New town, the latter of which is fortified. 
 It is seated on a rocky eminence, on the river 
 Chiers, 32 m. N. N. W. of Mentz. Long. 5. 44. 
 E., lat. 49. 32. N. 
 
 Lonicera, p.v. Baldwin Co. Geo. 
 
 Lons le Saulnicr, a town of France, capital of 
 the department of Jura. It derives its name from 
 the salt springs in its vicinity, and is seated on 
 the Solvan, 62 m. S. E. of Dijon. Long. 5. 30. 
 E., lat. 46. 37. N. 
 
 Loo, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, 
 10 in. N. N. W. ofYpres. 
 
 Loo-choo, or Litou-kiou, the general name of 36 
 islands lying between Formosa and Japan. The 
 Great Loo-choo is 50 m. long and from 12 to 15 
 broad ; the others are inconsiderable. They were 
 very imperfectly known to Europeans, till visited 
 by captain Hall and Mr. M'Leod on their return 
 from the late embassy to China. The climate 
 and soil seem to be among the happiest on the 
 globe. The fruits and vegetable productions are 
 of the most exquisite description. The inhabi- 
 tants are diminutive in their stature, but strong, 
 and well made. Their disposition appears to be 
 peculiarly gay, hospitable, and affectionate, but 
 they showed that strong aversion to receive stran- 
 gers into their country which is characteristic of 
 China, Japan, and all the neighbouring regions. 
 The king is tributary to China, and the govern- 
 ment resembles that of the Chinese. The capital 
 is Kin-tching, about 5 iff. from its port of Napa- 
 kiaiig. Long. 127. 52. E., lat. 26. 14. N. 
 
 Loot, East and West, two decayed boroughs in 
 Cornwal, Eng. separated by a creek, over which 
 is a narrow stone bridge. They are supported 
 chiefly by the pilchard fishery, and an inconsid- 
 erable coasting trade. Together they send as 
 man)'' members to parliament as the city of Lon- 
 don. The market, held at East Looe, is on Sat- 
 urday. 13 m. W. of Plymouth, and 233 W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Lookout, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, S. of 
 Cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound. Long. 
 76.48. W., lat. 34. 22. N. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, a ridge in the Northwestern 
 part of Georgia extending to Tennessee river. 
 
 Looz, or Lootz, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 the province of Liege, 14 m. N. N. W. of Liege. 
 
 Lopatka,Cape, the S. extremity of Kamtschalka. 
 Long. 156. 45. E., lat. 51. 0. N. See Kuriles. 
 
 Lopham, North and South, two adjoining par- 
 ishes in Norfolk, 4 m. S. E. of East Harling. 
 
 Lopo Gonsalve, Cape, a long and narrow pen- 
 insula on the coast of" Guinea, low, flat, and cov- 
 ered with trees. It affords a good harbour, and 
 near the cape is a village, where provisions are 
 plentiful. Long. 8. 30. E., lat. 0. 45. S. 
 
 Loop, p.v. Giles Co. Va. 274 m. W. Richmond. 
 
 Lora, a town of Spain, in Seville, on the Gua- 
 dalquivir, 28 m. N. E. of Seville. 
 
 Loramie, a township of Shelby Co. Ohio. 
 
 Lorain, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,696. Elyria is 
 the capital. 
 
 Lorbus (the ancient Laribus Colonia), a town 
 of the kingdom of Tunis, with a castle, and fine 
 remains of antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fer- 
 tile in corn, 150 m. S. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 0. 
 E., lat. 35. 35. N. 
 
 Lorca, a town of Spain, in Murcia, divided into 
 the Upper an1 Lower Town. The former has 
 narrow, crooked, and ill paved streets ; the latter 
 is regularly and neatly built. It contains nine 
 churches and several monasteries, and has exten- 
 sive manufactures of saltpetre. In 1S02 the 
 
 bursting of an immense reservoir, containing 
 water for the purpose of irrigation, occasioned 
 much damage to the town. It is seated on an 
 eminence near the Senuonera. 40 m. W. S. W. 
 of Murcia. Long. 1. 22. W., lat. 37. 25. N. 
 
 Lord Howe's Group, an extensive group of 
 islands, in the S. Pacific, thickly covered with 
 wood, among which the cocoa-nut is very distin- 
 guishable. The natives are of a dark copper 
 colour ; their hair tied in a knot on the back of the 
 head ; and they seem to have some method of ta- 
 king off the beard ; for they appear as clean 
 shaved. Their arms and thighs are tattooed in 
 the manner described by Captain Cook of some 
 of the natives of the islands he visited in these 
 seas ; and some are painted with red and white 
 streaks. — They wear a wrapper round their mid- 
 dle. Long, from 159. 15. to 159. 37. E., lat. 5. 
 30. S. 
 
 Lord Hoice's Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, discovered in 1788 by lieutenant King. 
 Many excellent turtle have been caught here on 
 a sandy beach ■; and it abounds with a variety of 
 birds, which were so unaccustomed to be disturb 
 ed that the seamen went near enough to knock 
 them down with a stick. At its end are two 
 high mountains, nearly perpendicular from the 
 sea, the southernmost named Mount Gower. 
 About 14 m. to the S. is a remarkable rock, named 
 Ball's Pyramid, which at a distance had much the 
 appearance of a steeple. The island is 3 1-2 m. 
 long and very narrow. Long. 159. 0. E., lat. 31. 
 36. N. 
 
 Lorenzo, San, a town of Mexico, province of 
 New Biscay, with 500 inhabitants, whose employ- 
 ment consists in cultivating the grape. — There are 
 numerous settlements and inconsiderable islands 
 of this name in South America. 
 
 Loreo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Rivigo, on 
 the Adige, 20 m. E. of Rivigo. 
 
 Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal 
 states. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa 
 or Holy House, in which it is pretended the vir 
 gin Mary lived at Nazareth. According to the 
 legend, it was carried by angels from Galilee into 
 Dalmatia, and thence to the place where it now 
 stands. This house, or chapel, is 31 feet long, 15 
 broad, and 18 high; the inner part very old, but 
 cased with marble on the outside. The famous 
 lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in her 
 arms, stands upon the principal altar, in a niche 
 of silver ; this statue is of cedar wood, three feet 
 high, but her face can hardly be seen, on account 
 of the numerous gold and silver lamps around her. 
 She is clothed with cloth of gold, set off" with 
 jewels;, and the little Jesus is covered with a 
 shirt, holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned 
 with rich jewels. Those who go on pilgrimage 
 to Loretto, after having performed their devotion, 
 make the Virgin a present ; so that the treasure 
 of this chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitants 
 of this town subsist principally by agriculture 
 and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers, 
 tailors, and seller? of chapfcts. Loretto was taken 
 by the French in 1796, and the church despoiled 
 of its treasures : even the Virgin was carried 
 away but restored in 1802. It is seated on a 
 mountain, 3 m. from the gulf of Venice, 12 S. E 
 of Ancona, and 115 N. E. of Rome. Loner. ]3. 
 36. E., lat. 43. 27. N. 
 
 Loretto, p.v. Essex Co. Va. 75 in. N. E. Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Lorgues, a town of France, in Provence, on the 
 Argens, 16 m. W. of Frejus. 
 
LOU 
 
 459 
 
 LOU 
 
 V Orient, a fortified modern sea-port of France, 
 department of Morbihan. It is built with consid- 
 erable regularity ; the streets are wide, the public 
 squares spacious and handsome, and the harbour 
 large, secure, and easy of access. Formerly it 
 was a very flourishing town, the French East In- 
 dia Company making it the exclusive entrepot of 
 their imported goods. It has still some trade, and 
 is a place of importance on account of its maga- 
 zines for the navy. The chief manufacture is of 
 salt. The British made an unsuccessful attempt 
 upon it in 1746. It is seated on the bay of Port 
 Louis, at the influx of the Scorf, 340 m. W. by S. 
 of Paris. Long. 3. 20. W., lat. 49. 44. N. 
 
 Lorrock, a town of Germany, in Baden, 6 m. 
 N. E. of Bale. 
 
 Lorraine, an extensive district of the N. E. of 
 France, between Champagne and Alsace, and now 
 forming the departments of Meurthe, Moselle, 
 and Vosges. It abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, 
 hemp, flax, and rape-seed. 
 
 Lorraine, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E 
 Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 1,727. 
 
 Lossiemouth, a village of Scotland, in Murray 
 shire, at the mouth of the river Lossie, 7 m. N 
 E. of Elgin, of which it is the port. 
 
 Lost Creek, a township of Miami Co. Ohio. 
 Lot, a river of France, which rises in the de- 
 partment of Lozere, begins to be navigable at Ca- 
 hors, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon. 
 
 Lot, a department of France, consisting of the 
 former district ofQuercy,in Guienne. It takes 
 its name from the river Lot, which crosses it from 
 E. to W. It is bounded on the N. by Correze, E. 
 by Cantal and Aveyron, S. by Tarn-et Garonne, 
 and W. by Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne. 
 Its pastures feed numerous flocks, which consti- 
 tute a great part of the commerce. The climate 
 is mild and healthy ; and the soil, consisting of 
 fat rich earth, is cultivated with horses, and yields 
 more than sufficient for its population, estimated 
 at 275,296. Cahors is the capital. 
 
 Lot-et-Garonne, a department of France, inclu- 
 ding part of the former province of Guienne, 
 bounded on the N. by Dordogne. E. by Tarn-et- 
 Garonne, S. by Gers, and W. by Landes and the 
 Gironde. It has its name from the rivers Lot and 
 Garonne. Its pastures are but indifferent, and 
 artificial meadows are little known. The land, 
 being much covered with heath, is cultivated with 
 oxen ; and a large proportion of the department 
 is incapable of cultivation, consisting of rugged 
 hills or sandy deserts. Agen is the capital. 
 
 Lotinlnere, a seignitory of Buckingham Co. L. 
 C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 40 m. 
 above Quebec. 
 
 Lothian. See Haddingtonshire , Edinburghshire, 
 and Linlithgowshire. 
 
 Loudeac, a town of France, department of Cotes 
 du Nord, 25 m. S. of St Brieux. 
 
 Loudon, a county of the E. district of Virginia, 
 on the Potomac, adjoining Fairfax, Berkley, 
 and Fauquier counties. It is about 50 m.in length 
 and 20 in breadth. Pop. 21,938. Leesburg is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Loudon, a town of France, department of Vien- 
 ne,30 m. N. W. of Poitiers. 
 
 Loudon, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the E. 
 side of the Merrimack, 45 m. N. W. Portsmouth. 
 Pop. 1 ,642 ; also a p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. 63 in. S. 
 W. Harrisburg. 
 Loudonvillc, p.t. Richland Co. Ohio. 
 Loughboiough, a township in Frontenac Co. 
 U.C. 
 
 Loughborough, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 
 It has a large church, with a handsome tower, 
 seven meeting-houses for dissenters; also a free 
 grammar school, and a charity school. The chief 
 manufactures are those of cotton spinning, lace, 
 and hosiery. By means of the Loughborough 
 canal, the river, and rail-roads, it carries on a 
 brisk trade particularly in coals. Many of the 
 houses have an old and irregular appearance, but 
 great improvement have lately taken place. It 
 is seated near the Soar, 11 m. N. of Leicester 
 and 109 N. N. W. London. 
 
 Loughrea, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Galway, near a lake of the same name, 15 m. S. 
 W. of Galway. 
 
 Louhans, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Saone, situate on a kind of island between 
 the rivers Seilles. Vaillere, and Solman, 18 m. S. 
 E. of Chalons. 
 
 Louisa, a county of the E. district of Virginia. 
 Pop. 16,151 ; also a p.v. Lawrence Co. Ken. 180 
 m. E. Frankfort. 
 
 Louis, Fort, an important barrier fortress of 
 France, in Alsace, on the Rhine, 12 m. E. of 
 Haguenau. 
 
 I^ouis, St. an island of Africa, at the mouth of 
 the river Senegal, with a fort, built by the French. 
 It was taken in 1758 by the English, and ceded 
 to them in 1763. In the American war, it was 
 taken by the French, and kept by them after the 
 peace of 1783. It is flat, sandy and barren. Loner. 
 16. 15. W.,lat. 16. 0. N. 
 
 Louis, St. a sea-port and fortress of St. Domingo, 
 on the S. W. coast, at the head of a bay of its 
 name. The exports are coffee, cotton, and indigo, 
 70 m. W. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 73. 32. 
 W.,lat. 18. 16. N. 
 
 Louis, Fort, an important barrier fortress in 
 the N. E. of France, constructed by Vauban in 
 1630; on an island in the Rhine. 12. m. E. 
 Haguenau. 
 
 Louis de Ramsay, seiginory, Richelieu Co. Low- 
 er Canada. 
 
 Louisiade, an archipelago in the eastern seas, 
 lying S. E. of New Guinea, and extending 
 about 400 m. in length, by about 160 in breadth. 
 The centre lies nearly under 10. S. lat. and 
 152. 25. E. long. 
 
 Louis, St. a lake of N. America, formed by the 
 junction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. 
 It is 12 in. long and 6 broad. 
 
 Louis, St. a river N. America, which has its 
 source near the eastern head waters of the Mis- 
 sissippi, and falls into lake Superior, on the west 
 shore. It is navigable 150 m. Long. 91. 52. W., 
 lat. 46. 44. N. 
 
 Louis de Maranhum, St., a sea-port of Brazil 
 capital of the island of Maranham, and a bishop's 
 see, with a strong castle. It is the residence of 
 a captain general, and contains a custom-house 
 and treasury. The churches and convents are 
 numerous, and the houses, though only one sto- 
 ry high, are many of them neat. The harbour is 
 tolerably large, but the entrance is difficult. It 
 stands on the E. side of the river Mearim, near 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Lono-. 43. 37. W., lat. 2 
 30. S. 
 
 Lowis«, a town of European Russia, on a bay 
 of the gulf of Finland, 30 m. E. N. E. of Hel- 
 singfors. 
 
 Louisburg, the capital of the island of Cape 
 Breton, with a citadel, and an excellent harbour, 
 nearly four leagues in circumference. It was ta- 
 ken by the English in 1745, restored to the French 
 
LOU 
 
 4G0 
 
 LOU 
 
 in 1748, taken by the English in 1758, and ceded 
 to them in 1763. The chief source of trade is the 
 cod-fishery. Long. 59. 55. W., lat. 45. 54. 
 N. 
 
 Louisburg, p.t. Franklin Co. N. C. on Tar 
 river, 23 m. N. E. Raleigh. 
 
 Louisiana, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by the territory of Arkansas and the State of 
 Mississippi, E. by Mississippi, S. by the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and W. by the Mexican province of Tex- 
 as. It extends from 29. to 33. N. lat. and from 
 89. to 94. W. long, and contains 48,220 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi, Red 
 and Washita rivers and many inferior streams ; 
 the western limit is washed by the Sabine. 
 
 Three quarters of this state are without an ele- 
 vation, that can properly be called a hill. The 
 pine woods generally have a surface of a very 
 particular character, rising into fine swells, with ta- 
 ble surfaces on the summit, and valleys from thir- 
 ty to forty feet deep. But they are without any par- 
 ticular range, and like the waves of a high and reg- 
 ular sea. The alluvial soil of course is level, and 
 the swamps, which are only inundated alluvions, 
 are dead flats. A range of hills commences in gentle 
 elevations in Opelousas, rises gradually and diver- 
 ges towards the Sabine. In the vicinity of Natchi- 
 toches it preserves a distance, intermediate between 
 the Sabine and Red rivers,and continues to increase 
 in elevation to the western parts of the state. Seen 
 from the pine hills above Natchitoches, they have 
 in the distance, the blue outline, and the general 
 aspect of a range of mountains. Another line of 
 hills, not far from Alexandria, commences on the 
 north side of Red river, and separating between the 
 waters of that river and Dugdemony, unites with 
 another line of singular shaped mamelle hills, 
 that bound the alluvions of the Washita, as 
 bluffs, gradually diverging from that river as they 
 pass beyond the western limits of the state. 
 That very remote part of the parish of Natchito- 
 ches, called Allen's settlement, is a high and roll- 
 ing country. There are also considerable hills 
 leyond the Mississippi alluvions east of that 
 iver. But, generally speaking, Louisiana may 
 >e considered as one immense plain, divided, as 
 •espects its surface, into pine woods, prairies, al- 
 uvions, swamps, and hickory and oak lands. 
 
 The pine woods are generally rolling; some- 
 ;imes, but not often level. They have almost 
 n variably a poor soil. The greater proportion 
 of the prairies is second rate land. Some of those 
 west of Opelousas, and between Washita and Red 
 river are even sterile. Some parts of the prairies 
 of Opelousas are of great fertility, and those of 
 Attakapas still more so. As a jreneral fact, they 
 are more level, than those of the upper country. 
 A large belt of these prairies near the gulf is low, 
 marshy, and in rainj' weather inundated. A 
 very considerable extent of them has a cold clayey 
 soil, with a hard crust near the surface. In other 
 places the soil is of inky blackness, and disposed 
 in the hot and dry season to crack in fissures of 
 a size X.J admit a man's arm. 
 
 The bottoms are generally rich, but in very 
 different degrees. Those of the Mississippi and 
 Red river, and the bayous connected with those 
 streams, are more fertile and productive, than the 
 streams west of them, and between them and the 
 Sabine. The fertility of the richer bottoms of the 
 Mississippi and Red river is sufficiently attested 
 by the prodigious growth of the timber, the lux- 
 uriance, size and rankness of the cane, and the 
 cotton, the tangles of vines and creepers, the as- 
 
 stonishing size of the weeds, and the strength ot 
 vegetation in general. 
 
 The most fertile district of Louisiana is a belt 
 of land called the coast lying along the Mississip- 
 pi in the neighbourhood of New Orleans. It con- 
 sists of that part of the bottom or alluvion of the 
 Mississippi, which commences with the first cul- 
 tivation above the Balize, about forty miles below 
 New Orleans and extends 150 m. above thecit}'. 
 This belt, on each side of the river, is secured by 
 an embankment called a levee, from six to eight 
 feet in height, and sufficiently broad, for the most 
 part to furnish a fine high way. — The river in or- 
 dinary inundations would cover the greater part 
 of this belt from two to six feet in depth. It is 
 from one to two miles in width, and perhaps a 
 richer tract of land in the same extent can not be 
 found on the globe. The levee extends some- 
 thing higher on the west, than on the east side 
 of the river. Above the levee on the east bank 
 of the river are the parishes of Baton Rouge, and 
 East and West Feliciana. The latter parish re 
 ceived its name from its pleasant surface of fertile 
 hills and valleys, and its union of desirable cir- 
 cumstances for a planting country. This parish 
 presents a spectacle, very uncommc^ in this coun- 
 try ; the hills are covered with laurels, and for- 
 est trees, that denote the richest soils and which 
 are uncommonly productive. Here are some of the 
 richest planters and best plantations in the state. 
 The mouth of Bayou Sarah, the point of ship- 
 ment for this region, sends great quantities of 
 cotton to New Orleans. Some of the plantations 
 on this Bayou have from five to eight hundred 
 acres under cultivation, worked by a large num 
 ber of hands. 
 
 West of the Mississippi, the Bayous Lafourche 
 and Placquemine, effluxes, or outlets from the 
 Mississippi, have the same conformation of banks 
 and the same qualities of soil with the parent 
 stream; and, where not inundated, are equally 
 fertile. The sugar cane thrives as well upon 
 their banks. No inconsiderable portion of Atta- 
 kapam is of great fertility, as are smaller portions 
 of Opelousas, which is, however, more generally 
 adapted to become a grazing country. The Teche 
 which meanders through Opelousas and Attaka- 
 pas has generally a very fertile alluvion, the low- 
 er courses of which are embellished with fine 
 plantations of the sugar cane. On the Atchafal- 
 aya the lands are rich, but too generally inun- 
 dated. The Courtableau, running through Ope- 
 lousas, has probably as rich a soil, as is to be found 
 in that parish. Approaching Red River from 
 Opelousas, by Bayou Boeuf, we find on that 
 bayou a soil, which some consider the richest 
 cotton land in Louisiana. Bayou Rouge has also 
 a fine soil, though it is as yet principally in a 
 state of nature. Bayou Robert, still nearer io 
 Red river, is of extraordinary fertility, and the cane 
 brake along its bank is of astonishing luxuriance. 
 Bayou Rapide, which jjives name to the parish, 
 through which it. runs, is a beautiful tract of land : 
 and the belt on either bank is laid out along its 
 whole course in fine cotton plantations. 
 
 The bottoms of Red river itself are well known, 
 as having a soil of extraordinary fertility : and 
 the lower courses of this river constitute the 
 paradise of cotton planters. The colour of the 
 soil is of a darkish red, and appears to derive its 
 great fertility from a portion of salt intimately 
 mixed with it, and from its peculiar friability. 
 It derives its red colour from red oxide of iron. 
 It is a wide and deep valley, covered, while ii? 
 
LOU 
 
 4GI 
 
 LOU 
 
 a state of nature, with a dark and heavy forest 
 Its soil has been accumulating for unknown ages 
 from the spoils of the Mexican mountains, and 
 the vast prairies through which it rolls in its up- 
 per courses. All the bayous of Red river, and 
 they are numerous almost beyond computation, 
 partake of the character of the main river. 
 
 Vast extents of marsh interpose between the 
 sea and the cultivable lands. The lakes and in- 
 lets and sounds are connected by an inextricable 
 tissue of communications and passes accessible by 
 small vessels and bay craft, and impossible to be 
 navigated except by pilots, perfectly acquainted 
 with the waters. The shore is indented by num- 
 berless small bays, very few of them affording suf 
 ficient water to shelter vessels. Berwick's bay 
 is the only one that has any considerable extent. 
 A very great proportion of the surface of this 
 state is covered with prairies. Almost all these 
 prairies are connected, and form, like the waters 
 of the Mississippi, a family, through which the 
 connection of all the branches may be traced. 
 The prairies, that are included under the general 
 name of Attakapas, are the first, that occur west 
 of the Mississippi. The parish of Attakapas is 
 situated in these prairies. The name implies 
 ' man eater,' in the language of the savages who 
 formerly inhabited it, and who are reported to 
 have been cannibals. It is an immense plain of 
 grass,spreading from the Atchafalaya on the north 
 to the gulf on the south. Its contents are com- 
 monly stated at 5,000 square miles. But it is 
 thought this computation is too large. Being 
 open to the gulf, it is generally fanned by the 
 refreshing breezes of that sea. Its aspect of ex- 
 treme fertility, its boundless plain of grass, its 
 cheering views, its dim verdant outline, mingling 
 with the blue of the sea, white houses seen in the 
 distance, innumerable cattle and horses grazing 
 in the plain, or reposing here and there under 
 the shade of its wooded points, has an indescriba- 
 ble pleasantness to the traveller, who has been 
 toiling on his way through the tangle, and the 
 swamps, and along the stagnant lakes, and the 
 dark and deep forest of the Mississippi bottom. 
 All at once he leaves the stifling air, the musche- 
 toes, the rank cane, the annoying nettles, and the 
 dark brown shade, and emerges into this noble 
 and cheerful plain, and feels the cool and salu- 
 brious breeze of the gulf. 
 
 Opelousas prairie is still larger than tne other, 
 and computed to contain nearly 8,000 sq. in. It is 
 divided by bayous, wooded grounds, points and 
 bends, and other natural boundaries, into a num- 
 ber of prairies, which have separate names and 
 marks of distinction. Taken in its whole ex- 
 tent, it is bounded by the Attakapas prairie on 
 4 ,he east, pine woods and hills on the north, the 
 Sabine on the west, and the gulf on the south. 
 The soil, though in many places very fertile, is 
 in general less so than the former. It atones 
 for that deficiency by being more salubrious, be- 
 ing generally deemed the healthiest region in the 
 state. There are here considerable cotton planta. 
 tions, and some of indigo ; and the parish which 
 bears its name, is one of the most populous in 
 the state. The people of the other parish are de- 
 voted to the growth of the sugar cane. This is 
 the centre of the land of shepherds, and the par- 
 adise of those who deal in cattle. The greater 
 number of the people are chiefly devoted to that 
 employment and they number their cattle by 
 thousands. 
 
 Belle vue prairie is partly in Opelousas. partly 
 
 in Attakapas. Calcasiu and Sabine prairies are 
 names that designate the different forms, shapes 
 and openings of this continuous line of prairies, 
 as it stretches along the settlements from thePlac- 
 quemine to the Sabine. 
 
 Some of them, as Opelousas, are of immense 
 extent. That of the Sabine is boundless to the 
 vision. Calcausiu is seventy miles lon^ by twen- 
 ty wide. They are generally so level, as to strike 
 the eye as a perfect plain. They have, however, 
 slight swells and declinations, sufficient to carry 
 the water from them. Though after long rains 
 they are extremely wet, and immense tracts are 
 covered with water. They have a gentle and 
 imperceptible slope towards the gulf, and gener- 
 ally terminate, before they reach the shore, in 
 wet marshes, into which, when the south wind 
 blows, the sea is driven. These marshes are cov- 
 ered with a luxuriant growth of tall, reedy grass, 
 called cane grass. — In various parts of these pra- 
 iries, there are islands of timbered lands. They 
 generally have an appearance of such regularity 
 and beauty, that a stranger is with difficulty con- 
 vinced, that they are not clumps of trees, planted 
 out in circular, square, or triangular form for the 
 beauty of their appearance. It would be impossi- 
 ble to convey to one, who has not felt it, an idea 
 of the effect produced by one of these circular 
 clumps of trees, seeming a kind of tower of ver- 
 dure,rising from an ocean of grass. Wherever a ba- 
 you, or a stream crosses the prairie, it is marked 
 with a fringe of timber, which strikes the eye of an 
 observer, like the lines of trees in landscape paint- 
 ing. All the rivers, lakes and bayous of this State 
 abound with alligators. On Red river before it 
 was navigated by steamboats it was not uncommon 
 to see hundreds at a time along the shores or on 
 
 the immense rafts of floating or stranded timber, 
 groaning or uttering their bellowing noises like 
 thousands of furious bulls about to fight, and hud 
 dling together so closely that the smaller ones 
 would get upon the backs of the larger. At one 
 period thousands of them were killed for the sake 
 of their skins which were made into leather for 
 shoes, boots, &c. But it was found that this 
 leather was not sufficiently fine and close grained 
 to keep out the water. The alligators, are some- 
 times 12 and 15 feet in length, and are found in 
 all the states south of North Carolina. 
 
 The climate of Louisiana is hot and moist. In 
 summer it is extremely unhealthy, especially in 
 the neighbourhood of marshy spots It is how- 
 ever favourable to almost every vegetable pro 
 duction of warm countries. Here flourish the 
 sugar cane, orange, lemon, cotton-plant, to- 
 bacco, rice, maize, sweet potato, &e Sugar 
 and cotton are the staple articles of cultivation. 
 The sugar cane is principally raised upon that tract 
 called the coast, upon the shores of the gulf, and 
 upon the bayous of the Mississippi. The capital 
 invested in sugar estates was estimated in 1828 at 
 45.000,000 dollars : the produce of sugar for the 
 2q2 
 
LOU 
 
 462 
 
 LOU 
 
 same year, was 88,878,000 pounds. The com- 
 merce of the state consists in the exportation of 
 these products, and a great variety of others 
 brought down the Mississippi from the western 
 states. New Orleans is the centre of commerce 
 for the state. The imports for 1829 were valued 
 at 6,857,209 dollars; the exports of domestic pro- 
 duce at 10,898,183 dollars; total exports 12,386,- 
 060. The shipping of the state in 1828 amounted 
 to 51,903 tons. The pop. is 215.575. of whom 
 109,631 are slaves. 
 
 The inhabitants of the state consist of remnants 
 of the former Spanish and French possessors in- 
 termixed with Americans. The French are very 
 numerous and exhibit in their manners the cus 
 ternary gaiety and volatility of that nation. This 
 is one of the few states in the Union where the 
 slaves exceed the freemen. The Catholics are 
 the most numerous religious sect ; they have 
 above 20 parishes in the state. The Baptists have 
 14 ministers ; the Methodists 6 ; the Presbyterians 
 5, and the Episcopalians 3. The state is divi- 
 ded into the Eastern and Western Districts, which 
 are subdivided into 31 parishes. New Orleans is 
 the seal of government. The Legislature is styl 
 ed the Genera! J}ssembhj,nnd consists of a Senate 
 and House of Representatives. The senators are 
 chosen for 4 years and the Representatives for 2. 
 The Governor is chosen for 4 years, and is elect- 
 ed by the legislature from the highest two previ- 
 ously voted for by the people. Suffrage is univer- 
 sal. There are colleges in this state at Jackson 
 and New Orleans, but general education has re- 
 ceived little care. 
 
 This state consists of the Southern part of the 
 extensive country purchased by the United States 
 from France in 1803 for 15,000,000 dollars. It 
 was first settled by the French, and afterwards 
 occupied by the Spanish, but subsequently came 
 again into the hands of the French. Louisiana 
 under its present limits was admitted into the 
 Union as a state in 1812. 
 
 Louisiana, p. v. Pike Co. Missouri, on the Mis- 
 sissippi. 96 m. N. W. St. Louis. 
 
 Louisville, p.t. Jefferson Co. Kentucky, on the 
 south bank of the Ohio, at the falls. This is a 
 busy and flourishing town, situated upon a slop 
 ing plain at the junction of Beargrass Creek with 
 the Ohio. The chief declivity of the falls begins 
 a quarter of a mile below the town. The three 
 principal streets run parallel with the river, and 
 command a pleasant view of the opposite shore. 
 The streets are paved with blocks of lime-stone. 
 The buildings are mostly of brick. The town has 
 considerable manufactures and a thriving river 
 trade. Pop. 10,352. 
 
 Louisville and Portland Canal, passes round tne 
 falls of the Ohio, through the town above men- 
 tioned to Portland below. It is 2 m. in length 
 and is cut through a limestone rock. It has sever- 
 al locks which overcome a descent of 24 feet. 
 It admits the passage of the largest steam-boats 
 and thus opens a line of free navigation from 
 Pittsburg to the sea. This canal was finished in 
 1831. 
 
 Louisville, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on tne 
 St. Lawrence, 30 m. below Ogdensburg. Pop. 
 1,076. Also a p.t. Jefferson Co. Geo. 50. m. S. 
 W. Augusta. 
 
 Louis toxbn, a village in Talbot Co. Maryland. 
 Louis, St. a county of Missouri, on the Missis- 
 sippi. Pop. 14,907. 
 
 Louis, St. the capital of the above county, and 
 the chief commercial town in the state of Mis 
 
 souri, stands on the Mississippi, 18 below the 
 mouth of the Missouri, on a gently rising ground 
 and is accessible by steam-boats from New 
 Orleans at the lowest stages of the water. The 
 town was founded by the French from Canaoa 
 in 1764 and many of the inhabitants are still 
 French. Here is a Catholic college and cathe- 
 dral. A considerable part of the western fur-trade 
 centres here, and the town is otherwise well situ- 
 ated for commerce. The passage to New Orleans is 
 1,200 m. by the river, and there are 6 steam-boats 
 constantly plying between these two places. 
 There are also the same number constantly running 
 between this place and Louisville, besides others 
 to different places. The town is regularly It.. J 
 out and extends 2 m. along the river. Pop. 5,8o<£. 
 Lat. 38,26. N., long. 89. 56. W. 
 
 Louie, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, sur- 
 rounded by antique walls, and seated on a river 
 of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of Faro. 
 
 Lou-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Chan-si, situate near the source 
 of the Queyho, 270 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Lon<*. 
 116.50. E.,lat. 31.46. N. 
 
 Lourde, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Pyrenees, with a castle on a rock, 10 m. N. W. of 
 Bagneres. 
 
 Louristan, a mountainous but fertile district, 
 of Irak, in Persia, bordering upon Khusistan. It 
 is abundantly watered, and the pastures are most 
 luxuriant, but agriculture is quite neglected. 
 The inhabitants are a barbarous and independent 
 race, and reside always in tents. The only town 
 is Korumabad. 
 
 Louth, a corporate town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 with manufactures of blankets and carpets, and 
 also a large soap manufactory. Here is a noble 
 Gothic chuich, with a lofty spire ; also five meet- 
 ing-houses for dissenters, a free school, founded 
 by Edward VI., and another founded in 1677. It 
 has a navigation, by means of the river Lud, and 
 a canal, to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek. 
 28 m. N. E. of Lincoln, and 141 N. of London. 
 Louth, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Leinster, 27 m. long and 18 broad ; bounded on 
 „he N. by Armagh and Carlingford Bay, E. 
 by the Irish Sea, W. by Monaghan and E. Meath, 
 and S. by E. Meath, from which it is parted by 
 the river Boyne. It is a fertile country, contains 
 61 parishes, with about 101,000 inhabitants, and 
 sends two members to parliament. 
 
 Louth, a town of Ireland, in the county of the 
 same name, containing the ruins of an ancient 
 abbey, founded by St. Patrick. 18 m.N. N. W. 
 of Drogheda. 
 
 Loutre, a village in Montgomery Co. Missouri. 
 Louvain, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- 
 bant, with, an old castle, and a celebrated universi- 
 ty. Its walls are nearly 9 m. in circumference, 
 but within them are many gardens and vineyards. 
 The churches, convents, and public buildings are 
 magnificent. Large quantities of cloth were 
 formerly made here, but this trade is decayed, and 
 the town is now chiefly noted for good beer. It 
 was taken by the French in 1746, 1792, and 1794 
 and is seated on the Doyle, 14 m. E. by N. of. 
 Brussels, and 20. S. S. E. of Antwerp. Lone. 4 
 41. E., lat. 50. 53. N. 
 
 Louviers, a handsome town of France, depart- 
 ment of Eure, with a considerable manufacture of 
 fine cloths. It is seated on the Eure, 10 m. N. of 
 Evreux, and 55 N. W. of Paris. 
 
 Louvres, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Oise, 14 m. N. of Paris 
 
LOZ 
 
 463 
 
 LUC 
 
 Lovell, p.l. Oxford Co. Me. G2 m. N. W. Port- 
 and. Pop. 14,508. 
 
 Lovington, p. v. Nelson Co. Va. 110 m. N. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Lowenstein, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- 
 ber<r, capital of a county of the same name, 9 m. 
 E. S. E. of Heilbrunn.and 33 N.N. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Lowenstein, a fort and ancient castle of the 
 Netherlands, in the province of Guelderland, situ- 
 ated at the W. end of the island of Bommelwert. 
 In this castle, in 1618, Hugo Grotius was confin- 
 ed, and after three years imprisonment was con- 
 veyed away by a stratagem of his wife, in a re- 
 turned box used for the purpose of carrying 
 books. It is 18 in. S. E. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Lowestot, a town of Suffolk, Eng. Its church 
 is a fine Gothic building ; and it has beside a 
 chapel of ease, several dissenting meeting-hou- 
 ses, and two grammar schools. The chief trade 
 is in the mackerel and herring fisheries ; and it 
 is much frequented for sea-bathing. Here are 
 forts and batteries for protecting sbips in the 
 roads. The coast being dangerous, here are two 
 light-houses, and a floating light was stationed 
 off this port in 1315. It stands on a cliff, the 
 most easterly point of Great Britain, 10 m. S. 
 of Yarmouth, and 114 N. E. of London. Long. 1. 
 44. E., tat. 52. 29. N. 
 
 Lowes-water, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. one 
 mile long and a quarter of a mile broad. It is of 
 no great depth, but abounds with pike and perch. 
 In opposition to all the other lakes, it has its 
 course from N. to S., and under the lofty Mell- 
 break, runs into the N. end of Cromach-water. 
 
 Lowhill, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa. 12 m. 
 N. W. Allentown. 
 
 Lowell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on the Merri- 
 mack. 25 in. N. W. Boston. Pop. 6,474. This 
 place has grown up within a few years by means 
 of its manufactures, and is now one of the most 
 important manufacturing towns in the United 
 States. It has the waters of the Merrimack at 
 command, with a fall of above 30 feet. The 
 largest manufacturing establishments in the coun- 
 try are at this place ; they belong to 8 or 10 differ- 
 ent companies. The town is built with regularity 
 and is rapidly increasing. For further particulars 
 of the manufactures of Lowell, see Massachusetts. 
 
 Lower Smithfield, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 15 
 m. N. E. Easton. 
 
 Lowicz, a town of Poland, with a strong fortress, 
 seated on the Bzura, 42 m. W. of Warsaw. 
 
 Lowositz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Leutmeritz. In 1756 the greatest part of it was 
 burnt in an obstinate engagement between the 
 Saxons and Prussians. It is seated on the Egra, 
 5 m. W. S. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 Lowlhersville, p. v. Lewis Co. Va. 365 m. N. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Lowville, p.t. Lewis Co. N. J. 57 m. N. Utica. 
 Pop. 2,334. 
 
 Lrjxa, or Loja, a town of Spain, in Granada, 
 with a royal salt-work, and a copper forge ; seated 
 in a fertile country, on the river Xenil, 28 m. W. 
 of Granada. 
 
 Loxa, or iMJa, a town of Quito, capital ol a 
 province of the same name, famous for producing 
 fine Jesuits' bark and cochineal. Carpets of re- 
 markable fineness are manufactured here, but the 
 to,vn is much decayed. It stands at the head of 
 a N. W. branch of the Amazon, 150 in. E. N. E. 
 of Paita. Long. 78. 16. W., lat. 4. 5. S 
 
 Loyalstock p.t. Lycoming Co. Pa. 
 
 Lozere. a department of France corresponding 
 
 to the ancient Gevaudan. It is a mountainous, 
 barren country, and receives its name from the 
 principal ridge of mountains. Mende is the 
 capital. 
 
 Lu, a town of the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, 
 8 m. S. S. W. of Alexandria. 
 
 Luarca, a town of Spain, in Austria, near the 
 sea-coast, 23 m. N. W. of Oviedo. 
 
 Lubar, a town of Prussia, in the government of 
 Volhynia, with 3,000 inhabitants^. 
 
 Lubau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 30 m. N 
 W. of Glatz. 
 
 Lubben, a town of Lower Lusatia, seated on 
 the Spree, in a swampy country, 50 m. S. S. E. 
 of Berlin. Long. 13. 55. E., lat, 52. 0. N. 
 
 Lnbec, a free city and sea-port of Germany ad- 
 joining the ducy of Holstein. It was the head 
 of the famous Hanseatic league, formed nere in 
 1164, and the most commercial city of the north ; 
 but great part of its trade is transferred to Ham- 
 burg. The city is surrounded with walls, which 
 are planted with rows of trees, but the other de- 
 fences were demolished by the French, to whom 
 it was surrendered in 1806. The houses are built 
 of stone in a very ancient style. The town-house 
 is a superb structure, and has several towerj. 
 There is also a fine council-house, and an ex- 
 change. The inhabitants are Lutherans. There 
 are four large churches, besides the cathedral 
 The trade consists in the export of corn from the 
 adjoining country and the import of articles foi 
 consumption ; and the manufactures, which ace 
 on a small scale, comprise woolen, silks, cotton, 
 tobacco, soap, white lead, copper, tfec. Lubec is 
 seated on the Trave, 8 m. S. W. of the Baltic, 
 and 35 N. E. of Hamburg. Long. 10. 49. E., lat 
 53.52. N. 
 
 Lubec, an island in the Indian Ocean, near the 
 island of Madura. Long. 112. 22. £., lat. 5. 50. 
 S. 
 
 Lubec, a sea-port of Maine, in Washington 
 county, situated on a peninsula, on the W. side 
 of Passamaquoddy Bay, 365 m. E. of Boston. It 
 was founded in 1815, and is now a handsome 
 and flourshing town. Pop. 1,535. 
 
 Luben,a. town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the 
 Katzbach, 14 m. N. of Liegnitz. 
 
 Lublenitz,tL town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Oppeln, 32 in. E. of Oppeln. 
 
 Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate 
 of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cit- 
 adel. Three annual fairs are held here, each 
 lasting a month, which are frequented by great 
 numbers of German, Russian, Turkish, and other 
 traders and merchants. It is seated on the Bis- 
 tricza, 8c m. S. E. of Warsaw. Lono\ 22. 45 E 
 lat. 51. 14. N. 
 
 Lubhjo,^ town of Poland, palatinate of Cracow 
 56 m. S. E. of Cracow. 
 
 Luc, a town of France, depratment of Var, 25 
 m. N. E. of Toulon. 
 
 Lucanas, a town of Peru, which gives name to 
 a jurisdiction, containing rich silver mines, and 
 feeding great droves of cattle. It stands near one 
 of the head branches of the Apurimac, 80 m. S. 
 of Guamanga. 
 
 Lucar, Cape St. the S. E. end of the peninsula 
 of California. It lies under the tropic of Capri- 
 corn, in long. 111. 30. W. 
 
 Lucar de Barramcda, St. a sea-port of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, and a bishop's see. It has a fine har- 
 bour, well defended, at the mouth of the Guadai 
 quivir, 40 m. S. S. W. of Seville. Long. 5. 54 
 W., lat. 36. 58. N 
 
LUC 
 
 464 
 
 LUD 
 
 Lucar de Guadiana, St., a strong town of Spain, 
 in Andalusia, on the river Guadiana, 76 m. W. 
 N. W. of Seville. Long. 7. 13. W., lat. 37. 28. 
 N. 
 
 Lucayo Islands. See Bahama. 
 
 Lucca, a duchy of Italy, lying on the E. coast 
 of the gulf of Genoa. It is bounded by Tuscany, 
 Modena, and the Mediterranean, and contains 
 about 430 square m. Much of it is mountainous, 
 but it is well .cultivated, and produces plenty of 
 wine, oil, silk, wool, and chestnuts; the oil, in 
 particular, is in high esteem. It was formerly a 
 republic, was constituted a principality by Napo- 
 leon in 1805, and in 1815 erected inco a duchy by 
 the congress of Vienna, and given to the infanta 
 of Spain. 
 
 Lucca, a city of Italy, capital of the above 
 Juchy, and an archbishop's see. It is nearly 
 three m. in circumference, regularly fortified, and 
 contains 18,000 inhabitants. The state palace, 
 and the cathedral and other churches, are worthy 
 of notice. Here are considerable manufactures 
 of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Lucca was 
 entered by the French in 171)6, evacuated in 1799, 
 and re-entered in 1800 It is seated in a fruitful 
 plain, near the river Serchio. 10 m. N. E. of Pisa, 
 and 37 W. of Florence. Long. 10. 35. E., lat. 43. 
 50. N. 
 
 Luce, a spacious bay on the S. coast of Scot- 
 land, in Wigtonshire, lying E. of the promontory 
 called the Mull of Galloway. The river Luce 
 enters its N. E. extremity, at the town of Glen- 
 luce. 
 
 Luceinsteig, St., a narrow pass from the country 
 of the Griso'ns into Germany, defended by a fort, 
 3 m. N. of Mayenfield ; which was taken by gen- 
 eral Massena in March 1799. 
 
 Lucena, a town of Spain, in Cordova, 32 m. S. 
 S. E. of Cordova, and 42 W. N. W. of Granada. 
 
 Lucera, a city of Naples, capital of Capitanata, 
 and a bishop's see The town is small, but popu- 
 lous, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 75 m. 
 N. E. of Naples. Long. 15. 34. E., 41. 28. N. 
 
 Lucerna, a town of Piedmont, in a valley of its 
 name, 15 m. S. W. of Turin. 
 
 Lucerne, a canton of Switzerland, containing a 
 superficial extent of 740 sq. m. ; and bounded by 
 the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zu- 
 rich. The air is mild, and the soil uncommonly 
 fertile. Freedom and openness of manners char- 
 acterize the inhabitants, who are Roman Catho- 
 lics, and computed at 87,000. 
 
 Lucerne, the capital of the above canton, is di- 
 vided into two parts by a branch of the Reuss, 
 which here enters the lake of Lucerne. It has 
 no manufactures of consequence, and little com- 
 merce, the merchants being principally engaged 
 in the commission business, upon goods passing 
 between Italy, and Germany, over Mount St. 
 Gothard and the Lucerne Lake. 30 m. S. W. of 
 Zurich, and 43 E. of Berne. Long. 8. 14. E., lat. 
 47. 0. N. 
 
 Lucerne, or Waldstadte, a lake of Switzerland, 
 between the cantons of Underwalden, Lucerne, 
 Schweitz, and Uri. It consists of a number of 
 detached parts, forming in a manner separate 
 lakes. It is the largest, as well as the most ro- 
 mantic lake in the interior of Switzerland, being 
 25 m. long and from 2 to 4 broad. 
 
 Luchow, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Luneburg, seated on the Jeetze, 36 m. S. of Lu- 
 neburg. 
 
 Lucia, St., one of the Carribee islands, 27 m. 
 long and 12 broad. It consists of plains well wa- 
 
 tered with rivulets, and hills, furnished with tim 
 ber ; and has several good bays and commodious 
 harbours. By the peace of 1763, this island was 
 allotted to France. In 1803 it was taken by the 
 English, and confirmed to them by the treaty of 
 Paris in 1814. There are two high mountains, by 
 which this island may be known at acousiderable 
 distance. Its N. end is 21 m. S. of Martinique. 
 Long. 60. 51. W., lat. 14. 0. N. 
 
 Lucia, St., one of the Cape de Verd islands, to 
 the W. of that of St. Nicholas. Long. 24. 32. 
 W., lat. 16. 45. N. 
 
 Lucia, St., a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 15 m. W. of Messina. 
 
 Lucia, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, on a river 
 of the same name, 30 m. N. of Monte Video, and 
 340 N. by W. of Buenos Ayres. It is also the 
 name of several settlements in S. America, none 
 of which require particular notice. 
 
 Luciana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 8 m. 
 W. N. W. of Ecija. 
 
 Lucito, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 11m. 
 N. E. of Molise. 
 
 Luckau,a. town of the Prussian states, in Lowei 
 Lusatia. It is seated in a swampy country, on 
 the Berste, 55 m. N. of Dresden. 
 
 Luckenicald, a town of Prussian Saxony, seated 
 on the Nute, 32 m. S. of Berlin. 
 
 Luckford, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. W. of 
 Holme,on the Luckford, which falls into the Frome 
 and forms the W. boundaries of Purbeck Isle. 
 
 Lucknow, an ancient city of Hindoostan, and 
 capital of Oude. It is large, but poorly built, and 
 the streets are narrow and crooked. The palace 
 of the nabob is situated on a high bank near the 
 Goomty, and commands an extensive view both 
 of that river and the country on the eastern side. 
 Adjoining the palace is a cantonment of one of 
 the East India Company's regiments of native 
 infantry ; and in the vicinity is the dwelling of 
 the British resident. 
 
 Luco, a town of Naples, on the W. bank of the 
 lake Celano, 9 m. S. S. W. of Celano. 
 
 Lucon, a town of France, department of Ven 
 dee; seated in a morass, on the canal of Fontenay, 
 20 m. W. of Fontenay, and 50 S. of Nantes. 
 
 Luconia, or Manilla, the chief of the Philippine 
 islands, 400 m. in length, and 100 in breadth. It 
 is not so hot as might be expected, being well 
 watered by large lakes and rivers, and the period- 
 ical rains, which inundate the plains. There are 
 several volcanoes in the mountains, which occa- 
 sion earthquakes. The produce is wax, cotton, 
 indigo, tobacco, sugar, coffee, wild cinnamon, 
 sulphur, cocoa-nuts, rice, &c. Gold is found in 
 various parts of the island ; and horses, buffaloes, 
 and a variety of game abound. The inhabitants 
 are for the most part a well disposed peopie. and 
 before their subjugation were distributed into mud 
 villages. Under the tyranny of the Spanish gov- 
 ernment they have become indolent, and destitute 
 of energy. The interior, however, is occupied 
 by a savage race, whom the Spaniards have not 
 been able to subdue. They carry on a small 
 traffic in gold, wax, and tobacco, in exchange for 
 cattle. Long. 122. 0. E., lat. 15. 0. N. 
 Lucrino. See Licola. 
 
 Lucy, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy, 
 16 m. N. of Chamberry. 
 
 Ludamar, a country of Central Africa, bounded 
 on the S. by Kaarta and Bambarra, and N. by the 
 Sahara or Great Desert. It is inhabited by a race 
 of Moors, who are almost strangers to agriculture, 
 and depend for subsistence on the rearing of cat 
 
LU1 
 
 465 
 
 LUN 
 
 .le. In religion they are Mahomedans of the 
 most bigoted and intolerant character, as was ful- 
 ly proved in the case of major Houghton, who was 
 murdered here, and of Mr. Park, who was kept 
 in long captivity, and with difficulty made his 
 escape. 
 
 Ludehaunak, a town and fortress of Hindoos- 
 tan, in ihe province of Dehli, situated on the S. 
 bank of the river Suttelege. IdO m. N. N. W. of 
 Dehli. 
 
 Ludenc/ieid, a town of Prussian Westphalia 
 with manufactures of iron and cloth, 28 m. N. E. 
 of Cologne. 
 
 Ludersliall, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. It is 
 15 m. N. of Salisbury, and 71 N. by W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Ludlow, a borough in Shropshire, Eng. It has 
 a castle, now fast going to decay, where all busi- 
 ness was formerly transacted for the principality 
 of Wales. This castle and town were held for 
 the empress Maude against king Stephen, and be- 
 sieged by him. Edward V. resided here at the 
 time of his father's death, and was carried hence 
 to London. Arthur, prince of Wales, son of 
 Henry VII., held a court, and died here. It is 
 seated on the Teme, 21 m. S. of Shrewsbury, and 
 142 N. W. of London. Long. 2. 42. W., lat. 52. 
 23. N. 
 
 Ludlow, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. on a branch 
 of Chickapee River. 12 m. N. E. Springfield. 
 Pop. 1,327. Also a p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 16 in. 
 W. Windsor. Pop. 1,227. 
 
 Ludlowville, p.t. Tompkins Co N. Y. on Cayu- 
 ga lake. 
 
 Ludwigsourg,a. town of Germany, in Wurtem- 
 oerg, with manufactures of cloth, damask linen, 
 and marble paper. It is seated on the Neckar, 6 
 m N. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Ludwigsburg, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 Pomerania, near the Baltic Sea, 5 m. E. N. E. of 
 Greifswalde. 
 
 Luga, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Petersburg, on a river of the same name. 96 m. 
 S. of Petersburg. 
 
 Lugano, a town of Italy, capital of the Swiss 
 canton of Tesino, with a considerable trade in silk. 
 It is built round a gentle curve of the lake Luga- 
 no, and backed by an amphitheatre of hills. The 
 principal church is seated on an eminence above 
 the town. It is 17 m. N. W. of Como Lonir. 
 8. 57. E., lat. 45. 54. N. 
 
 Lugano, a lake in the canton of Tesino, 25 m. 
 in length, and from 3 to 6 in breadth. Its form is 
 irregular, and bending into continual sinuosities. 
 It lies between the lakes Como and Miiggiore,but 
 is above ISO feet higher than either of them. 
 
 Ludge, or Lude, a town of Prussian Westpha- 
 lia, seated on the Emmer, 24 m. N. N. E. of Pad- 
 erborn. 
 
 Lugo, a city of Spam, in Galicia, and a bish- 
 op's see. It was once the metropolis of Spain, 
 but is now chiefly celebrated for its hot medicinal 
 springs. It is seated on the Minho, 50 m. E. N. 
 E.ofCompostella. Long. 7. 32. W., lat. 43. 4. 
 
 Luis, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, in the prov- 
 ince of Tucuman, 140 m. W. S. W. of Cordova. 
 Long. 67. 52. W. lat. 32. 10. S. 
 
 Luis de la Paz, St., a town of Mexico, in the 
 province of Mechoacan. 120 m. S by E. of Mecho- 
 acan. 
 
 Luis de Potosi' St., a city of Mexico, in the 
 province of Mechoacan, situate in the midst of rich 
 gold mines, and all th« comforts of life The 
 5" 
 
 streets are neat and straight, and the churches 
 magnificent. It is 180 m. N. by W. of Mechoa- 
 can. Long. 102. 54. W., lat. 22. 25. N. 
 
 Lui-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Quang-tong. It is sealed in a 
 fertile country, near the sea, 315 in. S. W. of faii.- 
 ton. Lo..g. l"09. 25. E., lat. 20. 58. N. 
 
 Lulca, a sea-port of Sweden, in Bothnia, with 
 a good harbour. Near it is a mountain of iron 
 ere. It stands on a river of the same name, at 
 the N. VV. extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 115 
 m. N. N. E. of Uma. Long. 22. 12. E., hit. 65 
 32. N. 
 
 Lumbcrland, a township of Sullivan Co. N. Y. 
 on the Delaware. Pop. 955. 
 
 Lumbertun, a village of Burlington Co. N. J. 
 near Mount Holly, also a village in Robertson Co. 
 N. C. 25 in. S. Fayeiteville. 
 
 Lumello,<i.town in the Sardinian states,formerly 
 the residence of the kings of Lombardy, but now 
 a small place. It is seated on the Gogna, 44 m. 
 E. N. E. of Turin. 
 
 Lunan, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire, sit 
 uate on a bay of its name, at the mouth of the riv 
 er Lunan, 5 m. S. S. W. of Montrose. 
 
 Lund, a town of Sweden, in the province of 
 Scania It carries on but little trade, and is prin- 
 cipally supported by its university, founded by 
 Charles XI., and from him called Acadeuiia Caro- 
 lina Gothorum. The cathedral is an ancient ir- 
 regular building. It is 21 m. E. of Copenhagen, 
 and 38 S. W. ol Christianstadt. Long. 13. 12. E.. 
 lat. 55. 42. N. 
 
 Lundtn, a town of Denmark, in N. Ditsmarsch, 
 seated near the Eyder, 22 in. W. of Rendsburg. 
 
 Lundxj, an island at the entrance of the Bristol 
 Channel, about 12 m. from the Devonshire coast. 
 It is about 5 m. long and 2 broad, and in the N. 
 part is a high pyramidical rock, called the Con- 
 stable. Long. 4. 8. W., lat. 51. 18. N. 
 
 Lunc. See Loyne. 
 
 Lunel, a town of France, in the department of 
 Gard, near the river Ridourle. It has excellent 
 muscadine wine, and is 16 m. E. of Montpelier. 
 
 Lunen, a town of Westphalia, in the county of 
 Marck, situated at the conflux of the Zezisk with 
 the Lippe, 20 in. S. by W. of Munster. 
 
 Lunenburg, or Luneburg , a province of Hano- 
 ver, formerly a duchy of the German empire, ly- 
 ing along the left bank of the Elbe. A small por- 
 tion, lying on the right bank of the Elbe, now 
 belongs to Denmark ; but Hanoverian Lunen- 
 burg comprises a superficial extent of 4,236 sq. in. 
 with 246,000 inhabitants. It is watered by the 
 rivers Aller, Elbe. Ilmenau,Oker, Jeetize, Fuhse, 
 and some smaller streams ; and part of it is full 
 of heaths and forests, but near the rivers it is tol- 
 erably fertile. 
 
 Lunenburg , a large fortified town, capital of 
 the foregoing province. The chief public edifi- 
 ces are the places for public worship, the palace, 
 three hospitals, the town-house, the salt magazine, 
 the anatomical theatre, and the academy. The 
 salt springs near this place are very productive. K 
 is situatedon the Ilmmenau. 36 . S. E. of Ham- 
 burg, and 60 N. of Brunswick. 
 
 Lunenburg, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecti- 
 cut, nearly opposite Lancaster N. H. Pop. 1,054. 
 p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. N. W. Boston. 
 Pop. 1,318. 
 
 Lunenburg, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 11,957. Also a county of Nova Sco- 
 tia containing a township of the same name. 
 
 Luneville, a town of France, department ©f 
 
LUX 
 
 466 
 
 LYM 
 
 Meurthe. In its castle the dukes of Lorrain form- 
 erly kept their court, as did afterwards king Stan- 
 islaus. " In 1801 a treaty of peace was concluded 
 here between Franoe and Austria. Luneville is 
 seated in a plain between the rivers Vesoul and 
 Meurthe, 14 m. E. S. E. of Nancy, and 62 W. of 
 Strasburg. Long. 6. 30. E., lat. 48. 36. N. 
 
 Lunirro, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, chief- 
 ly inhabited by Greeks, 35 m. N. N. W. of Co- 
 senza. 
 
 Lvpoic, a town of Pomerania, on a river of the 
 same name, 15 m. E. of Stolpe. 
 
 Luray, p. v. Shenandoah Co. Va. 
 
 Lure, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Saone, celebrated for a late abbey of Benedic- 
 tines, converted, in 1764, into a chapter of noble 
 canons. It is seated near the Ougnon, 30 m. N. 
 E. of Besangon. 
 
 Lurgan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Ar- 
 magh, with an extensive linen manufacture, 14 
 m. N. E. of Armagh, and 67 N. of Dublin. 
 
 Lusatia, a margraviate of Germany, 90 in. long 
 and 60 broad ; bounded on the N. by Branden- 
 burg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, and W. by 
 Saxony. It is divided into Upper and Lower Lu- 
 satia, formerly two distinct stales, which became 
 subject to Saxony and formed a province of that 
 power until 1815. The whole of Lower Lusatia, 
 which forms the northern part of the margraviate 
 now belongs to Prussia, as does also one half of 
 Upper Lusatia, which is included in the govern- 
 ment of Liegnitz : the part that remains to Sax- 
 ony is computed at 1,170 sq. m. with 170,000 in 
 habitants. Upper Lusatia abounds more in moun- 
 tains and hills than the Lower, in which are 
 many boggy and moorish tracts, yet it is the most 
 fruitful. The breeding of cattle is very consider- 
 able, and there is plenty of game ; but the prod- 
 ducts of the country do not supply the necessities 
 of the inhabitants. This want is compensated by 
 its numerous manufactures, particularly those of 
 cloths and linens. 
 
 Lusignan, a town of France, department of Vi- 
 enne, seated on the Vonne, 15 m. S. S. W. of 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Luso, a river of Italy, which rises in the duchy 
 ofUrbino, crosses part of Romagna, and enters 
 the gulf of Venice 10 m. N. of Rimini. 
 
 Luton,a. town of Bedfordshire, Eng. with a mar- 
 ket on Monday. It is situate on the river Lea, 
 18 m. S. of Bedford, and 31 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Lutterberg, a town of Hanover, in the princi- 
 pality of Grubinhagen, seated on the Oder, 15 m. 
 S. of Gozlar. 
 
 Lutterworth, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. It 
 has a large and handsome church. Wickliff, the 
 celebrated reformer, was rector, and died here, 
 in 1387. Lutterworth has little trade, being prin- 
 cipally supported by the neighbouring opulent 
 graziers. It is seated on the river Swift, 14 m. 
 S. of Leicester, and 88 N. W. of London. 
 
 Lutzelstein, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Rhine, with a strong castle, seated on a 
 mountain, 30 m. N. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Lutzen, a town of Saxony, in the principality 
 of Merseberg, belonging to Prussia, with a cas- 
 tle. Near this place,- in 1632, Gustavus Adolphus, 
 king of Sweden, was killed in a battle, at the 
 moment of victory. Lutzen is also celebrated for 
 the defeat of the united forces of Russia and Prus- 
 sia, by Bonaparte, in May, 1813. It is seated 
 on the Elster, 21 m. W. S. W. of Leipzig. 
 
 Luxemburg, a province of the Netherlands, 
 bounded by the Prussian slates on the Rhine, a 
 
 part of the French frontier, and the Belgic prov 
 inces of Namur and Liege, and comprising a su 
 perficial area of 2,400 sq. m. with 226,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It gives the title of grand duke to the 
 sovereign. The surface is mountainous and 
 woody, being traversed by branches of the Arden- 
 nes ; and the climate is colder than that of the 
 other provinces. The principal river is the Mo 
 selle. Corn, potatoes, flax, and some wine are 
 raised ; the rearing of cattle forms an important 
 branch of industry ; and there are manufactures 
 of woolen and iron ; but the chief wealth of the. 
 province consists in its forests, which occupy up- 
 wards of 460,000 acres. It is divided into the 
 districts of Luxemburg, Dietkirch and Neufcha- 
 teau. 
 
 Luxemburg, the capital of the above province, 
 and one of the strongest towns in Europe. It is 
 divided by the Alsitz into the Upper and Lower 
 Town ; the former almost surrounded by rocks, 
 but the latter seated in a plain. In 1795 it sur- 
 rendered to the French, but w r as restored in 1814. 
 It is 22 m. W. S. W. of Treves, and 130 S. E. of 
 Brussels. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 49. 37. N. 
 
 Luxeuil, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Saone, near which are some mineral waters 
 and warm baths. It is seated at the foot of the 
 Vosges, 14 m. from Vesoul. 
 
 Luyo and Chillaos, a province of Peru, bounded 
 E. by mountains, N. and N. W. by the province 
 of Jaen, and S. E. by that of Caxamarca. It is 
 54 m. in length, and 24 in breadth, and contains 
 3,500 inhabitants. The capital has the same name, 
 and is in long. 77. 41. W., lat. 5. 33. S. 
 
 Luzara,a strong town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 province of Mantua, where a battle was fought 
 between the Austrians and the French and Span- 
 iards, in 1702, when each side claimed the victory. 
 It is seated near the conflux of the Crostolo with 
 the Po, 16 m. S. of Mantua. 
 
 Luzarckes, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise. 19 m. N. of Paris. 
 
 Luzerne, a county in the W. District of Penn- 
 sylvania, bounded N. by Tioga county, New 
 York, E. and S. E. by Northampton, and W. by 
 Lycoming and Northumberland counties. It is 
 about 79 m. in length and 75 in breadth, and is 
 divided into 12 townships. Pop. 27,304. Wilkes- 
 barre is the chief town. 
 
 Luzerne, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. at the 
 great bend of the Monongahela 
 
 Lycoming, a county of the W. District of Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 17,637. Williamsport is the cap- 
 ital. Also a township in the same county, and a 
 small stream falling into the W. branch of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Luion. See Luconia. 
 
 Lydd, a town in Kent, Eng. It is a member 
 of the cinque port of Romney, and seated in Rom- 
 ney Marsh, 25 in. S. W. of Dover, and 72 S. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Lyge, a town of Norway, near a lake of the same 
 name, 16 m. N. W. of Christiansand. 
 
 Lyman, a township of York Co. Me. 27 m. N 
 York. Pop. 1,502. 
 
 Lyme, or Lyme Regis, a borough and sea-port in 
 Dorsetshire, Eng. It is seated on the side of a 
 craggy hill, on the river Lyme, at the head of a 
 little inlet : and its harbour is formed by two very 
 thick walls, called the Cobbe. Here the duke of 
 Monmouth landed, in 1685, for the execution of 
 his ill-judged design against James II. Lyme is 
 the birth-place of Thomas Coram, the benevolent 
 patron and contriver of the Foundling Hospital 
 
MAA 
 
 467 
 
 MAB 
 
 U is 23 m. E. of Exeter, and 143 S. W. of London. 
 
 Lyme,p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecticut, 
 8 in. N. Dartmouth College. Pop. 1.804. p.t. N. 
 London Co. Conn. at the mouth of the Connecticut. 
 Pop. 4,098 ; a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. on 
 L. Ontario. Pop. 2.872 ; and a township in Huron 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Lymford, a gulf of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 which has a narrow entrance from the Cattegat, 
 and extends 80 m. across the country, widening 
 gradually, and forming several branches ; the W. 
 end is 20 m. long, and separated from the North 
 Sea only by a narrow bank. 
 
 Lymington, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. It 
 is seated on a river of its name, a m. from the sea, 
 and the harbour will admit vessels of 300 tons 
 burden. The chief trade is in salt ; and it is much 
 resorted to in summer for sea-bathing. Near it 
 are the remains of a Roman camp ; and in 1744 
 nearly 200 lbs. weight of their coins were discov- 
 ered here in two urns. It is 18 m. S. S. W. of 
 Southampton, and 88 S. W. of London. 
 
 Lynchburg, p.t. Campbell Co. Va. on James 
 River, 118 m. W. Richmond. Also villages in 
 Oldham Co. Ke:i. and Lincoln Co. Ten. 
 
 Ltitulrborouirh, p.t. Hillsborough Co N. H. 10 
 m. N. W. Amherst. Pop. 1,147. 
 
 Lyndkurst, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on the 
 N. side of the New Forest, 9 m. W. S. W. of 
 Southampton. Here are the king's house and the 
 king's stables, the latter very large ; and all the 
 f irest courts are held here. 
 
 Lyndon, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 32 m. N. E. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1,822. 
 
 Lyneville, p.v. Granville Co. N. C. GO m. N. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Li/nn, or Lynn Regis, a borough and sea-port in 
 Norfolk, Eng. By the Ouse, and its associated 
 rivers, it supplies most of the midland countries 
 with coal, timber, and wine; and, in return, ex- 
 ports malt and corn in great quantities : it also par- 
 takes in the Baltic trade and Greenland fishery. 
 Lynn has a large market-place, with an elegant 
 cross. It is 42 m. W. N. W. of Norwich, and 96 
 N. by E. of London. Long. 0. 24. E., lat. 52. 
 46. N. 
 
 Lynn, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. E. Boston. 
 Pop. 6.138. This town is noted for its manufac- 
 ture of shoes, of which between one and two 
 million pair are made annually. It lies upon the 
 coast, and is connected by a long beach with '.he 
 peninsula of Nahant. 
 
 Lynn, a township of Lehigh Co. Pa. bordering 
 on Berks and Schuylkill Cos. 
 
 Lynn Creek, p.v. Giles Co. Ten 6S m. W. 
 Murfreesboro. 
 
 Lynnficld, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 11m. N. Boston 
 Pop. 617. 
 
 Li/onnois, a former province of France, lying 
 on the W. side of the Saone and Rhone, 30 m. in 
 length, and 17 in breadth. This province, with 
 Forez and Beaujolois, now forms the department 
 of the Rhone and the Loire. 
 
 Lijons, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 
 ment ^if Rhone, and the see of an archbishop, 
 Many antiquities are still observed, which evince 
 its Roman origin. It was long considered as the 
 second city of France in beauty, size, and popula- 
 tion, and superior to Paris in trade, commerce, and 
 manufactures. The quays were adorned with 
 magnificent structures; the cathedral was a ma- 
 jestic Gothic edifice ; and the town-house was one 
 of the most beautiful in Europe. The other prin- 
 cipal public buildings were the exchange, the 
 custom-house, the palace of justice, the arsenal, 
 a theatre, a public library, two colleges, and two 
 hospitals. The bridge which unites the city with 
 the suburb de la Guillotiere is 1,560 feet long; 
 and there are three other principal suburbs, six 
 gates, and several fine churches. Such was Lyons 
 in June 1793, when it revolted against the national 
 convention. Being obliged to surrender, in Oc- 
 tober, the convention decreed that the walls and 
 public buildings should be destroyed, and the name 
 of the city changed to that of Ville Affranchie 
 The chiefs of the insurgents had fled, but several 
 of them were afterwards taken ; and of 3,528 per- 
 sons, who were tried before the revolutionary tri- 
 bunal, 1,682 were either shot or beheaded. In 
 1794, however, on the destruction of the faction 
 of the jacobins, the convention decreed that the 
 city should resume its ancient name, and that 
 measures should be taken to restore its manufac- 
 tures and commerce. In 1795 the friends of those 
 who were so wantonly put to death in 1793 aveng- 
 ed their fate by a general massacre of the judges 
 of the revolutionary tribunal, and of all the ja- 
 cobins who were then confined in the prisons of 
 Lvons. Notwithstanding, Lyons has begun to 
 resume its ancient celebrity, and is now a place 
 of very great trade, which is extended not only 
 through France, but to Italy, Switzerland, and 
 Spain ; and there are four celebrated fairs every 
 year. The chief article of manufacture now is 
 that of silk: the others are gold and silver bro- 
 cade, plain, double, and striped velvet, richly em- 
 broidered taffeta, and satin ; also gold and silver 
 laces or galoons, gauze, hats, ribands, leather, car- 
 pets, and colored paper. The printing and book- 
 selling of this place are the next to Paris in im- 
 portance. It was the scene of several actions 
 between the French and Austrians in 1814 ; and 
 on the return of Bonaparte from Elba in 1815 the 
 princes of the house of Bourbon were obliged to 
 withdraw. It was also the scene of dreadful riois 
 in the latter part of 1831. This city is seated at 
 the conflux of the Saone with the Rhone, 15 m. 
 N. of Vienne, and 280 S. E. of Paris. Long. 4. 
 49. E., lat. 45. 46. N. Pop. 145,675. 
 
 Lyons, p.t. \Va3ne Co. N. Y. 16 m. N. Geneva. 
 Pop. 3,603. 
 
 Lysandcr, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 20 m. N. 
 W. Onondaga. Pop. 3,228. 
 
 Li/the, a village in N. Yorkshire, Eng. on the 
 sea-coast, 4 m. W. N. W. of Whitby, noted for 
 its extensive alum works. 
 
 Lytham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. 5 ra. from 
 Kirkham. and 230 from London. 
 
 M 
 
 MAALMORIE, a promontory and small island the province of Zealand, on the island of Tholm, 
 
 of Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the isle of 9 m. W. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. 
 
 Islay. Mabra, a town of Algiers, seated on the guif of 
 
 Maartensdyke, a town of the Netherlands, in Bona 10 m. W. of Bona. 
 
MAC 
 
 463 
 
 MAC 
 
 Macao, a town of China, in an island, at the 
 entrance of the bay of Canton. It is defended 
 by three forts. The Portuguese have been in 
 possession of the harbour since 1040. The Brit- 
 ish have a factory here. Long. 113. 4C. E., lat. 
 !K. 13. N. 
 
 Macnrsca, a sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, and 
 a bishop's see. In its vicinity are many subter. 
 nneous grottoes. It is seated on the gulf of 
 Venice, 36 in. S. E. ofSpalatro. Long. 18. 7. £., 
 lat. 43. 4!). N. 
 
 Mams, a town of Peru, the capital of a fertile 
 district of the same name, which forms the most 
 easterly part of the kingdom of Quito. The 
 town was formerly a rich and floarishing place, 
 but is greatly decayed. It is seated on one of the 
 sources of the Amazon, 133 m. S. by E. of Qui- 
 l>. 
 
 Macassar, formerly a considerable kingdom of 
 the island of Celebes. Its princes at one period 
 ruled over almost the whole island, and also over 
 several of the neighbouring ones. Since that 
 time, however the empire has been completely 
 subverted by the Dutch. 
 
 Macassar, the chief settlement of the Dutch in 
 the above territory, called by them Fort Rotter- 
 dam, with a respectable fort and good harbour, 
 but the lattter is of difficult access. Chinese 
 junks carry on a direct trade with China from 
 this place, so that the mixed pop. of Dutch and 
 half-castes, Chinese and natives, is very consid- 
 erable. The Portuguese settled here about 1525, 
 but were expelled by the Dutch in 1660. The 
 British took possession of it in 1810, but restored 
 it in 1814. It is seated at the mouth of a river, on 
 the S. W. coast, and at the S. end of the strait of 
 Macassar. Long. 119. 49. E., lat. 5. 9.S. 
 
 Macassar, a strait which separates the islands 
 of Celebes and Borneo. It is about 350 m. in 
 length, and from 50 to 140 in breadth, and contains 
 numerous shoals and rocky islands. 
 
 Macclesfield, a town in Cheshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of mohair, twist, hatbands, buttons, 
 and thread, and mills for the winding of silk. It is 
 a large handsome town, and contains two churches 
 7 meeting-houses for dissenters, a Roman catholic 
 chapel, three alms-houses for widows, a free gram- 
 mar school, founded by Edward VI., and two 
 Sunday schools. It is seated at the edge of a for- 
 est, near the river Bollin, 36 m. E. of Chester, 
 and 167 N. W. of London. Long. 2. 17. W., lat. 
 53. 15. N. 
 
 Mac-Connelsburg , p. v. Bedford Co. Pa. In the 
 neighbourhood ofthis place is a medicinal spring. 
 
 Mac-ConnelsvUle, p.t. Morgan Co. Ohio. 
 
 Macnanielsville, p. v. Sportan Dis. S. C. 
 
 Macdonouo-h, a township of Chenango Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 1,232. 
 
 Macduff, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, 
 with a good harbour, on the frith of Moray, 2 m. 
 E. of Banff. 
 
 Macedon, or Macedonia, a celebrated province 
 of Greece, bounded by Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, 
 Thessaly, and the Archipelago. The soil is for 
 the most part fertile, and the coasts in particular 
 abound in corn, wine, oil, tobacco, <fec. Salonica 
 is the capital. 
 
 Macedon, p.t Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,990. 
 
 Maccira. See Mazisra. 
 
 Mactrata, a town of Italy, in the Papal States : 
 it is the see of a bishop, and contains a universi- 
 ty, two academies, a public school, and about 
 10,000 inhabitants. The principal gate is built in 
 the form of a triumphal arch. In 1797 it was ta- 
 
 ken by the French. It is seated on a hill by tue 
 river Chienti, 22 m. S. by W. of Ancona. Long. 
 13. 27. E., lat. 43. 20. N. 
 
 Mac Grcwslwrg, p. v. Adams Co. Pa. 32 in. S. 
 E. Harrisburg 
 
 Machala, a town of Peru, in the audience of 
 Quito. The environs produce great quantities ol 
 excellent cocao ; also large mangrove-trees, the 
 wood of which is very durable, and so heavy as 
 to sink in water. It stands near the bay of Guay- 
 aquil, 86 tn. S. of Guayaquil. 
 
 Mar/terry, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district of the same name, in the province of Aura 
 It is 70 in. S. S. W. of Dehli. 
 
 Machian, the most fertile of the Molucca islands 
 which rises like a conic mountain from the se? 
 ft is 20 in. in circumference, and produces excel- 
 lent cloves. Long. 126. 55. E., lat. 0. 23. N. 
 
 Machias, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Machias 
 Bay. 236 m. N. Portland. There are 3 distinct 
 towns, each of which has a post office. Machias has 
 a pop. of 1 ,021 . East Machias 1 ,066, and Machi- 
 as Port 688. A large trade in lumber is carried 
 on here, and a great number of saw mills are seat- 
 ed in the streams which run into the bay. 
 
 Mac/din, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, seateo. 
 on an eminence near the river Ayr, 6 in. E. N 
 E. of Ayr. 
 
 Machynlcth, a town of Wales, in Montgomery- 
 shire. In the vicinity are extensive slate quarries 
 and several productive lead mines : the staple 
 manufacture is that of flannel. Here Owen 
 Glendwr exercised his first acts of royalty in 1402. 
 The town is seated near the Dyfi, over which is 
 a bridge into Merionethshire, 37 m. W. of Mont- 
 gomery, and 207 N. W. of London. 
 
 Mac Intosh, a county of Georgia, Pop. 4,998. 
 Darien is the capital. 
 
 Mac Kean, a county of the W. District of Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1,439. Smithport is the capital. 
 
 Mackinac or Machinate. See Michilimackinac 
 
 Mac Kennsburg, p. v. Schuylkill Co. Pa. 
 
 Mac Kf.esport, p.v. Alleghany Co. Pa. 11 m. S. 
 E. Pittsburg. 
 
 Mackenzie's Rirer, a large river of North Amer- 
 ica flowing out of Slave Lake into the Frozen 
 Ocean. The Unjigah or Peace river, and At hap 
 cscow or Elk river, which flow into this lake may 
 be regarded as the sources of Mackenzie's river ; 
 thus its whole course will be about 2,000 m. 
 
 Mackeysvillc, a village of Burke Co. N. C. 
 
 Mac Leensborough , p.v. Hamilton Co. Illinois. 
 
 Mac Minn, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 14. 
 497. Athens is the capital. 
 
 Mac Minnville, p.t. Warren Co. Ten. 70 m. S. 
 E. Nashville. 
 
 Mac JYairy, a country of W. Tennesse. Pop 
 5,697. Purdy is the capital. 
 
 Macomb, a county of Michigan, on L. St. Clair. 
 Pop. 2,414. Mount Clemens is the capital. 
 
 Macon, or Mascon, a city of France, capital of 
 the department of Saone-et-Loire, celebrated for 
 its wine. It is seated on the side of a hill, near 
 the Saone, 40 m. N. of Lyons. Long. 4. 48 E 
 lat. 46. 20. N. 
 
 Macon, p.t. Bibb Co. Geo. 35 m. S. W. Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Maconsvillc, p.t. Northampton Co. N. C. 
 
 Macquarric, a river of New Holland which rises 
 in the Blue mountains and flowing westerly be- 
 comes totally lost among inland marshes. 
 
 Macri, or Macari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia, seated on a gulf of its name, in the Med- 
 iterranean. Here are the ruins of an amphitheatre 
 
MAD 
 
 469 
 
 MAD 
 
 and an old fort, and numerous remains of Greek 
 inscriptions. It is 125 m. S. E. of Smyrna. 
 Long. 29. 24. E., lat. 36. 56. N. 
 
 Macro, or Macronisi, an island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, near the coast of Altica, 29 m. E. 
 of Athens. Long. 24 16. E., lat. 37. 30. N 
 
 Mactan. See Matan. 
 
 Macula, a sea-port of Arabia, in the province of 
 Iladramaut, 150 m. S. W. of Shibam. Long. 47. 
 50. E., lat. 13. 25. N. 
 
 Macungy,a township of Lehigh Co. Pa. 5 m. S. 
 W. Allentown. 
 
 Mac Veytovm, p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa. 68 m. N. W. 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Mac Wuliamstovm, p.v. Chester Co Pa. 
 
 Madagascar, an island lying on the eastern 
 coast of Africa, about 800 m. in length, 300 in 
 breadth, and 2,000 in circumference. It is in tri- 
 sected throughout its whole length by a chain o, 
 lofty mountains, the scenery of which is in many 
 places strikingly grand and picturesque. The 
 climate is healthy and the soil extremely fertile ; 
 its products are rice, sugar, silk and potatoes. The 
 cocoa-nut, the banana, and other useful trees, 
 flourish here. The island rears no horses, or 
 camels, but large herds of oxen, some of which 
 come to an enormous size. The great bat whose 
 flesh is very delicate, is also found here. The in- 
 habitants are divided into a number of tribes, and 
 amount to more than 4,000,000. The natives, 
 called Madagasses, are commonly tall and well 
 made, of an olive complexion, which in some is 
 pretty dark. Their hair is usually long and 
 black, curling naturally; their noses are small, 
 though not flat. They seem to have had a great 
 many Arabs among them, with whom tiiaj are 
 mixed ; and there are some of a yellowish com- 
 plexion, who have neater features than the rest. 
 Although a populous country, here are no cities 
 or towns, but a great number of villages at a small 
 distance from each other, composed of huts, with 
 doors so low that a boy of 12 years old cannot 
 enter them without stooping. They have neither 
 windows nor chimneys, and the roofs are covered 
 with reeds or leaves. Both men and women are 
 fund of bracelets and necklaces, and anoint their 
 bodies with grease or oil. Those that are dressed 
 in the best manner have a piece of cotton cloth, 
 or silk, wrapped round their middle; but they 
 generally make little use of clothing. Their beds 
 are only mats spread upon boards ; and a piece of 
 wood or stone serves them for a bolster. They 
 lire very superstitious, and practise circumcision 
 and polygamy. Madagascar is happily exempt 
 from the ravages of the lion and the tiger, but 
 here are great numbers of locusts, which some 
 times swarm to such a degree as to darken the air. 
 
 They are eaten by the natives, and considered as 
 a dainty food. Here are also crocodiles, and 
 cameleons. The French have frequently at- 
 tempted to settle here, but have always been dri. 
 
 ven away ; and there are only some parts on the 
 coast yet known. The chief settlement was at 
 Port Dauphin, on the S. E. coast, in long. 47. 0. 
 E., lat. 25. 0. S., and the place most visited by the 
 Europeans is more to the N., called Fouleponte, 
 long. 49. 50. E., lat. 17. 40. S. 
 
 Madawaska, river, one of the heaa streams of 
 the St. John, in the northern part of the State of 
 Maine. Its whole course lies within the territory 
 which has lately been the subject of dispute be- 
 tween the American and British governments ; 
 and according to the recent decision of the king 
 of the Netherlands it belongs to the British. At 
 the junction of this stream with the St. John's 
 are several French settlements established by re- 
 fugees from Nova Scotia in the early part of the 
 last century. The inhabitants amount to about 
 2,000. 
 
 Madalcna, or Magdalena , a river of Terra Firma, 
 which rises in the mountains to the E. of Popay- 
 an, takes a northerly course of above 600 m. and 
 enters the Carribean Sea, by several mouths, be- 
 tween Carthagena and St. Martha. 
 
 Madbury, a township of Strafford Co. N. H. 11 
 rn. N. W. Portsmouth, Pop. 510. 
 
 Madeira, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 54 m. 
 long and 20 broad, and 250 N. by E. of Teneriffe. 
 The Portuguese discovered this island in 1419; it 
 was uninhabited, and covered with wood, and on 
 that account they called it Madeira. Prince 
 Henry, the next year, settled a colony here, and 
 not only furnished it with the plants and domestic 
 animals common in Europe, but procured slips of 
 the vine from Cyprus, and plants of the sugar- 
 cane from Sicily ; and the sugar and wine of 
 Madeira quickly became articles of some conse- 
 quence in the commerce of Portugal. The sugnr- 
 vvorks have since been removed, but its wine is 
 now in the highest estimation, especially such as 
 has been a voyage to the E. or W. Indies. The 
 scorching heat of summer and the icy chill of 
 winter are here unknown ; for spring and autumn 
 reign continually, and produce flowers and fruits 
 throughout the year. The cedar tree is found in 
 great abundance, and the dragon tree is a native 
 of this island. Flowers nursed in the English 
 green-houses grow wild here in the fields ; the 
 hedges are mostly formed of the myrtle, rose, jas- 
 mine, and honeysuckle ; while the larkspur, fleur- 
 de-lis, lupin, &c, spring up spontaneously in the 
 meadows. There are few reptiles to be seen in 
 the island ; the lizard is the most common Ca- 
 nary birds and gold-finches are found in the 
 mountains. The hog is the food most relished ; 
 they are suffered to range among the mountains, 
 and are hunted and caught by dogs. Salted cod 
 is impoited from America, and is the chief diet of 
 the poor. Madeira is well watered and populous. 
 The British factory settled in this island consists 
 of upwards of 20 commercial houses, and have 
 considerably more of its trade than the Portuguese. 
 In 1808 it surrendered to the English, but was 
 afterwards restored. Funchal is the capital. 
 
 Madcly Market, a town in Shropshire, Eng. It 
 is celebrated for having afforded refuge to Charles 
 I., after the battle of Worcester. Here are some 
 very extensive iron works ; and a work for obtain 
 ing fossil tar from the smoke of coal. It is 9 ni. 
 N. of Bridgenorth, and 147 N. W. of London. 
 
 Madhugiri, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore 
 with a strong hill-fort. In its vicinity much iron 
 is smelted, and a great number of cattle are bred. 
 It. is seated amid hills and fertile valleys, 22 m 
 E. of Sera. 
 
 2R 
 
MAD 
 
 470 
 
 MAD 
 
 Madian, or Midian, a town of Arabia Petrea, 
 on the E. side of the eastern arm of the Red Sea. 
 The Arabians call it Megar el SchuoiJ, the Grot- 
 to *f Schuaid (or Jethro,) and suppose it to be the 
 place where Moses tended the flocks of his fa- 
 ther-in-law. It is 50 m. N. of Moilah, and 80 S 
 of Acaba. 
 
 Madison, a county of New York. Pop. 30,037. 
 Cazenovia is the capital. A county of the E. Dis- 
 trict of Virginia. Pop. 9.23(5. Madison is the 
 capital. A county of Georgia. Pop.4,(j26. Dan- 
 ielsville is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 
 G,l!K). London is the capital. A county of Indi- 
 ana. Pop. 2,442. Andersontown is the capital. A 
 county of Illinois. Pop. 6,229. Edwardsville is 
 the capital. A county of Missouri. Pop. 2.371. 
 Frederickstown is the capital. A county of Ken- 
 tucky. Pop. 18.035. Richmond is the capital. 
 A county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 11,750. ' Jack- 
 son is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 
 28,011. Hunts ville is the capital. A county of 
 Mississippi. Pop. 4,973. Livingston is the capi- 
 tal. A county of Florida. Pop. 525. Hickstow 
 is the capital. Also the name of 27 towns and 
 villages in different ports of the United States. 
 
 Madisonville, p.v. Hopkins Co. Ken. ; p. v. St. 
 Tammany Parish Louisiana. 
 
 Madras, or Fort St. George, a celebrated fort 
 and city of Hindoostan. It is the capital of the 
 British possessions on the E. side of the peninsu- 
 la, and is a fortress of very great extent. It is 
 close op the margin of the Bay of Bengal, from 
 which it has a rich and beautiful appearance, the 
 houses being covered with a stucco called chu- 
 nam, which in itself is nearly as compact as the 
 finest marble, and bears as high a polish. The 
 Black Town is separated from the fort by an es- 
 planade. In common with all the European set- 
 tlements on this coast, Madras has no port for 
 shipping, the coast forming nearly a straight line ; 
 and it is incommoded also with a high and dan- 
 gerous surf. It is the seat of an archdeaconry, 
 and of missions from different societies in Britain. 
 In 1746 it was taken by the French, but restored, 
 by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is 100 m. N. 
 by E. of Pondicherry. Long. 80. 25. E., lat. 13. 
 5. N. 
 
 Madras Territory, the countries subject to the 
 presidency of Fort St. George, or Madras, com- 
 prehending nearly the whole of India, S. of the 
 river Kistnah, and the extensive province denom- 
 inated the Northern Circars. Within these boun- 
 daries , however, three native princes, the rajahs 
 of Mysore, Travancore, and Cochin, still collect 
 their resources, and exercise a certain degree of 
 authority within their territories. The rest of 
 the country is under the immediate jurisdiction of 
 the governor and council of Madras ; and is sub- 
 divided into 24 districts, over each of which there 
 is a European judge and a collector, with the re- 
 quisite establishments. There are also four pro- 
 visional courts of circuit and appeal, to which the 
 above mentioned judges are subordinate, and a 
 supreme court of appeal stationary at Madras, 
 consisting of four judges, selected from the com- 
 pany's civil servants. 
 
 Madre de Dios, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 near the coast of Patagonia, 180 m. in cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Madre de Popa, a town of New Granada, with 
 a. celebrated convent. It is much resorted to by the 
 pilgrims of S. America, and they pretend that the 
 image of the Virgin has done a great many mira- 
 cles in favour of the sea-faring people. It is seat- 
 
 ed on the Madalena,50 m. E. of Carthagena 
 Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New Castile. 
 It was formerly an inconsiderable place, belong 
 ing to the archbishop of Toledo , but the purity 
 of the air engaged the court to remove hither, 
 and it is now a considerable city. It contains 77 
 churches, 66 convents, 15 gates of granite, and 
 about 200,000 inhabitants. The houses are most- 
 ly built of stone ; and the principal streets are 
 long, broad, and straight, and adorned at proper 
 distances with handsome fountains. There are 
 above 100 towers or steeples, in different places, 
 which contribute greatly to the embellishment of 
 the city. It stands in d plain, surrounded bv 
 mountains, and has a high wall, built of rau u 
 There are two palaces on a large scale. The Pal 
 acio Real, at the west end, is strongly built and ele- 
 gantly ornamented on the outside ; the Buen 
 Retiro is situated at the east of the town, and is 
 chiefly remarkable for its large collection of paint- 
 ings, and very extensive gardens. The churches 
 and monasteries contain many paintings, by the 
 most celebrated masters. The squares are nu- 
 merous ; the finest is the Plaea Mayor, which 
 is 1,530 feet in circuit, surrounded by houses. 
 5 stories high, all of an equal height; every 
 story being adorned with a handsome balcony, 
 and the fronts supported by columns, which form 
 very fine arcades. Here the auto da fes, were 
 formerly celebrated, with all their terrible appara- 
 tus. In the environs are several royal residences, 
 such as the Casa del Campo, where a great many 
 wild animals were formerly kept for the chase. 
 The manufactures of Madrid are very inconsider- 
 able ; those for hats, and the royal china and salt- 
 petre works, are the principal. The French took 
 possession of the city in March 1808, and on the 
 2nd of May the inhabitants rose up in arms to ex- 
 pel them from the city, when a terrible carnage 
 took place for several hours, and it was not till 
 the arrival of more troops that order was enforced 
 among the people. On the 20th of July follow- 
 ing, Joseph Bonaparte entered it as ki.ig of 
 Spain ; but was obliged to quit it soon afterwards. 
 On the 2nd of December, of the same year, it was 
 retaken by Napoleon, who reinstated his brother 
 on the throne, and he kept possession till August 
 1812, when Madrid was entered by the British ar- 
 my, under the duke of Wellington. The French, 
 however, again took possession of it in Novem- 
 ber ;. but finally evacuated it the following year. 
 The inhabitants joined in the revolution of 1820, 
 when the king was obliged to accede to the gen- 
 eral desire of restoring the constitution of the 
 Cortes of 1812. See Spain. Madrid is on the 
 river Manzanares, over which is a magnificent 
 bridge, 2G5 m. N. E. of Lisbon, and 650 S. S. W. 
 of Paris. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 40. 25. N. 
 
 Madrid, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the St. 
 Lawrence. Pop. 3,459. 
 
 Madrigal, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, seat- 
 ed in a plain, fertile in excellent wine, 10 m. N. 
 E. of Medina del Campo. 
 
 Madrisio, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 30 m. N 
 of Venice. 
 
 Mad River, a town of Clark Co. Ohio, on a 
 stream of thatname running into the Great Miami. 
 Madrogan, a town of Africa, the capital of Moc- 
 aranga, with a spacious royal palace. The upper 
 part of the houses is in the shape of a bell 
 Long. 29. 40. E„ lat. 10. 0. S. 
 
 Madura, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district of the same name, belonging to the Brit- 
 ish, and included in the collectorship of Dindigul. 
 
MAG 
 
 471 
 
 MAG 
 
 It is fortified with square towers and parapets, and 
 has one of the most superb pagodas in Hindoostan. 
 It is 130 m. N. N. W. of Cape Comorin, and 270 
 S. S. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 12.E.,lat. 9.55.N. 
 
 Madura, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the 
 N. coast of the island of Java. It is 100 m. long 
 and 15 broad, and the soil is fertile and well cul- 
 tivated. The chief towns are Samanap, Parma- 
 ".assan. and Bancallan. 
 
 Mae.ier, a lake of Sweden, 80 m. long and 20 
 broad, between the provinces of Westinania and 
 Sudennania. It contains several fine islands, is 
 usually frozen during a few weeks in winter, and 
 opens an easy communication, by sledges, be 
 Iween the interior parts of Sweden and the city 
 of Stockholm. 
 
 Maelstrom, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast 
 of Norway, in G8. N. lat. and near the island of 
 Moskoe, whence it is also named Moskoestrom. 
 When it is flood, the stream runs up the country 
 with a boisterous rapidity ; but the roar of its im- 
 petuous ebb to the sea is scarcely equalled by the 
 loudest cataracts. The whirlpool is of such an 
 extent and depth that, if a ship comes within its 
 attraction, it is inevitably absorbed and beaten in 
 pieces against the rocks below ; and when the 
 water relaxes, the fragments come up again. The 
 intervals of tranquility are only at the turn of the 
 ebb and flood, and calm weather ; and they last 
 but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually 
 returning. When the stream is most boisterous, 
 and its fury heightened by a storm, vessels have 
 been reached by it at the distance of 5 m. 
 
 Maerna, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 23 m. 
 W. S. W. of Trent. 
 
 Maese. See Meuse. 
 
 Maeseyk, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 m. S 
 S. W. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Maeslandsluys, a town of S. Holland, near the 
 mouth of the Meuse, 10 m. W. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Maestricht, a city of the Netherlands, about 4 
 m. in circumference, seated on the Meuse, oppo- 
 site Wyck, with which it communicates by a 
 stone bridge. The number of inhabitants is esti- 
 mated at 18,000. It has fine long streets, many 
 churches and convents, a college formerly be- 
 longing to the Jesuits, a council house with its li- 
 brary and considerable manufacture of cloth, 
 leather, hosiery, and hardware. Near it is the 
 lofty mountain of St. Peter, with a fortress ; and 
 a stone quarry, with such a nnmber of subterra- 
 nean passages as to be capable of containing 40, 
 000 persons. The other fortifications and the sit- 
 uation of Maestricht are such tliat it is deemed 
 one of the strongest places in Europe. The city 
 was besieged by the French in 1748, during the 
 negociations of Aix-la-Chapelle, was unsuccess- 
 fully attacked by them in 1793, and they became 
 masters of it towards the end of the following 
 year. In 1814 it was delivered up to the allied 
 forces. It is 14 m. N. N. E. of Liege, and 58 E. 
 of Brussels Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 50. 49. N. 
 
 Mafra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 with a college founded in 1772. In a sandy and 
 barren spot near this place John V., in pursuance 
 of a vow, erected a building of extraordinary 
 magnificence, as a Franciscan convent. The 
 town is seated near the sea, 18 m. N. N. W. of 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Magadi, or Maghery, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 the district of ftfysore, seated in a hilly country, 
 abounding in timber-trees, stone and iron, 24 m. 
 W. of Bangalore. 
 
 Magadoxa, the capital of a kingdom of the same 
 name, on the coast of Ajan, with a citadel, and a 
 good harbour. It stands at the mouth of a river, 
 which is supposed to have a long course, having 
 regular inundations that fertilize the country to a 
 great extent. The inhabitants are mostly Ma- 
 homedans ; but there are also some Abyssinian 
 Christians. They all speak the Arabic tongue, are 
 stout and warlike and among other weapons use 
 poisoned arrows and lances. The city is a place 
 of great commerce, receiving from Adel and other 
 parts, cotton, silk spices, and drugs, in exchange 
 for gold, ivory, wax, and other commodities. 
 Long. 4G. 25. £., lat. 2. 10. N. 
 
 Magdalen Isles, a group of islets, in the gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, near its entrance. Thev are in- 
 habited by a few families, whose chief support 
 is derived from fishing. 
 
 Magdalena, a large river of Colombia, which 
 rises in the province of Popayan, and after a 
 course of 900 m. falls into the sea, in lat. 11.2. 
 N. 
 
 Magdalena, a river of New Mexico, which 
 runs into the sea between the rivers Flores and 
 Mexicano. 
 
 Magdeburg, a government of the Prussian 
 states, in Saxony, composed of part of the Old 
 Mark on the left of the Elbe, the pirncipahty of 
 Halperstadt, the abbey of Quedlinburg, the coun- 
 ty of Wernigerode, the barony of Schauen, and 
 thebailiwics of Kloetze, Barby, and Gommern. 
 It comprises a superficial area of nearly 4,400 sq. 
 m., is divided into 15 circles, and contains 450,000 
 inhabitants. The country is in general level, 
 and the parts which are not marshy and over- 
 grown with wood are very fertile. Its commerce 
 is greatly facilitated by the Elbe, which traver- 
 ses through its whole extent 
 
 Magdeburg, a fortified city, capital of the fore- 
 going government. It has a handsome palace, a 
 citadel with a fine arsenal, and a magnificent 
 cathedral, which contains the superb mausoleum 
 of Otho the great. The inhabitants are computed nt 
 30,000. Here are manufactures of cotton and 
 linen goods, stockings, gloves, porcelain, hats, 
 leather, soap, and tobacco ; but the principal are 
 those of woolen and silk. It is well situate for 
 trade, on both sides of the Elbe, by which it has an 
 easy communication with Hamburgh. In the 
 neighbourhood are the monastery of Bergin, and 
 the salt-works of Schcenebeck, producing about 
 30,000 tons annually. Magdeburg has sustained 
 several sieges. In 1631 it was taken by the 
 Austrians, who burnt the town, except the cathe- 
 dral and a few houses, adjacent, ( and massacred 
 above 10,000 of the inhabitants ; but it was soon 
 handsomely rebuilt. In 1806 it surrendered to 
 the French, and was not restored till 1813. It is 
 75 m. W. S. W. of Berlin, and 120 S. E. of Ham- 
 burgh. Long. 11 . 40. E., lat. 52. 10. N. 
 
 Magellan, a strait of S. America, discovered in 
 1520 by Ferdinando Magellan, a Portuguese in 
 the service of Spain. It has since been sailed 
 through by several navigators ; but the passage, 
 upward of 300 m. being dangerous and trouble- 
 some, they now sail round Cape Horn. 
 
 Magcrville, a township of Sunbury Co. New 
 Brunswick, on the St. Johns. 
 
 Maggeroe, or Mageron, a large island on the 
 coast of Norway, and the most nothern land in 
 Europe. It is separated from the continent on 
 the S. by a narrow channel; and itsN. extremity 
 is an enormous rock, called N. Cape. Long. 25 
 57. E., lat. 71. 10. N. 
 
MAH 
 
 472 
 
 MAl 
 
 Magherafclt, a town of [reland, in the county 
 (if Londonderry, with a considerable linen man- 
 ufacture, 13 m. W. of Antrim, and 30 S. E. of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Maria, a river of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Tessin, which runs S. with rapidity, through a 
 narrow valley of its name, and enters the lake of 
 Maggiore, near Locarno. 
 
 Magtriore, a lake of Upper Italy, separating part 
 of the'Austro- Italian government of Milan from 
 the states of Sardinia, and extending from Sesto, 
 northward to Locarno ; 30 m. in length, and 3 in 
 breadth. The river Tesino runs S. through its 
 whole length ; and it contains the celebrated Bor- 
 romean Isles. 
 
 Magindanao. See Mindanao. 
 Magliano, a town of Italy, province of Sabina, 
 seated on a mountain, near the river Tiper, 34 m. 
 N. of Rome. Long. 12. 35. E., lat. 42. 25. N. 
 
 Magna Macca. a town andfort of Italy, in the 
 Capal states, seated at the mouth of the lake of 
 Oommaqhio, in the gulf of Venice, 3 m. S. E. of 
 Commachio. 
 
 Magnisa. See Manachia. 
 
 Moony, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Oise, 32 m. N. W. of Paris. 
 
 Magra, a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap- 
 penn'mes, on the S. confines of Parma, and flows 
 by Pontremoli and Sarsana into the gulf of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Mahaleu, a town of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It 
 carries on a considerable trade in linen, cotton, 
 ;md sal-ammoniac ; and the inhabitants have ovens 
 to hatch chickens. Long. 33. 30. E., lat. 31. 
 30. N. 
 
 Mahanada, a river of Hindoostan, which rises 
 in the N. E. part of Berar, crosses Orissa, and en- 
 ters the bay of Bengal, by several mouths, below 
 Cattack. These mouths form an assemblage of 
 low woody islands: and at the mouth of the prin- 
 cipal channel, named Cajung or Codjung. 
 Mahdia. See Madea. 
 
 Mahanoy, Little, Lower and Upper, three town- 
 ships in Northumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Mahantan'ro, Upper, a township in Schuylkill 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Make, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, for- 
 merly belonging to the French, but taken by the 
 English in 1793. It is situate on high ground, 
 at tlie mouth of a river, 5 m. S. S. E. of Tellich- 
 errv. 
 
 Mahlberg, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 Baden, 17 = in. N. of Friburg. 
 
 Mahmoodabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Guze- 
 rat, 17 m. S. S. E. of Ahmedabad. 
 
 Mahmudpore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 
 80 m. N. E. of Calcutta. 
 
 Maltomdy, a town of Hindoostan. in the prov- 
 ince of Oude, 70 m. N. W. of Lucknow, and 150 
 E. S. E. of Dehli. 
 
 Mahoning, three townships in Mercer, Indiana 
 and Columbia Cos. Pa. Also a river of Penn- 
 sylvania falling into the Alleghany. 
 
 Mahratta Territory, an extensive country of 
 Hindoostan, which till lately stretched across 
 what is called the peninsula of India. On the 
 accession of Ram Rajah, in 1740, the peishwa 
 and the paymaster-general confined him to the 
 fortress of Sattarah, and divided the empire be- 
 tween them, the former fixing his residence at 
 Poonah, which became ,the capital of the West- 
 ern Mahrattas ; the latter founding a new king- 
 dom in the province of Gundwaneh, called the 
 F.istern Mahrattas, and fixing his residence at 
 
 JVagpore, which see. The peishwa became de- 
 pendent on the British in 1802, but attempting to 
 shake off his dependence, he was defeated and de- 
 posed. The Mahrattas are Hindoos : and many 
 of the Brahmins are polished and insidious mer- 
 chants. They are fond of horses, and their army 
 was almost entirely composed of cavalry ; they 
 were however, never very formidable, as a regu- 
 lar force, depending more on the celerity of their 
 motions and the suddenness of their incursions 
 than on the boldness with which they met their 
 enemies. 
 
 Mahrburg. See Marchbnrg. 
 Maliur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, in the province of Berar ; seated 
 on the Chin. Gonga, which flows into the Goda- 
 very, 140 m. S. W. ofNagpore. Lonsr. 78. 34. E., 
 lat. 19. 24. N. 
 
 Maida, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. On 
 the plain near this place, in 1 80G , a victory was 
 obtained by the British troops over the French. It 
 is 9 m. W. S. W. of Squillace. 
 
 Maiden Creek, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Maidenhead, a town in Berkshire, Eng. with a 
 good trade in malt, meal, and timber. It is seated 
 on the Thames, over which is a bridge, 12 m. E 
 by N. of Reading, and 26 W. by N. of London 
 2 m. distant is Maidenhead Thicket, formerly in- 
 fested by highwaymen. 
 
 Maidenhead, a township of Hunterdon Co. N.J. 
 
 Maidenio, an island of the Pacific Ocean. 39 m. 
 long and 9 broad. In the N. W. part of it na- 
 tive copDer is found. Lonor. 167. 10. E., lat. 54. 
 40. N. 
 
 Maidstone, a borough and the county town of 
 Kent, Eng. It has a brisk trade in exporting the 
 commodities of the county, particularly hops, of 
 which there are numerous plantations around, 
 here are likewise paper-mills, and a manufacture 
 of linen. The church is a spacious and handsome 
 edifice; and there are several meeting houses fiu 
 dissenters, a grammar school, 8 charity schools, 
 &c. Maidstone is seated on the Medway. over 
 which is a bridge of seven arches, 10 m. W. of 
 Canterbury', and 34 E. S. E. of London. Long. 
 0. 38. E., lat. 51. 16. N. 
 
 Maidstone, a township of Essex Co. Vt. 53 m. 
 N. Montpelier. Pop. 236; also a township of Es- 
 sex Co. U. C. 
 
 Maihidpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Mal- 
 wal, near which the troops of Holkar were defeat- 
 ed by the British in 1817. It is seated on the 
 Soprah, 20 m. N. of Oojain. 
 
 Mailcotay, a lofty fortress of Hindoostan, in My 
 sore, and one of the most celebrated places ofllin 
 doo worship. The large temple is a square build- 
 ing of great dimensions, and the jewels belong- 
 ing to it are very valuable. In 1772 Hyder was 
 completely routed by the Mahrattas near this 
 place ; and it was here that the Mahratta chiefs 
 joined lord Cornwallis in 1791. It is 17 m. N. of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Mailliezais. a town of France, department of 
 Vendee, seated on an island formed by the Seure 
 and Autize, 22 m. N. E. of Rochelle. 
 
 Maina, a sea-port of Greece, in the Morea, 
 which gives name to a district that lies between 
 two bays of the Mediterranean Sea. The inhab- 
 itants of the district, estimated at 50,000. could 
 never, even nominally, be subjected to the Turks, 
 till the end of the 18th century, when they agreed 
 to pay a small tribute to the Porte. The town is seat- 
 ed on the bay of Coron, 46 m. S. by W. ot Misi- 
 tra. Long. 22. 10. E., lat. 36. 34. "N 
 
MAI 
 
 473 
 
 MAI 
 
 Maine, one of the United States, and consti 
 tuting the north-eastern extremity of the Union. 
 It extends from 43 . 5. to 47. 20. N. Iat. anJ from 
 66. 49. to 71. 4. W. long, bounded N. and N. W. 
 by Lower Canada. E. by N<*w Brunswick, S. by 
 the Atlantic, and W. by New Hampshire, and 
 containing 30,000 square m. The northern limit, 
 as fixed by the king of the Netherlands, has some- 
 what reduced the state from its former dimensions. 
 The northern parts are mountainous, and a part 
 of the north-western limit is formed by one of the 
 extremities of the Apalachian chain. Mount 
 Katakdin or Ktaudn an isolated peak in the 
 north is 5,385 feet in height , and several other 
 elevations exceed 4,000. The mountains are cov- 
 ered with wood, and indeed all the northern re- 
 gions may be considered as one great forest. Here 
 
 is still to be found the moose, a wild animal 
 which has disappeared from almost every other 
 part of the United States. The trees are princi- 
 pally pine, hemlock, spruce and birch. Toward 
 the sea grow the white and red oak, but these 
 trees are not abundant. The chief rivers in 
 Maine are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscog- 
 gin, and Saco which rise among the mountains 
 and flow southerly into the Atlantic. These 
 streams have a rapid course and in the upper part 
 are much broken by falls. The Walloostook Aroos- 
 took and Allagash, in the north, flows into the 
 St. Johns. The St. Croix forms a part of the east- 
 ern boundary. There are many lakes in this 
 state, the largest of which are the Moosehead, 
 Chesuncook, and Schoodic. The coast is indent- 
 ed with a great number of bays and inlets of the 
 sea, and no state in the Union has so many ex- 
 cellent harbours. Along the coast are also scat- 
 ered many fine islands, a great number of which 
 are populous and well cultivated. The mineral 
 productions are few. Iron and lead in small quan- 
 tities have been discovered. Slate and limestone 
 are abundant ; lime is burnt for exportation at 
 Thomastown and Camden, and all the New Eng- 
 land States are supplied from this quarter. The 
 s-jil among the mountainous parts and on the 
 coast is inferior, but there are many tracts in th» 
 interior of great fertility. Wheat, barley, rye and 
 potatoes are extensively cultivated. Maize also 
 receives attention, but does not thrive so well 
 here as in the other New England States. The 
 climate is the coldest in the United States ; and 
 in the spring heavy fogs are common. The 
 summer is hot but of short continuance. 
 
 The inhabitants subsist mostly by agriculture 
 and maritime enterprize. There are few manu- 
 factures in the state except domestic fabrics. 
 The commerce is chiefly confined to the exporta- 
 tion coastwise of lumber, fish, lime, plaster Sua. 
 There is also some trade to the West Indies. The 
 shipping in 1827, amonnted to 202,395 tons. The 
 60 
 
 imports for 1829, were valued at 742,781 ; the ex 
 ports of domestic produce, 729,106 dollars ; the 
 total exports 737,832 dollars. The fisheries are 
 very productive ; the fish annually taken are esti- 
 mated to be worth nearly half a million of dollars. 
 The northern parts of the state furnish vast quan- 
 tities of timber. The trees are felled in the depth 
 of winter by parties which penetrate into the 
 woods in autumn for that purpose, and cut down 
 the trees after the ground is covered with snow 
 sufficiently to enable them to drag the timber by 
 oxen to the rivers where they are rolled upon the 
 ice. When the rivers, break up in the spring the 
 logs are floated down to the sea. Where the riv- 
 ers are wide and uninterrupted by falls, the logs 
 are fastened together in immense rafts. 
 
 This state is divided into 10 counties. The 
 capital is Augusta. The legislature consists of a 
 Senate and House of Representatives, the mem- 
 bers of which are chosen annually. The Govt r- 
 nor is also elected annually All the elections 
 are popular, and suffrage is universal. The most 
 numerous religious sect is that of the Baptists ; 
 they have 148 ministers ; the Calvinistic congre- 
 gationalists have 107; the Methodists 56 ; the 
 Unitarians 8 ; the Episcopalians 4 ; the Catholics 
 4. There are also 30 societies of Quakers, 50 of 
 Freewill Baptists; 3 of Sandemanians and some 
 Universalists. There are colleges at Brunswick 
 and Waterville and theological seminaries at Ban- 
 gor and Readfield. Common schools are support- 
 ed bv law and the business of education receives 
 great attention. 
 
 There are some Indians remaining in this state, 
 chiefly of the Pennobscot tribe. Their settle- 
 ments are on the Penobscot, and on Passama- 
 quoddy Bay. The population of Maine is 399.462. 
 This state was originally a part of Massachusetts 
 with the title of the District of Maine. In lt-20 
 it was admitted into the Union as an independent 
 State. 
 
 The most populous part of the state lies alon<r 
 the coast. The northern part is unsettled. The 
 largest town is Portland ; the other principal 
 towns are Bath, Hallowell, Gardiner, Bangor, 
 Wiscasset, Thomastown, Eastport, Lubec and' 
 York. 
 
 Maine, a large river of Germany, formed by uvo 
 streams called the Red and White Maine, which 
 rises among the mountains of Franconia. It joins 
 the Rhine a little above Mentz. 
 
 Maine, Loioer, a circle of the Bavarian states, 
 contiguous to Baden, Hesse-Cassel, and Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, comprising a superficial extent of 3000 
 sq. m. with 423,000 inhabitants. The principal 
 products are corn and wine. Wurtzburg is the 
 capital. 
 
 Maine, Upper, a circle of the Bavarian state*. 
 2k2 
 
MAK 
 
 474 
 
 MAL 
 
 contiguous to Bohemia and Saxony, comprising 
 an extent of 3,460 sq. m. with 434,000 inhabitants. 
 The manufactures, though confined to the pro- 
 ductions of the province, viz. the metals, flax, and 
 timber, are considerable. Bayreuth is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Maine- et- Loire, a department of France, bounded 
 by the departments of Mayenne, Sarthe, and In- 
 dre-et-Loire, comprising an extent of 4,000 sq. m. 
 with 404,600 inhabitants. The soil is in general 
 fertile, producing corn, flax, hemp, fruit, and wine'; 
 and the manufacture of Hnen is carried on to a 
 considerable extent. Angers is the capital. 
 
 Maine and Tauber, a circle of Baden, comprising 
 the N. E. portion of the grand duchy, and a small 
 tract on the Maine, insulated from the rest by part 
 of Bavaria. Wertheim is the chief town. 
 
 Mainland, the principal of the Shetland Isles, 
 is 60 m. long, and from 6 to 18 broad, and is di- 
 vided into eight parochial districts. The face of 
 the country exhibits a prospect of black, craggy 
 mountains, and marshy plains, interspersed with 
 some verdant spots, which appear smooth and fer- 
 tile. The mountains abound with various kinds 
 of orame ; the lofty cliffs, impending over the sea, 
 arethe haunts of eagles, falcons, and ravens ; the 
 deep caverns underneath shelter seals and otters ; 
 and to the winding bays resort the swans, geese, 
 scaups, and other aquatic birds. The seas abound 
 with fish, such as the herring, cod, turbot, and 
 haddock ; lobsters, oysters, muscles, &c.,are also 
 plentiful ; while the rivulets and lakes abound 
 with salmon, trout, &c. The hills are covered 
 with sheep of a small breed, and of a shaggy ap- 
 pearance ; but their fleece is very soft, and ex- 
 tremely fine. Their horses are of a diminutive 
 size, but remarkably strong and handsome, and 
 are well known by the name of Shelties. There 
 is an immense store of peat, but no coal. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at about 14,000. They 
 have some manufactures of linen and woolen cloth, 
 but their chief employment is derived from the 
 fisheries. Lerwick is the capital. 
 
 Mainland, the principal of the Orkney islands. 
 See Pomona. 
 
 Maintenon, a town of France, department of 
 Eure-et-Loire, seated between two mountains on 
 the river Eure, 11 m. N. by E. of Chartres. 
 
 Maire,La,a. strait of S. America, between Terra 
 del Fuego and Staten Land, about 15 m. loiTg, and 
 as many broad. 
 
 Muisa, a town of Hungary, in Little Cumania, 
 with 4,100 inhabitants. 17 m. S. by W. of Fele- 
 gahaza. 
 
 Maixant, St. a town of France, department of 
 Deux Sevres, with a trade in corn, and manufac- 
 tures of stockings, woolen stuffs. &c. It is 
 seated on the Sevre Niortoise, 36 m. S. W. of 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Majombo, a country on the coast of Guinea, be- 
 tween Biafara and Gabon, of which little is 
 known. 
 
 Majorca, the principal of the Balearic Isles, 40 
 m. long and 35 broad, situate in the Mediterrane- 
 an Sea, between Ivica and Minorca. The whole 
 coast is lined with strong towers. The N. W. 
 part is mountainous ; the rest produces good corn, 
 olive-trees, fine honey, and delicate wine. Palina 
 is the capital. 
 
 Majumba. See Mayamba. 
 
 Makarev, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Niznei Novogorod, situate on the Volga, 24 in. 
 E. N. E. of Niznei Novogorod. 
 
 Maharicf. or Makarev, a town of Russia, in the 
 
 government of Kostroma. It is seated on the 
 river Unza, 140 m. E. of Kostroma. Long. 44 
 14. E., lat. 58. 50. N. 
 
 Makefield, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Maker, a village in Cornwall, Eng. 7 m. S. E. 
 of St. Germains, on an eminence, forming the W. 
 point of the Hamoaze, at Plymouth. On the 
 heights is a very strong battery ; and the steeple 
 of the church, called Maker Tower, it is a noted 
 sea-mark. Long. 4. 10. W., lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Malabar, a maritime province of Hindoos-tan, 
 lying between 10. and 13. N. lat., now undei the 
 dominion of the British. It consists either of flat 
 land washed by the sea, or of different ranges of 
 hills, extending to the foot of the mountains ; and 
 it is intersected by a number of mountain 
 streams. Its chief produce is timber, sandal- 
 wood, cocoa-nut, coir, and black pepper. Us 
 principal towns are Calicut, Tellicherry, and Can- 
 anore. The inhabitants are principally Hindoos ; 
 but there are also Jews, Mahomedans, and Chris- 
 tians. 
 
 Malacca, or Malaya, an extensive country of In- 
 dia, beyond the Ganges, bounded on the N. by 
 Siam, E. by the ocean, and S. W. by the strait 
 of Malacca, which separates it from Sumatra. It 
 is 775 m. in length and 125 in breadth; and pro- 
 duces a great many excellent fruits and roots, 
 pepper, and other spices, with some precious 
 gums and woods. There is but little corn, and 
 sheep and oxen are scarce ; but hogs and poultry 
 are plentiful. The Malays are rather below the 
 middle stature ; their limbs well shaped ; their 
 complexion tawny ; their eyes large ; and their 
 
 hair long, black, and shining. They are fond oi 
 navigation, war, plunder, emigration, adventures 
 and gallantry; talk incessantly of their honor and 
 bravery, and speak the softest language of Asia ; 
 yet they are deemed the most treacherous and tv- 
 rocious people on the face of the globe. The gov 
 eminent is vested in a rajah, or sultan, with ;• 
 great number of chiefs under him, who generally 
 pay very little regard to his authority. Their re 
 ligion is a mixture of Mahomedism and paganism. 
 The inland parts are possessed by a savage and 
 barbarous people. 
 
 Malacca, the capital of the above country, situ- 
 ate on the western coast. The Portuguese had a 
 factory here, which was taken from them by the 
 Dutch in 1640 ; it was subjected to the English 
 in 1795; restored to the Dutch in 1818; but is 
 now under the authority of Great Britain, and is 
 one of the principal stations of the London Mis- 
 sionary Society. It is seated on the strait of its 
 name, 480 m. S. E. of Acheen. Long. 102. 5 
 E., lat. 2. 12. N. 
 
MAL 
 
 475 
 
 MAL 
 
 Malaga, a sea-port and city of Spain, in Gran- 
 ada, with a good harbour, capable of containing 
 400 merchant vessels and 20 sail of the line. The 
 cathedral is a stupendous pile, begun by Philip 
 II. while married to Mary of England, and their 
 united arms are over the gate. The inhabitants 
 are about 50,000, who have some trade in raisins 
 and excellent wines, and manufactures of silks, 
 velvets, soap, paper, &c. Malaga was taken by 
 the French in 1810, and remained in their posses- 
 sion till 1812. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 
 surrounded by hills, 55 m. W. S. W., of Granada. 
 Long. 4. 10. W., lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Malaga, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 30 m. S. 
 Philadelphia; p. v. Monroe Co. Ohio. 147 m. S. 
 E. Columbus 
 
 Malahide, a town and bay of Ireland, in the 
 county of Dublin, 6 m. from the capital. In the 
 vicinity is Malahide Castle, the residence of the 
 Talbot family. 
 
 Mala.mbito, a town of S. America, in the prov- 
 ince of Carthagena, about CO m. E. of Carthage- 
 na, on the W. side of the river Magdalena. 
 
 Malamocco, a small island and town of Austrian 
 Italy, 5 m. S. of Venice. 
 
 Malatia, a town of Asia Minor, on the site of 
 the ancient Melitene, once the capital of Arme- 
 nia Minor ; seated 15 m. W. of the Euphrates, 
 90 W. N. W. of Diarbekir. Long. 57. 30. E. lat. 
 37 30. N. 
 
 Malawully, or Malavilly, a town of Hindoostan, 
 in Mysore, with a large mud fort, separated into 
 two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a fruit- 
 garden of great extent, planted by the late sul- 
 tans. Tippoo Sultan was defeated here by gene- 
 ral Harris in 1799. It is 35 m. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Mai chin, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg-Sohwerin, seated on the _ river 
 Peene, where it forms the lake Camrow, 22 m. E. 
 of Gustrow. 
 
 Mnlcho, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, between the lakes Calpin 
 and Plau, 23 rn. S. S. E. of Gustrow. 
 
 Maldeghina, a town of France, department of 
 Lys, 10 m. E. of Bruges. 
 
 Malda, a town of Bengal, capital of a district 
 of the same name, on the N. E. side of the Gan- 
 ges. It is the residence of the commercial agent 
 of the E. India Company, and carries on an exten- 
 sive trade in raw silk, and manufactured goods. 
 Long. 88. 4. E., lat. 25. 3. N. 
 
 Maiden, a borough in Essex, Eng. with consid- 
 erable trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal, iron, deals, 
 and wine. It has two parish churches, a free 
 school, a library, and a town-hall. Vessels of 
 moderate burden come up to the town, but large 
 ships arc obliged to unload at a distance below, 
 in Black water Bay. The custom of Borough Eng- 
 lish, by which the youngest son succeeds to the 
 burgage tenure, is kept up here. It is seated on 
 an eminence, on the river Blackwater,8 m. E. of 
 Chelmsford, and 37 N. E. of London. 
 
 Ma'dcn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. N. E. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,010. Also a town and fort on 
 Detroit river, U. C. 
 
 Maldives, a cluster of small islands, in the In- 
 dian Ocean, lying S. W. of Cape Comorin, ex- 
 tending from the equinoctial line to 8. N. lat., and 
 situated between 72. and 74. E. long. They are 
 divided into 17 attolons, or provinces, each having 
 its separate governor and its distinct branch of 
 industry, the brewers residing in one, the gold- 
 smiths in another, &c. The inhabitants appear 
 to be a mixture of Arabs and Hindoos from Mal- 
 
 abar. They supply ships with sails and cordage 
 cocoa-nuts, oil, and honey, dry fish, tortoise-shell, 
 and especially cowries. 
 
 Maldonado, a town of Buenos Ayres, with a 
 harbour sheltered by a small island of its name ; 
 seated near the N. entrance of the Plata. Long 
 55. 36. W., lat. 34. 50. S. 
 
 Maldonado, a small river of Buenos Ayres, 
 which enters the sea in the bay of Maldonado. 
 
 Malemba, a sea-port on the coast of Loango, 
 Western Africa. 50 m. S. of Loango. 
 
 Male, the principal of the Maldive islands, and 
 the residence of the prince. Long. 73. 10. E., lat. 
 6. 20. N. 
 
 Maleshcrbes, a town of France, department of 
 Loiret ; seated on the Essone, 35 m. N. E. of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Malestroit, a town of France, department of 
 Morbihan , seated on the Ouse, 19 m. E. N. E. ot 
 Vannes. 
 
 Mai ham, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. sur- 
 rounded on every side by mountains and rising 
 grounds, which abound in natural curiosities : 
 and among them, on a high moor, is a circular lake, 
 about a m. in diameter, which is the source of the 
 river Aire. C m. E. of Settle. 233 from London. 
 
 Malines. See Mechlin. 
 
 Malivagonga, a river of Ceylon, which rises 
 among the hills to the S. E. of Candy, nearly en- 
 compasses that city, and, after many windinn-s 
 among the mountains, enters the sea at Trinco 
 malee. 
 
 Malleville, a town of France, department of 
 Aveiron, 6 in. N. E. of Villefranche. 
 
 Mallicollo, one of the largest of the New Hebri- 
 des, in the S. Pacific, extending 20 leagues from N. 
 W. to S. E. The inland mountains are very high, 
 and clad with forests; but the soil is rich and 
 fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, bread fruit, bananas, 
 sugar canes, yams, eddoes, turmeric, oranges, «&c. 
 Hogs and common poultry are the domestic ani- 
 mals. The inhabitants appear to be a different 
 race from those of the Friendly and Society Is- 
 lands. In many particulars they seem to cor- 
 respond with the natives of New Guinea, particu- 
 larly in their black colour and wooly hair. Thev 
 go almost naked, are of a slender make, have 
 lively but very irregular features, and tie a rope 
 fast round their belly. At the S. end of the is- 
 land is a port, named Sandwich Harbour. Lon<>\ 
 167.53. E., lat. 16. 25. S. 
 
 Mailing, West, a town in Kent, Eng. 6 in. W. 
 of Maidstone, and 29 E. by S. of London. 
 
 Mallow, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cork, with considerable linen manufactures ami 
 a fine spring of tepid water. It is seated on the 
 Blackwater, 17 m. N. by W. of Cork. 
 
 Mahned.y, a town of the Prussian province of 
 Lower Rhine, government of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 seated on the Recht, 20 m. S. of Aix-la-Chapello. 
 
 Mnlmoe, a sea-port of Sweden, government of 
 Malmohus, with a large harbour and a strong cit- 
 adel. It has manufactures of woolen, and a con- 
 siderable trade ; seated on the Sound, 18 m. E. by 
 S. of Copenhagen. Long. 13. 7. E., lat. 55.36 
 
 Malmohus, a government of Sweden, including 
 a great part of the ancient Schonen or Scania 
 It lies along the Sound and the Baltic, and compri- 
 ses an area of 1,380 square m. with 137,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Malmsbary, a borough in Wiltshire Eng. with 
 a woolen mai ufacture. Its castle is demolished 
 but there are some remains of its once ee'ebraterl 
 abbey. It is seated on a hill, almost surroundel 
 
MAL 
 
 476 
 
 MAN 
 
 oy the Avon, over which it nas 6 bridges, 26 m. 
 E. by N. of Bristol, and 96 W. of London. 
 
 Valone, p.t. Franklin Co. N. Y. 50 m. N. W. 
 Plattsburg. Pop. 2,207. 
 
 Malo. St., a sea-port of France, department of 
 llle-et-Vilaine, with a strong castle. It has a 
 large harbour, difficult of access, on account of 
 the rocks that surround it, and is a trading place 
 of great importance. It was bombarded by the 
 English in 1693, but without success. In 1758, 
 they landed in Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour 
 by land, and burnt above 100 ships. St. Malo is 
 seated on an island, united to the mainland, by 
 a causeway, 44 m. N. N. W.ofRennes. Long. 
 2. 2. W., lat. 143. 30. N. 
 
 Malpas, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It has a 
 handsome church, an independent chapel, an 
 hospital, a grammar school, and a national school ; 
 and is seated on a hill, near the river Dee, 15 m. 
 S. E. of Chester, and 165 N. W. of London. 
 
 Malvlaquct, a village of France, department of 
 the North, famous for a victory gained over the 
 French by the duke of Marlborough, in 1709, 9 
 m. S. E. of Mons. 
 
 Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, between 
 Africa and Sicily. 20 m. long and 12 broad, form- 
 erly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belong- 
 ing to Europe. It was anciently little else than a 
 barren rock, but is now become a fertile island. 
 The principal objects of cultivation are lemons, 
 indigo, saffron, cotton, and vines which produce 
 excellent wine. The number of inhabitants is said 
 to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and Italian. 
 After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor Charles 
 V., gave this island to the grand master of the 
 order of St. John of Jerusalem. It wan attacked 
 in 1566 by the Turks, who were obliged to aban- 
 don the enterprise with the loss of 30,000 men. It 
 was taken by Bonaparte in the outset of his ex- 
 pedition to Egypt on the 12th of June, 1798, when 
 he found in it 1,200 canons, 200,000 lbs. of pow- 
 der, two ships of the line, a frigate, four galleys, 
 and 40,000 muskets : besides an immense trea- 
 sure collected by superstition; and 4,500 Turk- 
 ish prisoners, whom he set at liberty. It was 
 soon afterwards taken by the British ; was stip- 
 ulated to be restored to the knights at the peace 
 of Amiens, but retained in consequence of pre- 
 tended dangers from France. In 1803 the war re 
 commenced between the two nations, and the 
 treaty of Paris, in 1814, confirmed the possession 
 of it to Great Britain. Malta is extremely well 
 fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size, are all cut 
 out of the solid rock, and extend many miles. 
 Valetta is the capital. 
 
 Malta, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. S in. 
 E. Augusta, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. Sar- 
 atoga. Pop. 1,517. 
 
 Ma/tan, Nnc, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 
 with a considerable trade in coals, corn, butter, 
 <fcc. Here are two churches, four dissenting 
 meeting houses, a free school, and a national 
 school. It is seated on the Derwent, over which 
 Is a stone bridge to the village of Old Mai ton, 
 13in. N. E.ofYork,and214N.by W. of London. 
 
 Malvern, Great und Little, two villages in Wor- 
 cestershire, Eng. The former is 8 rft. W. by S. of 
 Worcester, and had once an abbey, of which 
 nothing remains but the gateway of the abbey and 
 the nave of the church, now parochial; the lat- 
 ter is seated in a cavity of the Malvern hills, 3 
 m. from Great Malvern. Between Great and 
 Little Malvern are two celebrated chalybeate 
 »priug«. one of which is called the Holy Well. 
 
 Malvern Hills, a. range of hills in the counties 
 of Worcester and Hereford, Eng. extending about 
 9 m. in length and from 1 to 2 in breadth. They 
 appear to be of limestone and quartz, and the high- 
 est point is 1,313 feet above the surface of the 
 Severn. 
 
 Malwah, a province of Hindoostan, bounded N 
 by the provinces of Agimere and Agra, E. by Al 
 lahabad and Gundwaneh, S. by Khandeish arid 
 Berar, and W. by Agimere and Guzerat. It is 
 250 m. in length by 150 in breadth, and is one of 
 the most extensive elevated, and diversified 
 tracts in Hindoostan. Till lately the whole 
 territory belonged to the Mahrattas. 
 
 Malzieu, a town of France, department ofLo- 
 zere ; seated on the Truyere, 12 m. N. N. E. of 
 Mende. 
 
 Mamakating, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 23 m. 
 W. Newburg. Pop. 3,062. 
 
 Mamaroneck, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y, on 
 Lono- Island Sound. 23 m. N. E. New York. Pop. 
 838. 
 
 Mamars, a town of France, department of 
 Sarthe, seated on the Dive, 14 m. W. of Belles- 
 me. 
 
 Man, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 m. long and 
 12 broad. It contains 18 parishes under the ju- 
 risdiction of a bishop, called the bishop of Sodoi 
 and Man, who is sole baron of the isle, and pos 
 sesses other important privileges, but has no scat 
 in the British parliament. The air is healthy, 
 and the soil produces more corn than is sufficient 
 to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mixture 
 of English, Scotch, and Irish. The commodities 
 of the island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, black 
 marble, slate, limestone, lead, and iron. Some 
 manufactures of coarse hats, cotton goods, and 
 linen cloth, are carried on in different parts : but 
 its principal trade arises from the herring fishery. 
 The duke of Athol was formerly lord of this isl- 
 and, the sovereignty of which he sold, in 1765, to 
 the crown. The chief towns are Castletown, 
 Douglas, Peele, Ruthin, and Ramsay. It is IS 
 m. S. of Scotland, 40 m. N. of Wales, 30 W. 
 of England, and 26 E. of Ireland. 
 
 Manaar, a small island in the Indian Ocean, on 
 the N. W. side of Ceylon. From this island a 
 bank of sand, called Adam's Bridge, runs over to 
 the continent of Hindoostan, which can be passed 
 only by boats. The sea to the S. of this, between 
 the continent and the island of Ceylon, is called 
 the gulf of Manaar. — The Portuguese obtained 
 possession of the island in 1560 : but it was taken 
 by the Dutch in 1658, and in 1795 by the English. 
 Long. 79. 3. E., lat. 9. 6. N. 
 
 Manachin. or Magnisa the ancient Magnesia a 
 town of Asia Minor, formerly the capital of the 
 Greek empire , seated at the foot of a mountain, 
 on the river Sarabat. 20 m. N. E. of Smyrna. 
 Long. 27. 6. E., lat 38 45. N. 
 
 Manahawkin, p. v. Monmouth Co. N J. 54 in. 
 S- E. Philadelphia. 
 
 Manvllan, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Manapar, a town of Hindoostan, district <>f 
 Tinevelly. situate on a point of land projecting in 
 to the gulf of Manaar, 40 in. S. E-. of Paiamcotta. 
 Long. 78. 17. Iv, lat. 8. 39. N.— Also a town in 
 the province of Tanjore. Long. 78. 30. E., hit 
 16. 39. N. 
 
 Manasquam, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 50 m. N 
 E. Philadelphia. 
 
 Mar.bona, a town of Eastern Africa, situate on 
 the sea-coast, 60 m. S. of Sofala. Long. 35. 39 
 E.. lat. 21. 15. S. 
 
MAN 
 
 477 
 
 MAN 
 
 Mancester, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. near 
 Atherstone. It was a Roman station, and here 
 several coins have been dug up : seated on an 
 eminence near the Anker, 106 m. from London. 
 
 Mancha, a territory of Spain, lying S. of Old 
 Castile, and N. of Andalusia. It is divided into 
 Upper and Lower, and is nearly surrounded by 
 mountains, producing antimony, vermilion, and 
 mercury. The country is an immense plain, in- 
 tersected by ridges of low hills and rocks; but it 
 is well cultivated, and produces corn, olives, and 
 wine. The inhabitants are affable, and great lov- 
 ers of music and dancing ; and it was here thai 
 Cervantes made his hero, Don Quixote, perform 
 his chief exploits. 
 
 Manche, a department of France, including the 
 W. part of Normandy, and comprising about 2,500 
 sq. m., with 600,000 inhabitants. It is almost sur- 
 rounded by the English Channel. St. Lo is the 
 capital, but Cherburg the largest town. 
 
 Manchester, a large town in Lancashire, Eng. 
 seated between the rivers Irk and Irwell. It is 
 a place of great antiquity, and has attained great- 
 er opulence than almost any of the trading towns 
 in England, but is neither a corporation nor a 
 borough. It has long been noted for various 
 branches of the linen, silk, and cotton manufac- 
 tures, and is now principally conspicuous as the 
 centre of the cotton trade. The labours of a very 
 populous neighbourhood are collected at Man- 
 chester, whence they are sent to London, Liver- 
 pool, Hull, &c. These consist of a great variety 
 of cotton and mixed goods, fitted for all sorts of 
 markets, both at home and abroad, spreading 
 over a great part of Europe, America, and the 
 coast of Guinea. Manufactures of tapes and oth- 
 er small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are al- 
 so carried on at Manchester. Its chief ornaments 
 are the college, the exchange, the collegiate 
 church, another large chruch, and a spacious 
 market-place. The churches and chapels of the 
 establishment, several of which are recent erec- 
 tions, are 19 in number. Here are. also upwards 
 of 40 places of worship for different sects of dis- 
 senters and three for Roman Catholics; one of 
 the latter, opened in 1820, is a beautiful edifice, 
 erected at a cost of £10,000. The charity schools 
 and Sunday schools are numerous. The most 
 important of tlie other charitable institutions are 
 the Manchester General Infirmary and Dispen- 
 sary — The Lunatic Asylum — the Fever Hospital — 
 the Lying-in Hospital — the Strangers' Friend 
 Society — the Samaritan Society — the Lock Hos- 
 pital — the female Penitentiary, and the School for 
 Deaf and Dumb, instituted in 1325. Ol the in- 
 stitutions for the promotion of literature and sci- 
 ence, the principal are — the Literary and Philo- 
 sophical Society — the Society for the Promotion 
 of Natural History, and the Royal Manchester In- 
 stitution. The Mechanics' Institute is in a very 
 flourishing state ; and there are several valuable 
 libraries, particularly the College Library and the 
 Portico. Manchester is governed by a borougrh- 
 reeve, two constables, a deputy constable, &c, 
 and contains several courts of law. It has risen 
 to its present consequence entirely by its manu- 
 factures. In respect to population it ranks next 
 to London: in 1321 it contained 133,788 inhab'- 
 tants. By the Irwell it has a communication 
 with the Mersey and all the late various exten- 
 sions of inland navigation. It is 36 m. E. by N. 
 of Liverpool, and 186 N. N. W. of London Long. 
 2 10. W., lat. 53. 27. N. 
 
 Manchester, p.t. Bennington Co Vt. 22 in. N. 
 
 Bennington. Pop. 1,525. p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 
 30 m. N. E.Boston. Pop. 1.238. p.t. Hillsborough 
 Co. N. H. Pop. 877. p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. at 
 the falls, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,811. p.v. 
 Oneida Co. N. Y. 8 m. S. W. Utica, and towns in 
 York Co. Pa., Baltimore Co. Maryland, Chester- 
 field Co. Va., Sumter Dis. S. C. Clay Co. Ken., 
 Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio, Dearborn Co. [ml., 
 and St. Louis Co. Missouri. 
 
 Mandal, a town of Norway, capital of a province 
 in the government of Bergen ; seated near the 
 mouth of a river of the same name, 60 m. W. S. 
 W. of Christiansand. Long. 7. 42. E., lat. 58. 2. 
 N. 
 
 Mandav, a fort and Indian village of N. Amer- 
 ica, on the Missouri, where captains Lewis and 
 Clarke had their winter encampment, when on 
 their expedition to the Missouri. Long. 100. 50. 
 W., lat. 47. 20. N. 
 
 Mandar, a district of the island of Celebes, on 
 the W. and N. coast, bounded W. by the straits 
 of Macassar, and E. by a tract of desert moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Mandinvo, a country in the W. part of Negro 
 land, at the sources of the rivers Niger and Sene- 
 gal. Not only the inhabitants of this state, but 
 the bulk of the people in many other districts in 
 the western part of Africa, are called Mandingoes, 
 probably from having originally emigrated from 
 this country. They are of a mild, sociable, and 
 obliging disposition : the men are above the mid 
 die size, well-shaped, strong, and capable of en 
 during great labour ; the women are good-natur- 
 ed, sprightly, and agreeable. The dress of both 
 sexes is composed of cotton cloth of their own 
 manufacture. Polygamy is common, but the wo- 
 men are not under that restraint which preva : ls 
 in many other countries. Most of the towns con- 
 tain a mosque, where public prayers are offered ; 
 and abentang, or coffee-house, where public busi- 
 ness is transacted. The private houses are built 
 of mud, with a conical bamboo roof, thatched with 
 grass. The language of the Mandingoes is said 
 to be copious ana refined, and is generlly under- 
 stood in all the regions of Western Africa. 
 
 Mandshars, or Mandsheus, a branch of the Mon- 
 gul Tartars, whose ancestors conquered China in 
 the thirteenth century, but were expelled by the 
 Chinese in 1363. They inhabit the three provin- 
 ces of Eastern Tartary, and retain the customs 
 they brought from China. 
 
 Manfredonia. a sea-port of Naples, in Capita 
 nata, with a castle and a good harbour. All sorts 
 of vegetables are in abundance, and most of the 
 corn exported from the province is shipped here. 
 It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 30 m. E. 
 N. E. of Lucrea. Lon<r. 16. 12. E., lat. 41. 31. N. 
 
 Mancralore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Canara. seated between the two arms of a 
 fine lake of salt water, each of which receives a 
 river from the Ghauts ; but the bar at the entrance 
 into this harbour will not admit vessels drawing 
 more than ten feet. It is a place of great trade : 
 the principal exports are rice, betel-nut, black 
 pepper, sandal- wood (from the country above the 
 Ghauts,) cinnamon, and turmeric. Here are the 
 ruins of a fort which Tippoo Sultan ordered to be 
 demolished in 1784. In this town a treaty of 
 peace was signed between Tippoo and the English 
 in 1784 : in 179!) it came into the hands of the 
 British, and is now the residence of the jud#e, 
 collector, &c, of S. Canara. It is 130 m. N. N W. 
 of Calicut, and 190 S. S. E. of Goa. Long. 75. 4 
 E., lat. 12. 50. N 
 
MAN 
 
 478 
 
 MAN 
 
 Mangea, an island in the S. Pacific, 5 leagues in 
 circumference. In the interior parts it rises into 
 small hills, and captain Cook, by whom it was dis- 
 covered in 1777, represents it as a fine island ; 
 but he did not find a landing place. Long. 158. 
 16. W., lat. 21. 27. S. 
 
 Manheim, a town of Baden, and capital of the 
 circle of the Neckar. The streets are spacious, 
 straight, and well paved ; the houses are elegant 
 and uniform. The palace is a magnificent struc- 
 ture, with a cabinet of natural curiosities and a 
 gallery of pictures. The inhabitants are compu- 
 ted at 24.000. Manheim was frequently taken 
 and re-taken by the French and Austrians in the 
 late wars ; and was finally ceded to Baden in 1802. 
 Jt is 17 m. N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort. 
 Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 49. 29. N. 
 
 Manheim, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. on the Mo- 
 hawk. Pop. 1,937. p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. and 
 townships in York and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. 
 
 Manica, an inland kingdom in the S. E. part of 
 Africa, bounded on the N. by Mocaranga, E. by 
 Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. by unknown 
 regions. It is said to abound with mines of gold, 
 and has a river and capital of the same name ; but 
 it is little known to Europeans. 
 
 Manickdurg, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 in the province of Berar, 5 m. S. E. of Chanada. 
 
 Manichpatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Orissa, 12 m. S. W. of Juggernaut. 
 
 Manickpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of 
 a district of the same name in the province of Al- 
 lahabad ; seated on the Ganges, in lat. 19. 40. N., 
 long. 85. 36. E. 
 
 Manlius, p.t. Onondaga, Co. N. Y. Pop. 7,375. 
 
 Manilla, the capital of the island of Luconia, as 
 well as of the other Philippine islands, and the 
 see of an archbishop, who is commonly the Span- 
 ish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by 
 the castle of St. Philip. The number of Christian 
 inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the 
 public structures are built of wood, on account of 
 he frequent earthquakes, by one of which, in 
 '617, a mountain was levelled, and in 1625 a third 
 part of the city was overthrown by another, when 
 3,000 persons perished. This city is seated near 
 the lake Bahia, on the E. side of a bay, on the S. 
 W. coast. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues 
 in diameter, and great part of it land locked, but 
 the part peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies 
 9 m. to the S. W. On account of the pure and 
 mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most 
 healthy of all the European settlements in the 
 East. Long. 120. 52. E., lat. 14. 36. N. 
 
 Manningtree, a town in Essex, Eng. The prin- 
 cipal imports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It 
 is seated on a branch of the Stour. called Man- 
 ningtree-water, 11 m. W. of Harwich, and 60 E. 
 N E. of London. 
 
 Mannharlsberg, a mountain chain of Austria, 
 beginning at the frontier of Moravia, and termin- 
 ating at the Danube. The products are corn, saf- 
 fron, and wine. The chief towns are Crems and 
 Kloster-Neuburg. 
 
 Manosque, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Alps, near the Durance, with a castle, 25 
 m. N. E. of Aix. 
 
 Manpurry, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in 
 the district of Dooab, seated on Issah, 54 m. E. 
 of Agra. 
 
 Manresa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a 
 castle, and manufactures of silk, hats, gunpowder, 
 &c. ; seated at the conflux of the Cardonero with 
 the Lobregrat, 20 m. N. W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Mans, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Sarthe, and the see of a bishop. It con- 
 tains 18,000 inhabitants, and was formerly much 
 more populous. It has excellent poultry, and its 
 wax and stuffs are famous. It is seated on a high 
 hill, near the Sarthe, 20 m. S. of Alencon, and 75 
 W. by N. of Orleans. Long. 0. 9. E.. lat. 4d. 
 N. 
 
 Mansaroar, a lake of Thibet, from which the 
 southernmost head of the Ganges was long sup- 
 posed to issue. It is about 115 m. in circumfer- 
 ence, and lies about 79. E. long, and 34. N. lat. 
 
 Mansfcld, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Merseberg, with a decked cast' 
 on a high rock • seated on the Thalbach, 8 m. N 
 N. W.of Eisleben. 
 
 Mansfield, a town in Nottinghamshire, Enf 
 with a trade in corn and malt, and manufacture's 
 of lace, hosiery, and cotton spinning. Hero lire 
 a commodious church, five meeting houses, a 
 grammar school, two charity schools, and 12 
 almshouses. Coins of several Roman emperors 
 have been dug up near this town, and the relics 
 recently discovered afford indisputable proof that 
 the Romans had a station in the vicinity. It 
 communicates with the Pinxton Canal by a rail- 
 way 7 m. in length; and is seated on the edge of 
 the forest of Sherwood, 14 m. N. of Nottihirham 
 and 138 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Mansilla, a town of Spain, provine of Leon, 10 
 m. S. S. E. of Leon. 
 
 Mansora, a town in the kingdom of Fez, seated 
 near the mouth of the Guir, 60 m. W. of Me- 
 quinez. 
 
 Mansoura, a town of Lower Egypt, with a con- 
 siderable trade in rice and sal ammoniac, built by 
 the Saracens, during the crusades, as a bulwark 
 affa'mst the Christians. It is seated on the E. si(!o 
 of the Nile, 24 m. S. 6. W. of Damietta and 60 
 N. of Cairo. 
 
 Mantaca. See Mataca. 
 
 Mantes, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Oise, with a bridge over the Seine, the great 
 arch of which is 120 feet wide. The wines of 
 its vicinity are famous. It is 31 m. N. W. of 
 Paris. 
 
 Mantua, a province of Italy, contiguous to the 
 duchies of Parma and Modena, fertile in corn, 
 flax, fruits, and excellent wine. It comprises a 
 superficial extent of 880 square m. with 214,000 
 inhabitants ; but the former duchy of Mantua 
 was of greater extent. It was governed by the 
 Gonzago family, with the title of duke, til." 
 Charles IV., taking part with the French in th< 
 dispute relating to the succession of Spain, was 
 put under the ban of the empire, and died in 
 1708. Having no heirs, the house of Austria 
 kept possession till 1800, when the French ob 
 tained it, after the battle of Marengo, but the 
 Austrians obtained possession of it again in 1814. 
 
 Mantua, a city of Austrian Italy, capital of the 
 above province. It is seated on an island in the 
 middle of a lake, 20 rn. in circumference and two 
 broad, formed by the Mincio ; and so very strong 
 by situation, as well as by art, that it is one or 
 the most considerable fortresses in Europe. The 
 only way into this city is by means of two moles 
 or bridges, each of which is defended by a fori 
 and other works. The city is well built, and 
 most of the streets are spacious, regular, and well 
 paved. In the cathedral are paintings by the 
 most celebrated masters; the church of St. An- 
 thony is famous for relics; and the Franciscan 
 church is one of the most elegant of that order in 
 
MAR 
 
 479 
 
 MAK 
 
 Italy. Here are many other churches, numerous 
 convents, a synagogue for the Jews, who live in 
 a distinct quarter, a university, the ancient ducal 
 palace, with its gallery of paintings, &c. Virgil 
 was born at a village near this city. Mantua sur- 
 rendered to the French in 1797 (after a siege of 
 eiirht months), was taken by the Austrian and 
 Russian army in 1799, again ceded to France in 
 1801. and finally delivered ud to the Austrians in 
 1814'. It is 35 m. N. E. of Parma and 70 E. S. 
 E. of Milan. Long. 10 50. E., lat. 45. 10. N. 
 
 Mantua, a village in Blockley township adjoin- 
 ing Philadelphia. 
 
 Manilla, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio, on the Cuyaho- 
 ga, 148 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 949. 
 
 Maouna,one of the Navigator's Islands, in the S. 
 Pacific. Here, in 1787, La Perouse met with his 
 first fatal accident; captain Langle, Lemanon the 
 naturalist, and 9 sailors being massacred by the 
 natives. Long. 1G9. 0. W., lat. 14. 19. S. 
 
 Maracaibo, a province of S.America now forming 
 part of the Venezuelan province of the Colombian 
 republic, aud extending N. to the Carribean Sea. 
 The soil is in many places exceedingly fertile, 
 and the climate, although excessively hot, is not 
 on the whole unhealthy. The inhabitants are es- 
 timated at about 100,000. 
 
 Maracaibo, the capital of the above province. with 
 a harbour which can only admit small vessels, ow- 
 ing to the obstruction of a sand bar. It has a 
 mean appearance, some of the houses being cover- 
 ed with tiles, others with reeds. The climate is 
 hot, and the storms of thunder and lightning that 
 frequently occur are accompanied with tremend- 
 ous rains. It is seated on the outlet of the lake 
 of its name, 60 m. W. S. W. of Caracas. Long. 
 71. '46. W., lat. 10. 30. N. 
 
 Maracaibo, a lake of Caracas in the province of 
 Venezuela. It is 150 m. long and 90 where broad- 
 est, witli a circumference of 450 ; and is naviga- 
 ble for vessels of the greatest burden. The banks 
 are sterile, and the air insalubrious ; but the wa- 
 ter is fresh, except in stormy weather, when the 
 waters of the sea are forced into it. It communi- 
 cates witli the gulf of Venezuela, by a strait 
 which is defended by strong forts, and has several 
 Spanish towns seated on its borders. 
 
 Maracay, or Maracao, a town of Colombia, in 
 the province of Venezuela, in the neighbourhood 
 of which are plantations of cotton, indigo, coffee, 
 corn, tfcc. ; seated on the E. side of the lake Val- 
 encia, in the valley of Aragoa. 
 
 Maraga, a well built city of Persia, province 
 of Aderbijan, with a spacious bazaar, a glass man- 
 ufactory, and a handsome public bath ; situated 
 at the extremity of a well cultivated plain, open- 
 ing to the lake of Urumea, from which it is dis- 
 tant 10 or 12 m., and 68 m. N. of Tabreez. Long. 
 46. 25. E.,lat. 37.20. N. 
 
 Muranltam. a northern province of Brazil, which 
 comprehends a fertile and populous island of the 
 same name, 112 m in circumference. The French 
 settled here in 1612; but they were soon expelled 
 by the Portuguese. St. Luis de Maranham is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Maranon. See Amazon. 
 
 Marano, a sea-port of Austrian Italy, in the 
 province of Udina ; seated on the gull of Venice, 
 27 m. S. by E. of Udina. Long. 13. 5. E., lat. 45. 
 52. N. 
 
 Marans, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Charente, with a brisk trade in salt, malt, corn, 
 and meal ; seated on the Sevre, in the midst of 
 salt marshes, 12 m. N. N. E. of Rochelle 
 
 Marant, or Amarant, a town of Persia, ni the 
 province of Adirbeitzan, containing 2,500 houses, 
 each with a garden ; situate near a river, and wa- 
 tered by canals. Cochineal is found in its neigh- 
 bourhood. The inhabitants say that Noah was 
 buried here. It is 50 m. N. of Tauris. Long. 47. 
 46. E., lat. 39. 7. N. 
 
 Marasa, a town of W. Africa, in Wangara, on 
 the N. side of the Niger, 160 m. N. E. of Ghan- 
 ara. Long. 17. 10. E., lat. 15. 50. N 
 
 Marasch, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Carama 
 nia, the capital of a sangiacate and the see of a 
 bishop. It is 180 m. E. by S. of Cogni. Long. 37. 
 25. E.,lat. 37. 24. Nl 
 
 Marathon, a village of Attica, formerly a city, 
 famous for the victory obtained by Miltiades with 
 10,000 Athenians over 500,000 Persians, B. C. 
 490. It is afewm. N. N. E. of Athens. 
 
 Marathon, p.t. Lawrence Co. Alab. on the Ten- 
 nessee, 35 m. W. Huntsville. 
 
 Maravi, a lake of Eastern Africa, W. of Mo 
 zarnbique, reported to be about 40 in. in breadth, 
 and of much greater length. At its S. extremity 
 is a district with a town of the same name. Long. 
 3. 10. E., lat. 13. 10. S. 
 
 Marawar, a country of Hindoostan, situated on 
 the eastern coast, opposite Ceylon, and between 
 9. and 10. of N. lat. It is 66 m. in length by 40 in 
 breadth ; and is included in the collectorship of 
 Dindigul. The chief towns are Ramnad and Tri- 
 patore. 
 
 Marawina, a river of Guiana, noted for a curious 
 pebble, known by the name of the Marawina dia- 
 mond, which, when polished, is often set in ring's, 
 &c. It enters the Atlantic in long. 53. 48. W., 
 lat. 5. 58. N. 
 
 Marazion, or Market Jew, a town in Cornwall, 
 Eng. The parish church of St. Hilary is about 2 
 m. distant ; but the town has a chapel of ease 
 beside several meeting houses for dissenters. It 
 is seated on Mount Bay, 4 m. E. of Penzance and 
 279 W. byS. of London. 
 
 Marbella, a town of Andalusia, seated at the 
 mouth of the Rio Verde, with a harbour, defended 
 by a castle, 28 m. S. W. of Malaga. 
 
 Marblehead, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 19 m. N. E. 
 Boston and 4. S. E. Salem. Pop. 5,150. This town 
 lies close to the sea and has a safe but small harbour. 
 It carries on a very active fishing business. Here 
 is a bank, an academy and 5 churches. 
 
 Marblrtown, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on Esopus 
 creek, 70 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 3,223. 
 
 Marbasuf, a town of France, department of 
 Eure, 12 in. N. of Conches. 
 
 Marboz, a town of France, department of Ain, 
 12 m. N. of Bourg. 
 
 Marbrook, a river in Shropshire, Eng. which 
 joins the Severn below Bridgenorth. 
 
 Marburg, a town of Germany, capital of that 
 part of Upper Hesse which belongs to the elector 
 of Hesse-Cassel. It has a fortified castle on the 
 top of a mountain, a university, an academy, a 
 Lutheran, a Calvinist, and a catholic church, an 
 hospital, two kifirmaries, and an orphan house. 
 It was taken by the French in 1757 ; surrendered 
 to the allies in 1759 ; and again taken by the 
 French in 1760. It is seated on the Lake, 47 m. 
 S. W. of Cassel. Long. 8. 50. E., lat. 50. 48. N 
 Marburyville, p.v. Feliciana Co. Lou. 83 m. N. 
 W. New Orleans. 
 
 Marccllin, St., a town of France, department of 
 Isere ; seated on the Isere, at the foot of a hill 
 an excellent wine country, 30 m. S. S. E. of V 
 enne 
 
MAR 
 
 480 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marcellus, p.t. Onondago Co. N. Y. 4 m. N. E. 
 from Skeneateles Lake. Pop 2,626. 
 
 March, a town in Cambridegshire, Eng. with a 
 considerable trade in corn, coals, and timber. 
 Near this place three urns full of burnt bones 
 and some small Roman coins were dug up in 1730. 
 It is seated on the Nen, in the isle of Ely. 2(i m. 
 N. N. W. of Cambridge- a&J 81 N. of London. 
 
 Marckburg, or MaJifbnrg, a town of the Aus- 
 trian States in Styria, capital of a circle of its 
 name, with two castles. In its vicinity are good 
 vineyards. It is seated on the Drave, 36 m. S. S 
 E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 38. E., lat. 46. 48. N. 
 
 Marcke, a town of France, department of Vos- 
 ges ; situate near the source of the Mouzon, 20 
 in. S. of Neufchateau. 
 
 Mar check, a town of Lower Austria, with an 
 old castle ; seated on the March, on the frontiers 
 of Hungary, 23 m. E. by N. of Vienna 
 
 Marciennes , a town of the Netherlands, prov- 
 ince of Hainault ; seated on the Sambre, IS m. 
 £.by S.ofMons. 
 
 Marchicnnes, a town of France, department of 
 Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe, 9 
 m. W. N. W of Valenciennes. 
 
 Marcianisi, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo- 
 ro, 13 m. N. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Marcigny, a town of France, department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, near the river Loire, 32 in. W. 
 of Macon. 
 
 Marco, St., a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 
 seated on the Senito, 22 m. N. of Cosenza. 
 
 Marcou, St., two small islands in the English 
 Channel, near the coast of France, 7 m. S. E. of 
 La Hague. 
 
 Marcus Honk, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa. on the Del- 
 aware, 20 m. below Philad. 
 
 Mar dike, a village, of France department of 
 Nord, seated on a canal, to which it gives name, 
 4 m. W. by S. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Marfan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the dis- 
 trict of Bogdad. It stands on a high and steep 
 hill and is surrounded by a wall. 
 
 March, the capital of a district of Arabia, in Ye- 
 men. It is 100 m. S. E. of Sanaa. Long. 47. 20. 
 E., lat. 15. 44. N. 
 
 Marcnso, a village Austrian Italy, in the gov- 
 ernment of Milan, famous for a decisive victory 
 gained by the French over the Austrians, June 14, 
 1800. It is 3 m. S. E. of Allessandria. 
 
 Marengo, a county of Alabama. Pop. 7.742. 
 Linden is the capital. 
 
 Marengo, p. v. Seneca Co. N. Y. 
 
 Marennes, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Charente, remarkable for the green-finned 
 oysters, found near the coast. It is 25 m. S. of 
 La Rochelle and 270 S. W. of Paris. 
 ' Maretimo, an island in the Mediteranean, on 
 ihe W. coast of Sicily, 12 in. in circumference, 
 it has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and pro- 
 duces much honey. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 33. 5. N. 
 
 Margaretta, a township of Huron Co. Ohio. 110 
 m. N.E. Columbus. 
 
 Margaret's Island, in the N. Pacific, was discov- 
 ered by captain Magee, in the ship Margaret, of 
 Boston, in his voyage from Kamtschatka, in 
 1780. Long. 141. 12. E., lat. 24. 40. N. 
 
 Margarita, an island near the coast of Cumana, 
 about 40 m. long and 15 broad, discovered by 
 Columbus in 1498. The continual verdure ren- 
 ders it pleasant ; but it has no fresh water. The 
 inhabitants are principally mulattoes and the orig- 
 inal natives. The pearl fishery, was once prose- 
 cuted to a great extent, but in 1620 the Dutch 
 
 landed and burnt the town and castle, since 
 which it has greatly declined. Its chief import- 
 ance arises from its situation, as all vessels from 
 Europe bound for Cumana, Barcelona, and La 
 Guira, must pass through the channel which sep- 
 arates it from Cumana. Its ports are Pampatar, 
 Pueblo de la Mar, and Pueblo del Norte. It wag 
 the scene of several sanguinary battles between the 
 independants and the royal troops under general 
 Morillo, who was defeated with great loss near 
 Pampatar, and obliged to retire to the continent. 
 Ascension is the capital. Loner. 64. to 65. W., 
 lat. 10. 56. N. 
 
 Margate, a town in Kent, Eng. on the isle of 
 Thanet, with a brisk trade in corn, coals, fish, tim- 
 ber, iron, tar, &c. It is a member of ihe port 61" 
 Dover, and owing to the great resort to it. for sea 
 bathing, for which its situation is well adapted, 
 it has rapidly increased in population and wealth. 
 The harbour has been greatly improved, and the 
 town is protected from the inroads of the sea by 
 a stone pier. There are regular passage boats to 
 and from London, and during summer a number 
 of steam packets. It is situate on the side of a 
 hill, 17 m. E. E. N. of Canterbury and 71 E bv S. 
 of London. Long. 1 . 22. E., lat. 51 . 24. N. 
 
 Marguerite, a small uncultivated island on the 
 S. E. coast of France, opposite Antibes, with a 
 strong castle, in which " the man with the iron 
 mask ' was for some time confined. Long. 7. 3. 
 E., lat. 45. 31. N. 
 
 Mari, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Ross-shire, 
 16 m. long, and from 1 to 2 broad. There are 24 
 small islands in it. 
 
 Maria, a river of N. America, which rises in 
 the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of 500 
 m. falls into the Missouri, 54 m. below the Great 
 Falls. 
 
 Maria, Cape, a small island on the N. coast of 
 New Holland, in the gulf of Carpentaria. Long. 
 135. 53. E., lat. 14. 50. S. 
 
 Maria, St., an island in the Indian Ocean, near 
 the E. side of Madagascar. It is 45 m. long and 
 7 broad, well watered, and surrounded by rocks. 
 The air is extremely moist; for it rains almost 
 every day. It produces rice, sugar-canes, legu- 
 mes, pine-apples, tobacco, &c, and on the coasts 
 are found white coral and ambergris. Long. 50. 
 20. E., lat. 17. 0. S. 
 
 Maria, St., the most southern island of the 
 Azores, which produces plenty of wheat, and has 
 about 5,000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same 
 name. Long. 25. 9. W., lat. 36. 57. N. 
 
 Maria, St. , a town of Congo, capital of the king- 
 dom of Matamba. It stands on a river that flows 
 into the Coanzo, 310 m. E. of Loanda. Loner. IS 
 0. E., lat. 8. 50. S. 
 
 Mariagalante, one of the Carribee islands, be- 
 longing to the French. It extends 16 m. from N. 
 to S. and 4 from E. to W. On the E. shore are 
 lofty perpendicular rocks ; and about half its sur- 
 face is barren mountains. It is indifferently wa- 
 tered, but produces tobacco, cotton, coffee, and 
 sugar. It was taken by a British frigate in 1808. 
 The S. end is 30 m. N. by E. of Dom ; nlca. Long. 
 61. 12. W., lat. 15. 52. N. 
 
 Marian Islands. See Ladrone. 
 
 Marie aux Mines, a town of France, department 
 of Upper Rhine, divided into two parts by the river 
 Laber. It is 14 m. N. W. of Colmar. 
 
 Marienlurg, a strong town of W. Prussia, in 
 the government of Dantzic, with a brisk trade 
 It is seated on the E. branch of the Vistula, 24 
 m. S. E. of Dantzic. Long. 19. 1. E., lat. 54.2. N 
 
MAR 
 
 431 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marienburg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Erzgebirge, near which are mines of silver, iron, 
 vitriol, and sulphur. It is 35 m. S. W. of Dresden. 
 
 Mariestadt, a town of Sweden, capital of the 
 province of Scarborg, seated on the lake Wenner, 
 35. m. S. E. of Carlstadt,and 162 S. W. of Stock- 
 nolm. Long. 14. 25. E., lat. 58. 28. N. 
 
 Marienwerdur , one of the two governments into 
 ivhich W. Prussia is now divided. It is a long 
 tract, of very irregular form, lying N. of Poland 
 and S. of Pomerania and the government of Dant- 
 zic. Area 0,880 sq. m. 
 
 Marieniccrdtr, a neat town of W. Prussia, cap- 
 ital of a government and circle, with a spacious 
 palace, built in the old Gothic style. The cathe- 
 dral is the largest church in the kingdom of Prus- 
 sia, being 320 feet long ; and by its strong breast- 
 works seems to have formerly served as a fortress. 
 In 1709, Peter the Great, and Frederic I. of Prussia, 
 had an interview at this place. It is seated near 
 the Vistula, 90 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Long. 
 18. 52. E., lat. 53. 50. N. 
 
 Marietta, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; it is beau- 
 tifully situated at the confluence of the Muskin- 
 gum and Ohio, but is subjected to the incon- 
 venience of being annually overflowed by the 
 rising of the river. This town was the first set- 
 tlement of any consequence made in the state, yet 
 it is not a large place and of late years has rather 
 declined than increased. Pop. 1,914. Also vil- 
 lages, in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and Lancaster Co. 
 Pa. on the Susquehanna, 13 m. W. Lancaster. 
 
 Marignano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Milan, seated on the Lambro, 10 
 m. S. E. of Milan. 
 
 Marina, a town of Italy, in the papal states, witli 
 a castle, 10 m. E. S. E. of Rome. 
 
 Marion, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 11,203. 
 A county of Ohio. Pop. 6,558. Marion is the capi- 
 tal. A county of E.Tennessee Pop. 5,516. Jas- 
 per is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. 
 4,056. Pikeville is the capital. A county of Mis- 
 sissippi. Pop. 3,701. Columbia is the capital. A 
 county of Indiana. Pop. 7,181. Indianapolis is 
 the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,021. 
 Salem is the capital. A county of Missouri. Pop. 
 4,839. Palmyra is the capital. 
 
 Marion, p.t. Twiggs Co. Geo. 34 m. S. W. Mil- 
 ledgeville, p. v. Marion Co. Ohio, 48 m. N. W. 
 Columbus, p.v. Cole Co. Missouri, 145 m. VV. 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Marissa, or Maritza, a river of Romania, which 
 flows by Philipopoli, Adrianople, and Eno, into 
 the Archipelago. 
 
 Mark, a territory of Prussian Westphalia, bound- 
 ed N. by the principality of Munster, E. by the 
 duchy of Westphalia, and S. and W. by that of 
 Berg. Ham is the capital. 
 
 Mark, St., a. sea-port and jurisdiction on the W. 
 side of St. Domingo. The town is one of the 
 pleasantest on the island ; and the houses an 1 
 built of freestone, which is abundant in the neigh- 
 bouring county . It is situate on a bay of the same 
 name, 53 m. S. W. of Cape Francois. Long. 72. 
 40. W., lat. 19. 20. N. See also St Mark. 
 
 Maryborough, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 70 m. N. 
 Trenton. 
 
 Marksville, p.v. Avoyelles Parish, Lou. 
 
 Market, Jew. See Marazion. 
 
 Marlborough, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. 
 Here king John had a castle, in which a parlia- 
 ment was held in 1267, when the Statute of Mirle- 
 bridge for suppressing riots was enacted. The 
 town contains two churches, several meeting 
 61 * 
 
 houses, a free grammar school, a Lancastenan 
 school, &c. It is seated on the Kennet, 26 m. N. 
 of Salisbury and 74 W. of London. 
 
 Marlborough, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop. 822 
 p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 9 m. S. W. Brattleborough 
 Pop. 1,213. p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 23 m. W 
 Boston. Pop. 2.074. p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on 
 the Hudson.' 90 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,272. p.t 
 Hartford Co. Conn. 17 m. S. E. Hartford. Pop. 
 704. Townships in Montgomery Co. Pa. and 
 Delaware Co. Ohio, and a village in Calvert Co. 
 Maryland, 45 m. S. Baltimore. 
 
 Marlborough, a District of S. Carolina on the 
 Great Pedee. Pop, 8,578. 
 
 Marlborough, East, and West, townships in 
 Chester Co. Pa. 30 m.S. W. Philad. 
 
 Marlborough, Upper, p.v. Prince George's Co. 
 Maryland, on the W. branch of the Patuxent. 12 
 m. S. E. Washington. 
 
 Marlborough, Fort, an English factory, on the 
 W. coast of the island of Sumatra, 3 in. E. ot 
 Bencoolen. 
 
 Marloio, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Encr 
 with a manufacture of black silk, lace, and pa- 
 per. It is seated near the Thames, over which is 
 a bridge into Berkshire, 17 m. N. of Aylesbury 
 and 31 W. of London. 
 
 Marlow. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on Ashuelot. 
 river, 46 m. W. Concord. Pop. 645. 
 
 Marmande, a town of France, department nf 
 Lot-et-Garonne, with a brisk trade in corn, wine 
 and brandy It is seated on the Garonne, 25 
 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 11. E., lat. 44 
 20. N. 
 
 Marmora, or White Sea, the ancient Propontis, 
 an inland sea between Europe and Asia, whicli 
 communicates with the Archipelago by the strait 
 of Gallipoli, and with the Black Sea by the strait 
 of Constantinople. It is 120 m. in length and 00 
 in breadth. 
 
 Marmora, an island in the above sea, 30 m. in 
 circumference, with a town of the same name. 
 Long. 27. 34. E., lat. 40. 23. N. 
 
 Marne, a department of France, including part 
 of the former province of Champagne, and the 
 district of Brie. It takes its name from a river 
 which rises near Langres, and falls into the 
 Seine a little above Paris. Chalons is the capital 
 
 Marne Upper, a department of France, includ- 
 ing the S. E. part of the province of Champagne 
 and Brie. Chaumont is the capital. 
 
 Maro, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 province of Oneglia, seated in a valley, 8 m. N. 
 W. of Oneglia. 
 
 Marpl.es, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. II. 
 m. W. Philadelphia. 
 
 Mar quartstein, a town of Bavaria, with an an- 
 cient castle, seated near the river Acha, 22 m. W 
 of Salzburg. 
 
 Marquesas, 5 islands in the Pacific Ocean, nam- 
 ed St. Christina, Magdalena, St. Dominica, St 
 Pedro, and Hood. The first four were discoverer 
 by Quiros in 1595, the last by Cook in 1774 St. 
 Dominica is much the largest, about 48 m. in cir 
 cuit. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, la; 
 some time at Christina, in long. 136. 9. W., anc 
 lat. 9. 55. S. It is high and steep, but has many 
 valleys, which widen towards the sea, and ar>. 
 covered with fine forests to the summits of the in 
 terior mountains. The products of these islands 
 are breadfruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts, 
 scarlet beans, paper-mulberries (of the bark of 
 which their cloth is made), casuarinas, with other 
 tropical plants and trees. The inhabitants ar» 
 2 S 
 
MAR 
 
 482 
 
 MAR 
 
 well made, strong, and active ; of a tawny com- 
 plexion, but look almost black by being punctur- 
 ed over the whole body. Their language, man- 
 ners, customs, &c, very much resemble those of 
 the Society islands. 
 
 Mar sal, a town of France, department of Meur- 
 the, with considerable salt-works : seated on the 
 Seille, in a marsh of difficult access, 17 m. £. S. 
 E. of Nancy. 
 
 Marsala, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 built on the ruins of the ancient Lilybaeum, at 
 the most western part of the island, 45 m. W. S. 
 W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 29. E., lat. 38. 4. 
 N. 
 
 Harsaquivcr, a strong sea-port of Algiers, in the 
 province of Mascara ; seated on a rock, near a 
 bay of the Mediterranean, 3 m. from Oran. 
 
 Marsch. See Muraw. 
 
 Marsden, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. near 
 the source of the Colne, 7 m. S. \V. of Hudders- 
 field. Here are some extensive cotton mills, 
 and the Huddersfield Canal passes this place. 
 
 Marseilles, a flourishing sea-port of France, 
 capital of the department of Mouths of the Rhone. 
 The inhabitants are computed at 110,000. It was 
 so celebrated in the time of the Romans that Ci- 
 cero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny 
 called it the Mistress of Education. It is divided 
 into the Old Town and the New. The former 
 appears like an amphitheatre to the vessels which 
 entei the port; but the houses are mean, and the 
 streets dirty , narrow, and steep. In this partis 
 the principal church, built by the Goths, on the 
 ruins of the temple of Diana. The New Town is 
 in every respect, a perfect contrast to the Old, 
 with which it has a communication by one of the 
 finest streets imaginable. The other streets and 
 &quarer as well as the public buildings in general 
 are very elegant. With respect to commerce, 
 Marseilles has long been eminent ; and it is now 
 sometimes called Europe in Miniature, on account 
 of the variety of dresses and languages. In the 
 environs are nearly 5,000 little country boxes of 
 the citizens, called Bastides. The port is a basin 
 of an oval form, 3,480 feet long, by 960 broad at 
 its widest part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of wattr. 
 in 1649 the plague raged with great violence in 
 Marseilles, and with still greater in 1720, when 
 it carried off" 50,000 of the inhabitants. The late 
 lord Gardenstone observes that Marseilles was a 
 little republic within itself, that the citizens elect- 
 ed their own magistrates, an* that the expense 
 of a law-suit never exceeded twopence-halfpenny, 
 which sum was lodged by each party with the 
 clerks of court, at the commencement of every 
 process ; after which no further expense was in- 
 curred. Marseilles is seated on the Mediterran- 
 ean, 15 m. S. of Aix, and 450 S. by E. of Paris. 
 Long. 5. 27. E., lat. 43. 18. N. 
 
 Marseilles^ p. v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 m. S. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Marshallsville, a village of Mecklenburg Co. 
 Va. 
 
 Marshalton, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W. 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mnrshjield, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 seated on the Coteswold Hills, 11m. E. of Bris- 
 tol, and 103 W. of London. 
 
 Marshfield, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. S. E. 
 Montpeiier. Pop. 1,271. p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass 
 on the coast of Mass. Bay, 36 m S. E. Boston. Pop. 
 1,563. 
 
 Marshpee, an Indian town in Barnstable Co. 
 Mass. on the S. side of Cape Cod. 70 m. S. E. 
 
 Boston. Here are about 150 Indians. See Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 Marsiro Nuovo, a town of Naples in Principato 
 Citra, 12 m. N. N. E. of Policastro. 
 
 Marsico Vecchio, a town of Naples in Basihcata, 
 near the river Acre 23 m. N. E. of Policastro. 
 
 Marsilly, a town of France, department of 
 Marne, n; m. S. of Suzanne. 
 
 Marstrand, a town of Sweden, in the govern 
 ment of Gottenburg. The inhabitants, about 
 1,200, subsist chiefly by the herring fishery, by 
 the number of ships which in bad weather take 
 refuge in the harbour, which though difficult of 
 entrance is secure and commodious, and by a 
 contraband trade. It stands at the entrance of 
 the Cattegat, 23 m. N. N. W. of Gottenburg. 
 Long. 11. 36. E., lat. 57. 53. N. 
 
 Marta, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. 
 Peter ; seated on a river of the same name, 10 in. 
 E. of Castro. 
 
 Martaban, a city of the Birman empire, capital, 
 of a province of the same name, fertile in rice, 
 fruits, and wines of all kinds. It was at one time 
 a rich trading place, but after it fell into the 
 hands of the Rinnans, they caused its harbour to 
 be nearly choked up, and it is now of little impor- 
 tance. It is seated on the Bay of Bengal, at the 
 mouth of the Thaluan, 120 m. S. E. of Pegu 
 Long. 97. 56. E., lat. 16. 30 N. 
 
 Marta,puro. See Mctapura. 
 
 Mattel, a town of Franec, department of Lot 
 seated near the Dordogne, 18 m. E. of Sarlat. 
 
 Martha, St., a district of the republic of Colom- 
 bia, in the territory of New Granada, bounded N. 
 by the Carribean Sea, E. by Maracaibo, and W. 
 by Carthagena. It abounds with fruits proper to 
 the climate, and there are mines of gold and 
 precious stones, and salt-works. Here commences 
 the famous ridge of mountains, called the Andes, 
 which runs S. the whole length of S. Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Martha, St., a town of Colombia, capital of the 
 above district. The harbour is surrounded by 
 high mountains. It was once flourishing and 
 populous, but has of late years much declined. 
 It has been frequently pillaged by the English, 
 the Dutch, and the Buccaneers : in 1596 it was 
 reduced to ashes by Sir Francis Drake. It is 
 seated on one of the mouths of the Madalena, 100 
 m. W. by S. of Rio de la Hache. Long. 74. 4. 
 W., lat. 11. 27. N. 
 
 Marthasville, p. v. Montgomerv Co. Miss. 66 m. 
 W. St. Louis. 
 
 Martha's Vineyara, an island near the S. coast 
 of Massachusetts, a little to the W. of Nantucket. 
 It is 21 m. long and from 2 to 10 broad ; with the 
 Elizabeth Islands it forms Dukes County, con- 
 taining a pop. of 3,518. The chief products arc 
 Indian corn and rye. Edofarton is the chief town 
 
 Marthalen, a town of Switzerland, canton ol 
 Zurich, 6 m. S. of ScafFhausen. 
 
 Mar tic, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. on 
 the Susquehanna. 
 
 Mardgv.es, a town of France, department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone , seated near a lake, 12 m. 
 long and 5 broad, which produces excellent salt, 
 20 m. N. W. of Marseilles. 
 
 Martin, a country of N. Carolina. Pop. 8,544. 
 Williamstown is the capital, a county of Indiana. 
 Pop. 2.010. Mount Pleasant is the capital. 
 
 Martinsburg, p.t. Lewis. Co. N. Y. 50 m. N [Jti- 
 ca. Pop. 2,382; also villages in Bedford Co Pa. 
 Berkshire Co. Va., Knox Co. Ohio., Morgan Co. 
 Indiana, and Hopkins Co. Kentucky. 
 
MAR 
 
 483 
 
 MAR 
 
 Martin's Creek, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 10 
 m. N. d.aston. 
 
 Martin, Cape, a promontory of Spain, separating 
 the gulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Long. 
 0. 36. E., lat. 38. 54. N. 
 
 Martin, St., a. town of France, in the isle of Re, 
 with a harbour and strong citadel, 10 m. W. N. 
 W. of Rochelle. Loner. 1. 21. W., lat. 46. 18. 
 N. 
 
 Martin, St., one of the Leeward Carribee isl- 
 ands, 44 m. in circumference. It has neither 
 harbour nor river, but several saltpits, and salt 
 water lakes. Tobacco is the chief commodity 
 cultivated. It was long jointly possessed by the 
 French and Dutch, was taken by the British in 
 1801, but subsequently restored. The W. end is 
 5 m. S. of Anguilla. Long. 63. 16. W., lat. IS. 
 4. N 
 
 Martinach, a town of Switzerland, in the Valais, 
 on the river Dranse, 12 m. S. W. of Sion. 
 
 Martinsville, p.t. Henry Co. Va., p. v. Guilford 
 Co. N. C, p. v. Morgan Co. Indiana. 
 
 Martinique, one of the Windward Carribee isl- 
 ands, 50 m. long and 18 broad, belonging to the 
 French. There are high mountains covered with 
 trees, several rivers, and many fertile valleys. 
 The chief products are sugar, cotton, ginger, in- 
 digo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and 
 other tropical fruits. The island is extremely 
 populous ; and it has several safe and commodious 
 harbours, well fortified. It was taken by the 
 English in 1762, 1794, and 1809, but restored in 
 1815. In 1806 it suffered great damage by a tre- 
 mendous hurricane. Fort Royal is the capital. 
 
 Martoclc, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with 
 an elegant church, 130 W. by S. London. 
 
 Martorano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 
 and a bishop's see, 18 in. from the sea and 15 S. 
 of Cosenza. 
 
 Martorcl, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, at the 
 conflux of the Noya and Lobregat, 18 m N. W. 
 of Barcelona. 
 
 Martus, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a 
 fortress. 10 m. W. of Jaen. 
 
 Maru, a town of Persia, in Khorasan, celebrated 
 for its salt works; situate on the Morga, 130 in. 
 E. N. E. of Mesched. 
 
 Marvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 8 m. 
 N. E. of Portalegre. 
 
 Marvejols, a town of France, department of 
 Lozere, seated on the Colange, 10 in. N. W. of 
 Alende. 
 
 Marcille, a town of France, department of 
 Meuse, seated on the Oshein, 3 m. N. of Jametz. 
 
 Mary, St., a sea-port of the state of Georgia, in 
 Camden county, at the mouth of St. Mary River, 
 70 m. S. by W. of Newport. Long. 81. 52. W., 
 lat. 30. 43. N. 
 
 Mary Paver, St.. a river of the state of Georgia, 
 navigable for vessels of considerable burden for 
 90 m. Its banks afford immense quantities of 
 fine timber suited to the W. India markets. It 
 rises in the Okefonoko Swamp, and thence forms 
 the boundary between Georgia and Florida to 
 the ocean, which it enters at the town of St. Ma- 
 ry, between the points of Amilla and Cumberland 
 islands. 
 
 Mary, Strait, St., a strait in N. America, about 
 70 m long, which connects Lake Superior and 
 Lake Huron. It contains a number of islands, 
 and at the upper end is a rapid, which, by care- 
 ful pilots, can be descended without danger. 
 
 Maryborough, a town of Ireland, in Queen's 
 county, with considerable woolen manufactures. 
 
 It is the shire and assize town, and has an excel 
 lent gaol and a market-house. 17 m. S. of Philips- 
 town and 43 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Maryland, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the 
 ocean ; S. and W. by Virginia; extending from 38. 
 to 39. 88. N. lat. and from 75. 10. to 7.3. 20. W. 
 long, and containing 10,800 sq. m. It embosoms 
 all the northern part of Chesapeak Bay, and is 
 washed on the south-western limit by the Potomac; 
 the other streams are the Patuxent, Patapsco, Sev- 
 ern, Choptank, and Nanticoke. A very narrow 
 strip of its territory extends westwardly and is 
 crossed by the eastern ranges of the Apalachain 
 mountains ; but nearly the whole of the state is 
 level and low. In the west the soil is somewhat 
 strong, and in other parts are tracts of thin unpro 
 ductive soil, but in general the land is excellently 
 fitted for the culture of grain and tobacco. The 
 climate in the southern and eastern parts is un- 
 healthy ; agues and intermittent fevers are preva- 
 lent in this quarter in summer. The mineral 
 productions are not numerous ; bog iron is afford- 
 ed in many of the level tracts in the south, and 
 coal occurs in various quarters ; neither of these, 
 however, are extensively worked. Agriculture 
 is chiefly confined to the staple articles of wheat 
 and tobacco ; cotton has lately been introduced, 
 and promises well ; flax and hemp are also rais- 
 ed in the west. The manufactures consist of cot- 
 ton, paper, iron, glass, carpeting, &c. and there 
 are great numbers of flour mills in the state, par- 
 ticularly in the neighbourhood of Baltimore. Com- 
 merce is very active ; the state is admirably sit 
 uated for maritime trade, being intersected by the 
 noble bay of Chesapeak and many navigable riv- 
 ers. The shipping in 1828 amounted to 170,9^7 
 tons, but a great proportion of the commerce is 
 carried on by northern vessels. The imports for 
 the same year were estimated at 4,804,135 dollars ; 
 the exports of domestic produce 3,662,273 dollars, 
 total exports 4,804,465 dollars. 
 
 Maryland consists of two divisions, separated by 
 the Chesapeak, called the Eastern and Western 
 shores. The counties are 19. The population is 
 446,913, of whom 102,878 are slaves. Annapolis 
 is the seat of government. Baltimore is much 
 the largest city. The other principal towns are 
 Fredrickstown and Hagerstown. The legislature 
 consists of a Senate and House of Delegates. 
 The senators are chosen for 5 years and the Del- 
 egates for one. The governor is chosen by the 
 legislature annually. Suffrage is universal. The 
 senators are chosen by electors, who are chosen 
 by the people. Other elections are popular. 
 
 The most numerous sect are the Catholics who 
 have an archbishop, the metropolitan of all the 
 Catholics in the United States. They have in 
 this state between 30 and 40 churches. The 
 Episcopalians have 57 ministers ; the Presbyte- 
 rians 17; the Baptist 12; the German Reformed 
 9. Maryland has a university at Baltimore ; at 
 which place there is a Catholic college, and 
 another at Emmittsburg. There is also a col- 
 lege at Annapolis. 
 
 The means of internal communications have 
 been greatly increased by artificial improvements. 
 The Potomac and Ohio canal commences in the 
 western part of the state, and extends north-west- 
 erly through this state and Virginia. The Port 
 Deposit Canal passes along the Susquehanna to 
 avoid the obstructions in that river. The Ches- 
 apeak and Delaware canal opens a ready com 
 munication between these two bays, and raii- 
 
MAR 
 
 434 
 
 MA3 
 
 roads extend from Baltimore toward the Ohio 
 and Susquehanna. 
 
 This state was settled in 1G63 by catholics who 
 fled from persecution in England. The present 
 constitution was formed in 1776. 
 
 Maryland, p. t. Otsego Co. N. Y. G7 m. W. Albany. 
 
 Maryport, a town m Cumberland, Eng. with a 
 good harbour. In 1750 it was only a poor fishing 
 town ; but it has now upwards of 5,000 inhabitants 
 who employ upwards of 130 vessels, from 50 to 
 250 tons burden, in the coal or coasting trade. 
 Here are three ship-yards, and some manufac- 
 tures ; and near the town is the Roman station, 
 Virosidum, where several altars and statues have 
 been dug up. Besides the parish church, here 
 are 5 meeting houses, and a national school. Ma- 
 ryport is situate at the mouth of the Ellen, in the 
 Irish Sea. 2d m. S. W. of Carisle and 312 N. N. 
 W. of London. Long. 3. 22. W., lat. 54. 35. N. 
 
 Maryvillc, p. v. Charlotte Co. Va. 60 m. S. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Marysoille, p. v. Campbell Co'. Va. 160 m. S. 
 W . Richmond, a town of Union Co. Ohio, 27 m. 
 N. W. Columbus, p. v. Harrison Co. Ken. 35 
 m. N. E. Lexington, p. v. Blount Co. Ten. 12 m. 
 S. Knoxville. 
 
 Marza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, noted 
 for its salt ; 10 m. S. by VV. of Noto. 
 
 Mas a" Agenois, a town of France, department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, on the river Garonne, 24 ni. 
 N. W. of Agen and 50 S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Mas a" Asil, a town of France, department of 
 Arriege, with a benedictine abbey seated on the 
 Clisse, 8 m. S. W. of Pamiers. 
 
 Masafuero, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 80 
 m. W. of Juan Fernandez. It is high and moun- 
 tainous but lowest to the N., and at a distance 
 appears like a hill or rock. It is uninhabited, 
 except by numerous seals and goats. There 
 is also plenty of wood, but difficult to be got off"; 
 the heavy surf allows of no good landing place. 
 Long. 81. 40. W., lat.33. 40. N. 
 
 Masbate, one of the Philippines, about 80 m. in 
 circumference ; the natives are tributary to the 
 Spaniards. Long. 123. 25. E., lat. 12. 18. N. 
 
 Masbrough, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 
 on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Rother- 
 ham. Here are considerable iron works, where all 
 sorts of hammered and cast-iron goods are made. 
 
 Mascara, the western province of Algiers, 370 m. 
 long and 130 broad. It is dry, barren, and moun- 
 tainous, except on the N. where there are plains 
 abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. The S. 
 parts are inhabited by independent wandering 
 tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. 
 
 Mascara, the capital of the above province, with 
 a strong castle, in which the bey resides. In 
 1732 it was an inconsiderable place ; but is now 
 populous and flourishing. It is not so large as 
 Tremesan, but surpasses it in beauty, having a 
 great number of good houses and mosques. It is 
 seated in a fertile district, 45 m. E. S. E. of Or- 
 an and 190 S. W. of Algiers. Long. 0.40. E., 
 lat. 35. 54. N. 
 
 Mascot, a sea-port on the E. coast of Arabia, 
 with an excellent harbour. It has a castle on a 
 rock, and is very strong both by nature and art, 
 though the buildings are mean. It was taken, in 
 1508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a 
 century and a half. The cathedral, built by the 
 Portuguese, is now the imaum's palace. There 
 is no vegetation to be seen on the sea-coast near 
 it, and only a few date trees in a valley at the 
 l»aek of the town, though the inhabitants have all 
 
 things in plenty The bazaars are covered with 
 the leaves of date trees, laid on beams which reach 
 from the house tops on one side to those of the 
 other. The inhabitants are Mahomedans. Great 
 Britian recognises the flag of Mascat as neutral, 
 and in time of war it has often been the medium 
 of communication with the enemies' ports. It is 
 seated on a small bay of the Arabian Sea. Lnmr. 
 59. 26. E., lat. 23. 30. N. 
 
 Masham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of coarse woolen cloths; seated on 
 the Ure,7 m. S. E.of Mid du ham and 21b N.N. 
 W. of London 
 
 Maskanagur , a town of Candahar, province of 
 Cabul, situate on the Seward, 48 m. N. of Attock 
 and 130 E. S. E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 7. E., lat 
 33. 54. N. 
 
 Mdskelane Isle, a small beautiful island, in the 
 S. Pacific, lying off the S. E. point of Mallicollo, 
 one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 59. E., lat. 
 16. 32. S. 
 
 Masmunster , a town of France, department of 
 Upper Rhine, 25 m. S. S. W. of Colinar. 
 
 Mason, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 36 m. S. 
 Concord. Pop. 1,403; a village in Pike Co. Miss. 
 
 Mason, a county of the W. district of Virgin- 
 ia. Pop. 6,534. Point Pleasant is the capital. A 
 county of Kentucky. Pop. 16,205. Washington is 
 the capital. 
 
 Mason Hall, p. v. Orange Co. N. C. 52 m. N. 
 W. Raleigh. 
 
 Masoncille, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,145. 
 
 Masovia, a palatinate of Poland, bounded by 
 Prussian Poland, the palatinates of Sendomir and 
 Kalisch, and Vistula. The name formerly includ- 
 ed a province of much greater extent. Warsaw if 
 the capital. 
 
 Massa, a town of Italy, capital of the duchy of 
 Massa Carrara which is famous for its quarries oi 
 fine marble. The town and its territory belonged to 
 Tuscany, but they are now independent. It is 
 seated on the river Frigido,3 m. from the seaamd 
 30 N. by W. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 10. E., lat. 
 44. 2. N. Pop. of the duchy 29,000 ; of the 
 cap. 7,000. 
 
 Massa, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese. Borax 
 and lapis lazuli are found in the neighbourhood. 
 It is seated on a mountain near the sea, 35 m. 
 S. W. of Sienna. Long. 11. 3. E., lat. 43. 
 5. N. 
 
 Massachusetts*, one of the New England States 
 bounded N. by N. Hampshire, E. by the ocean, 
 S. by the ocean and the states of Rhode Island and 
 Connecticut, extending from 41. 23. to 43. 52. N 
 lat. and from 69. 50. to 73. 10. W. long. 190 m. 
 in extreme length from E. to W. and 90 in breadtk 
 and containing 7,500 square miles. The Green 
 Mountains extend from Vermont into the western 
 part of this state where they form two ridges cal- 
 led the Hoosac and Tagkannuc Mountains. Far- 
 ther to the East the White Mountain range en- 
 ters from New Hampshire and passes southerly 
 to the east of Connecticut river, dividing below 
 Northampton into the Mount Tom, and Lyme ran- 
 ges. There are no considerable ridges farther east, 
 but several detached eminences are scattered here 
 and there, the most easterly of which is Mount 
 Wachusett in Princeton. The highest point is 
 Saddle Mountain, an eminence of the Tagkan- 
 nuc ridge in the north-western corner of the state , 
 this is 4,000 feet in height, few of the other peaks 
 exceed 3,000. The rivers of Massachusetts are 
 the Connecticut which intersects the western 
 
MAS 
 
 485 
 
 MAS 
 
 part, the Merrimack which enters at the north-east 
 and meets the sea in this state, and the Housatonic 
 which rises in the west and passes into Connecti- 
 cut. The Pawtucket and Taunton which flow 
 into Narraganset Bay, the Charles and Neponset 
 flowintr into Boston harbour. The climate exhib- 
 its considerable extremes of heat and cold; all 
 the rivers are frozen for 3 months in winter, and 
 the ground is commonly covered with snow dur- 
 
 ing that time. The spring is wet, foggy and dis- 
 agreeable ; pleasant, settled weather is not gen- 
 erally expected before the middle of May. The 
 summers are hot and vegetation is rapid ; the au- 
 tumn is serene and delightful ; winter sets in at 
 the end of November. The climate is salubrious 
 with the exception of its tendency to aggravate 
 pulmonary complaints. 
 
 The soil in the interior is generally good, and 
 along the valley of the Connecticnt, it is uncom- 
 monly rich. The south-eastern part consists of 
 the narrow peninsula of Cape Cod, which projects 
 into the sea in the shape of a man's arm bent in- 
 ward at the elbow and wrist ; it is 75 m. in length 
 and from 5 to 20 in breadth ; the soil of this part 
 is almost entirely sand and produces little vege- 
 tation except pine shrubs, coarse grass and whor- 
 tleberry bushes. Agriculture is well understood 
 and skillfully practised in Massachusetts ; no 
 state in the Union surpasses it in this respect. 
 The farms are generally from 100 to 200 acres 
 and are almost universally the property of the culti- 
 vators ; there are many agricultural societies in the 
 stale whose exertions to promote skilful and thrif- 
 ty husbandry have been productive of the best ef- 
 fects. Cattle-shows and exhibitions of the various 
 products of the soil and of household manufacture 
 are also held in many parts of the state. The ar- 
 ticles of cultivation are maize, wheat, rye, barley, 
 oats, potatoes, pulse and garden vegetables in 
 great varieties: hay is afforded in great quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 In minerals this state is not very productive, 
 "■ron is produced in the south ; chiefly from botr 
 ore ; copper and lead have been found in the inte- 
 rior but they are not at present wrought ; marble 
 is abundant in the west, and granite of the best 
 quality abounds at Chelmsford and Quincy. Soap 
 stone and slate are produced in the interior parts, 
 and the island of Martha's Vineyard furnishes 
 argillaceous earth for the manufacture of alum. 
 
 The roads in this state are excellent, and the 
 means of internal communication are facilitated 
 by canals. Middlesex canal extends from the 
 Merrimack to B*ston harbour : Blackstone canal 
 extends from Worcester to Providence and seve- 
 ral canals pass round the obstructions in the Merri- 
 mack and Connecticut. The first railroad built 
 in the United States was in this state, and extends 
 from the granite quarries at Quincy to Neponset 
 
 river. A railroad has also been commenced from 
 Boston to Lowell, and another is projected from 
 Boston to Providence. 
 
 In commerce this state is the second in the 
 Union, and in tonnage of shipping, the first. Th« 
 imports for 1829 were valued at 12,520,744 dollars. 
 The exports of domestic produce at 3,1)49,751 dol 
 lars, total exports 8,254,937 dollars. The shipping 
 in 1828 amounted to 429,513 tons. The fisheries 
 are also very productive, and every sea-port in the 
 state is engaged in them. The cod and mackert! 
 fisheries occupy above 1,000 vessels and the whale 
 fishery 400 ships. The product of the fisheries in 
 1829 was estimated at 1,<I70.922 dollars. In man- 
 ufactures this state has the second rank : the fab- 
 rics are cotton, woolen, carpeting, paper, glass--, 
 iron, copper, lead, hats, leather, hosiery, lace, 
 duck, chemical preparations, &c. " The largest 
 establishments are at Lowell on the Merrimack, 
 15 m. above Haverhill. This town has been 
 recently founded, and by means of its manufac- 
 tures has experienced a very rapid growth ; 
 a small cotton manufactory was first established 
 here in 1813, and others were added a short time 
 afterwards ; at present the place continues to in- 
 crease and bids fair to equal any of the interior 
 towns in the United States. The manufactures 
 
 of Lowell are chiefly cotton, of which more than 
 14.000,000 yards are made annually. Here are 
 also made carpeting. cassimeres, satinets, &c. At 
 Waltham, near Boston, are large manufactures of 
 cotton, principally sheeting and shirting; about 
 3.000,000 yards are made annually. At^Troy are 
 large manufactures of cotton, woolen and iron. 
 At Taunton are manufactures of calico, iron, cop- 
 per, and lead. At Amesbury are manufactures 
 of flannel, and there are others of woolen and cot- 
 ton at Southbrid<re, Milbury, Ware, M, Dvidlpv, 
 Northampton, and a great number of other towns. 
 In many places on the coast are manufactures of 
 salt by solar evaporation. Upon Cape Cod, and 
 in the neighbourhood of New Bedford, more than 
 000,000 bushels are made yearly. 
 
 There are colleges in this state at Cambridge, 
 Williamstown and Amherst, a Theological insti- 
 tution at Andover, and between 50 and 60 incor- 
 porated academies in different parts. General edu- 
 cation receives the greatest care ; common schools 
 are maintained by law in every town. The reli- 
 gious sects are not so numerous as in most other 
 parts of the Union. The Calvinistic Congrega 
 tionalists have 154 ministers ; the Unitarians 140 ; 
 the Baptists 110; the Methodists 71 ; the Univer- 
 salists 46 ; the Episcopalians 30 ; and there are one 
 or two other sects. Remnants of some of the In- 
 dian tribes still remain in this state ; they are 
 about 750 in number and live principa"y on the 
 island of Martha's Vineyard and on the southerly 
 coast of Cape Cod They are under the guardian- 
 2s2 
 
MAT 
 
 48C 
 
 MAT 
 
 ship of thr. state government and have missiona- 
 ries residing among them. 
 
 rvTassacliusetts was first pettled at Plymouth in 
 Decemoer 1620, and this establishment was the 
 germ of all the New England colonies. The state 
 received its name from Massasoit, an Indian Sa- 
 chem with whom the first settlers made a treaty 
 
 which was faithfully observed for 50 years. The 
 American revolution began in this state with the 
 battle at Lexington in 1775. The British were 
 driven from Boston the next year, and an inde- 
 pendent ffovernnwit was established which pre- 
 served the colonik! form till 1790. A conven- 
 tion of delegates in that year framed the pres- 
 ent constitution, which was slightly revised in 
 1620. 
 
 Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties. The 
 pop. is 610,014. There are 305 towns in the slate. 
 The legislature consists of a Senate and House 
 nf Representatives, the members of which as well 
 as the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are cho- 
 sen yearly. Elections are popular, and suffrage is 
 universal. Boston is the capital. The other large 
 towns are Salem, Newburyport, New Bedford, 
 Charlestown, Cambridge, Gloucester, Plymouth, 
 Lynn, Marblehead, Nantucket, Northampton, 
 Springfield, and Haverhill. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay, a bay of the foregoing state 
 between Cape Ann, and Cape Cod. 
 
 Massafra, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 
 16 m. N. W.of Taranto. 
 
 Massena, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on the 
 St. Lawrence. Pop. 2,070. 
 
 Masserano, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont. 40 m. N. N. E. of Turin. 
 
 Masserne Mountains, a branch of the Ozark 
 range ,extending east and west through the western 
 part of Arkansas Territory. 
 
 Masseube, a town of France, department of Gers, 
 14 in. S. of Audi. 
 
 Massingules, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten. 
 
 Masuah, a town of Abyssinia, situate on an isl- 
 and on the coast of the Red Sea, with an excel- 
 lent harbour, distributed into three divisions. The 
 houses, in general, are built of poles and bent 
 grass, as in the towns in Arabia. Long. 56. 36. 
 £., lat 15. 35. N. 
 
 Masulipatam, acityard sea-port of Hindoostan, 
 in the district of Cond^piilv, with a good harbour 
 and a considerable trade in chintzes, painted lin- 
 ens, &c. It formerly belonged to the French, 
 but was taken by the British in 1769. It is seated 
 near one of the mouths of the Kistna, 73 in. S. W. 
 of Rajamundry. Long. 81. 15. E., lat. 19. 10. N. 
 
 Masvaux, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Rhine, at the foot of the Vosges mountains, 
 10 m. N. ofBefort. 
 
 Mata, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Near it is 
 
 a lake of the same name, noted for tiit immense 
 quantity of salt that it produces. The town stands 
 on the sea-coast, 28 m. S. S. W. of Alicant. 
 
 Mataca, or Matanca, a commodious bay on the 
 N. coast of the island of Cuba, 35 m. E. of Havana. 
 Long. 81.16. W., lat. 23. 12. N. 
 
 Mittala, a town and cape on the S. coast of the 
 island ofCandia, 30 m. S. of Candia. Long. 24. 
 51. E., lat. 34. 46. N. 
 
 Matamba, a country of Africa, in Congo, bound 
 ed on the N. by Congo Proper, E. by parts un- 
 known, S. by Bemba and Benguela, and W. bv 
 Angola. The chief town is St. Maria. 
 
 Mata.mushet,a. village in Hyde Co. N. C. 
 
 Mal.unzas, a sea-port on the N. coast of Cuo* 
 60 m. E. Havana. It has a good harbour an£ s. 
 large trade with the United States. Pop. 8,000. 
 Lat. 23. 3. N., long. 81. 30. W. 
 
 Motan, or Mactan, one of the smaller Philip- 
 pines, on which Magellan was killed in 1521, after 
 he had conquered the isle of Zebu. 
 
 Matapan, Cape, the most southern promontory 
 of the Morea, between the gulf of Coron and that 
 of Colochina. Long. 22. 20. E., lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Mataram, a town of the island of Java. It is 
 strong by situation, and is seated in a fertile and 
 populous countrv, surrounded bv mountains. 
 Long. 111. 55. E.", lat. 7. 15. S. 
 
 Mataro, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, celebrat- 
 ed for its glass works, and the best red wine made 
 in the province. Here are also manufactures of 
 calico, silk stuffs, laces, &c. It is seated on the 
 Mediterranean, 20 m. N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 Matcr<t,3L town of Naples, capital of Basilicata, 
 and the see of an archbishop. It is seated on the 
 Canapro, 35 m. W. N. W. of Taranto. Long. 16. 
 34. E., lat. 40. 50. N. 
 
 Malerea. See Hcliopolis. 
 
 Mathan, a town nf the empire of Bornou, with 
 a royal palace, forming a kind of citadel ; situate 
 on a small river, 100 m. S. W. of Bornou. 
 
 Mathieu. a town of France, department of Upoer 
 Vienne, 12 m. W. S. W. of St. Junier. 
 
 Mathura, a celebrated town of Hindoostan, pro- 
 vince of Agra, much venerated by the Hindoos 
 as the birth-place of their god Krishna. It is one 
 continued street of temples, the resort of innu- 
 merable pilgrims from all parts of India, and is 
 seated on the Jumna. Long. 60.40. E., lat. 27. 
 32. N. 
 
 Matildaville, a village in Fairfax Co. Va. 
 
 Matlock, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. situate 
 on the Derwent, 4 m. N. of Wirksworth. It is 
 an extensive straggling place, built in a romantic 
 style, on the steep side of a mountain ; and near 
 the bridge are two chalybeate springs. A little 
 to the S. is Matlock Bath, famous for its warm 
 baths, which are much frequented from April to 
 October. Near the western bank of the river is i 
 petrifying spring. 
 
 Mattapony, a river of Virginia which passes 
 through N. Carolina, and joining the Pamunkey, 
 forms York River. 
 
 Mattchceiz, or Mutsehewice, a town of Poland, 
 memorable for a great victory obtained by the 
 Russians over the Poles in 1794. 32 m. E. of 
 Warsaw. 
 
 Mattheo, St., a town of Spain, in Valencia, 10 
 m. from the Mediterranean, and 58 N. N. E. of 
 Valencia. 
 
 Matthew, St., an island in the Atlantic, 420 m. 
 S. by W. of Cape Palmas, on the coast of Guinea. 
 It was planted by the Portuguese, but is now de 
 serted. Long. 8. 10. W., lat. 1. 24. S 
 
MAD 
 
 487 
 
 MA* 
 
 Matthew, St., a small island in the Indian Ocean. 
 Long. 123.51. E., lat. 52. 3. S. 
 
 Matthews, a county of the E. District of Virginia. 
 Pop. 7,663. 
 
 Mattapoiset,a. village on Buzzard's Bay in Ply- 
 mouth Co. Mass. 
 
 Mattituck, p. v. Suffolk Co. N Y. on Long 
 Island. 
 
 Malto Grosso, a province of Brazil, bounded N. 
 by the province of Para, S. by that of St. Paul, 
 VV. by that of La Plata, and E. by that of Goias, 
 and lying between 52. and 64. of W. long., and 
 between 10. and 23. of S. lat. It was first visited 
 bv the Portuguese in search of gold, which abounds 
 near the sources of many of its rivers. The coun- 
 try is generally fertile. 
 
 Mimtumay, a sea-port in the island of Jeso, cap- 
 ital of a province of the same name, tributary to 
 Japan. Long. 133. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. 
 
 Maiura, a sea-port of Ceylon, with a small fort. 
 The country round is exceedingly wild, and 
 abounds in elephants, which are here principally 
 caught for exportation. It is seated at the mouth 
 of the Melipu, near the southern extremity of the 
 island, 25 m. E. S. E. of Galle. Long. 30. 23. E., 
 lat. 5. 53. N. 
 
 Matura, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of A<rra, 22 m. N. E. of Agra and 70 S. S. E. of 
 Dehli. 
 
 Maubeuge, a fortified town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nord, with manufactures of arms and 
 woolen stuffs. In 1793 the Austrians formed the 
 blockade of this place, but were so jn driven from 
 their position. It was one of the fortresses occu- 
 pied by the allies from 1815 to 1818. Seated on 
 the Sambre, 13 m. S. of Mons. 
 
 Mauch Chunk, a village of Northampton Co. Pa. 
 on the Lehigh, 35 m. S. W. Easton and 108 by 
 the river above Philad. Here are large coal 
 mines, for an account of which See Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mauldah, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, sit- 
 uate on a river that communicates with the Gan- 
 ges. It arose out of the ruins of Gour, which are 
 in its neighbourhood ; and is a place of trade, par- 
 ticularly in silk. 170 m. N. of Calcutta. Long. 
 83. 16. E., lat. 25. 3. N. 
 
 Maule, a province of Chile, 132 m. long and 120 
 broad. The soil is fertile, and the province is well 
 watered. The capital is Talca. Lat. 34. 47. S. 
 
 Maule, a river of the above province, which 
 rises in the Cordillera, and enters the Pacific in 
 lat. 34.50. S. 
 
 Mauleon, a town of France, department of Ven- 
 dee, with an ancient castle on a rock. It is seated 
 near the river Oint, 52 m. N. E. of Rochelle. 
 
 Mauleon, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, 20 m. W. S. W. of Pau. 
 
 Mauleon, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Pyrenees, 23 m. S. E. of Tarbes. 
 
 Maumec, a river of Indiana, flowing into the 
 Ohio. Also a village in Wood Co. Ohio, on the 
 same river. 
 
 Maura, St., an island in the Ionian Sea, on the 
 W. coast of Greece, 15 m. N. of the island of Ceph- 
 alonia, and about 50 m. in circuit. Its surface is 
 mountainous and rugged, and it is subject to fre- 
 quent earthquakes. The chief products are wine, 
 olives, citrons, pomegrantes, almonds, and other 
 fruits. It forms part of the Ionian republic, and 
 sends four deputies to the assembly. There are 
 several good ports ; but no town of consequence 
 except the capital, of the same name, situate at 
 the N. extremity of the island. Long. 20. 46. E., 
 lat. 38. 40. N 
 
 Mau.repas,a. lake in the eastern part of Louisiana 
 which discharges its waters into Lake Pontchar 
 train by a strait 7 m. long ■ the lake is 12 in. in 
 length and 7 in breadth, with a depth of 12 fef»t. 
 
 Mauriac, a town of France, department of Can 
 til, famous for excellent horses; seated near the 
 Dordogne, 29 m. E. of Tulle. 
 
 Maurice, St., a town of Switzerland, in the Va- 
 lais, situate on the Rhone, between two high 
 mountains, 16 m. N. W. of Martigny. 
 
 Maurice, .Si., a river of Lower Canada, flowing 
 into the St. Lawrence. Also a county lying upon 
 the same river. 
 
 Maurice, p. v. Cumberland Co. N. J. on t "tream 
 of the same name, falling into Delaware Bay. 
 
 Mauritius. See France, Isle of. 
 
 Maurua, one of the smaller Society Islands, in 
 the S. Pacific, 14 m. W. of Bolabola. Lono\ 152. 
 32. W., lat. 16. 25. S. 
 
 Maura, a Co. of W. Tennessee. Pop. 23,153. 
 Columbia is the capital. 
 
 Mautern, a town of Austria, on the S. side of 
 the Danube, opposite Stein, with which it is con- 
 nected by a long wooden bridge. It is 11 m. N. 
 by VV. of St. Polten. 
 
 Maws, St., a borough in Cornwall, Eng. It 
 has no church, but a chapel has been erected at 
 the expense of the late marquis of Buckingham. 
 Henry VIII. built a castle here, opposite to Pen- 
 dennis, for the better security of Falmouth. It 
 is seated on the E. side of Falmouth Haven. 
 12 m. S. S. W. of Grampound and 260 W. by B. 
 of London. 
 
 Maxatauny, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 20 m. 
 N. E. Reading. 
 
 Maxcn, a town of Upper Saxony, celebrated tor 
 a victory obtained by the Austrians over the 
 Prussians, in 1759, when 20,000 Prussians sur- 
 rendered themselves prisoners of war. It «s 10 
 m. S. of Dresden 
 
 Ma.xficld, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 186. 
 
 Maximin, St., a town of France, department of 
 Var, seated on the Argens, 21 rri. N. of Toulon. 
 
 May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth 
 of the frith of Forth, witli a light-house, 6 m. S 
 E. of Anstruther. 
 
 May, Cape, a cape of N. America, on ihe N. 
 side of the mouth of the Delaware. Lonov 75. 4. 
 W., lat. 39. 0. N. 
 
 Mayamba, or Majumba, a sea-port of Africa, in 
 Loango. The chief trade is in logwood. It 
 stands at the mouth of the Banna, 110 m. N. VV. 
 of Loango. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 3. 40. S. 
 
 Maybnle, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, witli 
 a manufacture of blankets; seated on an emi- 
 nence, surrounded by hills, 8 m. S. of Ayr. 
 
 May en, a town in the Prussian province of Low- 
 er Rhine, with a castle and a collegiate church , 
 seated on the Nette, 15 m. W. by N. of Coblentz 
 
 Mayence. See Mentz. 
 
 Mayenjicld, a town of Switzerland, in the Grison 
 country, chief place of the League of the Ten Ju 
 risdictions, with 900 inhabitants ; seated on the 
 Rhine, in a romantic valley, 22 m. S. by E. of 
 Appenzel. 
 
 Mayenne, a department of France, Including 
 part of the former province of Maine. It takes 
 its name from a river, which flows S. by the 
 cities of Mayenne and Laval, to that of Angers 
 where it receives the Sarthe, and soon after joins 
 the Loire. Laval is the capital. 
 
 Mayenne, the chief place of an arrondissement 
 in the above department, with a castle on a rock 
 It has manufactures of linen, woolen, and thread 
 
MAZ 
 
 488 
 
 MEC 
 
 *pd is seated on the river Mayenne, 45 m. W. N. 
 -V. of Mans. Long. 0. 43. VV., lat. 48. 18. N. 
 
 Mayfield, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2.614. Also a township of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, 
 and a village of Hickman Co. Ken. 
 
 Mayhem, a village among the Choctaw Indians 
 in the north-eastern part of Mississippi. Here is 
 a missionary station. 
 
 Maynesborough, a township of Coos Co. N. H. 
 16 m. E. Lancaster. 
 
 Maynooth, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Ivi'.dare. Here is a royal college for students in- 
 tended for the Romish church ; also a college for 
 lay students of the same persuasion, established 
 in 1802. It is 12 m. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Mayo, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Con naught, G2 m. long and 52 broad ; bounded 
 E. bv Roscommon, S. by Galway, W. and N. by 
 the Atlantic, and N. E. by Sligo. It is divided 
 into 7(5 parishes, contains about 294,000 inhabit- 
 aits, and sends two members to parliament. The 
 W. coast is mountainous, and thinly inhabited ; 
 but the interior produces excellent pasturage, 
 and is watered by several lakes and rivers. The 
 fisheries are very productive. In 1827, 1,180 boats, 
 with 5,169 persons, were employed in Westport 
 alone. Mayo gives the title of earl to the family 
 of Bourke. The principal town is Castlebar. 
 
 Mayo, a town of Ireland, once the capital of 
 the county of its name, but now a poor place, 9 
 m. S. E. of Castlebar. 
 
 Miyo, one of the Cape Verde islands, 20 m. in 
 circumference. The N. E. end is low, and the 
 land rises gradually till it arrives at a volcanic 
 m >untain, to the S. W. of which is irregular 
 ground, soon followed by a high peak, much more 
 I »fty than the volcanic cone. The soil in general 
 is barren, and water is scarce ; but there are plen- 
 ty of'beeves, goats, and asses ; as also some corn, 
 yams, potatoes, plantains, figs, and water-melons. 
 The chief commodity is salt. Long. 23. 5. W., 
 1 it. 15. 10. N. 
 
 Mayo, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 97 m. N. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Mayor ga, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 near the Atlantic, 67 m. N. of Lisbon. 
 
 Mayslick, p.v. Mason Co. Ken. on the N. Fork 
 of Licking river. 
 
 Maysville, p.t. Mason Co. Ken. on the Ohio, 
 68 m. above Cincinnati, 63 N. E. Lexington. 
 Pop. 2,040. It stands on a narrow bottom below 
 the mouth of Limestone creek, and has considera- 
 ble trade and manufactures. 
 Mm/town, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 Mayvllle, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. on Cha- 
 tauque Lake. 
 
 Mat/war. See Oudipour. 
 
 Mazagan, a sea-port of Morocco, near the Atlan- 
 tic, 8 m. W. of Azamor and 120 N. of Morocco. 
 Long. 8. 15. W., lat. 33. 2. N. 
 
 Mazanderan, a province of Persia, bounded N. 
 by the Caspian Sea, W. by Ghilan, S. by the lof- 
 ty mountains of Elburz, which separate it from 
 Irak and E. by Khorassan. It is a fertile coun- 
 try , and the mountains on its S. boundary are 
 covered with timber trees; but the climate is 
 moist and unhealthy. Sari is the capital. 
 
 Mazara, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 and a bishop's see. It has a capacious harbour, 
 and is built on the ruins of the ancient Sesinun- 
 tum, 45 m. S. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 30. E., 
 lat. 37. 53. N. 
 
 Maziera, or Maceira, an island in the Arabian 
 Soa, on the coast of Oman, 60 m. long and from 
 
 4 to 8 broad. Long. 59. 30. E., lat. 20 30. 
 N. 
 
 Meaco, a city of Niphon, in Japan, formerly the 
 metropolis of the whole empire. It is still the 
 ecclesiastical capital, the residence of the dairo, 
 or spiritual sovereign, and the centre of literature 
 and science. The palace and some of the tem- 
 ples are of extraordinary magnificence. A num- 
 ber of the finer manufactures, particularly japan- 
 work, painting, carving, &c., are carried on here. 
 The town is seated in a fine plain, 160 in. W. S 
 W. of Jeddo. Long. 153. 30. E., lat. 35. 24. N. 
 
 Mead, townships in Crawford and Belmont 
 Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Meadia, a town of Hungary, in the bannat of 
 Temeswar. It was taken by the Turks in 1738 
 and 1789, and is 23 in. S. E. of Temeswar. 
 
 Meadsville, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa. Here is aj 
 institution called Alleghany College, founded in 
 1815. It has a library of 8,000 volumes and is 
 tolerably well endowed. 
 
 Meadsville, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 m. S. W. 
 Richmond, p.v. Franklin Co. Mississippi, 30 m. 
 S. E. Natchez. 
 
 Meco, one of the smaller Moluccas, in the In 
 dian Ocean, with a good harbour. Long. 127. 5. 
 E..lat. 1. 12. N. 
 
 Meansvllle, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Mearns. See Kincardineshire. 
 
 Meath, or East Meath, a county of Ireland, in 
 the province of Leinster, 43 m. (English) long 
 and 36 broad ; bounded N. by Cavan and Louth, 
 E. by the Irish Sea, S. by Kildare and Dublin, 
 and W. by West Meath. It is divided into 18 
 baronies and 147 parishes, contains 159,183 in- 
 habitants, and sends two members to parliament. 
 It formerly contained several small bishoprics, 
 which were gradually united into one see, and 
 received the name of Meath in the twelfth cen- 
 tury. There is no cathedral, and the episcopal 
 palace is at Ardbraccan, a village near Navan 
 The agriculture of this county is now in a very 
 flourishing state. The soil in general is a rich 
 fertile loam, producing abundance of corn, and 
 feeding numerous sheep and cattle. Trim is the 
 capital. 
 
 Meath, West, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Leinster, 42 m. Ion? and 35 broad ; 
 bounded N. by Cavan, E. by East Meath, S. by 
 King's county, VV. by Roscommon (from which 
 it is separated by the Shannon), and N. W. by 
 Longford. It is divided into 11 baronies (besides 
 half the barony of Fore) and 59 parishes, with 
 parts of seven others, contains about 130,000 in- 
 habitants, and sends three members to parliament. 
 It is very fertile in corn and pasturage, and Ins 
 several lakes and rivers. This county gives the 
 title of marquis to the family of Nugent. Mul 
 lenfrar is the county town. 
 
 Meaux, a large and populous town of France, 
 department of Seine-et-Marne. The market- 
 place is a peninsula, contiguous to the town, 
 which was formerly well fortified. In the cathe- 
 dral is the tomb of the celebrated Bossuet, bishop 
 of Meaux. It is seated on both sides of ihe 
 Marne, 25 m. N. E. of Paris Lon<r. 2. 53. E., 
 lat. 48. 58. N. 
 
 Mecca, a city of Arabia, famous as the birth- 
 place of Mahomet. It is seated in a barren val- 
 ley, surrounded by many little hills, consisting 
 of a blackish rock. The houses follow the wind- 
 ings of the valley, and are built partly on the de- 
 clivities upon each side. The streets are regular, 
 level, and convenient. The chief support of the 
 
MEC 
 
 489 
 
 MED 
 
 inhabitants is derived from the pilgrims, who 
 flock to this place from every part of the Mahom- 
 etan world. On the top of one of the hills is a 
 cave, where they pretend Mahomet usually re- 
 tired to perforin his devotions ; and hither, they 
 affirm, the greatest part of the Koran was brought 
 to him by the angel Gabriel. Numbers of sheep 
 are brought hither to be sold to the pilgrims. 
 The principal ornament of Mecca is the famous 
 temple, which has 42 doors, and its form resem- 
 bles that of the Royal Exchange in London, but 
 it is nearly ten times as large. The area in the 
 middle is covered with gravel, except in two or 
 three places that lead to the Beat-Allah through 
 certain doors ; and these are paved with short 
 stones. The Beat-Allah, in the middle of the 
 temple, is a square structure, covered all over 
 with a thick sort of silk, and the middle em- 
 broidered with large letters of gold : the door is 
 covered with silver plates, and has a silver cur- 
 tain before it, thick with gold embroidery. This 
 Beat is the principal object of the pilgrims' devo- 
 tion, and is open but two days in the space of aix 
 weeks, one day for the men and the next for the 
 women. About 12 paces from the Beat is the 
 pretended sepulchre of Abraham, by whom the 
 Mahometans affirm the Beat-Allah to have been 
 erected ; and 2 m. from the town, according to 
 the same authority, is the hill on which he pre- 
 pared to offer up his son Isaac. The famous balm 
 of Mecca is not manufactured in this city but 
 is found and brought hither from the surrounding 
 country. Mecca is governed by a sheref, who is 
 a temporal prince, and his revenue is increased 
 by the donations of Mahometan sovereigns. It is 
 34 m. E. N. E. of 'Jidda, the sea-port of Mecca, 
 and 220 S. by E. of Medina. Long. 40. 55. E. 
 lat. 21. 40. N. 
 
 Mechnnick, a village in Dutchess Co. N. Y. 
 15 m. N. E. Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Mechanicsburg , p. v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 8 m. 
 
 from Harrisburg ; p. v. Champaign Co. Ohio and 
 
 a village in Liberty township, Butler Co. Ohio. 
 
 Mechanickstown, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland. 
 
 Mechanick's Mill, p. v. Moore Co. N. C. C8 m. 
 
 S. W. Raleigh. 
 
 Mechanicsville, p.v. Saratoga Co. N. Y., Mont- 
 gomery Co. Maryland and Darlington Dis. S. C. 
 Mechlin, or Malines, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, capital of a district in the province of 
 Antwerp, -and an archbishop's see. The cathe- 
 dral is a superb structure, with a very high stee- 
 ple. Here is a great foundery for ordnance of all 
 kinds ; and the best Brabant lace, fine linen, 
 damask, carpets, and leather are made here. 
 Mechlin submitted to the duke of Marlborough 
 in 1700: and was taken by the French in 1740, 
 1792, and 1794. It is seated on the Dvle, 10 m. 
 N. N. E. of Brussels and 15 S. S. E. of Antwerp. 
 Long. 4. 20. E.,lat. 51. 2. N. 
 Mechoacan. See Valladolid. 
 Mr.ckcnhcim, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 trie province of Ber<r and Cleves, situate on the 
 Lrfft, 8 m. S. W. of Bone. 
 
 Mecklenburg, a duchy of Germany, bounded 
 N. by the Baltic. E. by Pomerania, S. by Bran- 
 denburg, and W. by Holstein and Lunenburg. 
 It extends 135 m. in length, and 90 where broad- 
 est, and abounds in corn, pastures, and game. 
 The country was, for many centuries, under the 
 government of one prince ; but on the death of 
 the sovereign, in 1592, it was divided between 
 his two sons; the elder obtaining the duchy of 
 MTecklenburg-Schwerin, and the younger the 
 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Both princes re 
 ceived the title of grand duke at the congress of 
 Vienna in 1815, and they have each a vote at the 
 diet of the empire. Schwerin and Strelitz are 
 the chief towns. 
 
 Mecklenberg, a county of the E. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 20,366. Boydton is the capital. 
 A county ofN. Carolina. Pop. 20,076. Char 
 lotte is the capital. 
 Meckley. See Cassay. 
 
 Mecon, a river which rises in the N. E. part of 
 Thibet, flows through the country of Cambodia, 
 and falls into the China Sea by three mouths. 
 
 Mecran, or Mekran, a province of Persia, bound- 
 ed on the N. by Segistan and Candahar, E. by 
 Hindoostan, S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by 
 Kerman. The southern part is dry, and little 
 more than a desert; the northern is less so, but 
 animals are rare, and the soil far from fertile. 
 Kidge is the capital. 
 
 Medea, a town of Algiers, on the site of the 
 ancient Lamida, in a country abounding in corn, 
 fruit, and sheep. 35 m. S. W. of Algiers. 
 
 Medea,or Mahdia, a sea-port of Tunis, formerly a 
 place of importance ; seated on a peninsula in the 
 gulf of Cabes, 8 m. S. by E. of Tunis. 
 
 Medebach, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Westphalia, 32 m. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Medelin, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, the 
 birth-place of the celebrated Fernando Cortes. It 
 isseatedin a fertile country on the river Guadia- 
 na, 20 m. E. by S. of Merida. 
 
 Medelpadia, a province of Sweden, between the 
 gulfs of Bothnia and Jamtland. It is 100 m. long 
 and 45 broad ; very mountainous and woody, but 
 interspersed with lakes, rivers, and fertile valleys 
 Sundswold is the capital- 
 
 Medenblick a sea-port of the Netherlands, in N 
 Holland, vvitn a good harbour. The chief com- 
 merce is in timber brought fiom Norway and Swe- 
 den ; the vicinity is remarkable for its rich pas- 
 tures. Medenblick was taken by the English in 
 1799. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 28 m. N. 
 E. of Amsterdam. Long. 51 . E., lat. 52. 46. N. 
 
 Medfield, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 in. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 817. 
 
 Medford, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Mystic 
 river, 5 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1.755. 
 Median. See Madian. 
 
 Medina, a town of Arabia Deserta, celebrated as 
 the burial place of Mahomet. It is a small, ponr 
 place, but is walled round, and has a magnificent 
 mosque, in one corner of which is the tomb of 
 Mahomet, enclosed with rich curtains and lighted 
 by a great number of lamps. Medina is called 
 the City of the Prophet, because here he was. pro- 
 tected by the inhabitants when he fled from Mec- 
 ca, and here he was first invested with regal pow- 
 er. The time of his death was in 637 ; but the 
 Mahometan epoch begins in 022, from the time 
 of his flight. Medina is seated on a sandy plain, 
 abounding in palm trees, 200 m. N. W. ofMecca. 
 Its port is Jambo. Long. 39. 33. E., lat. 25. 20. 
 N. 
 
 Medina, the capital of the kingdom of Woolly, 
 W. Africa. It contains about 1,000 houses, and 
 is defended by a high wall, surrounded by a thick 
 hedge. Long. 12. 50. W., lat. 13. 38. N. 
 
 Medina, a town and fort of the island of Bah- 
 rein, near which is a bank containing the finest 
 pearls in the world. The harbour will not admit 
 vessels of more than 200 tons. It is seated near 
 the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf. 
 Medina, a town of Spain, in Estremadi ra^seat- 
 
MEI 
 
 490 
 
 MEL 
 
 ed at the foot of a mountain. 20 m. W. N. W. of 
 Lerana. 
 
 Medina, a county of Ohio. Pop. 7,5G0. A 
 town of the same name is the capital. 
 
 Medina del Campo, a town of Spain, province 
 of Leon, in a country abounding with corn and 
 wine, 23 m. S. S. W. of Valladolid. 
 
 Medina del Rio Seco, a decayed town of Leon, 
 near the Sequi'io, 25 m. N. W. of Valladolid and 
 56. S. S. E. of Leon. 
 
 Medina Sidonia, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 with a castle, 24 m. S. E. of Cadiz, and 60 S. of 
 Seville. 
 
 Mediterranean, a sea between Asia, Africa, and 
 Europe, communicating with the Atlantic Ocean 
 by the strait of Gibraltar, and with the Black Sea 
 by the strait of Gallipoli, the sea of Marmora, and 
 the strait of Constantinople. It is of very great 
 extent, hut its tides are inconsiderable, and a con- 
 stant current sets in from the Atlantic through 
 the strait of Gibraltar. It contains many island?, 
 several of them large, as Majorca, Minorca, Cor- 
 sica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, Cyprus, &c. The 
 ' eastern part of it, bordering on Asia, is sometimes 
 called the Levant Sea. 
 
 Medway, a river of England, which rises in Ash- 
 down Forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it flows 
 by Tunbridge and Maidstone, and thence to Roch- 
 ester ; below which, at Chatham, is a station for 
 the royal navy. Dividing into two branches, the 
 western one enters the Thames, between the 
 isles of Grain and Sheppey,and is defended by the 
 fort at Sheerness. The eastern branch, called 
 the E. Swale, passes by Queenborough and Mil- 
 ton, and enters the German Ocean below Fever-* 
 sham. The tide flows up nearly to Maidstone 
 and the river is navigable to Tunbridge. 
 
 Medway, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 25 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,766. 
 
 Medtoi, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, much 
 frequented on account of its waters, which are 
 vitriolic and sulphureous. The lodging houses 
 form one street of uniform wooden buildings, 
 painted red. It stands near the lake Wetter, 3 m. 
 from Wadstena. 
 
 Meelah, a town of Algiers, province of Constan- 
 tina, surrounded by gardens producing abundance 
 of herbs and excellent fruit, particularly pome- 
 granates. It is 14 m. N. W. of Constantina. 
 
 Megara, a town of Greece, in the isthmus of 
 Corinth, formerly very large, but now inconsid- 
 erable. It has some fine remains of antiquity. 
 20 m. W. of Athens. 
 
 Megen, a town of the Netherlands, in N. Bra- 
 bant ° seated on the Meuse, 15 m. W. S. W. of 
 Nimeguen. 
 
 M'egna. See Burrampooter . 
 
 Meherrin, a river of Virginia which runs into 
 N. Carolina, and uniting with the Nottaway forms 
 the Chowan. 
 
 Mehvn, a town of France, department of Cher. 
 Here are the ruins of a castle built by Charles 
 VII. as a place of retirement ; and here he starved 
 himself, in the dread of being poisoned by his son, 
 afterwards Louis XI. It is seated on the Yevre, 
 iOm. N. W. of Bourges. 
 
 Mehwas, a district of Guzerat, Findoostan, in- 
 habited by a race of marauders who live by 
 plunder. 
 
 Meigs, a county of Ohio. Pop. 6.159. Chester 
 is the capital. There are townships of this name 
 in Muskingum, Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Meigsville, p. v. Randolph Co. Va., p. v. Jack- 
 son Co. Ten. 
 
 Meinau, a small island in the middle laKe of 
 Constance, which produces excellent wine. 5 m 
 N. W. of Constance. 
 
 Meinungen, a principality of Germany, in Sax- 
 ony, forming the territory of the duke of Saxe- 
 Meinungen, comprising an area of 448 sq. m., 
 with 56,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Meinungen, the capital of the foregoing princi- 
 pality, with a fine castle, a lyceum, a council 
 house, «fec. The principal manufacture is black 
 crape. It is situate amongst mountains, on the 
 river Werra, 16 m. N. W. of Hildburghausen and 
 21 N. of Schweinfurt. Long. 10. 43. E., lat. 50. 
 38. N. 
 
 Meissen, or Misnia, a circle of Saxony, formerly 
 a rnargraviate. Part of it was ceded to Prussia <n 
 1815 ; but it has still an area of 1,600 sq. m., with 
 298,000 inhabitants. It is a fine country, produc- 
 ing corn, wine, metals, and all the conveniences 
 of life; and is situate on both sides of the Elbe, 
 having Bohemia on the S., and Prussian Saxony 
 on the N. 
 
 Meissen, the capital of the foregoing circle, 
 with a castle and a famous manufacture of porce- 
 lain. The cathedral is the burial place of the 
 Saxon princes to the year 1539. The bridge over 
 the Elbe, burnt c^^'n by the Prussians in 1757, 
 has been replaced ' y another of a very handsome 
 construction. M/issen is seated on the rivulet 
 Meisse, at ns junction with the Elbe, 12 m. N. N. 
 W. of Dresden. Long. 13. 31. E., lat. 51.11. 
 N. 
 
 Mtissenkeim, a town of Bavaria, in a district 
 of the same name , situate on the Glan, 34 m. N 
 by E. of Deux Ponts and 30 W. S. W. oi 
 Mentz. 
 
 Mellassa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia 
 situate on a fertile plain, near a mountain abound 
 ing in white marble. It was anciently a city, 
 adorned with many public buildings, especially 
 temples ; and is still a large place, but the houses 
 are mean. 80 m. S. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 50 
 E., lat. 37. 15 N. 
 
 Melazzo See. Milazzo. 
 
 Melbourn, a considerable village in Derbyshire, 
 Eng. 8 m. S. by E. of Derby. Here are a church, 
 four meeting-houses, and the vestiges of an an 
 cient castle in which the duke of Bourbon was 
 confined after the battle of Agincourt. The in 
 habitants are chiefly employed in the manufactui" 
 of worsted stockings and a peculiar kind of silk 
 flowered shawls. 
 
 Melbourne, a township in Buckingham Co. 
 L. C. 
 
 Mclck, a town of Austria, with a benedictine 
 abbey on a high rock, near the Danube. 10 m. W 
 of St. Polten. 
 
 Melcomhe Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, En-' 
 It has a good market-place, and a town hall in 
 which the corporation of Weymouth, and Mel- 
 combe transact business It is sealed at the month 
 of the river Wey. opposite to Weymouth, with 
 which it communicates by an elegant bridge 
 127 m. W. S. W. of London. See Weymouth. 
 
 Mel den, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant. 
 10 m. S. E. of Lou vain. 
 
 Melilorf,a town of Denmark, in Holstein, seat- 
 ed near the mouth of the Miele, 50 m. N. W. 
 of Hamburgh. 
 
 Meldruv), a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen 
 shire, 17 m. N. N. W. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Melfi, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, and a 
 bishop's see, with a castle on a rock, 20 m. N. N 
 W of Acerenza. 
 
M1<L 
 
 491 
 
 MEM 
 
 Melgaza, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e 
 Minho, with a strong castle ; seated on the Min- 
 ho, 27 in. N. by E. of Braga. 
 
 Mclida, an island of Dalmatia, in the gulf of 
 Venice, with a benedictine abbey, 6 villages, and 
 several harbours. It is 30 m. in length, and 
 abounds in oranges, citrons, wine, and fish. 
 
 Melilla, a sea-port of Fez, on the coast of the 
 Mediterranean. In 1496 it was taken by the 
 Spaniards, who built a citadel. It is 115 m. N. 
 E. of Fez. Long. 2. 57. W., bit. 34. 58. N. 
 
 Mclinda, a kingdom of E. Africa, on the coast 
 of Zanguebar. Its products are gold, elephants' 
 teeth, ostriches' feathers, wax ; and aloes, senna, 
 and other drugs ; also plenty of rice, sugar, cocoa- 
 nuts, and other tropical fruits. 
 
 Mclinda, the capita! of the above kingdom, is a 
 large and handsome place, surrounded by fine gar- 
 dens. It has a good harbour, defended by a fort ; 
 but the entrance is dangerous, on account of the 
 great number of shoals and rocks under water. 
 The inhabitants are said to amount to above 
 200,000, principally negroes. 470 m. S. W. 
 Magadoxa. Long. 41. 46. E.. lat. 2. 15. S. 
 
 Melipilla, a province of Chile, extending about 
 25 leagues from E. to W , and abounding in 
 grain and wine. Logrono is the capital. 
 
 Mclita. See Malta. 
 
 Melitello, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 8 m. 
 W. of Leontini. 
 
 Melitopol, a town of Russia, government of Tan. 
 rida, situate on a lake, 12 m. from the sea < f 
 Asoph and 108 S. of Catharinenslaf. 
 
 Melksham, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. with a 
 market every other Thursday for cattle, and a 
 manufacture of broad cloths. It has a large par- 
 ish church and three meeting houses. 99 in. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Mclle, a town of Hanover, seated on the Hase, 
 15 m. E. by S. of Osnaburg. 
 
 Mclle, a town of France, department of Deux 
 Sevres, 12 m. S. W. of ISiort. 
 
 Mellcr. See Maeler. 
 
 Mcllitigen,a. town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Aargau, seated on the Reuss, 9 in. S. by W. 
 of Baden. 
 
 Mcllvillc, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J. 
 
 Melnick, a town of Bohemia, witli a castle. Its 
 vicinity yields excellent red and white wine, and 
 near it stands the Auoustine convent of Schopka. 
 It is seated on the Elbe, opposite the influx of the 
 Muldau, 18 m. N. of Prague. 
 
 Meloui, a town of Egypt, with a remarkable 
 mosque ; seated on the Nile, 3 in. S. of Ashmu- 
 nein. 
 
 Melrose, a town of Scotland, in Roxburgshire, 
 with manufactures of linen and woolen cloth. 
 At some distance from the town, on the S. side 
 of the Tweed, are the magnificent remains of 
 Melrose Abbey, founded by David I., part of 
 which is still used for divine service. Alexander 
 II. is said to be buried under the great altar. Ab- 
 bolsford, the seat of Sir Walter Scott, is in the 
 vicinity of the abbey. Melrose is 11 m. N. W. of 
 Jedburg and 3.") S. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 
 The fine cheese called Stilton is chiefly made in 
 its neighbourhood. The church is a fine Gothic 
 edifice, and here are two meetin r-houses, a char- 
 ity school, a national school, and 12 almshouses, 
 six of which were erected in 1827. It is seated 
 in a rich grazing country, on the river Eye, over 
 which are two handsom? stone bridges, 15 in. N. 
 E. of Leicester and 106 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Mcltonsville, p. v. Anson Co. N. C. 130 in. S. 
 W. Raleigh. 
 
 Mclun, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Marne. It has a trade with Paris in corn, 
 meal, wine, and cheese; and is seated on the 
 Seine, 25 m. S. E. of Paris. Long. 2. 35. E., lat. 
 48. 30. N. 
 
 Melville Island, one of a group of islands in the 
 Polar Sea of the western continent, called the 
 Georgian Archipelago, where the English discov- 
 ery ships under Capt. Parry wintered. It lies 
 between 74. 25, and 75. 50. N. lat. and 106. and 
 114. W. long. 240 m. long and 100 broad. It is a 
 mass of rocks without a tree or shrub, but in the 
 ravines or valleys the soil affords grass, 'iio«s and 
 salads. A few Esquimaux resort hither in sum- 
 mer, and the wild animals of the north also make 
 it their abode in the same season. Herds at 
 musk oxen were seen at Winter Harbour in this 
 island earl}' in the spring. These animals have x 
 
 singular appearance owing to the shortness of 
 their limbs, their broad, flattened and crooked 
 horns and their loner hair which hangs nearly 
 down to the ground. When full grown they 
 weigh about 700 pounds. The flesh of the young 
 cow and calves is tolerably good, but the old ones 
 have so strong a scent of musk that they cannot 
 be eaten. They are found in great numbers 
 within the Arctic Circle, and go in herds of eighty 
 or an hundred. 
 
 Mcmcl, a strong town of E. Prussia, with a cas- 
 tle, a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce. 
 It is seated on a river of the same name, at the 
 N. extremity of the Curische Haff; and on the 
 N. E. side of the entrance into the harbour is a 
 lighthouse. It is 70 m. N. N. E. of Konigsberir 
 and 130 N. E. of Dantzic. Lomr. 21. 26. E., lat! 
 55. 40. N. 
 
 Memmingcn, a town of Bavaria, defended bv 
 art, and surrounded by a morass. It has a con- 
 siderable trade in fine linen, fustian, cotton, paper, 
 salt, tobacco, and hops. Near this place, in 1795, 
 the French republicans defeated the emigrants 
 under the prince of Conde ; and in 1800 the 
 French defeated the Auslrians, and took the town. 
 It is seated in a fertile plain, near the river I'.Ier, 
 28 m. S. by E. of Ulm. Ljng. 10. 12. E., 'at. 48. 
 xN. 
 
 Memplus, p.t. Shelby Co. Ten. on the Missis- 
 sippi, on the site of old Fort Pickering. It has a 
 fine situation at a point where the great western 
 road strikes the river. 
 
 Mcmphremagog, a lake of N. America, in Can- 
 ada and Vermont, 35 m. long and 3 broad. Its 
 outlet is the river St. Frances, running into the 
 St. Lawrence. On an island in this lake is a 
 quarry of oil stone equal to the best Turkey oi' 
 stone. 
 
MEN 
 
 492 
 
 MER 
 
 Menai, a strait which divides the island of An- 
 glesey from the other parts of N. Wales. An 
 elegant suspension bridge has been thrown over 
 this strait, which will allow vessels that pass 
 the strait to sail beneath it. 
 
 Menan, a river of the kingdom of Siam, which 
 passes by the city of Siam, and enters the gulf of 
 Siam, below Bancok. 
 
 Menancaboic, a kingdom in the centre of the 
 island of Sumatra. The country is described as 
 a large plain, clear of wood, comparatively well 
 cultivated, and abounding in gold. 
 
 Mcnde, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lozere, and a bishop's see. It has man- 
 ufactures of serges and other woolen stuffs ; and 
 is seated on the Lot, 35 m. 6. YV. of Puv and 210 
 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 3. 30. E., lat. 44. 31. N, 
 
 Me.nd/iam, p.t. Morris Co. N. Y. 
 
 Mendip Hills, a lofty tract in the N. E. of Som- 
 ersetshire, Eng. abounding in coal, calamine, and 
 lead : copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre, 
 are also found. A great portion of these hills, 
 formerly covered with heath and fern, has been 
 brought into cultivation and produces good corn. 
 At the bottom of a deep ravine, near the village 
 of Berrington, a cavern was discovered, in 1798, 
 containing a great number of human bones, many 
 of them incrusted with a calcareous cement, and 
 a large portion completely incorporated with the 
 solid rock. 
 
 Mcndelskam, a decayed village and parish in 
 Suffolk, Eng. where an ancient silver crown, 
 weighing 00 ounces, was dug up about the end 
 of the 17th century. It is seated near the source 
 of the Deben, SO m. N. E. of London. 
 
 Mendon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 3,152; a township of Monroe Co. 
 N. Y. Pop. 3,075. 
 
 Mendoza, a city of Buenos Ay res, province of 
 Cugo, on the E. side of the Andes, in a plain 
 adorned with gardens, well watered by canals. 
 It contains four convents, a college, and a church. 
 A river of the same name flows by this town, and 
 finally enters the Atlantic under the name of Co- 
 lorado. Long. 70. J2. W., lat. 34. 0. S. 
 
 Mendrah, a province of the kingdom of Fezzan, 
 much of which is a continued level of hard and 
 barren soil ; but the quantity of trona, a species 
 of fossil alkali, that floats on the surface, or settles 
 on the banks of its numerous smoking lakes, has 
 given it a higher importance than that of the 
 more fertile districts. It has a town of the same 
 name, 00 m. S. of Mourzouk. 
 
 Mcndrisio, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Ticino, containing several convents. 7 m. W. 
 by N. of Como. 
 
 Mcnehonld, St., a town of France, department 
 of Marne. In 1702 the Frencli gave the first 
 check to the progress of the Prussians at this place, 
 which in the end compelled them to a retreat. 
 It is seated in a morass, on the river Aisne, be- 
 tween two rocks, 20 m. E. N. E. of Chalons. 
 
 Mengen, a town of Wurtemberg, near the Dan- 
 ube. 50 m. S. of Stutgard. 
 
 Me.ngcrivghauscn, a town and castle of Ger- 
 many, county of Walc^ck, 8 m. N. E.of Corbach 
 and 24 N. W. of Cassel. 
 
 Maun, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan- 
 ders. It has b^en often taken ; the last time by 
 the French in 1704. It is seated on the Lis, 10 
 m. N. of Lisle. 
 
 Mentone,a. town of Nice, with a castle and a 
 small harbour, 5 m. E. N. E. of Monaco. 
 
 Mentor, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Mcntz, or Maycnce, a city of Germany, in the 
 grand duchy of Hesse, and a bishop's see. It is 
 well fortified, and deemed a barrier fortress. The 
 city is built in an irregular manner, and plenti 
 fully provided with churches. The principal 
 buildings are the electorial palace (now much de- 
 cayed), the house of the Teutonic knights, Find 
 the cathedral. Menlz is one of the towns which 
 claim the invention of printing; and the growth 
 of the best Rhenish wine is limited to a circle of 
 about five miles round it. The French took this 
 place by surprise in 1702 ; and the next year it 
 stood a long blockade and siege before it surroni' 
 ered to the allies. It was twice re-attacked . 
 the French in 1705, but they were defeated h'j 
 the Austrians, who also relieved it from a block 
 ade of two months in 1700. The siege wa? sorn 
 after resumed, and continued till the signing of the 
 treaty of Udina in 1707, when the city was taken 
 possession of by the French. By the peace of 
 Luneville, in 1801. it was formally ceded to 
 France, but was delivered up to the allies in ]fc'14. 
 Mentz is seated on the Rhine, just below the in- 
 flux of the Maine, and on the opposite side is the 
 town of Cassol, connected with it by a bridge u( 
 boats. It is 22 m. W. S. W. of Frankfort and 70 
 E. by N. of Treves. Long. 8. 10. E., lat. 40. 58. N. 
 
 Mentz, a township of Cayuga Co. N. Y. 12 m 
 N. W. Auburn on the Erie Canal. Pop. 4,144. 
 
 Menu/, a. town of Egypt, situate in a well culti- 
 vated country, near that branch of the Nile which 
 flows to Rosetta, 40 in. N. N. W. of Cairo. 
 
 Mcnzala, a town of Egypt, situate near a lake 
 of the same name, 00 m. long, separated from the 
 Mediterranean by a narrow slip of land. It is L0 
 m. S. S. E. of Damietta and 73 N. N. E. of Cairc 
 Long. 32. 2. E.,lat. 31. 3. N. 
 
 Meppen, a town of Westphalia, capital of a dis 
 trict of the same name, 52 m. N. of Monster. 
 
 Mequincnza, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 with a castle, seated at the conflux of the Segra 
 with the Ebro. 58 in. E. S. E. of Saragossa and 
 180 E.N. E.of Madrid. 
 
 Mequinez, a city of Morocco, seated in a de- 
 lightful plain, having a serene and clear air; for 
 which reason the emperor frequently resides in 
 this place in preference to Fez. The palace 
 stands on the S. side, and is guarded by several 
 hundreds of black eunuchs, whose knives and 
 scimitars are covered with wrought silver. In 
 the middle of the city, the Jews have a place to 
 themselves, the gates of which are locked every 
 night, and guarded. Close by Mequinez. on 
 the N .W. side, is a large Negro town, which 
 takes up as much ground as the city, but the 
 houses are not so high, nor so well built. The 
 inhabitants of Mequinez, estimated at 112.000. are 
 considered more polished and hospitable than those 
 of the southern provinces. 58 m. W. of Fez. 
 Long. 5. 40. W.. lat. 32. 40. N. 
 
 Mer. a town of France, department of Loire-tt- 
 Cher, 11 m. N. N. W. of Bloise. 
 
 Mertin. a town of the Austrian States, in Tyrol, 
 of which it was formerly the capital ;. seated near 
 the conflux of the Passar, with the Adige, 12 m. 
 N. N. VV. of Botzen. Long. 11. 5. E , lat. 40. 39. 
 N. 
 
 Mercer, a county of the W. district of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 10.731. The chief town has thferime 
 name. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 17,700. ]\.,r- 
 rodsburg is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pi p 
 1.110. St. Mary's is the capital. A county of I, 
 linois. Pop. 20. 
 
 Mercer, p.t. Somerset Co. Me 04 in. S. E. Pop 
 
MLR 
 
 49:3 
 
 MER 
 
 land. Pop. 1,110; also towns in Mercer and But- 
 ler Cos. Pa. 
 
 Mercersburg, p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. 16 m. S. W. 
 Chambersburg. 
 
 Merdim,a. town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a castle. The 
 country about it produces a great deal of cotton. 
 It is seated on the summit of a mountain, 45 m. 
 S. E. of Diarbekir. Long. 39. 59. E., lat 30. 50. 
 N. 
 
 Mere, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. 100 m. W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Mcrecga, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Mascara, celebrated for its warm baths. 25 m. S. 
 E. of Shershel and 50 S. W. of Algiers 
 
 Mnre.cz, a town of Russian Lithuania govern- 
 ment of Wilna, seated at the conflux of the Mer- 
 cez and Nemen. 30 m. N. of Grodno. 
 
 Meredith, p.t.' Strafford Co. N. H. 63 m. N. W. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 2,683. Here are considerable 
 manufactures of cotton, woolen and paper. 
 
 Mergentheim , a well built town of Wurtem- 
 berg • seated on the Tauber, 20 m. S. S. W. of 
 Wurtzburg. Long. 9. 52. E., lat. 49. 30. N. 
 
 Merghen, or Mcrguen, a city of E. Tartary, 
 province of Tcitcicar ; seated on the Nonni, 140 
 m. N. by E. of Tcitcicar. Long. 124. 55. E.. lat 
 49. 10. N. 
 
 Mergui, a sea-port on the W. coast of Siam, with 
 an excellent harbour. It was wrested from the 
 Siamese by the Birmans in 1755, but was ceded 
 to Britain in 1824-5, and is 208 m. S. W. of Siam. 
 Long. 98. 9. E., lat. 12. 12. N. 
 
 Mergui Archipelago, consists of islands extend- 
 ing 135 m. along the coast of Tannasserim and 
 the isthmus of the Malay peninsula, with a strait 
 between them and the mainland, from 15 to 30 
 m. broad, having regular soundings and good 
 anchorage. They are in general covered with 
 trees, but are not inhabited, although the soil ap- 
 pears fern.e The principal of them are King's 
 Isiano, Clara, St. Mathew's and Tannasserim. 
 
 Mtrian.. a strong town of Spain, in Estremadura, 
 built by tne Romans, before the birth of Christ. 
 Here are fine remains of antiquity, particularly a 
 triumphal arch. In 1811 it fell into the hands of 
 the French, but was retaken by general (afterwards 
 lord) Hill in the following year. It is seated in 
 an extensive fertile plain, on the river Guadiana, 
 over which is a noble Roman bridge. 32 m. E. of 
 Badajoz. Long. 5. 58. W., lat. 28. 47. N. 
 
 Merida, a town of Mexico, capital of a province 
 of the same name, lying between the Bays of Hon- 
 duras and Campeachy. It is situated in an arid 
 plain. 30 m. S. of the gulf of Mexico and 70 N. 
 ?. of Campeachy Long. 89. 58. W., lat. 20. 45. 
 v 
 
 Meriden, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 17 m. N. 
 <i'< - Haven. Pop. 1,708. 
 
 Meridiansville, p.v. Madison Co. Alab. 
 
 Meridien, p.v. Madison Co. Missouri. 
 
 Merion, Upper and Lower, two townships in 
 Montgomery Co. Pa. near Philadelphia. 
 
 Merionethshire, a county of Wales. It contains 
 nearly 500,000 acres, is divided into 5 hundreds 
 and 37 parishes, has four market towns, and sends 
 one member to parliament. The number of in- 
 habitants :n 1821 was 34,382. The face of the 
 country is varied throughout with a romantic mix 
 ture of all the scenery peculiar to a wild and* 
 mountainous region. The principal rivers are the 
 Dee and Dyfi. Cader Idris, one of the highest 
 mountains in Wales, is in this county. 
 
 Meritch, an important town and fortress of'Hin 
 
 doostan, in the province of Bejapoor, situate near 
 the N. bank of the Kistna, 62 m. S. W. of Visia- 
 pour. 
 
 Mermentau, a lake and river in the S. W. pari 
 of Louisiana flowing into the gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Mero, a strontr town of the kingdom of Pegu 
 140 in. S. W. of Pegu. Long. 93. 36. E., lat. H 
 0. N. 
 
 Merou, a town of Persia, in Khorassan, seated 
 in a fertile country, which produces salt, 112 in 
 S. W. of Bokhara. Loner. 64. 25. E., lat. 37. 40. 
 N. 
 
 Mcrrittstoirm , p.v. Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Merrittsville, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 120 in. 
 N. W. Columbus. 
 
 Merrimack, a river of New England rising in 
 New Hampshire. One of its head streams called 
 the Pemigewasset has its source near the Notch 
 of the White Mountains; the other flows through 
 Winnipisiogee Lake. The river runs south into 
 Massachusetts, where it turns south-east and flows 
 to the sea at Newburyport. In the upper part of 
 its course it is much obstructed by falls. These 
 afford excellent mill sites, and the largest manu- 
 factories in the United States are situated on this 
 river. Many canals pass around the falls; at 
 Chelmsford the Middlesex canal extends from this 
 river to Boston harbour. The mouth of the river 
 is obstructed by a sand bar which does not admit 
 the passage of ships except at high water. There 
 is a good navigation for vessels of 200 tons to 
 Haverhill. Two chain bridges cross the river at 
 Newburyport and Salisbury. The current is 
 rapid and the shores bold ; the interval borders 
 are narrower than upon the Connecticut, but af 
 ford much beautiful scenery. The waters are pure 
 and salubrious and abound in salmon, shad, a'e- 
 wives, herring and sturgeon, which last gave name 
 
 to the river, Merrimack being the Indian name 
 for sturgeon. The chief branches are the Con- 
 toocook in New Hampshire and Nashua and Con- 
 cord rivers in Massachusetts. 
 
 Merrimack, a county of New Hampshire, formed 
 from the N. part of Hillsborough Co. Pop. 34,619. 
 Concord is the capital. 
 
 Merrimack, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 6 m. E. 
 Amherst. Pop. 1,191. Also townships in Wash 
 ington and Franklin Cos. Missouri. 
 
 MerryhiLl , p.v. Bertie Co. N. C. 
 
 Merrymeetivg Bay, a wide expansion of water 
 at the junction of the Kennebec and Androscoogin 
 rivers. Also a bay in Winnipisiogee Lake. 
 
 mersea. a town in Essex Co. U. C on Lane 
 Erie. 
 
 Mersch, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy 
 of Luxemburg, 8 m. N. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Merseburg, one of the new divisions of the Prus- 
 sian states, consisting principally of cessions made 
 by Saxony in 1815. It lies to the S. of Anhalt 
 and to the E. of the government of Erfurt, and 
 comprises an area of 4,000 sq. m. with 471,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Merseburg, the capital of the above government, 
 formerly a bishopric The most remarkable build- 
 ings are the castle, the cathedral which stands 
 below it, and the academy. The brewing and hx- 
 2T 
 
MES 
 
 494 
 
 MET 
 
 portation of strong beer furnish the principal em- 
 ployment of the inhabitants. It is seated on the 
 Saale, 15 m. N. W. of Leipzig. 
 
 wt}er*ey, a river of England, which rises in the 
 N. extremity of the Peak in Derbyshire, receives 
 the Tame at Stockport, and, lower down, the 
 Irwell ; it then passes by Warrington, and receives 
 the Weaver at Frodsham, where it forms a broad 
 estuary, that contracts on its approach to Liver- 
 pool, below which it enters the Irish Sea. This 
 river not only affords salmon, but it is visited by 
 annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of a 
 remarkable size and flavor. 
 
 Mersey, an island in Essex, Eng. between the 
 mouth of the Coin and the ei.trance of Blackwater 
 Bay. It has two parishes, ca.led E. and W. Mer- 
 sey. 7 m. S. of Colchester. 
 
 Merthyr Tidvil, a.town of S. Wales, in Glamor- 
 ganshire. It has a canal to Cardiff, immense 
 mines of iron and coal, and very extensive iron 
 works. 3 m. distant are the ruins of Morlais Cas- 
 tle, said to have been the residence of the kings 
 of Brecknock. II is seated on the Taafe, 24 m. 
 N. N. W. of Cardiff and 180 W. of London. 
 
 Mertola, a strong town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 
 seated near the Guadiana, 60 m. S. of Evora and 
 100 S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 37 W.. lat. 37. 
 41. N. 
 
 Mcrton, a village in Surrey, Eng. with calico 
 manufactures and bleach-fields. Here Henry III. 
 held a parliament in 123G, at which were enacted 
 the Provisions of Merton, the most ancient body 
 of laws after Magna Charla. It is seated on ths 
 Mandle, 7 in. S. W. of London. 
 
 MerviUe, a town of France, department of Nord, 
 seated on the Lys, 15 m. N. of Lisle. 
 
 Mescked, a city of Persia, capital of Khorassan. 
 It is fortified with several towers ; and is famous 
 for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of the 
 family of Ali, to which the Persians pay great de- 
 votion. Here is a manufacture of beautiful pot- 
 tery, and another of skins. Caravans are con- 
 tinually passing through this city from Bokharia, 
 Balk, Candahar, Hindoostan, and all parts of Per- 
 sia. It is 180 m. E. of Asterabad and 490 N. E. 
 of Ispahan. Long. 58. 30. E., lat. 35. 50. N. 
 
 Mescked Jili, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak- 
 Arabi, near a large lake, called Rahema, which 
 communicates with the Euphrates by a canal. It 
 stands on the spot where Ali, one of the succes- 
 sors of Mahomet, was interred ; and his tomb is 
 annually visited by Persian pilgrims. It is 110 
 m. S. of Bagdad. Long. 44. 50. E., lat. 32. 5. N. 
 
 Mesopotamia, the ancient name for the country 
 lying between the Tigris and Euphrates. It now 
 forms a part of Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Mesopotamia, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. 170 m. 
 N. E. Columbus. Pop. 562. 
 
 Messa, a considerable town of Morocco, on the 
 river Sus, not far from the Atlantic. It is 165 
 m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 10. 46. W., lat. 29. 
 58. N. 
 
 Messina, a sea-port of Sicily, capital of an in- 
 tendancy of the same name, in Val di Demona, 
 with a citadel and several forts. It is 5 m. in cir- 
 cumference, has four large suburbs, and contains 
 30,000 inhabitants. The public buildings and 
 monasteries are numerous and magnificent ; there 
 are 50 churches, including the cathedral, which 
 is much admired. The harbour is one of the 
 safest in the Mediterranean, and has a quay about 
 a mile in length. A great trade is carried on here 
 ia silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine. This 
 city suffered much by an earthquake in 1770; and 
 
 also in 1683, when it was half destroyed, it haa 
 since been rebuilt, with elegant houses only two 
 stories high. For several years prior to the peace 
 of 1814,Messina was the head-quarters of the Brit- 
 ish troops in Sicily. It is seated on the strait ol 
 Messina, which separates Sicily from Calabria 
 130 m. K. of Palermo. Long. 15. 50. E.,lat. 38 
 10. N. 
 
 Messing, a town of Franconia, in the principali- 
 ty of Aichstat. 14 m. N. N. E. of Aichstat. 
 
 Mcstre, a town of Austrian Italy, in Treviso 
 8 m. N. W. of Venice. 
 
 Mesurado, a considerable river of W. Africa, 
 which falls into the Atlantic on the Grain Coasi 
 On its banks is a kingdom of the same name, tl.*- 
 boundaries of which are very uncertain. See 
 Liberia. 
 
 Mesurata, a sea-port of Tripoli, and the resi- 
 dence of a governor. Caravans travel hence to 
 Fezzan and other interior parts of Africa, by which 
 they carry on a great trade. It is 100 in. E. S. 
 E. of Tripoli. Long. 15. 50. E., lat. 32. 0. N. 
 
 Mcta, a large river of New Granada, which has 
 Its rise opposite to Santa Fe de Bogota, and fall'* 
 into the Orinoco, about 450 m. from its sourct, 
 in long. 67. 45. W.,lat. 6. 10. N. 
 
 Metapura,a. town of the isle of Borneo, in the 
 kingdom of Banjermassing, 72 in. N. E. of Ban- 
 jermassing and 100 S. E. ofNegara. 
 
 Metca/fsborough, a village in Franklin Co 
 Ten. 
 
 Metclen, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Westphalia, seated on the Vechta, 19 m. N. W. 
 of Munster. 
 
 Metelin, or Mytilcne, an island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, anciently called Lesbos, to the N. of 
 Scio, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of 
 Guestro. It is about 40 m. long and 12 broad ; 
 somewhat mountainous, and has many hot springs 
 The soil is very good, and the mountains are in 
 many places covered with wood. It produces 
 good wheat, wine, oil, and the best figs in the 
 Archipeiago. Castro is the capital. 
 
 Methil, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with 
 a safe harbour on the frith of Forth, whence much 
 coal is exported. 6 m. N. E. of Dysart. 
 
 Methucn, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri- 
 mack, 30 m. N. Boston. Pop. 2,011. Here are 
 manufactures of cotton and paper. 
 
 Methvcn, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 where king Robert Bruce was defeated by the 
 English in 1300. m. W. N. W. of Perth. 
 
 Metling, or Mottling, a strong town of the Aus- 
 trian states, in Carniola ; seated on the Kulp, 13 
 m. N. W. of Carlstadt and 40 S. E. of Lau- 
 bach. 
 
 Metro, a river of Italy, which rises on the fron- 
 tiers of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Ur'uino 
 and enters the gulf of Venice near Fano. 
 
 Mctropoii. a town of the island of Candia, oi, 
 the site of the ancient Gortyna, of which many 
 vestiges remain. 22 m. S. S. W. of Candia. 
 
 Metz, a town of France, in the department of 
 Moselle, and formerly the capital of the kingdom 
 of Austrasia. The fortifications are excellent, 
 and it has three citadels and noble barracks. The 
 cathedral is one of the finest in Europe. Here 
 are manfactures of cotton, linen, gauze, chintz, 
 fustian, &c. ; and a considerable, trade in leather, 
 wine, brandy, &c. The sweetmeats madi; here 
 are in high esteem. Metz is the seat of the de- 
 partment administration and a bishop's sec, and 
 contains nearly 42,000 inhabitants. It is scaled 
 at the conflux of the Moselle and Seiile, 210 fi> 
 
MEX 
 
 495 
 
 MEX 
 
 N E. of Pans. Long. 6. 10. E , lat. 49 ". 
 N. 
 
 Metzovo. a range of mountains in European 
 Turkev. separating Albania from Thessaly. It 
 is the ancient Pindus. There is a village of this 
 lame among the mountains. 
 
 Meudan, a village of France, with a magnifi- 
 cient roval palace and park ; seated on the Seine, 6 
 m. S. of Paris. 
 
 Meul.an, a town of France, department ofSeine- 
 et-Oise ; seated on the Seine, over which is a 
 stone bridge of 21 arches, 2G m. N. W. of Pal- 
 is. 
 
 Mcurs, or Moers, a town of the Prussian states, 
 capital of a small principality of the same name. It 
 has a castle, and was formerly a place of strength, 
 but its fortifications were destroyed in 17G4. 1G 
 m. N. N. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Meurlhe, a town of France, including part of the 
 firmer province of Lorraine. It is bounded by the 
 department of Moselle, Vosges. and Meuse. and 
 comprises an area of 2,500 sq. m., with 3(55,600 
 inhabitants. The climate is temperate, and the 
 soil in general fertile. Nancy is the capital. 
 
 Msurtke, a river of France, which rises in the 
 department of Vosges, and flows by Luneville 
 and Nancy into the Moselle. 
 
 Meuse, a river which rises in France, in the 
 department of Upper Marne. It enters the Neth- 
 erlands at Givet, flows to Charlemont, Namur, 
 Huy, Liege, Maestricht, Ruremonde, Venlo, 
 Grave, Battenburg, Ravestern, Gorcum (where 
 it receives the Waal), and Worcum. At Dort it 
 divides into four principal branches, the most 
 northern of which is called the Merve. These 
 form the island of Yaselmonde, Voorn, and Over- 
 slackee, and enters the German Ocean below Briel, 
 Hel voetsluys and Goree. 
 
 Meuse, a department of France , including the 
 former duchy of Bar. It is bounded by the grand 
 duchy of Luxemburg, and the departments of 
 Moselle, Vosges, Marne, and Ardennes, and com- 
 prises an area of 2,500 sq. m. with 285,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Bar sur Ormain is the capital. 
 
 Mcicar, an extensive district of Hindoostan, 
 province of Agimere. lying chiefly between 25. 
 and 20. of N. lat. 
 
 Mewat, a hilly and woody tract of Hindoostan 
 lyincr on the S. W. of Dehli, confining the low 
 country, along the W. bank of the Jumna, to a 
 comparatively narrow slip, and extending west- 
 ward 130 m. From N. to S. it is 00 m. Its inhab- 
 itants, the Mewatti, have been ever characterized 
 as the most savage and brutal, and are still noted 
 as thieves and robbers. The country contains 
 some strong fortresses on steep or inaccessible 
 hills. It is nominally possessed by the rajah of 
 Macherry. 
 
 Mexica.no, or Adayes, a river of New Mexico, on 
 the confines of Louisiana, which runs into the 
 jrulf of Mexico. 
 
 Mexico, a country of N. America, now forming 
 an independent republic, situated between 42. and 
 113. W. long., and extending from the Pacific 
 Ocean to to the Carribean Sea, the gulf of Mexico 
 and the Sabine River. It comprises an area of 
 1,700,000 sq. m. with about 7,000,000 ofinhabi 
 tants. In general it is a mountainous country 
 intermixed with many rich valleys : the highest 
 mountains many of which are volcanoes, are near 
 the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The eastern shore 
 is a flat country, full of impenetrable forests, with 
 bogs and morasses, overflowed in the rainy sea- 
 "*n, which is from April to September Although 
 
 a considerable portion of Mexico is within the 
 torrid zone, the climate in general is temperate 
 and healthy. No country abounds more with 
 grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables, many of them 
 peculiar to the country, or at least to America. 
 It is also celebrated for its mines of gold and sil- 
 ver, and has quarries of jasper and porphyry, and 
 exquisite marble. Cochineal is almost peculiar 
 to this country ; its indigo and cocoa are supei,'-<r 
 to any in America ; and its logwood has long 
 been an important article of commerce. Among 
 the quadrupeds are the puma, jaguar, bears, elks, 
 wolves, deer, tfcc. The peccary of this country is 
 sometimes called the Mexican hog. These im 
 mals frequent the mountainous and woody parts 
 and go in large herds together. They comuii' 
 great ravages among the :-ugar-canes, maize, man 
 ihot and potato fields. In Guiana the Indians shoul 
 
 them with poisoned arrows blown through a tube. 
 The domestic animals of Europe, particularly 
 horned cattle, have multiplied here, almost with 
 incredible rapidity. Numbers of these having 
 been suffered to run wild, now ran<re over the 
 vast plains, in herds from 30,000 to 40.000 ; they 
 are killed merely for the sake of their hides, which 
 are annually exported, in vast quantities, to En- 
 rope. The inhabitants consist of native Spaniards , 
 Creoles, who are descendants of Europeans ; Mu- 
 lattoes, the issue of whites and negroes ; Mesti- 
 zoes, descendants of whites and Indians; Zam- 
 boes, descendants of negroes and Indians ; and 
 African negroes, with whom are classed a mixed 
 extraction from Europeans, Africans, Indians, 
 and Malays or others of Asiatic origin. Far from 
 becomingextinct, the indigenous population jroes 
 on increasing, especially during the last hundred 
 years; and accordingly, it would appear that, in 
 total amount, these countries are more populous 
 at present than they were previously to the arri- 
 val of Europeans. The kingdom of Montezuma 
 did not equal in extent the eighth part of New 
 Spain as it now exists. The great towns of the 
 Aztecs, and their most cultivated lands were met 
 with in the environs of the capital of Mexico, and 
 particularly in the delicious valley of Tenochti- 
 tlan. The kings of Alcolhuacan, of Tlacopan, and 
 of Mechoacan, were independent princes. Be- 
 yond the parallel of 20. were the Chichimegs and 
 Otomites, two wandering and barbarous nations, 
 whose hordes, though far from numerous, pushed 
 their incursions as far as Tula, a town situated 
 near the northern border of the valley of Tenoch- 
 titlan. It would be just as difficult however 
 to estimate, with any degree of accuracy, the 
 number of Montezuma's subjects, as it would be 
 to decide respecting the ancient population of 
 Egypt, Persia, Carthage, or Greece, or even with 
 regard to many modern states. History presents 
 us, on the one hand, with a train of conquerort 
 
MEX 
 
 496 
 
 MEX 
 
 ambitious to throw additional lustre on their own 
 exploits ; on the other, religious and sensible men 
 directing with noble ardour the arms of eloquence 
 against the cruelty of the first colonists. Both 
 parties were equally interested in exaggerating 
 the flourishing condition of the newly discovered 
 countries. At all events, the extensive ruins of 
 towns and villages that are met with in the 18. 
 and 20. of latitude in the interior of Mexico, seem 
 to prove that the population of this single part of 
 the kingdom was once far superior to what it is 
 now. Yet it must be remarked that these ruins are 
 dispersed over a space that, relatively speaking, is 
 but very limited. 
 
 To a great degree of muscular strength, the 
 copper-coloured natives add the advantage of be- 
 ing seldom or never subject to any deformity. 
 M° Humboldt assures ns that he never saw a 
 ' 'inch-back Indian, and that they veiy seldom 
 squint, or are met with either lame or wanting 
 the use of their arms. In those countries where 
 the inhabitants suffer from the goitre, this affec- 
 tion of the thyroid gland is never observed among 
 .'e l"ndians,and rarely among the Mestizoes. The 
 Indians of New Spain, and especially the women, 
 generally live to an advanced age. Their hair, 
 it is said, never turns grey, and they preserve all 
 their strength till the period of their death. In 
 respect of the moral faculties of the indigenous 
 Mexicans, it is difficult to form a just estimate of 
 them, if we consider this unhappy nation almost 
 in the only light in which there has been an op- 
 portunity of viewing it by intelligent travellers, 
 as sinking under long oppression, and depressed 
 almost to the lowest pitch of degradation. 
 
 In his present condition, the Mexican Indian 
 is grave, melancholy, and taciturn, as long as he 
 's not under the influence of intoxicating liquors. 
 This gravity is particularly remarkable in the 
 children of Indians, who at the early age of four 
 or five years display infinitely greater intelligence 
 and developement of mind than the children of 
 whites. They delight in throwing an air of mys- 
 tery over their most trifling remarks. Not a pas- 
 sion manifests itself in their features. At all 
 times sombre, there is something terrific in the 
 change, when he passes all at once from a state 
 of absolute repose to violent and ungovernable 
 agitation. The energy of his character, to which 
 every shade of softness is unknown, habitually 
 degenerates into ferocity. This is especially the 
 case with the inhabitants of Tlascala. In the 
 midst of their degradation, the descendants of 
 these republicans are still distinguished by a cer- 
 tain haughtiness with which they are inspired by 
 the remembrance of their former greatness. 
 
 The Mexicans have preserved a particular 
 taste for nainting and for the art of carving on 
 stone and wood. It is truly astonishing to see 
 what they are capable of executing with a bad 
 knife upon the hardest wood and stone. They 
 exercise themselves in painting the images, and 
 carving the statues of saints ; but from a religious 
 principle, they have continued to servilely imi- 
 ate for 300 years, the models which the Europe- 
 ans brought with them at the period of the origi- 
 nal conquest. In Mexico as well as Hindoostan, 
 the faithful are not allowed to make the smallest 
 change in their idols ; every thing connected with 
 the rites of the Aztecs was subjected to immuta- 
 ble laws: It is on this very account that the 
 Christian images have preserved in some degree, 
 that stiffness and hardness of feature which char- 
 icterised the hieroglyphical pictures of the age of 
 
 Montezuma. They display a great deal of apti 
 tude for the exercise of the arts of imitation, and 
 still greater for those of a purely mechanical na 
 ture. 
 
 When an Indian has attained a certain degree 
 of cultivation, he shows great facility in acquiring 
 information, a spirit of accuracy and precision, 
 and a particular tendency to subtilize, or to seize 
 on the minutest differences in objects that are 
 to be compared with each other. He reasons 
 coldly and with method ; but he does not evince 
 that activity of imagination, that lively freshness 
 of sentiment, that art of producing, which charac- 
 terises the people of Europe and many tribes of 
 African negroes. The music and dancing of the 
 indigenous natives partake of that want of cheer- 
 fulness which is so peculiar to them. Their 
 singing is of a melancholy description. More vi- 
 vacity, however, is observed in their women than 
 in their men; but they share the evils of that 
 state of subjection to which the sex is condemned 
 among most of those nations where civilization is 
 still imperfect In the dance women take no pail : 
 they are merely present for the sake of offering 
 to the dancers the fermented drinks which they 
 themselves had prepared. 
 
 The Mexican Indians have likewise peserved 
 the same taste for flowers that Cortez noticed in 
 his time. We are astonished to discover this 
 taste, which doubtless indicates a taste for the 
 beautiful, among the people in whom a sanguina- 
 ry worship, and the frequency of human sacrifices 
 appears to have extinguished every feeling con- 
 nected with sensibility of mind and the softer af- 
 fections. In the great market of Mexico, the na- 
 tive does not even sell fish, or ananas, or vegeta- 
 bles, or fermented liquor, without his shop being 
 decked out with flowers, which are renewed every 
 succeeding day. The Indian shop-keeper appears 
 seated behind a perfect entrenchment of verdure 
 and every thing around him wears an air of the 
 most refined elegance. 
 
 The Indian hunters, such as the Mecos, the 
 Apaches, and the Lipuns, whom the Spaniards 
 comprehend under the denomination of Initios 
 bravos, and whose hordes in their incursions which 
 are often made during night, infest the frontiers 
 of New Biscay, Sonora, and New Mexico, evince 
 more activity of mind, and more strength of 
 character, than the agricultural Indians. Some 
 tribes have even languages, the mechanism oi 
 which appears to prove the existence of ancient 
 civilization. They have great difficulty in learn- 
 ing the European idioms, while, at the same time 
 they express themselves in their own with an ex- 
 treme degree of facility. These same Indian 
 chiefs, whose gloomy taciturnity astonishes the 
 observer, will hold a discourse of several hours, 
 whenever any strong interest rouses them t« 
 
MEX 
 
 497 
 
 MEX 
 
 break thej habitual silence. This whole coun- 
 try was long under the dominion of Spain, and 
 governed by a viceroy. The first attempt to as- 
 sume independence took place in 1810. In 1824 
 a federal government was established. Numer- 
 ous disturbances have since arisen, and the coun- 
 try is still far from being in a settled state. 
 
 Mexico, the capital of the above country. It 
 was a flourishing city before the Spaniards enter- 
 ed the country, and was seated on several islands, 
 in a salt-water lake, called Tezcuco, to which 
 there was no entrance, but by three cause- ways, 2 
 m. in length each. The circumference of the 
 city, exclusive of the suburbs, was formerly above 
 10 m. and it contained at least 80,000 houses, with 
 several large temples, and three palaces. It was 
 taken by Ferdinando Cortez, in 1521 , after a siege 
 of nearly three months, and, as the Mexicans de- 
 fended themselves from street to street, it was al- 
 most ruined, but was afterwards rebuilt by the 
 Spaniards. The water in the neighborhood of the 
 city has dried up, and Mexico is now three miles 
 distant from the shores of the lake. The streets are 
 wide and straight, but badly paved. The houses 
 present a magnificent appearance, being built of 
 porphyry and amygdaloia. Several palaces and 
 private mansions have a majestic effect, and its 
 churches glitter with metallic riches. The cath- 
 
 edral surpasses, in this respect, all the churches 
 in the world ; the balustrade which surrounds 
 the great altar being composed of massive silver. 
 A lamp of the same metal, is of so vast a size that 
 three men go into it when it is to be cleaned ; 
 and it is enriched with lions' heads, and other or- 
 naments of pure gold. The statues of the Virgin 
 and the saints are either made of solid silver, or 
 richly gilded, and ornamented with precious 
 stones. Palaces, mansions of great families, 
 beautiful fountains, and extensive squares, adorn 
 the interior of this city. To the north, near the 
 suburbs, is the principal public promenade, or 
 Alameda. Round this walk flows a rivulet, for- 
 ming a fine square, in the middle of which there 
 is a basin wilh a fountain. Eight alleys of trees 
 terminate here, in the figure of a star. But in 
 consequence of an unfortunate proximity, imme- 
 diately in front of the alarneda, the eye discovers 
 the Qutmadero , a place where Jews and other 
 victims of the terrible Inquisition, were burned 
 alive. This detestable tribunal was finally abol- 
 ished by the Emperor Augustin Iturbide in 
 1820. In the fine evenings, during the dry season, 
 the environs of the city present a scene of pleas- 
 ure, gaiety, and bustle, scarcely to be paralleled ; 
 hundreds of canoes, on the canal of Chalco, of 
 various sizes, mostly with awnings, crowded with 
 native Indians, neatly dressed, and their heads 
 crowned with the most gaudy flowers, are seen 
 
 passing in every direction ; each boat, with its 
 musician seated on the stern, playing on the 
 guitar, and some of the party singing, dancing, or 
 both united. Revolution has had its usual op- 
 eration here ; it has reduced the overgrown, bui 
 insecure wealth of the rich, to an independent 
 protected competence ; but it has also wiped away 
 the tears, and broken the chains which galled the: 
 innocent people whose labours had amassed it. 
 
 M. de Humboldt saw erecting, in the grea, 
 square of Mexico, an equestrian and colossal sta 
 tue of the king of Spain, by M. Tolza, " a statue, 
 says he, " which, by its imposing mass, and tilt 
 noble simplicity of its style, might adorn the first 
 cities of Europe. According to the accounts ol 
 Spanish authors, balls, and games of hazard, are 
 pursued with ardour, while the more noble en 
 joyments of the drama are less generally relished 
 To vivid passions the Mexican Spaniard adds e 
 
 great fund of stoicism. He enters a gaming- 
 house, loses all his money upon a single card, 
 and then takes out his cigar from behind his ear, 
 and smokes as if nothing had happened. 
 
 Mexico preserves few monuments of antiqnity. 
 The ruins of aqueducts, the stone of sacrifices, 
 and the calender stone, both of which are placed 
 in the great square of the city ; manuscripts, or 
 hieroglyphical tables, badly preserved in the ar- 
 chives of the vice-regal palace ; and finally, the 
 colossal statue of the goddess Teo- Yaomiqui, lying 
 on its back in one of the galleries of the Univer- 
 sity, are all that remains worthy of notice in this 
 city. But, to the north-east of the town, and of 
 the lake Tezcoco, on the little hills of Teotihuacan, 
 are seen the imposing remains of two pyramids, 
 consecrated to the sun and moon, and, according 
 to some historians, constructed by the Olmec, an 
 ancient nation that came to Meaieo from the 
 east, that is to say, from some country situated on 
 the Atlantic Ocean. The pyramid, or house of 
 the sun, (Tonatiu-ytzaqval,) is 171 feet high, and 
 its base measures 645 feet; that of the moon, 
 (Mezlli-ytzaqual,) is thirty feet smaller These 
 monuments appear to have served as models for 
 the Teocallis, or houses of the gods, constructed 
 by the Mexicans in the capital and other parts of 
 the country ; but the pyramids are incased by a 
 thick wall of stone. They formerly supported 
 statues covered with very thin leaves of gold. A 
 few small pyramids, which appear to have been 
 dedicated to the stars, surround the two great 
 ones. The situation of Mexico is highly favorable 
 for carrying on commerce both with Europe and 
 Asia, being about 69 leagues distant from Vera 
 Cruz on the one hand and from Acapulco on the 
 2t2 
 
MIC 
 
 498 
 
 MIC 
 
 other. The working of gok and silver has long 
 been carried to great perfection here, and here 
 are also manufactures of calico, cloth, soap, and 
 tobacco. This city has been frequently inundated 
 by the overflowing of the lakes in its vicinity, 
 particularly in 1629, when 40,000 persons are said 
 to have been drowned. To prevent the recur- 
 rence of such calamities, a vast conduit was con- 
 structed to turn the course of the waters which 
 formerly floved into the lake Tezcuco through 
 the mountains. 200 m. E. N. E. of St. Juan de 
 Ulhua. Long. 100. 40. W., lat. 20. 4. N. 
 
 Mexico, Gulf of , an immense gulf of N. America 
 lying between the S. coast of E. Florida and the 
 N. E. point of Yucatan. 
 
 Mexico, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 344 ; p.t. Os- 
 wego Co. N. Y. on a bay of Lake Ontario, 15 m. 
 E. Oswego. Pop. 2,671 ; p.t. Mifflin Co. Pa. on 
 the W. branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Mcyahoun, a city of Pegu, with numerous gild- 
 ed temples and spacious monasteries. Its vicinity 
 is uncommonly fruitful in rice ; and here are ca- 
 pacious granaries always kept filled with grain 
 ready to be transported to any part of the empire 
 in which there happens to be a scarcity. It 
 stretches 2 m. on the S. W. bank of the Irrawad- 
 dy, and is 85 m. N. W. of Pegu. Long. 95. 8. E , 
 lat. 18. 18. N. 
 
 Meijenfdd. See Mayenfeld. 
 
 Mcyrvies, a town of France, department of 
 Lozere, 23 m. S. of Mende. 
 
 Mczernna, a sea port of Fez, on the coast of the 
 Mediterranean, 80 m. E. of Tetuan. Long. 4. 1. 
 W., lat. 35. 22. N 
 
 Mezieres, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 dennes, with a citadel ; seated on an island in trie 
 river Meuse, 12 m. W. by N. of Sedan. 
 
 Mezin, a town of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, 9 m. N. W. of Condom. 
 
 Mhendigaut, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Agra, on the W. bank of the Ganges. 
 Long. 79. 57. E., lat. 27. 3. N. 
 
 Miaco. See Meaco. 
 
 Miami, Little and Great, two rivers of the state 
 of Ohio, which run S. into the Ohio, the former 
 just above Colombia and the latter 21 rn. below 
 Cincinnati. The Little Miami is (50 m. to its 
 source, but generally so shallow as to afford no 
 navigation. The great Miami has a navigation, 
 like the Muskingum, that approaches near the 
 navigable waters of Lake Erie. The country be- 
 tween these two rivers was called the Miamis, and 
 ic reckoned among the richest belonging to the 
 United States. 
 
 Miami, a county of Ohio. Pop. 12,806. Troy is 
 the capital ; a township in Cooper Co. Missouri, 
 and townships in Hamilton, Champaign, Greene, 
 Clermont, Montgomery, Oxford and Logan Cos. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Miana, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan. Here 
 the celebrated traveller M. Thevenot died, onhis 
 return from Ispahan. It is 57 m. S. E. of Tauris. 
 
 Micha, a cape of Dalmatia, which advances into 
 the gulf of Venice, near the town of Zara. 
 
 Michael, St., the most extensive and populous 
 island of the Azores. It is 54 m. long and from 
 6 to 15 broad, and contains nearly 80.000 inhabi- 
 tants. In a valley on the eastern side are a num- 
 ber of boiling fountains ; also many sulphureous 
 springs, some of a hot, and others of a cold tem- 
 perature. The principal towns are Punta del 
 Guda (the capital of the island) and Villa Franca. 
 Long. 25. 42. W., lat. 37. 47. N. 
 
 Miclmd St a horoiurh in Cornwall, Eng. with 
 
 180 inhabitants. 8 m. S. S. W. of St. Columb ana 
 250 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Michael, St., a town of France, department ol 
 Meuse, with a fine hospital, and the rich library 
 of a Benedictine abbey. It is surrounded by 
 mountains, and is seated on the Meuse, 20 m. N. 
 E. of Bar le due. 
 
 Michael, St., a town of Mexico, in the province 
 of Nicaragua, on the river St. Michael, 110 m. N. 
 W. of Leon. Long. 87. 45. W., lat. 12. 25. N. 
 
 Michael, St., a town of Mexico, province of Cu- 
 liacan, near the mouth of the Siguatlan,30 m E. 
 S. E. of Culiacan. Long. 107. 40. W., lat. 24 10. N. 
 
 Michael, St., a city of Tucuman, situate in a 
 fruitful valley, at the foot of a range of rugged 
 mountains, 150 m. N. W. of St. Jago del Estero. 
 Long. 66. 45. W., lat. 27. 0. S. 
 
 Michael de Ibarra, St., a town of Colombia, in 
 the presidency of Quito, capital of a jurisdiction 
 of its name. It has a large and elegant church, a 
 college, and several convents ; and is 70 m. N. E. 
 of Quito. Long. 77. 30. W., lat. 0. 25. N. 
 
 Michael de Piura, St., a town of Quito, seated 
 near the mouth of the Piura, 325 m. S. S. W. of 
 Quito. Long. 80. 40. W., lat. 5. 10. S. 
 
 Michael, Gidfof, St., to the E. of Panama, that 
 part of the Pacific Ocean which was first discov- 
 ered by the Spaniards, after their march across 
 the isthmus of Darien 
 
 Michigan, a territory of the United States, the 
 western part of which is sometimes called the 
 Territory of Huron. It was formerly limited to 
 the peninsula enclosed between Lakes Michigan 
 and Huron, but now comprising also that tract 
 called the Northwest Territory. It is bounded 
 N. by Canada and Lake Superior, E. by Lakes 
 Huron, St. Clair and Erie, and S. by Ohio, India- 
 na and Illinois. It extends from 41. 31. to 49. N 
 lat. and from 82. to 98. W. long, containing about 
 180,000 sq. m. This territory is intersected in 
 the eastern part by Lake Michigan and washed 
 on the western limit by the Mississippi. Except 
 the peninsula.the country has been little explored. 
 It is everywhere level except in the western part, 
 south of Lake Superior, where are some mountain 
 ranges call the Ocooch Mountains and Porcupine 
 Hills. The peninsula is a complete level with 
 but just sufficient elevation in the centre to give 
 the rivers a direction to the shores of the lakes. 
 The country consists mostly of prairies and for- 
 est, but the greater part is covered with wood. 
 It is watered by numerous rivers, as the Ouiscon- 
 sin, Chippeway, St. Francis, Missisagaigon, St. 
 Croix, St. Louis, Wolf, Fox, Menomenies, Sa- 
 ginaw, Grand, Kallimazo, St. Joseph, Raisin, and 
 others. The western parts abound with wild ani- 
 
 mals, as bison, elks, bears, deer, beaver, otters, 
 muskrats, &c. The elk is very similar to th« 
 
MIC 
 
 499 
 
 Mil) 
 
 foin deer. He is 4 or 5 feet in height, and feeds 
 upon the buds and tender twigs of the forest. 
 He is shy and has very acute senses. His flesh 
 is highly esteemed by the hunters and Indians, 
 and the horns when soft are a great delicacy. 
 The elk has often been domesticated. 
 
 The soil is various : the alluvions of the rivers 
 are fertile ; along the shore of Lake Michigan 
 it is sandy and sterile. The chief mineral pro- 
 duction is lead, for which See Lead Mines Cop- 
 per was formerly thought to exist here in great 
 abundance, but this does not appear to be the 
 case. Iron is found in various parts. The cli- 
 mate of the southern parts is mild, but in the 
 north the winters are severe. One of the most 
 valuable natural productions is the wild rice 
 \\hich grows on the marshy borders of the lakes 
 nd rivers. It grows in 6 or 7 feet depth of 
 wnter where the bottom is muddy ; the stalk 
 is 12 or 14 feet in length; the leaves and spikes 
 resembles those of oats. Sheaves of them are 
 bound together while growing, to preserve them 
 from the birds who resort to these spots in mil- 
 lions for the purpose of feeding upon the rice. 
 After it has ripened in this manner, the Indians 
 row their canoes through the rice and beat the 
 grain with sticks into the canoes where blankets 
 are spread to receive it. 
 
 There are many Indians residing in this ter- 
 ritory. The tribes are the Chippeways, Winrie- 
 bagoes, Menomonees and Ottawas. Their num- 
 bers amount to about 30,000. A very great 
 proportion of the county is still in a wild state, 
 and the settlements are chiefly within the penin- 
 sula. The counties in the territory are 18. The 
 pop. exclusive of Indians is 31,200 of whom 
 27 are slaves. Detroit is the capital. The 
 Methodists have 11 preachers in the territory ; 
 the Presbyterians G: the Episcopalians 5; the 
 Baptists 2; and there are some Catholics. 
 
 A settlement was made here at Detroit by the 
 French, so early as 1670, but they never occupied 
 much of the country. The territorial government 
 was established in 1805. The peninsula was over- 
 run by the British in 1812 shortly after the com- 
 mencement of the war, but they were driven 
 from the territory by General Harrison the next 
 year. 
 
 Michigan, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes 
 in North America. It lies wholly within the 
 limits of the United States, inclosed in the terri- 
 tory above described. It is 290 in. in length, 55 
 in breadth, and 800 in circumference. It com- 
 municates with Lake Huron at the northern ex- 
 tremity by the Strait of Michilimackinac, which 
 has 12 feet depth of water. The lake is deep 
 •nough to be navigated by ships of any burden. 
 It abounds with fine trout, sturgeon and various 
 iither kinds offish. Canals are in contemplation 
 to connect it with the waters of the Missis- 
 sippi 
 
 Micnacsvillc, p. v. Hartford Co. Maryland. 
 
 Michilimackinac, a county of Michigan. Pop. 
 877. It comprises all the northern part of the 
 Territory. Michilimackinac or Mackinac, on the 
 island of that name, is the capital. 
 
 Michilimackinac, a. strait which unites the lakes 
 Michigan and Huron. It is 6 m. wide ; and on 
 its S. E. side, in Lake Huron, is an island, with 
 a fort and village of the same name. Long. 84. 
 30. W., lat. 45. 48. N. 
 
 Michilimackinac, Little, a river of the state of 
 Illinois, which enters the Illinois 200 in. above 
 its junction with the Mississippi. 
 
 Middleborough, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 40 
 m. S» E. Boston. Pop. 5,008. Here are manufac- 
 tures of nails and iron, which are supplied with 
 bog ore from ponds in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Middlebrook, p. v. Augusta Co. Va. and Mont- 
 gomery Co. Maryland. 
 
 Middleburg, a large commercial town of the 
 Netherlands, capital of the island of Walcheren, 
 and of all Zealand. The squares and public build- 
 ings are magnificent; particularly the town-houso, 
 formerly a celebrated abbey. The harbour is 
 commodious, and has a communication with 
 Flushing by a canal, which will bear the largest 
 vessels. Middleburg was taken by the British in 
 July, 1809, but evacuated in the December fol- 
 lowing. 85 m. S.W. of Amsterdam. Lonsr. 3. 37 
 E., lat. 51. 29. N. 
 
 Middleburg, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 
 ders, 5 m. S. E. of Sluys. 
 
 Middleburg, one of the Friendly Islands. See 
 Eaooice. 
 
 Middleburg, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 3,266 ; p.v. Union Co. Pa. ; p.v.Fredricks Co. Md. 
 p.v. Loudon Co. Va. ; also a village in Nelson Co. 
 Ken. and a township in Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Middleburg, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on Otter Creek. 
 33 m. N. W.Rutland. Pop. 3,468. Here are man- 
 ufactures of cotton, iron and marble. A quarry 
 of this last material exists on the banks of the 
 creek within the town. Middleburg College at 
 this place was founded in 1800. It has 5 instruct- 
 ors and 99 students. The libraries have above 
 4,000 volumes. There are three vacations, in 
 January, May and August, of 13 weeks. Com- 
 mencement is in August. 
 
 Middleburg, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 36 m. 
 S. W. Hartford. Pop. 816 ; p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 2,415 ; p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Middlefield, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 24 m. W. 
 Northampton. Pop. 721 ; p.t Otsego Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 3,238. 
 
 Middlcham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with 
 a woolen manufacture. Here are the ruins of a 
 once stately castle, in which Richard the III. was 
 born, and where Edward IV. was confined after 
 being taken prisoner in his camp. It is seated 
 on the Eure, 11 m. S.byW. of Richmond and 232 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Middle Island, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Loner 
 Island. 
 
 Middleport, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. 
 
 Middlesex, a county of England, bounded N. 
 by Hertfordshire, E. by Essex, S. by Surrey and 
 Kent, and W. by Buckinghamshire. It contains 
 an area of 179,200 acres, has two cities (London 
 and Westminister) and seven market towns, and 
 sends eight members to parliament. The air is 
 healthy ; but the soil in general, being gravelly, 
 is not naturally fertile, though by means of its 
 vicinity to the metropolis many parts of it are 
 converted into rich beds of manure, clothed 
 with almost perpetual verdure. Besides the 
 Thames Lea, and Coin, which are its boundaries 
 to the S., E. and W. Middlesex is watered by 
 several small streams, one of which, called the 
 New River, is artificially brought from near Hert- 
 ford, for the purpose of supplying London with 
 water. 
 
 Middlesex, a county of Massachusetts. Pop. 
 77,968. Cambridge is the capital. A county of 
 Connecticut. Pop. 24.845. Middletown is the cap- 
 ital. A county of New Jersey. Pop. 23,157 New 
 Brunswick is the capital. A county of the E. dis- 
 trict of Virginia. Pop. 4,122. Urbana is the capita] 
 
MIF 
 
 500 
 
 MIL 
 
 Middlesex, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 6. m. N. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1,156; p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. on 
 Cerandaigua Lake. 
 
 Middlesex Canal, unites the Merrimack with 
 Boston harbour, passing through the county of 
 that name in Massachusetts. It is 31 m. long, 
 24 feet wide and 4 feet deep. It has 16 locks 
 imd a descent of 107 feet from the summit level. 
 It was begun in 1793 and finished in 1804, at a 
 cost of above 700,000 dollars. 
 
 Middleton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The 
 church is an ancient edifice ; and there are five 
 meetincr-houses, and a free grammar school. It 
 has the cotton trade in all its branches, a large 
 twist manufacture, considerable bleaching works, 
 soine manufactures of silk, and extensive dye 
 works. It stands on the Rochdale Canal, 6 m 
 N. by E. of Manchester and 190 N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Middleton, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cork, situated on the N. W. angle of Cork har- 
 bour. 13 m. E. of Cork. 
 
 Middleton, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 28 m. N. E. 
 Concord. Pop. 562; p.t. Rutland,Co. Vt. 36 m. VV. 
 Windsor. Pop. 919; p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 9 m. 
 N. VV. Salem. Pop. 607 ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 2,333 ; two townships N. and S. in Cumber- 
 land Co. Pa. and a township in Columbia Co. Pa. 
 
 Middletown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on 
 Connecticut river, 15 m. below Hartford. Pop. 
 6,876. The town stands on a bend of the river, and 
 has manufactures of cotton, woolen, swords, rifles, 
 &c. On the opposite bank of the river are quar- 
 ries of freestone. Also towns and villages in 
 Newport Co. R. I. Pop. 915; Orange Co. N. Y. ; 
 Brookhaven, Suffolk Co. N. Y. ; Monmouth Co. 
 N.J. 50 m. E.Trenton; Dauphin, Washington, 
 Bucks, Delaware and Susquehanna Cos. Pa. 
 Newcastle Co. Del.; Frederick and Dorchester Cos. 
 Md. ; Frederick Co. Va. ; Sullivan Co Ten.; Jef- 
 ferson Co. Ken.; Butler and Hamilton Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Middleto?cn Point, p. v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 
 14 m. N. W. Shrewsbury. 
 
 Middlcville, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 90 m. N. 
 W. Albany. 
 
 Middleway, p.t. Jefferson Co. Va. 
 
 Middlewich, a town in Cheshire, Eng. The 
 trade of the place is chiefly derived from the 
 surrounding neighbourhood, which is a great 
 farmino- district; to which may be added the ex- 
 tensive salt works, and some silk factories. Here 
 are a spacious church, three meeting-houses, and 
 a free grammar school. The Trent and Mersey 
 Canal runs through the town, and it is seated 
 on the Croco, near its confluence with the Dane, 
 24 m. E. of Chester, and 167 N. W. of London. 
 
 Midhurst, a borough in Sussex, seated on the 
 Arun, 50 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Midnapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, 
 capital of" a district of the same name. It is seat- 
 ed near a river that flows into the Hooglv, 70 m. 
 W.by S. of Calcutta. Long. 87. 25. E.", lat. 22. 
 30. N 
 
 Midrcay, a town in Liberty Co. Geo 30 m. S. 
 Savannah. 
 
 Mies, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- 
 sen, on the river Nisa, 18 m. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Mifflin, a county of the W. district of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 21,529. Lewistown is the cap- 
 ital. Also towns in Alleghany, Cumberland, Ly- 
 coming Franklin, and Dauphin Cos. Pa. and 
 Richland and Pike Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Mifflinburgh, p.t. Union Co. Pa. p.v. Columbia 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Mifflintown, p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa. 
 
 Mikalida, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- 
 lia, with a fort; situate on a river which runs 
 into the sea of Marmora, 55 m. W. by S. of Bursa. 
 
 Milan, or the Milanese, a, country of Italy bound 
 ed on the N. by the Alps,E. by the Venetian 
 territory, S. by the Apennines, and W. by 
 Piedmont. The soil is every where fertile in corn, 
 wine, fruits, rice, and olives ; arrJ there are also 
 plenty of cattle. The rivers are the Seccia, Ti- 
 cino, Adda, Oglio, and Po. There are likewise 
 several lakes, the three principal of which are 
 those of Maggiore, Comn, and Lugano. Milan, 
 with other countries in Italy, was long comprised 
 under the general name of Lombardy. In the 
 14th century it became a duchy. The campaign 
 of prince Eugene, in 1706, put it in possession of 
 the house of Austria, to whom, with the excep- 
 tion of the Sardinian Milanese, it continued sub- 
 ject during 90 years, until the victories of Napo- 
 leon in 1796. In 1797 it was formed into four de- 
 partments, as the Cisalpine republic ; but in 1814 
 after several other changes, the part belonging to 
 the king of Sardinia was restored,and the remain- 
 der incorporated with the Lombardo-Venetian 
 Kingdom, or Austrian Italy. The Austrian Mi- 
 lanese forms, along with the duchy of Mantua 
 and the Valteline, the government of Milan. It. 
 is divided into 8 delegations, and contains 7.700, 
 sq. m., with 2,100,000 inhabitants. The Sardinian 
 Milanese, which lies to the W. of the Austrian, 
 is divided into 9 districts, comprising an area of 
 3,300 square miles, and containing 560,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Milan, a city of Italy, capital of the Lombardo- 
 Venetian Kingdom, and the see of an archbishop 
 The city is 10 m. in circumference; but the gar- 
 den grounds are so extensive that it does not con- 
 tain above 140,000 inhabitants. It stands in a de- 
 lightful plain, between the rivers Adda and Tici- 
 no, which communicate with the city by means 
 of two canals. The cathedral, in the centre of 
 the city, is a splendid specimen of Gothic archi- 
 tecture, and, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the 
 most considerable in Italy. This vast fabric is 
 built of white marble, supported by 50 columns, 
 and adorned, within and without, by a prodigious 
 number of marble statues. The other public 
 buildings are the university, several colleges, the 
 convents, the hospitals, the theatres, the mansions 
 of the minister of finance, of the minister of the 
 interior, and of the archbishop, and the former du- 
 cal palace, now the residence of the Austrian 
 viceroy. In the Pnzza di Caslello is an arena 
 in imitation of the amphitheatre of Verona, which 
 is capable of containing 30,000 spectators. The 
 college of St. Ambrose has a library, which, be- 
 sides a prodigious number of manuscripts, con- 
 tains 60,000 printed books; and its superb gal- 
 lery is adorned with rich paintings. The chief 
 trade of Milan is in grain (especially rice), cattle, 
 and cheese ; and the manufactures of silk and 
 velvet stuffs, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribands, 
 gold and silver lace and embroideries, woolen and 
 linen cloths, glass, porcelain, &c. It has been 
 many times taken in the wars that have desola- 
 ted Italy. The French took it in 1796. It was 
 retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799 ; 
 but again possessed by the French in 1800, and 
 retained by them till the fall of Napoleon in 18' 4. 
 It is 280 m. N. W. by N. of Rome. Long. i». 12. 
 E., lat. 45. 28. N. 
 
 Milan, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio. 123 m. N 
 Columbus. 
 
MIL 
 
 501 
 
 MIL 
 
 Milazzo, or Melazzo, a sea-port of Sicily, in 
 Val cli Demona. It is divided into the Upper and 
 Lower Town : the former stands on a promonto- 
 ry and is fortified ; the latter has a fine square, 
 with a superb fountain. It stands on a rock, on the 
 W. side of a bay of the same name, 20 m. W. of 
 Messina. Long. 15.24. E., lat. 38. 12. N. 
 
 Mitborn-port, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 It lias manufactures of woolen cloth, linen, and 
 hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of the Parret, 
 2 m. E. by N. of Sherborn and 114 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Milburn, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 92 m. N. E. 
 Portland. Pop. 1,000. 
 
 MildenhaU, a town in Suffolk, Eng. ; seated on 
 the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 12 m. N. W. of 
 Bury and 70 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Miles, a township of Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Mi'rsburgh, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. 33 m. N. W. 
 Lewistown. 
 
 Mil.eto, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. 8 m. 
 N. E. of Nicotera. 
 
 Milford, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire. 
 It is elegantly and uniformly built, and stands on 
 the N. side of Milford Haven, a deep inlet of the 
 Irish Sea. The haven branches off into so many 
 creeks, secured from all winds, that it is esteem- 
 ed the safest and most capacious harbour in Great 
 Britain. At the entrance on the W. point, called 
 St. Ann's, is an old lighthouse, and a blockhouse. 
 Here the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry 
 VII., landed, on his enterprise against Richard 
 III. A quay and several good buildings have 
 been constructed by a company from Nantucket, 
 win hive formed an establishment here for the 
 southern whale fishery. 
 
 Milford, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 27 m. S. Con- 
 curd. Pop. 1,303. Here are manufactures of cotton 
 and screws; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 18 m. S. E. 
 Worcester. Pop. 1,380 ; p.t. New Haven Co. 
 Conn, on Long Island Sound, 9 m. S. \V. New 
 Haven. Pop. 2.256. The town has a good harbour 
 for small vessels with some commerce and a quar- 
 ry of marble ; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 70 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 3,025 ; also towns in Hunterdon Co. 
 N. J. ; Pike, Bucks, Mifflin, Lehigh, and Somer- 
 set Cos Pa. ; Kent. Co. Del.; Greenville Dis. S. C; 
 Ashtabula, Union, Butler, Hamilton, and Cler- 
 mont, Cos. Ohio- 
 
 Milium ,a town of France, department of Avey- 
 ron. seated on the Tarn, 50 m. N. W. of Montpelier. 
 
 Milhaud. a town of France, department of Gard, 
 seated on the Vistre, 9 m. S. W. of Nismes. 
 
 MUitsch, a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on 
 the river Bartsch, 27 m. N. N. E. of Breslau. 
 Long. 17. 23. E., lat. 51. 32. N. 
 
 Millboro, p.v. Washington Co. Pa. 
 
 Millborougk, p.v. Bath Co. Va. ; p.v. Sussex Co 
 Va. 
 
 Mi.Ubury, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. ni. S. 
 Worcester, 40 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,611- 
 Here are manufactures of woolen, paper, oil, leath- 
 er, black lead, nails, scythes, mill-saws, &c. 
 
 MSI Creek, a. hundred of Newcastle Co. Del.; 
 p.v. Berkley Co. Va. and townships in Hamilton 
 and Union, Coshocton and Cuyahoga Cos. 
 Ohio. 
 
 MWedgeville, p.t. Baldwin Co. Georgia, and the 
 capital of the state. It stands on the Oconee, 312 
 m. above the mouth of the Alatamaha. Pop. 1,599 
 The river is navigable from here to the sea for 
 boats of 30 tons, and the town has a considerable 
 trade in cotton. 
 
 Miller, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 358. 
 
 Millersburg, villages in Holmes Co. Ohio : Rip. 
 ley Co. Ind and Bourbon Co. Ken. 
 
 Miller's River, a branch of the Connecticut in 
 Worcester and Franklin Cos. Mass. 
 
 Millerstown, villages in Lebanon, Perry, and 
 Lehigh, Cos. Pa. 
 
 Mill/arm, p.v. Caroline Co. Va. 
 
 Millsay, p.v. Bullock Co. Geo. 
 
 Millsborough, p.v. Sussex Co. Del. 
 
 Millsfiela,a. township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 33. 
 
 Millstone, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 14 m. N. E. 
 Princeton, on a river of the same name flowing 
 into the Raritan. 
 
 Millsville, p.v. Cumberland Co. N. J., Oennesee 
 Co. N. Y. ; King George Co. Va. and Butler 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Millwood, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. on the Shenan- 
 doah. 
 
 Milo, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 331. 
 
 Milo, the ancient Melos, an island of the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago, 18 leagues in circumference, 
 with one of the best and largest harbours in the 
 Mediterranean. It produces plentiful crops of 
 corn, excellent fruit, and wine ; abounds in very 
 good cattle, especially goats, and has mines of iron, 
 and sulphur. In this island are curious subter- 
 ranean galleries, the roofs of which are covered 
 with genuine capillary or plume alum, nnd the 
 crevices of the rocks filled with pure sulphur. 
 Here are two bishops : one of the Greek, and the 
 other of the Latin church. At the commence- 
 ment of the 18th century the inhabitants amount- 
 ed to above 20.000, but since that period it has 
 declined. It now belongs to Independent Greece, 
 yet a considerable time must elapse before it can 
 recover its former opulence and splendor. The 
 population of the whole island does not at present 
 exceed 1,200. On the E. side of the island is a 
 town of the same name, 60 m. N. of Candia, aad 
 100 S. by E. of Athens. Long. 25. 0. E.. lat. 36. 
 41. N. 
 
 Miltenberg, a town of the Bavarian slates, prin- 
 cipality of Leiningen, with a castle on a hill; 
 seated on the Maine. 20 m. S. S. E. of Asehaf- 
 fenburg. 
 
 Millhorpe, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. seated 
 on the Cetha, near the mouth of the Ken. It is 
 the only port in the county, and hence the fine 
 Westmoreland slates and other commodities are 
 exported. The manufactures consist chieflv of 
 sacking, twine, and paper : in the vicinity are 
 limestone and marble quarries. 255 m. N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Milton, a town of Kent, Eng. It is noted for 
 excellent oysters ; and much corn, &c. is ship- 
 ped here for the London markets. It is a place 
 of great antiquity, and was the residence of the 
 king of Kent, and of Alfred, who had a palaco 
 here. 14 m. N. E. of Maidstone, and 40 E. of 
 London. 
 
 Milton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 7 m. S. Boston, 
 on Neponset r iver which is navigable hence to 
 the sea for vessels of 150 tons. Here are manu- 
 factures of paper and chocolate. Pop. 1 ,565. Mil- 
 ton Hill in this town, is an abrupt and rocky emi- 
 nence, from which one of the most enchanting 
 prospects in the world may be en,oyed, compris- 
 ing the city and bay of Boston, the ocean, and a 
 wide extent of country delightfully variegated 
 with hills, valleys, cultivated fields, towns and 
 villages. In very clear air the White Moun- 
 tains of New Hampshire have been discovered 
 from this spot. 
 
MI IN 
 
 502 
 
 MIN 
 
 Milton, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Cham- 
 plain, at the mouth of the Lamoil. Pop. 2,100; 
 p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 5 m \V. Litchfield ; p.t. 
 Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,079 ; p.v. Ulster and 
 Cayuga Cos. N. Y. ; also towns and villages in 
 Morris Co. N. C, Northumberland Co. Pa., Sus- 
 sex Co Del., Albemarle Co. Va., Rockingham Co. 
 N. ( ' , Lawrence Dis. S. C, Wayne Co. Ind., Gal- 
 latin C' Ken., Rutherford and Lincoln Cos. Ten. 
 and 5 townships in Ohio. 
 
 Milton Abbas, or Abbey Milton, a village in Dor- 
 setshire, Eng. 7 m. S. W. of Blandford. It form- 
 erly iiid an abbey, founded by king Athelstan, 
 but the whole was swept away, except the church 
 in 1771, by the earl of Dorchester, who erected 
 on its site a large Gothic mansion. The village, 
 with its church and almshouse, were built by the 
 same noblemar.. 
 
 Mina, a town of Persia, province of Kerman, 
 surrounded by a wall with towers, and seated on 
 the Ibrahim, near its entrance into the gulf of 
 Ormus, 190 m. S. of Kerman. Long. 56. 50. £., 
 lat. 26.40. N. 
 
 Mina, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,318. 
 
 Minns, a town of S. America, in Buenos Ayres, 
 seated near the source of the river St. Lucia, 34 
 m. N. E. of Maldonado. Long. 55. 5. W.,lat. 34. 
 21. S. 
 
 Minasville, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 
 
 Minas Geraes, a province of Brazil, bounded 
 N. by Bahia, W. by Goiaz, and S. by the Parai- 
 buna. It extends 600 or 700 m. from N. to S. 
 nearly the same from E. to W., and contains 390- 
 000 inhabitants. This vast territory produces 
 gold and diamond? in abundance ; also iron, anti- 
 mony, bismuth, platina, chromate of lead, &c. 
 The soil is likewise rich, producing in the vallevs 
 sugar, cotton, &c. : and in the higher grounds 
 wheat, and generally all kinds of European 
 grain. 
 
 Minch, an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of 
 Scotland, which separates the Isle of Sky from 
 Lewis Island. 
 
 Minching Hampton, a town of Gloucester- 
 shire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of 
 cloth. It is pleasantly situated on a declivity, 10 
 m. W. of Cirencester and 98 W. of London 
 
 Mincio, a river of Italy, which flows S. from 
 the lake Garda, forms the lake and marshes that 
 surround Mantua, and afterward runs into the 
 Po. 
 
 Minckcndorf, a town of Austria, on the Tries- 
 sing^ m. E. N. E. of Baden. 
 
 Mindanao, an island in the Eastern seas, and 
 one of the Philippines, about 300 m. long and 108 
 broad. The coast is indented by numerous bays, 
 and the interior is intersected by chains of lofty 
 mountains, with intervening plains that afford 
 pasture for immense herds of cattle. The sides 
 of the hills and valleys are stony, and yet there are 
 tall trees, of kinds unknown in Europe. Some 
 of the mountains yield very good gold; and the 
 valleys are well watered with rivulets. Rice is 
 produced in abundance ; as are also plantains, 
 cocoa-nuts, sweet potatoes, and all the fruits com- 
 mon to tropical climates. There are neither lions 
 nor tigers, but horses, beeves, buffaloes, goats, 
 bogs, deer, &c, are numerous. The fowls are 
 ducks, hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets and tur- 
 tle-doves, besides many small birds. The inhabi- 
 tants are generally of a low stature, with little 
 heads, small black eyes, short noses, and large 
 mouths. Their hair is black and straight, and 
 their complexion tawny, but more inclined to yel- 
 
 low than that of other Indians. The chief trades 
 are goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and carpenters, who 
 can build pretty good vessels. Polygamy is prac- 
 tised. The government is partly feudal and part- 
 ly monarchical. The prevailing religion is Ma- 
 homedism,but the Spaniards have been in posses- 
 sion of a large portion of the sea-coast to the W., 
 N. and N. E., where they have planted colonies 
 of Christians. 
 
 Mindanuo, the capital of the above island, and 
 the residence of the sultan and his court, is about 
 6 m. up the Pelancry. Opposite stands the town 
 of Selangan. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 7. 9. N. 
 
 MindeUieim, a town in Bavaria, with a castle 
 on a mountain, situate between the rivers Iller ^nd 
 Lech, 25 m. S. W. of Augsburg. 
 
 Minden, a government of the Prussian states 
 comprising the N. E. part of the province of West- 
 phalia and the former principalities of Minden. 
 Paderborn, Rittberg, and Corvey, the bailiwic of 
 Reckeberg, and the lordship of Rheda. It has an 
 area of 2,000 sq. m. divided into 13 districts, with 
 330,000 inhabitants. The soil in general is fer 
 tile, and the pasturage good. 
 
 Minden, the capital of the above government 
 is one of the oldest towns of Germany, and, while 
 the see of a bishop, formed a petty republic. Its 
 convenient situation for trade and navigation its 
 breweries, sugar-houses, and wax manufactures, 
 are great advantages to the inhabitants. Near 
 this town prince Ferdinand, of Brunswick, de- 
 feated the French in 1759. It was occupied in 
 1806 by the French, and finally ceded to Prussia 
 in 1814. It is seated on the Weser, 43 m E. of 
 Osnaburg. Long. 8. 56. E., lat. 52. 19. N. 
 
 Minden, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 2,567. 
 
 Mindoro, one of the Philippines, separated from 
 Luconia by a narrow channel. It is mountainous, 
 and abounds in palm-trees and all sorts of fruits. 
 The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute to 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 Minersrille, a village in Schuylkill Co. Pa. sur 
 rounded by extensive coal mines. 
 
 Minerva, a township of Essex Co. N. Y. Pop 
 358 ; p.v. Mason Co. Ken. 
 
 Minehead, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connecti- 
 cut. Pop. 150. 
 
 Mine Shibboleth, p.v. Washington Co. Missouri, 
 55 m. S. W. St. Louis. Here is one of the rich- 
 est lead mines in the country. 
 
 Minehead, a borough and sea-port in Somerset- 
 shire, Eng. It has a good harbour on the Bristol 
 Channel, and carries on a trade in wool, coal, and 
 herrings. 31 m. N. of Exeter and 160 W. by S. 
 of London. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 51. 12. N. 
 
 Mi ngr elia, a country of Asia, bounded W. by the 
 Black Sea, E. by Imeritia, S. by the river Phasis, 
 and N. by Georgia. It is governed by a prince 
 who is tributary to Russia. The face of this 
 country, its products, and the customs and man- 
 ners of the inhabitants, are similar to those ot 
 Georgia. 
 
 Minho, a river of Spain, which rises in the N 
 E. part of Galicia, passes by Lugo, Orense, and 
 Tuy, and dividing Galicia from Portugal, enters 
 the Atlantic at Caminha. 
 
 Minie, a town of Egypt, on the left bank of the 
 Nile, 90 m. S. of Fayoum. 
 
 Minisinlc, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Dela 
 ware. Pop. 4,979. 
 
 Minorvino, a town of Naples, in Terra di Ban 
 24 m. W. S. W. ofTrani. 
 
 Minorca, one of the Balearic islands, lying 50 m 
 
MIR 
 
 503 
 
 MIS 
 
 to the N. E. of Majorca. It is 30 m. long ana 12 
 broad ; and is a mountainous country, with some 
 fruitful valleys. Some corn is raised, but the 
 principal products of the island are wine, wool, 
 cheese, and various fruits. It has been frequently 
 in the hands of the British, by whom it was taken 
 without the loss of a man in 1798, but given up 
 at the peace of 1802. Ciudadella is the capital ; 
 but Malion claims greater consequence, on ac- 
 count of its excellent harbour, Port Mahon, which 
 is defended by two forts. Long. 3. 48. E., lat. 39. 
 51 . N. 
 
 Minot, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,908. 
 Minsk, an extensive province of European Rus- 
 sia, comprehending the old palatinate of Minsk 
 and portions of Polotzk, Novogrodek, and Wilna. 
 It extends from the Dwina N. to the province of 
 Volhynia, comprises an area of 37,000 sq. in. is 
 divided into ten circles, and contains 950,000 in- 
 habitants. The surface, productions, .fee. are the 
 same as in Lithuania. 
 
 Minsk, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 with two citadels, is seated on the Swislocz, 80 
 m. S. E. of Wilna and 310 E. N. E. of Warsaw. 
 Long 27. 58. E., lat. 53. 46. N. 
 
 Mintaon, an island in the Indian Ocean, 40 m. 
 long and 14 broad, on the W. coast of the island 
 of Sumatra. Long. 97. 38. E., lat. 0. 25. S. 
 
 Mioss, a lake of Norway, in the province of 
 Hedemarke, 90 m. in circumference. It is almost 
 divided by a peninsula, and contains a fertile isl- 
 and 10 m. in circumference. 
 
 Miqueloti, a small desert island, S. W. of Cape 
 Ray in Newfoundland, ceded to the French in 
 1703, for drying and curing their fish. They were 
 dispossessed of it by the English in 1793, but it 
 was restored to them in 1802. Long. 56. 10. W., 
 lat. 46. 42. N. 
 
 Mir a, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 16 m. N. 
 W. ofCoimbra. 
 
 Miranda, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- 
 tcs, seated on a rock, on the river Douro, 32 m. 
 E. S. E. of Braganza. Long. 6. 32. W., lat. 41. 
 46. N. 
 
 Miranda de Corvo, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 
 13 m. S. E. ofCoimbra. 
 
 Miranda de Ebro, a town of Spain, in the pro- 
 vince of Burgos, with a castle ; seated in an ex- 
 cellent wine country, on the river Ebro, over 
 which is a handsome bridge. 34 m. N. E. of 
 Burgos. 
 
 Mirande, a town of France, department of Gers. 
 Wool, down, and the feathers of geese, are its prin- 
 cipal articles of trade. It is seated on an emi- 
 nence, near the river Baise, 13 m. S. W. of Audi. 
 Mirandela, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- 
 tes. 22 m. S. W. of Braganza. 
 
 Mirandola, a city of Italy, in the Modenese, cap- 
 ital of a province of its name, and a bishop's see, 
 with a citadel and a fort. Besides the cathedral, 
 it contains many fine churches and convents. It 
 is 18 in. N. N. E. of Modena. Long. 11. 19. E., 
 lat. 44. 52. N. 
 
 Miravel, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with 
 a strong castle ; seated on the side of a hill, 16 
 m. S by W. of Placentia. 
 
 Mirebeau, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Vienne, 14 m. N. by W. of Poitiers. 
 
 Mireheau, a town of France, department of 
 Cote d'Or, 13 m. N. of Dijon. 
 
 Mirecourt, a town of France, department of 
 Vosges, famous for its violins and fine lace ; seat- 
 ed on the Modon, 15 m. W. N. W. of Epinal. 
 Miremont, a town of France, department of 
 
 Dordogne. Near it is a remarkable cavern, call- 
 ed Cluseau. it is seated near the river Vizere, 
 15 m. E. of Bergerac. 
 
 Mirepoix, a town of France, deyvtment of Ar- 
 riege ; seated on the Gers, 15 m. E. N. E. of Foix 
 and 43 S. S. E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Mirow, a town of Saxony with a eastle, 11 m. 
 W. of Strelitz. 
 
 Misagno, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 6 m 
 S. S. E. ofOstuni. 
 
 Misitra, or Mistras, a town of Independent 
 Greece, once the capital of the Moreaand a placo 
 of importance, but it is now decayed It is 90 rn. 
 S. E. Lepanto. In the neighbourhood are to be 
 seen the ruins of ancient Sparta. 
 Misnia. See Meissen. 
 
 Mississippi, a river of the United States, rising 
 in a number of head streams between 47. and 48. 
 N. lat. and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. It 
 is more than 3,000 m. in length and receives from 
 the west the Missouri, which on account of its 
 superior length is sometimes considered the main 
 stream rather than a branch of the Mississippi. 
 The other tributaries of the Mississippi are the 
 Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas, and Red river with a 
 great many inferior streams. The foils of St. 
 Anthony, are in the upper part of its course, and 
 have a perpendicular descent of 17 ft. ; below the 
 point the river is navigable for vessels of 30 tons 
 to the sea. It runs but a little distance from its 
 source, before it becomes a considerable stream. 
 Below the falls of St. Anthony, it broadens to 
 half a mile in width ; and is a clear, placid and no- 
 ble stream, with wide and fertile bottoms, for a 
 long distance. A few miles below the river Des 
 Moines, is a long rapid of nine miles, which, for 
 a considerable part of the summer, is a great im- 
 pediment to the navigation. Below these rapids 
 the river assumes its medial width and charac- 
 ter from that point to the entrance of the Missou- 
 ri. It is a still more beautiful river, than the Ohio, 
 somewhat gentler in its current, a third wider, 
 with broad and clean sandbars, except in the time 
 of high waters, when they are all covered. At 
 every little distance, there are islands, sometimes 
 a number of them parallel, and broadening the 
 stream to a great width. These islands are many 
 of them large, and have in the summer season an 
 aspect of beauty, as they swell gently from the 
 clear stream, — a vigour and grandeur of vegetation 
 which contribute much to the magnificence of the 
 the river. The sandbars, in the proper season, 
 are the resort of innumerable swans, geese and wa- 
 ter fowls. It is, in general, a full mile in width from 
 bank to bank. For a considerable distance above the 
 mouth of the Missouri, it has more than that width. 
 Altogether, it has, from its alternate bluffs and 
 prairies, the calmness and transparency of its wa- 
 ters, the size and beauty of its trees, an aspect of 
 great amenity and magnificence. 
 
 Where it receives the Missouri, it is a mile and 
 a half wide. The Missouri itself enters with a 
 mouth not more than half a mile wide. This uni- 
 ted stream below, has thence to the mouth ot the 
 Ohio, a medial width of little more than three 
 quarters of a mile. This mighty tributary seems 
 rather to diminish, than increase its width ; but 
 it perceptibly alters its depth, its mass of wators, 
 and wholly changes its character. It is no long- 
 er the gentle, placid stream, with smooth shores 
 and clean sandbars ; but has a furious and boiling 
 current, a turbid and dangerous mass of sweeping 
 waters, jagged and dilapidated shores, and, where - 
 ever its waters have receded, deposites of mud. 
 
MIS 
 
 504 
 
 MIS 
 
 It remains a sublime object of contemplation. The 
 noble forest still rises along its banks. But its 
 character of calm magnificence, that so delighted 
 the eye above, is seen no more. 
 
 The bosom ofthe river is covered with prodi- 
 gious boils, or swells, that rise with a whirling 
 motion, and a convex surface, two or three rods 
 in diameter, and no inconsiderable noise, whirling 
 a boat imperceptibly from its track. In its course, 
 accidental circumstances shift the impetus of its 
 current, and propel it upon the point of an island 
 bend or sandbars. In these instances, it tears up 
 the islands, removes the sandbars, and sweeps 
 away the tender, alluvial soil of the bends, with 
 all their trees, and deposites the spoils in another 
 place. At the season of high water, nothing is 
 more familiar to the ear of the people on the river, 
 than the deep crash of a land-slip, in which larg- 
 er or smaller masses ofthe soil on the banks, with 
 all the trees, are plunged into the stream. The 
 circumstances that change the aspect and current 
 of the river, are denominated, in the vocabulary 
 ofthe watermen, chutes, races, chains, sawyers, 
 planters, points of islands, wreck heaps and cy- 
 press bends. The divinity most frequently in- 
 voked by boatmen, seems to have imparted his 
 name oftener than any other to the dangerous pla- 
 cesalongthe river. The 'Devil's' race paths, tea-ta- 
 ble, oven, &c. are places of difficult or hazardous 
 navigation, that frequently occur. They are se- 
 rious impediments to the navigation of this noble 
 stream. Such is its character from Missouri to 
 the Balize ; a wild, furious, whirling river, — nev- 
 er navigated safely, except with great caution. 
 On the immense wreck heaps, where masses of 
 logs, like considerable hills, are piled together, the 
 numerous wrecks of boats, lying on their sides and 
 summits, sufficiently attest the character of the 
 river, and remain standing mementos to caution. 
 Boats propelled by steam power, which can be 
 changed in a moment, to reverse the impulse and 
 direction ofthe boat, are exactly calculated to ob- 
 viate the dangers of this river. 
 
 No person, who descends this river for the first 
 time, receives clear and adequate ideas of its 
 grandeur, and the amount of water which it car- 
 ries. If it be in the spring, when the river below 
 the mouth ofthe Ohio is generally over its banks, 
 although the sheet of water that is making its 
 way to the gulf is, perhaps, thirty miles wide, yet 
 finding its way through deep forests and swamps 
 that conceal all from the eye, no expanse of wa- 
 ter is seen, but the width, that is curved out be- 
 tween the outline of woods on either bank ; and 
 it seldom exceeds,and oftener falls short of a mile. 
 But when he sees, in descending from the falls of 
 St. Anthony, that it swallows up one river after 
 another, with mouths, as wide as itself, without 
 affecting its width at all ; when he sees it receiv- 
 ing in succession the mighty Missouri, the broad 
 Ohio, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red 
 rivers, all of them of great depth, length and vol- 
 ume of water ; when he sees this mighty river 
 absorbing them all and retaining a volume, appar- 
 ently unchanged, — he begins to estimate rightly 
 the increasing depths of current, that must roll on 
 in its deep channel to the sea. Carried out of 
 the Balize, and sailing with a good breeze foi 
 hours, he sees nothing on any side, but the white 
 and turbid waters ofthe Mississippi, long after he 
 is out of sight of land. 
 
 • From its source to the falls of St. Anthony, it 
 runs alternately through wild rice lakes and 
 swiunga by limestone bluffs and craggy hills ; 
 
 occasionally through deep pine forests, and beau 
 tiful prairies ; and the tenants on its borders are 
 elk, buffaloes, bears and deer, and the savages 
 that pursue them. In this distance, there is no 
 a civilized inhabitant on its shores, if we except 
 the establishments of Indian traders, and a gar- 
 rison ofthe United States. Buffaloes are seldom 
 seen below these falls. Its alluvions become 
 wide, fertile, and for the most part, heavily tim 
 bered. Like the Ohio, its bottoms and bluffs gen- 
 erally alternate. Its broad and placid current is- 
 often embarassed with islands, which are gener 
 ally rich alluvial lands, often containing from 
 five hundred to a thousand acres, and abounding 
 with wild turkeys and other small game. From 
 100 m. above the mouth of the Missouri, 
 it would be difficult for us to convey an idea ofthe 
 beauty of the prairies, skirting this noble river. 
 They are a perfect level ; and are in summer cov 
 ered with a luxuriant growth of grass and flower? 
 without a tree or bush. 
 
 Below the mouth ofthe Ohio, in the season of 
 inundation, to an observing spectator a very strik- 
 ing spectacle is presented. The river sweeps alono 
 in curves, or sections of circles, of an extent from 
 six to twelve miles, measured from point to point. 
 The sheet of water, that is visible between the 
 forests on either side, is a mile wide. On a calm 
 spring morning, and under a bright sun, it shines, 
 like a mass of burnished silver. Its edges are 
 distinctly marked by a magnificent outline of cot- 
 ton wood trees, generally of great size, and at this 
 time of the year, of the brightest verdure. On 
 the convex, or bar side of the bend, there is ger 
 erally a vigorous growth of willows, or young 
 cotton wood trees, of such astonishing regularity 
 of appearance, that it always seems to the in- 
 experienced spectator, a work of art. The water 
 stands among these trees, from ten to fifteen feet 
 in height. Those brilliant creatures the black 
 and red bird, flit among these young groves, that 
 are inundated to half their height. Nature is 
 carrying on her most vigorous efforts of vegetation 
 below. If there be wind or storm, the descending 
 flat and keel boats immediately make for these 
 groves, and plunge fearlessly, with all the head- 
 way they can command, among the trees. 
 Should they be of half the size of the human 
 body, struck fifteen feet from the ground, they 
 readily bend before even a frail boat. — You de-_ 
 scend the whole distance of a thousand miles to 
 New Orleans, landing at night in fifteen feet 
 water among the trees; but, probably, in no in- 
 stance within twenty miles of the real shore, 
 which is the bluff. The whole spectacle is that 
 of a vast and magnificent forest, emerging from a 
 lake, with its waters, indeed, in a thousand 
 places in descending motion. 
 
 One of the most striking peculiarities of this 
 river, and of all its lower tributaries, is the uni- 
 formity of its meanders, called in the phrase 
 of the country, its ' points and bends.' In 
 many instances these curves are described 
 with a precision, with which they would have 
 been marked off* by the sweep of a compass. 
 The river sweeps round, perhaps the half of a 
 circle, and is precipitated from the point, in a 
 current diagonally, across its own channel, to 
 another curve of the same regularity upon the 
 opposite shore. In the bend is the deepest chan- 
 nel, the heaviest movement of waters, and what 
 is called the thread ofthe current. Between this 
 thread and the shore, there are generally counter 
 currents, or eddies ; and in the crumblirw and 
 
MIS 
 
 505 
 
 MIS 
 
 tender alluvial soil, the river is generally making 
 inroads upon its banks on the bend side. Oppo- 
 site the bend there is always a sandbar, matched, 
 in the convexity of its conformation, to the con- 
 cavity of the bend. Here it is, that the appear- 
 ance of the young cotton wood groves have their 
 most striking aspect. The trees rise from the 
 shore, showing first the vigorous saplings of the 
 present year; and then those of a date oi'two and 
 three years ; and trees rising in regular gradation 
 to the most ancient and lofty point of the forest. 
 These curves are so regular on this, and all the 
 rivers of the lower country, that the boatmen and 
 Indians calculate distances by them; and instead 
 .)f the number of miles or leagues, they estimate 
 their progress by the number of bends they have 
 passed. 
 
 The navigation upon this river is very great. 
 Ships seldom ascend higher than Natchez. The 
 number of steam-boats upon the Mississippi and 
 its tributaries is about 300. Their size is from 
 540 tons downward. The passage from Cincinna- 
 ti to New Orleans and back, has been made in 19 
 days. From New Orleans to Louisville the 
 shortest passage has been 8 days and 2 hours, the 
 distance being 1,650 m. and against the current. 
 The steam-boats have generally high-pressure 
 power, and many fatal explosions have happened 
 
 ML i 
 
 
 upon these waters. The first steam-vessel here was 
 built in 1810. New Orleans is the outport of this 
 river, and the largest city on its banks. Its waters 
 pass into the Gulf by several channels which in- 
 tersect a flat marshy tract. The main entrance 
 is at the Balize. 
 
 Mississippi, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by Louisia- 
 na and W. by Louisiana and Arkansas. It ex- 
 tends from 30.10. to 35. N. lat. and from 80. 30. to 
 81. 35. VV. long. 335 m. in length from N. to S. and 
 150 in breadth, containing 45,760 sq. m. It is wa- 
 tered by the Mississippi on the western boundar}', 
 the Yazoo and Big Black rivers, branches of the 
 Mississippi, the Pascagoula and Pearl which flow 
 into the Gulf of Mexico, and the head streams of 
 the Tombeckbee rise in the N. part and pass into 
 Alabama. There is a small extent of coast lying 
 upon Lake Borgne at its outlet into the Gulf, 
 along which are scattered a few low sandy islands 
 but there is no sea-port of consequence in the 
 state. Nearly the whole country is an alluvial 
 flat, and the shore of the Mississippi in the north 
 is an immense swamp 70 m. in width. In the N. 
 E. part are some hilly, broken tracts. A great part 
 of the soil is a pine barren, but the river intervals 
 are rich and productive. Sugar-cane is raised in 
 the south. The middle parts produce figs, grapes, 
 tobacco, maize, sweet potatoes, rice, and indigo. 
 Cotton is raised in all parts, and is the staple ar- 
 ticle of cultivation. The climate is hot. moist and 
 64 
 
 in the level country is insalubrious. Stagnant wa- 
 ters are abundant, and the intense heat of tho 
 summer engenders bilious diseases. In the eleva- 
 ted parts the climate is healthy and pleasant. 
 
 The northern and central portions of this state 
 are occupied by the Choctaw and Chickasaw 
 Indians; the former tribe number about 21,000 
 souls and the latter 3,600; civilization and useful 
 arts have made considerable progress among 
 them ; their agriculture is in a thriving state, and 
 they have commodious houses, shops, schools and 
 churches, and support a missionary. They occu- 
 py some of the best land in the state. 
 
 Mississippi is divided into 26 counties and has 
 a population excluding Indians, of 136,806. The 
 slaves are 65,659. Jackson, on Pearl river, is the 
 seat of government. Natchez is the only con- 
 siderable town. The legislature is styled the 
 General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. The senators are 
 elected for 3 years and one third of the number are 
 renewed each year. The representatives are 
 chosen yearly. All residents of one year are vo- 
 ters ; clergymen are excluded from office. The 
 Baptists are the largest religious sect, they have 
 58 churches; the Methodists have 23 preachers; 
 the Presbyterians 25; the Episcopalians 4, and 
 there are some Catholics. Education is provided 
 for by a literary fund ; public schools are main- 
 tained in some of the large towns, and there is a 
 college at Washington near Natchez. The com- 
 merce of the state is directed to the outports of 
 Louisiana and Alabama. Mississippi was erected 
 into a territorial government in 1798. It was ad- 
 mitted into the Union in 1817. 
 
 Mississippi., towns in Phillips and Arkansas Cos. 
 Arkansas Ter. 
 
 Missionary Stations. See Appendix. 
 
 Missisagaigon, one of the head streams of the 
 Mississippi rising near the W. end of Lake Su 
 perior. 
 
 Missiscom, a river of Vermont flowing into the 
 N. part of L. Champlain. 
 
 Missolonghi, a town of Independent Greece, on 
 the N.side of the Gulf of Lepanto, opposite Patras. 
 It has a shallow harbour, and is surrounded by 
 marshes. It was taken and retaken several times 
 by the Turks and Greeks during the war of the 
 revolution. Here Lord Byron died in 1824 
 There is another town of this name in the Morea. 
 
 Missouri, a river of the United States, which, 
 taken in connexion with the Mississippi, into 
 which it flows, is the longest river on the globe ; 
 its length from the highest navigable stream to 
 the gulf of Mexico being 4,491 m., its length to 
 the junction with the Mississippi is 3,09(»m. It 
 rises in the Rocky Mountains, nearly in the same 
 parallel with the Mississippi. The most authen- 
 tic information we have }'et had of the sources 
 of this mighty river, is from its first intrepid 
 American discoverers, Lewis and Clarke. What 
 may properly be called the Missouri seems to be 
 formed by three considerable branches, which 
 unite not far from the bases of the principal ran 
 ges of the mountains. To the northern they gave 
 the name of Jefferson, to the middle, Gallatin, ami 
 to the southern, Madison. — Each of these branches 
 forks again into a number of small mountain 
 streams. It is but a short distance from some of 
 these to the head waters of the Oregon, on the 
 other side of the mountains. A person may drink 
 from the spring sources of each, without travelling 
 more than a mile. After this junction, the river 
 con tinues a considerable distance to be still a foam 
 
 2U 
 
MJS 
 
 50b 
 
 MIS 
 
 ing mountain torrent. It then spreads into a 
 broad and comparatively gentle stream full of isl- 
 ands. Precipitous peaks of blackish rock frown 
 above the river in perpendicular elevations of 1,000 
 feet. The mountains, whose bases it sweeps, are 
 covered with pines, cedars, and firs ; and moun- 
 tain sheep are seen bounding on their summits, 
 where they are apparently inaccessible. In this 
 distance the mountains have an aspect of inex- 
 pressible loneliness and grandeur. 
 
 The river then becomes almost a continued 
 cataract for the distance of about 17 in. In 
 this distance its perpendicular descent is 362 feet. 
 The first fall is 98 feet ; the second, 19; the third, 
 47 ; the fourth, 26. These falls are next to Niag- 
 ara the grandest in the world. The river contin- 
 ues rapid for a long distance beyond. The 
 Roche Jaune, or Yellow Stone, is probably the 
 largest tributary of the Missouri. It rises in 
 the same ranges of mountains with the main 
 river, and has many points of resemblance to it. 
 It enters from the south by a mouth 850 yards 
 wide. It is a broad, deep, and sweeping river; 
 and at its junction appears the larger of the two. 
 Its course is commonly calculated at 1 ,G00 miles. 
 But the size and length of all these tributaries 
 are probably over rated. Its shores, for a long 
 distance above its entrance, are heavily timbered, 
 and its bottoms wide, and of the finest soil. Its 
 entrance is deemed to be 1.880 m. above the mouth 
 of the Missouri; and it was selected by the gov- 
 ernment, as an eligible situation for a military 
 post, and an extensive settlement. While bears, 
 elk, and mountain sheep, are the principal ani- 
 mals seen along this part of the river. The oth- 
 er tributaries are the Kansas, Platte, Osage, Lit- 
 tle Missouri, Running Water, White and Milk 
 Rivers. 
 
 At the point of junction with the Yellow Stone, 
 the Missouri has wide and fine bottoms. But its 
 banks are for the most part destitute of timber, 
 and this for a long series of years will prevent its 
 being inhabited. The 'Gates of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains,' through which the Missouri seems to have 
 torn itself a passage, are commonly described as 
 among the sublimest spectacles in the world. For 
 nearly 6 m. these mountains rise in black and per- 
 pendicular masses 1,200 feet above the surface of 
 the river. The chasm is little more than 250 yards 
 wide ; and the deep and foaming waters of the 
 Missouri rush through the passage, as if it were 
 a cataract. The heart of the beholder is chilled, 
 as he contemplates, in these wild and uninhabited 
 regions, this conflict between the river and the 
 mountains. The smooth and black walls of the 
 cleft rise more than twice as high as the moun- 
 tains on the Hudson.below West Point Every pas- 
 senger up that river has been impressed with 
 the grandeur of that scene in the midst of ameni- 
 ty and life. What then must be the sensations 
 of the passenger through the gates of the Rocky 
 Mountains, who witnesses the proofs of this con- 
 flict of nature, in a region three hundred leagues 
 from civilization. Vast columns of the rock are 
 torn from the mountains and lie along the banks 
 of the river. 
 
 The bottoms of the Missouri have a character, 
 very distinguishable from those of the Upper Mis- 
 sissippi. They are higher, not so wet, more san- 
 ay, with trees which are not so large, but taller 
 and straighter. Its alluvions are something nar- 
 rower ; having for the first 500 m. a medial width 
 of more than 4 m. Its bluffs, like those of the 
 other river, are generally limestone, but not so 
 
 perpendicular; and have more .endency to run 
 into the mamelle form. The bottoms abound with 
 deer, turkeys and small game. The river seldom 
 overflows any part of its banks, in this distance 
 It is little inclined to be swampy. There are much 
 fewer lakes, bayous, and small ponds, than along 
 the Mississippi. Prairies are scarcely seen on the 
 banks of the river, within the distance of the first 
 400 m. of its course. It is heavily timbered, and 
 yet from the softness of the wood, easily cleared 
 The water, though uncommonly turbid with a 
 whitish earth, which it holds in suspension, soon 
 and easily settles, and is then remarkably pure, 
 pleasant and healthy water. The river is so rapid 
 and sweeping in its course, and its bed is compos- 
 ed of such masses of sand, that it is continually 
 shifting its sandbars. A chart of the river, as .t 
 runs this year, gives little ground for calculation, 
 in navigating it the next. It has numerous islands 
 and generally near them is the most difficult to 
 be stemmed.— Still more than the Mississippi be- 
 low its mouth, it tears up in one place, and depos- 
 ites in another; and makes more frequent and 
 powerful changes. in its channel, than any other 
 western river. 
 
 Its bottoms are considerably settled for a dis- 
 tance of 400 m. above its mouth. That of Chara- 
 ton is the highest compact settlement. But the 
 largest and most populous settlement in the state 
 is that called Boone's Lick. Indeed, there are 
 
 American settlers, here and there, on the bottoms, 
 above the Platte, and far beyond the limits of the 
 state of Missouri. Above the Platte the open 
 and prairie character of the country begins to de- 
 velope. The prairies come quite into the banks 
 of the river; and stretch from it indefinitely, in 
 naked grass plains, where the traveller may wan 
 der for days, without seeing either wood or water. 
 — The ' Council Bluffs' are an important mil 
 itary station, about COO m. up the Missouri. Be- 
 yond this point commences a country of great 
 interest and grandeur in many respects ; and de 
 nominated, by way of eminence, the Upper Mis 
 souri. The country is composed of vast and al 
 most boundless grass plains, through which stretch 
 the Platte, the Yellow Stone, and the other rivers 
 of this ocean of grass. The savages of this region 
 have a peculiar physiognomy and mode of life. 
 It is a country, where commence new tribes of 
 plants. It is the home of buffaloes, elk, white 
 bears, antelopes and mountain sheep. And its in- 
 exhaustible supplies of game make it the paradise 
 of hunters. Sometimes the river washes the ba- 
 sis of the dark hills of a friable and crumbling 
 soil. Here are found, as Lewis and Clarke, and 
 other respectable travellers relate, large and sin- 
 gular petrifactions, both animal and vegetable. — 
 On the top of one of these hills they found the 
 petrified skeleton of a huge fish, 45 feet in length 
 
MIS 
 
 507 
 
 MIS 
 
 The herds of gregarious animals, particularly 
 the buffaloes, are innumerable. Such is the gen- 
 eral character of the country, until we come in 
 contact with the spurs of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 As far as the limits of the state, this river is ca- 
 pable of supporting a dense population, for a con- 
 siderable distance from its banks. Above those 
 limits it is generally too destitute of wood, to be- 
 come habitable by any other people than hunters 
 and shepherds. All the great tributaries of this 
 river are copies, more or Less exact, of the parent 
 stream. One general remark applies to the whole 
 country. The rivers have a narrow margin of 
 fertility. The country, as it recedes from the 
 river, becomes more and more sterile, sandy and 
 destitute of water, until it approximates in char- 
 acter towards the sandy deserts of Arabia. 
 
 Missouri, one of the United States, lying west 
 of the Mississippi, and intersected by the great 
 river from which it takes its name. It is bounded 
 N. and W.bythe Territory of Missouri, E. by Illin- 
 ois, Kentucky and Tennessee, and S. by Arkan- 
 sas ; extending from 36. to 40. 30. N. lat. and from 
 89. to 94. 10. W. long. 270 m. in length and 2*20 
 'n breadth. It contains 60,000 sq. m. The Mis- 
 sissippi washes the eastern boundary, the other 
 principal streams are the branches of the Mis- 
 souri and this river. The Ozark Mountains ex- 
 tend south-westerly from this state into Arkansas, 
 and there are some mountain ridges toward the 
 east. A large extent of this great state in its 
 south-east angle commencing above New Mad- 
 rid, and extending down the great swamp, and 
 through the alluvial region, a considerable dis- 
 tance back from the Mississippi, is low, swampy, 
 full of lakes, and in many places subject to be in- 
 undated. Beyond that region, which is generally 
 marked by a bold line of rolling and fertile high 
 lands, the country gradually rises into high flint 
 knobs, still rising beyond that region to the moun- 
 tainous country of the lead mines. This country 
 extends to the Osage and its tributaries. Beyond 
 this the country is broken and hilly ; until we 
 open upon the boundless belt of open prairies, 
 which spreads beyond the western limits of this 
 state. The best portion, and the most inhabited 
 parts of the state are between the Missouri and 
 Mississippi. This vast tract is no where moun- 
 tainous. It contains great tracts of alluvial and 
 hilly prairies. It is for the most part a surface, 
 delightfully rolling and variegated. There is no 
 part of the globe, where greater extents of coun- 
 try can be traversed more easily, and in any di- 
 rection by carriages of any description, where 
 there are no roads, and that is yet in a state of 
 nature. 
 
 One specific difference between the soil of this 
 country, and the country bordering on the Ohio 
 is, that the land here contains a much greater pro- 
 portion of sand, is more loamy and friable, and the 
 soil is not so stiff. There are tracts over all this 
 country, where we find the clayey soils of Ohio 
 and Kentucky. But they are small. The roads 
 generally, run over tracts, where the falling rain 
 and snow are so readily absorbed, even in the win- 
 ter, that the people are not troubled with the deep 
 and almost impassable roads, that we find in those 
 states. The rich uplands are of a darkish grey 
 colour ; with the exception of the great tract about 
 the lead mines, where the soil, composed of decom- 
 posed pyrite, is reddish, and of a colour brighter 
 thin Spanish brown. The poorer uplands are 
 generally covered with white oak, and that small 
 shrubby species of oak denominated here pin oak. 
 
 It is usually a stiffer and more clayey soil than 
 the other ; and it is of a light yellow colour. There 
 are two extensive tracts of that fine kind of tim- 
 bered upland alluvion, which constitutes the finest 
 central portions of Kentucky. The one is, per- 
 haps, fifteen or twenty miles in extent. It is south- 
 west of the mine country, and is called Bollevue 
 settlement. The other tract is much larger, and 
 is called in this country the Boone's lick settle- 
 ment. There are smaller extents of this kind of 
 land, spread over all the sta»te. In a state of na- 
 ture, it strikes the eye delightfully. The surface 
 rolls gently and almost imperceptibly. It has the 
 same trees and shrubs, and the grand vegetation, 
 that designate the rich alluvions; and at the same 
 time it has the diversified surface, and the asso- 
 ciated ideas of health, and springs of water that 
 are naturally connected with the notion of up- 
 lands. These lands are timbered with the same 
 trees which the alluvions bear. Like those, they 
 are surmounted with grape vines, and are free 
 from underbrush. The graceful pawpaw, the 
 persimon, and the wild cherry tree, all denoting 
 rich soils, abound in these regions ; and they are 
 nearly as fertile as the bottoms of the Missouri, or 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 The prairies are generally level and of an inter- 
 mediate character between the richer and the 
 poorer uplands. The alluvial prairies are univer 
 sally rich, and nearly as fertile as the bottoms 
 Some tracts of the upland prairies are rich But 
 there are scarcely any lands in this state suffi- 
 ciently level for cultivation, that have not ferti- 
 lity enough to bring good crops of corn without 
 manure ; and in many instances the poorer lands 
 are better for wheat than the richer. The grand- 
 est objects of nature will, probably, not excite so 
 much surprise in the mind of a traveller from the 
 Atlantic states, as tl .e first view of a prairie. Ri- 
 ding, day after day, through forests, where the 
 small improvements made in the wilderness 
 scarcely interrupt the general aspect of woods, he 
 opens at once upon the view of a boundless hori- 
 zon. In the early periods of summer, he beholds 
 outstretched under his eye a perfectly level plain, 
 of the most soft and beautiful verdure, covered 
 with a thousand flowers of every scent and hue. 
 Here and there, in the skirts of the prairies, and 
 often in their centre are clumps of oaks, and pec- 
 cans and black walnuts, disposed in forms so re- 
 gular, and nenerally circular, as could not fail to 
 delight the eye of an admirer of the ancient style 
 of gardening. He is unprepared for such a view, 
 seen in such strong contrast with dark and lonely 
 forests. It is, after all, impossible to convey by 
 description the impression, which these views 
 
 create. In these vast and beautiful prairies, or 
 on the verge of the bluffs, that overlook them he 
 
MIS 
 
 50a 
 
 MIS 
 
 fteholds at once a verdant and sleeping ocean of 
 grass, vast rivers rolling their mighty masses of 
 waters through the dark forests, romantic hills 
 stretchinor away in the distance, and here and there 
 a cabin or a house throwing up its column of 
 smoke, and the cattle, horses and sheep sleeping 
 about it. A grander spectacle is exhibited when 
 in the autumn the Indians set fire to the dry grass. 
 Tin? (lames leap forward with astonishing rapidity 
 and spread in all directions. The hunter or the 
 traveller is unable to escape by their utmost speed 
 and the wild horses, deer and buffaloes are often 
 overtaken and burnt to death. 
 
 The lead mines of this state are highly produc- 
 tive. They are connected with that great min- 
 eral tract which extends from the N. W. part of 
 Illinois into the adjacent territories, and which 
 the reader will find described under the head of 
 LpiuI Mines. The richest mines in this state are 
 in the neighbourhood of Potoi, upon Big river, a 
 small stream flowing into the Maramec. The ore 
 is found not in veins, ant in detached masses from 
 2 to 20 feet below the surface. About 3,000,000 
 pounds are annually smelted. Coal is found in 
 abundance along the Missouri, and iron in every 
 part of the state. Manganese, zinc, antimony, 
 and cobalt accompany the lead ore ; salt, nitre, 
 soup.stone, plumbago, barytes, pumice stone, gyp- 
 Mim, flint and marble are also produced here. 
 
 The climate is generally salubrious, and the 
 air uncommonly dry ; but the weather is subject- 
 ed to greater extremes of cold and heat than in the 
 other western states. Wheat and maize are the 
 staple articles of cultivation; flax, hemp and 
 cotton are also raised. 
 
 Missouri is divided into 33 counties. The pop- 
 ulation is 140,074, of whom 24,990 are slaves. 
 The capital is Jefferson , the largest town is St. 
 Louis. The legislature is called the General As- 
 sembly, and consists of a St nate and House of 
 Representatives. The senati rs are chosen for 4 
 years and the representatives for 2. The Gov- 
 ernor is chosen for 4 years and is ineligible for 
 ths next term. Elections are popular and suf- 
 frage is universal. The Baptists have 67 minis- 
 ters in this state; the Methodists 23; the Presby- 
 terians 10 ; the Episcopalians 3, and there are 
 some Catholics. There is a college at St. Louis 
 and a few seminaries of learning exist in other 
 [tarts. 
 
 This state was originally a part of the Territory of 
 Louisiana. It was admitted into the Union in 1821. 
 
 Missouri Territory, the name given to that vast 
 extent of wild country belonging to the United 
 States which lies west of all the settled districts 
 and east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded 
 N. by the British possessions, E. by Michigan, 
 Illinois, and the state of Missouri, S. and S. W. by 
 Mexico and W. by the Rocky Mountains. It ex- 
 tends from 36. 30. to 49. N. lat. and from 90. to 112. 
 W. long, and is estimated to contain 800,000 sq. 
 miles. A great part of this immense territory is 
 intersected bp the river Missouri and its numerous 
 branches. The north-western part is traversed by 
 a mountain ridge which branches from the great 
 Rocky Mountain chain, about the 42d degree of 
 latitude, and extends north-westerly towards Lake 
 Winnipeg. The eastern part is a level country. 
 From 200 to 400 miles west of the Mississippi, the 
 land is partly covered with forests. Beyond this 
 limit commences a vast ocean of prairies, and the 
 country is mostly a plain in some parts fertile and 
 covered with grass, and in others a barren desert 
 of sanr 1 
 
 The surface and soil of this vast extent ol coun 
 try is different from any other of the same dimen- 
 sions on the globe. The lower courses of all the 
 rivers, that enter the Mississippi from this region, 
 are wooded. In proportion, as we ascend towards 
 the mountains, the wood becomes more scarce, 
 and the upper tributaries of these streams run 
 through open prairies. There is, also, a fertile 
 belt along the banks of all these streams ; but in 
 proportion as we diverge from them, the land 
 becomes more sterile and parched. We some- 
 times may travel whole days, without seeing 
 water. Great portions of this country may be al- 
 most likened to the Sahara of the African deserts. 
 There is, however, in the most sterile parts a thin 
 sward of grass and herbage. Countless droves of 
 buffaloes, elk and deer, range upon these vast 
 prairies. These will probably, in some future 
 period of our national existence be replaced by 
 herds of domestic cattle, and flocks of sheep, fol- 
 lowed by moving bands of shepherds. Almost 
 the whole course of the Missouri, Platte and 
 Yellow Stone are through a rich soil. The same 
 may be affirmed of Red river. The upper courses 
 of the Arkansas are through the most sterile re- 
 gion of this ocean of prairies. 
 
 In a country of such immense extent, generally 
 level, naked and open, the climate must of course 
 in a great measure correspond to the latitude. The 
 first climate, beyond the state of Missouri, and 
 the territor}' of Arkansas, is mild and temperate. 
 The belt beyond has nearly the climate of New 
 England. Still further towards the mountains, it 
 is Canadian. Pike and other travellers speak of 
 encountering storms of sleet and hail in the sum- 
 mer, near the sources of the Arkansas. When 
 the winds blow from the west over the summits 
 of these mountains, the cold they occasion is 
 extreme. 
 
 Wild horses are abundant in various parts ol 
 this country. Lewis and Clarke in their expedi- 
 tion saw many of them on the plains of the Mis- 
 souri, and Major Long observed whole troops up- 
 on the prairies still farther south. The Indians 
 are abundantly supplied with them, many of 
 
 which are very fleet, and capable of great endu 
 ranee. A savage warrior mounted on one of 
 these with his long spear, makes a very formida- 
 ble appearance . 
 
 The Indians take no pains to breed horses, 
 but supply themselves by catching and taming as 
 many as they want. A method sometimes adopt- 
 ed by hunters for taking the wild horse, is to shoot 
 the animal through the neck, using the requisite 
 care not to injure the spine. A horse may re- 
 ceive a rifle ball through a particular part of the 
 neck, without sustaining any permanent injury, 
 the blo'.y, is however, sufficient to occasion a tern- 
 
MIS 
 
 509 
 
 MIS 
 
 porary suspension of the powers of life, during 
 which, the animal is easily taken. This is call- 
 ed creasing ; and requires for its successful per- 
 formance, no small degree of skill in the use of 
 the rifle. 
 
 Major Long remarKS, fnat in tine habits of the 
 wild horse, we find littie unlike what is seen in 
 the domestic animal. He becomes the most tim 
 orous and watchful of the inhabitants of the wil- 
 derness. It would appear from the paths that 
 are seen, that they sometimes perform long 
 journeys. 
 
 Wild horses were once numerous on the Koo- 
 tanny Lands, near the northern sources of the Co- 
 'umbia, on the eastern side of the Rocky Moun- 
 tain Ridge, but of late years they have been al- 
 most eradicated in that quarter. They are not 
 known to exist in a wild state to the northward of 
 the fifty-second or fifty-third parallel of latitude. 
 The Kootannies are acquainted with the Spanish 
 and American mode of taking them with the 
 laso. Major Long mentions that horses are an 
 object of particular value to the Osages. For the 
 purpose of obtaining these animals, which in their 
 wild state preserve all their fleetness, they go in 
 a large party to the country of the Red Canadian 
 River, where they are to be found in considerable 
 numbers. When they discover a gang of the 
 liorses, they distribute themselves into three par- 
 ties, two of which take their stations at dirferent 
 and proper distances on their route, which by pre- 
 vious experience they know the horses will most 
 probably take when endeavouring to escape. 
 This arrangement being completed, the first party 
 commences the pursuit in the direction of their 
 colleagues, at whose position they at length ar- 
 rive. The second party then continues the chase 
 with fresh horses, and pursues the fugitives to 
 the third party, which generally succeeds in so 
 far running them down, as to noose and cap- 
 ture a considerable number of them. 
 
 Immense herds of bison, elks, deer, and other 
 wild animals occupy these vast plains. Of these 
 the bison is the most remarkable from the incred- 
 ible numbers in which they feed together. Some- 
 times 40 sq. m. of territory have been seen com- 
 pletely covered with them. At the period when 
 the Europeans began to make settlements in North 
 America, this animal was occasionally met with 
 on the Atlantic coast; but even then it appears 
 to have been rare to the eastward of the Apala- 
 chian Mountains ; for Lawson has thought it to 
 be a fact worth recording, that two were killed 
 in one season on Cape Fear River. As early as 
 the first discovery of Canada it was unknown in 
 that country. Theodat, whose history of Can- 
 ada was published in 1636, merely says, that he 
 was informed that bulls existed in the remote wes- 
 ern countries. Warden mentions that at no very 
 distant date, herds of them existed in the western 
 part of Pennsylvania, and that as late as the year 
 1766 they were pretty numerous in Kentucky. The 
 bisons wander constantly from place to place 
 either from being disturbed by hunters, or in quest 
 of food. They are much attracted by the soft 
 tender grass, which springs up after a fire has 
 spread over the prairie. In winter they scrape 
 away the snow with their feet, to reach the grass. 
 The bulls and cows live in separate herds for the 
 greater part of the year; but at all seasons, one 
 or two bulls generally accompany a large herd of 
 cows. The bison is in general a shy animal, and 
 takes to flight instantly on winding an enemy, 
 which th« acuteness of its sense of smell enables 
 
 it to do from a great distance. They are less wa 
 ry when they are assembled together in num- 
 bers, and will then often blindly follow their lead- 
 ers, regardless of, or trampling down the hunters 
 posted in their way. It is dangerous for the hun 
 ter to show himself after having wounded one, 
 for it will pursue him, and although its gait may 
 be heavy and awkward, it will have no difficulty 
 in overtaking the fleetest runner. While feed- 
 ing, they are often scattered over a great extent of 
 country, but when they move in a mass, they form 
 
 a dense and almost impenetrable column, which 
 once in motion, is scarcely to be impeded. Their 
 line of march is seldom interrupted even by con- 
 siderable rivers, across which they swim without 
 fear or hesitation, nearly in the order that they 
 traverse the plains. When flying before their 
 pursuers, it would be in vain for the foremost to 
 halt, or attempt to obstruct the progress of the 
 main body, as the throng in the rear still rushes on- 
 ward, the leaders must advance, although destruc- 
 tion awaits the movement. The Indians take ad- 
 vantage of this circumstance to destroy great quan- 
 tities of this favourite game, and certainly no 
 mode could be resorted to more effectually de- 
 tractive, nor could a more terrible devastation be 
 produced, than that of forcing a numerous herd 
 of these large animals, to leap together from the 
 brink of a dreadful precipice, upon a rocky and 
 broken surface, a hundred feet below. 
 
 When the Indians determine to destroy bisons 
 in this way, one of their swiftest footed and most 
 active young men is selected, who is disguised 
 in a bison skin, having the head, ears, and horns 
 adjusted on his own head, so as to make the de- 
 ception very complete, and thus accoutred, he 
 stations himself between the bison herd and some 
 of the precipices that often extend for several miles 
 along the rivers. The Indians surround the herd 
 as nearly as possible, when at a given signal, they 
 show themselves and rush forward with loud 
 yells. The animals being alarmed, and seeing 
 no way open but in the direction of the disjruised 
 Indian, runs towards him, and he taking to flight 
 dashes on to the precipice, where he suddenly 
 secures himself in some previously ascertained 
 crevice. The foremost of the herd arrives at the 
 brink — there is no possibility of retreat, no chance 
 of escape; the foremost may for an instant shrink 
 with terror, but the crowd behind, who are terri- 
 fied by the approaching hunters, rush forward 
 with increasing impetuosity, and the aggregated 
 force hurls them successively Into the gulf where 
 certain death awaits them. 
 
 The grizzly bear is a native of this territory 
 
 and is the most ferocious of all hi« tribe. He is twice 
 
 as large as the black bear, with enormously large 
 
 paws and teeth. He is the monarch of the Rocky 
 
 2u 2 
 
MIS 
 
 510 
 
 MOB 
 
 Mountains as the lion k of the deserts of Africa. 
 The Indians regard him with the utmost terror. 
 
 His enormous strength enables him to kill and 
 drag away a bison, whom he buries in a pit dug 
 for the purpose. His extreme tenacity of life ren- 
 ders him still more dangerous ; for he can endure 
 repeated wounds which would be instantaneously 
 mortal to other beasts, and in that state, can rap- 
 idly pursue his enemy. So that the hunter who 
 fails to shoot him through the brain, is placed in 
 the most perilous situation. 
 
 One evening the men ir the hindmost of one 
 of Lewis and Clark's canoes perceived one of these 
 bears lying in the open ground about three hun- 
 dred pace s°from the river; and six of them, who 
 were all good hunters, went to attack him. Con- 
 cealing Themselves by a small eminence, they 
 were able to approach within 40 paces unperceiv- 
 ed ; four of the hunters now fired, and each lodged 
 a ball In his body, two of which passed directly 
 through the lungs. The bear sprang up and ran 
 furiously with open mouth upon them ; two of 
 the hunters, who had reserved their fire, gave him 
 two additional wounds, and one breaking his 
 shoulder-blade, somewhat retarded his motion. 
 Before they could again load their guns, he came 
 so elope on them, that they were obliged to run 
 towards the river, and before they had gained it 
 the bear had almost overtaken them. Two men 
 jumped into the canoe ; the other four separated 
 and concealing themselves among the willows, 
 fired as fast as they could load their pieces. Se- 
 veral times the bear was struck, but each shot 
 seemed only to direct his fury towards the hun- 
 ter ; at last, he pursued them so closely that they 
 threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped 
 from a perpendicular bank, 20 feet high, into the 
 river. The bear sprang after them, and was very 
 near the hindmost man, when one of the hunters 
 on the shore shot him through the head, and 
 finally killed him. When they dragged him on 
 shore, they found that 8 balls had passed through 
 his body in different directions. On one occa- 
 sion Capt. Lewis was walking at some distance 
 from the river when a liusre bear sprang sudden- 
 
 ly upon him. He had no resource but flight, and 
 •lunging into the river, he hoped thus to escape , 
 >ut tie bear pursued him in the water, and would 
 
 E 
 
 not give up the pursuit, until Capt. Lewis turned 
 round and threatened him with a spear which he 
 had in his hand. He than thought it best to re 
 turn, and fled into the thicket. 
 
 This territory is inhabited by various Indian 
 tribes, the most numerous of which are the Sioux. 
 The whole number of the Indians is estimated 
 at 150,000. The United States have military 
 posts in different parts. It constituted a portion 
 of the great territory of Louisiana purchased of 
 the French. 
 
 Missouri, towns in Clark and Hempstead Cos 
 Arkansas. 
 Missouriton, a town in Howard Co. Missouri. 
 Mistaken Cape, the S. point of the eastern-most 
 ol the Hermit Islands, about 9 m. £. N. E. oi 
 Cape Horn. 
 
 Mistaken Point, a promontory on the W. of Cape 
 Race, at the S. E. point of the island of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 Mistassin, Lake, a laKe of New Britain, lying 
 E. of the S. part of James' Bay, and surrounded 
 by mountains called the Great Mistassins. It is 
 above 250 m. in circuit, of a very irregular shape, 
 being much intersected by long and narrow pro- 
 jections of land, and contains several islands. It 
 is formed of the Mistassin and other rivers from 
 the mountains, and its outlet is the river Rupert 
 Mistretta, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 50 m. E. S. E. of Palermo 
 
 Mitcham, a village in Surrey, Eng. 7 m. S. W. 
 of London. It is seated on the Wandle, on which 
 are some snuff-mills and calico-printing manu- 
 factories. 
 
 Mitcheldcan, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 seated at the N. extremity of the forest of Dean, 
 12 m. W. of Gloucester and 116 W. by N. of 
 London. 
 
 Mitchelstoien, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Cork, with a college for 12 decayed gentlemer 
 and 16 gentlewomen. It is 23 m. N. E. of Cork 
 and 26 S. S. E. of Limerick. 
 
 Mittau, a town of Russia, capital of the govern- 
 ment of Courland, the residence of Louis XVIII 
 for several years during his exile. The walls and 
 moats of the town are decayed, the houses, for the 
 most part, have no particular elegance ; and a 
 great many gardens and open places are contain- 
 ed within its circuit. Here are two Lutheran 
 churches, a beautiful Calvinist church, and a 
 Catholic church. It is seated on the Aa, 45 m. E. 
 of Goldingen and 270 N. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 
 23. 50. E., lat. 50. 40. N. 
 
 Mittenwald, a town of Siberia, on the Neisse, 
 18 m. S. of Glatz. 
 
 Mittenwald, a town of Bavaria, capital of the 
 county of Werdenfels ; seated on the Iser, 12 m 
 N. of Inspruck. 
 
 Mitterburg, a town of Austrian Illyria, with a 
 castle on a rock, 30 m. S. E. of Trieste 
 
 Mobile, p.t. Mobile Co. Alabama, and tne only 
 considerable town in the state. It stands on the 
 W. side of a large bay to which it gives its name, 
 and has a good trade principally in the exporta- 
 tion of cotton. Steam-boats ply between this place 
 and New Orleans, as well as the towns on the 
 river above Mobile. This town was founded by 
 the Spaniards about the year 1700. The yellow 
 fever is often prevalent here Lat. 30. 37. N. lonff. 
 88. 18. W. Pop. 3,194 
 
 Mobile, a river of Alabama, formed by the junc 
 tion of the Alabama and Tombeckbee, 40 m. above 
 the town of Mobile. It enters Mobile Bay by 
 several channels. The western channel is.called 
 
MOE 
 
 511 
 
 MOH 
 
 the Mobile ; the eastern i» called the Tensaw, and 
 has the greatest width and depth. Mobile Bay 
 is 30 m. long and 12 broad; it has two entrances 
 from the Gulf of Mexico, the deepest of which 
 1 as 18 feet of water. 
 
 Mobile, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,265. Mo- 
 bile is the capital. 
 
 Mocaru.nga, or Mocara, a kingdom on the E. 
 coast of Africa, erroneously called Monomotapa, 
 which is the title of the monarch. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Monomugi, E. by the Mosambique, 
 S. by Sofala and Manica, and W. by unknown 
 regions. It has several rivers, of which the Zam- 
 bera is the chief; is fertile in rice, millet, and 
 sugar-canes, which last grow without cultivation ; 
 and the pastures feed vast multitudes of cattle, 
 especially of the largest sorts, but not any horses. 
 There are a great many ostriches, wild beasts, and 
 elephants; and several mines of gold and silver. 
 The natives possess all the characteristics of the 
 African negro. Their houses are built of wood, 
 and covered with plaster; but they have few 
 towns. Madrogan is the capital. 
 
 Mocaumpour, or Mockwanpore, a town of Hin- 
 doostan. capital of a district of the same name 
 subject to the rajah of Nepaul. It is situate on the 
 E. side of the Nepaul, 48 m. S. S. E. of Cat- 
 mandu and 136 N. of Patna. Long. 85. 20. E., 
 lat. 27. 30. N. 
 
 Mocha, or Moka, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 
 seated on a small bay of the Red Sea, near the 
 strait of Babelmandel. On each of the points of 
 land, which enclose the road, is a fort ; but they 
 are wretched structures. The town is of a circu- 
 lar form, surrounded by a wall in which are six 
 gates. It stands in a dreary plain, bounded by 
 mountains, and consisting entirely of arid sand. 
 The English, from Hindoostan, at present engross 
 almost exclusively the trade of this place, which 
 is very considerable, especially in coffee. 140 m. 
 S. S. W. of Sana and 638 S. S. E. of Mecca. 
 Long. 44. 25. E., lat. 13. 10. N. 
 
 Modbury, a town in Devonshire, Eng. with a 
 manufacture of plush. It has a spacious church 
 and two meeting-houses, and is seated between 
 two hills, 36 m. S. S. W. of Exeter and 208 W. 
 S. W. of London. 
 
 Modena, or Modenese, a duchy of Italy, bound- 
 ed on the W. by Parma, N. by the Po, E. by the 
 papal states, and S. by the Apennines. It now in- 
 cludes the principalities of Massa and Carrara, 
 and contains an area of 2,060 sq. m. with 370,000 
 inhabitants. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, 
 and fruits of different kinds. It also feeds a great 
 number of cattle. 
 
 Modena, the capital of the Modenese, and a 
 bishop's see, with a citadel and a magnificent col- 
 lege. The cathedral, several of the churches, and 
 some of the monasteries, are handsome structures. 
 The ducal palace is richly furnished and contains 
 fine paintings. The inhabitants of Modena, esti- 
 mated at 30,000 carry on manufactures of hemp, 
 woolens, glass, leather, &c. It is seated between 
 the rivers Secchia and Panaro, 30 m. E. S. E. of 
 Parma and 60 N. N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 
 12. E.j lat. 44. 34. N. 
 
 Modica, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, capi- 
 tal of a district cf its name ; seated near the river 
 Scieli, 10 m. W. of Noto. 
 
 Modon, a strong town of the Morea, and a 
 bishop's see, with a safe harbour. It is seated on 
 a promontory, projecting into the sea of Sapienza, 
 15 m. W. of Coron. Long. 21. 31. E., lat. 36. 53. N. 
 
 Moers. See Mcurs. 
 
 Moeskirck, a town of Bavaria, 18 m. N. of Con 
 stance. 
 
 Moffat, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries-shire, 
 near the river Annan, encompassed on all sides, 
 except the S. by hills of different heights. Its 
 delightful situation and its mineral springs attract 
 much company. 20 m. N. by E. of Dumfries and 
 50 S. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Moffat Hills, the highest mountains of the S. 
 of Scotland, on the N. border of Dumfries-shire. 
 Hartfel, the most elevated, is 2,300 feet above the 
 level of the sea. They feed numerous flocks of 
 sheep ; and from them descend, in different dirpc- 
 tions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sour 
 ces are but little distant from each other. 
 
 Mogador, a town of the empire of Morocco, 
 with a harbour for vessels of a middling size. It 
 is the emporium of all the foreign, and "indeed of 
 the entire trade of Morocco, and contains 10, 
 000 inhabitants. The town is surrounded by 
 walls, with batteries, and at high tides is almost 
 encompassed by the sea The streets are all in 
 straight lines and contain a great number of hand- 
 some houses. The port is formed by a channel, 
 between the mainland and an island above a mile 
 in length. It is 180 m. W N. W. of Morocco 
 Long. 0. 35. W., lat. 31. 28. N. 
 
 Mohats, a town of Lower Hungary, in the coun • 
 ty of Burany. Here Louis, the last king of Hun- 
 gary, was defeated in 1526, by the Turks under 
 Soliman II., with the loss of 22,000 men, and after 
 the battle was suffocated by the fall of his horse in 
 a muddy brook. In 1687 the Turks were defeated 
 by prince Charles of Lorrain, with the loss of 10, 
 000 men, their cannon, and baggage. It is seated 
 at the conflux of the Corasse with the Danube, 
 23 m. N. by E.of Esseck. 
 
 Mohawk River, a river of New York, which ris- 
 es 40 in. E. of Lake Ontario, and, after receiving 
 many tributary streams, enters Hudson River, 10 
 m. above Albany. About 3 m. above its junction 
 with the Hudson it has a cataract, where the 
 stream, 100 yards wide, falls perpendicularly 
 about 70 feet. 
 
 Mohaick, a village on the Ouse or Grand riv- 
 er, U.C., and the principal settlement of the Six 
 Nations of Indians. 
 
 Mohegan, a village of New London Co. Conn, 
 on the Thames, 5 m. below Norwich. It is in- 
 habited by a remnant of the Mohegan Indians. 
 
 Mohiecan, on Mohccan, p.t. Wayne Co. Ohio, 
 on a creek of the same name. 80 m. N. E. Co- 
 lumbus. Pop. 1.310. 
 
 Mohila, one of the Comoro Islands, between 
 the N. end of Madagascar and the continent of 
 Africa. The inland parts are mountainous and 
 woody. Some of the inhabitants are Mahomedans, 
 who have a few wretched mosques, built of wood 
 and straw without, and matted neatly within. 
 This island produces plenty of rice, peas, honey, 
 cocoa-nuts, plantains, various fruits and sugar- 
 canes. It has a good road for ships. Long. 43. 59. 
 E.. lat. 12. 35. S. 
 
 Mohihf, or Megilev, a considerable government 
 of the Russian empire, to the E. of the govern- 
 ment of Minsk. Its area is 18,500, sq. m., and 
 its pop. about 800,000, of whom the majority are 
 Poles. 
 
 Mohilef, the capital of the above government, 
 is the seat of the government officers, and the resi- 
 dence of a Greek and a Catholic archbishop, and 
 has a castle, surrounded with an earthen mound. 
 The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade with 
 Dantzic, Riga, and Memel. In July, 1812, a w 
 
MOL 
 
 512 
 
 MOL 
 
 vere battle was fought in the neighbourhood 
 of tl is place between the French and the Rus- 
 sians. It is situate on the Dnieper, 340 m. 
 E. N. E. of Warsaw and 3G4 S. of Petersburg. 
 Long. 30. 14. E., hit. 53. 52. N. 
 
 Mohrin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 18 
 m. N. N. W.of Custrin. 
 
 Mohrwngen, a town of Prussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Konigsberg, situate on a lake of the same 
 name, which almost surrounds it. Here is an 
 old castle, formerly a convent, belonging to the 
 knights of the Teutonic order, in consequence of 
 whose wars the town has frequently suffered. It 
 is 5G in. S. S. W. of Konigsberg and 50 S. E. of 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Moilah, a town and fort of Arabia Petrea, on 
 the coast of the Red Sea, 130 m. S. of Acaba and 
 130 N. W. of Medina. Long. 33. 50. E., lat. 27. 
 30. N. 
 
 Moira, a township of Franklin Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 791 . 
 
 Moirans, a town of France, department of Isere, 
 25 ro. S. E. of Vienne. 
 
 Moissac.a. town of France, department of Tarn- 
 et-Garonne, with a trade in corn and flour; situ- 
 ated on the Tarn, near its confluence with the 
 Garonne, 18 m. N. W. of Montauban. 
 
 Mola di Bari, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of 
 Bari. 
 
 Mola di Gaela, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavora, seated near the sea, 3 m. N. E. of 
 Gaeta. 
 
 Mold, a town of Wales, in Flintshire. It is sur- 
 rounded bv rugged hills, rich in mineral treas- 
 ures. 5 m.S. of Flint and 201 N. W. of London. 
 
 Moldaria, a province of Turkey in Europe, 
 bounded N. by Austrian Poland, E. by Russia. S. 
 by Turkey, and W. by Transylvania. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Danube, Pruth, and Sereth. 
 The W. part is mountainous, and there are some 
 uncultivated deserts ; but it abounds in good pas- 
 tures, which feed a great number of horses, oxen, 
 and sheep ; it also produces corn, pulse, honey, 
 wax, fruits, with plenty of game and fowls. The 
 sovereign, who is styled hospodar, is tributary to 
 the grand seignior. Jassy is the principal town. 
 
 Mole, a port of St. Domingo. See Nicholas, 
 St. 
 
 Molfetta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 seated on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. W. by N. of 
 Bari. 
 
 Molicrcs, a town of France, department of Tarn- 
 et-Garonne, 11m. N. of Mont Auban. 
 
 Molina, a strong town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 seated on a river of the same name, in a territory 
 abounding in pastures, 108 m. E. N. E. of Madrid. 
 
 Molise, a province of Naples, in the form of a 
 triangle, whose sides are 39 m. long, lying be- 
 tween Terra di Lavoro, Abruzzo Citra, Capitanata, 
 and Principato Ultra. It is a mountainous coun- 
 try, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron, and silk. 
 It suffered much damage by an earthquake in 
 1805, when upwards of 20,000 of the inhabitants 
 perished. 
 
 Molise, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 with a castle. 50 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Long. 
 14. 43. E., lat. 41. 36. N. 
 
 Mollen, a strong town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Lauenburg, seated on the Steckenitz, 8 m. S. 
 of Lubec. 
 
 Molsheim, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Rhine, seated on the Brusch, 10 m. W. of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Moluccas, or Spice Islands, a number of islands 
 in the Indian Ocean, lying E. of Celebes. They 
 include those from Mortay in the N. to Banda in 
 the S., and from Mysol in the E. to Bouro in the 
 W. The other principal ones are Gilolo, Ceram, 
 Amboyna, Ouby, Ternate, Tidore, Motir, Machi 
 an, and Bachian. Except Gilolo, they produce 
 neither corn, rice, nor cattle, but they have 
 orano-es, lemons, and other fruits ; and are most 
 remarkable for spices, especially cloves and nut- 
 megs. On the shores there are large rocks of 
 coral, of great variety and beauty. 
 
 The clove tree, (now called by botanists Euge- 
 nia car yophijl lata,) is about forty or fifty feet high, 
 with long pointed leaves like those of the laurel. 
 Some compare its appearance to that of the beech. 
 At the beginning of the wet season in May, it 
 throws out a profusion of leaves. Soon after, the 
 germs of the fruit are to be seen at the extremities 
 of the shoots, and in four months the cloves ar« 
 
 fully formed. The fruit, at first of a green colour, 
 assumes in time a pale yellow, and then a blood 
 red. At this period, it is fit to be used as a spice, 
 consequently this is the clove harvest. But to 
 open sufficiently for the purposes of propagation, 
 it requires three weeks longer; in which period 
 it swells to an extraordinary size, loses much of 
 its spicy quality, and contains a hard nucleus like 
 the seed of the bay. It is now called " the Mo- 
 ther Clove." There are five varieties of this fruit 
 It has a more limited geographical distribution 
 than any other useful plant. It was originally 
 confined to the five Molucca islands, and chiefly 
 to Makian. It had been conveyed to Amboyna 
 a very short time before the arrival of the Portu- 
 guese. Not partial to large islands, it does not 
 grow well in Gilolo, Ceram, Booro, or Celebes. 
 It has been cultivated, and has produced fruit, in 
 the western part of Oceanica. It has also borne 
 fruit, though of inferior quality, for these fifty 
 years in the Mauritius. Even at Amboyna, the 
 tree is not productive before the tenth or twelfth 
 year of its growth, and requires great attention 
 whereas, in the parent islands, it bears in its 
 seventh or eighth year, and requires very little 
 care or culture. It neither thrives near the sea 
 nor on the high hills. The gathering, the drying, 
 and the packing of it, are all as simple operations 
 as possible ; and very little care is required for 
 its preservation as an article of commerce. 
 
 The most remarkable animals in these islands 
 are the barbiroussa, the opossum, the phalanger, 
 the Indian jerboa, and the chevrotain or Moschus 
 pygmaeus. There are but few domestic animals. 
 The eye is delighted with the magnificent plum- 
 age of some of the birds, such as the bird of para 
 
MON 
 
 513 
 
 MON 
 
 dise, the fishing martin, the different parroquets, 
 cockatoos, and others. We know little of the 
 minerals of these regions. 
 
 The natives of the Moluccas, before they were 
 visited by foreign nations, attached no value to 
 the vegetable riches which are peculiar to their 
 islands, and which have rendered them at once so 
 celebrated and so unfortunate. The Chinese 
 first accidentally landed in the middle age, and dis- 
 covered the clove and the nutmeg, in consequence 
 of which a taste for these commodities was dif- 
 fused over India, and thence extended to Persia 
 and to Europe. These Islands were discovered in 
 1511, by the Portuguese, who formed some settle- 
 ments 'but were driven out in H>07 by the Dutch, 
 to whom the islands are at present subject. 
 
 Molwitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Brieg, famous for a victory gained by 
 T.he Prussians over the Austrians in 1741. 4 m. 
 W. of Brieg. 
 
 Mombaza, a city on the coast of Zanguebar. 
 It was seated on a peninsula, which has been 
 since turned into an island, by cutting a canal 
 through the isthmus. It is defended by a strong 
 citadel, has a commodious harbour for large ves- 
 sels, and carries on a great commerce with the 
 islands and kingdoms adjacent, in gold, ivory, 
 rice, flesh, &c. The king of Melinda, being a 
 Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese 
 governor, took the castle by assault, turned Ma- 
 homedan, and murdered all the Christians, in 
 1631. In 1729 the Portuguese again became 
 masters of this territory ; but since that time the 
 natives have regained possession of it, and have 
 treated in the most treacherous and hostile man- 
 ner all Christians who have attempted to land. 
 Mombaza is 75 m. S. S. W. of Melinda. Long. 
 39. 30. E., lat. 3. 15. S. 
 
 Momflot, a town of Egypt, with manufactures 
 of linens, seated on the left bank of the Nile, 20 
 m. N. N. W. of Sioub. 
 
 Mompox, a town of New Granada, in the pro- 
 vince of Carthagena, on the left bank of the Mag- 
 dalena, 112 m. S. S. E. of Carthagena. 
 
 Mona, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, to 
 the S. W. of ihe isle of Zealand, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow channel. Stege is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Monacks, p. v. Montgomery Co. Alabama. 
 
 Monaco, a fortified sea-port of Italy, capital of a 
 small principality of the same name, between the 
 country of Nice and the duchy of Genoa. The 
 harbour is good, but not deep enough for large 
 vessels; the principal export is olive oil. It is 
 seated on a craggy rock, that projects into the sea, 
 65 
 
 12 m. E. N. E. of Nice. Long. 7. 30. E., lat. 43. 
 44. N. 
 
 Monaghan, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Ulster, bounded N. by Tyrone, E. by Armagh, 
 S. E. by Louth, S. W. by Cavan, and W. by Fer 
 managh. Its area includes 179,600 Irish acres, 
 part of which is occupied by woods and bogs, and 
 a third part taken up by Lough Erne. A great 
 part is, however, in a high state of cultivation, 
 and the population amounts to about 180,000. It 
 contains five baronies, is divided into 20 parishes, 
 and sends two members to parliament. 
 
 Monaghan, the capital of the foregoing county, 
 was fortified with a castle and a fort, in the reign 
 of queen Elizabeth. It is 40 in. S. W. of Belfast 
 and 60 N. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 49. W., 
 lat. 54. 16. N. 
 
 Monaghan, a township of York Co. Pa. 
 
 Monaster, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, seat- 
 ed near the sea. 70 m. S. E. of Tunis. Lonnr. 
 11. 6. E., lat. 35. 50. N. 
 
 Monasterran, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Kildare, situate on the Barrow, near the nrand 
 canal, 19 m. N. of Carlow and 32 S. W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Monblanc, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on 
 the river Francoli, 17 m. N. of Tarragona. 
 
 Moncallicr, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, seated on an eminence near the Po, 5 
 m. S. E. of Turin. 
 
 Moncalvo, a town of Piedmont, province of 
 Mor.tferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 m. S. W. 
 of Casal and 30 E. of Turin. 
 
 Moncaon, a town of Portugal, in E«tre Douro e 
 Minho^ with a strong castle ; seated near the 
 Minho, 24 m. N. of Braga. 
 
 Monchahon, a city of Birmah, and during a short 
 period its capital, is surrounded by a wall and 
 ditch, but is chiefly celebrated as the birth-place 
 of Arompra, who afterwards became the deliverer 
 of his country and the conqueror of Pegu. It is 
 40 m. N. of Ummerapoora. 
 
 Moncon, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a 
 castle, 6 m. S. of Balbastro and 50 N. E. of Sar- 
 agossa. 
 
 Moncontour, a town of France, department of 
 Cotes du Nord, 12 m. S. S. E. of St. Brieux. 
 
 Monadnock, mountain, usually called the Grand 
 Monadnock, is situated in the towns of Jaffrey 
 and Dublin, in Cheshire Co. N. H. about 22 m. E. 
 from Connecticut river, and 10 N. of the Southern 
 boundary of this state. The direction of the- 
 ridtre is N. E. and S. W. The mountain is about 
 5 m. long from N. to S. and 3 ra. from E. to W. 
 According to Professor Dana, who visited the moun- 
 tain in 1816, its base is 1,452, and its summit 3,450 
 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain is 
 composed of talc, and mica slate, distinctly strati- 
 fied. Garnet, schorl, feldspar, and quartz, occur in 
 various parts. On the E. side, plumbago is found 
 in large quantities. Crucibles and pencils have 
 been manufactured from it, but for the latter, i£ 
 proves not very good. The summit when seen 
 at a distance of 4 or 5 m. appears rounded and 
 destitute of those high cliffs and mural precipices 
 belonging to granitic mountains. The prospect 
 from the pinnacle is very extensive ; thirty 
 ponds of fresh water, some of which are so large 
 as to contain islands of 8 or 10 acres, may be 
 seen from it, in the immediate vicinity. Near the 
 base of the mountain, is the " Monadnock Mineral 
 Spring." 
 
 Moncontour, a town of France, department of 
 Vienne, 27 m. N. W. of Poitiers. 
 
MON 
 
 514 
 
 MON 
 
 Mondego, a river of Portugal, which has its 
 source near Guardo, crosses Beira by Coimbra, 
 and enters the Atlantic, near a cape of the same 
 name. Its banks were the theatre of great mili- 
 tary movements between the French and British 
 in 1810andl811. 
 
 Mondonedo, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, and 
 a bishop's see ; 60 m. N. E. of Compostella and 
 115 N. W. of Leon. Long. 7. 10. W., lat. 43. 30. 
 N. 
 
 Mondovi, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital 
 of a province of its name and a bishop's see. 
 In 1796 the French gained a victory here over the 
 Austrians, which made them masters of the states 
 of the king of Sardinia. It is seated on a moun- 
 tain, near the river Ellero, 14 m. E. of Coni. 
 Long. 8.3. E.,lat. 44. 25. N. 
 
 Mondragon, a town of Spain., in Guipuscoa, near 
 which are some medicinal springs and a famous 
 mine of excellent iron. It is seated on the Deva, 
 24 m. S. S. W. of St. Sebastian. 
 
 Mondragone, a town of Napfes, in Terra di La- 
 voro, celebrated for its medicinal waters. 13 m. 
 N. W. of Capua. 
 
 Monfia, an island on the coast of Zanguebar, to 
 the N. E. of Quiloa, tributary to Portugal. Long - . 
 40.50. E.,lat. 7. 50. S. 
 
 Monflanquin, a town of France, department of 
 Lot-et-Garonne, 20 m. N. N. E. of Agen. 
 
 Monforte, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a 
 castle, 19 m. N. of Orense. 
 
 Monforte, a town of Portugal in Beira, 17 m. 
 S. E. of Castel Branco. 
 
 Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 21 
 m. S. of Portalegra. 
 
 Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- 
 tes, 30 m. W. of Braganza. 
 
 Monghyr, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin- 
 doostan, capital of a district of its name in the 
 province of Bahar, seated on the S. bank of the 
 Ganges, which in the rainy season forms here a 
 prodigious expanse of fresh water. The town, as 
 distinct from the fortress, consists of 16 different 
 bazaars, or market-places, scattered over a space 
 of about a mile and a half long and a mile wide. 
 The population is estimated at 30,000. Since 1816 
 this has formed one of the stations of the Baptist 
 Missionary Society, whose exertions have here 
 been attended with a pleasing degree of success. 
 80 m. E. by S. of Patna and 300 N. W. of Cal- 
 cutta. Long. 86. 36. E., lat. 25. 24. N. 
 
 Mongolia, or Western Chinese Tar tar y, is bound- 
 ed on "the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartary, 
 S. by the Great Wall of China and Leatong, and 
 W. by Independent Tartary, and occupying most 
 of the space between China and Asiatic Russia. 
 Almost the whole territory consists of a level 
 plain, which borders on the Altai and other 
 mountain chains that form the Russian frontier. 
 The inhabitants are decidedly distinguished both 
 from the Turks and Tartars. They have neither 
 towns nor houses ; but wander in hordes, and 
 live under tents, which they remove from one 
 place to another, according as the temperature 
 of the different seasons, or the wants of their 
 flocks, require. They pass the summer on the 
 banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of 
 some mountain or hill which shelters them from 
 the piercing N. wind. Their ideas of honour, per- 
 haps less ridiculous than those of our contempo- 
 raries, induce them rather to be content with the 
 2ooA which their flocks supply them, than culti- 
 vate the earth. During the summer they live 
 >aly on milk, using without distinction that of 
 
 the cow, mare, ewe goat, and camel. Their or- 
 dinary drink is warm water, in which a little 
 coarse tea has been infused ; with this they mix 
 cream, milk, or butter, according to their circum- 
 stances. They have also a method of making a 
 kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk, especially of 
 that of the mare. The Monguls are free, open, and 
 sincere. They pride themselves chiefly on their 
 dexterity in handling the bow and arrow, mount- 
 ing on horseback, and hunting wild beasts. Polig- 
 amy is permitted among them ; but they generally 
 have only one wife. Their religion is confined 
 to the worship of Fo. They have the most su 
 perstitious veneration for their lamas, to whom 
 they give the most valuable of their effects in re- 
 turn for prayers, which they go about reciting 
 from tent to tent. The Monguls are now split into 
 a number of petty states, dependant on the em- 
 pires of Russia and China. Those under tho Chi- 
 nese government may be divided into four prin- 
 cipal tribes, which are the Monguls, properly so 
 called, the Kalkas, the Ortous, and the Tartars 
 of Konkonor. 
 
 Monheim. a town of Bavaria, in Neuburg. 8 m. 
 N. of Donawert. 
 
 Monikendam, a sea-port of the Netherlands, in 
 N. Holland, with manufactures of soap and silk : 
 seated on an arm of the Zuider Zee, 8 m. N. E. 
 of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 38. E., lat. 52. 28. N. 
 
 Monistrol, a town of France, department of Up 
 per Loire, 14 m. S. W. of St. Etienne. 
 
 Monks corner, p. v. Charleston Dis. S. C. 
 
 Monkton, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. 26 m. S. E. Bur 
 lington. Pop. 1,3^4; also a township of Annapo- 
 lis Co. N. C. and Westmoreland Co. N. B. 
 
 Monmouth , a county of New Jersey. Pop. 29- 
 233. Freehold is the capital. 
 
 Monmouth, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 17 m. W 
 Augusta. Pop. 1,882. 
 
 Monmouth, a borough of England, capital of 
 Monmouthshire. It was formerly defended by a 
 wall and ditch ; and contains the ruins of a cas- 
 tle in which the warlike Henry V. was born, 
 hence called Henry ofMonmouth. His cradle and 
 the armour which ne wore at the battle of Agin- 
 court are still shown at Troy House, the seat of 
 the duke of Beaufort, about half a mile from the 
 town. Here are two ancient churches, both cu- 
 rious structures. The inhabitants carry on some 
 trade by means of the Wye, and there are iron 
 and tin works in the neighbourhood. Monmouth 
 is seated at the conflux of the Wye and Minour, 
 25 m. W. of Gloucester and 131 W. by N.of Lon 
 don. 
 
 Monmouthshire, a county of England, 24 m. 
 long and 20 broad. The eastern, and largest 
 part, is a tract fertile in corn and pasture, well 
 wooded, and abounding with limestone. The 
 western portion is mountainous, and in great part 
 unfavourable for cultivation ; whence it is devo- 
 ted to the feeding of sheep and goats. Mon- 
 mouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the 
 counties of Wales ; and from the names of its 
 towns and villages, its mountainous rugged sur- 
 face, and its situation beyond the Wye, which 
 seems to form a natural boundary between Eng- 
 land and Wales in this part, it certainly partakes 
 most of the character of the latter country though 
 now comprehended in the civil division of the 
 former. The higher ranks generally speak Eng- 
 lish, but the common people use the Welsh lan- 
 guage. The chief wealth of the county arises 
 from its agricultural and mineral products. Din- 
 ing the last century a great number of iron work* 
 
MON 
 
 515 
 
 MON 
 
 have been established, and some tin works ; and 
 the inland intercourse has been greatly facilitated 
 by the Brecknock and Monmouthshire canals, as 
 also by the several railways. 
 Monomotapa. See Mocaranga. 
 
 Monongahela, a river of the United States, 
 which rises in Virginia, at the foot of the Laurel 
 Mountains, flows N. by Morgantown, where it 
 becomes navigable, then enters Pennsylvania, and 
 passes by Redstone to Pittsburg, where it meets 
 the Alleghany, and, their united streams assume 
 the name of Ohio. 
 
 Monongalia, East and West, two counties of the 
 W. district of Virginia. Pop. E. 6,683, W. 7,363. 
 Morgantown is the capital of both. 
 
 Monopoli, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 on the coast of the gulf of Venice, 23 m. E. S. E. 
 ot Bari. 
 
 Monpazier, a town of France, department of 
 Dordogne, seated on the Drot, 18 m. S. W. of 
 Sarlat. 
 
 Monqucgna, or Monquequa, a town of Peru, in 
 the bishopric of Arequipa, capital of a territory 
 of its name, adorned with large vineyards. Its 
 whole commerce is in wine and brandy, which are 
 greatly valued. 100 m. S. E. of Arequipa. 
 Long." 71. 40. E., lat. 17. 34. S. 
 
 Momreale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara. 
 It is an archbishop's see, and the cathedral is an 
 admired specimen of Gothic architecture. 3 m. 
 W. S. W. of Palermo. 
 
 Monroe, a county of New York. Pop. 49,862. 
 Rochester is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis- 
 trict of Virginia. Pop. 7,798. Union is the cap- 
 ital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 8,770. Woodsfield 
 is the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 6,578. 
 Bloominarton is the capital ; a county of Ken- 
 tucky. Pop. 5,125. Tompkinsville is the capi- 
 tal ; a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 13,709. 
 Madisonville is capital ; a county of Illinois. 
 Pop 2,119. Waterloo is the capital ; a county of 
 Michigan. Pop. 3,187. Monroe is the capital ; 
 a county of Florida. Pop. 517. Key West is 
 the capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 3,855. 
 Hamilton is the capital ; a county of Alabama. 
 Pop. 8,730. Clairborne is the capital ; also a 
 county of Missouri. 
 
 Monroe, a township of Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 
 1,081. t. Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston. 
 Pop. 2G5 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on the Housa- 
 tonic. Pop. 1,522; p.t Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 3,671. Also towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Brad- 
 ford and Bucks Cos. Pa., Warren Co. N. C , Wal- 
 ton Co. Geo., Monroe Co. Michigan., Overton Co. 
 Ten.. Lincoln Co. Missouri, and 19 towns in 
 Ohio'. 
 
 Monroelown, p. v. Pittsylvania Co. Va. 166 m. 
 S. W. Richmond. 
 
 Monroevillc, p. v. Huron Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Monrovia, a flourishing town on the coast of 
 Africa, founded by the Americans. It is the cap- 
 ital of a district named Liberia. It contains a 
 public library, a court-house, meeting-houses, 
 school houses, an infirmary, &c. The houses are 
 constructed of the same materials and finished in 
 the same style as in the towns of the United 
 States. In the vicinity good building stone, 
 shells for lime, and excellent clay for bricks, 
 abound. Timber of various kinds, fit for all the 
 purposes of building and fencing, is also plenti- 
 ful. See Liberia. 
 
 Mons, a strong town of the Netherlands, capital 
 of Hainault. The most remarkable buildings are 
 
 the castle, the arsenal, the townhouse, and the 
 great church. It is a place of good trade, has 
 considerable manufactures of woolen stuffs, cot- 
 tons, lace, earthenware, &c, as also iron founderies 
 and salt works, and contains 25,000 inhabitants. 
 Mons has been several times taken by the French, 
 Dutch and Austrians. It stands partly on a hill 
 and partly on a plain, on the river Trouille, 30 m. 
 S. S. W. of Brussels. Lono-. 3. 57. E., lat. 50. 
 27. N. 
 
 Monsaraz, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 
 seated on the Guadiana, 25 m. S. W. of Elvas. 
 
 Monsol, a town of Guinea, in the country of 
 Anziko, the residence of the Micoco, or kino-. 
 380 in. N. E. of St. Salvador. Lon<r. 17. 16. E\, 
 lat. 0. 40. S. 
 
 Monson, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 411. 
 
 Monson, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 72 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,264. Here are some manufac- 
 tures of cotton and woolen. 
 
 Montague, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. on the Con- 
 necticut, 90 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,152. Here 
 are falls in the river round which a canal passes ; 
 p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 93 m. N. Trenton ; p. v. 
 Essex Co. Va 72 m N. E. Richmond. 
 
 Monstiers. See Mousliers. 
 
 Mont Blanc, a stupendous mountain of the 
 Pennine Alps, in Savoy, so called from its white 
 appearance. It is supposed to be highest in Eu- 
 rope, being 15,673 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Mont Davphin, a town of France, department 
 of Upper Alps, seated on a craggy mountain al- 
 most surrounded by the Durance, 16 m. S. of 
 Briangpn. 
 
 Mont de Marsan, a town of France, capital of 
 the department of Landes. seated on the Midouse, 
 30 m. N. E. of Dax. Lo'nsr. 0. 30. W., lat. 43. 
 55. N. 
 
 Mont St. Michel, a strong town of France, de- 
 partment of Manche, built on a rock in the sea, 
 which is accessible at low water. 10 m. S. W. of 
 A vr inches. Long. 1. 30. W , lat. 48. 37. N. 
 
 Montabaur, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau, with a fine palace, 7 m. N. of Nassaii. 
 
 Montagu. Island, one of the New Hebrides, in 
 the S. Pacific, near Sandwich Island Long. 168 
 31. E., lat. 17. 26. S. 
 
 Montagu [stand, an island in the N. Pacific. •"() 
 m. long and 12 broad, near the W. coast of N 
 America, at the entrance of Prince William 
 Sound. Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 60. 0. N. 
 
 Montaigu, a town of France, department of Ven 
 dee, 18 m. S. S. E. of Nantes. 
 
 Montaigu, a town of France, department of Puv 
 de Dome, 33 m. N. N. W. of Clermont. 
 
 Montaigu, or Scktrpcnheuel, a town of tlie 
 Netherlands, in S. Brabant, famous for an imaire 
 of the Virgin, visited by a great number of jiTl- 
 grims. 14 m. N. E. of Louvain. 
 
 Montalegre, a town of Portugal, in Tras os 
 Montes, 25 m. N. E. of Braga and 42 W. of Bra- 
 ganza. 
 
 Montalvan, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a 
 strong citadel, seated on the Rio Martin, 41 m. S. 
 of Saragossa and 92 N. by W. of Valencia. 
 
 Montalvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo 
 on the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. N. E. of Por- 
 talegre and 108 from Lisbon. 
 
 Montargis, a town of France, department of 
 Loiret, adjacent to the river Loinc, from m ■hiel- 
 a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. It is-- 
 seated near a fine forest, 15 m. S. of Nemoure 
 and 62 S. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Montauban, a town of France, department of 
 
MON 
 
 516 
 
 MON 
 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, with a celebrated Protestant 
 university. It is the see of a bishop, restored in 
 1817. Here are manufactures of silk stockings, 
 stuffs, serges, shalloons, &c. This town was 
 taken from the Huguenots in 1629, and the forti- 
 fications were demolished. In the reign of Louis 
 XIV. it was depopulated by the dragonnades, and 
 in 1815 it suffered much from a persecution rais- 
 ed against the Protestants by an infuriated rabble. 
 It is seated on an eminence, on the river Tarn, 20 
 m. N. of Toulouse and 30 S. of Cahors. 
 
 Montbeliard, a town of France, department of 
 Doubs, with a castle on a rock. It has a gjod 
 trade in linen, leather, and cutlery, and near it is 
 a considerable iron mine. It is seated at the con- 
 fluence of the Savoureuse with the Luzine, which 
 soon after joins the Doubs, 10 m. S. S. W. of Be- 
 fort and 47 N. E. of Besangon. Long. 6. 56. E., 
 lat. 47. 30. N. 
 
 Montlrison, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Loire, celebrated for its medicinal 
 waters. It is seated on the Vezize, 40 m. W. S. 
 W. of Lyons Long. 4. 7. E., lat. 45. 34. N. 
 
 Monldidier, a town of France, department of 
 Somme, seated on a mountain, 22 m. S. S. E. of 
 Amiens and 58 N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Monte Alcino, a town of Tuscany, famous for 
 producing the best wine in Italy, called Mus- 
 catella dfMonte Alcino. It is 24 m. S. S. E. of 
 Sienna. 
 
 Monte Alto, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 14 m. S- 
 S. W. of Fermo. 
 
 Monte Christo, a town, river, bay, and cape on 
 the N. side of St. Domingo. The cape is a high 
 hill, in the form of a tent, called by the French 
 Cape la Grange. Long. 71. 50. W., lat. 19. 54. 
 N. — Also a chain of mountains in St. Domingo, 
 extending from Monte Christo Bay to the bay of 
 Samaria, 
 
 Monte Falco, a town of Italy, in the papal 
 states, near the river Clitumno, 12 m. W. of 
 Spoleto. 
 
 Monte Fiascone, a town of Italy, in the papal 
 states, near the lake Bolsena, 12 m. N. N. W. of 
 Viterbo. 
 
 Monte Fossoli, a town of Tuscany, in the Pisano, 
 18 m. E. by N. of Leghorn. 
 
 Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 tra, and a bishop's see, 12 m. N. N. E. of Nico- 
 tera. 
 
 Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Ultra, 9 m. N. of Benevento. 
 
 Monte Marano, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Ultra, near the river Cahore, 18 m. S. of Bene- 
 vento. 
 
 Montre Peloso, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 
 near the river Basiento, 14 m. E. of Acerenza. 
 
 Monte Santo. See Atlws. 
 
 Monte Verde, a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Ultra, 16 m. N. E. of Conza. 
 
 Monte Video, a sea-port of Banda Oriental, at the 
 mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and the capital of 
 the territory. The town is surrounded by a strong 
 wall, and the principal trade consists in hides. 
 It is seated at the foot of a lofty conical moun- 
 tain, on the N. side of the river, 140 m. E. of Bue- 
 nos Ayres. Long. 53. 25. W., lat. 34. 35. S. 
 
 Montechio, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro- 
 vince of Brescia, near which the French defeated 
 the Austrians in 1796. 10 m. S. E. of Brescia. 
 
 Montego Bay, a sea-port, on a bay of the same 
 name, on the N. side" of the island of Jamacia. 
 Long. 78. 0. W., lat. 18. 30. N. 
 Montelimart a town of France, department of 
 
 Drome, with an ancient citadel, and manufac- 
 tures of wool, silk, and leather. It is seated in a 
 fertile plain, near the Rhone, 25 ra. S. of Valence 
 and 50 N. of Avignon. 
 
 Montemor o Novo, a town of Portugal, in Alem- 
 tejo, on the Canna, 15 m. W. N. W. of Evora and 
 55 E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Montemor o Velho, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 
 with a castle, seated on the Mondego, 106 m. N. 
 by E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Montereau, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, celebrated for a battle fought here 
 on the 17th of February 1814, between the allies 
 and the French, in which the former were defeat- 
 ed with great loss. It has a trade in corn, tfcc, 
 and is seated on the Seine, at the influx of the 
 Yonne, 15 m. S. E. of Melun. 
 
 Monterey, a sea-port of New Albion, in a juris- 
 diction of its name. It comprehends an area of 
 300 yards long by 250 wide, is walled round, and 
 has a fort, with a small kind of blockhouse a lit- 
 tle above the top of the wall, at each corner of 
 the square. It stands on the S. E. part of a spa 
 cious bay of its name. Lono-. 121. 34. W.. lat. 37 
 6. N. 
 
 Montcso. a town and fortress of Spain, in Valen- 
 cia, 9 m. W. S. W. of San Felipe. 
 
 Montesquieu, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne, 15 m.S.S. E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Montesquiou, a town of France, department of 
 Gers,ll m. W. S. W. of Auch. 
 
 Montezuma, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on the Erie 
 canal. 12 m. W. Auburn. 
 
 Montfcrrand, a town of France, now forming a 
 suburb to Clermont, which see. 
 
 Montferrat, a duchy of Italy, forming a part of 
 the Sardinian states, and bounded by Piedmont, 
 the Milanese, and Genoa, from which last it is 
 separated by the Apennines. It i s very fertile 
 and well cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil, 
 and silk. 
 
 Montfort, a town of France, in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, 16 m. W. of Versailles. 
 
 Montfort, a town of France, department of Ille- 
 et-Vilaine, 12 m. W. ofRennes. 
 
 Montfort, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 Utrecht, seated on the Yssel, 7 m. S. W. of 
 Utrecht. 
 
 Montfort, a town of the Austrian States, in Ty- 
 rol. 6 in. N. ofFeldkirch. 
 
 Montgatz, or Munkacs, a town of Hungary, with 
 a fortress, composed of three castles, seated on a 
 craggy rock. It is encompassed by a great mo- 
 rass ; and was defended three years by the wife 
 of count Tekeli, the leader of the Hungarian mal- 
 contents, near the close of the seventeenth century. 
 It is 152 m. E. S. E. of Cracow. Lonjr. 21. 55. 
 E., lat. 48. 26. N. 
 
 Montgomery, a county of New York Pop. 43, 
 595. Johnstown is the capital ; a county of the E 
 Districtof Pennsylvania. Pop. 39,404. Norristown 
 is the capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 19, 
 816. Rockville is the capital ; a county of the 
 W. district of Virginia. Pop. 12,304. Christians 
 burg is the capital, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,252 
 Dayton is the capital, a county of Kentucky 
 Pop. 10,221. Mount Sterling is the capital ; a 
 county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 14,365. Clarkes 
 ville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Pop 
 12,694. Montgomery is the capital ; a county of 
 Missouri. Pop. 3,900. Lewistown is the capital 
 a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,950. Hillsborough if 
 the capital ; a county of Indianna. Pop. 7,386 
 Crawfords ville is the capital. 
 
MON 
 
 517 
 
 MON 
 
 Montgomery, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 460 , 
 p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 12 m. N. W. Spring- 
 field. Pop. 579 ; p.t. Oranjre Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,887. 
 Also towns and villages in Somerset Co. N. 
 J., Montgomery and Franklin Cos. Pa., Rich- 
 mond and Franklin Co. Ohio, and Montgomery 
 Co. Alabama. 
 
 Montgomery, a borough of Wales, capital of 
 Montgomeryshire. Here are the ruins of a cas- 
 tle which was destroyed in the civil wars. Of late 
 years the town has received considerable improve- 
 ments ; the market-house has been enlarged, and a 
 new county gaol erected ; many of the buildings 
 are large and handsome. It stands on the side of 
 a hill, at a short distance from the Severn, 108 m. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Montgomeryshire, a county of Wales, 36 m. 
 long and 34 broad. Though barren and moun- 
 tainous in many parts, it has a greater mixture of 
 fertile vale and plain than several of the Welsh 
 counties. Its riches proceed from its sheep and 
 wool, the hilly tract being almost entirely sheep- 
 walks ; and the flocks, like those of Spain, are 
 driven from distant parts to feed on them during 
 the summer. This county also affords mineral 
 treasures, particularly lead ; and it abounds with 
 slate and lime ; but there is no coal. Its princi- 
 pal rivers are the Plynlimmon, Severn, Vyrnew, 
 and Tannat, all of which are noted for affording a 
 variety offish, particularly salmon. 
 
 Montgomeryville, p. v. Gibson Co. Indiana. 
 
 Montguyon, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente, 43 m. S. S. E. of Saintes. 
 
 Monticello, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 40 m. W. 
 Newburg; p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 35 m. N. Co- 
 lumbia ; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. 32 m. N. W. Mil- 
 ledgeville, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. 10 m. 
 E. Natchez; p.t. Wayne Co. Ken. 100 m. S. Frank- 
 fort ; p.v. Lawrence Co. Arkansas. Also the 
 seat of the late President Jefferson, Albermarle 
 Co. Va. 2 m. E.Charlottesville. 
 
 Montiel, a town of Spain in New Castile, 22 m. 
 W. of Alcaraz and 70 E. S. E. of Calatrava. 
 
 Montignac, a town of France, in the department 
 of Dordogue, on the Vezere, 21 m. E. S. E. of 
 Perigeux. 
 
 MontUla, a town of Spain in Cordova, 18 m. S. 
 S. E. of Cordova. 
 
 Montivillicrs, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Seine, on the small river Lazarde, 6 m. N. 
 of Havre. 
 
 Montjotf, a town of the Prussian province of 
 Lower Rhine, with a fortified castle on a hill ; sit- 
 uate among rugged rocks, 16 m. S. S. E. of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. 
 
 Montlieu, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. of Saintes. 
 
 Mtmtlouis, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Pyrenees, with a regular fortress on a rock, at 
 the foot of the Pyrenees, for the protection of the 
 frontiers. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Perpignan and 
 430 S. of Paris. Long. 2. 5. E., lat. 42. 30. N. 
 
 Montlucon, a town of France, department of A- 
 lier, with manufactures of lace, ribands, serge, 
 &c, seated on the Cher. 35 in. W. S. W. of Mou- 
 lins. 
 
 Montlud,a. town of France, department of Ain, 
 on the Seraine, 9 in. S. E. of Trevoux. 
 
 Montmarault. a town of France, department of 
 Allier, 28 m. S W. of Moulins. 
 
 Montmedy, a town of France, department of 
 Meuse, seated on the river Chiers, which divides 
 it into Upper and Lower Town, 21 m. N. of Ver- 
 dun. 
 
 Montmirel, a town of France, department ol 
 Marne, rendered memorable for two severe bat- 
 tles fought n its vicinity between the French 
 and the allies on the 12th and 14th of February, 
 1814. It is 33 m. W. by S. of Chalons sur Marm; 
 and 55 E. of Paris. 
 
 Monlmorenci, a small stream flowing into the 
 St. Lawrence from the N. 9 m. below Quebec. 
 Here is a beautiful cataract with a perpendicular 
 descent of 240 feet. 
 
 Montmorency, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-0 : se, 10 m. N. of Paris. 
 
 Montmorillon, a town of France, department of 
 Vienne, seated on the Gartempe, 25 m. S. E. of 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Montona, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 
 16 m. E. S. E. of Umago. 
 
 Montpelier, one of the largest, richest, and most 
 beautiful cities of France, in the department of 
 Herault, and a bishop's see, with a university in 
 which is a celebrated school of medicine, and a 
 botanic garden, the first establishment in Europe. 
 Here are also one of the great provincial schools, 
 a special school of medicine erected in 1801, an 
 anatomical theatre, an extensive library, a liter- 
 ary society, &c. The town-house is remarkable 
 for its halls, which are embellished with fine paint- 
 ings. The number of inhabitants is computed at 
 33,000. Its trade consists in silks, blankets, car- 
 pets, cotton goods, gauzes, hides, &c. The air is 
 extremely healthy, and a great number of invalids 
 flock hither from all parts. Montpelier is the seat' 
 of the departmental administration, and is situa- 
 ted on an eminence between the small rivers Lez 
 and Merdanson, about 5 m. from the Mediterra- 
 nean, with which it communicates by the Canal 
 de Grave. 30 m. S. W. of Nismes and 47 N. E. 
 of Narbonne. Long. 3. 58. E., lat. 43. 37. N. 
 
 Montpelier, p.t. Caledonia Co._ Vermont, and 
 the seat of government for the state. It has a 
 central situation on Onion river; the site is low 
 and surrounded by hills. The town has consider- 
 able manufactures and 2 weekly newspapers. 
 Pop. 1,792. 
 
 Montpelier, p.v. Hanover Co. Va. and Rich- 
 mond, Co. N. C. Also the seat of President Madi- 
 son in Orange Co. Va. 
 
 Montreal, a district of Lower Canada, compri- 
 sing the counties of York, Effingham, Leinster, 
 Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey, Bedford, 
 Richelieu, and Montreal. 
 
 Montreal, a fertile island and count}' of Low- 
 er Canada in the river St. Lawrence, 30 m. long 
 and 10 broad ; surrendered by the French to tUe 
 English in 1700. 
 
 Montreal, city, stands on the eastern side of tl»e 
 above island. It makes a fine appearance from adis- 
 tance with its compact mass of buildings, roofed 
 with sheets of tin, and overtopped by church spires 
 glittering with the same metal. Behind it rises 
 a mountain spotted with orchards. The houses 
 are mostly of stone, or plastered to resemble it, 
 and are low with a heavy look ; the streets are 
 narrow. The cathedral is the largest church in 
 North America except that of Mexico ; it is 255 
 feet long and 134 wide and is capable of contain- 
 ing 10,000 people. The college is a large edifice 
 of stone, and has 300 students. The General Hos- 
 pital or Convent of the Grey Sisters was establish- 
 ed in 1753 and is under the management of a Supe- 
 rior and 19 Nuns. The other objects worthy of 
 notice are Nelson's Monument, the Museum, and 
 the Parade, a beautiful public ground. This city 
 is the principal depot of the Northwestern Fur 
 2 X 
 
MOO 
 
 518 
 
 MOR 
 
 Company, and carries on a large trade with 
 the United States. A rapid in the river below, is 
 a great impediment to the commerce with Quebec. 
 Montreal was taken from the French by the En- 
 glish under General Amherst in 1790. In 1775 
 it was taken by the Americans under General 
 Montgomery, but shortly after abandoned. It is 
 120 m. S. YV.'of Quebec, 220 N. by W. of Boston. 
 Lat. 45. 31. N. Long. 73. 35. W. Pop. in 1825, 
 24,000. 
 
 Montreal, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a 
 castle, seated on the Xiloca. 25 m. N. of Albara- 
 cin. 
 
 Montreal, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 and an archbishop's see ; seated on a rivulet, 5 m. 
 W. of Palermo and 50 N. E. of Mazara. 
 
 Montreuil , a strong town of France, department 
 of Pas de Calais, on a hill, near the mouth of the 
 Canche, 20 m. S. E. of Boulogne and 36 S. of 
 Calais. 
 
 Montrenil Belhiy, a town of France, department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, on the Touet. 10 m. S. S. W. 
 of Saumur. 
 
 Montricfiard, a town of France, aepartment of 
 Loir-et-Cher, with a castle : seated near the Cher, 
 12 m. S. E. of Amboise. 
 
 Montrose, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, in 
 Anguss-shire, at the mouth of the S. Esk, over 
 which is a bridge. A little above the town the 
 river expands into a wide lake, called the Basin, 
 into which the tide flows, so that at high water 
 the town is almost surrounded by the sea. Of 
 late years fine quays have been erected, and two 
 light-houses. The harbour is very commodious, 
 and has a dry and wet dock. Here are conside- 
 rable manufactures of canvass ropes, sheeting, 
 linen, and thread. The salmon fisheries on the 
 ST. and S. Esk form a valuable brancli of com- 
 merce. 
 
 Montrose, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. and a vil- 
 lage in Cumberland Co. N. C. 
 
 Montsauche, a town of France, department of 
 Nievre, 15 m. N. E. of Chateau-Chinon. 
 Montserrado. See Mesurado. 
 Montscrrat,n.mo\inta.\n of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 on which is a monastery with a chapel, dedicated 
 to the Virgin, resorted toby numbers of pilgrims. 
 It is 26 m. N. W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Montserrat, one of the Leeward Carribee Isl- 
 ands, discovered by Columbus, and so named by 
 him from its resemblance to the mountain men- 
 tioned in the preceding article. It is about 9 m. 
 in length and breadth; and the hills are covered 
 with cedar and other trees. It belongs to the 
 English, and is 30 m. S. W. of Antigua. Long. 61. 
 7. W., lat. 16. 48. N. 
 
 Montville, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 30 m. N. E. Wis- 
 casset. Pop. 1,743; p.t. New London Co. Conn. 
 9 m. N. W. New London. Pop. 1,967. 
 
 Monza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- 
 ernment of Milan, famous for the treasury of St. 
 John the Baptist, where among other things, is 
 the iron crown of the kingdom of Lombardy. 
 Charlemagne was crowned here with it in 1774 
 and Napoleon in 1805. It is seated on the Lam- 
 bro,8m. N. E. of Milan. 
 
 Mooers, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. Pop. of the 
 town and Ellenburgh, 1,222. 
 
 Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, 
 extending from W. Africa, through Abyssinia, to 
 the Indian Sea. They are higher than those of 
 Atlas 
 
 Moon, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. 
 Moore, a township of Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Moore, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,753> 
 Carthage is the chief town. 
 
 Mooresborough, p. v. Rutherford Co. N. C. 
 Moorsburg, p. v. Columbia Co. Pa. 
 Moor stoicn, p. v. Burlington Co. N J. 9 m. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Moorsville, p. v. Limestone Co. Alabama. 130 
 m. N. Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Moorjield, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio ; a township 
 of Clark Co. Ohio ; and a village in Nicholas Co. 
 Ken. 45 m. N. E. Frankfort. 
 
 Moorjield , p.t. Hardy Co. Va. 53 m. S. W. Win 
 Chester. 
 
 Moorsburg, a village of Hawkins Co. Ten "t? 
 m. N. E. Knoxville. 
 
 Moorshedabad , a city of Hindoostan, the capital 
 of Bengal before the establishment of the English 
 power. It is seated near the western arm of the 
 Ganges, 112 m. N. of Calcutta. Lor.g. 89. 15. 
 E., lat. 24. 12. N. 
 
 Moosehead Lake, in Somerset Co. Maine ; it is 
 25 m. in length and from 3 to 15 in width. It is 
 the chief source of Kennebec River. 
 
 Mooshelock, commonly called Moose liillock. a 
 mountain in Coventry. Grafton Co. N. H. 4.636 
 feet in height. 
 
 MootapU.li/, a town of Hindoostan, in the Gun- 
 toor circar, at the mouth of the Gondewama. 
 Long. 80. 10. E., lat. 15. 35. N. 
 
 Moouchua, a province of Peru, bounded by tnose 
 of Lampa, Puno, Chucuico, Arica, and Arequipa 
 The chief products are wine, fruits, and olives. 
 The capital, of the same name, is situate in a fer- 
 tile valley, at the foot of the Cordillera, 70 m. S. 
 of Arequipa. 
 
 Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on the 
 Odivor, 29 m. N. W. of Evora 
 
 Mora, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the 
 Ebro. 18 m. N. of Tortosa. 
 
 Mora, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 m 
 S. E. of Toledo. 
 
 Morant Point, a promontory on the E. coast of 
 Jamaica. Long. 75. 56. W., lat. 17. 56. N. 
 
 Morat, or Murten, a town of Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Friburg, with a castle. It stands on the 
 S. E. side of a lake of its name, lying parallel 
 with the lake of Neufchatel, into which it flows 
 by the Broyne. This town sustained a siege 
 against the duke of Burgundy, in 1476, in which 
 his whole army was destroyed. 10 m. N. E. of 
 Friburg 
 
 Moratalaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22 
 m. E. of Ciudad Real. 
 
 Moratalla, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 34 in. S. 
 S. W. of Chincmlla. 
 
 Morava, a large river of Servia, which rises in 
 Bulgaria, and, running through Servia by Nissa, 
 joins, the Danube at Semendria. 
 
 Moravia, a province of the Austrian empire, 
 bounded N. and W. by Bohemia, E. by Hungary, 
 and S. by Austria Proper. With Austrian Sile- 
 sia, now annexed to it, its area is upwards of 
 10,000 sq. m. and its population 1,680,000. It is 
 intersected by mountain ranges, but the most 
 lofty ridges are diversified with fertile valleys and 
 extensive plains, and it is watered bj* a great 
 number of rivers and brooks. More corn is 
 grown than the inhabitants consume, and much 
 hemp and flax are raised. The principal manu 
 factures are woolens, linen, cotton, iron, glass, 
 paper, and gunpowder. From this country a sect 
 of Christians takes its name, their doctrines hav 
 ing been first taught here ; but the inhabitants in 
 general are Roman Catholics. B>-unn is the camtal 
 
MOR 
 
 519 
 
 MOR 
 
 Moravian Village, a village in Upper Canada, 
 on the Thames, between Lakes Huron and Erie. 
 70 m. E. Detroit. It is inhabited by about 1G0 
 Indians, and their pastors, the Moravian mission- 
 aries. Here General Harrison defeated the Brit- 
 ish in 1813. 
 
 Moraw, or Marsch, a river of the Austrian 
 states, which rises in the mountains between Bo- 
 hemia and Silesia, crosses Moravia by Olmutz 
 and Hrttdisch, and receiving the Teya, on the 
 confines of Austria and Hungary, separates 
 these two countries as far as the Danube, into 
 which it enters, 15 m. above Presburg. It has 
 commonly the latter appellation till it receives 
 the Teya. 
 
 Morbegno, a town of Austrian Italy, one of the 
 handsomest and most commercial towns in the 
 Milanese, seated on the Adda, 12 m. S. E. of 
 Chiavenna. Long. 9. 36. E., lat. 46. 8. N. 
 
 Morbeijs, or Ommirabih, a river of Barbary, 
 which rises in Mount Atlas, flows through the 
 empire of Morocco, and enters the Atlantic at 
 Azamor. 
 
 Mbrbihan, a department in the N. W. of France, 
 bounded N. by that of Cotes du Nord and S. by 
 the sea. It takes its name from a bay between 
 Vannes (the capital) and the island of Bellisle. 
 Its entrance is narrow; but it extends within, 
 and contains about 30 little islands. 
 
 Morcone, a town of Naples, province of Molise, 
 19 m. S. S. E. of Molise. 
 
 Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsula 
 in the south of Greece, joined to the main 
 land by the isthmus of Corinth. It is 180 m. 
 long and 120 broad. The soil is fertile, except 
 in the middle, where there are many mountains ; 
 and it is watered by several rivers, of which the 
 Alpheus, Vasili Potamo, and Stromio, are the 
 chief. See Greece. 
 
 Aloreau, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 
 opposite Glen's Falls. Pop. 1,690. 
 
 Moreland, p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y. also townships 
 in Montgomery, Philadelphia and Lycomin^ Cos. 
 Pa. 
 
 Morella, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated 
 among high mountains, 80 m. S. of Valencia. 
 
 Moresvitle, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y. 
 
 Moret, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Marne, near the Seine, 12 m. S. S. E. of Melun. 
 
 Moreton Hampstead, a town in Devonshire, 
 Eng. with manufactures of woolen cloth and yarn, 
 and a considerable trade. Here are the vestiges 
 of two castles, or forts ; and in the vicinity are a 
 Druidical temple, a large rocking stone, and a 
 cromlech. 185 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Moretown, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 7 m. W. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 816. 
 
 Moretta, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; seated on a small river which runs 
 into the Po, 18 m. S. of Turin. 
 
 Morgan, a county of the W. District of Virgin- 
 ia. Pop. 2,692. Berkley Springs is the capital. A 
 county of Georgia. Pop. 12,023. Madison is the 
 capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 11,796. Mc 
 Connelsville is the capital. A county of E. Ten- 
 nesse. Pop. 2,582. Montgomery is the capital. 
 A county of Illinois. Pop. 12,709. Jacksonville is 
 the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 5,579. 
 Martinsville is the capital. 
 
 Morgan, towns in Greene Co. Pa. and Morgan, 
 Butler, Knox, Ashtabula and Gallia Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Morganfield, p.t. Union Co. Ken. 
 
 Morganscille, p. v. Nottaway Co. Va. 
 
 Morgantown, p. v. Berks Co. Pa., Monongalia 
 
 Co. Va., Burke Co. N. C, Blount Co. Ten., Butler 
 Co. Ken. and Clinton Co. Ohio. 
 
 Morges, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Vaud, with a castle. By its canal, goods are 
 sent to other parts from the lake of Geneva, on 
 which the town is seated, 5 m. W. S. W. of 
 Lausanne. 
 
 Morkantre, a town of France, department of 
 Moselle, 21 m. S. S. E. of Mentz. 
 
 Moriah, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,742. 
 
 Moriches, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. 
 
 Morigen; a town of Hanover, on the Mohr, 12 
 m. N. N. W. of Gottingen. 
 
 Maritz, St., a town of the Swiss canton of Gri 
 sons, with a famous mineral spring, 25 m. N. N 
 E. of Chiavenna. 
 
 Morlachia, a mountainous country, lying be 
 tween, and forming part of the provinces of Croa 
 tia and Dahnatia. The inhabitants are called 
 Morlachi, or Moro-blassi, and are said, by some to 
 be of Wallachian extraction. They inhabit the 
 pleasant valleys of Koter, along the rivers Kerha, 
 Cettina, Naranta, and among the inland moun- 
 tains of Dalmatia. The Morlachi are said to be 
 extremely superstitious, and if injured or insulted, 
 implacable; but hospitable, and in a high degree 
 capable of gratitude: the most pleasing trait of 
 character among them is friendship, which they 
 have even made a kind of religious article ; for 
 the Sclavonian ritual contains a particular bene- 
 diction for the solemn union of two male, or two 
 female friends, in the presence of the congrega- 
 tion. The male friends, thus united, are called 
 probratimi, and the female posestreme, which 
 mean half-brothers and half-sisters. From these 
 consecrated friendships among the Morlachi, anil 
 other nations of the same origin, arose, as it should 
 seem, the sworn brothers, a denomination fre- 
 quent among the common people in many parts of 
 Europe. Segna is the capital. 
 
 Morlaix, a town of France, department of Fin- 
 isterre, with a castle and a tide harbour. The 
 church of Notre Dame is a singular structure, 
 and the hospital very handsome. It has a consid- 
 erable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco, and is 
 seated on a river of the same name, 30 m. E. 
 N. E. of Brest. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 48. 33. 
 N 
 
 Morocco, an empire of Africa, comprenending 
 a considerable part of the ancient Mauritania, 
 bounded W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediter- 
 ranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by the Sahara. Its 
 greatest length is above 590 m. but it is no where 
 more than 260 broad. The soil though sandy 
 and dry in some places, is fertile in others ; and 
 the fruits, as well as the pastures, are excellent 
 but the country is not properly cultivated. The 
 inhabitants are Mahomedans,of tawny complexion, 
 robust, and very skilful in managing a horse and 
 wielding a lance : they are jealous, deceitful, su- 
 perstitious, and cruel. There are a great number 
 of Christian slaves and some merchants upon 
 the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who car- 
 ry on almost all the trade, especially by land, 
 with the negroes, to whom they send large cara- 
 vans, which travel over vast deserts, almost des- 
 titute of water. Besides woolen goods, their 
 commodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochi- 
 neal, and ostriches' feathers ; in return for which 
 they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and 
 drugs. In the deserts are lions, leopards, goats 
 and serpents of several kinds. The fruits are 
 dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, pomegra 
 nates, and many others. There are also much 
 
MOR 
 
 520 
 
 MOS 
 
 flax and hemp, but very little timber. The empe 
 ror is absolute, his will being a law, and he often 
 exercises great cruelties. His naval force con- 
 sists chiefly of rovers, who now and then take 
 large prizes. He can bring 100.000 men into the 
 field, half of whom are foot and half horse ; but 
 they are poorly armed ana know but little of the 
 art of war. The recent capture of Algiers by the 
 French will no doubt entirely change the politi- 
 cal character of this despotic government. 
 
 Morocco, a city of the foregoing empire, seated 
 in a beautiful valley, formed by a chain of moun- 
 tains on the N. and those of Atlas on the S. and 
 E. Though not equal to Fez in magnitude and 
 population, it is generally considered the capital, 
 being the most usual residence of the emperor. 
 It has nothing to recommend it but its great ex- 
 tent and the royal palace. It is surrounded by 
 strong walls, 8 m. in circumference. The mosques 
 are very numerous and some of them magnifi- 
 cent. The best houses are enclosed in gardens ; 
 but the generality of them serve only to impress 
 the traveller with the idea of a miserable and de- 
 serted city. The Jews, who are numerous, have 
 a separate town, walled in, and under the charge 
 of an alcaid, appointed by the emperor. It has 2 
 gates, which are regularly shut every evening at 
 nine, after which hour no person can enter or de- 
 part. Morocco is 90 ni. E. of Magador and 400 
 S. of Gibraltar. Long. 7. 15. W., lat. 30. 57. N. 
 Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a 
 castle : near it is a mine of precious stones. It is 
 30 m. S. E. of Seville. 
 
 Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles, 7 m. W. 
 N. W. of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce ; 
 but it has little wood. The coast, on the S. and 
 W. sides forms several bays. Long. 117. 14. W.. 
 lat. 21. 10. N. 
 
 Morpeth, a borough of Northumberland, Eng. 
 It stands on the N. bank of the Wansbeck, and 
 on the opposite side are the parish church and the 
 ruins of a castle. Here are also a chapel of ease, 
 a Roman Catholic chapel, two meeting-houses, a 
 free grammar school founded by Edward VI., an 
 English free school erected in 1792, a dispensary 
 opened in 1817, and a mechanics' institute com- 
 menced in 1825. The other principal buildings 
 are the town-hall, and the new county gaol, house 
 of correction, &c. 15 m. N. of Newcastle and 289 
 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Morris, a. county of New Jersey. Pop. 23,580. 
 Morristown is the capital. Also townships in 
 Huntingdon, Greene and Washington Cos. Pa. 
 Morrison, a township in Jackson Co. Ohio. 
 Morristown, p. t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,618; p.t. Morris Co. N. J., 19 m. N. W. New 
 York ; p.v. Belmont Co. Ohio. 120 m. E. Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Morrisville, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y., Bucks and 
 Green Cos. Pa., and Fauquier Co. Va. 
 
 Morsona, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 14 
 m. N. E. of Molise. 
 
 Mortagne, a town of France, department of 
 Orne, famous for its serges and tanneries. 19 
 m. E. N. E. of Alenoon and 70 W. S. W. of 
 Paris. 
 
 Mortagne, a town in the department of Nord, 
 seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt, 
 8 m. S. E. of Tournay. 
 
 Mortagne, a town in the department of Lower 
 Charente, on the Gironde, 24 in. S. S. W. of 
 Saintes. 
 
 Mortagne, a town in the department of Vendee, 
 where a battle was fought between the royalists 
 
 and republicans, in 1793, in which the former 
 are said to have lost 20,000 men. It is 36 m. N 
 of Fontenay le Comte. 
 
 Mortain, a town in the department of Manche ; 
 on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by 
 craggy rocks, 18 m. E. of Avranches. 
 
 Mortare, a town of the Sardinian Milanese. 22 
 m. S. W. of Milan. 
 
 Mortay, or Martero, an island in the Eastern 
 Seas, formerly subject to the Sultan of Ternate. 
 It is 80 m. in circumference, and thinly inhabited, 
 but full of sago trees, which are cut by the peo- 
 ple of Gilolo. Long. 128. 23. E.,lat. 2. 15. N. 
 
 Mortlach, a village of Scotland, in Banffshire, 
 where Malcom II., in memory of a victory gained 
 over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was 
 translated to Aberdeen by David I. ; the ancient 
 cathedral is now used as the parish church. 6 m. 
 S. W. of Keith. 
 
 Morviedro, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on the 
 site of the ancient Saguntum, with the ruin of a 
 Roman amphitheatre, Slc. It is seated on a riv- 
 er of the same name, 15 m. N. of Valencia. 
 
 Mosa, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 25 m. N. by 
 E. of Mocha. 
 
 Mosambiquc, a straight or channel of the Indi- 
 an Ocean, between the E. coast of Africa and the 
 island of Madagascar. It is the narrowest in the 
 middle, where it is 240 m. over. 
 
 Mosambiquc, a city and sea-port, the principal 
 settlement of the Portuguese on the E. coast of 
 Africa. It stands on an island of the same name, 
 not more than 3 m. in length and half as much 
 in breadth, and about 2 m. from the continent. 
 The city is handsome, and the buildings well con- 
 structed, especially the churches and convents : 
 the fort, or castle, is about a musket shot from 
 the city. The Portuguese have generally a good 
 garrison here, a well stored magazine, and a large 
 hospital for sick sailors. Their ships always call 
 here in going to the E. Indies ; and the harbour 
 is so commodious that whole fleets may anchor 
 and provide themselves with all necessaries. 
 Long. 41.8. E., lat. 15. 5. S. 
 
 Mosbach, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Baden, with a castle, and manufactures 
 of cloth and salt; seated on the Neckar 18 in. E 
 of Heidelberg. 
 
 Mosburg, a town of Bavaria, seated at the 
 conflux of the Amber with the Iser,24m. N. E. of 
 Munich. 
 
 Moscovy. See Russia. 
 
 Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now a govern- 
 ment of Russia; bounded on the N. by the gov- 
 ernment of Tver, E. by that of Great Volodimir, 
 S. by the government of Kaluga and Resan, and 
 W. by those of Tver and Smolensk©. It is a 
 fruitful country, and a considerable portion is laid 
 out in gardens and orchards. 
 
 Moscow, the capital of the above government, 
 and formerly of the whole empire. Previous to 
 the invasion of the French, it was the largest city 
 in Europe, the circumference within the rampart 
 thatenclosed the suburbs being 20 m.; but its pop. 
 did not correspond with its extent. It contained, 
 within the ramparts,300,000 souls and was the most 
 populous city in the empire, notwithstanding the 
 residence of the court was at Petersburg. Moscow 
 is rendered memorable in history, for one of the 
 most extraordinary events that ever took place. 
 In June 1812, the French entered Russia with such 
 an immense army that the}' threatened to sweep 
 every thing before them like a torrent ; and it was 
 generally expected that if they once readied this 
 
MOS 
 
 521 
 
 MOS 
 
 citv, which would aflora vast resources for their 
 army, as well as comfortable quarters for the win- 
 ter, the object of the war would have been com- 
 pleted. On the 8th of September the battle of 
 Borodino took place ; victory decided in favour 
 of the French, and the Russians retreated off the 
 field, leaving Moscow to its fate. The road being 
 thus left open, the Frencli entered this city, on 
 the 14th of the same month with little opposition. 
 But a sad reverse of fortune now took place, which 
 preserved the Russian empire from ruin, and pav- 
 ed the way to the downfall of the French military 
 power over Europe The city was set on fire by 
 the Russians, so that the French were compelled 
 to attempt their retreat, at the moment they 
 thought themselves securely entrenched for the 
 winter. Nothing now remained but to ofFer terms 
 of peace to the Russians, which were rejected ; 
 they next proposed an armistice, which was refus- 
 ed ; and, on the 19th of October following, they 
 commenced their calamitous retreat from Moscow. 
 The conflagrations destroyed upwards of three 
 parts of the town ; and, shocking to relate, more 
 than 30,000 sick and wounded soldiers, who were 
 in the hospitals, perished in the flames. The old 
 city was distributed into 5 divisions, all of which, 
 not excepting the suburbs, have been rebuilt, with 
 wider streets and greater uniformity in the pri- 
 vate dwellings, and the population has nearly 
 reached its former magnitude. The divisions are 
 — 1. The Kremlin, in the central and highest 
 part of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone 
 and brick, 2 m. in circumference. The division 
 contained the ancient palace of the czars, where 
 Peter the Great was born ; also the cathedral 
 with seven towers, besides other churches, the 
 patriarchal palace, and the arsenal. The pal- 
 ace escaped the conflagration of 1812, but was 
 damaged by the French on their leaving Mos- 
 cow ; it has since been rebuilt, with improve- 
 ments. 2. The Khitagorod, much larger than 
 the Kremlin, contained the university, the print- 
 ing-house, and many other public buildings, with 
 all the tradesmen's shops. 3. The Bielgo- 
 rod, or White Town, ran round the two preced- 
 ing divisions, and took its name from a white 
 wall, by which it was formerly surrounded. 4. 
 The Semlaingorod environed all the other three 
 quarters, and was so denominated from a circu- 
 lar rampart of earth by which it was encompassed. 
 The last two divisions exhibited a grotesque group 
 of churches, convents, palaces, brick and wooden 
 houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Sloboda, or su- 
 burbs, formed a vast exterior circle round all the 
 parts already described, and were invested by a 
 low rampart and ditch. These suburbs contained, 
 besides buildings of all kinds, orchards, gardens, 
 corn-fields, much open pasture, and some small 
 lakes, which give rise to the Neglina. The Mos- 
 kwa, from which the city takes its name, flows 
 through it in a winding channel ; but, excepting 
 in spring, is only navigable for rafts. It receives 
 the Vausa in the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina 
 at the western extremity of the Kremlin ; but the 
 beds of both these rivulets are nearly dry in sum- 
 mer. Moscow exhibited an astonishing degree 
 of extent and variety, irregularity and contrast; 
 some parts had the appearance of a sequestered 
 desert; others of a populous town ; some of a 
 contemptible village; others a great capital. 
 The streets, in general, were very long and 
 broad; some of them paved; others, particularly 
 in the suburbs, were formed with trunks of trees 
 or ooarded with pianks like the floor of a house. 
 66 
 
 The places of divine worship, including chapels, 
 amounted to above 1,500: of these 484 were pub- 
 lic churches, some built of brick, stuccoed 
 or white-washed, but the greater part were 
 oi wood, painted red some had domes of copper, 
 others of tin, gilt or painted green, and many 
 were roofed with wood. They were richly orna- 
 mented within ; and the pictures of the saints 
 were decorated with gold, silver, and precious 
 stones. Some of their bells were of a stu pendous 
 size ; they hung in belfries detached from the 
 church, were fixed immoveably to the beams, and 
 rung by a rope tied to the clapper. In the cath- 
 edral of St. Michael, tne sovereigns of Russia 
 were formerly interred, their bodies being deposit- 
 ed in raised sepulchres, in the shape of coffins, 
 above the pavement. The cathedral of the As- 
 sumption of the Virgin Mary was the most mag- 
 nificent in the city, and had long been appropri- 
 ated to the coronation of the Russian sovereigns. 
 The foundling hospital, founded by Catherine 
 II., was an immense pile of building, of a quad- 
 rangular shape, and capable of containing 8,000 
 foundlings. Since the fire, the churches and 
 chapels are less numerous than before, but those 
 which have been rebuilt occupy the former sites. 
 Moscow is the centre of the iniand commerce of 
 Russia, particularly connecting the trade between 
 Europe and Siberia. The principal manufactures 
 are those of silk, linen, cotton, paper, leather, and 
 sugar. Moscow suffered severely from the pes- 
 tilential cholera in 1831. Its present pop. is about 
 300,000. The navigation to this city is formed 
 by the Moskwa, which flows into the Occa, near 
 Kolomna, and that river communicates with the 
 Volga and also by a canal to the Don, which riv- 
 er communicates with the sea of Asoph. 425 m. 
 S. E. of Petersburg. Loner. 37. 33. E., lat. 55. 
 46. N. 
 
 Moscow, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 405 ; p.t. 
 Livingston Co. N. Y. near Genesee river, 30 m. 
 above Rochester; also a village in Clermont Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Moselle, a department of France, including part 
 of the former province of Lorraine. It takes its 
 name from a river, which rises in the Vosges, wa- 
 ters Kpinal and Toul, receives fne Meurthe be- 
 low Nancy, and, passing by Metz, Thionville, and 
 Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is 
 the capital. 
 
 Mosenia, a town in Persia, in Khusistan, 22 
 m. S. W. ofSuter. 
 
 Mosklrck, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Baden, where the Austrians sustained a 
 defeat in 1S00. 22 m. N. Stuttgard. 
 
 Moskoe, an island on the coast of Norway, sep- 
 arated from the mainland by the Vestfiurd. On 
 its coast is the ^lirlpoplof Maelstrom, which see. 
 
 Mosquito Shore, a tract of country of the east- 
 ern coast of Honduras. It is well watered by 
 navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in fish, game, 
 and provisions i>l all sorts ; furnishes every neces- 
 sary for raising cattle and stock ; and is clothed 
 with woods producing timber for every purpose 
 at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the 
 W. India Islands, the climate more salubrious 
 and the destructive ravages of hurricanes, and 
 earthquakes are here unknown. It received 
 its name from the immense swarms of mos- 
 chetoes which are the torment of the inhabi- 
 tants and compel them to pass a great part of 
 their time in boats upon the rivers. The Mos- 
 quito Indians of this coast are governed by aris- 
 tocratic chiefs, and number about 1,500 warriors. 
 2x2 
 
MOU 
 
 522 
 
 MOU 
 
 This country was held by the English for 80 
 years, but was ceded to Spain in 1786, in consid- 
 
 eration of certain cessionson the coast of Yucatan. 
 It is now included in the Guatemalan Republic. 
 ■See Guatemala. 
 
 Moss, a sea-port of Norway, in the government 
 of Aggerhuys, at the mouth of a river of its name, 
 on the E. side of Christiania Bay. Here are many 
 saw-mills and a large iron foundery. 23 m. S. of 
 Christiania. Long. 10. 43. E., lat. 58. 38. N. 
 
 Mossula, a town of the kingdom of Congo, at 
 the mouth of the Onzo, 220 m. S. W. of St. Sal- 
 vador. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 7. 50. S. 
 
 Mostar, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a Greek 
 archbishop's see ; seated on the Narenza, 20 m. 
 N. E. of Narenza. Long. 18. 37. E., lat. 43.48. N. 
 Mosul, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck, 
 surrounded by high walls and defended by a cas- 
 tle and citadel. The houses are in several places 
 gone to ruin ; but it has a great trade, particularly 
 in cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks. At some 
 distance from Mosul is a mosque, in which they 
 pretend the prophet Jonah lies ; and they believe 
 this town stands on the site of the ancient Nine- 
 veh. It is seated on the Tigris, 130 m. S. E. ol 
 Diarbekir and 190 N. E. of Bagdad. Long. 43. 30. 
 E., lat. 36. 20. N. 
 
 Motherkill, a hundred of Kent Co. Del. Fred- 
 rica is the chief town. 
 
 Motir, one of the Molucca Islands, 20 m. in 
 circumference, and valuable for its spices. Long. 
 127. O.E., lat. 0. 10. N. 
 
 Motril, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with 
 a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 
 37 m. S. E. of Granada. Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 3Ci. 
 32. N. 
 
 Motta, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Trevis- 
 ano, at the conflux of the Mottigano and Livenza, 
 18 m. N. E. of Treviso. 
 
 Motta, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, 3 m. 
 E. S. E. Volturara. 
 
 Mottling. See Metling. 
 
 Mouab, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, and the 
 residence of a prince ; seated in a fertile coun- 
 try, 90 m. S. E. of Sana. Long. 46. 35. E., lat. 
 14. 20. N 
 
 Moudoti, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Vaud, with a castle on the summit of a moun- 
 tain, 12 m. N. N. E. of Lausanne. 
 
 Moid ins, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Allier. Its manufacture of cutlery 
 is in great epteem ; and the houses of the late 
 Chartreux, and of the Visitation, are magnifi- 
 cent. It is seated on the Allier, over which is a 
 fine bridge, 30 m. S. of Nevers and 225 S. S. E. 
 of Paris. Long. 2. 20. E., lat. 46. 34. N. 
 
 Moulins en Gilbert, a town in the department of 
 Nievere, at the foot of the mountains of Morvan. 
 5 m. S. W. of Chateau Chinon. 
 
 Moulins la Marche, a town in the department 
 of Orne, 24 m. N. E. of Alengon. 
 
 Moultan, a province of Hindoostan boundeed by 
 Lahore, Afghanistan, Agimere, Sinde, and Beloo- 
 chistan. Us products are cotton, sugar, opium, 
 galls, sulphur, &.C. In many parts there are fine 
 camels, and a breed of excellent horses. It is gov- 
 erned by a nabob, tributary to the Afghans. 
 
 Moultan, the capital of the above province, sur- 
 rounded with a fine wall 40 feet high and four 
 miles in circumference, is strongly fortified, and 
 has a Hindoo temple of great celebrity. It is fa- 
 mous for its silks and carpets, and is situate lii a 
 pleasant and well cultivated district, 4 m. S. E. 
 of the Chenob,or Acesinies River, and 210 S. W. 
 of Lahore. Long. 70. 40. E., lat. 29. 52. N. 
 
 Moulton, p.v. Lawrence Co. Alabama. 
 
 Moultonborough, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on 
 Lake Winipisiogee. 36 m. N. Concord. Pop. 
 1,452. 
 
 Mountain 1 si ana. a village of Scott Co. Ken. 
 
 Mountain Shoals, p.v. Lawrence Dis. S. C. 
 
 Mount Airy, p.v. Surrey Co. N. C. 172 in. N. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Mount Bay, a bay in the English channel, on 
 the S. coast of Cornwall, between Land's End 
 and Lizard Point. Within rises a lofty peninsu- 
 lated rock, called Mount St. Michael, near the 
 town of Marazion, to which there is o diy passage 
 at low water. 
 
 Mount Bethel, a village of Somerset Co. N. J. 
 also two townships, Upper and Lower, in North- 
 ampton Co. Pa 
 
 Mount Carmel, p.t. Edwards Co. Illinois. 
 
 Mount Clemens, a village of Macomb Co. Mich 
 igan. 
 
 Mount Desert, a fertile island on the coast of 
 the state of Maine, in Hancock county, 15 m. 
 long and 12 broad. It is intersected in the mid- 
 dle, by the waters flowing into the S. side from 
 the sea; and the N. part is separated from the 
 mainland, by a strait 9 m. wide. Pop. 1,603. 
 
 Mount Clio, p.v. Sumter Dis. S. C. 52 m. E 
 Columbia. 
 
 Mount Eton, p.v. Darlington Dis. S. C. 77 in 
 N. E. Columbia. 
 
 Mount Gilead, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. 
 
 Mount Henry, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ten. 67 m 
 N. W. Murfreesborough. 
 
 Mount Holly, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 20 m. W. 
 Windsor. Pop. 1,318 ; p.t. Burlington Co. N. J 
 18 m. E. Philadelphia. 
 
 Mount Hope, an eminence in Bristol R. I., cel- 
 ebrated in the early history of New England, as 
 the residence of the Indian Sachem Metacom 
 or king Philip. It stands on the shore of a wide 
 branch of Narraganset Bay. 
 
 Mount Hope, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y.; p.v. Shenan- 
 doah Co. Va. 
 
 Mount Horeb,p.t. Nelson Co. Va.; p.v. Jasper Co. 
 Geo. 
 
 Mount Jackson, p.v. Beaver Co. Pa. 
 
 Mount Joy, towns in Lancaster and Adams Cos. 
 Pa. 
 
 Mount Laurel, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 
 Mount Morris, p.v. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,534. 
 
 Mount Mourne, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. 
 Mount Pilot, p.v. Sumner Co. Ten. 
 Mount Pisoak, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. and Wil- 
 cox Co. Alabama. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 
 on the Hudson,33 m. above New York. Pop. 4,932 , 
 also towns and villages in Lancaster, Westmore- 
 
MOU 
 
 523 
 
 MUI 
 
 land and Wayne Cos. Pa., Queen Anne Co. Ma- 
 ryland, Shenandoah, Spotsylvania and Halifax 
 Cos. Va., Rockingham Co. N. C, Fairfield Dis. 
 S. C, Baldwin Co. Geo., Jefferson Co. Ohio, Mar- 
 ten Co. Ind., Maury Co. Ten., Wilkinson Co. Mis- 
 sissippi, Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Mount Prospect, p. v. Edgecombe Co. N. C. 
 
 Mount Republic, p. v. Wayne Co. Pa. 
 
 Mount Solus, p.v. Hinds Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Mount Sterling, p.v. Switzerland Co. Ind. ; p.v. 
 Montgomery Co. Ken. 
 
 Mount Upton, p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y. 
 
 Mount Vernon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 14 m. 
 N. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,439 a township of Hills- 
 borough Co. N. H. Pop. 793 ; p.v. Chester Co. 
 Pa ; p.t. Knox Co. Ohio ; p.v. Rockcastle and Bul- 
 litt Cos. Ken. ; p.v. Posey and Jefferson Cos. In- 
 diana. 
 
 Mount Vernon, once the residence of Washing- 
 ton, and the spot where his remains are entomb 
 ed. It is on the south side of the Potomac, in Fair- 
 fax Co. Va., 15 in. from the city of Washington. 
 The house is a plain wooden building surrounded 
 by handsome lawns and gardens. The tomb is a 
 rustic excavation in the earth with a front of 
 brick and totally devoid of ornament. 
 
 Mountcille, p.v. Loudon Co. Va 
 
 Mount Vintage, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Mount Washington. See White Mountains. 
 
 Mount Washington, a township of Berkshire Co. 
 Mass. 130m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 345. It forms 
 the S. W. corner of the state of Massachusetts. 
 Within its limits stands Mount Washington, one 
 of the summits of the Tagkannuc ridge, about 
 3,000 feet high. 
 
 Mount Zion, p.v. Union Co. Ken., Hancock Co. 
 Geo., and Monroe Co. Missouri. 
 
 Mount mellich, a town of Ireland, in Queen's 
 county inhabited principally by Quakers. The 
 wool-combing, malting, and tanning business, 
 the cotton manufacture and bleaching are carried 
 on here. It is seated on a stream which falls in- 
 to the Barrow, 5 m. N. of Maryborough and 42 W. 
 S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 MoutUruth, a town of Ireland, in Queen's coun- 
 ty. In its neighbourhood are some iron works ; 
 but the woolen manufacture forms the principal 
 trade. 23 m. N. of Kilkenny and 47 W. S. W. 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Mountsorrel, a town of Leicestershire, Eng. 
 seated on the Soar, at the foot of a high mount 
 or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, with which the 
 town is chiefly built and paved. It is 7 m. N. of 
 Leicester, and 102 N. W. of London. 
 
 Moura, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with 
 an old castle, 34 m. S. S. E. of Evora. 
 
 Mouraon, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 
 with a castle, on the borders of Spain, 23 m. E. 
 by S. of Evora. 
 
 Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, with a fort- 
 ress, in which is the sultan's palace. It is situate 
 on a rivulet, and supplied with water from a mul- 
 titude of springs and wells. The medley which 
 is present to the eye, of the vast ruins of ancient 
 buildings and the humble cottages of earth and 
 sand that form the dwelling of the present Arab 
 inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange. 
 It is surrounded by a high wall, with three gates, 
 at which is collected a tax on all goods (provisions 
 excepted) that are brought into the city. Its 
 commerce, which is considerable, consists of for- 
 eign merchandise brought by the caravans from 
 Cairo, Bornou, Mesurata, and other smaller troops 
 of traders. Mourzouk is 290 m. S. Mesurata. 
 
 and 700 N. W. ofBomou. Long. 15. 35. E., lat. 
 
 27. 94. N. 
 
 Moustiers, a town ot France, in the department 
 of Lower Alps, with a manufacture of porcelain ; 
 seated between two craggy mountains, 9 m. E. of 
 Riez. 
 
 Mouzon, a town in the department of Ardtnnes, 
 with a manufacture of serges; seated on the 
 Meuse,9 in. S. E. of Sedan. 
 
 Mmoec, one of the Sandwich islands, 162 m. in 
 circumference. A low isthmus divides it into 
 two circular peninsulas, of which the eastern is 
 double the size of the western. The mountains 
 in both rise to a great height, but the country 
 presents an appearance of verdure and fertility. 
 Near the W. point of the smaller peninsula is a 
 spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with 
 cocoa-nut trees. Long. 175. 50. W., lat. 20. 53. 
 N 
 
 Maya, a mountain of S. America, from which, 
 during the great earthquake in February, 1797, 
 such a flood of water burst forth that it totally 
 swept away Pelile, and the celebrated plantation 
 of St. Ildefonso, where 1,000 persons perished. 
 
 Moijallen, a town of Ireland, county of Down, 
 with a manufacture of linen. 3 m. from Porta- 
 down and 03 from Dublin. 
 
 Moyamensing, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. It is a 
 suburb of the city on the south. 
 
 Moijenvic, a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, noted for its salt sprinjr, 2 m. E. S. E 
 of Vic and 10 E. of Nancy. 
 
 Mozyr, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Minsk, on the river Prvnec, 150 
 m. S. S. E. of Minsk. Long. 2:). 30. E., lat. 52. 
 10. N. 
 
 Moscislaw, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Mohilef, formerly the capital of a 
 palatinate. It is seated on the Sofz. 30 in. S. of 
 Smolensko and 04 E. by N. of Mohilef. Long. 
 32. 32. E., lat. 54. 28. N 
 
 Mucidan, a town of France, in tne department 
 of Dordogue, on the river Ille, 13 m. S. W. of 
 Perigueux. 
 
 Muck, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 4 in. S. 
 W. the isl. of Egg. It is 3 in. long and a m. broad , 
 the soil in general is good, and the black cattle 
 thrive well. Kelp is burnt on its shores, and 
 much oil extracted from the livers of the sunfish. 
 
 Mndania, or Mundania, a town of Turkey, in 
 Natolia, on a gulf of the sea of Marmora. The 
 commerce is very considerable in grain, fruit, 
 wine, saltpetre, silk, and the manufactures of 
 Bursa, which are brought here for exportation. 
 It is 17 in. N. of Bursa. Long. 29. 10. E., lat. 40. 
 27. N. 
 
 Mugcln, New, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, 
 with a castle called Rugethal 18 in. W. by N 
 of Meissen. 
 
 Mugia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the W. 
 coast, 40 in. W. N. W. of Compostella 
 
 Muglia, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 
 with a castle, and a harbour for barges, 5 m. S. E. 
 of Trieste. 
 
 Muglitz, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmntz, 22 m. N. N. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Muhlbcrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Merseberg, with a castle, situate 
 on the Elbe, 30 no. N. W. of Dresden. 
 
 Muhldorf, a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 23 
 m. S. S. E. ofLandshut. 
 
 Muhlenberg, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,341 . 
 Greenville is the capital. 
 
 Muirhirk. a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with 
 
MUN 
 
 524 
 
 MUN 
 
 manufactures of iron, coal and tar, on the river 
 Ayr, 26 m. E. of Ayr. 
 
 Mujaxar, a sea-port of Spain, in Granada, with 
 a strong castle on a mountain ; seated on a bay 
 of the Mediterranean, 40 m. N. E. of Almeria. 
 Long. 1. 55. W., lat. 37. 7. N. 
 
 Muldau, or Moldau, a river of Bohemia, which 
 rises on the confines of Bavaria and, after receiv- 
 ing a number of rivers, enters the Elbe opposite 
 Melnick. 
 
 Mulhausen, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Erfurt. It was formerly an im- 
 perial city, but fell to Prussia in 1802 and was 
 confirmed to that power in 1814. Here are va- 
 rious manufactures and some flourishing schools. 
 It is seated in a fertile country, on the Unstrut, 
 29 m. N. W. of Erfurt. Lono-. 10. 37. E., lat. 51. 
 10. N. 
 
 Mulhausen, a town of France, department of 
 Upper Rhine, with manufactures of printed linens 
 and cottons; seated in a fertile plain on the Ille, 
 24 m. S. of Col mar. 
 
 Mulivaddy, a river of -Ceylon, which rises at the 
 foot of a high mountain, called Adam's Peak, 
 about (50 rn. N. E. of Col umbo, flows westward, 
 and eniers the sea by several branches. The 
 largest of these, called the Mutwal, runs into the 
 sea 3 m. from the fort of Columbo, and is navi- 
 gable for boats upwards of 35 m. 
 
 Mult, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 28 m. in 
 length and in some places of equal breadth, se- 
 parated from the mainland of Artryleshire by a 
 narrow passage, called the Sound of Mull. There 
 are many good natural harbours ; and the ruins 
 of several ancient castles are to be seen. The 
 soil is for the most part, rocky and barren ; hut 
 the hills abound with springs, and are covered 
 with sheep and cattle ; these, with the fishery, 
 and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the arti- 
 cles of commerce. The principal place is Tober- 
 mory. 
 
 Mullicoh'M, p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 17 m. S. 
 W. Philadelphia. 
 
 Mullingar, a borough of Ireland, capital of W. 
 Meath. It is a place of sfood trade, and stands on 
 the river Fovle, 38 m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 
 50. W., lat. 53. 30. N. 
 
 Mulluvi'i. a river which rises in Mount Atlas, 
 divides the empire of Morocco from the kingdom 
 of Algiers, and runs into the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Mulrose, a town of the Prussian province of 
 Brandenburg, seated on a canal cut between the 
 Spree and Oder, 10 iri. S. W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Multnomah, a branch of the Oregon or Colum- 
 bia river, which falls into the main stream about 
 100 m. from the ocean. Its course and length 
 are but imperfectly known. 
 
 Mumpers, p.v Franklin Co. Pa. 
 
 Munrhhe.rg, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in 
 the principality of Bayreuth.16 rn.E. of Culmbach. 
 
 Muuclinilirrir, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, with silk and woolen manufactures, 34 m. 
 E. of Berlin. 
 
 Muncy creek, p.t. Lycoming Co. Pa. 
 
 Munda, a town of Spain, in Granada, 30 m. W. 
 N. W. of Malaga. 
 
 Munde.n, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Brunswick, situate on the Werra, at the influx of 
 the Fulda, where their united streams form the 
 Weser. Good millstones are found in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the town. In the war of 1756 it 
 was several times in the hands of the French, by 
 whom it was again occupied in 1805. It is 10 m. 
 N E. of Cassel and 13 S. W. of Gottingen. 
 
 Munderkingen, a town of Germany in Wurtem- 
 berg seated on the Danube, 9 m. N. of Buchau. 
 Mundu, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis 
 trict, of the same name, extending from 22. to 23. 
 N. lat., in the province of Malwah. It was an- 
 ciently the capital of the province, and was then 
 22 in. in circuit, and contained many mouments 
 of ancient magnificence, but it is fallen much to 
 decay. It occupies the top of a large and loft) 
 mountain, 25 m. S. of Ougein and 110 N N. \V 
 of Burhampour. Long. 75. 47. E., lat. 22. 50. N 
 Munfordsville, p.v. Part Co. Ken. 
 Munglore, a town of Afghanistan, in the prov 
 ince of Cabul, 125 in. m. of Cashmere and 135 
 E. of Cabul. Long. 71. 15. E.j lat. 34. 15. N 
 
 Mungulhaut, a town of Bengal, with a manu- 
 facture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the 
 Durlah, 20 m N. N. E. of Rungpour. 
 
 Munich, one of the finest towns in Germany, 
 and capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. It con- 
 tains nearly 60,000 inhabitants. The houses are 
 high, and the streets spacious, with canals in ma- 
 ny of them. The palace is a stupendous struc- 
 ture, the interior magnificently adorned ; and the 
 cabinet of curiosities, the museum, the library, 
 and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral 
 of Notre Dame contains the tomb of one of the 
 emperors, of black marble, adorned with statues 
 of bronze. Institutions for charitable, literary, 
 and scientific purposes are numerous. The large 
 market-place, in which is the town-house, is very 
 beautiful. Manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen 
 cloth, and tapestry, are carried on. Near the city 
 are two other palaces, Nymphenburg and Schles- 
 heim. Munich has often suffered in the wars 
 of Germany, and in 1796 and 1800 it was taken 
 by the French. It is seated on the lser, 33 in. 
 E. S. E. of Augsburg and 62 S. by W. of Ratis- 
 bon. Long. 11. 30. E., lat. 48. 10. N. 
 Munkacs. See Montgatz. 
 
 Munncrsladt, a town of Germany, in Franco- 
 nia, situate on the Lauer, 13 m. N. of Schwein- 
 furt. 
 
 Munnypour, a town of Birinah, capital of the 
 province of Cassay. 210 in. N. N. W. of Umme- 
 rapoora, and 410 fi. by N. of Calcutta. Long. 94. 
 40. E., lat 24. 30. N. 
 
 Munsinffcn, a town of Germany, in the king- 
 dom of Wurtemberg, with a castle, 20 m. W. of 
 Ulm. 
 
 Munster, a province of Ireland, 135 m. long and 
 120 broad; bounded Qn the N. by Connaught, E. 
 by Leinster, and S. and W. by the Atlantic. It 
 contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary, Water- 
 ford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. The principal 
 place is Cork. 
 
 Munster, a government of the Prussian prov- 
 ince of Westphalia. It contains 2,820 sq. rn. and 
 is divided into 10 circles or districts — .Munster 
 Proper, Tecklenburg. Wahrendorf. Beckum, 
 Ludinghausen. Koesfeld, Recklinghausen, Berk- 
 en, Allans, and Steinfurt. The chief rivers are 
 the Ems and Lippe. The country is level, with 
 some agreeable heights, but no mountains ; and 
 it has fruitful plains, tine woods, extensive heaths 
 that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone. 
 This government consists, for the greater part, of 
 the ancient bishopric of its name which on the 
 secularisation of church property, in 1802. was 
 divided between Prussia, the duke of Oldenburg, 
 and several other princes, all of whom became 
 subject to Prussia in 1815. 
 
 Munster, the capital of the foregoing govern» 
 ment. The cathedral, the library of the chapter, 
 
MUR 
 
 525 
 
 MTS 
 
 and many antiquities are worthy of notice. In 
 1535 a tailor, called John of Leyden, king of the 
 anabaptists, made himself master of the city ; but 
 it was retaken in 1530 after 14 months' siege, 
 when John and two of his associates were tortur- 
 ed to death witli red-hot pincers. The famous 
 treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, which 
 ended the 30 years' war, was concluded here in 
 1048. In the war of 1750 this city sustained sev- 
 eral sieo-es and was taken in 1759. In 1300 the 
 French^laid the inhabitants under a heavy contri- 
 bution, and stripped the churches of their plate.^ 
 Manatee is seated on the Aa, 50 m. E. N. E. of 
 Wese' and 52 W. N. W. of Paderborn. Long. 
 7. 30. E., lat. 51. 58. N. 
 
 Munster, a town of Switzerland, in the cantons 
 of Lucerne, 12 m. N. N. W. of Lucerne. 
 
 Munster, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Grisons, 15 m. N. of Bormio. 
 
 Munster, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Rhine, 6 m. W. of Colmar. 
 
 Munster, p. v. Cambria Co. Pa. 
 
 Munster Eyfel, a town of the Prussian states, 
 in Westphalia, 16 m. S. S. W. of Cologne. 
 
 Munster Mienfeld, a town of the Prussian prov- 
 ince of Lower Rhine, 12 m. S. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Munslerberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Reichenbach, rich ingrain, flax, 
 hemp and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau, 13 m. 
 N. W. of Neisse. Long. 17. 3. E., lat. 50. 31. 
 
 N. 
 
 Mur, or Muhr, a river which rises in the duchy 
 of Salzburg, crosses Styria,and falls into the Drave 
 near Canischa, in Hungary. 
 
 Mur de Barrez, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Aveiron, 32 m. N. by E. of Rhodez. 
 
 Muratw, a town of the Lombardo- Venetian 
 kingdom, on an island of the same name, one of 
 largest of the Lagunes of Venice. Here the fa- 
 mous Venetian looking-glasses are made. It is 3 
 m. N.by E. of Venice. 
 
 Murat, a town of France, in the department of 
 Cantal, seated on the Alaignon near its source, 
 13 m. N. W.of St. Flour. 
 
 Murciu, a province of Spain bounded N. by 
 New Castile, E. by Valencia, W. by Andalusia 
 and Granada, and S. by the Mediterranean. It is 
 90 m. long and 58 broad ; and the principal river 
 is the Segura. The soil is dry, and it produces 
 little corn or wine ; but oranges, citrons, lemons, 
 olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar 
 are plentiful. It has also a great deal of silk. The 
 vale of Murcia is celebrated for the variety and 
 ichness of its culture. 
 
 Murcia, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 and a bishop's see. The inhabitants are compu- 
 ted at 60,000. A number of hands are employed 
 in the working of bass weed, and there is also an 
 extensive establishment for twisting silk, and a 
 refinery of salt-petre. There are fine gardens 
 about the city, in which are the best fruits in 
 Spain. It is seated on the Segura, over which is 
 a bridge, 27 m. N. of Carthagena and 212 S. E. 
 of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. W., lat. 37. 58. N. 
 
 Murfreesborough, p.t. Rutherford Co. Ten. and 
 formerly the seat of government for the state. 32 
 m. S. E. Nashville and 100 W. Knoxville. lat. 35. 
 52. N., long. 86. 35. W. It is situated in a level 
 and fertile country, producing wheat, cotton, and 
 tobacco. Also a p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. on the 
 Meherrin. 
 
 Muro, a town of Naples in Basilicata, seated at 
 the foot of the Apennines, 12 m. S. E. of Conza. 
 
 Mur os, a town of Spain, in Galicia. at the 
 
 mouth of the Tambro, 29 m. W. by S. of Compoa 
 tella. 
 
 Murray, p. v. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E 
 Batavia. 
 
 Murray Frith, a considerable inlet of the sea, 
 on the coast of Scotland, between Tarbetness in 
 Ross-shire, on the N., and Brough-Head in Mur- 
 rayshire on the S. It extends in a S. W. direction 
 as far as Inverness, and thence W. to the tuwu 
 of Beaulie, where it receives the river of tint 
 name. 
 
 Murrayshire, or Elginshire, a county of Scot- 
 land, 50 m. in length and 20 along the cm^i : 
 bounded on the N. by the Frith of Murray, K. by 
 Banffshire, S. by Inverness-shire, and VV. by that 
 county and Nairnshire. It is divided int.. 1:2 
 parishes, and the number of inhabitants Is about 
 30,000. The S. part is mountainous and occu- 
 pied by furests ; but the greater part is rich, and 
 produces wheat, barely, oats, and flax. The chief 
 rivers are the Spey, Findhorn, ana Lossie. The 
 county town is Elgin. 
 
 Murraysville , p. v. Alleghany Co. Pa., West- 
 moreland Co. Va., Buncombe Co. N. C. 
 
 Murtcn. See Morat. 
 
 Musa, a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen, 18 
 m. E. of Mocha. 
 
 Muska, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, 
 with a castle, seated on the Neisse 23 m. N.N \V 
 of Gorlitz and 52 N. E. of Dresden. 
 
 Muskingum, a river of the state of Ohio, which 
 runs S. into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it is 
 280 yards wide. It is navigable by large barges 
 110 m. from its mouth, and by small boats 45 in. 
 further to the lake at its head, whence, by a short 
 portage, a communication is opened to Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 Muskingum, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2.->,325 
 Zanesville is the capital. 
 
 Messelburg, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburg- 
 shire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which are 
 three bridges to the suburb of Fisherrow. It en- 
 joys many privileges, and has even incorporated 
 trades. Besides the parish church, here are an 
 episcopal chapel and four other places of worship 
 The principal manufactures are of salt, starch, 
 earthen ware, and leather. 5 in. E. of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Mustagam, or Mustygannim, a sea-port of Al- 
 giers, in the province of Tremecen, with three 
 castles, 140 m. W. S. W. of the city of Algiers. 
 Long. 0. 30. E., lat. 36. 20. N. 
 
 Musuela, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situate 
 on the river Guadalquivir, 7 m. N. E. of Jam 
 and 50 N. of Granada. 
 
 Muteodu, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 noted for its manufacture of the glass used fur 
 making the rings which are worn on the wrists 
 of the native women. It is 34 m. W. of Sera. 
 
 Muyden,a. fortified town of the Netherlands, m 
 S. Holland, seated on the Zuyder Zee, at the in- 
 flux of the Vecht, 6 m. E S. E. of Amsterdam. 
 
 Myconi, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 30 in. in circumference. The soil is dry, and the 
 mountains are of great height. Here are plenty 
 of partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rab 
 bits,and wheatears; also excellent grapes and fiers. 
 The harbour is open, and deep enough for the 
 largest ships to ride secure from the N. wind 
 Long. 25. 21. E., lat 37. 38. N. 
 
 Myerstown,p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa., 31 m. E. Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Mysol, one of the Moluccas, of a triangular 
 form, with a bold shore. The villages are built in 
 
NAE 
 
 526 
 
 NAG 
 
 the wnter upon posts, and there are forests visi- 
 ted by the birds of paradise, which are caught in 
 great numbers. Long. 130. 0. E., lat. 2. 0. S. 
 
 Mysore, an extensive province of Hindoostan, 
 lying between 11. and 15. N. lat., and now sur- 
 rounded by the British territories of the Madras 
 Presidency, while the existing rajah is also de- 
 p°.dent on British protection. The country is in 
 ger.i»~al dry, rugged, mountainous, and barren; 
 but there are several rivers and mountain torrents, 
 which by artificial means serve to water rice- 
 grounds, gardens, &c. In the forests are many 
 elephants, and tigers are common. Oxen, buffa- 
 loes, and goats are numerous, and in the N. E. 
 part many sheep are bred ; but horses and asses 
 are few. The chief products are rice, cotton, pep- 
 per, cocoa, and betel-nut, sugar-cane, butter, and 
 oil. The whole of this country, with some other 
 territories to the N. and E., and the provinces of 
 Coimbetore, Malabar, and Canara, were subdued 
 by Hyder Ali, a Mussulman, who usurped the 
 throne of Mysore in 1759, and made Seringapatain 
 his capital. He was succeeded by Tippoo Sul- 
 tan, who continued his father's state of warfare. 
 On the termination of a war, in 1702, Tippoo 
 agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees, and to cede 
 
 one half of his dominions to the English and their 
 allies, the Mahrattns and the nizam of the Deccan. 
 In 1799, a new war taking place, hi? capital was 
 taken by the English, on the 4th of May, and 
 himself killed in the assault. A partition of his 
 remaining territories took place, and, on the 30(h 
 of June following, Kistna Rajah, then only five 
 years old, was placed by the British on the throne 
 of his forefathers. The dominions of the rajah of 
 Mysore are now divided into three great districts. 
 Patana to the S., Nagara to the N. W., and Cha- 
 trakal to the N. E., so called from the three places 
 where the chief offices are situate. The Patana 
 district is by far the largest, and of itself com 
 prises a much greater extent of territory than wj_ 
 ever before subject to the Mysore family. 
 
 Mysore, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 was ruined by Tippoo Sultan ; but since the Eng- 
 lish restored the ancient family in 1799, and made 
 it the rajah's seat of government, the town and 
 fortress have been rebuilt, and the population is 
 rapidly increasing. Mysore is 10 m. S. of Serin- 
 gapatain. Long. 76. 50. E., lat. 12. 15. N. 
 
 Mytilene. See Metelin. 
 
 Myton, at town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 2 m 
 from Aldborough.. 
 
 N 
 
 NAAS, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Kildare, where the assizes are held alternately 
 with Athy. It was anciently the residence of 
 the kings of Leinster. 17 m. S. W. of Dublin. 
 Long. 6. 42. W., lat. 53. 13. N. 
 
 Nab, a river of Germany, which flows S. through 
 the kingdom of Bavaria, and enters the Danube 
 a little above Ratisbon. 
 
 Kabul, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, cele- 
 brated for its potteries. Near it are several re- 
 mains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, 32 m 
 S. S. E. ot Tunis. Long. 10. 19. E., lat. 53. 13. N. 
 
 Nabburnr, a town of Bavaria, on the river Nab, 
 10 rii. E. S. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Nablous, a town of Palestine, capital of a coun- 
 try which was the ancient kingdom of Samaria. 
 It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tri- 
 bute to the pacha of Damascus. Here is consid- 
 erable trade, and the manufactures flourish more 
 than in most cities of the east. The soil of the 
 surrounding country is fertile, and producos a 
 great Jeal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. 
 Nablous is 24 m. N. of Jerusalem and 90 S. S. W. 
 of Damascus. Long. 35. 24. E., lat. 32. 20. N. 
 
 Naco, a town of S. America, in Mexico, 50 m. 
 N. W. of Valladolid. 
 
 Nacogdoches, a small town in Texas, 120 m. W. 
 of Natchitoches in Louisiana. 
 
 Nadir, a town of Egvpt. on the W. branch of 
 the Nile, 28 m. N. N. W. of Cairo. 
 
 Naefcls, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Glaris, near which, in 1388, an unparalleled 
 victory was obtained by 350 troops of Glaris, as- 
 sisted by 50 Schweitzers, over 15,000 Austrians. 
 In memory of this heroic achievement, a chapel 
 was built on the spot, which was rebuilt in 1779. 
 4 m. N. of Glaris. 
 
 Naerden, a strong town of the Netherlands, in 
 S. Holland, at the head of the canals of the pro- 
 vince, of which it is considered the key . In 1572 
 it was taken by Fernande de Toledo, son of the 
 duke of Alva, and all the inhabitants were mas- 
 sacred. In 1672 it was taken by the French, and 
 
 retaken by the Prince of Orange the following 
 year. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 14 m. E. 
 S. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. 11. E., lat. 52. 
 19. N. 
 
 Nagamangala, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 with a citadel in the centre, both fortified with 
 mud walls. In the outer town a wide street ex- 
 tends all round, with short lanes on each side to 
 the outer and inner wall. In the furt are two 
 large temples and a ruinous palace. 30 lii. N. of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Nagara, or Hyder-nagara, a city of Hindoostan, 
 capital of the district of Bednore. It was former- 
 ly called Bidderuru, and by Europeans Biddenore ; 
 but received its present name in 1763, on being 
 taken by Hyder, who made it his principal arsenal 
 and a place of great magnitude and commerce. 
 It afterwards declined, being neither the seat of 
 a court nor of any public works, except the mint. 
 In 1783 it was taken by the English, and re-taken 
 soon after by Tippoo ; but on his final defeat, in 
 1799, it was ceded by the English to the rajah of 
 Mysore. 70 m. N. by E. of Mangalore and 150 
 N. W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 8. E lat 13 
 48. N. 
 
 Nagaz, a town of Candahar, province of Cabul 
 on the Cowmull, 79 m. W. by N. of Attock anc 
 120 S. of Cabul. 
 
 Nagera, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with 
 a fort, 3 m. N. W. of Calahorra and 138 N. of 
 Madrid. 
 
 Nagold, a town of Germa.-.y in the kingdom ol 
 Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle ; situate on s. 
 river of the same name, 15 m. W. of Tubingen. 
 
 Nagore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a district 
 of the same name in the province of Acimere 
 50 tn. N. W. of Agimere. Long. 74. 15. E., hit 
 27. 9. N. 
 
 Nagporc, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the 
 Eastern Mahratta territories. It is extensive 
 and populous, but meanly built; and, excepting 
 a small citadel, is open and defenceless. 560 in 
 W. by S. of Calcutta Long. 79. 46. E..lat. 21 .9.N 
 
TV AM 
 
 527 
 
 NAN 
 
 Nagpore Chuta, (or Little,) a district of Bahar, 
 Hindoostan, constituting the S. W. British fron- 
 tier, and included in the collectorship of Ramg- 
 hur. It is one of the wildest and least cultivated 
 districts of British India. 
 
 Nagybanja, a town of Hungary and one of the 
 royal free towns. The gold and silver mines are 
 of great produce, and money is coined here. It 
 is 30 m. N. E. of Zatmar. Long. 22. 54. E., 
 lat. 48. 10. N. 
 
 Nahant, a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 8 
 m. N. E. Boston. It belongs to Lynn in Essex 
 Co. and is united to the continent by a narrow 
 isthmus of sand called Lynn Beach. The penin- 
 sula has a rocky, uneven surface, and is adorned 
 with many summer cottages belonging to the in- 
 habitants of Boston. During the summer months 
 it is greatly frequented by visitors. Two spa- 
 cious and elegant hotels built of stone, afford ex- 
 cellent accommodations, and steam-boats pass 
 every hour in the day between Nahant and Bos- 
 ton during the season. 
 
 Nahc, a river of Germany, which rises in the 
 territory of Treves, above Birkenfeld, and enters 
 the Rhine at Bingen. 
 
 Nahn, a town d*f Dehli, Hindoostan, capital of 
 a district of the same name, and a place of con- 
 siderable strength. It is the residence of a Hin- 
 doo chief, tributary to the rajah of Nepaul. Long. 
 77. 8. E., lat. 30. 41. N. 
 
 Nairn, a borough of Scotland, and capital of 
 Nairnshire, with a small harbour. It is seated at 
 the mouth of a river of the same name, on the 
 Murray Frith, 15. m. N. E. of Inverness and 120 
 N of Edinburgh Long. 3. 6. W., lat. 57. 38. N. 
 
 Nairnshire, a county of Scotland, 15 m. long, 
 and 10 broad; bounded N. by the Murray Frith, 
 and enclosed on every side of the counties of In- 
 verness and Murray. It is divided into 4 parishes 
 and sends one member to parliament alternately 
 with Cromarty. The S. part is mountainous, 
 but towards the N. it is level, and the soil abund- 
 antly fertile 
 
 Naksivan, a town of Prussian Armenia, former- 
 ly a large city, but ruined by Abbas I., who re- 
 moved the inhabitants in the interior parts of 
 Persia. Hereare now some considerable buzaars, 
 caravenserais, baths, and other public buildings. 
 It is 85 m. S. E-. of Erivan and 250 E. of Erze- 
 rum. Long. 45. 30. E., lat. 33. 40. N. 
 
 Namslav, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 castle. It is situate among morasses on the river 
 Weyda, 20 m. E. S. E. of Breslau. 
 
 Namvr, a province of the Netherlands, 30 ni. 
 long and 20 broad ; bounded by the French fron- 
 tier, and by the Belgic provinces of Hainault, S. 
 Brabant and Liege. It is pretty fertile, and has 
 several forests, marble quarriers, and mines of 
 iron, lead and coal. The rivers Meuse and Snm- 
 bre divide it into 3 parts, nearly of equal extent. 
 Before the French Revolution of 1789, the great- 
 er part of this province belonged to Austria, and 
 the remainder to France. In 1794 the whole was 
 siezed by the French, and constituted for 20 
 years part of the department of Sambre-et-Meuse. 
 It was finally incorporated with the kingdom of 
 the Netherlands in 1815. 
 
 Namur, the capital of the above province, and 
 a bishop's see. It has a castle in the middle of 
 the town, on a craggy rock, and several forts. 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. Fire- 
 arms, swords, knives, and many other kinds of 
 cutlery, are made here. This city was the scene 
 of a sanguinary conflict between the allies and the 
 
 French in June 1815, and is noted in history as 
 the scene of many early battles. It is seated be- 
 tween two mountains, at the confluence of the 
 Maese and Sambre, 24 m. W. S. W. of Liege 
 and 32 S. E. of Brussels. Long. 4. 45. E., lat 
 50. 29. IN. 
 
 Nanas. a town of Hungary, 23 m. N. VV. De- 
 breozin. Pop. 4,000. 
 
 Nanay, a river of Quito, falling into the Amazon. 
 
 Nanceville, p. v. Harrison Co. Indiana. 
 
 Nancy, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, and a bishop's see. It is divid- 
 ed by a canal into the Old and New Town. 
 The former though irregularly built, is rich and 
 populous, and contains the palace of the ancient 
 dukes of Lorraine ; and their tombs are in a rich 
 saloon which adjoins the church of the late Cor- 
 deliers. The New Town, whose streets are per- 
 fectly straight, was one of the finest in Europe, 
 even before the magnificent works with which 
 Stanislaus I., titular king of Poland, and duke of 
 Lorraine, enriched it. The cathedral is a supurb 
 structure, and there are several other elegan 
 churches. It was occupied by the allies in 1814. 
 Nancy is seated in a delightful plain, near the 
 river Meurthe, 30 m. S. of Metz and 230 E. of 
 Paris. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 48. 42. N. 
 
 Nandar, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name in the province of Dowle- 
 tabad. 132 m. N. N. W. of Hydrabad. 
 
 Nandidroog, a strong town of Hindoostan, in 
 Mysore. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 
 1709, it has been garrisoned by English troops. 
 It is 25 m. N. by E. of BangaloVe and 64 E. S. E. 
 of Sera? 
 
 Nanfio, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 a little tothe E. of Santorin ; it is 26 m. in circum- 
 ference, but has no harbour, nor springs sufficient 
 to water the fields. The inhabitants are all 
 Greeks, and their chief trade is in onions, wax, 
 and honey. The ruins of the temple of Apollo 
 are yet to be seen, and consist chiefly of marble 
 columns. Long. 26. 10. E., lat. 36. 15. N. 
 
 Naugasaki, a city of Japan, in the island of 
 Ximo, with a good harbour and the only one in 
 the empire in which foreign ships are permitted 
 to anchor. The inhabitants carry on a great 
 trade with the Chinese and Dutch. Long. 129. 
 46. E., lat. 32. 32. N. 
 
 Nangis, a town of France in the department of 
 Seine-et-Marn, 12 m. W. of Provins. 
 
 Nanjrmog, p.t. Charles Co. Maryland. 45 m. 
 S. Washington. 
 
 Nankang,a. city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang-si, seated on the lake Po- 
 yang, 637 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. 58. E., 
 'lat. 29. 33. N. 
 
 Nanking, a. city of China, capital of the prov- 
 ince ofKiangan. It is 17 m. in circumference, 
 and about 3 m. distant from the great river Yang- 
 tse-Chiang, from which canals are cut, so large 
 that vessels may enter the town. It was former- 
 ly the imperial city, whence it is called Nanking, 
 which signifies southern court ; but, since the six 
 grand tribunals have been removed to Pekin, it is 
 called Kiang-nan in all public acts The place is 
 greatly fallen from its ancient splendor; for it had 
 a magnificent palace which is quite destroyed, as 
 well as many ancient monuments ; and a third 
 part of the city itself is desolate. The streets 
 are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and 
 on each side are shops neatly furnished. The pub- 
 lic buildings are mean, except a few tempies, the 
 city gates, and a tower of porcelain 200 feet high 
 
NAN 
 
 528 
 
 NAP 
 
 The inhabitants were formerly estimated at 2,000, 
 000, the city being above 30 m. in circumference. 
 The number at present is said to be 1,000,000, 
 without comprehending the garrison of 40,000 
 men. They have several manufactures in silk 
 and wood. Here the physicians have their prin- 
 cipal academy. Nanking is seated on the Siam, 
 500 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long 119. 25. E., lat. 
 32. 46. N. 
 
 Nanngan, a city of China of the first rank, in 
 Kiancrsi. It stands among plantations of sugar- 
 cane, near the source of the Kang-kiang, and the 
 foot of the mountain Me-lin, 200 rn. N. E. of 
 Canton. Long. 113. 33. E., lat. 24. 43. N. 
 
 Nan-ning, a city of-China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Quang-si, 1,145 m. S. S. VV. of Pe- 
 kin. Long. 107. 45. E., lat. 22. 44. N. 
 
 Nansemond, a county of the E. district of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 11,734. Suffolk is the capital. Also a 
 river flowing through this county into James 
 River at Hampton Roads. 
 
 Nantasket, the Indian name of the peninsula on 
 the S. side of Boston Bay. It contains the town 
 of Hull, and is joined to the mainland by a beach 
 of sand several miles in length. The peninsula 
 has several high hills which command one of the 
 entrances into Boston harbour. 
 
 Nantasket Road, the name given to that part of 
 the outer harbour of Boston, between Nantasket 
 and the islands to the N.and N. VV. just within the 
 outer light. 
 
 Nan-tchang, a city of China, capital of Kiang- 
 si. It has no trade but that of porcelain, which is 
 made in the vicinity of Jaatcheou. The country is 
 so much cultivated that the pastures are barely 
 sufficient for the flocks. It is seated on the Kan- 
 kiang, which flows hence into the lake Poyang, 
 695 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 30. E.. lat. 28. 
 36.N. 
 
 Nantes, a city of France capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lower Loire, and a bishop's see, with a 
 university. It was formerly the residence of the 
 dukes of Bretagne, who built a strong castle on 
 the side of the river, which still exists. The 
 cathedral contains the tombs of the ancient dukes ; 
 besides which there are a collegiate church and 
 11 parish churches. The bridges over the Loire, 
 in which are some islands, are almost a league 
 in length. The suburbs exceed the city in extent. 
 A great quantity of salt is made in the territory of 
 Nantes, both at the bay of Bourgneuf and in the 
 salt marshes of Guelande and Croisic. Large ves- 
 sels can come no higher than Port Laubai, which 
 is 12 in. from Nantes. The inhabitants are com- 
 puted at nearly 80,000. It was here that Henry 
 IV. promulgated the famous edict in 1598, in fa- 
 vour of the Protestants which was revoked by 
 Louis XIV. in 1685. Nantes is 58 ra. S. by E. of 
 Rennes and 217 S. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 33. W., 
 lat. 47. 13. N. 
 
 Nanticolce, p.t. Broome Co N. Y. on a creek of 
 the same name falling into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Nanticoke, a hundred of Sussex Co. Del. on 
 a river of the same name falling into the Chesa- 
 peak. 
 
 Nantmill, E. and W.,two townships in Chester 
 Co. Pa. 35 m. N. W. Philad. 
 
 Mantua, a town of France, department of Ain, 
 with manufactures of gauzes, taffetas, chintzes, 
 &c. situate on a lake of the same name, 18 m. E. 
 of Bourg. 
 
 Nantucket, an island of Massachusetts, 20 m. S. 
 of Cape Cod. It is 15 m. long and 7 broad, and 
 contains 29,380 acres. It is a sandy spot with 
 
 little vegetation, yet affords grass for the pastur 
 age of a few cows and sheep, and supports a 
 population of 7,202. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 engaged in the whale fishery, and their ships pen- 
 etrate to the most distant seas on the globe. The 
 island constitutes one town and one county. The 
 principal village is on the N. side of the island, 
 and has a tolerable harbour ; the houses are of 
 wood. There are many spermaceti works upon the 
 island. The shipping owned here in 1827 amount- 
 ed to 26,353 tons. S. E. of Nantucket, out of 
 sight of the island are some dangerous shoals. 
 
 Nanlwich, a town in Cheshire, Eng. The man- 
 ufacture of salt was formerly considerable, but 
 it is now confined to a single establishment ; and 
 the chief trade consists in the manufacture of 
 shoes for the London and Manchester dealers. 
 The principal dairies of Cheshire are about this 
 town, and it has considerable trade in cheese. It 
 is seated on the Weaver, and by the Chester Ca- 
 nal, which here forms a broad basin, 20 m. S. 
 E. of Chester and 164 N. W. of London. 
 
 Nan-yang, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Ho-nan, seated on a small river, 
 and surrounded by mountains, 160 m. S. of Ho- 
 nan. 
 
 Nan-yong, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Quantong, seated on the Pei- 
 kiang, near its source, 170 m. N.N. E. of Canton. 
 
 Napaul. See Nepaul. 
 
 Naples, or the Two Sicilies, a kingdom com- 
 prehending the S. part of Italy, bounded on the N. 
 W. by the Ecclesiasticalstates, N. E. by the gul r 
 of Venice, and every where else by the Mediter 
 ranean. It is 300 m. in length by 100 in breadth, 
 and is divided into 13 provinces : namely, Napo- 
 lia or Naples, Terra di Lavoro (the ancient Cam- 
 pania Felix), Principato Citra and Ultra, Molise, 
 Basilicata, Calabria Citra and Ultra, Abruzzo 
 Citra and Ultra, Capitanata, Terra di Bari, and 
 Terra d' Otranto ; the last three forming the an- 
 cient Apulia, now called Pnglia, on the E. side 
 of the kingdom. 
 
 The climate in general is extremely hot, espec- 
 ially in July, August, and September, and is said 
 to be one of the most inconstant and unfavoura- 
 ble to valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains 
 every day for 6 or 7 weeks together; but the most 
 disagreeable part of the climate is the sirocco, or 
 S. E. wind, which is very common in May, and 
 extremely relaxing. In winter there is seldom 
 any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The 
 country abounds with grain, the finest fruits and 
 vegetables, rice, flax, oil, wine, saffron, and man- 
 na ; and affords alum, vitrol, sulphur, rock crystal, 
 marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk. Besides 
 the manufactures noticed in the account of the 
 city of Naples, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and 
 gloves are also made of the hair or filaments of a 
 shellfish, which are warmer than those of wool 
 and of a beautiful glossy green. The principal 
 mountains are the Apennines (which traverse 
 this country from N. to S., branching to the two 
 extremities) and the celebrated volcano, Mount 
 Vesuvius. The rivers are numerous, but incon- 
 siderable ; the chief are the Garigliano and Vol- 
 turno. One of the greatest inconveniences to 
 which this kingdom ra exposed is earthquakes. 
 The established religion is the Roman Catholic ; 
 but Protestants and Jews are allowed to settle 
 here. The inhabitants of this country have at all 
 times borne but an indifferent character among 
 other nations ; gluttony is here a predominant 
 vice, while instances of ebriety are comparatively 
 
NAP 
 
 529 
 
 NAR 
 
 rare. In the female sex, the passion for finery is 
 almost superior to every other ; and though chas- 
 tity is not the characteristic virtue of the country, 
 yet a Neapolitan woman would, for the most part 
 prefer a present to a lover. The breach of the 
 conjugal vow sometimes occasions quarrels and 
 assassinations among people of inferior rank ; and 
 in the metropolis, assassinations are often perpe- 
 trated from much less cogent motives. That fu- 
 rious jealousy for which the nation was once so 
 remarkable is, however greatly abated. See Italy 
 and Sicily. 
 
 Naples, a large and rich trading city of Italy, 
 one of the finest in the world, capital of the above 
 kino-dom, with a university. It is situated at the 
 bottom of a bay, and is built in the form of a vast 
 amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to the sea. 
 Although the style of architecture is inferior to 
 what prevails at Rome, and it cannot vie with that 
 city in the number of palaces or in the magnifi- 
 cence of the public buildings, yet the private hou- 
 ses in general are better built, and the streets are 
 broader and better paved. No street in Rome 
 equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; 
 nor can any of them be compared with the beau- 
 tiful streets which lie open to the bay, where the 
 excessive heat of the sun is often tempered with the 
 sea breezes and gales wafting the perfumes of the 
 Campagna Felice The houses in general are 5 
 or G stories high, and flat at the top, on which 
 are placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit trees 
 in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agree- 
 able effect. On the mountain St. Elmo, in a 
 most pleasant situation, is a convent of Carthu- 
 sians, on which much expense has been lavished 
 to render the building, the apartments, and the 
 gardens, equal to the situation. Naples is admir- 
 ably situated for commerce, and has all the neces- 
 saries and luxuries of life in great profusion. The 
 chief articles manufactured here are silk stockings, 
 soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise-shell or of the lava of 
 Mount Vesuvius, tables, and ornamental furni- 
 ture of marble. They are thought to embroider 
 here better than in France ; and their macaroni is 
 preferred to that of any part of Italy. They ex- 
 cel also in liquors and confections ; particularly 
 in one kind of confection, called diaboloni, of a 
 very hot and stimulating nature, and which is 
 sold at a very high price. 
 
 The number of inhabitants is computed at 350, 
 000, which is very probable ; for, though Naples 
 is not one-third of the size of London, yet many 
 of the streets here are more crowded than the 
 Strand, and a great proportion of the poorest sort 
 are obliged to spend the night in them, as well as 
 the day, for want of.habitations. There is not a 
 city in the world, perhaps, with the same number 
 of inhabitants, in which so few contribute to the 
 wealth of the community, by useful and produc- 
 tive labour; the number of priests, monks, fid- 
 dlers, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and lazzarorri or 
 vagabonds, is immense : the last alone have been 
 computed at above 30,000, but their number has 
 since been somewhat diminished. The nobility 
 are excessively fond of splendour and show, as ap- 
 pears by the brilliancy of their equipages, the num- 
 ber of their attendants, the richness of their dress, 
 and the grandeur of their titles. The king, it is 
 said counts 100 persons with the title of prince and 
 still a greater number with that of duke, among 
 his subjects. Six or seven of these have estates of 
 from £10,000 to £13,000 a-year, and a considera- 
 ble number have possessions to about half that 
 amount; while the annual revenue of many is not 
 67 
 
 above £1 ,000 or £2000. The inferior nobility are 
 much poorer, many counts and marquises not 
 having above £300 or £400 a-year, of a paternal 
 estate, many still less, and not a few enjoying the 
 title without any estate whatever. Although the 
 churches and convents of Naples are not to be 
 compared with those of Rome in point of archi- 
 tecture, they surpass them in rich jewels, and in 
 the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, ves- 
 sels, and other ornaments. The cathedra) is a 
 grand Gothic edifice ; and, of all the palace?, that 
 of the king is not only the most mao-nificent, but 
 in the best style of architecture. The harbour, 
 which is spacious is protected by a mole. The 
 bay of Naples is one of the finest in J,he world, be- 
 ing almost of a circular figure, about 30 m. in di- 
 ameter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the 
 island of Capri, and three parts of it sheltered 
 by a circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was 
 taken by the French in January, 1799, but retak- 
 en by the British fleet under lord Nelson, in the 
 June following. In 180ti it was again taken pos- 
 session of by the French under Massena, soon 
 after which Joseph Bonaparte was here crowned 
 king of Naples ; but on his removal to Spain, in 
 1803, the crown was conferred on Murat. In 
 May, 1815, Naples was surrendered to a British 
 squadron, and in the following month king Fer- 
 dinand was restored. In 1803 the city suffered 
 much damage by an earthquake. It is 110 in. S. 
 K. of Rome, 104 N. E. of Palermo, and 300 S. bv 
 E. of Venice. Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 14. 55. 
 N. 
 
 Napoli de Romania, a sea-port of the Morea,and 
 an archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula, at the 
 head of a bay, of the same name. It has a large 
 harbour, with a narrow entrance, defended by a 
 citadel. This town was taken by the Turks in 
 1715, and remained under the government of the 
 Porte till the recent dismemberment of Greece. It 
 is 20 m. S. S. W. of Corinth. Long. 22. 44. E., 
 lat. 37. 44. N. 
 
 A'apoli di Malrasia, a sea-port of the Morea, on 
 the island of Malvasla. It has a fine harbour defend- 
 ed by a good citadel ; and a long wooden bridge, 
 which joins it to the mainland. It gives name to 
 that excellent wine called Malmsey ; and was tlie 
 ancient Eprdaurus,famed for the temple of iEseuIa- 
 pius. It is seated on a rock, at the entrance of the 
 bay of Napoli de Romania. 38 m. S. E. of Misitra. 
 Long. 22'. 58. E., lat. 36. 53. N. 
 
 Kara, a town of Japan, hi the island of Niphon, 
 with a magnificent castle, 25 m. N. W. of Meaco. 
 JTarainvunve, a town of Bengal, in the district 
 of Dacca, with manufactures of muslin, and a 
 trade in orain. salt, tobacco, &c. It is seated, ors 
 the Liickia. Long. 90. 35. E., lat. 23-. 36. N 
 
 Karasinghapura, a town of Hind-oostan,. in My 
 sore, with two considerable temples. It is well' 
 built, and stands in a fertile conntvy, on the Cave 
 ry, immediately below the influx of Kapina, 3(1 
 m. E. S. E. of My sore. 
 
 JVarlieth, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, 
 seated on a hill, 12 m. N. E. of Pembroke and 
 242 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Narbonne, a city of France, in the department 
 of Aude. In the time of the Romans it was- the 
 capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbon- 
 ensis ; and here the emperor Marcus Aurelius 
 was born. Some Roman inscriptions, in different 
 parts of the city are still visibFe ; and the canal 
 from the river Aude, through the city to the Med- 
 iterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is 
 famous for its honey, and the cathedral is remark 
 2 Y 
 
NAS 
 
 530 
 
 NAT 
 
 able for its noble choir. It is 5 m. from the Med- 
 iterranean and 80 E. S. E. of Toulouse. Long. 3. 
 0. E.,lat. 43. 11. N. 
 
 Narboroucrh, an uninhabited island in the S. 
 Pacific, on the coast of Chile, where Sir John Nar- 
 borough refreshed his men when sent to the South 
 Sea, in the reign of Charles II. Long. 74. 35. W., 
 lat. 45. 0. IN. 
 
 Nardo, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Otranto, 
 22 m. W. by N. of Otranto. 
 
 Narcnza, a town of Dalmatia, and a bishop's 
 see ; seated on a river of the same name, 42 m. 
 N. N. W. of Ragusa. 
 
 Narim, a town of Siberia, in the government of 
 Tobolsk, surrounded by pallisade6 and wooden 
 towers. The environs abound with foxes, ermines, 
 and sables. It is seated at the conflux of the Ket 
 with the Oby, 400 m. E by N. of Tobolsk. Long. 
 81. 15. E., lat. 59. 10. IN 
 
 Narnalla, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 province of Berar, 33 m. W. N.W. of Ellich- 
 pour. 
 
 Narni, a town of Italy, in the states of the 
 church. Here are the ruins of a marble bridge, 
 built by Augustus ; and also of an aqueduct that 
 brought water from a spring at the distance of 15 
 m. It is seated on the JNera, 20 m. S. S. W. of 
 Spoleto, and 40 N. of Rome. 
 
 Naro, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a 
 river of the same name, 11 m. E. of Girgenti. 
 
 JYarova, a river of Russia, which issues from 
 the lake Peipus, flows to Narva, and enters the 
 gulf of Finland 8 m. below that town. It has two 
 cataracts, pompously described by travellers; 
 but they are far inferior to that of the Rhine at 
 Lauffen. 
 
 Narraganset, Bay, in Rhode Island State, ex- 
 tends from N. to S. dividing the state into two 
 parts. It is separated into several distinct chan- 
 nels by the islands which it embosoms. The 
 largest are Conanicut and Rhode Island. The 
 length of the bay is about 30 m. and its breadth 
 15. It affords many excellent harbours and is ac- 
 cessible at all seasons of the year. It receives 
 many rivers, and the cities of Providence and 
 Newport with other small towns lie upon its 
 waters. ': 
 
 Narraguairus, p.v. Washington Co. Me. 37 
 m. W. Macnias, on a river of the same name. 
 
 Narsingapalam, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 territory of Cattack, near the coast of the bay of 
 Bengal, 44 m. S. of Cattack. 
 
 Narva, a strong town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Petersburgh. The houses are built of 
 brick and stuccoed white ; and it has more the 
 appearance of a German than of a Russian town. 
 In the suburb called Ivangorod are the stupendous 
 remains of an ancient fortress, built by Ivan Ba- 
 silowitz the Great, which impend over the steep 
 banks of the Narova. In 1700 Charles XII. of 
 Sweden obtained a victory here over Peter the 
 Great. Five years after, the czar took the town 
 by assault; and, by his own personal exertions, 
 saved it from pillage and massacre. The princi- 
 pal exports are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. It 
 is situate on the Narova, 8 m. from its mouth and 
 85 W. S. W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. 52. E., 
 lat. 59. 18. N. 
 
 Nancar, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a fer- 
 tile district of the same name, in the province of 
 Agra; seated near the Sinde, 115 m. S. of Agra. 
 Long. 78. 17. E.,lat. 25. 40. N. 
 
 Nasea, a sea-port of Peru, in the audience of 
 Luna. It has a good harbour, and stauds in a tei • 
 
 ritory fertile in wine and sugar, 220 m. S. S E. 
 of Lima. Long. 75. 10. W., lat. 14. 45. S. 
 
 Naseby, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng. fa- 
 mous for the decisive victory gained by the army 
 of the parliament over that of Charles I. in 1645. 
 12 m. N. N. W. of Northampton. 
 
 Nash, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,492. 
 Nashville is the capital. 
 
 Nashua, a branch of the Merrimack, rising in 
 Worcester County Mass. and falling into tne 
 Merrimack at Dunstable, N. H. It is 40 m. long 
 
 Nashuan, one of the Elizabeth Islands, on tha 
 S. side of Buzzard s Bay, in Dukes Co. Mas. 
 
 Nashville, p.t. Davidson Co. Tennessee, and the 
 seat of government for the state. It is seated on 
 the S. branch of Cumberland river near some high 
 bluffs. The site is pleasant and healthy and the 
 town is much visited during the hot season by 
 people from the lower country. Here is a branch 
 of the United States Bank. The Cumberland is 
 navigable to this place by steam-boats. The Uni- 
 versity of Nashville was founded in 180G. It has 
 4 instructers and 95 students, the libraries have 
 3,250 vols. It has two vacations of 11 weeks. 
 Pop. 5,566. 
 
 Nashville, p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 50 m. N. E. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Naskow, a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Laaland, with a convenient harbour, seated on a 
 bay of the same name, 15 m. W. by N. of Marieboe. 
 
 Nassau, an independent duchy of Germany, 
 formed of the several principalities which formerly 
 bore this name. It is bounded by the Prussian 
 territory on the Lower Rhine and the states of the 
 princes of Hesse. It contains mines of iron, cop- 
 per, and lead, and the soil is fertile in some places, 
 but the surface is for the most part woody and 
 mountainous. The rearing of cattle and the cul- 
 ture of the vine are the principal occupations of 
 the inhabitants. The duke of Nassau holds the 
 13th place at the smaller assembly of the German 
 diet and has two votes in the full assembly. 
 
 Nassau, a town of Germany, in the above duchy, 
 the only place belonging in common to the duke 
 of Nassau and the king of the Netherlands. Op- 
 posite the town, on the other side of the river, and 
 on a high mountain, formerly stood Nassauberg, 
 a place of great antiquity, and the original seat of 
 the Nassau family. Nassau is 32 m. W. N. W. 
 of Frankfort. Long. 7. 52. E.. lat. 50 ; 16. N. 
 
 Nassau, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. E 
 Albany. Pop. 3,254. 
 
 Nassau, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the 
 W. side of the island of Sumatra, about 120 m. in 
 circumference. It abounds with forests, and pre- 
 sents an enchanting verdure. The inhabitants 
 are dissimilar from their neighbours; for they 
 approach the simplicity of manners and personal 
 appearance of the Otaheitans, while their color is 
 like that of the Malays. Long. 99. 40. E., lat. 2 
 50. S. 
 
 J\assuck,& town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Guzerat, 95 m. S. S. W. of Surat. Long. 73. 
 49. E., lat. 19. 50. N. 
 
 Nata, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the province 
 of Panama, seated in a fertile country, on the bay 
 of Panama, 63 m. S. W. of Panama. Long. 81 5 
 W., lat. 8. 36. N. 
 
 Natal, a country on the S. E. coast of Africa, 
 lying N. E. of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited 
 by alribe of Caffres. It is about 500 m. in length, 
 and near the middle is a river and also a bay of 
 the same name. Long. 31. 30. E.. lat. 29. 0. S. 
 
 Natchez, p.t. Adams Co. Mississippi, on the 
 
WAV 
 
 531 
 
 NHA 
 
 eastern branch of the river Mississippi, 156 m. 
 above New Orleans by land, and 322 by the river. 
 It is the only large town in the state, and has a 
 great trade in cotton. Steam-boats and river ship- 
 ping frequent this place in great numbers, and 
 make it one of the busiest towns upon the river. 
 It is situated upon a bluff 300 feet above the river 
 and is surrounded by a level country. It is often 
 visited by the yellow fever. A branch of the 
 United States Bank is established here. Pop. 2,790. 
 Natchitoches, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,926. 
 The capital is the following. 
 
 Natchitoches, p.t. on Red River, Lou. 35 6 m. N. 
 W. New Orleans. It is the frontier town of the 
 United States toward Mexico, and the centre of 
 communication for the land trade with that coun- 
 try. It was settled above a century ago, and its 
 inhabitants are composed of French, Spanish and 
 Indian descendants intermingled with native and 
 emigrant Americans. Its trade with Mexico con- 
 sists in the exportation of manufactured goods, 
 spirits and tobacco, for which it receives in re- 
 turn, silver bullion, horses and mules. This town 
 is the resort of many fugitives and desperate char 
 acters from the United States, but the stationary 
 Dopulation is respectable. 
 
 Natich, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 890. 
 
 Natolia, a country formerly called Asia Minor. 
 It is the most western part of the great continent 
 of Asia, bounded N. by the Black Sea, E. by the 
 Euphrates, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. by 
 the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. It is 
 crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called 
 Taurus, from VV. to E., and watered by a great 
 number of rivers. The soil is generally fertile, 
 producing fruits of various kinds, corn, tobacco, 
 cotton, and silk. The whole country has suffered 
 severely from Turkish oppression. 
 
 J\attam, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 the district of Dindigal, 45 m. S. S. W. of Trich- 
 inopoly. 
 
 Nattore, a town of Bengal, seated on the river 
 Attri, 47 m. E. N. E. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Natural Bridge, p. v. Rockbridge Co. Va. 176 
 m. W. Richmond. See Rockbridge. 
 
 Naucn, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 18 
 m. W. N. W. of Berlin. 
 
 Ndumberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel, 
 situate on the Eider, 16 m. W. S. W. of Cassel. 
 Naumburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Merseburg, formerly capital of a 
 duchy of the same name. It has a small citadel, 
 and its cathedral is remarkable for its fine altars, 
 paintings, and subterranean chapels. The chief 
 manufactures are leather, soap, starch, gunpowder, 
 turnery wares, &c. ; and its town carries on a 
 brisk trade. It is seated on the Saale, 18 m. W. 
 S. W. of Merseberg. Long. 12. 0. E., lat. 51. 
 11. N. 
 
 Naumburg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Leignitz, on the river Queis, 11 
 in. N. W. of Lowenburg. 
 
 Navan, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Meath. seated at the conflux of the Blackwater 
 with the Boyne, 7 m. N. E. of Trim and 25 N. 
 W. of Dublin. 
 
 Navarino, a sea-port on the W. coast of the 
 Morea, with a large harbour defended by two 
 forts. It is memorable for the destruction of the 
 Turkish and Egyptain fleet, by the English, 
 French, and Russians, in 1827. It is seated on a 
 hill, 10 m. N. by E. of Modon and 88 S. W. of 
 Corinth. Long. 21. 25. E , lat. 37. 5. N. 
 
 Navarre, a province of Spain, containing tnc 
 greater part of the ancient kingdom of Navarre 
 It is 75 m. long and 60 broad. Though a ranun 
 tainous country, abounding in game and iron 
 mines, some valleys produce good corn and ex- 
 cellent wine. Pampeluna is the capital. 
 
 Navarre, Neic, a former province of Mexico, 
 now divided into various modern intendancies. 
 
 Navarreins, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave d' Oleron, 26 m. 
 S. E. of Bayonne. 
 
 Navigator s Islands, a cluster of ten islands in 
 the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Bougainville. 
 and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are called 
 by the natives Opoun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maoun i, 
 Oyalava, Calinasse, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and 
 Ouero. Opoun, the most southerly and easterly 
 of these islands, lies in long. 169. 7. W., lat. 14. 
 7. S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be num- 
 bered among the largest and most beautiful isl- 
 ands of the S. Pacific. They combine the ad 
 vantages of a soil fertile without culture and a 
 climate that renders clothing unnecessary. The 
 inhabitants are a strong and lusty race ; scarcely 
 a man is to be seen among them less than six feet 
 high, and the women are in proportion. In dis- 
 position they are thievish, treacherous, and fe- 
 rocious. Their villages are situate on creeks, bv 
 the seaside, and have no paths between them ; so 
 that thej' pass from one to another in their canoes, 
 and thus are almost constantly on the water. 
 Their canoes, houses, &c. , are well constructed : 
 and they are much more advanced in internal 
 policy than any of the islands in this ocean. See 
 Maouna. 
 
 Naxia, or Nazos, an island in the Grecian Ar- 
 chipelago, 15 m. in length and 50 in circumfer- 
 ence. It is fertile in grain, wine, oil, cotton, and 
 silk ; and its plains abound with orange, olive, 
 lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mul- 
 berry trees. It has a great many villages ; but 
 the population of the whole island does not ex- 
 ceed 10,000. The highest mountain is Zla. 
 which signifies the mountain of Jupiter: but 
 there are no antiquities, except some small re- 
 mains of a temple of Bacchus. 
 
 Naxia, the capital of the above island, and one 
 of the most beautiful places in the Archipelago. 
 It has two archiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and 
 the other Latin. Here is no harbour, but the trade 
 is considerable in barley, wine, oil, figs, cotton, 
 silk, flax, cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. 
 It stands on the S. side of the island, and is de- 
 fended by a castle. Long. 25. 32. E., lat. 37. 8. 
 N. 
 
 Nayakanahully, a large square town of Hindoos- 
 tan, in Mysore, with a citadel in the centre, both 
 strongly fortified with mud walls. In the town 
 a wide street extends all round, and has short 
 lanes on each side. It has a manufacture of 
 coarse cotton cloth, and in the vicinity are many 
 palm gardens. It is 34 m. S. W. of Sera. 
 
 Nazareth, a town of Palestine, celebrated as 
 the residence of Christ, in the early part of his 
 life. It is now a small place, where the monks 
 of St. Francis have a convent. 50 m. N. N. E. 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 Nazareth, Upper and Lower, two townships in 
 Northampton Co. Pa. 7 m. N. W. Easton. The 
 inhabitants are Moravians, and here was their 
 first settlement in the country. 
 
 Naze, or Lindeness, the most southern promon- 
 tory of Norway. Long. 7. 20. E., lat. 57. 30. N. 
 Neagh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, 20 m. long and 
 
NEP 
 
 532 
 
 NEG 
 
 15 broad, lying in the counties of Armagh, Down, 
 Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. The river 
 Bann flows through it. 
 
 Neath, a corporate town of Wales, in Glamor- 
 ganshire. In the neighbourhood are iron forges, 
 smelting works for copper, and coal mines; and 
 nn the other side of the river are the extensive 
 remains of an abbey. A great quantity of coal is 
 exported hence in small vessels. It is situate on 
 the river Neath, near the Bristol Channel, 27 m. 
 S. VV. of Brecknock and 193 W. of London. 
 
 Neath, a river of Wales, which rises in Breck- 
 nockshire, and runs through Glamorganshire, by 
 the town of Neath, into the Bristol Channel. 
 
 Neb, a river in the Isle of Man, which runs into 
 the Irish Sea at Peel Castle. 
 
 Neiiio, or JYebbio, a ruined city on the N. side of 
 the island of Corsica, 1 mile from St. Fiorenzo. 
 
 Netra, a town of Prussian Saxony, in Thurin- 
 gia, on the Unstrut, 12 m. N. N. W. of Naumburg. 
 
 Neckar, a river of Germany, which rises in 
 Wurtemberg, flows by Rothwiel, Tubingen, Es- 
 slingen, Heilbron, and Heidelberg, and enters 
 the Rhine at Manheim. This river gives name 
 to three departments of Wurtemberg, Upper, 
 Lower, and Middle, and also to the two following 
 circles. 
 
 JYeckar, a circle of the grand duchy of Baden, 
 comprehending that part of the Lower Palatinate 
 lying to the E. of the Rhine. Manheim is the 
 capital. 
 
 Neckar, one of the four circles of Wurtemberg, 
 comprehending the W. part of the kingdom, ac- 
 cording to the division made in 1818. 
 
 Neckar gemund, a town of Baden, on the Neck- 
 ar, 5 m. fi. of Heidelberg. 
 
 Neckarsulm, a town of Wurtemberg, seated at 
 the conflux of the Neckar and Sulm, 5 m. N. of 
 Heilbron. 
 
 Nedroma, a town of Algiers, in the province 
 of Mascara, surrounded with magnificent ruins. 
 It is 50 m. W. S. W. of Oran. Long. 0. 33. W., 
 lat. 35. 40. N. 
 
 JVedsjed, an extensive province of Arabia, 
 bounded N. by the desert of "Syria, E. by Lachsa, 
 S. by Hadramaut and Yemen, and W. by Heds- 
 jaz. The soil is various, and in many parts very 
 fertile. The Bedouins inhabit a great part of this 
 province ; the remainder is mountainous, and 
 contains a great number of towns, almost every 
 one of which has its own chief. 
 
 Need/mm, a town in Sufiblk, Eng. seated on 
 the Orwell, 9 rn. N. W of Ipswich and 74 N. 
 E. of London. 
 
 Necdham,p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 12 m. S.W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,420. It is seated on the river 
 Charles, and has manufactures of paper. 
 
 Needles, a cluster of rocks in the English Chan- 
 nel, at the VV. end of the Isle of Wight, so called 
 from their height and sharp extremities. Here is 
 a light-house. Long. 1. 33. VV., lat. 50. 44. N. 
 
 Neehcclioio, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the 
 N.Pacific, five leagues W. of Atooi. The E. 
 coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea : the 
 rest of it consists of low ground, except a round 
 bluff head on the S. E. point. Long. 160. 15. 
 W., lat. 21. 50. N. 
 
 Neerwinden, a village of the Netherlands, in N. 
 Brabant, a little N. by W. of Landen. Hence 
 the two celebrated battles of Landen are some- 
 times called by the name of Neerwinden. See 
 Landen. 
 
 Ncfta, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, 250 m. 
 S by VV. of Tunis Long. 9. 25. E., lat. 30. N. 
 
 Negapatam, a city of Hindoostan in the dis 
 trict of Tanjore, on the coast of Coromandel. It 
 was first a colony of the Portuguese, but was ta 
 ken by the Dutch ; and the latter were disposses- 
 sed of it by the English in 1782. The port is not 
 extraordinary •, but most of the different nations 
 in India are here settled, and trade under the pro- 
 tection of the fort. The Wesleyan Methodists 
 have two missionaries here. It is 50 in. E. of 
 Tanjore and 106 S. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 
 56. E., lat. 10. 46. N." 
 
 Negara 1 a town of the isle of Borneo, capital 
 of the kingdom of Banjermassing ; situate on the 
 E side of the river Banjer, 60 m. N. of the town 
 of Banjermassing. Long. 114. 0. E.,lat. 1. 40. S 
 
 Negombo, a sea-port on the W. coast of the 
 isle of Ceylon, with a fort built by the Portu- 
 guese. It was taken in 1640 by the Dutch, who 
 evacuated it to the English in 1796. It is 16 m. 
 N. of Columbo. Long. 79. 55. E., lat. 7. 20. N. 
 
 Negraia, an island on the E. side of the bay of 
 Bengal, at the mouth of Basien River, the most 
 western branch of the Irrawaddy, with an excel 
 lent harbour. Long. 94. 30. E., lat. 16. 0. N. 
 
 Ncgril Point, the most westerly promontory of 
 the island of Jamaica. Long. 78. 23. VV., lat. 18 
 17. N. 
 
 Negro Cape, a promontory of Africa, on the. 
 coast of Benguela, being the most southerly 
 country to which the Europeans usually resort to 
 purchase slaves. Long. 11. 40. E., lat. 16. 15. N. 
 
 Negroland, or Nigritia, a large country in the 
 interior of Africa, through which the river Nigei 
 flows from VV. to E. It is called by the Arabs 
 Soudan, a word of similar import to the European 
 appellation, signifying the Land of the Blacks 
 It extends from long. 10. W. to 27. E., and from 
 lat. 10. to 25. N. ; being bounded on the N. by 
 the Zahara and the mountains which separate it 
 from the states of Barbary, on the E. by Nubia 
 and Abyssinia, on the S. by countries unknown 
 and Guinea, and VV. by Guinea, Fouli,and Zaha- 
 ra. Of this vast country little is known more than 
 the names of some of the towns and great kingdoms 
 of which it is composed. Some parts, particularly 
 on the river Ni^jer are said to be exceedingly fer- 
 tile; other parts are represented as sandy and desert. 
 Among the animals of the territory may be no- 
 ticed the Panther, a fierce insidious and crut-1 an- 
 
 imal who attacks not only beasts, but man, caking 
 the precaution always to approach him from be 
 hind. Major Denham saw one killed in this 
 country, above 8 feet in length. The principal 
 territory known is Bornou. The general charac- 
 ter of the negroes, who are the inhabitants of this 
 region, is that of levity. They do not appear to 
 want the feelings of humanity, nor are they more 
 destitute of sagacity than other people of an equal 
 degree of education ; but as their country sup- 
 plies them with food by a very slight degree of 
 
NEI 
 
 533 
 
 NEP 
 
 .ndustry, ai.d there is little occasion for clothing 
 amid the heat of their climate, they have a gener- 
 al habit of seeking present pleasure, and no care 
 for the future. The only necessary of life that 
 appears to be deficient is salt, which is the more 
 wanted among them in consequence of their sub- 
 sisting chiefly on vegetable food ; and it is a pro- 
 verbial expression of a man's riches to say that 
 he eats salt with his food. This important article 
 they receive from Zahara by caravans of trading 
 Anbs. They also receive arms, hardware, glass- 
 es, and trinkets, from the W., by the Europeans, 
 and in the interior, by the caravans of Cairo, 
 Fezzan, and Morocco. For these they give in re- 
 turn gold dust, ivory, and elephants' teeth. The 
 kind of government that exists among the negro 
 nations is by no means uniform. Many districts 
 a.re governed by a number of independent petty 
 chiefs, who are engaged in frequent wars with 
 each other. In other places, the talents of indi- 
 vidual chieftains have been able to reduce consid- 
 erable tracts of territory under their dominion; 
 and hence some flourishing towns have sprung 
 up. Many of the towns are fortified with ditches 
 and high walls. Domestic slavery prevails in a 
 very great degree among all the negro states. 
 When the tropical rains fall, or are so deficient 
 that the sun burns up the face of the country, it 
 is not uncommon for parents to sell their children, 
 and even themselves, for bread. A free man may 
 also lose his liberty by being taken prisoner in 
 war, or on account of the crimes of murder and 
 sorcery ; and also in consequence of insolvency. 
 The knowledge of the negroes, with regard te 
 religion and all speculative subjects, is extremely 
 limited ; but they have much superstition, and 
 are implicit believers in witchcraft and magic. 
 
 Negropont, an island in the Grecian Archipela- 
 go, TOO m. in length and 18 in breadth, anciently 
 called Eubcea. It is near the N. coast of Livadia, 
 and separated from it by the strait of Euripus over 
 which is a bridge. It abounds in corn, wine, oil, 
 and fruits. It forms a part of Independent Greece. 
 
 Negropont, a strong city, capital of the above 
 island, and an archbishop's see, with a good har- 
 bour. The walls of the city are 2 m. and a half 
 in circumference, but the suburbs are much larg- 
 er. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30 
 in. N. E. of Athens and 260 S. W. of Constanti- 
 nople. Long. 24. 8. E., lat. 38. 30. N. 
 
 Nehavend, a town of Irak, in Persia, famous for 
 a battle fought near it between the caliph Omar 
 and Yex Degerd, king of Persia, in 038, when the 
 latter lost his life and kingdom. It is 200 m.N. W. 
 if Ispahan. Long. 4S. 10. E., lat. 34. 20. N. 
 
 Neidenberg, a town of Prussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Konigsberg, with a castle on a mountain, 
 75 m. E. of Culm. Lontr. 20. 20. E., lat. 53. 
 22. S. 
 
 Neidcnstein,a. town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- 
 sel,9 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. 
 
 JVeira, one of the Banda Islands, and the seat of 
 their government. It has a spacious harbour, 
 bnt difficult to be entered ; and ships anchor un- 
 der the cannon of two forts. Long. 129. 30. E., 
 lat. 4. 50. S. 
 
 Neisse, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the govern- 
 ment of Oppeln. It is a place of great strength, 
 and one of the finest towns in Silesia. The inhab- 
 itants carry on a considerable trade in linens and 
 wine. This place was taken in 1741 by the Prus- 
 sians, who after the peace, in 1742, built a citadel, 
 to which they gave the name of Prussia. In 1758 it 
 was besieged by the Austrians, but ineffectually ; 
 
 in 1807 it surrendered to the French ; and was fin 
 ally ceded to Prussia in 1814. It is seated on a 
 river of the same name, 48 in. S.by E. of Breslau. 
 Long. 17. 20 E., lat. 50. 24. N. 
 
 Neitra, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see 
 with a castle and a college. It is situate on ariv 
 er of the same name, 34 in. N. of Gran. 
 
 Nclisuram, a town of Hindoostan. on the W. 
 coast, 33 m. N. E. of Mangalore and 40 N. W. of 
 Tellicherry. 
 
 Nellenburg, a former landgraviate of Suabia, 
 now belonging to Baden. 
 
 Nellenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, formerly 
 the capital of a landgraviate of Suabia, with a 
 citadel on a mountain, 22 m. N. of Constance 
 Long. 9. 5. E.,lat. 47. 57. N. 
 
 Nellora, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 the Carnatic. near the Pennar, 85 m. N. by W. of 
 Madras. Long. 79. 57. E., lat 14. 20. N. 
 
 Nelson, a count}' of the E. District of Virginia. 
 Pop. 11,251. Livingston is the capital. A county 
 of Kentucky. Pop. 14,916. Bardstown is the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 Nelson, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 33 m. S. W 
 Concord. Pop. 875. ; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,445; p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. Also townships in 
 Buckingham Co. L. C. and Fork Co. U. C. 
 
 Nelson s Rice?-, in North America, forms the out- 
 let of Lake Winnipeg, and flows into Hudson's 
 Bay in lat. 57. 2. N. Taken in connexion with the 
 Saskatchewan, its most distant head stream, its 
 extreme length is 1,500 m. 
 
 Nelsonville, p.v. Athens Co. Ohio. 54 m. S. E. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Nelson's fort, a British factory at the mouth of 
 Nelson's Biver. 
 
 Nemwa, a village of Greece, in the Morea, 20 
 m. S. W. of Corinth, anciently celebrated for its 
 games. 
 
 Nemours, a town of France, department o( 
 Seine-et-Marne, with an old castle ; seated on 
 the Loing, between two hills, 45 m. S S. E. of 
 Paris. 
 
 Nenagh, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Tipperary, with a castle, seated on a branch of 
 the Shannon, 19 m. N. E. of Limerick and 23 N. 
 of Cashel. 
 
 Neocastro, a town and fort of Romania, on the 
 strait of Constantinople, 12 m. N. of Constantino- 
 ple. 
 
 Neat's, St., a town in Huntingdonshire. Eng 
 and a considerable trade in coal ; seated on the 
 Ouse, over which is a strong bridge, 56 m. N. N. 
 W ofLondon. 
 
 Neonndah, a town of Birmah, with manufac- 
 tures of japanned ware, seated on the Irrawadav, 
 4 m. N. N. E. of Pagham. 
 
 Nepaul, a kingdom of Northern Hindoostan, 
 bounded N. by the Himmaleh Mountains, S. by 
 the provinces of Bahar, Cude, and Dehli, E. by 
 Bootan, and the territory of the rajah of Si Kim. 
 The soil is productive and in some places yields 
 two crops in the year. The mountains of Nepaul 
 contain mines of copper and iron ; and, although 
 commerce is not encouraged, it sends to Bengal 
 ivory, wax, honey, resin, timber, bastard cinna- 
 mon, cardamoms, walnuts, &c. ; and takes, in 
 return, muslins and silks of Bengal, carpets, spi- 
 ces, tobacco, and European goods. In 1811, in 
 consequence of the repeated encroachments of the 
 Nepaulese, the British inraded their territorif« 
 and dictated to them a treaty of peace in lolG. 
 By this treaty Nepaul is limited on the W to the 
 river Goora , the British have gained possesion 
 2 v2 
 
NET 
 
 534 
 
 NET 
 
 of the province of Kemaon, and a British envoy 
 constantly resides at Cattamandoo, the capital of 
 Nepaul. 
 
 Nepean Island, a small island in the S. Pacific, 
 opposite Port Hunter, on the S. coast of Norfolk 
 Island. 
 
 Nepi, a town of Italy, in the papal states, re- 
 markable for some Roman ruins, and a fine mod- 
 ern aqueduct ; seated on the Trigilia, 20 m. N. of 
 Rome. 
 
 JVeponset, a river ofMassachusetts flowing into 
 Boston Bay. It is navigable for vessels of 150 
 tons to Milton, 4 miles. 
 
 JVeponset, a village in Norfolk Co. Mass. on the 
 shove river, 6 m. S. Boston. It lies within the 
 limits of Dorchester and Milton, and has some 
 manufactures. 
 
 JYescopec/i, p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 JYcshamock', a town of Mercer Co. Pa. 
 JYerac, a town of France, department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, divided by the river Baise into Great 
 and Little Nerac. In the feudal times this was 
 the residence of the lords of Albert, whose stupen- 
 dous castle is now in ruins. 16 m. W. S. W. of 
 Agen and 67 S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 JYerbudda, a river of Hindoostan, which issues 
 from a lake on the S. confines of the province of Al- 
 lahabad, flows W. for 700 m. and enters the gulf 
 of Cam bay below Baroach. 
 
 Nerelteim, a town of Wurtemberg, with a late 
 Benedictine abbey on a mountain, whose abbot 
 was a prelate of the empire. It is 15 m. W. N. 
 W of Donawert. 
 
 Nericia, a province of Sweden bounded by Su- 
 bormania, Westmania, Wermland, and W. and 
 E. of Gothland. It is now included in the gov- 
 ernment ofOrebro. 
 
 Neronde, a town of France, department of Loire. 
 24 m. W. of Lyons. 
 
 JYerondes, a town in the department of Cher, 
 19 m. E. S. E. of Bourges. 
 
 JVcrshiyisk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov- 
 ince of the same name, in the government of Ir- 
 kutsk, with a fort. The adjacent country is 
 mountainous, but yields excellent pasture for cat- 
 tle ; and there are some considerable lead and 
 silver mines. It is seated at the confluence of 
 the Nerchawith the Shilka, 440 m. E. of Irkutsk. 
 Nesle, a town of France, department of Somme, 
 on the Lingon, 25 m. E. S. E. of Amiens and 66 
 N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Ness, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness- 
 shire, 22 in. long and from 1 to 2 broad. The 
 depth is very considerable ; and the high hills on 
 each side present a delightful view of wood, pas- 
 ture, cultivated lands and rugged precipices. It 
 was agitated in an extraordinary manner during 
 the great earthquake at Lisbon in 1755. Its out- 
 let, at the N. extremity, is the river Ness, which 
 runs into Murray Frith, below Inverness. 
 
 Nestved, a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Zealand, 38 m. S. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Netherlands, or Low Countries, a kingdom of 
 Europe, established in 1814, bounded on the W 
 and N. by the German Ocean, E. by Hanover and 
 the Prussian territories of the Lower Rhine, and 
 S. by France. It was composed of the former re 
 public of Holland, the 10 provinces constituting 
 the Austrian Netherlands, the grand duchy of 
 Luxemburg, and the former principality or bish- 
 opric of Liege : it was divided into the provinces 
 of Holland, E. Flanders, W. Flanders, Hainault, 
 S. Brabant, Liege, Limburg, N. Brabant, Antwerp, 
 Guelderland, Friesland. Naraur. Overyssel, Gro- 
 
 ningen, Zealand, Utrecht, Drenthe, and Luxem 
 burg. The surface of the country, especially the 
 northern provinces, is uncommonly level, and is 
 covered with woods, corn fields, and vast meadows 
 of the freshet verdure. The maritime provinces 
 have undergone great physical revolutious, espe- 
 cially from the retreat and encroachments of the 
 sea, along with the changes in the course of the 
 Rhine. So lately as the 15th century, a great 
 salt-water lake was suddenly formed to the S. E. 
 of Dort, which overwhelmed 72 villages, and 
 100,000 inhabitants are supposed to have perished. 
 To prevent the recurrence of such dreadful ca 
 lamities, the Dutch began to secure their coasts, 
 as also the banks of the great rivers, by dikes, or 
 mounds of earth, the erection of which has been 
 justly considered one of the greatest efforts of 
 human industry. The climate in the maritime 
 provinces is humid and variable ; in the interior 
 it is more constant. The summers are warmer, 
 and the winters colder than in England. The 
 soil is in general fertile, and agriculture has been 
 long prosecuted with care and success. The prin 
 cipal productions are corn, flax, hemp, tobacco 
 hops, madder, fruit, and a little wine in the S. 
 Cattle are reared in great numbers, and vast quan- 
 tities of excellent butter and cheese are made for 
 exportation. There are no minerals in the north- 
 ern provinces. In the S. there are some valua- 
 ble strata of coal, mines of iron, copper, lead, cal- 
 amine, and zinc. The principal rivers are the 
 Rhine, with its different branches, the Maese,and 
 the Scheldt. These rivers, and the multitude of 
 canals with which the country is intersected, af- 
 ford an easy and safe navigation, not only to all 
 parts of the kingdom, but to the W. of Germany, 
 the N. of France, and even to Switzerland. The 
 lakes are comparatively inconsiderable ; the prin 
 cipal is that of Haarlem. 
 
 During several centuries the Netherlands took 
 the lead of all the neighbouring states, both in 
 trade and manufactures, the linen of Holland, 
 the lace of Brussels, the leather of Liege, the 
 woolens of Leyden and Utrecht, and the silks of 
 Amsterdam and Antwerp, being known several 
 centuries ago throughout Europe. From their 
 situation, at the mouth of so many large rivers, 
 both the Dutch and Flemish had an earty and 
 extensive trade. The number of vessels employ 
 ed by the Dutch in the fisheries, particularly the 
 herring fishery, is said to have exceeded that of 
 all the rest of Europe. At a later date came their 
 acquisitions in the E. and W. Indies, while they 
 also carried on extensive transactions with Amer- 
 ica and the coast of Guinea. The commerce of 
 this country, however, experienced a great de 
 cline after its connexion with France, and though 
 considerably revived since the expulsion of the 
 French in 1814, yet owing to overstrained taxation 
 and the rivalship of England, it will be a long 
 time before the country can recover its former 
 prosperity. The constitution resembled in many 
 repects that of Great Britain; though it also ap- 
 proximates to the federal government of the Unit- 
 ed States of America, in consequence of the- long 
 existence of provincial customs, particularly 
 among the Dutch. The royal power was vested 
 in the family of Nassau-Orange, with the title of 
 king of the Netherlands, prince of Orange, and 
 grand duke of Luxemburg. The parliament was 
 divided into two houses. 
 
 The character of the inhabitants in the northern 
 and southern provinces differs considerably. The 
 Dutch have been long distinguished as a labor 
 
NEU 
 
 535 
 
 NEU 
 
 ms and persevering people, not devoid of enter- Neuburg, a town of Germany, in Bavaria. It 
 prise, but led much more rarely than the English stands on a hill, on the Danube, and has two -rates 
 and Americans into adventurous speculations of but the fortifications are a chiefly gone to decav' 
 
 doubtful success. The Belgians have less uni- 
 formity in their habits and disposition ; on the 
 borders of Holland they are hardly to be dis- 
 tinguished from the Dutch, while in the prov- 
 inces to the S. the dress and habits ofthe French 
 are prevalent. Calvinism is the established 
 religion of the northern provinces, the Roman 
 Catholic that of the southern ; but there are no 
 political disqualifications on account of religious 
 tenets. 
 
 Tiie earliest accounts we have of the his- 
 tory of this country, are from the Romans, by 
 whom all the southern and central part was con- 
 quered, and called by them Belgium. After se- 
 veral political changes, the country came into the 
 possession ofthe house of Burgundy, and by mar- 
 
 The castle is a large building, and contains a hai, 
 of extraordinary size, embellished with portraits. 
 It is 11 m. W. of Ingolstadt and 60 S. W. of Am- 
 berg. Long. 11. 13. E.. lat.46. 43. N. 
 
 Neuburg, a town of Bavaria, seated on the 
 Schwarza, 19 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Neuchateau, a town of France, department of 
 Vosges, seated in a soil fertile in corn and good 
 wine, on the river Meuse, 25 m. S. W* of 
 Nancy. 
 
 Neuchateau, a. town ofthe Netherlands, in Lux 
 emburg, lb' m. S. W. of Bastogne and 30 W. N 
 W. of Luxemburg. 
 
 MucAotel, or Neufchatel, a canton of Switzer- 
 land, between the lake of Neuchatei and the bor- 
 ders of France. It is a hilly country, and is wa- 
 
 riage, passed to Maximilian of Austria, father of tered by several lakes and rivers. The soil is not 
 
 Charles V. The latter united the 17 provinces equally fertile ; but there are large vineyards that 
 
 into one state : but the bigotry and tyranny of his produce white and red wine, of excellent quality, 
 
 son Philip II. produced the separation of the ? The pastures on the mountains feed a great nuni- 
 
 United Provinces. The other 10 however, con- ber of cattle, and there are plenty of deer in the 
 
 tinued under the Spanish crown till 1702, when forests. The inhabitants are Protestants, except 
 
 Louis XI V. obtained possession; but after the in the two districts of Landeron and Cressier, 
 
 battle of Ramillies, in 1706, the Netherlands were 
 brought under the power ofthe allies, and assign- 
 ed to the Austrians by the peace of Utrecht. In 
 1741 the French under marshal Saxe recovered 
 
 where the Catholics are predominant. This dis- 
 trict, along with that of Vallengin, was formerly 
 a separate principality. On the death ofthe duch- 
 ess of Nemours, in 1707, the sovereignty was 
 
 what the preceding generation had lost; but at claimed by Frederic I. of Prussia, as heir to the 
 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle the country was prince of Orange, and his ricrht was acknowledw- 
 again restored to Austria. In 1792 the Rrench ed by the states of the country, whose privileoes 
 overran the Austrian Netherlands ; they were and alliances he confirmed. In 1806 Neuchatei 
 driven out of the country in 1793; but returned was ceded by the king of Prussia to the French 
 in 1794, and subdued every part of it; and in marshal Berthier, and the grantwas confirmed by 
 1795 decreed it, with the territories of Liege and Napoleon. In 1814 it was rescued from this sub- 
 jection, and the congress of Vienna acknowledg- 
 ed it a Swiss canton, though the nominal sover- 
 eignty of Prussia was preserved. 
 
 Neuchatei, the capital ofthe above canton, is sit- 
 uate partly on the plain between the lake of 
 Neuchatei and the Jura, and partly on the side 
 of that mountain. The chief article of exporta- 
 tion is wine, produced from the neighbouring 
 vineyards and much esteemed ; and it has manu- 
 factures of printed linens and cottons. 25 m. N. 
 E. of Lausanne and 25 W. of Bern. Long 7 E 
 lat. 47. 5. N. 
 
 Neuchatei, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Seine, noted for excellent cheese. 20 m. 
 S. E. of Dieppe. 
 
 Neuchatei, a lake of Switzerland, about 20 m. 
 long and four broad. At the N E. extremity it 
 has a communication with the lake of Biel by a 
 narrow outlet. 
 
 Neuffen, a town of Germany in Wurtemberg, 
 with a fortress called HoheneufFen, 17 m. S. E. 
 of Stuttgard. 
 
 Neuhaus, a town of Bohemia, with a castle, 27 
 m. E. by S. of Bechin. 
 
 Neuhaus, a town of Hannover, in the duchy 
 of Bremen, near the mouth of the Oste. It was 
 once a place of great trade, but a sand bank 
 arising in the harbour, at the entrance of the Oste 
 into the Elbe , it is now much less freouented [t 
 is 19 m. N. W. of Stad£. 
 
 Neuhausel, a town of Hungary, seated in a 
 marshy plain, on the river Neitra. 43 m. h. S. E. 
 of Presburg. 
 
 Neukirchen, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Cassel, on the river Fulda, 32 m. S. S. E. of Cas- 
 sel. 
 Ncumagen, a town of the Prussian province o f 
 
 Upper Guelderland, an integral part of the 
 French republic. To this country they gave the 
 name of Belgium, and divided it into 9 depart- 
 ments ; but in 1814, agreeably to the treaty of Par- 
 is, they evacuated all that part which formerly be- 
 longed to Austria and Holland : and the 17 prov- 
 inces were united and formed into an independent 
 state. 
 
 The above comprises tne description and 
 history of the kingdom of the Netherlands as organ- 
 ized in 1815 and as it remained for 15 years after- 
 wards. This kingdom no longer exists. The people 
 of Belgium, or the southern part of the kingdom 
 never became cordially reconciled to their union 
 with Holland, and various minor causes of dis- 
 content served to augment their dislike to the 
 government. The revolution of the three days 
 at Paris set them the example of resistence. On 
 the 26th of August 1830 the populace of Brussels 
 rose in insurrection and hoisted the ancient flag 
 of Brabant. Conflicts with the Dutch troops at- 
 tended with terrible carnage followed, and ended 
 with the formal separation of Belgium from Hol- 
 land. The crown of Belgium has been succes- 
 sively offered to the Duke of Nemours, a son of 
 Louis Philippe, and Prince Leopold, but the af- 
 fairs of the country remain in so uncertain a 
 condition that nothing satisfactory can be stated 
 as to its present situation or future prospects. 
 
 The population of the kingdom of the Nether- 
 lands in 1828 was 6,977,500. Belgium com- 
 prised about 3 5ths of this number In 1831 a 
 census of Holland gave 2,445,550. 
 
 Neuburg, called also the Younger Palatinate, 
 formeily a duchy of the German empire, but now 
 incorporated in the Bavarian circles of Upper 
 Danube and Rjgen. 
 
NEU 
 
 536 
 
 NEW 
 
 Lower Rhine, seated on the Moselle, 17 m. N. E. 
 of Treves. 
 
 Nzumark, a town of Bavaria, where the French, 
 in 1796, met with the first of that series of defeats 
 which led to their retreat across the Rhine. It is 
 seated on the Sulz, 19 m. S. E. of Nuremburg. 
 
 Neumark, a town of Bavaria, on the river Roth, 
 
 16 m. S. E. of Landshut. 
 
 Neumark, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- 
 niola, 28 m. N. W. of Laubach. 
 
 Neumarhet, a town of Prussian Silesia near 
 which, at the village of Leuthen, the Prussians 
 gained a decisive victory over the Austrians in 
 1757. 20 m. W. by N. of Breslau. 
 
 Neurode, a town of Prussian Silesia in the 
 ;ounty of Glatz, on the river Wolitz, 10 m. N. N. 
 W. of Glatz. 
 
 J\euse, a river of N. Carolinia, which enters 
 Pamlico Sound below Neubern, where it is a mile 
 and a half broad. 
 
 Neusaltz, a strong town and fortress of Hunga- 
 ry, formerly called Peterwardein Schanz. It is 
 the see of a Greek bishop, and stands on the Dan- 
 ube, opposite Peterwardein in Sclavonia. 
 
 Neusid.lcr, a lake of Hungary, 26 m. long and 
 10 broad, and 16 S. S. W. of Presburg. It is al- 
 most surrounded by fens. In its vicinity is the 
 castle of Esterhazy, said to rival the palace of 
 Versailles in pomp. 
 
 Neusol, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see, 
 with an old castle, in which is a church, covered 
 with copper. In the adjacent mountains are ex- 
 tensive copper mines. It is seated on the Gran, 
 22 rri. N. by E. of Schemnitz. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Austria, with a castle, and 
 in arsenal. It has the staple right over all goods 
 coming from Italy, and stands on the frontiers of 
 Hungary, 23 m. S. by W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 
 18. E.,lat. 47. 50. N. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bavaria, in the circje of 
 Lower Maine, formerly the capital of the Lower 
 part of the principality of Bayreuth, with a castle. 
 The library belonging to the church contains 
 many curiosities. It stands on the river Aisch, 
 32 m. E. S. E. of Wurtzburo-. Long. 10. 43. E., 
 lat. 49. 38. N. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of the Bavarian circle of Lower 
 Maine, formerly in the principality of Wurtzburg, 
 seated on the Saale. 16 m. N. by E. of Schwein- 
 furt. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Wurtemberg, seated on the 
 Kocher, 12 m. N. N. E. of Heilbron. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, capi- 
 tal of a circle of the same name. It has a castle, 
 two churches, and a mine office , and on a moun- 
 tain near it is another castle called Arnshaug. It 
 .s seated on the Orla, 46 m. S. S. W. of Leipzig. 
 Long. 11. 49. E.. lat. 50.45. N. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Brandenburg. Here are extensive breweries, and 
 manufactures of cloth and cutlery. It stands on 
 the Finow canal, 31 m. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Brandenburg, in the mark 
 ot Pregnitz, celebrated for its manufacture of 
 plate-glass ; seated on the Dosse, b in. E. N. E. 
 of Havelburg. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of 
 Holstein, with a castle, and a spacious harbour on 
 the Baltic. It suffered greatly from fire in 1817. 
 20 m. N. by E. of Lubec. Long. 10. 57. E., lat. 
 54. 10. N. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a castle. 
 
 17 m. S. of Schwerin 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Brunswick, with a castle ; seated on the Leine, 
 15 m. N. N. W. of Hanover. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Germany in Bavaria, at the 
 conflux of the Abenst with the Danube, 16 m. E. 
 by N. of Ingolstadt. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat- 
 ed on the river Nab, 27 m. N. N. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of the Austrian Stales in Mo- 
 ravia, 10 m. N.W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Oppeln, with manufactures of lin- 
 en and woolen, and a trade in wines ; seated on 
 the Prudnitz, 14 m. S. E. of Neisse. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Pilsen, 35 m. W. by S. of Pilsen. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Bohemia 13 m. N. E. of 
 Konigingratz. 
 
 Neustadt, a town of Westphalia, in the county 
 of Mark, 50 rn. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Neustadtel, a town of Bohemia. 66 m. N. E. of 
 Prague. 
 
 Neustadtel, a town of Hungary, on the Waa<r 
 52 m. N. N. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Neuvilh, a town of France, department of Loiref, 
 11 m. N. N.E. of Orleans. 
 
 Neuv'dle, a town of Switzerland 9 m. N. E. of 
 Neuchatel. 
 
 NcuvUle, a township of Cumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Neuwied, a town of Westphalia, capital of the 
 lower county of Wied, with a fine castle ; seated 
 on the Rhine, 7 in. N. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Neva, a river of Russia, which issues from Lake 
 Ladoga, flows to Petersburg, where it divides into 
 several branches, and enters the gulf of Finland 
 8 m. W. N. W. of Halle in Suabia. 
 
 Nevern, a village of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, 
 near a river of the same name, 2 m. N. E. of New- 
 port. In the churchyard stands a square stone, 
 13 feet high and two broad ; the top is circular, 
 charged with a cross, and all the sides are carved 
 with knot- work of various patterns. 
 
 Nevers, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Nievre, and a bishop's see. It is built in 
 the form of an amphitheatre, and contains several 
 fine buildings. The chief manufactures are china, 
 glass, and works of enamel, It is seated on the 
 Loire, at the influx of the Nievre, over which is a 
 handsome bridge of 20 arches. 30 m. N. N. W. 
 of Moulins. 
 
 Nevillsville, p. v. Clermont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Nevis, one of the Leeward Carribee Islands, in 
 the W. Indies, divided from the E. end of St. 
 Christopher by a narrow channel. It has but one 
 mountain, which is in the middle, very high, and 
 covered with large trees up to the top. Here is 
 a hot bath, much of the same nature as those of 
 Bath, in England. It is a small island, but very 
 fruitful, and subject to the English. Charleston 
 is the capital, on the S. W. side, defended by a 
 fort. Long. 62. 50. W., lat 16. 10. N. 
 
 Nevisink, p.t Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 25S. 
 
 Nevisink Hills, a few low eminences on the coast 
 of New Jersey, a little to the South of Sandy 
 Hook, which are distinguishable on account of the 
 flatness of the country around them. 
 
 Nevyn, or Newin, a town of Wales, in Caernar- 
 vonshire. Here Edward I., hi 1284, held his 
 triumph on the conquest of Wales. It is seated 
 on St. George's Channel, 21 m. S. by W. of Caer- 
 narvon and 249 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 New Forest, a forest in Hampshire, Enor. between 
 Southampton water and the river Avon. It is 20 
 m. in length, and 15 in breadth. It was afforested 
 
NEW 
 
 537 
 
 NEW 
 
 by William the Conqueror, and was then 10 m. 
 longer than it is now. His son William Rufus 
 was killed in this forest by an arrow, shot by 
 Walter Tyrrel, that accidentally glanced against 
 a tree, the site of which is now pointed out by a 
 triangular stone. Several considerable towns and 
 Ullages are now included in the forest. 
 
 New River, an artificial river of England, origi- 
 nally brought from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, to 
 Islington, for the supply of the metropolis with 
 water. It was finished in 1613, by Sir Hugh Mid- 
 dleton, a citizen of London, who expended his 
 whole fortune in the undertaking. It has since 
 been carried up to a spring near Hertford, called 
 Chad well, where the stream is also increased by 
 a cut from the river Lea. The river, with all its 
 windings, is 42 m. in length, and is under the 
 management of a corporation called the New 
 River Company. 
 
 New Year Harbour, a good harbour on the N. 
 coast of Staten Land. Long. 64. 11. W., lat. 54. 
 49. S. 
 
 New Year Islands, small islands in the S. Pa- 
 cific, near New Year Harbour, the resort of vast 
 numbers of slions, seals, and a species of vulture. 
 New Albany, p.t. Floyd Co. Indiana, on the 
 Ohio. 4 m. below Louisville. Also a village in 
 Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Neio Alexandria,^. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. and 
 a town of Columbiana Co. Ohio. 
 
 New Amsterdam, a town of South America, in 
 Guiana, the capital of Berbice. It stands on the 
 river Berbice near its mouth. 
 
 New Antrim, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 34 m. N. 
 W. New York 
 
 Newark, a borough in Nottinghamshire Eng. 
 with a good trade in malt, corn, and coals, manu- 
 factures of coarse linens and lace, iron and brass 
 founderies, extensive roperies, &c. Gypsum of 
 a superior quality is found in the neighbourhood. 
 It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge, 
 120 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Newark, a town of Upper Canada, on the W. 
 side of the river Niagara, at its entrance into Lake 
 Ontario, and opposite the town and fort of Niagara, 
 27 in. N. by E. of Fort Erie. 
 
 Newark, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaie, 
 9 m. W. New York. Pop. 10,953. This town is 
 regularly and handsomely built, and lias consider- 
 able manufactures. The river is navigable to the 
 sea for vessels of 80 tons. The neighbourhood 
 produces excellent cider. Also a p.t. Tioga Co. 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,029; p.v. Ontario Co. N. Y; p.t. 
 Newcastle Co. Del. 14 m. S. W. Wilmington; 
 p.v. Worcester Co. Maryland ; p.v. Louisa Co. 
 Va. 25 m. N. W. Richmond ; p.t. Licking Co. 
 Ohio. Pop. 1,912. 
 
 Neicark Bay, lies N. of Staten Island and com- 
 municates with Newark harbour on the E. and 
 the ocean on the S. 
 
 New Ashford, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 20 m. N. 
 Lenox. Pop. 285. 
 
 New Athens, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio. Here is 
 a seminary called Franklin College, founded in 
 1824. It has 3 instructors and 40 students. Also 
 a p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 New Baltimore, p.t. Green Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, 18 m. below Albany. Pop. 2,370. Also 
 a p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. 
 
 New Barbadoes, a township of Bergen Co. N. J. 
 
 New Bedford, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. with a good 
 
 harbour on Buzzards Bay. It enjoys an active 
 
 commerce and is largely engaged in the whale 
 
 fishery, in which it employs 40,000 ton* of ship- 
 
 68 
 
 ping, with 20,000 additional in other fisheries and 
 coasting. Here are 10 churches, 3 banks, 3 in 
 surance offices, and 7 manufactories of spermaceti 
 candles. In the neighbourhood are large salt 
 works which make annually above 500,000 bush 
 els. Pop. 7,592. 
 
 New Bedford, p.v. Mercer Co. Pa. 15 m. S. W. 
 Mercer; p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 60 m N. E. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Nezo Berlin, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,643 ; p.v. Union Co. Pa. 
 
 Ncicbern, p.t. Craven Co. N. C. is the largest 
 town in North Carolina. It is searted upon the 
 Neuse, 30 m. above its entrance into Pamlica 
 Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and 
 secures it a considerable commerce in the expor 
 tation of flour, naval stores and lumber. It was 
 once the seat of government for the state. Pop. 
 3,776. v 
 
 Neicbern, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va. 
 Newbernville, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 Newberry, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 17, 
 441. Also a p.t. capital of this district, 40 m. N. 
 W. Columbia ; p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. ; p.v. Ly- 
 coming Co. Pa. and a village in Christian Co. Ken. 
 Neicbiggen, a fishing town in Northumberland, 
 Eng. situate on the N. side of a bay to which it 
 give name. 7 m. E. of Morpeth. 
 
 Neicborough, or Gorey, a town of Ireland, in the 
 
 county of Wexford, 25 m. N. by E. of Wexford. 
 
 New Boston, p.t. Hillsborouo-'h Co. N. H. 17 m. 
 
 S. Concord. Pop. 1,680 ; p.vJVladison Co. N. Y. 
 
 New Bourbon, a village in St. Genevieve Co. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 New Braintree, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 18 m. 
 N. W. Worcester. Pop. 825. 
 
 Neio Britain, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. 
 New Broicnsvil'.c, a town in V\%vyne Co. Ohio. 
 Neio Brunswick, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. on the 
 Raritan, 30 m. N. E. Trenton and 36 S. W. New- 
 York. It stands at the head of sloop navigation 
 with a considerable trade in flour and grain. Pop 
 7,831. Rutgers College at this place was founded 
 in 1770. It has 5 instructers and 70 students. 
 Neio Brunswick. See Brunsicick. 
 Neicburg, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson 
 84 m. S. Albany, and 70 N. New York. Pop 
 6,424. It is finely situated on the side of a hill 
 close to the river, and has considerable trade. 
 
 Neicburgh, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with 
 a good harbour on the frith of Tay. Here the 
 large vessels belonging to Pertli unload their goods 
 into lighters. The principal manufacture is linen. 
 10 m.^S. E. of Perth. 
 
 Neicburgh, a town of Wales, in the isle of An- 
 glesey, 250 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Newbury, a town in Berkshire, Eng. its manu- 
 factures of" druggets, shalloons, and broad cloths, 
 formerly very extensive, are greatly declined ; 
 but a considerable trade is carried on by means of 
 the Kennet and Avon Canal. Here are 65 alms- 
 houses. Two battles were fovght near this town 
 between Charles I. and the parliament in 0*43 
 and 1644. It is seated on the K°nnft, 2ti m. S. 
 of Oxford and 56 W. of London. 
 
 Newburu, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 
 626; p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Pop. 869. 
 Netc Burlington, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 Newbury, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connecti- 
 cut, 30 m.S. E. Montpelier. Pop. 2,252 ; p.t. Essex 
 Co. Mass. at the mouth of the Merrimack, 32 m. 
 N. E. Boston. Pop. 3,803 ; towns in York Co. Pa.. 
 Geauga and Miami Cos. Ohio. 
 Newburyport, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Mer 
 
NEW 
 
 538 
 
 NEW 
 
 rimack near its mouth. It is one of the hand- 
 ■omest towns in the United States, and is built on 
 a sloping bank of the river, with regular streets 
 and handsome houses. It extends a m. along the 
 river, and has 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 insurance 
 offices, and 2 newspapers. An elegantchdin bridge 
 crosses the river from the centre of the town. It 
 had formerly a very active commerce, but it is 
 now much declined. A fire in 1811 destroyed be- 
 tween two and three hundred buildings in the 
 most compact part of the town, and the spot still 
 remains in ruins. Ship building is carried on 
 here, with some West India and coasting trade 
 and fisheries. Here is also a manufacture of 
 hosiery. The tomb of Whitefield the celebrated 
 preacher may be seen in the Federal street church 
 in this town, where he died in 1760. Newburyport 
 is 32 m. N. E. Boston, 24 N. Salem, 24 S. W. 
 Portsmouth. Lat. 42. 49. N., long. 70. 47. W. 
 Pop. 6,388. 
 
 Neio Canaan, p.t, Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S. 
 W. Hartford. Pop. 1,820. 
 
 New Canton, p. v. Buckingham Co. Va. and 
 Hawkins Co. Ten. 
 
 Newcastle, a town of Wales, in Caermarthen- 
 
 shire. It had a fine castle, now in ruins ; and is 
 
 seated on the Tivy, 229 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Newcastle, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 
 Dublin, 10 in. W. S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 Newcastle under Lyme, a borough in Stafford- 
 shire, Eng. with a considerable manufacture of 
 hats. The throwing of silk is a very considera- 
 ble branch of trade, and here are also a cotton mill, 
 tanneries, malt concerns, &c, and in the neigh- 
 bourhood are some iron works. The villages 
 around are entirely occupied with the manufac- 
 tures of porcelain, stone-ware, &c. The princi- 
 pal streets are broad, well paved, and lighted with 
 gas, and the general aspect of the town is much 
 improved of late years. It stands on a branch of 
 the Trent, 15 m. N. by W. of Stafford and 
 149 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Newcastle upon Tyne, a borough and sea-port 
 in Northumberland, Eng. It is situate among 
 steep hills on the Tyne, which is here a fine and 
 deep river, so that ships of 300 and 400 tons bur- 
 den may safely come up to the town, though the 
 large colliers are stationed at Shields. The ha- 
 ven is so secure that vessels, when they have 
 passed Tynemouth Bar are in no danger either 
 from storms or shallows. The town rises on the 
 N. bank of the river, where the streets upon the 
 ascent are exceedingly steep. Many of the hous- 
 es are built of stone ; but some of timber, and the 
 rest of brick. Through this town went part of 
 the wall which extended from sea to sea, and was 
 built by the Romans to defend the Britons against 
 the incursions of the Picts, after all their trained 
 youth had been drawn from the kingdom to re- 
 cruit the armies of their conquerors. The castle, 
 which is old and ruinous overlooks the whole 
 town. The exchange, churches, and other pub- 
 lic buildings, are elegant ; and the quay for land- 
 ing goods is long and large. Here are a sur- 
 geon's hall ; a large hospital, built by the contri- 
 bution of the kee'men, for the maintainance of 
 the poor of their fraternity : and several charita- 
 ble foundations. Newcastle is situated in the 
 centre of the collieries, which have for centu- 
 ries supplied London, all the eastern, and most of 
 the midland and southern parts of the kingdom 
 with coal. This trade has been the source of 
 great opulence to Newcastle, which, besides, ex 
 porta large quantities of lead, salt, salmon, butter, 
 
 tallow, and grindstones; and imports wine and 
 and fruit from the S. of Europe, and timber, iron 
 hemp, &c, from the Baltic and Norway. Ships 
 are sent hence to the Greenland fishery. It also 
 possesses manufactures of steel, iron, and woo- 
 len cloth ; and in the town and vicinity 
 are several glass-houses. The first charter 
 which was granted to the townsmen for dig- 
 ging coal was by Henry III., in 1239; but, in 
 1306, the use of coal for fuel was prohibited in 
 London, by royal proclamation, chiefly because 
 it injured the sale of wood for fuel, great quanti 
 ties of which were then growing about that city , 
 but this interdiction did not long continue, and 
 we may consider coal as having been dug and ex 
 ported from this place for more than 400 years. 
 A handsome stone bridge of nine arches connects 
 this town with the ancient borough of Gateshead. 
 It was erected in 1781, in place of the old one 
 which was carried away by an extraordinary flood 
 in 1771. Newcastle was visited by the pestilen- 
 tial cholera in 1831 . It is 272 N . by "W. of London. 
 Long. 1. 14. W., lat. 54. 57. N. 
 
 Newcastle, a county of Delaware. Pop. 29,710, 
 the capital is 
 
 Neiccastle, formerly the seat of government of 
 Delaware. It is seated upon the Delaware, 34 m 
 S. of Philadelphia. It has some trade in flour. 
 
 Newcastle, p.t. Lincoln Me. Pop. 1,544; t. 
 Rockingham Co. N. H. 2 m. E. Portsmouth on 
 Great Island in the Piscataqua. Pop. 850; p. v. 
 Mercer Co. Pa., Hanover and Botetourt Cos. Va., 
 and Henry Co. Kentucky. 
 
 New Charleston, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 
 
 Ncio Chester, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,090. 
 
 Newcomh, p.v. Preble Co. Ohio. 
 
 Newcomer stolen, p.v. Tuscarawas, Co. Ohio. 
 
 Neic Concord, p.v. Columbia Co. N. Y. 
 
 New Durham, t. Strafford Co. N. H . Pop. 1,162 
 
 New Egypt, p.v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 
 
 Newdigate, a village of Eng. in Surrey, 5 m. S 
 E. of Darking. In the E. part of this village is a 
 medicinal spring, of the same nature as that ol 
 Epsom. 
 
 New Echota, the capital of the Cherokee Indi- 
 ans. It is seated on the Coosa, in the northwest- 
 ern part of Georgia. Here is a newspaper pub- 
 lished in English and Cherokee. 
 
 Neio England, the name applied to the north- 
 eastern parts of the American Union, comprising 
 the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
 This territory extends from 41. to 47. 20. N. lat. 
 and from 66. 49. to 73. 45. W. long, and is bound- 
 ed N. W. and N. by Canada, E. by New Bruns- 
 wick and the Ocean : S. by the Ocean, and W. by 
 New York It contains about 63,000 sq. m. 
 The surface of the country is infinitely varied, and 
 
NEW 
 
 539 
 
 NEW 
 
 presents the greatest diversity of beautiful scenery. 
 It is traversed by several extensive mountain ran- 
 ges which may be considered as extensions or 
 Branches of the great Apalachian chain: these 
 are the White, Green and Tagkannuc Mountains 
 which sec. Rivers and small streams are abun- 
 dant, and few countries in the world are better 
 watered ; the largest are the Connecticut, Pe- 
 nobscot, Merrimack, Kennebec, Androscoggin, 
 and Saco. The climate exhibits great extremes 
 of heat and cold. In most parts the ground is 
 covered with snow for several months in winter, 
 
 S^l^^i^fe 
 
 and all the rivers are frozen. Abundance of rain 
 falls jn spring, summer and autumn, and droughts 
 are very rare. There is every variety of soil ; the 
 river alluvions are very rich, but most of the oth- 
 er soils are stony, and on the whole the country 
 cannot generally be called fertile. Notwithstand- 
 ing this, no part of the United States is so well 
 cultivated, and the skill and industry of the New 
 England farmers have made the country like a 
 garden. The various articles of cultivation will 
 be found ^numerated under the heads of the sev 
 eral states Cattle are raised in great numbers 
 
 no part of the country offers finer grazing lands. 
 Grass and maize are the staple productions in all 
 parts. 
 
 New England is the most densely peopled 
 section of the United States, and has been the 
 chief nursery from which the western states were 
 peopled. The greater portion of the commerce 
 of the Union, and nearly all the fisheries, are car- 
 ried on by the shipping of New England. A 
 spirit of adventure, activity, zeal and" foresio-ht 
 are characteristic of the people. They are inge- 
 nious,inquisitive, shrewd, calculatinir.perseverin<r 
 and industrious. The population is homoireneou's 
 and almost entirely of English descent. The settle- 
 ment of the Puritans at Plymouth in Massachu- 
 setts was the foundation of all the New England 
 States. ° 
 
 Newenham, Cape, a rocky point of considerable 
 height, on the W. coaat of N. America, forming 
 
 the N. extremity of a vast bay called Bristol Bay 
 of which the promontory of Alaska is the S. boun 
 dary. It was discovered by Cook in 1778. Long 
 162. 24. W., lat. 58. 42. N. 
 
 JYewent, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng., seat 
 ed on a branch of the Severn, 8 m. N. W. of 
 Gloucester and 112 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Newfoundland, an island on the E. coast of N 
 America, between 47. and 52. N. lat. It was dis- 
 covered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496 ; and after 
 many disputes with the French it was ceded to 
 the English in 171". Its form is triangular; the 
 N. point is separated from Labrador by the strait 
 of Bellisle, and from this apex it is "350 m. in 
 length to the base, which is 300 in breadth. It is 
 a mountainous, woody country, and very cold, be- 
 ing covered with snow five months in the year. 
 The settlements of the British are chiefly confin- 
 ed to the harbours, the country near Placentia, 
 and along the bays E. towards Cape Raze and 
 hence to Cape Buena Vista. In the fishing sea- 
 son, which begins in May and ends in September 
 it is resorted to by at least 100,000 people, on ac- 
 count of the great fishing- banks to the S. E. of the 
 island ; for here they cure the cod, which is car- 
 ried not only to, England, but to the Mediterra- 
 nean and the W. Indies. Within a few years 
 Newfoundland has rapidly increased in popula- 
 tion and industry. In 1789 the number of inhabi- 
 tants was 25.000 ; it is now estimated at 75,000 
 The cutting down of wood still furnishes a large 
 portion of employment during the winter: the 
 smallest kind used for fuel, is drawn by their 
 large dogs trained up and harnessed for that pur- 
 pose. There is great plenty of game, fish and 
 fowl, but very little corn, fruit, or cattle. 
 
 Netc Fairfield, t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Poo. 
 058. ^ 
 
 Ncwfane, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1,441. 
 
 Ncwfield. p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,289; p.t 
 Tomkins. Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,664. 
 
 New Garden, towns in Chester Co. Pa., Rob 
 mson Co. N. C, Columbiana Co. Ohio., and 
 Wayne Co. Indiana. 
 
 Neio Geneva, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 New Germantown, p'.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 
 New Glasgow, p.t. Amherst Co. Va. 
 
 JVeic Gil/iard, p. v. Moore Co. N. C. 
 
 New Gloucester, p.t Cumberland Co. Me. 
 
 New Goslienhopper, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 New Grantham, t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 
 
 New Guilford, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 
 
 New Haocrstown, p.t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 
 
 New Hamburg, p. v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 
 
 New Hampshire, one of the New England 
 States, bounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by 
 Maine , S. by Massachusetts and W. by Vermont. 
 It extends from 42. 41. to 45. 11. N. lat. and from 
 70. 40. to 72. 28. W. long., 168 m. in length from 
 N. to S. and 90 in breadth ; containing 9,491 sq 
 miles. This state is inland with the exception of 
 18 miles of sea-coast on the east. It is traversed 
 from N. to S. by a chain of mountains called the 
 White Mountain range. The name of the White 
 Mountains is more strictly applied to the elevations 
 in the northern part of the state, which are the 
 highest mountains in the United States, east of 
 the Mississippi. See White Mountains. Farther 
 south, this range presents some high eminences 
 as Monadnock, Kearsarge and Mooshelock! 
 This is the most mountainous sta'.<? in the union 
 and for its great variety of beautiful scenery has 
 been called the Switzerland of America. Hardly 
 any of the surface is even except a small tract 
 
NEW 
 
 540 
 
 NEW 
 
 upon the coast. The streams which water this 
 state are numerous. The Connecticut washes the 
 whole western boundary : the Merrimack rises 
 here and has the greater part of its course within 
 the state. The Saco rises in this state and pas- 
 ses into Maine. The Piscataqua is the only con- 
 siderable stream which belongs wholly to New 
 Hampshire. Many beautiful lakes are scattered 
 about in different parts and supply the numerous 
 rivers with their water. The largest is Winipisio- 
 gee which flows into the Merrimack ; it is above 
 20 miles long and 10 wide, and exhibits some of 
 the most delightful scenery in the world. See 
 Winipisiogcc. The others are Squam, Sunapee 
 and Ossipee lakes, which See. 
 
 The climate of New Hampshire is salubrious 
 but the winters are severe ; deep snows occur in 
 
 winter, and furious winds prevail among the 
 mountains ; in the northern part, the snow lies 
 till May. The summer and autumn are pleasant, 
 and throughout the year the fair days are to the 
 cloudy as three to one. A great part of the state 
 is covered with forests which furnish abundant 
 supplies of timber such as oak, maple, beech, 
 hemlock, walnut, white pine, fir, elm, cherry, ash, 
 poplar, hornbeam, birch, locust, &c. The sugar 
 maple is one of the most valuable trees in the 
 world. It grows here sometimes to the diameter 
 of 5 or G feet. In the spring the trunk is tapped 
 a few feet from the ground and the sap drawn 
 out ; this is practised only for a season of 4 or 5 
 weeks, when the trees are frozen at night and 
 thawed in the day: at no other time will the sap 
 run freely. When the buds swell, the sap ceases 
 to flow. The liquor is then simply boiled down 
 and poured into pans where the sugar crystallizes. 
 
 
 The larger trees will yield 5 gallons of sap in a 
 day and 15 pounds of sugar in a season. In this 
 state and the adjoining parts of Vermont the 
 manufacture of this sugar is carried on to a con- 
 siderable extent. 
 
 The mineral products are iron, copper, plumba- 
 go, manganese, soapstone, and limestone. The 
 soil is generally susceptible of cultivation, and on 
 
 the borders of the rivers it is very rich. The 
 mountainous tracts afford good pasturage. The 
 articles of culture are maize, wheat, rye, oats 
 barley, flax, potatoes and pulse. Hay is produced 
 abundantly. Cattle, and the products of the dairy 
 form important articles of exportation. Domestic 
 manufactures are common in all parts, and there 
 are large manufacturing establishments at Dover 
 and Somersworth. Most of the export trade goes 
 to the States of Maine and Massachusetts. The 
 foreign imports in 1828 amounted to 299,849 dol- 
 lars ; the exports of domestic produce to 115.947 
 dollars ; the shipping amounted to 26,253 tons 
 The fisheries employ 60 or 70 sail, and take about 
 40,000 quintals of cod and pollock, and 6,000 bar- 
 rels of mackerel yearly. Portsmouth is the only 
 sea-port, except a few small coves for fishing craft. 
 The Isles of Shoals, which See, lie upon this 
 coast. 
 
 New Hampshire is divided into 8 counties, and 
 220 towns. The capital is Concord. The other prin- 
 cipal towns are Portsmouth, Exeter, Dover, Am- 
 herst, Haverhill, Hanover, Keene and Charlestown 
 The population of the state is 269,533. The leg- 
 islature consists of a Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives,^ members of which are chosen yearly 
 as well as the Governor and executive council. 
 Elections are popular and suffrage is universal. 
 Perfect toleration is allowed in religion ; no citizen 
 is taxed but by his own consent, for the support 
 of any religious society. The Calvinistic Con- 
 gregationalists have 125 ministers; the Unitari- 
 ans 11; the Presbyterians 8; the Episcopalians 
 8 ; the Calvinistic Baptists 70 ; the Freewill Bap- 
 tists 51 ; the Christ-ians 17 ; the Methodists 71 ; 
 the Quakers 15; the Universalists 20; the Sha- 
 kers 2 and the Sandemanians ] . Education re- 
 ceives great care ; common schools are supported 
 by law. The larger Seminaries are Dartmouth 
 College at Hanover and Phillips Academy at 
 Exeter. New Hampshire was first settled at 
 Dover and Portsmouth in J 623. It was for a 
 time a part, of Massachusetts, but has been a 
 distinct government since 1741. The present 
 constitution was established in 1792. 
 
 New Hampton, t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the 
 Merrimack, 30 m. above Concord. Pop. 1,904 ; 
 p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 40 m. N. W. New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Ncic Hanover, a county of North Carolina. 
 Pop. 10,759. Wilmington is the capital. Also a 
 township of Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 New Harmony, or Harmony, a town in Posey 
 Co. in the south-western corner of Indiana, on 
 the Wabash, formerly the seat of the Harmonists, 
 under the German Rapp, and more recently, of 
 the co-operatives under Owen of Lanark. The 
 former establishment was removed to Economy, 
 which sec, and the latter has been abandoned. 
 
 New Hartford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 22 m. 
 N. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,766; also a village in 
 Oneida Co. N. Y. 4 m. W. Utica; it is neatly 
 built, and surrounded with many handsome coun 
 try seats. 
 
 New Haven, a town in Sussex, Eng. near the 
 mouth of the Ouse, with a small harbour, 57 m. 
 from London, also a small town in Scotland, on 
 the Frith of Forth, 1 m. W. Leith. 
 
 Neto Haven, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on Otter 
 creek Pop. 1,834; p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on Lake 
 Ontario. Pop. 1,410; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio; p.v 
 Hamilton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Gallatin Co. Illinois. 
 
 New Haven, a county of Connecticut. Pop 
 43,848. New Haven is the capital. 
 New Haven, city, the capital of the abo7e coun 
 
NEW 
 
 541 
 
 NEW 
 
 tv and j< intly with Hartford, the seat of govern- 
 ment for Connecticut, stands on a bay opening 
 into Loner Island Sound. It occupies a low situ- 
 ation, surrounded by hills, and is regularly and 
 hindsomely built. The streets are wide and 
 prumnodkrtis, and the general aspect of the town 
 i- neat and elegant. In the centre is a large 
 planted with trees and fronted by the 
 
 State House, the college buildings, several 
 churches and other fine structures, constituting 
 one of the finest public places in the country. 
 Th" State House is one of the handsomest build- 
 ings in the United States. 
 
 i r ale College, at this place, was founded in 1701. 
 It has 15 instructers and 346 students. The lib- 
 raries have 17,500 volumes, and the collection of 
 minerals is the best in the country. The buildings 
 are 4 for the dwellings of the students, a chapel, 
 a laboratory and an observatory on the model of 
 the Tower of the Winds at Athens. A law 
 school is connected with the college. There are 
 3 vacations in January, May and September, of 
 12 weeks. Commencement is in September. 
 
 New Haven has considerable commerce, and 
 its trade with the interior is assisted by the Far- 
 mington Canal, which extends from this place 
 northward into Massachusetts. It is in lat. 41. 
 13. N., long. 72. 56. W., 76 m. N. E. New York, 34 
 S. W. Hartford, 134 S. W. Boston. Pop. 10,678. 
 
 New Hope, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. on the Delaware, 
 16 m. above Trenton ; p.t. Wayne Co. N. C. ; p. v. 
 Spartanburg Dis. S. C. ; p. v. Hancock Co. Geo. 
 
 New Iberia, p. v. St. Martin's Parish, Lou. 
 
 Newhigton, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 5 m. 
 N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 549. 
 
 JYew Ipswich, p.t. Hillsborouoh Co. N. H. 18 m. 
 S. W. Amherst. Pop. 1,673 
 
 New Jersey, one of the United States, hounded 
 N. by New York, E. by the ocean, S. by Dela- 
 ware Bay and W. by Pennsylvania. It extends 
 from 39. to 41.24. N. lat. and from 74. to 75. 29. 
 W. long. It is 163 m. long from N. to S. and 
 SO m. in average breadth, and contains 8,300 sq. 
 miles. A small portion in the North is mountain- 
 ous, but the greater part of the state is level, and 
 the southern portion is a flat sandy alluvion, in 
 some parts marshy, but in general barren or pro- 
 ducing only shrub oaks and pines. The Dela- 
 ware washes the whole western limit of the state, 
 and a part of the eastern boundary lies upon the 
 Hudson. The other rivers are the Raritan, Pas- 
 saic, Hackensack and Great Egg Harbour. The 
 climate is milder than in the adjoining states of 
 New York and Pennsylvania, and nearly the 
 whole state lies open to the sea air. The soil of 
 the northern part is good, both for agriculture 
 and grazing. Fruit is abundant; the apple or- 
 chards are very numerous and produce great 
 quantities of excellent cider. Wheat, rye, maize, 
 
 buckwheat and garden stuffs are he cnief articles 
 of cultivation ; considerable numbers of cattle are 
 raised for exportation. The foreign commerce is 
 carried on principally through the ports of New 
 York and Philadelphia. The imports directly 
 into the state amounted in 1829 to 786,217 dollars ; 
 the exports of domestic produce to 8,022 dollars ; 
 the shipping in 1828 amounted to 48,772 tens. 
 The shad fishery is very productive,and constitutes 
 a source of income to the state: there are v.ho 
 considerable oyster beds which are productive 
 There are some mines of copper and iron, but the 
 state is not rich in minerals. Flourishing manu- 
 factures are carried on at Trenton, New Y'.rk, 
 Patterson and the neighbourhood: they consist of 
 cotton, woolen, iron, copper, brass, nails, duck, 
 hats, shoes, leather, &c. 
 
 The state is divided into 13 counties and 120 
 townships ; the population is 320,769 ; of whom 
 3,446 are slaves. The capital is Trenton. The 
 other principal towns are Trenton, Burlingtou, 
 Bordentown, Princeton, New Brunswick, New- 
 ark, Elizabethtown and Amboy. The legisla- 
 ture, consists of a council and a House of Assem- 
 bly, the members of which are chosen yearly. 
 The governor is chosen yearly by the legislature. 
 Voters must be resident one year and possess a 
 property of 50 pounds. The most numerous reli- 
 gious sect are the Presbyterians, who have 85 
 churches ; the Reformed Dutch have 28, the Bap- 
 tist 34, and the Episcopalians 20 ministers. The 
 state has a school fund yielding a yearly reve- 
 nue of 22,000 dollars. There are colleges at Prince- 
 ton and New Brunswick. This state is traversed 
 by several canals and railroads. The Morris 
 Canal extends from the Hudson at Powles-Hook 
 opposite NewYork to Easton on the Delaware, { .H 
 m. : it has a rise and fall of 890 feet by means of 
 locks and inclined planes, at which the boats are 
 drawn up by machinery. It passes by the towns 
 of Newark, Paterson,and Dover, and crosses Pas- 
 saic and Pompton rivers by aqueducts. The 
 Delaware and Raritan Canal will extend from the 
 Delaware at Lamberton below Trenton, to New 
 Brunswick on the Raritan, 38 m. : it is 75 feet 
 wide at the surface, and 7 feet deep and will prob- 
 ably be finished in 1833. The Camden and .1 in- 
 boy Railroad, is nearly completed and will extend 
 from Camden on the Delaware, to Amboy, 61 m. 
 The Paterson and Hvdson River Railroad, will 
 pass from Paterson to Jersey city, on the Hudson, 
 14 rn. Two other railroads are projected, the 
 West Jersey and the Elizabethtown and Somcrtille 
 Railroads. 
 
 New Jersey was "first settled by the Danes a' 
 Bergen, opposite New York, in 1624 ; the Dutch 
 afterwards made settlements in the same neigh- 
 bourhood. The Swedes settled on the Delaware 
 in 1626 and the English in 1640. The whole coun 
 2Z 
 
NEW 542 
 
 r.y reduced by the English in 1664. Elizabeth- 
 town was founded by them in 1665. The govern- 
 
 NEW 
 
 nient underwent various mutations, and the state 
 was tor a time divided into East andWest Jersey. 
 At the revolution a single government was estab- 
 lished which has continued to the present da)'. 
 The constitution was formed in 1776. 
 
 New Kcnt,& county of the E. district of Virgin- 
 ia. Pop. 6,457. 
 
 JVcw Lebanon, p. v. Columbia Co. N.Y. 24 m. 
 S. E. Albany, near the Massachusetts line. It is 
 inhabited by the Shakers,and has a mineral spring. 
 The village is delightfully situated in a valley 
 perfectly level at the bottom and surrounded by a 
 chain of highlands, the slopes of which are covered 
 with woods and cultivated fields, presenting a 
 most charming prospect. Also-a p. v. Camden Co. 
 N. C. 220 m. N.E. Raleigh. 
 
 New Lexington, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio; a 
 village in Knox Co. Ohio ; p.t. Preble Co. Ohio ; 
 and a village in Scott Co. Ind. 
 
 JVcw Liberty, p. v. Owen Co. Ken., and Guern- 
 sey Co. Ohio. 
 
 Newbin, a township of Chester Co. Pa. on Bran- 
 dy wine Creek. 
 
 New Lisbon, p. v. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,232 ; 
 a village in Montgomery Co. Maryland ; p. v. 
 Columbiana Co. Ohio, 150 m. N. E. Columbus. 
 
 JYew London, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 30 m. 
 N. W. Concord. Pop. 913 ; a township of Ches- 
 ter Co. Pa. ; a village in Anne Arundel Co. Ma- 
 ryland, 5 m. S. W. Annapolis; p. v. Campbell Co. 
 Va.; a township of Huron Co. Ohio; p. v. Mad- 
 "son Co. Ohio ; p.v. JeiFerson Co. Ind.; p. v. Ralls 
 Co. Missouri. 
 
 JYew London, a county of Connecticut. Pop. 
 42,295. 
 
 New London, the capital of the above county 
 stands on a fine harbour, at the mouth of the 
 Thames. Most of the town is built at the foot of 
 a hill facing to the east. The streets are irregu- 
 'ar, but some of.the buildings are. handsome. The 
 town has somewhat declined from its former pros- 
 perity yet the whale fishery is considerably active 
 here. The harbour is defended by forts Trum- 
 bull and Griswold. Pop. 4,356. 
 
 New Madison, p.v. Darke Co. Ohio, 81 m. W. 
 Columbus.- 
 
 Neio Ma'drid, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,351. 
 
 New Madrid, the capital of the above county 
 stands on the Mississippi, 50 m. below the mouth 
 of the Ohio. It was once a considerable place 
 but is now reduced to a small village. 
 
 Newman, p.v. Pike Co. Geo. 
 
 Newmarket, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 61 m. N. 
 E. London. 
 
 Newmarket, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. H. 15 m. 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,013 ; also towns and vil- 
 lages in York Co. Pa. Dorchester Co. Md. 
 
 Spotsylvania Co. Va., Frederick Co. Md., She 
 nandoah Co. Va., Maryland Co. Ohio, Wash 
 ington Co. Ken., and Jefferson Co. Ten. 
 
 Neic Marlborouo-h, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 48 
 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,656. 
 
 Neic Milford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 18 m. 
 S. W. Litchfield. Pop. 3,979. 
 
 Neic Mills, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 
 
 Ncicnham, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. on 
 the Severn, 115 m. N. W. London. 
 
 Netonstown, a township of Dauphin Co. Pa. 
 
 New Orleans, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 46, 
 310, the capital is the following. 
 
 New Orleans, city, the capital of Louisiana, 
 stands on the Mississippi, 105 m. from its mouth 
 by the windings of the stream and 90 in a direel 
 line. The river here makes a considerable bend 
 to the N. E. and the city occupies the north- 
 western bank, although its situation is east of the 
 general course of the stream. The site is low and 
 marshy, which makes the place insalubrious, and 
 in the summer most of the inhabitants remove 
 from the city. It is regularly built and is com- 
 posed of three divisions, the city proper and the 
 fauxbourgs or suburbs of St. Marie and Marigny. 
 In the city the houses are built in the French and 
 Spanish style, and covered with white and yellow 
 stucco. The fauxbourg St. Marie is built after 
 the American fashion, and does not differ in ap- 
 pearance from one of the Atlantic cities. Here 
 are a large catholic cathedral, a handsome pres- 
 byterian church, a French and English theatie 
 a college, a convent of Ursuline nuns, an orphan 
 asylum, and many charitable institutions. The 
 commerce of the city is very great, as it is the 
 outport of all the states lying on the Mississippi 
 and its waters. Here are sometimes 1,500 flat 
 boats from the upper country loaded with all sorts 
 of agricultural produce ; 50 steamboats, are often 
 counted at a time in the river. The foreign ex- 
 ports consist of all the various productions of the 
 southern and western states, but the most impor- 
 tant articles are sugar and cotton. The Canal 
 Carondelet extends from the Mississippi at this 
 place to Lake Pontchartrain 2 m. and affords a 
 navigation for small vessels to the ocean. A rail- 
 road 4 1-2 m. in length also passes between the 
 same places and joins the lake at an artificial har- 
 bour. Both these communications are perfectly 
 straight and the variation of level on the railroad 
 is only 16 inches. 
 
 The population of New Orleans is of a very 
 miscellaneous character. Dissipation prevails to a 
 high degree. Half the inhabitants are blacks oi 
 mulattoes, and there are more French than Amen 
 cans. The neighbourhood is a swamp, and the 
 soil on which the city is built is so spongy that 
 water rises at a few feet below the surface, and 
 the buildings have no cellars. With all these 
 disadvantages added to the unhealthiness of the 
 spot, it continues rapidly to increase, and will 
 doubtless soon become one of the most important 
 commercial cities in the world. It was founded 
 by the French in 1717. The British landed an 
 army for the purpose of attacking it in 1814 but 
 were totally defeated by General Jackson, a few 
 miles below the city on the 8th of January 
 1815. 3 
 
 New Orleans is in M.. 29. 57. N., long. 90. 8. 
 W., 322 m. by the river belowNatehez ; 1 ,189 be- 
 low St. Louis ; 991 below the mouth of the Ohio ; 
 and 1,933 below Pittsburg. It is 1,260 m. S. W. 
 Washington. Pop. 46,310. 
 
 New Palz, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. 7 m. S. Pough 
 keeDsic. Pop 5 105 
 
NEW 
 
 543 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Paris, p.v. Preble Co. Ohio. 92 m. S. W, 
 Columbus. 
 
 New Philadelphia, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 
 56 m. N. E. Zanesville. Also a village in Hardin 
 Co. Ken. 
 
 Newport, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. and 
 the chief town in the Isle of Wight. It stands on 
 the River Cowes. A borough in Cornwall. 214 
 in. S. W. London. A town of Monmouthshire. 
 113 in. N. VV. London. A town of Wales in 
 Pembrokeshire. 250 m. N. W. London. 
 
 Newport, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 897 ; 
 p.t. Sullivan Co. N.H. Pop. 1.913; p.t. Herkimer 
 Co. N. Y. 20 in. N. Herkimer. Pop. 1,863; p.t. 
 Cumberland Co. N. J. 84 m. S. W. Trenton ; t. 
 Luzerne Co. Pa. ; p.v. Perry Co. Va. and Indiana 
 Co. Pa. ; p.v. Newcastle Co. Del., 3 to. S. W. 
 Wilmington ; p.v. Charles Co. Maryland, 40 m. 
 S. E. Washington; p.v. Washington Co. Ohio; 
 p v. Vermilion Co. Indiana ; p.v. Cooke Co. Ten. ; 
 p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri. 
 
 New/tort, a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 16 
 534. Newport is the capital. 
 
 Newport, p.t. one of the chief towns in Rhode 
 Island. It stands near the southern extremity of 
 the island which gives its name to the state, upon 
 a harbour formed by the entrance of tne main 
 channel of Narraganset Bay. This is one of the 
 finest harbours in the world, lying close to the 
 sea, and always accessible; the entrance is de- 
 fended by several strong forts. Newport formerly 
 enjoyed a very active commerce, but this has great- 
 ly declined, and the town has a decayed look. 
 The legislature of the state sit here occasionally, 
 and many people resort hither in summer for the 
 purity and mildness of the air. Here are 11 
 churches, and some manufactures of cotton and 
 lace. Pop. 8,010. 
 
 Newport, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken. on the Ohio, 
 opposite Cincinnati. It is finely situated on an 
 elevated plain, and contains an United States ar- 
 senal, and a well endowed academy. 
 
 New Portage, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio, 114 m. N. 
 E. Columbus. 
 
 New Portland, p.t. Somerset Co., Me. Pop. 
 1,215. 
 
 Newport Pagnel, a town in Buckinghamshire, 
 Eng. with manufactures of bone lace. It is seated 
 on the Ouse, 51 m. N. W. London. 
 
 Nnr Preston, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 43 m. 
 W Hartford. 
 
 '■■.id Prospect, p.v. Bergen Co. N. J. 88 m. N. 
 1 'Venton. 
 
 New Providence, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. 12 m. N. 
 W. Newark. See also Providence. 
 
 JVeio Richmond, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio, on the 
 Ohio, 20 m. S. E. Cincinnati. 
 
 New Rochelle, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 20 m. 
 IV E. New York. Pop. 1,274. 
 
 New Rowieij, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. 35 m. N. E. 
 Boston. 
 
 New Rumlcy, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 130 m. N. 
 E. Columbus. 
 
 Newry, a borough of Ireland, in the county of 
 Down, 49 m. N. Dublin. 
 Newry, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 345. 
 New Salem, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 81 m. N. 
 W. Boston ; p.v. New London Co. Conn., Onta- 
 rio Co. N. Y., Fayette Co. Pa., Randolph Co. N. 
 C. and Jefferson Co. Ohio. 
 
 New Scotland, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 m. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Neicskam, a village of Durham, Eng., 5 m. from 
 Darlington. 
 
 New Sharon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,599 
 New Shetland, or New South Shetland, a cluster 
 of Islands in the Antarctic Ocean, lying to the S 
 E. of Cape Horn, in about lat. 65. S. Their exist 
 ence was first made known to the world in 1820, 
 although it is said the American South Sea 
 whalers had been accustomed to visit them for 
 some years previous. They are but little known, 
 yet have been found to extend 200 m. from E. N. 
 E. to W. S. W. The land exhibits marks of vol 
 canic action and consists of lofty summits, crown 
 ed with snow and ice. Seals are abundant in this 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 New Shorchain, a town in Newport Co. R I 
 on Block Island. Pop. 1,885. 
 New South Wales. See Wales. 
 New Switzerland, a village in Switzerland Co. 
 Ohio, on the Ohio, 65 m. below Cincinnati. 
 
 Newton, a town of Wales in Montgomeryshire, 
 169 in. W. N. W. London. Also towns in Lan- 
 cashire and Cheshire, Eng., a borough in the Isle 
 of Wight, and a township of York Co. L. Canada. 
 Newton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles 
 River, 9 m. W. Boston Pop. 2,377. Here are 
 manufactures of paper, iron, and snuff". Also 
 towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Licking, Hamilton, 
 Miami, Trumbull, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio, 
 and villages in Essex Co. N. J. and Bucks Co. Pa. 
 Newton Bushel, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 15 
 m. S. W. Exeter. 
 
 Newton Stewart, a town of Scotland in Wigton- 
 shire, 26 m. N. E. Portpatrick. 
 
 Newtown, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. 
 10 m. N. W. Newburyport. Pop. 510; p.t. Fair- 
 field Co. Conn. 25 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 
 3,099; p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Queens Co. N. 
 Y. on Long Island, 8 m. E. New York. Pop. 
 2.610. The orchards of this place produce the 
 finest apples in the world. Also towns and vil- 
 lages in Gloucester and Sussex Cos. N. J., Bucks 
 and Cumberland Co. Pa., Frederick and Worces- 
 ter Cos. Maryland, King and Queen and Loudon 
 Cos. Va., Hamilton and Licking Cos. Ohio. 
 Newtown Stevcnsburg, p v. Frederick Co. Va. 
 Newtoicn Trap, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland. 
 Netc Trenton, p.v. Franklin Co. Indiana. 
 Neio Vernon, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 
 Ncio Village, p v. Sussex Co. N. J. 
 Newville, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. ; p.v. Cum- 
 berland Co. Pa. ; p.v. Barnwell Dis. S. C. 
 New Washington, p.v. Clarke Co. Indiana. 
 New Windsor, a township of Orange Co. N...Y. 
 Pop. 2,310. 
 
 Netc Woodstock, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 New Year's Islands, a number of small islands 
 near the N. coast of Staten Land, in lat. 54. 41. S., 
 long. 64. 28. W 
 
 New York, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Lake Ontario and Lower Canada, E. by 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, S. by 
 Pennsylvania and N. Jersey, S. W. and N. W.by 
 Lakes Erie, and Ontario, and Canada. It extends 
 from 40. 30. to 45. N. lat and from 73. to 79. 55. W. 
 long. It is 340 m. in length from £. to W. and 304 
 in breadth, and contains, including Long Island, 
 45,085 sq. m. This state is mountainous in the 
 eastern part, where it is traversed by a branch of 
 the Apalachian chain, called the Shawangunk 
 ridge, different portions of which are known by 
 the name of the Highlands, and Catskill Moun- 
 tains. See Catskill. In the north-eastern part are 
 the Peruvian Mountains, which lie around the 
 sources of the Hudson, and separate the waters of 
 Lake Chaniplain from those of the St. Lawrence. 
 
NEW 
 
 544 
 
 NEW 
 
 The most of the western part is level, but on the 
 borders of Pennsylvania are some hilly tracts. Par- 
 allel with Lake Ontario there runs an elevation 
 called the Ridge, about 70 m. in length ; it is not 
 more than 30 ieet above the surrounding country, 
 and 100 feet in width, and extends from Niagara 
 river to the Genesee. The mountains exhibit 
 granite, gneiss, limestone and mica slate; the 
 western and central districts are secondary, and 
 the southern mostly transition. Iron, tin, lead, 
 and plumbago are found in the mountainous parts ; 
 coal, gypsum and slate occur along the Hudson, 
 with some native silver. Antimony and arsenic 
 hive also been discovered. 
 
 The eastern part is watered by the Hudson, 
 which rises on the western side of Lake Chum- 
 plain, and flows southerly to the sea at New York ; 
 the Mohawk, from the west, is its chief branch. 
 The Genesee crosses the state from Pennsylvania 
 and runs into L. Ontario. Black river and the 
 Oswegatchie, water the northern parts; the Onon- 
 daga receives the waters of a number of small 
 lakes toward the west, and discharges them into 
 Lake Ontario : the head streams of the Susque- 
 hanna have their source in this state. A great 
 extent of the north western limit is washed by 
 Lakes Erie and Ontario; on the north-eastern 
 border lies Lake Champlain, dividing it from Ver- 
 mont, and in the same quarter is Lake George. 
 In the west are the smaller lakes of Oneida, Sken- 
 eateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, Ca- 
 nandaigua and Chatauque, many of which are 
 adorned with beautiful scenery. 
 
 The soil in a great part of the state is excel- 
 lent ; on the Mohawk are alluvial tracts of re- 
 markable fertility : in the west are the Genesee 
 flats which are no less rich. In the north it is 
 clayey ; about Albany are some tracts of sandy 
 plain interspersed with marshes. The valleys 
 have a rich black mould ; along the Hudson in 
 the southern part, the soil is gravelly with rich 
 alluvial tracts. About one fourth of the land is 
 under cultivation ; wheat is the chief article of 
 culture ; maize, rye, barley, oats, flax, buckwheat, 
 hemp, &c. are also raised. The climate of this 
 great state is more diversified than perhaps that 
 of any other in the union. The northern part 
 feels the severity of a Canadian winter ; the south 
 has a climate comparatively mild. About Albany 
 the winter begins toward the middle of December 
 and ends early in March. Hay is cut early in 
 July, and the maize ripens in September and Oc- 
 tober. The Hudson is frozen in winter. 
 
 This state abounds in mineral springs, the most 
 celebrated of which are in the neighbourhood of 
 Saratoga, which .Sec. There are in the western 
 part; many which discharge inflammable air. See 
 Burning Springs. Salt springs are also common, 
 and salt is manufactured in great abundance at 
 various places. See Salina. The internal trade 
 of the state is facilitated by many canals, the lar- 
 gest of which unites the Hudson with Lake Erie. 
 See Erie Canal. The Northern canal connects 
 Lake Champlain with the Hudson, and is G3 m. 
 in length The Delaware and Hudson canal ex- 
 tends from Port Jervis, on the Delaware to the 
 Hudson ; it has a further extension to Honesdale, 
 in Pennsylvania, and its whole length is 108 m. 
 There are also canals which open a communica- 
 tion between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario 
 through Oneida Lake. Four railroads are in a 
 process of construction The Mohawk and Hud- 
 son Railroad, betweer the Hudson at Albany and 
 the Mohawk at Schenectady 15 miles ■ — the Ca 
 
 najoharie and Catskill Railroad from Canajohari" 
 on the Erie canal to Catskill on the Hudson 74 
 m. ; — the Hudson and Delaware Railroad, from 
 Newbu-/h on the Hudson to the Delaware; — the 
 Troy and Bennigton Railroad, from Troy on the 
 Hudson to Bennington in Vermont. These im- 
 provements with the admirable position of the 
 great outport of the state at the mouth of the 
 Hudson, have given the trade of New York an 
 unexampled activity, and it has already become 
 one of the most flourishing states in the Union. 
 The commerce is chiefly transacted through the 
 single sea-port of New York ; but there is also 
 much trade by the way of the lakes. The imports 
 into the state in 1828 were valued at 38,71 y,G44 
 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce at 
 13,920.627 dollars; total exports 23.834,137 dol 
 lars. The shipping in the same year amounted 
 to 354.771 tons Thus in amount of foreign trade 
 New York surpasses every state in the Union, al 
 though in tonnage of shipping Massachusetts is 
 superior. 
 
 The manufactures consists of cotton, woolen, 
 cloths, iron, salt, paper, glass, leather, &c. The 
 chief establishments are at the following places. 
 At Columbiaville near Hudson,are 11 factories pro- 
 ducing yearly 16,240,000 yards of calico, with car- 
 peting and flannels ; — atMatteawan near Fishskill 
 are manufactured broadcloths unsurpassed for fine- 
 ness in the country ; — at Catskill carpeting and pa- 
 per ; — at Walden are produced yearly J 40,000 yards 
 of flannel; 360,000 of sheeting and 30,000 of broad- 
 cloth ; — at Schenectady are made yearly 400,000 
 yards of cotton cloth, 30,000 lbs. of yarn, 
 with carpeting, satinet and paper. There are also 
 manufactures of cotton, iron, &c. at Rainapo, Al- 
 bany, Troy, and many other places. The yearly 
 value of the manufactures without reckoning do- 
 mestic fabrics is estimated as follows, cotton 3,000, 
 000 dollars; woolen 3,000,000; iron 4,000,000; 
 paper 500,000 ; hats 3,000,000; boots and shoes 
 5,000,000 : leather 3,000,000 ; window glass 200, 
 000. The domestic manufactures in 1825 amount- 
 ed to nearly 5,000,000 dollars. 
 
 The state is divided into 8 districts and 56 coun- 
 ties. The towns and cities are 762. The popu- 
 lation is 1,913,508 of whom 46 are slaves. There 
 are also about 5,000 Indians in the western parts. 
 The capital is Albany. The other large towns 
 are New York, Brooklyn, Troy, Hudson, Pough- 
 keepsie, Newburgh, Rochester and Buffalo. The 
 legislature consists of a Senate and an Assembly ; 
 the senators are chosen for 4 years, one fourth of 
 the numbers being renewed annually, and the mem- 
 bers of the Assembly for one year. The Govern- 
 or and Lt. Governor are chosen for 2 years and are 
 elected by the highest number of votes given, al- 
 though less than a majority. The clergy are ex- 
 cluded from office. Elections are popular and 
 suffrage is universal. The most numerous religi- 
 ous sect are the Presbyterians,who hove 587 chur- 
 ches ; the Baptists have 539 ; the Episcopalians 
 129 ministers ; the Lutherns27, and the Reform- 
 ed Dutch 54 churches. Education is provided 
 for by a Literary Fund producing yearly 6,000 
 dollars, which sum is divided among the incor- 
 porated academies. There is also a common school 
 fund ; and 200,000 dollars raised from this source 
 and from taxes, are annually appropriated for the 
 support of public schools. There are in the state 
 36 incorporated academies and 8,000 common 
 schools which afford instruction to 400,000 chil- 
 dren. There are 4 colleges in the state, at New 
 York, Schenectady, Clinton, and Geneva 
 
NEW 
 
 545 
 
 NEW 
 
 New York was first settled by the Dutch, who 
 established themselves at Albany, and on the isl- 
 and of Manhattan, where the city of New York 
 now stands, about 1612. The English, disputed 
 their claim to the country, and Charles II. made 
 a grant of it to his brother the Duke of York. A 
 strong force was sent against the colony, and the 
 Dutch unable to offer resistance, peaceably sub- 
 mitted. The name of the colony was changed 
 from New Netherlands to that of New York. It 
 passed again into the hands of the Dutch for a short 
 period, but finally became established under the 
 English government. It was the theatre of some 
 of the most important military operations during 
 the American revolution, and the territory was 
 not wholly abandoned by the British till the 
 conclusion of peace. The present constitutor -'-' 
 the state was established in 1321. 
 
 JYew York, city, in the above state, the chief 
 city in the western world for population, wealth 
 and commerce, is situated in the south-western ex- 
 tremity of the state, upon a wide harbour at the 
 mouth of the Hudson, communicating with Long 
 Island Sound and the ocean by two entrances. 
 The city stands on the southern point of the isl- 
 and of Manhattan which is washed on one side by 
 the Hudson, and on the other by the strait called 
 East River, which separates it from Long Island, 
 and affords a navigable communication between 
 New York harbour and Long Island Sound. The 
 harbour extends 9 m. S. of the city to the sea. 
 The first settlement was made at the southern ex- 
 tremity, consequently that portion of the city is 
 composed of narrow, crooked, inconvenient streets, 
 and unsightly old buildings ; but the more modern 
 parts, and especially those which have grown up 
 within 20 years, are regular and commodious. 
 The finest street is Broadway, which traverses 
 the whole city in a straight line from N. to S. be- 
 ing 3 m. in length and 80 feet in breadth ; it is 
 occupied chiefly by shops and elegant public build- 
 ings, and few streets in the world equal it for the 
 splendor, bustle and fashion it exhibits. The Bat- 
 tery is an enclosed promenade on the shore at the 
 southern extremity of the city ; it is planted with 
 trees, and though not extensive, is pleasant, much 
 frequented, and offers a delightful view of the 
 harbour. 
 
 The Park is a triangular enclosure of 11 acres 
 in the centre of the city ; upon one side of this 
 stands the City Hall, an elegant structure with a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -jl 
 
 
 Hligis 
 
 BgBlis*" 
 
 
 Hie* Iff '■;"#..■ -■ 
 
 
 
 
 fJ&^Ji: 
 
 ilBr 5 ^ hi'ilmf^r 
 
 
 
 
 front of white marble ; it is 21C feet long and 105 
 broad, and is one of the finest buildings in the 
 country. The Merchants' Exchange in Wall 
 street is handsomely built of white marble. The 
 United States Branch Bank is also a fine marble 
 structure. St. Paul's Chapel is esteemed one of 
 the finest buildings in the city ; its spire is 231 
 feet high. St. John's Chapel has a spire 240 feet 
 &J 
 
 in height, and is the most costly church in the 
 city, having been built at the expense of 200,000 
 dollars. St. Patrick's Cathedral, a Roman Catho- 
 lic edifice, is the largest of all the churches, ami 
 is of stone, 120 feet long and 30 wide. There are 
 more than 100 additional churches, some of them 
 very costly. Trinity Church is a Gothic edifice 
 of stone, and belongs to the oldest and richest 
 episcopal establishment in America, possessing 
 a property to the amount of several millions of 
 dollars. 
 
 Columbia College at New York, was founded 
 in 1757, and till the Revolution, was called King's 
 College. It has a President and 5 professors. 
 The libraries contain 14,000 volumes. The stu- 
 dents are 124. This institution is well endowed. 
 Commencement is in August ; there is but one 
 vacation of about two months immediately after- 
 ward. The college building is of stone, stuccoed, 
 and contains lodgings for the professors, with 
 a chapel, library, museum, lecture rooms, &c. but 
 the students do not reside in it. The grounds at- 
 tached to the college are extensive. 
 
 The New York Institution comprises a large 
 edifice, 200 feet in length, in the rear of the City 
 Hall, and occupied by the Literary and Philosophi- 
 cal Society, the Historical Society, the Academy 
 of fine Arts, the Lyceum of Natural Histgj-y, the 
 Museum, and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The 
 Historical Society have a library of 10,0l)0 volumes. 
 The New York Society Library in Nassau street 
 has 20,000. The State Prison is on the eastern 
 bank of the Hudson, in the upper part of the city, 
 and is a large stone building, enclosed by a spa- 
 cious yard. The almshouse is at Bellevue, on 
 East river, and comprises three stone buildings, 
 the largest of which is 320 feet in length. The 
 Hospital is a large and well regulated establish- 
 ment, and has a library of 4,000 volumes. 
 
 The city rises with a moderate ascent from both 
 rivers. The view in approaching it by the Nar- 
 rows from the sea is particularly fine. The bay 
 contains many small islands, with forts and castles 
 upon them, and the lofty spires of the city are 
 visible at a great distance. The water is every- 
 where deep and the current rapid ; it has not been 
 frozen over for 50 years. The commerce of the 
 city is very great, as may be gathered from the 
 fallowing items. During the year 1830, there ar- 
 rived 1,48!) vessels from foreign ports; sailed for 
 foreign ports 1,138 ; entered coastwise 1,332 ; clear- 
 ed coastwise 3,474 ; total arrived and departed 
 7,433. The revenue collected at the custom house 
 in 1829 was 13,052,076 dollars; being more than 
 half the whole revenue of the United States from 
 foreign commerce. The city expenditure by the 
 municipal government in 1830, was 1,033.419 dol- 
 lars. The population by the census of 1830, was 
 207,021 in the city and county which take in the 
 whole island of New York. Brooklyn, on the 
 Long Island shore of East river, is properly a 
 suburb of the city, and contains a population of 
 15,396. 
 
 Packets sail from New York, to Liverpool and 
 London every week; to Havre every 10 days; 
 and to Hull, Greenwich, Belfast, Vera Cruz, Car- 
 thagena, and all the chief ports of the United States 
 at different times. Fifty steam-boats constant- 
 ly pass between New York and the towns on the 
 Hudson, Long Island Sound and other waters in 
 the neighbourhood. There are 61 banks in the- 
 city, 28 insurance companies ; 463 schools ; 4& 
 bookstores; 450 lawyers ; 98 clergymen ; 50 auc- 
 tioneers : 300 oyster shops ; 56 lottery officer 
 2z 2 
 
NEY 
 
 546 
 
 NIC 
 
 3,000 licensed groceries and taverns; 2,380 li- 
 censed cartmen and porters ; 2,110 paupers in the 
 almshouse. The real estate of the city is valued 
 at 87 603,389, dollars, the personal estate at 37,084, 
 938 dollars ; total, 127,288,518. 
 
 Most of the periodicals are newspapers ; the 
 whole number is 48, eleven of which are daily. 
 The bookselling trade is thriving, and there are 
 some establishments, in which the republication 
 of English works is carried on upon a very large 
 scale. One of these has issued between 4 and 
 500,000 volumes in a year. The number of pub- 
 lic schools does not exceed a dozen ; their annual 
 expense to the city is 25,995 dollars. This de- 
 ficiency however, in the means of common edu- 
 cation, is in some degree made up by a large 
 number of charity schools. The Lyceum of 
 Natural Historv, and the New York Atheneum, 
 are respectable'associations for the promotion of 
 science and literature. The Chamber of Com- 
 merce is an incorporated body of merchants, who 
 devote themselves to the study of mercantile af- 
 fairs. Many other institutions for various objects 
 we can only mention by name, as the institution 
 for the Deaf and Dumb; the Horticultural Socie- 
 ty the National Academy of the arts of Design ; 
 the Asylum for the Insane, and many charitable 
 institutions. The government of the city is com- 
 posed of a Mayor, 10 Aldermen, and 10 Assistants. 
 The rapid increase in population and trade 
 which New York has experienced within a few 
 years, and its commanding position for a commer- 
 cial mart, added to the increasing facilties for in- 
 ternal navigation, and the growing prosperity of 
 ♦he back country, must secure it a permanent supe- 
 riority over all other cities in the United States. 
 Its population exhibits a great diversity of char- 
 acter. The ancient Dutch settlers have left tra- 
 ces of their national manners among their de- 
 fendants, and the number of foreigners constant- 
 ly residing here is very great. The most nume- 
 rous are the Irish, who are estimated at 20,000. 
 The French and Spanish are next in number. 
 The city was founded by the Dutch in 1614, and 
 was by them called New Amsterdam. It was 
 
 taken by the English in 1664, and received the 
 name of New York. It is in lat. 40. 42. 40. N. 
 long 74. 0. 45. W., 210 m. S. W. Boston, 90 
 N. E. Philad., 227 N. E. Washington, 140 S. 
 Albanv, and 390 S. Montreal. 
 
 Neic York, p.t. Albemarle Co. Va. 23 m. W. 
 Charlotte ; a village in Champaign Co. Ohio; p. 
 v. Montgomery Co. Ten. 110 m. N. W. Mur- 
 freesborough. 
 
 New Zealand. See Zealand. 
 
 Ncyland, a.town in Suffolk, Eng. 57 m. N. E. of 
 London. It has some manufactures. 
 
 Ntytrocht, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of 
 a county, 40 m. N. E. Presburg. 
 
 Nezpique, a river of Louisiana flowing into the 
 Mermentau. 
 
 Ngan King Fou, a city of China, capital cf the 
 western part of the province of Kiang Nan. 
 
 Nganlo Fou, a large city of China in the prov 
 ince°of Hou Quang. 420 m. W. by S. of Nankin. 
 Niagara, a river of North America, connecting 
 Lakes°Erie and Ontario. It is 35 m. in length 
 and flows northerly ; about midway between the 
 two lakes it separates into two channels forming 
 Grand Island. A short distance below the union 
 of these channels are the celebrated falls ofNiag 
 ara universally allowed to be the grandest cata 
 ract in the world. Half a mile above the falls, 
 the river is a furious rapid which sweeps away to 
 certain destruction, every thing involved in it; the 
 the river is here three quarters of a mile broad, 
 and from this point it rushes down with increased 
 velocity to the fall where it leaps in one immense 
 mass down a perpendicular precipice 160 feet 
 in depth, with a roar that may be heard 40 miles. 
 The cataract forms an irregular semicircle, the 
 deepest hollow of which is called the Horse Shoe 
 Fall, and is on the Canada side. At the brink of 
 the fall stands a small island called Goat Island, 
 which breaks the great sheet of water as it rushes 
 over the precipice, but the waters unite again be- 
 fore they reach the bottom. A bridge is thrown 
 across the falls from the American side to the isl- 
 and. On the British side a few yards below is a 
 projection called Table Rock, commanding a mag- 
 nificent view of the falls. From this rock a spiral 
 staircase leads down to the foot of the cataract 
 where visitors may pass under the fall between 
 the sheet of water and the rock. The path leads 
 far under the excavated bank of the river, which 
 in some places forms a roof overhanging 40 feet. 
 The fall of such an immense mass of water, pro- 
 duces violent whirls in the air, and the spray is 
 driven out with such force that no one can ap- 
 proach the edge of the cataract without being 
 drenched to the skin. It is difficult even to draw 
 a breath here, and in entering this tremendous 
 cavern there is danger of being blinded by the 
 strong driving showers of spray ; the greatest 
 distance to which it is possible to penetrate with 
 in the sheet of water is 150 feet. The banks of 
 the river for several miles below the falls are per- 
 pendicular precipices of rock, and there is reason 
 to believe that the cataract was formerly much 
 farther down the river, the rock having gradually 
 worn away to the present spot. A cloud of spray 
 is continually rising from the foam of waters and 
 exhibiting in the sunshine a brilliant rainbow. 
 The island upon the summit is about a mile in 
 circumference, and is covered with trees. In 
 summer crowds of visitors are continually resort- 
 ilia- hither from all parts of the world ; and there 
 are many public houses in the neighbourhood for 
 their accommodation. 
 
 Nias, a small island, near the W. coast of the 
 island of Sumatra. Long. 97. 0. E., lat. 0. 40. N. 
 Nibe, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 9 m. 
 W. S. W. of Alburg. 
 
 Nibiano. a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 
 16 m. S. W. of Piacenza. 
 
 Nicarao-va, a province of Guatemala, bounded 
 on the N. by Honduras, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, 
 S. E. by Costa Rica, and S. W. by the Pacific 
 Ocean. It is 400 m. from E. to W. and 120 from 
 N. to S. It is well watered by lakes and rivers, 
 and produces plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine 
 chocolate. Leon de Nicaragua is the capital. 
 Nicai a<rua, a lake in the foregoing province 
 
NIC 
 
 547 
 
 NID 
 
 350 m. in circumference. It is interspersed with 
 islands, and abounds in fishes, but is infested with 
 crocodiles. The S. W. extremity is only a few 
 leagues from the Pacific Ocean, and the S. E. end 
 communicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the 
 river St. Juan. 
 
 Nicaragtia, a city of the foregoing province, sit- 
 uate at some distance S. W. of the lake, and near 
 the mouth of a river, on the Pacific Ocean, 120 
 m. S. E. of Leon de Nicaragua. Long. 86. 10. 
 W., lat. 11. 15. N. 
 
 Nicaria, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 between Samos and Tina, anciently called Icaria. 
 Jt is 50 m. in circumference, and full of rocks. 
 Long. 26. 30. E., lat. 37. 40. N. 
 
 Nicastro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 with an ancient castle, 17 m.S. S. E. of Cosenza. 
 
 Nice, a county of Sardinia, bounded by the Var, 
 the Maritime Alps, the territories of Genoa, and 
 the Mediterranean. It was anciently an appendage 
 of Provence in France, but afterwards passed to 
 the king of Sardinia. It is 36 m. long, and 13 
 broad ; and contains about 100 000 inhabitants. 
 
 Nice, an ancient, handsome, and considerable 
 town, on the confines of France and Italy, capital 
 of the foregoing province. It has a strong citadel 
 built on a rock, and on the W. it is fortified 
 with a wall and ditch. On the E. side of the rock 
 is the harbour, called Limpia, from a small river 
 that runs into it. The inhabitants export oil, silk, 
 wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all sorts 
 of dried fruits. It was taken by the French in 
 1792, retaken by the Austrians in 1800, but evac- 
 uated in a week afterwards. It is very agreeably 
 situated, 4 m. from the mouth of the Var. 83 
 S. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. of Aix. 
 
 Nice, a city of Natolia. See Isnic. 
 
 Niehaburg, a town of Persia, famous for a mine 
 of turquoise stone in its neighbourhood. It is 37 
 m. S. of Mesched. 
 
 Nicholas, a county of the W. district of Virgin- 
 ia. Pop. 3,349. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 
 8,832. Carlisle is the capital. 
 
 Nicholascille, p.t. Jessamine Co. Ken. 30 m. S. 
 E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Nicholas, St., one of the largest and most pleas- 
 ant of the Cape Verde Islands, between St. Lucia 
 and St. Jago. It is 75 m. in length ; and is the 
 residence of the bishop of the isles. Long. 14. 10. 
 W., lat. 16. 32. N. 
 
 Nicholas, St., a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, with a handsome church, to 
 which pilgrims formerly resorted. It is seated 
 on the Meurthe, 7 m. S. E. of Nancy. 
 
 Nicholas, St., Mole, a town, harbour, and cape, 
 at the N. VV. extremity of St. Domingo, com- 
 manding the strait called the Windward Passage. 
 The harbour is strongly fortified by nature and 
 art ; and ships of any burden may ride at anchor in 
 the basin, even during a hurricane. It was ta- 
 ken by the English aided by the French rovalists, 
 in 1793, but evacuated in 1798. Long. 73. 30. 
 VV., lat. 19.49. N. 
 
 Nicholas Island, a small island on the N. coast of 
 the island of Cuba. Long. 79. 40. W., lat. 33. 50. N. 
 
 Nicobar Islands, a group of 19 islands on the E. 
 6ide of the bay of Bengal. They are almost en- 
 tirely uncultivated ; but the cocoa-nut, the mel- 
 lori or lerum (a kind of bread-fruit), and other 
 tropical fruits grow spontaneously ; there are also 
 yams and sweet potatoes, and the edible birds' 
 nests so much esteemed in China. Dogs and 
 hogs are the principal animals. The inhabitants 
 are tall and well proportioned, with black eyes, 
 
 black lank hair, and dark copper-coloured snins. 
 They live in little huts, having no towns, and gc 
 quite naked, except a cloth about the waist with 
 a small string hanging down behind. These is- 
 lands extend northward, from the N. point of 
 Sumatra. The largest, which gives name to the 
 rest, is 25 m. long and 10 broad. Its extremity 
 is in long. 94. 3. E., lat. 6. 39. N. 
 
 Nicojack Cave, in Georgia, is situated in an em- 
 inence called Racoon Mountain. Its mouth is 
 50 feet high and 160 feet wide. It is many miles 
 in depth and the floor is covered with a stream of 
 water throughout its whole length. Three miles 
 within is a cataract, beyond which visitors hav-- 
 not penetrated. The rock is limestone. 
 
 Nicolaaef, a city of Russia, in the government 
 of Catharinenslaf, founded by Catherine II., on 
 the S. side of the Ingul, at its conflux with the Bog 
 The public buildings and a number of private 
 houses are constructed of a white calcareous stone, 
 but the rest of the houses are of wood. This 
 place, being of easier access by water for vessels. 
 than Cherson, is now the capital of the naval es 
 tablishment of the Black Sea. The admiralty, 
 with a long line of magazines, workshops, wet and 
 dry docks, and every necessary department for 
 shipping are placed along the bank of the Ingul. 
 It is 30 m. N. N. E. of Oczakow and 45 N. W.oi 
 Cherson. Long. 30. 46. E., lat. 46. 58. N. 
 
 Nicolo, St., the most considerable of the isles 
 of Tremeti, in the gulf of Venice. It has a har- 
 bour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey 
 with a church. Long. 15. 37. E., lat. 42. 10. N 
 Nicolsburg, a town of Moravia, with a castle on 
 a mountain , 12 m. E. N. E. of Laab. 
 
 Nicopoli, a town of Bulgaria, famous for the first 
 battle fought between the Turks and the Christ- 
 ians in 1396, when the emperor Sigismund was de 
 feated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated 
 on the Danube, at the influx of the Osma, 60 m. 
 S. S. W. of Bucharest and 150 N. N. W. of Adri- 
 anople. Long. 25. 43. E., lat. 44. 16. N. 
 
 Nicopoli, or Glanish, a town of Turkish Arme 
 nia, built by Pompey in memory of a victory 
 gained over Mithridates. It is 15 m. S. of Erzerum. 
 Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, seated near the 
 mountain Olympus. From the time of Con- 
 stantine the Great till 1567, it was 9 m. in cir- 
 cumference ; but the Venetians, finding it too ex- 
 tensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it with 11 
 bastions and 3 gates ; all the rest they razed to 
 the foundation, demolishing temples, palaces, 
 and the most beautiful monuments. In 1570. it 
 was besieged 45 days by the Turks, and then 
 taken by a general assault. The church of St. 
 Sophia is a fine old Gothic structure. The baza- 
 ar is extensive, well supplied with provisions, and 
 remarkably clean. Lon. 33. 26. E., lat. 35. 14. N. 
 Nicosia, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 12 m. S. of Cofalu. 
 
 Nicotera, a towm of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 near the coast of the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N. 
 E. of Reggio, and 135 S. E. of Naples. Long. 16. 
 30. E., lat. 38. 34. N. 
 
 Nicoya, a town of Guatemala, in Costa Rica, 
 situate on a small river, which runs into the bay 
 of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is 
 98 m. W. N. W. of Cartago. Long. 85. 49. W., 
 lat. 10. 40. N. 
 
 Nicsara, a town of Turkey, in Caramania, and 
 an archbishop's see, 10 m. N. of Tocat. Long. 
 36. 9. E., lat. 39. 25. N. 
 
 Nidau, a town of Switzerland in the canton 
 
NIG 
 
 548 
 
 NIL 
 
 of Bern, with a castle ; situate on the lake of 
 Biel,15m. N. W. of Bern. 
 
 Nidda, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm- 
 stadt, seated on a river of the same name, 20 m. 
 N. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Niebla, a town of Spain, in Seville, near which 
 is a considerable copper mine ; seated on the Tin- 
 to, U m. N. N. W. ofMoguer and 40 W. of Se- 
 ville. 
 
 Niimccfc, a town of Brandenburg, on the river 
 Ada, 16 m. N. of Wurtemberg. 
 
 JVirmecz, a strong town of Moldavia, situate on 
 n mountain, on a river of the same name, 76 m. 
 W. S. W. of J assay. Long. 26. 10. E.. lat. 46. 58. 
 N. 
 
 Jficmen; a river which rises in Lithuania, and 
 pisses by Bielica and Grodno ; it then runs 
 through part of Samogitia and E. Prussia, and en- 
 ters the Curisch Haff by several mouths, of which 
 the principal and most northern is called the Russ. 
 
 Nienkurg, a strong town of Hanover, capital of 
 the county of Hoya, with a considerable trade in 
 corn and wool; seated on the Weser,37m. S. S. 
 V. of Bremen. Long. 0. 25. E., lat. 52. 39. N. 
 
 JYicnburg, a town of Prussia, in the government 
 of Munster, seated on the Dinkel, 33 m. N. W. of 
 Munster. 
 
 JVirnburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Anhalt-Kothen, seated in the Saale, 8 m. N . W. 
 of Kothen. 
 
 JYicnhaus, a town of Hanover, in the district of 
 
 Paderborn, with a castle, formerly the residence 
 of the prince : seated on the Lippe, 2 m. N. N. 
 E. of Paderborn. 
 
 Kiepcr. See Dnieper. 
 
 Kiestcr. See Dniester. 
 
 Kieuport, a sea-port of the Netherlands, in W. 
 Flanders, at the mouth of the Yperlee. Here are 
 sluices, by which the country can be laid under 
 water. The inhabitants principally subsist by the 
 herrinf fishery, and by making nets and ropes. 
 0. m. S. W. of Ostend. Long. 2. 45. E., lat. 51. 
 8. N. 
 
 JYieuport, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- 
 land, seated on the river Lech, 15 m. E. of Rot- 
 terdam. 
 
 Kievre, a department of France, including the 
 greater part of the province of Nivernois. Its takes 
 its name from a small river, which rises near 
 Champlemy, and runs into the Loire, at Nevers, 
 the chief town of the department. 
 
 Niger, a celebrated river of Africa, rising near 
 Mount Lamba in the country of the Soulimas, on 
 the northern declivities of the Kong Mountains. 
 No geographical problem ever presented a more 
 fruitful subject for conjecture, doubt, hypothesis, 
 and research, both critical and experimental, than 
 the course and termination of this mysterious 
 river. Until the travels of Mungo Park in 1706 
 it was even disputed whether it flowed East or 
 West. This traveller although he established the 
 fact of its easterly direction, and proceeded some 
 distance along its banks, yet was unable to make 
 any further discovery respecting its termination. 
 Attempts made by other travellers were followed 
 by no better success, and Park in his second jour- 
 ney into the country lost his life. Many authors 
 were of opinion that the river flowed into a great 
 central lake, and had no communication with the 
 sea; others sought for arguments to show that its 
 waters were swallowed up by the sands of the de- 
 sert; at one time the belief was very prevalent 
 that it flowed a great distance south and ran into 
 the ocean by the river Zaire or Congo ; the Brit- 
 
 ish government even despatched an expedition 
 under Captain Tuckey to proceed up the Congo 
 and make discoveries, but nothing satisfactory 
 was the result. The travels of Laing, Denham, 
 and Clapperton failed to settle the long disputed 
 point, and an impenetrable cloud of mystery con- 
 tinued to hang over the subject till 1830 when the 
 J rand discovery was effected by Richard and 
 ohn Lander, the former of whom had been the 
 servant of Ciapperton in his African travels, and 
 who attended him on the expedition in which he 
 lost his life 
 
 These travellers in March 1830 penetrated into 
 the country till they reached theNiger,and proceed- 
 ed down the stream till they arrived at the Bight 
 of Benin, a termination which had been fixed up< n 
 many years before by a German theorist named 
 Reichard, although his reasoning was grounded 
 upon false data. The Niger, or Quorra, or Joliha, 
 for it is called by all these names, is thus ascer- 
 tained to flow into the Atlantic ocean in about 5. 
 N. lat. It discharges its waters by several chan- 
 nels, forming a great delta like the Nile, Ganges 
 and Mississippi; the channel by which the Lan- 
 ders arrived at the ocean, has been hitherto known 
 as the river Nun, and the delta is 240 ni. in ex- 
 tent along the coast, from the river Benin to that 
 of Old Calabar; the inland extent of the delta is 
 about the same, and the whole territory is inter- 
 sected by various arms of the river, such as are 
 called bayous on the lower course of the Missis- 
 sippi. The banks of these streams are generally 
 overflown, and the land is covered with mangrove 
 trees arrowing in the water ; the whole surface is 
 low, flat and swampy. 
 
 For the first half of its course the Niger flows 
 in a N. E. course ; between 15. and 16. N. lat. it 
 turns to the E. and afterwards pursues a southerly 
 direction to the sea. It flows by the cities of Sego, 
 Jenne, Tombuctoo, Boussa, Yaoori, NyfFe.Rabha, 
 Egga, and Kisnee, at which last place the delta 
 commences. It receives from the N E. a branch 
 called the Tshadda, which the Landers saw in a 
 state of inundation 2 or 3 miles in width. It is 
 now very evident that neither Herodotus, Pliny .or 
 Ptolemy ever had any knowledge of this river, 
 and that 'the name of Niger ought no longer to be 
 applied to it. Its most common name in Africa 
 is the Quorra. 
 
 Nigono, a town of Italy ,in the duchy of Modena, 
 22 m° S. W. of Modena. 
 
 Nigritia. See Negroland. 
 
 Nile, a great river of Africa, which, according 
 to the most authentic accounts, rises in the 
 mountains of the Moon. It runs through the 
 lake Dembea, then makes a circuit towards its 
 source, which it leaves 25 m. to the E., and en- 
 ters into Nubia, through which country it takes 
 a circuitous course, and forms some considerable 
 entaracts. It then flows almost directly S. through 
 Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo ; and a little below 
 that city it divides into two great branches, which 
 with the Mediterranean Sea,forms the island called 
 Delta. The ancients reckoned eleven mouths of 
 the Nile, of which seven were considerable ; but 
 at present there are only two that are at all times 
 navigable, and those are atRosetta and Damietta 
 The fertility of Egypt depends upon the over- 
 flowing of the Nile, which takes place regulariji 
 every year, from the 15th of June to the 17th of 
 September, when it begins to decrease. It is eaus 
 ed by the periodical rains that fall between the 
 tropics, and more particularly in Abyssinia, which 
 is full of high mountains. In Cairv there is a za 
 
NIF 
 
 b49 
 
 NOA 
 
 nal called Khalis, which is opened when the water 
 is high enough ; thence it is conveyed into res- 
 ervoirs and cisterns, and is afterwards distributed 
 into the fields and gardens, as occasion requires. 
 Kile, a township of Scioto Co. Ohio. 
 
 Nimeguen, a town of the Netherlands, in Guel- 
 derland, with a citadel, an ancient palace, and 
 several forts The churches are in general hand- 
 some structures; and the town-house is remark- 
 able for its beauty and magnificence. The inhab- 
 itants subsist chiefly by brewing ale, and their 
 trade with Germany. The city is celebrated in 
 history on account of several treaties of peace 
 concluded here, particularly in 1678. It was taken 
 by the French in 1794. It stands on the Waal. 35 m. 
 E. S. E. of Utrecht. Long. 5. 51. E., lat. 51.52; N. 
 
 JYimishillen, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. 
 
 JYimptsch, a town of Prussian Silesia, which 
 gives name to a circle in the principality of Brieg. 
 It has a castle on an eminence and is seated on 
 the Loch, 26 m. S. W. of Brcslau. 
 
 Nineveh, p. v. Frederick Co. Va. 
 
 .Xhig-Koue, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufac- 
 tures of paper, made of a species of reed. Its dis- 
 trict is very hilly, but pleasant ; and the surround- 
 ing mountains, covered with woods, produce ex- 
 cellent medicinal plants. It is seated on a river, 
 which runs into the Kiang-hu, 537 m. S. by E. of 
 Pekin. Long. 118. 25. E., lat. 31. 2. N. 
 
 Ning-po, called by Europeans Liampo, an ex- 
 cellent sea-port of China, and a city of the first 
 rank in the province of Tche-kiang. The silks 
 manufactured here are much esteemed in foreign 
 countries especially in Japan, where they are ex- 
 changed by the Chinese for copper, gold, and sil- 
 ver. It is seated on the E. coast, opposite Japan, 
 G60 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 18. E., lat. 
 29. 58. N. 
 
 jXinguta, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the prov- 
 ince of Kirin, with considerable trade, particu- 
 larly in the valuable plant ginseng, which abounds 
 in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Hurha, 
 110 m. N. E. of Kirin. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 
 44. 30. N. 
 
 Ninian, St. a town of Scotland, in Stirlingshire, 
 with manufactures of leather, cotton cloth, and 
 nails. 2 m. S. E. of Stirling. 
 
 Kinove, a town of the Netherlands, in E. Flan- 
 ders, on the Dender, 13 .n. W. of Brussels. 
 
 JYio, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, to 
 the S. of Naxia, anciently called Nos. It is 35 
 m. in circumference, and fertile in corn, but has 
 very little wood or oil. The regular manners of 
 the inhabitants, who are all Greeks, revives an 
 idea of the simplicity of the primitive ages ; and 
 t'leir kind treatment of strangers appears to be 
 tne genuine remains of ancient hospitality. 
 
 JS'ion, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Bern, with a manufacture of beautiful porcelain. 
 12 m. N. by E. of Geneva. 
 
 Nions, a town of France, department of Drome, 
 with a mineral spring called Pontias, and some 
 manufactures of soap and woolen cloth. It is 
 seated at the foot of a chain of mountains, on the 
 river Aigues, 21 m. E. S. E. of Montelimart. 
 
 Niort, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Deux Sevres, with manufactures of drug- 
 gets, serges, and other coarse woolen goods. It 
 is seated on the Sevre Niortoise, 31 m. E. N. E. 
 of Rochelle and 46 W. S. W. of Poitiers Long. 
 0. 33. W., lat. 46. 20. N. 
 
 Niphon, the largest island of Japan, 750 m. long 
 and fron 150 to 300 broad, containing 55proviures. 
 
 It was discovered in 1542, by the Portuguese, who 
 were cast ashore by a tempest. The chief town 
 is Jedo. 
 
 Nipissing, a lake of Upper Canada lying N. £. 
 of Lake Huron, and flowing into it. 
 
 Nischnci-JYovogorod. See JVovogorod. 
 JVisibin, or Nisbin, a town and fortress of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Diarbeck, now greatly decayed. It is 
 seated in a vast plain, 78 m. S. E. of Diarbekir. 
 
 Nisida, a small island in the gulf of Naples, very 
 fertile, and laid out in slopes and terraces like a 
 large garden. It has a harbour, called Poito 
 Pavone, 5 m. W. S. W. of Naples. 
 
 Mskmjuna, a village in Schenectady Co. N. Y 
 12 m. N. W. Albany, on the Mohawk, inhabited 
 by the Shakers. It is built with great neatness 
 and beauty upon a level spot of about 2,000 acres, 
 divided into 4 farms. The fields are fenced in 
 right lines, and everything displays the utmost 
 order and regularity. The inhabitants dress in 
 the usual Quaker drab, and cultivate garden stuff's, 
 seeds, &c. They have also manufactures of vari- 
 ous household wares which are executed with great 
 skill and excellence. All their property is held 
 in common. Pop. 446. 
 
 Msmcs, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Card, and a bishop's see. Here are nu- 
 merous monuments of antiquity, of which the 
 amphitheatre, built by the Romans, is the princi- 
 pal. There are likewise the ruins of a temple ot 
 Diana, and a grand tower. The Maison Quarree, 
 or the Square Hous*;, is one of the finest pieces ol 
 architecture of the Corinthian order in the world. 
 Here are manufactures of silk, stuffs, stocking?, 
 cloth, leather, &c., and a considerable trade in 
 silk, corn, dried fruits, oil, and wine. It is seated 
 in a plain, abounding in wine and oil, 75 m. N. 
 E. of Narbonne. Long. 4. 19. E., lat. 43. 50. N. 
 
 Nissa, a strong town of Servia. It was taken 
 by the Hungarians in 1737, but retaken by the 
 Turks the following year. It is seated on a river 
 of the same name, 20 m. E. of Prccop and 120 S 
 E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 32. E., lat. 43. 32. N. 
 
 J\ilk, a river of Scotland, which rises in Ayr- 
 shire, flows through a part of Dumfriesshire, to 
 which it gives the name of Nithsdale, and enters 
 Sol way Frith a little below Dumfries. 
 
 JVivellc, a town of the Netherlands, chief place 
 of an extensive district in Brabant, with a manu- 
 facture of cambrics ; seated on the Thienne, 15 
 m. S. of Brussels. 
 
 Nivernois, a late province of France, between 
 Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It is pretty 
 fertile, contains mines of iron, andis watered by 
 a great number of rivers, of which the Loire, 
 Allier, and Yonne, are the principal. It now 
 forms the department of Nievre. 
 
 Xirabour, a town of Persia, in Chorasan, 80 m, 
 S. E. of Mesched. Long. 61. 32. E., lat. 35. 
 40. N. 
 
 JYixapa, a town of Mexico, in the province of 
 Guaxaca, with a rich Dominican convent. The 
 country near it produces a great deal of indigo, 
 cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 m. S. E. of Anio- 
 quiera. Long. 97. 15. W., lat. 16. 42. N. 
 
 JYizonton, p. v. Pasquotank Co. N. C. 28 in. N. 
 E. Rdenton. 
 
 JS'izampatam, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir- 
 car of Guntoor, at the mouth of the Kistnah, 34 
 m. S. W. of Masulipatam. 
 
 Nizza della Paglia. a town of Sardinia, in Pied- 
 mont, seated on the Belbo, 14 m. S. E. of Asti. 
 
 Noacote, a town of Hindoostan, capital rf a dis- 
 trict of its name, in Nepaul. It has a celebrated 
 
NOO 
 
 550 
 
 NOR 
 
 temple dedicated to Bhavany. Long. 85. 30. E., 
 lat. 27. 40. N. 
 
 Noailles, a town of France, department of 
 Vienne, 6 m. S. S. E. of Poitiers. 
 
 Noana<nir, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 
 capital oFa district of its name on the coast of the 
 gulf of Cutch, inhabited by a piratical tribe, called 
 Sangarians. The chief of the district, by a treaty 
 with the B.'tish, engaged to prevent his subjects 
 from plundering British vestels. 190 m. W. S. 
 W. of Amedabad. Long. 09. 30., lat. 22. 22. N. 
 
 Noble, a township of Morgan Co. Ohio. 
 
 Nobleborough, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,876. 
 
 Noblcsviile,p.v. Hamilton Co. Indiana 
 
 Nocera a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, 
 seated at the foot of the Apennines, 18 m. N. E. 
 of Spoleto. 
 
 Nocera delli Pagani, a town of Naples, in Prin- 
 cipal Citra, 8 m. N. W. of Salerno and 20 S. E. 
 of Naples. 
 
 Xockumixon, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Nocrara, a town of France, department of Gers, 
 21 m. S. W. of Condom. 
 
 Nogarcot, a town of Hindoostan, Nepaul, with 
 a celebrated pagoda, 60 m. N. E. of Catmandu. 
 
 No gent le Rotrtu, a town of France, department 
 of Eure-et- Loire, seated on the Huisne, 35 m. N. 
 E. of Mans. 
 
 Nogent &ur Seine, a town in the department of 
 Aube^ seated on the Seine, 25 m. N. W. of 
 Troyes 
 
 Noir, Cape, a promontory at the S. extremity of 
 Terra del Fuego. Long. 73. 33. W., lat. 54. 32. 
 S. 
 
 Noirmovtier , an island of France, in the bay of 
 Biscay, S. of the mouth of the river Loire. It is 
 12 m. long and 3 broad, and has good pastures. 
 The principal town, of the same name, is defend- 
 ed by a fort. Long. 2. 10. W., lat. 47. 0. N. 
 
 Nola, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 once a rich Roman colony, and still a handsome 
 place. The silk spun in its neighbourhood is 
 much esteemed. It is 14 m. E. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Nohnsville, p. v. Williams Co. Ten. 
 
 JVoli, a town of Sardinia, with a fort and a good 
 harbour, 30 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 41. E., 
 lat. 44. 18. N. 
 
 Nombrc de Dios, a town of Terra Firma, in the 
 province of Darien, 30 m. E. of Porto Bello, to 
 which its once flourishing trade is now trans- 
 ferred. 
 
 jXombre de Dios, a town of Mexico, the most 
 populous in the province of Zacatecas. 170 :n. 
 N. of Guadalaxara. Long. 104. 15. W., lat. 24. 
 O.N. 
 
 Nomeny, a town of France, in the department 
 of Meurthe, on the Seille, 15 m. N. of Nancy 
 
 JVbn, Cape, a promontory of the kingdom of 
 Fez, opposite the Canary Islands. The Portu- 
 guese, in their first attempts to explore the W. 
 coast of Africa, long considered this promontory 
 as an impassable boundary. This its name im- 
 ports ; but they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Long. 
 11. 50. W., lat. 28. 38. N. 
 
 Nona, a sea-port of Dalmatia, and a bishop's see 
 It was once a splendid city, but is now a mean 
 place, and its harbour not capable of receiving 
 large vessels. It is almost surrounded by the sea. 
 7 m. N. by W. ofZara. 
 
 Nontron, a town of France department of Dor- 
 dogne, 21 m. N. of Perigueux. 
 
 Noopour, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 55 
 m. E. of Surat. Long. 73. 50. E., lat. 21. 11. N. 
 
 Nootka Sound. See Oregon. 
 
 Norberg, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland 
 near which are the best iron mines in the province- 
 It is 34 m. N. of Stroemsholm. Long. 16. 12. E. f 
 lat. 60. 2. N. 
 
 Norcia, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spole 
 to, seated among mountains, on the river Fredara, 
 20 m. S. E. of Spoleto. 
 
 Nord, a department of France, so named from 
 its situation. It includes the greater part of the 
 former divisions of Hainault, French Flanders, 
 and Cambresis. 
 
 Nordburg, a town of Denmark, at the N. extrem- 
 ity of the isle of Alsen, with a castle 9 m. N. N. 
 W. of Sunderburg. 
 
 Norden, a sea-port of Hanover, in Friesland, 
 with a good harbour. It is 4 m. from the Ger- 
 man Ocean and 14 N. of Emden. 
 
 Nordhausen, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Erfurt, with 7 Lutheran churches 
 and a well-built orphan-house. It has a consider- 
 able trade in corn, brandy, and rape and lintseed 
 oil, and manufactures of marble and alabaster. It 
 was ceded to Prussia in 1802 : and is seated on 
 the Zorge,35 m. N. N. E. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 56. 
 E., lat. 51. 30 N. 
 
 Nordheim, a town of Hanover, situate on the 
 Rhume, at its conflux with the Leina, 10 m. N 
 of Gottingen. 
 
 Nordkioping, a sea-port of Sweden, in Gothland 
 It is 10 m. in circumference, but the houses are 
 scattered, and the inhabitants do not exceed 12,000 
 The river Motala flows through the town, forms a 
 series of cataracts, and is divided into four prin- 
 cipal streams, which encircle several rocky islands 
 covered with buildings ; but at the extremity of 
 the town it is navigable for large vessels. Here 
 are manufactures of woolen cloth, paper, and fire- 
 arms, some sugar-houses, and a brass foundery. 
 Corn is exported hence in great quantities; and 
 a salmon fishery gives employment and riches to 
 many ot the inhabitants. It is 110 m. S. W. of 
 Stockholm. Long. 15. 50. E., lat. 58. 35. N. 
 
 Nordlund, one of the ancient divisions of Swe- 
 den, bounded on the N. by Lapland, E. by the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, S. by Sweden Proper, and W. 
 by the same and Norway. It contains six provin- 
 ces. 
 
 Nor dl and, a province of Norway, having the 
 North Sea, on the W. and Swedish Lapland on 
 the E. 
 
 Nordlingen, a town of Bavaria, fortified in the 
 ancient manner. Here the league of the fi/e 
 western circles of the empire was concluded in 
 1702. In 1796 it was taken by the French. It is 
 a commercial place, seated on the Eger, 38 m. N 
 N. W. of Augsburg. Long. 10. 34. E., lat. 48 
 50. N. 
 
 Nordmaling, a town of Sweden, in Angerma- 
 nia, near a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 24 nj. S. 
 W. of Uma, and 70 N. E. of Hermosand. 
 
 Nordstrand, an island of Denmark, on the W. 
 coast of S. Jutland, 1*2 m. long and 5 broad. It 
 has a town called Ham, 28 m. W. of Sleswick. 
 Long. 0. 4. E., lat. 54. 40. N. 
 
 Nore, a noted part of the river Thames, situated 
 off Sheerness, at the point of a sand bank which 
 runs eastward from the Isle of Grain. It is the 
 well known limit of the Cockneys' summer voy- 
 age. Long. 0. 44. E., lat. 51. 27. N. 
 
 Norfolk, a county of England, 77 m. long 
 and 45 broad ; bounded on the N. and E. by the 
 German Ocean, S. E. and S. by Suffolk, and W. 
 by Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire. It contains 
 1,094,400 acres, is divided into 33 hundreds and 
 
NOR 
 
 551 
 
 NOR 
 
 600 parishes, has one ci'^ and 32 market towns, 
 and sends 12 members to parliament. The products 
 vary according to the soil and situation. The 
 lighter arable lands produce barley in great plen- 
 ty ; wheat is cultivated in the strongest soils ; 
 and turnips are grown here in great quantities ; 
 buck-wheat is also grown on the light soils, and 
 used for feeding swine and poultry. The fenny 
 parts yield great quantities of butter, which is 
 sent to London under the name of Cambridge but- 
 ter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much 
 valued for their mutton. Poultry of all kinds are 
 very plentiful, and the turkeys are reared here to 
 a larger size than elsewhere ; rabbits are extreme- 
 ly numerous on the sandy heaths; and there is 
 abundance of game, especially of pheasants. The 
 principal manufactures of the county are silks, 
 bomabazines, crapes, camlets, «fec. It is watered 
 by the Great Ouse, Nen, Little Ouse, Waveney, 
 Yare, Bure, and some smaller streams. Norwich 
 is the capital. 
 
 Norfolk, a county of Massachusetts lying on 
 Boston Bay. Pop. 41,901. Dedham is the capital ; 
 a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14, 
 998. Portsmouth is the cagital. 
 
 JSorfolk, p.t. Norfolk Co. Va., the chief commer- 
 cial town of Virginia. It stands on a good har- 
 bour at the mouth of James river. The situation 
 is low and the neighbourhood is marshy. The 
 buildings are not remarkable for elegance, but 
 some of the churches are neat. The streets are 
 irregular. Here are 6 churches, 3 banks, a ma- 
 rine hospital, and a theatre. The harbour is 
 strongly defended. On the opposite side is a Na- 
 vy Yard of the United States with a dry dock 
 situated within the limits of the town of Gosport. 
 Pop. 9,816. 
 
 Norfolk, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 34 m. N. W. 
 Hartford. Pop. 1,485; p.v. St. Lawrence Co. 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,039. 
 
 Norfolk Island, an island in the S. Pacific, ly- 
 ing E. of New S. Wales, and settled by a colony 
 of convicts, subordinate to that government. It 
 was discovered in 1774 by captain Cook, who 
 found it uninhabited, except by birds. It is very 
 hilly, but some of the valleys are tolerably large. 
 Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 12,000 
 feet high. The whole island is covered by a thick 
 forest , but has not much underwood ; and the 
 principal timber tree is the pine, which is very 
 useful in buildings, and seems to be durable. The 
 island is supplied with many streams of good wa- 
 ter, which abounds with many fine eels. The 
 cliffs round the coast are 240 feet high, quite per- 
 pendicular r and anchorage is safe all round the 
 island, on taking the leeside ; but there is no har- 
 bour, and from the heavy seas which constantly 
 beat upon the shore, there is great difficulty in 
 approaching it, in consequence of which the set- 
 tlers are encouraged to remove to Port Dairy m- 
 ple or the Derwent River, in New Holland, where 
 the oreater part of the military and convicts were 
 removed in 1805. Long. 168. 12. £., lat. 29. 
 5. S. 
 
 Norham, a village in Durham, Eng. Its castle, 
 on the edge of a rock above the Tweed, has been 
 many times taken and destroyed by the Scotch, 
 and as often rebuilt by the English. 6 m. S. W. 
 of Berwick. 
 
 Normandy, a former province of France, now 
 forming the departments of Calvados, Eure, Man- 
 che, Orne, and Lower Seine. The Normans, a 
 people of Denmark and Norway, having entered 
 France under Rollo, Charles the Simple ceded 
 
 this country to them in 912, which from thai 
 time was called Normandy. Rollo, the first duke 
 held it as a fief of the crown of France, as did se- 
 veral of his successors after him. In 1066, Wil- 
 liam the 7th duke having conquered England, it 
 became a province of that country, till ii was lost 
 in the reign of king John, and re-united to the 
 crown of France. It is one of the most fertile 
 provinces in France, and abounds in all things 
 except wine, which defect is supplied by cider 
 and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great 
 number of rivers and harbours. 
 
 Norridgewock,p.t. Somerset Co. Me., on the 
 Kennebec. Pop. 1,710. 
 
 Noj-ristoicn, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa., on the 
 Schuylkill, 17 m. above Philadelphia. 
 
 Nortelga, or Nor Telge, a sea-port of Sweden, in 
 the Baltic. It suffered much from ravages com- 
 mitted by the Russians in 1719. Near it is a 
 forge for making fire arms. 30 m. N. E. of Stock- 
 holm. Long. 10. 32. E., lat. 50. 44. N. 
 
 North Allerton, a borough in N.Yorkshire, Eng. 
 Near this place was fought the celebrated battle- 
 between the English and Scots called the Battle 
 of the Standard, in 1138. Itis seated in a delight- 
 ful valley 222 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 North Cape, an enormous rock at the N. end 
 of the island Maggeroe, on the coast of Norway, 
 and the most northern promontory of Europe. 
 Long. 25. 57. E., lat. 71. 10. N. 
 
 North Sea. See German Ocean. 
 
 Northampton , a borough and the capital of North 
 amptonshire, Eng. It was formerly surrounded 
 by a wall, and had a castle, of which there are still 
 some remains. In 1675 it was almost entirely 
 destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. The 
 houses are uniformly built of freestone and chief- 
 ly slated ; the streets are regular, and the town is 
 lighted with gas. It h;is 4 churches, 8 dissenting 
 meeting houses, a capacious market-place, a good 
 free school, a general infirmary, and a county 
 gaol on the principles of Mr. Howard. The prin- 
 cipal manufacture consists of boots and shoes, 
 chiefly for exportation. In the meadows below 
 the town a battle was fought in 1460 between 
 Henry VI. and the Yorkists in which the former 
 was defeated and made prisoner. Two miles to 
 the S. is a fine ancient Gothic structure called 
 Queen's Cross, erected by Edward I., in memory 
 of his queen Eleanor. Northampton is seated on 
 the Nen, 30 m. S. E. of Coventry and 66 N. W 
 of London. 
 
 Northamptonshire, a county of England, 65 m 
 long and 24 when broadest ; bounded S. by 
 Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. In the N. 
 E part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny 
 tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With 
 this single exception, Northamptonshire is said to 
 contain less waste ground, and more seats of the 
 nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its 
 greatest defect is a scarcity of fuel, which is but 
 scantily supplied by its woods ; and, though coal 
 is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear 
 rale. This county, however, possesses some con- 
 siderable remains of its old forests, particularly 
 those of Rockingham on the N. W., and of Salcey 
 and Whittlebury on the S. Its products are, in 
 general, the same with those of other farming 
 counties ; but it is peculiarly celebrated for graz- 
 ing land. Woad for the dyers is cultivated here , 
 but the country is not distinguished for manu- 
 factures. 
 
 Northfteet, a village in Kent, Eng. seated on the 
 Thames, 2 m. W.'of Gravesend The church 
 
NOR 
 
 552 
 
 NOR 
 
 contains fragments of monuments as ancient as 
 the 14th century. Vast quantities of lime are 
 made here, and great numbers of extraneous fos- 
 Eils have been dug up. 
 
 Northlcach, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 seated near the source of the Lech, 25 m. E. of 
 Gloucester and 81 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Northop, a village of Wales, in Flintshire, 3 m. 
 S. E. of Flint ; noted for its manufactures of 
 coarse earthenware, firebricks, &c. 
 
 Northumberland, the most northern county of 
 England. In the Saxon heptarchy it was a part 
 of the kingdom of the Northumbrians, which con- 
 tained also the counties of York, Lancaster, Dur- 
 ham, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, and recei- 
 ved its name from being situate N. of the Num- 
 ber. It is of a triangular form, 64 m. in extreme 
 length and 50 in extreme breadth ; bounded on 
 the E. by the German Ocean. The soil is va- 
 rious ; the E. part is fruitful in most sorts of corn, 
 with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers ; 
 but the W. part is mostly heathy and mountain- 
 ous. The S. E. part abounds with thick seams 
 of coal; and the S. W. angle has rich lead mines. 
 Limestone and iron ore abound in various parts. 
 Alnwick is the capital; but the largest town is 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Northumberland Islands, a chain of islands in 
 the S. Pacific, near the N. E. coast of New Hol- 
 land. Long. 150. E., lat. 22. S. 
 
 Northumberland Strait, the S. part of the gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, between the island of St. John 
 and the coast of New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 Northwlch, a town in Cheshire, Eng. with a 
 cotton manufacture, and considerable salt-works ; 
 seated on the Dan, at its junction with the Weev- 
 er, 20 m. N. E. of Chester and 174 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Norton Sound, an inlet of the sea, on the W. 
 coast of N. America, discovered by Cook in his 
 last voyage. The entrance is between Cape 
 Denbigh on the E. and Cape Danby on the W., 
 about 70 m. distant, both lying in lat. 64. 30. N., 
 and the latter in long. 162. 55. W. 
 
 North, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. Pop. 
 1,215. 
 
 J\orth Amcnia, p.v. Dutchess, Co. N. Y. 
 
 Northampton, a town of England, the capital of 
 Northamptonshire, with some manufactures. It 
 stands on the Nen, 66 m. N. W. London. 
 
 Northamptonshire, a county of England con- 
 taining 1,017 sq. m. Pop. 162,483. 
 
 Northampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. on the 
 Connecticut, 95 m. W. Boston. Pop. 3,613. It 
 is handsomely built, and very pleasantly situated 
 in the neighbourhood of Mount Holyoke, which 
 see. Here are woolen manufactories. The Fartri- 
 ington Canal is, designed to extend from New Ha- 
 ven to this place. 
 
 Northampton, a township of Montgomery Co. 
 N. Y. 60 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,392; a town- 
 ship in Bucks Co. Pa. and Burlington Co. N. J. ; 
 p.t. Lehigh Co. Pa. 55 m. N. W. Philad. ; p.v. Por- 
 tage Co. Ohio ; p.v. Northampton Co. N. C. 
 
 Northampton, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 8,644. Eastville is the capital; a 
 county of N. Carolina. Pop. 13.103. 
 
 North Hampton, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 
 on the coast, 7 m. S. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 767. 
 
 North Blenhein, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y 55 
 m. S. W. Albany. 
 
 Northborough, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass 36 m 
 W. Boston. Pop. 994. 
 
 Northbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 m. S 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,053. 
 
 North Broohfield, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 68 
 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,241. 
 
 North Branch, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 
 
 North Bridgeicater, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 26 
 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,953. 
 
 North Bend, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, on the 
 Ohio, in the S. W. corner of the state. 
 
 North Carolina, one of the United States, bound- 
 ed N. by Virginia, E. by the ocean, S. by the 
 ocean and S. Carolina and W. by Tennessee. It 
 extends from 33. 50. to 36. 30. N. lat. and from 75. 
 45. to 84. W. long. 435 m. in length from E. to W. 
 and 180 in breadth. It contains 43,800 sq. m 
 Nearly all the state is level : in the west the Blue 
 Ridge of mountains crosses the country from Vir- 
 ginia to S. Carolina. It :s watered by the Cho- 
 wan and Roanoke rivers which rise in Virginia 
 and flows through this state into Albermarle 
 Sound; by the Pamlico and Cape Fear rivers which 
 flow to the sea in the eastern and southern parts, 
 and the Yadkin which passes into S. Carolina. 
 A number of low sandy islands are scattered 
 along the coast and inclose several large sounds, 
 as Pamlico, Albermarle and Currituck ; yet the 
 entrances to these, and the mouths of the rivers 
 are obstructed with shoals, and there is not a good 
 harbour in the state. The soil is to a great pxtent 
 sandy and poor, with extensive swampy tracts ; 
 there are however, fertile districts here and there, 
 and the banks of the rivers are generallj' produc- 
 tive. In the western parts the soil is much I he 
 best. The Great Dismal Swamp lies between 
 this state and Virginia and covers a space of 150, 
 000 acres. In its neighbourhood is another called 
 the Little Dismal Swamp. 
 
 The mineral region of this state has lately at- 
 tracted great attention. Mines of gold have been 
 discovered which have already proved highly 
 productive : these mines are not confined to the 
 limits of North Carolina but extend into the ad- 
 joining states of Virginia, South Carolina, Ten- 
 nesee, Georgia and Alabama. They are comput- 
 ed to cover more than 1.000 sq. m. of surface. 
 The mines in this state are very active and em- 
 ploy about 20,000 men. They are not sunk very 
 
 deep but are wrought extensively in a horizonta. 
 direction. The gold is also found on the sur- 
 face, in grains among the sand and gravel, and is 
 obtained by washing the earth. The particles 
 seldom exceed in size the head of a pin, although 
 occasionally larger pieces are found, and in one 
 instance a lump weighing 28 pounds was discov- 
 ered. There are a great number of mills in 
 this state for grinding the ore, which are driven 
 by water or steam. The greater part of the gold 
 is sent to Europe. The quantity afforded by allthe 
 mines is not known with any accuracy, although 
 
NOR 
 
 553 
 
 NOR 
 
 many exaggerated statements have been made 
 respecting it, some of which state the amount 
 as high as 5,000,000 dollars annually. 
 
 A great part of the country is covered with 
 forests of pitch pine. In the plains of the low 
 country, this tree is almost exclusively the natu- 
 ral growth of the soil. It much exceeds in height, 
 the pitch pine of the Northern States. The tar, 
 turpentine and lumber, afforded by this valuable 
 tree, constitute one half the exports of the state. 
 Th.* moisture of the air, in the swampy regions, 
 loads the trees with long, spongy moss, which 
 hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives 
 the forest a singular appearance. The mis- 
 tletoe is often found upon the trees of the 
 interior. This state also produces several valu- 
 able medicinal roots, as ginseng, Virginia, and 
 Seneca snakeroot, &c. The rich intervals are 
 overgrown with canes, the leaves of which con- 
 tinue green through the winter, and afford good 
 fodder for cattle. 
 
 The most common articles of culture are maize 
 and wheat, to which the nature of the soil seems 
 well adapted. Some attention is paid to cotton 
 and rice. Tobacco is raised in the uplands, as 
 well as most of the productions of the Middle 
 States. Agricultural societies exist in different 
 parts of the state, and sums of money are annu- 
 ally paid by the government for their assistance. 
 \griculture, however, is in a backward condi- 
 tion. 
 
 The produce of the interior is generally carried 
 to the trading towns in Virginia and South Car- 
 olina for a market. Timber and plank, grain, 
 flour and naval stores are the chief exports. The 
 shipping of the state amounted in 1828, to 54,094 
 tons. The imports for the same period, were 
 283,347 dollars ; the exports of domestic produce, 
 504,5015 dollars. 
 
 In the mountainous parts of the west, the climate 
 is temperate, and the air salubrious ; this region 
 's one of the most healthy in the country, and 
 though the days in summer are hot, the nights 
 are refreshed by cool breezes. In all the eastern 
 parts, the climate is unhealthy, and intermittent 
 fevers are common in summer and autumn. The 
 inhabitants have a pale,yellowish,and bilious com- 
 plexion. The winters are very mild. The wheat 
 harvest takes place in the beginning of June ; the 
 maize harvest early in September. 
 
 North Carolina is divided into G2 counties. 
 The population is 738,470, of whom 240,402 are 
 slaves. Raleigh is the capital. The other large 
 towns are Newbern, Wilmington and Fayetteville. 
 The legislature is styled theGeneral Assembly ,and 
 consists of a Senate and a House of Commons. 
 Each county chooses ons senator and two repre- 
 sentatives. The governor is chosen annually by 
 the legislature, and is ineligible three years out 
 of six. Voters for senators must be freeholders. 
 The clergy are excluded from the legislature. 
 The Baptists are the most numerous religious sect; 
 they have 272 churches ; the Presbyterians 120; 
 the Lutherans 45; the Episcopalians 11 ; the 
 United Brethren 4. The Methodists have 32 
 preachers, and there are a number of societies of 
 Quakers. The state has a university at Chapel 
 Hill, and a small literary fund, but which is not 
 yet available for the purpose of education. 
 
 The first permanent settlements in North Caro- 
 lina were made by fugitives and seceders from 
 Virginia, between 1040 and 1050. The constitu- 
 tion was the work of the celebrated John Locke. 
 The chief magistrate was called the Palatine, and 
 "0 
 
 there was an hereditary nobility, with the titles 
 of Landgrave and Cazique. The legislature was 
 called a parliament. This constitution was found 
 upon trial to be ill adapted to the character of 
 the people, and it was abolished in 1093. This 
 colony had been connected with that of South 
 Carolina, till 1729, when they were separated, 
 and the government of both was assumed by 
 the king. This continued till the present consti- 
 tution was established in 1770. 
 
 North castle, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, 10 m. from Kingsbridge, Pop. 1,053. 
 
 North East, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, 90 m. N. New York. Pop. 1,089" r> v 
 Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v. Cecil Co. Maryland. 
 
 JSortk End, p.v. Matthews, Co. Va. 
 
 Northficld, p.v. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the 
 Merrimack, 14 m. above Concord. Pop. 1,169; 
 a township on Staten Island N. Y. Pop. 2,171 ; p.t. 
 Franklin Co. Mass. on the Connecticut, 80 rh. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1 ,757 ; a township of Washing- 
 ton Co. Vt. Pop. 1,412; a village of Essex Co. 
 N. Y. and a township of Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 North Hero, an Island of Vermont, in Lake 
 Champlain. It constitutes a township. Pop. 
 03S. 
 
 Northington, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn. 9 m. W 
 Hartford. 
 
 North Kingston, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. on 
 Narraganset Bay, 20 m. S. W. Providence. Pop. 
 3,030. 
 
 Northlcch, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 80 
 m. W. by N. of London. 
 
 North Middleton, p.v. Bourbon Co. Ken. 
 
 North Morcland, p.v. Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 North Mountain, a portion of the Kittatinny 
 range in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Northport, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 6 m. S. Belfast- 
 Pop. 1,083. 
 
 North Providence. See Pawtuchet. 
 
 North Salem, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,270. 
 
 Northumhcrland, a county of England, border- 
 ing upon Scotland, containing 1,850 sq. m. Pop. 
 198,905. It contains the richest coal mines in the 
 world. Also two counties in Upper and Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 Northumberland, a county of the W. District of 
 Pennsylvania, Pop. 18,108. Sunbury is the cap- 
 ital. Also a county of the E. District of Virginia 
 Pop. 7,953. 
 
 Northumberland, p.t. Northumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Northwood, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m 
 E. Concord. Pop. 1,342. 
 
 Norton, a village in Essex Co. Vt. ; p.t. Bristol 
 Co. Mass. 7 m. N. W. Taunton. Pop. 1,484; p.t. 
 Delaware Co. Ohio ; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio. 
 
 Norton, or Chipping Norton, a town of Oxford- 
 shire, Eng. 74 m. N. W. London. 
 
 Norton Sound, an inlet on the W. coast of N. 
 America, in lat. 04, 55. 
 
 Noricallc, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on Long Is- 
 land Sound. 12 m. S. W. Fairfield. Pop. 3,793 : 
 p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 14 m. S. from Lake Erie. 
 Pop. 903. 
 
 Norway, a country in the N. of Europe, be- 
 longing to Sweden, the most westerly part of the 
 ancient Scandinavia. It is bounded on the W. 
 and N. by the Northern Ocean, E. ny Swedish 
 Lapland and Sweden, and S. by the Cattegat- 
 extending from the Naze in lat. 57. 30., to the N 
 Cape in lat. 71. 10. Its breadth, which is very 
 unequal, is from 40 to 280 m. It is naturally 
 formed into two divisions, namely, Northern and 
 3 A 
 
NOR 
 
 5t>4 
 
 NOR 
 
 Southern or Proper Norway, separated from each 
 other by the small Swedish province of Herndahl. 
 It is divided into the four governments of Agger- 
 huys, Christian ia or Christiansand, Bergen, and 
 Drontheim. From its rocky soil, and northern 
 position, Norway is not populous in proportion to 
 its extent. The number of inhabitants is calcula- 
 ted at 1,000,000, who like the Swiss mountaineers, 
 are exceedingly attached to their country In 
 Norway, they have a particular code, called the 
 Norway Law, compiled by Gneffelfeld, at the 
 command of Christian V., the great legislator of 
 this country. By this law, — the palladium of 
 Norway, the peasants are free-born. Tiiey possess 
 much spirit and fire in their manner; are frank, 
 »pen and undaunted, yet not insolent; never 
 
 : i^~ 5JKHfftt;I- 
 
 fawning, yet paying proper respect. Their prin- 
 cipal mode of salute is by offering their hand ; 
 and, when they are given or paid any trifle, the 
 peasants, instead of returning thanks by words, 
 or by a bow, shake hands with great frankness 
 and cordiality. The same causes which affect 
 the population of Norway operate likewise on 
 the state of tillage ; for, although in some places 
 vegetation is so quick that the corn is sown and 
 cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country does 
 not produce sufficient corn for its own consump- 
 tion. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pasture, 
 and consequently produces much cattle. The 
 horses are small, but strong, very active, and 
 haidy. The fisheries, particularly on the W. 
 coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, 
 and supply the finest sailors for the Danish fleet. 
 The principal fish are salmon, cod, ling, and 
 whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil ; and the 
 smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. 
 The extensive forests of oak and pine produce 
 timber, spars, beams, and planks, besides charcoal, 
 turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the 
 birch (the bark of which is used as a coverino- for 
 the roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, but 
 also a kind of wine. The general exports are tal- 
 low, butter, dried fish, timber, planks, horses, 
 horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue, 
 copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ; 
 the former so large that they appear like inlets 
 of the sea; but the rivers are in general of a short 
 course, except the Glominen. The mountains 
 are numerous, and generally clothed with pines 
 and firs; the grand Scandinavian chain, which 
 runs from S. to N., is known by distinct appella- 
 tions ; the chief are the ridges of Langfial, Dofra- 
 fial, Kolen, and Severnoi. The wild animals are 
 the bear, tynx, wolf, fox, and hare ; but the most 
 
 singular creature is the lemming, or Norwegian 
 mouse, of a reddish colour, and about five inches 
 long. These animals proceed in vast numbers 
 from the ridge of Kolen to the sea, devouring 
 every product of the soil in their course, and at 
 last seem to devour each other. 
 
 Norway was formerly governed by its own he- 
 reditary sovereigns. On the demise of Hasen V., 
 in 1319, without male issue, his grandson in the 
 female line, Magnus Smek, united in his person 
 the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Magnus 
 was succeeded in the kingdom of Norway by his 
 son Hagen VI., husband of the celebrated Marga- 
 ret, and at his decease, in 1380, Norway was uni- 
 ted to Denmark by their son Olof V., who dying, 
 without issue, Margaret herself was raised to the 
 throne by the unanimous voice of the nation. On 
 her death it descended with Denmark and Swe 
 den to her nephew Eric. Sweden was afterwards 
 separated from Denmark by the valour and ad- 
 dress of Gustavus Vasa. By the treaty of Kiel, 
 in January, 1814, Norway was ceded by the king 
 of Denmark to Sweden ; but the people, not ap- 
 proving of the cession, had recourse to arms, in 
 order to resist the entrance of the Swedish troops 
 into their country ; and the diet elected Prince 
 Christian, the king of Denmark's son, who was 
 then governor, to the throne. However, on the 
 conclusion of the war with France, the allied 
 powers, who had previously promised this coun- 
 try to Sweden, if she would take an active part in 
 the coalition against the French empire, now did all 
 in their power to enforce the cession. For this pur- 
 pose a considerable body cf their troops was march- 
 ed into the Danish territories on the continent, to 
 watch that power, and all the ports of Norway were 
 blockaded by the Swedish and English fleets by 
 sea, while the Swedish army, under the crown 
 prince, entered Norway by land. Amidst such 
 united efforts, it was not to be expected that the 
 brave Norwegians could hold out long. After 
 the capture of Frederickstadt, and the pa:ssage of 
 the Glommen by the Swedes, Prince Christian 
 proposed to resign his crown into the hands of the 
 Diet: and on the 20th of October, 1814, that as- 
 sembly came to the resolution that Norway should 
 be governed by the king of Sweden, but as an in- 
 tegral state, preserving its constitution and laws, 
 to which Sweden assented. Christiania is the 
 capital. 
 
 Noncich, a city and county of England, the cap- 
 ital of Norfolk, and a bishop's see. It was for- 
 merly surrounded by a strong wall, of which some 
 ruins still remain. Many of the streets are still 
 narrow and ill-disposed, though during the last 10 
 years considerable improvements have been effec- 
 ted. Besides the cathedral, which is one of the most 
 spacious and elegant in the kingdom, here are 32 
 ,arish churches, two churches for the Flemings, 
 a number of dissenting meeting houses, and two 
 Roman Catholic chapels. On a hill, command- 
 ding an extensive view of the city, is the castle, 
 an ancient and stately edifice. Near this city, on 
 Mousehold Heath, are the ruins of the castle of 
 Kett. the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign 
 of Edward VI., the city was reduced to a ruinous 
 state. Norwich has extensive manufactures of 
 crapes, bombazines, and stuffs of various kinds 
 and a considerable trade. It is seated on the riv- 
 er Yare. 22 in. W. of Yarmouth and 110 N. E. of 
 London. Long. 1. 20. E., lat. 52. 40. N. 
 
 Norwich, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,712; p.t 
 Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,152. 
 Norwich, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connee 
 
NOV 
 
 555 
 
 NOV 
 
 ticut, 21m. above Windsor. Pop. 1,916; p.t. 
 Hampshire Co. Mass. 15 m. W. Northampton. 
 Pop. 787; p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the 
 Thames, 14 m. above New London. Pop. 5,169, 
 this township comprises 3 villages, the largest of 
 which is Chelsea Landing. Here are large man- 
 ufactures of cotton, flannel, carpeting, paper, iron, 
 lintseed oil, &c. Here is an ancient aboriginal 
 cemetery called the Burying Ground of the Unca- 
 ses. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. .3,374, 
 and a township of Franklin Co. Ohio, on the 
 Scioto, b m. above Columbus. 
 
 Nossen, a town of Saxony, on the Muldau, 18 
 m. W. of Dresden. 
 
 Noteburg, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Petersburg, seated on an island in the lake La- 
 doga, at the place where the Neva issues. It lias 
 a good citadel, and was capital of Ingria, before 
 Petersburg was built. It is 25 m. E. of Peters- 
 burg. Long. 31. 9. E., lit. 59. 56. N. 
 
 Noto, a town of Sicily, capital of Val di Noto. 
 It was ruined by an earthquake in 1693, and near 
 it another town was built called Noto Nuovo. It 
 is 22 m. S. W. of Syracuse. Long. 15. 19. E., 
 lat. 36. 50. N. 
 
 Nottingham, a borough and the capital of Not- 
 tinghamshire, Eng. 1 1 is situate on the side and 
 summit of a rock, into which are cut some small 
 habitations, and numerous vaults or cellars. To the 
 W. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is the castle, 
 a magnificent modern structure, belonging to the 
 duke of Newcastle, built on the site of an ancient 
 fortress, celebrated in English history. It is a 
 handsome town, distinguished by its spacious 
 market-place, and noted for its excellent ale. It 
 is one of the principal seats of the silk and cotton 
 stocking manufacture ; the lace manufacture is 
 also \pvy extensive. At this town Charles I. set 
 up his standard, at the commencement of the civil 
 war which terminated in his destruction. Not- 
 tingham is seated on a river, which communicates 
 with the Trent, 1 m. to the S. It is 16 m. E. of 
 Derby and 124 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 9. 
 W , lat. 52. 53. N. 
 
 Nottoway, a river of Virginia flowing into the 
 Meherrin. 
 
 Nottinghamshire, a county of England, 43 m. 
 long and 25 broad ; bounded N. by Yorkshire. 
 It enjoys such a temperature of soil and climate 
 as to render it one of the most fertile and health- 
 ful counties in England. Almost the whole of the 
 middle and western parts of the county were for- 
 merly occupied by the extensive forest of Slier- 
 wood, the only royal forest N. of the Trent; but 
 the greater part is now enclosed and covered with 
 thriving towns, cheerful villages, and extensive 
 nirks. The chief products of this county are 
 coal, of which there is great plenty, gypsum, lead, 
 grain of all sorts, cattle, malt, hops, wool, liquo- 
 rice, and woad. The manufactures chiefly con- 
 sists of hosiery, bobbin-net and net-lace, glass, and 
 earthenware. 
 
 Nottingham, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 24 m. 
 N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,157; t. Burlington 
 Co. N. J. 
 
 Nottingham, E.and W. two townships in Chester 
 Co. Pa., also towns in Washington Co. Pa., Prince 
 George Co. Md. and Harrison Co. Ohio. 
 
 Nottoway, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 10. 141. 
 
 Nova Scotia, a British province of N. America, 
 which formerly, till 1784, included the province 
 of New Brunswick. It is bounded on the S. and 
 S. E. by the Atlantic, E. by the gut of Canso, N. 
 
 by Northumberland Strait, ai d N. W. by New 
 Brunswick and the bay of Fundy. Its length i* 
 235 m. from Cape Sabie on the S. W. to Cape 
 Canso on the N. E. Its extreme breadth is 88 m. 
 but the mean of the peninsular part is not more 
 than 45. It has several lakes and a vast number 
 of small rivers. It is a peninsula, lying S. E. of 
 New Brunswick, and joined to it by a narrow isth- 
 mus, at the N. E. extremity of the bay of Fundy. 
 The French settled here before they made any 
 establishment in Canada, and called it Acadia. 
 The first grant of lands was made to Sir William 
 Alexander, by James I. of England, from whom 
 it received the name of Nova Scotia. Since its 
 first settlement it has more than once changed 
 rulers and proprietors, nor was it confirmed to 
 England till the peace of Utrecht in 1713. The 
 inhabitants consists of English, Scotch, Irish, and 
 a few Germans : recent accounts state them at 
 150,000, and they are rapidly increasing in num- 
 ber and prosperity. The soil is in many parts 
 thin and sterile, but there are some tracts not in 
 ferior to the best lands in New England. Halifax 
 is the capital. 
 
 Nova Zfinhla, an island in the Arctic Ocean 
 separated from the continent of Russia by the 
 strait of Waigatz. It is 540 m. in length and from 
 100 to 240 in breadth. This country was discov- 
 ered by the English in 1553, and it has since been 
 visited by ships attempting to discover a N. E. 
 passage. In 1595, a Dutch vessel being cast away 
 on the coast, the crew were obliged to winter 
 here, and with great difficulty prererved their lives. 
 The country is extremely desolate, producing no 
 trees, nor any vegetables but moss and some few 
 arctic plants. It is inhabited by wild beasts, par- 
 ticularly white bears, white foxes, elks, reindeer, 
 and rabbits. The hunters from Archangel now 
 generally winter here, and return home in sum- 
 mer with their cargoes of skins and furs. Lonn-. 
 
 52. to 78. E., lat. 70. to 78. N. 
 
 Novalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Tre- 
 visano, 10 m. S. W. of Treviso. 
 
 Novara, a town of Italy, capital of a province of 
 its name in the Sardinian Milanese. It contains 
 17 churches, besides the cathedral, and is seated 
 on an eminence, 25 m. W. by S. of Milan. 
 
 Novcllara, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, 
 with a castle, 17 m. IZ. by N. of Parma and IS 
 m. N. N. W. of Modena. 
 
 Novi, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 territory of Genoa, with a strong castle on a 
 mountain. It is the principal deposit for goods 
 coming from the Levant, which pass into Aus- 
 trian Italy, and thence into the S. of Germany. 
 Near this place, in 1799, the Austrians and Rus- 
 sians defeated the French, who lost their general 
 (Joubert), and nearly 10,000 men. 25 m. N. by 
 W. of Genoa. 
 
 Novi, a fortified town of Croatia, taken by the 
 Austrians in 1789. It is seated on the right bank 
 of the Unna, 52 m. S. E. of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 
 
 53. E., lat. 45. 8. N. 
 
 Novi Bazar, a town of Servia, seated near the 
 Oresco, 72 m. W. of Nissa and 95 S. of Belgrade. 
 Long. 21.1. E., lat. 43.35. N. 
 
 Novigrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a 
 county of the same, with a castle; seated on a 
 mountain, near the Danube, 25 m. N. of Buda. 
 
 Novigrad, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, with a 
 castle, seated on a lake of the same name, near 
 the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of Nona and 25 N. 
 W. of Zaro. 
 
 Novogcrod, a city of Russia, capital of a govern 
 
NLB 
 
 556 
 
 NUR 
 
 :nent of the same name, and formerly called 
 Great Novogorod, to distinguish it from other 
 towns of the same appellation. It was for a long 
 time governed by its own dukes, and was in fact 
 a republic, under the jurisdiction of a nominal 
 Fovereicn. It was the great mart of trade between 
 Russia and the Hanseatic cities, and made the 
 most rapid advances in opulence and population. 
 Its power was so great, and its situation so impreg- 
 i tble, as to give rise to a proverb : ' Who can re- 
 ist the gods and Great Novogorod ?' But in the 
 1'ith century this independent republic was oblig- 
 ed to submit to Ivan Basilowitz I., grand duke of 
 R'issia. It continued, nevertheless, the largest 
 and most, commercial city in Russia, and contain- 
 ed at least 400.000 inhabitants. It was first des- 
 olated by the cruelties of Ivan Basilowitz II. ; but 
 its splendor was not totally eclipsed until Peter 
 the Great built Petersburg, to which he transfer- 
 red all the commerce of the Baltic that had before 
 centered here. It now contains scarcely 8,000 
 souls ; and a vast number of churches and con- 
 vents stand as melancholy monuments of its 
 former magnificence. The town stretches on 
 both sides of the VolkofT, a river of considerable 
 depth and rapidity, which separates it into two 
 divisions, namely the trading part and the quar- 
 ter of St. Sophia • in the latter are the ruins of 
 the cathedral, in which several princes of the du- 
 cal family of Russia are interred. Novogorod is 
 situate near the N. end of the lake Ilmen, 120 m. 
 S S. E. of Petersburg Long. 31. 45. E., lat. 58. 
 25 N. 
 
 Novogorod, Niznei, a city of Russia, capital of 
 a government of the same name, and an archbish- 
 op's see. It has a castle, surrounded by stone 
 walls , also two cathedrals, 28 parish churches, 
 and five convents. The trade is considerable, and 
 the shops richly furnished with all kinds of for- 
 eign and home goods. It is seated at the conflux 
 of "the Occa with the Volga, 250 m. E. by N. of 
 Moscow. 
 
 Novogorod, Sevr.rskoi, a town of Russia, gov- 
 ernment of Czernigov, seated on the Desna, 86 m. 
 E. N. E. of Czernigov. 
 
 Novogrodek, a town of Russian Lithuania, gov- 
 ernment of Grodno, seated on a hill in a vast 
 plain, 80 m. S. by E. of Wilna. Long. 26. 8. E., 
 lat. 53. 25. N. 
 
 Novomiro-orod, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Calharineslaf, 160 m. N. N. W. of Cher- 
 son Long. 31.44. E., lat. 48. 40. N. 
 
 Noutra, a town of Austrian Poland, near which 
 are mines of gold and silver. 30 m. S. of Cra- 
 cow. 
 
 Noya, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The chief 
 trade is in ship-building. It stands at the mouth 
 of the Tambro, 15 m. W. of Compostella. 
 
 Noyers,a. town of France, department of Yonne, 
 with a castle ; seated on the Serin, 19 m. E. S. E. 
 sf Auxerre. 
 
 Noyon, a town of the department ofOise, the 
 birth-place of the celebrated Calvin. It is an epis- 
 copal see, and is seated near the Oise, 25 m. N. 
 W. of Soissons and 70 N. by E. of Paris. 
 
 Nozonton, a village in Newcastle Co. Del. 
 22 m. S. W. Wilmington. 
 
 Yozeroy, a town in the department of Jura, 
 with a castle on a mountain, 20 m. S. E. of Sa- 
 lins. 
 
 Nubia, a country of Africa, bounded on the N. 
 by Egypt, E. by the Red Sea, S. by Abyssinia and 
 Darfoor, and W. by Bornou. It is about 600 m. 
 m length and 450 in breadth. The Nile runs 
 
 through it, on the banks of which it is fruitful, bul 
 in other places barren, sandy, and destitute of wa- 
 ter. The inhabitants make their bread and drink 
 of a small round seed called doca, or sefF, which 
 is a kind of millet. Their houses have mud walls, 
 are very low, and covered with reeds. The dress 
 of the better sort is a vest without sleeves, and 
 they have no coverings for their heads, legs, or 
 feet. The common people wrap a piece of linen 
 cloth about them, and the children go quite naked. 
 They are described as a stupid and debauched peo- 
 ple, but profess to be Mahometans. The produc- 
 tions of the country are gold, elephants' teeth, civ- 
 it, and sandal wood ; and a great many slaves are 
 sent into Egypt. 
 
 Nuez, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 
 on the borders of Portugal, 15 m. E. of Braganza 
 and 48 W. of Zamora. 
 
 Nuitz, a town of France, department of Cote 
 d'Or, famous for its excellent wines. It is seated 
 at the foot of a mountain, 15 m. S. S. W. of 
 Dijon. 
 
 Nun, or Vied de. Nun, an extensive country of 
 Africa, of which the emperor of Morocco arro- 
 gates to himself the sovereignty, but his real au- 
 thority is extremely feeble. It is inhabited by dif- 
 ferent tribes of Arabs, whose camps are scattered 
 over such interior parts of the country as are capa- 
 ble of cultivation. 
 
 Nun, a river of Africa running into the Bight of 
 Benin, now ascertained to be one of the mouths 
 of the great river Quorra or Niger. See Niger. 
 
 Nunda, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 256 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,291. 
 
 Nundydroog, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 in Mysore. It is built on the summit of a moun- 
 tain, 1,700 feet in height, the greater part inac- 
 cessible ; but was besieged and taken by the Eng- 
 lish, under lord Cornwallis, in 1792. It is 70 m 
 N. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Nuneaton, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of woolen cloth and ribands. It was 
 formerly noted for its nunnery, and is seated 
 on the river Anker, 9 m. N. by E. of Coventry 
 and 98 N. W. of London. 
 
 Nunjinagodu,a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 with a ruinous fort, and a large square temple. It 
 is situate in the fork formed by the junction of 
 Kaundini with the Kapini, 12 m. S. by E. of 
 Mysore. 
 
 Nunnij, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. 3 m. 
 S. W. of Frome. Here are the ruins of a 
 strong castle, the shell of which still remains near- 
 ly perfect. It was burnt by the parliament forces 
 in 1645. 
 
 Nurenberg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of 
 Rezat. It is surrounded by an old wall and ditch, 
 more than 3 m. in circumference, formerly flanked 
 with 365 towers ; and through the middle of the 
 town flows the river Peo-nitz, over which are six 
 stone bridges and several of wood. The inhabit- 
 ants are very industrious, and their maps and 
 prints, as well as their musical and mathematical 
 instruments are in high esteem ; nor are they less 
 curious in clock-work, and in the several manu- 
 factures of iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster. 
 The toys commonly known in England by the 
 name of Dutch toys are also made here. Amoncr 
 the public institutions are a famous academy for 
 painting, an anatomical theatre, and a public li- 
 brary. The ancient castle or palace is still standing 
 at the extremity of the city, and the arsenal is one 
 of the best in Germany. The houses are built of 
 freestone, and are four or five stories high. Nu 
 
OAK 
 
 557 
 
 OBO 
 
 renberg was given to Bavaria by the treaty of Til- 
 sit in 1307. "it is 95 m. N. by W. of Munich and 
 250 W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 11. 4. E., lat. 
 49. 27. N. 
 
 Nurtingcn, a town of Wurtemberg with an hos- 
 pital, founded in 1481 , said to be the richest found- 
 ation in the kingdom. It is situate on the Neck- 
 ar, 14 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Nusserpour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district of the same name, in the province of Sin- 
 dy. It is situate on the Sinde, 58 in. N. E. of 
 f atta. Long. 69. 10. E., lat. 25. 23. N. 
 
 JVyborg, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast 
 of the isle of Funen. The remains of the old pal- 
 ace, in which Christian II. was born, now serve 
 for a magazine and arsenal. It is seated on a bay 
 of the Great Belt, 10 in. E. of Odensee. Long. 
 10.40. E., lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 Nykioping, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 with a good harbour, on the gulf of Ly in ford. It 
 stands on the E. side of the island of Mors, which 
 is formed by branches of the gulf, 40 m. W. by 
 S of Alburg. Long. 8. 36. E.', lat. 56. 52. N. 
 
 Nykoping, a sea-port of Denmark, capital of 
 the isle of Falster, with a royal palace, and one of 
 the best endowed hospitals in the kingdom. It 
 stands on a narrow channel, opposite the island 
 of Laland, 60 m. S. S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 
 11.58. E., lat. 54.50. N. 
 
 JVykoping, a government of Sweden, compre- 
 hending the W. part of Sudermania. 
 
 Nykoping, a neat town of Sweden, capital of 
 Sudermania, with a harbour, and the remains of 
 
 a strong castle. It is the most ancient town in 
 the kingdom, and was formerly the residence of 
 the kings of Sudermania. It is seated on a rivei 
 of the same name, near the Baltic, 70 m. S. W. 
 of Stockholm. Long. 17. 27. E., lat 58. 35. IS'. 
 
 Nijland, a province of European Russia, in 
 Finland, lying on the gulf of Finland, to the W. 
 of Carelia. It is 120 m. long and from 30 to (ii) 
 broad ; and is a fertile pleasant country, being 
 better peopled and cultivated than the neighbour- 
 ing provinces. The inhabitants (about 115,000) 
 carry on some trade in corn, cattle, planks, !inen, 
 and dried fish. 
 
 JYi/s'ot, a town of Russia, in the government of! 
 Wiburg, on the lake Saiiha. The castle, which 
 stands on a rock in a river, near the town, is 
 strongly fortified by nature and art. It was taken 
 by the Russians in 1714, restored to the Swedes 
 at the peace of Nystadt, but finally given up t a 
 the Russians by the treaty of Abo in 1743. 50 
 in. N. W. of Wiburg. 
 
 JYys/ot, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Livonia, with a castle ; 20 m. S. by W. of .Narva. 
 
 Nystadt, a town of Russia, in Finland, with a 
 commodious harbour, and a considerable trade in 
 all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 a peace was 
 concluded here between Russia and Sweden. Il 
 is sealed on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 38 in 
 N. W. of Abo. Long. 21. 31. E., lat. 61. 10. N 
 
 jXysted, a town of Denmark, on the S. E. coast 
 of the isle of Laland. It carries on a considera- 
 ble trade with the provinces of Germany, and is 
 22 m. E. S. E. of Naxkow. 
 
 O 
 
 O, or ST. MARTIN D'O, a town of France, 
 cepartment of Orne, 5 m. S. of Argentan. 
 
 Oahoona, one of the Ingraham Isles, which is 
 said to be the northernmost of all this cluster. It 
 lies about 10 leagues N. E. of Nooheva. To this 
 island Captain Roberts gave the name of Massa- 
 chusetts. Captain Ingraham had before called it 
 Washington. 
 
 Oak Flat, p. v. Pendleton Co. Va. 
 
 Oak Grove, p. v. Lunenburg Co. Va. ; p. v. Jas- 
 per Co. Geo. 
 
 Oak Hall, p.v. Pickens Co. Alab. 
 
 Oakham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 62 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,010. 
 
 Oakham, the chief town of Rutlandshire, Eng. 
 Near the church are the decayed walls of an old 
 castle ; and in 1749 four silver pennies of the 
 later Mercian kings were found here. It is sealed 
 in the centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of 
 Catmorc, 28 m. S. by E. of Nottingham and 98 
 N. by W. of London. Long. 0. 46. W., lat. 52. 
 42. N. 
 
 Oakhampton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. 
 it has a manufacture of serges, and the remains 
 of a castle, dismantled by Henry VIII. It stands 
 on the river Oak, 24 m. W. of Exeter and 195 W. 
 by S. of London. 
 
 Oakingham. See Wokingham. 
 
 Oakhill,p.v. Green Co. N. Y. ; p. v. Fauquier Co. 
 Va. ; p.v. Howard Co. Missouri. 
 
 Oakingham, p.v. Laurens Dis. S. C. 92 m. N. 
 W. Columbia. 
 
 Oakland, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,910. 
 Pontiac is the capital. Also villages in Oakland 
 
 Co. Mich. Allegany Co. N. Y., and Anne Arun 
 del, Co. Md. 
 
 Oakley, p.v. Seneca Co. Ohio. 
 
 Oakmulga, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. 
 
 Oakmulgee, a river of Georgia flowing into the 
 Alatamaha. 
 
 Oaktomie, p.v. Covington Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Oakville, p.v. Buckingham Co. Va. 
 
 Outlana Mills, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. 
 
 Oaxaca, one of the provinces of Mexico, which 
 See. 
 
 Oaxaca, city, the capital of the above province 
 is seated in a beautiful valley 240 m. S. S. E. 
 Mexico. Pop. 24,000. The churches are splendid, 
 but the neighbourhood is subject to earthquakes. 
 
 Oban, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 
 seated 3 m. to the S. of the entrance of Loch 
 Etive. Here is an excellent harbour, capable of 
 containing upwards of 500 merchantmen, defend- 
 ed from the westerly winds by the islands of Ker- 
 rera and Mull. It is 33 m. N. W. of lnverary. 
 
 Obdach, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, 
 at the conflux of the Achza and Traun, 9 m S. E. 
 of Judenburg. 
 
 Oberkirch, a town ol Baden, 15 m. E. of Stras- 
 burg. 
 
 Obernberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, 
 seated on the Inn, 12 m. S. S. W. of Passau. 
 
 Oberndorf, a town of Wurtemberg,seated on the 
 Neckar, 8 m. N. N. E. of Rothweil. 
 
 Obidos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 with the remains of a castle, on a rock. 13 m. 
 E. of Peniche and 40 N. N. E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Obollah, a strong town of Persia, in Irac-Agemi 
 3 a 2 
 
OCE 
 
 558 
 
 OCE 
 
 seated on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora. 
 
 Obskaia, a gulf or bay of Siberia, in the Frozen 
 Ocean, about 360 in. from N. to S. and from 45 
 to GO in bicadth. The S. W. extremity, where it 
 is entered by the river Oby, is in long. 69. 15. E., 
 lat. 66 55. N. 
 
 Obvinsk, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Perm, situated on the Kama, 60 m. N. of Perm. 
 Long. 56. 0. E., lat. 58. 44. N. 
 
 Oby, or Ob, the largest river of Siberia. It is- 
 sues frur~ Lake Altyn, in the desert of Ischimska, 
 runs N. W. and \V. by Kolivan, Narim, and Sur- 
 gut, till it receives the Irtysli from Tobolsk, when 
 it flows N. and N. E., and, after a course of 1,900 
 m. enters the gulf of Obskaia. It is a large smooth 
 stream, abounds in fish, and is navigable almost 
 to its source. In its course, especially after the 
 influx of the Irtysh, it forms a great number of 
 islands. 
 
 Ocan/i, an ancient town of Spain, in La Man- 
 cha, formerly fortified, but now in a state of de- 
 cay. In 1810 a battle was fought in its vicinity 
 between the French and Spaniards. 30 m. S. S. 
 E. of Madrid. 
 
 Ocana, a town of Terra Firma, in the pro- 
 vince of St. Martha, on the Rio de Oro, which 
 flows to the Magdalena. It is 240 m. S. bv E. of 
 St. Martha. Long. 73. 26. W., lat. 7. 40." N. 
 
 Oceanica, a nauie introduced by Malte Brun, to 
 designate a fifth grand division of the globe, com- 
 prising the islands of the Indian Seas and the 
 Pacific Ocean, with the continent of New Holland, 
 and all the Antarctic regions. The limits and 
 general character of this division of the earth are 
 described by this celebrated geographer in the 
 following words. 
 
 The Chinese Sea separates Asia from the great 
 ocean, as the Mediterranean separates Africa from 
 Europe. To the west we continue the boundary 
 line through the strait of Malacca, and then turn- 
 ing round the north point of Sumatra, we proceed 
 to the point where the 92d meridian east from 
 London crosses the equator. Through the whole 
 southern hemisphere, that meridian will form a 
 convenient division between the seas of New 
 Holland and those of Madagascar and Africa. 
 The islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul will, on 
 this principle, remain connected with the Archi- 
 pelago of the Indian Oeean. When we leave the 
 Chinese Sea to the north, the channel between 
 Formosa and the Philippines being the broadest, 
 marks the natural boundary. From this we draw 
 a line which, following that part of the waters 
 which in most of islands, separates the Japanese 
 seas to a distance of 300 or 450 m., and reaches 
 the point of intersection of the 40th parallel of 
 north latitude with the 152d meridian. The 40th 
 parallel will continue to bound the new division 
 of the world, till we come to the point where it is 
 crossed by the 158th western meridian from Lon- 
 don. Taking our departure from this point, we 
 separate the North American seas from those of 
 the Oceanic Archipelago by the shortest line that 
 can be drawn from this to the point of intersection 
 of the HHth western meridian and the equator. 
 This meridian will be our boundary through the 
 southern hemisphere 
 
 The fifth part of the world thus determined is 
 found to be situated in the Great Ocean, that 
 which, of all others, is the Ocean, by way of 
 eminence. This essentia! character is not com- 
 mon to it with any other division of the globe : 
 it is a character which impresses a special physi- 
 ognomy on its geography, ai well as on its 
 
 natural and its civil history. It is therefore won 
 thy of being made the foundation of its name. 
 It will be called Oceanica, and its inhabitants 
 Oceanians ; names which will supersede the un- 
 meaning or inaccurate designations of Austral- 
 asia, Notasia, Austral India, and Australia. New 
 Holland has not one Asiatic feature. Extend- 
 ing the principle of the nomenclature which is in 
 present use, we ought to call Africa "Occiden- 
 tal Asia." This designation would be equally 
 correct with those others. There is no occasion 
 for perpetuating the memory of the pretended 
 Terra .iustralis, in the name of a part of the world 
 which is not exclusively situated on the Austral 
 (or southern) hemisphere. The happier term of 
 Polynesia will be preserved for that subdivision 
 of Oceanica to which it has been specially ap- 
 plied. 
 
 The great countries of Oceanica are exposed 
 to the influence of a vertical sun. It is probable 
 that New Holland, unless it contains inland seas. 
 has a climate as hot and arid as Africa. The 
 marshy shores of some islands in the north-west 
 of Oceanica, exposed to an intense heat, generate 
 a pestiferous air, which may be corrected by hu 
 man cultivation. Notwithstanding these local in- 
 conveniences, Oceanica presents to the industri- 
 ous, the healthy, and the temperate, a greater di- 
 versity of delightful climates than any other part 
 of the world. Such islands as are small and ele- 
 vated resemble so many paradises. By selecting 
 localities with the proper elevations, the English- 
 man may find his fresh lawns and his moss-cov- 
 ered trees, the Italian his orange-groves, and the 
 West Indian planter his fields of sugar cane. 
 The small extent of these islands procures for 
 them the temperature of the ocean. The heat 
 never becomes insupportable, even for northern 
 Europeans. The air is continually renewed by 
 the light sea and land breezes, dividing the em- 
 pire of day and night. Their perpetual spring is 
 rarely disturbed by hurricanes or earthquakes. 
 None of the great races of quadrupeds, either of 
 Asia or New Holland, has extended to the small 
 islands of Polynesia. The pig is the only one 
 found everywhere domesticated, and is the same 
 species as in India and China. Dogs, cats, and 
 rats, formed the whole quadruped class in these 
 islands before Captain Cook supplied them with 
 goats and cattle. Ornithology offers, through the 
 whole of Oceanica, a little more variety, along 
 with many features of mutual resemblance. 
 
 The vegetable kingdom of Oceanica presents to 
 us all the riches of India in new splendour, and 
 accompanied by new pleasures unknown to Asia 
 In the Sunda islands, the Philippines, and the 
 Moluccas, rice occupies the place of wheat; and 
 the culture of it is probably extended over New 
 Guinea. Further to the east, in the islands of 
 Polynesia, there are four exceedingly useful escu 
 lent plants, which grow either spontaneously, or 
 under the influence of culture ; the potato, the 
 yam, and two species of arum, from which, by 
 culture and boiling, a sweet farinaceous substance 
 is obtained. 
 
 Two orders of trees are spread over all the mid 
 dling and small islands of Oceanica, which de- 
 light both the eye and the taste. The numerous 
 family of the palms is extended over the most re 
 mote and smallest islands. Between the tropics 
 there is scarcely a rock or a sand-bank on which 
 these trees do not display their astonishing vege- 
 tation. The palms have, in the interior structure 
 of their trunks, no analogy with other trees In 
 
OCE 
 
 559 
 
 OCR 
 
 habit and in structure they resemble the ferns, in 
 their blossom the grasses, and the asparigi in their 
 mode of fructification But no trees are so portly 
 and magnificent as the palms. They present a 
 straight column, perfectly cylindrical, crowned 
 at the summit with a vast load of sprightly leaves, 
 arranged in circles over one another, and put 
 forth from their common receptacle large panicles, 
 prtrtially inclosed in ample sheaths, and loaded 
 with flowers and with fruit. But their majestic 
 appearance is their least merit. Their beauty is 
 surpassed by their usefulness. The external 
 Layers of the trunk furnish a hard and heavy wood, 
 which may be formed into planks and stakes. 
 The sheaths which contain the clusters of fruit 
 acquire such thickness and consistence that they 
 are often used as vessels. The large leaves are 
 employed for roofing wigwams and cottages. Ma- 
 terials for wadding, flock, and cordage, are fur- 
 nished by the fibrous pericarp of the cocoa-tree, 
 by the leafstalks of several other species, and by 
 the filamentous tissue which, in all of them, covers 
 the trunk. Of these are made ropes, cables, and 
 even sail-cloth, and they are used as oakum in 
 caulking vessels. The leaves of the Macaw tree 
 (latinier) serve for fans to the Indian fair ones; 
 those of the Horassus fahdliformis furnish para- 
 sols which can cover ten people at a time. The 
 leaves of so, no palms are used for writing on : 
 the shell of the cocoa-nut supplies us with a na- 
 tural cup. This order of trees furnishes a number 
 of excellent dishes. The sweet and pulpy sub- 
 stance surrounding the shells of some is eaten and 
 pressed in a variety of forms : such are the Areca 
 catechu and the Plucnix dactylifera. In some, as 
 the cocoa-nut, the perisperm or cotyledonous 
 matter, while in others, as the cabbage palm, or 
 Areca glcracea, the terminal leaf-bud is used as a 
 pot-herb; The milky liquid contained in the 
 large cavity of the cocoa-nut is capable of being 
 converted into wine, vinejrar, and alcohol. From 
 the same fruit a good oil is procured. 
 
 Another family of nutritious trees enjoyed by 
 the Oceanian nations is that of the Artocarpi or 
 bread-fruit trees. This valuable genus rises to a 
 height of forty feet. Its trunk acquires the thick- 
 ness of the human body. The fruit is as large as 
 
 a chiM'.« head. Gathered before it is fully ripe, 
 and baked among ashes, it becomes a wholesome 
 bread, resembling fresh wheaten bread in taste. 
 For a period of eight months, this tree yields its 
 fruit in such profusion, that three of them will 
 support a man for a year. The inner bark of the 
 same tree is manufactured into a kind of cloth, 
 ts wood is well adapted for building cottages and 
 eanoes. Its leaves are used as napkins ; its glu- 
 tinous and milky juice furnishes good cement and 
 glue. 
 
 The inhabitants of Oceanica seem to be refera- 
 ble to two stocks, totally distinct both in physiog- 
 
 nomy and in language ; the Malays, or Ye 'ow 
 Oceanians, and the Oceanian Negroes. 
 
 The Malays are no longer considered by the 
 learned as having originally come from the pen- 
 insula of Malacca : it is now understood that it 
 was not till a comparatively recent period that 
 they became inhabitants of that country. Their 
 national historians trace their origin to the island 
 of Sumatra; they also describe them as connect- 
 ed with the Javanese; but we find them at pre- 
 sent extending over numerous countries. Not 
 only are all the inhabitants of the maritime parts 
 of Borneo, Celebes, Luzon, and the Moluccas, of 
 the Malay race ; but the innumerable tribes of 
 Polynesia, or eastern Oceanica, seem to have the 
 same origin. Although the Marians are 5,500 m. 
 from Easter Island, and though Owyhee is at 
 nearly an equal distance from New Zealand, we 
 have a collection of facts, authenticated by tho 
 concurring testimony of numerous observers, 
 which force us to regard the families disseminated 
 over this wide region as having a common origin 
 The islanders have tawny complexions, varying 
 a little in the different tribes, independently ot 
 any ascertainable circumstances in their habits of 
 life or their climate. The fairest are generally in 
 the most westerly regions; some of them, as the 
 Battas of Sumatra, are directly under the equator. 
 The hair of the head is long, lank, rough, and al- 
 ways black. The hair of the beard, and in gen- 
 eral of every part except the head, is scanty 
 They are in the practice of plucking out that of 
 the beard in their youth. The Mahometan priests, 
 affecting to wear long beards, cultivate them to 
 the best of their power, but not with so much 
 success as to escape ridicule. Their persons are 
 short, squat, and robust ; their lower limbs some- 
 what large, but not ill-formed. The busts of the 
 females are much inferior in symmetry to those 
 of the women of Indostan. The face is round, 
 the mouth wide, the teeth remarkably good, the 
 chin square, the cheek bones high, the cheeks 
 rather hollow. The nose is short and small, never 
 prominent, but never flat ; the eyes are small, and 
 like those of other Orientals, always black. They 
 are an ill-looking people compared to the Arabs, 
 Birmans, and Siamese. They are less handsome- 
 ly formed than the Chinese, but have much better 
 features. 
 
 Differences in colour and in the appearance 
 of the hair have been observed between the 
 great and the common people in Otaheite, which 
 led Forster to believe that a Malay colony had 
 subdued in these islands some prior negro tribes, 
 of the race which inhabits New Guinea and New 
 Holland. But others may, with some probability, 
 ascribe this difference to habit and diet, as the 
 great live on the flesh of quadrupeds, and the 
 common people chiefly on fish. 
 
 The similarity of the languages, as exhibited in 
 the very imperfect vocabularies given by Forster 
 Father Gobien, Marsden, and others, is strongly 
 marked. The inhabitants of eastern Oceanica 
 speak the same language in different dialects, and 
 this presents a singular analogy to that of the 
 Malays, particularly that spoken in Sumatra. 
 
 Ocksenfurt, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 seated on the Maine. 10 m. S. E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Ochsenhausen, a town of Wurtemberg, capital 
 of a petty principality (formerly the territory of 
 a rich abbey), which was given to prince Met- 
 ternich in 1803. 14 m. S. ot Ulm. 
 
 Ocracoke Inlet, the entrance to Pamlico Sound, 
 in N. Carolina, 7 leagues S IV. of Cane Hatte 
 
OEL 
 
 560 
 
 OHE 
 
 ras. Lat. 34. 55. N. It is 14 feet deep at low 
 water. 
 
 Ocrida. See Lochrida. 
 
 Oczakow, or Otchahqf, a decayed sea-port and 
 fortress of Russia, in the government of Cathari- 
 uenslaf. It has been frequently an object of con- 
 test between the Turks and Russians, many thou- 
 sands of whom, on both sides, have fallen in its 
 different sieges. The Russians took it by storm 
 in 1783, and it was confirmed to them by the 
 subsequent peace. This important place is the 
 kev to both the Bug and the Dnieper, rivers of 
 great consequence to this part of the empire. It 
 is seated near the Black Sea, on the N. side of 
 the estuary of the Dnieper, opposite Kinburn, 50 
 m. W. of 'Cherson and l!f() N. E. of Constanti- 
 nople. Long. 30. 30. E.; lat. 46. 35. N. 
 
 Odenbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Deux Fonts; seated on the Glari, 34 m.VV. of 
 Mentz. 
 
 Odensee, a town of Denmark, capital of the 
 isle of Funen, and a bishop's see. It supplies 
 the greatest part of the army with all their leath- 
 er accoutrements, and is particularly famous lor 
 gloves. Here are also manufactures of cloth, 
 sugar, and soap ; it is situate on a river, 6 m. from 
 the bay of Stegestrand and 90 W. by S. of Co- 
 penhagen. Long. 10. 25. E., lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 Oder, a river of the Austrian empire, which 
 rises in the mountains of Moravia, and flows 
 through Brandenburg and Pomerania. Below 
 Stettin it forms a large lake or bay, called Gross 
 Haff, and then enters the Baltic Sea by three 
 channels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwenow ; be- 
 tween which lie the islands of Usedom andWollin. 
 
 Oderberg, a town of Moravia, on the confines 
 of Silesia, with a castle, seated on the Oder, at 
 the influx of the Elsa, 18 m. N. N. W. of Tes- 
 chen. 
 
 Oderberg, a town of the Prussian province of 
 Brandenburg, situate on the Oder, 25 m. N. W. 
 of Custrin. 
 
 Odernheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Darmstadt, on the Seltz, 14 m. S. of Mentz. 
 
 Odernheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Deux Ponts ; seated on the Glan, near its 
 conflux with the Nahe,28 m. S. W. of Mentz. 
 
 Odessa, a fortified sea -port of Russia, in the 
 government of Catharinenslaf. The town is 
 well built, and is rapidly increasing in size and 
 importance. The population is estimated at 
 nearly 40,000 who carry on a good trade and 
 have manufactures of woolens, silks, gunpowder, 
 soap, &c. It is seated on a gulf of the Black 
 Sea, 44 m. W. by S. of Oczakow and 99 E. of 
 Cherson. 
 
 Odeypore. See Oudipore. 
 
 Odeypore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of 
 Jushpour, in the province of Orissa. It is 60 m. 
 N. E. of Ruttenpour and 220 N. W. of Cuttack. 
 Long. 33. 22. E., lat 22. 37. N. 
 
 Odiham, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Here 
 are ihe remains of an ancient castle, and of a 
 royal palace, barns, &c. It is seated on the Bas- 
 ingstoke Canal, 24 m. N. E. of Winchester and 
 42 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Ochsfeld, a town of Prussian Saxon}', seated 
 on the Aller, 22 m. N. E. of Brunswick. 
 
 Ocksran, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, situ- 
 ate near the Flohe, 9 m. E. N. E. of Chemnitz. 
 
 OeJan, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, se- 
 parated from the coast of Gothland by a strait 12 
 in. broad in the narrowest part. It is 80 m. long, 
 out not more than 9 broad. The N. part has 
 
 fine forests, and quarries of excellent freestone 
 the S. is more level, and very fertile. Botl 
 parts abound in alum mines. Bornhohn, the 
 chief town, is seated on the strait, 22 m. E. N. E. 
 of Calmar. Long. 16 50. E , lat. 56. 48. N. 
 
 Oels, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, which now forma 
 part of the government of Breslau, belonging to 
 the duke of Brunswick. The town stands on a 
 river of the same name, is surrounded with walls, 
 and has a palace, formerly occupied by the prince. 
 17m.E. N. E. of Breslau. Lono-. 17. 31. E , lat, 
 51. 12. N. 
 
 Oclsnitz. a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 6 m. 
 S. by E. of Plauen. 
 
 Oepen, or Eupen,a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Liinburg, with considerable manufactures ot 
 cloth ; situate on the Weze, 4 m. E. N. E. oi 
 Liinburg. 
 
 Oesel, an island in the Baltic, on the const of 
 Livonia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga. It 
 is 74 m. long and 50 broad, defended by two forts, 
 and belongs to Russia Arensberg is the capital. 
 
 Oetting, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn, d 
 m. JN. W. of Burkhausen. 
 
 Oetting, a town of Bavaria, with a well-endow 
 ed college. It is seated on the Wirnitz, 28 m. S 
 of Anspach and 09 IN. N. W. of Munich. Lonu- 
 10. 40. E., lat. 48. 56. N. 
 
 Offas Dike, an entrenchment of England cast 
 up by Offa, a Saxon king, to defend England 
 from the incursions of the Welsh. It extends 
 through Herefordshire, Shropshire, Montgomery- 
 shire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire," from the 
 Wye to the Dee. 
 
 Offanto, a river of Naples, which rises in the 
 Apennines, passes by Conza and Monte Verde, 
 separates Capitanata from Basilicata and Terra di 
 Bari, and enters the gulf of Venice near Barletta. 
 It is the ancient Aufidus. 
 
 Offen. See Buda. 
 
 Offenbach, a town of Germany, in Hesse Darm 
 stadt, and the principal manufacturing town in 
 the duchy, seated on the S. side of the Maine, 5 
 m. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Offenburg, a town of Baden, seated on the Kint- 
 zig, 10 m. S. E. of Strasburg. 
 
 Offida, a town ofltalj 7 , in Ancona, 26 m. S. of 
 Loretto. 
 
 Offutts, p. v. Hampshire Co.Va. 
 
 Ogden, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 10 m. N. W. 
 Rochester. Pop. 2,401 ; p. v. Scott Co. Missouri. 
 
 Ogdensburg, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. on 
 the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Os- 
 wegatchie. It is the lowest point of ship naviga- 
 tion on the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario ; be- 
 low, the river is obstructed by rapids. It is 120 
 m. above Montreal. 
 
 Ogechee,a. river of Georgia, flowing into the 
 Atlantic, 20 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 Oaersheim,a. town of the Bavarian circle of the 
 Rhine, 12 m. N. of Spire. 
 
 Oglethorpe, a county of Georgia. Pop. 13,558. 
 Lexington is the capital. 
 
 Oglio, a river which rises in the principality of 
 Trent, enters Italy, and flows between the prov- 
 inces of Begamasco and Bresciano, through the 
 lake of Isero, to the borders of the Milanese, and 
 turning S. E. enters the Mantuan, wheie it joins 
 the Po, above Borgoforte. 
 
 Ogmo, a town of the kingdom of Siam, seated 
 at the N. E. point of the gulf of Siam, 56 m. S 
 E. of Siam. Long. 101. 28. E., lat. 13. 33. N. 
 
 Oheteroa, an island in the S. Pacific, 13 m in 
 
OHI 
 
 5C1 
 
 OH! 
 
 circuit. It has no harbour, and is neither so pop- 
 ulous nor fertile as the islands to the N. of it ; but 
 its manufactures are of a superior kind, the cloth 
 is of a better dye, and the spears and clubs are 
 better carved and polished. The people are lus- 
 ty and well made, and rather browner than those 
 of Tahiti. Long. 150. 47. W., lat. 22. 27. S. 
 
 Ohio, a river of the United States flowing into 
 the Mississippi, from the N. E. It is formed by 
 the junction of the Allegany and Monongahela 
 which rise in Pennsylvania and Virginia, and 
 unite at Pittsburg in the former state. Its gen- 
 eral course to the Mississippi is S. W. but it has in- 
 numerable sinuosities ; its length in a straight 
 line from Pittsburg to the Mississippi is G14 in. 
 and by its windings 908. In the lower part of its 
 course its width is about a mile. There is no ob- 
 struction to the navigation except the falls at 
 Louisville, which are avoided by a canal. See 
 Louisville. In winter and spring it is 50 feet deep- 
 er than at the end of summer, when it may be for- 
 ded at the falls. The rains at the end of the year 
 raise the water sometimes 12 feet in a day. Their 
 highest elevation is in March. For half its length 
 in the upper part, it is frozen in the winter, and 
 the breaking up of the ice in March often occa- 
 sions immense damage. In the spring of 1832 an 
 uncommon flood of the river inundated a great 
 part of Cincinnati, overflowed many other towns 
 upon the banks, and destroyed a vast amount of 
 property. 
 
 The Ohio is a very beautiful river, and the in- 
 terval lands upon its borders are highly fertile. It 
 embosoms more than 100 islands, and the scenery 
 along its course is diversified with abrupt eminen- 
 ces, and extensive alluvial tracts covered with 
 thick forests of sycamore, dogwood, and other 
 beautiful trees. It is of great importance in the 
 navigation of the western states and is connected 
 with Lake Erie by a canal. See the following ar- 
 ticle. 
 
 Ohio Canal, unites the Ohio with Lake Erie. 
 Beginning at Cleveland, on the lake, it proceeds 
 southerly along the Cuyahoga, to the portage be- 
 tween this stream and the Tuscawaras; here it 
 strikes the latter stream,and passes along its valley 
 southwesterly. It then passes off" to the Scioto and 
 descends the valley of that river to the Ohio at Ports- 
 mouth. It is 306 m. in length, besides a lateral cut 
 to Columbus of 11 m., and the Dresden-cut with 
 slack water navigation of 17 m. It has II ,13") ft. of 
 lockage. This canal was projected by the state of 
 Ohio. It was begun in 1825, and is now nearly 
 finished. It has cost less than 10,000 dollars a 
 mile. Another canal joins the Ohio with the 
 Miami. It leaves the Ohio at Cincinnati and ex- 
 tends northerly to Dayton on the Miami. It is 
 70 m. in length. A further communication is 
 projected from this point to Lake Erie and the 
 Ohio canal by rail-roads. 
 
 Ohio, one of the United States ; bounded N. by 
 Michigan Territory and Lake Erie, E. by Penn- 
 sylvania and Virginia, S. by Virginia and Ken- 
 tucky and W. by Indiana. It extends from 33. 30. 
 to 42. N. lat., and from 80. 35. to 84. 47. W. long. 
 220 m. in length and breadth, and containing 40, 
 000 sq. m. It is washed on the whole southern 
 limit by the Ohio, and is intersected by its tribu- 
 taries the Muskingum, Scioto and Great and Lit- 
 tle Miami. The Maumee, Sandusky and Cuya- 
 hoga flow into Lake Erie. In this part, the state 
 has 150 m. of coast, containing several harbours, 
 the chief of which are those of Sandusky, Cleve- 
 'and and Ashtabula. There are no mountains in 
 71 
 
 the state, and hardly any hills. Most of the soil 
 is susceptible of cultivation. In the north it is 
 somewhat marshy ; the banks of the rivers are 
 highly fertile : in the interior are extensive plains 
 of excellent soil, and the stale altogether may be 
 pronounced equal in fertility to almost any region 
 of the earth. The forests consist of walnut, various 
 species of oaks, hickory, sugar maple, and other 
 sorts; beech,birch,poplar,asn, sycamore, paw-paw, 
 buckeye, cherry, dogwood, elm, hornbeam, fee. 
 With the exception of a i'ew cypress tress, this 
 state produces hardly any evergreens. Mam- 
 sorts of medicinal roots are found here, as ginseng, 
 valerian, columbo, snakeroot, and bloodrpot 
 Coal is abundant in the eastern parts, as also iron, 
 but there are few mines. Marble is plentiful, and 
 salt springs furnish water nearly as strono- as thai, 
 of the sea. Near the falls of the Little M?ami, are 
 the Yellow Springs, the waters of which are a 
 strong chalybeate, and in considerable esteem for 
 their medicinal qualities. 
 
 The agricultural products are maize, wheat, rye 
 barley, oats, spelt and buckwheat. Fruits are 
 abundant, and the soil is thought to be the best 
 for garden vegetables of any in the western coun- 
 try. Tobacco has been lately introduced. Hemp 
 is cultivated in some parts. 
 
 Ohio enjoys the most active commerce of all 
 the western states. The northern and eastern 
 counties export to Montreal and New York bv 
 the lake, great quantities of agricultural produce. 
 But the chief of the exports are to New Orleans. 
 The articles are flour, grain, pork, bacon, lard, 
 whiskey, horses, and cattle. 
 
 The domestic manufactures are considerable, and 
 there are some large manufactories of woolen, cot- 
 ton,and paper, at Cincinnati, Zanesville, Steuben- 
 ville, Dayton, and other places. The manufacture 
 of steam machinery, and other articles from iron, 
 is considerable. To these may be added linseed 
 and castor oil, whiskey, cabinet furniture and salt. 
 
 The number of counties in Ohio is 73. The 
 Pop. 937,(537. Slavery is prohibited. The leg- 
 islature is called the General Assembly, nnd con- 
 sists of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 The senators are chosen for two years and the 
 representatives for one. The Governor is chosen 
 for two years. Suffrage is universal and elections 
 are popular. Columbus is the seat of government 
 and Cincinnati the largest city. The other towns 
 of importance are Zanesville, Steubenville, Chilli- 
 cothe, Dayton, Marietta and Circleville. There 
 are 4 tribes of Indians in the state ; the Wyan- 
 dots, Shawnees, Delawares, and Ottawas. The 
 Senecas have recently removed west of the Mis- 
 sissippi. The four tribes number about 1 ,500 sou?s r 
 and own 330,341 acres of land, which is secured 
 to them by treaty. Considerable annuities are 
 paid them by the United States government 
 
OKE 
 
 5G2 
 
 OLE 
 
 The most numerous religious sect are the 
 Presbyterians ; they have 203 ministers ; the Bap- 
 lists 140; the Methodists 01; the Lutherans 37; 
 the Associate Presbyterians 20 ; the German Re- 
 formed 82; the Episcopalians 16; the Sweden- 
 borgians 4 ; there are also some Catholics, Uni- 
 tarians, Universalists, Quakers and Shakers. 
 Two universities enjoy endowments from the 
 slate; they are established at Athens and Oxford. 
 There are also colleges at New Athens, Hudson 
 and Gam bier, and about 20 incorporated acade- 
 mies in different places. 
 
 The first settlement in Ohio was made at Ma- 
 rietta in 1783. A territorial government was 
 established the next year. In 1802 it was admit- 
 ted as a state into the Union. The fertility of 
 the soil, and happy local position of the state for 
 trade, have made it one of the most desirable re- 
 gions of the western country for emigrants, and 
 its increase in population and wealth has been 
 almost unparalleled. 
 
 O/ilau, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a fine 
 castle. Great quantities of tobacco are produced 
 in the neighbourhood. It is situate on the Ohla, 
 IG in. S. E. of Breslau. 
 
 Ohrdruf, a town of Saxony, in Saxe-Gotha, with 
 a castle and numerous manufactures. 8 m. S. 
 S. E. of Gotha. 
 
 Ohringcn, a town of Wurtemberg, capital of the 
 district of Hohenlohe, with an academy. In the 
 vicinity of the town many Roman antiquities have 
 been found since 1741. It stands on the river 
 Ohm, which divides it into the Old and New 
 Town, 28 m. S. S. W. Mergentheim. Long. 9. 
 42. E., lat. 49. 11. N. 
 
 Oich, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness- 
 shire, extending 4 m. from E. to W., and contain- 
 ing some little wooded islands: its outlet at the 
 N. end is the river Oich, which flows by Fort Au- 
 gustus into the S. extremity of Loch Ness. 
 
 Oil Creek, p.t. Crawford Co. Pa., on a creek of 
 the same name, falling into the Allegany. 
 
 Oirc, a town of Naples, in Terra d' Otranto, 
 witli an old casJc , seated at the foot of the Ap- 
 ennines, 20 m. N. E. of Tarento. 
 
 Oise, a department of France, including part 
 of the former provinces of the Isles of France and 
 Picardy. It takes its name from the river Oise, 
 which has its source in the Ardennes, and joins 
 the Seine below Pontoise. Beauvais is the capi- 
 ta] 
 
 Okefonoko Sioamp, in Georgia and Florida is a 
 *ort of marshy lake 180 m. in circumference giv- 
 ing rise to the rivers St. Mary and Suwany. Du- 
 ring the wet season it has the appearance of an 
 inland sea with numerous islands. It is inhabited 
 by immense numbers of alligators, snakes, frogs, 
 and all sorts of reptiles that arc engendered in miry 
 region* Vast swarms of moschetoes infest the air 
 
 in summer, and the poisonous vapours which th# 
 heat of the sun raises from its waters in that sea 
 son render the neighbourhood uninhabitable for 
 any human being. 
 
 Ockloconee, a river rising in Georgia, and flow- 
 ing through Florida into Ockloconee Bay, 40 m. 
 E. of the mouth of the Apalachicola. 
 
 Okvtsk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov- 
 ince of the same name, in the government of Ir- 
 kutsk. It is seated at the mouth of the Okota,in 
 a bay of the Pacific Ocean, called the Sea of 
 Okotsk. 4D0m. E. S. of Yakutsk. Long. 143. 
 12. E., lat. 59. 20. N. 
 
 Oldenhurg, a grand duchy of Germany, consist- 
 ing of several scattered portions. Oldenburg 
 Proper was formerly a county, united with Del- 
 menhorst, and when the line of its counts became 
 extinct, in 1G67, it devolved to the royal family of 
 Denmark. In 1773 it was exchanged by Denmark 
 with the grand duke of Russia for the district of 
 Kiel in Holstein; and. in 1777, the emperor of 
 Germany raised it to the the rank of a duchy. 
 The reigning duke was expelled by Napoleon in 
 1810, but was restored in 1813, and at the con- 
 gress of Vienna received the title of grand duke 
 He now possesses, besides Oldenburg Proper (in- 
 cluding Delmenhorst and the lordships of Varel, 
 Jever, and Kniphausen), the principality of Eu 
 tin (formerly the bishopric of Lubec) in Holstein 
 and tlie lordship of Birkenfeld, ceded by Prussia 
 out of the territory on the Rhine. The inhabi- 
 tants are of the Lutheran religion. 
 
 Oldcnhvrg, a fortified town of Germany, capi- 
 tal of the foregoing duchy, and the residence of 
 the grand duke. The church of St. Lambert con- 
 tains the tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg, 
 which are very curious. It is seated on the Hun- 
 ta, 22 m. W. of Bremen and 7G S. S. W. of 
 Hamburgh. 
 
 Oldenburg, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Holstein, seated near the Baltic, 28 m. N. of 
 Lubec. 
 
 Oldcnsarl, a town of the Netherlands, in Uve- 
 ryssel. 30 m. E. of Deventer. 
 
 Oldeslohe, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, 
 with extensive salt-works, seated on the Trave, 
 17 m. W. of Lubec. 
 
 Old Fort, p.v. Centre Co. Pa.; p. v. Burke Co. 
 N. C. 
 
 Oldham, a town in Lancashire, Eng. built on 
 high ground, on a branch of the Medlock, and 
 near the Irk, whose streams give motion to the 
 machinery, &c, of numerous manufactures, 7 m 
 N. of Manchester. 
 
 Oldham, a county of Kentucky on the Ohio 
 Pop. 9,563, Westport is the capital. 
 
 Old. Point Comfort, a cape on the North en 
 trance of James river, Va. 
 
 Old Town, or Indian Old Town, i settlement 
 of Penobscot Indians on an island <n Penobscot 
 river, Maine, 12 m. above Bangoi They are 
 about 300 in number, and have a Calholic priest 
 and a school. 
 
 Old Town, p.t. Allegany Co. Md. ; p.v. Ross 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Ocean, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 5G1. 
 
 Olcron, a populous and fertile island of France, 
 5 m. from the W. coast, opposite the mouth of 
 the Charente. It is 20 m. long and 5 broad, and 
 belongs to the department of Lower Charente. 
 This island was formerly in the possession of the 
 crown of England ; and here Richard I. com- 
 piled the code of maritime laws called the Laws 
 of Oleron, which are received by a'" nations in 
 
OLT 
 
 563 
 
 ONE 
 
 Europe as the ground and substruction of all their 
 marine constitutions. 
 
 Oleion,a. town of France, department of Lower 
 Chare nte, witli a castle ; seated on the E. side 
 of the island of Oleron, 13 m. W. S. W. of Roche- 
 fort. Long. 1. 15. W., lat. 45.48. N. 
 
 Oleron, a town in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, on the Gave, 10 m. S. W. of Pau. 
 
 Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, with a 
 citadel, 20 m. E. of Lucko. 
 
 Olinda. See Pernambuco. 
 
 Olita, a town of Spain, in Navarre, formerly 
 the residence of the king of Navarre, but now 
 much reduced. It is seated in a fertile country, 
 20 m. N. of Tudela. 
 
 Oliva, a sea-port of W. Prussia, where a peace 
 ■was concluded, in 1660, between the emperor of 
 Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland. 
 It is situate on a bay of the gulf of Dantzic. 10 
 m. W. N. W. of Dantzic. Long. 18. 32. E.,lat. 
 54. 24. N. 
 
 Oley, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 O£ice,lownships in Morgan and Meigs Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Olivenca, a town and fortress of Spain, in Es- 
 tremadura, which, with its territory, formerly be- 
 longed to Portugal, but was ceded to Spain in 
 1801. It is 16 m. S. S. W. of Badajoz. 
 
 Ollorton, a town of Nottinghamshire, Eng. 
 seated on the river Maun, and surrounded by hop 
 plantations, which contribute greatly to its pros- 
 perity. 14 m. N. W. of Newark and 137 N. by 
 W. of London. 
 
 Olmedo, a decayed town of Spain, in Leon, seat- 
 ed near the Adaja, 25 m. S. of Valladolid. 
 
 Olmutz, a district or circle of the Austrian prov- 
 ince of Moravia, containing 2,000 sq. m. with 347, 
 300 inhabitants. The N. part is mountainous, 
 but the S. level and fertile. 
 
 Olmutz, the capital of the above district, and 
 formerly of Moravia, is an archbishop's see, and 
 has a famous university. It is fortified, well 
 built, and almost surrounded by the river Morau. 
 In 1741 it was taken by the king of Prussia who 
 attempted it again in 1758, but was obliged to 
 raise the siege. The emperors of Russia and 
 Austria met here in 1805, previously to the battle 
 of Austerlitz. It is 80 m. N. by E. of Vienna, 
 and 97 S. of Breslau. Long. 17. 15. E., lat. 49. 
 33. N. 
 
 Olney, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of bonelace ; seated on the Ouse, 
 12 m. S. E. of Northampton and 55 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Olonctz, a government of Russia, formerly in- 
 cluded in the government of Novogorod. In this 
 district are mines of copper and iron. The capital 
 is Petrozavodsk. 
 
 Olonctz, a town of the foregoing government 
 near which are a mineral spring and an iron forge. 
 It is situate on the river Olonzo, near its entrance 
 into the lake of Ladoga, 100 in. across the lake, N. 
 E. of Petersburg. 
 
 Olonctz Mountains, a chain of mountains in 
 the N. W. part of Russia, which runs in a direc- 
 tion almost due N. for the space of 1 ,000 m. form- 
 ing part of the boundary between this country and 
 Sweden. 
 
 Olonne, a town of France, department of Ven- 
 dee, 35 m. W. of Fontenay le Comte. 
 
 Olpkcn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 17 m. 
 S. S W. of Munster. 
 
 Olten, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Soleure ; seated on the Aar, 17 m. E. N. E. of 
 Soleure. 
 
 Olympian Springs, in Bath Co. Ken., ruyr 
 the source of Licking river ; they are considera- 
 bly frequented by invalids. The water contahis 
 iron, sulphur, and carbonic acid. 
 
 Olympus, a celebrated mountain of Natolia. 
 The ancients supposed its top reached the heavens, 
 and from that circumstance placed the residence 
 of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter- 
 It is 10 m. S. E. of Bursa. Also a mountain in 
 Thessaly, separated from Ossa by the celebrated 
 vale of Tempe; it is 6,000 feet in height. There 
 is beside a mountaimin the island of Candia with 
 this name. 
 
 Omaff/i, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Tyrone, 14 m. S. of Strabane. 
 
 Oman, a province of Arabia, bounded on the 
 N. W. by the Persian Gulf, N. E. and S. E. by 
 the ocean, and S. W. by extensive deserts. It is 
 possessed by a number of petty sovereigns, the 
 most considerable of whom is the imam of Ros- 
 tak. The chief town is Mascat. 
 
 Ombo, a town of Egypt, on the right bank of 
 the Nile, 26 m. N. of Esne. 
 
 Ombrone, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, 
 at the mouth of the river Ombrone, 5 m. S. of 
 Grossetto. 
 
 Omcgna, a town of the Sardinian states, prov- 
 ince of Novara, on the N. E. side of Lake Orta, 
 25 in. N. N. W. of Novara. 
 
 Omer, St., a fortified town of France, depart- 
 ment of Pas de Calais. It owes its name and 
 importance to a saint, who built a grand monaste- 
 ry here in the 7th century. The cathedral and the 
 church of St. Bertin are magnificent structures. 
 About a league from the town is a great morass, 
 in which are some floating islands. St. Omer is 
 seated on the Aa, on the side of a hill, 8 m. N. 
 W. of Aire and 135 N. of Paris. Long 2. 15. E., 
 lat. 50. 44. N. 
 
 Ommen, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove- 
 ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 17 m. N. E. of De 
 venter. 
 
 Ommirabih. See Morbeys. 
 
 Omoa, a town of Honduras. It is seated on 
 the bay of Honduras, 80 m. N. N. W. of Val- 
 ladolid. 
 
 Omsk, a town and fortress of Russia, in the 
 government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of 
 the Om with the lrtysh, 350 m. S. E. ofTobolsk. 
 Long. 74. 54. E., lat. 54. 14. N. 
 
 Onccote, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 8 m. 
 N.by E. of Cheadle, noted for the rich copper 
 mines in its vicinity. 
 
 Oneehow, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the 
 N. Pacific, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Its eastern 
 coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea, 
 but the other parts consist of low ground, except 
 a round bluffhead on the S. E. point. It produ- 
 ces plenty of yams, and a sweet root called tee. 
 Long. 161. 0. W., lat. 21. 50. N. 
 
 Oneg, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Archangel, on the river Onega, near the White 
 Sea, 80 m.S. S. W. of Archangel. Long. 37. 54. 
 E., lat. 63. 53. N. 
 
 Onega, a river and lake of Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Olonetz. The lake is 100 m. long 
 and 40 broad, and has a communication with the 
 lake Ladoga. The river gives its name to a 
 country full of woods,and flows into theWhiteSea. 
 
 Oneglia, a province of the Sardinian states, ir 
 Piedmont, surrounded by the territory of Genoa 
 and the sea. It abounds in olive-oil, fruits, an 
 wine. 
 
 Oneglia, or Oneille, a sea-port of Piedmont 
 
OON 
 
 564 
 
 ORA 
 
 capital of the above province. In 1792, the French 
 took it by storm, and set it on fire in several pla- 
 ces. It is seated at the mouth of the Imperiale, 
 55 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 7. 57. E., lat. 43. 
 58. N. 
 
 Oneida, a lake of New York discharging its 
 water into L. Ontario. It has a canal communi- 
 cation with the Mohawk. It is 20 m. long and 4 
 broad. 
 
 Oneida, a county of New York lying upon the 
 above lake. Pop. 41,326. Utica is the capital. 
 Oneida Caslle, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 One Leg, a township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio, 
 114m. N.E.Columbus. Pop. 1,645. The ge- 
 nius that invented this name must have been a 
 limping concern. 
 
 Onezkoe, a lake of Russia, in the government 
 of Olonetz, 120 m. long and 40 broad. It contains 
 several islands. 
 
 Ongar, or Chipping Ongar, a town in Essex, 
 Eng. 21 m. E. N. E. of London. 
 
 Ongolc, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 
 capital of a district of its name belonging to Bri- 
 tain. It is 78 rh. S. S. W. of Condapilly and 166 
 N. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 56. E., lat. 15. 
 28. N. 
 
 Onion, one of the principal rivers of Vermont, 
 which flows through a fertile country, and after 
 a course of70 m. falls into Lake Champlain. 
 
 Onondaga, a lake of New York communicating 
 with lake Ontario. It is 6 m. long and 1 broad. 
 Onondaga, a county of New York on the above 
 lake. Pop. 58,974. Syracuse is the capital. 
 
 Onondaga, p.t. in the above county 50 m. W. 
 Utica. Pop. 5,668. Here are very large salt works. 
 See Salina. 
 
 Onrust, a small island near the coast of Java, 
 at the mouth of the harbour of Batavia. Here 
 the Dutch formerly repaired their ships, and had 
 large warehouses, which were destroyed by the 
 British. 
 
 Onslow, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,814. 
 Ontario, a lake of N. America, situate between 
 75. and 79. W. long., and 43. and 44. N. lat. Its 
 length is 180 m. and 50 its medium breadth. On 
 its S. W. part it receives the waters of lake Erie 
 by the river Niagara, and near the S. E. the 
 Onondago River ; and on the N. E. is its outlet 
 the river Iroquois, or St. Lawrence. It is 500 m. 
 in circumference, and abounds with fish, among 
 which are the Oswego bass, weighing three or 
 four pounds. The islands are principally at the 
 eastern end. The chief harbours are York and 
 Kingston, belonging to the British, and Sackets' 
 Harbour belonging to the Americans. 
 
 Ontario, a county of New York. Pop. 40,167. 
 Canandaigua is the capital ; also a county in Up- 
 per Canada. 
 
 Ontario, p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,587. 
 Oodamally a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbo- 
 tore, 30 m. S. S. E. of Coimbetore. 
 
 Oonalashka, one of the islands of the Northern 
 Archipelago, visited by Cook in his last voyage. 
 The natives are described as very peaceable. 
 Fish and other-sea animals, birds, roots, berries, 
 and even sea weed, compose their food. They 
 dry quantities of fish during the summer, which 
 they lay up in small huts for their use in winter. 
 Their clothing is chiefly composed of skins. 
 The upper garment, made like a wagoner's 
 frock, reach down to the knees. Besides this, 
 they wear a waistcoat or two, a pair of breeches, 
 S fur cap, and boots. They manufacture mats 
 wd basketi of grass, which are both strong and 
 
 beautiful ; and there is a neatness and perfection 
 in most of their works, which shows that, they 
 are not deficient in ingenuity and perseverence. 
 Long. 165. 0. W., lat. 53. 5 N. 
 
 Oostboreh, a town and fort of the Netherlands;, 
 in the Isle of Cadsand, 4 m. N. E. of Sluyg. 
 
 Oostenby, a town of Sweden, in the Isle of 
 Oeland, 27 m. S. of Borkholm. 
 
 Ootat.ore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carna- 
 tic, 22 m. N. N. VV. of Tanjore and 80 S. W. of 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 Opclousas, p.v. St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, 
 223 m. N. W. New Orleans. 
 
 Opheim, a town of Norway, in the province of 
 Bergen, 45 m. N. N. E. of Bergen. 
 
 Oporto, or Porto, a city and sea-port of Portugal # 
 in Entre Douro e Minho. and a bishop's see. 
 It is by nature almost impregnable ; and is no- 
 ted for its strong wines, of which large quantities 
 are exported to England ; whence all red wines 
 from Spain and Portugal are called Port wines. 
 The other chief exports are oranges, lemons, oil, 
 sumach, and linen cloth. Its commerce greatly 
 increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755 ; 
 before that time the population was estimated at 
 20,000, and it is now said to be 70,000. It is seat- 
 ed on the side of a mountain, near the river 
 Douro, which forms an excellent harbour. 172 
 m. N. by E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 22. W.. lat. 41 
 10. N. 
 
 Oppeln, a province of the Prussian states, com- 
 prising the greater part of Upper Silesia. It con- 
 sists chiefly of hills and mountains abounding 
 with extensive forests, and containing a large 
 store of valuable minerals. The district called 
 the principality of Oppeln, including more than 
 half this province, was formerly governed by its 
 own duke. 
 
 Oppeln, the capital of the above province, with 
 a Catholic collegiate church. It has a great trade 
 in wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 m. S. E. of 
 Breslau. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 50. 39. N. 
 
 Oppenlieim, a town cf Germany, in Hesse 
 Darmstadt. The vicinity produces excellent wine. 
 It is seated on the side of a hill, near the Rhine, 
 12 m. S. S. E. ofMentz. 
 
 Oppenlieim, a township of Montgomery Co. N. 
 Y. on the Mohawk. Pop 3,650. 
 
 Oppido, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at 
 the foot of the Apennines, 25 m. N. E. of Reg- 
 s' - 
 
 Oppido, a town of Naples, in Basilicata. 5 m. 
 
 S. S. E. of Acerenza. 
 
 Oppurg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Meissen, with a castle, 4 m. VV. S. W. of Neu- 
 stadt. 
 
 Orach, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, 
 near the river Drino, 60 m. S. W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Oran, a city and sea-port of Algiers, in the 
 province of Tremecen, with an excellent harbour, 
 almost opposite Carthagena in Spain. It was 
 taken by the Spaniards in 1509, and re-taken in 
 1708. In 1732 the Spaniards became masters of 
 it again. In 1790 it was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, little besides the exterior walls being left 
 standing, when 2,000 persons perished. 225 in. 
 W. N. W. of Algiers. Long. 0. 5. W., lat. 35. 
 58. N. 
 
 Oran, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Orange, a city of France, in the department of 
 Vancluse, and a bishop's see. It was an impor- 
 tant place in the time of the Romans, but at pre- 
 sent is remarkable only for its antiquities. A 
 triumphal arch, 200 paces from the town, was 
 
ORD 
 
 565 
 
 ORE 
 
 •brmerly within its limits ; and here are also the 
 remains of a fine amphitheatre, some aqueducts, 
 &c. The fortifications were demolished by Louis 
 XIV. in 1682. The chief manufactures are linen, 
 serge, and paper. The city is seated in a fine 
 plain, on the river Aigues, 12 m. N. of Avignon 
 and 57 S. of Valence. 
 
 Orange, a county of Vermont. Pop. 27,286. 
 Chelsea is the capital. A county of New York. 
 Pop. 45,372. Goshen is the capital. A county of 
 the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14,637. Orange 
 is the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. 
 23,875. Hillsborough is the capital. A county of 
 Indiana. Pop. 7,909. Paoli is the capital. 
 
 Orange, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 15 m. S. E. Mont- 
 pelier. °Pop. 1,010; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80 
 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 880 ; p. v. Orange Co. N. 
 Y.; p.t. Essex Co. N. J.; towns in Cuyahoga, Rich- 
 land, Trumbull, Shelby, Meigs and Delaware 
 Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Orangeburg, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 
 18,455." 
 
 Orange Springs, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N. 
 VV. of Richmond. 
 
 Orangetoicn,a. township of Rockland Co. N. Y. 
 on the Hudson. Pop. 1,947. 
 
 Orangeville, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. 
 Batavia. Pop. 1,525; p. v. Columbia Co. Pa. 
 
 Orange River, a river of S. Africa in the Cape 
 Colonv running into the Atlantic in lat. 28. 30. S. 
 
 Oranienbaurn, a town of Saxony, in the duchy 
 of Anhalt-Dessau, 6 m. S. E. of Dessau. 
 
 Oranienbaurn, a town of Russia, in Ingria. It 
 is seated in the gulf of Finland, 20 m. W. of 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Oranicnburg, a town of Prussia, in the Middle 
 Mark of Brandenburg ; situate on the Havel, 18 
 m. N. of Berlin. 
 
 Oratava, a town on the W. side of the island of 
 Teneriffe, and the chief place of trade. It is seat- 
 ed at the bottom of an amphitheatre of mountains, 
 out of which rises the Peake of Teneriffe. Its port 
 is at 3 m. distance. Long. 16. 24. W., lat. 28. 
 23. N. 
 
 Orbassan, a town of Piedmont, with 1,700 in- 
 habitants, 6 m. S. W. of Turin. 
 
 Orbe, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de 
 Vaud, 32 m. W. S. W. of Bern. 
 
 Oibe, a town of Germany, in the late electorate 
 of Mentz, celebrated for its salt works, 26 m, E. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Orbitello, a sea-port of Tuscany, in the province 
 of Sienna, with a good harbour, protected by sev- 
 eral forts. It is seated on the Mediterranean, near 
 the mouth of the Albegna, 63 m. S. by W. of Si- 
 enna. Long. 11. 6. E., lat. 42. 28. N. 
 
 Orbre, a river of France, which rises in the Ce- 
 vennes, flows by Beziers, and enters the gulf of 
 Lions at Serignan. 
 
 Orcades. See Orkneys. 
 
 Orchies, a town of France, department of Nord, 
 12 m. S. S. E. of Lisle. 
 
 Orcliilla, a cluster of small islands in the Carri- 
 bean Sea, N.of thecoastof Terra Firma. Long. 
 65. 20. E., lat. 12. 0. N. 
 
 Orchimont, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 territory of Luxemburg, situate on the Semoy, 
 IS in. N. of Sedan. 
 
 Ordingen, a town of Germany, in the late elec- 
 torate of Cologne; seated near the Rhine, 36 m. 
 N. N. E. of Cologne. 
 
 Orduna, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated in 
 a valley surrounded by high mountains, 20 m. S. 
 W. of Bilbao. 
 
 Orebro, a government of Sweden, comprising 
 the old province of Nericia, part of Westtnnnn- 
 land, and a small part of Warmeland. It contains 
 1,780 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Orebro, the capital of the above mentioned gov 
 eminent has a considerable trade with Stockholm, 
 across the lakes Hielmar and - Maeler, by means 
 of the river and canal of Arboga ; sending iron, 
 vitrol, and red paint, in particular, to that capital. 
 In the middle of the town, on a small island form 
 ed by the Swart, stands the castle, formerly a 
 royal residence. It is seated near the W. extrem- 
 ity of the lake Hielmar, 100 m. W. by S. of 
 Stockholm. Long. 15. 12. E., lat. 59. 30. N. 
 
 Oregon, or Columbia, a river of the United 
 States flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It rises 
 in the Rocky Mountains about lat. 55. N. and 
 flows S. W. to the Sea in lat. 46. 15. N. Its 
 length is 1,500 m., and it has several large tribu- 
 taries as Clark's River, Lewis's River, and the 
 Multnomah. Its head streams are near those of 
 the Missouri, and its course is considerably ob- 
 structed by falls, but it admits a navigation 180 
 m. from its mouth. All its waters abound in fine 
 salmon, and towards the sea, they contain great 
 numbers of seals. 
 
 Oregon Territory, the popular name of all that 
 part of the United States territory west of the 
 Rocky Mountains, watered by the abovemention- 
 ed river. It extends from 42. to 51. N. lat. along 
 the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded N. 
 by the Russian and British American possessions, 
 E. by the Rocky Mountains, S. by the Mexican 
 territories, and W. by the Pacific. Between the 
 Rocky Mountains and the sea is another chain 
 through which the Oregon river passes at the 
 great falls, and still farther west another ridge 
 runs parallel with the coast at about 150 m. dis- 
 tance. These ridges are lofty, and their peaks 
 are covered with perpetual snow. Among these 
 mountains, there are sheltered and fertile valleys. 
 The timber in the mountains is pine, spruce, fir, 
 &c. The plains generally have a fine soil ; but are 
 very deficient in timber. The prairies, like those 
 on the eastern sides of these mountains, are cov- 
 ered with grass, and a profusion of most beautiful 
 flowers. Among the prairie plants are two or 
 three kinds of edible roots, which furnish vegeta- 
 ble food to the savages, as an aid to the great 
 proportion of salmon, which they devour. Wild 
 sage is also an abundant herb. It grows of a 
 height equal to that of small tree ; and on 
 these extensive plains is one of the principal ar- 
 ticles of fuel. The sea shore, for a considerable 
 distance to the interior, is skirted with deep and 
 thick forests of evergreens, such as pine and hem- 
 lock. Sheltered on the north b} r protecting ridges 
 of mountains, and the breezes from the west be- 
 ing softened by coming over immense extents of 
 sea, the climate is as mild as it is in the country 
 east of these mountains four of five degrees south 
 of that point. When Lewis and Clark left the 
 country in March, and in the latitude of Mon- 
 treal, the prairies were in blossom, and the for- 
 wardness of the season seems to have correspond- 
 ed with that of North Carolina at the same time. 
 The winters are rainy, and some parts of them 
 severe. 
 
 The Spaniards first discovered this country 
 The river was discovered by Captain Gray, in the 
 ship Columbia of Boston ; and it was explored in 
 1805 by Lewis and Clark. A settlement of fur 
 traders was made at its mouth by the Americans, 
 but it was afterwards abandoned. The Indians 
 3B 
 
ORE 
 
 566 
 
 ORK 
 
 in the territory are numbered at 140,000. On the 
 northern part of the coast is Nootka Sound lying 
 between a large island and the continent. The 
 savages which inhabit these parts are better known 
 than any other of the Northwestern tribes. 
 
 These savages call themselves Wakash. Their 
 height is above the middle stature, and they are 
 «jf a^muscular frame. Their features are 'charac- 
 terized by a prominence of the cheek-bones. 
 Their face is often very much compressed above 
 the cheeks, and appears to sink abruptly between 
 the temples. Their nose, flat at the base, is mark- 
 ed by wide nostrils, and a round point. Their 
 forehead is low, their eyes small and black, and 
 their lips, broad, thick and round. In general, 
 they are entirely destitute of beard, or, at most 
 have only a small thin tuft at the point of their 
 chin. This deficiency, however, is perhaps owing 
 to an artificial cause ; for, some of them, and, 
 especially their old men, have bushy beards, and 
 even mustachios. Their eye-brows are scantily 
 supplied with hair, and are always straight ; but 
 they have a considerable quantity of very harsh, 
 and very strong hair on their head, which, with- 
 out f single exception, is black and straight, and 
 floatr on their shoulders. A coarse dress of linen, 
 with a covering from the skin of the bear or sea- 
 
 otter, red, black, and white pigments, with which 
 they besmear their body, the whole of their or- 
 dinary costume, in short, forms the image of 
 wretchedness and ignorance. Their war-dress is 
 extraordinary. They muffle up their head with 
 pieces of wood, carved into the representation of 
 eagles, wolves, and porpoises' heads. Several 
 families live together in the same hut, the wooden 
 half partitions of which, give it the appearance 
 of a stable. Some of their woolen stuffs, although 
 manufactured without a loom, are very good, and 
 are ornamented with figures of a brilliant colour. 
 They carve clumsy statues of wood. 
 
 Their light canoes, which are flat and broad, 
 bound over the waves in the steadiest manner, 
 without the assistance of the outrigger, or balance 
 board, an essential distinction between the canoes 
 of the American tribes, and those of the south- 
 ern parts of the East Indies, and the islands of 
 Oceanica. 
 
 Oregrund, a sea-port of Sweden, in Upland, on 
 the gulf of Bothnia, opposite the small island of Gin- 
 son. The chief article exported is iron, from the 
 long celebrated mine of Dannemora in its vicinity. 
 It is 70 m. N. of Stockholm. Long. 18. 5. E., lat. 
 60. 21. N. 
 
 Q-rcl, a government of Russia, once a province 
 
 of the government of Bielgorod. Its capital of 
 the same name, is seated on Occa and Orel, 207 
 m. S. S. W. of Moscow. Long. 35. 20. E., lat. 53. 
 O.N. 
 
 Orellana, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 28 
 m. E. of Marida. 
 
 Orenburg, a government of Asiatic Russia, 
 bounded by European Russia and the government 
 of Tobolsk. 
 
 Orenburg, a town and fortress of the above gov- 
 ernment. It is a place of considerable commerce, 
 and is seated on the Ural, 260 in. S. S. E. of Ufa. 
 Long. 55. 4. E., lat. 51. 46. N. 
 
 Orense, a city of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop a 
 see. Here are some celebrated tepid and \.j\. 
 springs. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on 
 the river Minho, 47 m. S. E. of Compostella. 
 Long. 7. 50. W., lat. 42. 22. N. 
 
 Orfu, Ourfa, or Rouah, a city of Turkey, in Di- 
 arbeck, said lobe the Ur of the Chaldees. The 
 walls are 3 m. in circumference, defended by 
 square towers ; on a rocky hill to the S. is a stately 
 castle. It has a good trade, particularly in car- 
 pets and leather, and has a canal to the Euphrates. 
 The country round is fertile in corn and fruit. It 
 is 83 m. N. E. of Aleppo and 100 S. W. of Diar- 
 bekir. Long. 38. 20. E., lat. 36. 50. N. 
 
 Orford, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Here are 
 the remains of a castle, which, with the church, 
 is a sea-mark. It is seated near the German 
 Ocean, between two channels, 18 in. E. by N. of 
 Ipswich and 88 N. E. of London. 
 
 Orford, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,829; 
 townships in Kent and Suffolk Co. U. C. 
 
 Orford Ness, a cape of England, on the S. E. 
 coast of Sussex, where a light-house is erected 
 for the direction of ships. Long. 1. 34. E., lat. 
 
 52. 4. N 
 
 Orgaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a 
 castle, 15 m. S. of Toledo. 
 
 Orgelet, a town of France, department of Jura, 
 seated at the source of the Valouse, 30 m. S. S. 
 W. of Salins. 
 
 Orgiva, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Granada, 25 m. S. of Granada. 
 
 Orient. See Z.' Orient. 
 
 Orihue.la, a town of Spain, in Murcia, and a 
 bishop's see, with a university, and a citadel built 
 on a rock. The inhabitants have manufactures 
 of silk, brandy distilleries, and some saltpetre 
 works ; and here are made curious snuff-boxes, 
 with the roots of the terebinthus, much esteem- 
 ed for preserving Spanish snuff. It is seated in a 
 very fertile country, on the Segura, 12 m. N. E. 
 of Murcia. 
 
 Oriskany, p. v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 7 m. from 
 Utica. Here are manufactures of cotton and 
 woolen cloths. 
 
 Orissa, a province of Hindoostan, bounded on 
 the N. by Bahar and Bengal, W. by Berar, S by 
 Golconda, and E. by the bay of Bengal. The 
 greater part of the province now belongs to the 
 British. It is divided into the districts of'Cuttack, 
 Mohurbunge, and Konjeur. 
 
 Oristagni, a fortified town of Sardinia, and an 
 archbishop's see, with a good harbour. It is seat- 
 ed on the W. coast, on a bay of the same name, 
 42 m. N. W. of Caglian. Long. 8. 51. E., lat. 39. 
 
 53. N. 
 
 Orkened,a town of Sweden, in Schonen, 24 m 
 N. of Christianstadt. 
 
 Orkney Islands, the ancient Orcades, a cluster 
 of islands to the N. of Scotland, from which they 
 are separated by Pentland Frith. They lie between 
 
ORL 
 
 567 
 
 ORO 
 
 57. and 35. and 49. 16. N. Iat., and are about 30 
 in number, but several are small and uninhabited. 
 The largest is sometimes dignified with the appel- 
 lation of Mainland, but is more frequently called 
 Pomona. Beyond this island, to the N. E., are 
 seen, among others, Rowsa, Eglisha,and Westra • 
 Shappinsha and Edda ; Stronsa, Sanda, and N. 
 Ronalsha ; and to the S. appear Hoy, and S. 
 Ronalsha, with others of inferior note. The cur- 
 rents and tides which flow between these islands 
 are rapid and dangerous, and near the small isle 
 of Swinna are two whirlpools, very dangerous 
 to mariners, especially in cairns. The sea coast 
 swarms with seals and otters, and is visited by 
 whales, cod, ling, and haddocks, herrings and 
 other fish ; and on the shores are found large oys- 
 ters, muscles, cockles, &c. The islands are vis- 
 ited by eagles, falcons, wild geese and ducks in 
 great variety, herons, hawks, gulls, &c. Springs 
 of pure water are found in all the mountainous 
 parts, and there are numerous lakes and rivulets 
 abounding in fish. The heath on the mountains 
 shelter grouse, plovers, snipes, &c, but there are 
 no partridges, hares, nor foxes. There are great 
 numbers of small sheep and black cattle, swine, 
 rabbits, and red deer. The products of the valleys 
 and plains are chiefly big and oats. Except ju- 
 niper, wild myrtle, heath, and a shrub called 
 cyorhordon, there is scarcely a tree or plant to be 
 seen ; but this nakedness cannot have been their 
 former state, as many trunks of large oaks are to 
 be found in all the mosses. The climate in sum- 
 mer is moist and cold, but in winter there is 
 very little snow, and that lies only a short time. 
 Preceding the autumnal equinox, dreadful storms 
 of wind rain, and thunder occur. For about three 
 weeks in midsummer these islands enjoy the rays 
 of the sun almost without intermission ; but, for the 
 same space in winter, that luminary hardly rises 
 above the horizon, and is commonly obscured by 
 clouds and mists. In this gloomy season the ab- 
 scene of day is supplied partly by moon-light and 
 partly by the radiance of the Aurora Borealis, 
 which here gives a light nearly equal to that of a 
 full moon. The coasts afford numerous bays and 
 harbours for the fisheries. The chief exports are 
 hnen and woolen yarn, stockings, butter, dried 
 fish, herrings, oil, feathers, and skins of various 
 kinds, and kelp. The English language prevails 
 in all these islands, although there are many 
 words in the Norse, or Norwegian, still in use. 
 The inhabitants have the general character of 
 being frugal, sagacious, circumspect and hospita- 
 ble ; but the common people are superstitious. 
 The Orkney and Shetland Isles unite in sending 
 one member to the imperial parliament. 
 
 Orlamunda,& town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha, 
 seated on the Saale opposite the influx of the Or- 
 la, 40 m. W. S. W. of Altenburg. 
 
 Orland, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 975. 
 
 Orlando, a cape on the N. coast of Sicily, 15 m. 
 W. by N.ofPatt:. Long. 15.4. E., Iat. 38. 14. N. 
 
 Orlean, p.t. Fauquier Co. Va. 
 
 Orleans, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Loiret, and a bishop's see. It is seated 
 on the Loire, and has a canal thence to the Loing, 
 near Montargis. Under the sons of Clovis, it was 
 the capita] of a kingdom. In 1428 it stood a me- 
 morable siege against the English, which was 
 raised by the celebrated Joan of Arc, called the 
 Maid of Orleans. It is now considered one of 
 the largest and most pleasant cities in France. 
 The principal public buildings are the cathedral, 
 town house, court of justice, mint, and theatre. 
 
 The trade consists in stockings, sheepskins, wine, 
 brandy, corn, grocery, and particularly sugar, 
 which is brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle. 
 The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious length, 
 and that of the Olivet, on the left side of the Loire, 
 has a communication with the city by a bridge of 
 nine arches. Near the city is a forest, contain- 
 ing 94,000 acres, planted with oak and other val- 
 uable trees. Orleans is 30 m. N. E. of Blois and 
 60 S. S. W of Paris. Long. 1. 54. E., Iat. 47. 54. 
 N. 
 
 Orleans, a county of Vermont. Pop. 13,980. 
 Irasburgh is the capital. A parish of Louisiana. 
 Pop. 3,793. 
 
 Orleans, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. 84 m. S. E. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,799; p. v. Orange Co. Ind. 
 
 Orleans, an island and town of Lower Canada, 
 in the river St. Lawrence, a little to the E. of Que- 
 bec. Long. 69. 50. W., Iat. 17. 0. N. 
 
 Orlenga, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 235 m. N. of 
 Irkutsk. Long. 105. 40. E., Iat. 5G. 0. N. 
 
 Orinea, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, seated on the river Tanaro, 12 m. S. of 
 Mondovi. 
 
 Ormskirk, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The 
 chief branch of trade is cotton spinning; coarse 
 thread is also made for sail-cloth. 3 m. N. by E. 
 of Liverpool and 209 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ormus, a small island in a strait of the same 
 name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, 9 m. 
 S. of Gombron. In 1505 the Portuguese were 
 permitted to form a settlement here, and it was 
 afterwards frequented by a number of rich mer- 
 chants. In 1622 the Persians, by the assistance 
 of the English, expelled the Portuguese and de- 
 molished the buildings. Some time after the 
 Persians rebuilt the fort, and, though they could 
 never bring it to be a place of trade as before, it 
 is still the key of the gulf of Persia, on account 
 of the commodiousness of the harbour. It is al- 
 most deserted ; for it produces nothing but salt, 
 which sometimes is two inches deep upon the 
 surface of the earth. Long. 56. 25. E., Iat. 27. 
 20. N. 
 
 Ornans, a town of France, department of Doubs, 
 seated on the Louvre, 10 m. S. E. of Besangon. 
 
 Ornc, a department of France, including the 
 old province of Perche and part of that of Nor- 
 mandy. It takes its name from a river which 
 rises in the department, and runs into the Eng- 
 lish Channel 8 m. below Caen. The capital is 
 Alengon. 
 
 Oronoco, or Orinoco, a river of S. America 
 which issues from the small lake Ipava, in Iat. 5. 
 5. N., flows E. and S. E. to the lake Parima, from 
 which it runs toward the W.; but, after receiving 
 the Guaviari, it bends N., then N. E. and E., till 
 it enters the Atlantic by an extended delta of 
 mouths opposite the isle of Trinidad ; but the 
 principal one is considerably to the S. E. of that 
 island, in Iat. 8. 30. N. In this singular winding 
 course, estimated at 1,400 m. it receives many 
 large rivers ; and its chief estuary is so deep and 
 impetuous as to stem the most powerful tides 
 See Parima. 
 
 Oronsa, a small fertile island of Scotland, one 
 of the Hebrides, to the S. of Colonsa. Here are 
 the ruins of an abbey, with many sepulchral 
 statues, and some curious ancient sculpture. 
 
 Orington, p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 
 
 Orono, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ban- 
 gor. Pop. 1,473 This township contains Indian 
 Old Town 
 
OSA 
 
 r.cs 
 
 OSS 
 
 Oropesa, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on a 
 cape of its name, in the Mediterranean, 55 m. 
 E. N. E. of Valencia. Long. 0. 5. £., lat. 40. 8. 
 N. 
 
 Orr, a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 which issues from a small lake to the E. of New 
 Galloway, and flows into the Solway Frith at 
 Dalbeattie. 
 
 Orrinaton, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 30 m. N. 
 Castine = Pop. 1,234. 
 
 Orsville, a village of Pendleton Dis. S. C. 
 
 Orsova, a town and fortress of Hungary, on 
 the confines of Servia, seated on the N. side of 
 the Danube, GO m. S. E. of Temeswar, and 75 
 E. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 40. E., lat. 45. 10. N. 
 
 Orsoy. a town of the Prussian states, seated on 
 the Rhine, 20 m. S. E. of Cleves. 
 
 Orsza, a town of European Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Mohilef, with a castle, seated on the 
 Dnieper, 38 m. N. of Mohilef. 
 
 Orla, a town of Italy, in the ecclesiastical 
 states, seated near the Tiber, 10 m. E. of Viterbo. 
 
 Orta, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 province of Novara, seated on a lake of its name, 
 21 m. N. N. W. of Novara. 
 
 Ortegal, a cape and castle of Spain, on the N. 
 coast of Galicia. 30 m. N. N. E. of Ferrol. Long. 
 7. 50. W., lat. 43. 46. N. 
 
 Ortcnberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, with a castle ; situate on the Nidder, 17 m. 
 S. E. of Giesen. 
 
 Ortenburg, a town and citadel of Bavaria, in a 
 county of the same name ; seated near the river 
 Vills, 10 m. W. of Passau. 
 
 Ortenburg, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Carinthia, on the S. bank of the Drave, opposite 
 the influx of the Liser, 32 m. W. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Orthe.s. a town of France department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, celebrated for a victory gained here by 
 the allied army over the French in 1814. It is 
 seated on the side of a hill, by the river Pau, 20 
 m. N. W. of Pau. 
 
 Orton, a town in Westmoreland, Eng. 27G m. N. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Ortona a Mare, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Citra. on the gulf of Venice, 13 m. E. of Civita 
 di Chieti. 
 
 Ortrand, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Meissen, situate on the borders of Lusatia, 16 m. 
 N. E. of Meissen. 
 
 Ortiro, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction 
 of the same name, in the audience of Charcas. 
 The country abounds in cattle, and has many 
 trold and silver mines. It is 150 m. N. W. of 
 Plata. Long. 68. 30. W., lat. 18. 10. S. 
 
 Orvielo, a fortified town of Italy, in the papal 
 stales, capital of a territory of the same name, and 
 a bishop's see, with a magnificent palace and a 
 fine Gothic cathedral. It is seated on a craggy 
 rock, near the conflux of the Paglia and Chiana, 
 50 m N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 
 42. 42. N. 
 
 Orville, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Orwell, a river in Suffolk, Eng. which runs S. 
 E. by Ipswich, and, uniting with the Stour, forms 
 the fine harbour of Harwich. Above Ipswich it 
 is called the Gipping. 
 
 Orwell, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Champlain, 
 35 m. N. W. Rutland. Pop. 1,598 ; a township of 
 Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 501 ; p.v. Bradford Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Oricigsburg, p.t. Schuylkill Co. Pa. 26 m. N. 
 W. Reading. 
 
 Otaca, a city of Japan, in the island of Niphon, 
 
 defended by a magnificent castle. It has a har 
 bour, and is one of the most commercial places 
 of the empire. It stands on the Jedogawa, over 
 which are several brido-es of cedar, 30 m. S. by 
 W. of Miaco. Long. 136. 5. E., lat. 35. 5. N. 
 
 Osage, a river of the United States flowing 
 easterly between the Kansas and Arkansas and 
 joining the Missouri in the centre of the State of 
 that name. It is 300 m. in length. 
 
 Osages, a tribe of Indians in Missouri and Ar- 
 kansas, comprising about 6,000 souls. They are 
 divided into the great and little Osages, and have 
 two or three villages, but live in a scattered, 
 wandering state. They raise some corn but are 
 half the year occupied in hunting. 
 
 Osckatz, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Meissen, with a college and some manufacture* 
 of cloth ; seated on the Chemnitz, 16 m N. W 
 of Meissen. 
 
 Osero, an island in the gulf of Venice, having 
 on the N. that of Cherso, to which it is joined by 
 a bridge. The capital is of the same name 
 Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 44. 56. N. 
 
 Osiot. See Siout. 
 
 Osma, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a 
 bishop's see, with a university. The cathedral 
 and the episcopal palace are at Brogo d'Osma, a 
 little to the E. It stands on the Douero, 48 m. 
 S. E. of Burgos. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 41. 50. 
 
 Osnaburg, or Osnabruck, a province of Hano- 
 ver, lying between the grand duchy of Oldenberg 
 and Prussian Westphalia. It is 40 m. long and 
 20 broad ; produces much corn and flax, and 
 plenty of turf, coal, and marble. The most ben- 
 eficial manufacture is a coarse kind of linen, 
 which is exported to distant parts. 
 
 Osnaburg, the capital of the above province, 
 with a castle and a university. It is celebrated 
 for the peace of Westphalia, concluded here in 
 1648. The Catholics and Protestants have each 
 two churches and a gymnasium. It is seated on 
 the Hase, 25 m. N. by E. of Munster. Lono\ 7. 
 54. E., lat. 52. 18. N. 
 
 Osorno, a town of Chile, seated on Rio Bueno 
 in a territory where there are mines of gold, 80 
 m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 40. 
 ■ 58. S. 
 
 Osrushna, a town of Western Tartary, in Tur 
 kestan, capital of a province of the same name. 
 It is 80 m. N. N. E. of Samarcand, and 260 S. of 
 Taras. Long. 66. 20. E., lat. 40. 40. N. 
 
 Ossetia, the country of the Ossi, or Osseti, one 
 of the seven Caucasian nations, between the 
 Black Sea and the Caspian; bounded on the N. 
 by Great Cabarda, E. by the Lesguis Tartars, 
 and S. and W. by Imeritia. It is divided into 19 
 districts of very unequal size; some containing 
 only five, and others 50 villages, each of which 
 comprises from 20 to 100 families. Their lan- 
 guage has some analogy with that of the Persians. 
 Their history is entirely unknown. The Circas- 
 sians and Tartars call them Kusha. 
 
 Ossiun, a township of Alleghany Co. N. Y 
 Pop. 812. 
 
 Ossipee, a lake in N. Hampshire, in Strafford 
 county: it covers a space of 7,000 acres. On the 
 western shore is an Indian mound from which 
 have been taken skeletons, tomahawks, &c. Ossi- 
 pee Mountain is on thp N. W. 
 
 Ossipee, p.t. Stratford Co. N. H. lying upon 
 the above lake, 32 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 1,935. 
 
 Ossory, the western division of Queen's county, 
 in Ireland. It gives name to a bishoDric, but th» 
 
OST 
 
 569 
 
 OTA 
 
 cathedral is now at Irishtown, in the county of 
 Kilkenny. 
 
 Ossuna, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. It 
 was formerly strong 1 , but less by its ramparts than 
 by a fountain in the middle of the town, which 
 furnished the inhabitants with water, while the 
 country for 8 m. round was totally deprived of 
 tliat neccessary article. 50 m. E. N. E. of Seville. 
 Long. 5. 8. W., lat. 37. 22. N. 
 
 Ostalric, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. It had 
 a strong castle, taken by the French and demol- 
 ished in 1695. It is seated on the Tordera,23 m. 
 N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 Osteni, a fortified sea-port of the Netherlands, 
 in W. Flanders, seated among a number of canals, 
 and almost surrounded by two of the largest of 
 them, into which ships of great burden may enter 
 with the tide. It is famous for the long siege it 
 sustained from the Spaniards, from July 1601 to 
 September 1604, when it capituilated on honora- 
 ble terms. On the death of Charles II., of Spain, 
 the French seized Ostend ; but in 1706, after the 
 battle of Ilamillies, it was retiken by the allies. 
 It was again taken by the French in 1745, but 
 restored in 1748. In the war of 1756 the French 
 garrisoned this town for the empress queen, Maria 
 Theresa. In 1792 it was once more captured by 
 the French; evacuated in 1793; and repossessed 
 in 1794. In 1798 a body of British troops landed 
 here, and destroyed the works of the Bruges Ca- 
 nal ; but, the wind shifting before they could re- 
 embark, they were compelled to surrender to the 
 French. 10 m. W. of Bruges and 22 N. E. of 
 Dunkirk. Long. 2. 56. E., lat. 51. 14. N. 
 
 Osterkofen, a town of Bavaria, seated on the 
 Danube, 20 in. W. N. W. of Passau. 
 
 Osterode, a town of Hanover, with a manufac- 
 ture of woolen stuffs; also a magazine for corn, 
 which is delivered out to the miners of Harz For- 
 est at a fixed price. It is seated on the Saale, 18 
 in. N. N. E. of Gottingen. 
 
 Osterode, a town of Prussia, with a castle, situ- 
 ate on the Dribentz, 46 m. S. E. of Marienburg. 
 
 Ostcrsund, a town of Sweden seated on the E. 
 side of the lake Storsio. 76 m. N. W. of Sunds- 
 wald. Long. 16. 10. E., lat. 63. 10. N. 
 
 Osterwiclt, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Magdeburg, with good woolen 
 manufactures ; situate on the Use, 17 m. W. by 
 N. of Halberstadt. 
 
 Ostia, a decayed sea-port of Italy, in the papal 
 states, and a bishop's see. In the neighbourhood 
 are extensive salt-works. It stands near the 
 eastern mouth of the Tiber, 12 in. S. W. of 
 Rome. 
 
 Ostiglia, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro- 
 vince of Mantua, seated on the Po, 15 m. S. E. of 
 Mantua. 
 
 Ostmghausen, a town of Westphalia, situate on 
 the Alsf, 8 in. W. of Lipstadt. 
 
 Ostrog, a town of Russian Poland, in Volhynia, 
 near the river Horin, 30 in. N. N. W. of Constan- 
 tinow. 
 
 Ostrolcnka, a town of Poland, where the Rus- 
 sians were repulsed by the French in 1806 : seat- 
 ed on the Narew, 50 m. N. B. of Warsaw. 
 
 Ostrovizza., a town of Austrian Dalmatia, with 
 the ruins of a castle, formerly fortified. 14 m. N 
 of Scardona. 
 
 Ostrovno, a village of Russian Lithuania, where 
 the French defeated a body of Russians in 1812. 
 17 m. W. of Vitepsk. 
 
 Ostuni, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 
 seated on a mountain, near the gulf of Venice, 
 72 
 
 16 m. W. N. W. of Brindisi, and 50 S E. of 
 Bari. 
 
 Oswald, St., a village in Northumberland, Eng 
 on the Pict's wall, 4 m. N. of Hexham. Here 
 Oswald defeated Codwall,a British usurper, who 
 was killed on the first onset ; and here he set up 
 the first cross in the kingdom of Northumberland. 
 
 Oswegntchie, a river of New York flowing into 
 the St. Lawrence ; also a township in St. Law- 
 rence Co. Pop. 3,934. 
 
 Oswego, a river of New York, forming the out- 
 let of several small lakes, and flowing into Lake 
 Ontario. It has several canals which assist its 
 navigation. 
 
 Oswego, a county of New York. Pop. 27,104. 
 
 Oswego, the capital of the above count}', stands 
 at the mouth of Oswego river. Pop. 2,703. 
 
 Oswestry, a town in Shropshire, Eng. It had .1 
 wall and a castle, long since demolished. Of late 
 years the town has been much extended and im- 
 proved. It has a flourishing cotton manufactory, 
 and a good trade. 179 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Oszmiana, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Wilna, 32 m. S. E. of Wilna. 
 
 Otaha, one of the Society Islands, in the S. 
 Pacific. It lies N. of Ulitea ; and is divided from 
 it by a strait, which, in the narrowest part, is not 
 more than 2 m. broad. This island is smaller and 
 more barren than Ulitea, but has two good har- 
 bours. 
 
 Otaheite, or Tahiti, an island in the S. Pacific, 
 discovered in 1767 by captain Wallis, who called 
 it George the Third's Island. Captain Cook, who 
 came hither in 1768 to observe the transit of Venus, 
 sailed round the whole island in a boat, and staid 
 three months : it was visited twice afterwards by 
 that celebrated navigator. It consists of two pen 
 insulas, about 30 leagues in circumference. Great 
 part of it is covered with woods, consisting partly 
 of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees, pl.ui- 
 tians, bananas, mulberries, sugar-canes, and others 
 peculiar to the climate, particularly a kind of pine- 
 apple and the dragontree. The birds most, com- 
 mon are two sorts of parroquets,one of a beautiful 
 sapphirine blue, another of a greenish color, with 
 a few red spots; a king-fisher, of a dark green, 
 with a collar of the same hue round its white 
 throat ; a large cuckoo, several sorts of pigeons 
 or doves ; and a bluish heron. The only quadru- 
 peds found on the island were hogs, dogs, and 
 rats. The inhabitants have mild features, and a 
 pleasing countenance. They are about the ordi- 
 nary size of Europeans, of a pale mahogany brown, 
 with fine black hair and eyes. Their provisions 
 are chiefly fish, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, and 
 bananas ; and they employ sea-water as a sauce 
 both to fish and pork. Nothing can exceed their 
 agility in swimming, diving, and climbing trees ; 
 and they are praised for their gentleness, good 
 nature, and hospitality. Previously to the intro- 
 duction of European habits, the men wore a piece 
 of cloth round their middle, and another wrapped 
 about the head, like a turban; the women had a 
 piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, through 
 which they passed their heads, so thai one part oi 
 the garment hung down behind and the other be- 
 fore to the knees, a fine white cloth, like muslin, 
 passing over this in various elegant turns round 
 the body. Tattooing was common among both 
 sexes. Their houses had seldom any walls, but 
 consisted only of a roof, thatched with the long 
 prickly leaves of the palm tree, and supported by 
 a few pillars made of the bread-fruit tree. — The 
 native cloth is made of the fibrous bark of tho 
 
 3b2 
 
OTT 
 
 570 
 
 OLD 
 
 mulberry tree, which is beaten with a kind of mal- 
 let , and a glue, made of the hibiscus esculentus 
 Is employed to make the bark cohere. Some of 
 these pieces are two or three yards wide and 50 
 
 yards long. Omai, a native of this island, was 
 carried to England by captain Cook, and carried 
 back by him in his last voyage. In 1799 king 
 Pomare ceded the district of Matavia, on the N. 
 side of this island, to some of the missionaries be- 
 longing to the London Missionary Society, through 
 whose labors all the inhabitants of Otaheite and 
 many of the neighbouring islands have been led 
 to renounce idolatry. The sovereign himself be- 
 came a decided convert to Christianity. A gen- 
 eral reformation of manners has been effected, a 
 number of schools established, the useful arts in- 
 troduced, and civilization is rapidly advancing. 
 Point Venus is in long. 149. 36. W., lat. 17. 29. S. 
 
 Otchakof. See Oczakow. 
 
 Otego, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,148. 
 
 Otis, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 20 m. S. E. Lenox. 
 Pop. 1,013 ; p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 350. 
 
 Otisfield, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. 40 m. N. of 
 Portland. 
 
 Otisco, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on a small lake 
 of the same name. Pop. 1,938. 
 
 Otley, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. seated on 
 the Wharf, under a high craggy cliff, 25 m. W. 
 of York and 203 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Otoque, an island of S. America, in the bay of 
 Panama. Long. 80. 10. W., lat. 8. 10. N. 
 
 Otranto, or Terra d'Otranto, a province of Na- 
 ples, 70 m. long, and 30 broad; bounded on the 
 N. by Terra di Bari, and on all other parts by the 
 sea. It is a mountainous country, abounding in 
 olives, figs, and wine. See Lecce. 
 
 Otranto, a strong city and sea-port of Naples, 
 capital of Terra d'Otranto, and an archbishop's 
 see, with a harbour and a citadel. It has a con- 
 siderable trade, and is seated on the gulf of Venice, 
 140 m. S. E of Eari. Long. 18. 35. E., lat. 40. 
 20. N. 
 
 Otrar, a town of W. Tartary, in Turkestan, 
 near the river Sirr, 70 m. W. S. W. of Taraz. 
 
 Otricoli, a town of Italy, in the papal states, 
 seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 7 m. N. by E. of 
 Magliano. 
 
 Otsego, a small lake in New York giving rise to 
 one of the head streams of Uie Susquehanna. 
 
 Otscgo,a. county of New York lying on the above 
 lake. Pop 51,372. Cooperstown is the capiul. 
 
 Otsego, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,368. 
 
 Otsetit, p.t.. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,238. 
 
 Ottawa, or Grand River rises in the mountains 
 N. of Lake Huron, and flows into the St. Law 
 
 rence above Montreal. Its navigation is obstructed 
 by rapids. 
 
 Ottendorf, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a 
 castle ; situate near the mouth of the Meden, 27 
 m. N. W. of Stade. 
 
 Ottenhcim, a town of Austria, on the N. side of 
 the Danube, 5 m. W. N. W. of Lintz. 
 
 Otterberg, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of 
 the Rhine, 5 m. N. of Kayserslautern. 
 
 Otterburn, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 
 on the river Reed, noted for a battle in 1388 be- 
 tween the English and Scotch, when Henry Percy, 
 surnamed Hotspur, was taken prisoner, and Doug- 
 las, the Scotch general, killed. On this battle 
 the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded. 21 m. N. 
 of Hexham. 
 
 Otter Creek, a stream of Vermont rising in the 
 Green Mountains and flowing into Lake Cham- 
 plain. 
 
 Otter Bridge, p.v. Bedford Co. Va. 120 m. S. W 
 Richmond. 
 
 Ottersberg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy 
 of Bremen, with a fort, 17 m. N. E. of Bremen. 
 
 Ottern, St. Mary, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 
 It has a large cnurch with two square towers, and 
 manufactures of flannels, serges, &c. It is seat- 
 ed on the rivulet Otter,10 m. E. of Exeter and 161 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Ottmachau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Oppeln, with a castle, seated on the 
 river Niesse, 7 in. W. by S. of Niesse. 
 
 Otto, p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,224. 
 OtlsviUe, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. 40 m. E. Philad. 
 Ottweiller, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Lower Rhine, with an ancient castle ; seated 
 among mountains, 16 m. N. N. E. of Sarbruck. 
 Ouby, one of the Molucca islands, lying to the 
 S. of Gilolo, and subject to the sultan of Bachian. 
 It abounds in clove trees. The Dutch have a 
 small fort on the W. side. Long. 126. 50. E., lat. 
 1. 30. S. 
 
 Oude, a province of Hindoostan. to the N. of 
 Allahabad. It is subject to a nabob, whose do- 
 minions lie on both sides of the Ganges, occupy- 
 ing (with the exception of the district of Rampour) 
 all the flat country between that river and the 
 northern mountains, as well as the principal part 
 of that fertile tract lying between the Ganges and 
 Jumna, known by the name of Dooab, to within 
 40 m. of the city of Dehli. Oude and its depen- 
 dencies are estimated at 360 m. in length from E. 
 to W., and in breadth from 150 to 180. The na- 
 bob is in alliance with the British ; and a brigade 
 of the Bengal army is constantly stationed on its 
 western frontier, which answers the purpose of 
 covering Oude as well as Bengal, and of keeping 
 i he western states in awe. The capital is Luck- 
 now. 
 
 Oude, a decayed city of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Oude, said to have been the capital 
 of a great kingdom 1,200 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. It is frequently mentioned in the Maha- 
 berat, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, under 
 the name of Adjudiah. But no traces of its former 
 magnificence are left. It is seated on the Gogra, 
 nearly adjoining Fyzabad. 
 
 Oudenard, a town of the Netherlands, in E. 
 Flanders, in the middle ^f which is a fort. Here 
 are manufactures of very fine linen and of curious 
 tapestry. This town was besieged by the French 
 in 1708, but the duke o.f Marlborough entirely 
 routed their army. In 1745 it wa? tak^n by the 
 French, restored by the peace of l^l"? »gain sur- 
 rendered to the French in 1794, and finally ceded 
 
OVfi 
 
 571 
 
 OWT 
 
 to the Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon. It 
 is seated on both sides the Scheldt, 12 m. S. of 
 Ghent, and 29 W. of Brussels. 
 
 Oudenburg, a town of the Netherlands, in W. 
 Flanders, 8 m. S. E. of Ostend. 
 
 Oudemcater,a. fortified town of the Netherlands, 
 in the province of Utrecht, the birth-place of the 
 celebrated James Arminius ; seated on the Little 
 Yssel, 10 m. W. S. W. of Utrecht. 
 
 Oudipotir, or Meywar, a territory of Hindoostan, 
 in the province of Agimere, belonging to the Raj- 
 poots, and lying E. of the river Pudda. It con- 
 sists in general of mountains, divided by narrow 
 valleys accessible only by narrow passes, and 
 abounds with fortresses See Cheitore. 
 
 Oudipour, the capital of the above territory, is 
 seated on the Banass, 134 m. S. S. W. of Agimere 
 and 175 N. E. of Amedabad. Long. 74. 4. E , 
 lat. 23. 23. N. 
 
 Ouen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a good 
 harbour, 300 m.S.S.E. of Nan-king. Long. 121. 
 10. E., lat. 28.2. N. 
 
 Ougein, a city of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Malwa, the residence of one of the Western 
 Mahratta chiefs. It is six m. in circumference, 
 surrounded by a strong wall, with round towers. 
 Here are four mosques, several Hindoo temples, 
 and a modern palace. It is seated on the Sippara, 
 which flows into the Chumbul, 150 m. N. by VV. 
 of Burhampour. Long. 75. 56. E.. lat. 23. 26. N. 
 
 Oulz, a town of the Sardinian states, in Peid- 
 mont, seated in a valley, 12 m. S. W. of Susa. 
 
 Oundle, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. on 
 the Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 m. N. E. 
 of Northampton and 78 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Oiiral, or Ural Mountains. See Ural. 
 
 Ourem, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 seated on a mountain, 12 m. W. of Tomar. 
 
 Our/a. See Orfa. 
 
 Ourique, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, cele- 
 brated for a victory obtained by Alphonso, king 
 of Portugal, over five Moorish kings, in 1139. 
 The heads of these five kings are the arms of 
 Portugal. It is 26 m. S. W. of Beja. 
 
 Ouse, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. formed of the 
 Ure and Swale, which rises near each other in 
 the romantic tract called Richmondshire, ana 
 unite at Aldborough It flows thence through 
 York, where it is navigable for considerable ves- 
 sels ; and after receiving the Wharf, Dervvent, 
 Aire, and Don, it meets the Trent on the bor- 
 ders of Lincolnshire, where their united streams 
 form the Humber. 
 
 Ouse, a river in Sussex, Eng. in St. Leonard 
 Forest, the other in the forest of Wort.li. It flows 
 by New Haven, and enters the English Channel. 
 
 Ouse, or Grand River, a river of Upper Cana- 
 da flowing southernly into Lake Erie, near its 
 eastern extremity. Here begins the Welland 
 Canal, which See 
 
 Oussore, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in My- 
 sore, taken by the English in 1792. 19 m. S. E. 
 of Bangalore and 69 E. N. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Oateiro, a town and fortress of Portugal, in 
 Tras os Montes, seated on a mountain 9 m. S. E. 
 of Braganza. 
 
 Onerflackee. an island of the Netherlands, in S. 
 Holland, between the mouths of the Meuse. Som- 
 merdyck is the principal town. 
 
 Overton, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 8, 
 246. Monroe is the capital. Also a p. v. Perfy Co. 
 Ten 
 
 Overysche, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 
 bant, seated on the Ysche, 8 m. N. E. of Brns 
 sels. 
 
 Oocn/ssel, a province of the Netherlands, boun- 
 ded on the N. by Friesland and Groningen, E. by 
 Hanover and Westphalia, S. by Guelderland, 
 and W. by the Zuyder Zee. It is nearly equal 
 in extent to the whole of N. and S. Holland, and 
 contains many morasses. Its greatest riches con- 
 sist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the 
 neighbouring provinces : the oilier exports are 
 cattle, butter, cheese, hides, tallow, wool, and lin- 
 en. Zwolle is the capital. 
 
 Ovid, p. t. Seneca Co. N. Y. between Seneca 
 and Cayuga Lakes. Pop. 2,756. 
 
 Ouisconsin, a river of Michigan or N. W. Ter- 
 ritory, rising between Lakes Michigan and Supe- 
 rior and falling into the Mississippi at Prairie du 
 Chien. It is 350 in. in length. 
 
 Ocidopol, a town and fort of Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Catherinenslaf. It had its name from 
 a curious antique tomb, supposed to be that of the 
 poet Ovid, discovered in 1795. It is seated at the 
 mouth of the Dniester, 60 m. S W. of Oczakow 
 Long. 30. 22. E., lat. 46.10. N. 
 
 Oviedo, a town of Spain, capital of Asturias 
 d'Oviedo, and a bishop's see, with a university 
 Near it are the hot springs of Rivera de Abajo, 
 which bear some resemblance to those of Bath. 
 It is seated at the conflux of the Ove and Deva, 
 which form the Asta, 55 m. N. N. W. of Leon. 
 Long. 5.53. W., lat. 43.20. N. 
 
 Owasco, a lake in Cayuga Co. N. Y. flowing 
 into Seneca river. 
 
 Owasco, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,350. 
 
 Owego, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. E. 
 Utica. 
 
 Owen, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,792. 
 Ovventon is the capital ; a county of Indiana. 
 Pop. 4,060. Spencer is the capital. 
 
 Owenton, p.t. Owen Co. Ken., 20 m. N. E. 
 Frankfort. Pop. 143. 
 
 Owenville, p.v. Gibson Co. Ind., 190 m. S. W. 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Owingscille, p.v. Bath Co. Ken., 70 m. K 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Owyhee, or Hawaii, the largest and' most east- 
 ern of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific 
 Ocean. Its length from N. to S. is 84 m. and its 
 breadth 70. It is divided into 6 districts, 2 of 
 which, on the N. E. side, are separated by a moun- 
 tain, which rises in three peaks, the summits of 
 which are 18,000 feet above the level of the sea; 
 they are perpetually covered with snow, and may 
 be seen at 40 leagues distance. To the N. of 
 this mountain the coast consists of high and abrupt 
 cliffs, down which fall many beautiful cascades ; 
 and the whole country is covered with cocoa-nut 
 and bread-fruit trees. To the S. the ground is 
 covered with cinders, and in many places has 
 black streaks, which s"em to mark the course of 
 a lava that has flowed from the mountain to the 
 shore. The southern promontory looks like the 
 mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting head- 
 land is composed of broken and craggy rocks pil- 
 ed irregularly on one another, and terminating 
 sharp points ; yet amid these ruins, are many 
 patches of rich soil, carefully laid out in planta- 
 tions. The fields are enclosed by stone fences, 
 and are interspersed with groves of cocoa-nut 
 trees. Here Captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim 
 to a sudden resentment of the nativos, with 
 whom he unfortunately had a dispute. The in- 
 habitants, formerly devoted to the most degrad- 
 ing superstition, have within a few years wholly 
 
OXF 
 
 572 
 
 OZW 
 
 renounced idolatry, and some American missiona- 
 ries are settled amongst them. They are said to 
 be naturally mild, friendly, and hospitable to 
 strangers. The king and chiefs ceded this island 
 to Great Britain in 1794. Long. 156. 0. W.,lat. 
 19. 28. N. 
 
 Oxbow, p!*. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 180 m. N. W. 
 Albany. 
 
 Oxford, the capital of Oxfordshire, Eng. and a 
 bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of the 
 Cherwell with the Thames, and has a canal to 
 Braunston, in Northamptonshire. The city, with 
 the suburbs, is of a circular form, 3 m. in cir- 
 cumference, and was anciently surrounded by 
 walls, of which some remains are yet to be seen ; 
 as also of its extensive castle, the tower of which 
 now serves for a county gaol. It has, besides the 
 cathedral, 13 parish churches, a number of dis- 
 senting chapels, a famous university, a noble 
 nta rket-place, and a magnificent bridge. The uni- 
 versity is generally supposed to have been a sem- 
 inary for learning before the time of Alfred, al- 
 though it owed its revival and consequence to his 
 liberal patronage. Here are 20 colleges and four 
 halls, several of which stand in the streets, and 
 give the city an air of magnificence. The col- 
 leges are provided with sufficient revenues for the 
 maintenance of a master, fellow, and students. 
 In the halls the students live, either wholly, or in 
 part, at their own expense. The colleges are, 
 University, Baliol,Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, 
 New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazen Nose, 
 Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, St. John 
 Baptist, Jesus, Wadham, Pembroke, Worcester, 
 and Hertford. Of these, the most ancient is Uni- 
 versity College, founded before the year 872 ; and 
 to Christ Church College, begun by cardinal Wol- 
 sey and finished by Henry VIII., belongs the 
 cathedral. The halls are Alban, Edmund, New 
 Inn, and St. Mary Magdalen. Among the libra- 
 ries in the university, the most distinguished is 
 the Bodleian (founded by Sir Thomas Bodley), 
 those of All Soul's College, Christ Church, 
 Queen's, New, St. John, Exeter, and Corpus 
 Christi. 
 
 Among other public buildings are the theatre, 
 the Ashmolean museum, the Clarendon printing- 
 house, the Radcliffe infirmary, and an observatory. 
 Magdalen bridge, besides the beauty of its archi- 
 tecture, has this singularity, that more than half 
 ofitisondry ground, and the rest covers two 
 small stripes of the Cherwell ; this bridge is 526 
 f?et long. At Oxford, king John, compelled by 
 his barons, summoned a parliament to meet in 
 1258, the proceedings of which were so disorder- 
 ly that it was afterwards known by the name of 
 the Mad Parliament. Charles I. assembled a 
 parliament here in 1625, in consequence of the 
 plague then raging in London ; and in 1644 he 
 summoned such of the members of both houses 
 as were devoted to his interests : these were se- 
 ceders from the parliament then sitting at West- 
 minster. This city was distinguished for its at- 
 tachment to that unfortunate king, who here 
 held his court during the whole civil war. With- 
 out the town are many ruins of the fortifications 
 erected in that war. Oxford is governed by a 
 mayor, dependent on the chancellor and vice- 
 chancellor of the university, and sends four mem- 
 bers to parliament, two for the university and two 
 for the city. 50 m. S. by E. of Coventry and 55 
 W. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 15. W., lat. 51. 
 46. N. 
 
 Oxfordshire, a county of England, bounded E. 
 
 by Buckinghamshire, W. by Gloucestershire, S. 
 by Berkshire, and N. by Warwickshire and 
 Northamptonshire. The extreme length is 48 m. 
 and breadth 38, but its form is very irregular. It 
 contains 450,000 acres, is divided into 14 hun 
 dreds and 207 parishes, has one city and 12 mar- 
 ket towns and sends nine members to parliament 
 The soil though various, is fertile in corn and 
 grass. The S. part, especially on the borders of 
 Buckinghamshire, is hilly and woody, having a 
 continuation of the Chiltern hills running through 
 it. The N. W. part is also elevated and stony. 
 The middle is, in general, a rich country, watered 
 by numerous streams running from N. to S., and 
 terminating in the Thames. Of these the most, 
 considerable are the Windrush, Evenlode, Cher- 
 well, and Tame ; the last, although an inconsider- 
 able rivulet, has obtained some importance from 
 having been supposed to give name to the Thames. 
 The products of Oxfordshire are chiefly those 
 common to the Midland farming counties ; and a 
 great improvement has taken place of late years 
 in the agricultural system. Its hills yield ochre, 
 pipe-clay, and other earths, useful for various pur- 
 poses. Corn and malt arc conveyed from it by 
 the Thames to the metropolis ; and the Oxford 
 Canal affords a direct water communication with 
 Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednesbury col- 
 lieries, as well as with London and Bristol. 
 
 Oxford, a county of Maine. Pop. 35,217. Paris 
 is the capital. Also a county of Upper Canada 
 on the Thames and Grand rivers. 
 
 Oxford, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,034 ; p. v. Penobscot Co. Me. ; p.t. 
 New Haven Co. Conn. 12 m. N. W. New Haven. 
 Pop. 1,762; p.t. Chenango Co. N.Y.110 m. W 
 Albany. Pop. 2,947. Also towns and villages in 
 Sussex Co. N. J., Philad., Chester and Adams Cos. 
 Pa. Caroline Co. Va., Granville Co N.C., Tus- 
 carawas, Coshocton and Guernsey Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Oxford, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryl. 50 m. S. E. 
 Baltimore. It is a port of entry, and one of the 
 largest commercial towns in the eastern part of the 
 state. 
 
 Oxford, p.t. Butler Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,900. The 
 whole township belongs to the Miami University, 
 established here. This institution was founded in 
 1824. It has 11 instructers and 82 students. The 
 libraries have 2,200 volumes. 
 
 Oye, a town of France, department of the straits 
 of Calais, 7 m. N. E. of Calais. 
 
 Oyonaz a town of France in the department ol 
 Ain,8m N. of Nantua. 
 
 Oyster Bay, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Isl- 
 and. Pop. 5,193. 
 
 Oyster Ponds, p. v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Lornr 
 Island. 
 
 Ozama, a river of Hispaniola, formed by the 
 confluence of two streams which unite about 
 a league above St Domingo. In rainy seasons it is 
 of considerable size, and is very convenient for 
 bringing down the produce from the interior. It 
 runs into the sea below St. Domingo. 
 
 Ozark Mountains, a range extending from the 
 central parts of the state of Missouri south-wester- 
 ly toward the Mexican territories. It is crossed 
 by the Arkansas and Red rivers. The northern 
 part is most elevated ; but little is known of any 
 part of these mountains. 
 
 Ozwiczin, a town of Poland, covered on one 
 side by a great morass, and on the other defend- 
 ed by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It is 
 situate on the Weitschel, 34 m. W of Cracow 
 Long. 19 10 E., lat. 50. 10. N 
 
PAD 
 
 571 
 
 FAH 
 
 PACAJES,atown of Buenos Ayres, capital of a 
 province of its name, with a great trade in cattle. 
 8) in. S. W. of La Paz. 
 
 Pacem, a town in the N. part of Sumatra, capi- 
 tal of a kingdom of the same name, 120 m. S. E. 
 of Acheen. Long. 97. 15. E.,lat. 4. 0. N 
 
 Pachamac, or Pachacama, a town of Peru, in 
 the province of Cercade, situate in a valley of its 
 name, formerly beautified with a magnificent tem- 
 ple, built by the incas, in which the Spaniards, 
 when the}' conquered Peru, found immense rich- 
 es. It is 18 m. S. S. E. of Lima. 
 
 Packrtc, a town and fort of Bengal, formerly 
 th<? capital of a district of its name, which is now 
 included in the government of Burdwan. It 
 stands near the Dummooda, 10 m. N. E. of Ro- 
 gonatpour. 
 
 Pachuca, a town of Mexico, noted for the rich 
 silver mines in its vicinity, 56 m. N. bv E. of Mex- 
 ico. Long. 100. 41. W., lat. 20. 44. N. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, otherwise called the South Sea, 
 iying between Asia and America. It is the larg- 
 est ocean in the world, extending over more than 
 one-third of its whole surface, and being upwards 
 of 10,000 m. in breadth. When Magellan entered 
 this ocean, through the dangerous strait that bears 
 hi* name, he sailed three months and 20 days in 
 a. uniform direction to the N. W. without discov- 
 ering land. In the distress he suffered in this 
 voyage, before he discovered the Ladrone Islands 
 ne had the consolation of enjoying such calm 
 and gentle weather, with fair winds, that he 
 gave this ocean the name of Pacific. The Span- 
 iards, on passing the isthmus of Darien from N. 
 to S., at the first discovery of this ocean, named 
 it th? South Sea ; but with respect to America, it 
 is more properly the western ocean. On one 
 side of the equator it is called the North, and on 
 the other the South Pacific. 
 
 Packer sville, p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. 
 PactoJus, p.v. Sullivan Co. Ten. 
 Pacy. a town of France, department of Eure, 
 on the Eure, 11 m. E. of Evreux. 
 
 Padang, a sea-port on the W. coast of Suma- 
 tra, in the possession of the Dutch. It was taken 
 by the British in 1781, and again in 1794 ; but 
 finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1814. In 
 1797 it was almost totally destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, and upwards of 300 lives were lost. Long. 
 99. 49. E., lat. 0. 50. S. 
 
 Paadington, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m. 
 W . by N. of London. From the number of build- 
 ings erected of late years it is now joined to the 
 metropolis, but the parish still contains some 
 beautiful rural spots and handsome seats. A ca- 
 nal passes hence to the Grand Junction Canal 
 near Brentford. 
 
 Paddytoicn, p.v. Hampshire Co Va. 
 Paderborn, an ancient principality of West- 
 phalia, 40 m. long and 25 broad, remarkable for 
 Us bacon and venison. It now belongs to Prus- 
 sia. 
 
 Paderborn, a fortified town of Prussian West- 
 phalia, formerly capital of a principality of 
 the same name. The rivulet Pader rises under 
 the high altar of the cathedral, and in the collegi- 
 ate church are the remains of St. Blase. The 
 
 most remarkable of the convents is the college 
 formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and here is al- 
 so a celebrated university. It is 52 m. E. S. E. 
 of Munster. Long. 8. 55. E., lat. 51. 41. N. 
 
 Padron, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on 
 the Ulla, 12 m. S. of Compostella. 
 
 Padstoio, a town in Cornwell, Eng. with a con- 
 venient harbour, and some coasting trade. It is 
 seated at the mouth of the Camel, on the Bristol 
 Channel, 30 m. W. of Launceston and 243 W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Padua, a province of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Venice, 40 m. long and 35 broad, 
 bounded by Rovigo, Verona, Vicenza, Treviso, 
 and Venice. It is well watered, and one of the 
 most fertile countries in Italy. 
 
 Padua, a fortified city of Italy, capital of the 
 above province, and a bishop's see. It is 7 m. in 
 circumference, but much less considerable than 
 formerly ; for great part of the area within the 
 walls is unbuilt, and the town in general so thin- 
 ly inhabited that grass grows in many of the 
 streets. The houses are built with piazzas, which 
 when the town was in a flourishing state, may 
 have had a magnificent appearance ; but they now 
 rather give it a gloomy air. The cathedral is one 
 of the richest in Italy : in the sacristy is a statue 
 of the celebrated Petrarch, who was a canon of 
 the church, and left to it a part of his library. The 
 Franciscan church is dedicated to St. Antonio, 
 the patron of the city, whose body is enclosed in 
 a sarcophagus, under an altar in the middle of 
 the chapel. Near this church is the school of St. 
 Antonio, where many of the actions of the saint 
 are painted in fresco, some of them by Titian. 
 The church of St. Justina is remarkable for its 
 rich Mosaic pavement. The hall of the town- 
 house is one of the largest in Europe, and con- 
 tains the cenotaph of Livy, who was a native of 
 Padua. The university, once so celebrated, is 
 now on the decline. Here are manufactures of 
 cloth, silk, ribands, and leather, all on a small 
 scale. Padua was taken by the French in 1796. 
 It is seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione, in a 
 fine plain, 20 m. W. by S. of Venice. Loner. ]]. 
 53. E., lat. 45.14. N. 
 
 Padula, a town of Naples, in Principato Cit.ra. 
 
 14 m. N. of Policastro. 
 
 Pagahm, a decayed city of Birniah, anciently 
 capital of a province of the same name. It is said 
 to have been abandoned in the 13th century in 
 consequence of a divine admonition. The re- 
 mains of its ancient splendor are numerous 
 mouldering temples, and the vestiges of a fort. 
 It is seated on the lrrawaddy, 110 m. S. W of 
 Ummerapoora. Long. 94. 34. E., lat. 21. 10. N. 
 
 Pagesville, p.v. Newberry Dis. S. C. 
 
 Pagliano, a town of Nap'es, in Abruzzo Ultra, 
 
 15 m. E. S. E. of Aquilla. 
 
 Pago, an island in the gulf of Venice, separated 
 from Dalmatia by a narrow channel. It is 20 m 
 long and 6 broad, chiefly barren, and the soil 
 stony ; but it is well peopled, contains salt works, 
 and produces wine and honey. The chief town 
 is of the same name. Loner. 51. 10. E., lat. 44 
 40. N. 
 
 Pahang, a sea-port on the E. coast of the penin 
 
PAL 
 
 574 
 
 FAL 
 
 eula of Malaya, capital of a kingdom of the same 
 name, famous for a great number of elephants 
 and for plenty of pepper. It is 140 m. N. E. of 
 Malacca. Long. 103. 30. E., lat 3. 55. N. 
 
 Painbfeuf, a sea-port of France, department of 
 Loire Inferieure, at the mouth of the Loire. 
 Hence all the ships belonging to Nantes take 
 their departure, and here they anchor on their ar- 
 rival. 22 m. W. by N. of Nantes. Long. 1. 59. 
 W ., lat. 47 17. N. 
 
 Paincsvillc, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio, on Lake 
 Erie. Pop. 1 .492. It has a good harbour, and is a 
 flourishing place with 2 weekly newspapers. 
 Painesville, p. v. Amelia Co. Va. 
 Painswick, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 The inhabitants are employed chiefly in the 
 clothincr trade. It stands on the side of a hill, 7 
 m. S. S° E. of Gloucester. 
 
 Paint, townships in Wayne, Holmes, Fayette 
 and Ross Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Painted Post, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. on the 
 Tioga Pop. 974. 
 
 Paishawur. See Peishore. 
 Paisley, a town of Scotland, the largest in Ren- 
 frewshire. It has considerable manufactures of 
 silk and linen, gauze, lawn, muslin, cambric, 
 thread, Asc. ; also extensive soap, candle, and 
 cotton works. The river White Cart divides it 
 into the Old and New Town, which communicate 
 by three bridges. The latter stands on the E. 
 6ide ofthe river, and consists of many handsome 
 buildings ; it also contains the magnificent re- 
 mains of an abbey church, the only one which 
 Paisley formerly required. By means of the riv- 
 er, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can come up 
 and unload at the quay. 9 m. W. of Glasgow. 
 Long. 4. 23. W., lat. 55. 57. N. 
 
 Paita, a sea-port of Peru, with an excellent 
 harbour. It has frequently been plundered by 
 the buccaneers; and in 1741 it was burnt by 
 Commodore Anson, because the governor refused 
 to ransom it. Long. 80. 49. W., lat. 5. 12. S. 
 
 Palachy, a town of Hindoostan, in the district of 
 Coimbetore, with a small fort. In its vicinity a 
 pot was dug up, a few years since, containing 
 Roman silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius. 
 It stands in a well cultivated country, 14 m. S. of 
 Coimbetore and 37 W. of Daraporam. 
 
 Palacios, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m. 
 S. of Seville. 
 
 Palucios,n town of Spain, in Leon, 32 m. W. 
 S. W. of Leon. 
 
 Palais, a town of France, capital of the island 
 of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel, which stood 
 a long siege against the English in 1761, and 
 then surrendered on honorable terms. It stands 
 on the N. E. side of the island, 30 m. S. S. E. of 
 L'Orient. Long. 3. 7. W., lat. 47. 19. N. 
 
 Palais, St., a town and district in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town 
 and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, formed 
 nearly the whole of the former province of Low- 
 er Navarre. It is seated on the river Bidouse, 18 
 m. S. E. of Bayonne. Long. 1. 4. W., lat. 43. 
 21. N. 
 
 Palambuan, or Bahtmbiian, a town on the E. 
 end of the island of Japan, capital of a territory 
 of its name, which abounds with cotton, rice, 
 ma'i7.e, fruit, horses, antelopes, buffaloes, and oxen. 
 It stands on a bay in the strait of Bali. Long. 
 114. 25. E., lat. 8. 10. S. 
 
 Palamcotta, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 46. E., lat. 8 
 42 N. 
 
 Paldmos, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Cata 
 Ionia, seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 5" 
 m. N. E. of Barcelona. 
 
 Palamow, a town of Bengal, capital of a well 
 cultivated district of its name, seated on the 
 Coyle, 140 m. S. S. W. of Patna. 
 Palaos. See Peleio Islands. 
 Palatinate of the Rhine, and Bavaria. See 
 Rhine and Bavaria. 
 
 Palatine, a township of Montgomery Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 2,745. 
 
 Palawan. See Paragoa. 
 
 Pafazuola, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 province of Brescia, seated on the Oglio, 20 m 
 W. N. W. of Brescia. 
 
 Palembang, a district or kingdom of Sumatra, 
 on the N. E. coast, conquered by the British in 
 1812. The chief articles of export are gold, tin, 
 pepper, silk, ivory, wax, rice, &c. 
 
 Palembang, the capital of the above district 
 and the emporium ofthe inland commerce of Su- 
 matra. The inhabitants consists of Malays, Chi- 
 nese, and Arabs. This town is seated on a river 
 of its name, about 60 m. from the sea. Lono- 
 104. 54. E., lat. 2. 59. S. 
 
 Palencia, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a 
 district of its name, and a bishop's see, with five 
 churches, 11 convents, and two hospitals. It is 
 seated on the Carrion, 70 m. S. E. of Leon 
 Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 41. 59. N. 
 
 Paleno, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, 
 9 m. E. S. E. ofSolmona. 
 
 Palenzuela, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 seated on the Arlanza, a little above the influx of 
 the Arlanzon, 30 m. S. W of Burgos. 
 
 Palermo, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 80 m. N. E. Port- 
 land. Pop. 1,258. 
 
 Palermo, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di 
 Mazara, capital ofthe island, and an archbishop's 
 see. It stands on a bay ofthe same name, on the 
 N. coast, near the extremity of a kind of natural 
 amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moun- 
 tains. The country between the city and the 
 mountains is one of the richest plains in the world; 
 the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled 
 with fruitful trees and watered by fountains and 
 rivulets. The two principal streets intersect each 
 other in the centre of the city, where they form 
 a handsome square, called the Ottangolo, from 
 the centre of which is seen the whole of these no- 
 ble streets, and the four elegant gates which ter- 
 minate them, each at the distance of half a mile. 
 The Porto Felice opens to the Marino, a delight- 
 ful walk, which has on one side the wall of the 
 city, and on the other the sea ; and in the centre 
 is an elegant kind of temple, frequently made use 
 of as an orchestra. The churches of Palermo are 
 upwards of 300, and many of them very rich 
 and magnificent. The cathedral is a larire Go- 
 thic structure, supported within by SO columns 
 of oriental granite, and divided into a great num- 
 ber of chapels, some of which are extremely rich, 
 particularly that of St. Rosolia. the patroness of 
 Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved 
 in a large box of silver, enriched with precious 
 stones ; and they are considered as the greatest 
 treasures of the city. Here are also found the 
 tombs of several ofthe ancient Norman kings.and 
 ofthe emperors Henry VI. and Frederic II. ofthe 
 finest porphyry. This city has suffered greatly 
 at different periods by earthquakes and inunda- 
 tions. The harbour, defended by two castles, 19 
 dangerously open to the sea from the N. E. ; and 
 even at the anchoring place, ships are in danger 
 
PAL 
 
 573 
 
 PAL 
 
 when a westerly wind rushes through the valley 
 of Colli between the mountains. About the mid- 
 dle of the 11th century the Norman king,Roger,es- 
 tablished silk manufactures in this city, by means 
 of prisoners taken in his war with the Greeks, and 
 they still flourish, though not so lucrative since 
 the manufacture has extended to Italy. One 
 mile from Palermo is a celebrated convent of 
 Capuchins, in which is a vault, made use of as 
 a +eceptacle for the dead. It consists of 4 wide 
 passages, each about 40 feet in length, with arch- 
 es along the sides, in which the bodies are set 
 uorighl, clothed in coarse garments, with their 
 heads, arms, and feet bare. On the floor are 
 handsome trunks, containing the bodies of per- 
 s >ns of distinction, the keys of which are kept by 
 the relations. In 1799 when the French made 
 themselves masters of Naples, Palermo became 
 the residence of the court; at present it is the 
 seat of the viceroy of the Sicilian parliament and 
 of th" chief boards of the island administration. 
 HI in. VV. of Messina, and 200 S. by VV. of 
 Ni.r»v. Lour. 13. 23. E.,lat. 33. 7. N. 
 
 Pa'rstinr. a country of Syria, so called from 
 the Philistines, who inhabited its sea-coast. In 
 the Scriptures it is styled the Land of Canaan, 
 and the Promised Land : it is also called Judaea, 
 from the patriarch Judah ; and the Holy Land, 
 from its having been the scene of the birth, min- 
 istry, and death of Jesus Christ. It is divided 
 from the other parts of Syria on the N. by Mount 
 Libanus. and on the E. by the river Jordan and 
 the Dead Sea ; Arabia Petraea on the S., and the 
 Mediterranean on the W. It is in general a fer- 
 tile country, abounding where cultivated, with 
 corn, wine, and oil ; and it might supply the 
 neighbouring country with all these, as itanciently 
 did, were the present inhabitants equally indus- 
 trious. The parts about Jerusalem are the most 
 mountainous and rocky; but the)' feed numerous 
 herds and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, with 
 excellent wine and oil ; and the valleys produce 
 large crops of corn. This country has been con- 
 quered and occupied by such a variety of foreign 
 races iiiat it is difficult to say which forms the 
 basis of its present population. It now belongs 
 to the Turkish empire, and is included in the 
 pichalics of Acre and Damascus, the former com- 
 prehending the sea-coast and the latter extending 
 over the interior. 
 
 Pfile.it.inr, p.t. Lawrence Co. Indiana; p. v. Craw- 
 ford Co. Illinois. 80 m. E. Vandalia. 
 
 Palcstrina, one of the largest of the islands 
 called the Lagunes, near Venice, ft has a town 
 of the same name, 6 m. S. of Venice. 
 
 Palestrina, anciently Praeneste, an episcopal 
 town of Italy, in the delegation of Rome, with 
 the title of a principality. Here formerly stood 
 a temple dedicated to Fortune, the ruins of which 
 mav yet be seen. It is 2 r > m. E. by S. of Rome. 
 Long. 13. 5* E., lat. 41. 52. N. 
 
 Pal.iano, a town of Italy, in the pnpal states, 
 situate on a hill, 20 m. E. of Rome. 
 
 Paligaut. or Pah'caud, a fort of Hindoostan. in 
 Malabar, built by Hyder, on his conquest of that 
 province. Around it are scattered many villages, 
 which contain a considerable population and have 
 some trade. It was taken by the British in 1783 
 and again in 1790, and was confirmed to them at 
 the peace of 1792. It stands between two rivu- 
 lets, near their junction, at the foot of the south- 
 ern extremity of the Ghauts, 2"> m. W. S. W. of 
 Coimbetore and 5(5 E. by N. of Paniany. 
 
 Paligonda, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- 
 
 natic, with the remains of a fort, in which is a 
 considerable temple. It is seated on the Paliar, 
 25 m. W. of Arcot. 
 
 Palk Strait, a strait at the N. end of the island 
 of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates 
 that island from the coast of Coromandel. It is 
 celebrated for the extensive pearl fishery carried 
 on in it, on both shores, formerly by the Dutch 
 and now by the British. 
 
 Pa/User /stands, a group of islands in the S. 
 Pacific; the largest is about 15 m. long and 10 
 broad. Long. 146. 30. W., lat. 15. 38. S. 
 
 Palma, one of the Canary islands, to the N. of 
 Ferro, 50 m. in circumference, and very fertile. 
 It has a town of the same name, much frequented 
 for its excellent wines and safe harbour. Long. 
 17. 50. W., lat. 28. 37. N. 
 
 Palma, a strong city, capital of the island oi 
 Majorca, and a bishop's see. The public squares, 
 the cathedral, and the royal palace, are magnifi- 
 cent. It contains 4,000 houses, built after the 
 antique manner; a university, more ancient than 
 celebrated ; and 22 churches, besides the cathe 
 dral. The harbour is extremely good. It was 
 taken by the English in 1766, and retaken in 
 1715. It is seated on the S. VV. side of the island. 
 Long. 2. 30. E., lat. 39. 35. N. 
 
 Palma, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the 
 Xenil, near its conflux with the Guadalquivir, 30 
 m. S. VV. of Cordova. 
 
 Palma, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 on the river Cadoan, 20 m. E. of Setuval. 
 
 Palma, a town of New Granada, 40 m. N. VV. 
 of Bogota. 
 
 Palma Nuova, a strong frontier town of Italy, 
 in the Venetian province of Udina, seated on a 
 canal, which communicates witn the Lizonzo, 10 
 m. S E. of Udina. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 46.2. N. 
 
 Palma di Solo, a sea-port of Sardinia, on the S. 
 W. coast, 38 m. S. W. of Cagliari. 
 
 Palmas, a river of Mexico, formed by the junc- 
 tion of the Nassas and Sauceda, in New Biscay, 
 whence it flows E. about 200 m. between the 
 provinces of Panuco and New Leon, into the 
 gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Palmas, the capital of the island of Grand Ca- 
 nara. See Canaries. 
 
 Palmas, one of the Philippine islands, 16 
 leagues S. E. of Mindanao. Long. 127. 0. E., 
 lat. 5. 33. N. 
 
 Pahnas, Cape, a promontory on the Ivory coast 
 of Guinea. Long. 5. 34. W., lat. 4. 26. N. 
 
 Palme/a, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 with a castle on a rock, 8 m. N. N. E. of Setuval. 
 
 Palmer, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 82 m. S. VV. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,237. Here are some manufactures. 
 
 Palme.rtown, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 46 in. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Palmrrston Isle, an island in the S. Pacific, 
 discovered by Cook in 1774. It consists of about 
 10 islets, connected by a reef of coral rocks, and 
 lying in a circular direction ; the principal one 
 not exceeding a m. in circumference, nor more 
 than three feet above the level of the sea. It 
 abounds with cocoa-nuts, scurvygrass, and the 
 wharra-tree, but has no inhabitants. Long. 162. 
 57. VV., lat. 18. 0. S. 
 
 Palmyra, or Tadmar, once a magnificent city 
 of Syria, originally built by king Solomon, in the 
 midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three sides 
 by a chain of high mountains. On the decline ol 
 the Macedonian empire in the E., it became the 
 capital of a principality, under the name of Pal- 
 myra ; and it. declared for the Romans, on Adiicy 
 
PAM 
 
 578 
 
 PAN 
 
 marching his army through Syria to Egypt. The 
 city flourished and increased to the time of Aure- 
 Iian, when it resisted the Roman power under 
 queen Zenobia, who was at j^ength taken captive, 
 and led in triumph through the streets of Rome. 
 Soon afterwards the inhabitants massacred the 
 soldiers who had been left in garrison ; this oc- 
 casioned the return of Aurelius, who, having 
 made himself master of the place, caused the in- 
 habitants to be destroyed, and gave up the city to 
 pillage. Its stupendous ruins were -visited, in 
 1751. by Mr. Wood, who published a splendid 
 account of them in 1753. The inhabitants consist 
 of about 40 Arab families, living in mud cottages, 
 erected within the spacious court of a once mag- 
 nificent temple. 100 rri. S. E. of Aleppo. Long. 
 33. 50. E., lat. 33. 20. N. 
 
 Palmyra, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. "28 m. E. Nor- 
 rid^ewock. Pop. 912; p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 3,434 ; p.t. Pike and Lebanon Co. Pa., Halifax Co. 
 N. C. Warren Co. Missouri, Montgomery Co. 
 Ten.. Warren and Portage Cos. Ohio, Edwards 
 Co. Illi. and Pike Co. Miss. 
 
 Patiiand, a district of Hindoostan, in the Car- 
 natic, ceded to the British in 1801, and included 
 in the collectorship of Guntoor. It is situate near 
 the river Kistna. Timerycotta is the principal 
 place. 
 
 Palos, a sea-port of Spain in Andalusia, with a 
 tolerable harbour ; celebrated as the place whence 
 Columbus sailed on his first adventurous voyage 
 in 1402. It is seated at the mouth of the Tinto, 
 50 m. W. by S. of Seville. Long. G. 52. W., lat. 
 37. 10. N. 
 
 Palos Cape, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia, 
 l'9 m. E. of Carthagena. Long. 40. W., lat. 37 
 37. N. 
 
 Palota, a fortified town of Hungary, 40 m. 
 S. by W. of Buda. Long. 18. 0. E., lat. 47. 0. 
 
 Palotza, a town of Hungary, situate on the Pop- 
 rah, 54 m. N. of Cassovia. Long. 21.20. E., lat. 
 47. 42. N. 
 
 Palte, a famous lake of Thibet, lying to the S. 
 W. of Lassa, about 12 m. S. of the river Samboo. 
 It is represented as a wide trench, of about 6 m. 
 broad, surrounding an island 30 m. long and 20 
 broad. On the W. shore of this island is a mon- 
 astery, and the seat of the Lamissa Turcepamo, 
 or the Great Regenerate, in whom the Thibetians 
 think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is 
 in the Great Lama. The word lamissa, is the 
 feminine of lama, which signifies a priest. 
 
 Pamelia, a township of Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,263. 
 
 Pamicrs, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 riege, and a bishop's see. In the vicinity is a 
 mineral spring. It is seated on the Arriege, 36 
 in. S. by E. of Toulouse. Long. 1. 35. E., lat. 
 43.6. N. 
 
 Pamlico Sound, a kind of inland sea, on the 
 coast of N. Carolina, 100 in. long and from 10 to 
 20 broad, separated in its whole length from the 
 Atlantic, by a beach of sand, hardly a mile wide. 
 It has several inlets, but that of Ocracoke, in lat. 
 35. 10. N., is the only one that will admit vessels 
 of burden. 
 
 Pampas, the name given in South Africa to 
 the wide prairies or plains South of the Rio de la 
 Plata. The great plain on the east of the Cor- 
 dilleras, is about 900 m. in breadth, and divided 
 into regions of different climate and produce. On 
 leaving Buenos Ayres, the first region is cover- 
 ed, for 180 m. with clover and thistles ; the sec- 
 
 ond region (480 m.) produces long graas, without 
 a weed ; and the third, reaching the base of the 
 Cordilleras, is a grove of low trees and shrubs, 
 in which such beautiful order is observed that 
 one may gallop between them in every direction. 
 The two last have nearly the same appearance 
 throughout the year. The trees and shrubs are 
 evergreens, and the grass only changes from 
 green to brown. The first region varies with the 
 four seasons. In winter the leaves of the thistle 
 are luxuriant, and the whole surface has the ap- 
 pearance of a turnip field. The clover is also 
 rich and strong, and the wild cattle are grazing 
 at full liberty. In spring the clover has vanish- 
 ed, and the leaves of the thistle are extended. 
 In a month the whole region becomes a wood of 
 thistles, ten or eleven feet high, in full bloom. 
 The steins of the thistles are so close and strong, 
 that, independent of the prickles, they form an 
 impenetrable barrier, which has arisen so sudden- 
 ly, that an invading army might be imprisoned by 
 them. Before summer is over the thistles are 
 dead, and the violence of the pampero or hurri- 
 cane levels them with the ground, where they 
 rapidly decompose, and the clover again quickly 
 appears. If millions of inhabitants could be sud- 
 denly placed on these pampas they would have 
 nothing to do but to drive out their cattle to graze, 
 and without preparation plough what ground they 
 pleased. But they can hardly be said to be peo- 
 pled. Between the few settled inhabitants or 
 gauchos, and the roving Indians who inhabit 
 the south part of the pampas, a cruel extermina- 
 ting war is carried on. The Indians always on 
 horseback, are however, incapable of acting on 
 foot, and are easily repulsed. The climate of 
 the pampas is subject to great difference of tem- 
 perature, though the gradual changes are very 
 regular. The winter is as cold as an English No- 
 vember. The summer is very oppressively hot. 
 But the whole pampas enjoy an atmosphere as 
 beautiful and salubrious as the most healthy parts 
 of Greece and Italy, without the malaria. The 
 south-west wind or pampero, generated by the 
 Andes, rushes over the plains with a violence 
 which it is almost impossible to withstand ; but 
 they make the weather afterwards particularly 
 healthy and agreeable. 
 
 Pampelonne. a town of France, department of 
 Tarn, 15 m. N. by E. of Alby. 
 
 Pampliega, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 12 
 m. S. W. of Burgos. 
 
 Pampola, or Pampehina, a city of Spain, capi 
 tal of Upper Navarre, and a bishop's see, with a 
 strong citadel, and a university. The squares 
 are handsome, and adorned with shops full of 
 rich merchandise. It was taken by the French, 
 on their invasion of Spain ; hut surrendered to 
 the allied forces in 1831. It is seated on the Ar 
 ga,47 m. S. of Bayonne and 197 N. E. of Madrid. 
 Long. 1. 42. W., lat. 42. 49. N. 
 
 Pamplona, a town of New Granada, famous 
 for mines of gold, and numerous flocks of sheep 
 in its vicinity. It is 150 m. N. by E. of Bo- 
 gota. Long. 71. 30. W., lat. 6. 30. N. 
 
 Pajiag-ia, a town of Romania, 14 m. N. of Gal- 
 lipoli. 
 
 Panama, a city and sea-port of Colombia. It 
 stands on a fine bay of its name, on the S. coast 
 of the isthmus of Darien, and contains a hand- 
 some cathedral, and a number of churches, con- 
 vents, and monasteries, Before the abolition of 
 the trade by the galleons, it was the emporiuir 
 for all the merchandise of Chile and Peru, intend 
 
PAN 
 
 577 
 
 PAR 
 
 ed for Europe. See Porto Bello. The trade and 
 commerce are still considerable, and in the har- 
 bour is a fine pearl fishery. The city is surround- 
 ed by a wall and other fortifications, and is 60 
 m. S. by W. of Porto Bello. Long. 80. 21. W., 
 lat. 8. 49. N. 
 
 Panama, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. 
 Panaraga, a town of the island of Java, capi- 
 tal of a kingdom of the same name, GO m. E. by 
 N. of Mataram. 
 
 Panarucan, a town on the N. coast of Java, 
 formerly the capital of a principality, but now 
 subject to the Dutch. The chief export is lonrr 
 pepper. Long. 113. 25. E., lat. 8. 0. S. 
 
 Panay, one of the Philippine islands, between 
 those of Paragoa and Negros. It is of a triangu- 
 lar form, 250 m. in circumference, populous and 
 fertile, and watered by a great number of rivers 
 and brooks. The chief commodity for exporta- 
 tion is rice. Iloila is the capital. 
 
 Pancras, St. an extensive parish in Middlesex, 
 Eng. 2 m. N. W. of London. The old church and 
 churchyard have long been noted as a burial place 
 for Roman Catholics. 
 
 Pancsona, a town and fortress of Hungary, 
 seated near the Danube, 10 m. E. N. E. of Bel- 
 grade. 
 
 Pangasena, one of the Molucca islands, in the 
 E. Indies, 45 m. long and 10 broad, lying between 
 Celebes and Bourton. 
 
 Pango, a town of the kingdom of Congo, cap- 
 ital of a province of the same name. It stands 
 on the river Barbela, 95 m. N. N. E. of St. Sal- 
 vador. Long. 14. 45. E., lat. 4. 20. S. 
 
 Panjab, a country in the N. W. part of Hin- 
 doostan, being that watered by the five eastern 
 branches of the Indus. It was the scene of Alex- 
 ander's last campaign, and the termination of his 
 conquests. It forms a square of 250 miles, and 
 includes the whole of Lahore and a great part of 
 Moultan Proper. To the lower part of Moultan 
 it is flat and marshy, inundated by the rains 
 which fall between May and October. 
 
 Paniany, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Malabar, containing above 40 mosques, 500 
 houses belonging to traders, and 1 ,000 huts inhab- 
 ited by the lower orders of people. The port is 
 frequented by small vessels from different places 
 on the coast ; and much rice is exported hence 
 to the northern parts of the province. It is seated 
 in a sandy plain, near the mouth of a river, 32 
 m. S. by E. of Calicut. Long. 75. 48. E., lat. 10. 
 47. N. 
 
 Pannanach, a village of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, situate a little below the waterfall called 
 the Lin of Dee. It is noted for its mineral wa- 
 ters ' and has houses and baths for the accommo- 
 dation of company. 
 
 Panniput, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Dehli, celebrated for a battle, in 1761 , be- 
 tween an army of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdal- 
 lah, sultan of Candahar, at the head of 150,000 
 Mahomedans, in which the former were totally 
 defeated. Panniput is situate in an extensive 
 plain, 72 m. N. W. of Dehli. Long. 76. 55. E., lat. 
 29.13. N. 
 
 Panomi, a town of Macedonia, 16 m. S. of Sa- 
 lonichi. 
 
 Pantalaria, an island in the Mediterranean, be- 
 longing to Sicily, and situated between that isl- 
 and and the coast of Tunis. It is 30 m. in cir- 
 cumference, and abounds in cotton, fruits, and 
 wine. 
 
 Panton, p.t. Addison Co Va. Pop. 605. 
 73 
 
 Panuco, or Guasteca, a provinc* of Mexico, 
 bounded on the E. by the gulf of Mexico and W. 
 by Mechoacan and New Biscay. The tropic of 
 Cancer divides it into two parts ; the S. part 
 abounds with provisions, and has some veins of 
 gold and mines of salt; but the other is poor and 
 barren. 
 
 Panuro, the capital of the above province, and 
 a bishop's see, is situate near a river of the same 
 name, which falls into the gulf of Mexico, 210 m. 
 N. N. E. of Mexico. Long. 98.50. W., lat. 22. 
 50. N. 
 
 Pao-lung, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Hou-quang, 830 in. S. S. W. of 
 Pekin. Long. 111. 0. E., lat. 27. 5. N. 
 
 Paoli, p.t. Orange Co. Ind. 106 m. S. W. In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Pao-ning,a. city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Se-tchuen, on the river Kialincr 
 700 m. S. VV. of Pekin. Long. 105. 35. E.,lat. 
 31. 3. N. 
 
 Paoom, one of the two New Hebrides, in the 
 S. Pacific, to the S. of Mallicollo. Long. 168. 29. 
 W., lat. 16.30. S. 
 
 Pao-ting, a city of China, of the first rank, the 
 most considerable in the province of Pe-tcheli 
 next to Pekin. The country around is pleasant 
 and as fertile as any part of China. 78 m. S. 
 S. W. of Pekin. Long. 115. 25. E., lat. 38. 54. 
 N. 
 
 Papa, a town of Hungary, in the county of Ves- 
 prin, 45 m. W. of Buda. 
 
 PaperviJle, p. v. Sullivan Co. Ten. 
 Papoul, St. a town of France, department of Au- 
 de, on the Lande, 13 m. N. W. of Carcassone and 
 35 S. E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Pappenliurg, a town of Hanover, in E. Fries- 
 land, with two churches, and numerous yards 
 for ship-building. It is seated on a canal, which 
 communicates with the river Ems, 13m. S. of 
 Embden. 
 
 Pappenheim, a town of Bavaria, formerly the 
 capital of a county of the same name, seated 
 on a hill near the Altmuhl, 13 m. N. E. of Dona- 
 wert. 
 
 Papua. See Guinea, J\cw. 
 Para, a handsome city of Brazil, capital of a 
 government of the same name, with a citadel and 
 castle. The chief business is cultivating tobacco 
 and sugar canes, and gathering cotton which 
 grows wild here. It is seated on the esrtuary ol 
 the Tocantin, 80 m. from the ocean. Long. 49 
 25. W.,lat. 1. 50. S. 
 
 Parades, or Pracels, a vast multitude of srnal. 
 islands and rocks in the China Sea, lying off" the 
 coast of Cochin-China. They extend 300 m. is 
 length by 60 in breadth, and the intercurrents 
 among them render their navigation dangerous 
 Paradella, a town of Portugal, in Beira r 12 m 
 S. E. of Lamego. 
 
 Paradise, villages in York and Lancaster Cos 
 Pa. 
 
 Paragoa, or Palawan, the most westerly of the 
 Philippine islands, being 180 m. long and from 
 20 to 40 broad, divided between the king of Bor- 
 neo and the Spaniards, with some independent 
 natives in the interior parts, who are black, and 
 have no fixed place of abode. The Spaniards 
 have a garrison at the N. end of the island, at a 
 place called Tatay. Long. 118. 45. E., lat. 11 
 0. N. 
 
 Paraguay, an extensive country of S. America, 
 bounded on the N. by Amazonia, E. by Brazil, S 
 by Patagonia, and W. by Chile and Pera. It 
 3C 
 
PAR 
 
 576 
 
 PAR 
 
 contains numerous lakes and rivers , of the latter, 
 the three principal are the Parana, Paraguay, and 
 Uraguay, the united streams of which form the 
 celebrated Rio de la Plata. These rivers annual- 
 ly overflow their banks. The climate is in gen- 
 eral moist and temperate, though in some places 
 it is cold. In the temperate parts the soil is ex- 
 tremely fertile, producing grain, beans, peas, cot- 
 ton, tobacco, and the valuable herb called para- 
 guay, which is peculiar to this country, and the 
 infusion of which is drank instead of tea. Here 
 are also a variety of fruits and very rich pastures ; 
 but the country is destitute of woods. Cattle, 
 sheep, horses, and mules are in great abundance ; 
 of the last many thousands were annually sent to 
 Peru. In the mountains toward Tucuman, the 
 condor, the largest bird of the vulture tribe, is 
 not unfrequent ; and the ostrich is found in the 
 wide plains. Several independent tribes of in- 
 digenes live in the interior, on the Rio Grande; 
 one of them, called Abipones, are a warlike race, 
 and, by a novelty in American manners, chiefly 
 cavalry, securing and taming the wild horses in- 
 troduced by the Spaniards. In 1515 the Span- 
 iards discovered this country by sailing up the 
 Rio de la Plata, and, in 1535, founded the town 
 of Buenos Ayres. In 1580 the Jesuits were ad- 
 mitted into these fertile regions, and, in the next 
 century, founded the famous missions of Paraguay. 
 In 1757 Spain exchanged the colonies on the E. 
 shore of the Uraguay for the Portuguese colony 
 of St. Sacrament, which caused that river to be- 
 come the boundary of the respective possessions 
 of the two crowns. In 1767 the court expelled 
 the Jesuits, and the natives were put upon the 
 same footing with the other Indians of the Span- 
 ish part of S. America. 
 
 Paraguay revolted from the government of 
 Spain at the same time with the neighbouring prov- 
 inces. Soon after the declaration of independence 
 the direction of affairs fell into the hands of Doctor 
 Francia a native of the country, who procured him- 
 self to be declared Dictator for life. This govern- 
 ment has continued to the present moment the 
 most arbitrary and despotic rule on the face of the 
 earth ; yet his administration has been generally 
 equitable. All intercourse with foreigners has 
 been avoided, and those who have entered the 
 country have experienced great difficulties in re- 
 turing. Asuncion is the capital. 
 
 Paraiba, a province of Brazil, between those of 
 Rio Grande and Tamarica. It abounds in sugar 
 canes, bram-wood, tobacco, and cotton. The 
 chief town, which is ot the same name, is seated 
 on the river Paraiba. The Dutch obtained pos- 
 session of it in 1635, and fortified it with a slight 
 rampart; but the Portuguese retook it soon af- 
 .er. 
 
 Paramaribo, the capital of Surinam, Guiana, 
 and the chief place of the Dutch colonies in S. 
 America. It has a strong but small citadel, and 
 a noble road for shipping, where there are seldom 
 fewer than 80 vessels, loading coffee, sucrar, cot- 
 ton, and indigo. The streets are strait, and lined 
 with orange, shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, 
 in continual bloom. It surrendered to the Eng- 
 lish in 1799 and in 1803. It is situate on the E. 
 side of the river Surinam, 16 m. from its mouth. 
 Long. 55. 25. W., lat 5. 48. N. 
 
 Parana, a province of Paraguay, so named 
 from a large river, which receives the Paraguay at 
 Gorientes. and afterwards, joining the Uruguay, 
 forms the river Plata. 
 
 Pnrchioitz, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia, 
 
 with a considerable manufacture of cloth ; seated 
 on the Katzbach, 10 m. N. E. of Leignitz. 
 
 Pardubitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Chrudin, with a fortified castle and a manufacture 
 of knives and sword blades. It is seated on the 
 Elbe, 23 m. E. by S. of Prague. Long. 15. 41 
 E., lat. 49. 58. N. 
 
 Parechia. See Paroe. 
 
 Parenza, a sea-port of Istria, on a peninsula in 
 the gulf of Venice, with a harbour for large ves- 
 sels. It is 28 m. S. by W. of Capo d'Istria. Long. 
 13. 50. E., lat. 45. 18. S. 
 
 Parga, a sea-port on the coast of Albania, op 
 posite to the southern point of the island of Corfu, 
 memorable as the only place which bade defiance, 
 to the arms of Ali Pasha, tyrant of Albania, c& 
 whom it was eventually surrendered on condition 
 of his paying an indemnity to those of the inhabi- 
 tants who should refuse to remain. The evacua- 
 tion took place in 1819, most of the inhabitants 
 removing to the Ionian islands. 30 m. S. W. of 
 Joannina. 
 
 Paria, a province of Colombia, lying to 'he S. 
 E. of Cumana, on the banks of the Oronoco, and 
 including the delta of that river. On the N. of 
 this province, between Cumana and the island 
 of Trinidad, is a large bay, called the Gulf eJ 
 Paria. 
 
 Paria, the capital of the above province. Here 
 are some silver mines, and its cheeses, made frcm 
 the milk both of sheep and cows, are in high es- 
 teem. It is 140 m. W. N. W. of Plata. Lonir. 
 68. 32. W., lat. 18. 30. S. 
 
 Paridrong, a strong town of Thibet, on the bor- 
 ders of Bootan, 45 in. W. N. W. of Tassasudon. 
 
 Parilla, or Santa, a town of Peru, in the pro- 
 vince of Lima, at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name, 80 m. S. E. of Truxillo, and 280 N. W. of 
 Lima. Long. 77. 50. W., lat. 8. 56. S. 
 
 Parima, a lake of S. America, near the borders 
 of Amazonia and Guiana, of a square form, 80 m. 
 long and 40 broad. It seems to be a kind of in- 
 undation formed by the Orinoco ; for that river 
 enters on the N. and issues on the W. side of the 
 lake, near its N. W. angle. From the S. E. of 
 this lake issues the White River, called also the 
 Parima, which flows S. to the Black River, and 
 thence S. E. to the river Amazon. To the W. of 
 this lake, before the main stream of the Orinoco 
 turns to the N., there are two other branches that 
 flow from it to the Black River. Hence there are 
 three communications between those two great 
 rivers, the Orinoco and the Amazon. 
 
 Paris, the capital of France, and of civilized 
 Europe, lies on both banks and occupies two is- 
 lets of the Seine. This city, which pretends to 
 a rivalry in arts and elegancies with Athens, and 
 in magnificence with Thebes, had the meanest 
 commencement. Julius Caesar found the princi- 
 pal islet, now called " the city " (la cite), covered 
 with huts, and serving as a retreat for fishermen 
 of the tribe of Gauls called " Parisii." The sur 
 rounding woods and marshes, and the waters of 
 the Seine, which had hitherto protected these bar- 
 barians, were but a weak obstacle to the Roman 
 legionaries, upon whose approach they burned 
 their huts and fled farther into the woods. Cae- 
 sar, having completed the conquest of Gaul, held 
 a conference with the chiefs of the Gallic hordes 
 in this islet, and approving the site, laid in it the 
 foundation of a city, called by the Romans " Lu- 
 tetia Parisiorum," from the name of the tribe, and 
 the word " Loutouhezi," by which the native* 
 designated the cluster of huts which had disap- 
 
PAR 
 
 579 
 
 PAR 
 
 peared. The new city improved rapidly under 
 the influence of Roman laws, arts, and adminis- 
 tration. During the reign of Charlemagne, who, 
 amidst his conquests, never lost sight of the arts 
 of civilization, Paris advanced in arts and letters 
 as well as wealth and extent. The adventurous 
 and roving Normans, tempted by the wealth of 
 the city, and despising the feeble successors of 
 Charlemagne, who had abandoned the capital as 
 a patrimony to hereditary counts, plundered it 
 three times, after short intervals — in 845,857, and 
 872. Under the third or Capetian race, it improv- 
 ed still more rapidly than before. It became the 
 fixed royal residence and seat of government; 
 the capital of the kingdom in fact as well as in 
 name. Philip Augustus added to its strength and 
 beauty by many new edifices, by paving the 
 streets, and by surrounding the whole city with 
 deep fosse and thick wall defended by five hun- 
 dred towers. Paris at this time had sixteen gates, 
 and covered a surface of seven hundred and thirty- 
 nine square acres. Louis IX. (St. Louis) built 
 hospitals and schools, reformed the more barba- 
 rous and vexatious " customs" (laws), regulated 
 the administration of justice, and created a po- 
 lice. Paris was taken in 142(3 by the English, who 
 were compelled to abandon it in 1436. Francis 
 I. had the glory of introducing into Paris science, 
 literature and the fine arts. The Grecian orders 
 of architecture were now adopted for the first 
 time, and the interior of the new edifices adorn- 
 ed with sculpture and the paintings of the Italian 
 masters. Henry IV. erected the Pont Neuf, and 
 laid out several squares cr places in the old city 
 on the islets in the Seine, hitherto the quarter of 
 the court. Paris is indebted to Louis XIV. for a 
 great portion of its magnificence : — for its noble 
 and healthful Boulevards; — for the triumphal 
 arches (of which two are splended monuments) 
 by which it is entered at the gates of St. Den- 
 is, St. Martin, St. Antoine, and St. Bernard ; — 
 for the Place Vendome and Place des Victoi- 
 res ; — for thecolonnade of the Louvre ; the Hospit- 
 al of Invalids ; the garden of the Tuileries, design- 
 ed by Lenotre, under the immediate inspection of 
 Colbert ; — for the promenades and plantations of 
 the Champs Elysees. The Revolution came, and 
 with it the genius of devastation for a time. The 
 works of art only are a permanent loss, and for- 
 tunately they were neither many, nor irreparable 
 chefs d'ceuvre ; — whilst the public health, conve- 
 nience, and beauty of the town, have gained in- 
 calculably by the removal or desecration of the 
 churches and convents. Spacious and convenient 
 markets, open and well-built streets or other edi- 
 fices of great public ornament and utility, now oc 
 cupy the sites of such religious houses as were 
 destroyed ; and those left standing, but desecra- 
 ted, have been converted into prisons, penitentia- 
 ries, hospitals, colleges, schools or other public 
 establishments for the purposes of society or char- 
 ity. Paris is under eternal obligations to Bona- 
 aparte : he did more for it than even Louis XIV. 
 He combined, in a greater degree, the useful with 
 the magnificent. Despotic as he was, he saw 
 that the mass of the people was now a power 
 which must not be dazzled merely, as in the time 
 of Lous XIV., but conciliated and served. His 
 designs are said to have been essentially his own. 
 It seems most probable that they could have been 
 conceived only by the same mind which had the 
 force, energy and resources to execute them. He 
 freed the bridges and banks of the Seine from the 
 embarrassment and deformity of the old houses by 
 
 which they were still cro wded ; built magnificent 
 quays and wharves ; and erected four bridges ol 
 remarkable beauty, as monuments of art. He 
 not only conceived (for even the conception was 
 a great merit), but had nearly executed, at his fall, 
 the Canal de l'Ourcq. He distributed ihe public 
 supply of water by fifteen new and abundant 
 fountains, of which some are beautiful specimens 
 of architecture. The immense architectural and 
 sculptural mass called " the Fountain of the El- 
 phant" was left by him, and still remains unfinish- 
 ed. The people, not merely of Paris, but of the 
 whole kingdom, are indebted to him for those 
 spacious markets, so commodiously arranged for 
 the sale of every kind of produce ; for public 
 stores, especially the wine stores, which surprise 
 by their vastness, the happy ingenuity of their 
 distribution, and their architectural grandeur. He 
 erected, near the barriers, five abattoirs or slaugh 
 ter-houses ; and thus relieved the town from the 
 inconvenient and dangerous presence of herds of 
 cattle, the revolting spectacle of blood, and the 
 noxious miasmata of butchery and tallow-melting. 
 The vast granary of reserve, destined by him to 
 protect the people of Paris against famine and the 
 change of seasons, now unfinished or abandoned, 
 remains a monument of the instability of all hu 
 man power and the uncertainity of all human 
 projects. He cleared the Place du Carousel, be 
 tween the Louvre and the Tuileries, of its ob 
 structions and nuisances ; adorned it with a tri 
 umphal arch ; completed the Louvre ; filled its 
 gallery with sculpture and paintings. The gar- 
 den of the Tuileries owes much of its magnifi- 
 cence to the noble vista which he opened by the 
 rue Castiglione to the triumphal column in the 
 Place Vendome ; — the opposite view of the Cham- 
 ber of Deputies, with its noble portico, on the left 
 bank of the Seine ; and the unfinished but grand 
 triumphal arch of Neuilly. Many of the public 
 buildings, canals, and other public works left un- 
 finished by Bonaparte, have been carried en, and 
 some have been completed, since the restoration 
 of the house of Bourbon. A new quarter, as it is 
 called, was begun, in 1823, in the western sub- 
 urb of Paris, touching the Champs Elysees, ex- 
 tending to Chaillot, and spreading above the 
 Chaussee d'Antin. The style of structure is 
 elegant, and the scale within the reach of ordi- 
 nary fortunes. A second quarter opens by its 
 main street, which is spacious and planted "with 
 rows of trees, a communication between two 
 main points of the fauxbourgs Montmartre and St. 
 Martin. The progress of all these, however, has 
 been slow, and in some parts suspended ; and 
 some generations will probably have passed away 
 before the " Ville de Frangois Premier" and Nou- 
 velle Athenes," with their brilliant associations,or 
 the" Petit Londres," with its national rivalry, are 
 monuments of any thing but magnificent projects, 
 and the want of capital or perseverance. Great 
 undertakings are rarely, if ever, completed by 
 private enterprise in Paris : they have been pro- 
 jected and executed only by the government. The 
 palace of the Exchange, considered the noblest 
 edifice of the kind in Europe, was completed and 
 opened for the transaction of commercial business, 
 and for the sittings of the tribunal of commerce, 
 since the accession of Charles X. 
 
 It is difficult to give within short limits a 
 coup d'oeil of so crowded, diversified, and even dis- 
 orderly, a mass as the French capital, — its church- 
 es, palaces, public buildings, and monuments ol 
 art. Of its churches, the most remarkable ar« the 
 
PAR 
 
 580 
 
 PAR 
 
 nathedral of Notre Dame, in the old city, — a large 
 and lofty edifice, with two high and massive tow- 
 ers, presenting a style of architecture imposing 
 and curious, and well executed for its early date ; 
 — the church of St. Eustache, a model of light 
 and graceful classic architecture ; — the churches 
 of St. Roch and St. Sulpice, modern edifices in a 
 grand and noble style ; — that of St. Genevieve, 
 built near the close of the last century, — dese- 
 crated during the Revolution into a Pantheon for 
 the remains of the great men of France, with the 
 simple and sublimely affecting inscription — " Aux 
 grands homines la patrie reconnoissante," and 
 re-desecrated in 1830 ; — admired for its dome, — 
 sustained by the mass of the building in the form 
 of a Greek cross at its intersection — its principal 
 facade and peristyle of twenty fluted Corinthian 
 columns imitated from the Pantheon at Rome. 
 Paris boasts several palaces, of which the princi- 
 pal are the Tuileries, with its vast open court and 
 imposing fagade on the one side, and its public 
 garden, adorned with alleys of forest trees, terra- 
 ces , plantations, basins, and copies in marble and 
 bronze of the most celebrated pieces of sculp- 
 ture ; — the Louvre, with its gallery of works of 
 art, and its colonnade, regarded as a specimen of 
 the nearest approach to perfection in architecture ; 
 the Palace or Chamber of Deputies, with a grand 
 Corinthian portico, and several statues of colossal 
 size, — the beautiful Palais Bourbon — both conti- 
 guous, immediately on the left bank of the Seine ; 
 — the old and majestic Luxembourg, or Chamber 
 of Peers, with its two grand pavilion wings and 
 central quadrangle surmounted by a cupola, and 
 its splendid garden opening on the observatory ; 
 the Palace of Justice, in the old city, inhabited by 
 kings of the present dynasty down to the twelfth 
 in succession, now occupied by the courts of jus- 
 tice ; the Palis Royal, inhabited and recently 
 repaired by the duke of Orleans, with its adjoin- 
 ing public garden, galleries and shops, — concen- 
 trating as in a focus, wealth and idleness, litera- 
 ture, industry and the arts, gaming and every 
 other species of dissipation and depravity. 
 
 The chief public edifices are the Hospital or 
 Hotel of Invalids, with its gilded dome, its orna- 
 mented fagade, with central Ionic pilasters, and 
 a planted esplanade extending before it ; — the 
 Hotel des Monnaies, or mint, in which also all 
 national medals are struck, with its colonnade, 
 arcades, and statues, forming a noble facade to- 
 wards the Seine, on its left bank ; — the Observa- 
 tory, communicating by a grand avenue with the 
 Luxembourg; — the Exchange, already mentioned, 
 built in a simple and noble style, forming a paral- 
 lelogram 212 feet long and 126 broad, with a 
 peristyle of sixty-six Corinthian columns. 
 
 Three of the sixteen bridges over the Seine 
 merit particular notice : — the bridge of the Gar- 
 den of Plants, formerly called Pont d'Austerlitz, 
 *r»th five arches of iron, remarkable for its ele- 
 gance and solidity ; the Pont d'Jena, changed to 
 that of " the Invalids,'' at the instance of Blucher, 
 who was actually laying a train to blow it up in 
 1815; and between these, from the Louvre to the 
 Institute, the Pont des Arts, incomparably light 
 and graceful, and used only by foot passengers. 
 
 Of the public monuments of art, the most per- 
 fectly beautiful is the bronze column in the Place 
 Vendome, modelled upon that of Trajan at Rome, 
 but exceeding its proportions by a twelfth. The 
 most remarkable merit in this column, perhaps 
 is, that, presenting in relief on its pedestal the 
 jnclassic trophies of modern war, in every va- 
 
 riety of arms and costume, it yet seems perfectly 
 in the classic and antique style and taste. The 
 triumphal arch of the Carousel, modelled upon 
 that of Septimius Severus at Rome, is unexcep- 
 tionably beautiful in itself, but small in proportion 
 to the surrounding area, and rendered for a time 
 still more disproportionate by the removal of the 
 celebrated Venetian horses of Lysippus with their 
 car from its summit, in 1815. These, however, 
 have been recently replaced by an exact copy in 
 bronze. It has. like its model, three arcades in 
 front, with an additional transverse arcade. The 
 modern triumphal arch at Neuillv exceeds the 
 arch of the Carousel, and even those of Louis 
 XIV. at the gates of St. Denis and St. Martin, in 
 grandeur and advantage of position, rather than 
 beauty. Colossal statues have been re-erected to 
 Henry IV. on the Pont Neuf, and Louis XIV. in 
 the Place des Victoires. 
 
 Judging by the daily congregation of thousands 
 of both sexes in the open air, — young men idly lol- 
 ling or lounging, — old men, with even a cer 
 tain air of gravity, wasting life in the coffee- 
 houses and public gardens, — the gaming-houses 
 equally public and crowded, — one would be dis- 
 posed to pronounce the people of Paris a race the 
 most frivolous, idle, and depraved. But the lonntr 
 ers and gamesters are, to a considerable extent, 
 congregated from all parts of Europe ; and the 
 old men are small annuitants, content with their 
 actual means of subsistence, — without further in- 
 crease by industry or speculation. Science, liter- 
 ature, and the fine arts, are at the same time cul 
 tivated in a still greater proportion of numbers by 
 the studious and the industrious, and with everv 
 advantage which schools of public instruction, li- 
 braries, and museums, can afford. The public 
 schools and colleges forming component branch- 
 es of one great system of public education in med- 
 icine, jurisprudence, and the military art, abstract 
 and experimental science, literature, the fine and 
 useful arts, from the institute down to the two ad- 
 mirable institutions for the instruction of the blind 
 and the deaf and dumb, with appropriate and some 
 noble edifices devoted to them, and lectures by 
 eminent professors, either gratuitous or on mod- 
 erate terms, are too numerous to be detailed. The 
 chief public libraries are five in number: — the Roy 
 al Library, containing 500,000 vols., 100,000 
 MSS., 100,000 medals, and 1,500,000 engrav- 
 ings ; the Mazarine Library. i)3.000 vols., and 
 41,000 MSS. ; the Library of the Arsenal, 170,000 
 vols., 0,000 MSS. ; the Library of St. Genevieve. 
 110,000 vols., and 2,000 MSS.; the City Library,' 
 42,000 vols. The principal museums are that, or 
 rather those, of the Garden of Plants, — an incom- 
 parable temple of natural science in every branch, 
 raised chiefly by the illustrious Buffon, and his 
 worthy successor, the late count Lacepede ; the 
 Louvre, still containing 1,200 pictures and 500 
 pieces of sculpture, among which are many chefs 
 d'ceuvre ; and the Conversatory of Useful Arts 
 {Arts' ct Metiers,) containing specimens or models 
 of the machinery and instruments used in every 
 branch of manufacture. 
 
 Paris is the great centre, not only of French but 
 of continental intellect in literature and science. 
 From its press issue the most valuable, if not the 
 greatest number, of literary publications ; and it 
 has a still more decided lead in scientific research 
 and discovery. Pans i? also as decidedly the 
 first manufacturing town of France. Its princi- 
 pal manufacturing establishments called royal, are 
 three : — the Gobelins tapestry, to which that oi 
 
PAR 
 
 581 
 
 PAR 
 
 La Savonniere has been united ; the manufactory 
 of glass, which employs 2,700 men ; and the por- 
 celain manufactory at Sevres, remarkable not only 
 for the value of its productions, but for its curious 
 museum of all the objects connected with the art, 
 ran o-ed in order. Paris also excels in many of the 
 commonly used articles of luxury and fashion, — 
 in male and female dress, jewelry, wrought gold 
 and silver, watches, clocks, furniture, carriages, 
 &,c. So strong is the tendency to trading indus- 
 try, that its exports have increased since the Revo- 
 lution to a degree unprecedented in the history of 
 commerce. 
 
 Society has become essentially changed in Par- 
 is since the Revolution. The nobles have lost 
 'lieir importance, if not existence, as a caste. 
 That numerous aggregate of families formerly 
 called the "court," has disappeared. Wealth, 
 however, is not the first distinction, nor has it the 
 same weight in obtaining access to good company, 
 in Paris as in other places. The Parisian society 
 of men of letters and artists is, perhaps, the most 
 intellectual, interesting and polished, in existence, 
 -from the fund of knowledge and accomplish- 
 ment which it contains, and the passing admixture 
 of European rank and talents. The Parisians are 
 doubtless polished and artificial in their manners ; 
 but they are also really social and obliging : and 
 the many hospitals which they support for the 
 helpless of both sexes and every age, — of which 7 
 contain 3,156 beds, — with, moreover, several bu- 
 reaux for the distribution of private domiciliary re- 
 lief, — sufficiently prove that they are humane and 
 charitable. Their love of amusement and pleas- 
 ure is attested by their crowded public walks, 
 their 3,500 coffee-houses, and twelve theatres. 
 
 Parishes in north lat. 43. 50. 11.,— long. 20. 11. 
 (reckoning, with the French astronomers, from 
 the western point of the lie de Fcrro,) — 98 leagues 
 S. E. of London, 250 leagues S. W. of Copenha- 
 gen, 380 leagues S. W. of Stockholm, 500 leagues 
 S. W. of St. Petersburgh, 600 leagues S. W. of 
 Moscow, 324 leagues W. of Cracow, 300 leagues 
 S W. of Dantzic, 216 leagues S. W. of Berlin, 
 2J0 leagues W. S. W. of Dresden, 195 leagues 
 \V. S. W. of Leipzig, 115 leagues W. by N. of 
 Frankfort on the Maine, 204 leagues W. by N. 
 of Prague, 850 leagues W. of Vienna, 270 
 leagues W. of Presburg, 552 leagues N. W. of 
 Constantinople, 333 leagues N. W. of Na- 
 ples, 260 leagues N. N. W., of Rome, 230 leagues 
 W. N. W. of Venice, 107 leagues N. W. 
 Bern, 148 leagues W. N. W. of Zurich, 100 
 leagues W. N. W. of Basle, 280 leagues N. by E. 
 of Madrid, 350 leagues N. E. of Lisbon. Its area 
 is 10,600 square acres, of 100 perches each ; its 
 «;'.reumference, by the Boulevards, about six 
 leagues ; its diameter about two leagues ; and its 
 pop. 900,000. It is divided into 12 municipal dis- 
 tricts,called arrondissements ; 9 on the right and 3 
 on the left bank of the Seine, — with a mayor and 
 justice of peace in each ; and these arrondisse- 
 ments are again subdivided into forty-eight quar- 
 ters, each with a commissary of police. The 
 municipal administration and police of Paris are 
 wholly in the hands of the executive government. 
 
 Paris, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 46 m. N. of Portland. 
 Pop. 2,307 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 9 m. S. W. 
 Utica. Pop. 2,765. Also towns and villages in 
 Fauquier Co. Va., Jefferson Co. Ind., Bourbon Co. 
 Ken. Pop. 1,219. Henry Co. Ten., and Union, 
 Portage, Stark and Richland Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Pariskmlle, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,479. 
 
 Parke a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,534. Rock 
 ville is the capital ; also a village in the same 
 county. 88 m. W. Indianapolis. 
 
 Parker, a t nvnship of Butler Co. Pa. 
 
 Parker River, a small stream ot Essex Co. Mass. 
 flowing through Newbury into Plum Island Sound. 
 
 Parlcersburg, p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. 
 12 m. below Marietta. 
 
 Parkgal.e, a village in Cheshire, situate on the 
 estuary of the Dee, 12 m. N. W. of Chester. Pack 
 et-boats frequently sail hence to Ireland 
 
 Parkman, a township of Somerset Co. Me. 
 Pop. 803; p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio. 156 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. Pop. 709. 
 
 Parks, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Parma, a duchy of Italy, under which name are 
 included the duchies of Parma Proper, Plaeen/.a, 
 and Guastalla. It is bounded on the W. and N. 
 by the Milanese, E. by the Modenese, and S. by 
 Tuscany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in corn, 
 wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage ; and there are 
 some inconsiderable mines of copper and silver. 
 The celebrated Parmesan cheese is no longer made 
 in this country, but at Lodi, in the Milanese, and 
 some other places. By the treaty of Paris, in 
 1814, this duchy was given to the ex-empress 
 Maria Louisa. 
 
 Parma, an ancient, rich, populous, and hand- 
 some town of Italy, capital of the foregoing 
 duchy. It has a university, a magnificent cathe- 
 dral, and the largest opera-house in Europe, 
 which has seats for 8,000 people. The dome, and 
 the church of St. John, are painted by the famous 
 Correggio, who was a native of this place. The 
 other most remarkable places are the ducal palace, 
 with its orallery and collection of artificial curi- 
 osities ; the large Benedictine convent, in which 
 12,000 soldiers were quartered in 1724 ; the Pa- 
 lazzo Giardino, a ducal palace, connected with the 
 town ; and the promenade between the town and 
 citadel. Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, car- 
 ried away a library from this place to Naples, 
 which contained 18,000 volumes, and a very val- 
 uable cabinet of curiosities, with a rich collection 
 of medals. The inhabitants, about 36,000, trade 
 in silk, and silk stockings. In 1734 a bloody 
 battle was fought here between the Austrians and 
 the French and Sardinians, in which the former 
 were defeated. Parma is situated on a river of 
 the same name, which divides it into two parts, 
 united by three bridges, 40 Hi. N. W. of Modena 
 and 60 S. E. of Milan. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 44. 
 50. N. 
 
 Parma, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. Roch- 
 ester. Pop. 2,569. 
 
 Parnassus, or Parnasso, a celebrated mountain 
 in Greece. It has two heads, one of which was 
 famous for being consecrated to Apollo and the 
 Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the high- 
 est in Greece, and has a fine fountain, supposed 
 to be the ancient Castalia. 8 m. N. of Livadia. 
 
 Paro, or Porrogong, a town of Hindoostan, cap- 
 ital of a district of its name in the province of 
 Bootan, with a castle, the residence of a governor. 
 It is famous for the manufacture of idols, and the 
 forging of swords, daggers, and arrows. It stands 
 on the Patch ieu, in a fertile valley, 20 m. S. by 
 E. of Tassasudon. 
 
 Paros, an island in the Grecian Archipelago, 
 one of the Cyclades, to the W. of Naxia. It is 
 10 m. long and eight broad, and the soil is well 
 cultivated. The trade consists in wheat, barle}', 
 wine, and pulse, and in calicoes. It formerly 
 produced a great deal of oil, but the Venetian 
 3c2 
 
PAS 
 
 582 
 
 PAS 
 
 army burnt all the olive trees. This island was 
 anciently dedicated to Bacchus, on account of its 
 excellent wines ; and has been so famous for its 
 marble that the best carvers would make use of 
 no other. The statuaries Phidias and Praxiteles 
 were natives of this island ; and the famous Arun- 
 delian marbles at Oxford were brought from this 
 place. 
 
 Paros, or Parecliia, the capital of the Isic of 
 Paros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the 
 lnrgest and most, powerful town of the Cyclades ; 
 but is greatly decayed. The walls of the castie 
 are built of ancient pieces of marble, and most of 
 the columns are placed long- wise ; some of them, 
 that stand upright, support cornices of aiiKizing 
 size. The natives build their houses of marble, 
 which they find ready cut to their hands; but 
 they take no care to place the pieces in a regular 
 manner ; their fields likewise are inclosed with 
 friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. The present 
 inhabitants are so ignorant that instead of great 
 sculptors, and skilful architects, they have no- 
 thing but carvers of mortars and salt-cellars. 
 Paros is situate or the W. coast of the island. 
 Long. 25. 44. E., lat. 37. 8. N. 
 
 Parishville, p. v. St Lawrence Co. N. Y. 35 m. 
 S. E. Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,479. 
 
 Parrot, a river which rises in the S. part of 
 Somersetshire, Eng. receives the Odered, lvel 
 and Throne, and enters the Bristol Channel at 
 Bridgevvater Bay. 
 
 Parramatta, a town in New S. VVales, capital 
 of the province of the same name, with a church, 
 court-house, hospital, orphan-house, goal, &c. 
 Pop. 1,200 the soil in most places is remarkably 
 good. It is seated at the head of the harbour of 
 Port Jackson, 15 m. W. by. N.of Sydney. 
 
 Parsippany, p. v. Morris Co. N. J. 25 m. N. W. 
 Newark. 
 
 Parsonsfield, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,465. 
 
 Partenkirch, a town of Bavaria, 48 m. S. S. W. 
 jS Munich. 
 
 Parthenay, a town of France, department of 
 Deux Sevres, with a considerable trade in cattle 
 and corn, and manufactures of serge, hats, leath- 
 er, and earthenware. It is seated on the Thoue, 
 21 m. S. of Thours and 28 N. N. E. of Niort. 
 
 Partoncraig, a ferry-town of Scotland, in Fife- 
 shire, near the mouth of the frith of Tay, t) m. 
 N. N. W. of St. Andrew. 
 
 Pnru, a town and fort of Brazil, in the jurisdic- 
 tion of Para ; situate on the N. side of the head 
 of the estuary of the Amazon, 200 m. from the 
 ocean. Long. 54. 20. W., lat 1. 50. S. 
 
 Parys, a mountain of Wales, on the N. W. 
 coast of the Isle of Anglesey, famous for a cop- 
 per mine, which is wrought similarly to a stone 
 quarry open to day. This mine was not opened 
 till 17(58, and the quantity of ore is prodigious. 
 The purest part is exported raw to the smelting 
 works at Swansea and other places : the most im- 
 pure is calcined on the spot, and deprived of its 
 sulphur, which is sublimed, and afterwards form- 
 ed into rolls of brimstone. Quantities of nearly 
 pure copper are obtained from the waters beneath 
 the bed of ore, by the intervention of iron. A 
 lead ore, rich in silver, is also found in this moun- 
 tain. The smelting and boiling houses are in the 
 valley below, near the sea, and at Amlwich is a 
 commodious haven for vessels employed in the 
 copper and brimstone trade. 
 
 Pas, -a town of France, department of Pas de 
 Calais, 12 in. S. W. of Arias 
 
 Pascagoula, a river of Mississippi,flowing south 
 
 into the gulf of Mexico. It is barred at the mouth 
 against vessels drawing more than 5 feet water. 
 
 Pas de Calais, a department of France, contain- 
 ing the provinces of Artois and Bourbonnois. It 
 has a superficial area of 2,500 sq. m. with 570,000 
 inhabitants. The climate is humid and changea- 
 ble, several districts are marshy, but the soil in 
 general is fertile in corn, hemp, flax, «Vc. Arras 
 is the capital. 
 
 Pascwalk, a town of Prussian Pomerania, near 
 which are some iron works. It stands on the 
 Ucker, 28 m. W. of Stettin. 
 
 Pasrjua, a town of Mexico, in Xalisco, 100 m. 
 S. S. VV. of Compostella. 
 
 Pasquaro, a town of Mexico, in Mechoacan, 2<* 
 m. S. W. of Mechoacan. 
 
 Pasquotank, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 
 8,618. Elizabeth is the capital. 
 
 Passage, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, be- 
 tween those of Fontarabia and St. Sebastian, 3 
 m. E. of the latter. 
 
 Passaic, a river of New Jersey rising in New 
 York and flowing S. E. into Newark Bay. It 
 has a fall of 70 feet at Patterson, where the riv- 
 er is 40 yards wide and falls in an unbroken sheet, 
 forming one of the most beautiful cascades in the 
 country. 
 
 Passamaquoddy Bay, an inlet of the Bay of Fun- 
 dy between the eastern part of Maine and New 
 Brunswick. It contains the Island of Campobel- 
 lo, Moose, Deer, and several others, and receives 
 the waters of many rivers. The tides in the bay 
 rise more than 30 feet ; the waters abound with 
 herring, cod, mackerel and pollock, the taking of 
 which afford occupation to great numbers of peo- 
 ple. The bay is 12. m. long and 6 wide : it is 
 navigable for the largest ships. 
 
 Passamaquoddy Indians. See Perry. 
 
 Passao, Cape, a cape of S. America, in Quito. 
 Long. 80. 50. W., lat. 0. 30. S. 
 
 Passaro, Cape, anciently called Pachimum, the 
 most southerly point of Sicily. It has a fort t(* 
 protect the country from the incursions of the 
 Barbary corsairs. Off this cape, Sir George 
 Byng defeated a Spanish squadron in 1735. Long. 
 15. 22. E., lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Passaroicitz, a town of Servia, where a peace 
 was concluded in 1718 between Charles VI. and 
 Achmet III. It is situate near the river Moravia, 
 33 m. E. S. E. of Belgrade. 
 
 Pasaruan, a town of the Island of Java, capi- 
 tal of an extensive principality, with a trade in 
 cotton and rice, 30 m. W. of Panarucan. 
 
 Passau, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital of 
 the circle of Lower Danube, and formerly of a 
 principality of its name, which in 1815 was di- 
 vided between Bavaria and Austria. It stands 
 on the Danube, where it receives the Inn and Ilz. 
 and by these rivers is divided into four parts ; 
 namely, the town of Passau, Insadt, Ilstadt, and 
 the fortified castle of Oberhaus, on the mountain 
 of St. George. This city is celebrated for the 
 treaty, or religious peace, concluded here in 1552. 
 In 1662 the cathedral and greatest part of the 
 town were consumed by fire, but tleyhave been 
 handsomely rebuilt. It is 65 m. E. S. E. of Ra- 
 tisbon and J 35 W. by N. of Vienna. Long. 13 
 32. E., lat. 48. 34. N. 
 
 Passenheim, a town of Prussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Konigsberg, 73 m. S. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Passignano, a town of Italy, in the papal states, 
 17 in. N. W. of Perugia. 
 
 Pussy, a village of France, department of Par- 
 is, near the town of St. Denys. Here is a man 
 
PAT 
 
 583 
 
 PAT 
 
 nfacture of considerable extent for speedily 
 oleaching cotton and linen cloth. 
 
 Passyunk,a township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. ad- 
 joining the city. 
 
 Pasta, or St. Juan de Pasto, a town of New 
 Granada, capital of a district of its name, seated 
 in a valley, 120 m. N. by E. of Quito. Long. 76. 
 T)5. W.,lat. 1.50. N. 
 
 Pastrana,a. town of Spain, in New Castile, 32 m. 
 E. of Madrid. 
 
 Patagonia, a country in the most southern part 
 of S. America, bounded on the N. by Buenos 
 Ayres.and extending 1,100 m. on the eastern coast, 
 from Rio de la Plata to the straits of Magellan. 
 T'his country has no timber in the S. parts, 
 though the N. contains an immense quantity, and 
 numerous flocks of cattle. The E. coast is gen- 
 erally low. The natives are tall, stout, and well 
 made, some of them six feet five inches in height ; 
 but their hands and feet are remarkably small. 
 Their colour is a kind of bronze. They have no 
 other clothing than skins, which they wear with 
 the hair inward, and a little apron of leather. 
 Here is found the tougon or American ostrich, 
 the largest bird of the western continent, being 
 generally 6 feet high. The Patagonians hunt 
 
 them on horseback and kill them with clubs. The 
 principal harbour is that of Port St. Julian. 
 
 Paialc, a town of Hungary, with a protestant 
 college, situate on the Latoreza, 25 m. S. S. E. 
 of Cassovia. 
 
 Patanu, a city and district of Mysore. See 
 Scringapatam. 
 
 Patani. a town on the N. E. coast of the pen- 
 insula of Malaya, capital of a district of the same 
 name, with a well defended harbour. The inhab- 
 itants have some trade with the Chinese. 300 m. 
 N. bv W. of Malacca. Long. 100. 50. E., lat. 
 7. 5. N. 
 
 Patapsco, a river of Maryland flowing S. E. in- 
 to the Chesapeak. It forms the harbour of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Patay, a town of France, department of Loiret, 
 where the English were defeated, in 142!), by Jo- 
 an of Arc. 15 m. N. W. of Orleans. 
 
 Patchouge, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long- 
 Island. 
 
 Paterno, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 built on the ruins of Hybla, so celebrated for its 
 honey. 15 m. W. of Catania. 
 
 Paterson, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic. 
 Pop. 7,331. It is situated just below the falls of 
 the river, and has recently grown into importance 
 by its manufactures. There are 17 cotton facto- 
 ries, running 30,000 spindles ; and consuming an- 
 nually 2,000,000 pounds of cotton ; a manufacture 
 of sail cloth with 1,600 spindles and consuming 
 yearly 600,000 pounds of flax ; a slitting and roll- 
 ing mill working annually 896,000 pounds of iron ; 
 
 nail factories making yearly more than 850,000 
 pounds of nails ; besides iron and brass foundenes 
 and manufactures of machinery. The capital em 
 ployed is more than 1,000,000 dollars. 
 Patesville, p.v. Breckenridge. Co. Ken. 
 Patlttad, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 2 m 
 W. of Dysnart, long famous for its manufacture 
 of nails, and now including different branches of 
 weaving woolen and linen. 
 
 Patmos, or Patinos, an island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago, lying 26 in. S. of the Isle of Samos, 
 famous for being the place where St. John wrote 
 the Apocalypse. Jt is 25 m. in circumference, 
 but produces very little, only a few valleys being 
 capable of cultivation; partridges, rabbits, quails', 
 turtles, pigeons, and snipes abound. In the 
 midst of the island rises a mountain, terminated 
 by the convent of St. John, the abbot of which 
 is the prince of the country. The hermitage o! 
 the Apocalypse is situate on the side of the 
 mountain between the convent and the port of 
 Scala. It leads to the church of the Apocalypse, 
 which is built against a grotto in a rock, point- 
 ed out as the asylum of St. John, during his ex- 
 ile. The inhabitants are chiefly sailors or ship- 
 builders ; and have some trade in cotton, and 
 stockings of their manufacture. Loner. 26. 24 
 E., hit. 37. 24. N. 
 
 Patna, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Bahar, 
 seated on the right bank of the Ganges, opposite 
 the influx of the Gunduck, and fortified with a 
 wall and citadel. In the citadel were confined 
 the British prisoners taken in 1764, by Meer Cos- 
 sim, nabob of Bengal, by whose order they were 
 brutally massacred. This occasioned the storm- 
 ing of the city since which period it has acknowl- 
 edged the British sway, and is the residence of 
 the provincial courts, Alc. The buildings are high 
 but the streets are narrow. It is a place of con- 
 siderable trade. 320 m. N. VV. of Calcutta. Long. 
 85. 10. E., lat. 24. 35. N. 
 
 Patras, a sea-port of Greece, in the Morea, and 
 a bishop's see. The Jews, who are one-third of 
 the inhabitants, have 4 synagogues, and there are 
 several handsome Greek churches. The princi- 
 pal articles of trade are silk, leather, honey, man- 
 na, pomegranates, citrons, and oranges. It is 
 seated on the side of a hill, near the entrance of 
 the gulf of Lepanto, 14 m. S. W. of Lepanto. 
 Long. 21. 45. E., lat. 38. 17. N. 
 
 Patri, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 situate near a lake of the same name, 13 m. N. 
 W. of Naples. 
 
 Patriot, a town of the papal states, in Campag- 
 na di Roma, 13 m. S. of Rome. 
 
 Patrick, a county in the E. district of Virginia. 
 Pop. 7,303. The Court House is 270 m. S. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Palrickville, p.v. Craven Co. N. C. 
 Patrimony of St. Peter, a. province of Italy, in 
 the papal states, 43 m. long and 30 broad, bound- 
 ed N. by Orvieto, E. by Umbria and Sabina, S. 
 by Campagna di Roma, and S. W. by the sea. 
 It was granted by the emperor Constantine, to 
 support a church he had built in honour of St. Pe- 
 ter, and for the use of a bishop of Rome. The 
 country is fertile in corn and fruit, and produces 
 much alum. 
 
 Patrington, a town in E.Yorkshire, Eng. Here 
 the Roman road from the Picts' wall ended ; seat- 
 ed near the mouth of theHumber, 18 m. E. S £. 
 of Hull and 188 N. of London. 
 
 Patschkau, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the 
 river Neisse, 13 m. W. of Neisse. 
 
PAU 
 
 584 
 
 PAW 
 
 Patta, an island on the coast of Zanguebar, 10 
 m. in circuit, inhabited chiefly by Arabians, seat- 
 ed at the mouth of a river of the same name. 
 Long. 43. 0. E., iat. 1. 56. N. 
 
 Pattan, a town of Hindoostan, in Nepaul, con- 
 taining several temples, and about 24,000 houses. 
 10 m. E. S. E. of Catmandu. 
 
 Patlensen, a town of Hanover, 7 m. S. by E. of 
 Hanover. 
 Patterson, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,536. 
 Patti, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 and a bishop's see; seated on the gulf of Patti, 
 38 m. VV. of Messina. Long. 15. 22. E., Iat. 38. 
 11. N. 
 
 Pattiary, a town of Hindoostan. in the prov- 
 ince of Oude, 55 m. N. W. of Canoge and 55 E. 
 N. E. of Agra. 
 
 Pattonsbarg, p. v. Botetourt Co. Va. on James 
 river, 190 m. VV. Richmond. 
 
 Patlun, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, in Guzerat. It is seated 
 on the Surswutty. 48 in. N. of Aniedabad. Long. 
 72. 30. E., Iat. 23. 45. X. 
 
 Patucket, or Pawtucket Falls,on the Merrimack, 
 between Lowell and Dracut, are a violent rapid 
 of 30 feet descent in a course of 60 rods. A bridge 
 is throw-n over them, and on the banks of the ri- 
 ver are numerous manufactures. See Lowell. 
 
 Patur.ent, a navigable river of Maryland, which 
 flows into the VV. side of Chesapeak Bay, 30 m. 
 S. of Annapolis. 
 
 Patzow, a town of Bohemia, in Bechin, with a 
 Carmelite convent, and manufactures of cloth. 
 17 m. E. of Tabor. 
 
 Pan, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lower Pyrenees, with a castle where 
 Henry VI. was born. It was the ancient resi- 
 dence of the kings of Xavarre ; and, before the 
 revolution, the capital of Beam. Here are man- 
 ufactures of cloth, linen, &c. and the environs 
 are productive in wine and fruit. It is seated on 
 an eminence, by the river called the Gave de 
 Pau,97m. S. of Bourdeaux. Long. 0. 23. W.,lat. 
 43. 7. X. 
 
 Paul, St., an island in the Indian Ocean. See 
 Amsterdam. ' 
 
 Paul, St., a town of Brazil, in a district of its 
 name, founded by a colony of Jesuits and Indians 
 in 1570. The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000, 
 the greater part of whom are farmers. The town 
 is pleasantly situated on an eminence, surrounded 
 on three sides by low meadow-land, and washed 
 at the base by rivulets which almost insulate it 
 in rainy weather. It is 36 m. from the sea and 
 190 W. of Rio Janeiro. Long. 45. 56. W., Iat. 
 23. 26. S. 
 
 Paid, St., a town of France, department of Pas 
 de Calais, 18 m. W. N. W. of Arras. 
 
 Paul, St., a town in the department of Upper 
 Vienne, 10 m. S. E. of Limoges. 
 
 Paul, St., a town in the department of Var, 7 
 m. W. of Nice. 
 
 Paul dc Fenouilhct, St., a town in the depart- 
 ment of Eastern Pyrenees, 18 m. W. N. W. of 
 Perpignan. 
 
 Paul de Leon, St., a. town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre. on a bay of the English Chan- 
 nel, 30 m. N. E. of Brest. Long. 4. 0. VV., Iat. 
 48. 41. N. 
 
 Paul de Omaguas, St., a town of Amazonia, on 
 the S. side of the river Amazon, and on the bor- 
 ders of Peru. Long. 96. 20. W., Iat. 4. 10. S. 
 Paulding, a county of Ohio. Pop. 160. 
 Paul Troix Chateaux, St., a town of France, 
 
 department, of Drome, on the side of a hill, 16 m 
 S. of Montelimar. 
 
 Paula, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 12 
 m. W. N. W. ofCosenza. 
 
 Paulograd, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Catharinenslaf, 32 m. E. of Catharinen 
 slaf. Long. 35. 54. E., Iat. 47. 10. N. 
 
 Pausa, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland, 7 m. 
 N. N. W. ofPlauen. 
 
 Pausilippo, a mountain 5 m. W. of Naples, cele- 
 brated for a grotto, which is a passage cut through 
 the mountain nearly a m. in length, 20 feet in 
 breadth and 30 in height. People of fashion drive 
 through this passage with torches ; but the coun- 
 try people find their way by the light, which 
 enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced 
 through the mountain, near the middle of the grotto. 
 On this mountain is the tomb of Virgil ; and its N. 
 and E. sides are covered with villas and gardens. 
 
 PauzJc, a town of W. Prussia, in Pomerelia, near 
 the W. coast of the gulf of Dantzic, 25 m. N. W. 
 of Dantzic. 
 
 Pari a, a province of Austrian Italy, in the gov- 
 ernment of Milan, called for its fertility the Garden 
 of the Milanese. It is bounded by Parma, Milan, 
 and Lodi, and comprises an area of 320 sq. m. with 
 about 120,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Pavia, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university. 
 and a citadel. Besides the cathedral, there are 
 18 churches, and numerous convents. The chief 
 articles of commerce are corn, hemp, cheese, and 
 wine. It was once the capital of Lombardy, and 
 has undergone various changes. In 1706 it fell 
 into the hands of Austria; in 1796 it was taken 
 by the French, and retained till the peace of 1614. 
 It is seated in a beautiful plain, on the Tesino, 
 near its conflux with the Po, 17 m. S. of Milan. 
 Long. 9. 15. E., Iat. 45. 13. N. 
 
 Pavoasan, the capital of the Isle of St. Thomas, 
 on the coast of Guinea, and the see of a bishop, 
 with a fort and a good harbour. It lies under the 
 equator, in long. 8. 30. W. 
 
 Pawlings, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,705. 
 Pawlet, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Ben- 
 nington. 
 
 Paicnees, a tribe of Indians in the Missouri Ter 
 They comprise 3 distinct bands independent in 
 government, but connected by a general interest 
 and carry on wars in concert. Their number !.« 
 between 6 and 7,000. The Grand Pawnees re 
 side in a village on the Loup Fork of the Missoui j 
 and have about 3,500 souls. The village of the 
 Republican Pawnees is 4 m. distant, and contains 
 1,000. The Loup Pawnees are established 3 in 
 farther up the river ; their numbers are about 
 2,000. They live chiefly by hunting, but practise 
 a little agriculture, and keep horses and dogs. 
 
 Paictucket, a river rising in Bristol Co. Mass. 
 and flowing S. into Seekonk river, 4 m. N. E. of 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
 Pawtucket, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above 
 river. Pop. 1,458. The river here divides Massa- 
 chusetts from R. I. On the opposite side is the 
 town of North .Providence in Providence Co. R. 
 I. Pop. 3,503. The two towns are united bv a 
 bridge, and together form one of the largest man- 
 ufacturing places in the country. The manufac- 
 tures are mostly of cotton ; they employ 45,000 
 spindles and 9,000 looms. There are three falls in 
 the river which afford a very great water powei 
 
 Pawtuxet, a river of R. I. flowing easterly into 
 Narraganset Bay, 5 in. below Providence. It hat 
 
PED 
 
 585 
 
 PEG 
 
 many falls and a great number of cotton factories 
 are situated upon its banks. 
 
 Pawtuxet, p.v. in Warwick and Cranston town- 
 ships R. I. at the mouth of the above river, with 
 manufactures of woolen and cotton. It is a port 
 of entry and has some commerce. 
 
 Paxton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 55 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 597 ; also townships in Dauphin Co. 
 Pa. and Ross Co. Ohio. 
 
 Paxu, one of the Ionian islands, a little S. of 
 Corfu, about 15 m. in circumference, inhabited by 
 about 6,500 Greeks. It produces wine, oil, and 
 almonds. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 39. 21. N. 
 
 Payerne, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, on the river Broye, 22 m. S. W. of Bern. 
 
 Paymogo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 42 
 m. N. by E. of Ayamonte and 73 N. W. of Seville. 
 
 Payncsvillc, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 
 
 Pays de Vaud, a canton of Switzerland, extend- 
 ing along the lake of Geneva, and rising gradual- 
 ly from the edge of that lake. It is richly laid 
 out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows, and 
 chequered with many villages and towns. Lau- 
 sanne is the capital. 
 
 Paz, La, a city of Buenos Ayres, capital of a 
 district of its name, and a bishop's see. Besides 
 the cathedral, it contains four churches, an hospi- 
 tal, a college, and several convents. It is seated 
 at the foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding 
 in wine and fruits, 220 m. N. W. of Plata. Long. 
 68. 50. W., lat. 17. 0. S. 
 
 Pazzy, a town of Romania, and a bishop's see, 
 8 m. S. W. of Gallipoli. 
 
 Peacham, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,351. 
 
 Peach Bottom, p.t. York Co. Pa. 
 
 Peachtoum, a village of Tompkins Co. N. Y. 
 
 Peak, a mountainous tract in the N. W. part of 
 Derbyshire, Eng. which abounds in lead, iron, 
 millstones, marble, alabaster, coal, and a coarse 
 sort of crystals. It is much visited on account of 
 its extraordinary caverns and other curiosities. 
 The " Wonders of the Peak," which have been 
 celebrated both in prose and verse, are noticed in 
 this work under the articles Buxton, Castleton, 
 Chatsworth, and Tideswell. 
 
 Peaks of Otter, a portion of the Blue ridge of 
 mountains in Virginia, being the highest summits 
 in the state. They are 3,103 feet in height. 
 
 Pea-Patch, a small island in the Delaware, a 
 little above the mouth of the canal. Fort Dela- 
 ware upon this island, commands the passage up 
 the river. 
 
 Pearlingtan, p.v. Hancock Co. Miss. 
 
 Pearl, Islands, islands lying in the bay of Pan- 
 ama. The inhabitants of Panama have planta- 
 tions on them. 
 
 Pearl River, a navigable river of the state of 
 Mississippi, which after flowing through a fer- 
 tile territory, falls into Lake Borgne, a little E. of 
 Lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 Pease, a \ownship of Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Pecklarn a town of Austria, on the right bank 
 of the Danube. The river is very wide; and 
 here the Romans, who called it Prseclara, had 
 a harbour for their navy. 14 m. W. of St. Polten. 
 
 Pedee, a navigable river of the United States, 
 which rises in N. Carolina, and is there called 
 Yadkin River : on entering S. Carolina, it takes 
 the name of Pedee, and flows into Winyaw Bay 
 at Georgetown. 
 
 Pedena, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 25 
 m. S. E. of Capo d'Istria. 
 
 Pedcrnirea, a town of Portugal, in Estremadu 
 la, on the sea-coast, 33 m. S. W. of Leiria. 
 74 
 
 Pedir, a town of Sumatra, on the N. coast, 40 
 m. E. S. E. of Acheen. Long. 96. 36. E., lat. 5. 
 22. N. 
 
 Pedraza, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with 
 a castle, in which the two sons of Francis I. 
 were confined. It was the birth-place of the em- 
 peror Trajan. 25 m. N. E. of Segovia. 
 
 Pedro Point, the most northern point of the is. 
 and of Ceylon, opposite Point Calymere on the 
 continent of Hindoostan. Long. 80. 27. E., lat. 
 9.52. N. 
 
 Pedro, St., one of the islands in the Pacific 
 Ocean called Marquesas. Long. 138. 51. W., 
 lat. 9. 58. S. — Also the name of a large river of 
 Mexico, which runs into the Rio del Norte, on 
 the borders of Cohahuila ;— a river of Brazil 
 which falls into the Atlantic ; — and several in- 
 considerable settlements in S. America, consist- 
 ing only of a few scattered families of Indians. 
 
 Peebles, a borough of Scotland, capital of Pee- 
 blesshire, seated on the Tweed, over which is 
 an elegant bridge. It is divided by Eddlestone 
 Water in the Old and New Town, has manufac- 
 tures of carpets and serges, and is noted for its ex- 
 cellent ale. On a projecting rock near the Tweed, 
 stands Nidpath Castle ; and on an eminence on 
 the E. stands Horseburg Castle. It is 22 m. 
 S. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 7. W., lat. 55. 40. N. 
 
 Peeblesshire, a county of Scotland, 30 m. long 
 and 12 broad ; bounded N. by Edinburghshire, L. 
 by Selkirkshire, S. by Dumfriesshire, and W. by 
 Lanarkshire. It is divided into 16 parishes, con- 
 taining 10,046 inhabitants. Its hills, among which 
 are those of Tweedsmuir, abound with salubrious 
 springs, and feed numbers of sheep and cattle. 
 The principal rivers are the Tweed and Lyne ; 
 the former runs through the county, whence it 
 is sometimes called Tweedale. 
 
 Pee Pee, a township of Pike Co. Ohio. 
 
 Peekskill, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson. 50 m. N. New York. 
 
 Peel, a town on the W. coast of the Isle of Man, 
 situate on a spacious bay. At the S. extremity 
 of the bay is Peel Isle, a rock of great magnitude 
 and height, on the summit of which is a castle, 
 and the dilapidated cathedral of the isle, dedicat- 
 ed to St. Germain, the first bishop, who lived in 
 the fifth century. The town is much decayed 
 and the inhabitants are indolent and poor. 10 
 m. W. of Douglas. Long. 4. 40. W., laL 54. 
 13. N. 
 
 Peeling, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 291 
 
 Pcene, a river of Germany, which rises out of 
 some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows through Hi- 
 ther Pomerania to the western branch of the Oder 
 which is thence called Peene, and runs by Wol- 
 gast into the Baltic Sea, at Peenemunde. 
 
 Peenemunde, a town and fort of Prussian 
 Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the resi 
 dence of the governor of the island. It commands 
 the entrance and mouth of the Peene, near which 
 it stands. 6 m. N. by E. of Wolgast. Long. 13.55. 
 E., lat. 54. 8. N. 
 
 Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov 
 ince ofLimburg, 24 m. N. N. W. of Maestricht. 
 
 Pegau, a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 10 m. 
 S. S. W. of Leipzig. 
 
 Pegau, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, 
 near which are considerable lead mines. It is 
 seated near the Meur, 9 m. N. N. W. of Gratz. 
 
 Pegna de Francia,a. town of Spain, in Leon r 27 
 m. S. S. E. Ciudad Rodrigo. 
 
 Pegnafiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a 
 palace, and a strong castle. It is seated at the 
 
PEI 
 
 586 
 
 PEK 
 
 foot of a mountain, near the Duero, 38 m. E. 
 S. E. of Valladolid. Long. 4. 0. W., lat. 41. 
 33. N. 
 
 Pegnafirme, a town of Portugal, in Estremadu- 
 ra, afthe mouth of the Mongola, 36 m. N. N. W. 
 of Lisbon. 
 
 Pegrmfior, a town of Spain, in Asturias, seat- 
 ed on the Pravia, 8 m. N. W. of Oviedo. 
 
 Peirnajlor, a town of Spai», in Andalusia, 48 m. 
 N. E^of Seville. 
 
 Pegnagarcia, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 
 26 m. E. of Castel Branco. 
 
 Pagnamacor , a fortified town of Portugal, in 
 Beira, with a castle, 31 m. E. N. E. of Castel 
 Branco. Long. 6. 52. W., lat. 40. 6. N ; 
 
 Pecrnaranda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 39 
 m. S?by E. of Burgos.— Another, 33 m. N. N. 
 W. of Avila. 
 
 Pegnitz, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on a 
 river of the same name, near its source, 10 m. S. 
 of Bayreuth. 
 
 Pegnon de Velez, a sea-port and fortress of Mor- 
 occo, seated on a rock in the Mediterranean, near 
 the town of Velez. It was built by the Spaniards 
 in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken 
 in 1064. It is 73 m. S. E. of Ceuta. Long. 4. 1G. 
 W., lat. 35. 12. N. 
 
 Pegu, a province of Birmah, bounded N. by 
 Arracan and Ava, W. and S. by the bay of Ben- 
 gal, and E. by Siam. It is very fruitful in corn, 
 roots, pulse, and fruits : its other products are 
 teak timber, elephants, elephants' teeth, bees- 
 wax, lac, saltpetre, iron, lead, tin. petroleum, 
 very fine rubies, small diamonds, and plenty of 
 lead. The inhabitants are generally of low stat- 
 ure and have small eyes. The woman are much 
 fairer than the men, small, but well proportioned. 
 In the low flat part of the country, which is liable 
 to be overflowed, the houses are built upon stakes, 
 and in time of inundation the inhabitants commu- 
 nicate with each other by boats. Pegu was long 
 an independent kingdom, and, in 1752, conquered 
 the kingdom of Birmah ; but Alompra, whom the 
 king of Pegu had continued as chief at Moncha- 
 bou, soon afterwards revolted, and in 1757 reduc- 
 ed Pegu to a dependent province. 
 
 Pegu, a city of the above province, erected on 
 the site of the former city which was ruined by 
 Alompra in 1757. The ancient city was a quad- 
 rangle, each side measuring nearly a mile and a 
 half, and surrounded by strong walls and other 
 fortifications, now in ruins. The magnificent tem- 
 ple of Shoemadoo still exists as a monument of 
 its ancient greatness. The present city occupies 
 about one-fourth of the former area. On the N. 
 and E. sides it borders on the old wall, and is 
 fenced round by a stockade. It is seated on a 
 river of the same name, 300 m. S. of Ummera- 
 poora. Long 96. 11. E., lat. 17. 40. N. 
 
 Pei-ho, or White-river, a river of China, in Pe- 
 tche-li, which passes near Pekin,and by the cities 
 of Tong-tchou and Tiensing, into the Yellow Sea. 
 The tide flows 110 m., and frequently submerges 
 the flat country on its banks. 
 
 Peina, a town of Hanover, in the principality of 
 Hildesheim, with a palace and a Capuchin con- 
 vent. 20 m. E. of Hanover. 
 
 Peipus, or Tchudskoi, a large lake of Russia, 
 between the governments of Petersburg and Livo- 
 nia. The river Naurova issues from this lake, by 
 which it has a communication at Narva with the 
 gulf of Finland. 
 
 Peishore, or Peshawar, a town of Afghanistan, 
 capital of a fine and populous district of its name. 
 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 100,000. Here 
 the Hon. M. S. Elphinston had his audience 
 with the Afghan king in 1809. 95 m. S. S. E. 
 of Cabul. Long. 70. 37. E., lat. 33. 32. N. 
 
 Peiskretscham, a town of Prussian Silesia, in 
 the government of Oppeln, 39 m. S. E. of Op- 
 peln. 
 
 Peitz, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker mark of 
 Brandenburg, with manufactures of cloth and 
 yarn ; and in the neighbourhood are iron-works 
 It stands on the Maukse, which runs into the 
 Spree, 10 m. N. N. E. of Cotbus and 37 S. S. E. 
 of Frankfort. 
 
 Pekin, the capital of the empire of China, in 
 the province of Pe-tche-li. Its name signifies the 
 Northern Court, to distinguish it from Nan-kino-, 
 the Southern Court, where the emperor formerly 
 resided. This capital forms an oblong square, 
 and is divided into two cities; one inhabited by 
 Chinese, the other by Tartars. Those two cities, 
 exclusive of the suburbs, are nearly 14 miles in 
 circumference. The walls of the city are 28 feet 
 high, 24 thick at the base, and 12 at the top ; and 
 there are spacious towers at 70 feet distance from 
 each other. The gates are high, and well arch 
 ed, supporting buildings of nine stories high ; the 
 lowest of which is for the soldiers when they 
 come off" guard : they are nine in number, three 
 in the S. wall, and two in each of the other sides. 
 The middle gate, on the E. side, opens into the 
 Tartar or imperial city, which is a space within 
 the general enclosure, about a mile from N. to S. 
 and three-fourths of a mile from E. to W., with a 
 rivulet winding through it. A wall of large red 
 polished bricks, 20 feet high, covered with a root 
 of tiles painted yellow and varnished, surrounds 
 this space, in which are contained the imperial 
 palace and gardens, the public offices, and lodo-- 
 ings for the ministers, the eunuchs, artificers, and 
 tradesmen belonging to the court. Between the 
 other two gates in the S. wall, and the opposite 
 ones on the N. side of the city, run two stiaijrht 
 streets, each 4 m. in length and 120 feet wide. 
 One street of the same width runs from one of the 
 eastern to the corresponding western gate, but the 
 other is interrupted by the imperial city, round the 
 walls of which it is carried. The other streets 
 branch from these main streets at right angles, and 
 are very narrow. The houses have no windows 
 nor openings to the street, except the great shops ; 
 most of them are poorly built, and have only a 
 ground floor. It is astonishing to see the con- 
 course of people in the main streets, yet not one 
 Chinese woman among them, and the confusion 
 occasioned by the number of horses, camels 
 mules, asses, waggons, carts, and chairs; with' 
 out reckoning the several mobs which gather 
 about the jugglers, ballad-singers, &c. Persons 
 of distinction have always a horseman to o-o be- 
 fore them and clear the way. All the wreat 
 streets are guarded by soldiers, who patrole nio-ht 
 and day with swords by their sides, and whips = in 
 their hands, to chastise those who make any dis- 
 turbance, or take them into custody. The "minor 
 streets have lattice gates at their entrance into 
 the great streets, which are shut up at ni^ht, and 
 guarded by soldiers, who suffer no assemblies in 
 the streets at that time The emperor s palace 
 and garden, which occupy two-thirds of the Tar- 
 tar city, is surrounded by a brick wall, 2 m. in 
 length, with pavilions at each corner encompassed 
 by galleries, supported by columns ; the architec- 
 ture of the stupendous pile of buildings of which 
 the palace consists is entirely different from that 
 
PEL 
 
 537 
 
 PEM 
 
 of the Europeans. The temples and the towers 
 of Pekin are so numerous that it is difficult to 
 count them. The surrounding country is sandy 
 and unproductive, but provisions of all kinds are 
 exceedingly plentiful, being brought, as well as 
 the merchandise, from all parts by canals from 
 the rivers, which are always crowded with ves- 
 aels of different sizes. An earthquake which hap- 
 pened here, in 1731, burried above 100,000 per- 
 sons in the ruins of the houses. The inhabitants 
 are estimated at 2,000,000. It is 60 m. S. of the 
 great wall. Long. 11G. 27. E., lat. 39. 54. N. 
 
 Pclagnisi, an island in the Grecian Archipela- 
 go, about 8 m. in circumference. Long. 24. 12. 
 E., lat. 39. 30. N. 
 
 Pelegrino, a mountain on the N. coast of Sicily, 
 nearly 2 m. W. of Palermo. On this mount is a 
 cavern, in which is the image of St. Rosolio, the 
 patroness of Palermo, who is said to have died 
 here : and round this cave a church is built, 
 where priests attend to watch the precious relics, 
 and receive the offerings of the pilgrims. 
 
 Peleio Islands, or Palaos, a group of islands in 
 the Pacific Ocean, lying between 133. and 136. E. 
 long, and 6. and 8. N. lat. They are encircled on 
 the W. side by a reef of coral; and are 18 in 
 number, of which the principal ones are Oroolong, 
 Emungs, Emillegue, Artingal, Corooraa, and Pe- 
 lelew. They are well covered with trees of va- 
 rious kinds and sizes; and every part of that call- 
 ed Corooraa bears the marks of industry and good 
 cultivation. Captain Wilson, of the Antetope 
 E. India packet, who was wrecked here in 
 1783, found the natives simple in their manners, 
 delicate in their sentiments, and friendly in their 
 disposition. The astonishment which they man- 
 ifested on seeing the English, plainly showed 
 that they had never before seen a white man. 
 They had no idea of the nature of powder and 
 shot, and were exceedingly amazed on seeing its 
 effects. Their principal arms consist of bamboo 
 darts, from 5 to 8 feet long, pointed with the 
 wood of the betel-nut tree ; but there are short 
 ones for different marks, which are thrown by 
 means of a stick two feet long. The chiefs wear a 
 bone round one of their wrists, in the form of a 
 bracelet, which, being a mark of greathonour con- 
 ferred by the king, is never to be parted with but 
 with life. They are not ail ot the same degree, as 
 appeared from a difference in the bone they wore. 
 Captain Wilson was invested with the highest 
 order of the bone. With respect to property, in 
 these islands, a man's house or canoe is consider- 
 ed as his own, as is also the land allotted to him, 
 as long as he occupies and cultivates it; but, 
 whenever he removes to another place, the ground 
 reverts to the king. The natives make canoes 
 out of the bark of trees, some large enough to car- 
 ry 30 men. Yams and cocoa nuts, being their chief 
 articles of subsistence, are attended with the ut- 
 most care ; and the milk of the latter is their com- 
 mon drink. On particular occasions, they add to 
 their ordinary fare certain sweetmeats, and a 
 sweet beverage, obtained by the aid of a syrup, 
 extracted either from the palm-tree or the sugar- 
 cane. Their houses are raised about three feet 
 from the ground, the foundation beams being 
 laid on large stones, whence spring the upright 
 supports of their sides, which are crossed by oth- 
 er timbers grooved together, and fastened by 
 wooden pins, the intermediate space being closely 
 filled up with bamboos and palm-tree leaves, 
 platted together : the rnside is without any divis- 
 ions, forming one great room. They have little 
 
 baskets, nicely woven from slips of the plantain- 
 tree, and wooden baskets with covers, neatly 
 carved, and inlaid with shells. No one goes 
 abroad without a basket, which usually contains 
 some betei-nut, a comb, a knife, and a little 
 twine. The best knives are made of a piece of 
 the large mother-of-pearl oyster, ground narrow, 
 and the outward side a little polished. The combs 
 are made of the orange-tree, of which there are a 
 few of the Seville kind; the handle and teeth are 
 fastened to the solid wood. The fishing hooks 
 are of tortoise shell ; and twine, cord, andfishing- 
 nets, are well manufactured from the husks of 
 the cocoa-nut. Of the plantain leaf are formed 
 mats, which serve the people as beds. They also 
 use a plantain leaf at meals, instead of a plate ; 
 and the shell of a cocoa-nut supplies the place of 
 a cup. There are vessels of a kind of earthen 
 ware, of a reddish brown colour, in which they 
 boil their fish, yams, &c. A bundle of cocoa-nut 
 husks serves them for a broom ; and thick bain- 
 boos, with bores five or six inches in diameter, 
 are the buckets or cisterns. The shell of the tor- 
 toise is here remarkably beautiful, and the natives 
 have discovered the art of moulding it into little 
 trays or dishes and spoons. Some of the great la- 
 dies have also bracelets of the same manufacture, 
 and ear-rings inlaid with shells. The Pelewans, in 
 general, are stout and well made, rather above the 
 middle stature, and of a deep copper colour. 
 Their hair is long, and generally formed into one 
 large loose curl round their heads. The men are 
 entirely naked : but the women wear two little 
 aprons, one before, the other behind. Both sexes- 
 are tattooed, have their teeth made black by art, 
 and the cartilage between the nostrils bored, 
 through which they frequently put a sprig or blos- 
 som of some plant or shrub. The men have the 
 led ear bored, and the women both ; a few of the 
 former wear beads in the perforated ear, the lat- 
 ter either the leaf, or an ear-ring of inlaid tor- 
 toise-shell. Both sexes are very expert swimmers ; 
 and the men are admirable divers. Such an 
 opinion had Abba Thulle, the king of the 
 island, entertained of the English that on their 
 departure, he permitted his second son, Lee Boo, 
 to accompany them to England, where he arrived 
 in 1784. In a few months after, this hopeful 
 youth died of the small-pox, and the E. India Com- 
 pany erected a monument over his grave in Ro- 
 therhithe church-yard. 
 
 Pelham, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 32 m. N. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,075; p.t. Hampshire Co. 
 Mass.SOm.W. Boston. Pop. 904 ; p.t. West- 
 chester Co. N. Y. on East River, 20 m. from New 
 York. Pop. 334. 
 
 Pclissanc, a town of France, department ol 
 Mouths of the Rhone, 15 m. W. N. W. of Aix 
 
 Bellerin, a town in the department of Low 
 er Loire, situate on the Loire, with a harbour foi 
 small vessels, 10 m. N. of Nantes, and 23 S. E. of 
 Painbceuf. 
 
 Peloponnesus. See Greece. 
 
 Pemaquid Bay and Point, on the coast of Maine 
 in lat. 43. 37. N., long. 69. 30. W. 
 
 Pemba, an island in the Indian Ocean, near the 
 coast of Zanguebar, about 100 m. in circumfer- 
 ence. Long. 41. 10. E., lat. 4. 50. S. 
 
 Pemba, a town of the kingdom oCCongo, capi- 
 tal of a province of the same name. It is seated 
 on the Lozo, 90 m. S. S. E. of St. Salvador. Lon<r. 
 14. 40. E., lat. 6. 45. S. 
 
 Pembina, a river of North America flowing in- 
 to the Red River of Lake Winnipeg in lat. 48. 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 Pembridge, a town in Herefordshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of woolen cloth; seated on the 
 Arrow, 7 m. W. of Leominster and 145 W. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Pembroke, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the 
 Merrimack, 40 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,312; 
 p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Plymouth. 
 P..p. 1.324 ; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 25 m. E. of 
 Buffalo. Pop. 3,831. 
 
 Pembroke, a borough of Wales, capital of Pem- 
 brokeshire. It stands on the innermost creek of 
 Milford-haven, over which are two bridges, but 
 the harbour is become injured by the rubbish of 
 the neighbouring lime-stone quarries. It was an- 
 ciently surrounded by walls, and had a magnifi- 
 cent castle, the remains of which still give it an 
 appearance of uncommon grandeur. 263 m. W. 
 i>v N. of London. Long. 4. 48. W, lat. 51; 
 43 N. 
 
 Pembrokeshire, a county of Wales, 37 m. long 
 and 28 broad ; surrounded on all sides by the sea, 
 except on the E., where it is bounded by Caer- 
 marthenshire, and Cardiganshire. It contains 
 335,000 acres, is divided into 7 hundreds and 145 
 parishes, has one city and 7 market towns, and 
 sends three members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 
 74,000. The rivers are inconsiderable. A great 
 part of the county is plain and tolerably fertile, 
 consisting of rich meadows and arable land. The 
 N. E. part alone is mountainous, which, however 
 vield good pasturage for sheep and cattle. This 
 county abounds with objects of antiquarian inter- 
 est, such as druidical circles, cromlechs, single 
 stone monuments, castles, &c. 
 
 Pcmigeicasset, one of the head streams of the 
 Merrimack in N. H. It joins the Winipisiogee, 
 at Sanbornton. 
 
 Pciiang. See Prince of Wales Island. 
 Penautier, a town of France, department of 
 Aude, 4 m. N. of Carcassone. 
 
 Pcndennis, a castle in Cornwall, Eng. on a hill 
 of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It was 
 built by Henry VIII. for the security of the coast, 
 and on the opposite side of the bay is another cal- 
 led St. Maws. It is a little to the S. E. of Fal- 
 mouth, the harbour of which it defends. 
 
 Pendleton, a large village in Lancashire, Eng. 
 2 in. W. N. W. of Manchester. The inhabitants 
 are principally employed in the trade and manu- 
 factures of the various Manchester goods. 
 
 Pendleton, a county of the E. district of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 6,271 . Franklin is the capita] : a coun- 
 ty of Kentucky . Pop. 3,860. Falmouth is the cap- 
 ital ; also a town in Pickens Dis. S. C. 100 m. N. 
 W. Columbia. 
 
 Peniche, a strong sea-port of Portugal, in Es- 
 tremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel; 
 seated on a peninsula, 48 m. N. W of Lisbon. 
 Long. 9. 20. W , lat. 39. 22. N. 
 
 rcnig, a town of Saxony, and the chief place 
 vii one of the lordships forming the county of 
 Schomburg, with a manufacture of woolen stuffs 
 and a pottery; seated on the Mulda, 11m. N. 
 W. of Chemnitz. 
 
 Pcniscola, a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated 
 on a hin-h point of land, surrounded on three 
 sides by the sea, and of difficult access by land. 
 It is \V\ in. S. by W. of Tortosaand 80 N. N. E. 
 of Valencia. Long. 0. 24. E., lat. 40. 24. N. 
 
 Penfield, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. m. E, Roch- 
 ester. Pop. 4,475; also a township of New Bruns- 
 wick in Charlotte Co. at the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Pcniskehr, a town of Afghanistan, capital of a 
 district in the province of Cabu.1,46 m. N. of Cabul. 
 
 Penistone, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with 
 a small woolen manufacture. It has a handsome 
 parish church, three meeting-houses, a grammai 
 school, and three other schools free to the whole 
 parish. The environs, especially to the W , have 
 rather a dreary and barren appearance. The 
 town is seated on the right bank of the river Don, 
 13 m. S. S. E. of Huddersfield and 177 N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Penkridge, a decayed town in Staffordshire, 
 Eng. seated on the river Penk,6 m. S. of Stafford 
 and 129 N. W. of London. 
 
 Penkum, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated 
 on the Randow, between two small lakes, 15 m. 
 S. W. of Stettin. 
 
 Penmaenmatcr, a mountain of Wales, in Caer- 
 narvonshire, overhanging the sea, and rising to 
 the height of 1,540 feet. It is 4 m. W. by S. of 
 A hereon way, and the road to Holyhead crosses it 
 on the side of a dreadful precipice, from which it 
 is defended by a wall. 
 
 Penn, a township of Philadelphia Co. Pa. ad- 
 joining the city, also townships in Chester, Nor- 
 thampton and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. and Morgan 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Pcnnar, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in 
 Mysore, flows by Gooty, Gandicotta, Cuddaph, 
 and Vellore, and enters the bay of Bengal at 
 Gangapatnam. 
 
 Pennington, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 9 m. N. 
 W. Trenton. 
 
 Pennsborough, 2 townships in Cumberland Co. 
 Pa. and villages in Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wood 
 Co. Va. 
 
 Pcnnsburg, a township of Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Pennsylvania, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Lake Erie and New York, E. by New 
 York and New Jersey, S. by Delaware, Maryland 
 and Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It 
 extends from 39. 42. to 42. N. lat. and from 74. to 
 80. 40. W. long, and contains 43,950 sq. m. The 
 centre of the state is occupied by the great Apala- 
 chian chain of mountains, which here spread out 
 to their greatest width, and occupy two thirds of 
 the whole territory. The Delaware bounds the 
 state on the East. The Susquehanna with its nu- 
 merous branches intersect nearly the whole 
 mountainous region. The Allegany, Mononga- 
 hela and Ohio, water the western parts. A small 
 portion of the northern limit is washed by Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 In the country E. of the mountains, the climatfl 
 does not differ greatly from that part of New Jer 
 sey in the same parallel, and may be characteris- 
 ed in general terms as mild and temperate. The 
 mountainous country lies exposed to the chilling 
 north-west winds, and the winter in this part is 
 severe, with deep snows. W. of the moun- 
 tains, the climate becomes milder ; here the easter- 
 ly winds of the Atlantic coast are unknown, and 
 the country is not exposed to the sudden chan- 
 ges which they occasion. The heat of the sum- 
 mer is not so great as upon the coast, and the au- 
 tumn is long, serene and temperate. 
 
 East of the mountains the 6oil is excellent; in 
 this part the land is level, and enriched from the 
 washing of the hills and uplands. In the interior 
 the soil is rocky and barren, with fertile spots in 
 the valleys, and along the borders of the streams 
 Some of these valleys contain land as rich as any 
 in the slate ; but generally the soil being a black 
 mould, two or three feet deep, and among the 
 mountains, is not well adapted to cultivation 
 W. of the mountains, the country improves, ant 
 
PEN 
 
 589 
 
 PhN 
 
 around the head streams of the Ohio, is generally 
 
 fertile 
 
 The most important mineral is anthracite coal, 
 in which this state far surpasses all other portions 
 of the country. In no part of the world, indeed, 
 is this valuable material found so abundantly as 
 in Pennsylvania. It abounds in the Wyoming 
 and Lackawanna valley, between the Blue Ridge 
 and the Susquehanna. The anthracite district is 
 principally occupied by mountains running paral- 
 lel to the Blue Ridge, often broad, with table sum- 
 mits, and rising generally about 1 ,5U0 feet above 
 the ocean. 
 
 The coal occurs in the greatest quantity in 
 those parts of this region most accessible by water. 
 Extensive veins and beds range from the Lehigh 
 to the Susquehanna, crossing the head waters of 
 Schuylkill and Svvatara, about 10 m. N. W. of the 
 Blue Ridge. It is abundant near the Susquehan- 
 na, and Lackawanna, but in no part is it so plen- 
 tiful as at Mauch Chunk, a village on the Lehigh, 
 a branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 The anthracite region of the Susquehanna lies 
 in the valley formed by the Susquehanna and the 
 Lackawanna, one of its branches ; this region 
 is distinguished as the valleys of the Wyoming 
 and Lackawanna, but is in fact without any nat- 
 ural division, and constitutes a single formation. 
 It is between 60 and 70 m. long, and 5 broad. 
 
 The coal lies in beds, and not as commonly, in 
 veins; these are of every thickness, from a foot 
 to 27 feet ; none are much esteemed that are less 
 than three or four ; few are wrought that are less 
 than 6. The lateral extent of the beds is immense ; 
 they break out in the precipices and hills, and 
 upon the banks of the Susquehanna and Lack- 
 awanna, and form in some places the pave- 
 ment of these rivers; they appear in the sides 
 and channels of almost every stream from the 
 mountain ; they blacken the soil in numerous 
 places ; and wells are often sunk in the coal. 
 In many of the mines of this region, the 
 naturalist is gratified by seeing vast deposits of 
 vegetable impressions and remains which accom- 
 piny the coal, usually in the slate which forms 
 the roof, and occasionally in that of the floor ; 
 they exist also in the sandstone, and sometimes 
 even in the coal itself. There are instances where 
 they fill the slate for a space of ten feet in thick- 
 ness. The impressions are very perfect, indica- 
 ing repose and calm at the time of their deposi- 
 tion, and excluding the possibility of transport 
 from distant countries. 
 
 There are many species of ferns, none of them, 
 it is said, modern, and most or all, tropical. 
 There are impressions sometimes several feet long 
 and of the same width, of the bark of gigantic 
 vegetables ; some botanists say they are palms ; 
 occasionally there are entire limbs carbonized, 
 and there are frequently broad leaves 6 or 7 in- 
 ches in diameter. Culmiferous plants are nu- 
 merous, and also the aquatic algte and rushes ; 
 the leaves of the plants are usually in full expan- 
 sion, the most delicate parts of their structure be- 
 ing accurately preserved or copied. Large quan- 
 tities of clay and iron and bog ore are connected 
 with the coal strata of this valley, and chalybeate 
 mineral springs occur in numerous places. 
 
 The western part of Pennsylvania is as abun- 
 dantly supplied with bituminous coal as the east- 
 ern is with anthracite. It is found on the rivers 
 Conemaugh, Alleghany, Monongahela and Ohio, 
 and in numerous places W. of the Alleghany 
 tidge, which is, with some executions, its eastern 
 
 boundary. It occurs upon these mountains at a 
 considerable elevation, and elsewhere, in nearly a 
 horizontal position, alternating with grey sand 
 stone, often micaceous, and bordered by argillace- 
 ous schist. The veins are generally narrow,rarely 
 above 6 feet in width. The coal is abundant, 
 and of excellent quality near Pittsburg. 
 
 Springs holding salt in solution, are common 
 in various parts of the bituminous coal region ; 
 they are generally weak near the surface, but 
 deep springs, disclosed by boring, are often strong. 
 One of these, which contains as much salt as the 
 ordinary waters of Salina, was discovered by 
 boring, about 20 m. from Montrose, bordering on 
 the state of New York. The most consideiable 
 saline springs are on the banks of the Cone- 
 maugh and Kiskaminitas, about 30 m. E. of Pitts- 
 burg. These rivers for many miles wind rapidly 
 through rocky ravines bordered by hills of 300 
 and 400 feet in height, that rise with steep ac- 
 clivities, presenting mural precipices of grey sand- 
 stone, in places jutting over the road and torrent. 
 The sandstone is ordinarily fine, but is sometimes 
 a coarse aggregate, principally quartz. Its thin 
 laminae are generally in a horizontal position. 
 The lower strata, often in a decomposing state, 
 contains vegetable impressions. This rock usu- 
 ally rests on dark and very fissile argillaceous 
 schist, that contains much sulphuret of iron, and 
 forms the roof and floor of numerous beds of bi- 
 tuminous coal adjacent to the streams. These 
 beds are from a few inches to 5 feet in thickness, 
 and occur at various altitudes, from 200 feet 
 above the river to a great depth below. Large 
 quantities of salt are made at these springs. Iron 
 ore is found in abundance in the extensive cal- 
 careous valley, between the ridges of the Apala- 
 chian mountains, particularly in the counties of 
 Centre and Huntingdon. It is mostly raised from 
 beds of argillaceous earth, resting on limestone. 
 The iron manufactured in the counties before 
 mentioned is distinguished for its tenacity and 
 malleability. Bituminous coal from the Allegha- 
 ny mountain is often used for making pig iVon. 
 
 The Bedford Springs near the town of that 
 name among the mountains in the S. of the state, 
 were discovered in 1804. They arise from a 
 limestone rock, at the foot of a mountain. The 
 water is cold, odourless, soft and agreeable to the 
 taste; it is charged with iron, magnesia and lime, 
 and is efficacious in removing cutaneous and 
 chronic complaints. There are several salt 
 springs in the state. Wild animals are abundant 
 among the mountains and in all the unsettled 
 parts. The most remarkable of these is the 
 cougar, or catamount, sometimes called panther 
 
 This animal is common to both parts of the west 
 em continent but is not known in the eastern. 
 Copper ore, in a variety of combinations, is 
 3D 
 
PEN 
 
 590 
 
 PEN 
 
 found in many places among the mountains. 
 There is a lead mine at I'erkiomen. At Mercer, 
 on the western border of the state, is a manufac- 
 tory of copperas from iron pyrites. 
 
 The limestone of this state affords good marble. 
 On the Schuylkill, in Montgomery county, is a 
 quarry of bluish marble, which is extensively 
 wrought, and exported. Many of the buildings 
 in Philadelphia are ornamented with it. There 
 are quarries of slate in York, Lancaster and 
 Wayne counties, in the eastern part of the state. 
 The state is divided into two districts, the 
 eastern and western. The counties are 51, the 
 townships 651. The pop. is 1,347,072. Harris- 
 burg is the seat of government, and Philadelphia 
 the largest city. The other large towns are Pitts- 
 burg, Reading, and Lancaster. Agriculture is 
 Skilfully conducted in the eastern parts. Wheat, 
 maize, garden vegetables and fruit are raised in 
 great quantities. In the interior and western 
 parts the farmers also cultivate buckwheat, rye, 
 oats, barley, hemp and flax. The commerce of 
 the state is chiefly confined to the single port of 
 Philadelphia. The port of Presqu Isle, on Lake 
 Erie has also some commerce, and the internal 
 trade across the mountains is very active. The 
 shipping of the state in 1823 was 104,614 tons. 
 The imports during the same year were 10,100,152 
 dollars. The exports of domestic produce 2,617.1 52 
 dollars. Total exports 4,089,435 dollars. The 
 manufactures of Pennsylvania are very extensive. 
 At Philadelphia are large manufactures of cotton, 
 iron, glass and china ware, besides the great va- 
 riety of articles made in small establishments. 
 The cloth annually manufactured is estimated at 
 24,000,000 yards. At Pittsburg and in the neigh- 
 borhood, are very large establishments of various 
 kinds. The glass manufactures of this place are 
 particularly celebrated, and furnish cut glass 
 ware, and window glass, equal to any in the 
 country. The glass is white, clear and excellent, 
 both in texture and polish. The cotton manu- 
 facture is also extensive, and occupies several 
 large establishments here and in the neighbouring 
 towns of Alleghany and Birmingham. The man- 
 ufactures of iron employ 9 founderies, 8 rolling 
 mills and 9 nail factories, which make 18 tons of 
 nails daily. There are also 7 manufactories of 
 steam engines, and lately the manufacture of su- 
 gar mills, and small steam machinery to drive 
 them, has become an important brancli of business. 
 There are two establishments in Pittsburg for the 
 manufacture of steel. There are great numbers 
 of iron works in various parts of the state. At 
 York, is a foundery for church bells, manufactures 
 of cutlery, surgical instruments, &c. Elegant 
 carpeting is also_ made at the same place. At 
 Mayanunk, on the Schuylkill, are large cotton 
 and woolen manufactories. At Chambersburg, 
 besides other establishments, are extensive man- 
 ufactories of edfre tools, axes, carpenters' tools, 
 hatchets, chisels, &c. of a quality and temper 
 equal to any made in England. At Bush Hill, 
 near Philadelphia, is a manufacture of elegant 
 floor cloths, from hemp and flax, and of table 
 cloths from cotton. At Bethany, in Wayne 
 county, is a glass manufactory, which produces 
 450,000 feel of window glass annually. At Mead- 
 ville is a manufactory of paper from straw, which 
 is extensively used for wrapping paper. This is 
 the first successful attempt to make paper from 
 straw. 
 
 In the western part are large manufactures of 
 n:nt trim springs. The principal salt works are 
 
 on the Conemaugh, a stream running into th* 
 Alleghany. The salt manufactured at Kiska 
 minitas and Conemaugh has in some years 
 amounted to 300,000 bushels ; it is sold at from 
 20 to 25 cents per bushel at the works ; the ex- 
 pense of manufacturing does not exceed 10 cents 
 a bushel. 
 
 A large portion of the numerous salt works are 
 near the river in the ravines of the Kiskaminitas, 
 and coal for fuel is procured from veins situated 
 above the works, in the side of the hill, and costs 
 but a cent a bushel. Considerable salt is made 
 near Pittsburg, from a fountain obtained by boring 
 270 feet ; the water is strong, and is raised by t 
 steam engine ; the salt is white, and of a good 
 quality. This fountain is sufficient for the annu- 
 al manufacture of 25,000 bushels. There are 
 other salt springs on the Ohio, and also on the 
 Chenango and Mahony. 
 
 The legislature consists of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. The senators are 
 chosen for four years, and the representatives an- 
 nually. Suffrage is universal. The govern- 
 or is chosen for three years by a popular vote. 
 There is no Lt. governor and no council. The 
 governor can only be elected thrice in 12 years 
 and on retiring from office becomes a senator. 
 The legislature meets annually at Harrisburg in 
 December. The state sends 24 representatives to 
 Congress. The state expenses for 1830, were 
 6,357,994 dollars, of which enormous sum 5,495, 
 550 dollars were for canals, railroads and other 
 internal improvements. 
 
 The Presbyterians are the most numerous re- 
 ligious sect, and are divided into two classes ; one 
 of which call themselves Associate Presbyterians. 
 These two have 266 preachers. The Baptists 
 have 144 ; the Methodists 140 ; the German Re- 
 formed Church 73 ; the Episcopalians 60 ; there 
 are also Lutherans, Unitarians, Catholics, Qua- 
 kers, Dutch Reformed, Universalists and Jews. 
 
 The navigation of the Schuykill has been im 
 proved by a series of canals from Philadelphia to 
 Port Carbon in the coal region, a distance of 100 
 miles : 64 m. of which consist of canals, and the 
 remainder of portions of the river, rendered navi- 
 gable by dams and slack water. The canals are 
 36 feet wide, and were finished in 1825. The Un- 
 ion canal extends from Reading on the Schuylkill 
 to Middletown on the Susquehanna, 83 miles; it 
 is 36 feet wide and four deep. There is a tunnel 
 on this canal 729 feet long, 18 feet wide and 16 
 high, being the longest in the United States. 
 This canal was completed in 1828. A branch ex- 
 tends up the Swatara to the Schuylkill coal 
 mines. The Conestoga creek is rendered naviga- 
 ble by canals, 18 m. from Lancaster to the Sus- 
 quehanna. The Lehigh canal extends from Eas- 
 ton to Mauch Chunk 46 3-4 m. ; it is 4 feet wide 
 and 4 deep, and is esteemed the most perfect ca- 
 nal in America ; it was executed in 2 years, and 
 cost 25,000 dollars a mile. The Lackav/axen ca- 
 nal extends from the Delaware and Hudson canal 
 25 m. up the Lackawaxen creek to the coalmines, 
 and is navigable for boats of 25 tons. 
 
 The Pennsylvania canal is a work undertaken 
 by the state, and designed to form a communica- 
 tion between Philadelphia and Pittsburg. A rail- 
 road is to be constructed from Philadelphia to 
 Columbia 80 m. Here the canal begins and ex- 
 tends to the Union canal at Middletown, thence 
 W. to the Juniata, and up that river to the moun- 
 tains, which are to be crossed by a railroad or tun 
 nel ; beyond this the canal is to be continued tr 
 
PEN 
 
 591 
 
 PEN 
 
 Pittsburg The who'e length of this communica- 
 tion will be 394 m. 
 
 The other canals new constructing by the state 
 government are one from Middletown on the Un- 
 ion canal to Muncey Hills on the W. branch of 
 the Susquehanna, 90 m. Another from Northum- 
 berland on the Susquehanna up the E. branch to 
 Nanticoke falls, 55 m Another from Bristol up 
 the Delaware to Easton on the L«-high, 60 m. 
 This is called the Delaware canal. Another from 
 Meadville on French creek, a head water of the 
 Alleghany, to Muddy River in the N. W. of the 
 state, 20 m. The whole length of the canals in 
 the state will be 728 m. 
 
 The Mauch Chunk railroad extends from the 
 coal mine, to the river Lehigh, 9 m ; it was com- 
 pleted four years since. The Mill Creek railway 
 extends 3 m. from Port Carbon up Mill Creek to 
 the coal mines. The Lackawaxen railroad ex- 
 tends 16 m., from the Lackawaxen canal at Hones- 
 dale, to the coal mines at Carbondale. on the Lack- 
 awanna, passing through Rix's Gap, in the Moos- 
 ic Mountain. An ascent and descent of 1,812 feet 
 is passed by 8 inclined planes, at 5 of which on the 
 western side of the mountain are stationary en- 
 gines. This railroad cost about 12,000 dollars a 
 mile, and went into operation in 1829. Besides 
 these, there are now in progress the following; 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, from Philadelphia through 
 Lancaster to Columbia, on the Susquehanna, 84 
 m. ; Schuylkill West Branch Railroad, from 
 Schuylkill Haven to the coal mines on Broad 
 Mountain, 13 m. long, including a branch of 2 1-2 
 m. ; Schuylkill Valley Railroad, from Port Car- 
 bon, eastward up the valley of the Schuylkill, 
 nearly to its head, 10 m. long, passing through a 
 district richly supplied with coal ; this last is near- 
 ly completed The Baltimore and Susquehan- 
 na Railroad is to extend from Baltimore to York 
 Haven, on the Susquehanna, 60 m. 
 
 This state has a university at Philadelphia and 
 colleges at Carlisle, Canonsburg, Pittsburg, 
 Meadville, Alleghany, Uniontown and Washing- 
 ton. Common education however is in a back- 
 ward state. About one third of all the children 
 in the State attend school. The sum of 2,000,000 
 dollars was bequeathed by the late Stephen Girard 
 to found a school in Philadelphia. 
 
 Pennsylvania has its name from William Penn, 
 a quaker who began a settlement in the state in 
 1681. He made a treaty with the Indians which 
 
 was observed on both sides with such scrupulous 
 honour that not the least discord arose between 
 the settlers and the savages for 70 years. The 
 original charter of their state continued till after 
 the revolution. The present constitution was 
 established in 1790. 
 
 Pcnnyaant, one of the highest mountains of 
 
 England, in Yorkshire, 7 m. N. of Settle. Its 
 summit is 3,930 feet above the level of the sea. 
 On its sides are two awful orifices, called Hulpit 
 and Huntpit holes ; through each of them runs a 
 brook, both of which run under ground for about 
 a mile, and cross each other in the bowels of the 
 earth without mixing their waters. 
 
 Pennytozon, a village of Hunterdon Co. N Y. 
 10 m. N. W. Trenton. 
 
 Peno, a town of Pike Co. Missouri. 
 Penobscot, a river of Maine and the largest in 
 the state. It has two large head streams, the 
 chief of which runs W. of Moosehead lake in the 
 highland which separate Maine from Canada. It 
 flows S. and on joining the ocean forms a wide 
 bay to which it gives its name. It is navigable 
 to Bangor, 50 m. 
 
 Penobscot, a county of Maine on the above 
 river. Pop. 31,530. Bangor is the capital. Also 
 a town on the river 30 m. below Bangor. Pop.l .271. 
 Penobscot Indians. See Indian Old Toion. 
 Penrice, a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire 
 Here are the ruins of a Norman castle ; and 3 m 
 to the N., on a mountain, is a Druidical monu- 
 ment, called Arthur's stone. Penrice is seated 
 on the Bristol Channel, 20 m. S. E. of Caermar- 
 then and 220 W. of London. 
 
 Penrith, a town in Cumberland, Eng., in the 
 church-yard is a singular monument of antiquity, 
 called the Giant's Grave. The ruins of the 
 ancient castle overlook the town from the W., 
 and on the heights to the N. is a square stone 
 building called the " Beacon," well situated for 
 giving alarm in times of danger. The ascent to 
 it is difficult, but the prospects from the summit 
 of the hill are extensive and beautiful. 283 m. N. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. Here 
 are large warehouses for flour and grain imported 
 from the Isle of Wight, and several good brewe- 
 ries, which supply the shipping at Falmouth ; and 
 it has a great trade in the pilchard and New- 
 foundland fisheries. It is seated on a creek of 
 Falmouth Haven, 3 m. N. W. of Falmouth and 
 263 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Pensacola, p.t. Escambia Co. W. Florida, on 
 the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest town in 
 West Florida, and has a capacious harbour, but 
 the town can be approached only by small vessels 
 It is a naval station of the United States. The 
 situation is comparatively healthy, and the town 
 is somewhat thriving. The town was founded 
 at an early period by the Spaniards. It is 50 m 
 E. S. E. Mobile. 900 m. S. W. Washington 
 Lat. 30. 25. N., long. 87. W. Pop. about 2,000. 
 
 Pensford, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of hats; seated on the Chew, 6 
 m. S. by E. of Bristol and 117 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Pentland Frith, a strait which divides the Ork- 
 ney Islands from Caithness-shire, in Scotland. 
 It is 20 m. long and 10 broad, and dangerous to 
 those who are not acquainted with its tides and 
 currents ; especially in passing the Pentland 
 Skerries, a cluster of rocks at the E. end of the 
 frith. On the largest of these rocks is a lignt- 
 house. Long. 2. 42. W., lat. 58. 35. N. 
 
 Pentland Hills, a ridge of hills, in Scotland, 4 
 m. W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Penza, a government of Russia, formerly a prov- 
 ince of Kasan. Its capital, of the same name, is 
 seated on the Sura, where it receives the rivule* 
 Penza, 220 m. S. W. of Kasan. Long. 45. 38 
 E., lat 53 30 N 
 
PER 
 
 592 
 
 PER 
 
 Penzance, a sea-port in Cornwall, Eng. It was 
 burnt by the Spaniards in 1593, but soon rebuilt, 
 and made one of the tin-coinage towns. Its trade 
 is considerable, and consists chiefly in pilchards 
 ond other fish, and in shipping lead, tin, and cop- 
 per, which abound in the vicinity. In conse- 
 quence of the mildness and salubrity of the air, 
 and the agreeableness of its situation, Penzance 
 is much frequented by invalids, for whose accom- 
 modation there are cold and hot sea-water baths, 
 &c. It is seated on a creek of Mount Bay, 10 
 in. N. E. of the Land's End and 280 W. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Peoria Lake, in Illinois, an expansion of the 
 river Illinois, 20 m. in length and 2 in breadth. 
 It is vtry deep and has no perceptible current. 
 Here is a settlement called Peoria, on its banks. 
 Pepin Lake, an expansion of the Mississippi, 
 101) m. below the falls of St. Anthony. 24 m. 
 long and from 2 to 4 broad. 
 
 Prpperell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,440. 
 
 Pr.(jn.i(riiij, a town of France, department of 
 Somrne ; memorable for an interview and treaty 
 between Louis XI. of France and Edward IV. of 
 England^ in 1475, on a bridge built for that pur- 
 pose. It is seated on the river Somme, 15 m. S 
 E of Abbeville 
 
 Perak, a sea-port of Malaya, capital of a king- 
 dom on the W. coast. It is seated on a river of 
 the same name, 180 m. N. W. of Malacca. Long. 
 100. 0. E., lat. 4.23. N. 
 
 Peray, St., a town of France, department of 
 Ardeche, noted for its wines. It is seated on the 
 Bhone opposite Valence, 32 m. N. of Viviers. 
 
 Perdido, a river separating Florida from Ala- 
 bama and flowing into the Gulf of'Mexico. 
 
 Perdu Mount, a lofty mountain of the Pyrenees, 
 with a double summit, of which the higher is 
 computed at 11 ,000 feet above the sea. It is of 
 very difficult access, as the calcareous rock often 
 assumes the form of perpendicular walls, from 100 
 to tiOO feet in height ; and glaciers increase the 
 difficulty. About 2,000 feet from the summit is a 
 lake, which throws its waters to the E., into the 
 Spanish valley of Beoussa. 
 
 Prrtra, a town of Albania, on the gulf of Ven- 
 ice, 25 m. W. N. W. of Arta. 
 
 Pergamar, a town of Romania, and a bishop's 
 see, GO m. S. W. of Adrianople. Long. 25. 55. 
 E., lat. 41. 10. N. 
 
 Pergamo, a town of Natolia, and a bishop's 
 sej, with a palace and a castle. It is not so con- 
 siderable as formerly, but has nine mosques, and 
 occupies an oblong circumference of 3 m. at the 
 foot of a mountain. Here parchment was inven- 
 ted. It is seated on the Germasti, 15 m. from its 
 mouth and 37 N. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 27. E., 
 .at. 39. 5. N. 
 
 Peria, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac, 
 90 m. W. of Ispahan. Long. 51. 25. E., lat. 32. 
 20. N. 
 
 Pcriar, a town of France, department of Aude, 
 celebrated for its salt works. It is seated on a 
 lake of its name, 6 m. S. W. of Narbonne. 
 
 Pcriapatam, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore. 
 The environs are rich and beautiful, and abound 
 in sandal wood. It is 40 m. W. by S. of Serin- 
 gapatam. 
 
 Periers, a town of France, department of Man- 
 che, 9 m. N. of Coutances. 
 
 Pcrigord, a former province of France, now 
 forming the department of Dordogne. 
 
 Perigueux, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 
 partment of Dordogne, and a bishop's see. Here 
 are the ruins of a temple of Venus, an amphithea 
 tre, &c. It is seated on the river Ille, 50 m. S 
 W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 43. E., lat. 45. 1) 
 
 Perinda, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district of its name, in the province of Dowlatabad, 
 188 in. N. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 75. 50. E., 
 lat. 18. 33. N. 
 
 Perindura, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Coimbetore, 12 m. S. S. W. of Bhawani- 
 kudal. 
 
 Perleberg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg 
 with considerable cloth manufactures. It is seat 
 ed on the Stepenitz, 42 m. W. N. W. o r Ruppin. 
 Long. 12. 3. E., lat. 53. 8. N. 
 
 Perkinsonsville, a village of Amelia Co. Va. 
 Perkiomen, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 on a river of the same name, 25 in N. Fhiladel. 
 Perm, a government of Russia, formerly a prov 
 ince of Kasan. It is divided into two piovinces, 
 Perm and Catharinenburg, the capitals of which 
 are of the same name. 
 
 Perm, a town Russia, capital of a governmen/ 
 and province of the same name. It is seated on 
 the Kama, at the influx of the Zegochekha, 620 
 m. E. by N. of Moscow and 810 E. by S. of Pe 
 tersburg. Lonff. 55. 10. E., lat. 57. 55. N. 
 
 Permacoil, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car 
 natic, situate on a mountain, 20 m. N. N. W. of 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 Pernalla, a town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, 38 
 m. S. of'Surat. 
 
 Pernamhuco, or Fernambuco, a province of Bra 
 zil, bounded N. and E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. 
 by Bahia, and E. by the desert territory. It is 
 about 470 m. from N. to S. and 370 from E. to VV. 
 and abounds in sugar-cane, cotton, and Brazil 
 wood. 
 
 Pernamhuco, the capital of the above province, 
 consists of three divisions, Recife, St. Antonio, 
 and Boa Vista. The two former are situated on two 
 flat sand banks, surrounded by the sea, and con- 
 nected together by a bridge, partly of stone and 
 partly of wood ; the other division is connected, 
 with Boa Vista, situated on the continent, by a 
 narrow wooden bridge. The greatest part of the 
 extent of sand between Olinda, a town about a 
 league distant, on the same sand bank as Recife, 
 and the latter, remains uncovered, is open to the 
 sea, and the surf there is very violent. The tide 
 enters between the bridges, and encircles the mid- 
 dle compartment. The first division of the town is 
 composed of brick houses, of three, four, and even 
 five stories in height: most of the streets are nar- 
 row and there are no public buildings that require 
 notice. St. Antonio, the principal division of 
 the town, is composed chiefly of large houses and 
 broad streets. It contains the governor's palace 
 (formerly the Jesuits' convent), the treasury, the 
 town hall and prison, the barracks, and the Fran 
 ciscan, Carmelite, and Penha convents. It com 
 prises several squares, and has to a certain degree 
 a gay and lively appearance. The river Capibar 
 ibe discharges its waters into the channel between 
 St. Antonia and Boa Vista. The harbour belong 
 ing to Recife, called the Mosqueiro, situated on 
 the outward bank, is formed by a reef of rocks, 
 which runs parallel with the town, at a very small 
 distance. Pernamhuco is daily increasing in opu- 
 lence and importance, and European fashions pre- 
 vail. Long. 35. 20. W., lat. 8. 13. S. 
 
 Pernau, a fortified town of Russia, in Livonia 
 with a castle ; seated near the mouth of a river of 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 the same name, 95 m N. of Riga. Long. 24. 3. 
 E., lat. 58. 30. N 
 
 Pernes, a town of France, department of Vau- 
 cluse, noted as the birthplace of the celebrated 
 orator Flechier, bishop of JNismes. 12 m. E. by 
 N. of Avignon. 
 
 Pernes, a town in the department of Pas de Ca- 
 lais, seated on the Clarence, 17 in. N. W. of Arras. 
 
 Perno, a town of Sweden, in the province of 
 Nyland, on the coast of the Baltic, 36 m. E. of 
 Helsingfors. 
 
 Peronne, a strong town of France, department 
 of Somme. It was called Pucelle, because never 
 taken, though often besieged, till the 26th of 
 June, 1815, when it was stormed by the British. 
 Charles the Simple was imprisoned in the castle, 
 where he miserably died ; and the duke of Bur- 
 gundy detained Louis XI. here three days, till he 
 consented to sign a disadvantageous treaty. It is 
 seated on the Somme, 27 in. S. W. of Cambray 
 and 80 E. by N. of Paris. Long. 3. 2. E., lat. 49. 
 55. N. 
 
 Perousa, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; seated on the river Cluson, 6 m. N. 
 W. of Pignerol. 
 
 Perpignan, a fortified town of France, capital 
 of the department of Eastern Pyrenees, with a 
 good citadel and a university. The inhabitants 
 carry on a trade in corn, wool, iron, and wine, 
 and have manufactures of silk, woolens, soap, 
 liqueurs, <fcc. This town was the scene of two 
 battles between the French and Spaniards, in 
 1793. It is seated partly on a gentle declivity 
 and partly in a plain, on the Tet, near the Med- 
 iterranean, 95 m. S. E. of Toulouse. Long. 2. 54. 
 E., lat. 42. 42. N. 
 
 Perquimans, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 
 6,857. Hertford is the capital. 
 
 Perrinton, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,155. 
 
 Perry, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 14,257. New Bloomfield is the 
 capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,331. A 
 county of Missouri. Pop. 3,377. Perry ville is the 
 capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. 14,018. Somerset 
 is the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 3,371. 
 Rome is the capital. A county of W. Tennessee. 
 Pop. 7,038. Shannonsville is the capital. A county 
 of Alabama. Pop. 11,509. A county of Mississippi. 
 Pop. 2,285. Augusta is the capital. 
 
 Perry, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Passama- 
 quoddy Bay. Pop. 735. Here is a remnant of the 
 Passamaquoddy Indians consisting of about 50 
 families, under the government of a chief named 
 
 executed with considerable neatness. Their 
 numbers are diminishing. 
 
 Perry, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,792 ; also 
 towns and villages in Venango Co. Pa.. Geaug? 
 Stark, Wayne, Shelby, Tuscarawas, Muskingur.i, 
 Gallia, Brown, Franklin, Licking, Fairfield, and 
 Richland Cos. Ohio. Perry Co. Ken. and Perry 
 Co. Alabama. 
 
 Pr.rryopolis, p. v. Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Pcrrysburg , p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 30 m. 
 S. Buffalo. Pop. 2,440 ; p.t. Wood Co Ohio. 
 
 Perrysville, p.v. Alleghany Co. Pa. 7 m. N 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Perrysville, villages in Madison Co. N. Y., 
 Richland Co. Ohio, Mercer Co. Ken., Perry Co. 
 Missouri, Perry Co. Ten. and Bond Co. Illinois. 
 
 Perscpolis, anciently the capital of the Persian 
 empire. It was taken by Alexander the Great, 
 who set it on fire. Its magnificent ruins are 50 
 m. N. E. of Shiras. 
 
 Perskorc, a town in Worcestershire, En<r. 
 Here are two churches, and that of Holy Cross 
 contains several ancient monuments. It is seated 
 on the Avon, 9 m. E. S. E. of Worcester and 102 
 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Persia, a large kingdom of Asia, consisting of 
 several provinces, which, at different times, have 
 had their particular kings. It is bounded on the 
 N. by the Caspian Sea, and the mountains of 
 Caucasus, W. by the Euphrates and Tigris, S. by 
 the gulfs of Persia and Ormus and the Arabian 
 Sea, and E. by Hindoostan. It is about 1,225 in. 
 in length from E. to W. and 900 in breadth from 
 N. to S., the chief rivers are the Tigris and Amuc. 
 In the N. and E. parts it is mountainous and 
 cold ; in the middle and S. E. parts sandy and 
 desert; and in the S. and W. level and fertile, 
 though for several months very hot. The soil 
 produces various sorts of pulse and corn, and 
 cotton in great abundance. In several places 
 naptha,asort of bitumen, rises out of the ground, 
 and here are numerous mines of gold, silver, 
 iron, turquois stones, and salt; but the first two 
 of these are not worked on account of the scarcei- 
 ty of wood. This country produces all the va- 
 rious sorts of fruits, excellent wine, and a great 
 number of mulberry trees. The citron hen? 
 grows to great perfection. Likewise dates, pistav 
 
 Socbason They are catholics and have a priest 
 of th.it religion, and a protestant missionary 
 among them during the summer. They live in 
 rude wigwams, and subsist by fishing, hunting 
 and the manufacture of chip baskets, which are 
 75 
 
 chio-nnts, and trees which prodnce manna. Sheep 
 and goats are abundant ; as are also camels, 
 buffaloes, and horses. The principal manufac 
 tures are silks, silks mixed with cotton or with 
 camels' or goats' hair, brocades, gold tissues, gola 
 velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. The Per- 
 sians are subjected to a despotism similrar to that 
 which presses upon all oriental nations ; vet their 
 
 3d9 
 
PER 
 
 594 
 
 PER 
 
 character is materially different. They are more 
 gay, lively, and active. They are said to be ex- 
 tremely ostentatious, and to surpass all other na- 
 tions in politeness — if the most profuse and hy- 
 pocritical flattery may be so called. Their dress 
 is lighter than that of the Turks, and they are 
 lavish in the use of jewels and gold ornaments. 
 The beard is held in high estimation, and every 
 art employed to render it thick and tufted. 
 Tliev are, however, the most learned people of 
 the E. ; poetry and the sciences may even be con- 
 sidered as their ruling passion. In the former, 
 their fame is decidedly superior to that of any oth- 
 er oriental nation. The names of Hafiz, Ferdusi, 
 and Sadi, are classic even in Europe. The reli- 
 gion of the country is Mahomedism, of the sect 
 of Ali. In the beginning of the last century, 
 Persia was overrun by the Afghans, who carried 
 fire and sword through its remotest extremities, 
 and reduced its proudest capitals to ashes. The 
 atrocities of the Afghans were avenged, and the 
 independence of Persia vindicated, by Nadir 
 Shah ; but, though the victories of this daring 
 chief threw a lustre on his country, after his death 
 the country was almost torn to pieces by civil war, 
 till the fortune of arms gave a decided superiori- 
 ty to Kurreem Khan. His death gave rise to an- 
 other disputed succession, with civil wars, as 
 furious as before. At length Aga Mahommed, a 
 eunuch, raised himself to the sovereignty, and not 
 onlv retained it during his lifetime, but transmit- 
 ted is to his nephew, the present sovereign, who 
 assumed the title of Futteh Ali Shah. He is rep- 
 resented as an accomplished prince ; and his eld- 
 est son is said to be highly promising. 
 
 Persian Gulf, a sea or inland lake, between 
 Persia and Arabia. The entrance near Ormus is 
 not above 30 m. over ; but within it is from 120 
 to 250 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to 
 the mouth of the Euphrates is 500 m. The 
 southern side is particularly celebrated for its 
 pearl fishery. 
 
 Person, a county of N. Carolina, Pop. 10,027. 
 Roxborough is the Capital. 
 
 Perth, a borough of Scotland, capital of Perth- 
 shire. It has been the residence of the sovereigns 
 of Scotland, and the seat of the parliament and of 
 the supreme courts of justice. Near the town 
 are some saline springs, called Pitcaithly Wells, 
 deemed beneficial in scorbutic cases. Perth is 
 seated on the S. W. side of the Tay, which is 
 navigable for small vessels, but the largest are 
 obliged to unload at Newburg. Over the river is 
 a modern bridge of 10 arches, the most beautiful in 
 Scotland, to the town of Kinnoul. Here are sev- 
 eral incorporated trades, some of which have halls. 
 The salmon fishery is a great article of trade ; 
 and the manufactures of linen and cotton goods, 
 leather, boots, shoes, and gloves are considerable. 
 35 m. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 20. W., 
 lat. 5G. 24. N. 
 
 Perthes, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Marne, 6 m. S. W. of Melun. 
 
 Perthes, a town in the department of Upper 
 Warne, G m. N. W. of St. Dizier. 
 
 Perthshire, a county of Scotland, 7G m. long 
 and G8 broad ; bounded W. by Argyleshire, N. 
 by the shires of Inverness and Aberdeen, E. by 
 Angus-shire, S. E. by the frith of Tay and the 
 counties of Fife and Kinross, and S. by the frith 
 of Forth and the counties of Clackmannan, Stirl- 
 ing, and Dumbarton. It contains 4,0G8,640 Eng- 
 lish acres, is divided into 7G parishes, and the 
 uumber of inhabitants in 1821 was 139,050. The 
 
 country exhibits scenes of rugged and striking 
 magnificence, contrasted with the mast beautiful 
 ones of cultivation. The Giampian mountains 
 cross it from S. W. to N. E., the highest of 
 which is Benlawers. The country N. W. of this 
 ridge is mountainous, and contains several lakes ; 
 but the opposite side, though not free from hills, 
 is more low and fertile. Tne principal rivers are 
 the Forth and Tay. Perth is the capital. 
 
 Pertigi, a town of the island of Sardinia, 19 m 
 S. E. of Castel Aroffonese. 
 
 Pcrtuis, a town of France, department of Vau 
 cluse, near the Durance, 11 m. N. of Aix. 38 S 
 E. of Avignon. 
 
 Peru, an independent state of S. America, tht 
 largest of the former Spanish viceroyalties, bound 
 ed on the N. by the republic of Colombia, W. by 
 the Pacific Ocean, S. by Chile, and E. by Brazil- 
 It is 750 m. in medium length, from N. to S.,and 
 about 500 in breadth. Rain is unknown in the 
 S. parts ; but in the N., where the mountains are 
 not so high, it often rains excessively. There 
 are large forests on the sides of the mountains 
 which advance near the sea ; but none of the 
 trees are like those in Europe. Peru has been 
 long celebrated for its mines of gold and silver, 
 which are the chief or only source of its riches. 
 Besides the produce of the mines, the commodi- 
 ties exported are sugar, Vienna wood, cotton, Pe- 
 ruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. The fiercest 
 beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaguar, 
 inaccurately called lions and tigers by the Euro- 
 peans ; for they possess neither the undaunted 
 courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty 
 of the latter. The lama, or American camel, in- 
 
 habits the cold districts, and the elk, bear, deer, ar 
 madilloes, monkeys, &c., are numerous. Among 
 the birds, the most remarkakle is the condor, 
 which is entitled to pre-eminence over the flying 
 tribe, in bulk, strength and courage. The river 
 Guayaquil abounds with alligators, and the neigh- 
 bouring country swarms almost as much with 
 snakes and vipers as that round Porto Bello does 
 with toads. When the Spaniards landed in this 
 country, in 1530, they found it governed by sov- 
 ereigns called Incas, who were revered by their 
 subjects as divinities . and the inhabitants were 
 found to be much more polished than the natives 
 of other parts of America, those of Mexico ex- 
 cepted. These were soon subdued b)' the Span- 
 iards, under the command of Francic Pizarro. 
 After the assassination of Pizarro, in 1541, the 
 country continued a prey to civil contentions 
 and insurrections, till about the year lf>G2, when 
 Tupac Amaru the son of Manco Capac, who 
 had taken refuge in the mountains, was attacK- 
 ed by the viceroy Toledo. The inca surrender- 
 ed himself, and was led to the scaffold amid the 
 
PES 
 
 595 
 
 PET 
 
 tears of the people The royal authority, thus 
 established, continued without interruption till 
 1781, when a descendant of Amaru began an in- 
 
 surrection. After two years of varied success he 
 was, however, surprised and taken prisoner to- 
 gether with his family, who were all executed. 
 Peru now remained in subjection to Spain, and in 
 a comparative state of tranquillity for some time ; 
 and in 1809. when juntas were established in La 
 Paz and Quito, Peru, sent out troops which sup- 
 pressed their rising efforts. In 1817 the Peru- 
 vian arm}' was compelled to evacuate Chile; and 
 Chile in return sent an army into Peru, under 
 ireneral San Martin, who in 182), in conjunction 
 with the fleet under Lord Cochrane succeeded 
 in liberating it from the Spanish yoke. The 
 country has since undergone so many changes 
 that it cannot at present be considered as in a set- 
 tled state. Lima is the capital. See America. 
 
 Peru, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 30 m. N. E. Ben- 
 nington. Pop. 455. This town produces the best 
 iron in the United States; p.t. Berkshire Co. 
 Mass. 118 m. W. Boston. Pop. 729; p.t. Clinton 
 Co. N. Y. on Lake Champlain opposite Burling- 
 ton. Pop. 4,949 ; p. v. Huron and Delaware Cos. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Perugia., a province of Italy, in the pope's do- 
 minions comprehending the ancient province of 
 Peruo-ino. It is 25 m. long and 24 broad ; and 
 is bounded W. by Tuscany, S. by Orvieto, E. by 
 Spoleto and Urbino, and N. by Citta di Castello. 
 The soil is fertile in corn and good wine. 
 
 Perugia,, the capital of the above province, and 
 a bishop's see. with a strong citadel and univer- 
 sity. The churches, and many other buildings, 
 public and private, are very handsome. It is 
 seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 85 m. N. of 
 Rome. Long. 12. 20. E., lat. 43. (J. N. 
 
 Perugia, a lake of Italy, 8 m. W. of the city of 
 its name. It is almost round, 5 m. in diameter, 
 and in it are three islands. 
 
 Peruvian Mountains ,a range in the north-eastern 
 part of New York running parallel with Lake 
 Champlain. The highest summit is called White- 
 face, and is 3,000 feet above the lake. 
 
 Pcsaro, a sea-port of the ecclesiastical states, 
 in the delegation of Urbino, and a bishop's see ; 
 the cathedral is magnificent, and it has several 
 handsome churches, with exquisite paintings. 
 The environs are remarkable for producing olives 
 and excellent figs. It is sealed on an eminence, 
 at the mouth of the Foglia, on the gulf of Venice, 
 )7 m. E. N. E. of Urbino. Lontr. 13. 2. E., lat. 
 45. 52. N. 
 
 Pesr.ara, a strong town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Citra, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 
 on the gulf of Venice, 9 m. N. N. E. of Chieti. 
 Peschiera, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in 
 
 the Veronese. It was taken by the French in 
 1796; and the garrison surrendered to the Aus- 
 trians in 1799. It is seated on the river Mincio, 
 where it proceeds froni the lake Garda, 10 in. W 
 of Verona. 
 
 Pcscia, a town of Tuscany, in the province of 
 Florence, celebrated fo r its fine oil, 25 m. N. E 
 of Florence. 
 
 Pescina, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 
 near the Lake Celano, 20 m. S. by E. of Aquila. 
 
 Pesenas, a town of France, department of He- 
 rault, on the river Herault, 12 m. N. E. of Be- 
 ziers. 
 
 Pest, a town of Hungary, capital of a palatinate 
 of the same name, with a fortress, a royal palace, 
 and a university, the only one in the kingdom 
 Here are many Greek merchants, who conduct 
 the Levant trade to Germany and the northern 
 nations. It is seated on the E. side of the Danube 
 opposite Buda, 96 in. E. S. E. of Presburg. Long 
 19. 8. E., lat. 47. 30. N. 
 
 Pesti, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, 
 seated near the magnificent ruins of the ancient 
 Paestum, 20 m. S. E. of Salerno. 
 
 Pctapa, a town of Mexico, 25 m. S. E. of 
 Guatimala. 
 
 Pctagucl, a province on the N. coast of Brazil, 
 between the provinces of Seara and Rio Grande. 
 It contains mines of silver. 
 
 Pe-tche-li, the principal province of China, 
 bounded on the N. by the Great Wall and part of 
 Tartary, E. by the Yellow Sea, S. by Chang-tong 
 and Ilo-nan, and W. by the mountains of Chan- 
 si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which 
 have many others under their jurisdiction. Al- 
 though Pe-tche-li extends no further than 42. N. 
 lat. yet all its rivers are so much frozen during 
 four mouths in the year that waggons with the 
 heaviest loads may safely pass them. The soil is 
 sandy, and produces very little rice ; but it abounds 
 with all other kinds of grain, and with the greater 
 part of the fruit trees common in Europe. But, 
 what renders this province the most considerable, 
 is that the riches of the whole empire are brought 
 hither, the southern provinces furnishing it with 
 every thing they produce that is most uncommon 
 and delicious. The inhabitants, in general, a rt- 
 reckoned not so polite, nor so apt to learn the 
 sciences, as those of the southern provinces ; Lut 
 they are stronger and more warlike. Their nun.- 
 ber is estimated at 38,000,000. Pekin is the capital. 
 
 Peter and Paul, St., or Pctropaulosloi, a sea-porl 
 of Russia, in Kamtschatka. The town consists 
 of some log-houses and a few conical huts. C : i j > - 
 tain Clerke, who succeeded captain Cook, and 
 died at sea, was interred here. It is seated on the 
 E. side of Awatska Bay. Long. 158. 48. E.. hi!. 
 53. l.N. 
 
 Peter le Port, St., a market town in the island 
 of Guernsey, with an excellent harbour, defended 
 by two castles. 
 
 Peterborough, a city in Northamptonshire, Eng. 
 It is a bishop's see, and contains 8,558 inhab- 
 itants ; the cathedral was formerly a monaste- 
 ry. The market-place is spacious, the streets re- 
 gular, and many of the buildings extremely neat. 
 The manufacture of stockings is extensive, and 
 considerable trade is carried on in corn, coal, and 
 timber. 81 m. N. of London. Long. 0. 4. W 
 lat. 52. 30. N. 
 
 Peterborough, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H 40 
 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 1,984. Here are man 
 ufactures of cotton, woolen, paper, oil, &c. ; p.'. 
 Madison Co. N. Y. 122 m. W. Albany. 
 
PET 
 
 506 
 
 PET 
 
 Peterhead, a sea-port of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, situate on a peninsula, about a m. S. of the 
 ni~:jth of Ugie. It has two harbours, defended by 
 piers ; a considerable trade in the fishery, and to 
 the Baltic ; and manufactures of thread, woolen 
 cloth, and cotton. Here is a small fort and a bat- 
 tery. A mineral spring, of a powerful diuretic 
 quality, and the sea-bathing, bring a great resort 
 of company, for whose accommodation there is a 
 ball-room and many elegant houses. 34 m. N. E. 
 of Aberdeen. Long. 1 . 35. W.. lat. 57. 27. N. 
 
 Peters, a township of Franklin Co. Pa. 
 
 Petcrsburgh, a government or province of Rus- 
 sia, at the E. extremity of the gulf of Finland. 
 The greater p ar t of this province, was formerly 
 called Ingennanland or Ingria. It comprises an 
 area of 18,000 square miles, with 700,000 inhabit- 
 ants. Timber forms the chief source of wealth. 
 
 Petcrsburgh, the metropolis of the Russian em- 
 pire, in the government of the same name, is sit- 
 uated on the river Neva, near the gulf of Finland, 
 and is built partly upon some islands in the mouth 
 of that river, and partly upon the continent. So 
 late as the beginning of the last century, the 
 ground on which Petersburgh now stands was only 
 a vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's huts. 
 Peter the Great first began this city in 1703. He 
 built a small hut for himself, and some wretched 
 wooden hovels. In 1710 the Count Golovkin 
 built the first house of brick, and the next year 
 the emperor, with his own hand, laid the founda- 
 tion of a house of the same material. From these 
 small beginnings rose the imperial city of Peters- 
 burgh ; and, in less than nine years after the 
 wooden hovels were erected, the seat of empire 
 was transferred from Moscow to this place. The 
 streets, in general are broad and spacious ; and 
 three of the principal ones, which meet in a point 
 at the admiralty, are at least two m. in length. 
 The mansions of the nobles are vast piles of build- 
 ing, furnished with great cost, in the same ele- 
 gant style as at Paris or London, and situated 
 chiefly on the S. side of the Neva, either in the 
 admiralty quarter, or in the suburbs of Livonia 
 and Moscow, which are the finest parts of the 
 city. The views upon the banks of the Neva ex- 
 hibit the grandest and most lively scenes imagi- 
 nable. That river is in many places as broad as 
 the Thames at London : it is also deep, rapid, and 
 as transparent as crystal; and its banks are lined 
 on each side with a continued range of grand 
 buildings. On the N. the fortress, the academy 
 of sciences, and the academy of arts, are the most 
 striking objects. On the opposite side are the 
 imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of 
 many Russian nobles, and the English line, so 
 called because it is mostly occupied by English 
 merchants. In the front of these buildings, on 
 the S. side, is the quay, which extends three m. 
 except where it is interrupted by the admiralty : 
 and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has 
 been embanked by a wall, parapet, and pavement 
 of hewn granite. There are no fewer than 35 
 great churches (almost every sect of Christains 
 being tolerated), and the number of inhabitants is 
 supposed to be about 300.000. It is said that 3,000 
 one-horse sledges are employed for passengers in 
 the streets, in winter. From its low and marshy 
 situation, it is subject to inundations, which have 
 sometimes risen so high as to threaten the town 
 with a total submersion. The opposite divisions 
 of Petersburg, situated on each side of the Neva, 
 are connected by two bridges on pontoons, which, 
 on account of the large masses of ice driven down 
 
 the stream from lake Ladoga, are usually removed 
 when these masses first make their appearance ■ 
 and for a few days, till the river is frozen ha;d 
 enough to bear carriages, there is no communi- 
 cation between the opposite parts of the town. 
 A mono; the noblest ornaments of Petersburg is an 
 equestrian statue of Peter the Great, in bronze, 
 erected by Catherine II. in 1782. It is of colossai 
 size, and stands on a huwe pedestal of rock, brought 
 there at great expense. Within the walls of the 
 fortress is the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 in whicli are deposited the remains of Peter the 
 Great, and of the successive sovereigns, except 
 Peter II , who was buried at Moscow. The lite- 
 rary and scientific institutions are numerous 
 but the most important is the university, founded 
 in 1819. A Bible society is established on an ex- 
 tensive scale, having upwards of 200 auxiliaries 
 in different parts of the empire. Of the charita- 
 ble institutions the principal are the foundling 
 hospital, the sailors' hospital, the lazaretto, the 
 asylum for the blind, the asylum for the deaf and 
 dumb, the humane society. Ac. The manufac- 
 tures are various, and some of them of considera- 
 ble extent ; and the commercial intercourse is 
 important from its extensive communication with 
 the interior, this being the only great maritime 
 outlet in the gulf of Finland. The principal ex- 
 ports are hemp, flax, skins, leather, iron, tallow, 
 &c. : the imports sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, 
 dyewood, spices, hardware, &c. The number of 
 ships that enter the Neva annually, of which 
 nearly half are British, varies from 1,000 to 1,700. 
 In 1831 this city suffered severely by the pesti- 
 lential cholera. Petersburg is 355 m. N. W. of 
 Moscow, 430 N.E. of Stockholm, and 1,400 E. N. 
 E. of London. Long. 30. 20. E v lat. 59. 56. N. 
 
 Petersburg, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. 
 E. Albany. Pop. 2,011 ; p.t. Adams,Lancasterand 
 Perry Cos. Pa. ; p.t. Dinwiddie Co. Va. on the Ap- 
 pomattox, 25 m. S. Richmond. This town is a 
 port of entry, and has a considerable commerce 
 in grain, flour, cotton and tobacco. Pop. 8,322; 
 p.t. Elbert Co. Geo. on the Savannah, 35 m. above 
 Augusta ; p. v. Woodland Co. and Boone Co. Ken. 
 p.t. Columbiana Co. Ohio ; p.v. Pike Co. Ind. 
 
 Petersdorf. a town of Prussia, in the province 
 ofSamland, 24 m. S. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Petersfield, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 54 in. 
 S.W. of London. 
 
 Petershagen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 with a castle, seated on the Weser, 7m. N.N 
 E. of Minden. 
 
 Petersham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 67 m. W. 
 by N. Boston. Pop. 1,695. 
 
 Petershnusen, a town of Germany, in Baden, 
 with a Benedictine abbey and a fort ; seated on 
 the N. side of the Rhine, opposite Constance. 
 
 Peterstown, p.t. Monroe Co. Va. 
 
 Petersville, p.t. Frederick Co. Va. 
 
 Peterwuradin, a town of Sclavonia, one of the 
 strongest frontier places the house of Austria 
 has against the Turks, over whom, in 1716, 
 prince Eugene here gained a great victory. It is 
 seated on the Danube, opposite the fortress ol 
 Neusatz, in Hungary. 40 m. N. W. of Belgrade 
 Long. 20. 30. E., lat. 45. 23. N. 
 
 Petherton, South, a. town in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 with a manufacture of dowlas ; 130 m. W. by S. 
 of London. 
 
 Petiglio.no, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien 
 nese, 8 m. W. of Castro and 45 S. E. of Sien- 
 na. 
 
 Petit Guave, a sea-port of St. Domingo, seated 
 
PFO 
 
 597 
 
 PHI 
 
 on a bay at the W. end of the island. It is 200 
 in. E. of Jamaica Long. 72. 52. W., lat. 18. 27. N. 
 
 Pctoune, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the prov- 
 ince of Kirin, inhabited principally by Tartar 
 soldiers and Chinese condemned to exile. It is 
 seated on the Songari, 150 m. N. by W. of Kirin. 
 Long. 125. 55. E., lat. 45. 10. N. 
 
 I'ltrclla, a town of Naples, in the Principato 
 Citra, II m. E. of Molise. 
 
 Pelrella, a town of Albania, 26 m. S. E. of 
 Duruzzo. 
 
 Petrikow, a town of Poland, and for some time 
 the meeting-place of the Polish diets, 80 in. S. W. 
 of Warsaw. Long. 19. 4G. E.. lat. 51. 12. N. 
 
 Peirina.a. strong town of the Austrian states, 
 in Croatia, seated on the Kulpa, 37 in. E. of Carl- 
 stadt. 
 
 Petrozavodsk, a town of Russia, capital of the 
 government of Olonetz, with manufactures of 
 stoneware, leather, lead, &c, and a foundery for 
 cannon. It is seated on Lake Onega. (>5 m 
 N. E. of Olonetz. 
 
 Prttapo!ly,a town of Hindoostan, in the district 
 of Guntoor, seated on the bay of Bengal, 38 m. 
 S. S. E. of Condavir and 48 N. E. of Ongole. 
 
 Pet/aiti, a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria, 
 with considerable manufactures; seated on the 
 Drnve. 15 m. S. E. of Marchburg. 
 
 Pettycur, a harbour of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 one mile W. of Kinghorn, in the frith of Forth. 
 It is the usual landing-place of passengers from 
 Leith, on the opposite shore. 
 
 Pctirorth, a town in Sussex, Eng. In the cen- 
 tre ef the town is a very handsome market-house 
 of stone ; and in the church are interred the re- 
 mains of many of the Percies, earls of Northum- 
 berland ; seated near the Arun, 12 m.N. E. of 
 Chichester and 48 S. W. of London. 
 
 Percnsey, a village in Sussex, Eng. 14 m. W. 
 S. W. of Hastings, situate on a small river which 
 runs into a bay of the English Channel, called 
 Peveiisey Harbour. Here is an ancient castle, 
 which belonged to Robert, earl of Morton, and is 
 said to be the largest and most entire remain of 
 Roman buildings to be seen in Britain. Peven- 
 sey was anciently a famous haven, though now it 
 is nearly 2 m. from the sea. Here William the 
 Conqueror landed, when he invaded England. 
 
 Peylonshurg, a village of Pittsylvania Co. Va. 
 
 Pfaffculiofcn, a town of Bavaria, with a Bene- 
 dictine monastery at a small distance. It is seat- 
 ed on the Ilm, 15 m. S. of Ingolstadt. — Also a 
 town of Wurtemberg,"on the Zaber, 18 m. N. of 
 Stuttgard ; — a town ofthe Austrian states, in Ty- 
 rol, seated on the Inn, 15 m. W. of Innspruck ; — 
 and a village of Bavaria, 8 m. S. E. of Ulm. 
 
 Pfiilzrl, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Lower Rhine. It has a convent, which was form- 
 erly a palace of the kings of the Franks, and is 
 seated on the Moselle, 3 m. N. E. of Treves. 
 
 Pfcddersheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt ; seated on the river Prim, 5 in. W. of 
 Worms. 
 
 Pfeffikon, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Zurich, 12 m. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Pfeter, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the same 
 name, near its conflux with the Danube, 14 m. E. 
 by S. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Pfinz-and-Entz, one of the ten circles of the 
 grand duchy of Baden, lying along the two rivers 
 Pfinz and Entz, from the Rhine to the frontiers of 
 Wurtemberg. Bruchsal is the chief town. 
 
 Pforten, a town of Lusatia, 10 m. S. of Guben. 
 
 Pforzheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, with 
 
 a castle, and a consiaerable trade in wood, and 
 manufactures of cloth, stuffs, stockings, jewell- 
 ry, and watches. It is seated on the Entz, 15 m. 
 E. by S. of Durlach. 
 
 Pfreimbt, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat- 
 ed at the conflux of the Pfreimbt with the Nab, 
 10 m. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Pfutlendorf, a town of Baden, seated on the 
 Andalspatch, 22 m. N. by E. of Constance. 
 
 PfuVingen, a town of Wurtemberg, 8 m. S. E 
 of Tubingen. 
 
 Phalslntrg, a fortified town of France, depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, near the Vosges mountains, 27 
 m. W. N. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Phanagora, a town of Russia, in the island of 
 Taman, with a strong fort. The ruins still show 
 that it has formerly been large and magnificent. 
 It is seated on a gulf of the Black Sea, 70 m. E. 
 by N. of Caffa. Long. 3G. 40. E.. lat. 45. 12. N. 
 
 Pharos, a sman isla.:d ir* i,iie Mediterranean Sea 
 opposite Alexandria, in Egypt, the space between 
 which and the continent forms an extensive har- 
 bour. It has a communication with the continent 
 by a stone causeway and bridge. It had former- 
 ly an exceedingly high tower upon it called the 
 Pharos, on the ton of which were lights for the di- 
 rection of ships. 'Long. 31. 11. E., lat. 30. 24. N. 
 
 Pharsatia, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. W. 
 Norwich. Pop. 987. 
 
 Pharza, anciently Pharsalia, a town of Greece, 
 in Thessaly, famous for the decisive victory gain- 
 ed by Julius Caesar over Pompey,in 48 B. C. It 
 is an archiepiscopal see, and seated on the Eni- 
 peus, 10 m. S. of Larissa. 
 
 Phelps, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 200 m. W. Al 
 bany. Pop. 4,798. 
 
 Philadelphia. See Mla-Sheir. 
 
 Philadelphia, a county of the E. district of 
 Pennsylvania comprising 120 sq. m. besides the 
 city of that name and its suburbs. Pop. 188,961. 
 
 Philadelphia, the chief city in Pennsylvania and 
 formerly the seat of government, stands on the 
 western bank of the Delaware, 120 miles from 
 the sea by the course of the river and bay, and 5 
 miles above the confluence of the Delaware and 
 Schuylkill. The site is a perfect level, and the 
 city is built on the most uniform rectangular plan. 
 The houses are of dark colored brick, and the 
 streets from 50 to 100 feet wide ; it is probably 
 the most regular city in the world, a circumstance 
 that secures it numberless advantages in the way 
 of convenience, but which deprives it of all that 
 is picturesque and diversified in aspect. It has 
 many buildings of striking elegance ; the finest 
 is the United States Bank, which has a front of 
 white marble, on the model of the Parthenon. 
 Another edifice formerly occupied for the same 
 purpose has a handsome marble front of the Cor- 
 inthian order ; some ofthe other banks, and many 
 ofthe churches are fine specimens of architecture. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is a 
 chartered company having for its abject the en- 
 couragement of the arts of painting, sculpture, 
 architecture and engraving. It has a good col- 
 lection of paintings, some fine pieces of statuary 
 and a library. 
 
 The academy of Natural Sciences have also a 
 good museum and library, and conduct a scientific 
 journal. There are about 40 periodicals in the 
 city including 23 newspapers, 8 of which are 
 daily. Bookselling is an active branch of busi- 
 ness, and consists chiefly in the republication of 
 English works. 
 
 The manufactures of this city, and the neigh 
 
THi 
 
 598 
 
 PHI 
 
 bourliood are principally of cotton cloth, iron, glass, 
 china, carpenter's work,&c. In the mechanic arts 
 no city of the United States is superior to Phila- 
 delphia. There are 7 markets in the city, 87 
 places of public worship, 2 theatres, 13 banks and 
 10 public schools. In the north-western suburb is 
 lilt- State Prison or Eastern Penitentiary, the larg- 
 est building in the United States ; it is built of gra- 
 nite, and coversa space of lOacres; the principal 
 front is 670 feet in length. 
 
 The arcade has two marble fronts and contains 
 Peal'-'s Museum, the best scientific collection in 
 this country. Here are most of the birds from 
 which Wilson drew the figures which illustrate his 
 work on Ornithology. This museum also con- 
 tains the most perfect skeleton of the mammoth 
 
 which has yet been found in this country. The 
 mint of the United States is a neat marble edifice. 
 The University of Pennsylvania, established at 
 this place was founded in 1755; it has 9 instructers 
 and 125 students. The Pennsylvania Hospital, 
 is one of the oldest and best institutions of the 
 kind in the country ; it comprises two buildings, 
 one of 273 feet in length; the number of patients 
 is usually about 200. West's painting of Christ 
 healing the sick, presented by the artist to the 
 hospital, is shown in a building attached to the 
 establishment. The Philadelphia library was es- 
 tablished by the exertions of Dr Franklin, and 
 now contains 22,000 volumes : the building is or- 
 namented with a marble statue of the founder. 
 The American Philosophical Society have a libra- 
 ry of 4,000 volumes. The Atheneum 2,000. The 
 A cademy of Natural Sciences 2,001). The Society 
 of Friend* 2.000, and the Hospital 5,000. The 
 Pennsylvania University occupies an edifice orio-- 
 ii.ally designed for the residence of the President 
 of-Mw United States. 
 
 Ti.o Fair Mount Water Works constitute an im- 
 mense lydraulic establishment upon the Schuyl- 
 kill a little above the cily, for supplying Philadel- 
 phia w.lh water; the Schuylkill is dammed, and 
 the wr*er of the river raised into reservoirs hold- 
 ing nearly 20,000,000 gallons. From these the 
 water < conveyed in pipes, amounting in 
 aggregate length to 55 miles, through Philadel- 
 phia and the suburbs. These works' cost nearly 
 a million and a half of dollars. There are two 
 bridges over the Schuylkill below the water works. 
 
 The Delaware at the city is three quarters of a 
 mile wide, and is navigable for ships of the line. 
 1'he -:ty extends nearly from the Delaware to the 
 Sehi. vlkill. The streets are kept uncommonly 
 cieff the markets are well supplied, and living 
 is chraper than in any other large city in the 
 United States. It is a very agreeable place of 
 residence except in summer, when the heat is 
 intense. It was founded by William Penn in 
 1682; and is governed by a Mayor, two councils 
 
 and a board of aldermen. The expenses of the 
 city in 1830 were 255,551 dollars. In commerce 
 it is the fourth city in the union : in 1828 the 
 shipping owned here amounted to 104,080 tons. 
 It is in N. lat. 39. 57. W., Long. 75. 18. 138 m. 
 N. E. Washington; 100 N. E. Baltimore; 90 S. 
 W. New York; 300 S. W. Boston. Pop. 167,811 
 Philadelphia, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 173 m 
 N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,167; p.v. Monroe Co. Ten 
 Philanthropy, p.v. Bath Co. Ohio. 
 Philip, St., a town of Spain. See Xativa. 
 Philip, St., a town of Brazil. See Luis de Mar- 
 anham, St. 
 
 Philip Islands, two islands in the S. Pacific, 
 discovered by captain Hunter in 1791. They 
 are 5 m. asunder, but almost joined by a sandy 
 spit above water. They are covered with shrubs, 
 have few tall trees on them, and the land is low. 
 Long, of tne eastern island 140. 3. E., lat. 8. 6. S. 
 Philippeville, a fortified town of the Nether- 
 lands, 22 m. S. by W. of Namur. 
 
 PhVippi, a town of Macedon, and an archbish- 
 op s see. Near this place commonly called the 
 plains of Philippi, Cassius and Brutus were de- 
 feated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 B. C. 
 It is greatly decayed, but an amphitheatre and 
 several other monuments of its ancient grandeur 
 remain. 60 m. E. of Salonica. Long. 24. 18. 
 E., lat. 40. 40. N. 
 
 Philippine, a strong town of the Netherlands, 
 in Flanders. It was taken by the French in 1747, 
 and again in 1794 ; but restored in 1814. It is 
 seated on an arm of the Scheldt, 15 m. N. by W. 
 of Ghent. 
 
 Philippine Islands, a large cluster of islands, 
 said to be 1 ,100 in number, in the E. Indian Ocean. 
 They were discovered by Magellan in 1519. The 
 air is very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in 
 rice, &c. The trees are always green, and there 
 are ripe fruits all the year. There are many wild 
 beasts and birds, quite unknown in Europe. The 
 inhabitants are affable, hospitable, and honest. 
 They cultivate the land with considerable skill, 
 and rear pigs, fowls, goats, and buffaloes, unde~ 
 the same roof with themselves. The houses are 
 bamboo, covered with palm leaves, raised on pil- 
 lars to the height of nine feet. The chief food con- 
 sists of rice, cocoa-nuts, and salted fish. Further 
 particulars are given under the names of the re- 
 spective islands. 
 
 Philippines, New. See Pelew Islands. 
 Philippopoli, a town of Macedon, founded by 
 Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It 
 was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1818. 
 It is seated on a small island formed by the Ma- 
 rizza, 95 m. W. N. W. of Adrianople. 
 
 Philips Norton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng 
 and 104 m. W. of London. 
 
 Philipsburg, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y., Warren 
 Co. N. J., Centre Co. Pa. and Jefferson Co. Ohio. 
 Philipsnille, a village in New Feliciana Parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Phillips, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,152. Hel 
 ena is the capital. 
 
 Phillips, p.v. Somerset Co. Me. 109 m. N Port- 
 land. 
 
 Philipsburg, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Baden, formerly fortified and considered 
 as one of the bulwarks of the empire. It was 
 taken by the French in 1734, when the duke of 
 Berwick was killed at the siege; but it was re 
 stored the year following by the treaty of Vienna 
 In 1799 it was four times blockaded by the French 
 republicans, and was at length completely dis. 
 
p*d 
 
 599 
 
 PIL 
 
 mantled. It is seated en the Rhine, 17 m. N. of 
 Durlach. 
 
 Philipstadt, a town of Sweden, in Wermeland, 
 seated in a mountainous country, abounding; in 
 iron mines, between two lakes, and watered by a 
 rivulet. 29 m. N. E. of Carlstadt and 1G0 W. by 
 N. of Stockholm. 
 
 Philipstown, a town of Ireland, capital of King's 
 county. 40 m. W. of Dublin. Lon<r. 7. 13. W., 
 lit. 53. 13. N. 
 
 PhiUipstown, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, nearly opposite West Point. Pop. 
 4,810. 
 
 Phillipslon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. N. 
 VV. Boston. Pop. 932. 
 
 Philone, p. v. Franklin Co. Ohio. 14 m. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Phipsburg, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kenne- 
 bec. 20 m. S. W. Wiscasset. 
 
 Place nza. See Placenza. 
 
 Pianczza, a town and castle of the Sardinian 
 states, in Piedmont, seated on the Dora, 6 rn. W. 
 of Turin. 
 
 Pianoza, an island off the coast of Tuscany, G 
 rn. S. of that of Elba. It is level and low, as the 
 name imports. Long. 10. 34. E., lat. 42. 46. 
 N. 
 
 Piave, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in 
 the delegation of Feltre, flows through the Vene- 
 tian territory, and falls into the gulf of Venice, 
 16 m. N. E. of Venice. 
 
 Piazza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, situ- 
 ate almost in the centre of the island, 38 m. W. 
 N. VV. of Lentini. 
 
 Picardij, a former province of France, on the 
 English Channel, now chiefly included iu the de- 
 partment of Somme. 
 
 Pickaway, a. county of Ohio. Pop. 15,935, Cir- 
 cleville is the capital. Also a town in this Co. 
 on the Scioto. 
 
 Pickering, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It 
 hid a strong castle, in which Richard II. wa3 
 confined; now in ruins. The parish church is an 
 ancient and spacious building, with a fine lofty 
 spire; and here are meeting-houses for Indepen- 
 dents, Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and 
 Friends. 26 m. N. E. of York and 222 N. by W. 
 of London. 
 
 Pico, one of the Azores or Western Islands. 
 It has a volcanic mountain, called Pico, about 
 8,000 feet in perpendicular height, from the sur- 
 face of the sea to the summit of the peak ; on its 
 sides are numerous craters, several of which are 
 now almost concealed by trees. The last erup- 
 tion of the peak happened in 1718, and destroyed 
 several vineyards. The island is about 80 m. in 
 circumference, and produces a great deal of wine. 
 Long. 28. 26. W., lat. 38. 29. N. 
 
 Pichincha, a volcano in South America, 15,993 
 feet above the sea. It is situated near Quito, 
 11 deg. S. of the equator. 
 
 Pickens, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,620. 
 Pickens is the capital. 
 
 Pickensville, p. v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 
 
 Pictou, a small island, between that of St. John 
 and the continent of Nova Scotia, at. the E. end 
 of Northumberland Strait. Long. 62. 15. VV., 
 lat. 45. 50. N. 
 
 Pcits'' Wall, in England, a famous barrier against 
 the Picts, of which some remains are left. It be- 
 gan at the entrance of Sol way Frith, in Cumber- 
 land, and, passing E. by Carlisle, was continued 
 across the island to Tynemouth. 
 
 Pidaura, a town of the Morea, the ancient 
 
 Epidaurus. It is situate on the W. coast of the 
 gulf of Egina, 25 m. E. of Napoli di Romania. 
 Long. 23. 22. E., lat. 37. 40. N. 
 
 Piedmont, a principality of Italy, 150 m. lone 
 and 90 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Valais, 
 E. by the Milanese, S. by the county of Nice and 
 the territory of Genoa, and W. by France. It 
 contains many high mountains, among which are 
 rich and fruitful valleys, as populous as any part 
 of Italy. In the mountains are rich mines of 
 several kinds, and the forests afford a great deal 
 of game. The principal rivers are the Po, Tana- 
 ro, Sturia, and Doria. This country has a great 
 trade in raw silk ; and it produces corn, rice, 
 wine, fruits, hemp, flax, and cattle. It belongs 
 to the king of Sardinia, whose authority was re- 
 stored in 1814. Turin is the capital 
 
 Picnza, a town of Tuscany, 25 m. S. E. of 
 Siena. 
 
 Picrcy, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 
 236. 
 
 Piermont, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,042. 
 Pierpont, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 
 Pierrepoint, p. v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 749. 
 
 Pierre, St., a small island near Newfoundland, 
 ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and 
 curing their fish. They were dispossessed of it 
 by the English in 1793. Long. 56. 0. W„ lat. 
 46. 39. N. b 
 
 Pierre, St., a town of the island of Martinico, 
 situate on a round bay, on the VV. coast, 15 m. 
 N. W. ofFortroyal. Long. 61. 21. W., lat. 14. 
 44. N. 
 
 Pierre le Moutier, St., a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Nievre, 15 m. N. VV. of Moulins and 150 
 S. of Paris. 
 
 Pielola, a village of Austrian Italy, near Man- 
 tua, the birth-place of Virgil, to whose memory 
 an obelisk was erected in 1797, by Bonaparte. 
 Pietro, St., an island in the Mediterranean, 13 
 in. long and 3 broad, near the S. W. coasts of 
 Sardinia, taken by the French in 1763, but reta- 
 ken soon after. 
 
 Pignerol, or Pignerola, a town of Piedmont, 
 and a bishop's see, with manufactures of woolen, 
 silk, paper, and leather, and a trade in corn, 
 wine, spirits, &c. It is seated on the Cluson, 
 20 m. S. W. of Turin. 
 
 Pike, a county of the E. District of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 4,843. Milford is the capital ; a 
 county of Ohio. Pop. 6,024. Piketon is the 
 capital ; a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,677. 
 Pikeville is the capital; a county of Indiana. 
 Pop. 2,464. Petersburg is the capital ; a county 
 of Missouri. Pop. 6,122. Bowling Green is the 
 capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 5,402. 
 Holmesville is the capital ; also towns and villages 
 in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,016. Bradfoid 
 Co. Pa., Knox, Perry, Madison, Wayne, Starke 
 and Clark Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Pikeland, a township of Chester Co. Pa. 
 Pike Run, a township of Washington Co. Pa. 
 Pikesville, p. v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. 
 Pikeville, p. v. Marion Oo. Alabama. 
 Pilesgrove, a township of Salem Co. N. J. 
 Pilgram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Bechin, at the source of the Iglau, S3 m. H of 
 Tabor. 
 
 Pillau, a sea-port of Prussia, on the Baltic. 
 The harbour is good, and it is well fortified, be- 
 ing considered as the bulwark and key of the 
 kingdom. Here is a magazine for military stores ; 
 and below the gate of the castle is a stone eques- 
 
PIO 
 
 coo 
 
 PIS 
 
 Mian statue of Frederic William the Great. The 
 streets are broad and straight, and the houses 
 built in the Dutch taste. In 1807 it was taken 
 by the French, and re-taken by the Russians in 
 1813. It is 20 m. W. by S. of Konigsberg, of 
 which it is the port. Long. 20. 20. E., lat. 54. 
 33. N. 
 
 Pilnitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with a 
 royal palace, celebrated for a treaty entered into 
 by the princes of Europe against France, in 1792. 
 The palace was burned down in 1818, but has 
 since been rebuilt. 7 m. S. E. of Dresden. 
 
 Pilscn, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of 
 the same name, which is particularly rich in 
 sheep, and noted for excellent cheese. The town 
 is fortified and well built, and seated at the con- 
 flux of the Radbuza and Walta, 55 m. S. W. of 
 Prague. Long. 13. 39. E., lat. 49. 42. N. 
 
 Pilsno, or Pilzoio, a town of Austrian Poland, 
 sealed on the Wisloka, 00 m. E. of Cracow. 
 
 Piltcii, a town of Russia, in Courland, capital 
 of a fertile district of its name ; seated on the riv- 
 er Windau, 16 m. N. N. W. of Goldingen. 
 
 Pmcknnj, p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. Pop. 783; 
 p.v. Montgomery Co. Missouri. 
 
 Pinfkneijvillc, p.t. Union Dis. S. C. 
 
 Pine, townships in Alleghany and Lycoming 
 Cos. Pa. 
 
 Pine Grove, a township of Schuylkill Co. Pa.; 
 p.v. Warren Co. Pa. 
 
 Pine Hill, p.v. York Dis. S. C. 
 
 Pincville, p.v. Charleston Dis. S. C. 50 m. N. 
 Charleston. 
 
 Pines. Isle of, an island in the S. Pacific, off the. 
 S end of New Caledonia, 14 m. in length. It is 
 a pointed hill, sloping toward the extremities, 
 which are very low ; and on the low land are 
 many tall pine trees. Long. 107. 38. E., lat. 22. 
 38. S. See Pi7ios. 
 
 Pinen, a town of France, department of Aube, 
 12 m. E. N. E. ofTroyes. 
 
 Ping-king, or Ping-yuen, a city of China, of 
 the first rank, in the province of Koeitcheou, 930 
 in. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 20. 
 
 3s: N. 
 
 Ping-Hang, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Chen-si ; seated on the river 
 Kin-ho, 55f) m . S. W. of Pekin, Long. 106. 25. 
 E., lat. 35. 35. N. 
 
 Pinficl, a strong town of Portugal, in Beira, 
 capital of a territory of the same name, and a 
 bishop's see. It is seated on the Coa, 28 m. N. 
 by W. of Guarda. Long. 6. 40. W., lat. 40. 
 46. N. 
 
 Pinneberg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Holstein, capital of a small province of its name, 
 ft'ith a castle. It is seated on the Owe, 10 m. 
 N. W. of Hamburgh. 
 
 Pinos, an island of the W. Indies, on the S. 
 pide of Cuba, 25 m. lonrrand 15 broad, mountain- 
 ous, and covered with pines. Long. 82. 33. W., 
 lat. 22. 2. N. 
 
 Pinsk, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov- 
 ernment of Minsk. There are many Jews among 
 the inhabitants, and the Greeks have a bishop. 
 The chief manufacture is dressing Russian leather. 
 It is surrounded by morasses, and stands on a riv- 
 er of the same name, 90 m. E. of Brzesc. Long. 
 20. 20. E., lat. 52. 18. N. 
 
 Piombino, a small principality of Italy, on the 
 coast of Tuscany, to which was annexed the 
 Island of Elba, separated by a channel 7 m. 
 broad. 
 
 Piombino, a sea-port of Italy, capital of the 
 
 above principality. It has a good harbour, de 
 fended by a citadel, and is seated on a peninsula, 
 40 m. S. S. E. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 23. E.. 
 lat. 42. 57. N. 
 
 Piperno, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in 
 Campagna di Roma, built out of the ruins of the 
 ancient Privernum, and seated on a mountain, 9 
 m. N. N. W. of Terracina. 
 
 Pipley, a town of Bengal, seated oil the Suban 
 reeka, not far from its mouth, 53 in. S. of Mid 
 napore. 
 
 Piqua, p.t. Miami Co. Ohio. 
 
 Pirano, a small sea-port of the Austrian states, 
 in Istria, seated on a peninsula 6 m. S. W. of 
 Capo d'Istria. 
 
 Piritz, a town of Pomerania, seated near the lake 
 Maldui, 12 m. S. by W. of New Stargard. 
 
 Pirmasens , a town of Bavaria, in the circle oi 
 the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, the French 
 were defeated by the Prussians. It is 13 m. E. 
 of Deux Ponts. 
 
 Pima, a town of Saxony, celebrated for a 
 battle fought in its neighbourhood, between the 
 allies and the French, in 1813. It has a castle on 
 a mountain, called Sonnenstein, which was almos' 
 destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, am- 
 is now an asylum for invalids, &c. It is a place 
 of considerable trade, situate on the Elbe, 12 m. S. 
 E. of Dresden. 
 
 Pisa, a city of Tuscany, capital of the Pisano, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a famous university 
 and three forts. The river Arno runs through 
 Pisa, and over it are three bridges, one of which 
 is constructed of marble ; and there is a canal 
 hence to Leghorn. This city formerly contained 
 100,000 inhabitants, but there are not at present 
 20,000. The manufactures consist of steel, jew- 
 ellry, embroidery, damasks, velvet, taffeta, and 
 calico. The cathedral is a magnificent structure, 
 and on the right side of the choir is a leaning 
 tower, much noticed by travellers. There are 
 upwards of 80 other churches : that of St. Stephen 
 belonging to an order of knights, is particularly 
 deserving of notice. The other remarkable build- 
 ings are the palaces of the grand duke and arch- 
 bishop, the arsenal, the great hospital, and the 
 magnificent exchange, which last is almost super- 
 fluous, as the trade of Pisa is removed to Leghorn. 
 It is seated in a fertile plain, at a small distance 
 from the Mediterranean, 11m. N. N. E. of Leg- 
 horn and 42 W. by S. of Florence. Long. 10. 23. 
 E., lat. 43. 43 N. 
 
 Pisano, a territory of Tuscany, lying N. of the 
 Florentino, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 m. 
 long and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, and wine, 
 and is well cultivated. Pisa is the capital. 
 
 Piscadores. See Pong-hou. 
 
 Piscataquu, a river of New Hampshire, the 
 mouth of which forms the only port in that state, 
 and at its entrance is a lighthouse, in long. 70. 41. 
 W., lat. 43. 4. N. 
 
 Piscataway , a township of Middlesex Co. N. J. ; 
 p.t. Prince George Co. Maryland. 18 m. S. of 
 Washington. 
 
 Pisco, a town of Peru, in the province of lea, 
 with a good road for ships. It is seated in a coun- 
 try fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, 130 
 m. S. S. E. of Lima. Long. 75. 55. W., lat. 13. 
 36. S. 
 
 Pisek, a town of Bohemia, capital of the circle 
 of Prachin. Bohemian diamonds are found here. 
 It is seated on the Wotawa, near its conflux with 
 the Muldau, 58 m. S. S. W. of Prague Long. 14 
 0. E.,lat. 49. 21. N. 
 
PIT 
 
 601 
 
 pla 
 
 Pistoia, a city of Tuscany, and a bishop's see, 
 with a citadel. There are several fine churches, 
 maanificent palaces, and handsome streets ; but 
 it is almost deserted, in comparison to what it was 
 formerly. The Austrians defeated the Neapolitans 
 here in 1815. It is seated near the river Stella, 
 20 miles N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 29. E., 
 lat. 43. 55. N. 
 
 Pitcairn's Island, an island in the S. Pacific 
 Ocean in lat. 25. 2. S. Long. 130. 21. W. It is 
 surrounded by rocks and difficult of access, yet 
 is fertile and pleasant. Here the mutineers of 
 the Bounty formed a settlement which has since 
 been visited by British and American ships. The 
 inhabitants are about 50 or 60, a mixture of Eu- 
 ropeans and Otaheitans ; their manners are civil- 
 ized, and they speak English. 
 
 Pit.caith.li/, a village of Scotland, seated in a se- 
 questered vale, 5 miles S. of Perth. Its mineral 
 waters have been long famed in scorbutic com- 
 plaints, and it has good accommodations for in- 
 valids. 
 
 Pitha, a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, 
 seated on a small island, at the mouth of a river 
 of its name, in the gulf of Bothnia. It is joined 
 to the continent by a wooden bridge, and is 95 
 miles N. N. E. of Uma. Long. 20. 58. E. lat. 
 65. 15. N. 
 
 Pitschcn, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Breslan, on the frontiers of Poland, 
 50 miles E. of Breslau. 
 
 Pitt, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 12,174. 
 Greenville is the Capital. 
 
 Pittcnwenn, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vi- 
 cinity are coal mines and salt-works. 10 miles S. 
 by E. of St. Andrew and 24 N. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Pittsborough, p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. 26 in. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Pittsburg, city, Alleghany Co. Pa. the chief 
 town in the western part of the state. It stands 
 upon a point of land at the junction of the Alle- 
 ghany and Monongahela rivers, which here take 
 the name of Ohio. It is built on a regular plan 
 upon the slope of an eminence, and a level plain 
 at its foot. It is finely situated for trade, and en- 
 joys a communication by steamboats with all the 
 great towns on the Ohio and Mississippi ; but it 
 is most distinguished for its large and flourishing 
 manufactures of glass, iron, woolen and cotton, 
 for which see Pennsylvania. The surrounding 
 country is exceedingly rich in bituminous coal, 
 which is delivered at the houses for three cents 
 the bushel. The constant use of this fuel causes 
 a perpetual cloud of black smoke to hang over 
 the place. The suburbs, Birmingham and Alle- 
 ghany, lie on the opposite sides of the two rivers 
 and communicate with the city by bridges. Pitts- 
 burg is a very flourishing place ; it is not a hand- 
 somely built town ; yet it contains some neat edi- 
 fices. Pop. 12.542. 
 
 Pittsfield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 3,570. It is a pleasant town and has 
 manufactures of cloth, muskets and drums. Here 
 are barracks and a hospital of the United States. 
 p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 15 m. N. W. Concord. 
 Pop. 1,271; p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 505; p.t. 
 Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,005. 
 
 Pittsford, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 2,005 p.t. 
 Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,841 
 
 Pittsgrove, p.t. Salem Co. N. J. 
 
 Pittston, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,804; 
 p t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. ; p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 Pittstown, p.t Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,702. 
 76 
 
 Pittsylvania, a county of the E. District of Vir 
 ginia. Pop. 26,022. 
 
 Piura, a town of Peru, capital of a province of 
 the same name. This was the first Spanish set 
 tlement in Peru, being founded by Pizarro in 
 1531. It is 25 m. S. E of Paita. Long. 80. 29. 
 W., lat. 5. 15. S. 
 
 Pizzighitone, a town of Austrian Italy, with a 
 strong castle, in which Francis I. of France was 
 kept prisoner. It was taken by the French in 1733, 
 again in 1796, and retaken by the Austrians and 
 Russians in 1799. It is situate on the Adda, 10 m 
 N. W. of Cremona and 30 S. E. of Milan. 
 
 Pizzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on 
 the gulf of St. Euphemia 4 m. W. by N. of Monte 
 Leone. 
 
 Placentia, a town of Spain in Estremadura, and 
 a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated in a 
 plain, almost surrounded by mountains, 50 m. N. 
 E. of Alcantara and 110 W. S. W. of Madrid. 
 Long. 5. 55. W., lat. 40.6. N. 
 
 ■Placentia, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on 
 the Deva, 25 m. E. by S. of Bilbao. 
 
 Placentia, a sea-port of Newfondland, on the 
 E. side of a large bay on the S. part of the island. 
 The harbour is capacious, and defended by a fort, 
 called St. Louis. It is 60 m. W. S. W. of St. 
 John. Long. 53. 43. W., lat. 47. 15. N. 
 
 Placenza, a fortified town of Italy, capital of a 
 duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's 
 see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated universi- 
 ty. The churches, squares, streets, and fountains 
 are beautiful. The inhabitants, about 30,000, have 
 scarcely any other employment than the manu- 
 facture of silk stuffs. At this place the Austrians 
 gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and 
 French in 1746. In 1796 it was taken by the 
 French, who were forced to evacuate it in 1799. 
 In 1800 it again fell into the hands of the French, 
 and was retained till 1814. It is of greater ex- 
 tent than Parma, and is seated in a well cultivated 
 country, near the river Po, 38 m. W. N. W. of 
 Parma" Long. 9. 38. E., lat. 45. 5. N. See 
 Parma. 
 
 Plain, townships in Stark, Wayne and Frank- 
 lin Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Plai.nficld, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 874; 
 p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 1,581 ; p.t. Hamp- 
 shire Co. Mass. 110 m. W. Boston. Pop. 983; 
 p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,626; p.t. Essex 
 Co. N. J. Northampton Co. Pa. and Coshocton 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Plaistoio. p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 
 591. 
 
 Plan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ofPil* 
 sen. with a castle, 20 m S. E. of Egra. 
 
 Plaquemines, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 
 4,489. Fort Jackson is the capital ; also the 
 name r. e a bend in the Mississippi, 70 m. below 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Platte river, a branch of the Missouri, from the 
 west ; it is 400 m. long and joins the Missouri in 
 lat. 41. N. 
 
 Plassey, a town of Bengal, in the district of 
 Nuddeah, memorable for a great victory obtain- 
 ed by colonel Clive in 1757 over the nabob Sura- 
 jah Dowlah. It is 25 m. S. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Plata or Clmquisaca, a rich and populous city 
 of Peru, capital of the province of Las Charcot, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a university. The 
 cathedral is large, and finely adorned with paint- 
 ino-s and <rildings. It is seated on the Chimao, 
 600 m. S. E. of Cusco. Long. 66. 34. W., lat. 
 19. 16. S. 
 
 3 E 
 
FLU 
 
 G02 
 
 PLY 
 
 Plata or Rw de la Plata, a large river of S. 
 America, formed by the union of the great rivers 
 Parana and Uraguay. It was discovered in 1515 
 by Juan Diaz de Solis, a Spanish navigator who 
 was slain by the natives in endeavouring to make 
 a descent in the country. It forms the S. bound- 
 ary of Brazil, and enters the Atlantic between 
 the capes of St. Anthony and St. Mary, the lat- 
 ter in lat. 35. S. It is 150 m. broad at its mouth ; 
 and at Monte Video, (50 m. up the river, the land 
 is not to be discerned on either shore when a 
 vessel is in the middle of the channel. This river 
 his many islets and shoals, which cause adverse 
 currents, and render its navigation intricate; 
 ana the only safe port on its shores, for ships of 
 considerable burden, is Monte Video. 
 
 Plata, a province of Buenos Ayres. in Para- 
 guay, seated on the S. W. of the river Plata. 
 
 Plate, a town and castle of Pomerania on the 
 river Rega, 19 m. E. by S. of Camin. 
 
 Plattelrill,a. township of Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 2,044. 
 
 Plattcn, a lake of Hungary, 60 m. to the S. 
 E. of that of Neusidler. It is 46 m. in length, 
 from 3 to 8 in breadth, and abounds witli fish. 
 
 Flatten, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Saatz, on the frontiers of Saxony, 14 m. N. of Eln- 
 bogen. 
 
 Plattsburcr, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. on Lake 
 Champlain^ 63 m. S. Montreal. Pop. 4,913. It 
 was the scene of some important military events 
 during the late war, and is particularly distin- 
 guished for the defeat of the British army under 
 Sir George Prevost, and the capture of the Brit- 
 ish fleet by Commodoie Mc Donough in Sept. 
 1814. 
 
 Plau, a town of Saxony, in the grand duchy of 
 Mecklenburg, with a castle, seated on a lake of 
 the same name 20 m. S. S. E. of Gustrow. 
 
 Plauen, a town of Saxony, capital of Voigtland, 
 with a castle. It has considerable cotton manu- 
 factures, and is seated on the Elster, 80 m. S. W. 
 of Dresden. Long. 12 12. E., lat. 50. 23. N. 
 
 Plauen, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on 
 a lake formed by the Havel, from which is a ca- 
 nal to the Elbe. It has a manufacture of porce- 
 lain, and is 5 ni. W. N. W. of Brandenburg. 
 
 Pleasant, townships in Franklin Madison, Clark, 
 and Brown Cos., Ohio. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, villages in Lunenburg Co. Va. 
 Orange Co. N. C. Greenville. Dis S. C. Henry 
 Co. Geo. 
 
 Pleasant Garden, villages in Burke Co. N. C. 
 and Maury Co. Ten. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, p. v. Wythe Co. Va. 
 
 Pleasant Level, p. v. Warren Co. Ken. and Mon- 
 roe Co. Alab. 
 
 Pleasant Plain, p. v. Franklin Co. Ten. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, p. v. Green Co. Alab. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2, 
 419. Here are cotton and other manufactures; 
 p.v. Putnam Co. N. Y. Sussex Co. N. J. and Fair- 
 fax Va. 
 
 Pleasanlville, a village of Shelby Co. Alab. 
 
 Plesis, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 
 
 Plesse, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Oppeln, capital of a lordship, with a 
 a fine castle. It is surrounded by walls flanked 
 with towers, and seated on the Vistula, 36 m. E. 
 S. E. of Ratibor. Long. 19. 3. E., lat. 49. 57. N. 
 
 Plettcnberir,^ town of Westphalia, with an an- 
 cient castle ; situate on the Else and Oester, 13 
 m. S. S. W. of Arensberg. 
 
 Pleyberg, a to-vn and castle of Austria, in Can- 
 
 inthia, seated on the Feistez, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain 20 m. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Ploczkofl. town of Poland, capital of a Palatinate 
 of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cas- 
 tle. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula, 35 m. 
 N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19.29. E., lat. 52. 46. N. 
 
 P/ocn, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of 
 Holstein. It has a castle on a mountain, and is 
 seated on the N. side of a lake, 24 m. N. N. W. of 
 Lubec. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. 54. 11. N. 
 
 Ptoormel, a town of France department of Mor- 
 biharn, on the river Due, 27 in. N. E. of Vannes. 
 
 Plotzhau, a town of Saxony in the principality 
 of Anhalt, with a castle; seated on the Saale, 10 
 in. W. of Kothen. 
 
 Pluckemin, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. 
 
 Plvdenz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, capital of 
 a lordship of its name. It is seated on a plain, 
 on the river 111, 12 m. S. S. E. of Felkirch. 
 
 Plum Island, on the coast of Massachusetts, 
 extends from Newburyport harbour to Ipswich. 
 It is 9 m. long and a mile in breadth. It is com- 
 posed of sand hills bearing a scanty vegetation of 
 plum bushes The whole surface of the island 
 is furrowed into singular hollows and ridges like 
 immense snow drifts. It produces also wild grapes 
 and cherries, and in the autumn affords a delight- 
 ful resort for parties of pleasure who frequent the 
 island in great numbers to enjoy the sea breezes 
 On the north end stands two light houses. 
 
 Plumb, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. 
 
 Plumpstead, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Pluviers, or Pithiviere, a town of France, in the 
 department ofLoiret, 20 m. N. N. E. of Orleans. 
 
 Plymouth, a borough and sea-port in Devon- 
 shire, Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Plym, 
 and next, to Portsmouth, is the most considerable 
 harbour in England for men of war. It affords 
 fine anchorage for ships, particularly since the 
 constitution of the magnificent break-water across 
 its entrance. The fishery for pilchards extend 
 no further E. than this port, whence great quan- 
 tities are exported to Italy and other catholic 
 countries. It carries on a considerable foreign 
 and domestic trade. The charitable institutions 
 are numerous, and among those for literary pur- 
 poses are the Athenaeum and a public library. It is 
 43 m. S. W. of Exeter and 216 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. Long. 4. 7. W., lat. 50. 23. N. 
 
 Plymouth, a county of Massachusetts, border- 
 ing on Mass. Bay. Pop. 42,993. Plymouth is the 
 capital. 
 
 Plymouth, p.t. the capital of the above county, 
 36m.S. E. Boston. Pop. 4,751. It is memorable 
 in American history as the place where the first 
 settlers of New England landed in December 
 1620. The Forefathers' Rock, on which ther 
 first set foot has been removed from the sea shore 
 to the centre of the town. The fortifications, 
 erected to defend them from the Indians may 
 still be seen here ,as also the first well dug in New 
 England. The landing of the Pilgrims is annn 
 ally celebrated at this place, and a large stone ed- 
 ific called Pilgrim Hall was erected here in 1820 
 by the New England society for use on such occa- 
 sions. The harbour is shallow and insecure ; the 
 town has some commerce and manufactures of 
 cordage, iron and cotton, pjp. 4,751. 
 
 Plymouth, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,175 , 
 p.t. Windsor Co. Va. Pop. 1,237 ; p.t. Litchfield 
 Co. Conn. Pop. 2,064 ; p.v. Chenango Co. N. Y 
 Pop. 1 591. also towns in Luzerne and Montgom- 
 ery Cos. Pa. Washington Co. N. C. Richmond <>> 
 Ohio 
 
POl 
 
 603 
 
 roL 
 
 Plympton, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 32 m. S. E. 
 Boston, with manufactures ofiron. Pop. 920. 
 
 Plympton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It 
 hail once a castle, now in ruins ; and is one of the 
 stannary towns for tin. It is seated near the Plym, 
 7 m E. of Plymouth and 213 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Plynlimmon, a vast and lofty mountain of 
 Wales, partly in Montgomeryshire, and partly in 
 Cardiganshire. The Severn, the Wye, and other 
 rivers, have their source in this mountain. 
 
 Po, the principal river of Italy, which has its 
 source at Monte Viso, in Piedmont, flows N. E. 
 to Turin, and thence proceeding in an easterly 
 course it divides Austrian Italy from the states of 
 Parma, Modena, and the pope's dominion, and 
 enters the gulf of Venice by four principal mouths. 
 In its course it receives several rivers, and often 
 overflows its banks, as most of those rivers de- 
 scend from the Alps, and are increased by the melt- 
 ing of the snow. It is crossed like the Rhine by 
 flying bridges. 
 
 Po, a river of China, in the province of Kiang- 
 si. which runs into the Po-yang-hou, a small dis- 
 tance from Jao-tcheou. 
 
 Pocotaligo, p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C. 
 Pockhngton, a town in E. Yorkshire, Eng. on a 
 stream that runs into the Derwent, 14 m. E. of 
 York and 194 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Podenstein, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near 
 
 the source of the Putlach, 30 m. S. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Podgorza, a free city of the Austrian empire, 
 
 in Galicia, seated on the Vistula, opposite to 
 
 Cracow. 
 
 Podlackia, one of the eight palatinates of Po- 
 land, bounded N. and E. by the river Bog, S. by 
 the palatinate of Lublin, and W. by the Vistula. 
 It has an area of 5,520 sq. m. with 433,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The capital is Siedlce. 
 
 Podolia, a government of Russia, wrested from 
 Poland, in 1793. The Dniester separates it from 
 Moldavia on the S. W., and the Bog crosses it 
 from the N in a S. E. direction. It has an area 
 of 20.400 sq. m. with 1,330,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Moscow 23 m. S. of Moscow. 
 
 Podor, a fortress of Africa, on the river Senegal, 
 built by the French. It was ceded to the English 
 in 1703, hut afterwards taken by the French, and 
 confirmed to them by the peace of 1733. Long. 
 J4. 20. W..lat. 17. 1. N. In the woods and plains 
 in the neighborhood, are found numerous herds 
 of the harnessed antelope. An animal singularly 
 marked with stripes crossing each other and re- 
 sembling a harness. 
 
 Poirgio, a town of Tuscany, with a handsome 
 palace, 8 m. S. E. of Florence. 
 
 Poi/triobonzi, a town of Tuscany, with the ruins 
 of a citadel, seated near the Elsa, 20 m. S. of 
 Florence. 
 
 Poggy, an Island in the Indian Ocean, on the 
 W. side of the island of Sumatra, and separated 
 from the N. end of that of Nassau by a narrow 
 channel, which contains a number of smaller isl- 
 ands, the whole of which are sometimes called 
 the Nassau or Poggy islands. It is triangular, 
 and about 20 m. in length. Long. 99. 33. E., lat. 
 2. 20. S. 
 
 Point, a township of Northumberland Co. Pa. 
 Point Coupee, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,936. 
 Point Coupee is the capital. 
 
 Point Labaddie, p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri, on 
 the Missouri. 
 Pointopohs, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio 
 
 Point Pleasant, villages in Windham Co. Vt., 
 Mason Co. Va., Clermont Co Ohio Martin Co. 
 Indiana. 
 
 Point Remove, p.v. Pulaski Co. Ark. 
 Poirino. a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont; seated on the Bonna. 14 m. S. E. of 
 Turin. 
 
 Poissy, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Oise, the birthplace of Louis XI.; seated near 
 the forest of St. Germain, 15 m. N. W. of Paris. 
 
 Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Vienne, and a bishop's see. Its pop 
 is not in proportion to its extent; for it includes 
 l number of gardens and fields within its circuit. 
 It has several Roman antiquities, particularly an 
 amphitheatre, partly demolished ; and a triumphal 
 arch, which serves as a gate to the great street. 
 Here, in 1350, Edward the Black Prince gained 
 a victory over the French, taking prisoners king 
 John and his son Philip, whom he brought to 
 England. The principal manufactures are stock- 
 ings, woolen caps, gloves, and combs. It is seated 
 on a hill, on the river Clain, 85 m. S. W. of Tours 
 and 120 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 21. E., 
 lat. 46. 35. N. 
 
 Poitou, a province of France, which now forms 
 the three departments of Vendee, Vienne, and 
 Deux Sevres. 
 
 Pola, a strong sea-port of Istria, and a bishop's 
 see. Here are large remains of a Roman amphi- 
 theatre and a triumphal arch. It is seated on a 
 mountain, near a bay of the gulf of Venice, 38 m. 
 S. of Capo d' Istria. Long. 14. 9. E., lat. 45. 13. N 
 Poland, a large country of Europe, bounded on 
 the N. by Prussia, Courland, Livonia, and Russia 
 W. by the Baltic, Brandenburg, and Silesia, S. by 
 Hungary and Moldavia, and E. by Russia and the 
 territories wrested by that power from the Turks. 
 It was formerly divided into four principal parts, 
 Great Poland, Little Poland, Red Russia, and 
 Lithuania. In 1772 a partition of this country, 
 projected by the king of Prussia, was effected bv 
 that monarch, in conjunction with the empress of 
 Russia and the emperor of Germany. By this 
 partition one-third of the country was wrested 
 from the republic, the diet being compelled, by a 
 foreign force, to make and to ratify this important 
 cession. The three partitioning powers, more- 
 over, forcibly effected a great change in the con- 
 stitution. In 1791, however, the king and the 
 nation, in concurrence, almost unanimously, and 
 without any foreign intervention, established 
 another constitution, and one so unexceptionable 
 every way that it was celebrated by Mr. Burke 
 as a revolution whereby the conditions of all were 
 made better and the rights of none infringed. By 
 it the broils of an elective monarchy, of which 
 Poland, on almost every vacancy of the throne, 
 had been involved in the calamities of war, were 
 avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in 
 the house of Saxony. A few of the nobility, how- 
 ever, discontented at the generous sacrifice of 
 some of their privileges, repaired to the court of 
 Russia ; and, their representations concurring with 
 the ambitious views of the empress, she sent an 
 army into Poland, under pretext of being guaran- 
 tee of the constitution of 1772. Her interference 
 was too powerful to be resisted ; and this new 
 constitution was overthrown. But the principal 
 object for which the Russian army entered Po 
 land was not yet attained. The empress had 
 planned, in conjunction with the kind of Prus 
 sia, a second partition of this country, which 
 took place in 1793. Such multiplied oppressions 
 
POL 
 
 604 
 
 POL 
 
 *t last roused the spirit of the nation. General 
 Kosciusko appeared, in 1794. at the head of a 
 Polish army, to assert the independence of his 
 country, and to recover the provinces wrested 
 from it. He was successful at first, against the 
 king of Prussia; but was at length overpowered 
 bv numbers; the country was in different parts 
 desolated, the houses burnt, and the inhabitants 
 massacred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko was 
 taken prisoner, and sent with a number of other 
 patriots into confinement at Petersburg!), for hav- 
 ing dared to defend his native country against 
 foreign aggression. The king formerly resigned 
 his crown at Grodno, in 1795, and was afterwards 
 removed to Petersburgh, where he remained a 
 state prisoner, till his death, in 1798. The whole 
 of the country was divided among the three par- 
 titioning powers. Austria had Little Poland, and 
 the greatest part of Red Russia and Podolia, 
 which is now called the kingdom of Galicia ; 
 Prussia had Great Poland, Polish Prussia, a 
 small part of Lithuania, and Polachia ; and Rus 
 sia had Samogitia, the remainder of Lithuania, 
 Volhinia, and Podolia. In the war with Prussia, 
 in 1806, the French penetrated into Poland, and 
 proclaimed their desire to restore its ancient inde- 
 pendence, when, treaties of peace having been 
 adjusted with Russia and Prussia, the project 
 was for the most part abandoned. By the peace 
 of Tilsit, the king of Prussia renounced the pos- 
 session of the greater part of his Polish provinces, 
 when they were erected into the dukedom of 
 Warsaw, in favor of the king of Saxony. In 
 1809 Austria was compelled to cede part of Gal- 
 icia to Russia, and a further portion to the new 
 states. But on the retreat of the French army 
 out of Poland, in 1813, the Russians took posses- 
 sion of the duchy of Warsaw, and the congress of 
 Vienna not only confirmed to that power all the 
 polish and Lithuanian provinces acquired before 
 1795, but added the sovereignty of the central 
 provinces, which form the present kingdom of 
 Poland. 
 
 The towns of Poland are for the most part 
 built with wood ; and the villages consist of 
 
 mean cottages, or huts. The country is so fer- 
 tile in corn, in many places, that it supplies Swe- 
 den and Holland with large quantities, and it has 
 extensive pastures. Peat, ochre, chalk, belemni 
 tes, agate, chalcedony, cornelians, onyxes, jasper, 
 rock crystals, amethysts, garnets, topazes, sapphi- 
 res, and even rubies and diamonds are found in 
 Poland ; also talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal, 
 iron, lead, and quicksilver. Here is much leath- 
 
 er, fur, hemp, flax, saltpetre, alum, manna, hon 
 ey, and wax ; and there are mines of salt, of a 
 great depth, out of which is dug rocksalt. Hor- 
 ses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beau 
 tiful ; and horned cattle are bred in immense 
 numbers. 
 
 Poland, the central portion of the preceding 
 country, erected into a separate state in 1815. It 
 comprises the chief part of that which, from 1807 
 to 1813, formed the duchy of Warsaw, and is 
 hounded by the respective acquisitions of Russia, 
 Austria, and Prussia. The form of the territory 
 is a square of 200 m ; in the middle stands the 
 capital, Warsaw ; but there is also a detached 
 tract extending N. E. towards Lithuania. Its 
 area is 47,000 square m. and its population 3,472 
 500. It is subject to the same sovereign as Rus- 
 sia, but is governed in every respect as a separate 
 monarchy, the czar being represented by a vice- 
 roy. The prevailing religion is the Catholic, but 
 Protestants are numerous, as are also the Jews. 
 
 This remnant of the great republic of Poland 
 has rendered itself noted for the desperate attempt 
 which it made in 1830 and 1831 to throw off the 
 Russian yoke. The Polish constitution granted 
 in 1815 by the Emperor Alexander, had been re- 
 peatedly violated, and many causes of animosity 
 between the Poles and their oppressors tended 
 to embitter their servitude. The Grand Duke 
 Constantine, commander in chief of the army, out 
 raged the feelings of the nation by his insulting 
 demeanor towards the soldiery. At length inspired 
 by the recent example of the French and Belgians 
 the Poles rose in insurrection at Warsaw on the 
 29th of November 1830 ; the revolt immediately 
 spread throughout the kingdom and extended in- 
 to Lithuania and other parts of ancient Poland. 
 An obstinate and sanguinary war commenced, 
 and the Poles animated by the greatness of the 
 object for which tney were contending, and hop- 
 ing for aid from the powers of western Europe, ob 
 tained some advantages in the outset which seem 
 ed to promise a successful result to their heroic 
 efforts. But none of the European powers stirred 
 in their behalf: the Russians poured in fresh ar- 
 mies, and Poland overpowered by numbers, was 
 forced tosubmitin the autumn of 1831. This un- 
 fortunate country now groans under a heavier ty- 
 rany than before. To the Russian armies that 
 crushed the revolution, Europe owes the further 
 infliction of'the pestilential cholera. This disor- 
 der was introduced by them from Asia into Po- 
 land during the campaign of 1831, and spread 
 over a great part of Europe. 
 
 Poleron. See Pooloroon 
 
 Poland, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop, 1,173. 
 
 Polcsia, a name commonly given to the palatin- 
 ate of Brzesc, in Lithuania. 
 
 Pol. St., a town of France, department of Pas 
 de Calais, noted for its mineral waters. 16 in. N 
 W. of Arras. 
 
 Policandro, an island in the Grecian Archipe- 
 lago, one of the Cyclades, 20 m. in circumference. 
 Here are a few villages, a castle, and a harbour ; 
 but it consists, in general, of barren rocks and 
 mountains. It lies between Milo and Paros. 
 Long. 25. 31. E., lat. 36. 32. N. 
 
 Policastro ,a town of Naples, in Principato Cit- 
 ra, seated on a gulf of the same name; in the med- 
 iterranean, 85 m. S. E. of Naples. Lon. 15. 40 
 E., lat. 40. 15. N. 
 
 Polignano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 seated on a craggy rock, near the gulf of Venice 
 16 m. E of Bari. 
 
POM 
 
 605 
 
 PON 
 
 Poligny, a town of France, department of Jura, 
 «?ated on a rivulet, 23 m. S. S. W. of Besancon. 
 
 Polina. a town of Albania, 12 m. S. of Durazzo. 
 Pol.itz, a town of Pomerania, in the government 
 of Stettin, celebrated for its hops. 8 m. N. of 
 Stettin. 
 
 Politzka, a walled town of Bohemia, in the cir- 
 cle of Chrudim. on the frontiers of Moravia, 23 
 m. S. E. of Cruz dim. 
 
 PoUzz, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, at 
 the foot of the mountain Madonia, 23 rh. S. E. 
 of Palermo. 
 
 Po'koioitz, a town of Silesia, in the principality 
 of Glogau, 12 in. S. of Glogau. 
 
 Pnflockskaios, a town of Scotland in Renfrew- 
 shire, oil the river White Cart, 3 in. W. S. VV. of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Piiinn, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the 
 river Grabow, 33 m. E. S. E. of Colberg. 
 
 Polore, a town of Hindoostan in the Carnatic, 
 2 ! ^ m. S. S. W. of Arcot, and 55 m. N. W. of Pon- 
 dicherry. 
 
 Polotsk, a strong town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Vitepsk, celebrated for a number of bat- 
 tles having been fought in its vicinity, between 
 the French and Russians, in 1812. It is seated 
 on the Dwina, a<t the influx of the Polota, GO m. 
 S. W. of Vitepsk. Long. 27. 50. E., lat. 55. 43. N. 
 
 Poltava , a government of Russia, between those 
 of Catharineslav and Charkov. It has an area 
 of 16,000 square miles, with 1,500,000 inhabit- 
 ants; is fertile in corn; and affords very rich 
 pasturage. 
 
 Poltava, the capital of the foregoing govern- 
 ment, with a considerable trade in cattle, corn, 
 flax, hemp, wax, &c. It is famous for a battle, 
 in 1700, between Peter the Great and Charles 
 XII. of Sweden, in which the latter was totally 
 defeated. 737 rn. S. E. of Petersburgh. 
 
 Polten, St., a. town of Austria, the residence of a 
 great number of the nobility. The adjacent coun- 
 try yields excellent saffron. It is seated on the 
 Drasam. 33 m. W of Vienna. Long. 15. 41. E., 
 lat. 48. 13. N. 
 
 Poltzin, a town of Prussia in Pomerania, near 
 which are medicinal springs and baths. 50 m. 
 N. E. of Stargard. 
 
 Polynesia, a term applied by modern geogra- 
 phers to numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, 
 from the Ladrones to Easter Island. The prin- 
 cipal groups are the Ladrones, Carolinas, Pelew, 
 Sandwich, Society, Friendly Navigator's, Har- 
 vey, Georgian, and the Marquesas Islands. 
 
 Pomhal. a town of Portugal in Estremadura, 16 
 m. N. E. of Leira and 21 S. ofCoimbra. 
 
 Pomcgue, a small island in the Mediteranean, 
 near the coast of France, at the entrance into the 
 harbour of Marseilles defended by a tower. 
 
 Pomerania, an extensive province of Prussia, 
 lying along the S. coast of the Baltic, and com- 
 prising an area of 12,000 square miles, with 670, 
 000 inhabitants. It is divided into the govern- 
 ments of Stettin, Stralsund and Coslin, and ia 
 watered by several rivers, of which the Oder, 
 Peene, Ucker, Rega, Persante Ihna, Stolpen,and 
 Leho are the most considerable. The air is pret- 
 ty cold, but compensated by the fertility of the 
 soil, which abounds in pastures and corn, of 
 which a great deal is exported. The country is 
 flat, contains many lakes, woods, and forests, and 
 has several good harbours. It was formerly an 
 independant duchy of the German empire, and 
 was divided into Hither and Further Pomerania. 
 The latter, and part of Hither Pomerania, were 
 
 seized by the king of Prussia, and confirmed to 
 him in 1720 ; the remainder N. of the Seene was 
 ceded by the king of Sweden, at the treaty of 
 Kiel in 1814, to the king of Denmark, in ex- 
 change for Norway, but soon after came to Pr-js 
 sia in exchange for Saxe Lunenburg. 
 
 Pomerelia, a district of W. Prussia, extending 
 W. from the river Vistula to the duchy of Pom-""- 
 rania, of which it was formerly a part. It is now 
 included in the government of Dantzic. 
 
 Pomona, or Mainland, the largest of the Or ncy 
 Islands, being 24 miles long and from • to 10 
 broad ; but intersected by numerous arms of the 
 sea. The general appearance of the country i? 
 much the same as the Mainland of Shetland • 
 but the soil is more fertile, and in some parts bel 
 ter cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See 
 Orkneys. 
 
 Pundichcrry, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- 
 natic. It was first settled by the Fiench in 1674 ; 
 and previously to the war, of 1756 was a fine city. 
 It extended along the sea coast above a inilp, 
 was three-quarters of a mile in breadth, and had 
 a citadel then the best of its kind in India. The 
 city has been repeatedly taken by the English, 
 particularly in 1761 (when it was immediately 
 razed, in retaliation of M. Lally's conduct towards 
 Fort St. David) and the last time in 1703. I« 
 was restored to the French at the general peace 
 85 m. S. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 53. E., 
 lat 11.42. N. 
 
 Pondico, a small uninhabited island of the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago, near the coast of Negropont. 
 Long. 23. 20. E., lat. 39. 9. N. 
 
 Pondsville, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. 
 
 Ponferrada, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the 
 river Sill, 40 m. S. W. of Leon. 
 
 Pong-hou, or Piscadorcs, a cluster of islands in 
 the China sea, which lie about six leagues from 
 the VV. coast of the island of Formosa. They are 
 only sand-banks or rocks; and not a shrub is to 
 be seen upon them. The harbour of Pong-hou, 
 the principal island, is good, and was fortified by 
 the Dutch, while they were masters of Formosa. 
 A Chinese garrison is kept here, with one of the 
 mandarins called literati, whose chief employ is 
 to watch the trading vessels between China and 
 Formosa. Long. 121. 25. E., lat. 25, 30. N. 
 
 Pons, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Charente, with a mineral spring; seated on a hill, 
 near the river Sevigne, 10 m. S. of Saintes. 
 
 Pons, St., a town in the department of Herault, 
 and a bishop's see. It is seated in a v.alley sur- 
 rounded by mountains, in which are fine marble 
 quarries, 24 m. N. of Narbonne. Long. 2. 47. E., 
 lat. 43. 29. N. 
 
 Pont Audcmer, a town in the department of 
 Eure, with manufactures of woolen, linen, and 
 leather, and a brisk trade in corn, cattle, and ci- 
 der; seated on the Rille, 23 m. W. S. W. of Rouen. 
 
 Pont a Mousson, a town in the department of 
 Meurthe. It had once a university, which was 
 removed to Nancy in 1769. It is seated on the 
 Moselle, which divides it into two parts, 14 rn. 
 N. N. VV. of Nancy. 
 
 Pont de Camare, a town in the department of 
 Aveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 40 m. 
 S. S. E. of Rodez. 
 
 Pont de Ce, a town in the department of Maine- 
 et-Loire, seated on the Loire, 3 m. S. of Angers. 
 
 Pont de VArche, a town of France in the de- 
 partment of Eure, seated on the Seine, 18 m. N. 
 of Evreux. 
 
 Pont VEveque, a town of France in the depart- 
 3 e 2 
 
PON 
 
 606 
 
 POO 
 
 ment of Calvados. It is a trading place, seated 
 or. the Touque, 4 m. from the sea, and 40 W. S. 
 W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 10. E., lat. 49. 17. N. 
 
 Pont de Vaux, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Ain, seated on the Resouze, near its con- 
 flux with the Saone, 8 m. S. of Macon. 
 
 Pont de Vesle, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Ain, with manufactures of stuffs and 
 tapestry ; seated on the Vesle,12 m. W. of Bourg. 
 Pont Gibaut, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Puy de Dome, 10 m. W. N. W. of Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Pont St. Esprit, a town of France in the de- 
 partment of Gard, on the river Rhone, over which 
 is one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting 
 of 10 treat and four small arches?. To facilitate 
 the passage of the water, in time of floods, aper- 
 tures are made through each pier, six feet above 
 the common level of the river; and, to stem the 
 rapidity of the river, the bridge is not built in a 
 right line, but in a curve. "Here are manufac- 
 tures of silk, and a good trade in wine, oil, and 
 fruits. 17 m. S. of Viviers and 55 N. E.of Mont- 
 pelier. Long. 4. 40. E., lat. 44. 15. N. 
 
 Pont St. Maxence, a town of France in the de- 
 partment of Seine-ct-Oise, 5 m. N. of Senlis. 
 
 Pont sur Seine, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, with a castle, seated on the Seine, 
 20 m. N. W. of Troves and 55 S. E. of Paris. 
 
 Pont sur Yonne, a" town of France in the de- 
 partment of Yonne, seated on the Yonne, 8 m. N. 
 W. of Sens. 
 
 Ponta Delgada, a sea-port of St. Michael, one 
 of the Azores. It is defended by a citadel, and 
 contains about 8,000 inhabitants. Long. 25. 40. 
 W , lat. 37 45. N. 
 
 Pontarlier, a town of France, department of 
 Doubs, with a strong castle on a mountain. It is 
 seated on the Doubs, and the frontiers of Swit- 
 zerland, 22 m. W. of Neufchatel and 35 S. E. of 
 Besancon. Long. 6. 26. E., lat. 4f>. 55. N. 
 
 Ponte, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, seated at the conflux of the Saono and Or- 
 eo, 19 m. N. N. W. of Turin. 
 
 Ponte de Lima, a town of Portugal, in Entre 
 Douro e Minho, seated on the Lima, over which 
 is a magnificent bridge, 13 m. N. W. of Braga. 
 
 Ponte Stura, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 the duchy of Montferrat, seated at the conflux of 
 the Stura and Po, 5 m. W. S. W. of Casal. 
 
 Ponta Veta, a town of Spain, in Galicia, near 
 the mouth of the Leris, 29 rri. N. of Tuy. 
 
 Pontcharbrain, a lake of Louisiana 35 m. long 
 and 25 broad. It lies in the S. E. part of the 
 state and discharges its waters into the Gulf of 
 Mexico through Lake Borgne. It receives the 
 waters of Lake Maurepas and is connected with 
 the Mississippi at New Orleans by a canal. The 
 lake is navigable for small vessels. 
 
 Pontehi or Ponte Impt.riale, a town of the Aus- 
 trian states, in Carinthia, seated on the Fella, 
 over which it has a bridge to Ponteba Veneta, a 
 small t<i»-ri of the province of Friuli. It is 20 m. 
 N. N. W. of Friuli and 25 S. W. of Villach. 
 
 Pontefract, a borough in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 
 It is situate in a very rich soil, noted for its gar- 
 dens and nurseries. Its castle, now in ruins, has 
 been the scene of various tragical events in the 
 English history, particularly the murder of 
 Richard If 22 m. S. W. of York and 175 N. N. 
 VV of London 
 
 Pbnteluhd, a village in Northumberland, Eng., 
 dp the river Pont. 7 m. N. E. of Newcastle. It 
 spp< irs to have been the Roman station called 
 
 Pons JElii ; and here, in 1244, a peace was con- 
 cluded between Henry III. and the King of Scot 
 land. 
 
 Po*it*an, p v. Oakland Co. Michigan of Huron 
 river, flowing into L. St. Clair. 
 
 Pontian Islands, a cluster of small islands in 
 the Mediterranean, opposite to the coast of Terra 
 di Lavoro. 
 
 Pontiana, a river of Borneo, which enters the 
 ocean by several mouths, at the W. side of tiie 
 island, under the equinoctial line, where the 
 Dutch have a factory. 
 
 Pontivy, a town of France, department of 
 Morbihan, with a linen manufacture ; seated Oi 
 the river Blavet, 25 m. N. of Vannes. 
 
 Pontoi.se, a town in the department of Seine-et 
 Oise, with a castle. The parliament of Paris was 
 transferred to this place in 1652, 1720, and 1753. 
 It is seated on an eminence, near the Oise, 20 m 
 N. W. of Paris. Long. 2. 6. E., lat. 49. 3. N. 
 
 Pontorson, a town of France in the department 
 of Manche, on the Coesnon, with a tide harbour, 
 10 m. S. S. W. of Avranches. 
 
 Pontrcmoli, a town of Tuscany, with a strong 
 castle ; seated at the foot of the Apennines, on 
 the river Maora, 40 m. S. W. of Parma. Long. 
 9. 40. E., lat. 44. 25. N. 
 
 Pontricux, a town of France, department of 
 Cotes du Nord, on the river Trieux, 10 m. N. W. 
 of St. Brieux. 
 
 Pontypool, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. 
 with extensive iron works, and a manufacture of 
 japanned ware. It is seated between two hills, 
 on the river Avon, 15 m. N. W. of Monmouth 
 and 148 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Ponza, one of the Pontian Islands, in the Medit- 
 erranean, containing a town, harbour, and con- 
 siderable salt works. It was taken by the British 
 in 1813. Long. 13. 10. E., lat. 40. 53. N. 
 
 Ponzone, a town of the Sardian slates, in the 
 duchy of Montferrat, 20 m. W. N. W. of' Genoa. 
 
 Poole, a borough and sea-port in Dorsetshire, 
 Eng. It is a county of itself, and situate on a 
 peninsula projecting into a capacious bay. The 
 principal branch of business here is the New- 
 foundland fishery. It has also a large importa- 
 tion of deals from Norway, a general commerce 
 with America and various parts of Europe, and a 
 fine coasting trade, particularly in corn and coal 
 Near the mouth of the harbour is an oyster bank, 
 from which vast quantities are carried to be fat- 
 tened in the creeks of Essex and the Thames. 
 Poole is 40 m. W. S. W. of Winchester and 105 
 N. by S. of London. Long. 1 59. W., lat. 50. 
 43. N. 
 
 Pooloroon, or Poleron, one of the Banda Isl- 
 ands, 100 m. S. E. of Amboyna. Long. 130. 
 E., lat. 4. 20. S. 
 
 Poolowoy, one of the Banda Islands, on which 
 the Dutch have a regular pentagon, called Fori 
 Revenge. 
 
 Poolsville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Maryland 33 m. 
 N. W. Washington ; p. v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. 
 Poona, a city of Hindoostan, the modern capi- 
 tal of the Mahratta empire. At the bottom of 
 Parvate Hill, in the vicinity, is a large square field 
 enclosed with high brick walls, where the Peishwa 
 used to assemble the Brahmins, to whom he gave 
 alms at the great feast, when the rainy season ter 
 minated. The view from this hill commands the 
 town with all its gardens and plantations, the 
 cantonments, and the British residency at the 
 Sungum. The town is entirely defenceless, the 
 streets long and narrow, and the houses very ir 
 
POP 
 
 607 
 
 POR 
 
 regularly built. The more respectable dwellings 
 are raised with large blocks of granite to the 
 height of about 14 feet, after which the super- 
 structure is composed of timber frames, with 
 slight brick walls ; those of the common people 
 are only one story high, with tiled roofs. The 
 palace is surrounded by high and thick brick 
 walls, with round towers at the angles, and has 
 cr.iy one entrance. The affairs of government 
 are under the direction of the British resident. 
 liK) m. S. E. of Bombay. Long. 73. 55. E., lat. 
 1.6,30. N. 
 
 Poorunder, a fortress of Hindoostan, in Beja- 
 pore, where the archives of Poona are kept ; seat- 
 ed on a mountain, 13 m. E. S. E. of Poona. 
 
 Poote, a town of France, department of May- 
 eiiie, 6 in. W. S VV. of Alengpn. 
 
 Vojhi. Mtidre, a town of Terra Firma, with a 
 c invent, and chapel of the virgin, to which the 
 Spaniards in those parts go in pilgrimage, espe- 
 cially those who have been at sea. It is seated 
 on a high mountain, 50 m. E. of Carthagena. 
 Long. 74. 32. W.. lat. 10.15. N. 
 
 Poparton, p. v. Delaware Co. N. Y. 
 
 Papayan. a province in the W. part of New 
 Granada. A chain of barren mountains runs 
 through the country from N. to S., and the soil 
 near the sea is flat, mat shy, and often flooded by 
 tiie rains. 
 
 Popajan, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 and the most ancient city erected by Europeans 
 in this part of America. It contains a cathedral, 
 several churches and convents, and two nunneries. 
 The trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are 
 estimated at 25.000, chiefly mulattoes. It stands 
 in a large plain. 200 m. W. S. W. of Santa Fe and 
 240 N E. of Quito. Long. 75. 55. W., lat. 2 
 35. N. 
 
 Pope, a county of Illinois. Pop. 3,323. Gol- 
 emda is the capital. 
 
 Popedom, or Ecclesiastical Stales, a country of 
 Italy, bounded N. by the Po, which separates it 
 from the Austrian states, E. by the Adriatic, S. 
 by Naples, and W. by Tuscany. It is 120 m 
 long and from 80 to 100 broad, divided into the 
 delegations of Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, Ravenna, 
 Urbino and Pesaro, Ancona, Fermo, Pontecorvo, 
 Macerata, Perugio, Spoleto, Viterbo, Ascoli, Ben- 
 evento, Camerino, Civita Vecchia, and Rieti. 
 The papal government is a bar to industry, and 
 ill calculated to promote the happiness of its sub- 
 jects; the country is consequently badly culti- 
 vated and thinly inhabited. Trade and manufac- 
 tures are but little encouraged ; and were it not 
 for dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, 
 which grow spontaneously, the indolence of the 
 inhabitants is such that they would be absolutely 
 starved. The pope, according to the ancient 
 canon law, is the supreme, universal, and inde- 
 pendent, head of the church, and is invested with 
 sovereignty over al! Christian sovereigns, com- 
 munities, and individuals. He has the titles of 
 holy father and holiness, and is elected at every 
 vacancy from among the cardinals, each of whom 
 is styled his eminence. Their number was fixed 
 by Sixtus V. at 70. in allusion to the number of 
 the discipiessent out by Christ to teach the world 
 — an allusion without any remarkable propriety,as 
 no two classes of people could be more unlike. 
 The annual revenue of the pope, which formerly 
 amounted to upwards of £2,000,000 sterling, is 
 now reduced to about £600,000, including the 
 exactions in foreign countries. His military force 
 is inconsiderable ; his naval force consists of a 
 
 few galleys, stationed at Civita Vecchia. In 1798 
 this state was taken possession of by the French, 
 who overturned its ancient government, and erect 
 ed it into a republic, styled the Roman republic, 
 under the direction of five consuls. They ol!i 
 ged the pope, Pius VI., to remove from Rome, 
 first into Tuscany, and afterwards into France, 
 where he died at Valence, August 19th, 1799. Ie 
 December following, a conclave was held at Ve- 
 nice, and on March 13th, 1800, cardinal Chiaro- 
 monti was elected to the papal chair, under the 
 title of Pius VII., and assumed the sovereignty. 
 A concordat was concluded for France in 1802, 
 and in 1804, Napoleon was crowned by the pope ; 
 but in 1807 the emperor became imperious, whik 
 the pope maintained a strong feeling of indepen- 
 dence. Measures of violence were resorted to ; 
 Rome was occupied by French troops ; the pope 
 was removed into France, and his states trans- 
 formed into a kingdom, under Napoleon's son 
 He continued a kind of prisoner till the allies had 
 invaded France in 1814, when he was restored to 
 most of his former prerogatives. He died in 1823, 
 and was succeeded by cardinal Annibal della 
 Genga, under the title of Leo XII., on whose 
 death, in 1820, cardinal Francesco Soverio Castig- 
 lioni (the present pontiff) was elected to the papal 
 chair and took the title of Pius VIII. Rome is 
 the capital. 
 
 Poperinghc, a town of the Netherlands, in W. 
 Flanders, on a river of the same name, 6 m W. 
 of Ypres. 
 
 Poplar Grove, p. v. Dinwiddie Co. Va. Newbury 
 Dis. S. C. 
 
 Poplar Plains, p.v. Fleming Co. Ken. 
 Poplar Ridge, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 
 Poplar Springs, p.v. Arundel Co. Md. 
 Poplartoicn, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. 
 Popo, a kingdom of Africa, on the Slave coast 
 The inhabitants have scarcely any houses, except 
 the king's village, which is in an island in the 
 midst of a river. Long. 2. 33. E., lat. 6. 18. N. 
 'Popocateped, on the Smoking mountain, a volca- 
 no 45 in. S. E. in sight of the city of Mexico. 
 27,716 feet above the sea. 
 
 Pora, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the W. 
 coast of Sumatra, 54 m. long, and from 9. to 12 
 broad. Long. 98. 30. E., lat. 1. 10. S. 
 
 Porcah, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in Travan- 
 core, taken by the English in 1795. It is popu- 
 lous, and carries on a considerable trade. 85 m. 
 N. W. of Travancore. Long. 76. 20. E., lat. 9. 
 15. N. 
 
 Porchester, a village in Hampshire, Eng. 4 m. 
 N. of Portsmouth, at the upper end of the har- 
 bour, between Fareham and Portsea Island. It 
 has an ancient castle which served, during the 
 last war, for the reception of prisoners of war, 
 and ordnance stores. 
 
 Porco, town of Buenos Ayres, capital of a 
 province which commences on the W. side of 
 Potosi, from which it extends 60 m. It has its 
 name from a mountain, in which is a rich silver 
 mine, the first worked by the Spaniards after 
 their conquest of the country. 25 m. W. S. W. 
 of Potosi. Long. 67. 20. W., lat. 19. 40. S. 
 
 Porcuna, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on 
 the Salado, 22 m. N. W. of Jaen. 
 
 Porentrui, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, seated on the Hallan, neai Mount Jura 
 24 m. W. S. W. of Basel. Long 7. 10. E lat 
 47. 27. N. 
 
 Porlock, a town m Somersetshire Eng. with a 
 trade in coal and lime. It is seated on a bay ot 
 
FOR 
 
 608 
 
 POR 
 
 the Bristol Channel, surrounded by hills, 7 m. 
 W. of Minehead and 170 W. of London. 
 
 Porrogong. See Paro. 
 
 Porseloit, a rich and commercial town of the 
 kingdom of Siam. It is surrounded with 14 bas- 
 tions, and situate on a large river, 300 m. N. of 
 its mouth in the gulf of Siam Long. 100. 2. E., 
 lat. 17. 48. N. 
 
 Port an Prince, a sea-port of St. Domingo, 
 seated on a bay on the W. side of the island, with 
 considerable trade. It was nearly burnt down in 
 1791, by the revolting negroes, and was taken by 
 the English and royalists in 1794. Long. 72. 10. 
 W., lat. 18. 40. N. 
 
 Port Baltic. See Rogcncick. 
 
 Port Byron, p. v. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Port Conway, p. v. King George Co. Va. 
 
 Port Dalrymple, a harbour on the N. coast of 
 Van Diemen's Land, where a British settlement, 
 dependent on the colony of Port Jackson, was es- 
 tablished in 1804. Launceston is the capital. 
 
 Port Desire, a harbour on the E. coast of Pata- 
 gonia, where ships sometimes touch in their pas- 
 sage to the Pacific Ocean. Lone. 67. 5G. W., 
 lat. 47. 50. S. 
 
 Port Dessieux, p. v. St. Charles Co. Missouri. 
 
 Port Deposit, p. v. Cecil Co. Md.on the Susque- 
 hanna; a canal 10 m. in length, here passes along 
 the river. 
 
 Port Discovery, a harbour on the W. coast of 
 N. America, in the gulf of Georgia. Long. 237. 
 20. E., lat. 48. 7. N. 
 
 Port Egmont, one of the finest harbours in the 
 world, on the N. W. coast of Folkland Island, 
 discovered by commodore Byron in 1765. The 
 whole navy of England might ride here in per- 
 fect security from all winds ; and every thing for 
 the refreshment of ships is to be obtained in 
 abundance. Long. 55. 0. W., lat, 51. 27. S. 
 
 Port Elizabeth, p. v. Cumberland Co. N. J. 
 
 Port Francais, a harbour on the W. coast of 
 N. America, discovered by Perouse in 178G. It 
 is of a circular form, not to be fathomed in the 
 middle, and bordered by peaked mountains, of an 
 excessive height, covered with snow. The na- 
 tives on this coast are described as the most 
 complete thieves, possessed of an activity and 
 obstinacy capable of executing the most difficult 
 projects. Peltry is abundant, particularly that 
 of the sea-otter. In this harbour is a small island. 
 Long. 137. 30. W., lat. 58. 37. N. 
 
 Port Gibson, p. v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi 45 
 m. N. E. Natchez. 
 
 Port Genesee, Monroe Co. N. Y. at the mouth 
 of the Genesee ; on Lake Ontario ; it is a port of 
 entry with a custom house. 
 
 Port Glasgow, p. v. Severn Co. N. Y. 
 
 Port Glasgow, a town of Scotland, inRenfrew- 
 shire, near the mouth of the Clyde, erected in 
 1710 to serve as the port of the city of Glasgow, 
 whose magistrates appoint a bailiff for its govern- 
 ment. The harbour is excellent, and there are ex- 
 tensive warehouses on the quay, belonging to 
 the Glasgow merchants. Contiguous to the town, 
 and near the shore, stands the castle of Newark, 
 a strong fortified edifice. It is 4 in. E. of Green- 
 ock and 20 W. by N. of Glasgow. 
 
 Port Jackson, a bay and harbour on the coast of 
 New S. Wales, 13 m. N. of Botany Bay. The 
 capes that form its entrance are high, rugged, and 
 perpendicular cliffs ; and the harbour is one of the 
 noblest in the world, extending 14 m. in length 
 with numerous creeks or coves. The name of Port 
 Jackson was given to it by captain Cook, who 
 
 observed it in sailing along the coast. See Syd- 
 ney. 
 
 Port, Jervis, a village on the Delaware in Or- 
 ange Co. N. Y. at a point where the states of 
 New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania join. A 
 canal extends from this place to the Hudson in 
 one direction and to the coal region in Pensylva- 
 nia, on the other, it is 108 m. in length. 
 
 Port Kent, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. 
 
 Port I^ouis a strong town of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, with a citadel and a good 
 harbour. It stands on the extremity of a penin- 
 sula, at the mouth of the Biavet, 27 m W. of 
 Vannes. Long. 3 18. W., lat. 47. 40. N. 
 
 Poplin, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop. 
 829,91. 
 
 Port Louis, the capital of the island of Mauri- 
 tius, or Isle of France, situate on the W. side of 
 the island in a low and flat valley, surrounded by 
 mountains. In 1817 it was almost entirely burnt 
 down, but has since been rebuilt. It was long the 
 chief settlement of the French in this part of the 
 world, but now belongs to the British. Long. 
 57. 32. E., lat. 20. 10. N. 
 
 Port Mahon, a sea-port and chief place of a dis- 
 trict of the island of Minorca, with an excellent har- 
 bour. It is built chiefly on lofty rocks. The 
 houses are in general good, and are all provided 
 with cisterns, and many with terraces. The 
 Place D'Armes is large and handsome ; on one 
 side are barracks capable of containing 1,200 men 
 The only public walk is the Alameda, which is 
 merely an alley of trees. On one side of the har- 
 bour is a dock-yard, and on the other a natural 
 mole. Long. 4. 5. E., lat. 36. 17. N. 
 
 Port Paix, a town on the N. coast of St. Do- 
 mingo, with a good harbour, opposite the island 
 of Tortue. Long. 73. 2. W., lat. 19. 58. N. 
 
 Port Patrick, a sea-port of Scotland, inWigton- 
 shire, confined by the sea on one side, and on the 
 other by overhanging rocks and hills. It is near- 
 ly opposite Donaghadee, in Ireland, from which 
 it is 20 m. distant ; and packet boats sail hence 
 for that place every day. The harbour is good, 
 and has one of the finest quays in Great Britain, 
 with a reflecting light-house. It is 28 m. W. of 
 Wigton and 107 S. W. of Edinburgh. Long. 5. 
 3. W., lat. 54. 58. N. 
 
 Port Pcnn, a village of Newcastle Co. Del. on 
 the Delaware, opposite Reedy Island. 8 m. S. of 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Port Republic, p. v. Rockingham Co. Va. 131 m 
 N. W. Richmond. 
 
 Port Roseioay. See Shelburne. 
 
 Port Royal, a sea-port of Jamaica, once a con 
 siderable town, abounding in riches and trade. 
 In 1692 it was destroyed by an earthquake, in 
 1702 by a fire, in 1722 by an inundation of the sea, 
 and in 1744 by a hurricane. After these extraor- 
 dinary calamities, the custom-house and public 
 offices were removed, and no market suffered to 
 be held here in future. It now consists of about 
 200 houses, built on a neck of land which juts 
 out several miles into the sea, and is guarded by 
 a strong fort. The harbour is deep, and 1,000 
 ships may ride in it, secure from every wind. It 
 is six miles, cross the bay, S. S. W. of Kingston 
 Long. 76. 45. W.,lat. 18.0. N. 
 
 Port Royal, p.t. Caroline Co. Va. on the Rap- 
 pahannoc 30 m. below Fredericksburg ; p.v 
 Maryland Co. Ind ; p.v. Montgomery Co 
 Ten. 
 
 Port Royal, an island on thecoast of S. Carolina ; 
 separated from the neighbouring continent by an 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 arm of the sea, called Broad River, which forma 
 the most commodious harbour in the state, at the 
 town of Beaufort. 
 
 Port St. Anne. See Killough. 
 
 Port St. Ju'ian, a harbour on the E. coast of Pat- 
 agonia, where ships bound for the Pacific usually 
 touch. Long. 68. 44. W., lat. 41). 10. S. 
 
 Port St. Mary, a sea-port of Spain, in Auda- 
 lusia, on the bay of Cadiz. The principal trade is 
 in salt. The English made a descent here in 1702, 
 with a design to besiege Cadiz, but without suc- 
 cess. 10 in. N. E. of Cadiz. 
 
 Port sur Saone, a town of France, department 
 of Upper Saone, on the river Saone, 8 m. N. VV. 
 of Vesoul. 
 
 Port Tobacco, p.t. Charles Co. Maryland, near 
 the mouth of a small stream running into the Po- 
 tomac, 34 m. S. Washington. 
 
 Port Vendre, a town of France, department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees, with a small harbour on the 
 Mediterranean, defended by two forts. It is 25 
 m. S. S. E. of Perpignan. 
 
 Port William, p. v. Gallatin Co. Ken. 44 m. N. 
 W . Frankfort. 
 
 Portadown, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Armagh, with a linen manufacture ; situate on 
 the river. Bann, 16 m. N. of Newry. 
 
 Portage, a county of Ohio. Pop, 18,827. 
 Ravenna is the capital. 
 
 Portatre, a towship in Portage and Sandusky 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Portalegre, a strong town of Portugal, in Al- 
 eintejo, and a bishop's see. It has a manufacture 
 of woollen cloth, and is seated at the foot of a high 
 mountain, 30 m. N. of Elvas. 
 
 Portarlington, a borough of Ireland, partly in 
 Kino-'s and partly in Queen's county ; seated on 
 the Barrow, 31 in. N. of Kilkenny and 36 S. W. 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Porter, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 
 811. A township of Niagara Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,990; p.t. Scioto Co. Ohio. 
 
 Portici, a village 4 m. E. S. E. of the city of 
 Naples, on part of the site of the ancient Hercu- 
 laneum-, near Mount Vesuvius. Here is a palace 
 of the king of Naples, enriched with a vast number 
 of fine statues, and other remains of antiquity, 
 taken out of the ruins of Herculaneum. 
 
 Portland, a peninsula in Dorsetshire Eng. con- 
 nected with the mainland by a ridge of pebbles, 
 called the Chesil Bank, extending above 7 in. up 
 the S. W. coast. Between this bank and the 
 mainland is a narrow arm of the sea called the 
 Fleet. Portland Isle is 4 m. long and 2 broad, 
 surrounded by inaccessible rocks, except at the 
 landing place, at the N. W. end, where there is a 
 strong castle, called Portland Castle, built by 
 Henry VIII. The peninsula is noted for its free- 
 stone, which is used for building the finest struc- 
 tures, and about 9,000 tons of it are annually ex- 
 ported. It lies on the S. VV. side of Weymouth 
 bay, and on its S. extremity, called Portland Point, 
 two light-houses have been erected. Long. 2. 27. 
 W., lat. 50.31. N. 
 
 Portland, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. the largest 
 town in the state, and till lately the seat of gov- 
 ernment. It has a good harbour on Casco Bay 
 and a large coasting trade, with considerable for- 
 eign commerce. It has many handsome build- 
 ings, among which may be mentioned the custom 
 house and the mariners church. The town is 
 o-enerally well built. The shipping of the port 
 in 1828 amounted to 56,949 tons. On the N. E. 
 side of the town stands an observatory, 70 feet in 
 77 
 
 height, and the entrance to the harbour is defended 
 by several forts. Pop. 12,601. Lat. 43. 39. N 
 Ion. 70. 19. W. 
 
 Portland, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. on Lake 
 Ontario with a harbour. Pop. 1,771. The light 
 house at the mouth of the harbour is a great cu- 
 riosity • it is lighted with natural gas, arising 
 from a spring in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Portland, a township in Huron Co. Ohio p.v 
 Dallas Co. Alab. 
 
 Portland Islands, a cluster of small islands i;i 
 the S. Pacific. They are low and covered with 
 wood ; and the centre one is in Long. 149. 8. E.. 
 lat. 2. 38. S. 
 
 Porto, a small sea-port of the papal states, in 
 the patrimony of St. Peter. It is the see of a 
 bishop (who is generally a cardinal), dependent 
 only on the pope, and is seated on the W. side of 
 the Tiber, 10 m. S. W. of Rome. 
 
 Porto Bello, a sea-port of Terra Firma, on the 
 N. coast of the isthmus of Darien, nearly opposite 
 Panama on the S. coast. It is a very unhealthy 
 place ; and the country around it swarms with 
 toads and other reptiles in the rainy season. Be- 
 fore the abolition of the trade by the galjeons, in 
 1743, and the introduction of register ships, this 
 place was the great mart for the rich commerce 
 of Peru and Chile. The town stands close to the 
 sea, on the side of a mountain that surrounds the 
 harbour, which is safe and commodious. It was 
 taken in 1742 by admiral Vernon, who demol- 
 ished the fortifications ; but it has since been 
 strongly fortified. It is 60 m. N. by E. of Pana- 
 ma and 300 W. of Carthagena. Long. 79. 50 
 W., lat. 9. 33. N. 
 
 Porto Cabell o, a sea- port of Venezuela, S. Amer- 
 ica, with a good harbour, defended by forts. It 
 is a flourishing place, containing a population of 
 8,000, and is the centre of the navigation and 
 commerce of Venezuela. 70 m. W. by S. of Ja- 
 go de Leon. Long. 67. 32. E., lat. 10. 31. N. 
 
 Porto Farino, a sea-port of the kingdom of Tu- 
 nis. Long. 10. 16. E , lat. 37. 12. N. 
 
 Porto Ferrajo, the capital of the island of Elba, 
 with a good harbour, capable of containing the 
 largest fleets. This town is celebrated as havinc 
 been the residence of Napoleon from May 4, 1814, 
 to February 26, 1815, when he sailed on has final 
 expedition to France. Its position is central in 
 the Mediterranean ; and it perfectly commands 
 the coast of Italy. It is a very pretty town, bnilt 
 on a shelving rock, that closes in a circular bay, 
 about 2 m. deep and as many in breadth. The 
 land all round is high and woody, and the entrance 
 to the bay is easy of approach. The streets 
 and fortifications rise one above another, like 
 rows of seats in an ancient amphitheatre, and 
 present a most beautiful spectacle to those whc» 
 approach by water. A commodious quay com- 
 municates, by means of large flights of steps,, 
 with all the streets. Porto Ferrajo was built and 
 fortified by Cosmo I. duke of Florence in 1548 ; 
 but the fortifications were riot finished till J628, 
 when Cosmo II. completed them with a magnifi- 
 cence equal to that displayed by the old Romans 
 in their public undertakings; and it is now deem- 
 ed impregnable. The gates are deeorated with, 
 sculpture, and the rings for fastening cables to 
 arc of carved bronze. 7 m. S. W. of Piombino 
 on the coast of Italy. Long. 12. 17. E., lat. 42. 
 53. N. * 
 
 Porto Fino, a small sea-port on the coast of 
 Genoa, with a fort, situate between two moun- 
 tains, 13 m. S. E. of Genoa 
 
POR 
 
 010 
 
 POR 
 
 Porto Galete, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated 
 in a small bay, 10 m. N. W. of Bilbao. 
 
 Porto Greco, a town of Naples, in the Capitan 
 ata, near the gulf of Venice, 16 m. N. W. of Man- 
 fredonia. 
 
 Porto Gruaro, a town of Austrian Italy, in 
 Friuli, seated on the Lema, 20 m. W. by S. of 
 Palina Nova. 
 
 Porto Longonc, a sea-port on the S. E. side of 
 l!ie Isle of Elba, with a good harbour, and a for- 
 tress upon a rock, almost inaccessible. It is 4 m. 
 S. E. of Porto Ferrajo and 35 N. W. of Orbitello, 
 on the coast of Italy. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 42. 
 50. N. 
 
 Porto Maria, a town of Spain, in Galicia, 48 
 in. E. of Compostella. 
 
 Porto Praya, a town and bay of St. Jago, one 
 of the Cape de Verde islands. The town stands 
 on an elevated plain, and is the residence of the 
 Portuguese governor of the islands. Long. 23. 
 29. W.. lat. 14.54. N. 
 
 Porto del Principe, a sea-port on the N. coast 
 of Cuba, with a good harbour. Near it are sev- 
 eral springs of bitumen. Long. 78. 15. W., lat. 
 21. 52 N. 
 
 Porto Real, a sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 on the E. side of the bay of Cadiz,7 m. E. of Cadiz. 
 
 Porto Rico, an island of the W. Indies, GO m. 
 E. of St. Domingo, belonging to the Spaniards. 
 It is 120 m. long and 40 broad, diversified with 
 woods, valleys, and plains, and watered by springs 
 and rivers, but unhealthy in the rainy season. It 
 produces sugar, rum, ginger, cotton, maize, and 
 rice ; and there are so many cattle that they are 
 often killed for the sake of the skins alone. St. 
 Juan de Porto Rico is the capital. 
 
 Porto Santo, an island in the Atlantic, the least 
 of the Madeiras, 15 m. in circumference. In 1518 
 a Portuguese ship, coasting along the African 
 shore, was driven out to sea by a sudden squall, 
 and, when they all expected to perish, they dis- 
 covered this island, which, on account of their 
 escape, they named Porto Santo; and hence they 
 descried the island of Madeira. It produces little 
 corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a 
 vast number of rabbits. Its most valuable pro- 
 ductions are dragons' blood, honey, and wax. It 
 has no harbour, but good anchorage in the road. 
 Long. 16. 25. W., lat. 32. 58. N. 
 
 Porto Seguro, a fertile province of Brazil, S. of 
 that of Ilheos and N. of Spiritu Santo. The cap- 
 ital, of the same name, is seated on the top of a 
 rock, at the mouth of a river that flows into the 
 Atlantic. Long. 40. 0. W.. lat. 16. 20 S. 
 
 Port Vccchio, a sea-port of Corsica, seated on 
 a bav on the E. coast of the island, 38 m. S. 
 E. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 41. 40. N. 
 
 Porto Vencro, a sea-port on the coast of Genoa, 
 at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. It has a 
 good harbour, and is seated on the side of a hill, 
 at the top of which is a fort. 5 in. S. of Spezzia. 
 Long. 9. 38. E., lat. 44. 5. N 
 
 Portree, a town of Scotland . on the E. side of 
 the Isle of Skye, one of the Hebrides. The in- 
 habitants trade chiefly in black cattle, sheep, and 
 kelp. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered at 
 its mouth bv the Isle of Raaza. Long. 6. 16. W., 
 lat. 57. 33. N. 
 
 Portsea, an island between Chichester Bay and 
 the harbour of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, Eng. 
 It is alow tract, about 14 m. in circumference,sep- 
 arated from the mainland on the N. by a creek, 
 over which are two bridges, one for the entrance 
 mnd the other for the departure of passengers. 
 
 At the S. W. extremity of it, is situate the tow« 
 of Portsmouth. 
 
 Portsmouth., a borough and sea-port in Hamp- 
 shire, Eng. It is the most considerable haven for 
 men of war, and the most strongly fortified place 
 in England. Its capacious harbour is made by a 
 bay running up between the island of Portsea, on 
 which the town is situate, and the opposite pen- 
 insula, having a narrow entrance commanded by 
 the town and forts. Many of the largest ships 
 are always laid up here : and in time of war, it 
 is the principal rendezvous of the grand channel 
 fleet. The docks, arsenals, storehouses, barracks, 
 &c.,are all of capital magnitude, and kept in the 
 most perfect order. To the S. of the town is the 
 noted road ofSpithead, where the men of war an- 
 chor when prepared for actual service. Portsmouth 
 has one spacious church, and contains 7,269 in- 
 habitants. Portsea, built on what was formerly 
 called Portsmouth Common, is now become 
 much larger than the parent town, containing a 
 population of 34,785. 72 m. S . W. London Long 
 1. 6. W., lat. 50. 47. N. 
 
 Portsmouth, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. at th 
 mouth of the Piscataqua with an excellent har 
 bour. It is the only sea-port in the state, and ha 
 considerable commerce. Here is a navy yard 
 the United States. The town has 7 churches 
 a branch of the U. S. Branch bank,2 insurance offi 
 ces, and an athenaeum. Two bridges cross the riv- 
 er to Kittery in Maine. In December 1813 a fire 
 destroyed 397 buildings here. It is 24 m. N. 
 E. Newburyport, 56. m. N. by E. Boston and 
 
 5. S. W. Portland. Pop. 8,032. Lat. 43. 5. 
 Lon. 70. 45. W. 
 
 Portsmouth, p.t. Newport Co. R. I. on the N 
 end of Rhode Island. Pop. 1,727 ; p.v. Norfolk 
 Co. Va. on Elizabeth river opposite Norfolk ; p.v 
 Scioto Co. Ohio, on the Scioto near its junction 
 with the Ohio. 90 m. S. Cumberland. Pop. 1,063. 
 The Ohio canal, which see, leaves the river at 
 this place ; p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. near Ocra 
 cokelnlet. 
 
 Portsoy, a sea-port of Scotland, in Banffshire, 
 with manufactures of fine linen and sewing 
 thread. The vicinity is celebrated for its miner- 
 als, especially for a fine vein of serpentine, call- 
 ed Portsoy marble ; a species of asbestos, of a 
 greenish color, which has been wrought into in- 
 combustible cloth ; and a brilliant kind of granite 
 of a flesh color. Portsoy stands on a point of 
 land projecting into Murray Frith, 9 m. W. Banff! 
 
 Portsville, p.v. Alleghany Co. N. Y. 
 
 Portugal, the most western country on the con 
 tinent of Europe, bounded on the W. and S. by 
 the Atlantic, Ocean, and E. and N. by Spain. It 
 extends from 36. 56. to 42. 20. N. lat., and from 
 
 6. 25. to 9. 30. W. long., and is divided into th 
 provinces of Entre Douro-e-Minho, Tras os Mo 
 tes, Beira, Eslremadura, Alemtejo. and Algarve. 
 It contains 36,510 sq. m. and a pop. of 3,782,550. 
 Though Spain and Portugal are in the same 
 climate, yet the air of the latter is much more 
 temperate than that of the former, on account of 
 the neighbourhood of the sea. Agriculture is in 
 a very backward state ; the implements of indus- 
 try are of the rudest construction, and very little 
 corn is raised. Indian corn, imported from Af 
 rica, is used by the peasants instead of wheat. 
 Lemons flourish here in great abundance. This 
 fruit was introduced into the country from the 
 east by the Arabs. Olives, vineyards, oranges, 
 nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins are plentiful, and 
 in the low grounds rice and maize are cultivated. 
 
POR 
 
 bll 
 
 The inhabitants also make considerable quantities armies under the command of the duke of Wel- 
 of salt with the sea-water, especially in the bay Iington and other generals. The Queen died at 
 of St. Ubes, whence a great deal is exported. Rio Janeiro, March 20, 1816, in the 82nd year of 
 Their export trade consists of the produce of her age, and the prince regent became kimr. At 
 their own country, and the merchandise which the conclusion of the general peace, the people 
 they receive from their foreign possessions, com- became discontented, partly through the degra- 
 dation of the kingdom to the situation of a depen- 
 dent colony, and partly through the maladminis- 
 tration of the regency. Plot after plot was form- 
 ed, in which many officers of distinction wen; 
 implicated, who, as soon as they were detected, 
 were removed, and replaced by British officers. 
 This only served to increase the discontent aoth 
 of the people and of the army, and to hasten a 
 revolution. Every thing having been previously 
 arranged between the civil and military author! 
 ties, a new constitution was announced at Oporto 
 August 24, 1820, and in September a council of 
 regency was formed at Lisbon, and letters issued 
 to assemble the cortes. John VI. by a royal de- 
 cree issued at Rio Janeiro, February 1821. ap- 
 proved of the constitution, and, leaving his eldest 
 son Don Pedro as regent of Brazil, returned to 
 Portugal, and took an oath to maintain the new 
 constitution, July 4, 1821. On the 12th of Oc- 
 
 prising Madeira, Cape Verd Islands, some settle- 
 ments in Africa, Goa, and Macao : the latter con- 
 sists of wine, sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, 
 
 iiides, and many excellent drugs. The horses of tober, 1822, the Brazilians proclaimed the prince 
 
 regent constitutional emperor of Brazil, and the 
 independence of that empire has been since ac- 
 knowledged by the court of Lisbon. On the 30th 
 of April, 1824, Don Miguel, the king's youngest 
 son, general of the army, surrounded with guards 
 the palace of his father, in order to depose him. 
 
 Portugal were formerly in great esteem ; but 
 they are now so fond of mules that horses are 
 scarce. Towards the frontiers of Spain there 
 are mountains, in which gold and silver were for- 
 merly found ; and the river Tajo was anciently 
 celebrated by the poets for its golden sands. 
 
 There are also mines of iron, tin, lead, quarries of and to make his nephew regent. The foreign 
 
 marble, and some precious stones. The Portu- 
 gueseare indolent and luxurious. Plays and church 
 festivals, bull fights, balls, music, &c, engross 
 the whole attention of those who are not compelled 
 to labour for their subsistence. The peasants are 
 in a state of vassalage, and subsist on the hardest 
 fare. In many respects they bear a striking re- 
 semblance to the Highlanders of Scotland. The 
 
 ambassadors discountenanced the conspiracy ; the 
 king took refuge on board an English man of war ; 
 under the protection of Britain he resumed the 
 
 fovernment ; and Don Miguel left the kingdom 
 ohn VI. died in March, 1826. 
 As soon as Pedro IV. heard of his father's death, 
 he declared his determination to remain in Brazil, 
 and to abdicate the throne of Portugal in favour of 
 
 E 
 
 rincipal rivers are the Tagus, Douro, Guadiana, his daughter Donna Maria da Gloria (who was 
 
 Iondego, and Caldao. The government is an born in 1819), on condition that his brother Don 
 
 absolute monarchy. Formerly it had its Cortes Miguel should marry her, and that a free consti- 
 
 or representative body, but, from 1697 to the re- tution should be adopted as contained in a charter 
 
 cent revolution, they were never assembled. The which he sent over from Brazil. The acceptance 
 
 established religion is the Roman Catholic ; and of this charter was resisted by the ultra-royalist 
 
 there are two archbishops and 13 bishops. faction at Lisbon, and a rebellion took place un- 
 
 Portugal appears to have been known at an der the direction of the marquis of Chaves. In 
 
 early period to the Phenicians and Carthaginians, consequence of the invasion of the kino-dom by 
 
 It subsequently followed the fortune of Spain, and, the rebels, who had mustered their armies in 
 
 after being the scene of various military opera- Spain, the sister of Pedro IV., who had by him 
 
 tions, was finally reduced and constituted a Ro- 
 man province under Augustus. The Romans 
 were succeeded by the Goths and other barba- 
 rians. The Saracens, or Moor.«, invaded the pen- 
 insula from Africa, and after the battle of Xeres, 
 A. D. 712, set up several kingdoms, and were 
 not expelled from Portugal till the 1 3th century. 
 In 1092 Alphonso VI., king of Castile and Leon, 
 
 been appointed regent, claimed the assistance of 
 George IV. ; who, in compliance with ancient 
 treaties between the two kingdoms, sent an army 
 to Lisbon in 1827, which checked the rebellion. 
 Don Miguel, who resided at Vienna, returned to 
 Lisbon in the spring of 1828, having first visited 
 Paris and London, at both which places he pro- 
 fessed his determination to adhere to the consti- 
 
 made Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert tution. The professions of Don Miguel soon ap- 
 king of France, count of Portugal, as a reward for peared to be insincere, and on the 30th of June 
 assisting him against the Moors. Alphonso, son he assumed the title of king of Portugal and Al- 
 of Henry, was the first king. The last of his garve. A weak resistance was made by the gar- 
 descendants by the male line dying in 1580, ri«on and inhabitants of Oporto, but it was soon 
 Philip II. of Spain took possession of the throne overcome, and Don Miguel now reigns as abso- 
 in right of his mother. The rapacity of the Span- lute king. Lisbon is the capital, 
 ish viceroys was so great that in 1640, the Por- Posados, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated 
 tuguese revolted, and made John IV., duke of on the Guadalquivir, 19 m. S. W. of Cordova. 
 Braganza, king. In 1807 the British fleet pre- Posata, a town on the E. coast of the island of 
 served the royal family from falling into the hands Sardinia, 45 m. E. S. E. of Castle Aragoncse. 
 
 of Bonaparte, and conveyed them to Brazil. Por- 
 tugal itself, also, after a long and severe contest, 
 was delivered from the French yoke by English 
 
 Long. 9. 30. E., lat. 40. 36. N. 
 
 Posega, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a paja 
 tinate of the same name. It was taken from the 
 
POT 
 
 612 
 
 POT 
 
 Turks, by the Austrians in 1687; and is seated 
 near the Orlava, 18 m. N. N. W. of Brod. 
 
 Posen, Grand duchy of, a province of the Prus- 
 sian states, comprising that part of Poland which 
 was restored to Prussia in 1815. On the E. it is 
 bounded by the new kingdom of Poland, and S. 
 and W. by Silesia and Brandenburg. It is divided 
 into the two governments of Posen and Brom- 
 berg, contains about 12,000 sq. m. with 800,000 
 inhabitants, and is watered by the Netz, the War- 
 tha, the Obra, and the Brahe. 
 
 Posen, the capital of Prussian Poland, and of 
 the government of the same name, is a bishop's 
 see, and has a university, and a castle on an isl- 
 and in the river Wartha. The cathedral is mag- 
 nificent. The suburbs are extensive, and contain 
 man}' fine buildings. The river Wartha frequent- 
 ly inundates the town, but is very beneficial to its 
 trade with Germany. By the partition of Po- 
 land, in 1773, Posen became subject to the king 
 of Prussia. In 1806 it was entered by the French 
 army, under marshal Davoust, and added to the 
 duciiv of Warsaw, till 1815, when it was re- 
 stored to Prussia. It is seated in a pleasant 
 plain, 27 m. W. by S. of Gnesna. Long. 17. 0. 
 E., lat. 52. 24. N. 
 
 Posey, a county of Indiana. Pop. 6,883. Mount 
 Vernon is the capital. 
 
 Posneck, a town of Saxony, in the principality 
 ofAldenburg. It has manufactures of cloth and 
 leather, and is seated on the Gams, near its con- 
 flux with the Orla, 8 m. N. E. of Saalfeld. 
 
 PossessioJi Island, an island in the S. Pacific, 
 near the N. point of New Holland. Here captain 
 Cook hoisted the British colours, and took posses- 
 sion of all the E. or N. E. coast of New Holland 
 in the name of king George III., which he called 
 New S. Wales. Long. 141. 39. E., lat. 10. 
 33. S 
 
 Possession Island, an uninhabited island in the 
 S. Pacific. Long. 141. 40. E., lat. 46. 30. S. 
 
 Possinko, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 10 at. N. E. of Santarem. 
 
 Post Oak, p.v. Roane Co. Ten. 
 
 Potenza, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, seated 
 near the sourse of the Basiento, 11 in. S. by W. 
 of Aeerenza. 
 
 Potomac, a river of the United States, which 
 rises hi the N. W. part of Virginia, and separates 
 that state from Maryland, almost its whole course, 
 till it enters the W. side of Chesapeak Bay. It 
 is navigable nearly 300 m. for large ships and 
 where it enters the Chesapeak is 7 1-2 m. wide. 
 Its whole length is 550 m. The passage of the 
 Potomac, through the mountains of the Blue 
 Ridge, at Harper's Ferry, presents the appear- 
 ance of an immense rent, three quarters of a mile 
 wide, through a stupendous wall of rocks. The 
 broken fragments of the mountain which lie scat- 
 tered all around, and its craggy front, torn down 
 to the base, attest the violence of the disruption, 
 and forcibly remind the spectator of the period, 
 when the mountain ridge opposed a barrier to the 
 6tream, and when its collected waters swelled to 
 such a mass as to tear away the mountain from 
 its foundation. Washington, Alexandria and 
 Georgetown are situated upon this river. 
 
 Potomac and Ohio Canal, called also the Chesa- 
 peak and Ohio Canal, is designed to unite the Po- 
 tomac with the Ohio. It leaves the Potomac at 
 Georgetown and proceeds up the north-eastern 
 bank of the river through the mountains, by a 
 tunnel 4 miles in length, and down the vallies of 
 the Youghiogeny and Monongahela to the Ohio. 
 
 Its length will be 360 m. and its width 60 feet 
 It was begun July 4th 1828. 
 
 Potosi, a town of Bolivia. Here are the best 
 silver mines in all America, in a mountain in the 
 form of a sugar-loaf. Silver was as common in 
 this place as iron is in Europe ; but the mines 
 are now much exhausted, or at least little is ob- 
 tained in comparison of what was formerly pro- 
 duced. The country around is naked and barren. 
 The town is seated at the bottom of the mountain 
 of Potosi, 260 m. W. N. W. of Arica. Lono-. 67 
 30. W., lat. 19. 50. S. 
 
 Potosi, p.t. Washington Co. Missouri, 70 in. 
 W. S. W. St. Louis. It is surrounded by nu- 
 merous lead mines. See Missouri. 
 
 Potsdam, a province of the Prussian states, in 
 Brandenburg, comprehending the districts for- 
 merly termed the Ucker Mark, the Mark of Preg-- 
 nitz, and the greatest part of the Middle Mark. 
 It is bounded N. by Pomerania and VV. Prussia, 
 and S. and W. by Saxony. The city of Berlin, 
 with a small district lying around it, forms a dis- 
 tinct government. Potsdam contains an area of 
 about 8,000 sq. m., with 488,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Potsdam, the capital of the foregoing govern- 
 ment, situated on an island formed by the rivers 
 Spree and Havel. The public buildings display 
 great magnificence and taste. The royal palace 
 is an admirable structure, and the houses near i 
 are almost all built in the Italian style. In the 
 market place is a marble obelisk, 75 feet in height ; 
 also marble statues of the first four kings of Prus- 
 sia. The garrison church is large, and has a mar- 
 ble pulpit, under which is the tomb of the Great 
 Frederick, whose remains are enclosed in a 
 wooden coffin, covered with copper, without anv 
 ornament or victorious trophies, to recall the mem- 
 ory of his actions. On a hill, near the city, is the 
 royal palace of Sans Souci, which is only one 
 story high, yet remarkable for its grandeur and 
 magnificence. The inhabitants of Potsdam have 
 manufactures of silk, velvet, cotton, linen, &c. 
 It was entered without opposition on the 24th of 
 October, 1805, by the French, who carried away 
 with exultation the sword and scarf worn by the 
 immortal Frederick during the seven years' war. 
 13 m. W. S. W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 49. E., lat 
 52. 52. N. 
 
 Potsdam, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 90 m. 
 W. Plattsburg. Pop. 3,650. 
 
 Potter, a county of the W. District of Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 1 ,265. Cowdersport is the capi- 
 tal ; also a township of Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Potter's Hollow, p.v. Albany Co. N. Y 
 
 Putterstown, a village of Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 
 Pottersville, p.v. Louisa Co. Va. 
 
 Potteries, The, a district in Staffordshire, Eno 
 extending about 10 m. in length and one and a 
 half in breadth. It comprises the towns and vil- 
 lages of Burslem, Hanley, Lane End, Etruria, 
 Stoke upon Trent, Tunstall, Longport, Shelton. 
 Brownhills, <fcc, situated in a part of the coun 
 ty abounding in coal, and clays of great variety 
 in colour and texture, which, together with the 
 great canal intercourse kept up with all parts of the 
 kingdom, furnish a large portion of industry and 
 wealth. 
 
 Potion, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. 12 m. E. 
 of Bedford and 48 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Pottsgrove, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 on the Schuylkill. 
 
 Pottstown, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. in the 
 above township. 
 
 Pottsville, p.v. Schuylkill Co. Pa 
 
PR\ 
 
 Old 
 
 PRU, 
 
 Pouirhkeepsie, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, 85 m. above New York. Pop. 7,222. It 
 is about a mile from the banks of the river which 
 is here bold and rocky. The town is regularly 
 laid out and makes an elegant appearance. It is 
 a place of considerable trade. 
 
 Potigues, a village of France, department of 
 Nievre, noted for its ferruginous mineral spring. 
 5 m. N. W. of Nevers. 
 
 Poidton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is much 
 frequented in the bathing season. 234. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Poundridge, p. v. West Chester Co. N. Y. 
 
 Pourcayn, St., a town of France, department of 
 Allier, seated on the Sioule, 19 m. S. by W. of 
 Moulins. 
 
 Powaw River, a small stream flowing info the 
 Merrimack 4 m. above Newburyport, between 
 Amesbury and Salisbury. On the bank of the 
 river are several manufactories and mills. Here 
 is a steep eminence called Powaw Hill, on which 
 the Indians were accustomed to celebrate their 
 powaws, and which exhibits an enchanting pros- 
 pect from the summit. 
 
 Powelton, p.t. Hancock Co. Geo. 
 
 PowluUan, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 8,517. Scotsville is the Capital. 
 
 Poyaug-kou, a lake of China, in the N. part of 
 the province of Kiang-si, formed by the conflu- 
 ence of several rivers, which meet here from 
 every point of the compass. It is 250 m. in cir- 
 cumference, and surrounded by a most desolate 
 region. 
 
 Pnzzuolo. See Puzzuoli. 
 
 Prab.it, a town of the kingdom of Siam, 100 m. 
 N. of Siam. Lon. 101. 10. E., lat. 15. 40. N. 
 
 Praccls. See Paracels. 
 
 Prachatit.z, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Prachin, 23 m. S. by W. of Pisek. 
 
 Prachiu, a mountain of Bohemia, on which 
 onnerly stood a custle of the same name. It 
 ,'ives name to a circle on the W. side of the Mul- 
 •au, of which Pisek is the capital. 
 Prudes, a town of France, department of Eastern 
 Pyrenees, seated in a fino plain on the river Tet, 
 24 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan. 
 
 Pradcs, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near 
 which is a magnificent abbey, where the ancient 
 cings of Arragon were interred. It is 39 m. N. 
 W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Praga, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, op- 
 ->osite Warsaw, of which it is considered as a su- 
 jurb. 
 
 Pragilas, a town of the Sardinian states in Pied- 
 nont, 7 m. W. of Turin. 
 
 Prague, the capital of Bohemia, and formerly 
 i*i arehiepiscopal see. It comprehends four towns, 
 the Old, New, and Little Town, and the Hrads- 
 ;hin. It is 15 m. in circumference, is built up- 
 on seven hills, and contains 85,000 inhabitants. 
 The Muldau runs through the city, separating 
 the Old Town from the New, and over it is a 
 Oridge of 18 arches, with a strong tower at each 
 end. The Old Town is very populous ; the hous- 
 es are high and the streets narrow. In this part 
 are the remains of a palace, where the ancient 
 sings resided ; but the finest ornament is the uni- 
 versity, frequented by a great number of students ; 
 here also is a magnificent college, formerly be- 
 longing to the Jesuits, and the Jews have nine 
 synagogues. The New Town contains fine struc- 
 tures, handsome gardens, and large streets ; al- 
 so an arsenal, and a secular foundation, whose 
 abbess was a princess of the empire. The Lit- 
 
 tle Town, which is the most ancient part of 
 Prague, has broad streets, and is very populous 
 The Hradschin once belonged to theLittle Town 
 but in 1756 it was made the fourth town of 
 Prague : its principal buildings are the royal pal- 
 ace, in which is a hall, 100 paces long and 40 
 broad, without any pillar to support the roof, 
 the cathedral of St. Veit, containing the buryal- 
 place of the kings and many relics; the chapel 
 of Our Lady of Loretto ; the magnificent archi- 
 episcopal palace; and the large palace of Tsclier- 
 nin. Prague has suffered frequents devastation- 
 by war. The White Mountain, without the gate 
 of Strahow, is celebrated for the victory gained in 
 1620 by the Austrians over Frederic V., U<e elec- 
 tor palatine, whom the Bohemians had chosen for 
 their king. In 1631 Prague was taken by the 
 Saxons ; and by the Swedes in 1648. It was ta- 
 ken by storm in 1741 by the French, who were 
 obliged to leave it in 1742. In 1757 it was besieg- 
 ed by the king of Prussia, after a great victory, 
 obtained near this city, over the Austrians; but 
 the defeat at Kollin obliged him to raise the sieo-e. 
 75m.S. E of Dresden. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 50. 
 6. N. 
 
 Prairie, townships in Wayne, Holmes, and 
 Franklin Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Prairie Creek, p. v. Vigo Co. Ind. 
 Prairie du C/tien, a settlement in Crawford Co. 
 Michigan, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the 
 Wisconsin. It was founded many years since by 
 the French traders. 
 
 Prairie du Roche p.t. Randolph Co. Illinois. 
 Prairie Mound, p.t. Lillard Co. Missouri. 
 Prallsvillc, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 Prasto, a small town of Greece, in the Morea, 
 situate to the W. of the gulf of Napoli, 1G m. N 
 by E. of Misitra. 
 
 Prato, a town of Tuscany, with a citadel, 10. m 
 N. W. of Florence. 
 
 Pratlsville, p. v. Alleghany Co. Md. 
 Prats de Molo, a fortified town of France, de- 
 partment of Eastern Pyrenees, on the Tet, 29 m. 
 S. W. of Perpignan. 
 
 Prausnitz, a town and castle of Prussian Silesia. 
 It has a fine church, containing the tombs of the 
 counts of Hatzfeld, and is 18 m. N. ofBreslau. 
 
 Preble, a county of Ohio. Pop. 16,255. Eaton 
 is the capital ; p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,435. 
 Praija. See Porto Praya. 
 Precop, or Perecop, a town and fortress of Rus- 
 sia, in the government of Catharinenslaf, and pro- 
 vince of Taurida, seated on the isthmus that joins 
 the Crimea to the continent. A deep trench, four 
 m. in length, is cut across the isthmus, over which 
 is a bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, called 
 the Golden Gate of the Tartars. Lon<r. 35. 34. 
 E., lat. 46. 8. N. 
 
 Prccopia, a town of Servia, on the river Morave, 
 20 m. W. of Nissa. 
 
 Pergel, a river ofE. Prussia, which issues from 
 the lake Augerburg, and flowing by Insterburg, 
 Welau, and Kongsberg, enters the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the Frisch Haff. 
 
 Premislau, a town of Poland, with a strong cas- 
 tle, and a Greek and Latin bishop's see; seated 
 on the Pana, 60 m W. by S. of Lemburg. Long. 
 21.0. E. lat. 49. 0. N. 
 
 Prenzlo, a town of Brandenburg, capital of what 
 was formerly called the Ucker Mark. It contains 
 6 churches, and has a brisk trade in corn, tobac- 
 co, and cattle. Seated on the lake and river Uc 
 ker, 58 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Lon<r. 13. 55 
 E., lat. 53. 19. N. 
 
 3F 
 
PRE 
 
 614 
 
 PR1 
 
 Prerau, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle 
 of the same name. It is seated on the Beczwa, 
 13 m. S. E. of Olmutz. Loner. 17. 29 E., lat. 49. 
 
 23. n. 
 
 Presburg, a city of Hungary. It is seated on 
 tli* Danube, which is here very rapid, and about 
 250yards in breadth. The inhabitants are estimat- 
 ed at 30,000. Its castle, a noble Gothic struc- 
 ture, was burned down in the commencement of 
 the present century. This town was declared by 
 a royal decree of 1536, the capital of Hungary, 
 on account of its vicinity to Vienna, and the sov- 
 ereigns are still crowned in its cathedral ; but the 
 principal officers of government reside at Buda, 
 and the diets and supreme courts of judicature 
 meet at Perth. In December, 1805, a treaty of 
 peace was concluded here between Austria and 
 France. 38 m. E. by S. of Vienna and 95 W. N. 
 W. of Buda. Long 17. 9. E., Iat. 48. 9. N. 
 
 Prescot, a town of Lancashire, Eng. It is a 
 long straggling town, and may be said to be 
 built almost over coal pits, several being worked 
 close to its extremities. It is estimated that 2,000 
 persons are employed in the collieries of Prescot; 
 whence Liverpool is chiefly supplied with fuel. 
 Here are manufactures of watch movements, pin- 
 ion wire, small files, and coarse earthen ware ; 
 and also some manufactories of cotton, hats, &c. 
 8 m. E. of Liverpool and 197 N. N. W. of London. 
 Prescot, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 76 m. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 158 ; also a village of Upper Canada, 
 on the St. Lawrence nearly opposite Ogdensburg. 
 Presenzano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavo- 
 ro. It appears by an inscription to be the ancient 
 Rufae, and its territory has the name of Costa Ru- 
 fraria. It is 28. m N. of Naples. 
 
 Presi.dii, Stato delli, formerly the name of a 
 small territory of Italy, on the coast of the Sien- 
 nese. It includes 5 fortresses, which were re- 
 tained by Spain when the territory of Sienna was 
 ceded to the duke of Tuscany in 1557. In 1735 
 it was ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and 
 now belongs to the grand duchy of Tuscany. 
 
 Presteign, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire. 
 The site of its castle is now laid out in public 
 walks. It is seated near the source of the Lucr, 
 in a rich valley, 23 m. N. N. W. of Hereford 
 and 151 N. N. W. of London. Lontr. 2 53. 
 W. lat. 52. 15. N. 
 
 Prcstima, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 m. 
 N. of Coimbra. 
 
 Presto, a sea-port of Denmark, in Zealand, with 
 a good harbour in a bay of the Baltic, 42 m. S. 
 S. W of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 6. E.,lat. 55. 9. N. 
 Preston, a borough in Lancashire, Eng. The 
 chief manufactures are the various branches of 
 cotton and muslin, which are now carried on to a 
 considerable extent. Preston exhibits a nearer ap- 
 proach than any other town in the kingdom to 
 universal suffrage, the right of voting beinc in 
 the male inhabitants at large. It is noted for the 
 defeat of the pretender's adherents in 1715, when 
 most of them were made prisoners ; also for a 
 kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every 20 
 years, the last of which was in 1822. It is seated 
 near the river Ribble and the Lancaster Canal, 22 
 in. S. S. E. of Lancaster and 217 N. N. W. of 
 London. Long. 2. 53. W., lat. 53. 46. N. 
 
 Preston, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the 
 Thames 15 m. above New London. Pop. 1,935; 
 p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 106 m. W. Albany. Pop. 
 1,213. 
 
 Preston, a county of the W. District of Virgin- 
 ia. Pop. 5,099 Kingwood is the capital. 
 
 Prestonpans, a town of Scotland, in Hadding- 
 tonshire, with a safe harbour, called Morrison's 
 Haven, on the frith of Forth. It has manufac- 
 tures of salt, stone and earlhern ware, and bricks 
 and tiles. At this place the royal army was de- 
 feated by the Pretender's adherents in 1745. 8 
 m. E. by N. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Prestonsburg, p. v. Floyd Co. Ken. 
 Prestonsville, p v. Rhea Co. Tenn. 
 Preston Hollow, p. v. Albany Co. N. Y. 
 Prestch, a town of Prussian Saxony with a fine 
 castle, seated on the Elbe, 10 m. S. by E. of Brit- 
 ten, a town of Saxony on the Elbe, 18 m. S. by E 
 of Wittenberg. 
 
 Prevesa, a town of Greece, in Albania, and ■ 
 bishop's see. It stands on the ruins of the an- 
 cient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus, 
 in memory of his victory over Anthony. It was ta- 
 ken by the Venetians in 1684, was ceded to the 
 Turks in 1718, taken by the French in 1718, and 
 retaken the following year by the Turks in whose 
 hands it remained till the recent liberation of 
 Greece. It is seated on a mountain, on the gulf 
 of Larta, 70 m. N. W. of Lepanto. Long. 21.5. 
 E., lat. 39. 14. N. 
 
 Preuilly, a town of France, department of In 
 dre-et-Loire. Near it are mines of iron ; and 
 it stands on the Claise, 13 m. S. of Loches. 
 
 Priaman, a town on the W. coast of the island 
 of Sumatra, where the Dutch had formerly a fac- 
 tory. The environs produce but little pepper; 
 but the air is healthy, and it stands on a small 
 river in which gold >s found. The English E. 
 India company formed a settlement here in 1685 
 Long. 98. 0. E., Iat. 1. 0. S. 
 
 Priestford, p. v. Hartford Co. Maryland. 
 Primkenau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 government of Leignitz, with an iron forge and a 
 manufacture of paper, 16 m. S. W. of Glojran. 
 
 Prince Edward, a county of the E. District 
 of Virginia. Pop. 14,107. Hampden and Syd- 
 ney college in this Co. was founded in 1774. It 
 has 6 instructors and 54 students. 
 
 Prince Frederick, p. v. Calvert Co. Maryland 40 
 m. S. Annapolis. 
 
 Prince George, a county of the E. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 8,308. City Point is the capital. 
 Prince Georges, a county of Maryland. Pop 
 20,473. Upper Marlborough is the capital. 
 
 Prince William, a county of the E. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 9,320. Brentsville is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Prince William, a township sf York Co. N. B. 
 Princess Anne, a county of the E. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 9,102. 
 
 Prince of WalesCapc, the north-western extrem- 
 ity of America, discovered by captain Cook, in 
 1773. It is on the E. side of Bhering's Strait. 
 
 Prince of Wales Fort, the most northern settle- 
 ment of the Hudson Bay Company, on the west 
 side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Church 
 hill River. Long. 94. 7. W., lat. 58. 47. N 
 
 Prince of Wales Island, or Pcnang, an island 2 
 m. from the W. coast of Malacca, 18 m. long 
 and 8 broad, divided longitudinally by a ridge of 
 mountains. The channel to the mainland is a 
 safe road fur ships. This island was purchased of 
 the king of Queda by the English E. India Com- 
 pany, who formed a settlement here in 1786 , and, 
 in five years after, Georgetown, its capital, was 
 established as a sea-port. The inhabitants were 
 estimated in 1805 at 14,000, since which time 
 they have considerably increased. Long 33. 50 
 E., lat. 5. 36. N. 
 
PRI 
 
 615 
 
 PRO 
 
 Prince William Henry's Island, an island in the 
 Eastern Ocean, lying W. N. W. of Tench Island. 
 It is pretty high, well wooded, and about 70 m. in 
 circuit. The population is estimated at 50,000. 
 It was discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790, and 
 a high mountain in the centre was called Mount 
 Philip. Long. 149. 30. E., lat. 1. 32. S.— Also 
 the name of an island in the Pacific. Ocean, dis- 
 covered by captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 141. G. 
 W., lat. 17. 0. S. 
 
 Prince William Sound, a gulf on the N. W. 
 coast of America, discovered by Cook in 1778, and 
 visited and explored by Vancouver in 1794. The 
 dress of both sexes is a sort of close robe, made 
 of the skins of various animals, and commonly 
 worn with the hairy side outward, sometimes 
 reaching only to the knees, but generally to the 
 ancles. The men often paint their faces of a 
 black colour, and of a bright red, and sometime 
 of a blueish or leaden hue ; but not in regular 
 figure. The women puncture or stain the chin 
 with black, that comes to a point on each of their 
 cheeks. Their canoes are of two sorts ; the one 
 large and open, the other small and covered : the 
 framing consists of slendei pieces of wood, and 
 the outside is composed of the skins of seals, or 
 other sea animals stretched over the wood. Their 
 weapons, and implements for hunting and fishing, 
 resemble those used by the Esquimaux. The 
 principal animals are bears, common and pine mar- 
 tens, sea otters, seals, racoons, small ermines, fox- 
 es, and the whitish cat or lynx. The birds found 
 here are the falcon, the great king-fisher, the 
 white-headed eagle, and the humming bird. 
 Long. 147. 21. W., lat. 59. 33. N. 
 
 Prince's Island, an island near the W. coast 
 of Guinea, 90 m. in circumference, discovered 
 by the Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and 
 fertile, and has a town on the N. part, with a 
 good harbour. Long. 7. 40. E., lat. 1. 40. N. 
 
 Prince's Island, a small island in the Indian 
 Ocean, near the W. entrance of the strait of Sun- 
 da. It is visited by European ships for wood and 
 water. Long. 104. 30. E., lat. 6. 15. S. 
 
 Prince's Islands, four small islands, in the sea 
 of Marmora, near the strait of Constantinople, 
 called Prinkipo, Prote, Kalke, and Antigone. 
 The first is the largest, and has a town contain- 
 ing above 2,000 inhabitants. Long. 2S. 56. E., 
 lat. 40.51. N. 
 
 Princeton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 in. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,345. It was called Wachvsett 
 by the Indians, and within its limits stands the 
 mountain of that name, which See. 
 
 Princeton, p.t. Somerset and Middlesex Cos. 
 N. J. 40 m. N.E. Philadelphia. The college of 
 New Jersey, or Nassau Hall, is established at this 
 place. It was founded in 1746 ; it has 10 instruct- 
 ors and 105 students ; the libraries have 12,000 
 volumes. It has two vacations in spring and 
 autumn of 12 weeks. Commencement is in 
 September. Here is also a Theological Seminary. 
 
 Princeton, p. v. Caldwell Co. Ken.; p. v. Butler 
 Co. Ohio; p.t. Gibson Co. Indiana. 
 
 Princctown, p.t. Schenectady Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 819. 
 
 Principato, a province of Naples, divided into 
 Principato Citra and Ultra, that is, the Further 
 and Hither Principality. The former is 60 m. 
 long and 30 broad ; the soil fertile in wine, corn, 
 oil, and saffron ; and it has a great deal of silk, 
 and several mineral springs. Salerno is the cap- 
 ital. Principato Ultra is 37 m. long and 30 
 broad ; and the soil not fertile in corn or wine, 
 
 but it produces chesnutp, and has excellent pas- 
 tures. Avellino is the capital. 
 
 Pristina, a town of Romania, and a bishop's 
 see, which was pillaged by the Austrians in 1689. 
 It is seated on the Rusca, 150 m. S. by E. of 
 Belgrade. Long. 21 36. E., lat. 42. 43. N. 
 
 Pritzwalk, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 seated on the Domnitz, 13 m. E. N. E. of Perle- 
 berg. 
 
 Privas, a town of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Ardeche. It is seated on a hill, neai 
 the confluence of three small rivers, 68 m. 8. ol 
 Lyons Long. 4. 36. E., lat. 44. 45. 
 
 Procida, a island in the gulf of Naples, near 
 that of Ischia, 8 m. in circumference, and very 
 fertile and populous. The capital, of the same 
 name, is a small fortified place, on a high craggy 
 rock, by the sea side. Long. 14. 8. E., lat. 40 
 43. N. 
 
 Proctorsville, p. v. Windsor Co. Vt. 88 m. S. 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Prodano, an island in the Mediterranean, near 
 the W. coast of the Morea, formerly called Sphac- 
 teria. It is 36 in. S. S. E. of Zante. Long 21 
 24. E., lat. 37. 15. N. 
 
 Promt, a city of Birmah, province of Ava. It 
 was formerly more considerable than at present, 
 having been greatly reduced by frequent wars. 
 Much teak timber is sent hence to Rangoon. It 
 is seated on the Irrawaddy, 120 m. N. W. of Pe- 
 gu. Long. 95. 0. E . lat. 18. 50. N. 
 
 Prospect, p.t. Waldo Co. Me., on the Penob- 
 scot, 8 m. N. E. Belfast. Pop. 2,381 ; p.t. Prince 
 Edward Co. Va. 105 m. S. W. Rknmond. 
 
 Prospect Hill, p. v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. ; p. v. 
 Fairfax Co. Va. ; p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. 
 
 Prosperous, a village of Ireland, in the countv 
 of Kildare, 16 m. S. W. of Dublin. It has a con- 
 siderable manufacture of cotton. 
 
 Prosnitz, a town of Moravia, in tlie circle of 
 Olmutz. 8 m. S. S. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Provence, a former province of France, which 
 now forms the department of Var, Lower Alps, 
 and Mouths of the Rhone. 
 
 Providence, one of the Bahama Islands, and the 
 best of those planted by the English. It was 
 taken by the Spaniards, in 1782, but retaken the 
 next year. A light-house was erected, in 1804, 
 on an eminence overlooking Nassau, the chief 
 town. Long. 77. 20. W., lat. 25. 3. N. 
 
 Providence, an island in the Atlantic, which the 
 Buccaniers fortified, but afterwards abandoned. 
 It is 150 m. E. of the coast of Nicaragua. Long. 
 80. 44. W., lat. 13. 25. N. 
 
 Providtnce river, a stream of Rhode Island 
 formed by the union of two rivers just above the 
 city of Providence. It flows into Narraganset 
 Bay, and is navigable from Providence to the sea 
 for ships of 900 tons. 
 
 Providence, city, chief of a county of the same 
 name in Rhode Island, is the largest place in the 
 state and the second city in New England for 
 population, wealth, and business. It stands at 
 the head of Narraganset Bay, which at this ex- 
 tremity becomes narrowed to the width of a riv- 
 er. It is built on both sides of the river, the two 
 parts being connected by a bridge. The new 
 town on the W. of the river has all the bustle 
 and liveliness, and displays the flourishing ap 
 pearance of a commercial city. The hill on the 
 opposite side, or East Providence, is chiefly oc 
 cupied by private mansions, beautifully situated, 
 and adorned with gardens and court yards. On 
 the summit of a steep eminence staaus tlie col- 
 
PRO 
 
 616 
 
 PRU 
 
 ege, overlooking the city. The streets are ir- 
 regular, but there are many beautiful situations 
 and fine edifices in the city. Here is a hand- 
 some arcade three stories high, with 28 rooms 
 on each floor. Each front consists of an Ionic 
 portico, with granite pillars. Providence has 12 
 churches, a theatre, a public library, many cot- 
 ton and woolen manufactories, paper mills, dye- 
 houses, <fec. Its distance from the sea is 35 
 miles, but merchant ships of the largest size can 
 come up to the wharves. Steam-boats pass be- 
 
 tween Providence and New York, through Lone- 
 Island Sound, during all the open season, and 
 nearly the whole of the summer travelling from 
 Boston to the S. passes by this route. Providence 
 was founded by Roger Williams in 1G36. It re- 
 tained the denomination and government of 
 a town until 1831, when a city charter was 
 adopted. 
 
 Brown University at this place was founded 
 in 1704, and was first established at Warren : it 
 was removed to Providence in 1770. It has been 
 supported solely by individual patronage, and 
 its funds are not large. The college edifices are 
 two brick buildings, containing 100 rooms for stu- 
 dents, and others for public purposes. The col- 
 lege is delightfully situated on an eminence in 
 the E. part of the town, which commands a 
 beautiful prospect. The libraries contain 12,000 
 volumes, including those belonging to literary 
 societies. The officers are a President and 8 Pro- 
 fessors. The board of trustees is composed of 36 
 members, of whom 22 must be Baptists, 5 Qua- 
 kers, 5 Episcopalians and four Congregationalists. 
 The Fellows, or Learned Faculty, are 12, of 
 whom 8, including the President, must be Bap- 
 tists. The number of students in 1831, was 95. 
 There are 3 vacations in May, September and 
 December, amounting to 13 weeks. Commence- 
 ment is in September. 
 
 Providence is a port of entry, and in 1828 
 owned 20,252 tons of shipping. It is in lat. 41. 
 51. N.. long. 71. 10. W. , 30 m. N. by W. Newport, 
 40 S. S. W. Boston, 74 E. Hartford. Pop. 
 16,832. 
 
 Providence, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,579; also townships in Essex 
 Co. N. J.; Luzerne, Bedford, Delaware and 
 Montgomery Cos. Pa.; p. v. Mecklenburg Co. 
 N. C. 
 
 Providence Inn, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. 
 
 Providence, a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 
 47,014. Providence city is the capital. 
 
 Proeincetown, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on 
 Cape Cod, at the extremity of the peninsula. It is 
 60 ra. S. E. of Boston in a straight line and 116 
 by land. It has an excellent harbour but there 
 are no wharves. The houses are of one story 
 
 and built on piles driven into the sand with 
 spaces between them for the sand to drift through, 
 otherwise they would be completely buried. The 
 inhabitants live by fishing, as the cape produces 
 nothing but a scanty vegetation of coarse grass 
 sufficient for the pasturage of a few cows. Pop. 
 1,710. 
 
 Piovins, a town of France, department of Seine- 
 et-Marne, celebrated for its mineral waters. It 
 has a considerable trade in corn, and some woolen 
 manufactures, and is seated on the Vouzie, 60 m 
 S. E. of Paris'. 
 
 Pruck. See Bruek. 
 Prusa, or Prusia. See Bvrsa. 
 Prussia, a large country of Europe, occupying 
 a great part of the N. of Germany, and extending 
 with little interruption from the confines of 
 Lithuania to those of the Netherlands. It is a 
 very fertile country, producing a great deal of 
 flax, hemp, and corn. There are a great number 
 of domestic animais: and the sea, the rivers, and 
 lakes, supply abundance of fish. Game abounds ; 
 and elks, wild asses, and uri, are found in the 
 forests : these last are of a huge size, and have 
 some resemblance to beeves ; their hides are ex- 
 tremely thick and strong, and they are sold to 
 foreigners at a great price. One of the most re- 
 markable productions of this country is yellow 
 amber, which is found along the sea-coast. 
 There are two large lakes, besides the rivers Vis- 
 tula and Pregel. The inhabitants are generally 
 of a good constitution, laborious, and robust. 
 There are a great number of mechanics ; but the 
 principal business is husbandry, with the feedin.g 
 of cattle. The present monarchy of Prussia 
 consists of two distinct parts separated by the 
 German States, and contains 105,770 sq. m. of ter- 
 ritory, and a pop. of 12,552,278. The army 
 amounts to 165,000 men. The revenue is 40. 
 000,000 dollars: the public debt 120,000,000; 
 The government is an absolute monarchy. The 
 religion of the royal family is protestant, but all 
 creeds are tolerated. 
 
 In the 13th century Prussia belonged to the 
 kniffhts of the Teutonic order. In 1454, that part 
 since denominated Polish, or W. Prussia, revolt- 
 ed to Casimir IV. king of Poland, and was incor- 
 porated into the dominions of the republic. At 
 the same time the knights were constrained to 
 hold the remaining part, called Ducal or E. Prus- 
 sia, as a fief of the crown of Poland. In 1525 Al- 
 bert, the grand master, betrayed the interests of 
 his fraternity, and concluded a treaty with Sigis- 
 mund, king of Poland, by which E. Prussia was 
 erected into an hereditary duchy, and given to 
 him as a Polish fief. Having adopted the tenets 
 of Luther, he married a princess of Denmark, 
 and transmitted this rich inheritance to his de- 
 scendants: one of whom, Frederic William, was 
 the first duke that threw off" his dependence on 
 Poland. The foundation of the Prussian mon- 
 archy was established by him, between 1640 and 
 1688. His son and successor, Frederic, in 1701 
 assumed the title of King of Prussia, which was 
 soon after acknowledged by all the Christian 
 powers, except Poland, which did not acknow- 
 ledge it till 1764. In 1742 Frederic II. acquired 
 the duchy of Silesia from the house of Austria; 
 and by his wonderful victories, and the still more 
 wonderful resources by which he repaired occa- 
 sional defeats, he became the admiration of the 
 age. In 1772 he compelled the Poles to cede to 
 him Western Prussia, excepting the cities of 
 Dantzic and Thorn. He cultivated the arts of 
 
PRZ 
 
 617 
 
 PUL 
 
 peace as well as war, distinguishing himself as a 
 poet, philosopher, and legislator, and expending 
 large sums in the improvement of the country. 
 He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Wil- 
 liam II., in 1786, who forcibly annexed to his 
 kingdom Dantzic and Thorn, with several con- 
 siderable provinces, which he styled Southern 
 Prussia. He had also a share in the general con- 
 test against France, in the early part of the revo- 
 lution ; but. made peace with that country in 
 April, 17!>5; and died at Berlin in. 1797. 
 
 His son, Frederic William HI., continued on 
 amicable terms with France, till the dissolution 
 of the Germanic body in 1806, and the consequent 
 I'irination of the Confederation of the Rhine, 
 when, thinkinor himself aggrieved, he declared 
 war against France. This war was of short du- 
 ration, but of most disastrous consequence to 
 Prussia. By the peace of Tilsit, the whole of 
 the Polish dominions belonging to Prussia, with 
 a few exceptions, were transferred to another 
 prince ; and the king of Prussia had further to 
 renounce his right to all the territories, without 
 exception, situated between the Elbe and the 
 Rhine ; to those belonging to Saxony and the 
 House of Anhalt on the right bank of the Elbe; 
 and, lastly, to the circle of Rothus, in Lower Lu 
 sitia, which was ceded to Saxony. Thus was 
 Prussia reduced to the lowest rank among the 
 powers of Europe. On the memorable retreat of 
 the French armies from Russia, and the arrival 
 of the Russians within the territories of Prussia, 
 she, however, threw off her alliance with France, 
 joined Russia in the war, and made such extraor- 
 dinary efforts to retrieve her lost character, by 
 the magnitude of her armies and the courage 
 which she maintained in the field, that on the 
 conclusion of the war all the countries which had 
 been wrested from her by the treaty of Tilsit were 
 restored. 
 
 The kingdom is now divided into 10 provinces, 
 namely. E. Prussia, W. Prussia, Brandenburg, 
 Pomerania, Westphalia, Cleves and Berg, Silesia, 
 Ppsen, Saxony, and Lower Rhine; which are 
 subdivided into 28 governments. For military 
 purposes, the kingdom is divided into five great 
 parts, viz. Prussia, Brandenburg and Pomerania, 
 Silesia and Prussian Poland, Saxony, and finally 
 Westphalia with the Lower Rhine. Berlin is the 
 capital of all Prussia. 
 
 Prussia, Proper, an extensive division of the 
 Prussian states, between the northern frontier of 
 Poland and the Baltic. It comprises the provin- 
 ces of E. and W. Prussia, divided formerly by 
 the Vistula, and now by a line a few m. to the E. 
 of that river. E. Prussia lies between 19. 20. and 
 24. 1."). of E. long, and 52. 32. and 56. 3. of N. lat., 
 and has a superficial extent of 15,000 sq. m. with 
 8.)i),000 inhabitants. It is divided into the gov- 
 ernments of Konigsberg and Gumbinnen. W. 
 Prussia is a less extensive country, its area being 
 10.000 sq. m. its population 560,000. It is divided 
 into the governments of Dantzic and Marien- 
 werder. 
 
 Prutk, a river that rises in Marmarosch, in 
 Hungary, crosses part of the palatinate of Lem- 
 burg. flows through Moldavia, and enters the 
 Danube above Leni, in Bessarbia. 
 
 Pruym, a town of the Prussian province of 
 Lower Rhine, with a princely abbey ; seated on 
 the river Pruym, 30 m. S. S. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 Przesmislia.a. town of Austrian Poland, capital 
 af a circle of its name, with a castle ; seated on 
 the river San, 54 m. W. by S. of Lemberg. 
 78 
 
 Przibram, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Beraun, with a silver mine and an iron foundery, 
 seated near the river Muldau, 28 m. S. S. W. of 
 Prague. 
 
 Pskof, or Pleskof, a government of Russia, ly- 
 ing between those of Livonia and Smolensko. It 
 comprises an area of 22,000 sq. m. with 700,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Pskof, the capital of the above government, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a strong castle. It 
 is seated on the river Welika, at its entrance into 
 the lake Tchudskoi, 80 m. S. of Narva and 170 
 S. by W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. 52. E., .at. 
 57. 38. N. 
 
 Pucculoe, a town of Bengal, 40 m. N. W. of 
 Dacca. 
 
 Puckholi, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Lahore, 86 m. S. W. of Cashmere and 145 N. 
 W. of Lahore. Long. 75. 5. E., lat. 33. 45. N. 
 
 Pudda, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in 
 the S. W. part of Agimere, divides the provinces 
 of Cutch and Guzerat, and runs into the gulf of 
 Cutch. 
 
 Pudoga, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Olonetz, situate on the E. coast of the lake of 
 Onezkoe, 108 m. E. of Olonetz. Loner. 36. 30. 
 E., lat. 61.36. N. 
 
 Puebla, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated near 
 the Atlantic, 29 ml S. S. W. of Compostella. 
 
 Puebla dc los Angelos, a city of Mexico, capital 
 of a province of its name. The streets are broad 
 and straight, and the buildings in general of stone, 
 lofty and elegant. In the centre of the city is a 
 large square, adorned on three sides with uniform 
 porticoes, where are shops filled with rich com- 
 modities, and on the other with the cathedral, 
 which has a beautiful front, and two lofty towers. 
 Besides the cathedral, there are several other 
 churches and convents, well built and finely 
 adorned. A small river runs through the town, 
 and the adjacent valley produces vines and all 
 sorts of European fruits. It is 80 m. E. S. E. of 
 Mexico. Long. 99. 22. W., lat. 19. 30. N. 
 
 Puebla Nuova, a town of Mexico, in the prov- 
 ince of Veragua, seated near the Pacific Ocean, 
 100 in. W. of St. Jago. Long. 83. 0. W., lat. 8. 
 34. N. 
 
 Puebla de Sanabria, a town of Spain in the prov- 
 ince of Leon, 45 m. S. W. of Astorga. 
 
 Puente, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the 
 river Agra, 8 m. S. S. W. of Pamplona. 
 
 Puerto Bello, Puero Pico, &c. See Porto. 
 
 Puglia, the ancient Apulia, containing the three 
 provinces of Capitanata, Bari, and Otranto, on 
 the E. side of the kingdom of Naples. 
 
 Pughtown, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Pulaski, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,899. 
 Hartford is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. 
 Pop. 9,522. Somerset is the capital ; a county 
 of Arkansas. Pop. 2,395. Little Rock is the 
 capital ; also a p.v. Giles Co. Tenn. 
 
 Pulhely, a town of Wales, in Caernarvonshire, 
 seated on an inlet of Cardigan Bay, between two 
 rivers, 16 m. S. of Caernarvon and 243 N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Pulo Condore, see Condore ; and so with other 
 islands that have sometimes Pulo [Island] prefixed. 
 
 Pullicate, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carna- 
 tic, on the sea-coast, and at the S. end of a large 
 lake to which it gives name, 23 m. N. of Madras. 
 
 Pu!teney,p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. 30 m. S. Ca- 
 nandaigua. Pop. 1,730. 
 
 Pultencyvillc, p.v. Wayne Co. N. Y. on Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 3 f2 
 
PUT 
 
 618 
 
 PUZ 
 
 Pultncy, a township of Belmont Co. Ohio, on 
 the Ohio. 
 
 Puttousk, a town in the interior of Poland, 
 where in 1807 a battle was fought between the 
 French and Russians, in which both sides claim- 
 ed the victory. It is seated on the Narew, 30 m. 
 N. of Warsaw. 
 
 Pultowa. See Poljiva. 
 
 Puna, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 35 m. 
 loniT and 12 broad, lying at the entrance of the 
 bay of Guayaquil. It has an Indian town of the 
 same name, on its S. side. 115 m. N. of Paita. 
 
 Punch Hall, a. village of Caroline Co. Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Punhctc, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 at the conflux of the Zezere with the Tajo, G m. 
 N. W. of Abrantes. 
 
 Punta del Guda, the capital of St. Michael, one 
 of the Azores, with a strong castle. It is situate 
 on the S. side, and contains 10,000 inhabitants. 
 The streets are regular and of convenient width, 
 and the churches, religious houses, and public 
 edifices may be deemed elegant. There is no 
 harbour in the vicinity of the town, and vessels 
 usually anchor at a distance from the shore in an 
 open road. Long. 25. 42. W., lat. 37. 47. N. 
 
 Punxctawny, p. v. Jefferson Co. Pa. 70 m. N. 
 E. Pittsburg. 
 
 Purbeck, Isle of, a rough and heathy tract in 
 Dorsetshire, to the S. of Pool Bay. It is insulated 
 by the sea and rivers, and is famous for its stone 
 quarries, the principal of which lie at its eastern 
 extremity, near Swannage, whence the stone is 
 exported : it is of the calcareous kind, but dis- 
 tinguished into numerous sorts, the finest of which 
 deserves the name of marble, and is used for 
 chimney-pieces, hearths, &-c. ; while the coarser 
 kinds are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pipe 
 clay is dug up in several parts of this island, the 
 finest near Corfe Castle, of which much is export- 
 ed, particularly for the Staffordshire potteries. 
 
 Purchena, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Granada, 70 m. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 25. W., 
 lat. 37. 19. N. 
 
 Purfleet, a village in Essex, Eng. situate on the 
 Thames, 4 m. W. of Grays-Thurrock. It has ex- 
 tensive lime-works, and a large magazine for gun- 
 powder. 
 
 Purification, a town of Mexico, in the province 
 of Xalisco, 90 m. S. by E. of Compostella. Long". 
 105. 30. W., lat. 19. 53. N. 
 
 Purmerend, a strong town of the Netherlands, 
 in N. Holland, 10 m. N. by E. of Amsterdam. 
 
 Purneah, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile 
 and populous district of iis name ; seated on the 
 Scraw, 125 m. N. N. W. of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Purysbuig, t. Beaufort Dis. S. C. on the Savan- 
 nah, 20 m. above Savannah, 94 m. S. W. 
 Charleston. It was established by a colony of 
 Swiss, to introduce the cultivation of silk. 
 
 Pusclnavo, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Grisons, 3 m. IN. from a lake to which it 
 gives name. It is 17 m. W. S. W. of Bormio, and 
 20 E. of Chiavenna. 
 
 Putala, or Pateli,a. mountain of Thibet, near the 
 banks of the Burrampooter, 7 m. E. of Lassa. On 
 us summit is the palace of the grand lama, the 
 high priest of Thibet. 
 
 Put in Bay, a harbour in Ohio at the West end 
 of Lake Erie, formed by the largest of the Bass 
 Islands, 14 m. N. W. Sandusky. It has 2 entran- 
 ces, and is deep enough for the largest vessels, 
 and sheltered from every wind. Here the Ameri- 
 can fleet under Commodore Perry rendezvoused in 
 
 September 1813 when he captured the British 
 Squadron. 
 
 Putlitz, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Brandenburg, with an old castle, 11 m. N. N. E 
 of Perleberg. 
 
 Putnam, a county of New York. Pop. 12,701. 
 Carmel is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop 
 230. Sugar Grove is the capital ; a county of 
 Georgia. Pop. 13,653. Eatonton is the capital. 
 
 Putnam, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. on Lake 
 Charnplain. Pop. 718 ; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. 
 
 Putney, a village in Surrey, Eng. seated on the 
 Thames, over which is a wooden bridge, 4 m. W. 
 S. W. of London. On Putney heath is an obelisk, 
 erected in 1786, in commemoration of Mr. Hart- 
 ley's invention of fire-plates, for securing buil'l- 
 ings from fire ; and on its borders are several ele- 
 gant mansions. 
 
 Putney, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Connec- 
 ticut. 33 m. S. Windsor. Pop. 1,510. 
 
 Puttan Som.na.utlt, or Pultun, a town of Hindoos- 
 tan, near the southern extremity of the Guzerat 
 Peninsula. Somnauthis one of the twelve images 
 of Seeb which are said to have descended from 
 heaven to earth ; and the great fame of its tem- 
 ple attracted the cupidity, while it stimulated the 
 bigotry, of Sultan Mahmood, of Ghizni. Accord- 
 ing to Mahomedan authors, the image was de- 
 stroyed, but the Hindoos assert that the god re- 
 tired into the ocean ! The symbol placed in the 
 temple is deemed peculiarly propitious to those 
 who desire offspring. It is visited by pilgrims 
 from every quarter, who pay a trifling duty to 
 the Nabob for permission to perform their devotions 
 at this favourite shrine. The Bombay Presidency 
 is stated to have used its influence with the Junau- 
 har State, in 1816, to secure greater freedom of 
 pilgrimage to Puttan. It stands near the sea, 95 m. 
 S. of Noanagur. Long. 69. 40. E., lat. 21. 2. N. 
 
 Puy, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Upper Loire, and a bishop's see. The 
 cathedral is famous for a prodigious quantity of 
 relics; and Our Lady of Puy is celebrated in the 
 annals of superstition. Puy has manufactures of 
 blankets, linen, lace, silk, stuffs, and stoneware. 
 It is seated on the mountain Anis, near the river 
 Loire, 45 m. N. E. of Mendo and 65 S. E. of Cler- 
 mont. Long. 3. 58. E., lat. 45. 58. N. 
 
 Puy de Dome, a department of France, contain- 
 ing part of the former province of Auvergne. It 
 has its name from a mountain, situate to the W. 
 of Clermont, the capital of the department. 
 
 Puy en Anjou, a town in the department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, 10 m. S. S. W. of Saumur. 
 
 Puy I' Eveque, a town in the department of Lot, 
 16 m. W. by N. of Cahors. 
 
 Puy la Roquc, a town in the department of 
 Tern-et-Garonne, 18 m. S. S. E. of Cahors. 
 
 Puy Moisson, a town in the department of Low- 
 er Alps, 15 m. S. of Digne. 
 
 Puycerdu, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, cap- 
 ital of the county of Cerdagna, seated at the foot 
 of the Pyrenees, near the source of the Segra, 47 
 m. W.by S. ofPerpignan and 78 N. by W. of 
 Barcelona. It was taken by the French in 1794. 
 Long. 1. 50. E., lat. 42. 36. N. 
 
 Puyzaurens, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn, 23 m. S. by W. ot Alby. 
 
 Puizuoli, or Pozzuolo, a celebrated, but now 
 inconsiderable city of Italy, on the bay of Na- 
 ples Here are the remains of the temple of 
 Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of an- 
 tiquity, being different from the Roman and 
 Greek temples, and built in tie manner of the 
 
QUA 
 
 619 
 
 QUA 
 
 Asiatic ; probably by the Egyptian and Asiatic 
 merchants settled at Puzzuoli, which was the 
 great emporium of Italy, till the Romans built 
 Ostia and Antium. It has been converted into a 
 Christian cathedral, and so much modern work 
 added that at present only the front of the ancient 
 edifice is visible. Many other remains of temples, 
 amphitheatres, and other public buildings in this 
 city, afford convincing proofs of its former mag- 
 nificence. The ruins of Cicero's villa, near this 
 place, are of such extent as to give a high idea of 
 the wealth of that great orator; 9 m. W. of Naples. 
 Pyramids, a range of ancient and stupendous 
 Egyptian monuments, extending northwards from 
 Cairo, but on the opposite or west side of the 
 Nile. They are continued almost uninterrupted- 
 ly for about 29 leagues, upon a plain occupying 
 the lower slope of a ridge of hills, which runs 
 parallel to the Nile. This plain is elevated about 
 80 feet above the ground inundated by the river 
 and consists of hard rock, forming a proper sup- 
 port for the immense weight of the structures 
 erected upon it. The pyramids are distinguished 
 by their form, which the name expresses, and 
 still more by their great dimensions. The three 
 largest are in the neighbourhood of the town of 
 Gizeh, and are named from their founders. The 
 following are their names and dimensions. 
 Feet hicrh. Ft. sq. at base. 
 Cheops 499 693 
 
 Cephrenes 398 655 
 
 Mycerinus 162 280 
 
 The pyramids, at first view, present the ap- 
 pearance of solid masses ; and it seems to have 
 been the intention of the founders, that the few 
 openings which they contain, should remain per- 
 petually closed. The ingenuity of successive 
 ages has traced the openings of the great pyramid, 
 which were so studiously concealed. The exte- 
 rior opening is 60 feet above the base, and leads 
 into a passage 66 paces long. Beyond are succes- 
 sive galleries, one 120 feet, another 170, and an- 
 other 180 feet long. The principal chamber, at 
 the end of the longest gallery, ia 3(3 feet long, 16 
 broad, and 18 high. At the farthest extremity is 
 the sarcophagus, for the reception of which this 
 enormous structure is supposed to have been rear- 
 ed. This pyramid is ascended on the outside by 
 an uninterrupted flight of steps, from 2 1-2 to 4 
 feet, diminished in height, as they approach the 
 top. The breadth is so proportioned to the height 
 that a line stretched from the top to the bottom 
 would touch the angle of every step. The ex- 
 ternal part is built of square stones, cut in the 
 rock found along the Nile. They are com- 
 pacted together solely by their own weight, with- 
 out lime, lead, or cramps of any metal. In the 
 body of the pyramid, however, which is full of 
 Irregular stones, it has been necessary to employ 
 a mortar composed of lime, earth, and clay. The 
 pyramid of Cephrenes was first opened by M. Bel- 
 loni, hi 1818. The sarcophagus was found to 
 
 contain bones, supposed to be human, which ap- 
 peared to confirm the belief, that these stupend- 
 ous monuments, as has been asserted by Strabo 
 and Diodorus, were intended as sepulchres of the 
 kings of Egypt. But a thigh bone, which was 
 carried to London, and examined by the royal 
 college of Physicians, was pronounced to belong 
 to a cow, whence it has been inferred that these 
 structures were reared in honour of this favourite 
 object of Egyptian worship. 
 
 Pyrbaum, a town of Bavaria, capital of a lord- 
 ship of its name, situate on the frontier of Fran- 
 conia, 13 m. S. E. of Nurembunr. 
 
 Pyrenees, a range of mountains which divide 
 France from Spain, and the most celebrated in 
 Europe, except the Alps. They reach from the 
 Mediterranean to the Atlantic, about 212 m. in 
 length, and have different names, according to 
 their different situations. The passages over 
 them are not so difficult as those oft^e Alps: 
 one of the most frequented is that from Pampelu- 
 na to St. Jean de Pied de Port, by which the 
 French under Soult inarched to attack the Brit- 
 ish before Pampeluna, in July 1813. These 
 mountains contain iron, copper, lead, silver, gold, 
 cobalt, and zinc ; they also furnish great quanti- 
 ties of timber for ship-building, and abundance 
 of pitch and tar. See Perdu, Mount. 
 
 Pyrenees, Eastern, a department of France, con- 
 taining the provinces of Roussillon, Cerdagne, 
 and part of Languedoc. Its area is estimated at 
 1,650 sq. in., and the pop. at 126,500. Although 
 great part of the country is mountainous, yet it 
 is fertile in corn, excellent wine, olives, orano-es, 
 &.c. Perpignan is the capital. 
 
 Pyrenees, Lower, a department of France, com- 
 prehending the province of Beam and Navarre. 
 The principal products are corn, wine, flax, chest 
 nuts, and other fruits ; the manufactures woolen, 
 linen, leather, and recently cotton. The prov 
 ince contains an area of about 3,000 sq. m., with 
 380,000 inhabitants. Pan is the capital. 
 
 Pyrenees, Upper, a department of France, in- 
 cluding the province of Bigorre, and comprising 
 an area of 1 .800 sq. m. with 200,000 inhabitants. 
 Here are excellent horses and good partridges. 
 The valleys are very fertile, furnishing rve, mil- 
 let, Spanish corn, and flax. The mountains have 
 mines of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of 
 slate, marble, and jasper. Tarbes is the capi 
 tal. 
 
 Pyrmont, a Lown of the N. W. part of Germany, 
 capital of a small district of the same name, be 
 longing to the prince of Waldeck. Near it are 
 mineral waters, weli known to all Europe, and 
 frequented by persons of the highest rank. It 
 is seated in a delightful valley, between hi^h 
 mountains, 38 m. S. W. of Hanover. Long. 9 
 20. E., lat. 51. 57. N. 
 
 Pyrstein, a town of Bavaria, in the principality 
 ofPassau, insulated in Austria. It is 10 m. N. W 
 of Lintz and 22 E. of Passau 
 
 a 
 
 QUACHA, a lake of Louisiana between the Quadra and Vancouver's Island, an island on 
 
 Mississippi and Barataria Bay. the N. W. coast of America, on the S. W. coast 
 
 Quackenbrut i, a town of Hanover, in the of which is Nootka Sound. It was so named by 
 
 principality of Osnaburg; seated on the Hase, 28 captain Vancouver in compliment to senor Qua- 
 
 m. N. of Osn.' >urg. dra, the Spanish commandment at Nootka. It i* 
 
QUE 620 
 
 about 300 m. in length, and 80 in its greatest 
 oreadth. 
 
 Quadrello, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 20 m. E. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Quaker Hill, p.v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 20 m. E. 
 Fishkill. 
 
 Quaker Springs, p.v. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 31 m. 
 N. Albany. 
 
 Quakertoicn, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Quang-ping, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the pmvince of Pe-tche-li, 212 m. S. S. E. of 
 Pekin. Long. 114. 30. E., lat. 36. 47. N. 
 
 Quantr-si, an inland province in the S. of Chi- 
 na. It produces plenty of rice, being watered by 
 several larce rivers. The southern part is a flat 
 country, and well cultivated ; but the northern is 
 full of mountains, covered with trees. It con- 
 tains mines of all sorts, and particularly a gold 
 mine. Here is a tree called quang-lang, the pith 
 of which is made into bread; and a small spe- 
 cies of insect which produces white wax. Quei- 
 ling is the capital. 
 
 Quang-tong, a province of China, bounded 
 on the E. by'Kiang-si and Fo-kien, on the S. by 
 the ocean, and on the W. by Tonquin. It is di- 
 versified by valleys and mountains, and yields two 
 crops of corn in a year. The northern frontier 
 consists of a range of lofty mountains, which 
 abound in gold, jewels, tin, quick-silver, copper, 
 and iron. Ebony and several sorts of odoriferous 
 wood are produced in this province, as well as 
 various sorts of fruit. There is a species of lem- 
 on as large as a man's head ; and another sort 
 which grows out at the trunk of the tree, whose 
 rind is very hard, and contains a great number 
 of little cells, full of an excellent yellow pulp. 
 A prodigious number of ducks are bred in this 
 province, their eggs being hatched in ovens. The 
 mountains are covered with a kind of osiers, 
 which creep along the ground, and are so tough 
 that they make baskets, hurdles, mats, and even 
 ropes of them. Here is also a tree the timber of 
 which is remarkably hard and heavy, and is 
 thence called ironwood. Canton is the capital, 
 but the viceroy resides at Chao-king. 
 
 Quangtong, a town on the N. borders of Bir- 
 mah, in the province of Ava, with a fort, seat- 
 ed on the Irrawaddy, 150 m. N. N. E. of Urn- 
 merapoora. 
 
 Qnantico Mills, p.v. Somerset Co. Maryland. 
 
 Quariiz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Leignitz, 10 m. W. S. W. of Glogau. 
 
 Q Liiricsville, p.v. Brunswick Co. Va. 
 
 Quarre, a town of France, department of Yonne, 
 <"> m. S. of Avallon. 
 
 Quarto, two towns of Naples, in Capitanata, 
 the one 6 m. W. and the other 12 S. W. of Salpes. 
 
 Quarten, a town of Switzerland, near Wallen- 
 sladt Lake, 5 m. E. of Glaris. 
 
 Quatre Bras, a hamlet of the Netherlands, which 
 .vas the scene of an obstinate conflict between the 
 British and French, on the 16th of June, 1815. 
 
 Queaux, a town of France, department of Vi- 
 enne, 21 m. S. E. of Poitiers. 
 
 Quebec, the capital of Canada, and of British 
 America, is situated at the confluence of the rivers 
 St Lawrence and St. Charles (or the Little River), 
 about 320 miies from the sea. It is built on a rock, 
 which is partly of marble and partly of slate, and 
 is divided into Upper and Lower. Near it is a 
 fine lead mine. At the lime it was founded, in 
 1608, the tide, it is said, reached the foot of the 
 rock ; but since that period this river has sunk so 
 for that a large spot of ground is left dry, and on 
 
 QUE 
 
 this an extensive suburb is built, styled the Low 
 er Town, which stands at the foot of a rncky pre- 
 cipice, about 48 feet in height, and is chiefly in- 
 habited by merchants. The houses in both towns 
 are of stone, strong, and well built. The fortifi- 
 cations are extensive, but irregular. The natural 
 situation of the town renders its defence easy. 
 If attacked by ships from the river, their guns 
 cannot injure the works of the Upper Town, 
 though the ships themselves would be liable to 
 great injury from the cannon and bombs from 
 these elevated ramparts. The Lower Town is 
 defended by a platform, flanked with two bastions, 
 which, at high water and spring tides, are almost 
 level with the surface of the water. A little, 
 above the bastion, to the right, is a half bastion, 
 cut out of the rock ; a little higher a large bat- 
 tery, and higher still a square fort, the most re- 
 gular of all the fortifications, and in which the 
 governor resides. The passages which form a 
 communication between these rocks are extremely 
 rugged. The rock which separates the Upper 
 from the Lower Town extends, with a bold and 
 steep front, a considerable distance W. along the 
 river St. Lawrence. The Lower Town is well 
 supplied with water, which is sometimes scarce 
 in the Upper Town. This city was erected by 
 the French in 1608 ; the English reduced it, with 
 all Canada, in 1629, but it was restored in 1632. 
 In 1711 it was besieged by the English without 
 success ; in 1759 it was again conquered, after a 
 battle memorable for the death of general Wolfe 
 in the moment of victory, and was confirmed to 
 them by the peace of 1763. In 1775 it was at- 
 tacked by the Americans under general Mont- 
 gomery, who was slain, and his army repulsed. 
 Of late years great improvements have been effec- 
 ted, and the present population amounts to nearly 
 22,000. The chief exports are grain, flour, tim- 
 ber, lumber, Slc. The basin of Quebec is capable 
 of containing 100 sail of the line. 180 m. N. E. 
 Montreal. 330 m. N. of Boston. Long. 70. 48. 
 W., lat. 46. 55. N. 
 
 Qucida, a kingdom of Asia, in the peninsula of 
 Malacca. The king is tributary to Siam. The 
 principal town is of the same name, has a harbour, 
 and is 300 m. N. of the city of Malacca. Long. 
 100. 5. E., lat. 7. 5. N. 
 
 Quedlinberg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 the principality of Anhalt, with a castle. The 
 river Bode divides it into the Old and New Town. 
 It has a trade in brandy and linen, and is 10 m. 
 S. by E. of Halberstadt. Long. 11. 10. E., lat. 
 51.50. N. 
 
 Queen Jinn, a county of Maryland, on the E. of 
 Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 14,396. Centreville is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Queen Ann, a town of Maryland, in Prince 
 George county, situate at the foot of a hill, on the 
 Patuxent, 13 m. S. W. of Annapolis and 22 E. of 
 Washington. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Island, an island in the S. Pa- 
 cific, 6 m. long and 1 broad, discovered by captain 
 Wallis in 1767. Long. 138. 4. W., lat. 19. 18 S. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, a group of islands in 
 the N. Pacific, explored by captain Carteret in 
 1767. The most considerable he named Egmont, 
 but the Spaniards call it Santa Cruz. It is 60 m. 
 long and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and moun- 
 tainous, with many valleys intermixed. The in- 
 habitants are very nimble, vigorous, and active ; 
 and their weapons are bows and arrows pointed 
 with flint. On the N. side is a harbour named 
 Swallow Bay. Long. 164. 26. E., lat. 10. 42 S 
 
QT'L 
 
 QUI 
 
 Queen Charlotte Sound, a sound at the N. ex- 
 tremity of the S. island of New Zealand, near 
 Cook Strait. Long. 174. 14. E., lat. 41. 6. S. 
 
 Qur.enborough, a borough in Kent, Eng. in the 
 Isle of Sheppey. It had once a strong caste, re- 
 tnains of which are still to be seen. The chief 
 emploj'inent of the inhabitants is fishing, and 
 oysters are here in great plenty. The town is 
 s.-ated near the mouth of the Medway, 15 m. N. 
 VV. of Canterbury and 45 E. by S. of London. 
 Long. 0. 49. E., lat. 15. 23. N. 
 
 Queensborough, a town of S. Carolina, on the 
 W. side of the Great Pedee River, 32 m. N. N. 
 VV. of Georgetown. 
 
 Qitecnshnrough,& village in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 
 
 Queen's County, a county of Ireland, in the 
 province of Leinster, about 30 m. long and 29 
 b.'oad ; bounded on the N. by King's county, E. 
 by Kildare, S. E. by Carlow, S. by Kilkenny, and 
 VV. by Tipperary and King's county. It is di- 
 vided into nine baronies and 50 parishes, contains 
 about 134,000 inhabitants, and sends three mem- 
 bers to parliament. It was formerly full of woods 
 and bogs, but is now much improved in cultiva- 
 tion. Maryborough is the capital. 
 
 Queens County, a countv of New York, in the 
 VV. part of Long Island. Pop. 22,270. N. Hemp- 
 stead is the chief town. 
 
 Quccnsferry, a borough of Scotland, in Linlith- 
 gowshire, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is 
 not more than 2 m. wide. It has a trade in soap, 
 and a much frequented ferry. It is 9 m. VV. of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Qucenstadt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 5 m. 
 N. E. of Halberstadt. 
 
 Quccnstown, a town of Upper Canada, on the 
 river Niagara, 7 miles below the falls. Here all 
 the merchandise and stores received from Kings- 
 ton for the upper part of the province are sent in 
 waggons to Chippewa, a distance of 10 m. the 
 falls and broken course of the river rendering the 
 navigation impracticable for that space. It is 7 
 m. above Fort Niagara and 20 N. by E. of Fort 
 Erie. 
 
 Queenstown, p. v. Queen Ann's Co. Maryland. 
 33 m. S. E. Baltimore. 
 
 Queich, a river of Bavaria, which passes by 
 Anweiller and Landau, and enters the Rhine near 
 Germersheim. 
 
 Quei-ling, a city of China, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower 
 railed quei, which grows on a tree resembling a 
 laurel, and emits such a sweet odor that it per- 
 fumes the whole country. It stands on a rivers 
 that runs into the Ta, but with such rapidity as 
 not to be navigable. It is 180 m. N. by W. of 
 Canton and 587 S. of Pekin. Long. 109. 51, E., 
 lat. 25. 12. N. 
 
 Qucmahoming, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Qucntin, St., a strong town of France, depart- 
 ment of Aisne, with a considerable manufacture 
 of lawns and cambrics; also gauze, linen, and 
 thread. Near this place, in 1557, Philip II. of 
 Spain gained a signal victory over the French, 
 and afterwards took the town by storm, but it 
 was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on 
 an eminence, on the river Somme, 21 m. S. of 
 Cambray and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Long. 3 20. 
 E., lat. 49. 50. N. 
 
 Quercy, a province of France, now forming the 
 department of Lot. 
 
 Queretaro, a city of Mexico, capital of a pro- 
 vince of the same name. Pop. 35,000. 95 m. N. 
 W. Mexico. 
 
 Querfort, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Merseberg, formerly the capital of 
 a principality of its name, with a castle, 14 m. 
 W. of Merseberg. Long. 11. 50. E., lat. 51. 23. 
 N. 
 
 Qucrimba, a cluster of small islands on the 
 coast of Mozambique, fertile in fruits and pastures 
 The principal one, of the same name, is in long. 
 41. 30. E., lat. 11.40. S. 
 
 Qucsnoy, a fortified town of France, department 
 of Nord, with an old castle. In 1793 it was taken 
 by the Austrians, but retaken the next year. It 
 is seated in an extensive plain, on the rivulet 
 Ronelle, 9 m. S. E. of Valenciennes and 122 N. 
 E. of Paris. Long. 3. 40. E., lat. 50. 15. N. 
 
 Quiberon, a town in the departme nt of Morbihan 
 with a fort, situate at the extremity of a peninsula, 
 to the N. of Belleisle. In 1795 it was taken by 
 some French royalists in the pay of Great Britain ; 
 but, owing to the desertion and treachery of some 
 of the soldiers, the republicans soon took it by sur- 
 prise. It was taken by the English in 1800, but 
 evacuated soon afterwards. 17 m. S S. E. of 
 Port Louis. 
 
 Quicaro, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near 
 the coast of Veragua, about 20 m. long and Abroad 
 Long. 82. 39. W., lat. 7. 50. N. 
 
 Quilimancy, a sea-port of Zanguebar, in the 
 kingdom of Melinda. It stands at the mouth of a 
 river of the same name, 26 m. S. S. W. of Melinda. 
 Long. 41. 40. E., lat. 3. 10. S. 
 
 Qu/Ilan, a town of France, department of Aude, 
 25 rn. S. S. W. of Carcassone. 
 
 Quillebayuf, a town of France in the department 
 of Eure, seated on the Seine, 37 m. W. of Rouen, 
 and 42 N. W. of Evreux. 
 
 Quiloa, a sea-port of Zanguebar, capital of a 
 kingdom of the same name, with a small citadel. 
 This country was for some time in the possession 
 of the Portuguese, from whom it was wrested by 
 the imam of Mascat. It produces abundance of rice, 
 millet, fruits, cattle, and poultry. The inhabitants 
 are Mahomedans partly black and partly tawny. 
 The capital is well built, and stands on an island, 
 at the mouth of the river Coava. Long. 40. 0. E.. 
 lat. 8. 38. S. 
 
 Quimper, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, and a bishop's see. It is seat- 
 ed at the conflux of the Oder and Benaudet, 34. 
 m. S. S. E. of Brest and 112 W.by S. of Rennes. 
 Long. 4. 6. W., lat. 47. 58. N. 
 
 Quimpcrle, a town of France in the department 
 of Finisterre, seated on the Isolle, 30 in. E. S. E. 
 of Quimper. 
 
 Quincy, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 9 m. S. E. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 2,192. Here is a quarry of excellent 
 granite much used for building in Boston and the 
 neighborhood. The Quincy Railroad extends from 
 this place to Neponset river. It is 3 m. in length 
 with a single track. It was constructed in 182C, 
 and was the first undertaking of the kind in Amer- 
 ica. On an elevated rock at the commencement ol 
 the railroad, stands a square tower of stone with an 
 inscription commemorating the foundation of the 
 work. The view from the summit of the tower is 
 exceedingly fine, embracing Boston Bay, its 
 islands, and a wide extent of country. 
 
 Quincy, p. v. Morgan Co. and Adams Co. 
 Illinois. 
 
 Quingey, a town of France, in the department 
 of Doubs, seated on the Louve, 12 m. S. W. of 
 Besancon. 
 
 Quin-nog, or Chin-chi, a bay on the coast of 
 Cochin-China, much freauented by the vessels of 
 
RAB 
 
 622 
 
 RAD 
 
 the country, being an excellent harbour. The 
 entrance is narrow, and ships of burden can get 
 in only at high water. At the head of the har- 
 bcur is the city of Quin-nong. Long. 109. 15. 
 E., lat. 13. 52. N. 
 
 Quinson, a town of France, department of Low- 
 er Alps, 29 m. S. of Digne. 
 
 Qiintin, a town in the department of Cotes du 
 Nord. seated in a valley, on the Gov, 10 m. S. S. 
 W. of St. Brieuc. 
 
 Qiiinzuia, a chain of mountains in the kingdom 
 of Fez, 100 Hi. in length, extending from the de- 
 sert of Grp '. to the river Nocor. 
 
 Quirpon an island in the Atlantic, near the N. 
 coast of Newfoundland. Long. 53. 22. W., lat. 
 51. 40. N. 
 
 Quistelfo, a town of Austrian Italj , famous for 
 an action between the French and Austrians in 
 1734, when marshal Broglio was surprised in his 
 bed. It is seated or the Seccia, 15 m. S. of Mantua. 
 
 Quito, a presidency of the republic of Colombia, 
 lying between two chains of the high mountains 
 called the Andes. The eastern governments are 
 chiefly immense tracts, thinly scattered with mis- 
 sionary villages. The vegetable productions vary 
 with the elevation of the ground. The champaign 
 country produces abundant crops of maize ; and 
 the deep ravines, where the temperature is hot.pro- 
 duce sugar-cane. The elevated lands possess a 
 colder climate, and produce wheat, barley, «fec. 
 Immense flocks of sheep are reared in the moun- 
 tain plains, and their wool furnishes materials for 
 the manufactures of this province. The lands are 
 generally well cultivated, and there are a great 
 number of towns and villages inhabited almost 
 entirely by Indians. The streets are generally 
 straight and in the direction of the four cardinal 
 points ; and. the roads are laid out in aline, cros- 
 sing each other, so that the aspect of the country 
 is that of a large garden. Although this country 
 
 is situate on both sides the equator, yet it lies so 
 high, and so near the snow-clad mountains, that 
 the air is very temperate. There are no noxious 
 animals ; for the tigers and serpents are below in 
 the forests. The state of society in this province 
 has undergone considerable improvement since its 
 deliverance from Spanish domination, and the 
 manufactnres are in a flourishing slate. Hats, 
 cotton stuffs, and coarse woolen cloths, are made 
 here in great quanities, and exported to other parts 
 of S. America. 
 
 Quito, the capital of the above country, is seat- 
 ed on the skirts of the volcanic mountain of Pin- 
 chincha, in a pleasant valley, but on high ground. 
 9,510 feet above the level of the sea. Having n* 
 mines in its neighbourhood, it is chiefly famous 
 for manufactures of cotton, wool, and flax. The 
 town is plentifully supplied with water, and enjoys 
 a delightful climate ; but it is subject, together 
 with the whole country, to the awful calamity of 
 earthquakes. Of these a very destructive one was 
 experienced in 1755. In 1797 the face of the 
 whole district was changed by a most dreadful 
 concussion, and 40,000 persons were in one mo- 
 ment hurled into eternity. Violent shocks of 
 earthquakes have since been frequently experi- 
 enced. It is notwithstanding very populous, and 
 inhabited by several families of distinguished rank . 
 400 m. S. W. of Bogota. Long. 77. 55. W., lat. 
 0. 13. S. 
 
 Quizama, a province of Africa in the S. part of 
 Angola. It is mountainous and badly cnltivated, 
 but produces abundance of honey, wax, and salt. 
 The inhabitants are warlike, and have never sub- 
 mitted to the Portuguese. 
 
 Quoja, an inland country of Africa, lying E 
 of Sierre Leone. It is well cultivated, but has 
 little commercial intercourse. 
 
 Quovedo, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istna 
 Quorra, See Niger. 
 
 R 
 
 RAAB, a town and fortress of Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a county of its name, and a bishop's see. 
 It is a strong frontier bulwark against the Turks, 
 and is seated at the conflux of the Raab and B.ab- 
 nitz, not far from the Danube, 33 m. S. S. E tf 
 Presburg. Long. 17. 7. E., lat. 47. 38. N. 
 
 Raajegur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Malwa, 74 m. N E. of Ougein and 214 
 S. S. W. of Agra. Long. 76. 56. E., lat. 24 2. N. 
 
 Raaza, one of the Hebrides of Scotland , between 
 the mainland of Ross-shire and the Isle of Skye. 
 It is annexed to the parish of Portree, in the 
 county of Inverness, and is about 12 m. long 
 and 4 broad, rising with a gentle ascent from the 
 W side to a greaAieight on the E. side, which is 
 nearly perpendicular. It is famous for its mill- 
 stone quarries, and at the N. E. end stands Cas- 
 ♦le Broichin, which is a noted sea-mark. Long, 
 (i. 0. W., lat. 57. 32. N. 
 
 Rabastcins, a town of France, department of 
 'T'arn. with a castle, seated on the river Tarn, 18 m. 
 N. E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Rabat, a sea-port of Algiers, in Tremecen, with 
 a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome 
 palaces, and is seated at the mouth of the Burigrig, 
 between Fez and Tangier. Long. 5. 28. W., lat. 
 30. 40. N. 
 
 Rabenstein, a town of Bohemia, on the river 
 Ottava, 21 m. W. S. W. of Rakonitz. 
 
 Rabun, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2.175. 
 Clayton is the capital. 
 
 Racca, a town of Turkey, in Diarbekir, at the 
 conflux of the Bcles with the Euphrates. Near 
 it are the ruins of Old Racca, once a magnificent 
 city. It is 110 in. S. by W. of Diarbekir. 
 
 Rachore, a city of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Bejapore, capital of a district of its name, sub 
 ject to the nizam of the Deccan. It is seated on 
 the S. bank of the Kistna, 80 m. S. W. of Hydra 
 bad. Long. 78. 3. E., lat. 16 22. N. 
 
 Racktton, a village of St. Lawrence Co. N. Y 
 
 Raconigi,a town of Piedmont, with a magnifi 
 cent castle belonging to the prince of Carignano ; 
 seated in a plain, 18 m. S. of Carignano. 
 
 Radeberg, a town of Saxony, near which is a 
 bath, called Augustus bath, discovered in 1717 
 It is seated on the Roder, 8 m E. N. E. of Dres- 
 den. 
 
 Radeburg, a town of Saxony, with a castle. It 
 is celebrated for earthen ware, and seated on the 
 Roder, 14 m. N. of Dresden. 
 
 Radicqfani, a town of Tuscany, in the formei 
 province of Sienna, seated on a steep hill, 40 m 
 S. E. of Sienna. 
 
RA1 
 
 623 
 
 RAM 
 
 Radimpour, or Radunpour, a town of Hindoos- 
 tan, in trie province of Agimere, situate on the 
 Puddar, 175 m. N. of Surat and 250 S. W. of 
 Agimere. Long. 71. 48. E., lat. 23. 58. N. 
 
 Radnor, Ncic, a borough of Wales, in Radnor- 
 shire. New Radnor is seated near the source of 
 the Somergil, at the foot of a hill, on which a cas- 
 tle formerly stood, 24 m. N. W. of Hereford and 
 159 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Radnorshire, a county of Wales. 30 m. long 
 and 25 broad. The number of'inhabitants in 1821 
 was 22,459. Its principal rivers are the Wye 
 and Tend, the former divided it from Brecknock- 
 shire, and the latter from Shropshire. The E. 
 ».nd S. parts are tolerably level and productive of 
 corn. The other parts are rude and mountainous 
 devoted chiefly to the rearing of cattle and 
 sheep. 
 
 Radnor, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 
 
 Radom, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Sandomir, GO m. N. N. W. of Sandomir. 
 
 Rudmnsk, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Sirudia, 50 m. S. E. of Siradia. 
 
 Radstadt. a town of Bavaria, near the source of 
 the Ens, 35 m. E. S. E. of Salzburg. Long. 13. 
 2(i. E., lat. 47. 18. N. 
 
 Ragivolo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the prov- 
 ince of Mantua, 19 m. S. of Mantua. 
 
 Rao-land, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. 
 furious for its castle, where Charles 1. passed 
 much of his time, and lived in a magnificent style. 
 Tliis castle was the last in Cromwell's time which 
 surrendered to general Fairfax. 5 m. N. E. of 
 Usk and 8 E. of Monmouth. 
 
 Ragnit, a town of Russian Lithuania, with a 
 very ancient castle, in which is a large royal mag- 
 azine for provisions, &c. It is situate on the Nie- 
 men,5(3 m. E. N. E.of Konigsberg. Long. 21. 30. 
 E.. lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 Ragoogur, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Malwa, 116 m. N. E. of Ougein and 256 
 S. of Dehli. Long. 77. 30. E., lat. 24. 23. N. 
 
 Ragusa, a district of Austrian Dalmatia, con- 
 taining the territory of the ancient republic of 
 Ragusa and several islands. It has an area of 
 700 square miles, with 55,000 inhabitants. The 
 soil is so barren that the inhabitants receive the 
 greatest part of their necessaries from the neigh- 
 bouring islands and Turkish provinces. The chief 
 rivers are the Drino Gliuta, and Ombla 
 
 Ragusa, the capital of the above district, and an 
 archbishop's see. It is 2 miles in circumference, 
 and strong by situation, having an inaccessible 
 mountain on the land side, and a strong fort, on 
 the gulf of Venice. It has a considerable trade 
 with the Levant and Italy, and is 66 m. W. of 
 Scutari. Long. 17. 55. E., lat. 42. 32. N. 
 
 Ragusa, a populous town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Noto near the river Maulo, 18 m. W. N. W. of 
 Noto. 
 
 Raluoau, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. 5 in. S. W. 
 Elizabethtown. 
 
 Raiatea, orlorctea, the Ulietea of captain Cook, 
 the largest of the Society Isles, in the S. Pacific, 
 about 40 m. in circumference. The mountains 
 are lofty, and picturesque. The lowland is ex- 
 tensive, and the valleys, which are capable of the 
 highest cultivation, are not only spacious, but 
 conveniently situated for affording to the inhabit- 
 ants an intercourse with other parts of the island. 
 It is well supplied with rivers and streams of ex- 
 cellent water. On the N. W. is a small but very 
 secure harbour, called Hamanino, which is shel- 
 tered from the strong E. and S. winds by the 
 
 mountains of the interior. Long. 151. 38. W. 
 lat. 16. 45. S. 
 
 Rain, a fortified town of Bavaria, seated on the 
 Acha, 12 m. W. f Neuberg. 
 
 Rain, or Old R in, a town of Scotland, in Ab- 
 erdeenshire, near the river Ury, 23 m. N. W. 
 of Aberdeen. 
 
 Ram Lake, a laxe of N. America, lying E. of 
 Lake of the Woods, and W. of Lake Superior 
 It is nearly 100 m. long, but in no part more than 
 20 wide. 
 
 Raisin, a river of Michigan Territory flowing 
 into Lake Erie. 20 m. S. W. of Detroit river. 
 
 Raisin Market, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 near the source of the Ancholm, 16 m. N. E. of 
 Lincoln and 147 N. of London. 
 
 Rajamundry, a town of Hindoostan, capital of 
 an extensive and fertile district of its name, in the 
 province of the Circars. The principal riches 
 consist in teak timber. It is the residence of the 
 British civil establishment, and is seated on the 
 Godavery, 35 in. from its mouth and 170 S. W. 
 of Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E., lat. 17. 0. N. 
 
 Rajapour, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Bejapore, seated at the mouth of a river of 
 the same name, 6 in. N. of Geriah. 
 
 Rajemal, a district of Bengal, separated by a 
 range of hills from Bahar. It is now annexed to 
 the collectorship of Boglipore. 
 
 Rajemal, a decayed town of Bengal, seated on 
 the W. bank of the Ganges, 68 m. N. N. W. of 
 Moorshedabad. 
 
 Rakelsburg, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Stiria, with a considerable trade in wine, and 
 iron. It is a frontier fortress towards Hungary, 
 and is situate on an island in the river Muer, 36 
 m. S. E. of Gratz. Long. 15. 58. E., lat. 46. 45. 
 N. 
 
 Rakonitz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle 
 of the same name. Very good beer is brewed 
 here, and forms the principal article of trade. It 
 is seated on the Miza, 30 m. W. of Prague. 
 Long. 14.0. E., lat. 50.5. N. 
 
 Raleigh, the capital of N. Carolina, in Wake 
 county. It was named after the celebrated Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, under whose direction the first 
 settlement in N. America was made at Roanoke 
 Island. It stands on the Neuse, near the centre 
 of the state. Here is a large and handsome 
 statehouse, with several other public buildings. 
 The remoteness from navigation is its greatest 
 disadvantage. It is 95 m. W. N. W. of Neubern, 
 the former capital, and 145 W. S. W. of Peters- 
 burg, in Virginia. Long. 78. 52. W., lat. 35. 40. 
 N. Pop. 1,700. 
 
 Raleigh, p. v. Union Co. Ken. on the Ohio. 
 
 Ralphsville, a township of Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 
 
 Rama, or Ramula, a decayed town of Palestine, 
 with many fine ruins of Christian churches, and 
 other buildings, which attest its former magnifi- 
 cence. 20 m. W. by N. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Ramada, a town of Colombia, in New Granada, 
 100 m. E. of St. Martha. Long. 72. 20. W., lat. 
 11.10. N. 
 
 Ramagiri, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 seated on the W. side of the Arkawati, with a 
 strong fort on the opposite bank, on a large rocky 
 hill, 50 m. N. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Ramah, p. v. Wilkinson Co. Geo. 33 m. S. Mil 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Ramapo, p.t. Rockland Co. N. Y. on a small 
 stream of the same name, running into the Hud- 
 son, 35 m. N. New York. Pop. 2,837. Here are ' 
 large manufactures of cotton and iron. 
 
RAM 
 
 624 
 
 RAO 
 
 Rambert, St., a town of France, department of 
 Ain, with a linen manufacture and considerable 
 iron works ; seated near the river Albeline, 24 
 m. S. S. E. of Bourg en Bresse 
 
 Rambert, St., a town in the de artment of Loire, 
 
 12 m. S. E. of Montbrison. 
 
 Ramberciller, a town in the d partment of Vos- 
 ges, 30 in. S. E. of Nancy. 
 
 RambouiUet, a town in the department of Seine- 
 et-Oise. Here was a royal palace, which was de- 
 molished in 1793. 27 in. S. W. of Paris. 
 
 Ra.mery.a. town of France, department of Aube, 
 seated on the river Aube, 13 m. N. E. of Troyes. 
 
 Ramillies, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- 
 bant, memorable for a signal victory obtained by 
 the duke of Marlborough over the French in 
 170(i. It is seated at the source of the Geete, 
 10 m. N. of Namur and 24 S. E. of Brussels. 
 
 Rami serum, an island in the gulf of Manara, at 
 the W. end of Adam's Bridge, and separated from 
 Marawar, on the continent of Hindoostan by a nar- 
 row channel. It is 30 in. in circuit; and contains 
 some beautiful trees, a few villages, and a cela- 
 brat.ed temple, to which a vast concourse of pil- 
 grims resort. Long. 79. 22. E., lat. 9. 18. N. 
 
 Riimla, a town of Palestine the ancient Arima- 
 thea, now in a ruinous state. Here is a manufac- 
 ture of soap, which is sent into all parts of Egypt. 
 
 13 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. 
 
 Rammikcns, a sea-port of Zealand, in the isle of 
 Waleheren. It was one of the towns put into the 
 hands of the English as a security for a loan in 
 the reio-n of queen Elizabeth. 4 m. S. of Middle- 
 burg. Long. 3. 40. E. lat. 51. 29. N. 
 
 Rammdber<r, a lofty and extensive mountain of 
 Germany, in that part of the Hartz Forest which 
 lies within the principality of Grubenhagen. On 
 this mountain are several silver mines ; and at the 
 foot of it is the city of Goslar. 
 
 Ramnad, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, in the province of Marawar. 
 Long. 78. 49. E., lat. 21. 23. N. 
 
 Ramoo, a town of Bengal, in the district of 
 Chittagong. Long. 92. 15. E., lat. 6. 26. N. 
 
 Rampour, a town of Hindoostan in Dehli,32 m. 
 S. of Cossipour and 105 E. of Dehli. 
 
 Ramsay, a town of the isle of Man, situate on a 
 large bay, on the N. E. Coast. The bay affords 
 good anchorage, but the harbour will only admit 
 small vessels. Near it is a lighthouse ; and the 
 entrance of the town is defended by a fort. It is 
 15 m. N. by E. of Douglas. Long. 4. 26. W. lat. 
 54. 13. N. ' 
 
 Ramsaysburir, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. It 
 had formerly an extensive abbey, of which only 
 the ruins of a gateway remain. It is seated in the 
 fens, near the meres of Ramsay and Wittlesey, 
 12 m. N. E. of Huntingdon and 69 N. of London. 
 
 Ramsey, an island on the coast of Wales, separ- 
 ated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow channel, 
 called Ramsey Sound. Near it is a group of dan- 
 gerous rocks known by the name of the Bishop and 
 his Clerks, frequented in the breeding season by 
 vast multitudes of sea-fowls. The island is 2 
 in. long and one and a quarter broad. 4 m. W. 
 by S. of St. David. Lon<r. 5. 20. W., lat. 51. 55. 
 N. 
 
 Rams«atc, a sea-port in Kent, Eng. in the isle 
 of Thanet, near the Downs. It was formerly an ob- 
 scure fishing town, and in the reign of Queen Eliz- 
 abeth contained only 25 inhabited houses. It has 
 of late years greatly increased in size and popula- 
 tion. The harbour is nearly circular, and has 2 
 
 fine stone piers, a dry dock, and a lighthouse. 
 Ramsgate is a member of the port of Sandwich, 
 and is much frequented as a bathing place. 17 
 in. W. by N. of Canterbury and 72 E. S. E. of 
 London. Long. 1. 24. E., lat 51. 20. N. 
 
 Ramteak, a town of Hindoostan, in Berar, held 
 sacred to Ram, by the Hindoos, who have a tem- 
 ple here. 18 m. N. N. E. of Nagpour. 
 
 Ranai, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, about three leagues W. of Mowee. 
 The S. part is high and craggy ; but the other 
 parts have a better aspect, and are well inhabited. 
 It produces very few plantains and bread fruit trees 
 but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. 
 
 Randall stown, p. v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. 
 
 RandaHsville, p. v. Robeson Co. N. C. 
 
 Randatstoion, a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Antrim, 4 m. W. N. W. of Antrim. 
 
 Randeradt, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Lower Rhine, seated on the River Worm, 10 
 m. N. W. of Juliers. 
 
 Randers, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 near the mouth of the Gude, 25 m. E. of Wi- 
 burg. 
 
 Randolph, a county of the W. District, of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 5,000. Beverly is the capital ; a coun- 
 ty of N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,400. Ashborough is 
 the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,912. 
 Winchester is the capital; a county of Illinois. 
 Pop. 4,436. Kaskaskia is the capital. 
 
 Randolph, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 35 m. N. Wind 
 sor. Pop. 2,743; p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 15 m. S. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,200; and townships in Morris Co. 
 N.J. Portage and Montgomery Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Rancramatty, a town of Bengal, capita! of a dis- 
 trict of* its name, in the collectorship of Rungpore. 
 It has a celebrated pagoda, and stands near the 
 Burrampootar, on the confines of Assam, and Boo- 
 tan, 170 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 90. 
 8. E., lat. 26. 10. N. 
 
 Rangoon, a sea port of Pegu, and the principal 
 mart for teak timber in the Birman Empire. It 
 was founded by Alompro,king of Birmah, in 1755; 
 and is the residence of a governor, who lives with- 
 in the fort. Here is a custom-house, built of 
 brick, but the wharfs and dwelling-houses are 
 all constructed of wood. In its neighbourhood 
 are numerous convents; and 2 m. N. of the town, 
 on a rocky eminence, is a very grand temple, 
 which is a splendid object at the distance of many 
 m. Rangoon surrendered to the British, February 
 1, 1825. It is seated on the most eastern branch of 
 the Irrawaddy (which hence to the sea is called 
 the Rangoon, or Syriain River) 18 m. N. of its 
 mouth and 60 S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 10. E., lat. 
 26. 48. N. 
 
 Rannoch, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the N. 
 part of Perthshire, 11 m. in length. It receives 
 the waters of Loch Ericht from the N., and com- 
 municates with Loch Tumel on the E. and Loch 
 Lidoch on the W. On its S. side is a forest of 
 birch and pine. 
 
 Rantampour , a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 capital of a district of its name, in the province of 
 Aorimere. 96. m. E. of Agimere. Long. 76. 57 
 E°, lat. 26. 35. N. 
 
 Rantzow, a town of Denmark, in the du?hy of 
 Holstein, 24 m. N. by W. of Lubec. 
 
 Raolconda, a town of Hindostan, in Visiapour, 
 near which is a rich diamond mine. 20 m. N. N. 
 W. of Sollapour. 
 
 Raon I, Etape, a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, seated at the conflux of the Etape and 
 Meurthe, 30 m. S. E. of Nancy. 
 
RAT 
 
 C35 
 
 RAV 
 
 Rapallo, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 province of Genoa, seated on a bay of its name, 
 16 m. E. S. E. of Genoa. 
 
 Rapkoe, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Donegal, and a bishop's see. The cathedral serves 
 as a parish church. 11 m. S. W. of Londonderry 
 and 21 N. E. of Donegal. 
 
 Rapid Jinn, a river of Virginia flowing into the 
 Rappahanoc 10 m. above Fredericksburg. 
 
 Rapides, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,559. 
 Alexandria is the capital 
 
 Raphoe, t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Rapolla, a town of Naples, in Basilicata 5 m. 
 W. of Venosa. 
 
 Rappahannoc, a river of Virginia, which rises 
 in the mountains called the Blue Ridge, and flows 
 bv Falmouth, Fredericsburg, Portroyal, Leeds, 
 Tappahannoc, and Urbanna, into Chesapeak Bay. 
 
 Rapper schweil, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Zurich, seated on a neck of land that 
 advances into the lake of Zurich, over which is 
 a wooden bridge, 1,850 feet long It is 18 m. S. 
 E. of Zurich and 20 N. W. of Glaris. 
 
 Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teya, 8 
 m. N. by W. of Horn. 
 
 Raritan, a river of New Jersey, which runs by 
 Brunswick and Amboy into Arthur Kull Sound, 
 and helps to form the fine harbour of Amboy. A 
 canal is in progress from this river to the Del- 
 aware at Lamberton. It will be 38 m. long, 75 
 feet wide and 7 feet deep. 
 
 Rascia, the eastern division of Sclavonia, water- 
 ed by the river Rasca, which runs into the Mo- 
 rave. The inhabitants are called Rascians. 
 
 Raseborg, a seaport of Sweden, capital of a can- 
 Van in Nyland. It is seated on the gulf of Fin- 
 land, 37 m. S. E. of Abo. Long. 23. 18. E., lat. 
 60. 16. N. 
 
 Rastadt, a town of Germany, in Baden, with a 
 noble castle. In 1714 a treaty was negociated 
 here between the French and Austrians ; and in 
 1796 the former defeated the latter near this place. 
 It is seated on the Merg, near the Rhine, 5 m. N. 
 E. of Baden and 24 S. W. of Philipsburg. 
 
 Rastenburg, a fortified town of E. Prussia, with 
 a castle, seated on the small river Guber, 50 m. 
 S. E. of Konigsberg. 
 
 Ratenau, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 seated on the Havel, 15 m. N. by W. of Branden- 
 burg 
 
 Ratibor, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly 
 the capital of a principality of the same name, 
 with a castle. The cathedral and town-house 
 are worthy of notice. It is seated in the Oder, 
 15 m. N. E. of Troppau and 85 S. S. E. of Breslau. 
 
 Ratisbon, a strong city of Bavaria, and the see 
 »f an archbishop, transferred from Mentz to this 
 place in 1798. The abbey of St. Emmeran con- 
 tains the relics of St. Denys, a valuable library, 
 and a fine collection of mathematical instruments, 
 The town-house is magnificent, and in its hall 
 the general diets of the empire used to meet. 
 Ratisbon has a great trade in salt, for which it is 
 a depot, and sends large quantities of corn and 
 wood to Vienna. In 1809 a battle was fought in 
 the vicinity between the Austrians and French, in 
 which the latter were victorious. It has an an- 
 cient bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, and 
 stands on the S. side of that river, at the influx 
 of the Regen, 6 m. N. bv E. of Munich and 195 
 W. by N. of Vienna. Lo'n. 12. 6. E., lat. 48.58. N. 
 Ratoath, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Meath, 12 m. E. of Trim and 12 N. W. of Dub- 
 lin 
 
 79 
 
 Ratmansdorf, a town of the Austrian states in 
 Carniola with a castle, 20 m. S. by W. of Clag- 
 enfurt. 
 
 Ratsha, or Ratska, a town and fortress of Scla- 
 vonia on the N. side of the Save, opposite the in- 
 flux of the Drin, 30 m. S. W. of Peterwaradin. 
 
 Rattan. See Ruatan. 
 
 Rattenberg, a fortified town of the Austrian 
 states, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicinity 
 are copper mines, which also yield some silver. 
 It is situate on the Inn, 26 m. E. N. E. of In- 
 spruck and 44 S.W. of Salzburg. 
 
 Ratzeburg, a fortified town of Germany, capi- 
 tal of a principality, subject to the duke of Meck- 
 lenburg-Strelitz. It is seated on an island, in 
 the midst of a lake, 30 m. in circumference. The 
 buildings are of brick, and almost every house is 
 shaded with a tree. From the lake of Ratzeburg 
 issues the river Waknitz, which joins the Trave 
 near Lubec. Ratzeburg is noted for its excellent 
 beer, and is 14 m. S. by E. of Lubec and 22 S. of 
 Lauenburg. Lon. 10. 52. E. lat 53.43. N. 
 
 Raubseillc, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Raudnitz, a town and castle of Bohemia, seated 
 on the Elbe, 20 m. N. of Prague. 
 
 Raumo, a town of Russia, in Finland, 20 m. S. 
 of Biorneburg and 55 N. by W. of Abo. 
 
 Rauschenberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cassel, 7 m. N. N. E, of Marburg and 32 S. S. 
 W. of Cassel. 
 
 Rauvee, or Ravey, a river of Hindoostan, one of 
 the five E. branches of the Indus. It rises in La- 
 hore, on the borders of Thibet, flows by the city of 
 Lahore to Toulomba, in the country of Moultan. 
 and 28 m. below joins the Chunaub. The Rauvee 
 is the Hydraotes of Alexander. 
 
 Ravello, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra. 
 and a bishop's see, 10 m. W. of Salerno and 25 S 
 E. of Naples. 
 
 Ravcngiass, a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. It 
 stands on an inlet of the Irish Sea, between the 
 Mite and Esk, which, with the Irt, run into this 
 inlet, and form a good harbour ; but, the adjacent 
 country furnishing little for exportation, its chief 
 trade is in oysters. 2 m. from the town, on the 
 S. side of the Esk, are ruins of 3 m- in circumfer- 
 ence, called the city of Burnscar, of which no 
 historical documents appear to exist. Raven- 
 glass is 16 m. S. S. E. of Whitehaven, and 279 
 N. N. W. London. Lon. 3. 30. W., lat. 64. 
 22. N. 
 
 Ravenna, a city of Italy, in the states oft,^ 
 church, and an archbishop's see, with several 
 colleges, a great number of religious houses, and 
 a ruinous citadel. It has a celebrated harbour, 
 but. the sea has gradually withdrawn 4 m. fron* 
 the town. Tbeodoric, king of the Goths, resid'- 
 ed here, and iifVr wards the exarchs of the 
 Greek emperors. The mausoleum of Theodoric 
 is still to be seen, and is covered by a- single 
 stone, 21 feet in diameter and 15 thick. Ra- 
 venna is seated on the river Mantone,-37 m. S ; . E- 
 of Ferrara and 1G2 N. of Rome. Long. 12'. 5 
 E.,lat. 44.25. N. 
 
 Ravenna, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio>l'3om. N. E 
 Columbus. Pop. 806. 
 
 Ravensberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 capital of a county of its name, now included in 
 the government of Minden. 36 m. S-. W. ot 
 Minden. 
 
 Ravensburg, a town of Germany, in Wirtem- 
 burg, with a considerable trade, particularly in pa* 
 per; seated on the Chens, 18 m. N. of Lindau. 
 Ravenstein, a town of the Netherlands* in N 
 3G 
 
REC 
 
 626 
 
 RED 
 
 Brabant, with a castle ; seated on the Maese, 8 
 m. W. S. W. of Nimeguen. 
 
 Ravitz, a town of Prussian Poland, near the 
 confines of Silesia, with a considerable manufac- 
 ture of cloth, 55 m. S. of Posen. 
 
 Raica, a town of Poland, with a strong castle, 
 seated in a morass, and almost surrounded by the 
 river Rawa, 55 m. S. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19. 
 55. E., lat. 51.51. N. 
 
 Rawlinashurg, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 
 130 m. N. W. Raleigh. 
 
 Raymond, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. 26 rn. N. 
 Portland ; p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 21 m. W. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,000. 
 
 Raynham, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton 
 river 3 m. E. Taunton 32 m. S. Boston. Pop. 
 1,209. Iron ore abounds here, and in the town 
 are manufactories of bar iron, hollow ware, nails, 
 &c. The first forge in America was set up here 
 in 1652 by James and Henry Leonard. 
 
 Raypour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, GO 
 m. S. of Ruttunpourand 80 W. of Sumbulpour. 
 
 Re, an island in France, 16 m. long and 4 broad 
 separated from the coast of Lower Charente by 
 the strait of Breton, above 7 m. wide. The pro- 
 ducts are bitter wine, salt, brandy, and the liquor 
 called aniseed. St. Martin is the capital. 
 
 Readficld, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,834. 
 
 Read House, p.v. Charlotte Co. Va. 
 
 Reading, a borough and the capital of Berk- 
 shire, Eng. The principal manufactures are can- 
 vas, blankets, gauze, ribands, and pins ; it has a 
 trade in malt, flour, and timber. Here are the 
 ruins of a rich abbey, in which Henry I was in- 
 terred. It is seated on the Kennet, near its con- 
 fluence with the Thames, 26 m. S. S. E. of Ox- 
 ford and 37 W. of London. 
 
 Reading, p.v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 m. N. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,806; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 
 Pop. 1,709 ; p.t. Steuben Co.*f-T. Pop. 1,568. 
 
 Reading, p.t. Berks Co. Pa/on the Schuylkill 
 54 m. N. W. Philad. It is a flourishing and reg- 
 ularly built town inhabited principally by Ger- 
 mans. Here are large manufactures of hats. 
 The Union canal commences in the neighbour- 
 hood. Pop. 5,850. Also a township of Adams 
 Co. Pa; p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, and a town- 
 ship of Perry Co. Ohio. 
 
 Readington, a township of Hunterdon Co. 
 N.J. 
 
 Readyville, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten. 
 
 Realejo, a sea-port of Mexico, in the province 
 of Nicaragua, with three churches. The chief 
 trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage. It is situate 
 among swamps, near the mouth of a river of its 
 name, 20 m. W. N. W. of Leon, to which it 
 serves as a harbour. Long. 87. 46. W., lat. 12. 
 43. N. 
 
 Realville, a town of France, department of 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, 8 m. N. E. of Montauban and 
 20 S. of Cahors. 
 
 Reamstown, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Reccanati, a town of Italy, in the papal states, 
 and delegation of Ancona. It has a great fair in 
 September, which continues 15 days ; and is seat- 
 ed on a mountain, near the river Munsone, 14 
 m. S. of Ancona. 
 
 Reckem, a town of the Netherlands, near the 
 Meuse, 5 m. N. of Maestricht. 
 
 Recklinghausen, a town of Prussian Westpha- 
 lia, capital of a county belonging to the duke of 
 Aremberg. It has a strong citadel, and is seated 
 on the Lippe, 20 m. S. S. W. of Munster. Long. 
 7.36. E., lat. 51.33. N 
 
 Rectorstown, p.t. Fauquier Co. Pa. 
 
 Recutver, a village in Kent, Eng. at the mouth 
 of a small branch of the Stour, 8 m. N. E. of 
 Canterbury. It is the Regulbium of the Roman* 
 and its ancient church has two spires, which are 
 called by mariners the Two Sisters. 
 
 Red Bank, a township of Armstrong Co. Pa. ; 
 p.v. Colleton Dis. S. C. 
 
 Red Ridge, p.v. Hawkins Co. Ten. 
 
 Red Creek, p.v. Wayne Co. N. Y. 
 
 Red Head, a cape of Scotland, in Augusshire, 
 the S. point of Lunan Bay. Here are the ruins 
 of a castle, almost surrounded by the sea. 
 
 Red Lake, a lake of N. America, lying S. of 
 Lake of the Woods. It is 60 m. long and 15 
 broad, and on the N. side is fed by several small 
 rivers. Its outlet at the S. E. extremity, in lat. 
 47. 20., is called Red River, and flows into the 
 Mississippi, a little above St. Anthony Falls. 
 
 Red Sea, a sea celebrated in holy writ. It ex- 
 tends 1,300 m. from N. to S., dividing Africa from 
 Arabia, and is 200 broad in the widest part. It is 
 separated from the Mediterranean Sea on the N., 
 by the isthmus of Suez, and communicates on 
 the S. by the strait of Babelmandel with the In- 
 dian Ocean. 
 
 Redbridge, a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the 
 mouth of the Test, 3 m. W. of Southampton. It 
 has a considerable trade in coal, timber, corn, <fcc. 
 
 Redfield, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 
 Red HiU, p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. 
 
 Red Hook, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, 50 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,983. 
 
 Red House, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. 
 
 Redon,a. town of France, department of Ille-et- 
 Vilaine. It serves as a mart for the commerce of 
 Rennes, and is seated on the Vilaine, 20 m. E. 
 of Vannes and 62 S. S. W. of Rennes. Long. 2. 
 10. W. lat. 47. 48. N. 
 
 Redondela, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a 
 strong castle. It stands on Vigo Bay, 8 m. N. 
 E. of Vigo. 
 
 Redonda, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a 
 castle, seated on the Mondego, 17 m. W. of Co- 
 imbra. 
 
 Redondo, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 23 
 m. S. W. of Elvas. 
 
 Redruth, a town in Cornwall, Eng. It is seated 
 in the very heart of the mining country, 12 m. 
 N. by E.of Helstoneand 263 W. by S. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Red River, one of the western branches of the 
 Mississippi, rising in New Mexico, and flowing 
 Southeasterly into the Mississippi 240 m. above 
 New Orleans. It is 1,800 m. long and has a verj 
 serpentine course with a narrow channel ; 100 m. 
 above Natchitoches it spreads out into a great 
 number of channels which intersect a swampy 
 tract. A great mass of trees floated, down the 
 stream have collected here and formed what i» 
 called the Great Raft which is 60 or 70 m. in ex 
 tent and covers the river so that it may be crossec 
 on horseback ; in many parts the raft is overgrowr 
 with trees Above and below this place the 
 river is navigable for steamboats except in *.h» 
 rainy season. 
 
 Red River, a stream of Lake Winnipeg, ris\ng 
 near the sources of the Mississippi, and flowing 
 northerly and northeasterly 170 BR. into the south 
 end of the lake. The Assiniboin is one of its 
 branches. At the junction of the two streams is 
 a trading establishment found by Lord Selkirk 
 Red River is also the name of a branch of the 
 Utawas in Canada; a branch of the Cumberland 
 
REG 
 
 627 
 
 REW 
 
 in Tennessee, a branch of the Kentucky in Ken 
 and of White river in Arkansas. 
 
 Red River, a town of Pulaski Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Red Shoal, p.v. Stokes Co. N. C. 
 
 Red Stone, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Reedsboroagh, t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 662. 
 
 Reedy Island, in the Delaware 50 m. below 
 Philadelphia, it is 3 in. long ; the principal chan- 
 nel is on the E. side. 
 
 Reepham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with a trade 
 in malt ; situate on the Eyre, over which it has a 
 ford, 11 m. N. E. of Dereham and 112 N. by E. 
 of London. 
 
 Rees, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of 
 Cleve, seated on the Rhine, 10 m. N. W. of 
 Wesel. 
 
 Rees, or Rens, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 the province of Lower Rhine. Hard by it, on the 
 Rhine, is the Konigstuhl, or Thronus Regal is, a 
 remarkable piece of antiquity, consisting of a 
 round vault, built of freestone, and resting on 
 nine stone pillars, one or* which stands in the 
 middle. The vault is 80 feet in circumference, 
 and has two stout doors, the ascent to which is 
 by 28 stone steps. It is furnished with seven 
 seats, agreeably to the number of electors at that 
 time ; and on this regal chair the electors of Ger- 
 many formerly held consultations relative to the 
 election of a king and emperor, and other weighty 
 matters of the empire. Rees is seated near the 
 Rhine, 5 m. S. by E. of Coblentz. 
 
 Reesville, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Reetz, a town of Brandenburg, 18 m. E. S. E. 
 of New Stargard. 
 
 Regen, a circle of Bavaria, adjacent to Bohemia, 
 with the circle of Upper Maine on the N. W. and 
 that of Lower Danube on the S. W. Ratisbon 
 and Alenburg are the chief towns. 
 
 Regen, a town of Bavaria, on a river of the 
 same name, 12 m. N. N. E. of Deckendorf and 49 
 E. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Regensberg, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Zurich, capital of a bailiwic of the same 
 name, with a strong castle. It is seated on a 
 rock called the Lagerberg, 9 m. N. W. of Zurich. 
 
 Rfgcnsburg. See Ratisbon. 
 
 Regcnstauf, a town of Bavaria, in the principal- 
 ity of Neuburg, on the river Regen, 8 ni. N. by 
 E. of Ratisbon. 
 
 Regenstein, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 6 
 m. S. of Halberstadt. 
 
 Regenswalde, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 with a castle, seated on the Rega, 24 m. E. S. E. 
 of Camin. 
 
 Rcggio, a sea-port of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 and an archbishop's see. The churches, convents, 
 and many houses, are built of stones from ancient 
 edifices, and numerous inscriptions are to be met 
 with on the walls. The environs produce the 
 best silk in Calabria; and on the coast is found 
 a species of muscle, that yields a kind of wool, of 
 which gloves and stockings are made. Reggio 
 was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. 
 It is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 m. E. S. 
 E. of Messina and 95 S. by W. of Cosenza. Lon^. 
 16. 50. E., lat. 38. 4. N. 
 
 Reggio, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of 
 the same name, included in that of Modena, and 
 a bishop's see, with a strong citadel. In the 
 cathedral are paintings, by the greatest masters ; 
 and in the square is the statue of Brennus, chief 
 of the Gauls. The principal trade is in silk. It 
 was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and by the 
 king of Sardinia in 1742. In 1796 the inhabi- 
 
 tants were the first Italians that renounced alle- 
 giance to their sovereign, and solicited the pro- 
 tection of the French. Reggio is the birthplace 
 of the poet Ariosto. It is seated in a fertile coun- 
 try, on the river Tessone, 13 m. N. W. of Modena 
 and 80. S. E. of Milan. Long. 11. 5. E., lat. 44. 
 43. N. 
 
 Reghebil, a town of Negroland, in Wangara, 
 situate on a lake at the influx of a branch of the 
 Niger, 240 m. E. by S. of Chanara. Long. 19. 
 10. E.,lat. 13.20. N. 
 
 Regina., a town of Naples, m Calabria Citra, 14 
 m. N. of Cosenza. 
 
 Regis, St., a town of Lower Canada, situate on 
 the boundary line that separates Canada from the 
 United States, and on a river of its name, at its 
 junction with the St. Lawrence, 50 in. S. W. of 
 Montreal. Long. 74. 10. W., lat. 45. 0. N. 
 
 Regnano, a town of the papal states, seated 
 near the Tiber, 17 m. N. of Rome. 
 
 Rehobotk, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,468, also a hundred of Sussex 
 Co. Del. 
 
 Reichenau, an island in the Zeller Zee, or lower 
 lake of Constance, 3 m. long and 1 broad, aboun- 
 ding with vines and other fruit-trees. 4 m. W. 
 of Constance. 
 
 Reichenau, a town of Bohemia, with a castle, 
 18 m. E. N. E. of Konigingratz. 
 
 Reichenback, one of the four governments into 
 which Prussian Silesia was divided in 1815. It 
 comprises the county of Glatz, the principalities 
 of Munsterberg, Brieg, and Schweidnitz, and a 
 considerable part of that of Jauer ; and has an 
 area of 2,500 sq. m. with 470,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Reichenback, the capital of the foregoing gov- 
 ernment, has considerable manufactures of linen, 
 canvas, and fustian, and is seated on the rivulet 
 Peil, 10 m. S. E. of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Reichenback, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland. 
 The inhabitants are principally clothiers ; and 
 their method of dyeing, particularly scarlet, is 
 brought to great perfection. 10 m. S. S. W. of 
 Zurickau. 
 
 Rcichenburg, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Buntzlau, with a considerable manufacture of 
 cloth. 28 m. N. of Jung Buntzlau. 
 
 Reickcnfels, a town of the Austrian states in 
 Carinthia, 24 m. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Reichenkall, a town of Bavaria, with a rich salt 
 spring. Some salt is made here ; but, for want 
 of fuel, most of the brine is carried over the hills 
 to Traunstein, a distance of 14 m. by engines and 
 pipes. Seated on the Sala, 9 m. S. W. of Salz- 
 burg. 
 
 Reichskofen, a town of France, department of 
 of Lower Rhine, with a castle, 9 m. N. of Haguenau. 
 
 Reifferschcid. a town of the Prussian states, 
 formerly the capital of a county in the duchy of 
 Juliers. It is seated on the Effel, 30 m. S. S. W. 
 of Cologne and 52 N. by W. of Treves. 
 
 Rein, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria 
 on the River Save, 25 m. S. S. E. of Cilly. 
 
 Reiner, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov 
 ernment of Reichenbach, with a mineral spring, 
 and manufactures of cloth and paper, 11m. W. 
 of Glatz. 
 
 Reisenburg, a town of E. Prussia, 78. m. S. W. 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 Reisterslown, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. 15 
 m. N. W. Baltimore. 
 
 Rembertstoxon, p.v. Sumter Dis. S. C. 
 
 Remsen, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 35 m. N. Rome 
 Pop. 1,400. 
 
REN 
 
 62c 
 
 REU 
 
 Remberviller, a town of France, department of 
 V'osges, 17 in. N. N. E. of Epinal. 
 
 Retnich, a town of the Netherlands on the Mo- 
 selle, 20 m. S. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Rcmiremont, a town of France, department of 
 Vosges, 11 m. S. E. of Epinal. 
 
 Remo. St., a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 territory of Genoa, situate in a fruitful valley, 
 with a good harbour, in the Mediteranean, 7 m. 
 E. by N. of Vintimiglia and 66 S. E. of Genoa. 
 
 Rems and Fils, one of the 12 departments of 
 the kingdom of Wurtemberg, situate E. of that 
 of Rotlienburg. Goppingen is the capital. 
 
 Remy, St., a town of France, department of 
 Mouths of the Rhone. A triumphal arch, and a 
 mausoleum, in the neighbourhood, display the 
 taste of the Augustan age ; the former is not en- 
 tire, but the latter is in the best state of preserva- 
 tion. 10 m. N. E. of Aries. 
 
 Rendesburg, a fortified town of Denmark, in the 
 duchy of Holstein, on the frontiers of Sleswick, 
 and on the river Eyder. It is composed of three 
 parts, the Old Town, the Skleusskule, and the 
 New Town ; the former of which stands on an 
 island formed by the river. The principal manu- 
 factures are porcelain, earthenware, and gold and 
 silver lace ; and the trade in timber, by means of 
 the Eyder Canal, is considerable 15 m. W. of 
 Kiel and 16 S. S. E. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 53. 
 E., lat. 54.20. N. 
 
 Renfrew, a borough of Scotland, and the county 
 town of Renfrewshire. The principal branch 
 manufacture is that of thread, but many looms 
 are employed in the silk and muslin. Robert II. 
 had a palace here. It is seated near the Clyde, to 
 which there is a canal, 9 m. W. by N. of Glasgow, 
 and 13 E. by S. of Greenock Long. 4. 26 W., 
 lat. 55. 54. N. 
 
 Renfreioshire, a county of Scotland, 30 m. long 
 and from 10 to 20 broad ; bounded on the W. and 
 N. by the frith of Clyde, E. by Lanarkshire, and 
 S. by Ayrshire. It is divided into 20 parishes, 
 and the number of inhabitants in 1821 was 112, 
 175. In the N. part, towards the borders of the 
 Clyde, the soil is fertile, but the S. part is moun- 
 tainous and rather barren. Besides the Clyde, 
 it is watered by the Gryfe, and the White and 
 Black Cart. The largest town is Paisley. 
 
 Reni, a town of European Turkey, in Bessar- 
 abia, seated on the Danube 135 m. S. W. of Ben- 
 der. 
 
 Kennes, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of'Ille-et-Vilaine, and a bishop's see. It 
 contains eight parish churches, besides the cath- 
 edral, several convents, and a small university. 
 The streets are broad and strait, but they were 
 narrow before the fire in 1720, which lasted sev- 
 en days, and consumed 850 houses. In the great 
 square are the Palace of Justice and this Hotel 
 Je Ville. It is seated on the Vilaine, which di- 
 vides it into two parts. 190 m. W. S. W. of 
 Paris. Long. 1. 42. W., lat. 48. 7. N. 
 
 Rensselaer , a county of New York, on the East 
 bank of the Hudson. Pop. 49,472. Troy is the 
 capital. Also a village in this county. 12 m. E. 
 Albany, with a manufacture of window glass. 
 Rensseluerville, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 24 m.S. 
 W. Albany. Pop 3,689. 
 
 Rentoton, a village of Scotland, near which is 
 one of the most considerable printfields in Scot- 
 land ; also the old mansion of Dalquhurn, where 
 Dr. Smollett was born, and the lofty column erect- 
 ed to his memory, on the bank of the Levon, 4 
 in. N W. of Dumbarton 
 
 Renty, a town of France, department of Pas de 
 Calais, seated on the Aa, 12 m. S. W. of Aire, 50 
 N. W. of Arras. 
 
 Reole, a town in the department of Gironde 
 seated on the Garonne, 30 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Repaillz, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa- 
 voy, famous for the retreat of Amadeus, duke of 
 Savoy, in 1440, when he went to enjoy the plea- 
 sures of a country life; seated on a river which 
 runs into the lake of Geneva, 20 m. N. E. of 
 Geneva. 
 
 Reppen, a town of Brandenburg, 16 m. S. S. E. 
 of Custrin. 
 
 Repton, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. 8 m. S. S. 
 W. of Derby, celebrated for the burial place of sev- 
 eral of the Saxon kings of Mercia, and for severa.' 
 antiquities. Here is a noted free-school, which 
 appears to have been the refectory of a priory 
 
 Requena,a. town of Spain, in New Castile, with 
 a castle, and a considerable manufacture of silks. 
 It was taken by the English in 1706 and retaken 
 by the French the ne«t year. It is seated on a 
 hill, on the borders of Valencia, 64 m. E. S. E. of 
 Cuenza. Long. 1. 9. W., lat. 39.44. N. 
 
 Resht, a city of Persia, capital of Ghilan. It 
 has a considerable trade, particularly in silk ; and 
 much rice grows in the environs. It is seated 
 on a river, 6 m. from the Caspian Sea and 100 N. 
 of Cashin. Long. 49. 50. E., lat. 37. 28. N. 
 
 Resolution Island, an island in the N. Atlantic, 
 50 m. long and 20 broad, on the N. side of the 
 entrance into Hudson Strait. Long. 65. 0. W., 
 lat. 61. 40. N. 
 
 Resolution Isle, a small island in the S. Pacific, 
 160 leagues E. of Otaheite, so called from the 
 ship in which Cook made his second voyage. 
 Long. 141. 15. W., lat. 17. 23. S. 
 
 Retel, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 dennes, seated on a hill, near the Aisne, 26 m 
 N. E. of Rheims. Long. 4. 24. E., lat. 49. 32. N. 
 
 Retford, East, a borough in Nottinghamshire, 
 Eng. It is in general well built, and consists of 
 three principal streets, disposed nearly in the 
 form of a Roman Y. The chief trade is in malt, 
 and it has manufactures of hats. It is seated on 
 the Idle, 29 m. N. by E. of Nottingham and 144 
 N. by W. of London. West Retford is situated 
 on the opposite side of the river. 
 
 Rethem, a town of Hanover, seated on the Aller, 
 35 m. N. N. W. of Hanover. 
 
 Retimo, a sea-port of Candia, and a bishop's 
 see, with a citadel. It was taken by the Turks 
 in 1645. The silk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum, 
 and oil, are preferred to all others. It is seated 
 on the N coast of the island, 42 m. W. of Candia. 
 Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 35. 20. N. 
 
 Retz, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwara, 28 
 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Reus, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with man- 
 ufactures of silk, cotton, leather, and hats, and a 
 considerable trade in wine, brandy, &c. ; seated 
 in the middle of a most fruitful plain, 17 m. S. W. 
 of Tarragona. 
 
 Reuss, a principality of Saxony, lying between 
 the Prussian and Bavarian territories, comprising 
 an area of 600 sq. m. with 85.000 inhabitants, of 
 whom the greater part are Lutherans. Gera is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Reuss, a river of Switzerland, which rises in 
 the lake of Locendro, on the N. W. of St. Gothard, 
 flows through the lake of Lucern and the town 
 of that name, and joins the Aar below Bruck. 
 
 Reutlingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- 
 burg. In the town-house is preserved an ancien* 
 
RHE 
 
 629 
 
 Rill 
 
 Dattering-ram ; and in the vicinity are many pa- 
 per and powder mills. It is seated on the Echetz. 
 near the Neckar, 17 m. S. of Stutgard. 
 
 Revel, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Garonne, near the canal of Languedoc, 27 m. S. 
 E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Renel, a government of Russia. See Esthonia. 
 
 Revel, a sea-port of Russia, capital of the gov- 
 ernment of Esthonia, and a bishop's see. ft is 
 surrounded by high walls and deep ditches, and 
 defended by a castle and good bastions. The 
 houses are well built, and have fine gardens. It 
 is become a place of great trade, since the Rus- 
 sians obtained possession of it in 1710; and 
 there are two great fairs, in May and September, 
 frequented by English and Dutch merchants. It 
 is seated on the gulf of Finland, partly in a 
 pleasant plain and partly on a mountain, 160 m. 
 N. by E. of Riga and 220 W. by S. of Peters- 
 burg. Long. 24. 17. E„ lat. 59. 18. N. 
 
 Revello, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, seated near the Po, on the top of a moun- 
 tain, fortified by nature and art, 8 m. N. W. of 
 Saluzzo. 
 
 Revero, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Man- 
 tuan, seated on the Po, opposite Ostiglia, 20 m. 
 S. E. of Mantua. 
 
 Rcvin, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 dennes, seated on the river Meuse, 6 m. E. of 
 Rocroy. 
 
 Rtvolution Isle, a group of islands in the Pacific 
 Ocean, to the N. W. of the Marquesas, of which 
 they may be deemed a continuation. They were 
 discovered in 1791. The most considerable are 
 Baux and Marchand. The latter is about 15 m. 
 in circuit, and was taken possession of, in the 
 name of the French nation, by captain Marchand. 
 Long. 140. 5. W., lat. 0. 21. S. 
 
 Rewah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Allahabad, the residence of a Hindoo chief, 
 tributary to the British, 57 m. S. S. W. of Alla- 
 habad. 
 
 Rewari, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict in the province of Dehli. It is the residence 
 of a chief, tributary to the British, and is seated 
 on the Sadi, 55 m. S. W. of Dehli. Long. 76. 
 52. E., lat. 23. 13. N. 
 
 Rcynoldsburgh, p. v. Humphreys Co. Ten. on the 
 Tennessee, 83 m. W. Nashville. 
 
 Rhainunie, a town and fort of Egypt, on the 
 W. branch of the Nile, where the canal of Alex- 
 andria enters that river. It is 25 m. above Ro- 
 setta and 58 E. S. E. of Alexandria. 
 
 Rhayadergwij, a town of Wales, in Radnor- 
 shire. It is situate on the Wye, where there was 
 formerly a cataract, which is now destroyed, and 
 a neat bridge erected ; and an eminence near it 
 ;s the site of an ancient castle, of which no ruins 
 remain. In the neighbourhood are lead and cop- 
 per mines. 19 m. W. N. W. of New Radnor and 
 178 of London. 
 
 Rhea, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 8,182. 
 Washington is the capital. 
 
 Rhcutoicn, p. v. Green Co. Ten. 
 
 Rheda a town of Prussian Westphalia, 10 m. N. 
 of Lipstadt. 
 
 Rheims, a city of France, department of Marne, 
 and an archbishop's see. The inhabitants are es- 
 timated at 40,000. The principal church, built 
 before the year 406, is a very beautiful structure; 
 and that of St. Nicaise is remarkable for its fine 
 architecture. Behind the high altar of the church 
 of St. Remy, the corpse of that archbishop is pre- 
 served in a magnificent shrine. The kings of 
 
 France have been successively crowned at 
 Rheims ; probably because Clovis, the founder 
 of the French monarchy, when converted from 
 paganism, was baptized in the cathedral here, in 
 the year 496. The remains of an amphitheatre, 
 a castle, and a triumphal arch, are among the 
 ancient monuments of the Romans. Rheims is 
 long and narrow, and the houses are low. Here 
 are manufactures of flannel, coverlets, and other 
 wojlen stuffs. The city was taken and retaken 
 several times, by the French and allied armies, 
 in 1814. It is seated in a plain, surrounded by 
 hills that produce excellent wine, on the river 
 Vesse, 62 m. N. of Troyes and 75 N. E. of Paris. 
 Long. 4. 2. E., lat. 49. 15. N. 
 
 R/iein, a town of Prussia, with a large fortified 
 castle, seated on a lake, 75 m. S. E. of Konigs- 
 berg. Long. 21.38. E., lat. 53. 48. N. 
 
 Rhcinau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Thurgau, with an abbey, on an island formed 
 by the Rhine, 5 m. S. S. W. of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Rheinbach, or Rhynbach, a town of the Prussian 
 states, in the province of Cleves and Berg, 20 
 m. S. of Cologne. 
 
 Rhcinberg, a town of the Prussian states in the 
 government of Cleves, seated near the Rhine, 
 13 m. E. of Gelders, and 4 N. by W of Cologne. 
 
 Rhcine. a town of Prussian Westphalia, seat- 
 ed on the Ems, 18 m. W. N. W. of Osnaburg. 
 
 Rheineck, a town of Germany, seated on the 
 Rhine, 16 m. N. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Rheineck, a town of Franconia, capital of a 
 county of the same name, with a castle on the 
 river Sinn, 25 m. N. by W. ot Wurtzburg. 
 
 Rheineck, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 Rheinthal, in the canton of St. Gall, with a cas- 
 tle, seated on the Rhine, 25 m. S. E. of Con- 
 stance. 
 
 Rheinfeldcn, a town of Germany, in Baden, the 
 best of the four Forest-towns ; seated on the 
 Rhine, over which is a bridge, 8 in. E. of Basel. 
 
 Rheinfels, a strong fortress of Germany, in the 
 Prussian slates. It is one of the most important 
 places on the Rhine, and stands on a stupendous 
 craggy rock, at the foot of which is the fortified 
 town of St. Goar. It was taken by the French 
 in 1794. 16 m. S. of Coblentz. 
 
 Rluinmagen, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 the government of Coblentz, situate on the Rhine 
 19 m. N. W. of Coblentz. 
 
 Rheinthal, a district of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of St. Gall, lying along the Rhine. It is a 
 fertile valley, 30 m. long and from 3 to 8 broad, 
 and produces excellent wine. Rheineck is the 
 capital. 
 
 Rheinzabum, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Rhine, seated on the Erlbach, 10 m. S. E. 
 of Landau. 
 
 Rhena, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg, on the river Radegast, 14 m. E. S. 
 E. of Lubec. 
 
 Rhenen, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov- 
 ince of Utrecht, seated on the Rhine, 20 hi. S .E. 
 of Utrecht. 
 
 Rhine, a great and remarkable river of Europe, 
 which rises in Switzerland, in the canton of Ori- 
 sons. It is formed of three streams, the Further 
 Rhine from the head of the valley of Disentis ; the 
 Middle Rhine from the valley Medelo, and ap- 
 pendage of St. Gothard ; and the Hither or Up- 
 per Rhine from the mount A vicula. The first two 
 torrents united take the name of Lower Rhine 
 which receives the Upper Rhine at Richenau ; ana 
 the height is here about 6,180 feet above the se* 
 3 g2 
 
RHO 
 
 630 
 
 RHO 
 
 Flowing by Coire, at the distance of a mile, the 
 Rhine here becomes navigable for rafts. It is 
 soon after the boundary between the Rheinthal 
 and a territory of Austria, and passes through the 
 Lake of Constance from E. to W. Leaving this 
 lake, it flows W. by Schaffhausen, below which 
 it forms a celebrated cataract. It continues in a 
 westerly course to Bale, when it turns to the N. and 
 enters the Netherlands, in which course it waters 
 many considerable cities and towns, and receives 
 some large rivers. Below Emmerick, in the 
 duchy of Cleve, it divides into two streams, the 
 right, which retains its name, passes on to 
 Utrecht, when it divides once more into two 
 streams : the smaller one is called the Vecht, 
 which runs N. into the Zuider Zee at Muyden ; 
 and the other, the remains of the noble Rhine, 
 flows W. by Woerden to Leyden, where it di- 
 vides into several channels, and afterwards is lost 
 among hills of sand near the village of Catwyck. 
 
 Rhine, a province of the grand duchy of Hesse, 
 to the N. of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, 
 comprising an area of 1 ,000 square m. with 155,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Rhine, Circle of, a province of Bavaria, situate 
 to the W. of the Rhine, between Weissemburg 
 and Worms. It was ceded to Bavaria in 1814. 
 It contains an area of 1,800 square in. with 308,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Rhine, Lower, a grand duchy of the Prussian 
 states, composed of territories taken from France 
 and the grand duchy of Berg in 1814, and assign- 
 ed to Prussia by the congress of Vienna. It is 
 bounded N. by the province of Cleves and Berg, 
 E. by Nassau and Hesse-Darmstadt, S. by the 
 French and W by the Dutch frontier. It has an 
 area of 5,700 square m. with 950,000 inhabitants. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle is the capital. 
 
 Rhine, Lower and Upper, two divisions of Ger- 
 many, abolished in 1806. 
 
 Rhine, Lower, a department of France, con- 
 taining the late province of Lower Alsace. It has 
 an area of 1,900 square m. with 440,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Strasburg is the capital. 
 
 Rhine, Upper, a department of France, consist- 
 ing of the late province of Upper Alsace, and 
 containing an area of about 1,700 square m. with 
 320,000 inhabitants. Colmar is the capital. 
 
 Rhineheck, p. v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 2b* m. S. 
 Hudson, on the Hudson. Pop. 2,938. 
 
 Rhode Island, an island in the state of the same 
 name, in Narraganset Bay 15 m. long from N. E. 
 to S. W. with a mean breadth of 2 1-2 in,., con- 
 
 taining about 37 sq. m. ; it is a very beautiful is- 
 land ; the air is pure and salubrious, and the cli- 
 mate milder than on the continent, rendering it a 
 very desirable residence for invalids in summer. 
 The surface of the island is agreeably diversified, 
 
 but it is destitute of trees, the whole island having 
 been laid waste by the British in the revolutiona- 
 ry war. It affords excellent pasturage, and main 
 tains more than 30,000 sheep. The town of New- 
 port is in the S. part. 
 
 Rhode Island., one of the New England States 
 bounded N. and E. by Massachusetts ; S. by the 
 ocean and W. by Connecticut. It extends from 
 41. 15. to 42. N. lat. and from 71. 8. to 71. 52. W. 
 long. 42 m. in average length and 29 in breadth 
 and containing 1,225 sq. m. including Nrraganset 
 Bay which intersects it from N. to S. and embo 
 soms Rhode, Connecticut, Prudence, and sever- 
 al other small islands. Block Island which lies off 
 the coast also belongs to this state. The riven 
 are the Pawtucket, Pawtuxet and Pawcatuck 
 which flow into Narraganset Bay. There are no 
 mountains in the state, nor any hilly tracts, yet the 
 general face of the country is somewhat rough and 
 rocky. There are some level districts upon the 
 borders of Narraganset Bay, and some flats on the 
 Atlantic shores. The aspect of the country on 
 the whole is picturesque, the highest eminences, 
 are Mount Hope, in Bristol ; Hopkins' Hill, in 
 W. Greenwich ; and Woonsocket Hill, in Smith- 
 field but they are not remarkable for eleva- 
 tion. The whole state enioys a salubrious cli- 
 mate ; the winter in the maritime parts is sensibly 
 milder, and the seasons there are more uniform 
 than in the rest of New England ; the heat of 
 summer is much alleviated by refreshing sea 
 breezes. In other respects the climate resembles 
 that of Connecticut and Massachusetts. The 
 soil is pretty uniform ; on the continent it is gen- 
 erally a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile 
 but difficult of cultivation. Upon the islands, the 
 soil is light and productive. There are a few 
 pine plains in the state, but very little alluvial 
 land. Considerable quantities ot antnracite coal 
 exist in the state but the mines are little worked at 
 present. Iron ore occurs in the northern parts, 
 and there is a mine wrought at Cranston. There 
 are quarries of limestone at Smithfield, and the 
 same place affords excellent marble. Beds of ser- 
 pentine, are found at Newport. The mineral 
 treasures of this state as far as yet discovered, are 
 not on the whole either extensive or valuable. 
 
 Rhode Island is divided into 5 counties, Provi- 
 dence, Kent, Washington, Newport and Bristol. 
 The Pop. is 97,212. Fourteen of which are slaves. 
 There is no seat of government ; the legislature 
 meet alternately at Providence, Newport, East 
 Greenwich and South Kingston. The other large 
 towns are Bristol, Warwick and North Providence 
 The Blackstone canal, which See, lies partly m this 
 state, and a railroad is projected from Providence te 
 Boston. Agricultural industry is chiefly confined 
 to grazing and the dairy. 
 
 The islands and shores of Narraganset bay are 
 celebrated for their fine cattle, their numerous 
 flocks of sheep, and the excellence and abundance 
 of their butter and cheese. Of the different kinds 
 of grain, maize, barley, oats and rye, are the most 
 generally cultivated. 
 
 The commerce is ehiefly confined to the porta 
 of Newport and Providence. The foreign imports, 
 in 1828, amounted to 1,128,226 dollars. The ex 
 ports of domeitio produce to 541,675 dollars, and 
 the shipping to 40,666 tons. 
 
 Pawtucket has the largest manufactories in the 
 state. The manufactures of this place are chiefly 
 of cotton. The mills are seated upon three falls 
 in Pawtucket river, and run 45,000 spindles. They 
 employ nearly 900 looms 
 
RHO 
 
 631 
 
 RH\ 
 
 Providence has also large manufactures of cot- 
 ton, woolen, cordage, spermaceti, &c. Warwick 
 has several cotton manufactories, and at Newport 
 is a manufacture of lace. At Slatersville, in the 
 town of Smithfield. are extensive manufactures 
 of cotton. Rhode island is almost exclusively 
 occupied in manufactures. 
 
 Blackstone river affords an immense water pow- 
 er for manufactories. Upon Woonsocket Falls, 
 and in the neighbourhood, are about 20 different 
 establishments, and others are begun. These al- 
 ready produce annually 2,500,000 yards of sheet- 
 ing, calico, shirting, drilling, satinet, &c. At 
 this place are also an iron foundry and manu- 
 factures of machinery. 
 
 Rhode Island is the only state in the Uuion 
 that is without a written constitution, the gov- 
 ernment being to this day founded on the pro- 
 visions of the charter, granted to the colony by 
 Charles II. in 1663. The obligations of this char- 
 ter as a constitution of civil government, became 
 annulled by the declaration of independence, but 
 by the common consent of the people, the form of 
 government was preserved without any essential 
 variation. The legislature is called the General 
 Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of 
 Representatives ; the senators are 10. The rep- 
 resentatives are two from each town but Provi- 
 dence, Portsmouth and Warwick send each four, 
 and Newport, sends 6. The representatives are 
 chosen twice a year. The executive consists of 
 a Governor, whose powers are very limited, and 
 a Lt. Governor, both of whom have seats in the 
 Senate ; these, as well as the State Treasurer, 
 Secretary, and Attorney General are chosen an- 
 nually. Suffrage is universal. The legislature 
 have 2 stated sessions annually, and meet com- 
 monly four times a year. Common schools are 
 supported by an annual payment of 10,000 dollars 
 from the state ; and there is an university at Prov- 
 idence. The most numerous religious sect are 
 the Baptists, who have 12 ministers; the Congre- 
 
 fationalists have 10, and the Episcopalians, 8. 
 'here is a remnant of the Narraganset Indians at 
 Charlestown in this state, amounting to about 
 430, and possessing 3,000 acres of land. They 
 are Baptists, and support a missionary. 
 
 Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, 
 who was expelled from Massachusetts for avow 
 ing himself a friend to religious freedom. With 
 a few followers he journeyed beyond the limits 
 
 of the state and founded a settlement in 16?G 
 which he called Providence. Two years after- 
 ward their number had increased so far that a 
 settlement was made on the island of Aquetnet, or 
 Rhode Island. A government was organized and 
 a cods of laws established in 1647. Religious 
 toleration with a trifling exception has always 
 prevailed in this state It was the last of the 
 
 states which acceded to the Union. This took 
 place in 1790. 
 
 Rhodes, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 at the entrance of the gulf of Macri, 40 m. long 
 and 15 broad. The soil is pretty fertile but badly 
 cultivated. This island is much celebrated in 
 ancient history, having been frequently under 
 the dominion of different masters. The Saracens 
 became possessors of it in 6fi5 ; and, in 1309, it was 
 taken from them by the knights of St. John of 
 Jerusalem, who afterwards took the name of 
 Knights of Rhodes. They retained it till 1623 
 when it was taken by the Turks, after an obstinate 
 resistance ; and the small number of knights that 
 remains were afterwards removed to Malta. Like 
 the neighbouring islands, it has been reduced by 
 the oppressions of the Porte to a state of great 
 poverty and wretchedness. 
 
 Rhodes, the capital of the above island and an 
 archbishop's see ; was anciently 9 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and was regarded by Alexander, 
 who deposited his Inst will here, as the first city 
 in the world ; but the present town occupies only 
 a quarter of the extent of the ancient city. It 
 has a good harbour, with a narrow entrance be- 
 tween two rocks, on which are two towers to de- 
 fend the passage. Here, in all probability, stood 
 the famous Colossus, a statue of bronze, 70 cubits 
 high reckoned one of the seven wonders of the 
 world : it was thrown down by an earthquake ; 
 and, when the Saracens became masters of the 
 island, they knocked it to pieces, and sold the 
 fragments to a Jew of Edessa, near 900 years 
 after its fall. Rhodes was deemed an impregna- 
 ble fortress, being surrounded by triple walls and 
 double ditches, which have long been in a state 
 of dilapidation Long. 26. 20. E., lat. 36. 27. N. 
 
 Rhodes. See Rodez. 
 
 Rhone, a large river that rises in Switzerland, 
 in Mount Furca, and soon joins a more conside- 
 rable stream from an extensive glacier called that 
 of the Rhone. After passing through the vale of 
 Valais, it runs through the Lake of Geneva, and 
 separating Savoy from Bresse, it flows W. to 
 Lyons, then S. to Vienne, Tournon, Valence, 
 Viviers, Pont St. Esprit, Avignon, Beaucaire, 
 Tarascon, and Aries, and enters the Mediterrane- 
 an by several mouths. 
 
 Rliorie, a department of France, so named from 
 the river Rhone, which flows on its E. border. 
 It includes the late provinces of Beaujolois and 
 Lyonois, and contains an area of 1050 square 
 miles, with 330,000 inhabitants. Lyons is the 
 capital. 
 
 Rhone, Mouths of the, a department of France 
 on the coast of the Mediteranean, at the influx of 
 the Rhone, containing the W. part of the late 
 province of Provence. It comprises an area of 
 2,000 square miles, with 300,000 inhabitants. 
 Marseilles is the capital. 
 
 Rhonhmisc, a village of Scotland, in Kirkcud- 
 brightshire, 8 m. N. N. W. of Newton Douglass, 
 noted for a great annual fair, and a weekly cat- 
 tle market from October to January. 
 
 Rhaden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the 
 Monne, 12 m. S. S. E. of Lipstadt. 
 
 Rhynbcrg, or Rhinsberg , a town of Branden 
 burg, with a handsome palace, built by Frederic 
 II., when hereditary prince. It is seated on the 
 Rhyn, 10 m. N. of Ruppin. 
 
 Rhyney. See Rumney. 
 
 Rhynow, a town of Brandenburg, at the conflua 
 of the Rhyn with the Havel, 9 m. S. E.of Have* 
 burg. 
 
RIC 
 
 632 
 
 RID 
 
 Raizan, a government of Russia, formerly a 
 province of the government of Moscow. It com- 
 prises an area of 13,000 square m. with 1,000,000 
 of inhabitants, and had anciently its own princes. 
 The soil is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. 
 
 Raizan, the capital of the above government, 
 an archbishop's see, was formerly considerable 
 for its extent and riches, but was almost ruined 
 by the Tartars in 1568. It is seated at the con- 
 flux of the Trubesh with the Occa, 100 m. S. E. 
 of Moscow. Long. 40. 37. E., lat. 54. 55. N. 
 
 Riba de Sella, a small sea-port of Spain, in As- 
 turias, on the Bay of Biscay, 29 m. E. by S. of 
 Gijon. 
 
 Ribadavia, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated 
 at the conflux of the Avia with the Minho, in the 
 territory that produces the best wine in Spain, 15 
 m. W. S. W. of Orense. 
 
 Ribadeo, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, with 
 a good harbour, defended by two castles. It is 
 seated on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio de Mi- 
 rando, 45 in. N. by E. of Lugo. Long. 6. 47. W., 
 lat. 43. 33. N. 
 
 Riba, a town of Spain, in New Castile, on the 
 river Xarama, 8 m. E. of Madrid. 
 
 Ribble, a river which rises in W. Yorkshire, 
 Eng. runs across Lancashire, and enters the Irish 
 Sea below Preston. 
 
 Ribemmu, a town of France, department of 
 Aisne, seated on an eminence near the Oise, 10 
 m. S. of St. Quentin. 
 
 Riberar, a town in the department of Dor- 
 dogne, 17 m. E. of Perigueux. 
 
 Ribnik, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Ratibor. 20 m. E. by N. of Ratibor. 
 
 Ribnik, or Rimnik, a town of European Turkey, 
 in Wallaehia. and a bishop's see. Here, in 1789, 
 the Austrians and Russians gained a great victo- 
 ry over the Turks. It is seated on a river of the 
 same name, 63 m. E. N. E. of Tergovist. — Anoth- 
 er of the Alth, 50 m. W. by S. of Tergovist. 
 
 Ribnitz, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, seated on a 
 bay of the Baltic, near the influx of the Recken- 
 itz, 13 m. N. E. of Rostock. 
 
 Riccborough, p. v. Liberty Co. Geo. 34 m. S. W. 
 Savannah, at the head of Newport River. 
 
 Richardsville, p. v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 74 m. 
 W. Columbia. 
 
 Richelieu, a county of Lower Canada, or a river 
 of the same name flowing into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Richelieu, a town of France, departmentof Indre- 
 et- Loire, founded by cardinal Richelieu in 1637 ; 
 seated on the Amable iind Vide, 33 m. S. S. W. 
 of Tours. 
 
 Richmond, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It 
 was formerly surrounded by a wall, with three 
 crates, and had a strong castle (now in a ruinous 
 condition), on an inaccessible mount It is the 
 capital of a district called Richmondshire (now in- 
 cluded in the duchy of Lancaster) which abounds 
 in lead mines, and was formerly a county of itself. 
 Richmond has a manufacture of woolen stockings, 
 caps, &c. It is seated on the Swale, over which 
 is a bridge, 40 m. N. W. of York and 230 N. N. 
 W . of London. Long. 1. 35. W., lat. 54. 23. N. 
 
 Richmond , a village in Surrey, Eng. with an ele- 
 gant stone bridge over the Thames. It was anci- 
 ently called Sheen ; but Henry VII. called it 
 Richmond, on account of his having been earl of 
 Richmond in Yorkshire. Here was a palace, in 
 which Edward III., Henry VII., and queen Eli- 
 zabeth expired. Richmond is still distinguished 
 hy its beautiful royal gardens, which in summer 
 
 are open to the public ; and in these is a noble 
 observatory. Here is an extensive royal park , call- 
 ed Richmond, or the New Park ; surrounded by 
 a brick wall built by Charles I. 9 m. W. S. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Richfield, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 75 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,752, a township of Medina Co. 
 Ohio. 125 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 653. 
 
 Richford, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 44 m. N. E. 
 Burlington. Pop. 704 ; p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Rich Hill, townships in Green Co. Pa. and 
 Muskingum Co. Ohio. 
 
 Richland, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,007, 
 Mansfield is the capital. A district of S. Carolina 
 Pop. 11,465. Columbia is the capital; p.t. Os 
 wego Co. N. Y. on Lake Ontario. Pop. 2,733 
 p.t. Venango Co. Pa.; p. v. Onslow Co. N. C. anu 
 townships in Belmont, Guernsey, Clinton, Jack- 
 son and Fairfield Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Richland Creek, p.v. Giles Co. Ten. 70 m. S. 
 W. Murfreesborough, on a stream of the samf> 
 name falling into Elk River. 
 
 Richland Hill, p.v. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana 
 98 m. N. W. New Orleans. 
 
 Richmond, a county of N. Y. consisting of Sta- 
 ten Island. Pop. 7,084. Richmond is the capital, 
 a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 
 6,056. a county of N.Carolina. Pop. 9,326. Rock- 
 ingham is the capital. A county of Georgia. Pop. 
 11,644. Augusta is the capital. 
 
 Richmond, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,313; p.t. 
 Chittenden Co. Vt. 13 m. S. E. Burlington. Pop. 
 1.109 ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 47 m. S. W. Con- 
 cord. Pop. 1,301 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 
 m. W. Boston, 6. W. Lenox. Pop. 844 ; p.t. 
 Washington Co. R. I. 30 m. S. W. Providence, 
 Pop. 1,362; p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. W 
 Canandaigua. Pop. 1,876; p.v. Richmond Co 
 N. Y. on Staten Island ; p.v. Northampton Co. 
 Pa. 16 m. from Easton ; p.v. Ross, Jefferson Cos. 
 Ohio; p.v. Wayne Co. Ind. ; p.v. Madison Co 
 Ken. Richmond Co. Va. Richmond Co. N. C. 
 and Henry Co. Alab. 
 
 Richmond city, the capital of Virginia, in Hen- 
 rico Co. stands on the north side of James's river, 
 at its lower falls, and at the head of tide water. 
 The town rises gradually from the water, and has 
 a fine, picturesque appearance. The western di- 
 vision occupies an eminence called Shockoe Hill, 
 overlooking the lower town. The capitol is built 
 upon the highest summit, and has a delightful and 
 commanding prospect. Two bridges cross the 
 river to Manchester, on the opposite bank. Most 
 of the houses are of brick, and many are elegant 
 The public buildings, beside the capitol, which is 
 an elegant structure, are a court house, a state 
 prison, 8 churches, an almshouse, a museum, an 
 academy of fine arts, 3 banks, and the state ar- 
 mory, in which are manufactured 4 or 5,0Q0 
 muskets and rifles annually. One of the Jame.« 
 river canals here empties into a basin containing 
 a surface of two acres. There is a boat navigation 
 for 220 m. on the river above the city. Richmond 
 has a very flourishing trade, both inland and by 
 sea, and enjoys extraordinary advantages by com- 
 munication with a rich and well cultivated back 
 country, abounding in tobacco, grain, hemp, coal, 
 &c. It is in lat. 37. 31. N. Ion. 77. 31. W. 123 
 in. S. Washington 21 m. N. Petersburg. Pop. 
 16,060. 
 
 Richmondsville, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y 
 
 Richwoods, p.v. Morgan Co. Va. 
 
 Rideau, a river of Upper Canada, falling into 
 the Ottawas. The Rideau Canal passes along the 
 
RIO 
 
 633 
 
 RIO 
 
 ▼alley of this river from the Ottawas to the east 
 end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Ridge, a remarkable elevation in the western 
 part of N. Y. extending parallel to the shore of 
 Lake Ontario most of the distance from Rochester 
 to Lewiston, 70 ni. It is about 30 feet in height 
 and slopes away gently on each side. A road 
 called the Rid<re Road passes along its summit. 
 
 Ridge, p.v. §t. Mary's Co. Md. 5 in. N. Point 
 Lookout; p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 40 m. S. W. 
 Columbia. 
 
 Ridgeburi/, p.v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 35 m. W. 
 New ftaveii, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. and Bradford 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Ridgf.fi.eld, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 35 m. W. 
 New Haven. Pop. 2,322. Also a township of 
 Huron Co. Ohio. 
 
 Ridircville, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio ; p.v. Warren 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Ridgeway, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 
 Ridley, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 
 Rickmansworth, a town in Hertfordshire) Eng. ; 
 seated on the Coin, 8 m. S. W.of St. Albans, and 
 18 VV. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ricla, a town of Spain, in Arragon,on the Xalon, 
 26 m. W. S. W. of Saragossa. 
 
 Ride, a town in Hampshire. Eng. on the N. E. 
 coast of the Isle of Wight. It has a daily inter- 
 course, bv packet-boats with Portsmouth, and sends 
 to that place abundance of butter, eg(rs, and poul- 
 try. 5 m. S. S. W. of Portmouth and 6 E. N. E. 
 of Newport. 
 
 Riedlingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- 
 berg, seated on the Danube, 25 in. S. W. of 
 Ulm. 
 
 Rietbcrg, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 government of Minden, capital of a county of the 
 same name, with a castle, situate on the Ems, 
 \7 m. W. by N. of Paderborn. 
 
 Rieti, a town of Italy, in the papal states, capi- 
 \al of a delegation of its name, and a bishop's 
 see. Besides the cathedral, it contains three 
 collegiate and six parish churches, and 12 con- 
 vents. It is seated on the river Velino, near the 
 lake Rieti, 37 m. N. E. of Rome. Long. 13. 5. 
 E., lat. 42. 23. N. 
 
 Ricux, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Garonne, seated on the Reze, 25 m. S. S. W. 
 of Toulouse. 
 
 Riez, a town in the department of Lower Alps, 
 seated in a plain abounding with wine and fruits, 
 20 m. S. S. W. of Digne. 
 
 Riga, a government of Russia. See Livonia. 
 Riga, a strong town of Russia, capital of the 
 government of Livonia, and next to Petersburgh, 
 the most commercial place in the empire. It 
 stands on the river Dwina, 5 m. from its mouth 
 in a gulf of the Baltic called the gulf of Riga or 
 Livonia. The trade is chiefly carried on by the 
 foreign merchants resident here ; those belonging 
 to an English factory enjoy the greatest share of 
 the commerce. The principal export are corn, 
 hemp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather, and tal- 
 low. The pop. of Riga is estimated at 36,000. 
 Here is a floating wooden bridge, over the Dwina 
 2.(i00 feet long and 40 broad : in winter, when 
 the ice sets in, it is removed ; and in spring 
 it is replaced. In 1812, on the approach of the 
 French army under marshal Macdonald. to 
 beseige this place, the governor of the town 
 set fire to the suburbs, which consumed upwards 
 of 2,000 houses. Riga is 220 m. N. E. of Konjgs- 
 bergand 310 S. W. of Petersburgh. Lonf. 24. 15. 
 E., lat. 56. 50. N. 80 
 
 Riga, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. 15 oi, S. W. Ro 
 Chester. Pop. 1,908. 
 
 Rigaud, a seignory of Yo/k Co. L C. 35 m. 
 W. Montreal. 
 
 Rigolets, a strait of Louisiana uniting Lakes 
 Pontchartrain and Borgne, 9 m. in length. 
 
 Rigolets de. Bon Dieu, a stream of Louisiana 
 flowing into Red River from the North, 25 m. 
 above Alexandria. 
 
 Riley, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 57. 
 
 Rimini, a. town of Italy, in the papal states, 
 with an old castle, a strong tower, and many re- 
 mains of antiquity. The sea having receded 
 from this city for some centuries, its harbour will 
 now admit only small vessels. It is seated in a 
 fertile plain, at the mouth of the Marrechia, on 
 the ffulf of Venice, 28 m. S. E. of Ravenna and 
 145 N. by E. of Rome. Long. 12. 34. E., lat. 44. 
 4. N. 
 
 Rimonski, a seignory of Cornwall Co. L. C. 
 
 Rindse, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 39. m. S. W. 
 Concord. Pop. 1,269. 
 
 Ring/doping, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jut- 
 land. It has a considerable trade with Holland 
 and Norway, and is seated on a gulf of the Ger- 
 man Ocean, 43 m. S. W. of Wiburg and 55 N. N. 
 W. of Ripen. Long. 8. 15. E., lat. 56. 8. N. 
 
 Rinvlehen, a town of Germany, belonging to 
 Saxe- Weimar, 6 m. N. of Erfurt and 26 E. N. E 
 of Eisenach. 
 
 Ringo's, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 
 Ringst/d. a town of Denmark, iu the isle ofZea- 
 land. It was formerly a city ; and in the great 
 church are interred several kings, and other per- 
 sons of distinction. 30 m. S. W. of Copenha 
 gen. 
 
 Ringicood, a town in Hampshire, Eng. It has 
 a manufacture of woolen cloths and stockings, 
 and is famous for its strong beer and ale. It is 
 seated on the Avon, 30 m. S. W. of Winchester 
 and 91 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Rinteln, a strong town of Germany, capital of 
 the district of Schauenburg, with a university. 
 It is seated on the Weser, 12 m. S. E. of Minden 
 and 35 W. S. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 10. E., 
 lat. 52. 12. N. 
 
 Rio dela Hacha, a seaport of Colombia, in Ven- 
 ezuela, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 
 100 m. E. of St. Martha. Long. 72. 34. W., lat. 
 11. 30. N. 
 
 Rio de la Plata. See Plata. 
 
 Rio de Mirando, a river of Spain which rises in 
 the mountain of Asturias, separates that prov- 
 ince from Galicia, and enters the bay of Biscay 
 at Ribadeo. 
 
 Rio del Norte, a considerable river of N. Amer- 
 ica, the source of which is unknown, but it flows 
 from N. to S. through the whole country of New- 
 Mexico, and enters the gulf-of Mexico, on the N. 
 border of New Leon. 
 
 Rio Grande, a province in the N. part of Brazil - 
 between those of Petaguel and Paraiba. It is 
 watered by a river of the same name, which 
 runs W. into the Parana, of which it is the prin- 
 cipal branch. 
 
 Rio Grande, a river which rises in the Sierra 
 Leone mountains, and flows through the king- 
 dom of Biguba into the Atlantic. It is navigable 
 for boats 400 m. 
 
 Rio Janeiro, a river of Brazil, which enters the 
 Atlantic Ocean at St. Sebastian, the capital of 
 Brazil. At its mouth are several small islands, 
 which render the entrance difficult and dangerous; 
 On the E. side of it is the fort of Santa Cruz 
 
RIP 
 
 C34 
 
 ROA 
 
 and on the W. that of St. Jago, together with 
 the capital. 
 
 Rio Janeiro, one of the richest provinces of 
 Brazil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a 
 river of the same name. It produces cotton 
 sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, indigo, and tobacco, 
 with abundance of fruit and garden-stuff, but no 
 bread-corn ; so that the people here have no 
 wheat-flour but what is brought from Portugal. 
 As a succedaneum for bread, there are jams and 
 cassada in plenty. The riches of the country 
 consist in its mines of gold, and in precious stones. 
 The latter are found in such plenty that a cer- 
 tain quantity only is allowed to be collected in 
 a year, which is sometimes obtained in less than 
 a month. St. Sebastian is the capital. 
 
 Riobamba, a province of Quito, 9 m. long and 
 4 broad, adjoining that of Latacunga, on the N. 
 It produces abundance of sugar-cane, wheat, 
 maize, birley. and various fruits. Cattle are nu- 
 merous, and from the wool of the lama the in- 
 habitants manufacture stockings, cloth. &c. 
 
 Riobamba, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 is situate at the extremity of an extensive valley. 
 The productions and manufactures e-f its district 
 are superior to any other in Quito; and in some 
 parts of it are very rich mines of gold and silver. 
 It is 98 m. S. by W. of Quito. Long. 77. 20. W., 
 lat. 1. 33. S. 
 
 Riom, a town of France, department of Puy de 
 Dome, seated on a hill, 8 m. N. E. of Clermont and 
 115 S. of Paris. 
 
 Rioni, or Phasis, a considerable river of Asia 
 which rises in Georgia, forms the S. boundary of 
 Mintrrelia, and enters the Black Sea. 
 
 Rions, a town of France department of Gironde, 
 seated on the Garonne, 18 m. S. E. ofBourdeaux. 
 
 Ripa Transone, a town of Italy, in fhe papal 
 states, 8 m. S. of Fermo. 
 
 Ripen, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 capital of a diocese of the same name, with a cas- 
 tle, two colleges, and a public library. The tombs 
 of several kings of Denmark are in the cathedral, 
 which is a very handsome structure. The harbour 
 is at a small distance, at the mouth of the Gram, 
 in a country which supplies the best beeves in 
 Denmark. It is 65 m. N. W. of Sleswick and 78 
 S. by W. of Wiburg. Long. 8. 40. E., lat. 55. 23. 
 N. 
 
 Ripley, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. principally 
 noted for its castle, the ancient seat of the Ingilby 
 family ; seated on the river Nyd,23 m. W. N. W 
 of York and 211 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Ripley, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,957. Ver- 
 sailles is the capital. 
 
 Ripley, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. C44 ; p.t. 
 Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,647; p.t. Brown 
 Co. Ohio on the Ohio, 50 m. above Cincinnati ; 
 p.t. Bond Co. Illinois, 20 m E. Edwardsville. 
 
 Rippon,n borough in W. Yorkshire, Eng. In its 
 neighbourhood is the celebrated park of Studley, 
 including the venerable remains of Fountain Ab- 
 bey. Rippon was once famous for its religious 
 houses ; it has a collegiate church, a new church 
 erected in 1827, four meeting-houses, a free school 
 and several other excellent charitable institutions. 
 Its noted manufacture of spurs has long since de- 
 clined, and at present the principal manufactures 
 aro linens snd saddle-trees, and a considerable var- 
 nish manufacture. The market-place is one of the 
 finest squares of the kind in England. It is seated 
 near the Ure, over which is a handsome bridge of 
 17 arches, 23 m. N. N. W. of York and 209 N. N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Ripraps, a shoal at the mouth of James's rive? 
 at its entrance into the Chesapeak. An island 
 has been formed here by sinking stones in the 
 water, and a strong fort erected upon it which 
 commands the entrance of the river. 
 
 Riquier, St, a town of France, department of 
 Somme, seated on the Cardon, 24 m. N. W. of 
 Amiens 
 
 Risbroug, a town in Buckinghamshire, Encr. 
 20 m.S. of Aylesbury and 37 W/N. W. of London 
 
 Rising Sun, p. v. Cecil Co. Maryl. 18 m. S. 
 \V. Washington; p. v. Dearborn Co. Ind. on the 
 Ohio, 13 m. below tho Great Miami. 
 
 Risonville, p. v. Nottaway Co. Va. 76 m. S. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Risdgouche, a river of New Brunswick, falling 
 into Chaleur Bay, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Rittcnhou.sc, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Ritzeneutt'e, the chief place of a bailiwic of the 
 same name belonging to the city of Hamburg, 
 with a castle ; seated half a mile S. of Cuxhaven 
 and 54 m. W. N. W. of Hamburg. 
 
 Riva, a town of Germany, in the principality 
 of Trent, on the river Riva, at its entrance into 
 the lake Garda, 17 m. S. W. of Trent. 
 
 Riva, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Valte- 
 line, seated on the N. end of the lake Conio, 8 m. 
 S. of Chiavenna. 
 
 Rivalla, a town of Piedmont, situate on the 
 Sangeon, 8 in. N. N. E. of Turin. 
 
 Rivalta, a town of Austrian Italy, situate on 
 the lake of Mantua, 5 m. W. of Mantua. 
 
 Rivanna, a river of Virginia flowing into Jame? 
 River near Columbia. 
 
 Rivarolo, a town of Piedmont, situate on the 
 Oreo, 15 m. N. of Turin. 
 
 River Bank, p. v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N. 
 Richmond. 
 
 River Head, p. v. New London Co. Conn, also 
 a township of Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island 
 Pop. 2,016. 
 
 Rivcsaltes, a town of France, department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the Egly, 8 m. N. o' 
 Perpignan. 
 
 Rivoli, a town of Piedmont, with a magnifi- 
 cent castle, 9 m. W. of Turin. 
 
 Rivoli, a small town of Austrian Italy, neat 
 which Bonaparte obtained one of the most re- 
 markable of his victories in January, 1797. It is 
 seated on the Adige, 12 m. N. W. Verona. 
 
 Rivolo, or Rolo, a town of Italy, in Modena 
 between Novellara and Mirandola. 
 
 Rixrijrille, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. 67 m. S 
 W. Washington. 
 
 Roa, a town of Spain in the province of Burgos 
 with a castle, and a splendid mansion belonging 
 to the counts of Sizuela. It is situate on the 
 Duero, 25 m. N. by E. of Segovia. 
 
 Roane, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 7,89? 
 Kingston is the capital. 
 
 Roanne, a town of France, department of Loire 
 seated on the Loire, where it begins to be navi 
 gable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Ly- 
 ons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, Nantes, &c 
 45 m. W. N.'W. of Lyons and 210 S. S. E. ol 
 Paris. Lon. 3. 58. E., lat. 46. 4. N. 
 
 Roanoke, an island of N. Carolina, on the S. 
 side of Albermarle Sourd, famous as the place 
 where Sir Walter Raleigh made the first Brit- 
 ish settlement in N. America. 
 
 Roanoke, a river of the United States, formed 
 by the junction of the Staunton and Dan, in the 
 S. part of Virginia. It is subject to inundations, 
 and on account of the falls is navigable for smal 
 
ROC 
 
 635 
 
 ROC 
 
 craft only, about 60 or 70 m. It enters, by sever- 
 al mouths, into the S. W. part of Albermarle 
 Sound. 
 
 Roanoke, p. v. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 150 m. S. 
 W. Richmond. 
 
 Robben Island, sometimes called Penguin Island 
 a barren sandy island, near the Cape of Good 
 Hope, at the entrance into False Bay. Long. 18. 
 2* E>, lat. 33. 50. S. 
 
 R ibbinstown, p.t. Washington Co. Me. on Pas- 
 GarnaquoddyBay, opposite St. Andrews. Pop. 610. 
 
 Rnbestown, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Robel, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburor-Strelitz, seated on the lake Muritz, 
 24 m. W. of°Strelitz. 
 
 Robert Bay, a capacious bay of the island of 
 Martinico, formed by two points called that of 
 the E. part of La Rosa, and that of the W. part 
 of Los Galeones. 
 
 Robertson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 
 13,302. Springfield is the capital. 
 
 Robertson s Fork, p. v. Giles Co. Ten. 
 
 Robcrtsville, p. v. Bennington Co. Vt. Ill m. S. 
 W. Montpelier; p. v. Beaufort Co. S. C. 
 
 Robeson, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,355. 
 Lumberton is the capital ; also townships in 
 Washington and Berks Cos. Pa. 
 
 Robi7i Hood, p.v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 
 
 Robin Hood Bay , a bay on the coast of York- 
 shire, Eng. between Scarborough and Whitby, 
 about one mile broad. Here is a village of fish- 
 ermen, who supply the city of York, and the 
 adjacent country, with all sorts of fish in their 
 season. 6 m. S. E. of Whitby. Long. 0. 10. W., 
 lat. 54. 25. N. 
 
 Robinson, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. 
 
 Roca Cape, a cape of Portugal, the most west- 
 ern extremity of Europe. On its summit is a 
 remarkable monastery, said to be 3,000 feet above 
 the sea ; and on the E. of the mountain is a sum- 
 mer palace, of Moorish architecture. Here is al- 
 to a small vineyard, that of Carcavella, yielding 
 a peculiar grape ; and the environs supply most 
 of the fruits and greens used at Lisbon. This 
 cape is called generally, by the English sailors, 
 the rock- of Lisbon. Long. 9. 3(3. W ., lat. 38. 
 42. N. 
 
 Rncamadour , a town of France, department of 
 Lot, 23 m. N. of Cahors. 
 
 Rocella, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 tra, near which is a coral fishery, 10 m. N. E. or* 
 Gierace. * 
 
 Rochdale , a town in Lancashire, Eng. with 
 considerable manufactures of baize, flannels, 
 serges, and other woolen goods; also calicoes, 
 strong cotton goods, and hats. A canal from 
 Manchester passes hence to the Calder naviga- 
 tion, near Halifax. The manor of Rochdale was 
 held for .the last three centuries by the Byrons, 
 but in 1823 was sold by lord Byron, the celebrat- 
 ed poet, to James Dearden, Esq. The town is 
 seated on the river Roch, at the foot of the York- 
 shire hills, 11 m. N.by E. of Manchester and 197 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Roche, a town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy 
 seated near a large rock on the river Borne, 12 
 m. N. E. of Annecy. 
 
 Roche, or Rochefort en Ardennes, a town of the 
 Netherlands, in the province of Luxemburg, with 
 a strongcastle, seated on a rock, near the river Our- 
 te, 22 m. S. of Liege and 32 N W. of Luxem- 
 burg. 
 
 Rocce Beaucour, a town of France, department 
 of Dordogne 22 m- N. W. of Perigueux. 
 
 Roche Bernard, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Morbihan, on the Vilaine, 22 m. S. 
 E. of Vannes. 
 
 Roche Guyon, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, on the river Seine, 21 m. W. of 
 Pontoise. 
 
 Roche Posny, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vienne, with a mineral spring, seated on 
 the Creuse, 32 m. E. N. E. of Poitiers. 
 
 Roche sur Yonne, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Vendee, 20 m. N. W. of Lucon. 
 
 Rochechouart,a. town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne, with a castle on a moun- 
 tain, 18 m. W. of Limoges. 
 
 Rochefort, a sea- port of France, department of 
 Lower Charente, witli a commodious harbour, 
 one of the most famous in France. The streets 
 are broad and straight ; and the houses low, but 
 regular. It has a magnificent hospital, the finest 
 hall of arms in France, a noble arsenal, a foundry 
 for cannon, and all the other magazines necessa- 
 ry for the construction and equipment of ships of 
 war. It stands on the Charente, 15 m. from its 
 mouth, which is defended by several forts. 18 
 m. S. S. E. of Rochelle and 127 S. W. of Paris 
 Long. 0.58. W. lat. 45.56. N. 
 
 Rochefort, a town of France, in the department 
 of Jura, on the river Doubs, 6 m. N. E. of Dole 
 and 22 W. S. W. of Besancon. 
 
 Rochefort, a town of France, in department of 
 Maine-ei-Loire, on the river Loiret, 10 m. S. S 
 W. of Angers. 
 
 Rochefort, a town of France in the department 
 of Puy de Dome, 17 m. S. W. of Clermont. 
 
 Rochefoucault, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Charente, seated on the Tardoire, 12 m. 
 N. E. of Angouleme. 
 
 Rochelle, a fortified sea-port of France, capital 
 of the department of Lower Charente, and a 
 bishop's see. The houses are supported by piaz- 
 zas, and the haven is surrounded by a prodigious 
 mole, 4,482 feet in extent. The inhabitants carry 
 on a considerable trade, especially in wine, bran- 
 dy, sugar, salt paper, linen, and serges. Rochelle 
 was the birth-place of Reaumur, the celebrated 
 naturalist. It is seated in a plain at the bottom 
 of a small gulf of the Atlantic, 78 m. S. by E. of 
 Nantes and 330 S. W. of Paris. Long. 1 10. W., 
 lat. 46. 9. N. 
 
 Rochcinaur, a town of France in the depart 
 ment of Ardeche, sealed on the Rhone, 8 m. N. 
 N. E. of Viviers. 
 
 Roche Percee, a town in Howard Co. Missouri. 
 
 Rochester, a city in Kent, Eng Its castle, now 
 in ruins, once rendered it of great importance; 
 and here also are some remains of a priory. 
 Rochester is a bishop s see ana has, besides the 
 cathedral, two parish-churches. 
 
 Rochester, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N. W, 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 2,155 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 
 35 m. N. W Windsor. Pop. 1,392 ; p.t. Plymouth 
 Co. Mass. 48 in. S. Boston. Pop. 3,556 ; p.t Uls- 
 ter Co. N. Y. 84 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 2,440. 
 
 Rochester, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. on the Gene- 
 see river, is a place of great trade and opulence, 
 and astonishingly rapid growth. It was founded 
 in 1812, and is already the fourth town in the 
 state in point of numbers- it is also the empori- 
 um of the western parts. It stands upon the 
 great canal, 7 m. from Lake Ontario, with a ship 
 navigation by Genesee river within 2 m. of the 
 town, communication with New York, Quebec 
 and the great lakes. Rochester contains 2,006 
 buildings, and the streets are handsome and rega- 
 
ROC 
 
 630 
 
 ROC 
 
 lar. It has 11 churches, 2 banks, a museum, an 
 arcade, an athoneum, and several literary institu- 
 tions, 2 daily and several weekly newspapers. 
 Within the limits of the village, for such is the ti- 
 tle of this flourishing city, are 13 large flour mills, 
 built of stone, which grind 342,000 barrels of flour 
 annually. Some of these mills are on a scnle of 
 magnitude not equalled elsewhere in the world. 
 One of them covers more than 4 acres, and all are 
 considered unrivalled in the perfection of ther ma- 
 chinery. Here are also cotton and woolen manu- 
 factories, and saw-mills which turn out 9,000,000, 
 feet of lumber in a year. The Genesee falls are 
 in the northern part of the town, and the water 
 power which the river affords here, is immense. 
 There are three bridges across the Genesee at 
 this place ; the canal aqueduct deserves particu- 
 lar notice. The canal strikes the river in the S. 
 part of Rochester, and after following the eastern 
 hank for half a mile, crosses the river in the cen- 
 tre of the town in an aqueduct built upon 11 arch- 
 es of hewn stone 304 feet in length ; the structure 
 is no less worthy of admiration for its strength than 
 its architectural beauty. From the observatory 
 at the summit of the arcade may be seen in a clear 
 d;i\* the waters of Lake Ontario like a strip of 
 blue cloud on the verge of the horizon. Roches- 
 ter is 236 rri. W. Albany. 39G N. Washington. 
 Pop. 10,835. 
 
 Rochford, a town in Essex, Eng. 16 m. S. E. of 
 Chelmsford and 40 E. by N. of London. 
 
 Koclditz, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a 
 rock, and a handsome bridge over the Mulda, 24 
 m. S. E. of Leipzig. 
 
 Rock, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio 120 N. 
 E. Columbia. Pop. 708. 
 
 Rockaway, p. v. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- 
 land ; p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 3G m. N. W. Newark. 
 Rockaway Valley, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. 75 in. 
 N. Trenton. 
 
 Rockbridge, a county of the W. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 14.244. Lexington is the capital. 
 This county lakes its name from the celebrated 
 natural bridge which is situated within its limits. 
 This remarkable work of nature has been formed by 
 the bursting of the waters of a stream called Ce- 
 dar creek through a wall of rock more than 200 
 feet in height. The bridge is 00 feet in width 
 and the sides for the great part of their height are 
 nearly perpendicular. A road passes over the 
 top. The scenery it affords is exceedingly grand 
 and romantic. 
 
 Rock Castle, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,875 
 Mount Vernon is the capital. 
 Rockdale, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa. 
 Rockford, p.v. Surry Co. N.C.; p.v. Tuscara- 
 was Co. Ohio. 
 
 Rock Hall, p.v. Kent Co. Maryland on the E. 
 side of the Chesapeak opposite the Patapsco. 
 Rockhi.ll, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 Rock Hill Mills, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. 
 Rockingham, a county of N. Hampshire in the 
 S. E. Pop. 44,452. Portsmouth is the capital ; 
 a county of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. 
 5J0,603. Harrisonburg is the capital ; a county of 
 N. Carolinia. Pop. 12,920. Wentworth is the 
 capital 
 
 Rockingham, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- 
 necticut. 23 m. N. Brattleborough. Pop. 2,272 ; 
 p.v. Richmond Co. N. C. 
 
 Rockland, a county of New York, in the S. 
 Pop. 9,388. Clarkstown is the capital; a town- 
 ihip in Sullivan Co. N. Y. Pop. 547 ; a township 
 «.f Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Rock Landing, p.v. Halifax Co N. C. on th« 
 Roanoke, 12 m. above Halifax. 
 
 Rock Mills, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 
 
 Rockport, p.v. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake 
 Erie. Pop. 3GI ; p.v. Spencer Co. Ind. on the 
 Ohio. 
 
 Rock Spring, p.v. Nelson Co. Va. 118 m. W 
 Richmond; p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 
 
 Rock Riper, a branch of the Mississippi in Illi 
 nois, it is 200 m. in length. 
 
 Rock Stream, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y. 
 
 Rockville, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. and Parke Co 
 Ind. 
 
 Rocky Hill, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn. ; p.v. Bar 
 ren Co. Ken. 
 
 Rocky Mount, p.v. Franklin Co. Va. 210 m 
 S. W. Richmond; p.v. Nash Co. N. C. and 
 Fairfield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Rocky Mountains, an immense chain in the 
 western part of North America which may be re- 
 garded as a continuation of the Cordilleras of 
 Mexico. They extend Northwesterly nearly to 
 the Frozen Ocean, and form the ridge which se- 
 parates the waters of the great basin of the Mis- 
 sissippi from those which fall into the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 In extent, in elevation, and in breadth, the 
 Rocky mountains far exceed the Alleghanies of 
 the eastern states. Their mean breadth is 200 
 miles, and where broadest, 300. Their height 
 must be very great, since, when first seen by cap- 
 tain Lewis, they were at least 150 miles distant 
 On a nearer approach, the sublimity of the pros- 
 pectis increased, by the appearance of range rising 
 behind range, each yielding in height to its suc- 
 cessor, till the most distant is mingled with the 
 clouds. In this lofty region the ranges are cov- 
 ered with snow in the middle of June. From this 
 last circumstance, these mountains have been some- 
 times denominated the Shining mountains — an 
 appellation much more appropriate than that of the 
 Rocky or Stony mountains, a property possessed by 
 all mountains, but peculiar to none. The longi- 
 tudinal extent of this great chain is immense, 
 running as far N. W. as GO N. lat., and perhaps 
 to the Frozen Ocean itself. The snows and foun- 
 tains of this enormous range, from the 3Sth to the 
 48th degree of northern latitude, feed, with never- 
 failing supplies, the Missouri and its power- 
 ful auxiliary streams. 
 
 A great number of lateral ranges project to the 
 S. E., E., and N. E. of the main range. Where 
 the Missouri enters the plains, is the most east- 
 ern projection ; and from where the Yellow Stone 
 leaves the snowy range, there is a range, run- 
 ning more than 200 miles south -east, which is inter- 
 sected by the Bighorn river. As these mountains 
 have not yet been explored by the eye of geolo- 
 gical science, it is impossible to say any thing 
 respecting their component parts ; but, from any 
 thing that we can learn from Pike and Clarke, 
 they seem to be chiefly granitic. No volcanoes 
 have yet been discovered amongst them ; but 
 strange unusual noises were heard from the moun- 
 tains, by the American party, when stationed 
 above the falls of the Missouri. These sounds 
 seemed to come from the northwest. " Since our 
 arrival at the falls," says the narrative, " we have 
 repeatedly heard a strange noise coming from the 
 mountains, a little to the north of west. It is 
 heard at different periods of the day and night : 
 sometimes when the air is perfectly still and un- 
 clouded, and consists of one stroke only, or of five 
 or six discharges in quick succession. It is loud, 
 
ROC 
 
 63? 
 
 ROD 
 
 and resembles precisely the sound of a six pounder 
 a l til? distance of three miles. The Indians had 
 before mentioned this noise like thunder, but we 
 h-.d paid no attention to it. The watermen also 
 ->f the party say, that the Pawnees and Ricarees 
 give the same account of a similar noise made in 
 tlie Black Mountains, to the westward of them." 
 Again, near the same place, it is afterwards said : 
 '' They heard, about sunset, two discharges of the 
 tremendous mountain-artillery." 
 
 The base of these mountains is between three 
 and four thousand feet above the sea. The high- 
 est point is suposed to be a peak called the 
 Great White mountain, between the Arkansas 
 and Platte rivers, which According to the measure- 
 ment of Pike is 18.531 *'eet above the sea and 
 i 0,581 above the level of the meadow at its 
 base. The lofty regions of these mountains are 
 inhabited by an animal called the Rocky moun- 
 tain goat. Their manners are said to resemble 
 greatly those of the domestic goat. The exact 
 limits of the range of this animal have not been 
 ascertained, but it probably extends from the 40th 
 to the 64th or 65th degree of latitude. It is corn- 
 
 retire with their lambs to the most inaccessible 
 heights. Mr. Drummond informs us that in the 
 retired parts of the mountains, where the hunters 
 
 mon on the elevated part of the range that gives 
 origin to the Mackenzie, Oregon, Nelson, and 
 Missouri rivers. The fine wool which the ani- 
 mal produces, grows principally on the back 
 and hips, and is intermixed, with long coarse 
 hair. From the circumstance of its bearing 
 wool, it has occasionally been termed a sheep 
 by the voyagers and even by naturalists ; some lit- 
 tle confusion has therefore crept into the accounts 
 of its habits, which have been published from the 
 reports of traders. Its flesh is hard and dry, and 
 little esteemed. The Indians make caps and 
 saddles of its skin. The Hudson's Bay company 
 have lately presented a perfect specimen of the 
 goat to the Zoological Society. This animal is 
 v>,\he size of the domestic sheep, and is totally 
 white, except the horns, hoofs, lips, and margins 
 u« ihe nostrils : the horns are black and shining. 
 Another remarkable race of animals are the 
 ♦iocy Mountain Sheep, which are found in this 
 elevated region from its northern termination in 
 latitude 68 to about latitude 40, and most likely 
 still further south. They also frequent the ele- 
 vated and craggy ridges with which the country 
 between the great mountain range and the Pa- 
 cific is intersected ; but theyjdo not appear to have 
 advanced further to the eastward than to the de- 
 clivity of the Rocky Mountains, nor are they 
 found in any of the hilly tracts nearer to Hud- 
 son's Bay. They collect in flocks consisting of 
 from three to thirty, the young rams and fe- 
 males herding together during the winter and 
 spring, while the old rams form separate flocks. 
 The ewes bring forth in June or July, and then 
 
 had seldom penetrated, he found no difficulty in 
 approaching the Rocky Mountain Sheep, which 
 there exhibited the simplicity of character so re- 
 markable in the domestic species ; but that where 
 they had been often fired at, they were exceed- 
 ingly wild, alarmed their companions on the ap- 
 proach of danger by a hissing noise, and scaled 
 the rocks with a speed and agility that baffled 
 pursuit. He lost several that he had mortally 
 wounded, by their retiring to die amongst the se- 
 cluded precipices. Their favourite feeding pla- 
 ces are grassy knolls, skirted by craggy rocks to 
 which they can retreat, when pursued by dogs or 
 wolves. They are accustomed to pay daily visits 
 to certain caves in the mountains that are encrust- 
 ed with a saline efflorescence, of which they are 
 fond. These caves are situated in slaty rocks. Mr 
 Drummond says that the horns of the old rams 
 attain a size so enormous, and curve so much 
 forwards and downwards that they effectually 
 prevent the animal from feeding on level ground. 
 Its flesh is said by those who have fed on it, to be 
 quite delicious when it is in season, far superior 
 to that of any of the deer species which frequent 
 the same quarter, and even exceeding in flavour 
 the finest Eno-lish mutton. 
 
 Rocky Ridge, p. v. Trigg Co. Ken. 217 m. S. 
 W. Frankfort. 
 
 Rocky Springs, p. v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 
 145 m. N. VV. Raleigh ; p. v. George Co. Ten ; 
 p. v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Rocroy, a town of France, department of Arden- 
 nes, celebrated for the victory gained by the 
 French over the Spaniards in 1643. It is seated 
 in a plain, surrounded by forests, 26 m. N. of 
 Rethel. 
 
 Rodach, a town of Germany, in the principal- 
 ity of Saxe-Coburg, on a river of its name, 
 m. N. W. Coburg. 
 
 Rodby, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of 
 Laland. The passage hence to Heiligenhaven, 
 in Holstein and to the island of Femern, is much 
 frequented. It is 10 m. N. £. of Naxkow. Long. 
 11.45. E., lat. 54.45. N. 
 
 Rodenburg, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 the district of Schauenburg, near which is a min- 
 eral spring. 11 m. W. by S. of Hanover. 
 
 Rodez, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Aveiron, and a bishop's see. Here are 
 four great annual fairs, and some manufactures of 
 gray cloths and serges. The lofty steeple of its 
 cathedral is admired for its architecture. It is 
 seated in the midst of mountains, on a hill, at 
 the foot of which flows the Aveiron 30 m. W. by 
 S. of Mende. 
 
 Rodings, a district of Essex, Eng. comprising 
 3H 
 
ROM 
 
 638 
 
 ROM 
 
 eight parishes, each of which is called Roding, 
 but they are distinguished by the additional ap- 
 pellation of Beauchamp, Eythorp, High, Leaden, 
 White, Abbot's, Berner's, and Margaret's. 
 
 Rodman, p.t. Jefferson Co. N Y. 160 m. N. W. 
 \lbany. Pop. 1,901. 
 
 Rod ok, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Dehli, 50 m. E. of Hissar and GO W. N W. of 
 Dehli. 
 
 Rodosto, a sea port of Romania, and a bishop's 
 see, seated on the side of a hill, on the sea of 
 Marmora, 02 m. W. of Constantinople. Long. 
 27. 37. E.,lat. 41. 1. N. 
 
 Rodriguez, an island in the Indian Ocean, 30 
 m. long and 12 broad, lying 100 leagues E. of 
 Mauritius. The country is mountainous, and in 
 many parts rocky, though in some places the soil 
 is excellent; but the best production of the island 
 is the land turtle, which are in great abundance. 
 On the N. side is a bay that affords secure shelter 
 for ships, and ample supplies of wood and water 
 Long. 63. 0. E., lat. 10. 30. S. 
 
 Rntr, a river of the Prussian states, which rises 
 in Westphalia, flows by Arensberg, Schwerte, 
 Werden. and Duysburg, and enters the Rhine at 
 Roerort. 
 
 Roerort, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 duchy of Cleve, at the conflux of the Roer with 
 the Rhine, 17 m. S. by E. of Weael. 
 
 Roeulx, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, 
 8 m. N. E. of Mons. 
 
 Rogerstown, p. v. Franklin Co. Missouri. 
 Rogersvitle, p. v. Person Co. N. C. Pendleton 
 Dis. S. C. and Hawkins Co. Ten. on the Holjton, 
 70 m. above Knoxville. 
 
 Ronemcick, or Port Baltic, a sea-port of Russia, 
 in the province of Revel, seated on a fine bay at 
 the entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 m. W. N. 
 W. of Revel. Long. 23. 20. E., lat. 59. 10. N. 
 
 Rotronatpour , a town of Bengal, capital of the 
 district of Pachete. 126 m. N. W. of Calcutta. 
 Long. 86.47. E., lat. 23. 32. N. 
 Roha, or Rouah. See Orfa. 
 Rohan, a town of France, department of Mor- 
 biham, on the Aoust, 20 m. N. of Vannes. 
 
 Rohilcund, or Rohilla, a territory of Hindoostan, 
 inhabited by the Rohillas. and formerly belong- 
 ing to the province of Dehli, but now included 
 in the district of Bareilly. It was conquered by 
 the nabob of Oude, with the assistance of the 
 British, in 1774. But in 1801 it was ceded to the 
 British, and is now governed by a civil establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Rokitzan, a town of Bohemia, with good cloth 
 manufactures and a trade in iron, 7 m. E. by N. of 
 Pilsen. 
 
 Rolduc, a town of the Netherlands, in the late 
 duchy of Limburg, 10 in. S. W. of Juliers. 
 
 Rom, an island of Denmark, on the coast of S. 
 Jutland. It is 7 m. long and nearly 3 broad, and 
 contains a few villages. 
 
 Romagna, the former name of a province of 
 Italy, in the papal states, bounded on the N. by 
 the Ferrarese, E. by the gulf of Venice, S. by 
 Tuscany and Urbino, and W. by Bologna and 
 Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and 
 fruits ; and has also mines, mineral waters, and 
 salt-works, which makes its principal revenue. 
 Ravenna is t'..c ra >ital. 
 
 Romainmoticr , i town of Switzerland, in the 
 Pays de Vaud, capital o f a bailiwic, with a castle ; 
 seated in a narrow valley, through which flows 
 the river Diaz, 11 m. S. W. of Yverdun. 
 
 Ronuini, a town of European Turkey, in Mol- 
 
 davia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the Siret, 
 50 m. W. S. W. of Jassy. 
 
 Romania, a province or division of Turkey, 
 about 200 m. long and 130 broad; bounded on 
 the N. by Bulgaria, E. by the black Sea, S. by 
 the sea of Marmora and the Archipelago, and W 
 by Macedonia. The whole of this fine country, 
 comprising Thrace, Macedon, and ancient Greece, 
 is at present in a very backward state, owing to 
 the oppression and arbitrary exactions of the 
 Turks. The inhabitants have, however, at length 
 been liberated from the galling yoke which they 
 long maintained an arduous struggle to throw off 
 See Greece. 
 
 Romano, a town of Austrian Italy, on a river 
 that runs between the Oglio and Serio, 26 m. E. 
 of Milan. 
 
 Ramans, a town of France, department of 
 Drome, on the Isere, 22 m. S. W. of Grenoble and 
 30 S. of Vienne. 
 
 Rome, a celebrated city of Italy, the capital of 
 the pope's dominions. It is situate on the Tiber, 
 over which it has four bridges. The walls are of 
 brick, in which are 15 gates ; and its whole cir- 
 cumference, including that part beyond the Ti- 
 ber and all belonging to the Vatican, is upwards 
 of 16 m. It has 144,541 inhabitants, which, 
 though greatly inferior to what it could boast in 
 the days of its ancient power, is considerably 
 more than it could njimber at some former periods 
 since the fall of the empire. Some of the prin- 
 cipal streets are of considerable length, and per- 
 fectly straight. That called the Corso is the 
 most frequented. The shops on each side are 
 three or four feet higher than the street, and there 
 is a path for foot passengers on a level with the 
 shops. The palaces, of which there are several, in 
 this street, range in a line with the houses, hav- 
 ing no courts before them. The Strada Felice 
 and the Strada di Porta Pia, are also very long 
 and noble streets. Rome exhibits a strange mix- 
 ture of magnificent and interesting, and of com- 
 mon and beggarly objects ; the former consist of 
 palaces, churches, fountains, and the remains of 
 antiquity ; the latter comprehend all the rest of 
 the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opin- 
 ion of many, surpasses, in size and magnificence, 
 the finest monuments of ancient architecture. It 
 was begun in 1506, finished in 1621, and is en- 
 tirely covered both within and without with mar- 
 ble. Its length is 730 feet, the breadth 520, and 
 the height, from the pavement to the top of the 
 cross which crowns the cupola, 450. The high 
 altar under the cupola is 90 feet in height, and of 
 extraordinary magnificence. A complete descrip- 
 tion of this church, and of its statues, basso-re- 
 lievos, colums, and various other ornaments, 
 would fill volumes. The cathedral of St. John 
 Lateran, the Romans say, is the most ancient o\ 
 all the churches of Rome, and the mother of all 
 ^he churches m Christendom. It contains the 
 Scala Santa, of 28 white marble steps, brought 
 from Jerusalem, by which Christ is said to have 
 ascended to the palace of Caiaphas. To this 
 church every new pope constantly goes first, in a 
 magnificent procession, to take possession of the 
 holy see. The Pantheon, which from its cir- 
 cular form has obtained the name of the Rotunda 
 is the most perfect of the Roman temples which 
 now remain, and notwithstanding the depreda- 
 tions it has sustained from Goths, Vandals, and 
 popes, is still a beautiful monument of Roman 
 taste. The pavilion of the great altar of St. Peter, 
 and the four wreathed pillars of Corinthian brass 
 
ROM 
 
 639 
 
 RON 
 
 which support it, were formed out of the spoils cf 
 the Pantheon, which, after nearly 2,000 years, has 
 still a probability of outliving its proud and capa- 
 cious rival. Its height is 150 feet, and its width 
 nearly the same. There are no pillars to support 
 the roof, which is constructed in the manner of a 
 cupola ; neither has it any windows, a sufficiency 
 of light being admitted through a central opening 
 in the dome. As the Pantheon is the most entire, 
 the amphitheatre of Vespasian is the most stu- 
 pendous monument of antiquity in Rome. About 
 one-half of the external circuit still remains, from 
 which a pretty exact idea may be formed of the 
 original structure, and by computation it could 
 contain 85,000 spectators. But the antiquities of 
 Rome are too numerous to be minutely described ; 
 so that the ancient Forum, now a cow-market, 
 the beautiful column of Trajan, <fcc, must be pass- 
 ed over. The Campidoglio, built by Michel 
 Angelo, is a beautiful structure, standing on the 
 site of the ancient Capitol, so long the centre of 
 tiie empire of the world. The body of this pal- 
 ace is the residence of 'the Senators of Rome, and 
 the wings are inhabited by the conservators of 
 the city. The pope has three superb palaces, of 
 which the principal is the Vatican, near St. Pe- 
 ter's church. The library of this palace is the 
 largest and most complete in the world ; rich, es- 
 pecially in MSS., in all languages, and of all ages. 
 In Rome the connoisseur will meet with innu- 
 merable paintings by the greatest masters, and 
 with the finest works of sculpture, &c. Besides 
 the university, which consists of several noble 
 colleges, there are numerous academies and lite- 
 rary societies. The castle of St. Angelo serves 
 more to keep the city in awe than to repel any 
 foreign attack. 
 
 Rome was formerly the metropolis of one of the 
 greatest empires that have ever existed, and may 
 be regarded as the parent of all the cities, the 
 arts, and states of modern Europe. The ancient 
 Romans were governed by seven kings, for about 
 '220 years. During the next 488 years, they were 
 governed by consuls, tribunes, decemvirs, and 
 dictators, in their turns. They were afterwards 
 governed by 60 emperors, for the space of 518 
 years. Their wars with the Carthaginians, Span- 
 iards, Gauls, Mithridates of Pontus, Parthians, 
 and Jews, were the most noted. The Roman 
 empire was afterwards much distracted by various 
 commotions, and in 410 Rome was taken and 
 burnt. In May, 1527, Rome was invested by the 
 army of the emperor Charles V. ; and the general, 
 to prevent a mutiny, promised to enrich them 
 with the spoils of this opuient city. The general, 
 however, was himself killed, as he was planting 
 a scaling ladder against the walls ; but his sol- 
 diers, not discouraged by his death, mounted to. 
 the assault with the utmost valor, and, entering 
 the city, exercised all those brutalities that may 
 be expected from ferocitv aggravated by resist- 
 ance. In the wars which attended the French 
 revolution, Rome was again a considerable suf- 
 ferer. Large contributions, and severe military 
 exactions, were drawn from the inhabitants ; and 
 a great number of the most valuable statues and 
 paintings were sent, off" to Paris. The pope was 
 finally restored in 1814. See Popedom. Rome 
 is 110 m. N. W. of Naples, 410 S. S. W. of Vien- 
 na, and GOO S. E. of Paris. Lomr. 12. 29. E., lat. 
 41. 54. N. 
 
 Rome, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 22 m. 
 iv Augusta. Pop. 883 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Ill 
 m. W Albany. Pop. 4,360. It is pleasantly sit- 
 
 uated half a mile from the Erie Canal ; p.v. Ahh 
 tabula, Lawrence and Athens Cos. Ohio ; p.v. 
 Perry Co. Ind. 
 
 Romenay, a town of France, department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, 15 m. N. N. E. of Macon. 
 
 Romerstadt, a town of Moravia, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of which are some iron mines. 20 m 
 N. N. E. of Olmutz. 
 
 Romhild, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Saxe-Meinungen, with a castle, 13 m. S. of Mei- 
 nungen. 
 
 Romkala, a town of Syria, with the remains of 
 an ancient and strong castle, and two churches. 
 It is seated on the Euphrates, at the influx of the 
 Simeren, and is used by the Turks as a place of 
 banishment for great men in disgrace. 85 m. N. 
 N. E. of Aleppo. 
 
 Romna, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Tchernigof, 88 m. E. S. E. of Tchernigof. 
 
 Romney, p.v. Hampshire Co. Va. on the Poto- 
 mac 50 m. W. Winchester; t. Kent. Co. U. C. 
 
 Romney, Ncic, a borough in Kent, Eng. It is 
 one of the cinque-ports, and once contained five 
 churches and a priory ; but, since the sea l <as re- 
 tired, it is much reduced. About a mile to the 
 W. is Old Romney, the original port, which is 
 now a small place. 22 m. S. W. of Dover and 
 71 S. E. of London. 
 
 Romney Marsh, a tract in the most southern 
 partof Kent, Eng. between Dungeness and Rye- 
 haven, defended from the sea by a strong embank- 
 ment, called Dymchurch Wall. It is 20 m. long 
 and eight broad, containing about 50,000 acres of 
 firm land, and some of the richest pastures in 
 England. Vast flocks of sheep and herds of cat- 
 tle are fattened here for the London market. 
 
 Romont, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Friburg, seated on a mountain, 10 m. N. W. of 
 Friburg. 
 
 Romorentin, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Loire-et-Cher, with a castle, and manu- 
 factures of serges and cloths ; seated on the Sau- 
 dre, 26 m. S. E. of Blois and 40 S. by W. of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Romsdul, a town of Norway, capital of a prov- 
 ince in the government of Drontheim, 100 m. S. 
 W. of Drontheim. Long. 7. 54. E., lat. 62. 
 28. N. 
 
 Romsey, a town in Hampshire, Eng. It has a 
 manufacture of shalloons, and several paper mills ; 
 and is seated on the Andover canal and the river 
 Test, 8 in. N. W. of Southampton and 73 W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Romulus, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. 204 m. W. Al- 
 bany on Seneca Lake. Pop. 2,089. 
 
 Ronuhlshay , North and South, two small islands 
 of the Orkneys. 
 
 Ronay, one of the Hebrides, situate between 
 the Isle of Sky and the mainland. 
 
 Roncevalles, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 
 situate in a valley to which it gives name, 14 m. 
 N. N. E. of Pamplona. 
 
 Ronciglione, a town of Italy, in the states of the 
 church, with a fortified castle. It is seated on the 
 Tereia, near a lake of the same name, 28 m. N. 
 N. W.-of Rome. Long. 12. 32. E., lat. 42. 18. N. 
 
 Rondo., a strong town of Spain, in Granada, 
 with a castle ; situate on a craggy rock, near the 
 river Guadiaro, 43 m. N. by E. of Gibraltar. 
 
 Roney's Point, p.v. Ohio Co. Va. 
 
 Ronne, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of 
 Bornholm, and the residence of the governor. 
 The harbour is fortified, but not deep. Long 14 
 55. E.,lat. 55. 10. N. 
 
ROS 
 
 640 
 
 ROS 
 
 Ronneburg, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 ilie principality of Altenburg, beloning to Saxe- 
 Gotha, 14 m. S. W. of Altenburg. 
 
 Roopat, an island in the straits of Malacca, 
 separated from Sumatra by a narrow channel. 
 Long. 101. 9. E., lat. 3. 0. N. 
 
 Root, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 46 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,750. 
 
 Rootstoicn, p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. J34 m. N. E. 
 Columbia. Pop. 663. 
 
 Roque, St., a town of Spain, in Andalusia, at 
 the entrance of the isthmus which separates Gib- 
 raltar from the continent. It stands on the top of 
 a hill, overlooking the bay, 17 m. N. E. of Tariffs, 
 and d8 S. E. of Cadiz. 
 
 Roquefort, a town of France, department of 
 Landes, seated on the Douese, 15 m. E. N. E. of 
 Mont de Marsan. 
 
 Roquemimre, a town in the department of Gard. 
 22 r«. N. E. of Nismes. 
 
 Roquetas, a town of Spain, in Granada, on the 
 coast of the Mediterranean, 10 m. S. W. of Alme- 
 ria. 52 S. E. of Granada. 
 
 Roras.a. town of Norway, in Drontheim, noted f t 
 important mines of copper, 68 m S. of Drontheim. 
 Rosa, a singular mountain of the Pennine Alps, 
 at the N. E. boundary of Piedmont, little inferior 
 in height to Mont Blanc. It forms as it were, a 
 a circus of origantic peaks, round the village of 
 Macuynaga ; and its appearance is supposed to 
 impart the name from some resemblance to an 
 expanded rose. 
 
 Rosimarino, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, 
 at the mouth of a river of its name, 22 m. W. by 
 S. of Patti. 
 
 Rosana, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Grodno, seated near the Zolva, 56 
 m. S. W. of Novogrodec. 
 
 Rosback, a village of Prussian Saxony, famous 
 for a victory obtained by Prussia over the French 
 and Austrians in 1757. 10 m. S. E. of Merseburg. 
 Roschad, a town of Switzerland, with a castle 
 on a mountain ; seated on the lake of Constance, 
 7 m. E. N. E. of St. Gall. 
 
 Roschild, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zea- 
 land, and a bishop's see. It is now a poor place, 
 but was the residence of the kings of Denmark 
 for several centuries before Copenhagen was 
 founded ; and the cathedral has long been the 
 place of their sepulture. A treaty of peace was 
 concluded here in 1658. It is seated at the end 
 of a deep gulf. 16 m. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Roscoc, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio, 68 m. N. E. 
 Columbia. 
 
 Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Connaught, 60 ill. long and 37 broad ; 
 bounded on the N. by Sligo and Leitrim, E. by 
 Longford and W. Meath, S. by Galway, and W. by 
 Galvvay and Mayo. It contains about 209,000 in- 
 habitants, is divided into 56 parishes, and sends 
 three members to parliament. It is a tolerably level 
 country, producing excellent corn and pasturage, 
 yet there are some extensive bogs. 
 
 Roscommon, a town of Ireland, capital of the 
 above country, 80 m. W. bv N. of Dublin. Lontr. 
 til 42. W., lat. 55. 34. N. 
 
 Roscommon, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y. 
 Roscrea, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary. 2 m. 
 to the S. E. are the singular ruins of an abbey, on 
 an island of about three acres, in the centre of a 
 bog. It is 20 m. W. S. W. of Maryborough and 
 32 N. of Cashel. 
 
 Rose, a township of Stark Co. Ohio Pop. 978 
 Roseau. See Charlotte-toion 
 
 Roseburg, p.v. Armstrong Co. Pa. 
 Rosefield, p.v. Prince William Co. Va. 
 Rosehill , p.v. Lee Co. Va. 
 Roseland, p.v. Cambria Co. Pa. 
 Roscmills, p.v. Amherst Co. Va. 118 m. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Roscmnrkie. See Fortrose. 
 
 Rosenberg, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 principality of Oppeln, with a small castle, 25 ni 
 N. E. of Oppeln. 
 
 Rosenheim, a town of Bavaria, seated at the con 
 flux of the Manguald with the Inn, 34 ni. S. E 
 of Munich. 
 
 Roses, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, with a 
 citadel. It was taken by the French in 1693, 
 and again in 1793. It is seated on a bay of th'i 
 same name, in the Mediterranean, 27 in. N. E. c\ 
 Gerona. Long. 3. 7. E., lat. 42. 17. N. 
 Roses Bluff, p.v. Dallas Co. A lab. 
 Rosctta, a town of Egypt, one of the pleasantest 
 in the country. It has a great manufacture of 
 striped and other coarse linens; but its chief bnsi 
 ness is the carrincre of goods to Cairo ; for all Eu- 
 ropean merchandize is brought hither from Alex- 
 andria by sea. The rice grown in its vicinity, cal- 
 led sultani, is chiefly sent to Constantinople, and 
 its exportation to any other place is prohibited. 
 Rosetta was taken by the French in 1798, and 
 here the English were defeated by the Turks in 
 1807. It stands on an island, formed by the W. 
 branch of the Nile, 25 m. E. N. E. of Alexandria 
 and 100 N. N. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 23 E , 
 lat. 31.23. N. 
 
 Roseville, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. 35 in. N. VV. 
 Washington; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio. 62 m E. 
 Columbia ; p.v. Park Co. Indiana; p.v. Delaware 
 Co. N. Y. 
 
 Rosienne, town of Russia, in the government of 
 Wilna, formerly the capital of Samoffitia. It is 
 seated on the Dubisse, 70 m. S. ofMitlau Lor.cr 
 23. 45. E., lat. 55. 30. N. 
 
 Rosiers mix Salines, a town of France depart- 
 ment of Meurthe. formerly celebrated for its salt- 
 works; seated on the Meurthe 10 m. S. ofNancv. 
 Rosoy, a town in the department of Seine-et- 
 Marne, with a magnificent castle, 16 m. E. N. 
 E. of Melun and 30 8. E. of Paris. 
 
 Ross, a town in Herefordshire, Eng. It owes 
 most of its improvements and charitable institu- 
 tions to John Kyrle, commonly called the Man 
 of Ross, whose benevolent character is so inter- 
 estingly delineated by Pope. 4 miles to the S. 
 W. are the massive remains of Goodrich Castle ; 
 and near it are the ruins of Flanesford Priory 
 the chapel of which is converted into a barn. 
 Ross is seated on an elevated rock, on the Wye 
 12 miles S. E. of Hereford and 120 W by N. of 
 London. 
 
 Ross, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county of 
 Cork, and united to Cork as an episcopal see. 
 The harbour was formerly famous, but has been 
 gradually filled up with sand, so that the town is 
 sunk from its former splendour. It is seated on 
 a bay of the Atlantic, 20 m. S. W. of KinsHe 
 Long. 8.58. W., lat. 51. 32. N. 
 
 Ross, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,053. Chilico- 
 the is the Capital. 
 
 Ross, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. on Al- 
 leghany and Ohio rivers opposite Pittsburg, also 
 townships in Jefferson, Green and Butler Cos 
 Ohio. 
 
 Rossic, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop. 650. 
 
 Ross, JW?c, a borough of Ireland, in the county 
 
 of Wexford, situate on the Barrow, which is navl- 
 
ROT 
 
 641 
 
 ROT 
 
 gable for large vessels up to the quay. The town 
 has a considerable trade, and exports a great 
 quantity of wool, butter, and beef. It is 12 in. N. 
 E. of Waterford and 19 W. of Wexford. 
 
 Rossano, a strong town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Citra and an archbishop's see. The adjacent 
 valleys yield oil, capers, saifron, and excellent 
 pepper. It is seated on an eminence, surrounded 
 by rocks, 3 in. from the gulf of Tarento and 
 136 S. E. of Naples. Long. 10. 38. E.,lat. 39.48. N. 
 
 Rosslau, a town of Germany, in the principali- 
 ty of Anhalt, wiih a castle ; seated at the conflux 
 of the Rosslau with the Elbe, 10 m. S. S. E. of 
 Zerbst. 
 
 Ross-shire, a. county of Scotland, 80 m. long 
 and 70 broad ; bounded on the N. by sutherland- 
 shire. The island of Lewis is attached to this 
 r-ounty. Tain is the capital. 
 
 Rossville, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. Butler Co. 
 Ohio, York Co. Pa New Madrid Co- Missouri 
 and a town in the Cherokee Country in Georgia 
 on the great bend of Tennessee river. 
 
 Rostrand, a township of Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Rosswein, a town of Saxony, with a good trade 
 n wool, flannel, and cloth ; seated on the Mul- 
 dau, 23 in. W. of Dresden. 
 
 Rostak, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
 Oman, and the seat of a sovereign prince. It is 
 120 m. W. of Maskat. Long. 57. 30. E. lat. 23. 
 30. N. 
 
 Rostock, a fortified town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a univer- 
 sity, a good harbour, a strong citadel, an arsenal, 
 and three churches. It is divided into three parts, 
 the Old, the New, and the Middle Town, and car- 
 ries on a large trade. It is seated on the river 
 Warne, 10 m. from its entrance into the Baltic 
 and 32 E. N. E. of Wismar. Lon. 12. 20. E., 
 lat. 54. 10. N. 
 
 Rostof, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Xaroslaf, and an episcopal see. It is seated on 
 the Lake Nero, or Rostof, which communicates 
 with the Volga by the river Kotorost, 95 m. N. 
 E. of Moscow. Lon. 40. 25. E., lat. 57. 5. N. 
 
 Rostrenan, a town of France, department of 
 Cotes du Nord, near the Blavet, 35 m. S. W. of 
 St. Brieux. 
 
 Rostrevor, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county 
 of Down, with a considerable saltwork and a 
 pottery. It is much frequented for sea-bathing-, 
 and the peculiar beauty of its situation renders it 
 one of the most delightful summer retreats in the 
 province. Adjoining the town is Rostrevor Hill, 
 a romantic mountain of extraordinary elevation 
 and beauty. The town is seated on Carlingford 
 Bay, 9 m. S. E. of Newry. 
 
 Rota, a town and castle of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 at the entrance of the bay of Cadiz, 9 in. N. N. 
 W. of Cadiz. 
 
 Rotus,a. town of Hindoostan, in the province of 
 Lai ore, 85 m N. W. of Lahore. Lon. 71. 52. E., 
 lat 32. 4. N. 
 
 Rotas, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Bahar, 108 m. S. W. of Patna. 
 
 Rotenberg, a town, and fortress of Bavaria, capi- 
 tal of a lordship of the same name ; situate on a 
 mountain, 18 m. N. E. of Nurenburg and 27 S. 
 ■3. W. of Bayreuth. 
 
 Rotenburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 r>f Lucern, 4 m. N. of Lucern. 
 
 Rotenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the 
 county of Hohenberg, with a castle. Near it is a 
 famous mineral spring. It stands on the Neckar, 
 6 m. W. S. W. of Tubingen. 
 81 
 
 Rotenburg, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Verden, on the river Wumme, 15 m. N. by E. of 
 Verden. 
 
 Rotenburg, a town of Germany, in the elector- 
 ate of Hesse, with a palace ; seated on the Fulda 
 24 m. S. S. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Rotenfel.s, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of 
 Lower Maine; seated on the Maine, 13 m. N. 
 W. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Roth, a town and castle of Bavaria, in the dis- 
 trict of Anspach, noted as the birthplace of the 
 celebrated Gessner. It stands at the conflux of 
 the Roth with the Rednitz, 18 m. S. of Nuren 
 berg. 
 
 Rothbury, a town in Northumberland, Eng 
 situate on the Coquet, in a sequestered and ro- 
 mantic glen, sheltered from the northern blasts 
 by towering hills : on the S. an abrupt bank rises 
 in a pyramidal form, the summit of which is 
 crowned by a stately tower. The duke of Nor- 
 thumberland is lord of the manor, though he pos- 
 sesses very little freehold property in the town 
 12 m. S. W. of Alnwick and 303 N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Rothenberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the 
 river Neissa, 15 m. N. of Gorlitz. 
 
 Rothenburg, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 surrounded by moats and ramparts. It stands on 
 a mountain, by the river Tauber, from which it 
 is supplied with water by means of a machine. 
 15 m. W. N. W. of Anspach. Long. 10. 18. E , 
 lat. 49. 22. N. 
 
 Rotherham, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It 
 is famous for the extensive iron-works in its vicin- 
 ity at Masbrough. It is seated at the conflux of 
 the Rother with the Don, 32 m. S. of Leeds and 
 159 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Rothcrhithe, a village in Surrey, Eng. noted for 
 its dock yards. The church contains an interest- 
 ing monument to Lee Boo, prince of the Pelew 
 Islands, who came over to England with captain 
 Wilson, and died of small pox in 17S4. Rother- 
 hilhe is situate on the S. bank of the Thames, 2 
 m. E. of London. 
 
 Rothsay, a borough of Scotland, the capital of 
 the isle of Bute. Here is an ancient castle, once 
 a royal palace. The inhabitants are actively en- 
 gaged in the herring fishery, and several cotton 
 works are also established. Rothsay joins with 
 Ayr, Irvine, Campbeltown, and Inverary, in send 
 ing one member to parliament. It is situate on 
 the E. side of the island, and has an excellent 
 harbour and pier. 80 in. W. by S. of Edinburgh. 
 Long. 4. 53. W., lat. 55. 48. N. 
 
 Rothiceil, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg ;. 
 seated on the Neckar, near its source, 27 m. S. S. 
 W. of Tubingen. Long. 8. 37. E., lat. 48. 8. N. 
 
 Rottenmann, a town of the Austrian states,, in 
 Stiria, with a college of regular canons, 20 m. N. 
 N. W. of Judenburg. 
 
 Rotterdam, a city of S. Holland, with one of the 
 finest harbours in the Netherlands. Next to Am- 
 sterdam, it is the most considerable place in Hol- 
 land, for the beauty of its buildings and for its trade; 
 and the inhabitants are computed at 60,000. There 
 are so many deep canals that ships may unload at 
 the very doors of the warehouses. On the E. side 
 of the city is a large basin and dock, for the purpose 
 of building and launching vessels em[ '03 d in the 
 service of the admiralty and the E. India Com- 
 pany. This port is more frequented than Amstei- 
 dam, because the ice breaks up sooner, and the 
 tide, in two or three hours, will carry a ship into 
 the open sea. The townhouse, the bank, and tl»r 
 3h2 
 
ROV 
 
 642 
 
 ROX 
 
 arsenal, are magnificent. Some of the houses 
 are built in the old Spanish style, with the gable 
 ends embattled in front ; but there is a great num- 
 ber of modern brick houses, which are lofty and 
 spacious, particularly on that magnificent quay 
 called the Boom Tees. On this quay is a hand- 
 some Jewish synagogue. In an open place at 
 the head of one of the canals is a bronze statue of 
 Erasmus, who was born here in 1467. This city 
 was in a very flourishing state previously to the 
 admission of the French troops in January 1795, 
 and the war with England, when the commerce 
 of Holland was suspended. It had begun to re- 
 cover in 1800, when it was again rapidly depress- 
 ed by the renewal of war. After the fall of Na- 
 poleon its prosperity greatly increased, and it is 
 thought that the separation of Belgium from Hol- 
 land will operate favourably on the commerce of 
 this town. It is seated at the influx of the Rolte 
 with the Merwe (the most northern branch of the 
 Meuse), 36 m. S. S. W. of Amsterdam. Lono-. 
 4. 29. E.,lat. 51.56. N. 
 
 Rotterdam, one of the Friendly Islands, in the 
 Pacific Ocean, ciscovered by Tasman, in 1643. 
 Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 20. 16. S. 
 
 Rotterdam, a village of Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 
 Rottingen, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of 
 Lower Maine, situate on the Tauber, 17 m. S. of 
 Wurtzberg. 
 
 Rouah, or Roiha. See Orfa. 
 
 Rouen, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine, and an archbishop's see. 
 It is 7 m. in circuit, and stands on the N. side of 
 the Seine, over which is an elegant stone bridge 
 of recent erection. The streets are narrow and 
 crooked, and many of the houses are of wood ; 
 notwithstanding which it is one of the most opu- 
 lent and commercial places in France. Among 
 the public buildings, the most distinguished are 
 the great hall of the palace, in which the parlia- 
 ment of Rouen met, the o.d castle, and the prin- 
 cipal church, ornamented with three towers. Near 
 this church, which is not the only remarkable on e 
 is the public library. In the market-place is a 
 statue of the celebrated Maid of Orleans, who 
 was burnt here by the English as a witch. The 
 inhabitants have manufactures of woolen, linen, 
 eottota, iron ware, paper, and pottery ; also sugar 
 refineries and salt-works. Rouen is the birth- 
 place of the two Corneilles, and of Fontenelle 
 It is 50 m. S. W. of Amiens and 70 N. W. of 
 Paris. Long. 1. 2. E., lat, 49. 26. N. 
 
 Rouergue, a former province of France, which 
 aov forms the department of Aveiron, which see. 
 
 Round Lick, p v. Smith Co. Ten. 60 m. N. E. 
 Murfreesborough. 
 
 Rousay, one of the Orkneys, lying N. W. of 
 the mainland. It is about 9 m. long and 4 broad, 
 and contains 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Rouse's Point, p. v. Clinton Co. N. Y. on the 
 western point of the outlet of Lake Champlain 
 186 m. N. Albany. A large castle of hewn stone 
 with 3 tiers of embrasures has been erected at 
 this spot by the United States, and was claimed 
 oy the British as within the boundary of Canada. 
 
 Rousselart, a town of the Netherlands, in W. 
 Flanders, seated on the Mandel, 10 m. N. E. of 
 Vpres. 
 
 Roussillon, a former province of France, now 
 included in the department of Eastern Pyrenees. 
 See Pyrenees, Eastern. 
 
 Roveredo, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Tyrol, seated near the Adige, at the foot of a 
 mountain, on the river Lens, over which is a 
 
 bridge, defended by a strong citadel. It has a 
 very considerable trade in silk, and a great quan- 
 tity of tobacco is raised here. In 1796 the Aus- 
 trians were defeated near this place by the French, 
 who took possession of the town ; but they were 
 obliged to abandon it soon afterwards. 13 dv S 
 of Trent. Long. 10. 55. E., lat. 45. 50. N. 
 
 Rovigno, a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, on the 
 coast of Istria, with two good harbours. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at 10,000, who are chiefly 
 employed in the pilchard fishery, ship-building, 
 and the sale of wood. Near it are quarries of 
 fine stone. It is seated on a peninsula in the gulf 
 of Venice, 36 m. S. of Capo d' Istria. Long. 13. 
 58. E., lat. 45. 11. N. 
 
 Rovigo, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of c 
 province or delegation of its name, and the re- 
 sidence of the bishop of Adria, to the decline of 
 which town it owes its present prosperity. It 
 is seated on the Adige, 37 m. S. W. of Venice 
 Long. 12. 4. E., lat. 45. 8. N. 
 
 Rowan, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,796. 
 Salisbury is the capital. 
 
 Rowe'p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. N. W 
 Boston. Pop. 716. 
 
 Rov-landville, p. v. Cecil Co. Maryl. 
 Rowlett, p.v. Potter Co. Pa. 
 Rowley, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. Boston 
 6 S. Newburyport. Pop. 2.044. 
 
 Roxburgshire,a. county of Scotland, sometimes 
 called Teviotdale ; bounded N. by Berwickshire, 
 E. and S. by Northumberland and Cumberland, 
 and W. by the shires of Dumfries and Selkirk. It 
 is of an irregular figure, and the greatest extent 
 in every direction is about 30 m. It is divided 
 into 31 parishes, and the number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 40.892. The principal rivers are the 
 Tweed, Teviot. and Liddel. The face of the 
 country exhibits a rough appearance of mosses, 
 hills, and mountains, interspersed with a narrow 
 valley, well watered, and fertile in corn. The 
 hills feed great number of sheep and cattle. Some 
 remains are still visible of the Catrail, or Picts- 
 work ditch, a stupendous British work, probably 
 constructed in the fifth century, as a line of de- 
 fence against the Saxons. It appears to have 
 been a vast fosse, 26 feet broad, with a rampart 
 8 or 10 feet high on either side. In many parts 
 of the county there are sepulchral tumuli, in 
 which coffins and urns have been found. There 
 are also Druidical circles and other antiquities. 
 The country had its name from the once magnifi- 
 cent city and castle of Roxburg, situate between 
 the Tiviot and the Tweed, nearly opposite Kelso ; 
 of the city of few traces are now evident ; and 
 the castle, near the mouth of the Teviot, is en- 
 tirely a ruin. At this castle, in 1460, James II. 
 of Scotland lost his life, by the bursting of a con- 
 non. About 2 m. from the castle, on the banket 
 of the Teviot, is a village called Roxburg. The 
 present capital of the county is Jedburg. 
 
 Roxborough, p.v. Person Co. N. C. 80. m. N. W 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Roxbury, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining Bos- 
 ton. It is properly a suburb of the city, and is 
 connected with it by the neck and the western 
 causeway. The compact part of the town bor- 
 ders on the neck. The whole surface is exced- 
 ingly picturesque and abounds with lofty hills, 
 covered with gardens, cultivated fields and ele- 
 gant villas, delightfully situated. Many of the 
 hills are crowned with the remains of the fortifi- 
 cations thrown up here during the revolution 
 Pop. 5,249 
 
RUD 
 
 643 
 
 RUN 
 
 Roxbury, a township of Orange Co. Vt. 45 m. 
 .V.Windsor, a township of Cheshire Co. M. H. 37 
 m. S. W Concord. Pop. 322; p.t. Litchfield Co. 
 Conn. 35 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 1,122; p.t. 
 Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,214, and townships 
 in Morris Co. N. J. Philadelphia Co. Pa. and 
 Washington Co. Ohio. 
 
 Royal, a. village of Sampson Co. N. C. 
 
 Royal, Isle, the largest island in Lake Superior 
 40 m. long and 13 wide. It belongs to the Unit- 
 ed States. 
 
 Royal Oak, p. v. Oakland Co. Mich. 
 
 Royalston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m W 
 Boston. Pop. 1,494. 
 
 Royalton, p. v. Windsor Co. Vt. 28 m. N. Wind- 
 sor. Pop. 1,893; p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 3,138 ; townships in Cuyahoga and Fairfield Cos. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Royan, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Charente. It was fortified by the Huguenots, 
 and vigorously defended against Louis XIII. in 
 1622. It is seated at the mouth of the Garonne, 
 18 m. S. W. of Saintes. '~ 
 
 Roye, a town in the department of Somme, 20 
 <n. S. E. of Amiens. 
 
 Royston, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. Part 
 of the town extends into Cambridgeshire. Un- 
 der the market-place is a kind of subterranean 
 crypt, dug out of the solid chalk, supposed to be 
 of Saxon construction. 14 hi. S. of Cambridge 
 and 37 N. of London. 
 
 Ruatan, an island in the bay of Honduras, 30 
 m. long and 9 broad, with a fine harbour. Long. 
 86. 45. W., lat. 16. 23. N. 
 
 Rubicon, the ancient name of a small river of 
 Italy, which runs into the gulf of Venice, to the 
 northward of Rimini, celebrated in history as the 
 limit prescribed to Ceesar by the Roman senate, 
 when the ambitious views of that commander be- 
 came suspected. 
 
 Ruckersville , p. v. Elbert Co. Geo. 
 
 Ruckingen, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- 
 sel, which was the scene of an obstinate engage- 
 ment between the French and Bavarians in 1S13. 
 It is seated on the Kinzig, 5 m. E. of Ranau. 
 
 Rudaw, a town of E. Prussia, formerly fortified 
 with a castle, now in ruins. It is remarkable for 
 the victory obtained by the Teutonic knights over 
 Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania, in 1370; in 
 memory of which a stone pillar was erected which 
 is still remaining. 12 m. N. N. W. of Konigs- 
 berg. 
 
 Rudelstadt, or Rudolstadt, a town of Germany, 
 capital of the county of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, 
 with a fine castle on a mountain. It has manu- 
 factures of flannel and stuffs, and is seated on the 
 Saale, over which is a stone bridge, 22 m. S. E. 
 of Erfurt. Long. 11. 50. E., lat. 50. 44. N. 
 
 Rudelstadt, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Schweidnitz, with a mine-office, 
 and copper-works ; seated on the Bober, 18 m. 
 W. of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Rudesheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau, celebrated for its wine. 3 m. N. of 
 Bingen. 
 
 Rudisto. See Rodosto. 
 
 Rudkioping, a sea- port of Denmark, in the isl- 
 and of Langeland. It has a considerable trade 
 in corn and provisions. Long. 11. 0. E., lat. 55. 
 
 Rudolfswerd, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- 
 nolia, with a large collegiate church ; seated on 
 the Gurck, in a country fertile in wine, 45 m. S. 
 E ofLaubach. 
 
 Rue, a town of France, department of Somme, 
 17 m. N. W. of Abbeville. 
 
 Ruffach, a town in the department of Upper 
 Rhine, 7 m. S. of Colmar. 
 
 Ruffec, a town in the department of Charente, 
 24 m. N. of Angouleme. 
 
 Rufia, a river of Greece, in the Morea, which 
 falls into the gulf of Arcadia, opposite the island 
 of Zante. 
 
 Rugby, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. cele- 
 brated for its well endowed grammar school. It 
 has a commodious church and two meeting- 
 houses, and is seated on the Avon, 13 m. S. E. of 
 Coventry and 85 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Rugely, or Rudgley, a town in Staffordshire, 
 Eng. with manufactures of felts and hats, sheet 
 iron, and of verdigris. It is seated on the Trent, 
 9 m. E. S. E. of Stafford and 126 N. W. of London. 
 
 Rugen, an island in the Baltic, on the coa=t of 
 Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel be- 
 tween which town and the island is not above a 
 mile in breadth. Including the indentations of the 
 sea, which are considerable, the island is 23 m. 
 long and 18 broad. It abounds in corn and cattle 
 and contains numerous gardens and plantations. 
 This island became subject to Prussia, with the 
 rest of Pomerania, in 1814. The chief town is 
 Bergen. 
 
 Rugenwald, a town of Prussian Pomerania, in 
 the government of Coslin, with a castle. Here is a 
 good salmon fishery and a trade in linen. It is 
 seated on the Wipper, 3 m. from the Baltic and 
 35. N. E. to Colberg. Long. 16. 17. E., lat. 54. 
 25. N. 
 
 Rugglcs, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 
 
 Ruhland, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia, 
 with a trade in fish and beer ; seated on the El- 
 ster 25 m. E. by N. of Dresden. 
 
 Rum, one of the Hebrides, 7 m. W. of the S. 
 extremity of Skye. It is 9 m. long and 6 broad, 
 the surface hilly and rocky ; but it feeds a con- 
 siderable number of small sheep, whose flesh and 
 wool are valuable. The only harbour is Loch 
 Scresort, on the E. coast. Long. 6. 20. W., lat. 
 57. 10. N. 
 
 Rumford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,127; p. v. 
 King William Co. Va. 
 
 Rumigny, a town of France, department of 
 Ardennes, 12 m. S. W. of Rocroy. 
 
 Rumilh/, a town of the Sardinian states in Sa- 
 voy, situate on an elevated plain, at the conflux 
 of the Seram and Nepha, 7 m. W. S. W. of An- 
 necy. 
 
 Rummelsburg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 with manufactures of cloth, seated on the Wip- 
 per, 14 m. N. of New Stettin. 
 
 Rnmncy, or Rhyney, a river of Wales, which 
 rises in Brecknockshire, and, separating the coun- 
 ties of Glamorgan and Monmouth, enters the 
 Bristol Channel, to the S. E. of Cardiff 
 
 Rumney, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 993. 
 
 Rungpour, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile 
 district governed by a judge, collector, &c, and 
 subservient to the court of circuit and appeal of 
 Dacca. The chief produce of the district is rice, 
 but there is also much tobacco and some indigo. 
 The inhabitants carry on considerable trade with 
 Assam, Bootan, and Calcutta. 124 m. N. N. E. of 
 Moorshedabad. Long. 89. 4. E., lat. 25. 44. 
 N. 
 
 Runkel, a town of Germany, in the duchy oc 
 Nassau, with a citadel on a high hill, formerly 
 the residence of the count of Wied Runkel. It ia 
 seated on the Lahn 14 m. E N. E of Nassau 
 
RUS 
 
 644 
 
 RUS 
 
 Rupelmonde, a town of the Netherlands, in E. 
 Flanders, 8 ni. S. W. of Antwerp. 
 
 Rupert, a river of New Britian, which issues 
 from the lake Mistassin, and flows W. into the 
 S E. part of James Bay. In its course it forms sev- 
 eral small lakes ; and at its mouth is the remains 
 of Fort Rupert, formerly a settlement of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company. Long. 76. 53. W., lat. 51. 
 3. N. 
 
 Rupert, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. J, 318. 
 Ruppin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg. It 
 stands on the W. side of a lake, formed by the 
 river Rhin ; and on the opposite side of the lake 
 is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the resi- 
 dence of its former counts, whose burial place is 
 at New Ruppin. This town was entirely con- 
 sumed by fire in 1787, but is rebuilt in a hand- 
 some manner, and greatly augmented. It has a 
 considerable trade, a manufacture of cloth, and 
 noted breweries. 33 m. N. N. W. of Berlin. 
 Long. 13. 0. E., lat. 55. 6. N. 
 
 Ruremonde, or Roermonde,a. strong town of the 
 Netherlands, in the provinceof Limburar, seated 
 at the conflux of the Roer with the Meuse, 28 
 m. N N. W. of Maestricht. Long. 6. 4. E., lat. 
 51. 11. N. 
 
 Rusr.ck, a town of Bulgaria, defended by a cas- 
 tle, with manufactures of silk, cotton, linen, wool- 
 en, tobacco, &c. It was taken by the Russians 
 in 1810, and a Turkish army was defeated near it 
 in 1811. It is seated on the Danube, 135 ni. N. 
 by E. of Adrianople. Long. 26. 50. E., lat. 44 
 12. N. 
 
 Rush, a county of Indiana. Pop. 9,918. Rush- 
 zille is the capital ; also townships in Centre, 
 Dauphin, Susquehanna, Schuylkill and North- 
 umberland Cos. Pa. 
 
 Rnshford, p.t. Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,119. 
 RushviUe, p. v. Fairfield Co. Ohio. Ontario Co. 
 NY. and Rush Co. lnd. 
 
 Russell, a county of the W. District of Virginia. 
 Pop. 6,717. Lebanon is the capital. 
 
 Russet!, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 108 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 509; p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 659. 
 
 Russelville, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. Logan Co. Ken. 
 Brown Co. Ohio and Franklin Co. Alab. 
 
 Russ, a town of E. Prussia, on the Niemen, 28. 
 in. S. by E. of Memel. 
 
 Russelsheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, situate on the Maine, 6 m. E. of Mentz 
 and 13 N. W. of Darmstadt. 
 
 Russey, a town of France, department of Doubs, 
 34 m. E. by S. of Besaneon. 
 
 Russia, a vast empire, partly in Asia and part- 
 ly in Europe ; bounded on the N. by the Frozen 
 Ocean, E. by the Pacific, S. by Great Tartary, 
 the Caspian Sea. Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the 
 Black Sea, and W. by Turkey in Europe, Poland, 
 the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. There were three 
 countries that had the name of Russia . — namely, 
 Red Russia, which formed the S. part of Poland ; 
 White Russia, which comprehended the E. part 
 of Lithuania; and Black Russia, which included 
 the governments of Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Re- 
 san, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf; and hence his im- 
 perial majesty takes the title of emperor of all the 
 Russia*. This empire, exclusive of the acquisi- 
 tions from the Turks and from Poland (see i°o- 
 land), forms a square, whose sides are 2,000 m. 
 e*ch A country of such vast extent must lie in 
 different climates, and the soil and products must 
 be as different. The most fertile part is near the 
 frontiers of Poland, the inhabitants of which are 
 
 able to supply their neighbours with corn. The 
 N. part is not only cold?r, but very marshy, and 
 overrun with forests, inhabited chiefly by wild 
 beasts. The country affords a variety of com 
 modifies, which, being of great use to foreigners, 
 produce a considerable annual balance of trade in 
 favor of Russia. The home commodities ar« 
 chiefly sables, black furs, the skins of black and 
 white foxes, ermines, hyaenas, lynxes, bears, pan 
 thers, wolves, martins, white hares, &c, red and 
 black juchte or Russian leather (which for colour, 
 smell, and softness, is not equalled in the world), 
 copper, iron, talc, tallow, wax, honey, potash, tar, 
 linseed and train-oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax, 
 thread, sail-cloth, calimanco, Siberian musk, 
 soap, feathers, timber, &c. To these commodi- 
 ties may also be added almost all the merchan 
 dise of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and some 
 European countries. 
 
 This extensive empire is divided into 51 pro 
 vinces. The principal towns are Petersburg!), 
 Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Tula, Wilna, &c. The 
 religion is that of the Greek or Eastern Church, 
 which is governed by a patriarch, under whom 
 are the archbishops and bishops. Every priest is 
 called a papa or pope, and of these there were 
 formerly 4,000 in Moscow alone. They have 
 images in their churches ; and the priests give a 
 passport to those that are dying, addressed to St. 
 Nicholas, who is desired to entreat St. Peter to 
 open the gates of heaven, as they have certified 
 that the bearer is a good Christian. A consider- 
 able number of the Russians profess the Mahom- 
 etan religion, and many are still pagans. The 
 inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Luther- 
 ans ; and Protestants, as well as Papists, enjoy 
 full liberty of conscience. There are many con- 
 vents for both sexes, but it has been wisely or- 
 dained that no male can enter into a monastic 
 life before he is 30 years of age ; and that no fe- 
 male can take the veil till she is 50, and even 
 then not without the licence of the holy synod. 
 The inhabitants in general are robust, well 
 shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They 
 are great eaters, and very fond of brandy. They 
 use bathing, but smoke no tobacco, lest the smoke 
 should dishonour the images of the saints, which 
 they keep in great veneration ; however, they 
 take a great deal of snuff, made of the tobacco 
 brought from the Ukraine. The Russians were 
 formerly wholly employed in agriculture, feeding 
 of cattle, hunting and fishing; and he was 
 thought a learned man who could read and write. 
 Peter the Great undertook to introduce arts 
 and sciences, and in 1724, the first university 
 was founded that ever was in Russia : there is 
 also an academy of sciences at Petersburg, sup 
 plied with eminent professors. With respect to 
 dress, a long beard is in high estimation with the 
 people of Russia, notwithstanding the efforts of 
 their monarchs to root it out ; and it is only those 
 depending upon government, in the army and 
 navy, who have yet complied with the custom 
 and wish of the court. Those who retain their 
 beards, retain likewise the ancient dress ; the 
 long swaddling coat, either of skins, or of coarse 
 cloth lined with skins, in winter, and in summer 
 of cloth only. About their middle they have a 
 sash of any colour ; but what they most affect it' 
 green or yellow. Their shirts are fashioned as 
 women's ; and their necks, being exposed to the 
 cold, become very hard and impenetrable from 
 this practice. Government continue to exert 
 every nerve to compel the subjects to adopt the 
 
RUT 
 
 645 
 
 RYE 
 
 can procure any place, or favour, from court, up- 
 on other conditions than banishing the Asiatic 
 sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires 
 with a pension, upon the express terms of never 
 again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so 
 jealously attached are the multitude to former 
 manners, and so honorable do they esteem them, 
 that a Russian, dressed in his beard and gown, 
 acquires the greatest respect. The dress of the 
 women is the reverse of that of the men, both in 
 fashion and colour, every part of it being as short 
 and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy. 
 It resembles that of the Highland women in Scot- 
 land. The Russian women are, however, far 
 more rich in their attire ; nor is gold lace want- 
 ing, any more than the art of painting, to com- 
 plete the Russian belle. The rising generation 
 are modernizing their antic vestments : the stiff 
 embroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flow- 
 ing silk ; the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, 
 or other fine stuff's ; and the plaid is exchanged 
 for a silk or satin cloak, in the cold season lined 
 with fur. The richer class of females wear vel- 
 vet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is af- 
 ter the French and English fashion ; and all must 
 have a covering of fur six months of the year. 
 Thus equipped, the prince and the peasant are 
 drawn in their chaises and sledges through the 
 dreary Scythian winter. The principal rivers 
 are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna or Dwina, 
 and Oby. The sovereigns of Russia are absolute. 
 They were formerly called Grand Dukes, which 
 is still the title of the heir apparent. They after- 
 wards assumed the title of czar, and, in the se- 
 quel, that of emperor. The first who bore the ti- 
 tle of czar was Basil, son of John Basilides, who 
 freed his country from its subjection to the Tar- 
 tars, about the year 1470. The title of emperor 
 was first assumed by Peter I., who, by his illus- 
 trious actions, justly acquired the surname of 
 Great. He died in 1725, and perhaps no country 
 ever exhibited, in so short a time, the wonders 
 that may be effected by the genius and exertions 
 of one man. Peter the Great, at his accession to 
 the throne, found his subjects of all ranks involv- 
 ed in the grossest ignorance and barbarism ; his 
 numerous armies ferocious and undisciplined ; 
 and he had neither merchant ships nor men of 
 war; which, added to the remoteness of the situ- 
 ation, rendered the influence of Russia in the 
 politics of Europe of little consideration. Peter 
 civilized his barbarous subjects, disciplined his 
 armies, built cities and fortresses, and created a 
 navy. These national improvements have been 
 slill further prosecuted since his time, and Rus- 
 sia now holds a rank among the nations of the 
 woild of which human foresight, at the com- 
 mencement of the 18th century, could have form- 
 ed no conception. 
 
 The population of European Russia is 45,633, 
 203, and of the whole empire 59,203,700. The 
 revenue is 52,000,000 d ;llars and the national 
 debt 200,000,000. The military force in time of 
 peace is 600,000 men and in war above 1,000,000. 
 Petersburg is the capital of the whole empire. 
 
 Russia, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 95 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 2,453. Also atownship of Lorraine 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Rus/gaden, a town of Sweden, in the govern- 
 ment of Fahlun, 23 m. S. S. W. of Fahlun. 
 
 Rittchester. a village in Northumberland, Eng. 
 the Vindobala of the Romans, containing some re- 
 markable ruins of its once considerable fort. Se- 
 verus"s wall runs on the middle of the E. rampart 
 
 and Adrian's vallum passes about the distant 
 of a chain to the S. of it. 
 
 Rutherford, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop 
 17,557. Rutherfordton is the capital ; a county 
 of W. Tennessee. Pop. 26,133. Murfreesborough 
 is the capital. 
 
 Rutherfordton, p.t. Rutherford Co. N. C. 216 m 
 S. W. Raleigh. 
 
 Rutherglen, a borough of Scotland, in Lanark 
 shire, once a place of considerable note, but now 
 reduced to one principal street and a few lanes. It 
 is seated near the Clyde. 3 m. S. E. of Glasgow. 
 
 Ruthin, a. town of Wales, in Denbighshire. It 
 had a strong castle, now in ruins , and is seated 
 on an eminence, bv the river Clwyd, 15 m. S. W. 
 of Holywell, 205 N. W. of London. 
 
 Rutigliano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 
 12 m. S. E. of Bari. 
 
 Rutlam, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Malwa, 43 m. W. of Ougein, 136 E. of Ameda 
 bad. 
 
 Rutland, a county of Vermont on L. Champlain 
 Pop. 31,295. Rutland is the capital. 
 
 Rutland, the capital of the above Co. stands on 
 Otter creek, 57 m. N. Bennington. Pop. 2,753 ; p.t. 
 Worcester Co. Mass. 56 m. W. Boston. Pop. 
 1,276 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. on Black river 
 Pop. 2,339; p.t. Meigs Co. Ohio 90 m. S. E. Co- 
 lumbus. Pop. 971. 
 
 Rutlandshire, the smallest county in England, 
 18 m. long and 14 broad. The number of inhabi- 
 tants in 1821 was 1-3,487. The soil varies mucli ; 
 but, in general, is fertile, particularly the rich vale 
 of Catmose, which runs from the W. side to the 
 centre of the county. The principal rivers are 
 the Welland and the Guash or Wash. Oakham 
 is the county town. 
 
 Ruttunpour, a city of Hindoostan, in Orissa, 
 and the capital of a small district of its name. 210. 
 m. S. by W. of Benares and 300 W. of Calcutta. 
 Long. 82. 36. E., lat. 22. 16. N. 
 
 Ruizen, a town of Prussian Silesia, principality 
 of Wolau, 20 m. N. of Wolau. 
 
 Ruvo. a town of Naples, in Terra di Barri, 16 
 m. W. of Barri. 
 
 Roza, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Moscow, 48 m. W. N. W. of Moscow. 
 
 Rijacotta.a. town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 Mysore. It was taken in 1791 by the British, to 
 whom it was afterwards ceded byTippoo Sultan. 
 85 m. E. of Seringapatam and 98 W. S. W. of 
 Arcot. Long. 78. 6. E., lat. 12. 26. N. 
 
 Ryan. Loch, a bay of Scotland, in the N. W. an- 
 gle of Wigtonshire. The sea flows into it through 
 a narrow pass ; and it affords excellent anchorage. 
 
 Rydal, a fertile valley to N. Yorkshire, Eng. sc 
 called from the river Rye, which passes through 
 it and falls into the Swale, near Richmond. 
 
 Rijdal-water , a lake in Westmoreland, Eng. a 
 little to the W. of Ambleside. It is one mile in 
 length, spotted with little, islands and communi- 
 cates by a narrow channel with Grasmere-water 
 to the W., and by the river Rolhay with Winder- 
 mere-water, to the S. 
 
 Rydroog, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 Mysore, on the river Hindenny, 60 m. N. N. E. 
 of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 52. E., lat. 14 
 40. N. 
 
 Rye, a borough and sea-port in Sussex, Eng. 
 It is an appendage to the cinque ports. On the 
 edge of the cliff is a small battery, and behind it 
 Ipres tower, a square building, now a jail. The 
 old port is so choked up with sand that it can 
 admit only small vessels. In 1726 a new harbour 
 
SAB 
 
 64C 
 
 SAB 
 
 was opened, in which vessels of 3G0 tons burden 
 .■nay s'afely ride. 63 S. E. of London. 
 
 Rye, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. on 
 the coast, 4 m. S. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,172 , p.t. 
 Westchester Co. N. Y. on Long Island Sound, 
 18 in. N. E. N. Y. Pop. 1,602. Townships of Perry 
 and Cumberland Cos. Pa. 
 
 Ryegate, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Con- 
 necticut, 22 in. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,119. 
 
 Ryeg-ite, a borough in Surrey, Eng. Here was 
 fonneily a castle built in the time of the Saxons, 
 and cai'ed Holms Castle ; some ruins of it are to be 
 seen, particularly a long vault, with a room at the 
 end, where, it is said, the barons, who took up 
 arms against king John, held their private meet- 
 ings. The market-house was formerly a chapel, 
 dedicated to Thomas a Becket. 21 S. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Rymcnnut, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, on the Dyle, 5 m. E. of Mechlin. 
 
 Rijssen, a town of the Netherlands, in Overvs- 
 sel, on the river Regge, 16 m. E. N. E. of De- 
 venter. 
 
 Ryncick, a town of S. Holland, remarkable for 
 a treaty concluded in 1697 between England, 
 Germany, Holland, France, and Spain. It is 
 seated between Hague and Delft. 30 m. S. W. 
 of Amsterdam. 
 
 Rzeczica, a town of Bohemia, 52 m. S. E. of 
 Prague. 
 
 Rzemien, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Sandomir, 36 m. S. S. W. of Sandomir. 
 
 Rzeva, a town of the Russian empire, and capi- 
 tal of a province of the same name, situate on the 
 Volga, near its source. 
 
 Rzescow, a well built town of Austrian Poland, 
 capital of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade 
 in corn and peltry, situate on the Wisloka, 80 pi. 
 E. of Cracow, 70 W. of Lemberg. 
 
 s 
 
 SAABA, a kingdom of Negroland, with a cap- 
 ital of ihe same name, W. of Tombuctoo, on the 
 river Senegal. 
 
 Saadu, or Saade, a strong town of Arabia, in 
 Yemen, and the residence of a sheik. It has a 
 custom-house, which brings in a considerable 
 revenue ; and manufacturers of Turkey leather. 
 140 m. W. N. W of Sanaa. Long. 44. 55. E., 
 lat. 17. 50. N 
 
 Saalfeld, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Saxe-Coburg, with a mint, a mine office, and 
 manufactures of cloth, and of gold and silk stuffs. 
 On an eminence near the town stands the once 
 celebrated and princely abbey of St. Peter. In 
 1606 prince Louis Ferdinand, of Prussia, was 
 killed here in a skirmish with the French. It 
 stands on the Saale, 34 m. N. N. E. of Coburg, 46 
 S. W. of Altenburg. Long. 11. 32. E., lat. 50. 
 41. N. 
 
 Saalfeld, a town of E. Prussia, on the lake 
 Mebing, 23 m. S. E. of Marienburg. 
 
 Soar, a town of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn, 
 on the confines of Bohemia, 42 m. N. W. of 
 Brunn. 
 
 Saar- Louis, a town of Prussia, province of 
 Lower Rhine, ceded by France in 1815. It is 
 situate on a peninsula formed by the Sarre, 34 
 m. E. of Thionville 
 
 Saarmund, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 6 m S. of Potsdam. 
 
 Saatz, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of 
 the same name, which contains some of the best 
 eorn-land in Bohemia, and yields hops of the best 
 quality. The town is seated on the Eger, 48 m. 
 W. N. W. of Prague. 
 
 Saba, a fertile island of the W. Indies, 12 m. in 
 circumference, inhabited by a few Dutch families, 
 almost all shoemakers. The island was taken by 
 the English in 1781, in 1801, and in 1810. It has 
 no port, and lies a little to the W. of St. Christo- 
 pher. Long. 63. 17. W., lat. 17. 39. N. 
 
 Sahanja, a town of Natolia. Here all the roads 
 from Asia to Constantinople meet. It is situate 
 on a lake which abounds in fish, 60 m. E. N. E. 
 ->f Bursa, 62 E. S. E. of Constantinople. Long. 
 29. 40. E., lat. 40. 30. N. 
 
 Sabatz, or Saboaz,a. town and fortress of Servia, 
 taken by the Austrians in 1719. It is situate on 
 
 the Drave, 22 m. S. of Peter wardein and 23 W 
 of Belgrade. 
 
 Sabi. See Xavier. 
 
 Sabia, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africi., 
 bounded on the N. by Sofala, E. by the Mosam- 
 bique Channel, S. by unknown regions, and W. 
 by Manica. The country is fertile and populous, 
 is cross°d, by a river of the same name, has mine.? 
 of gold, and many elephants. Manbona is the 
 capital. 
 
 Sable, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. coast 
 of N. Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name, 23 m. N. N. E. of Alburg. Long. 10. 18. 
 E , lat. 57. 20. N. 
 
 Sabina, a province of Italy, in the Pope's do- 
 minions. 28 m. long and 20 broad; bounded by 
 the Tiber, the Teverone, the duchy of Spoleto, 
 and the Neapolitan frontier. It is watered by 
 several small rivers, and abounds in oil and wine. 
 
 Sabina, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio. 
 
 Sabine, a river of N. America rising in the pro- 
 vince of Texas in lat. 32. 40. N. and flowing S. E. 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. It forms the boundary 
 between Texas and Louisiana. It is 320 m. in 
 length ; near its mouth it expands into a lake, 3C 
 m. long and 8 in breath. 
 
 Snbioncclla, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, situ- 
 ated on the extremity of a peninsula, to which it 
 gives name. This peninsula runs a considerable 
 way into the Atlantic, having the island of Lesia 
 on the N. and those of Curzola and Melidaonthe 
 S., all separated by a narrow channel. The town 
 is 45 m. N. W. of Ragusa. Loiit. 17. 40. E.. lat 
 43. 20. N. 
 
 Sabionetta, a town of Austrian Italy, formerly 
 capital of a principality of its name, with a strong 
 citadel. 20 m. E. of Cremona. 
 
 Sable, a town of France, department of Sarte, 
 near which are some quarries of black marble. It 
 is seated on the Sarte, 25 m. N. E. of Angers. 
 
 Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova 
 Scotia, near which is a fine cod fisher}'. Lonor. 
 65. 39. W., lat. 43. 23. N. 
 
 Sab'e, a river of N. Y. falling into L. Cham- 
 plain. There is a fall of 80 feet upon this river 
 at Chesterfield. 
 
 Sable, an island in the Atlantic 90 m. S E 
 Cape Breton. Lat. 44. 5. N. Long. 60 W. It is 
 
SAP 
 
 C47 
 
 SAG 
 
 30 m. in length and is little more than a heap of 
 sand. 
 
 Sables d'Olonne, a town of France, department 
 of Vendee, with a port capable of containing ves- 
 sels of 150 tons. It is seated on the Bay of Bis- 
 cay, 40 m. W. of Fontenay le Compe. Lono-. 1. 
 50. W., lat. 45). 26. S. 
 
 Sablestan, a mountainous province of Persia, 
 little known to Europeans. Bost is the capital. 
 Sacarappa, p. v. Cumberland Co. Me. 4 m. N. 
 Portland. 
 
 Sacai, a city and sea-port of Japan, in the isl- 
 and of Niphon, with several castles, temples, and 
 palaces, and a mountain on one side, which serves 
 as a rampart. 43 m. S. by W. of Meaco. Lono-. 
 136. 5. E., lat. 34. 58. N. 
 
 Sachsenberg, a town of Germanv, county of 
 Waldeck, 10 m. S. W. of Waldeck." 
 
 Sachsenhagen. a town of Germany, in the prin- 
 cipality of Schauenburg, 13 in. W. of Hanover. 
 Sachsenhausen, a town of Germany, making 
 part of Frankfort on the Maine. It is situate en 
 the S. side of the river, and communicates with 
 the rest of the city by a stone bridge. 
 
 Sachs enhaus en, a town of Germany, county of 
 Waldeck, 6 m. N. W. of Waldeck. 
 
 Sachsenhcim, a town in the kingdom of Wurtem- 
 berg, 12 m. N. N. W. of Stutgard. 
 
 Sachet's Harbour, a town of New York, in Jef- 
 ferson county, with one of the best harbours in 
 the state. It has a dock-yard, with large store- 
 houses, and is strongly defended by forts and bat- 
 teries. It is seated at the mouth of Black River, 
 on Hungry Bay, at the E. end of Lake Ontario, 
 176 m. N. W. of Albany. It was the chief naval 
 station on the lake during the war of 1812. 
 
 Saco, a river rising in the Notch of the White 
 Mountains in New Hampshire and flowing S. E. 
 through Maine into the sea. It has falls hear its 
 mouth. 
 
 Saco, p.t. York Co. Me. at the mouth of the 
 above river. It is a port of entry and has several 
 manufactories and a large trade in lumber. Pop. 
 3,219. 
 
 Sacondago, a river of N. Y. flowing into the 
 Hudson at Jessup's Falls'. 
 
 Sacrament, St., a town of S. America, in Buenos 
 Ayres, settled by the Portuguese, but taken in 
 1777 by the Spaniards. It stands on the river 
 Plata, nearly opposite Buenos Ayres, 100 m. W. 
 by PL of Monte Video. 
 
 Sacrapatan, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 on the Cavery, 73 m. N. W. of Serinoapatam. 
 Long. 75. 52. E., lat. 13. 6. N. 
 
 Saddleback, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. 
 so called from its form. It is upwards of 3,000 
 feet above the level of the sea ; and on one side 
 is an immense cavity, once the crater of a volca- 
 no, at the bottom of which is a lake about 20 
 acres in dimension. 5 m. E. N. E. of Keswick. 
 Saddle Mountain, an eminence in Williamslown 
 and Adams, Berkshire Co. Mass. It is 4,000 feet 
 in elevation, and is the highest mountain in 
 Massachusetts It consists of a ridge, 6 m. in 
 length with 2 summits. 
 
 Sadras, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carn-atic, 
 on the coast, near the mouth of the Paliar. A 
 little to the N. are seven pagodas, hollowed out 
 of a solid rock. 38 m. S. of Madras. 
 
 Sadsoury, townships in Chester, Crawford and 
 Lancaster Cos. Pa. 
 
 Saffi,, a strong sea- port of Morocco, with a castle, 
 ft was long the centre of the commerce carried 
 on with Europe, but now has little trade. 16 m. 
 
 S. of Cape Cantin. Long. 8. 58 W., lat. 32 
 
 28. N. 
 
 Sagan, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name. It has double 
 walls, a fine palace, a priory of the Augustine or- 
 der, a Lutheran school, and good cloth manufac- 
 tures ; and is seated on the Bober, 80 m. N. W 
 of Breslau. Long. 15. 22. E., lat. 51. 42. N. 
 
 Sugar, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with 
 a considerable trade in pepper, betelnut, and 
 sandal wood. It stands on the Varada, near its 
 source, 25 m. N. of Nagara. 
 
 Sagara, a celebrated mountain of Greece (the 
 ancient Helicon), a few m. N. of the gulf of 
 Corinth. It has a village of its name, formerly 
 called Ascras, noted as the birth-place of Hesiod. 
 From its summit may be seen great part of 
 Greece. 
 
 Sugg Harbour, a sea-port of New York, in Suf- 
 folk county, at the E. end of Long Island. The 
 whale fishery from this place produces 1,000 bar- 
 rels of oil annually. 12 m. N. W. of Southamp- 
 ton, 87 E. of New York. 
 
 Sagadahoc, a river of Maine falling into the 
 Androscoggin at Rumford. This name was an- 
 ciently applied to the eastern part of Maine. 
 
 Saginaw Bay, an arm of Lake Huron in Mich 
 igan Territory ; it receives the waters of a river 
 of the same name. 
 
 Saginaic, a town of Michigan Territory on the 
 above river. 
 
 Saghalien, or Amour, a river of Chinese Tarlary 
 which rises near the Yablonoi mountains, where 
 it is first known by the names of Kerlon and Ar- 
 gun, and forms part of the boundary between 
 Siberia and Eastern Tartary, where it receives 
 the Schilka, and takes its present name. It then 
 takes a circuitous eastern course of 1,850 m dur- 
 ing which it receives many other rivers, and en- 
 ters the sea of Okotsk, opposite the N. part of 
 the island of Saghalien. 
 
 Saghalien, or Tchoka, a large island in the sea 
 of Okotsk, separated from the continent by the 
 channel of Tartary on the W.,and from the island 
 Jesso by Perouse Strait on the S. It extends from 
 lat. 46. to 54., or not less than 550 m. in length, 
 by about 90 of medial breadth. The centre is 
 mountainous, and well wooded with pine, willow 
 oak, and birch ; but the shores are level, and well 
 adapted to agriculture. The natives resemble the 
 Tartars in form, and the upper lip is commonly 
 tattooed blue. The dress is a loose robe of skins, 
 or quilted nankeen, with a girdle. Their huts 
 are of timber, thatched with grass, with a fire- 
 place in the middle. In the S. are found some 
 Japanese articles ; and there is a little trade with 
 the Mandshurs and Russians. 
 
 Saghalienoula Hotun, a city of Eastern Tartary, 
 in the province of Tcitcicar. It is rich and pop- 
 ulous, and very important on account of its situa- 
 tion, as it secures to the Mandshur Tartars the 
 possession of extensive deserts covered with 
 woods, in which a great number of sables are 
 found. It is seated on the river Saghalien, 200 
 m. N. N. E. of Tcitcicar. Long 127. 25. E., lat. 
 50. 6. N. 
 
 Sagres, a strong town of Portugal, in Algarva, 
 with a harbour and a fort ; seated on a tongue of 
 land at the S. W. extremity of the province, 20 
 m. W. S. W. of La^os. Long. 9. 0. W., lat. 372. N. 
 
 Sagur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis- 
 trict in the province of Malwa, situate near the 
 Bunnass, 87 m. N. W. of Gurrah, 112 S of Agin. 
 Long. 78. 53. E., lat. 23. 45. N 
 
SA1 
 
 648 
 
 SAI 
 
 Sahagun, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a rich 
 abbey ; seated in a fertile plain, on the river Cea, 
 32 m. S. E. of Leon. 
 Sakar. See Shahar. 
 Sahara. See Zahara. 
 
 Sahebgung, or Jessore, a town of Bengal, capi- 
 tal of the district of Jessore, seated on the Bairah, 
 nearly 80 m. E. N. E. of Calcutta. 
 
 Said, or Sahid, a province of Upper Egypt, 
 bordering on Nubia and the Red Sea, anciently 
 called Thebaid, celebrated for having been the 
 retreat of a great number of Christians, who lived 
 here in a solitary manner. It is the least fertile 
 and populous part of Egypt, being full of deserts. 
 Saida, a town of Syria, on the coast of the 
 Mediterranean, the remains of the ancient Sidon, 
 with a fort and castle. The name of Sidon still 
 subsists in a small village, about 2 m. from Saida. 
 To the VV. of the castle is a shoal 200 paces lone, 
 and the space between them is a road for vessels, 
 but not safe in bad weather. The shoal, which 
 extends along the town, has a basin, enclosed by 
 a decayed pier ; this was the ancient port, but it 
 is now so choked up by sands that boats only can 
 enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida is a tra- 
 ding town, and the chief emporium of Damascus, 
 and the interior country. The manufacture of 
 cotton is the principal employment of its inhabi- 
 tants. 45 in. W. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35. 
 20. E., lat. 33. 30. N. 
 
 St. Jilban's, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30. m. N. W. 
 Bangor. Pop. 911 : a village of Licking Co. Ohio. 
 St. ^Bernard, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 3,356. 
 St. Charles, a county of Missouri. Pop. 4,332. 
 St. Charles is the capital. A Parish of Louisia- 
 na. Pop. 5,107. 
 
 St. Clair, a lake of N. America, between lake 
 Huron and Erie, communicating with both. It 
 is 90 m. in circumference. It recives a small 
 stream of the same name. 
 
 St. Clair, townships in Alleghany and Bedford 
 Cos. Pa ; a village in Butler Co. Ohio. 
 
 St. Clair, a county of Illinois. Pop. 7,092. 
 Belleville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. 
 Pop. 5,975. Ashville is the capital ; a county of 
 Michigan. Pop. 1,115. St. Clair is the capital. 
 St Clairsville, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y ; p. v. 
 Belmont Co. Ohio. ] 1 m. W. Wheeling; v. St. 
 Clair Co. Alab. 
 
 St. Clement's Bay, p.v. St. Mary"s Co. Mary- 
 land. 74 m. S. Annapolis. 
 
 St. Croix, or Schoodic, a stream forming the 
 eastern boundary of Maine and falling into Pas- 
 samaquoddy Bay. 
 
 St- Francis, a river rising in. Vermont and flow- 
 ing through Canada into the St. Lawrence. A 
 river of Missouri and Arkansas, flowing into the 
 Mississippi. 107 m. above the Arkansas. 
 
 St. Francois, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,385. 
 Farmington is the capital. 
 
 St. Francisvillc, p.v. West Feliciana Parish Lou. 
 on the Mississippi. 170 m. above New Orleans. 
 
 St. Genevieve, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,182, 
 St. Genevieve the capital of this county, stands 
 on the Mississippi. 82 m. below St. Louis. It con- 
 tains a catholic church and the inhabitants are 
 principally French. 
 
 St. George, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,052. 
 St. George's p.v. Newcastle Co. Del. 12 in. S. 
 VV. Wilmington. 
 
 St. Helena., a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4.027. 
 St. Helena the capital is 35 in. N. E. Baton Rouge. 
 St. Helena, an island on the Coast of S. Caro- 
 lina, in Beaufort District. 
 
 St. Helena. See Helena. 
 
 St. Inigocs, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Md. 93 m. 
 S. E. Washington. 
 
 St. James, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,672. 
 Bringier's is the capital. 
 
 St. John's, a river of Florida falling into the 
 Atlantic in lat. 30. 
 
 St. John Baptist, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 
 5,700. Bonnet Carre is the capital. 
 
 St. Johnsburg, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 31 m. N. 
 E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,592. 
 
 St.Johnsville, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 64 
 m. N. W. Albany. 
 
 St. Landry, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 12, 
 552. Opelousas is the capital. 
 
 St. Lawrence,^, great river of North America, 
 being the outlet to the chain of lakes separating 
 the United States from Canada. It bears this 
 name only from the sea to Lake Ontario. It is 
 navigable for ships of the line to Quebec and for 
 ships of 600 tons to Montreal. At its mouth it 
 expands into a broad gulf called the gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 St. Lawrence, a county of New York, on the 
 
 above river. Pop. 36,351. Potsdam is the capital. 
 
 St. Lconord's, p.t. Calvert Co. Maryl. on the 
 
 W. side of the Chesapeak, 58 m. from Washino-- 
 
 ton. 
 
 St. Louis. See Louis St. 
 
 St. Martinis, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. 117 m. S. 
 E. Annapolis. 
 
 St. Martin's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,204 . 
 St. Martinsville, the capital is situated on the 
 Teche. 
 
 St Mary's, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 6,542 
 Franklin is the capital. 
 
 St. Mary's, a county of Md. Pop. 13,455. Leon- 
 ardtown is the capital. A river of the U. States 
 between Georgia and Florida falling into the 
 Atlantic. A river of Ohio and Indiana falling into 
 the Miami. 
 
 St. Mary's, p.v. Camden Co. Geo. on St. Mary's 
 river, 20 m. above its mouth. It was formerly a 
 place of some importance from its frontier position, 
 but since the acquisition of Florida by the United 
 States it has declined. Lat. 30. 43. N. Long. 81. 
 43. W. 
 
 St Mary's River, or Strait, forms the connection 
 between Lakes Superior and Huron. It has a fall 
 or violent rapid called the Sault, three quarters of 
 a mile in extent : it is passable for boats. 
 
 St. Michael's p.t. Talbot Co. Md. 25 m. S. E. 
 Annapolis; p.v. Madison Co. Missouri. 35 m. S. 
 W. St. Genevieve. 
 
 St. Simon's, an island of Georgia, at the mouth 
 of the Alatamaha. 
 
 St. Stephen's, p.t. Washington Co. Alab. on the 
 Tombigbee, at the head of schooner navigation. 
 The houses are mostly built of stone. The neigh 
 bouring country is highly fertile. 
 
 St. Tammany, a Parish of Louisiana. °op. 
 2,864. Covington is the capital ; p.t. Meckler 
 burg Co. Va. 
 
 St. Thomas, p.t. Franklin Co. Pa. 
 %* Other names beginning with St. will w 
 found under the second initial. 
 
 Saintes, three of the Leeward Carribee Island-- 
 in the W. Indies, between Guadaloupe and Do- 
 minica. The middle one seems nothing more 
 than a large barren rock, but contributes to form 
 a good harbour. Long. 61. 45. W.. lat. 15. 52. N. 
 Saintes, a town of France, capital of the depart 
 ment of Lower Charente. Here are several 
 monuments of antiquity, of which the most famous 
 
SAL 
 
 \>4-J 
 
 SAL 
 
 are the amphitheatre, thu' aqueducts, and tne 
 triumphal arch on the bridge over the Charente 
 The castle, built on a rock, is deemed impregna- 
 ble ; and the ancient cathedral has one of the 
 largest steeples in France. It is seated on the 
 Charente, 40 m. S. S. E. of Rochelle. 76 S. W. 
 of Poitiers. Long. 0. 38.- W., lat. 45. 45. N. 
 
 Salrdonge, a former province of France, which 
 now forms the greater part of the department of 
 Lower Charente, and part of that of Charente. 
 
 Sal,one of the Cape Verde Islands, 42 m. in cir- 
 cumference, lying to the E. of St. Nicholas. It 
 has its name from the number of salt ponds that 
 from time to time are filled by the sea, where the 
 water crystallizes into a beautiful salt, the chief 
 production of the island. Long. 22. 50. W., lat. 
 1G. 38. N. 
 
 Sala, or Salberg, a town of Sweden, in the 
 government of Westeras, near which is a silver 
 mine ; seated on a river, 30 m. W. of Upsal, 50 
 N. W. of Stockholm. 
 
 Salado, a river of S. America, which rises in 
 Tucuman, about 60 m. W. of Salta, and flows S. 
 S. E. to the Parana at Santa Fe. 
 
 Salamanca, a city of Spain, in Leon, and a 
 bishop's see, with a famous university, consisting 
 of 24 colleges. The structure called the Schools, 
 where the sciences are taught, is very large and 
 curious. There were formerly 7,000 students, 
 when the Spanish monarchy was in a flourishing 
 condition ; but at present the number does not 
 exceed 400, who are all clothed like priests. Here 
 are magnificent churches, a large public square, 
 fine fountains, and every thing that can contri- 
 bute to the beauty and commodiousness of the 
 city. The cathedral is one of the handsomest in 
 Spain ; and there are several fine convents, with 
 churches belonging to them, adorned with images, 
 and some with curious pictures. The town is 
 seated partly in a plain and partly on hills, and is 
 surrounded by a wall. The river Thormes, which 
 washes its walls, has a bridge over it 300 paces 
 long, built by the Romans. 120 m. N. W. of Mad- 
 rid. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 41. 24. N. 
 
 Salamanca de Balcal.ar, a town of Mexico, in 
 Yucatan, 140 m. S. E. of Campeachy. Long. 89. 
 58. W., lat. 17. 55. N. 
 
 Salanche, a town of Sardinia, in Savoy with a 
 considerable trade in horses, cattle, cheese, wool- 
 en stuffs, iron tools, &c. It is situate in a moun- 
 tainous district, on the river Arve, 30 m. S. E. of 
 Geneva. 
 
 Salankemen, a town of Sclavonia, where a vic- 
 tory was obtained by the prince of Baden over 
 the Turks, in 1691. It is seated on the Danube, 
 opposite the influx of the Teisse, 20 m. N. W. of 
 Belgrade, 25 S. E. of Peterwaradin. 
 Salberg. See Sala. 
 
 Salboe, a town of Norway, in Drontheim, with 
 a copper mine. 45 m. S. E. of Drontheim. 
 
 Saldana, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Leon, 37 m. N. W. of Palencia. 
 
 SaUeto, a town of the kingdom of Tunis near 
 which are the remains of a large castle. It is seat- 
 ed near the Mediterranean, 22 m. S. S. E. of 
 Monaster. Long. 11.3. E., lat. 35. 13. N. 
 
 Salem, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 
 capital of a district of its name, included in that 
 of Barramaul. It is the residence of the judge, 
 collector, &c, and is seated on a river that flows 
 into th° Cavery, 120 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. 
 Long. 78. 15. E., lat. 11. 37. N. 
 
 Salem, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 14, 155. 
 Salem is t'-e capital. 
 82 
 
 Salem, p.t. Essex Co. Mass This is the second 
 town in the state for papulation, wealth and 
 trade. It is irregularly built on a peninsula, and 
 has a secure harbour, but without a sufficient 
 depth of water near the shores to allow large 
 ships to approach the wharves, without being 
 lightened. The commerce of the place is very 
 flourishing, and it was one of the first towns of 
 the United Spates, that entered into the East In 
 dia trade. In 1828 the shipping owned here 
 amounted to 48,210 tons. The streets oPthe town 
 are narrow, and the houses generally of wood, 
 yet there are many elegant private mansions, 
 and in the centre of the town is an enclosed com- 
 mon planted with trees. Salem has an athene- 
 um with a library of 5,000 volumes ; a valuable 
 Museum belonging to the East India Marine So- 
 ciety, 3 banks and 11 churches. It is connected 
 on the north with Beverly by a bridge, and on 
 the south it is separated by the harbour from Mar- 
 blehead. It is 14 m. N. £. Boston. 24 S. New- 
 burvport. Lat. 42. 34. N. Long. 70,54 W. Pop 
 13,836. 
 
 Salem, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 30 m S. W. 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 1,310; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. 
 N. Montpelier. Pop. 230 ; p.t. New London Co. 
 Conn. 30 m. S. E. Hartford. Pop. 974; p.v. N. 
 Haven Co. Con. 16 m. N. W. N. Haven ; p.t. 
 Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 2.972; p.t. Salem Co. 
 N. J. 34 m. S. E. Philad. Towns in Wayne, Luz- 
 erne. Westmoreland, Mercer, Cos. Pa. Botetourt 
 Co. Va. Fauquier Co. Va. Stokes Co. N. C. Sum- 
 ter Dis. S. C. Baldwin and Clark Cos. Geo. Liv- 
 ingston Co. Ken. Ashtabula, Jefferson, Tuscara- 
 was, Muskingum, Monroe, Washington, Meigs, 
 Champaign, Columbiana, Warren and Randolph 
 Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ind. Marion Co. 111. 
 and Franklin Co. Ten. 
 
 Salem Centre, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. 
 
 Salem Cross Roads, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Salerno, a fortified sea-port of Naples, capital 
 of Principato Citra, and an archbishop's see, 
 with a castle and a university, principally for 
 medicine. It is seated on a bay of the same name, 
 27 m. S. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 40 
 35. N. 
 
 Sale.rs, a town of France, department of Can- 
 tal, seated among mountains, 9 miles N. of Au- 
 rillac. 
 
 Sa/ford Lower and Upper, two townships in 
 Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Salies, a town in the department of Lower Py- 
 renees, where are springs from which fine salt is 
 made. 7 m. W. of Orthes. 
 
 Salignac, a town in the department of Upper 
 Vienne, 10 m. S. of Limoges. 
 
 Salina, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on Ononda- 
 ga Lake, 153 m. W. Albany. Pop. 6,929. Here 
 are large establishments for manufacturing salt. 
 The salt water is obtained by sinking wells and 
 boring; it is raised by large metallic pumps, 
 moved by the surplus water of the Erie canal, or 
 by steam conveyed into reservoirs, and passed 
 through pipes to the manufactories. The works 
 principally used in the manufactory of the salt 
 are denominated Blocks, Solar works and Steam 
 works. The Blocks are constructed with boilers 
 containing from 80 to 120 gallons each, and plao- 
 ed in masonry in two parallel lines, having 8 to 
 20 in each line. 
 
 The Salina salt is beautifully white, and fine 
 
 grained ; the whole quantity made in 1830 was 
 
 1,430,000 bushels ; the average price at the wor*6 
 
 exclusive of the state duty, was 12 1-2 cent* 
 
 31 
 
SAL 
 
 <550 
 
 SAL 
 
 per bushel of 56 pounds. It is commonly packed 
 for sale in barrels of 5 bushels, and is inspected 
 and branded before removal. 
 
 Saline, a township of Columbiana Co. Ohio. 
 Pop. 664, and villages in Randolph and Gallatin 
 Cos. 111. 
 
 Saline River, a branch of the Ouachitta in Ar- 
 kansas, of the Little river of the North in Arkan- 
 sas, and of Black Lake river in Louisiana. 
 
 Saline, a branch of the Ohio in Illinois. On 
 the banks of this stream , about 20 m. from the 
 Ohio are extensive salt works owned by the Unit- 
 ed States Government. 
 
 Salinas, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on 
 the Deva, at the foot of a mountain. 16 m. N. N. 
 E. of Vittoria, 28 S. S. E. of Bilbao. 
 
 Sa!ines,a. village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri. 
 
 Salins, a town of France, department of Jura, 
 with a strong fort and famous salt works. In 
 the neighbourhood are quarries of jasper, alabas- 
 ter, and black marble. It is seated in a fertile 
 valley, 29 m. S. of Basancon. 
 
 Salisbury, or New Sarum, a city and the capital 
 of Wiltshire, Eng. and a bishop's see. It is situ- 
 ate in a chalky soil, almost surrounded by the 
 Avon, Willey, Nadder, and Bourn ; and is ren- 
 dered particularly clean by a small stream flow- 
 ing through every street. It has a fine cathedral, 
 the spire of which is the loftiest in the kingdom. 
 The town-hall is a handsome building, and stands 
 in a spacious market-place. Salisbury has man- 
 ufactures of flannels, linseys, hardware, and cut- 
 lery. 38 m. S. E. of Bath, 81 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Salisbury Craig, a hill in Scotland on the E. 
 side of Edinburgh, remarkable for a great preci- 
 pice of solid rock, about one mile long, and in 
 some parts 100 feet high, which passes with some 
 regularity along its brow. 
 
 Salisbury Plain, an open tract in England, 
 which extends from -the city of Salisbury, 25 m. 
 E. to Winchester and 23 W. to Shaftsbury, and 
 is in some places, from 35 to 40 m. in breadth. 
 There were so many cross roads on it, and so few 
 houses to take directions from, that Thomas, earl 
 of Pembroke, planted a tree at each mile-stone 
 from Salisbury to Shaftsbury, as a guide for trav- 
 ellers. That part of it about the city is a 
 chalky down ; the other parts are noted for feeding 
 numerous and large flocks of sheep. In this plain, 
 besides the famous Stonehenge, are traces of ma- 
 ny Roman and British antiquities. 
 
 Salisbury, p.t Merrimack Co. N. H. on the 
 Merrimeck 64 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,379; 
 p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 907 ; p.t. Essex Co. 
 Mass. on the Merrimeck 4 m. N. Newburyport, 
 and 46 N. E. Boston. Pop. 2.519; p.t. Litch- 
 field Co. Conn. 19 m. N. W. Litchfield. Pop. 
 2,580. This town produces excellent iron ore, 
 and has many forges and manufactures ; p.t. 
 Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,999. also towns and 
 villages in Orange Co. N. Y. Lancaster, Lehigh 
 and ^Somerset Cos. Pa. Somerset Co. Maryl. 
 Rowan Co. N. C. Meijrs Co. Ohio, and Wayne 
 Co. Ind. 
 
 Sallee, a sea-port of the kingdom of Fez, with 
 several forts. The harbour is one of the best in 
 the country ; but on account of a bar. ships of 
 200 tons are forced to lighten their burden before 
 they can enter. There are docks to build ships, 
 but they are seldom used, for want of skill and 
 materials. It is divided into the Old and New 
 Town, by the river Guero, and was formerly not- 
 ed for its pirates. . 100 m. W. of Fez and 150 S. 
 of Gibraltar Long. 6. 3!. W., lat. 34 * V. 
 
 Salm, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov 
 ince of Luxemburg, on the borders of Liege, with 
 an ancient castle on a mountain. 30 m. S. S. 
 E. of Liege and 45 N. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Salm, a town of France, department of Meurte. 
 witli a castle, seated at the source of the Sarre, 
 20 m. E. of Luneville. 
 
 Salmon Creek,\.wo streams of New York,flowing 
 into L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Salmon Falls river, the head stream of the Pis- 
 cataqua, dividing Maine from New Hampshire. 
 
 Salmunster, a town of Germany, in the district 
 of Fulda, on the river Kinz, 19 m. S. S. W of 
 Fulda. 
 
 Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Brescfan 
 near the lake Garda, 17 m. N. E. of Brescia. 
 
 Salobrena, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a 
 castle. It carries on a great trade in sugar and 
 fish, and is seated on a rock, near the mouth of 
 a river of the same name, 12 m. E. of Almune- 
 car. 36 S. of Granada. 
 
 Salon, a town of France, department of Mouths 
 of the Rhone, seated on the canal of Craponne, 
 20 m. W. N. W. of Aix. 
 
 Salojia, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, seated on 
 a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly an 
 important place, and its ruins show that it was 
 10 m. in circumference. 7 m. N. of Spalatro. 
 
 Salone, a town of Greece, in Livadia, and a 
 bishop's see, seated at the foot of a mountain, on 
 the top of which is a citadel. 10 m. N. E. of Le 
 panto. 
 
 Salonika, the ancient Thessalonica, a city of 
 Greece, capital of Macedonia, and an archbishop's 
 see. It is 10 m. in circumference, and is a place 
 of great trade. The Greeks have 30 churches, 
 and the Jews nearly as many synagogues. The 
 inhabitants are computed at 60,000. It is sur 
 rounded by walls, and defended on the land side 
 by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts 
 It is sealed at the head of a noble gulf of the 
 Arcbipelairo,3l0 m. W. of Constantinople. Long 
 
 23. 5. E.,lat. 40.53. N. 
 
 Salpe, a town of Naples, m Capitanata, near 
 which are some salt-works. It is situate on a 
 lake, near the sea, 23 m. S. of Manfredonia and 
 92 E. N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Salse, a town and fortress of France, depart- 
 ment of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the lake of 
 Leucate, 10 m. N. of Perpignan. 
 
 Salsette, an island of Hindoostan, lying off the 
 coast of Concan, to the N. of Bombay, from which 
 it is separated by a narrow channel, across which 
 a causeway was carried in 1805, which has much 
 benefited the island. This island is about 15 m 
 sq., and is fertile in rice, fruits, and sugar-canes 
 It has subterraneous temples cut out of the rock, 
 in the manner of those of Elephanta. In 1773 the 
 English conquered it from the Mahrattas ; and it 
 lias proved a valuable acquisition to Bombay, 
 which formerly depended on foreign supplies for 
 its subsistence. Chief town Tanna. 
 
 Salt Creek, townships in Muskingum Hock- 
 inir and Pickaway Cos., Ohio. 
 
 Salt River, a stream of Kentucky, flowing into 
 the Ohio, 24 m. below Louisville; a river of 
 Missouri flowing into the Mississippi, 100 m. above 
 St Louis. 
 
 Salta, a town of Tucuman, of great resort on 
 account of the large quantities of corn, meal, wine 
 salt, cattle, and other commodities, which aro 
 sent hence to most parts of Peru. 280 m. N. N. 
 W. of St. Jago del Estero. Long. 66. 30. W laJ 
 
 24. 40. S. 
 
SAL 
 
 651 
 
 SAM 
 
 Saltash, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. on the 
 Hide of a steep hill, near the mouth of the Tamar 
 6 m. N. W. of Plymouth, 220 W. by S of London. 
 
 Saltcoats, a sea-port of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 
 with a considerable trade in salt and coal, and 
 also in ship-building. It is situate on the frith 
 of Clyde, 5 m. W. by N. of Irvine, 28 S. W. of 
 Glasgow. Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 55. 40. N. 
 
 Saltfieet, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. on a creek 
 of the German Ocean, 33 m. E. N. E. of Lincoln, 
 158 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Salu, p.v. Madison Co. Illinois. 
 
 Saluda, a river of S. Carolina joining the Con- 
 garee at Columbia. 
 
 Saluzzo, a town of Piedmont, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, with a castle. The cathedral is 
 -nagnificent and rich. It is seated on an emi- 
 nence near the Po. 24 m. S. by W. of Turin. 
 
 Salvador, St., one of the Bahama islands. See 
 Guanahani. 
 
 Salvador, St., the capital of Congo, stands on a 
 large mountain, the summit of which forms a 
 plain, 10 in. in circuit, which is well cultivated. 
 The city has 12 churches besides the cathedral ; 
 also a large palace, in which the king and a Por- 
 tuguese bishop reside. 230 m. E. S. E. of Loango. 
 Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 5. 40. S. 
 
 Salvador, St., a city of Brazil, capital of a prov- 
 ince of Bahia, and an archbishop's see, with sev- 
 eral forts. The cathedral is large ; but the most 
 superb structure in the city is the grand church 
 of the ex-jesuits, built of European marble, and 
 the internal part exceedingly rich. The houses 
 are two or three stories high, and built of stone. 
 The principal streets are good, but the generality 
 are narrow and dirty. In the royal square are the 
 governor's house, the mint, and the public offices; 
 and along the beach are the custom-house, dock- 
 yard, storehouses, &c. There are many gardens, 
 full of a great variety of fruit-trees, herbs, and 
 flowers. The chief commodities are cotton, su- 
 gar, tobacco, coffee, gums, wood, hides, tallow, 
 and train oil. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 upwards of 100,000. It is seated on an eminence, 
 in the bay of All-Saints, 120 m. S. W. of Sercrip- 
 pe. Long. 39. 30. W., lat. 13. 30. S. 
 
 Salvador dcJujui, St., a city of Tucuman, situ- 
 ate at the foot of a high mountain, on a river of 
 its name, which flows E. to the Vermejo. 280 
 m. N. N. E. of St. Jacrodel Estero. Long. 66. 20. 
 W., lat. 24. 5. S. 
 
 Salvages, small uninhabited islands, lying be- 
 tween the Canaries and Madeira, 27 leagues N. of 
 Point Nago in Teneriffe. Long. 15 54. W., lat. 
 30. 0. N. 
 
 Salvaterra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 witli a roynl palace, seated on the Tajo,3-3. in. N. 
 E. of Lisbon. 
 
 Salvaterra, a strong town of Portugal in Beira. 
 It was tak-^n by the French in 1704, and by the 
 allies in 1705. It stands on the frontiers of Spain, 
 12 m. N N. W. of Alcantara and 37. E. by S. of 
 Castel Branco. 
 
 Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seat- 
 ed on the Minho 7 m. N. E. of Tuy 
 
 Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Leon, seated 
 on the Tonnes, 23 m. S. of Salamanca. 
 
 Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated 
 at the foot of Mount St. Adrian, 18 in E. N. E. 
 of Vittoria. 
 
 Sa!za,n town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov- 
 ernment of Magdeburg, famous for its salt-works. 
 It is seated near the Elbe, 12 m. S. S. E of 
 Magdeburg. 
 
 Salzburg, a province of the Austrian empire 
 bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Stirra, S. 
 and W. by Tyrol and Bavaria. It is a moun- 
 tainous country, but pretty fertile, and contains 
 mines of copper, silver, and iron. It was formerly 
 subject to an archbishop, who was a prince of the 
 empire and primate of Germany. In 1802 it was 
 made an electorate and given to the grand duke 
 of Tuscany ; incorporated with the Austrian states 
 in 1806 ; and transferred in 1809 to Bavaria. On 
 the fall of Napoleon it was restored, with the ex 
 ception of a part of its territory, to Austria. It 
 now comprises an area of 2,800 square miles, with 
 142,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Salzburg, the capital of the above province, has 
 a strong castle on a mountain and two noble pal 
 aces. The inhabitants are estimated at 13,000 
 The cathedral of St. Rupert is very fine, and 
 contains five organs. The university founded in 
 1623 was converted in 1810 into a lyceum, with 
 a theological and surgical school. Near Salz- 
 burg are some very productive salt-works. The 
 French became masters of this city in 1800 and 
 again in 1805. In 1818 upwards of 100 houses 
 were destroyed by fire. It is situate between three 
 mountains, on both sides the river Salza, 46 m. 
 S. by W. of Passau, 155 W. by S. of Vienna. 
 Long. 13. 4. E., lat. 47. 46. N. 
 
 Salzkotcn, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with 
 a good salt-mine, 7 m. S. W of Paderborn. 
 
 Salzustcn, a town of Germany, in the county 
 of Lippe-Detmold, with a salt mine, 12 m. N. 
 W. of Detmold. 
 
 Sulzuntren, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Meiningen, with a castle called Schnepfenburg, 
 on an eminence, and several salt-works. It is 
 seated on the Werra. 10 nj. S. of Eisenach. 
 
 Salzwedct, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 government of Magdeburg, with manufactures of 
 woolen, linen, and cotton ; and a considerable 
 trade in corn, cattle, and hops. It is seated on 
 the Jeetze, 72 m. E of Hamburgh. 
 
 Samana, an island of the W. Indies, on the N. 
 E. side of that of St. Domingo, from which it is 
 separated on the W. by a narrow channel. It is 
 33 miles long and 8 broad, and has a town and bay 
 of the same name on the coast. It was taken by 
 the British in 1808. Long. 69. 20. E.. lat. 19. 10. 
 N. 
 
 Samandraki , or Samondrachi, an island of the 
 Grecian Archipelago, between Stalimeni and the 
 coast of Romania, and to the N. of the isle of Im- 
 bro. It is 17 m. in circumference, and has a 
 town of the same name, with a spacious harbour. 
 Long. 25. 17. E.. lat. 40. 34. N. 
 
 Samar, or Tendaij, one of the Philippine islands, 
 S. E. of that of Luconia, from which it is separat- 
 ed by a strait. It is 320 miles in circumference, 
 and is full of craggy mountains, among which ar*> 
 fertile valleys. 
 
 Samara, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Simbirsk, seated on the Volga, 95 in. S. S. E. 
 of Simbirsk. 
 
 Samarang, a fortified town in the N. E. part 
 of the island of Java, and next to Batavia, the 
 most considerable settlement in the island. Il 
 stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, 
 290 m. E. by S. of Batavia. Long. 110. 38. E., 
 lat. 6. 54. S. 
 
 Samarcand, an ancient city of Asia, formerly 
 the capital of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia, with a 
 castle and a university. It was the birth placo 
 and seat of Tamerlane the Great, and afterwards 
 the residence of a Tartar prince. The city fall3 
 
SAM 
 
 652 
 
 SAM 
 
 uhort of its ancient splendor, yet is still very 
 large, and fortified with strong bulwarks of earth. 
 The houses are mostly of hardened clay, but 
 some are of stone, from quarries in the neighbour- 
 hood. The silk-paper made here is in great re- 
 quest, and it has a considerable trade in excellent 
 fruits. It is seated on the Sogd, 138 m. E. by N. 
 of Bokhara. Long. 65. 15. E., lat. 39. 40. N. 
 
 Samarof, a town of Siberia, in the government 
 of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh 135 in. N. of 
 Tobolsk. 
 
 Samatan, a town of France, department of Gers, 
 with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the Save, 
 6 in. N. by E. of Lombez. 
 
 Samba, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the prov- 
 ince Carthaorena, 33 rn. N. E. of Carthagena. 
 Long. 75. 16." W., lat. 10. 45. N. 
 
 Samballas, a multitude of small uninhabited is- 
 lands, on the N. shore of the isthmus of Darien. 
 Most of them are low, flat, and sandy, covered 
 with a variety of trees, and abound with several 
 kinds of shell fish ; some few afford springs of 
 fresh water. Long. 78. 25. W., lat. 9. 26. N. 
 
 Sambas, a town of Borneo, near the W. coast, 
 inhabited by pirates, against whom a British force 
 was sent out in 1812 and 1813, which proved 
 completly successful. In its vicinity diamond 
 mines are found. Long. 109.0. E., lat. 2. 20. N. 
 
 Sambor, a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a 
 circle of its name, seated on a large plain, on the 
 Dniester, 46 m. S. W. of Lemberg. 
 
 S'imbre, a river which rises in Picardy, flows 
 by Landrecy, Maubeuje, Thun, and Charleroy, 
 and joins the Meuse at Namur. 
 
 Samiri, a town of Asiatic, Turkey, in Irac Ara- 
 bi, on the Tigris, 70 m. N. N. W. of Bagdad. 
 
 Samisat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the san- 
 giacate of Marasch, on the Euphrates, 30 m. E. 
 of Marasch. 
 
 Sumogitia, a county in the N. W. of Prussian 
 Lithuania, bounded on the N. by Courland.S. by 
 Russia proper, and W. by the Baltic. It is full of 
 forests and high mountains, which feed a great 
 number of cattle, and produce abundance of hon- 
 ey. Here are also very active horses, in high es- 
 teem. The inhabitants are clownish, but honest ; 
 and they will not allow a young woman to go 
 out in the night without a candle in her hand and 
 two bells at her girdle. 
 
 Samos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 on the coast of Natolia, about 32 rn. long and 22 
 broad, and extremely fertile. It contains two 
 rannres of lofty mountains, between which are 
 rich and well cultivated plains, producing abun- 
 dance of grain, melons, lentils, kidney beans, and 
 excellent muscadine grapes : also white figs, four 
 times as big as the common sort, but not so well 
 tasted. The silk is very fine, .and the honey and 
 wax admirable. The island abounds with par- 
 tridges, woodcocks, snipes, thrushes, wood pi- 
 geons, turtle doves, wheatears, and excellent 
 poultry. It has emery, stone, and iron mines, 
 and most of the soil is of a rusty colour. All the 
 mountains are of white marble. Their bishop 
 resides at Corea. The principal harbour is that 
 of Vati. 
 
 Samoi/edcs, once a numerous and powerful na- 
 tion of Tartary. They are now dispersed: some 
 of them are found in small detached bodies among 
 the mountains to the W. of Lake Baikal ; others 
 ire supposed to be within the Chinese frontiers: 
 others are scattered among the deserts which ex- 
 tend along the Frozen Ocean ; and some nearly 
 as far to the W. as Archangel. The Samoyedes 
 
 have a large head, a flat face, high cheek bones 
 small eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow complexion, 
 straight black hair, and a little or no beard : they 
 still preserve the manners of a pastoral people, 
 and retain the use of moveable habitations, with 
 which they wander from place to place. They 
 neither have, nor appear ever to have had, any 
 kind of a regular government. Their traditional 
 songs mention only certain heroes, who in better 
 times, led their ancestors to battle. These songs 
 form their principal amusements : but the exploits 
 they celebrate, are never likely to be renewed. 
 
 Samptown, a villgage of Middlesex Co. N. J. 13 
 m. S. W. Elizabeth town. 
 
 Sampson, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 
 11,768. Clinton is the capital. 
 
 Sam's Creek, p. v. Frederick Co. Maryland. 
 
 Samsoe, an island of Denmark, on the E. coast 
 ofN. Jutland, 12 m. long and 3 broad, and very 
 fertile. It has a town of the same name, and the 
 inhabitants carrv on some commerce in small ves- 
 sels. Long. 10*33. E., lat. 56. 2. N. 
 
 Samson, St., a town of France, department of 
 Eure, on the Rille, 5 m. N. of Pont Audemer. 
 
 Samson, St., a town in the department of Maine- 
 et-Loire, 4 m. N. E. of Angers. 
 
 San, a river of Austrian Poland, which rises in 
 the Carpathian Mountains, in Hungary, and falls 
 into the Vistula near Sandomir. It forms part of 
 the boundary between Austrian Galicia and Rus- 
 sian Poland. 
 
 Sana, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen, with 
 a castle on a hill, in which are two palaces. The 
 city, properly so called, is not very populous ; for 
 gardens occupy a part of the space within the 
 walls, which are 4 rn. in circuit, and contain seven 
 gates. Here are a number of mosques, some of 
 them built by Turkish pachas ; also several pala- 
 ces, 12 public baths, and some large caravanseras. 
 Fruits are very plenteous, pnrticularly grapes; 
 and the exportation of raisins is considerable, one 
 kind of which is without stones. The city stands 
 near the source of a river, which flows S. into the 
 Arabian Sea, and at the foot of Mount Nikkum 
 on which are to be seen the ruins of a castle, said 
 to have been built by Shem. It is 250 m. N. N. E 
 of Mocha, 490 S. E. of xMecca. Long. 45. 10. E., 
 lat. 15. 24. N. 
 
 Sana, or Zona, a town of Peru, capital of a 
 province of its name. It is situate in a valley, 
 fertile in fruit and corn, and adorned with the 
 most beautiful flowers, whence it has been some- 
 times, called Mirofloris. 90 m. N. of Truxillo. 
 Long. 78. 30. W., lat. 40. 35. N. 
 
 Sanas/ajgotta, a flourishing town of Bengal ; 
 seated on the Mahanuddy, 16.5 m. N. of Moorshed- 
 abad. 
 
 San Bias, a city and sea-port of Mexico, on the, 
 Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the river Santiago 
 Lat. 21. 33. N. 
 
 Sanborntown, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,866. 
 
 Sancerra, a town of France, department of Cher 
 seated on a mountain, near the Loire, 22 m. N 
 W. of Nevers, 110 N. of Paris. 
 
 Sancian, an island of China, on the coast of 
 Quang-tong, 40 m. in circumference, famous for 
 being the burying place of Francis Xavier, whose 
 tomb is to be seen on a small hill. 
 
 Sancoins, a town of France, department of Cher, 
 seated on the Argent, 15 m. S. W. of Nevers. 
 
 Sanda, or Sanday, one of the Orkney islands, 
 about 12 m. in length, but of an irregular form, 
 and seldom above a m, in breadth. It lies N <>f 
 
SAN 
 
 653 
 
 SAN 
 
 that of Stronsay, from which it is separated by a 
 narrow channel. Much kelp is made here in 
 summer, and it feeds many sheep and beeves. 
 On the Start Point is alight-house. Long. 2. 15. 
 W., lat. 59.21. N. 
 
 Sanda, a small island on the W. coast of Scot- 
 land, near the Mull of Cantyre, famed for having 
 been the rendezvous of the Danish fleets during 
 their expeditions to the western coasts. On it 
 are the remains of a chapel, dedicated to St. Co- 
 lumba. 
 
 Sandbach, a town in Cheshire, with a manufac- 
 ture of .nlk. 102 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Sandec, JVeic, a town of Austrian Galicia, capi- 
 tal of a circle of its name which is covered with 
 extensive forests. 44 m. S. W. of Cracow. — 6. 
 m. farther N. is Old Sandec, which is now a small 
 place. 
 
 Sanders, p.v. Grant Co. Ken. 50 m. N. E. 
 Frankfort ; p.v. Limestone Co. Alab. 
 
 Sandersville, p.v. Washington Co. Geo. 30 m. 
 S. E. Milledgeville. Pop. 2,327. 
 
 Sandford, p.v. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 931. 
 Sandgate, a township of Bennington Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 933. 
 
 Sandisfield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 112 m. 
 S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,055. 
 
 Sandkem, a sea-port of Sweden, in the prov- 
 ince of Upland, where all vessels to and from 
 Stockholm are examined. 10. m. E. of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Sandiston, a township of Sussex Co. N. Y. 
 Sando, an island of Japan, 87 m. in circum- 
 ference, on the N. coast of Niphon ; with a town 
 of the same name. Long. 139. 30. E., lat. 38. 
 35. N. 
 
 Sandomir, a strong town of Poland, capital of a 
 palatinate of the same name, with a castle on a 
 steep rock, and several colleges. It is seated on 
 a hill, on the Vistula, 75 m. E. by N. of Cracow 
 and 112 S. by E. of Warsaw. Long. 22. 0. E., 
 lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Sandomir, a palatinate of Poland, bounded on 
 one part by the Vistula, on another by the Pilica 
 and the palatinate of Cracow. It contains, ac- 
 cording to the territorial division of 1815, 4,700 
 square m. with 448,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Sandomir, the capital of the above palatinate, 
 is seated on the Vistula, 108 m. S. by E. of War- 
 saw. 
 
 Sandown, a village in the Isle of Wight, 2 m. 
 S. of Brading. It stands on a bay of its natnp, 
 and has a fort erected by Henry VIII., which 
 maintains a small garrison. 
 
 Sandogal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, seated 
 on the Coa 12 m. S. S. E. of Guarda. 
 
 Sandorcr, p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. C. 90 m. W. 
 Columbia. 
 
 Sandover, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. 
 23 m W. Portsmouth. Pop. 553. 
 Sandlown, p.v. Kershaw Dis. S. C. 
 Sandusky, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2,881 . Low- 
 er Sandusky is the capital. 
 
 Sandusky river, a stream of Ohio flowing into 
 the west end of Lake Erie. At its mouth it ex- 
 pands into a bay 20 m. in length and 3 to 4 broad. 
 It has a rapid current and is navigable. 
 
 Sandusky city, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on Sandus- 
 ky Bay. Pop. 591. This is one of the chiet 
 ?oints of communication between the state of New 
 ork and the towns on the Ohio and Mississippi 
 by the way of Lake Erie. It has the best har- 
 bour on the American side of the lake, and main- 
 tains a constant intercourse with Buffalo and 
 
 Detroit, by steam-boats. Ship building is carried 
 on to a considerable extent, and the town has 
 already become a place of active trade. A turn- 
 pike is in progress to Columbus. 
 
 Sandusky, a township of Richland Co. Ohio 
 Pop. 588. 
 
 Sandvliet, a town of Belgium in the province of 
 Antwerp, seated on the Scheldt, 12 m. IS. W. of 
 Antwerp. 
 
 Sandwich, a town in Kent, Eng. It is one of 
 the cinque-ports, and walled round ; but the walls 
 are greatly decayed, and only one of the g;ites is 
 standing. Its trade is much diminished, the 
 river Stour, on which it is seated, being so choked 
 up with sand as to admit only small vessels. Go 
 m. E. by S. of London. 
 
 Sandwich, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. near Lake 
 Winipisiogee. Pop. 2,743 ; p.t. Barnstable Co. 
 Mass. on Cape Cod. 54 an. S. E. Boston. Pop. 
 3,367. 
 
 Sandwich Island, an island in the Pacific 
 Ocean, near the W. coastof New Ireland. Long 
 149. 17. E., lat. 2. 53. S. 
 
 Sandwich Island, one of the New Hebrides, in 
 the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 33. E., lat. 17. 
 41. S. 
 
 Sandioich Islands, a group of islands in the N. 
 Pacific, discovered by Cook in 1778. They are 1 1 
 in number, extending from 18. 54. to 22. 15. N. 
 lat., and from 150. 54. to 160. 24. W. long. They 
 are called by the natives, Owhyee, Mowee, Ranai, 
 Morotoi, Tahoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeheehou 
 Oneehoua, Morotinnee, and Takoora; all inhab- 
 ited except the last two. The climate diners lit- 
 tle from that of the W. Indies in the same lati- 
 tude ; but there are no traces of those violent 
 winds which render the stormy months in the 
 W. Indies so dreadful. There is also more rain 
 at the Sandwich isles. The vegetable produc- 
 tions are nearly the same as those of the other 
 islands in this ocean ; but the taro root is here of 
 a superior quality. The breadfruit trees are not 
 in such abundance as in the plains of Otaheite, 
 but produce double the quantity of fruit. The 
 sugar canes are of a very unusual size, some of 
 them measuring eleven inches in circumference, 
 and having fourteen feet eatable. There is also 
 a root of a brown colour, shaped like a yam, and 
 from 6 to 10 pounds in weight, the juice of which 
 is an excellent substitute for sugar. The quad- 
 rupeds are hogs, dogs, and rats. The fowls arf 
 of the common sort ; the birds beautiful and nu 
 merous, though not various. Goats, pigs, and 
 European seeds were left by captain Cook, but 
 the possession of the goats soon gave rise to n 
 contest between two districts, in which the breed 
 was destroyed. The inhabitants arc of the same 
 race with those of the islands S. of the equator ; 
 and in their persons, language, and manners, ap 
 proach nearer to the New Zealanders than to the;,- 
 less distant neighbours, either of the Society or 
 Friendly Islands. They are in general above 
 the middle size, and well made ; they walk grace- 
 fully, run nimbly, and are capable of bearing 
 great fatigue. Many of both sexes have fine 
 open countenances ; and the women, in particu- 
 lar, have good eyes and teeth, with an engaging 
 sweetness and sensibility of look. There is one 
 peculiarity characteristic of every part of the na- 
 tion, that even in the handsomest faces there is a 
 fulness of the nostril, without any flatness or 
 spreading of the nose. The dress of both men 
 and women nearly resembles those of New Zea 
 land, and both sexes wear necklaces of small va- 
 
 3iS 
 
SAIN 
 
 654 
 
 SAN 
 
 negated shells. Tattooing the body was former- 
 rv practised by every colony of this nation. The 
 
 nands and arms of the women were very neatly 
 marked, and they had the singular custom of ta- 
 tooing the tip of the tongue. They lived in vil- 
 lages, containing from 100 to 200 houses, built 
 closely together, without any order, and having 
 ft winding path between them. Towards the sea 
 they were generally flanked with detached walls 
 intended both for shelter and defence. Some of 
 the houses were from 40 to 50 feet long, and from 
 20 to 30 broad ; others were mere hovels. The 
 food of the lower class still consists principally of 
 fish and vegetables, to which the people of high- 
 er rank add the flesh of hogs and dogs. The 
 making of canoes, mats, &c, formed the occupa- 
 tions of the men ; the women were employed in 
 manufacturing cloth, and the. servants principal- 
 ly engaged in the plantations and fishing. They 
 had various amusements, such as dancing, boxing, 
 wrestling, &c, all of which have now entirely 
 ceased. The bottoms of their canoes are of a sin- 
 gle piece of wood, hollowed out to the thickness 
 of an inch, and brought to a point at each end ; 
 the sides consist of three boards, each about an 
 inch thick, neatly fitted and lashed to the bot- 
 tom part. Some of their double canoes measure 
 70 feet in length, three and a half in depth, and 
 12 in breadth. The government is monarchical 
 and hereditary. The same system of subordina- 
 tion prevails here as at the other islands : abso- 
 lute authority on the part of the chiefs, and unre- 
 sisting submission on the part of the people. So 
 long as idolatry prevailed here, human sacrifices 
 were frequent; not only the commencement of a 
 war, or signal enterprise, but the death of any 
 considerable chief called for a repetition of these 
 horrid rites. From their intercourse with Chris- 
 tians they had renounced idolatry before any mis- 
 sionaries were settled among them ; and of late 
 years they have made great advances in civiliza- 
 tion. They live in the utmost harmony with each 
 otht'r, and in hospitality to strangers they are 
 not exceeded even by the inhabitants of the 
 Friendly Islands. Their natural capacity seems 
 in no respect below the common standard of man- 
 kind . 
 
 Sandwich Land, a desolate country in the south- 
 ern ocean, to the S. E. of the island of Georgia. 
 Tiif mountains are of a vast height, their sum- 
 mit-; wrapped in clouds, and their bases covered 
 with snow to the v/nter's edge. Thule, the 
 southern extremity of Sandwich Land, seen by 
 C ,,k in 1775, lies in 27. 45. W. long, and 59. 54. 
 S I;it. This was the greatest S. lat. of land then 
 
 known, on which account it received the 
 name of Southern Thule. 
 
 Sandy, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop 
 909. A township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio Pop. 
 765. 
 
 Sandy Bay, p. v. Essex Co. Mass. adjoining 
 Gloucester on Cape Ann. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. 
 
 Sandy Fork, p. v. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 
 
 Sandy Hill, p. v. Washington Co. N. Y. near 
 the junction of the Champlain Canal with the 
 Hudson. 
 
 Sandy Grove, p. v. Chatham Co. N. C. 
 
 Sandy Hook, a peninsula, on the coast of New 
 Jersey, in Monmouth Co. On the N. point is a 
 lighthouse, 100 feet high. 7 m. S. of the W. 
 end of Long Island. Long. 74. 2. W. lat. 40. 30. 
 N. 
 
 Sandy Hook. p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. 
 
 Sandy Lake, a lake of N. America, about 25 m 
 in circuit, not far from the source of the Missis 
 sippi. Lat. 46. 9. N. 
 
 Sandy Lake, a township of Mercer Co. Pa. 
 
 Sandy Mount, p.v. Baltimore Co. Md. ; p.v. 
 Greenville Co. Va. 
 
 Sandy Point, a seaport of St. Christopher, on 
 the N. W. side of the island, in Figtree Bay, de- 
 fended by two forts. Lon. 63. 28. W., lat. 1*7. 20. 
 N. 
 
 Sandy River, a river in the state of Maine, 
 which runs into the Kennebeck, 6 m. above 
 Norridgewock. 
 
 Sandy River, Big, a river which rises in the 
 Laurel Mountains, and forms part of the bounda- 
 ry between Virginia and Kentucky. It falls into 
 the Ohio, 40 m. above the Scioto. 
 
 Sandy Spring, p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. , 
 p.v. Adams Co. Ohio. 110 m. S. Columbus. 
 
 Sandytown, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Sandyville, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 
 
 Sanen, or Gessenay, a town of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Bern, with a castle, situate on a 
 river of the same name, 20 in. S. W. of Thun. 
 
 Sanford, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 2,327. 
 
 Sangamon, a river of Illinois, rising in the cen- 
 tre of the state and flowing into the Illinois. 
 
 Sangamon, a county of Illinois, on the above 
 river. Pop. 12,960. Springfield is the capital. 
 
 Santrcrfield, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 15 m. S. 
 Utica." Pop. 2,272. 
 
 Sanger vill.c, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 776. 
 
 Sangerhausen, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 Thuringia, with a castle, seated near the Hartz 
 mountains, 14 m. E. S. E. of Stolberg. 
 
 Sanguesa, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 32 m. 
 S. E. of Pamplona. 
 
 Sanky, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 2 m. W., 
 of Warrington. It is a place of traffic, being seat- 
 ed near the Mersey, from which it has a canal to 
 the various works in the vicinity of St. Helens. 
 
 San M'lrino, a small republic of Italy. It is en- 
 closed in the states of the Church, among the Ap- 
 ennines, and contains 22 sq. m. and 7,000 inhab- 
 itants. The soil produces wine and corn. The 
 capital is San Marino, a small town on the sum- 
 mit, of a mountain. This republic is under the 
 protection of the Pope. It has existed for 1,300 
 years. The government is a mixture of aristoc- 
 racy and democracy. 
 
 Sanore, a district of Hindoostan, lying to the S 
 of Visiapour and N. of Mysore. It was ceded to 
 the Mahrattas in 1792. 
 
 Sanore, a town and fortress of Hindoostan,capi 
 tal of the above district, seated on the left bank oi 
 
SAN 
 
 655 
 
 SAR 
 
 the Toom, 15 m before its junction with the Ni- 
 gouden to form the Tungebadra. On the opposite 
 bank is another town called Sanore Bancapour. 
 It is 103 m. N by W. Chitteldroog and 130 S. by 
 K. of Visiapour. 
 
 Sanquhar, a borough of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire, with a ruined castle, once the residence of 
 the Crichton family. It has a trade in coal and 
 manufactures of carpets and cottons. It is seated 
 or; the Nith, 27 rn. N. W. of Dumfries and 53. S. 
 W. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Santatlla, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 m. 
 S. of Cordova. 
 
 Santa Fe, the chief town of New Mexico, seated 
 on the Rio del Norte. It was founded in the be- 
 ginning of the 17 century. It is surrounded by a 
 fertile territory, and has lately become a great 
 mart for the trade between the Mexican provinces 
 and the United States. This traffic is carried on 
 by caravans of mules and horse wagons which pro- 
 
 ceed generally from St. Louis in Missouri. They 
 carry to Santa Fe manufactured goods, tobacco, 
 spirits, &c. and receive specie and bullion in re- 
 turn. Santa Fe is 1,020 m. W. New Orleans. 
 1,13! N. N. W. Mexico. Lat. 36. 12. N. Long. 
 104. 52. W. Pop. 4,000. 
 
 Santander, a strong sea-port of Spain, in Astu- 
 rias. capital of a small district of its name, and a 
 bishop's see. The harbour is good, and large 
 enough to contain a numerous fleet, defended by 
 two castles, and a mole that advances into the sea. 
 It is 11 m. N. E. of Santillana. Long. 3. 37. W., 
 lat. 43. 27. N. 
 
 Santarem, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 with a citadel on a mountain ; seated on the river 
 Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil, 
 55 m. N. E. of Lisbon. Long. 8. 20. W., lat. 39. 
 18. N. 
 
 Santec, a river of S. Carolina, the largest and 
 longest in that state. It enters the ocean bv two 
 mouths, a little S. of Georgetown. About 120 m. 
 from its mouth it branches into the Congaree and 
 VVateree ; the latter, which is the N. branch, bears 
 name of the Catawba River, from this settlement 
 to its source. 
 
 Santcn, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Cleve ; seated on the Rhine, 15 m. S. E. of Cleve. 
 
 Santl.an.es, a town of Spain, in Asturias, 17 m. 
 S. S. W. ofOviedo. 
 
 Santillana, a town of Spain, seated in a fruitful 
 valley, near the Bay of Biscay, 96 m. E. ofOviedo 
 and 200 N. of Madrid. Long. 3. 58. W., lat 43. 
 23. N. 
 
 Santorin, the ancient Thera, an island of the 
 Grecian Archipelago, to the S. of Nio. It is in 
 ihe form of a crescent, 10 m. from N. to S. and 
 from one to four in breadth. Between its two 
 points, to complete the circle, are the small islands 
 of Therasia, and Aspronisi; and within these are 
 
 three other islands, between which and Santorin 
 is a road for ships ; but it affords no anchorage, on 
 account of its depth in some places, and rocky 
 bottom in others All these island are of volcanic 
 origin, but the three interior ones are evidently 
 of much later date. Santorin, in proportion to its 
 extent, is the richest and most populous island of 
 the Archipelago. There are two bishops ; the one 
 Latin, whose see is Scauro, and the other Greek, 
 whose residence is at Pirgos, near the middle of 
 the island. The soil is very dry, and far from fer- 
 tile ; but it produces plenty of barley, cotton, and 
 wine, in which, and the cotton manufactures, its 
 trade consists Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it 
 has only cistern water. The inhabitants, about 
 12,000 in number, are almost all Greeks. Scauro 
 is the capital. 
 
 Santos, a sea-port of Brazil, on an island, called 
 Amiaz, on the W.side of the entrance into Santos 
 Bay. It is defended by a rampart and two cas- 
 tles. The town of St. Vincent stands on the 
 same island, which is 18 m. in circuit. 10 m. 
 from the sea and 190 S. W. of St. Sebastian 
 Long. 46. 30. W., lat. 24. 15. S. 
 
 Saonc, a large navigable river of France, which 
 rises in the Vosges Mountains, and, after a course 
 of about 200 m. falls into the Rhone at Lyons. 
 
 Saone, Upper, a department of France, including 
 part of the former province of Franche Comte ; 
 bounded N. by the department of Vosges, and E. 
 by that of Upper Rhine. It comprises an area of 
 2,500 square m. with 312,000 inhabitants. The 
 capital is Vesoul. 
 
 Saone- el- Loire, a department of France, includ- 
 ing part of the former province of Burgundy, 
 bounded by the departments of Jura, Rhone, and 
 Allier, and comprising an area of 3,500 square m. 
 with 471 ,00C inhabitants. It is named from two 
 rivers, which flow through it in different direc- 
 tions. Macon is the capital. 
 
 Saorgio, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 county of Nice, situate on the top of a rock, which 
 is nearly enclosed by the Roia and the Bendola. 
 On the opposite side of the Roia is a sharp rock, 
 completely insulated, with an ancient fortress on 
 the summit, and near the town is a strong fort. 
 Saorgio was taken by the French in 1794. 19 m. 
 N. E. of Nice. 
 
 Sapienza, three small islands, and a cape, in the 
 Mediterranean, near the S. coast of the Morea. 
 The largest island was formerly called Sphaeleria, 
 and is famous in ancient history for a victory ob- 
 tained by the Athenians over the Lacedemonians. 
 Long. 21. 35. E., lat. 30. 50. N. 
 
 Saracens, a people celebrated some centuries 
 ago, who came from the deserts of Arabia : sarra 
 in their language signifying a desert. They were 
 the first disciples of Mahomet, and, within 40 years 
 after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, 
 Africa, and Europe. They kept possession of 
 Spain till loll, when they were expelled. For a 
 long time they maintained a war in the Holy Land 
 against the Western Christians, and at length 
 drove thern out of it. There are now no people 
 known by this name ; for the descendants of those 
 who conquered Spain are called Moors. 
 
 Saragossa, a city of Spain, capital of Arragon, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a university. It is 
 said to have been built by the Phoenicians, and the 
 Romans sent a colony hither in the reign of Au 
 gustus, whence it had the name of Caesarea Au- 
 gusta, which by corruption has been changed into 
 Saragossa. Before this city was taken by the 
 French, in 1809. there were many magnificent 
 
SAR 
 
 C5C 
 
 SAA 
 
 bm.dings, 17 large churches, and 14 handsome 
 convents, besii.es others less considerable. The 
 Ebro runs through the city, dividing it into two 
 parts ; and on its banks is a handsome quay, which 
 serves for a public walk. The Holy Street is the 
 largest, and so broad that it may be taken for a 
 square. The cathedral is a spacious Gothic build- 
 ing; but the finest church is that of Nuestra Sen- 
 ora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion 
 in Spain. They tell us that the Virgin, while yet 
 living, appeared to St. James, who was prearhing 
 the gospel, and left him her image, with a hand- 
 some pillar of jasper. This image stands on a 
 marble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms, or- 
 namented with a profusion of cold arid jewels, 
 and illuminated by a multitude of lamps and wax 
 lights. The town-house is a sumptuous struc- 
 ture ; and in the hall are the pictures of all the 
 kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no manufactures, 
 and but little trade. It is seated in a large plain 
 (where the Ebro receives two other rivers), which 
 produces all kinds of fruit in great abundance. 
 A victory was obtained here over the French and 
 Spaniards in 1710, but it was abandoned by the 
 allies soon after. Saratrossa is also celebrated for 
 the brave defence it made under general Palafox, 
 when besieged by the French in 1808-9. 180 
 m. N. E. of Madrid. Pop. 41,000. 
 
 Saranac, a small river of N. Y. flowing into 
 Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. 
 
 Saratof, a government of Russia, lying along 
 both sides of the Wolga, and having on one side 
 the country of Astracan and on the other that of 
 the Don Cossacks. The extent is estimated at 
 01.000 sq. m with a pop. not exceeding 1,000,000. 
 It is divided into 12 districts, of which that of the 
 same name is the principal. 
 
 Saratof, the capital of the above government, 
 is surrounded by a wall and is neatly built, chiefly 
 of wood. The inhabitants (about 5,000) have a 
 brisk trade in fish, caviar, salt, &c. It is seated 
 on the side of a mountain near the Wolga, 374 
 m. N. by W. of Astracan. Long. 46. 1. E., lat. 
 51. 32. N. 
 
 Saratoga, a county of N. Y. Pop. 36,616. Balls- 
 ton is the capital. Also a p.t. in the same Co. 35 
 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,461. Here General Bur- 
 
 foyne surrendered his army to Gen. Gates. Oct. 
 7, 1777. 
 Saratoga Springs, p.t. Saratoga Co. IV. Y. 39 
 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,204. In this town and the 
 neighbourhood are situated those mineral springs 
 which draw to this quarter in summer, crowds of 
 visitors from all quarters of the country. The 
 village is located on an elevated spot of ground, 
 surrounded by a productive plain country, and 
 enjoys the advantage of a salubrious air and cli- 
 mate, contributing much to the health and benefit 
 of its numerous visitants. The springs, so justly 
 celebrated for their medicinal virtues, are situated 
 on the margin of a vale, bordering the village on 
 the east, and are a continuation of a chain of 
 springs discovering themselves about 12 m. to the 
 south, in the town of Ballston, and extending 
 easterly, in the form of a crescent, to the Quaker 
 village. In the immediate vicinity are iO or 12 
 springs, the principal of which are the Congress, 
 tne Hamilton, the High Rock, the Columbian, the 
 Flat Rock, the Washington and the President. 
 About a mile east, are found a cluster of mineral 
 springs which go by the name of the Ten Springs. 
 The Congress Spring is owned by Doct. John 
 Clarke; to whose liberality the public are much 
 indebted for the recent improvements that have 
 
 been made in the grounds adjoining the fountain, 
 and the purity in which its waters are preserved. 
 This spring was first discovered about 30 years 
 since, issuing from a crevice in the rock, a few 
 feet from its present location. Here it flowed for 
 a number of years, until an attempt to improve 
 the surface around it produced an accidental ob- 
 struction of its waters, which afterwards made 
 their appearance at the place where they now 
 flow. It is enclosed by a tube sunk into the 
 earth to the distance of 12 or 14 feet, which 
 secures it from the water of the stream, adjoining 
 to which it is situated. Besides a handsome en- 
 closure and platform for promenading, the pro- 
 prietor has thrown an awning over the spring for 
 the convenience of visitants. 
 
 The High Rock is situated on the west side 
 of the valley, skirting the east side of the village, 
 about half a mile north of the Congress. The 
 rock enclosing this spring is in the shape of a 
 cone, 9 feet in diameter at its base, and 5 feet in 
 height. It seems to have been formed by a con- 
 cretion of particles thrown up by the water, which 
 formerly flowed over its summit through an aper- 
 ture of about 12 inches in diameter, regularly di- 
 verging from the top of the cone to its base. This 
 spring was visited in the year 1767 by Sir Wil- 
 liam Johnson, but was known long before by the 
 Indians, who were first led to it, either by acci- 
 dent or by the frequent haunts of beasts, attracted 
 thither by the saline properties of the water. A 
 building was erected near the spot previous to the 
 revolutionary war; afterwards abandoned, and 
 again resumed ; since which the usefulness of the 
 water has, from time to time, occasioned frequent 
 settlements within its vicinity. 
 
 Between the Red Spring in the upper village, 
 and the Washington in the south part of the lower 
 village, are situated most of the other mineral 
 springs in which this place abounds. At three 
 of the principal springs, the Hamilton, Monroe 
 and Washington, large and convenient bathing 
 houses have been erected, which are the constant 
 resort for pleasure as well as health, during the 
 warm season. 
 
 The mineral waters both at Ballston and Sara- 
 toga are supposed to be the product of the same 
 great laboratory, and they all possess nearly the 
 same properties, varying only as to the quantity 
 of the different articles held in solution. They 
 are denominated acidulous saline and acidulous 
 chalybeate. Of the former are the Congress, 
 (which holds the first rank), the Hamilton, Hifh 
 Rock and President, at Saratoga ; and of the 
 latter are the Columbian, Flat Rock and Wash 
 ington, at Saratoga, and the Old Spring and 
 United States, at Ballston. The waters contain 
 muriate of soda, hydriodate of soda, carbonate of 
 soda, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, 
 oxide of iron, and some of them a minute quan- 
 tity of silica and alumina. Large quantities of 
 carbonic acid gas are also contained in the waters, 
 giving to them a sparkling and lively appearance. 
 The Congress, in particular, the moment it is 
 dipped, contains nearly one half more than its 
 bulk of gas; a quantity unprecedented in any na- 
 tural waters elsewhere discovered. 
 
 The Congress Hall is situated within a few 
 rods of the Congress spring, to which a handsome 
 walk, shaded with trees, has been constructed for 
 the convenience of guests. The space in front 
 of the building is occupied by three apartments, 
 each of which is enclosed by a railing, termina- 
 ting at the front entrances of the piazza, and each 
 
SAR 
 
 657 
 
 SAR 
 
 used as a flower garden. The edifice is 200 feet 
 in length, 2 1-2 stories high, with two wings ex- 
 tending back, one 60, and the other about 100 
 feet. The billiard rooms belonging to the estab- 
 .ishment are contained in a building adjoining the 
 north wing. In front of the Hall is a spacious 
 piazza, extending the whole length of the build- 
 ng, 20 feet in width, with a canopy from the 
 roof, supported by 17 massy columns, each of 
 which is gracefully entwined with woodbine. 
 There is also a back piazza, which opens upon a 
 beautiful garden annexed to the establishment, 
 and a small grove of pines, affording both fra- 
 grance and shade to their loitering guests. The 
 Congress Hall can accomodate nearly 200 visi- 
 tants', and is justly ranked among the most ele 
 gant establishments in the union. 
 
 The United States Hotel, with its gardens and 
 out buildings, occupies a space in the centre of 
 the village of about five acres. The main build- 
 in v is composed of brick, 125 feet long and 34 
 wide. 
 
 The hotel is situated equally distant between 
 the Congress and Flat Rock springs, and com- 
 mands a view of the whole village, and from its 
 fourth story a distinct view is had of the sur- 
 rounding country for a number of miles. This 
 establishment can accomodate nearly 200 visitants, 
 and is one of the largest and most splendid edifi- 
 ces in the United States. 
 
 The Pavilion is situated in a pleasant part of 
 the village, immediately in front of the Flat Rock 
 spring The building is constructed of wood, 
 133 feet in length, with a wing extending back 
 from the centre of the main building, 80 feet. It 
 is 2 1-2 stories high, with the addition of an at- 
 tick story, which, with the handsome portico in 
 front, sustained by delicate colonnades, renders it, 
 in beauty and proportion, one of the finest models 
 of architecture. 
 
 There are many other fine hotels at this place. 
 The town of Ballston Spa in the neighbourhood 
 has also several springs which are much visited. 
 
 Saratoga Lake, a lake in the neighbourhood of 
 the above springs, 9 m. long and 3 broad. It af- 
 fords excellent fish and game. 
 
 Siirhrurk, a town of Germany, capital of a 
 county of its name, with a handsome palace, and 
 a magnificent Lutheran church. It is seated on 
 the W. side of the Sarre, 14 m. W. of Deux Ponts. 
 Long. 7. 5. E„ lat. 49. 16. N. 
 
 Sailing, a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe^O m. E. by N. of Nancy. 
 
 Sardam, a town of the Netherlands, in N. Hoi. 
 land, where there are vast magazines of tim>.T 
 for ships and naval stores, and a great number of 
 shipwrights. In this town Peter the Great resid- 
 ed for sryme time, and worked as a shipwright. 
 It is seated on the Wye, 7 m. N. W. of Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 Sardinia, an insular and continental kingdom 
 of Southern Europe, containing, besides the isl- 
 and of Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy, the county of 
 Nice, the duchy of Montferrat, part of that of 
 Milan, and the territory of Genoa. The govern- 
 ment is monarchical, with few definite limits, 
 except the priv.!eges guranteed to particular 
 states. Popery is the religion of the royal family 
 and the state. The reigning family is descended 
 from the ancient counts of Savoy, whose domin- 
 ions became progressively extended by purchase, 
 conquest, and donation. In the war of the 
 French Revolution, in 1792, the Sardinians were 
 aided by Austrian troops and a British subsidy, 
 a!3 
 
 but, on Bonaparte assuming the command, the 
 allied forces were speedily overthrown, all the 
 continental dominions of the king of Sardinia 
 were seized and incorporated with the French 
 territory, and afterwards parcelled out anew into 
 departments of the French empire. The changes 
 of 1814 reinstated the king of Sardinia in all his 
 continental dominions, except the duchy of Sa- 
 voy ; and in 1315 this also was restored, and the 
 Genoese territory added to the kingdom. 
 
 Sardinia,a.n island in the Mediterranean, 160 m. 
 from N. to S. a-nd 70 from E. to W., separated 
 from Corsica on the N. by the strait of Bonifacio. 
 This island has been neglected by the govern- 
 ment ; for, exclusive of the mountains, the chief 
 part of the country may be regarded as waste, 
 but where cultivated it is fertile in corn, wine, or- 
 anges, citrons, and olives. Here are mines of 
 silver, lead, sulphur, and alum, and quantities of 
 cheese and salt are made. There are many pes- 
 tilent marshes here. The frequent wastes abound 
 with wild ducks ; but the cattle and sheep are 
 not numerous. The Mouflon or Argali is very 
 common among the mountains of this island 
 
 On the coast is a fishery for anchovies and cor- 
 ral. This island has undergone various revolu- 
 tions : in 1703 it was taken from the Spaniards 
 by the English, and allotted to the emperor of 
 Germany at the peace of Utrecht. The Span- 
 iards recovered it in 1717, but were obliged to 
 abandon it two years after ; and, in 1720, it was 
 ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equivalent for 
 Sicily. In 1794 the inhabitants, rose against their 
 Piedmontese rulers, and caused the viceroy and 
 others to be sent out of the island ; but he was af- 
 terwards received, on the king pledging himself 
 to assemble the Cortes every 10 years, and con 
 firming all the ancient laws and privileges of 
 the inhabitants. The island continues to be gov 
 erned as a province of the kingdom to which it 
 gives name. 
 
 Sardinia, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. ; p.t. Erie Co 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,114 
 
 Saredo, p.v. Dublin Co. N. C. 80 m. H. Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 Sarcpta, a settlement of Moravians, in the gov- 
 ernment of Saratov in Russia in Europe, founded 
 in 1765. 8 m. S. Tzaritzin. 
 
 Sargans, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of St. Gall, with a castle on a rock. Near the 
 town are mineral springs and a productive iron 
 mine. It atands on the summit of a hill, near 
 the Rhine, 14 m N. of Coire and 47 S. E. of Zu- 
 rich. 
 
 Sargel, a sea-port of Algiers, in the province 
 of Mascara, with a castle. Near this town An- 
 drew Doria was defeated by Barbarossa. 25 m. S. 
 S. W. of Algiers. Long. 2. 15. E., lat. 36. 30. N. 
 
 Sari, a town of Persia, in Mazandeian, the res- 
 idence of one of the Persian princes ; situate in a 
 
SAR 
 
 658 
 
 SAU 
 
 country abounding in rice, oranges, cotton, sugar, 
 and silk, 25 m. S. W. of Ferabad. 
 
 Sark, a small island in the English Channel, 
 near the coast of France, and about two leagues 
 E. from the island of Guernsey, on which it is 
 dependant. 
 
 Sark, a aiver of Scotland, which rises in the 
 central part of Dumfries-shire, and flows S. into 
 Solway Frith. Its mouth forms a good harbour, 
 at the village of Sarkfoot, E. by S. of Annan. 
 
 Sarlat, a town of France, department of Dor- 
 dogne, 27 m. S. E.of Perigueux. 
 
 Sarnr.n, a town of Switzerland, capital of the 
 canton of Underwalden, near a lake to which it 
 gives name. m. S. of Lucerne. Long. 8. 14. 
 E., lat. 40. 52. N. 
 
 Sarno, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, 
 seated near the source of a river of its name, 12 
 m. N. N. W. of Salerno, and 20 E. S. E. of Na- 
 ples. 
 
 Saros, a strong castle of Hungary, in a county 
 of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the 
 foot of Mount Krapach, 5 m. N. N. W. of Epe- 
 ries. 
 
 Sarp, or Sarpen, a town of Norway, in the 
 province of Christiansand. Near it is a great 
 cataract, the noise of which may be heard at the 
 distance of 20 m. 10 m. W. S. W. of Frederick- 
 stadt. 
 
 Sarreal, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near 
 which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent 
 that it is used for windows. It is seated on the 
 Francoli, 11 m. N. Tarragona. 
 
 Sarsana, a town of the Sardinian states, in Ge- 
 noa, with a fortress; near it is a fort in the 
 mountains called Sarsanello. It stands on the riv- 
 er Magra, 5 m. from its mouth, and 45. E. S. E. 
 of Genoa. Long. 9. 58. E., lat. 44. 9. N. 
 
 Sarsina, a town, of Italy, in Romagna, on the 
 river Savio, 21 m W. S. W. of Rimini. 
 
 Sart , a town of Asia Minor. It was the an- 
 cient Sardis, capital of Lydia ; and under the Ro- 
 mans was a large city, but was almost destroyed 
 by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius. Here 
 are many remains of massive buildings, a mosque 
 (which was formerly a Christian church), and a 
 large carvansera. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 sheperds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent 
 plains. 35 m. E. N. E. of Smyrna. 
 
 Sarte, a department of France, including part 
 of the ancient province of Maine, and containing 
 an area of 2,400 square miles, with 410,000 inhab- 
 itants. The climate is mild and salubrious, and 
 the soil in general fertile. The manufactures are 
 hardware, woolens, paper, leather, &c. It takes 
 its name from a river which flows by Mans to 
 Angers, where it joins the Mayenne. The capi- 
 tal is Mans 
 
 Sarvar, a town and fortress of Hungary, at the 
 conflux of the Guntz with the Raad, 40 m. S. S. 
 E of Presburg. 
 
 Sarum, Old, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. 
 which is now reduced to a single house, and 
 scarcely any thing remains to indicate its former 
 importance, except that it still sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. 2 m. N. of New Sarum, or 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Sarum, an extensive district of Hindoostan, in 
 the province of Bahar, and one of the most pros- 
 perous in the British territories. It is situate on 
 the N. side of the Ganges, in lat. 26. N. 
 
 Sarwerden, a town of France, department of 
 Moselle, seated on the Sarre, 33 m. W. N. W of 
 Jfaguenau and 45 E. N. E. of Nancy. 
 
 Sas van Ghent, a. town and fortress of Belgium.m 
 Flanders, situate on the Canal from Ghent to the 
 river Scheldt, and fortified with sluices, by means 
 of which the country can be laid under water. 
 It was built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as a 
 bulwark to that city, but was taken in 1664, by 
 the Dutch, from whom the French took it in 
 1747 and again in 1794. 10 m. N. of Ghent. 
 
 Sascram, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 
 seated at the foot of a mountain, near a lake, 64 
 m. S. E. of Benares and 88 S. W. of Patna. 
 
 Saskatchawan, a river of N. America, rising in 
 two large head streams on the E. side of the 
 Rocky mountains and flowing easterly into Lake 
 Winnipeg. It is 800 m. long. 
 
 Sassafras, a village of Kent Co. Maryland on a 
 stream of the same name, falling into the Chesa- 
 peak. 
 
 Sassari, a city of the island of Sardinia, and an 
 archbishop's see, with a castle and a university. 
 Here is a fountain called Rossel, said to be more 
 magnificent than the best at Rome ; and in the 
 neighbourhood are mines of gold and silver. It 
 is seated on the river Torres, 7 m. from the sea, 
 and 64 N. of Oristagni. Long. 8. 45. E., lat. 40. 
 48. N. 
 
 Sassuolo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mode- 
 na, with a castle, seated on the Secchia, 10 m. S. 
 W. of Modena. 
 
 Satalia, or Antalia, a strong sea-port of Ae.ia Mi- 
 nor, in Caramania. It is divided into three towns, 
 and is so situate that from the harbour the streets 
 appear to rise behind each other like an amphithe- 
 atre. The country around is very fertile ; and 
 the citrons and oranges are extremely fine. The 
 chief trade is in wool, cotton, goats' hair, agaric, 
 tragacanth, opium, and bees' wax. It is seated 
 on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gives 
 name, 150 m. S. W. of Cogni. Long. 31. 21. E., 
 lat. 37. 1. N. 
 
 Satauket, p. v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. 
 Satgong, or Satagong, a village of Bengal, form- 
 erly an important city, in which the Europe- 
 an traders in Bengal had their factories. It is 
 seated on a creek of Hoogly River, 4 m. N. W.of 
 Hoogly. 
 
 Satimangalam, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Coimbetore, with a large stone fort, 
 and a considerable temple. It has manufactures 
 of cotton cloths, and a great trade to Seringapa- 
 tam. In its vicinity the troops of Tippoo Sultan 
 maintained a severe conflict with the British. It 
 is 30 m. W. of Bhawanikudal and 75 S. S. E. of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Satriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 8 
 m. S. of Squillace. 
 
 Sattarah, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Visiapour, the residence o^the Mah- 
 ratta prince, who was restored by the British in 
 1818. Itjs situate near the source of the Kist 
 nah. 50 m. S. of Poonah and 77 W. of Visiapour. 
 Satteagala, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov 
 ince of Coimbetore, with a fort of considerable 
 size. It stands near the Cavery, which 3 m. be 
 low forms and island 9 m. in length, with noble 
 cataracts on each side. 36 m. S. E. of Seringapa- 
 tam. 
 
 Sauced*, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, on 
 a river of the same name, which joins the Nassas 
 to form the Palmas. 100 m. N. N. W. of Duran 
 go. Long. 105. 36. W., lat. 25. 18. N. 
 
 Saucon, Upper, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa. 
 Saiccon, Lower, a township in Northampton Co 
 Pa 
 
SAV 
 
 659 
 
 SAV 
 
 Saugatuck, a river of Connecticut, flowing S. in- 
 to Long Island Sound near Fairfield. 
 
 Saugerties, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 
 49 m. S. Albany. Pop. 3,750. 
 
 Saugur Island, an island of Hindoostan, well 
 known as a place of pilgrimage. The temple of 
 Kapila Muni, on the S. coast of Gunga Saugur, 
 is under the alternate charge of a Byragee and 
 Sunysee, who levy a tax of 4 annas on each per- 
 son visiting the temple, the amount of which is di- 
 vided among 5 different establishments of Raman- 
 andi Byragees in the vicinity of Calcutta. In 
 1802, during the administration of the marquis 
 Wellesley, the horrid practice of infanticide was 
 abolished on this island. It is seated at the mouth 
 of the Hoogly River, 100 mi from Calcutta. 
 
 Saugus, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 7 m. N. E. Boston, 
 adjoining Lynn. Pop. 960. 
 
 Saugen, or Saulgau, a town of Germany, in 
 Wurtemberg, 5 m. S. W. of Buchau. 
 
 Saulieu, a town of France, department Cote d' 
 Or, noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Vau- 
 ban. Here was anciently a college of the Druids ; 
 and in a wood, where they performed their sacri- 
 fices, the ruins of a druidical temple are still visi- 
 ble. It is seated on an eminence, 38 m. W. of 
 Dijon and 46 S. E. of Auxerre. 
 
 Saumttr, a town, of France in the department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, with an ancient castle, and 
 manufactures of woolen, linen, and leather, and 
 some trade in wine and brandy. Here is a fa- 
 mous bridge over the Loire, consisting of 12 el- 
 liptical arches, each 00 feet in diameter. 27 m. 
 S. E. of Angers and 38 W. S. W. of Tours. 
 
 Saunder's Island, one of the Society Islands, in 
 the S. Pacific, called by the natives Tapooamanoo. 
 It is about G m. long, and has in the centre a 
 mountain of considerable height. Long. 150. 
 40. W.. lat. 17. 30. S. 
 
 Sauquoit, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 
 Saurungpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Malwa, 42 m. INl. N. E. of Indore and 
 43 N. E. ofOugein. 
 
 Sauee, a town of Frane, department of Gard, on 
 the Vidoure, 12 m. S. W. of Alais. 
 
 Sauveterre, a town in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, with an old ruined castle, seated on 
 the Gave d'Oleron 20 m. W. N. W. of Pau. 
 
 Sauveterre, a town in the department of Aveiron 
 15 m. S. W. Rodez. 
 
 Sauveterre , a town in the department of Gironde, 
 26 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Sava, a town of Persia, in Irak, surrounded by 
 walls of earth. The environs produce exquisite 
 fruit, particularly pomegranates and almonds, and 
 a considerable quantity of rice and cotton. 00 m. 
 S. of Casbin and 110 E. of Amadan. Long. 52. 
 15. E., lat. 34. 30. N. 
 
 Savage Isle, an island in the S. Pacific, about 
 35 m. in circumference, discovered by Cook in 
 1774. It received this name from the rude and 
 inhospitable behaviour of the inhabitants, who 
 were stout well made men, naked except round 
 the waists ; some of them had their face, breast, 
 and thighs painted. It is of a round form, and cov- 
 ered with trees, shrubs, &c. Long. 1G9. 30. W., 
 lat. 19. 2. S. 
 
 Savannah, a river of the United States, which 
 separates Georgia from S. Carolinia. It is navi- 
 gable for boats of 100 feet keel from Augusta to 
 Savannah, and thence for large vessels to its en- 
 trance into the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybee Island. 
 
 Savannah, city, in Chatham Co. Georgia, the 
 largest city in the state, is situated on the west- 
 
 ern bank of the river of that name, 17 in. from the 
 sea, with a good ship navigation for that distance. 
 The site of Savannah is elevated and pleasant. 
 The streets are wide and regular, with spacious 
 squares and many handsome edifices. It con- 
 tains 10 churches, a theatre, an exchange, a hos- 
 pital and a public library. It is an unhealthy 
 place in summer, yet enjoys considerable com- 
 merce, and is the great mart for the cotton plan- 
 ters of the whole state. It is 118 m. S. W. 
 Charleston: 123 S. E. Augusta: 160 E. S. E 
 Milledgeville and 658 S. W. Washington. Lat 
 32. 8. N., long. 81. 10. W. Pop. 7,308. 
 
 Savanna la Mar, a town of Jamaica, in Corn- 
 wallis county, with a good anchorage for large 
 vessels. In 1780 great part of the town was des- 
 troyed by a dreadful hurricane and inundation of 
 the sea ; but it has since been rebuilt. It is seat- 
 ed on the S. side of the island. Long. 78. 6. W., 
 lat. 18. 12. N. 
 
 Saratopoli. See Sebastopolis. 
 
 Save, a river of the Austrian empire, which 
 has its source on the N. W. confines of Carniola, 
 runs E. through that country, separates Scla- 
 vonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia and joins 
 the Danube near Belgrade. 
 
 Savenay, a town of France, department of Low- 
 er Loire, 18 m. N. W. of Nantes. 
 
 Savendroog , a strong fortress of Hindoostan, in 
 Mysore, situate on the top of a vast rock, rising 
 half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base 
 of above 8 m in circumference, and divided at 
 the summit by a chasm that forms it into two 
 hills : these having each its particular defences, 
 serve as two citadels, capable of being maintained 
 independently of the lower works, which are also 
 wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding this, it 
 was taken by a the English, in 1791, after a siege 
 of seven days. 85 m. N. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Saverdun, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 riege, with a castle, seated on the Arriege.25 m 
 S. S. E. of Toulouse. 
 
 Saverne, a town in the department of Lower 
 Rhine, seated at the foot of Mcvint Vosges, in a 
 country which produces plenty of wine, 20 m. 
 W. N. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Savigliano, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey. Here 
 the French were repulsed in 1799 by the Aus- 
 trians. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the rivec 
 Maira, 30 m. S. of Turin. 
 
 Savolax, a district of the Russian empire, in the 
 province of Finland, 200 m. long and 100 broad, 
 consisting mostly of woods, lakes, rivers, and 
 morasses, and abounding in elks and reindeers. 
 The inhabitants are thinly dispersed, and subsist 
 by cultivating buck-wheat, breeding cattle, hunt- 
 ing, fishing, and making wooden ware. Kuopia 
 is the capital. 
 
 Savona, a strong town of the Sardinian states, 
 in the territory of Genoa, with a citadel on a 
 rock, and several fine churches. The Genoese, 
 fearing that it would hurt their trade, ruined the 
 harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vessels. 
 It was taken by the king of Sardinia in 1746, 
 restored to the republic of Genoa in 1748, and 
 taken in 1795 by the French, who surrendered 
 to the Austrians in 1800, through famine. In 
 1800 and 1801 it was the residence of the pope, 
 during his dispute with Bonaparte. By the con- 
 gress of Vienna it was ceded, with the whole Ge- 
 noese territory, to the king of Sardinia. It is 
 seated on the Mediterranean, 24 m. W. S. W of 
 Genoa. Long. 8. 20. E., lat. 44. 18. N. 
 
SAX 
 
 660 
 
 SAX 
 
 Savoniers, a town of France department of 
 Indre-et-Loire, near which are caverns famous 
 for their petrifactions. 8 m. S. W. of Tours. 
 
 Savoy, a duchy of Europe, belonging to the 
 kingdom of Sardinia, 85 m. long and 67 broad ; 
 bounded on the N. by the lake of Geneva, which 
 separates it from Switzerland ; E. by the Alps, 
 which divide it from Vallais and Piedmont ; S. 
 by the latter and France ; and W. by France. 
 The air is cold on account of high mountains, 
 which are almost always covered with snow; 
 but the valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and 
 many of the mountains abound with pastures 
 that feed a great number of cattle. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Isere, Arc, and Arve. The 
 Savoyards, from the nature of their country, are 
 generally very poor; and great numbers of them 
 seek a livelihood in France, England, and other 
 countries, in quality of showmen, &c. The 
 French subdued this country in 1792, and made 
 it a department of France, by the name of Mont 
 Blanc, which was confirmed to them by the treaty 
 of Paris in 1814; but in 1815 it was restored to 
 Sardinia, with the exception of a small district 
 (the commune of St. Julian) ceded to the Swiss 
 canton of Geneva. Chamberry is the capital. 
 
 Savoy, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 028. 
 
 Sami, an island in the Indian Ocean, to which 
 the Dutch have a bind of exclusive trade, having 
 entered into an agreement with the rajahs that 
 their subjects shall trade with no other ships. It is 
 26 m. in leno-th, and very fertile. Long. 122. 30. 
 E., lat. 10. 35. S. 
 
 Sawpit, p. v. Westchester Co. N. Y. 
 Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which is 
 an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. It is 
 seated on the Elda, on the borders of Valencia, 
 25 m. W. N. W. of Alicant and 42 N. JN. E. of 
 Murcia. 
 
 Saz, a town and district of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of St Gall, with a castle, 14 m. S. of Rhei- 
 neck. 
 
 Saxenburg, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Carinthia, near which are three forts and a strong 
 pass. It is situate on the Drave, 38 m. W. of 
 Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. E., lat. 46. 44. N. 
 
 Saxmundham, a town of Suffolk, Eng. seated on 
 a hill, 20 m. N. E. of Ipswich and 89 of London. 
 
 Saxony, in its comprehensive sense, denotes a 
 vast tract of country in the N. of Germany, ex- 
 tending from the Weser on the VV. to the frontier 
 of Poland on the E. ; but in consequence of the 
 territorial changes to which it has been sub- 
 ject, the name has been used with great latitude 
 of signification. The division of Germany into 
 circles took place towards the close of the 15th 
 century, and the large tract of country known 
 vaguely by the name of Saxony was formed in- 
 to three circles, Westphalia, Upper Saxon}', and 
 Lower Saxony. Upper Saxony comprised the 
 electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, the 
 duchy of Pomerania, and a number of small prin- 
 cipalities, forming an extent of about 43,000 sq. 
 m. with nearly 4,000,000 of inhabitants. It was 
 bounded E. by Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and 
 S. by Bohemia and Franconia. Lower Saxony 
 was bounded N. by the duchy of Sleswick and 
 the Baltic, and W. by Westphalia and the Rhine. 
 It comprised the electorate of Hanover, the duch- 
 ies of Brunswick Mecklenburg, and Holstein, 
 the free towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, and Lu- 
 beck, with a number of small slates, forming an 
 • xtent of 26,000 sq. m. In 1806 the distinction 
 
 of circles was finally abolished, and the names 
 of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use only 
 for the elucidation of history. 
 
 Saxony, a modern kingdom of Europe, situated 
 towards the N. E. of Germany, and bounded S. 
 by Bohemia and N. by the Prussian states. It 
 comprises an area of 7,188 square m. with 1,237,000 
 inhabitants ; but, previously to 1814, it was of 
 much greater extent, having been greatly reduced 
 by the congress of Vienna. No part of Europe, 
 in the same latitude, enjoys a milder climate. 
 The mountainous districts in the S. contain ex- 
 tensive forests, which are kept up with care, as 
 the chief supply of fuel for the mines. In the 
 southern and mountainous parts of Saxony the 
 valleys only are well cultivated; but in the level 
 districts in the N., particularly the circles of 
 Meissen and Leipzig, tillage is general : the pro 
 ducts are wheat, barley, oats, and other grain ; 
 also some tobacco and hops. Hogs and sheep are 
 very numerous, and the greatest care has been 
 bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported about 
 1768. Few countries equal Saxony in mineral 
 riches, and in none has this department of natural 
 history been more fully described. The principal 
 are silver, iron, copper, lead, limestone, coal, ar- 
 senic, cobalt, antimony, zinc, alum, &c. The 
 principal rivers are the Elbe, the two Elsters, the 
 two Muldas, and the Quiess. The manufactures 
 are of considerable extent, and consist principally 
 of linen, cotton, silk, and leather. The machinery 
 used, though inferior to the English, has of late 
 years been much improved. The position of Sax- 
 ony is not favorable for commercial intercourse. 
 The export consist of wool (which has long been 
 considered tne best in Germany), minerals, linen 
 yarn, woolens, and lace. The imports are silk 
 flax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and, in certain 
 seasons, corn. A great majority of the inhabi 
 tants are Lutherans, but the reigning family have 
 been Catholics since 1G97. The institutions fo? 
 education are numerous and well conducted, and 
 the lower classes are generally taught to read and 
 write. In no country of equal extent is the num- 
 ber of printing and book establishments so great. 
 Of the universities, Halle now belongs to Prussia, 
 but Leipzig remains to Saxony, and retains all its 
 former reputation. 
 
 Saxony was for many centuries an electorate, 
 but in consequence of the occupancy of Prussia 
 by Bonaparte, in 1806, it was formed into a king- 
 dom. This change of title was not, however 
 accompanied by any extension of prerogative, the 
 sovereign continuing to share the legislative func 
 tions with the states, and imposing no tax with- 
 out their concurrence. The states are divided 
 into two houses, viz. the prelates and noble in 
 one, and the country gentry and deputies of the 
 towns in the other. The higher offices of ad- 
 ministration are entrusted to a cabinet council, a 
 board of finance, a military board, a high court 
 of appeal for judicial questions, and an upper con- 
 sistory for ecclesiastical. The country is divided 
 into the circles of Meissen, Leipzig, Erzgebirg, 
 and Vogtland, with part of Merseburg, and Upper 
 Lusatia. Each circle has a court of justice, and 
 offices for the transaction of provincial business; 
 and the peasantry are here in the enjoyment of 
 complete personal freedom. The king, as a mem- 
 ber of the Germanic confederation, has the fourth 
 rank in the smaller, and four votes at the larger 
 assembly. The army amounts to 12,000 men; 
 the revenue exceeds £1,000,000 sterling; and the 
 national debt is £3,700,000. 
 
SAX 
 
 C61 
 
 SCA 
 
 The Saxons are first mentioned in history by 
 Ptolemy, who describes them about the year 160 
 as a rude tribe, inhabiting Holstein and part of 
 Jutland. Soon after they appear to have advanced 
 to the S. and W., acquiring an extension of ter- 
 ritory. In the 5th century, on the migration of 
 a part of the Franks into Gaul, the Saxons ac- 
 quired a farther extension of territory, viz. the 
 country now forming the grand duchy of Olden- 
 burg, with part of Hanover and Prussian West- 
 phalia. When the Britons were forsaken by their 
 Roman defenders, they applied and obtained as- 
 sistance from the Saxons, against the Scots and 
 Picts. After maintaining, during many years a 
 firm resistance to the arms of Charlemagne, the 
 Saxons were at last obliged to submit to his con- 
 ditions, which involved the payment of an annual 
 tribute and their conversion to Christianity. The 
 title of duke of Saxony was conferred on Witti- 
 kind, their chief, whose family, after ruling some 
 time, was succeeded by that of Billung, and af- 
 terwards by a branch of that of Guelf, which 
 ruled in Bavaria. The electoral dignity was sub- 
 sequently conferred on the Wittemburg line of 
 the house of Ascania, and, on its extinction, on 
 the margraves of Meissen, with the title of elector. 
 The first elector, surnamed Frederick the War- 
 like, began his reign in 1422; he was the founder 
 of the university of Leipzig. 
 
 The next memorable event in the history of 
 Saxony was the reformation, in the beginning of 
 the Kith century. The prince did not openly es- 
 pouse the cause of Luther, but, by protecting him 
 from persecution, he contributed much to the 
 establishment of his doctrines. His successor 
 John Frederick, styled ' the magnanimous,' being 
 defeated by Charles V., was stripped of his states 
 and dignity, which the emperor conferred on 
 Maurice, margrave of Meissen, the cousin of the 
 elector, and the ancestor of the present house of 
 Saxony. Maurice, putting himself at the head 
 of the Protestant interest, proved a full match for 
 the artful Charles, who in 1552 had almost fallen 
 into his hands, and was compelled to sign the con- 
 vention of Passau, since considered the bulwark 
 of the religious freedom of Germany. The Saxons 
 took an active part in the thirty years' war, which 
 terminated in the peace of Westphalia in 1648. 
 In 1697 the temptation of the crown of Poland, 
 vacant by the death of Sobieski, induced the 
 reigning elector, Augustus I., to profess himself 
 a Catholic, a change which, however, did not 
 prosper. The Swedes under Charles XII. not 
 only conquered Poland, but invaded Saxonv, 
 bringing great distress upon the country until 
 1708. when relief was obtained by the march of 
 Charles into Russia, and its disastrous issue ; 
 after which the crown of Poland was resumed by 
 Augustus. 
 
 In the war of 1740. between Prussia and Aus- 
 tria, Saxony remained neutral. In that of 1756 
 the elector was tempted to take a part by the 
 flattering promises of Austria; but, instead of an 
 accession of territory, his dominions were ravaged, 
 and many of his subjects ruined in this dreadful 
 contest. In the war against France no decided 
 part was taken by Saxony until 1806, when the 
 elector sent all his troops to the field, in support 
 of the king of Prussia, whose subsequent over- 
 throw enabled Bonaparte to attach the Saxons to 
 his cause. The title of elector was changed to 
 that of king. Prussian Poland was afterwards 
 added to the Saxon dominions, and in 1809 was 
 uearly doubled by cessions obtained from Austria 
 
 But these acquisitions, disproportioned to the in 
 herent strength of Saxony, led, as foimerly, to 
 disastrous results. The Russians re-occupied 
 Poland in the beginning of 1813, and, joined by 
 the Prussians, made Saxony the scene of the 
 great continental struggle against Bonaparte. 
 The battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, the attacks 
 on Dresden, and the decisive engagements at 
 Leipzig, were followed by the retreat of Bonaparte 
 to the Rhine; and his too faithful ally, the king of 
 Saxony, was deprived of the government of Ilia 
 territories. By the decision of the congress of Vi 
 ennathe northern and eastern part, containing no 
 fewer than 850,000 inhabitants, was separated from 
 the kingdom,and transferred to Prussia. The king 
 of Saxony protested against this dismemberment, 
 but, dreading insurrection and bloodshed, he at 
 length acquiesced. Dresden is the capital. 
 
 Saxony, a provine of the Prussian states, com 
 prising almost the whole of the cessions made by 
 the king of Saxony at the congress of Vienna, and 
 the principalities lying to the N. of the duchy of 
 Anhalt, and to the W. of the rivers Elbe and Ha- 
 vel. It contains an area of 9,830 square 
 miles, with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants, 
 and is divided into the governments of Magde- 
 burg, Merseburg, and Erfurt. The surface is in 
 general level, but the soil varies greatly, being 
 in some places dry and sandy, and in others a 
 heavy loam. The principal productions are corn, 
 hemp, flax, and chicory. The inhabitants, except 
 in the small district called Eichsfeld, are almost 
 all Protestants, and are in general active and 
 industrious. Magdeburg is the chief town. 
 
 Saxtons River, a river in the state of Vermont, 
 which joins the Connecticut at Westminster. 
 
 Saybrook, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, at the 
 mouth of Connecticut River. It is one of the 
 oldest towns in the state and was settled in 1639 
 by Lord Brooks. It is 34 m. E. New Haven. 
 45 S. E. Hartford. Pop. 4,980. 
 
 Saycock, one of the islands of Japan, divided 
 from Niphon by a narrow channel. The Dutch 
 factors are premitted to reside in the little island 
 of Disnia. which is on the W. side of this. Long. 
 132. 28. E, lat. 34. 0. N. 
 
 Sayti, a town and castle of the Prussian states, 
 in the duchy of Nassau, which gives name to a 
 small county. 6 m. N. of Cohlenlz and 50 N. 
 W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Say pan, the pleasantest and most fertile of the 
 Ladrone islands, 40 miles in circuit, with a safe 
 port called Cantanhitda on the W. side. Long. 
 146. 10. E., lat. 15. 22. N. 
 
 Scagen, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 on a promontory of the same name, at the en- 
 trance of the passage from the ocean into the 
 Categat. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 57. 38. N. 
 
 Scalanova, a sea-port of Asia Minor, near the 
 site of the ancient Ephesus, with a castle. The 
 trade consists chiefly in wine, raisins, corn, and 
 leather. 40 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 
 31. E., lat. 37.54. N. 
 
 Scalea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 
 formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed. 
 It is seated on the W. coast, 25 m. S. E. of Poli 
 castro. Long. 15. 54. E.,lat. 40.0. N. 
 
 Sranderoon. See Alexandretta. 
 
 Scania. See Schonen. 
 
 Scarborough, a sea-port and borougn in York- 
 shire, Enff. It is seated on the declivity of a 
 high rock, which has such scraggy sides that it 
 is almost inaccessible. On the top of this rock It 
 r lar^e nrreen plain, with a little well of fresh wat- 
 3K 
 
SCH 
 
 66% 
 
 SCH 
 
 er, and the remains of a castle, built by Henry 
 II. This town is greatly frequented on account 
 of its mineral waters, and also for sea-bathing. 
 Here is an elegant iron bridge over the wide 
 chasm through which the stream called the Mill- 
 bt-ck flows, and connecting two lofty dissevered 
 cliffs. The harbour is one of the best in the king- 
 dom, with a commodious quay, several ship-yards, 
 a-^d a strong battery. 40 m. N. E. of York and 
 iSl'j .1 of London. Long. 0. 10. W., lat. 54. 18. 
 N. 
 
 Scarborough, a town and fort on the S. E. side 
 of the island of Tobago. It was taken by the 
 English in 1793. Long. 60. 30. W., lat. 11. 6. 
 N. 
 
 Scarborough, p. v. Cumberland Co. Me. 11 m. 
 W. Portland". 
 
 Scar dona, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, and a 
 nishop's see ; seated on the Cherca, 8 m. N. of 
 Scbenioo. Long. 17. 1. E., lat. 44. 29. N. 
 
 Scartino, a town of Tuscany, with a castle, seat- 
 ed on the sea coast, 7 m. S. of Massa. 
 
 Scarpanto, an island in the Mediterranean, 18 
 m. long and 6 broad, lying S. W. of Rhodes. It 
 is mountainous and rocky, abounds in cattle and 
 game, and has quarries of marble. The princi- 
 pal town on the W. coast has a good harbour. 
 Long. 27. 40. E., lat. 35. 45. N. 
 
 Scarpc, a river of France, which rises near 
 Aubigny, in the department of Pas de Calais, 
 passes by Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, and en- 
 ters the Scheldt at Mortagne. 
 
 Scarpcria, a town of Tuscany, celebrated for its 
 steel manufactures, seated at the foot of the Ap- 
 ennines, 13 m. N. of Florence. 
 
 Scauro, the capital of the Island of Santorin, 
 and the see of a Latin bishop. It stands on a lofty 
 volcanic rock, which projects into the roadstead, ■ 
 on the W. coast of the island. Long. 25. 2G. E., 
 lat. 16.28. N. 
 
 Schaffhausen, a canton of Switzerland, 15 m- 
 long and 10 broad with 32,000 inhabitants. The re- 
 formation was introduced here in 1529 and the re- 
 ligion is Calvinism. The principal article of trade 
 is wine, and the manufactures are inconsider- 
 able. 
 
 Schaffhausen, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 the above canton, is seated on the Rhine, and 
 owes its origin to the interruption of the ntivig^- 
 tion of that river by the cataract atLauifen ; hu»s 
 being at first constructed for the convoniency of 
 unloading the merchandise from the beets, which 
 by degrees increased to a large town. Though a 
 frontier town, it has no garrison, and the fortifi. 
 cations are weak. The Rhine, which is here near- 
 ly 400 feet wide, is crossed by a kind of hanging 
 bridge; the road not passing over the arch, but 
 being suspended from it, and almost level. It 
 was burnt by the French, when they evacuated 
 the town, after being defeated by the Austrians, 
 in 1799 ; but has since been rebuilt, nearly in the 
 same state as before. 22 m. N. by E. of Zurich 
 and 39 E. of Basel. Long. 3. 41. E , lat. 47. 39. 
 N. 
 
 Scalholt, a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, 
 with a college. Long. 22. 20. W., lat. 64. 40. N. 
 
 SChaghticoke, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. on the 
 Hudson, 11 m. above Troy. Pop. 3,002. 
 
 Schamachie,a. town of Persia, capital of Sjhir- 
 van. It was formerly very large, but is now de- 
 cayed, above 6,000 houses having been thrown 
 down by an earthquake. It has manufactures 
 of silks and cottons, and is supplied with most 
 Russian commodities. It stands in a valley, be- 
 
 tween two mountains, 24 m. W. of the Caspian 
 Sea, and 250 N. E. of Tauris. Long. 51. 5. E., 
 lat. 40 50. N. 
 
 Scharding, a town of Bavaria, with a fortified 
 castle, seated on the Inn, 7 m. S. of Passau. 
 
 Scharnitz, a fortified town of Germany, in Ty- 
 rol, which defends a pass over the mountains of 
 considerable importance. It surrendered to the 
 French and Bavarians in 1805. It stands on the 
 confines of Bavaria, 12 m. N.of Inspruc. 
 
 Schauenburg, a principality of Germany, in 
 Westphalia. It is mountainous and woody, bu* 
 contains much fertile land, quarries of limestone 
 and freestone, and mines of alum, coal, copper, 
 and iron. The line of its ancient counts was ex- 
 tinct in 1640, and in 1647 it became the property 
 of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, of whom the 
 count of Lippe holds a part a» a fief. Rintel is 
 the capital. 
 
 Schauenstein, a town of Bavaria, in the princi- 
 pality of Bayreuth, 18 m. N. E. of Culmbach 
 
 Schaumberg , a town and castle of Germany, 
 which gives name to a lordship in the duchy of 
 Nassau, 25 m. W. S. W. of Wetzlar. 
 
 Schetr, a town and castle of Wurtemberg, cap 
 ital of a lordship of its name ; seated on the 
 Danube, 36 m. S. W. of Ulm. Long. 9. 24. E., 
 lat. 48. 5. N. 
 
 Schcibenbcrg, a town of Saxony, near which are 
 mines of silver and iron. 22 m. S. of Chemnitz. 
 
 Scheldt, a river which rises in France, in the 
 department of Aisne, passes by Cambray, Bou- 
 chain, Valenciennes, Conde,Tournay, Oudenard, 
 Ghent, Dendermond, Antwerp, and Fort Lillo, 
 below which it divides into two branches. One 
 of these called the Eastern Scheldt, flows by Ber- 
 gen op-Zoom ; the other, the Western Scheldt, 
 proceeds to Flushing, and both forming several 
 islands enter the German Ocean. 
 
 Schelestat, or Schletstat, a fortified town of 
 France, department of Lower Rhine, on the river 
 Ille, 20 m. S. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Schella, a town of Hungary, seated on the 
 Waag, 25 m. N. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Schellenberg, a town of Saxony, frequently call- 
 ed Augustusburg, from a castle of that name 
 standing on the mountain of Schellenberg, close 
 by the town. It is seated on the Zschopa, 8 m. E. 
 of Chemnitz. 
 
 Schellcnburg, a town of Bavaria, where a victo- 
 ry was obtained by the allies, over the French and 
 Bavarians, in 1704. 12 m. W. ofNeuburg. 
 
 Schelli.ng, an island of the Netherlands, 12 m. 
 long and 3 broad, lying at the entrance of the 
 Zuyder Zee. It was taken by the British in 1799 
 Long. 5. 0. E., lat 53. 20. N. 
 
 Schellsbvrg, p. v. Bedford Co. Pa. 
 
 Schemnitz, a town of Hungary, one of the seven 
 niount-ain-towns, with three castles. It is fa- 
 mous for mines of silver and other metals ; as 
 also for its hot baths. Near it is a high rock of 
 shining blue stone, mixed with green and some 
 spots of yellow. 80 m. E. N. E. of Presburg 
 Long. 18. 56. E., lat. 48. 30. N. 
 
 ScAewc/i, a fortress of the Netherlands, in Gueld 
 erland, seated in the angle where the Rhine di 
 vides into two branches, the Rhine and Wahal. It 
 is now in ruins. 13 m. E. of Nimguen. 
 
 Schenectady, a county of New York bordering 
 on the Mohawk. Pop. 12,334. Schenectady is 
 the capital. 
 
 Schenectady, city, capital of the above county, 
 stands on the Mohawk, 15 m. N. W. Albany, and 
 was formerly a flourishing place, but the opening 
 
SCH 
 
 603 
 
 SCII 
 
 of the great Eric Canal has diverted the trade in 
 another direction. Here is a bridge across the 
 Mohawk. Union College at this place was found- 
 ed in 1795. It has 10 instructors and 205 stu- 
 dents. The libraries have 13,000 volumes. It 
 has 3 vacations in April, July and Decem- 
 ber of 13 weeks. Commencement is in July. 
 The spot where this town stands was on the 
 head quarters of the Mohawk tribe of Indians. 
 Schenectady was settled at an early period, and 
 in 1090 a body of French and Indians from Cana- 
 da captured and burnt the town, and slaughtered 
 
 most of the inhabitants. The Mohawk and Hud- 
 son Railroad is designed to extend from this 
 place to Albany, it was begun in 1830. Pop. of 
 Schenectady, 4.258 
 
 Schening, a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, 
 seated in a fertile country, 10 m. S. E. of Was- 
 tena. 
 
 Scheningen, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Brunswick, near which is a Lutheran convent, 
 and a salt-mine. 18 m. E. of Wolfenbuttel. 
 
 Srheppenstadt, a town in the duchy of Bruns- 
 wick, 12 m. E. of Wolfenbuttel. 
 
 Scherpecheu. See Montaigne. 
 
 Schesburg, a fortified town of Transylvania, with 
 i castle, 00 m. N. E. of Weissenburg. 
 
 Schiedam, a town and harbour, in S. Holland, 
 noted for its numerous distilleries of gin (Hol- 
 lands). It is seated on a canal, called the Schie, 
 which communicates with the Meuse, 6 m. W. 
 by S. of Rotterdam. 
 
 Schierling, a village of Bavaria, noted as the 
 scene of an obstinate conflict, in 1809, between 
 Bonaparte and the archduke Charles, generally 
 called the battle of Abensberg. 11 m. S. of Ratis- 
 bon. 
 
 Schievelbein, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 wita a castle; seated on the Rega, 17 m. N. of 
 Dramburg. 
 
 Schillach,a. town of Germany in the kingdom of 
 Wurtemberg, on the river Schiltach, 14 m. N. N. 
 W. of Rothweil. 
 
 Schinta, a town of Hungary, on the river 
 Waag, 28 m. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Schintznach, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Aargau. Here are some tepid mineral wa- 
 ters ; and near it, on a lofty eminence, are the 
 ruins of the famous castle of Hapsburg. It is 
 seated on the Aar, 10 m. W. of Baden and 20. S. 
 E. of Basel. 
 
 Schiras. See Shiras. 
 
 Sckirvan, a province of Persia, 150 m. long 
 and 90 broad , bounded on the N. by Daghestan, 
 E. and, S. E. by the Caspian Sea, S. W. by Ert- 
 van and W. by Georgia. The soil is very fertile, 
 producing abundance of rice, wheat, and barley; 
 and t.1 '-• pastures feed numerous cattle. Vines are 
 planted along the hedges, and fastened to the 
 
 trees. Here are vast quantities of wild fowls, 
 particularly pheasants ; also hares in abundance. 
 Schainachie is the capital. 
 
 Schlackenweld, a town of Bohemia, with a good 
 tin mine, 5 m. S. of Carlsbad. 
 
 Schlackenwerlh, a town of Bohemia, with a 
 fine castle, seated on the Weisseritz, 7 m. N. .N. E 
 of Carlsbad. 
 
 Schladen, a town of Hanover in the province 
 of Hildcsheim, 28 m. E. S. E. of Hildesheim. 
 
 Schlan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ol 
 Rakonitz, with a castle. It is surrounded by 
 walls and vineyards, and is 10 m. N. E. of Ra- 
 konitz. 
 
 Schlawa, a town of the Prussian Rtates in the 
 principality of Glogau, 18 m. N. of Glogau. 
 
 Schlaice, a town of Prussian Pomerania, on the 
 river Wipper, 10 m. W. S. W. of Stolpe. 
 
 Schlcusingen, a town and castle of Saxony, in 
 the countv of Henneburg , seated on the Schleus, 
 18 m. S.'E. of Smalkald and 19 N. N. E. of 
 Schweinfurt. 
 
 Schlitz, a town of Germany, in the principality 
 of Fulda, on a small river that runs into the Ful- 
 da, 7 m. N. N. W. of Fulda. 
 
 Schlitz, a town of Germany, in Voigtland, with 
 a castle, 13 m. N. W.of Plauen. 
 
 Schlussclburg, a town and fortress of Russia, 
 situate on the Neva, near Lake Ladoga. The 
 fortress stands on an island in the river, and has 
 frequently been used as a state prison. 34 m. E. 
 of Petersburgh. Long. 39. 55. E., lat. 59. 55. 
 N. 
 
 Schmalkalden. See Smalkalden. 
 
 Schmalenbcrg, a town of Westphalia, on tho 
 river Lenne, 14 m. E. of Altendorn. 
 
 Schmiedeberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Jauer. The vicinity abounds in 
 iron ore, and almost all the inhabitants are smiths. 
 It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the 
 source of the Bauber, 25 hi. W. S. W. of 
 Schweidnitz. 
 
 Schmiedeburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, 14 
 in. S. of Dresden. 
 
 Schmollcn, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Altenburg, on the river Sprotta, 7 m. S. 
 W. of Altenburg. 
 
 Schnechurg, a town of Saxony, with manufac- 
 tures of thread, silk, gold and silver lace, &c. ; 
 and in the neighbourhood are silver mines. It 
 is situate on an eminence near the Mulda, 9 m. 
 S. S. E. of Zwickau. 
 
 Srhodack, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. \. on the E. 
 bank of the Hudson, 9 m. below Albany. Pop. 
 3,795. 
 
 Schoharie, a county of New York. Pop. 27,910. 
 Schoharie is the capital. 
 
 Schoharie, p.t. the capital of the above county, 
 32 m. W. Albany, on a stream of the same name 
 flowing into the Mohawk. Pop. 5,140. 
 
 Schoharie Kill, p. v. Greene Co. N. Y. 01 m. S. 
 W. Albany. 
 
 Schonbeck, a town and castle of Prussian Saxo- 
 ny, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with some salt- 
 works ; seated on the Elbe, 9 m. S. S. E. of Mag 
 deburg. 
 
 Schoneck, a town of Saxony, in Voigtland, 15 
 ni. S. E. of Plauen. 
 
 Schonecken, a town of Germany, in the territo- 
 ry of Treves, seated on the Nyms, 28 m. N. by 
 W. of Treves. 
 
 Schonen, or Scanic, a province of Sweden, in 
 Gothland, almost surrounded by the Sound and 
 the Baltic. It is 70 m. long and 50 brotd, *3fl 
 
SCH 
 
 664 
 
 sen 
 
 the most level, pleasant, and fertile spot in the 
 kingdom, producing all the necessaries of life in 
 abundance. Lund is the capital. 
 
 Schongau, a town of Bavaria, surrounded by a 
 plain wall and some towers. The great square 
 is adorned with three fountains of a kind of mar- 
 ble, the product of the country. It stands on the 
 side of an eminence, by the river Lech, 14 m. S. 
 of Lansburg and 40 S. W of Munich. 
 
 Schonhoven, a town of the Netherlands, in S. 
 Holland, with a commodious haven. It is cele- 
 brated for its gardens and its salmon fishery , and 
 is seated on the Leek, 14 m. E. by N. of Rot- 
 terdam. 
 
 Schooley's Mountain, an eminence in Morris Co. 
 N. J. much visited in summer for its agreeable 
 scenery and the mineral springs in its neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 Schorndorf, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- 
 berg, with a strong oastle, and productive salt 
 springs. It is seated on the Rems, 17 m. S. S. 
 E. of Stutgard. 
 
 Schoutcn Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 near the N. E. coast of New Guinea, 60 m. long 
 and 20 broad, discovered by William Schouten, 
 a Dutchman, in 1616. Long. 135. 50. E., lat. 0. 
 40. S. 
 
 Schowen, an island of the Netherlands, forming 
 the N. part of Zealand, at the mouth of the 
 Scheldt. It is 15 m. long and 6 broad. Ziriczee 
 is the capital. 
 
 Schrattenthal, a town and castle of Austria, 9 
 m. S. S. W. of Znaim. 
 
 Schrobenhausen, a town of Bavaria, on the riv- 
 er Par, 16 m. S. S. W. of Ingolstadt. 
 
 Schut, an island of Hungary, formed by the 
 Danube, immediately below Presburg. It is 40 
 m. long and 12 broad, abounds in fruit and her- 
 bage, and has plenty of game, wood, and fish. 
 The chief town is Comorn. 
 
 Schuyler, Fort, Old and New, both in the state 
 of New York, on Mohawk River; the Old 4 m. 
 below, and the New 7 above Whitestown. The 
 latter is more usually called Fort Stonwix. 
 
 Schuyler, a lake in Otsego Co. N. Y. 5 m. in 
 length and 1 in breadth. 
 
 Schuyler, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. or »\e Mo- 
 hawk, 84 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2.07.) 
 
 Schuylersville, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. \- 4 m. 
 N. Albany. 
 
 Schuylkill, a county of the E. District ol Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop. 20,783. Orwigsburg is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Schuylkill, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises 
 N. W. of the Kittatinny mountains, and is navi- 
 gable from above Reading to its entrance into the 
 Delaware, 5 m. below Philadelphia. 
 
 Schtcabach, a town of Bavaria, in the principal- 
 ity of Anspach, with numerous manufactures. 
 It stands on a river of the same name, which 
 flows into the Rednitz, 12 in. E. by N. of Anspach. 
 
 Schwulbach, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau, frequented for its mineral waters ; 
 seated on the river Aa, 32 m. W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Schwalcnburg, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 county of Lippe, 18 m. N. E. of Paderborn. 
 
 Schiran, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg on the river Warnow, 10 m. N. of 
 Gustrow. 
 
 Schwandorf, a town of Bavaria, in the princi- 
 pality of Neuburg, on the river Nab, 21 m. N. of 
 Ratisbon. 
 
 Seine anenstadt, a town of Austria, near which 
 the Frerch gained a decisive victory over the 
 
 Austrians in 1800. It is seated on the Ager, 25 
 m. S. W. ofLintz. 
 
 Schwartzburg, an ancient castle of Germany, 
 which gives name to a district belonging to the 
 house of Saxony. The district is divided into 
 two parts, the upper and lower, each bearing the 
 name of county. Rudolstadt and Sondershausen 
 are the chief towns. The castle is seated on the 
 Schwartz, 7 m. S W. of Rudolstadt. 
 
 Schwartzenberg , a town of Bavarian Franconia 
 in a principality of the same name, with a castle 
 seated on the Lee, 24 m. E. S. E. of Wurtzburg 
 
 Schicartzenberg, a town of Saxony, with wire 
 and lace manufactures. In the vicinity are iron 
 forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is 10 m. 
 W. S. W. of Annaberg. 
 
 Schwartzenburg, a town of Switzerland, capital 
 of a bailiwic, in the canton of Bern. 10 m. S. E. 
 of Friburg, and 17 S. S. W. of Bern. 
 
 Schwatz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, with a sil 
 ver and copper mine ; seated on the river Inn, 14 
 m. N. E. of Inspruc. 
 
 Schwedt, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 with a magnificient castle, seated on the Oder, 24 
 m. S. E. of Prenzio. 
 
 Schiceidnitz, a strong city of Prussia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Reichenbach, capital of a principality 
 of the same name, with a castle. Half of the 
 magistrates are Catholics, but most of the inhabi- 
 tants are Protestants, who have a church without 
 the town, as also a public school. All kinds of 
 leather, particularly cordovan, are manufactured 
 here. In 1716 the greatest part of this city was 
 burnt down, but it was rebuilt in an elegant man- 
 ner. The Austrians took it, in 1757, from the 
 Prussians, who retook it the next year. In 
 1807 it surrendered to the French. It is seated 
 on an eminence on the river Weistritz, 22 m. S. 
 W. of Breslau. Long. 16. 32. E., lat. 50. 44. N. 
 
 Schtc einfurt, a town of Bavarian Franconia, with 
 a palace. The inhabitants carry on a large trade 
 in wine, woollen and linen crloth, goose quills, and 
 feathers. This town was taken by the French in 
 1796, and was given to Bavaria in 1802. It is 
 seated on the Maine, 21 m. N. E. of Wurtzberg. 
 Long. 10. 35. E., lat. 50. 6. N. 
 
 Schwclnitz, a town of Saxony, on the river Els- 
 ter, 14 m. S. E. of Wittenberg. 
 
 Schwcinsberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Cassel, on the river Ohm, 7 m. S. E. of Marburg. 
 
 Schweitz, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on 
 the W. by the Waldstadter See, S. by the canton 
 of Uri, £. by that of Glarus, and N. by those of 
 Zurich and Zug. This canton, with that of Uri 
 and Underwalden, threw off the yoke of Austria 
 in 1308, and formed a perpetual alliance in 1315, 
 which was the grand foundation of the Helvetic 
 confederacy. The name of Schweitzerland, Swis- 
 serland, or Switzerland, originally comprehended 
 only these three cantons, but was afterwards ex- 
 tended to all Helvetia. The whole country, being 
 rugged and mountainous, consists chiefly of pas- 
 ture, raises little corn, and has no wine ; but this 
 soil, naturally barren, has been improved by the 
 natives to a great degree of fertility. The inhab- 
 itants made a spirited but unavailing resistance 
 to the French in 1798, and they suffered severely 
 in 1799, when Switzerland became the scene ol 
 military operations. The Roman Catholic is the 
 established religion. 
 
 Schieeitz, the capital of the above canton, is 
 seated near the Waldstadter See, on the slope ai 
 a hill, at the bottom of two high and rugged 
 rocks, called the Schweitzer Haken. The church 
 
SCI 
 
 G65 
 
 SCL 
 
 is a large magnificent building. 18 m. E. by 
 S of Lucern. Long. 8. 31. E., Tat. 46. 56. N. 
 Schwitz, Lake of. See Waldstadter See. 
 Schwelm, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the 
 county of Mark, near which are some medicinal 
 springs. 26 m. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Schioerin, a town of Germany, capital of the 
 grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It is di- 
 vided into four parts ; namely, Schwerin. the New 
 Town, the island of Schelf, and the Moor, which 
 are all nearly encircled by a beautiful lake. The 
 principal church is a fine Gothic pile, with a lofty 
 spire. The ducal palace and gardens are on an 
 island in the lake, and have a communication with 
 the town by a drawbridge. This town was taken 
 bv the Prussians in 1759, and in 1806 it was occu- 
 pied by the French. It is 35 m. W. S. W. of 
 Gustrow. Long. 11. 33. E., lat. 53. ^6. N. 
 
 Schwerte, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the 
 county of Mark, on the river Roer, 7 m. S. of 
 Dortmund. 
 
 Schwetz, a town and castle of Prussia, on the 
 Vistula, 7 m. N. of Culm. 
 
 Sckwiebussen, a town of Prussia, in the princi- 
 pality of Glogau. It has a castle, a Catholic par- 
 ish church, a Protestant church, good cloth manu- 
 factures, and fertile gardens and vineyards. 13 
 m. N. of Zullichau. Long. 15.47. E.lat. 52. 21. N. 
 Schwin.burtr, a town of Denmark, on the S. coast 
 of the island of Funen, with the best harbour in 
 the island, and manufactures of woolen and linen. 
 23. m. S. S. E. of Odensee. Long. 10 30. E., lat. 
 55. 10. N. 
 
 Sciati, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 14 
 m. N. N. E. of Negropont, and almost at the en- 
 trance of the gulf of Salonichi. It is 10 m. lono- 
 and 4 broad Long. 23. 40. E., lat. 39. 24. N. 
 
 ScienceviU.c, p. v. Greene Co. N. Y. 59 in. W. 
 Albany. 
 
 Sciglio, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on 
 the side of a rocky promontory, called Scylla. or 
 Cape Sciglio. In the terrible earthquake of 1^83 
 the sea was thrown furiously 3 m. inland, and on 
 its return swept off about 2,500 or' the inhabitants, 
 with the prince of Sciglio, who hoping to find 
 security, were then on the Scylla Strand, or in 
 boats near the shore. It is 10 in. N. by E. of Reg- 
 gio. 
 
 Scilly, a cluster of numerous isles and rocks, at 
 the entrance of the English and Bristol channels, 
 lying almost 10 leagues W. of the Lands-end, in 
 Cornwall. Of these only five or six are inhabited. 
 They are a resort for sea-fowl, and feed many sheep 
 and rabbits. The inhabitants principally subsist 
 by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. 
 The chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 m. long 
 and 2 broad, which has a good port, is well forti- 
 fied, and contains more inhabitants than all the 
 rest put together. In this isle, and in two or three 
 others, are various antiquities, particularly the re- 
 mains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sep- 
 ulchres. On that of St. Agnes is a light-house, 
 which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high, and is a 
 very fine column. At the outermost extremity of 
 the isle of St. Martin is a seamark, built with rock- 
 stone, and as conspicuous by day as the light- 
 house on St. Agnes, but not so high and large. 
 The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of 
 ships entering the English channel. One of the 
 most disastrous events of this kind happened in 
 1707, when three men of war perished, with ad- 
 miral sir Cloudesley Shovel and all their crew. 
 St. Agnes light-house is in Long. 6. 19. W., lat. 
 49,54. N. 
 
 64 
 
 Scilly, a group of isles or shoals, in the S. Pa- 
 cific, discovered by captain Wallis in 1767, and 
 described as extremely dangerous. Long. 155 
 30. W., lat. 16. 30. S. 
 
 Scio, anciently called Chios, an island of the 
 Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, 36 m. long 
 and l3 broad. It is a mountainous country ; but 
 fruits of various kinds grow in the fields, such as 
 oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegra- 
 nates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines. 
 The wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancients, 
 is still in great esteem ; but the island is now 
 principally distinguished by the profitable culture 
 of mastich: it has also some trade in silk, cotton, 
 and figs. Besides the town of the same name, it 
 contains 68 villages, all inhabited by Greeks ; 
 and those which furnish mastich are the most rich 
 and populous. In 1822 this island became the 
 scene of unparalleled barbarity, in consequence of 
 the Greek population having joined their coun- 
 trymen in their struggle for liberty. The Turks 
 landed several thousand men, and massacred all 
 the men, and the male children above 12 years of 
 age ; the women and young children were sent 
 into captivity, and the male children were cir- 
 cumcised in token of conversion to Mabomedism. 
 From the 11th of April to the l()th of May the 
 number of slain amounted to 25,000, and that of 
 captives to 30,000. Scio is still held by the 
 Turks. 
 
 Scio, the capital of the above island, and a bish- 
 op's see. It is the best built town in the Archi- 
 pelago ; the houses being commodious, some of 
 them terraced, and others covered with tiles. 
 The castle, an old citadel built by the Genoese, is 
 now in ruins. The harbour is a rendezvous for 
 ships that go to, or come from Constantinople : it 
 will contain 80 vessels, is protected by a low mole 
 and has two light-houses. It stands on the E. 
 side of the island, 67 in. W. of Smyrna. Long. 
 26. 2. E., lat. 38. 28. N.. 
 
 Scioto, a river of Ohio rising in the central part 
 of the State and flowing southerly into the Ohio 
 at Portsmouth. The Ohio canal passes along its 
 banks. 
 
 Scioto, a county of Ohio lying on the above 
 river. Pop. 8,730. Portsmouth is the capital. 
 
 Scioto, townships in Ross, Delaware, Picka- 
 way, Jackson and Madison Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Scioto Salt Works, a tract of land reserved by 
 the United States in Jackson Co. Ohio. 28 m. S. 
 E. Chillicothe. Considerable salt is made here. 
 
 Scipio, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. on Cayuga Lake. 
 174 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,691. a township of 
 Meigs Co. Ohio. 
 
 Sciro, or Sciros, an island of the Grecian Ar- 
 chipelago, to the W. of Metelin, 15 m. long and 
 8 broad. The country is mountainous, but has 
 no mines. The vines make the beauty of the isl- 
 and, and the wine is excellent ; nor do the natives 
 want corn or wood. It contains only the village 
 and convent of St. George, both built on a coni- 
 cal rock, 10 m. from the harbour of St. Georgr . 
 Long. 24. 38. E., lat. 38. 54. N. 
 
 Scituate, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos 
 ton, on Massachusetts Bay. Pop. 3,740 ; a towr 
 ship of Providence Co. R. I. 12 n S. W. Provi 
 dence. Pop. 6,853. 
 
 Sclavonia, a province of Austrii, situate between 
 the rivers Drave and Danube on the N. and the 
 Save on the S. ; bounded on the W. by Croatia, 
 from which to the conflux of the Save with tile 
 Danube it is 150 m. in length, and from 45 to 25 
 in breadth. A chain of lofty mountains, covered 
 3 k2 
 
SCO 
 
 666 
 
 SCO 
 
 with forests, extends from E. to W. nearly 
 through its whole length ; but the remainder is a 
 fertile level country, producing wheat, barley, 
 maize, flax, hemp, madder, and a variety of fruits. 
 The eastern part is called Ratza, and the inhabi- 
 tants Rascians. These form a particular nation, 
 and are of the Greek church. The ancient Scla- 
 vonia contained many large countries : some 
 have extended it from the Adriatic to the Euxine 
 Sea, and say that it had its name from the Sclavi, 
 a Scythian nation, who conquered Greece and 
 this country in the reign of emperor Justinian. 
 The language of Sclavonia is the mother of four 
 others ; namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia, Po- 
 land, and Russia. 
 
 Scone, or Scoon, a village of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, noted for an ancient palace where the kings 
 of Scotland used to be crowned. It is situate on 
 the E. side of the river Tay, a mile N. of Perth. 
 
 Scopelo, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 10 m. long, and 5 broad. It is very fertile, pro- 
 duces plenty of good wine, and contains 12,000 
 inhabitants. 5 m. S. of Sciati. Long. 23. 50. 
 E., lat. 39. 24. N. 
 
 Scopia, a town of Macedonia, and an archbish- 
 op's see ; seated on the Vardar, over which is a 
 bridge of 12 arches, 150 m. N. N. W. of Salonica. 
 Long. 21. 45. E., lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Scotch Plains, p. v. Essex Co. N. Y. 42 m. N. 
 E. Trenton. 
 
 Sconondoa, p.v Oneida Co. N. Y. 112 m. W. 
 Albany. 
 
 Scotland, the northern of the two kingdoms 
 into which the island of Great Britain was for- 
 merly divided. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, N. by the North Sea, E. by the 
 German Ocean, S. E. by England, and S. by the 
 Irish Sea. To Scotland also appertain the islands 
 on its western coast called the Hebrides, or Wes- 
 tern Islands, and those to the N. E. called the 
 Orkney and Shetland Islands. From N. to S. it 
 extends 270 miles, and its greatest breadth is 150, 
 but in some places not above 30, and no part is 
 distant above 40 miles from the coast. It con- 
 tains about 18,000,000 of acres, and the number 
 of inhabitants in 1821 was 2,003,456. Scotland is 
 divided into two districts, the Highlands and 
 tne Lowlands ; the former comprising the moun- 
 
 tainous part to the N. and N. W , and the latter 
 the more level district on the E. and S. E. But 
 nature seems to have pointed out three grand 
 divisions in Scotland. The first, or N. division, 
 is formed by a chain of lakes, which cross the 
 country, from the frith of Murray to the isl- 
 
 and of Mull, in a S. W. direction ; the sec- 
 ond, or middle division, is bounded on the 
 S. by the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the 
 great canal by which they are united ; and 
 on the S. side of this boundary is the third, 
 or S. division. The N. division is chiefly an as- 
 semblage of vast dreary mountains ; not, how- 
 ever, without some fertile valleys on the north 
 ern and eastern shores. The middle division is 
 traversed in different directions, by several rang 
 es of mountains ; and though cultivation here is 
 also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of 
 this division, as w» 11 as of the former, the arable 
 land bears a small proportion to the mountainous 
 and barren tracts. The S. division has a ajreat 
 resemblance to England, and, with respect both to 
 the general aspect of the country and to the pro- 
 gress of cultivation, exhibits every kind of rural 
 variety. The civil division of the country is into 
 33 counties. The principal rivers are the Spe}', 
 Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Northern Dee 
 Esk, Annan, Nith, and Southern Dee. The 
 lochs, or lakes, are numerous, and some of them 
 extensive. The climate is very various. The 
 northern extremity, which is in the same latitude 
 with some parts of Norway, is extremely cold ; 
 but, from its insular situation, the fronts are far 
 from being so intense as in parts of the continent 
 equally as far to the N. Its W. coast is subject 
 to frequent rains in the summer, and to sudden 
 changes of weather. In many places on the east- 
 ern shore, and in the whole S. division, the climate 
 is not inferior to the N. part of England. The 
 products of the country are grain, flax, woods of 
 oak and fir, coal, lead, iron, freestone, limestone, 
 slate, the most beautiful marble, fine rock-crystals, 
 pearls, variegated pebbles, &c. It feeds vast herds 
 of cattle and flocks of sheep, which are much 
 valued for the delicacy of their flesh ; and the 
 fleece of the latter emulates the finest Spanish 
 wool. On the high grounds the cattle are very 
 diminutive ; but in many parts of country the 
 horses and cows are not excelled in size and 
 beauty by those of the English breed. The stag, 
 or red deer which has disappeared from about 
 every other part of Europe is still found in this 
 country. Among the other wild animals are the 
 roe, fox, badger, otter, hedge-hog, rabbit, weasel, 
 mole, and other small quadrupeds. Among the 
 feathered race are the capercailzie, or the cock of 
 the wood, the eagle, falcon, partridge, quail, snipe, 
 plover, black game, &c. Scotland was governed 
 by a king before the Romans visited England, and 
 continued an independent kingdom till the death 
 of the English queen Elizabeth, when James VI., 
 of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called 
 to the throne of England, and constantly resided 
 in the latter ". he and his successors called them- 
 selves kings of England and Scotland, and each 
 country having a separate parliament, till the year 
 1707, in the reign of queen Anne, when both 
 kingdoms were united under the general name of 
 Great Britain. The counties send one member 
 each to parliament, except Bute and Caithness, 
 Cromarty and Nairn, Kinross and Clackmannan, 
 which send members in conjunction ; so that the 
 counties send 30 members, which, with 15 sent 
 by the cities and boroughs, make the 45 com 
 inoners sent by Scotland ; and 10 peers are elect- 
 ed to represent the nobility. The established re- 
 ligion is the presbyterian, which is modelled prin- 
 cipally after the Calvinistical plan settled at Ge- 
 neva, and on a general principle of an equality 
 of ecclesiastical authority among its presbyters. 
 
SEA 
 
 667 
 
 SEB 
 
 There are few Roman Catholics, but the Protes- 
 tant Dissenters are numerous. With respect to 
 the trade and manufactures, they are noticed 
 under the respective cities and towns. Edinburgh 
 is the capital. 
 
 Scotland Jteck, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C. 
 
 Scotland Society, p.v. Windham Co. Conn. 34 
 m. E. Hartford. 
 
 Scott, a county of the W. District of Virginia. 
 Pop. 5,702. Estillville is the capital ; a county 
 of Kentucky. Pop. 14,677. Georgetown is the 
 capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,097. New 
 Lexington is the capital. 
 
 Scott, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. on Skeneateles 
 Lake. 170 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,452; p.v. 
 'Vdams Co. Ohio. 
 
 Scottsburg, p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 
 
 Scottsville, p.v. Genesee Co. N. Y. 252m. W. 
 Albany ; p.v. Powhatan Co. Va. 30 tn. W. Rich- 
 mond; p. v.Allen Co. Ken. 160 S. W. Frankfort. 
 
 Scriba, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. on L. Ontario at 
 the mouth of Oswego river. Pop. 2,073. 
 
 Scriven, a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,776. 
 Jacksonborough is the capital. 
 
 Scroon, a river of New York flowing through a 
 lake of the same name into the Hudson. 
 
 Scull Camp, p.v. Surry Co. N. C. 
 
 Scull Skoals, p.v. Greene Co. Geo. 
 
 Scutari, a strong town of Albania, and a bishop's 
 see, seated on the lake Zeta, near its outlet, the 
 river Boiana, 70 m. N. by W. of Durazzo. Long. 
 10. 16. E., lat. 42. 33. N. 
 
 Scutari, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 which may be considered as a suburb of Con- 
 stantinople. It stands on the strait opposite that 
 city; and presents itself in the form of an amphi- 
 theatre, affording a very picturesque view from 
 the mixture of trees, houses, mosques, and mina- 
 rets. This town serves as an emporium and a 
 rendezvous to the caravans of Asia, and has some 
 manufactures of silk and cotton stuffs. Here are 
 extensive burying grounds, shaded with lofty cy- 
 presses. The rich Turks of Constantinople pre- 
 fer being interred here ; for they consider Asia as 
 a land belonging to the true believers, and believe 
 that the land of Europe will one day fall into the 
 hands of Christians, and be trodden on by infidels. 
 Scutarj is 1 m. E. of Constantinople. 
 
 Scylla, a rock near the entrance of the strait of 
 Messina, on the coast of Calabria, opposite the 
 celebrated Chary bdis. It forms a small promon- 
 tory in the narrowest part of the strait, and is the 
 famous Scylla of the ancient poets. It does not 
 come up to the formidable description given by 
 Homer, nor is the passage so narrow and difficult 
 as he represents it ; but it is probable that its 
 breadth is greatly increased since his time. The 
 rock is nearly 200 feet nigh ; and on the side of 
 it stands the town of Sciglio, whence the promon- 
 tory is sometimes called Cape Sciglio. 
 
 Seabrook, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on the 
 coast, 7 m. N. Newburyport. Pop. 1,096. 
 
 Scaford, a borough in Sussex, Eng. and one of 
 the Cinque Ports. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in fishing, but of late it has been much 
 resorted to as a bathing place. It is seated near 
 the English Channel, 10 m. S. S. E. of Lewis 
 and 61 S. by E. of London. 
 
 Seaford, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Seal, a township of Pike Co. Ohio. Pop. 1 ,173. 
 
 Searsborough, a township of BennincHon Co. 
 
 vt. Pop. 40: 
 
 Scarsmont, a township of Waldo, Co. Me. Pop. 
 1,151. 
 
 Searsville, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 103 m. S. 
 W. Albany. 
 
 Seaton, a town cf Scotland, in Haddingtonshire. 
 Here is a ruinous palace, in which Mary queen of 
 Scots occasionally kept her court, after her re- 
 turn from France. It has a considerable trade in 
 salt and coal, and is situate on the frith of Forth, 
 9 m. E. of Edinburg. 
 
 Sebago Pond, in Cumberland Co. Me. IS m 
 N. W. Portland. It is 12 m. long and is connect- 
 ed with the sea at Portland by a canal. 
 
 Sebaslia, a town of Palestine, the remains of 
 the ancient city of Samaria, 34 m. N. N. E. of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Sebastian. St., a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, 
 seated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of 
 which is a strong citadel. The harbour is secured 
 by two moles, and a narrow entrance for the ships. 
 The town is surrounded by a double wall, and, 
 fortified towards the sea. It carries on a great 
 trade, particularly in iron, steel, and wool. St. 
 Sebastian was taken by the French in 1719, in 
 1794, and again in 1808. On the 31st of August, 
 1813, it was taken by storm, by the allied forces, 
 under general Graham, after a short siege, during 
 which it sustained a most heavy bombardment, 
 which laid nearly the whole town in ruins. It 
 has since been rebuilt. 50 m. E. of Bilbao and 
 5(1 IS W. of Pamplona. Long. 1. 56. W., lat. 43. 
 24. N. 
 
 Sebastian, St., the capital of the provnice of 
 Rio Janeire, and of all Brazil, with a citadel on a 
 hill, and numerous forts. The city stands 4 m. 
 W. of the harbour, and behind it are high hills 
 crowned with woods, convents, houses, and 
 churches. It is 3 m. in circumference ; the streets 
 are straight and most of them narrow, intersecting 
 each other at right angles ; and the houses, in 
 general, are of stone, and two stories high. The 
 churches are very fine, and there is more religious 
 parade in this city than in almost any other town 
 in Europe. The harbour is very commodious, 
 with a narrow entrance defended by two forts. 
 Here are manufactures of sugar, rum, and cochi- 
 neal. The different mechanics carry on their 
 business in distinct parts of the town ; particular 
 streets being set apart for particular trades. On 
 the S. side of a spacious square is a palace ; and 
 there are several other squares, in which are 
 fountains, supplied with water by an aqueduct, 
 of considerable length, brought over a valley by 
 a double tier of arches. The mint is one of the 
 finest buildings existing, and furnished with ah 
 the conveniences necessary for coining with the 
 greatest expedition. A Benedictine convent and 
 a fort are on the extreme point, jutting into the 
 harbour, opposite which is Serpent Island, where 
 there are a dock-yard, magazines and naval store- 
 houses. In another part of the harbour, at a place, 
 called Val Longo, are warehouses, formerly ap- 
 propriated for the reception, and preparation for 
 sale, of slaves imported from Africa. St. Sebas- 
 tian is a bishop's see, and seated near the mouth 
 of the Rio Janeiro, in the Atlantic. Long. 42. 44 
 W., lat. 22. 54. S. 
 
 Sebastian, Cape St., a cape at the N. W. ex 
 tremit)' of Madagascar. Long. 46. 25. E., lat. 12 
 30. S. 
 
 Scbasticook, a river of Maine, flowing into the 
 Kennebec from the east. 
 
 Sebastopol, a sea-port of Russia, and the first 
 maritime town of' the Crimea. It has one of the 
 finest and most secure harbours in the world, 
 capable of containing all the Russian fleets ; and 
 
SEE 
 
 668 
 
 SEG 
 
 it is the chief . station of the Black Sea fleet. The 
 city is built on the side of a hill, which divides 
 two of its fine basins. The old Tartar houses are 
 small and ill-built; but along the quay are some 
 new buildings in a good taste. It stands on part 
 of the site of the ancient Greek city of Cherson, 
 where was the famous temple of Diana Taurica ; 
 and considerable ruins of them are yet discover- 
 erable. 40 m. S. S. W. of Sympheropol and 350 
 N. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 22. E., lat. 
 44. 25. N. 
 
 Sebec, a township of Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 
 303. 
 
 Sebenico, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, 
 and a bishop's see, with four citadels. The cathe- 
 dral is a magnificent fabric, and its roof is com- 
 posed of large flat pieces of marble. The Turks 
 have often attempted in vain to take this town. 
 It is seated near the mouth of the Cherca, in the 
 gulf of Venice, 30 m. S. E. of Zara. Long. 16. 
 46. E , lat. 44.17. N. 
 
 Scbourg, a town of France, department of Nord, 
 5 m. E. of Valenciennes. 
 
 Scbu. See Zebu. 
 
 Sechura, a town of Peru, inhabited by Indians, 
 who are chiefly employed in fishing or driving of 
 mules. Here commences a sandy desert, which 
 extends southward about 80 m. The town stands 
 on a river of the same name, 3 m. from the ocean 
 and 130 N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 81. 10. E., 
 lat. 5. 55. S. 
 
 Seckau, a town of the Austrian states, in Sty- 
 ria, seated on the Gayle, 9 in. N. of Judenburg. 
 
 Seckin<re?i, a town of Baden, the smallest of the 
 Four Forest Towns. Here is a convent of Noble 
 nuns, whose abbess was a princes of the empire. 
 It is seated on an isle, formed by the Rhine, over 
 which is a bridge, 11m. W. of Basel. 
 
 Seckington, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. fa- 
 mous for a battle, in 757, between Cuthred, king 
 of the W. Saxons, and Ethelbald, king of the 
 Mercians. On the N. side of its church are the 
 ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 
 feet high. 3 m. N. E. of Tamworth. 
 
 Second Moon, a township of Beaver Co. Pa. 
 
 Sedan, a strong town of France, capital of the 
 department of Ardennes, and formerly the seat of 
 a Protestant university. It is deemed one of the 
 keys of the country and has a strong castle, an 
 arsenal, a canal foundry, and a manufacture of 
 fine cloth. The famous marshal! Turenne was 
 born in the castle. Sedan is seated on the Meuse, 
 30 m. S. E. of Charlemont. Lonsr, 4. 58. E., lat. 
 49. 42. N. 
 
 Scdasivagur, a town of Hindoostan, the most 
 nothern on the coast of Canara. It is seated on 
 the N. side of the estuary of a river, which enters 
 into a deep bay, sheltered by three islands, one of 
 them fortified, and the entrance defended by a 
 fort on a lofty hill. 3 m. up the river, on the op- 
 posite bank, are the remains of Carwar, formerly 
 a noted place of European commerce, but totally 
 ruined during the reign of Tippo Sultan. 50 
 rri. F. of Goa and 95~N. N. W. of Kundapu- 
 ra. Long. 74. 15. E. lat. 14, 51. N. 
 
 Sedhrrgh, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of cotton. 10 m. E. of kendal, 2G9 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Sedgwick, p.t Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,606 
 
 Sechausen, a town of Prussia, in the Old Mark 
 of Brandenburg, nearly surrounded by the river 
 Aaland, 12 m. W. of Havelbersjf. - 
 
 Seekonk, p.t Bristol Co. Mass. 38. in. S. W. 
 Boston, on Providence River. Pop. 2,134. 
 
 Seelburg, a town of Russia, in the gov&rnmen 
 of Courland, on the river Dwina, 58 m. S. E of 
 Riga. 
 
 Seelow, a town of Brandenburg, 10 m. S. W. of 
 Custrin. 
 
 Seelysbugh. p. v. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. 310. m. 
 W. Albany. 
 
 Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a principali- 
 ty in the province of Oman. It has a good har- 
 bour, and the navy of the prince is one of the 
 most considerable in the gulf of Persia. 108 in. 
 W. S. W. of Julfar. Long. 54. 58. E., lat. 25. 10. 
 N. 
 
 .Seesen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Brunswick, 14 m. S. W. of Goslar. 
 
 Seez, a town of France, department of Orne. 
 and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fine county, 
 near the source of the Orne, 14 m. N. of Alencon 
 and 120 VV. by S. of Paris. Long. 0. 11. E., lat 
 48. 36. N. 
 
 Segeberg, a town of Denmark, in the dutchy of 
 Holstein, with a castle on a high mountain, con- 
 sisting of Lime-stone, large quantities of which 
 are carried to Hamburgh and Lubec. It is seat- 
 ed on the Trave, 15 m. W. N. W. of Lubec. 
 
 Segulin, a strong town of Hungary, with a cas- 
 tle, taken from the. Turks in 1686. It is seated 
 near the Teisse, opposite the influx of the Maros, 
 105 m. S. S. E. of Pest. Long. 20. 35. E., lat. 40 
 18. N. 
 
 Segesicar, a town of Transylvania, capital of a 
 county of the same name. It is built in the form 
 of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the 
 river Kodel, 47 m. N. of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24. 
 55. E., lat. 47. 4. N. 
 
 Segna, a seaport of Morlachia, capital of Hun- 
 garian Dalmatia, with a fort. It was declared a 
 free port, and erected into a bishopric, In 1785. 
 It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 100 m. N. W. 
 of Spoleto. Long. 15, 21. E., lat. 45. 22 N. 
 
 Segni, a town of the papal states, in Campagna 
 di Roma, and a bishop's soe> Organs are said to 
 have been invented here. It is seated on a moun- 
 tain, 30 m. S. E. of Rome. 
 
 Scgo,a. city of Negroland, the capital of Bam- 
 barra. It consists of four walled towns, two on 
 each side the river Niger, which contain about 
 30,000 inhabitants ; and, as the Moors form a con- 
 siderable proportion, their mosques appear in ev- 
 ery quarter. The houses are built of clay, of a 
 square form, with flat roofs ; some of them have 
 two stories, and many of them are white-washed 
 The current money consists of cowries. 290 m 
 W. S. W. of Tombuctoo. Long. 2. 46. W., lat 
 14. 15. N. 
 
 Segorbe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and a 
 bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, by 
 the river Morvedro, 35 m. N. by VV. of Valencia. 
 
 Segovia, a city of Spain, in Old Castile, capital 
 of a province of its name, and a bishop's see, with 
 a castle. It stands on two hills, and the valley 
 by which they are separated, on the S. W. side 
 of the Erasma ; and is surrounded by a strong 
 wall, flanked with towers and ramparts. It is 
 supplied with water by a Roman aqueduct, 3,000 
 paces in length, supported by 177 arches of a pro- 
 digious height, in two rows, one above the other. 
 Here the best cloth in Spain is made. The othei 
 branches of industry are dyeing, and the manu 
 facture of paper, pottery, and lead. The cathe 
 dral stands on one side of the great square, and i? 
 one of the handsomest Gothic structures in Spain . 
 besides which there are 27 other churches. Th« 
 castle is seated in the highest part of the town 
 
SEI 
 
 SEL 
 
 and has 1G rooms richly adorned with tapestry, 
 and ornaments of marble and porphyry. The 
 royal chapel is magnificently gilded, and embel- 
 lished with very fine paintings. The mint, for 
 some years the only one in Spain, is surrounded 
 by the river, on which are mills, employed in 
 coining. Segovia was occupied by the French 
 in 1303. but was evacuated in 1813. 43 m. N. N. 
 W. of Madrid. Lon. 4. 12. W., lat 41. 3. N. 
 
 Segovia., X>w, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, 
 seated near the source of a river of its name, 
 which fiows into the Carribean Sea, 90 m. N. by 
 E. of Leon. Long. 87. 5. W., lat. 13. 45. N. 
 
 Segovia, A*ew5,a town in the isle of Luconia and a 
 bisuop's see, with a fort. It is seated at the N. 
 end of the island, near the mouth of the Cagayan, 
 245 m. N\ of Manilla. Long. 120. 5G. E., lat. 18. 
 39. N. 
 
 Segra, a river of Spain, wiiich rises in the 
 Pyrenees, and runs S. W. through Catalonia, 
 passing by Puicerda, Urgel. Belaguer, and Leri- 
 da, to Mequinenza, where it joins the Ebro. 
 
 Segre, a town of France, department of Maine- 
 et-Loire, 20 m. N. W. of Angers. 
 
 Segura, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 mountains of Segura, in Murcia, crosses that 
 province and the S. part of Valencia, and enters 
 the Mediterranean at Guardaman. 
 
 Segura, a town of Spain, in Murcia, seated 
 among mountains, 34 m. N. E. of Ubeda and 96 
 W. NT W. of Murcia. 
 
 Segura, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 35 m. S. 
 E. of Calatajud and 38 N. of Teruel. 
 
 Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a 
 fort on a mountain. It stands on the frontiers of 
 Spain, 15 m. VV. N. W. of Alcantara and 35 E.S. 
 E. of Castel Branco. 
 
 Sehauranpour, a town of Hindoostan, in Dehli, 
 capital of a district of the same name, between 
 the Jumna and the Ganges. 86 m. N. by W. of 
 Dehli. Long. 77. 15. E., lat. 30. 4. N. 
 
 Seidenberg, a town of the Prussian States, in 
 Upper Lusatia, with manufactures of cloth and 
 stockings 8 m. S.S. E. of Gorlitz. 
 
 Seiks, a powerful nation in the N. W. part of 
 Hindoostan, consisting of several small independ- 
 ent states, that have formed a kind of federal 
 union. The founder of their sect was Nanock, 
 who lived in the beginning of the 16th century ; 
 and they are the descendants of his disciples ; 
 the word seiks, in the Sanscrit language, signify- 
 ing disciples. They are in general strong and 
 well made, accustomed from their infancy to the 
 most laborious life, and hardest fare. A pair of 
 long blue drawers, and a kind of chequered plad, 
 a part of which is fastened round the waist, and 
 the other thrown over the shoulder, form their 
 clothing and equipage. The chiefs are distin- 
 guished by wearing some heavy gold bracelets 
 on their wrists, and sometimes a chain of the 
 same metal round their turbans ; and by being 
 mounted on better horses ; otherwise no distinc- 
 tion appears among them. The government of 
 the Seiks is a military aristocracy. Their army 
 consists almost entirely of horse, of which a 
 Seik will boast they can bring 300,000 into the 
 field ; and it is supposed they might bring 200, 
 000. They have commonly two, some of them 
 three horses each. They indeed consider this 
 animal as necessary to their existence ; and while 
 it is customary with them to make merry on the 
 demise of one of the brethren, they mourn for 
 the death of a horse. The Seiks are tolerant in 
 matters of faith, and require only a conformity 
 
 in certain signs and ceremonies; but. unlike the 
 Hindoos, they admit proselytes, although those 
 from among the Mahometans are not much es- 
 teemed. Their capital is Lahore. 
 
 Seit, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 
 3 m. long and 2 broad, separated from the main- 
 land by a narrow strait, over which is a bridge. 
 
 Seme, a river of France, which rises in the 
 department of Cote d'Or, flows by Troyes, Melun 
 Paris, and Rouen, and enters the English Chan- 
 nel at Havre de Grace. 
 
 Seine, a department of France, the smallest, but 
 by no means the least important, in the kingdom. 
 It has an area of about 260 sq. m. with 780,000 
 inhabitants. The surface is level, and the soil 
 fertile in corn and wine ; also fruits and vege- 
 tables for the supply of Paris, which is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Seine Fjower, a department of France, including 
 the N. E. part of Normandy. It has an area of 
 2,500 sq. m. with 660,000 inhabitants. Rouen is 
 the capital. 
 
 Seine-et-Marne, a department of France, includ 
 the western part of Champagne. It has an area 
 of 2,300 sq. m., with 310,000 inhabitants. Melun 
 is the capital. 
 
 Seine-et-Oise, a department of France, compris- 
 ing the district of Paris, under the name of de- 
 partment of the Seine. Exclusive of that distrct 
 it contains 2.200 sq. m., with 440,000 inhabitants 
 Versailles is the capital. 
 
 Seinshcim, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in a 
 lordship of the same name, with a castle, 18 m. 
 S. E.of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Seisscn, a town of France, department of Gers, 
 9 m. S. of Auch. 
 
 Seisfan, an extensive and independent prov- 
 ince of Persia, bounded on the N. by Korasan, 
 and Balck, E. by Candahar, and Sablestan, S. by 
 Mackeran, S. W. by Kerman, and W. by Covhes- 
 tan and Farsistan. The country is in general moun- 
 tainous. The valleys are the only habitable parts ; 
 for the plains are barren, and covered with fine 
 sand, which is sometimes raised by whirlwinds 
 to such a degree as to overwhelm whole caravans. 
 Dooshak is the capital. 
 
 Selam, a town of Mexico, in Yucatan, near the 
 sea-coast, 45 m. N. W. of Merida. 
 
 Selbosoe, a town of Norway, in the province of 
 Drontheim, 18 m. S. E. of Drontheim. 
 
 Selby, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is the 
 birth-place of Henry I., whose father, William 
 the Conqueror built an abbey here : a canal 
 passes from this place to Leeds, and large ships 
 are built here. It is seated on the Ouse, over 
 which is one of the completest timber bridges in 
 the kingdom. 14 m. S. of York and 177 N. by 
 W. of London. 
 
 Selenginslc, a fortified town of Russia, in the 
 government of Irkutsk, with a fort and 3,000 in- 
 habitants. The adjacent country is mountainous, 
 but yields a great quantity of rhubaib. It stands 
 on the Selenga, at the influx of the Chilok, W»0 
 m. S. E. of Irkutsk. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 51. 
 16. N. 
 
 Selenti, a town of Asia Minor, in Caramania, 
 at the mouth of a river of the same name, 50 m 
 W. S. W. of Selesk 
 
 Selesk, anciently Seleucia, a town of Carama 
 nia, seated on a river, 5 m. from the sea and 80 
 S S. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 36. E., lat. 36. 40 
 N. 
 
 Srligenstadt, a town of Germany, in Hesse 
 Darmstadt, with a Benedictine abbey, seated at 
 
SEM 
 
 670 
 
 SEX 
 
 the conflux of the Gernspentz with the Maine, 
 14 m. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Sclibria, a town of Romania, and an archbishop's 
 see, formerly a large place, hut rjow much decayed. 
 It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 m. W. of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Selinsgravc, p. v. Northumberland Co. Va. 
 Selkirk, a borough of Scotland, the capital of 
 Selkirkshire. It is seated on the Ettrick, 30 m. 
 S. S. E. of Edinburgh. 
 
 Selkirkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on 
 the N. E. by Edinburghshire. Pop. 6,637. 
 Sellersville, p. v. Bucks Co. Va. 
 Selles, a town of France, in the department of 
 Loire-et-Cher, on the river Cher, 10 m. S. W.of 
 Romorentin. 
 
 Sclma, p.v. Dallas Co. Alab. 
 Seltz, a town in the department of Lower 
 Rhine, seated on the Rhine, 25 m. N. N. E. of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Seltzer, or Lower Sdtzer, a town of Germany, 
 in the duchy of Nassau celebrated for a spring 
 of mineral water, which is exported in great 
 quantities. It is situate on the Emsbach, 30 m. 
 E. ofCoblentz. 
 
 Scmauat, a town of Asiatic Turky, Irac Arabi, 
 seated on the Euphrates, where a toll is collect- 
 ed. 120 m. N. W. of Bassora. Long. 46. 15. 
 E., lat. 32. 2. N. 
 
 Sembew-ghcicn, a town of Sirmali, from which 
 is the principal road through the western hills in- 
 to Arracan. To this place all Bengal articles' of 
 merchandise imported by way of Arracan are- 
 brought, and here embarked on the Irrawadd - - 
 It stands 3 m. W. ol that river, and 30 S. by W. 
 of Pagahm. 
 
 Semegonda, a town of Negroland, in the coun- 
 try of Wangara, seated on a lake formed by a 
 branch of the Nile, 330 m. S. S. W. of Bornou. 
 Long. 21. 30. E , lat. 14. 58. N. 
 
 Semendria, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Servia, with a citad?I, seated on the Danube j 20 
 in. S. E. of Belgrade. 
 
 Semennud, a town of Egypt, on the E. branch 
 of the Nile, 8 m. S. S. W. of Mansoura and 53 N. 
 of Cairo. 
 
 SemigaHa, a duchy of European Russia, about 
 100 m. long and 20 broad, forming the E. part of 
 the government of Courland. Mittau is the capital. 
 Seminari, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 with an abbey belonging to the united Greek church. 
 It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1783, 
 out now contains 2,000 inhabitants. 22 m. N. E. 
 )f Reggio. 
 
 Seminoles, a tribe of Indians in Florida, about 
 5,000 in number. They were formerly much more 
 numerous, but having committed hostilities upon 
 the American settlements in their neighbourhood in 
 1818, they were attacked by the United States 
 troops, and completely subdued: since which they 
 have never been formidable. 
 
 Semlen, a town of Sclavonia, on the S. side of 
 the Danube, the principal place for carrying on the 
 transit trade between Turkey and Sclavonia. 4 m. 
 W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Scinpiicfi, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Lucerne, celebrated for the battle in 1386, which 
 established the liberty of the Swiss, and in which 
 Leopold, duke of Austria, was defeated and slain. 
 It is seated on a small lake of the same name, 7 m. 
 N. W. Lucerne. 
 
 Senipnmins, p. t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 159 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 5,705. 
 
 Semur en Arixfr'y, a town of France, depor'.ment 
 of Cote d'or, with a castle on a rock. It has 
 a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Ar- 
 niancon, 34 m. W. by N. of Dijon and 135 S. E. 
 of Paris. 
 
 Semur en Brierinois, a town in the department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, 33 m. W. by S. of Macon and 45 
 S. of Autun. 
 
 Sena, or Murzali, a town of Mocaranga, on the 
 river Zambeze, where the Portuguese have a factory. 
 Long 35. 3. E., lat. 7. 40. S. 
 
 Seneca, a lake and river of N. Y., in Onondaga 
 county. The lake is 30 m. long and 2 broad, 
 and lies N. and S. between those of Canandaigua 
 and Cayuga. At the N. end is the town of Gen- 
 eva, and on the E. side, between it and Cayuga 
 Lake, are the military townships of Romulus, 
 Ovid, Hector, and Ulysses. The river rises to 
 the W. of Geneva, passes by that town, and 
 receives the waters of the lake. It afterwards re- 
 ceives the waters of Cayuga Lake, Canandaigua 
 Creek, and Salt Lake, and then flows into 
 Onondago River. 
 
 Seneca, a county of N. Y. bounded by Lakes On- 
 tario, Seneca and Cayuga. Pop. 21,031. Ovid 
 is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,148 
 Tiffin is the capital. 
 
 Seneca, a township of Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop 
 6,161 ; townships in Morgan and Monroe Cos 
 Ohio. 
 
 Sentcaville, p.v. Guernsey Co. Ohio. 
 
 Seneff, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov- 
 ince of Hainault, noted for a battle gained by the 
 French over the prince of Orange in 1674. 4. m 
 S. Nivelle. 
 
 Senegal, a large river which rises in the moun- 
 tains of Kong, in Negroland, and flows W. on the 
 Southern confines of Zahara, into the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 120 m. N. E. of Cape Verd. Its course is 
 flexuous, till it arrives within 6 m. of the sea, 
 when it takes a sudden turn to the S., and for 75 
 m. is separated from the sea only by a ridge ot 
 sand. Its mouth, not more than half a league 
 over, is incommoded by a shifting bar, which ren- 
 ders the passage difficult and dangerous. Wild 
 animals are numerous alonjr its banks, particular- 
 ly leopards who lie in wait near the river to sur- 
 prise the smaller animals resorting to the banks 
 to drink. 
 
 Senegal, a country on the W. coast of Africa, 
 lying on a river of the same name. See Fouli. 
 The French have a fort and a factory in an is- 
 land at the mouth of the river, and are masters 
 of the gum trade. It is called Fort Louis, was 
 taken by the English in 1758, confirmed to them 
 by the peace of 1763, but restored in 1683 Lonjr 
 16. 31. W.,lat. 15.53. N. 
 
SER 
 
 671 
 
 SER 
 
 Senez, a town of France, department of Low- 
 er Alps, seated in a rough barren coi itry, 15 m 
 S. S. E. of Digne. 
 
 Senftenberg, a town of Prussia, in Lower Lu- 
 satia, with a castle, 35 in. N. N. E. of Meissen. 
 
 Senlis, a town of France, department of Oise, 
 seated on the river Donette, and almost surroun- 
 ed by a forest, 20 m. N. W. of Meaux and 27 
 N. E. of Paris. 
 
 Si.nnaar, a kingdom of Eastern Africa, bound- 
 ed E. and S. by Abyssinia, W. by Darfur, and N. 
 by Dongola and the independent districts of Nu- 
 bia. The Nile flows through this immense plain 
 above a mile broad, full to the very brim, but nev- 
 er overflowing. For several miles from the banks 
 of this river, the soil is of very remarkable fertili- 
 ty ; and at the time of the rains, about the end of 
 August and beginning of September, the country 
 assumes a most delightful appearance, resembling 
 the pleasantest parts off Holland. Soon after the 
 rains cease, the dhourra ripens, the leaves turn 
 yellow and rot, the lakes putrefy, smell, and are 
 full of vermin ; all the beauty disappears, and bare 
 scorched Nubia returns, with all its terrors of poi- 
 sonous winds and moving sands, glowing and 
 ventilated with sultry blasts. The trade consists 
 chiefly in exchanging the various productions of 
 interior Africa with those of Egypt and Arabia. 
 The kingdom of Sennaar was founded by a body 
 of Shilluk negroes in 1504. The government is 
 despotic, but the king may lawfully be put to 
 death whenever the chief officers decide that his 
 reign is no longer a public benefit. 
 
 Sennaar, a city of Nubia, and capital of the 
 above kingdom, is 5 in. in circumference, and 
 very populous. The houses are chiefly of one 
 story, with flat roofs ; but the suburbs contain 
 only cottages covered wit.h reeds. The palace 
 is surrounded by high walls, and is a confused 
 heap of buildings. The heats are almost insup- 
 portable in the day-time, except in the rainy 
 season, at which time the air is unwholesome. 
 The commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds, 
 civet, tobacco, and gold dust. Thereis a market 
 near the palace, where slaves are sold ; the fe- 
 males sit on one side, and the males on another ; 
 the Egyptians buy great numbers of them every 
 year. The merchandise required here consists of 
 spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass beads, and 
 a black drug which is used to colour the eye- 
 brows. The women of quality have slight gar- 
 ments of silk, and wear rings of various metals on 
 their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Women 
 of a low rank, and girls, have cloths wrapped 
 round them from the waist to the knees. The 
 men go almost naked. Sennaar is seated on an 
 eminence, near the river Nile. Long. 33. 0. E., 
 lat. 13. 4. N. 
 
 Saris, a town of France, department of Yonne, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a handsome Gothic 
 cathedral. Several ecclesiastical councils have 
 been held here; in that of 1140 the well 
 known Abelard was condemned. Sens was ta- 
 k»n by the allies in 1814, but soon after evacua- 
 ted. It is seated in a fertile country, at the con- 
 flux of the Vanne with the Yonne, 25 m. N. of 
 Auxerre and 80 S. E. of Pais. Long. 3. 17. E., 
 lat. 48. 12 N. 
 
 Sepulveda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 30 m. N. E. of Segovia. 
 
 Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoostan, in My- 
 sore, with a stone fort of a trood size. It is the 
 principal place in the central division of the 
 rajah's dominions N. of the Cavery and carries 
 
 on a considerable inland commerce. The whole 
 of the cloth made here is used in the neighbour- 
 hood. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1799, 
 the fort has been garrisoned by British troops 
 48 m. S. E. of Chitteldroog, 48 N. of Serringapa 
 tain. Long. 76. 53. E., lat. 13. 3(i. N. 
 
 Serai, a town of European Turkey, capital of 
 Bosnia, and the see of a Catholic bishop, appoint- 
 ed by the king of Hungary. It is a large com- 
 mercial place, and is seated on the river Bosna 
 130 m. W. S. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 15. E., 
 lat. 44. 14. N. 
 
 Seramporc, a town of Bengal, belonging to the 
 Danes. The houses are of brick, plastered with 
 mortar, and have flat roofs, with balconies and 
 Venetian windows. The inhabitants carry on 
 some trade with Europe, China, &c. But the 
 town is principally distinguished as the early seat 
 of the Baptist mission in India, and as the resi- 
 dence of British subjects who take refuge here 
 from their creditors. It is seated on the W. 
 bank of the Hooghly. 12 m. N. of Calcutta. 
 
 Serdobol, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Wiburg, on the lake Ladoga, 60 m. N. N. E. 
 of Wiburg. 
 
 Sered, or Szscrcd, a town of Hungary, on the 
 river Waag, 30 m. E. N. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Serfo, or Serf ante, an island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, 8 m. long and 5 broad, and full of 
 mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron 
 and loadstone. The inhabitants are all Greeks, 
 and have but one town, called St. Nicholo, 
 which is a poor place. 50 m. N. W. of Naxaia. 
 Long. 25. 10. E., lat. 37. 19. N. 
 
 Sergag, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Niznei Novogorod, 48 m. S. E. of Niznei No- 
 vogorod. 
 
 Sergippe, a province on the coast of Brazil 
 to the S. of Pernambuco. It produces sugar 
 and tobacco in considerable quantities and has 
 some silver mines. 
 
 Sergippe, a sea-port of Brazil, capital of the 
 above province, seated at the mouth of the Ser- 
 gippe, 120 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 37. 
 44. W., lat. 12. 10. S. 
 
 Serignan, a town of France, department of He- 
 rault, at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of 
 Lions, 8 m. S. E. of Beziers. 
 
 Serinagur, or Guical, a province of Hindoostan, 
 situated chiefly between 30. and 32. of N. lat. and 
 between 77 and 79. of E. long. It is estimated at 
 140 m. in length by 60 in breadth ; and is govern- 
 ed by a rajah, under the protection of the British. 
 
 Serinagur, the capital of the above province, is 
 about three quarters of a mile long, the houses 
 built of rough stone and mud, and covered with 
 slate, but seldom more than two stories high. The 
 streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some 
 good shops. It is situate in a valley on the river 
 Alcanauda, which is crossed by a bridge of ropes. 
 On the opposite side of the river, at the village of 
 Ranihut, is a temple sacred to Raja Ishwara, 
 principally inhabited by dancing women, whose 
 lives are devoted to prostitution as a religious 
 service ! Serinao-ur is 38 m. from Hardwar. 
 Long. 79. 18. E.,"lat. 30. 11. N. 
 
 Seringapatam, a city of Hindoostan, the modern 
 capital of Mysore, is situate in an island, 3 m. 
 long, and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery, which 
 is here a large and rapid river, with a wide and 
 rocky channel. The streets are narrow and 
 confused, and the generality of the houses mean. 
 The city is strongly fortified; notwithstanding 
 which, lord Cornwallis, in 1792, here compelled 
 
SER 
 
 67a 
 
 SET 
 
 Tippoo to sign a treaty, by which he ceeded half 
 of his dominions, and agreed to pay a vast sum of 
 money to the English and their allies ; and, a new 
 war taking place in 1799, the British troops car- 
 ried the fort by an assault, in which Tippoo was 
 killed. The city and the island have since been 
 retained by the English, towards the support of the 
 late sultan's family. The palace is very large, 
 and surrounded by a massy wall of stone and 
 mud : it is now the residence of a surgeon. The 
 seraglio of Hyder has been converted into an 
 European hospital, that of Tippoo into a barrack 
 for artillery ; the private apartments of the latter 
 are occupied by the resident, and the public ones 
 by European troops. Without the walls of the 
 citv are two gardens and palaces ; and near to one 
 of theih is the mausoleum of Hyder, where rests 
 all that was mortal of this Mahometan dynasty, 
 consisting of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo, who 
 lie under tombs covered with rich cloths, at the 
 expense of the British government; and the es- 
 tablishment of priests to offer up prayers, and of 
 musicians to perform the nobut, is retained as 
 formerly. In the space between the city and the 
 two gardens is the suburb called Shahar Ganjnm, 
 which is rapidly increasing on a regular plan. 
 Seringapatam is 10 m. N. of Mysore, and 290 W. 
 by S.*Madras. Long. 70. 50. E., lat. 12. 24. N. 
 Serintrham, an island in the S. of India, in the 
 district of Trichinopoly, celebrated for its Hindoo 
 temple, to which pilgrims from all parts of Hin- 
 doostan, resort for absolution ; and here, as in all 
 great paoodas, the Brahrnans live in a subordina- 
 tion that knows no resistance, and slumber in 
 voluptuousness that feels no want. At present 
 the allowance made by the British government 
 for the support of the temple and its establish- 
 ment, amounts to about £6, 240 sterling. 
 
 Serona-, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, cele- 
 brated for its manufacture of painted cottons and 
 chintzes. It is situate in the river Cavery, half 
 a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly and 140 
 m. E. N. E. of Ougein. Long. 78. 4. E., lat. 24. 
 5. N. 
 
 Serpa, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a 
 castle; seated on a rugged eminence, near the 
 Guadiana, 38 m. S. by E. of Evora. 
 
 Serravalle, a town of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Venice with a castle. It has cloth, 
 woolen, and silk manufactures, and a trade in 
 corn, wine and honey. The cathedral contains 
 some fine paintings, and the church of St. Au- 
 gusta is a noble edifice. It is situate between two 
 mountains, and at the source of the Maschio 22 
 m. N. of Treviso. 
 
 Serres, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Alps, 23 m. S. W. of Gap. 
 
 Servan, St., a town of France, department of 
 Ille-et-Vilaine, with considerable manufactures of 
 linen, sail-cloth, soap, and tobacco, and 9,000 in- 
 habitants. It is seated at the mouth of the river 
 Ranee, about a mile S. of St. Malo, from which 
 it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at 
 low water. 
 
 Servia, a province of European Turkey, 190 m. 
 long and 95 broad ; bounded N. by the Danube 
 and Save, which separate it from Hungary, E. by 
 Bulgaria. S. by Macedonia and Albania, and W. 
 by Bosnia. The climate is less mild than might 
 be excepted in 43. and 44. of N. lat., the winter 
 being of considerable length, and spring not be- 
 ginning till April. This is owing partly to the 
 height of the great ridge of the Argentaro or Glu- 
 botin Mountains, extending along its southern 
 
 boundary ; partly to the number of forests, and 
 the general neglect of cultivation in its interior. 
 The soil is in general fertile, but a small propor- 
 tion of the country is as yet under tillage. The 
 products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, hemp, flax, 
 and tobacco ; also vines, and fruit of various kinds ; 
 and in the valleys and other warm spots cotton is 
 raised. Mines of iron have been discovered in 
 several parts ; but they are almogt entirely neg- 
 lected. The only manufactures are of woolen, 
 cotton, and hardware, for home consumption. 
 Servia was formerly an independent kingdom, 
 but yielded to the Turks in 1365. In 1801 an 
 insurrection took place against their authority, 
 under the standard of Czerni Georges, previously 
 known as the head of a band of robbers, but now 
 honored with the name of avenger of his country. 
 In 1814 he judged proper to withdraw into Rus- 
 sia; and by a convention concluded between his 
 country and the Porte, in 1815, the Servians ac- 
 knowledged the sovereignty of the sultan, bu. 
 preserved the free exercise of their religion, as 
 well as thair civil rights. Belgrade is the capital. 
 Sesslach, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- 
 conia, 16 m. N. of Bamberg. 
 
 Sesto, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese, 
 seated on the Ticino, where it issues from tho 
 lake Maggiore, 25 m. W. N. W. of Milan. 
 
 Sestre, Grand, or Great Pans, a town of Gui** 
 ea, on the Grain Coast ; near which is Petit Ses- 
 tre. It is one of the largest and most commer- 
 cial towns in the country. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 
 4. 50. N. 
 
 Sestri di Levante, a town of the Sardinian states, 
 in the territory of Genoa, 30 m. E. S. E. of Ge- 
 noa. 
 
 Se-tckeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Koei-tcheou. It is situate among 
 mountains, which yield cinnabar and quicksilver, 
 980 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 25. E., 
 lat. 27. 10. N. 
 
 Se-tchuen, a province of China, bounded on the 
 N. by Chen-si, E. by Houquang, S. by Koei- 
 tcheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered by the 
 Kian-ku ; and is rich, not only on account of the 
 great quantity of silk it produces, but also in iron, 
 tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, lapis lazuli, musk, 
 rhubarb, &c. Tching-tou is the capital. 
 
 Seteef, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Constantina. It was the ancient Sitipha, capital 
 of a part of Mauritania ; but scarcely a fragment 
 is left of its former greatness, except the fountains. 
 50 m. S. W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 36. E , lat. 
 35. 58. N. 
 
 Setimo, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, seated on the Po, 8 m. N. of Turin. 
 
 Setlege, a river of Hindoostan, the most easterly 
 of the five eastern branches of the Indus. About 
 midway from its source, it receives the Beyah, at 
 Firosepour, and joins the Indus at Veh. 
 
 Sette, a town of W. Africa, in a district of its 
 name, lying between Loango and Benin. It has 
 a great trade in logwood, sent in vessels to May- 
 amba ; and stands on a river of the same name, 
 60 m. from its mouth, and 110 N. N. E. of May 
 amba. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 2. 0. S. 
 
 Settcnil, a town of Spain, in Granada, 8 m. N 
 of Ronda and 38 N. W. of Malaga. 
 
 Scttia, a town of the island of Candia, and a 
 Greek bishop's see, 48 m. E. S. E. of Candia 
 Long. 26. 2. E., lat. 35. 3. N. 
 
 Settle, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. About 
 2 m to the E. is Attermire Cave, containing 
 numberless chinks and recesses, fluted pillars and 
 
SEV 
 
 G73 
 
 SEW 
 
 hanging petrifactions. At the like distance to 
 the N. is Giggleswick Well, a reciprocating 
 spring, which will sometimes rise and fall nearly 
 a foot, in a stone trough about a yard square, 
 every II) or 15 minutes. Settle is seated on the 
 Ribble, 38 in. N. i\. W.of Halifax and 235 of 
 London. 
 
 Srtuckcl, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. 
 
 Setuval. See Ubes, St. 
 
 Seven Islands, a cluster of islands in the Frozen 
 Ocean, lying in long. 18. 48. E., lat. 80. 31. N 
 Here captain Phipps, with two ships, was sur- 
 rounded by the ice, from the 1st to the 10th of 
 August, 1773, when a brisk wind at N. N. E. ef 
 fected their deliverance. 
 
 Seven Islands, islands near the coast of Canada, 
 on the N. side of the inouth of the St. Lawrence, 
 at the entrance of a small bay. Long. 6G. 5 W., 
 at. 50. Id. N. 
 
 !ifvenl>er<rcn, a town of the Netherlands in Bra 
 oant, 8 in. VV. N. W. of Breda. 
 
 Seecnoaks, a town in Kent, Eng. In 1450 Jack 
 Cade dei'ealed the royal army near this town. 6 
 in. N. W. of Maidstone and 23 S. S. E. of London. 
 
 Sever, St., a town of France, department of Lan- 
 des, seated on the Adour, 20 m. E. of Dax and 
 G'J S. by E. of Bordeaux. 
 
 Scvtrac, a town in the department of Aveiron, 
 on the river Aveiron, 23 in. E. of Rodez. 
 
 Scverin, a town of European Turkey, in Wal 
 achia, an the Danube. G m. W. of Czernetz. 
 
 Severinu, St., a fortified town of Naples, in Ca- 
 labria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It is seated 
 on a crau-gv rock, on the river Neto, 8 m. from the 
 sea and 4o~ S. E. of llossano. Long. 17. 14. E., 
 lat. 39. 15. N 
 
 Scver/na, St., a town of Italy, in the papal states, 
 13 in. W. S. W. of Macerata. 
 
 Scvcrino, St., a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Citra, on the river Sarno, 10 ni. W. S. W. of Poli- 
 castro. 
 
 Severn, a riw.r of England, which has its rise 
 in the mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales, its 
 mouth is called the Bristol Channel. This river 
 has a communication with the Thames, the Trent, 
 the Dee. and the Mersey, by different canals. 
 
 Secern, a river of Md. which waters Annapolis, 
 and enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeak 
 Bay. 
 
 Sent rndrooir, a small island of Hindoostan, on 
 the coast of Concan. Here was a strong fort, be- 
 longing to Angria the pirate, which was taken by 
 commod ire James in 1756. G8 in. S. by E. of Bom- 
 bay. 
 
 Severn, St., a town of Naples, in Capitanata, 
 seated in a plain, 26 m. W. by N. of Manfredonia 
 and 75 N. E. of Naples. 
 
 Severus's Wall, commonly called Graham's 
 Dike, in the W. of Scotland. It is a work of the 
 Romans, supposed to be done by the emperor, 
 whose name it. beata, to prevent the incursions of 
 the Picts and Scots. It began at Abercorn,on the 
 frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E. of Linlithgow, and ran 
 W. to the frith of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick, 
 near Dumbarton. 
 
 Sevier, a county of E.Tennessee. Pop. 5,1 17. 
 Seviereifle, the capital is 5 m. S. E. Knoxville. 
 
 Sev'urn.ij. a town of France, department of Ar 
 dennes, 12 m. N. W. of Bethel. 
 
 Seville, a province of Spain, forming the western 
 half of Andalusia, and still retaining the title ol 
 kingdom. It has an area of 9,500 sq m. with 750, 
 000 inhabitants. The surface is diversified with 
 beautiful plains and hills, covered with vines and 
 85 
 
 fruit trees. Agriculture is in a very backward 
 state, and the manufactures are all on a smal. 
 scale. The chief towns are Seville ^the capital). 
 Cadiz, Ecija, Xeres, Ossuna, and St. Mary's, near 
 Cadiz. 
 
 Seville, a city of Spain, capital of the above pro 
 vince, and an archbishop's see, seated on the Gua- 
 dalquivir. It is fortified by strong walls flanked 
 with high towers, and takes up more ground than 
 Madrid, although it now has not above 100,000 in- 
 habitants. The Phenicians called it Hispalis,and 
 it is the Julia of the Romans, who embellished it 
 with many magnificent buildings. The Moors 
 built an aqueduct, still to be seen, G m. in length. 
 The cathedral is by some supposed to be the 
 largest church in the world next to St. Peter's at 
 Rome ; the steeple is of enrious workmanship, and 
 extremely high, consisting of three towers, one 
 above another, with galleries and balconies. The 
 churches and convents are opulent and beautiful ; 
 of the latter, that of St. Francis is adorned with a 
 handsome public square, in the midst of which is 
 a fine fountain. The university consists of man}' 
 colleges ; and the professors enjoy rich pensions. 
 The royal palace, called Alcazar, was partly built 
 after the antique by the Moors, and partly in the 
 modern taste by king Pedro • it is a mile in extent, 
 and flanked by large square towers, built with 
 stones taken from the ancient temple of Hercules. 
 Here is a foundery, and one of the largest depots 
 for artillery in the kingdom. 
 
 The principal manufactures are silk; and be- 
 hind the Alcazar is a royal snuff manufacture, 
 which is strictly examined and guarded. The ex- 
 change is a square building of the Tuscan order, 
 each front 100 feet in length, and three stories 
 high. The town house is adorned with a great 
 number of statues, and there is a large square be- 
 fore it, with a fine fountain in the middle. There 
 are 120 hospitals richly endowed. The suburb 
 of Triano stands on the other side of the river, 
 over which is a long bridge of boats. In this 
 suburb stood the house of the Inquisition ; and 
 there are public walks, where most of the inhabi- 
 tants go to take the air. The situation of Seville 
 renders it one of the most commercial towns of 
 Spain. All the trade of that kingdom with the 
 New World, centered originally, in its port; but, 
 that of Cadiz being found more commodious, the 
 galleons sailed from that place after the year 1720 
 Such vast employment did the American trade 
 give, at one period, that in Seville alone there 
 were no fewer than 1G,000 looms in silk or wool- 
 en work ; but, before the end of the reign of Phil- 
 ip III., they were reduced to 400. The country 
 around is extremely fertile in corn, wine, &c, 
 and there is abundance of oil ; to the W. of 
 the river is a grove of olive-trees, 30 m. in length. 
 Seville was taken by the French in 1810, hut they 
 evacuated it after the battle of Salamanca in 1812. 
 45 m. from the Atlantic and 212 S. S. W. of Ma- 
 drid. Lon. 5. 59. W., lat. 37. 14. N. 
 
 Sevres, Deux, a department of France, including 
 part of the ancient province of Poitou. It is so 
 named from two rivers that rise here ; one, ealled 
 Sevre Niortois, flowing W. by St. Maixent,Niort 
 and Marans, into the Bay of Biscay, opposite the 
 Isle of Re; and the other named Sevre Nantois, 
 which takes a N. W. direction, passes by Clisson, 
 and enters the river Loire, opposite Nantes. The 
 department comprises an area of 2,500 sq. m. f 
 with 260,000 inhabitants, about one eighth of 
 whom are Protestants. Niort is the capital. 
 
 Sewalick. a chain of mountains in Hindoostaq 
 3L 
 
SHA 
 
 674 
 
 SHE 
 
 bordering on the country of Serinagur and the 
 province of Dehli. 
 
 Sewickly, North and JY/?io, two townships in 
 Beaver Co. Pa. on the Ohio. 
 
 Seysse 1 ,, a town of France, departmenr of Ain, 
 divided into two parts by the Rhone, which here 
 begins to be navigable. 14 m. N. by E. of Bel- 
 ley. 
 
 Sezanne, a town in the department of Marne, 
 27 m. N. W. of Troyes and 65 S. E. of Paris. 
 
 Sezia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 14 
 m. N. W. of of Capua. 
 
 Sltabur, a town of Egypt, on the W. branch 
 of the Nile,48 rn. S. E. of Alexandria and 50 N. 
 N. W. of Cairo. 
 
 Shackleford, p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va. 
 
 Shade Mountain Gap, p. v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Shade Works, p. v. Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Shady Grove, p.v. Franklin Co. Va. 228 m. S. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Shafferstoicn, p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa. 32 in. E. Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Shaftsbury,p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,143. 
 
 Shaftsbury, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 
 It sta'ids on a hill where water is so scarce that 
 the poor get a living by fetching it from a great 
 distance. 100 m. VV. by S. of London. 
 
 Shahar, or Sahar. a sea-port of Arabia, in Had- 
 ramaut, 110 m. S. S. W. of Shibam. Long. 48. 
 40 m. E., lal. 13. 50. N. 
 
 Shalijehanpore, a town of Hindoostan. capital of 
 a district of its name, in the province of Malwa, 
 20 m. N. E. of Ougein and 196 S. of Agimere. 
 
 Shalijehanpore,^ town in the province of Dehli, 
 district of Bareilly. seated on the Gurrah. Long. 
 79.50. E., lat. 27. 52. N. 
 
 Shakcrtown, a village of Knox Co. Indiana. 
 
 Shalerville, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Shamokie, a township of Northumberland Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Shandaker,p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop. 966. 
 
 ShanesviUe, p.v. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 
 
 Shannon, the largest river of Ireland, which is- 
 sues from Lough Allan, in the county of Leitrim, 
 and running S. divides the provinces of Leinster 
 and Connaught ; it then turns S. W., passes by 
 the city of Limerick, and enters the Atlantic 
 Ocean between the counties of Clare and Limer- 
 ick. 
 
 Shannonsville, p.v. Montgomery Pa. 
 
 Shop, a village in Westmoreland, Eng. at the 
 source of the Loder, between Orton and Penrith. 
 It had once a famous abbey, which stood about a 
 mile W. from the church, of which little remains, 
 except the tower of its church, and the ruins ot a 
 bridge. In the vicinity are some great stones, 
 like pyramids, from 10 to 12 yards apart, placed 
 almost in a direct line for a mile together, of such 
 immense weight that carriages now in use could 
 not support them. 
 
 Shapinsha, one of the Orkney Islands, lying 
 3 m. from the N. E. part of Pomona. It is 7 m. 
 long and 5 broad. The coasts are level and pro- 
 duce grass and corn, but the middle part is high 
 and fit only for sheep pasture. 
 
 Shapleigh, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,480. 
 
 Sharon, a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H. 
 Pop. 271 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 1,459; p.t. 
 Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. Boston, with a manu- 
 factory of cotton. Pop. 1024 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. 
 Conn. Pop. 2,613; p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 4,247 ; towns and villages in Mercer Co. Pa. 
 Ashtabula, Franklin, Richland and Hamilton Cos. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Sharpsburg, p.v. Washington Co. Maryland 
 p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio; p.v. Bath Co. Ken. 
 
 Sharpstown, p.v. Salem Co. N. J. 26 m. S. E 
 I'hiladephia. 
 
 Sharronvillc, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 Shaicangunk Mountains, a branch of the Apala 
 chian chain in N. Y 
 
 Shawangunk, p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. Pop 
 2,681. 
 
 Shawncetoicn, p.v. Gallatin Co. Illinois on the 
 Ohio. 
 
 Shawsheen River, a branch of the Merrimack in 
 Mass. 
 
 Sheepscut, a river of Maine flowing into the sea 
 near the mouth of the Kennebec. 
 
 Sheerncss,a. maritime town in Kent, Eng. on the 
 point of the Isle of Sheppey, at the mouth of the 
 Medway, 3 m. N. of Queenborough. A fort was 
 built here by Charles II., after the insult of the 
 Dutch, who burnt the men of war at Chatham in 
 1667 ; and it has since been considerably aug 
 men tied and strengthened. There are also an ord 
 nance office, a dock -yard, and a chapel. 
 
 Sheffield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng., situ 
 ate on an eminence surrounded by a beautiful val- 
 ley, with a range of romantic hills in the perspec- 
 tive. The houses are well built, and many of 
 them elegant; and lew places can boast of more 
 handsome or regular streets. This town has long 
 been celebrated for its various hardware manufac- 
 tures which consist particularly of cutlery ware, 
 plated goods, buttons, &c, immense quantities of 
 which are now exported to all parts of the habita- 
 ble globe. In the town and neighbourhood are 
 founderies for iron, brass, and white metal ; and 
 numerous works are established on the banks ot 
 the rivers for the purpose of preparing the iron 
 and steel for the manufactures. Here are also 
 lead works, a considerable carpet manufacture and 
 a cotton mill ; and the neighbourhood abounds in 
 coal. Sheffield is seated at the conflux of the 
 Sheaf with the Don, which is now rendered nav- 
 igable up to the town. 53 m. S. S. W. of York 
 and 163 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 29. W.. 
 lat. 53. 20. N. 
 
 Sheffield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 2,392; p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 38 
 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 720; p.v. Lorain Co. 
 Ohio, 155 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 215. 
 
 Shefford, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seated 
 on the Ivel, 9 m. S. E, of Bedford and 41 N. by 
 W of London. 
 
 Shelburne, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 312; p.t. 
 Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Champlain, 7 in. S. 
 Burlington. Pop. 1,123; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 
 100 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 985. 
 
 Shelburne, a town of Nova Scotia, at the head 
 of a bay called Port Roseway. It extends two 
 miles on the water side, and one mile backward, 
 with wide streets crossing each other at right- 
 angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, and se- 
 cure. About a mile from Shelburne, and sepa- 
 rated from it by a small river, is the Black Town, 
 peopled by about 1 ,200 free blacks, who served on 
 the royal side during the American war. Shel- 
 burne is 100 in. S. W. of Halifax. Lonor. 65. 0. 
 W., lat. 43. 46. N. 
 
 Shelby, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 19,039. 
 Shelbyville is the capital ; a county of W. Ten- 
 nessee. Pop. 5,652. Memphis is the capital ; a 
 county of Alabama. Pop. 5,521. Shelbyville is tne 
 capital; a county of Ohio. Pop. 3,671, Sidney is 
 the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop 6,294 
 Shelbyville is the capital. 
 
SHE 
 
 675 
 
 SHI 
 
 Shelby, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 246 m. W. Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Shelbyville, p.v. Shelby Co. Ind. 25 m. S. E. 
 Indianapolis ; p.v. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. E. Lou- 
 isville ; p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. 93 m. N. Cahawba ; 
 p t. Bedford Co. Ten. 
 
 Sheila, a decayed town of Morocco, which none 
 hut Mahometans are allowed to enter. 4 m. E. of 
 Salle. 
 
 Shellif, the largest river of Algiers, which 
 takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the 
 lake Titeri, then turns to the W., and enters the 
 Mediterranean to the N. of Mustagam. In its 
 coarse it receives the Midroe, Harbeene, Toddah 
 or Silver River, the Archew, Mina, Warissa, and 
 Fagia. 
 
 Sheldon, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 32 m. N. Bur- 
 lington. Pop. 1,427; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 30 
 m.S, E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,731. 
 
 Shelter Island,a.n island and township in Suffolk 
 Co. N. Y. at the E. end of long Island. Pop. 330. 
 
 Sheltonborough, a village in Pittsylvania Co. Pa. 
 
 Shenandoah, a branch of the Potomac in Vir- 
 ginia, joining that river at Harper's Ferry where 
 the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge. See 
 Potomac. 
 
 Shenandoah, E. a county of the W. District of 
 Virginia. Pop. 8,327. 
 
 Shenandoah, IV. a county adjoining the above. 
 Pop. 11,423. Woodstock is the capital of both. 
 
 Shenan<ro, townships in Beaver, Crawford and 
 Mercer Cos. Pa. 
 
 Shepherdstown, p.v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 4 m. 
 from Harrisburg ; p.t. Jefferson Co. Va. 16 n*. 
 N. W. Harper's Ferry. A village in Belmont Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Shephcrdsvillc, p.v. Bullitt Co. Ken. 
 
 Sheperd's Isles, a cluster of islands, part of 
 the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific, to the S. of 
 Malicollo. Long. 268. 41. E., lat 26. 58. S. 
 
 Sheppcy, an island in Kent, Eng. at the 
 mouth of the Thames, separated from the main- 
 land by a branch of the Medway, called the E. 
 Swale. It yields plenty of corn, and feeds nu- 
 merous flocks of sheep. It contains the borough 
 of Queenborough, and the fort of Sheerness. 
 
 Shepton Mallet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 with a considerable manufacture of woolen cloth. 
 The town is seated under the Mendip Hills, 17 
 m. S. W. of Bath and 116 W. of London. 
 
 Sherborn, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of linen and silk. It was formerly 
 a bishop's see, and the parish church, which was 
 the cathedral, and in which are interred the Sax- 
 on kings Ethelbald and Ethelbert. is a magnifi- 
 cent pile of building. Formerly here were two 
 other churches, a castle, and an abbey, of which 
 scarcely a vestige remains. 116 m. W. by. S. 
 of London. 
 
 Sherbro, a fort of Guinea, seated at the mouth 
 of Sherbro River, which separates the country of 
 Sierra Leone from the Grain Coast. It belongs 
 to the English, and is 100 m. S E. of the mouth 
 of the river Sierra Leone. Long. 11. 0. W., lat. 
 7. 0. N. 
 
 Sherburn, a small town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 
 seated in a well cultivated and fertile district, 
 famous for its fine orchards. 184 m. N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Sherburne, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 21 m. S. 
 VV. Boston. Pop. 900 ; p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 2,574. a township of Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 
 452; p.v. Beaufort Dis. S. C. 
 
 Sherenzur, a town of European Turkey in Kur- 
 
 distan, the residence o e a nasha. 160 m. N. be 
 E. of Bagdad. 
 
 Skeriff-muir, a heath of Scotlano, in Perthshire 
 near Dumblane ; famous for a bloody, outindeci 
 sive battle in 1715, between the royal army u- 
 der the duke of Argyle, and the rebel forces under 
 the duke of Mar. 
 
 Sherman, a township of Fairfield Co. Conn. 
 Pop. 947. 
 
 Shersel, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Mascara, formerly of great importance. It has 
 said to have been anciently destroyed by an 
 earthquake, when the arsenal and many other 
 buildings were precipitated into the harbour, tha 
 ruins being still visible at low water. It is built 
 after the Moorish manner ; and is famous for its 
 pottery, and steel and iron manufactures. 60 
 m. VV. by. S. of Algier-- Long. 2. 48. E.. lat. 
 32.42. N. 
 
 Shcshequin, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Shetland, the several names of about 40 islands 
 besides a number of small holms or rocky islets 
 used only for pasturage, lying 100 m. N. N. E. 
 of Caithness-shire, in Scotland, between 59.56. 
 and 61. 11. N. lat. The names of the principal 
 are Mainland, Yell, Unst, Bressay, and Fula. 
 The description given of the largest, or Mainland 
 will give an idea of the others ; and the particu- 
 lars of the climate, inhabitants, &c, are much 
 the same as in the Orkneys. Shetland unites 
 with Orkney in forming one of the counties of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Shcvagunga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 25 m. N. W. of Brangalore. 
 
 Shibam, a city of Arabia, capital of the prov- 
 ince of Hadramaut, and the residence of a pow- 
 erful sheik. 300 m. E of Sana. Long. 49. 40. 
 E., lat. 15. 25. N. 
 
 Shields, North, a sea-port of Northumberland, 
 Eng. with considerable trade in coal and salt. 
 The town extends to Tynemouth on the E., and 
 many elegant detached mansions are erected in 
 the neighbourhood. It has wide and airy streets 
 in every direction, well paved, and lighted with 
 gas. This town, together with S. Shields, may 
 be deemed the port of Newcastle ; for the larg- 
 est vessels are stationed here to take in their la- 
 ding, which is brought down in barges and light- 
 ers. It is seated on the N. bank of the Tyne, 
 near its mouth, 6 m. E. by N. of Newcastle and 
 279 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 4. \V., lat. 
 54. 58. N. 
 
 Shields, South, a town in the county of Durham, 
 seated on the river Tyne, opposite N. Shields, 
 with which place it enjoys all the advantages of 
 trade and commerce in common with Newcastle, 
 It consists principally of one narrow street, two 
 m. in length, with an open square in the middle. 
 Many trading vessels are built here, and it has 
 several salt-works and glass-works. 22 m. N. N. 
 W. of Durham and 281 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Shieldsborough, p.v. Hancock Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Shiloah, p.v. Camden Co. N. C. 
 
 Shifnall, a town in Shropshire, Eng. It has a 
 handsome church, two meeting-houses, a gram- 
 mar school, a national school, and a subscription 
 library. 136 N. W. of London. 
 
 Shin, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the S. part of 
 Sutherlandshire, 15 m. long and 2 broac'. At its 
 S. E. extremity issues the rapid river Shin, which 
 flows into the head of the frith of Dornoch. 
 
 Shinntown, p.v. Harrison Co. Va. 
 
 Ship Island, an island in the Gulf of Mexico on 
 the coast of Mississppi opposite Biloxi Bay. 
 
SHR 
 
 676 
 
 S1A 
 
 Shippensourg, p.t. Cumberland Co. Pa. 21 m. 
 3 W. Carlisle. 
 
 Shippingport, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ken. on the 
 Ohio. 2 m. below Louisville. 
 
 Shipston, a town in a detached part of Worces- 
 tershire, Eng. surrounded by Warwickshire. 83 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Shiras, or Shirauz, a city of Persia, capital of 
 Farsistan, seated at the end of a spacious plain, 
 bounded on all sides by lofty mountains. It is 
 surrounded by a wall, 5 m. in circuit, with round 
 towers at the distance of 80 paces. The city is 
 built of brick, and adorned with many fine mos- 
 ques and noble edifices. Here are many good 
 bazaars and caravanseras ; also a manufacture of 
 swords. This city was the seat of government 
 under Kerim Khan, who erected many of the fine 
 buildings in and near this place. In its vicinity 
 are numerous summer-houses, with gardens ; and 
 the rich wines of Shiras are deemed the best in 
 all Persia. The tornbof the celebrated poet Hafiz 
 is in a large garden on the N. E. side of the city, 
 about 2 m. from the wall ; and at the foot of the 
 mountains, in :he same direction, is the tomb of 
 Sadi. J75 m. S. by E. of Ispahan. Long. 52. 
 40. E., lat. 29. 37. N. 
 
 Shirley, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 38 m. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 991 . 
 
 Shirvan, a province of Persia, forming the lar- 
 gest and most important division of the southern 
 Caucasus, bounded N. and E. by Georgia and 
 Daghestan, and S. by the Kur, which separates 
 it from Ghilan and Aderbijan. The soil in gen- 
 eral is fertile, producing corn, saffron, cotton, &c. 
 Schamachi and Baku are the chief towns. 
 Shoals, Isles of. See Isles of Shoals. 
 Shogle, a town of Syria, with an excellent cara- 
 vansera, seated on the Asi, 18 m. S. by E. of An- 
 tioch and 45 S. W. of Aleppo. 
 
 Shoomska, one of the Kurile islands, three 
 leagues S. of Cape Lopatka, in Kamtschatka. 
 Its inhabitants consist of a mixture of natives and 
 Kamtschadales. 
 
 Shooter's Hill, a village in Kent, Eng. situate 
 on a hill so called, which affords a very extensive 
 and delightful prospect. On the W. part of the 
 hill is a triangular tower, erected to commemorate 
 the reduction, in 1756, of Severndroog, a strong 
 fort in Hindoostan : it is called Severndroog 
 Castle, and contains some of the arms, ornaments, 
 <fcc, taken from the enemy. 8 m. E. S. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Shoreham, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is 
 commonly called New Shoreham, to distinguish 
 it from the Old, which lies near it, and is now of 
 little account. It stands on an arm of the sea, 
 into which vessels can enter with the tide ; and 
 many small vessels are built here. 19 m. W. N. 
 W. of Newhaven and 56 S. by W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 Shoreham, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 2,317. 
 Short Creek, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. 
 Pop. 2,185. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a borough and the capital of Shrop- 
 shire, Eng. It is seated on a peninsula formed 
 by the Severn, over which are two bridges; and 
 is surrounded by a wall, in which are three gates. 
 Here were formerly a castle and abbey, both now 
 in ruins. Shrewsbury is the chief mart for a 
 coarse kind of woolen cloth, made in Montgom- 
 eryshire, called Welsh Webs ; and for all sorts 
 of Welsh commodities, which are generally 
 bought in a rough state at Welshpool, and finish- 
 ed here. 154 N. W. of London. 
 
 Shrnosbury, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 10. S. E. Rut 
 land. Pop. 1,289; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6. m. 
 N. E. Worcester. Pop. 1,386; p.t. Monmouth 
 Co. N. J. 47 m. N. E. Trenton ; p.t. York Co. Pa. 
 a township of Lycoming Co. Pa ; p. v. Kenhawn 
 Co Va. 306 m. N. W. Richmond, 
 
 Shropshire, a count}' of England, 48 m. long 
 and forty broad; bounded N, by Cheshire and i 
 detached part of Flintshire, E. by Staffordshire. S. 
 E. by Worcestershire, S. by Herefordshire, S. W. 
 by Radnorshire, and W. by the countries of Mont- 
 gomery and Denbigh. It contains 850,000 acres, 
 is divided into 15 hundreds and 230 parishes, haa 
 17 market towns, and sends 12 members to parlia. 
 ment. The number of inhabitants in 1821 wns 
 206,153. The soil is generally fruitful, especially 
 in the N. and E. parts, which produce plenty of 
 wheat and barley; the S. and W., being moun- 
 tainous, are less fertile, but yield sufficient pas- 
 ture for sheep and cattle. This county abounds 
 with lead, copper, iron, limestone, free-stone, 
 pipe-clay, bitumen, and coal; it has also souk- 
 salt-springs, numerous iron-works, and manufac- 
 tures of porcelain and flannel. The principal 
 rivers are the Severn and the Teme The capi- 
 tal is Shrewsbury. 
 
 Shumla, a strong town of European Turkey. 
 in Bulgaria. It commands the pass over the 
 mountains, and is 120 rn. N. N. W. of Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Slivsa, a town of European Russia, capital of 
 the province of Karabegh, with 2,000 inhabitants, 
 500 of whom are Armenians, and the remainder 
 Tartars. 225 m. S E. of Tifiis. 
 
 Shuster, a city of Persia, capital of Kusistan, 
 with a considerable manufacture of woolen stuffs 
 which are exported to Bassorah in return for In- 
 dian commodities. The streets are narrow and 
 dirty, but the houses are good, and it contains 
 ruins which testify it to have been formerly of 
 great extent and magnificence. Its present popu- 
 lation is estimated at 15,000, P- rsians and A- 
 rabs. It is situate at the foot of a range of 
 mountains, on an eminence which overlooks the 
 rapid source of the Karoon. Lon?. 49. 2. E.. hit. 
 32. 5. N. 
 
 Shvtesbury, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 82 m W. 
 Boston. Pop. 987. 
 
 Siam, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. K 
 by that of Laos, E. by Cochin-China and Cambo- 
 dia, S. by a gulf of its name, and W. by the bay 
 of Bengal. It is 550 miles in length and 250 in 
 brpadth, though in some places not above 50. 
 and is divided into the Higher and Lower. The 
 country is level, and in the rainy season is over- 
 flowed ; for which reason most of the houses are 
 built on pillars, and they have no communication 
 for some months but by boats. The soil produces 
 plenty of rice, cotton, and a variety of fruits dif- 
 ferent from those of Europe. Many authors have 
 extalled it as the finest and richest, country in the 
 world. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, and 
 copper; and plenty of pepper, aloes, benzoin, 
 and musk. Wild animals roam in the woods, as 
 elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and tygers. — 
 The inhabitants have large foreheads, little noses, 
 plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. The men 
 are of an olive complexion, with little beards , 
 but the women are of a straw complexion, and 
 some have their cheeks a little red. Both sexes 
 go bare headed, and almost naked, except the 
 wealthy, who wear rich garments for ostentation 
 The king shows himself but once a year to the 
 people. He is the proprietor of all the lands ir 
 
SIB 
 
 677 
 
 SIC 
 
 ifie country, and no one can buy any merchan- 
 dize nil he has first had the choice of them. He 
 generally keeps a numerous army, besides 3,000 
 elephants, and can take 25,000 men into the field. 
 The mandarins, that is, the principal men who 
 ii lily attend the palace, are 3,000 in number, and 
 are whipped very severely with split rattans for 
 the least fault. The temples and priests are very 
 numerous; the latter are distinguished from the 
 laity by an orange-coloured garment, and by 
 keeping their heads, beards, and eye-brows close 
 s:i ived. They have schools for the education of 
 their children, and scarcely any are found among 
 •hem who cannot read and write. This country 
 has been much oppressed by the Birmans, to 
 whom the king of Siarn, after a long and destruc- 
 tive war, ceded the W. maritime towns on the 
 Bay of Bengal, in 1793. 
 
 The Cassowary, one of the largest birds in the 
 world, is found here. Their tame cattle are 
 oeeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of which they have 
 plenty about their farms. There are large and 
 dangerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 feet long. 
 
 Slam, or Juthia, a city, the capital of the above 
 kingdom. It contains a great number of tem- 
 ples, convents, chapels, columns and other deco- 
 rations. The king's palace, and some others, 
 differ from the common habitations by occupying 
 a more extensive space, being better constructed, 
 and of a greater height, but they never exceed 
 one floor. The Dutch have a factory here, and 
 merchants from different countries come here to 
 trade. In 17(56 this city was taken by the Bir- 
 mans. It is situate on an island in the river 
 Menan, 50 m. N. of its mouth in the gulph of 
 Siam and 360 S. E. of Pegu. Long 100. 50. 
 E., lat. 14. 18. N. 
 
 Siang-yang, a city of China, of the fiist class, 
 in the province of Hou-quang, on the river Han, 
 5.W m. S. S. VV. of Pekin. Long. 111. 40. E., 
 ..it. 32. 5. N. 
 
 Siara, a province of Brazil, lying between those 
 of Maragnon and Petaguel. The capital, of the 
 .same name, has a fort on a mountain, near the 
 mouth of the river Siara. Long. 39. 35. W., lat. 
 3. 30. S. 
 
 Siaskoi, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Petersburg, near the lake Ladoga, 24 m. N. E. of 
 New Ladoga. Long. 30. 47. E., lat. 60 16. N. 
 
 Siberia, a large country, comprehending the 
 northern part of the Russian empire in Asia. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by 
 Great Tarlary, W. by European Russia, and N. 
 by the Frozen Ocean. It extends 3,500 m. in 
 length from E. to W. and 1 ,200 in breadth from 
 N. to S. The S. part, produces all the necessa- 
 ries of life, but tha N. is extremely cold, almost 
 
 uncultivated, and thin of people. The principa. 
 riches of this country consist of fine skins and 
 furs Here is found the Sable a small animal 
 
 furnishing one of the most valuable furs in the 
 world. There are also rich mines of iron and 
 copper, and several kinds of precious stories, par- 
 ticularly topazes of a beautiful lustre, magnets of 
 an extraordinary size, and even whole mountains 
 of loadstone. The inhabitants are of throe sorts 
 Pagans, or the natives of the country, Mahome 
 tans, and Russians. The former dwell in forests 
 in the winter, and in the summer on the banks, 
 of rivers. Their garments are the skins of wild 
 beasts. All their riches are comprised in their 
 bows, arrows, a knife, and a kettle. They make 
 use of reindeer and dogs, instead of horses to 
 draw their sledges ; and live in huts, which they 
 remove from place to place. Those in the south- 
 ern parts are somewhat more civilized. They 
 have horses with which they go a hunting, and 
 their houses, though poor, are not shifted from 
 place to place. The Russians settled here are 
 much the same as in their native country. It is 
 through this vast tract of land that the Russian 
 caravans travel every year, when they carry their 
 merchandize to China. The principal rivers are 
 the Oby, Lena, Irtish, Yenisei, and Okota. The 
 western part of Siberia is comprised in the Rus- 
 sian government of Tobolsk, and is divided into 
 the circles of Tobolsk Proper, Tomsk, Yeniceysk, 
 and Koly van ; all the eastern part is contained in 
 the government of Irkutsk, and divided into the 
 circles of Irkutsk Proper, Nertschink, Yakoutsk, 
 and Okhotsk, which la^-t includes Kamtschatka 
 and the islands. Siberia is the place to which 
 criminals, as well as persons under the displeasure 
 of the court, are commonly banished from Russia. 
 Christianity has at present made little progress 
 in this country, though considerable efforts have 
 of late years been made by the Russian govern- 
 ment as well as by the British Missionary Socie- 
 ties. Tobolsk is the capital and the residence of 
 the viceroy. 
 
 Sicul, a town of Mexico, on the N coast of Yu 
 catan, 70 m N. W. of Merida. Long. 90. 30. W., 
 lat. 39. 30. N. 
 
 Sicliern, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra 
 bant, to the S. of which is a celebrated monastery 
 It is seated on the Demer, 18 m. E. of Mechlin. 
 Sicily, an island of the Mediterranean Sea, about 
 165 m. long and 112 broad. Its form is that of a 
 triangle, terminating in three capes. Sicily is 
 separated from the kingdom of Naples by a narrow 
 strait, called the Faro ; but, as Messina is situated 
 on it, it is called the Faro of Messina. The two 
 kingdoms of Naples and Sicily have nearly the 
 same climate, and the productions are much the 
 same, hut Sicily abounds much more in corn, par- 
 ticularly in the valleys of Noto and Mazara. 
 The valley of Dernona has more forests and fruit 
 trees than the two others. The three great di- 
 visions of Sicily are named from those valleys ; 
 but since 1815 it has been divided into seven in- 
 tendancies ; viz., Palermo, Messina, Catania 
 Girgenti, Syracuse, Trapani, and Calatanissetta. 
 The chief towns in the Val di Mazara are, Paler 
 mo, Marsala, Trapani, Termini, and Mazara; in 
 3 l2 
 
SID 
 
 073 
 
 SIE 
 
 the VsJ di Noto, Modica, Ragusa, Nolo, Syracuse, 
 and Castro Giovanni ; in the Val di Demona, 
 Messina, Catania, and Nicosia. This country 
 produces corn, wine, oil, silk, excellent fruits, 
 and almost every necessary of life in wonderful 
 ahnndance. The only manufacturing' establish- 
 ments of extent are Palermo, Messina, and Cata- 
 nia; they consist of silk, cotton, and linen, and 
 some woolens, though the wool of the island is of 
 indifferent quality : to which we may add a few 
 articles, such as hats, cutlery, harness, carriages, 
 and household furniture, made at the principal 
 towns. The commerce of Sicily is comparatively 
 trifling, though from the variety of its products, 
 the excellence of several of its harbours, and the 
 general safety of its coast for navigation, it might, 
 under an enlightened government, become very 
 extensive. In the darkness of their complexion, 
 and the indolence of their habits, the Sicilians 
 resemble the Italians and Spaniards; and educa- 
 tion is in a very backward state, but the new plan 
 of teaching (of Bell and Lancaster) is beginning 
 to be employed with some success. The religion 
 is the Catholic ; and the number of ecclesiastics 
 is said to amount to 70,000, exclusive of the 
 monks and nuns. The assembly long dignified 
 with the name of parliament was, until 1810, 
 merely a feudal institution, possessing hardly any 
 marks of the elective franchise. 
 
 Sicily was successively occupied by the Pheni- 
 cians, the Carthaginians, and Romans. In the 
 8th and 9th centuries it was conquered by the Sa- 
 racens, who retained possession of the island 
 about 200 years. They gave way to the Nor- 
 mans who, attracted to Sicily on their progress to 
 the crusades, made the conquest of the island in 
 the 11th century. It passed successively into the 
 possession of France, Germany, and Spain. By 
 the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, it was given to the 
 duke of Savoy, with the title of king; but in 
 1720 the Austrians prevailed on the new possessor 
 of Sicily to exchange it for Sardinia, and added 
 the former to the kingdom of Naples. The war 
 carried on by France and Spain against Austria, 
 in 1734, transfered other crowns of Naples to a 
 branch of the royal family of Spain, in whose 
 hands it remained until the progress of the French 
 revolutionists, in 1799, led to the expulsion 
 of the royal family from Naples. They took 
 refuge in Sicily, where they remained till 1815, 
 when the overthrow of Murat, by the Aus- 
 trians, led to the restoration of the former family 
 to the throne of Naples, which they continue to 
 possess. In 1820 the Sicilians made an attempt 
 to establish a free government, but the country 
 was invaded by the Austrians, and the king re- 
 established in all his former absolute authority. 
 Palermo is the capital. 
 
 Siclos, a town of Hungary, with a castle on a 
 mountain, in \\ hich the emperor Sigismund was 
 imprisoned. 12 m. S. of Funfkirchen. 
 
 Sidaye, a strong town on the N. coast of the is- 
 JandofJava with a harbour. Long. 113.15. E. 
 lat. 6. 40. S 
 
 Siddonsburg p. v. York Co. Pa. 32. in. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Sideling Hilts, a range of eminences in Bedford 
 Co. Pa. extending from N. W. to S. E. 
 
 Siderocapso, a town of Macedonia, famous for a 
 gold mine in its neighbourhood. 5 m. from the 
 gulf of Contessa, and 40. E. S. E. of Salonichi. 
 
 Sidmouth, a town in Devonshire. Eng. It is 
 much frequented in the bathing season, and was 
 formerly a sea-port, but its harbour is now choked 
 
 up. It is seated on the English Channel, 158 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Sidneij, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken- 
 nebec, 8 m. above Augusta. Pop. 2,191 ; p.t. Del- 
 aware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,410; p.t. Shelby Co. Ohio. 
 80 m. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 248. 
 
 Sidra, a spacious gulf of the Mediterranean, on 
 the coast of Tripoli, anciently called Syrtis. 
 
 Siedenberg, a town of Hanover, in the county 
 of Hoya, 9 m. S. W. of Hoya. 
 
 Siegbcrg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the duchy of Berg, on the river Seig. 15 m. S. E 
 of Cologne. 
 
 Siegen, a town and castle of Prussian W< stpna- 
 lia, formerly the capital of a principality belong- 
 ing to the house of Nassau. In the neighbour- 
 hood are iron mines, forges and founderies. It is 
 seated on the Sieg, 24 m. N. W. of Wetzlar 
 Long. 8. 12. E., lat. 50. 47. N. 
 
 Sienna, or Siennese, a province of the grand 
 duchy of Tuscany, bounded by the Florentine and 
 the territory of Pisa. The soil is pretty fertile, 
 especially in mulberry trees, which feed a great 
 number of silk worms, and there are several min- 
 eral springs. It is 62 m. long and nearly the 
 same broad, and has an area of 3,000 square m. 
 with 190,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Sienna, a city of Tuscany, capital of the forego- 
 ing province, and an archbishop's see, with a 
 university and a citadel. It is surrounded by a 
 wall, above 4 m. in circumference. The Gothic 
 metropolitan church is built with black and white 
 marble, and the pavement is of Mosaic work. 
 Sienna is not very populous ; but is adorned with 
 a oreat number of palaces, fountains, and superb 
 churches. The great area is round, and the 
 houses about it are of the same height, supported 
 by piazzas, under which people may walk in all 
 weathers. The Italian language is spoken in Si- 
 enna in its greatest purity. It is seated on three 
 eminences, 26 m. S. of Florence and 120 N. N. W. 
 of Rome. Long. 11. 11. E., lat. 43. 24. N. 
 
 Sierk, a town of France, department of Moselle, 
 near the river Moselle, 10 m. N. N. E. of Thion- 
 ville. 
 
 Sierra Leone, a country of Africa, in the W. part 
 of Guinea, so named from being mountainous, and 
 the mountains abounding in lions. It is situated 
 on the Atlantic, and is distingnished for the colo- 
 ny formed there by the British nation, from mo- 
 tives of generosity and philanthropy. This coun- 
 try is traversed by a considerable river, derived 
 from an unknown source in the interior, called the 
 Mitomba or Sierra Leone. Its limits are from the 
 Grain coast on the S. E., to Cape Verga on the 
 N. W. ; that is. between 7. and 10. N. lat. In the 
 open and plain districts. on the banks of the river, 
 the heat of the sun, before any breeze arises, is al- 
 most in tolerable ; but a refreshing gale constantly 
 springs up about noon, which renders the country 
 supportable. The wet season, from May to Oc- 
 tober, is ushered in and terminated by stormy 
 weather. The whole tract, on each side the river, 
 is rich in rice and millet, which is the chief sus- 
 tenance of the inhabitants ; and, upon the whole, 
 it is one of the best countries on the coast. The 
 natives are in general of mild external manners, 
 and noted for their hospitality ; but they possess 
 a great share of pride, and are easily affected by 
 an insult. Of all the tribes, those who have em- 
 braced Mahomedism are the most civilized and 
 respectable ; and tnose on the coast, from their 
 intercourse with the European slave-factors, are 
 much inferior in eve-y thing, except the art ot 
 
SIL 
 
 679 
 
 SIL 
 
 making a bargain, to those who reside higher up 
 the country. In 1791 an act of parliament was 
 obtained, incorporating a coxipany, called the 
 Sierra Leone Company, for the purpose of culti- 
 vating W. India and other tropical productions on 
 the banks of the river. The first settlers amounted 
 to 200 white persons, besides a number of free 
 blacks from Nova Scotia. In 1793 the colonists 
 were all put into possession of small lots of land, 
 and a new town, on a regular and extended scale, 
 was begun to be built. The next year a French 
 squadron destroyed the settlement, and captured 
 several of the company's ships : from this disaster 
 they recovered ; and a factory was established 
 in the Rio Pongos, in 1795. The colony, how- 
 ever, still continued to languish, and, in 18H8, it 
 was transferred from the company to his majesty. 
 It was soon after placed under the management 
 of the African Institution, and, notwithstanding 
 all its disadvantages, the colony has been rapidly 
 advancing in prosperity, and the population is 
 continually augmenting by the capture of negroes, 
 on their way to the W. Indies, by vessels em- 
 ployed to put a stop to the slave trade. The num- 
 ber landed in 1824 was 1,530, in 1825,2,337, in 1826 
 2.727, and in 1827, 2,857. The whole population 
 of the liberated Africans in the villages in 1828 
 (exclusive of 2,562 persons resident in Freetown, 
 or employed at the timber factories) was 15,004. 
 Independently of Freetown but including the Isles 
 de Los and Freetown, the number of settlements 
 now amounts to 14, of which Regent and Welling- 
 ton are the richest and most populous. The in- 
 habitants are by no means wanting in industry 
 The markets of Freetown are supplied with fruits 
 and vegetables, almost exclusively by the moun- 
 tain villages, and from 80 to 100 persons are to be 
 seen daily on the hill leading to Gloucester 
 Town with the produce of their own farms and 
 gardens. The Church and Wesleyan Missionary 
 Societies are aiding by their efforts in promoting 
 the happiness and prosperity of the colony; educa- 
 tion is rapidly extending, and numbers of degraded 
 negroes are rising into respectability and even 
 wealth. Freetown is the capital. 
 
 Siena Morcna, mountains of Spain, diving An- 
 dalusia from Estremadura and New Castile, ren- 
 dered famous by the wars of the Christians and 
 Mahometans, and for being the scene where Cer- 
 vantes has placed the most entertaining adven- 
 tures of his hero. 
 
 Sigilmessa. See Sugulmcssa. 
 
 Sigmaringen, a town of Germany, with a castle, 
 which gives name to a branch of the house of Ho- 
 henzollern. It is seated on the Danube, 18 m. 
 E. S.E. of Hohenzollern. 
 
 Signau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Bern, 12 m. S.E. of Bern. 
 
 Sipluna. a town of Sweden, in Upland, 10 m. 
 N. of Stockholm. 
 
 Sigitenza,a. town of Spain, in Guadalaxara,and 
 a bishop's see, with a castle, in which is an ar- 
 senal. It had formerly a university, consisting of 
 several colleges. The most considerable structure 
 is the cathedral. It is seated on a hill, at the foot 
 of Mount Atienca, 65 no. N. E. of Madrid. Loner. 
 2.51. W.,lat. 40.58. N. 
 
 Sihon, a river. See Sirr. 
 
 Silagutta, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 celebrated, for its kitchen-gardens. Coarse cot- 
 ton cloths are made here, and some tobacco grows 
 in the neighbourhood. 20 m. N. W. of Colar, and 
 32 N. E. of Bangalore. 
 
 Silberberg, a strong town of Prussian Silesia. It 
 
 had its name from a mine of lead and silver, tho 
 working of which has been discontinued, 11 m 
 N.N. E. of Glatz. 
 
 Silchesler, a village in Hampshire, Eng. once a 
 celebrated city. There are considerable remains 
 of its walls and ditches, enclosing an area of 80 
 acres ; and two military roads from the S. gate, 
 one to Winchester, and the other to Old Sarum 
 6 m. N. of Basingstoke. 
 
 Silesia, a province of the Prussian states, for- 
 merly belonging to the kingdom of Bohemia. It 
 is 200 m. long and 170 broad ; bounded on the N. 
 by Brandenburg, E. by Poland, S. by Moravia, 
 and W. by Bohemia, from which it is separated 
 by a long chain of mountains : the highest, called 
 Zotenburg, is in the principality of Schweidnitz. 
 There are mines of coal, lead, copper, and iron, 
 and quarries of various stones, besides antimony, 
 saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, agate, 
 jasper, and even some gems. The principal rivers 
 are the Oder, Bober, Neisse, Queis, and Oppa. 
 The chief manufacture is linen cloth, the annual 
 value of which has been estimated at upwards of 
 £1,500,000 sterling; there are also some woolen 
 manufactures, potteries, iron foundries, and glass- 
 houses. In this country are a great number of 
 cattle, large studs of horses, and plenty of game 
 in the woods ; also a few lynxes, bears, foxes 
 otters, and beavers. There are many lakes, full 
 of pike, carp, and other good fish ; also plenty of 
 bees, which produce much honey and wax 
 Wheat, maize, barley, oats, millet, and in some 
 places saffron, are cultivated ; but its wine is bad, 
 and chiefly used for vinegar. Silesia was for- 
 merly divided into Upper and Lower. The former 
 comprising the S. part, where the inhabitants are 
 generally Roman Catholics, and speak the Polish 
 language : in the latter, they are almost all Pro- 
 testants, and speak their mother tongue. The 
 county of Glatz, and a portion of Lusatia, are now- 
 annexed to this province, which forms a military 
 division along with Posen,and is divided into the 
 governments of Breslau, Liegnitz, Oppeln, and 
 Reichenbach. This country was ceded to the 
 king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslau. 
 In 1807 it was overrun by the French, but was re- 
 stored to Prussia at the peace of Tilsit. Breslau 
 is the capital. 
 
 Silltet, a town of Bengal, capital of a district of 
 the same name, seated on the Soorma, 120 m. N 
 E. of Dacca. 
 
 Silistria, or Dristra, a town of European Tur- 
 key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see, with a 
 citadel. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx 
 of the Missovo, 155 m. N. N. E. of Adrianople. 
 Long. 27. 6. E., lat. 44. 15. N. 
 
 Silkeburg, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 with a castle, 18 m. W. of Arhusen. 
 
 Silla, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, on 
 the right bank of the Niger, remarkable as the 
 place where Park was obliged to terminate his 
 first journey, after having penetrated 1,090 m. in 
 a direct, line E. from Cape Verd. It is 75 m. N 
 E. of Sego. 
 
 Sillabar, a sea-port on the W. coast of Sumatra, 
 with a good and safe harbour, 30 m. S. S. E. of 
 Bencoolen. Long. 102. 10. E., lat. 4. 0. S. 
 
 Sille le Guillaume, a town of France, depart 
 ment of Sarthe, 19 m. N. W. of Mans. 
 
 Sillec, a town of Bengal, seated on the Suban- 
 recka, 173 m. W. N. W. of Calcutta. 
 
 Silver Creek, a township of Green Co. Ohio. 
 
 Silver Lake, p. v. Genesee Co. N. Y. j p.t. Su« 
 quehanna Co. Pa. 
 
SIN 
 
 680 
 
 SIN 
 
 Sileis. a town of Portugal, in Algarve, on a 
 river of the same name, 35 m. W. N. W. of Ta- 
 virs. 
 
 Simancas, a town of Spain, in Valladolid, with a 
 strong castle, in which Philip II. ordered the 
 archives of the kingdom to be kept. It is situate 
 on the Douro, 10 m. S. W. of Valladolid and GO 
 N. E. of Salamanca. 
 
 Si.mbrisk, a government of Russia, formerly a 
 province of the kingdom of Kasan. It has an 
 area of 30,000 sq. m., with 850,000 inhabitants, 
 the greater part of whom profess the religion of 
 the Greek church. The capital, of the same name 
 is seated on the Volga, 100 m. S. by. W. of Ka- 
 Ban. Long. 48. 34. E., lat. 54. 22. N. 
 
 Simcoe, a lake of Upper Canada, communicat- 
 ing with Lake Huron. 
 
 Simi, the ancient Syme, an island in the Med- 
 iterranean, between the island of Rhodes and the 
 continent, in a bay of its name. It has a town, 
 cantaining about 2.000 houses, built near the sum- 
 mit of a hiorh rocky mountain, 12 m. N. W. of 
 Rhodes. Lo = ng. 27. 23. E., lat. 36. 35. N. 
 
 Simmern, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Lower Rhine ; seated on a river of the same name, 
 25 m. S. of Coblentz. 
 
 Simmonsvillc, p. v. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 100 m. 
 N. E. Columbus. 
 
 Simogay, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 district of Bednore, with a manufacture of coarse 
 cotton cloth. Tippo Sultan was defeated near 
 this place by the Mahrattas, aided by a detach- 
 ment of British, in 1790. It is seated on the Tun- 
 ga, 34 E. by N. of Nagara. 
 
 Simoiithurn, or Simuntornija, a town of Hunga- 
 ry, with a strong castle, taken from the Turks in 
 1086. It is seated on the Sarvita, 32 m. S. S. W. 
 of Buda. Long. 18. 52. E., lat. 46. 45. N. 
 
 Simplon, a mountain of the Alps between Swit- 
 zerland and Italy, through which a road was cut 
 by Napoleon. This stupendous and magnificent 
 works is 36 m. in length, and was completed in 
 1805; it consists in many places of galleries or 
 tunnels, cut though the solid rock of the moun- 
 tain. There are 22 bridges thrown over rivers 
 and torrents. The ascent of the road is so easy 
 that caVriages may pass its whole extent without 
 locking the wheels. The highest part of the 
 road is about 6,000 feet. 
 
 Simpson, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 6,099. 
 Franklin is the capital. 
 
 Simpsonville , p. v. Shelby Co. Ken.; p. v. 
 Montgomery Co. Maryl. 
 
 Simsbury, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 14 m. N. 
 W. Hartford. Pop. 2,221. 
 
 Simsonville, p. v. Laurens Dis. S. C. 
 
 Sinai, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, in penin- 
 sula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea. 
 The Mahometans hold it in great veneration; 
 and here the Greek Christians have a monastery, 
 surrounded by a high wall, and those who go in 
 and out are drawn up and let down in baskets. 
 Long. 34. 15. E., lat. 29. 2. N. 
 
 Sincapour, an island at the southern extremity 
 of the peninsula of Malaya, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by a narrow channel, and to the S. it gives 
 name to the narrow sea, called the strait of Sin- 
 capour. It has a town of the same name. Long. 
 103 15. E., lat. 1. 10. N. 
 
 Sindc, a river of Asia. See Indus. 
 
 Sindelfingen, a town of Germany, in the king- 
 dom of Wurtemberg, 10 in. S. S. W. of Stut- 
 gard 
 
 Sindy, or Sinde, a province of Hindoostan 
 
 bounded on the W. by Persia, N. by the terri- 
 tories of the king of Kandahar, N. E. by those of 
 the Seiks, E. by a sandy desert, and S. E. by 
 Cutch. It extends along the course of the In- 
 dus, from its mouth to the frontiers of Moultan, 
 300 m. ; and its breadth, in the widest part, is 
 160. In soil, and climate, and the general ap- 
 pearance of the surface, it resembles Egypt — the 
 country being an extended valley, confined on 
 one side by a ridge of mountains, and on the 
 other by a desert ; and the Indus, equal at east 
 to the Nile, winding through the midst of this 
 level valley, and enriching it by its annual inun- 
 dations. During great part of the S. W. mon- 
 soon, or at least in July, August, and part of 
 September (the rainy season in most other parts 
 of India) the atmosphere is here generally cloud- 
 ed ; but no rain falls, except near the sea. Ow 
 ing to this, and the neighbourhood of the sandy 
 deserts on the E. and on the N. W., the heats 
 are so violent, and the winds from those quarters 
 so pernicious, that the houses are contrived so 
 as to be occasionally ventilated by apertures on 
 the top, resembling the funnels of small chimneys. 
 When the hot winds prevail, the windows are 
 closely shut, excluding the hottest current of air, 
 and a cooler part descends into the house through 
 the funnels. By this means are also excluded 
 vast clouds of dust, the entrance of which would 
 alone be sufficient to render the houses uninhab- 
 itable. The roofs are composed of thick layer 
 of earth instead of terraces. Few countries ar? 
 more unwholesome to European constitutions, 
 particularly the lower part called the Delta. The 
 Hindoos, who were the original inhabitants of 
 Sindy, have been treated with great rigor by 
 the Mahometan governors, and vast numbers 
 have in consequence retired into other countries. 
 The inland parts of Sindy produce saltpetre, sal- 
 ammoniac, borax, bezoar, lapis-lazuli, and raw 
 silk. Here are manufactures of cotton and silk 
 of various kinds; and also of fine cabinets, inlaid 
 with ivory, and finely lacquered. Great quanti- 
 ties of butter are exported, which is clarified and 
 wrapt up in duppas, made of the hides of cattle. 
 Here are large beeves, fine sheep, and small har- 
 dy horses. The wild game are deer, hares, an- 
 telopes, and foxes, which are hunted with dogs ; 
 also leopards, and a small fierce creature called 
 a siahgosh. This province is now governed by 
 three chiefs, called ameers, tributary to the sul- 
 tan of Kandahar. The Bombay government sent 
 an embassy to the chiefs in 1808 ; and the E. In 
 dia Company have now a native agent, or ehar<r d' 
 affaires, residing at the fort of Hydrabad. 
 
 Sines, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on a cape 
 to which it gives name, 74 m. S. W. of Evora. 
 Long. 8.46. W., lat. 37. 58. N. 
 
 Sing, a strong town of Austrian Dalmatia, buili 
 by the Turks in opposition to Clissa, and taken 
 by the Venetians in 1686. 8 m. N. of Clissa, and 
 14 of Spalatro. 
 
 Sin-gan, a city of China, in the province of 
 Chen-si, and one the largest and most beautiful 
 in the empire. The walls are 12 m. in circuit, 
 nearly a square, and surrounded by a deep ditch ; 
 they are well fortified with towers and some of 
 the gates are very lofty and magnificent. It has 
 a great trade, especially in mules, which are bred 
 up in great numbers and sent to Pekin. Here is 
 a strong garrison of Tartars in a separate quarter 
 of the city, from which it is parted by a strong wall 
 540 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 108. 4. E.. lat. 
 35. 16. N 
 
SIO 
 
 081 
 
 SIS 
 
 SinsUief, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Simbirsk, situate on the Volga, 24 m. S. of Sim- 
 birsk. 
 
 Singor, a town in the peninsula of Malacca, 
 seated at the mouth of a small river, in the bay of 
 Patarii. Long. 101. 25. E., lat. 6. 4U. N. 
 
 Sing Sing, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. on tive 
 Hudson, 33 m. above New York. Here is the new 
 State Prison, a large edifice built of hewn granite. 
 Si/iigaglia, a strong seaport of Italy, in the 
 duchy of Urbino, with a castle and two harbours. 
 It is the see of a bishop, and contains several 
 Tne churches and convents, and a mint. An an- 
 nual fair is held here from the middle to the end 
 of July, frequented by merchants from distant 
 pirts. It stands at the mouth of Nigola, in the 
 u-ulf of Venice, 17 m. S. E. of Pesaro. Long. 13. 
 15. E., lat. 43. 43. N. 
 
 Sl-nlng, a city of China, of the second rank, in 
 the western extremity of the province of Chen-si. 
 It has a considerable trade with the Tibetians, 
 particularly in tea. 450 m. VV. N. VV. of Sin-gan. 
 Long. 101. 35. E., lat. 36. 45. N. 
 
 Sinking Spring, p.v. Highland Co. Ohio. 
 Sinob, or Sinope, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, 
 in Natolia, surrounded by walls and double ram- 
 parts ; but the castle is much neglected. Dioge- 
 nes the cynic philosopher was born here. It is 
 seated on the isthmus of a peninsula, in the Black 
 Sea. 280 m. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 55. 
 E., lat. 41.5. N. 
 
 Sioux, Indians, the most powerful tribe in N. 
 America. They consist of seven independent 
 bands, each under its own chief; but they are 
 united in a confederacy for the protection of their 
 territories, and send deputies to a general council 
 of chiefs and warriors, whenever the concerns of 
 the nation require it. They inhabit with trifling 
 exceptions all the country between the Mississipi 
 and Missouri rivers, south of N. lat. 40. Their 
 country includes als.) large tracts south of the Mis- 
 souri and east of the Mississippi. They are brave, 
 spirited, and generous, with proud notions of 
 their origin as a tribe, and their superiority as hun- 
 ters and warriors, and with a predominant passion 
 for war. Their number is stated by Pike at 21, 
 675, of whom 3,800 were warriors. 
 
 Sinlzlteim, a town of Baden, seated in a mo- 
 rass, 12 m. S. S. R. of Hiedelberg. 
 
 Sioti, a mountain of Palestine, on the S. side of 
 Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred history. 
 
 Sibil, or Sitten, a town of Switzerland, capital of 
 Valais, and an episcopal see. It is situate on the 
 river Sitten, near the Rhone, at the foot of three 
 insulated rocks, which rise immediately from the 
 plain. On the highest, called Tourbillon, is 
 the old deserted episcopal palace ; on the sec- 
 ond, denominated Valeria, are the remains of the 
 cathedral, and a few houses belonging to the can- 
 ons ; on Majoria, the third rock, stands the pres- 
 ent episcopal palace. Sion was formerly the cap- 
 ital of the Seduni, and some Roman inscriptions 
 still remain. 50 m. E. of Geneva. Lonir. 7. 22. 
 E., lat. 46 9. N. 
 
 Stout or Osiot, a town of Egypt, which has seve 
 eral mosques, and is the see of a Coptic bishop. 
 It is surrounded by fine gardens, and palm-trees 
 that bear the best dates in Egypt. Here are the 
 ruins of an amphitheatre and some sepulchres of 
 the Romans. This place is the rendezvous of those 
 who go in the caravan to Sennaar, in Nubia. It 
 stands on an artificial mount, 2 m. from the Nile, 
 and one 85 S. of Cairo. Lonor. 31. 24 E., lat. 27. 
 35. N 
 
 86 
 
 Siphanto. the ancient Siphnos, one the best cui 
 tivated islands of the Grecian Archipelago, situ 
 ate W. of Paros. It is 36 m. in circumference 
 and, though covered with marble and granite 
 produces corn sufficient for its inhabitants, alsc 
 olives, vines, figs, cotton, and excellent silk, but 
 not in any considerable quantity. The chief ar- 
 ticles of commerce are calicoes, straw hats, figs, 
 onions, honey, wax, oil, and capers. Long. 25. 
 15. E.j lat. 37.!). N. 
 
 Sir Charles Hardy's Island, an island in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, discovered by Captain Carteret in 
 1767. It is low, level, and covered with wood. 
 Long. 154. 20. E., lat. 4. 41. S. 
 
 •Sir Charles Saunders's Island, an island in the 
 S. Pacific, about 6 in. in extent from E. to W., 
 discovered by captain Wallis in 1767. The na- 
 tives then appeared to live in a wretched manner, 
 but the introduction of Christianity has since 
 produced the most surprising improvements. 
 See Society Isles. Long. 151. 4. W.,lat. 17. 28. S. 
 
 Siradia, a town of Prussian Poland, with a 
 strong castle. It is surrounded by a wall, and 
 seated in a plain, on the river Warta, 62 m. N. 
 E. of Breslau, and 105 N. W. of Cracow. Long. 
 18. 55. E., lat. 51. 32. N. 
 
 Siraf, a town of Persia, in the province of La- 
 ristan, situate on the Persian gulf, 30 m. S. W 
 of Lar. Long. 43. 23. E., lat. 35. 20. N. 
 
 Siravan, a town of Persia, in Kusistan, 48 m 
 N. N. E. of Suster. 
 
 Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, famous for 
 a manufacture of coarse cotton cloths. 40 m. W. 
 of Axum and 100 W. N. W. of Auzen. 
 
 Sir/iind, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a coun- 
 try of the same name, in the province of Dehli. 
 Procopius takes notice that in the time of Justin- 
 ian (the sixth century) silk was brought from 
 Serinda, a country in India. 175 m. N. W. of 
 Dehli. Long. 75. 35. E., lat. 30. 15. N. 
 
 Sirian, a sea-port of Pegu, frequented by the 
 French, English, and Dutch. It is seated on Pe- 
 gu River, 30 in. from its mouth, and 80 S. of Pe- 
 gu. Long. 96. 12. E., lat. 16. 32. N. 
 
 Sirius, an island in the S. Pacific, about 18 m. 
 in circuit, discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790. 
 Long. 162. 30. E., lat. 10. 52 S. 
 
 Sirmick, or Sirmium, a town of Sclavonia, and 
 a bishop's see; seated on the Bosworth, near the 
 Save, 42 m. S. E. of Essek. Long. 20. 19. E., 
 lat. 45. 13. N. 
 
 Siroicy, a town of Hindoostan, in a district of 
 the same name, in Agimere ; seated near the 
 Puddar, 70 m. S. W. of Agimere. Long. 74. 27. 
 E.,lat. 26. 1. N. 
 
 Sirpu, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in My- 
 sore, 14 m. N. of Sera and 37 S. E. of Chittel- 
 droog. 
 
 Sirr, or Sihon, a river of Independent Tartary 
 (the ancient Jaxartes), which issues from the 
 mountains of Imaus, or Belur, on the confines of 
 Cashgur, and, taking a N. W. course of about 
 550 m. enters the N. E. part of the lake Aral. It 
 formerly flowed to the Caspian Sea, but the Tar- 
 tars, to free themselves from pirates turned its 
 course. 
 
 Sisizan, a sea-port on the E. coast of Luconia, 
 one of the Philippine islands. It is situate almost 
 opposite Manilla and in the vicinity of very high 
 mountains, which render the air extremely moist. 
 Long. 123. 45. E., lat 14. 20. N. 
 
 Sissac, a town of Switzerland, in the canton ol 
 Basel, 17 m. S. E. of Basel. 
 
 Sissck, or Siszeg, a strong town of the Austrian 
 
SKE 
 
 682 
 
 SLA 
 
 states, in Croatia, situate on the Save, at the in- 
 flux of the Kulpa, 40 rn. E. of Carlstadt. Long. 
 16. 56. E., lat. 45. 33. N. 
 
 Sissopoli, a town of Romania, and an archbish- 
 op's see ; seated on a peninsula of the Black Sea, 
 25 m. S. of Mesembria Long. 28. 9. E., lat. 42. 
 30 N. 
 
 Sisteron, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Alps, with a citadel on ihe top of a rock, which 
 was the prison of Casimir V., king of Poland. It 
 is seated on the Durance, 45 m. N. E. of Aix and 
 407 S. E. of Paris. I ong. 5. 56. E., lat. 44. 12. N. 
 
 Sistrrvillc, p. v. Tyler Co. Va. on the Ohio. 
 
 Siston, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. It 
 has manufactures of brass and saltpetre. 7 m. E. 
 of Bristol. 
 
 Sistova, a town of Bulgaria, where a peace was 
 concluded between the Austrians and Turks in 
 1791. It is seated on the Danube, 25 m. E. of 
 Nicopoli. 
 
 Sitia, a town on the N. coast of the isle of Can- 
 dia, on a bay of the same name, 58 m. E. S. E. of 
 Candia. Long. 26. 20. E., lat. 35. 0. N. 
 
 Sittard, a town of Belgium in the province of 
 Limburg, seated near the Meuse, 12 rn. N. of 
 Maestricht. 
 
 Shtincrburn, a corporate town in Kent, Eng. 40 
 m. E. S. E. of London. 
 
 Sittivacca, a village of Ceylon, the chief place 
 of intercourse between the Candians and their 
 European neighbours, 28 m. E. of Colombo. 
 
 Sivas, a city of Asia Minor, and the see of a 
 bishop, with a castle. It is noted as the theatre 
 of the great contest between Timur and Bajazet, 
 in which the latter was finally defeated and taken 
 prisoner, 180 m. W. S. W. of Erzerum and 210 
 m. E. N. E. of Cogni. Long. 38. 40. E., lat. 38. 
 55. N. 
 
 Sivray, or Civray,a. town of France, department 
 of Vienne, seated on the Charente, 27 in. S. of 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Siery. a town of Belgium, in Hainault, with 
 2,500 inhabitants, 18 m. S. W. of Charleroi. 
 
 Siwah, a territory of Africa, on the confines of 
 Egypt and Barca, mentioned by the ancients un- 
 der the name of the Oasis of Ammon. The fer- 
 tile part is about 20 m. in circumference, contain- 
 ing several villages, besides the capital. It af- 
 fords abundance of vegetable productions, with 
 corn and oil; and is well supplied with water 
 from small streams, but none of them flow be- 
 yond its territory, being either evaporated before 
 they reach the surrounding desert or lost in the 
 sterile sand. The capital, of the same name, 
 contains the ruins of the celebrated temple of Ju- 
 piter Ammon ; and in the neighbourhood are 
 many catacombs, which were the burying places 
 of the ancient inhabitants. It is the theatre of 
 considerable trade, being situate on the great ca- 
 ravan route, 220 m E. of Auo-ila and 280 W. by 
 S. of Cairo. Long. 27. 10. E , lat. 29. 12. N. 
 
 Slcara, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, a 
 bishop's see, and formerly the capital of the king- 
 dom of Gothland. Il was totally destroyed by fire 
 in 1719. The ruins of several churches and con- 
 vents are still to be seen, and it has a college, a 
 Wotanical garden, a medical school, and a large ca- 
 thedral. It is seated on the Lida, on a morass, 77 
 m. N. E- of Gotheburg. Long. 14. 0. E., lat. 58. 
 1G. N. 
 
 Skeen, a town of Norway, in the government of 
 A^gerhuys, noted for its mines of iron and copper ; 
 seated near a lake, 26 tn. S. W. of Rongsburg. 
 
 Sfianeateles, a lake of Newyork in Onondaga, 
 
 Cayuga and Cortland Cos. It : s J5 m. long and 
 1 1-2 wide: it discharges its waters into L. Ontario. 
 
 Skaneateles, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on the 
 above lake. 152 m. W. Albany. 
 
 Skeensbor ought See Whitehall. 
 
 Skiddaw, a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. near 
 Keswick, above 3,000 feet in perpendicular height 
 from the surface of the lake Derwentwater, to the 
 N. of which it is situate. It is not difficult of ac- 
 cess, and is almost covered with grass, which grad- 
 ually grows coarser in the ascent. The whole top 
 is covered with a loose brown slaty stone. 
 
 Shilskuer a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Zealand, situate on a bay of the Great Belt, 52 m. 
 S. VV. of Copenhagen. Long. 11. 27 E., lat. 55. 
 16. N. 
 
 Skippack, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Skipton, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. The 
 river Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool canal pass 
 through the town, and near it are some cotton 
 works. It is seated in the midst of a rough moun- 
 tainous district, called Craven, well adabted to the 
 grazing and feeding of cattle. 211 rn. N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Skyc, an islsnd of Scotland, one of the largest 
 of the Hebrides, being 54 m. long and from 3 to 30 
 broad. The S. E. end is separated from Inver- 
 ness-shire (to which it belongs) by a channel call- 
 ed the Inner Sound ; in the narrowest part of 
 which, named the Kyle, cattle are made to swim 
 across. This side of the island swells gradually 
 from the shore, in a verdant slope, over which are 
 seen the naked hills of Strath ; and above these 
 rises the rugged top of Cullin or Cuchullin. To- 
 wards the S. W. are rude mountains, black and 
 red, as if discolored by fire; and on the E. a loner 
 extent of lofty hills. There is, notwithstanding, a 
 great portion of level ground, with excellent pas- 
 turage ; and it has numbers of deer and different 
 kinds of game. It abounds with limestone, mar- 
 ble, &c, but the basaltic columns, resembling the 
 Giants's Causeway in Ireland, are its greatest cu- 
 riosity. A cave in this island afforded an asylum, 
 in 1746, to the disappointed Pretender and his 
 faithful guide, for two nights. Many thousands 
 of beeves and sheep are annually exported hence. 
 Some small horses are bred, and a great quanity of 
 kelp is manufactured here. Portree is the princi- 
 pal town. The S. extremity is a peninsula, ter- 
 minating in a rugged promontory called the Point 
 of Slate. Long. 6. 12. W., lat. 57. 12. N. 
 
 Slagelse, a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Zealand, 45. m. W. S. W. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Slaguen, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated 
 on the Wipper, 10 m. E. by S. of Rugenwald. 
 
 Slaithwalte a village in W. Yorkskfre, Eng. on 
 the Huddersfield canal, with manufactures of the 
 various Manchester goods. 5 m. S. W. of Hud • 
 dersfield. 
 
 Slatersvi.lle, p. v. Providence Co. R. I. 12 m. N. 
 VV. Providence. Here are large manufactures of 
 cotton. 
 
 S'utcrvillc, p.v. Tompkins Co. N. Y. 
 
 Slatina . a town of European Turkey, in Wal- 
 achia, on the river Alaut, 50 m. VV. of Bucharest. 
 
 Slave coast, a name given to a maritime tract of 
 Guinea, between the Gold coast and Benin, com- 
 prehending the kingdoms of Ardra, Popo', and 
 Whidah. 
 
 Slave lake, a lake of N. America, 250, m. In 
 length from E. to W., and 60 to 100 in width. It 
 is full of wooded islands, and its outlet at the W 
 extremity, in long. 119. 30. W., lat. 61 30. N. 
 flows N. W. into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
SLU 
 
 SMO 
 
 Sleaford, JVejo,a town in Linco nshire,Eng. with 
 a market on Monday. It is a we. I built and flour- 
 ishing town, and contains a handsome Gothic 
 church, 1 13 m. N. of London. The hamlet of Old 
 Sleaford is about a mile distant. 
 
 Sleswick, a duchy of the Danish dominions, 
 bounded N. by Jutland, S. by Holstein, and E. and 
 W. by the sea. It is about 72 m. long and from 
 30 to 50 broad. Having no mountains, and few 
 elevations entitled to the name of hills, most parts 
 of it are fit for tillage. The products are wheat, 
 oarley, oats, rye. hemp, flax, &c. It has good 
 pasture, on which aie bred horses and horned cat- 
 tle. Woolen and linen are the chief manufac- 
 tures, which are carried on, not in collective es- 
 tablishments, but in the cottages of the manufac- 
 turers. Fishing forms a considerable occupation 
 on the coast ,as well as id the arms of the sea. 
 
 Sleswick, the capital of the foregoing duchy, 
 is a long irregular town. The houses are 
 chiefly of wood, and few are more than one sto- 
 ry high, but very neat. The inhabitants dress 
 like the Dutch ; and many of them speak their 
 tongue, though the usual languages are the Ger- 
 man and Danish. The buildings most worthy of 
 notice are the cathedal, with its altar and the 
 monuments of the princes, the five churches, the 
 town-house, the orphan-house, and the nunnery 
 of St. John. Near the city is the old ducal pal- 
 ace of Gottorp. Sleswick han manufactures of re- 
 fined sugar, earthenware, leather, and sail-cloth, 
 and is situate on the N. side of an arm of the 
 Baltic, called the Sley, GO m. N. W. of Lubec, 
 and 125 S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 9. 40. E., 
 kit. 54. 35. N. 
 
 S'ijro, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Connaught, 3!) miles long and nearly as 
 broad ; bounded on the E. by Leitrim, S. E. by 
 Roscommon, S. W. and W. by Mayo,and N. by the 
 Atlantic. It is divided into 39 parishes, con- 
 tains about 2t>9 square miles with 140,29 inhabi- 
 tants, and sends three members to parliament. 
 The soil is in general fertile, but rather boggy 
 towards the coa.it. 
 
 Sligo, a borough of Ireland, capital of the pre- 
 ceding county, and a place of considerable trade, 
 seated near the mouth of a river which flows 
 from Lough Gill into the bay of Sligo, 42 miles 
 N. by W. of Roscommon and 100 N. W. of Dub- 
 lin. Long. 9. 18. W., lat. 54. 15. N. 
 
 S'ippunj Rock, n township of Cutler Co. Pa. A 
 township of Mercer Co. Pa. both on a creek of 
 the same name. 
 
 Sloanvllle, p. v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 43 m. W. 
 Albany. 
 
 Slonim, a town of Rusian Lithuania, in the 
 government of Grodno, with a castle, seated on 
 the Sezraa, 40 miles S. VV. of Novogrodeck and 
 00 S. E. of Grodno. Long. 24. 57. E., lat. 53. 
 0. N. 
 
 Sloten. a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 Frieslund, seated on the rivulet Ee, which flows 
 into the Zuider Zee, 8 miles E. of Staveren, and 
 5>0 S.S. VV'. of Le warden. 
 
 Sluck, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov- 
 ernment of Minsk, with three Greek churches ; 
 seated on the river Sluck, 52 miles S. of Minsk. 
 Long. 27. 54. E., lat. 52. 30. N. 
 
 Sluys, a town of Belgium in Flanders, oppo- 
 site the island of Cadsand, with a good harbour. 
 It has its name from its fine sluices, by which 
 the whole country may be laid under water. It 
 was taken by the Spaniards in 1587, retaken by 
 the Du.ch in 1004, and taken by the Frenoh in 
 
 1794. 10 miles N. of Bruges. Lrng. £. 25. E., 
 lat. 51. 19. N. 
 
 Smaland, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 lying between the Baltic and the province of 
 Halland. Its area, is 7,750 square miles : its pop- 
 ulation 315,000. It is well watered, both by riv- 
 ers and lakes, but great part of it consists of 
 marshes, heaths, and barren rocks. In some 
 parts are immense forests of pine and fir ; and 
 the approach to the villages is announced by 
 groves of oak, beech, and birch, and numerous 
 plots of arable. Calinar is the capital. 
 
 Smalkalden, a town of Germany, in a district 
 of its name, belonging to Hssse-Cassel. It is 
 famous for the league entered into by the Luther- 
 ans, against the emperor, in 1531, to defend their 
 religion and liberties. It has a fine castle on a 
 mountain , and in the vicinity are sail-pits and 
 mines of iron. It stands on a river of the same 
 name, which flows into the VVerra, 25 miles S. W 
 of Erfurt and 50 of Hesse-Cassel. Long. 10. 47. 
 E., lat. 50 45. N. 
 
 Smithport,p.v. McKean Co. Pa. 204 m. N. W. 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Smith, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 21,492. 
 Carthage is the capital. A township of Washing- 
 ion Co. Pa. and Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Smith field, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. 9 m. N. 
 W. Providence. Pop. 3,994. Here are manu- 
 factures of cotton, paper, muskets, sithes, &c. 
 Within the limits of the town are quarries of 
 limestone and whetstone; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 2,030. Towns and villages in Bradford 
 Somerset, Favette, Northampton and Pike Cos. 
 Pa. Isle of "Wight Co. Va. Johnson Co. N. 
 C. Jefferson Co. Ohio and Hopkins and Leving- 
 ston Co. Ken. 
 
 Smith Grove, p. v. Warren Co Ken. 
 
 Smlthhorough, p. v. Tioga Co. N. Y. 
 
 Smithtown, p.t. Suffbrk Co. N. Y. on Long 
 Island. Pop. 1,080. 
 
 Smlthvlllc, a township of Chenango Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 1,829; p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 10. m. 
 from Sacketts Harbour ; p.v. Brunswick Co. N 
 C. near the mouth of Cape Fear River. 
 
 Smockcllle, p.v. Jefferson Co. Indiana. 
 
 Smolensk, a government of Russia, on the fron- 
 tiers of Lithuania. After having been an object 
 of contention, and reciprocally possessed by Po- 
 land and Russia, it was conquered by Alexay 
 Michaflovitch in 1054, and ceded to Russia by 
 the peace of Moscow in 1000. It contains an 
 area of 21,400 square miles with 1,050,000 inhab- 
 itants; and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. 
 Horses, black cattle, and sheep, are numerous. 
 The principal rivers are the Duna, Dnieper, 
 Desna, Soslia, Kasplia, and Viasma. 
 
 Smolensk, a city of Russia, capital of the 
 foregoing government, is situate on the Dnieper, 
 and extends over two mountains and the valley 
 between them. It is surrounded by walls 30 feet 
 high and 15 thick ; the lower part of stone, the 
 upper of brick, and their circumference 4 m. and 
 three quarters. The houses are mostly of wood 
 and only one story high, except a few, scattered 
 here and there, which are dignified with the title 
 of palaces. The city is divided, through its whole 
 length, by one straight paved street; the others 
 are circular, and floored with planks. The cath- 
 edral stands on an eminence, where there is a 
 view of the whole city. Notwithstanding its ex- 
 tent, it contains only about 13,000 inhabitants, and 
 has no considerable manufactures, but carries on 
 with Dantzic, Riga, and the Ukraine, a traffic in 
 
SNO 
 
 684 
 
 soc 
 
 linen hemp, honey, wax, leather, furs, &c. In 
 eil2 several severe engagements were fought in 
 the neighbourhood of this city between the 
 French and Russian armies, in one of which it 
 ►sustained a bombardment, which destroyed most 
 of the buildings, 197 m. N. E. of Novo-gorodeck 
 and 235W. S W. of Moscow. Long. 32. 14. E., 
 lat. 54. 50. 
 
 Smynhusen, a town of Denmark, in the duchy 
 ofHolstein, 16 m. VV. of Rendsburg. 
 
 Smt/rna, a sea-port of Asia Minor, and one of 
 the largest and richest cities of the Levant. The 
 goodness of the harbour has caused it to be rebuilt 
 several times after having been destroyed by 
 earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of merchants 
 from almost all parts of the world, and the mag- 
 azine of their merchandize. The population is 
 computed at 120,000 persons. The streets are 
 more open, better paved, and the houses better 
 built than in any other towns on the continent. 
 Thf street of the "Franks is the finest in Smyrna, 
 and lies all along the harbour. The imports from 
 England consist of woolen cloths, camlets, lead, 
 tin, and hardware ; these are exchanged for cot- 
 ton, coffee, mohair, drugs, gall, raisins, figs, &c. 
 The English and Dutch factors have protestant 
 chapels, and taverns are as open here as in Eu- 
 rope. The fortifications consist of a fort, a castle, 
 a mountain, and an old citadel. Smyrna is eight 
 days' journey from Constantinople " by land, fc 25 
 days from Aleppo by the caravans, six from Cog- 
 ni, seven from Cataya, and six from Satalia ; and 
 is seated at the head of a large bay, 190 m. S. S. 
 W. of Constantinople. Long-. 27. 7. E., lat. 33. 
 '28. N. 
 
 Smyrna, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 105 m. VV. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,897; p.v. Kent. Co Del. 12 m.S. 
 Dover. 
 Smythjield. p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. 
 Snaitk, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 175 m 
 N. by W. of London. 
 Saapsville, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. 
 Sneck or Snitz, a fortified town of Holland, in 
 Friesland, seated on a lake of the same name, in 
 marshy land, 12 m. S. S. W. ofLewarden. 
 
 Snccdshorough, p.t. Anson Co. N. C. 100 m. S. 
 W. Raleigh. 
 
 Sneirne, a town of Prussia in the province of 
 Irac, 57 m.W. N. W. of Amadan. 
 
 Sn.iatin, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the 
 river Pruth, 28 m. W. of Czemovvitz. Long. 22. 
 50. E.,l,it. 43. 33. N. 
 
 Snowden, a mountain of Wales, in the centre of 
 Caernarvonshire, and the most noted in the whole 
 region of the Welsh hills. It has several craggy 
 summits, deep dells, moors, and chasms; also 
 two lakes that abound with fish, particularly 
 the char and the guiniard. The height of this 
 mountain, from the quay of Caernarvon, to its 
 highest peak, is 3,658 feet. It was held sacred 
 by the ancient Britons as Parnassus was by the 
 Greeks. Pieces of lava, and groups of columnar 
 stones of vast size, have been found lying in all 
 directions on the summit of this mountain, which 
 commands a delightful and extensive view. In 
 a clear day, and when the mountain is free from 
 clouds, a part of Ireland, and of Scotland, the Isle 
 of Man, the mountains of Westmoreland and Cum- 
 oerland, parts of Lancashire and Cheshire, and 
 all N. Wales, the Irish and British seas, and a 
 vast number of lakes, may be seen from its sum- 
 mits. 
 
 Snow Hill, p.t Worcester Co. Maryland, on 
 Pocomoke River. 120 m. S Philad. It is a port 
 
 of entry and has considerable commerce ; p.v 
 Green Co. N. C. 96 m. S. E. Raleigh; p.v Clin- 
 ton Co. Ohio. 
 
 Soane, a river of Hindoostan, which issues from 
 a lake, en the S. confines of Allahabad, the same 
 that is the source of the Nerbudda, and, flowing 
 in an opposite direction to that river, enters the 
 Ganges, above Patna. 
 
 Soberntieim, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Lower Rhine; seated on the Nahe, 11 m. VV. 
 by S. of Creutznach. 
 
 Sibi/.slau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle ol 
 Becliin, with crood cloth manufacture, 12 m. E. 
 S. E. of Bechin. 
 
 Sabotha, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Buntzlau, 8 m. E. by N. of Jung Buntzlau. 
 
 Society /sles, islands in the S. Pacifie Ocean, 
 discovered by Cook in 1769, situate between 150. 
 57. and 152. 0. W. long., and 16. 10. and 16. 55. 
 S. lat. The)' are seven in number; namely Hu- 
 aine, Raiatea, Tahaa, Borabora, Maurua, Tubai, 
 and Sir C. Saunder's Island. The soil, produc- 
 tions, &c, are nearly the same as at Otaheite. 
 Nature has been equally bountiful in uncultivated 
 plenty, and the inhabitants are as luxurious and 
 as indolent. They are generally above the mid- 
 dle stature ; but their limbs are less muscular and 
 firm than those of the Sandwich islanders, whom 
 in many respects they resemble. Though more 
 robust than the Marquesans, they are inferior in 
 size and physical power to the New Zealanders. 
 In person they resemble the Friendly islanders as 
 much as any others in the Pacific. Their limbs are 
 well formed, and they are generally active in their 
 movements, graceful and stately in their gait, and 
 perfectly unembarassed in their address. They are 
 remarkably curious and inquisitive, and compared 
 with other Polynesian nations, may be said to 
 possess considerable ingenuity and mechanical 
 skill. Totally unacquainted, till recent!)', with 
 the use of letters, their minds could not be improv- 
 ed by any regular or continued culture ; yet the 
 distinguishing features of their civil polity — the 
 imposing nature, numerous observances, and di 
 versified ramifications of their mythology — the 
 legends of their gods — the historical songs of their 
 bards — the beautiful, figurative, and impassioned 
 eloquence sometimes displayed in their national 
 assemblies — and, above all, the copiousness, va- 
 riety, precision, and purity of their language, to- 
 gether with their extensive use of numbers — war- 
 ranted the conclusion that they possessed no con- 
 temptible mental compacities. Tiiis conclusion 
 has been abundantly confirmed since the estab- 
 lishment of schools and the introduction of letters. 
 Multitudes, who were upwards of 30 or 40 year3 
 of age when they commenced with the alphabet, 
 have in 12 months learned to read distinctly in 
 the New Testament, large portions of which, 
 some of them have in a short period committed to 
 memory. The missionaries, who for a longtime 
 laboured in these islands amidst discouragement 
 and disappointment, have at length witnessed the 
 complete abandonment of idolatry. Christiani- 
 ty is now universally professed, and the moral 
 character of the people has been raised by it to 
 a high degree of excellence. It it stated that in 
 1329 not fewer than 10,000 persons had learned 
 to read the Scriptures. 
 
 Society Land, a township of Hillsborough Co 
 N. H. 25 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 164. 
 Soconey, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 
 Soconusco, a province of Guatemala, 88 m. long 
 and nearly as many broad ; bounded on the N by 
 
toUH 
 
 685 
 
 SOL 
 
 Chiapa, E.by Guatemala, S. by the Pacific Ocean, 
 and W. by Guaxaca. The soil is not very fer- 
 tile, and, being sheltered from the N. winds by 
 high mountains, the air is exceedingly hot and 
 unhealthy. 
 
 Soconusco, or Guevetlan, the capital of the fore- 
 going province, is seated on a small river, near 
 the Pacific Ocean, 460 m. S. E. of Mexico. 
 
 Socotora, or Socotra, an island in the Indian 
 Ocean, lying about 45 leagues from cape Gardefan 
 on the coast of Africa. It is 80 m. long and 22 
 broad, abounds in fruit and cattle, and is particu- 
 larly noted for its fine aloes, known by the name 
 of Socotrine aloes. The natives are chiefly Ma- 
 hometans, and are governed by a king who de- 
 pends on Arabia. Tamara is the capital 
 
 Sudhurij, or Chipping Sodhury, a town in Glou- 
 cestershire, Eng. 110 m. W. of London. 
 
 Sodor, a village in the celebrated island of Icolm- 
 kill, one of the Hebrides of Scotland. It was 
 formerly a bishop's see, which comprehended all 
 the islands, together with the Isle of Man : the 
 bishop of Man is still called bishop of Sodor and 
 Man. 
 
 Sodus, p.t. in Ontario Co. N. Y. situate on the 
 S. side of Lake Ontario, on a bay 7 m. long and 
 3 broad, which forms an excellent harbour when 
 the rest of the lake is agitated by a storm. It is 80 
 m. E. of Niagara. Long. 77.5. W.,lat.43. 10. N. 
 
 Sueborg, a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Zealand, situate on an island in a fresh- water lake, 
 15 m. W. N. W. of Elsinore. 
 
 Soest, a large town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the government of Arensberg, with a good trade 
 in corn, 12 m. W. S. W. of Lipstadt, and 30 S. 
 £. of Munster. 
 
 Sofala, a kingdom on the E. coast of Africa, 
 bounded on the W. and N. by the states of Mo- 
 caranga, E. by the Mozambique Channel, and S. 
 by Sabia. It is about 150 in. along the coast, and 
 250 up the country. The country is wild and 
 thinly inhabited, but contains rich mines of fine 
 gold. 
 
 Sofala, the capital of the above kingdom, with 
 a fort built by the Portuguese, which is of great 
 importance for their trade to the E. Indies. It is 
 seated on a small island, near the mouth of the 
 Cuama. Long. 35. 40. E., lat. 20. 22. S. 
 
 Sofia, or Sophia, a city of European Turkey, 
 capital of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. The 
 trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are com- 
 puted at 70,000, but the houses are meanly built. 
 It is seated at the foot of the mountains of A rgen- 
 taro, on the river Bogana, 160 m. W. N. W. of 
 Adrianople. Long. 23. 52. E., lat. 43. 0. N. 
 
 Sqfroy, a town of the kingdom of Fez, noted 
 for a very handsome mosque. It is seated on a 
 hill, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, 
 iart of Mount Atlas, and between two rivers, 12 
 in. E. of Fez. 
 
 Sogjw, a town of Africa, capital of a province 
 of the same name, in the kingdom of Congo. 
 The inhabitants are said to be Christians, con- 
 verted by the Portuguese, and the Capuchins have 
 a church here. It is seated on the Zaire, near its 
 mouth, 160 m. W. S. W.of St. Salvador. Long. 
 11.55. E., lat. 6. 0. S. 
 
 Sohagepour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district in the province of Allahabad. 130 m. S. 
 of Allahabad. Long. 81. 52. E., lat. 23. 30. N. 
 
 Sokam, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. seated 
 on a fen of the same name, near Soham-mere, 
 which takes up 1,000 acres of land. 5 m. S. E. 
 of Ely and 70 N. by E. of London. 
 
 So/to, a village in Staffordshire, Eng. 2 m. N 
 W. of Birmingham. It was founded by Mr. Boul 
 ton, for the manufacture of every article common 
 to the Birmingham trade, the plated ware usually 
 made at Sheffield, and of elegant pieces of silver 
 both light and massive. Here also are made the 
 improved steam engines now adopted in nume- 
 rous concerns throughout the kingdom. In 17! '7 
 an apparatus for the coinage of copper was em- 
 ployed here by government; and the Bank of 
 England dollars were als^> stamped at this mint. 
 
 Soignies., a town of Belgium in Hainault, nr:ir 
 a forest of its name, on the river Senne. 8 m. N. 
 N. E. of Mons. 
 
 Soissonnois, a territory of France, in the Isle of 
 France, which, with that of Vermandois, now 
 forms the department of Aisne. It abounds in 
 corn, wood, and pastures. 
 
 Sois.tons, a city of France, in the department 
 of Aisne, anciently the capital of a kingdom of 
 its name. It is a bishop's see ; and the cathedral 
 has one of the most considerable chapters in the 
 kingdom. Here St. Louis, Philip the bold, and 
 Louis XIV., were crowned. The castle, though 
 ancient, is not that in which the kings of the. first 
 race resided. The inhabitants carry on manufac- 
 tures of coarse linen, stockings, thread, leather, 
 ropes, &c, and some trade in corn. Soissons 
 was repeatedly taken and retaken by the allied 
 and French armies in 1814, when the town sus- 
 tained considereble injury. It is sealed in a fer- 
 tile valley, on the river Aisne, 30 m. W. by N. of 
 Rheims and 60 N. E. of Paris. Long. 3, 19. E., 
 lat. 49. 23. N. 
 
 Solanto, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, 
 which gives name to a cape and bay on the N. 
 coast, 10 in. E. of Palermo. 
 
 Soldin, a town of Prussia, in the New Mark of 
 Brandenburg, of which it was formerly the capi- 
 tal. It has cloth and woolen manufactures, and 
 a trade in hops ; and stands on a lake of the same 
 name, 26 m. N. by E. of Custrin. Long. 15. 7. 
 E., lat. 53. 2. N. 
 
 Solcnof, a salt-water lake of Independent Tar- 
 tary, 80 m. long and 20 broad, lying- midway be- 
 tween the Caspian Sea and Lake Aral. 
 
 Solesbury, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Soleure, or Solothurn, a canton of Switzerland, 
 which stretches partly through the plain and 
 partly along the chains of the Jura, 36 m. in length 
 and 25 in breadth, and is very populous. The 
 soil, for the most part, is fertile in corn ; and the 
 districts within the Jura abound in excellent pas- 
 tures. In the mountainous parts are iron, lead, 
 alabaster, marble, and coal. The inhabitants arc 
 nearly all Roman Catholics. 
 
 Soleure, the capital of the above canton, is sur- 
 rounded by regular fortifications. The church of 
 St. Urs is a noble edifice of a whitish-gray stone, 
 drawn from the neighbouring quarries, which is 
 a species of rude marble. The arsenal, and the 
 town house (which has two towers) make a good 
 appearance. Soleure stands in a delightful plain, 
 on the river Aar, 18 in. N. of Bern and 30 S. S 
 W. of Basel. Long. 7. 30. E., lat. 47. 9. N. 
 
 Solfatara, or Logo di Bagni, a lake of Italy, in 
 Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly called 
 Lacus Albulus. In this lake are several floating 
 islands, formed of matted sedge and herbage, witli 
 a soil of dust and sand blown from the adjacent 
 ground, and glued together by the bitumen and 
 sulphur with which its waters are impregnated 
 Some of these islands are 15 yards long, and will 
 bear five or six people, who, by means of a pole 
 3 M 
 
SOL 
 
 68H 
 
 SOM 
 
 may move to different parts of the lake. From 
 this lake issues a whitish stream, which emits 
 vapor of a sulphureous smell, till it reaches the 
 Teverone. The water of this rivulet has a petri- 
 fying quality, which increases in strength the 
 further it has flowed from the lake. Fish are 
 found in the Teverone, both above and below 
 Tivoli, till it receives this lake; after which, dur- 
 ing the rest of its course to the Tiber, there are 
 none. 
 
 Solfatara, a mountain of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavoro, surrounded by other mountains, in the 
 form of an amphitheatre. It has a kind of cavity, 
 above a m. in diameter, which was no doubt the 
 crater of a volcano now extinct. The earth here 
 is warm and white ; and if opened to some depth 
 is insupportable from the heat and exhalations. 
 The ground is almost every where hollow, and is 
 supposed to have a subterraneous communication 
 with Mount Vesuvius. Hore are manufactures, 
 of sulphur, vitriol, and alum. 
 
 Soliman, a sea-port of Africa, in Tunis, 20 m. 
 E. S. E. of Tunis. 
 
 Solingen, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the 
 county of Berg, with manufactures of cutlery and 
 all kinds of iron work; seated near the Wipper, 
 15 m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Solkamsk, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Perin, famous for its salt-pits and good horses; 
 seated on the Ussolka, which flows into the Kama, 
 430. m. N. E. of Kasan. Long. 57. 26. E., lat. 
 59. 16. N. 
 
 Sollapour, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour, 
 capital of a district celebrated for mines of dia- 
 monds. It is seated near the Kistna, 130 m. S. 
 E. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 10. E., lat. 16. 23. N. 
 
 Solms, or Salms, a county of Germany, in Wet- 
 teravia, formerly a principality, but deprived of 
 that rank in 1815. It is subject in part to Hesse- 
 Darmstadt and in part to Prussia. The decayed 
 castle of Solms, the seat of the ancient counts, is 
 seated on a hill, 1 m. E. of Braunfels, the present 
 capital. 
 
 Solomon [stands. See Danger, Isles of. 
 
 Solomon Town, an Indian settlement in Ohio, 
 near the head of the Great Miami, 17 m. S. Fort 
 Mc Arthur. 
 
 Solon, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 
 18 m. above Norridgewock. Pop. 768; p.t. Cort- 
 land Co. N. Y. 132 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,033; 
 a township in Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Solor, an island of the E. Indies, 70 m. in cir- 
 cuit, to the S. of Celebes and W. of Flores. Long. 
 123. 53. E., lat. 9. 0. S. 
 
 Solre le Chateau, a town of France, department 
 of Nord, 7. m. S. E. of Maubeuge. 
 
 Solserina, a town of Italy, in the province of 
 Mantua, 17 m. N. W of Mantua. 
 
 Solsona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a 
 bishop's see ; seated at the foot of a mountain, 51 
 m. N. N. W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Solta.u, a town of Hanover, on the river Bohme, 
 28 m. N. N. W. of Zell. 
 
 Soltcamp, a town of the Netherlands, in Gron- 
 ingen, with a large fort, at the mouth of the river 
 Hunse which is called Groningen Deep, 17 m. 
 N. W. of Groningen. 
 
 So! way Frith, an arm of the sea, between Cum- 
 berland in England and Dumfriesshire and Kirk- 
 cudbrightshire in Scotland. It is navigable for 
 vessels of 100 tons within 6 m. of its extremity ; 
 and the fisheries, especially of salmon, are very 
 considerable At its head on the Cumberland 
 «idf, n°ar the river Esk, is Sol way Moss. This 
 
 was a level tract, above 2 m. long and 1 broad , 
 but, in 1771, being swoln by rains, it burst out 
 at the eastern extremity, and spread over a neigh- 
 bouring valley; by this means the surface of the 
 moss was reduced 24 feet, and sunk into its pres- 
 ent hollow form. 
 
 Sornbrere, one of the Nicobar Islands, in the In- 
 dian Ocean, 30 m. N. of Nicobar. It gives name 
 to a channel nearly in the middle of those is 
 lands. 
 
 Sombrero, a cluster of uninhabited islands in 
 the W. Indies, belonging to the English, '''in- 
 most remarkable of them is a league loner, and 
 consists of an eminence, to which the Spanish 
 discoverers, finding some resemblance to a hut, 
 gave the name of Sombrero. It is 80 m. N. \V. 
 of St. Christopher. Lon. 63. 37. W., lat. 18. 38. 
 N. 
 
 Somers, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 25 rn. N. E. 
 Hartford. Pop. 1,439; p.t. Westchester Co. N. 
 Y. Pop. 1997. A township of Buckingham Co. 
 L. C. 
 
 Somerset, a county of Maine. Pop. 35.778 
 Norridgewock is the capital. A county of New 
 Jersey, Pop 17,689. Somersville is the capital. 
 
 A county of the W. District of Pehsylvania. 
 Pop. 17,441. A county of Maryland. Pop. 29 
 155. Princess Anne is the capital. 
 
 Somerset, a township of Windham Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 245 ; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 42 m. S. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,024; p. v. Somerset and Washington 
 Cos. Pa. Perry, Belmont and Franklin Cos. Ohio 
 and Pulaski Co. Ken. 
 
 Somersets/tire, a county of England, 65 m. long 
 and 45 broad; bounded on the N. W. by the 
 Bristol Channel. The chief manufactures are 
 those of woolen, coarse linen, stockings, &c 
 Ilchester is usually considered the county town 
 
 Somerton, a town in Somersetshire, Eno-, ]3 in. 
 S. of Wells and 123 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Somersicorth, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the 
 Piscataqua 12 m. above Portsmouth. Pop. 3.090 
 Here are large manufactures of cotton and wool 
 en cloth and carpeting, employing a capital of 
 above 1,000,000 dollars. 
 
 Somerton, p. v. Nansemond Co. Va. 124 m. S. 
 E. Richmond. 
 
 Somermlle, p. v. Somerset Co. N. J. on the Rar- 
 itan, 16 m. above N. Brunswick ; p. v. Fauquier 
 Co. Va. 13 m. N. Richmond ; p. v. Fayette Co. 
 Pa; p. v. Morgan Co. Alab. 50 m. S. Huntsville. 
 
 Somma, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 with a castle. The vicinity annually produces 
 above 7,000 pounds of silk of the best quality. It 
 is seated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, 10 m. E. 
 of Naples. 
 
 Somme, a department of France, including part 
 of the ancient province of Picardy. Its extent is 
 about 2,400 square miles ; its population 500,000 
 nearly all Catholics. It takes its name from a 
 river which rises in the department of Aisne 
 flows by St. Quentin, Peronne, Amiens. Abbe- 
 ville, and St. Valery, and enters the English 
 Channel. Amiens is the capital. 
 
 Sommelsdyrk, a town of the Netherlands, in S. 
 Holland, chief place of the island of Overflacken, 
 5 m. E. S. E. of Helvoetsluys. 
 
 Sommcrfeld, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with 
 manufactures of fine cloths ; seated on the Lupa. 
 15m.S. S. W. of Crossen. 
 
 Sommieres, a town of France, department of 
 (lard, with a manufacture of thick serges ; seat- 
 ed on the Vidourle. 14 m. W. by S. of Nismes. 
 
 Somorrostro. a town of Spain, on the coast ot 
 
SOP 
 
 687 
 
 SOU 
 
 Biscay, with a famous iron mine. 14 m. N. W. 
 Bilbao. 
 
 Suncino, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Cre- 
 mona. 
 
 Sonderborg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island 
 of Alsen, with one of the best harbours in Den- 
 mark, and a royal palace, in which Christian If. 
 was confined as a prisoner for 13 years. It is 1G 
 m. E. N. E. of Flendsburg. Long. 9. 49. E., lat. 
 54. 57. N. 
 
 Sondcrshauscn, a town of German}', capital of 
 the lower county of Schwartzburg, with a fine 
 castle on a mountain. It is situate on the Wip- 
 per, 24 m. N. of Erfurt. 
 
 Sondrio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 district in the Valteline. It stands in a romantic 
 situation, at the extremity of a narrow valley, 
 and occupies both sides of the Malenco, a furious 
 torrent, which runs, into the Adda. 10 m. N. E. 
 of Morbegno and 14 S. W. of Tirano 
 
 Sonepour, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, 
 seated on the Mahanudda, 45 m. S. of Sumbul- 
 pour. 
 
 Song-kiting , a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Kiang-nan. It has a large 
 trade in cotton cloth, which is sent to different 
 parts of the empire, and is situate amid several 
 canals, near the sea, 5G0 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 
 
 120. 45. E..lat. 3!. 0. N. 
 
 Sonneberg, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen,with a great trade in looking-glasses, nails, 
 whet-stones, &c. 11 m. N. N. E. of Coburg. 
 
 Sonneberg, or Sonnenburg, a town of Prussia, 
 in the New Mark of Brandenburg, with a castle. 
 It stands on the Lenze, 9 m. E. of Custrin. 
 
 Simneioald, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, on 
 the river Dober, 12 m. S. W. of Luckau. 
 
 Sonora, a province of Mexico, on the E. side of 
 the gulf of California. It comprises an area of 
 19,143 square leagues, with about 123,000 inhab- 
 tants, and is divided into the district of Sonora, 
 Cinaloa, and Ostimury. Rich mines of gold were 
 discovered by the Spaniards, in 1771, in an ex- 
 pedition against some tribes of Indians. Arispe is 
 the capital. 
 
 Sooloo, a chain of islands in the Eastern Indian 
 Ocean, lying S. W. of Mindanao, almost midway 
 between that island and Borneo. They are said 
 to be GO in number, and are named from the prin- 
 cipal island, which is 3G m. long, and 12 broad, 
 and contains about GO ,000 inhabitants, who are 
 Mahometans. It is governed by a sultan, but 
 the legislative power resides in an assembly com- 
 posed of the sultan and 15 nobles, the former 
 having two votes. The situation of Sooloo ren- 
 ders it a great mart, particularly for pearls, siffo, 
 and edible birds'-nests. The chief town is Be- 
 war, on the N. W. part of the island, where the 
 English E. India Company have a resident Long. 
 
 121. 15. E ., lat. 5. 57. N. " 
 
 S/onda, or Sudfut, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca- 
 nara, capital of a district of its name. It was 
 formerly an extensive and populous place. The 
 space within the inner wall was 3 m. sq. and 
 fully occupied by houses. When Hyder took 
 possession, there still remained 10,000 houses; 
 but the subsequent wv.rs have reduced them un- 
 der 100. It is seated above the Ghauts, on the 
 Gangawali, GO m. N. by W. of Nagara and 75 N. 
 by S. of Kundapura. 
 
 Sophia, See. Sofia. 
 
 Sophiania, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, 
 seated in a valley, 25 m. N. W. of Tauris. 
 
 Sophienberg, a town of Denmark, in Zealand 
 
 with a royal palace, near the coast of the Sound, 
 13 m. N. of Copenhagen. 
 
 Sora, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 with a castle, seated on the Garigliano. 46 m. E 
 by S. of Rome. Long. 14. 4. E., lat. 41. 54. N. 
 
 Sorau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. E. of 
 Ratibor. 
 
 Sorau, a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with man- 
 ufactures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and linen, 
 8 m. W. of Sagan. 
 
 Sorbon, or Sorbonne, a village of France, in the 
 department of Ardennes, G m. N. of Rethel ; fa- 
 mous for being the birth-place of Robert Sorboiij 
 confessor to St. Louis, who founded the celebrat 
 ed college at Paris, called after his name. 
 
 Sorel, a river of Lower Canada, which issues 
 from Lake Champlain, and flows N. to the St 
 Lawrence, which it enters at the town of Wil- 
 liam Henry. 
 
 Sorento. a sea-port of Naples, in Principato 
 Citra, and an archbishop's see. It is the birth- 
 place of Torquato Tasso, and stands on a penin- 
 sula, in the hay of Naples, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain of its name, 17 m. S. by E. of Naples, Long. 
 14. 24. E., lat. 40. 36. N. 
 
 Soria, a province of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 bounded on the E. by Navarre and Arragon. Its 
 extent is about 4,300 sq. in. ; its population 200,- 
 000. The breeding of sheep forms the principal 
 object of attention, and there are a few manufac- 
 tures of linen, woolen, paper, and leather. 
 
 Soria, the capital of the foregoing province, 
 stands on the site of the ancient Numantia, near 
 the source of the Duero, 74 m. E. S. E. of Bur- 
 gos. Long. 2. 18. W. lat. 41. 50. N. 
 
 Soriano, a town of Naples, in Calabria, Ultra, 
 17 m. E. N. E. of Nicotera. 
 
 Saroe, a town of Denmark, in the island of 
 Zealand, with a royal college, endowed with the 
 revenues of a once rich convent. 37 m. W. S. W. 
 of Copenhagen. 
 
 Su&ila, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with 
 a large fort, 25 m. S. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Sospctto, a town of the Sardinian states, in the 
 county of Nice, with a trade in dried fruits, par- 
 ticularly figs ; seated at the foot of three high 
 mountains, on the river Bevera, 13 m. N. E. of 
 Nice. 
 
 Soul/ise, a town of France, department of Low- 
 er Charente, 23 m. W. N. W. of Saintes. 
 
 Souduk, a town of the Crimea, with the re- 
 mains of an old fort on a monutain close by the 
 shore. It, was formerly a considerable sea-port, 
 and stands at the end of a valley, which produ- 
 ces the best grapes and wine in the whole pen- 
 insula, 2G in. S. W. of Caffa. 
 
 Soudan. See JVegroland. 
 
 Souillac. a town of France, department of Lot, 
 seated on the Borese, 32 m. N. of Cahors. 
 
 Sound,, a strait between Sweden and Denmark, 
 through which ships usually sail from the Categat 
 into the Baltic. It is about 4 m. broad, and the 
 Danes take a toll of all merchant ships that pass 
 through the channel. See Elsinore. 
 
 Sour, a river of the Netherlands, which flows 
 from N. to S., through Luxemburg, and enters 
 the Moselle a little above Treves. 
 
 Sourabaya, a town of Java, capital of a district 
 of the same name, on the N. E. coast. It is sit- 
 uate within the narrow strait formed by the islands 
 of Java and Madura, and is defended by batteries 
 The houses are good, and some are elegant, par- 
 ticularly the country seats of private individuals 
 There is a fine arsenal with other extensive 
 
sou 
 
 633 
 
 sou 
 
 works, calculated for equipments on a very large 
 scale. Vessels also, with their various appoint- 
 ments, are built and equipped at Sourubaya. A 
 mint is likewise at work here, on a new silver 
 and copper coinage. The French, when in pos- 
 session of the island of Java, intended to have 
 erected Sourabaya into a port of consequence ; 
 large sums were expended in the construction of 
 works for the defence of the harbour, and General 
 Daendols was proceeding in his plans when the 
 island was taken by the British. It is seated on 
 a river which separates the European part of the 
 town from the Chinese and the native quarter. 
 Lo.tg. 112.55. E., lat. 7. 14. S. 
 
 Souri, a town of Persia, in Laristan, situate on 
 the Persian gulf. 115 tan S. W. of Ormus. Long. 
 55. 30. E., lat. 26. 13. N. 
 
 Soii-tcheon, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang-nan. It is so intersected 
 by canals of fresh water that Europeans compare 
 it to Venice. The country round it is almost un- 
 equalled in point of fertility, in consequence of 
 which the Chinese call this city the paradise of 
 the world. The brocades and embroideries made 
 here are esteemed throughout the whole empire. 
 The population is prodigous, and the commercial 
 intercourse with strangers so great that the trade 
 of all the provinces might be supposed to centre 
 here. It is seated on the grand canal, and on a 
 river which communicates with the lake Tai, 560 
 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 120. 0. E., lat. 31. 
 22. N. 
 
 Souterrainc, a town of France, department of 
 Creuse, 24 m. N. of Limoges. 
 
 South Sea. See Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Southam, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 82 m. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Southampton, a borough and county of itself, 
 and the county-town of Hampshire, Eng. It 
 stands between the Itchen and Test, which here 
 flow into an inlet of the sea, called Trissanlon 
 Bay, or Southampton Water. The inlet is navi- 
 gable almost to the head for vessels of considera- 
 ble burden, and the two rivers admit small craft 
 some way up the country. It was formerly a 
 port of great commerce, and still possesses con- 
 siderable trade, particularly with Guernsey and 
 Jersey. 74 m. W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Southend, a village in Essex, Eng. at the mouth 
 of the Thames, nearly opposite Sheerness, much 
 resorted to for sea-bathing, and containing hand- 
 some accomodation for the company. 44 m. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Soulhfl'-et, a village in Kent, Eng. 3 m. S. W. 
 of Gravesend. Some stone coffins, urns, &c, 
 have been dug up here, since the commencement 
 of the present century, which evince it to have 
 been a Roman station; probably the Vagniacca 
 of Antoninus. 
 
 Southtcark, a borough in Surrey, Eng. which 
 may be considered as part of the metropolis, being 
 seated on the opposite side of tire Thames, and 
 under the jurisdiction of the corporation of Lon- 
 don. It is called the Borough, by way of dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 Southwell, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. It 
 is an ancient place, enjoying several privileges dif- 
 ferent from the county, and has a collegiate 
 church. Here are the ruins of a grand palace, 
 demolished in the civil wars of the 17th century. 
 The principal trade is in malt and hops. 132 m. 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Southwold, a sea-port in Suffolk, Eng. Here a 
 much esteemed salt is made, and it has also a 
 
 trade in corn, beer, and herrings. It is sometimes, 
 called Sowle or Sole, and its bay is named Sole 
 bay. In this bay was the great sea-fight, in 1672, 
 between the Dutch admiral , De Ruyter, and 
 James, duke of York, in which the victory was> 
 undecided. 305 ni. S. E. of London. 
 
 South Amhoy, a township of Middlesex Co 
 N.J. 
 
 South Amenia, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 85 in 
 S. Albany. 
 
 Southampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 m. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,253; p.t. Suffolk N. Y. on 
 Long Island. Pop. 4,850; townships in Bucks, 
 Franklin, Cumberland and Bradford Cos. Pa. 
 
 Southampton, a county in the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia Pop. 16,073. Jerusalem is the capital. 
 
 South Buinbridge, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y . on 
 the Susquehannah 142 in. W. Albany. 
 
 South Berwick, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,577. 
 
 Southborough , p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 30 m 
 W Boston. Pop. 1,080. 
 
 South Branch, p. v. Hardy Co. Va. 
 
 Southbridgc, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. S 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,444. Here are large manufac- 
 tures of woolen. 
 
 Southbury p.t. New Haven Co. Conn, on the 
 Housatonic 40 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,557 
 
 South Carolina, one of the United States, 
 bounded N. by N. Carolina, E. by the Atlantic 
 S. and W. by Georgia, extending from 32. to 58. 
 N. lat and from 78. 24. to o3. 30. W. long. 20 J 
 in. in length and 125 in breadth and containing 
 3ll.0.~0 sq. m. It has no mountains except in the 
 north western extremity. It is traversed by the 
 great Pedee, Santee and Edisto rivers with their 
 numerous branches; the Savannah washes the 
 Southwestern limit of the State. The coast for 
 100 m. from the ocean, is covered with forests of 
 pitch pine, with swampy tracts here and there 
 Beyond this, is a parallel belt of territory, called 
 the Middle Country, consisting of low sand hills, 
 resembling the waves of an agitated sea. This 
 tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or 
 a few straggling pine trees, and sometimes a field 
 of maize or potatoes. The middle country is 
 bounded by another belt of land called the Ridge, 
 where the country rises by a steep and sudden el- 
 evation, and afterwards continues gradually to as- 
 cend. Beyond, the surface exhibits a beautiful al- 
 ternation of hill and dale interspersed with exten- 
 sive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. 
 
 The whole seacoast is low and level, and affords 
 hardly any good harbours. Towards the south it 
 is skirted by a range of islands, separated from 
 the main land by narrow channels, which afford 
 a steamboat navigation. These islands, like the 
 neighbouring continent are low and flat, but are 
 covered with forests of live oak, pine and palme* 
 
sou 
 
 689 
 
 SPA 
 
 loes. Before the cultivation of cotton, many of 
 them were the haunts of alligators, and their thick 
 woods and rank weeds rendered them impenetra- 
 ble to man. At present, they are under cultiva 
 tion, and well inhabited and as the voyager glides 
 bv their shores in a steamboat, he is enchanted 
 with the prospect of their lively verdure inter- 
 spersed with thick clumps of palmettoes, and flow- 
 ering groves of orange trees. The live oak which 
 is so"called on account of its being an evergreen, 
 is a noble tree with a trunk sometimes 12 feet girth; 
 its long branches are spread horizontally, and fes- 
 toons of moss hang from them almost sweeping 
 the ground. The laurel is here seen covered with 
 hri»e white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a 
 fool in circumference. The long sandy beaches, 
 which border these islands toward the sea, are cov- 
 ered with thousands of water fowl. Among the 
 j-irious tribes of birds which abound in this state 
 niiy be mentioned the turtle dove, or Carolina 
 
 pigeoi which in the summer is also found in all 
 puts of the United States. Its notes are re- 
 in lrkably plaintive. 
 
 The climate is hot, moist and unhealthy. In 
 summer the heat of the day continues with little 
 abatement through the night, and a comfortable 
 sleep is a blessing not always to be enjoyed. Fe- 
 vers, generated by the influence of a hot air upon 
 a moist soil, are common. The summer con- 
 tinues from 7 to S months, or from March to No- 
 vember. In winter there are often frosts which 
 kill the tender plants, and even the orange trees; 
 but they seldom continue longer than three or 
 four days, nor penetrate the earth deeper than two 
 inches. In the lower parts of the state there is 
 seldom any snow. In the northwestern part, the 
 land is mountainous, and the climate generally 
 salubrious, with a drier air, and a colder winter. 
 The soil along the banks of the rivers is fertile, 
 and in the northwestern parts the land is gene- 
 rally productive. In the neighbourhood of the 
 sea are extensive swamps. The only mineral 
 which the state affords is gold, which exists prob- 
 ably in large quantities, but there are not many 
 mines. 
 
 This state is divided into 29 Districts. The pop- 
 ulation is 581,458. of whom 315,665 are slaves. 
 Columbia is the seat of government, and Charles- 
 ton is the only large town in the state. There 
 is one large canal called the Santee canal, con- 
 necting the Santee and Cooper rivers, 22 m. in 
 length 35 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, completed 
 in 1802 ; and several smaller canals upon the 
 Wateree Broad and Saluda rivers. A railroad 
 has been commenced to extend from Charleston 
 to Hamburg, on the Savannah, opposite Augusta. 
 67 
 
 Cotton and rice occupy the chief attention of 
 the planters. Some tobacco is raised, and indigo 
 was once an important article of cultivation. 
 Wheat, maize and other grains thrive well, but 
 are so much neglected that supplies are sought in 
 the neighbouring states. The exports of cotton 
 from this state form an important item in the 
 national commerce, and amount to 200,000 or 250, 
 000 bales yearly. The export of rice is also 
 great. The commerce is carried on to a great 
 extent by northern vessels. The shipping of 
 South Carolina amounted in 1828 to 33,688 tons, 
 The imports for 1S29 were 1 ,139,618 dollars ; the 
 exports of domestic produce were 8,134,616 dol- 
 lars, total exports 8,175,586. 
 
 The legislature is called the General Assembly, 
 and consists of a Senate and House of Represent- 
 atives. The senators are chosen for four years, 
 according to the population and wealth of the dis- 
 tricts. The representatives are chosen for two 
 years, according to population. The Governor 
 is chosen by the legislature for two years 
 The qualifications for voting amount nearly to 
 universal suffrage. The clergy are ineligible 
 to any civil office. The expenses of the state 
 for 1829, were 315.370 dollars. The public debt 
 was 1,670,000 dollars. 
 
 The Baptists have 131 ministers ; the Metho- 
 dists 54; the Presbyterians 46; the Episcopa- 
 lians 34. There are colleges at Charleston and 
 Columbia. 
 
 South Carolina was first settled at Port Royal 
 in 1670, and was originally connected with North 
 Carolina. The two states were separated in 1729 
 The colonial form of government was preserved 
 after the revolution. The present constitution 
 was formed in 1790 but has been twice amended 
 since that period. 
 
 Southeast, p.t. Putnam Co. N. Y. 18 m. E. of 
 West Point. Pop. 2,042. 
 
 South Farms, p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 
 
 Southfidd, a township- of Richmond Co. N. Y. 
 on Staten Island. Pop. 975. 
 
 South Gate, p. v. Campbell Co. Ken. 81 m. N. 
 E. Frankfort. 
 
 South Hadley, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 
 1,135. 
 
 South Hero, p.t. Grand Isle Co. Vt. 12 m. S 
 W. Burlington. Pop. 717. 
 
 South Hill, p.v. Muhlenberg Co. Va. 
 
 Southington, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. S 
 W. Hartford. Pop. 1,844. A township of Trum 
 bull Co. Ohio. 
 
 South Kingston, p t. Washington Co. R. I. on 
 Narraganset Bay, 20 m. S. Providence. Pop. 3,663. 
 The legislature of Rhode Island meet every 
 second year at this place. 
 
 Southold, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island. 
 Pop. 2,900. 
 
 South Quay, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. 
 
 South Reading, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. M) 
 m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 1,310. 
 
 Southville, p.v. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 
 
 Southioick, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 110 m. S'„ 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,855. 
 
 Souto Major, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 14 
 m.N. W. of Piiihel. 
 
 Souvigny, a town of France, department of Al- 
 lier seated on the Quesne,10 m. W. by S. Moulins. 
 
 Sovano, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of 
 Tuscany, 45 m. N. N. W. of Rome. 
 
 Spa, a town of the Netherlands, in the province 
 of Liege, famous for its mineral waters. Thai 
 called the Old Spa consists of miserable cottages 
 3 Mfi 
 
SPA 
 
 690 
 
 SPA 
 
 and is properly nothing but the suburb to the oth- 
 er. The houses of the New Spa are mostly of 
 wood and plaster ; but the more modern ones are 
 of brick and stone. The church of the Capuchins, 
 and the parish church, are both seated upon emi- 
 nences. The names of the 5 principal wells are 
 Pouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotz, and 
 Tunelet. The inhabitants are employed in mak- 
 ing toys for strangers. Spa was taken by the 
 French in 1794, and afterwards annexed to 
 France ; but in 1814 they delivered it up to the al- 
 lies. It is seated in a valley, surrounded by moun- 
 tains, 17 m. S. E. of Liege. 
 
 Spain, a kingdom of Europe, 640 m. long and 
 500 broad ; bounded on the N. by the Bay of Bis- 
 cay, N. E. by the Pyrenees, which separate it 
 from France, E. and S. by the Mediterranean. S. 
 W. by the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal and the 
 Atlantic. It contains the provinces of Old and 
 New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estremadura, 
 Galicia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valencia, Bis- 
 cay, Asturias, Murcia, and Navarre, some of which 
 have been separate kingdoms and still retain the 
 title. The air is dry and serene, except during 
 the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the 
 southern provinces in June, July, and August. 
 The vast mountains, however, that run through 
 Spain are beneficial to the inhabitants by the re- 
 freshing breezes that come from them in the S. 
 parts ; though those in the N. and N. E. are in 
 the winter very cold. The soil is very fertile ; 
 but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground : 
 and the superior attention paid to the large flocks 
 of sheep greatly impedes the progress of agricul- 
 ture. The produce of the country consists in 
 wheat, barley, saffron, honey, silk, salt, saltpetre, 
 hemp, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the 
 richest and most delicious fruits that are to be 
 found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in 
 high esteem. Wolves are the chief beasts of 
 prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so 
 much ferocity that bull fights were the most mag- 
 nificent spectacle, the court of Spain could exhib- 
 it. The genet, an animal producing a perfume 
 similar to that of the civet, is found in this coun- 
 try. The domestic animals are horses (which are 
 remarkably swift), mules, asses, beeves, and 
 6heep. Spain abounds in minerals and metals. 
 Cornelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, turquois 
 ■stones, quicksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, 
 gypsum, calamine, crystal, marbles of several 
 kinds., porphyry, the finest jasper, and even dia- 
 monds, emeralds, and amethysts are found here. 
 Anciently it was celebrated for gold and silver 
 mines ; but since the discovery of Americano at- 
 tention has been paid to them. The principal 
 rivers are the Duero, Tagus, Guadiana Guadal- 
 quivir, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most pop- 
 ulous kingdom in Europe, is now very thinly in- 
 habited ; to which various causes have contribu- 
 ted, as the expulsion of the Moors, the emigration 
 to the colonies, the vast numbers and celibacy of 
 the clprgy, the indolence of the natives, and the 
 late desolating war. Here are some considerable 
 manufactures, especially of silk and woolen, but 
 these are far short of that flourishing condition 
 which they might attain, being checked by the 
 royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth 
 china, glass, pottery, paper, salt-petre, salt, sul 
 phur, tobacco, and some others. 
 
 The Spaniards in general are tall, their com- 
 plexions swarthy, their countenances expressive. 
 The beauty of the ladies reigns chiefly in their 
 novels and romances : in their persons they are 
 
 small and slender. Jealousy is no longer the 
 characteristic of a Spanish husband : the married 
 ladies have here their cortejo, or male attendant, 
 in the same manner as the Italians have their 
 cicisbeo. The established religion is popery. 
 There are eight archbishoprics, 46 episcopal sees, 
 and 24 universities, or rather academies. The 
 Spanish language springs from the Roman, but 
 many of the words are derived from the Arabic 
 used by the Moors, who for seven centuries held 
 dominion in the country : the speech is grave, 
 sonorous, and very melodious. The government 
 of Spain, once the most free, is now one of the 
 most despotic monarchies in Europe. It had for- 
 merly its cortes or parliaments, which had great 
 privileges; but now, though not absolutely abol- 
 ished, they have no part in the government 
 They are assembled, indeed, occasionally, as at 
 the accession of the monarch, but merely as an 
 appendage to the royal state, without power, or 
 any other consequence than what results from 
 their individual rank. 
 
 The present population of Spain is estimated at 
 13,650,172, and its territtoral extent at 183,000 sq. 
 m. The revenue of the kingdom is 26,520.000 
 dollars ; the debt 230,443,062 dollars. The army 
 consists of 46,000 men : the navy is insignificant. 
 
 The colonies of Spain are the islands of Cuba 
 and Porto Rico with the city of St. Domingo in the 
 W. Indies; the Philippine, Caroline, and Ladrone 
 Islands in the E. Indies ; the Canary Islands in 
 the Atlantic and a few settlements on the coast of 
 Africa. The Population of the colonies is estimat- 
 ed at 4,088,000. The capital of the kingdom is 
 Madrid. 
 
 Spain was conquered by the Carthaginians and 
 Romans. The Visigoths founded their empire 
 here in 419. The Saracens and Moors invaded 
 and conquered the Southern part of the kingdom 
 in the 8th century. The Moors established a 
 kingdom in the Mediterranean provinces of Spain, 
 and their sovereigns reigned in great splendor at 
 Granada. The Spaniards were roused to resist- 
 ance by Don Pelayo, and maintained a struggle 
 against the Moors, which the Spanish historians 
 dignify with the name of a continual war of 700 
 years. The territories gained from the enemy 
 were formed into several distinct kingdoms 
 These were gradually amalgamated, and in 1469 
 the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon with 
 Isabella, queen of Castile, united the whole of 
 Christian Spain into one kingdom. These sover 
 eigns conquered Granada, and completed the total 
 subjugation of the Moorish powerin the peninsula, 
 at the same time that Columbus under their aus- 
 pices discovered America and gave them a new 
 world in the west. 
 
 In the 16th century, under Charles V., who wai? 
 king of this country and Emperor of Germany, 
 Spain, was the most powerful monarchy in Eu- 
 rope. Philip II. the successor of this monarch 
 expelled all the Moriscoes, or descendants of the 
 Moors who remained in the country, which caused 
 an immense loss to the kingdom in wealth and 
 population. The war of the Succession in the 
 early part of the 18th century, completed the im 
 poverishment of the country, and Spain has been 
 only a second rate power since that time. 
 
 In 1808, Napoleon seized the kingdom and 
 placed his brother Joseph upon the throne, but the 
 resistance of the people who were assisted by the 
 armies of Britian,and his reverses in Russia frus- 
 trated the design. This event caused the revolt 
 of nearly all Spanish America. In 1820, an in- 
 
SPA 
 
 691 
 
 SPI 
 
 ■direction of the troops and the people against the 
 tyrant Ferdinand produced a liberal constitution 
 which was sworn to by the king in the ancient 
 assembly of the Cortes. But the Holy Alliance 
 expressed their disapprobation. France interfer- 
 ed ; the constitution was put down by the bay- 
 onet and despotism restored. 
 Spain, Neic. See Mexico. 
 
 Spaitla, a town of Barbary, in the kingdom of 
 Tunis, near which are extensive and magnificent 
 ruins. It is situate on a rising ground, shaded 
 all over with juniper-trees, 90 m. S. W. of Tunis 
 and 100 S. S. E. of Bona. Long. P. 15. E., lat. 
 35. 40. N. 
 
 Spalatro, or Spalatto, a strong sea-port of Aus- 
 trian Dalmatia, and an archbishop's see. The 
 harbour is large and deep, and well frequented. 
 Without the walls is a sulphureous spring, of 
 great benefit in chronical diseases. Here are the 
 ruins of the palace of Dioclesian, and of a mag- 
 nificent aqueduct. In 1784 Spalatro was nearly 
 depopulated by the plague. It is seated on a 
 peninsula in the gulf of Venice, 70 m. S. E. of 
 Zara and 102 N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 31. 
 E., lat. 44. 4. N. 
 
 Spalding, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It is 
 seated on the Welland, and from its neatness, and 
 the canals in its streets, resembles a Dutch town. 
 The inhabitants are not employed in manufac- 
 tures, but derive their chief support from agricul- 
 ture, and the extensive grazing carried on in the 
 neighbourhood. Much hemp and flax is grown 
 in the vicinity and there is a good carrying trade 
 in corn and coal. 14 m. S. by W. of Boston and 
 103 N. of London. 
 
 Spalt, a town and castle of Bavarian Franconia, 
 in the district of Anspach. The vicinity produces 
 excellent hops. It is seated on the Retzat, 16 m. 
 E. S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 Spandau, a to™m of Prussia, in the Middle Mark 
 of Brandenburg, with a fine fortress. The arsenal 
 is in subterranean vaults, and there is a prison for 
 state criminals. Bayonets, ramrods, sword-blades, 
 and sabres, are made here : also musket barrels, 
 which are sent hence to Potsdam to be finished. 
 It is seated on the Havel, opposite the influx of 
 the Spree, 8 m. W. N. W. of Berlin and 12 N. E. 
 of Potsdam. 
 
 Spangcnberg, a town and castle of Germany in 
 Hesse-Cassel, seated on a mountain 28 m. S. E. 
 of Cassel. 
 
 Spanishtown, or Jago de la Vega, a town of Ja- 
 maica, where the Legislative assembly and the 
 grand courts of justice are held. It is seated in a 
 pleasant valley, on the river Cobre, 16 m. W. N. 
 W. of Kingston. 
 
 Sparta, an ancient city of Greece, in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, of which a few ruins may still be seen 
 in the neighbourhood of the village of Misitra. 
 
 Sparta, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. 254 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 3,777; p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 92 m. N. 
 Trenton ; p.v. Washington Co. Pa. ; p.v. Hancock 
 Co. Geo. 25 m. N. E. Milledgeville; p.v. White Co 
 Ten. 75 m. S. E. Nashville; p.v. Conecuh Co 
 Alab. 90 m. N. E. xMobile. 
 
 Spartanburg, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 
 21,148; p.v. the capital of the same name is 100 
 m. N. Augusta. 
 
 Spartel, Cape, a promontory on the coast of Bar- 
 bar}', at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar. 
 Long. 5. 56. W., lat. 35. 50. N. 
 
 Spartivcnto, Cape, a promontory of Naples, at 
 the S. E. extremity of Calabria Ultra. Long. 16. 
 iO. E., lat. 37. 50. N. 
 
 Speedsville; p.v. Tioga Co. N. Y. 7 m. S. E 
 Ithaca. 
 
 Speedwell, p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 200 m. N 
 E. Murfreesborough. 
 
 Speights Town, a sea-port of Barbadoes, former- 
 ly much frequented by the Bristol traders, and 
 thence called Little Bristol. It is situate on the 
 N. W. coast of the island, and defended by two 
 forts. Long. 58. 31. W., lat. 13. 15. N. 
 
 Spello, a town of Italy, in the Duchy ot Spoleto. 
 Here are the ruins of a theatre and other remains of 
 antiquity. It is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Spoleto. 
 Spencer, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,187. Rock- 
 port is the capital. 
 
 Spencer, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 51 m. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,618 ; p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 190 m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,253; p.v. Owen Co. Ind. 50 m. 
 W. Indianapolis. 
 
 Spencertown, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. 30 m S 
 E. Albany. 
 
 Spey, a rapid river of Scotland, which issues 
 from a small lake in the centre of Inverness-shire, 
 flows N. E. into Murray-shire, then divides that 
 county from Banfshire for more than 20 m. and en- 
 ters the German Ocean at Garmouth. 
 
 Spezzia, or Spetia, a town of the Sardinian states, 
 in the territory of Genoa, with a good harbour. 
 It is seated at the foot of a hill, on a gulf of the 
 same name, 47 m. S. E. of Genoa. Long. 9. 37. 
 E., lat. 44. 10. N. 
 
 Spezzia, an island of Greece, 6 miles long ana 
 2 broad. It has a town of the same name, con- 
 taining 3,000 inhabitants, and is situate about 20 
 miles from Napoli di Romania. 
 Spice Islands. See Moluccas. 
 Spielberg, a town of Germany, in the principal- 
 ity of Oettingen, 8 m. N. E. of Oettingen and 13 
 S. S. E. of Anspach. 
 
 Spietz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Bern, seated on the W. side of the lake Thun, 40 
 m. S. S. E. of Bern. 
 
 Spigelburg, a town and castle of Hanover, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, lying within 
 the principality of Calenberg, belonging as a fief 
 to the king of the Netherlands. 12 m. E. by S. 
 of Halem. 
 
 Spigno, a town of Sardinia, in the duchy of 
 Montferrat, with a castle, seated on the Belbo, 1] 
 m. S. S. W. of Aqui and 40 S. E. of Turin. 
 
 Spilembergo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, 
 seated on the Tagliamento, 14 m. W. of Udina. 
 
 Spilsby, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 31 m. E. 
 of Lincoln and 133 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Spinalonga, a seaport of the island of Candia, 
 with a good harbour and a citadel. It is situate 
 near a cape of the same name, 30 m. E. of Can- 
 dia. Long. 25. 48. E., lat. 35. 20. N. 
 
 Spire, a city of Bavaria, capital of the province 
 of Rhine, and formerly of a bishopric of its name. 
 In ancient times the emperors held many diets at. 
 Spire, and it was the seat of the imperial cham- 
 ber till 1689, when the city was burnt by the 
 French, and it was not rebuilt till after the peace 
 of Ryswick in 1697. Most of the citizens are Lu- 
 therans ; but there are 15 Catholic churches and 
 convents, among which the college formerly be- 
 longing to the Jesuits claims the first place. 
 Spire was taken by the French in 1734 ; and in 
 1792 it surrendered to the republican troops of 
 France, who evacuated it the next year, but re- 
 entered it in 1794. In 1814 it was ceded to Bava- 
 ria. It is seated on the W. side of the Rhine at 
 the influx of the Spirebach, 54 m. S. by E of 
 Mentz. Lon. 8. 29. E., ht. 49 19. N 
 
SPO 
 
 692 
 
 SQU 
 
 Spiritu Santo, a province of Brazil, between 
 that of Porto Seguro and Rio Janeiro. The soil 
 is fertile and watered by a river of the same name, 
 which flows into a large bay of the Atlantic. The 
 capital, of the same name, has a castle, and its 
 port is a small bay about 10 m. from the ocean. 
 Long. 41. 10. W., lat 20. 10. S. 
 
 Spiritu Santo, a town of Cuba, near the middle 
 of the island. 155 m. E. S. E. of Havana. Long. 
 79. 37. E., lat. 22. 15. N. 
 
 Spital, a town of Austrian Illy ria, in Carinthia, 
 seated on the Liser, near the Drave, 15 m.W. N. 
 VV. of Villach. 
 
 Spital, a village i n Lincolnshire, Eng. 12 m. 
 N. of Lincoln, on the Roman causeway, leading 
 to the Humber. Here are two springs, one call- 
 ed Julian's Well and the other Castleton Well. 
 Great number of Roman coins have been dug up 
 in this village. 
 
 Spithead, a famous road in the English Chan- 
 nel, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, 
 where the royal navy frequently rendezvous. 
 
 Spitzbergen, a group of dreary islands, lying be- 
 tween 9. and 20. E. long., and* 76. 46. and 80. 30. 
 N. lat , having Greenland to the W. and Nova 
 Zembla to the E. The Mainland, or principal 
 island, is 300 m. in length. It was discovered in 
 1533 by Sir Hugh Willoughby, who called it 
 Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the west- 
 ern continent. In 1d95 it was visited by Barentz 
 and Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended 
 to be the original discoverers, and called it Spitz- 
 bergen, or sharp mountains, from the many 
 sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which 
 it abounds. The glaciers on the N. E. pres- 
 ent a singular appearance, being high cliffs 
 of an emerald color, impendent over the sea, 
 with cataracts of melted snow, and a black-ground 
 of black conic hills, streaked with white. In the 
 winter it is continual night for four months. The 
 animals are deer, bears, and foxes. The Russians 
 from Archangel maintain a kind of colony here. 
 To the N. E. of this group are small isles called 
 the Seven Sisters, the most arctic land yet dis- 
 covered. 
 Spit Rock,p.v. Essex Co. N. Y. 80 m. N. Albany. 
 Splugen, a town of Switzerland, in the Grisons, 
 seated near the source of the Rhine, 16 m. N. W. 
 of Chiavenna. 
 
 Spoleto, a duchy of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical 
 states, 55 m. long and 40 broad ; bounded on the 
 N. by Ancona and Urbino, E. by Naples, S. by 
 Sabina, and W. by. Orvieto and Perugino. It 
 comprises the greatest part of the ancient Umbria, 
 and contains 105,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Spoleto, the capital of the foregoing duchy, and 
 a bishop s see. The houses are in general well 
 built, but the only edifices that have any claim to 
 distinction are the castle, which stands on a hill 
 and is connected with the town by a bridge, and 
 the cathedral, which is certainly a fine structure. 
 Spoleto suffered greatly from earthquakes in 1703 
 and 1767. Here are the ruins of an amphithea- 
 tre, a triumphal arch, and an aqueduct. It is 
 seated in a country noted for good wine, near the 
 river Tessino, 40 m. E. of Orvieto and 60 N. by 
 E. of Rome. Long. 13. 6. E., lat. 42. 45. N. 
 
 Sponhrim, a town of Germany, and the capital 
 A a county of its name. It is seated among hills 
 covered with vineyards, 27 m. W. by S. of Mentz. 
 Long. 7. 38. E.,lat. 49. 54. N. 
 
 Sporadcs, the ancient name of those islands of 
 '.he Grecian Archipelago which are scattered ir- 
 regularly along the shores of Europe and Asia, 
 
 in contradistinction to the Cyclades, which were 
 grouped circularly around Delos. 
 
 Spotsioood, p.v. Middlesex Co. N. J. 8 m S 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Spotsylvania, a county of the E. district of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 11,920. Frederickburg is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Spree, a river which rises in the mountains of 
 Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into Branden 
 burg, flows by Berlin, and joins the Havel oppo 
 site Spandau. 
 
 Spremberg, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 Lusatia, situate on an island formed by the rive 
 Spree, 14 m. S. by E. of Cotbus. 
 
 Spring Bank, p.v. Wayne Co. N. C. 
 Sprigg, p.t. Adams Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,739. 
 Spring, a township of Centre Co. Pa. 
 Sprintrboroua-h, p.v. Warren Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. 
 W. Columbus. Pop. 370. 
 
 Spring Creek, a township of Miami Co. Ohio; 
 p.v. Madison Co. Ten. 
 
 Springfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 97 m. S. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 6,784. It stands on the E. 
 bank of the Connecticut, and occupies a level site 
 at the foot of a hill. The town is handsomely 
 built, principally upon a single street two miles 
 in length. There is a United States Armory 
 comprising an arsenal, barracks, forges, and work- 
 shops for the manufacturing of muskets, of which 
 above 16,000 are made yearly. On Chickapee 
 river within the limits of the town is Springfield 
 Factory Village, where the cotton manufacture 
 is carried on to a large account. Here are also 
 considerable manufactures of paper. 
 
 Springfield, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 30. in. N. 
 W. Concord. Pop. 1.202; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 2,749; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 60 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2,816. Also towns and villages in 
 Burlington and Essex Cos. N. J., Bucks, Dela 
 ware, Huntingdon, Mercer, and Bradford Cos 
 Pa., Hampshire, and Loudon Cos. Va., Effingham 
 Co. Geo., St. Helena Parish Lou. Washington 
 Co. Ken., Rochester Co. Ten,. Portage, Columbi- 
 ana, Richland, Jefferson, Gallia, Ross, Clark, 
 Montgomery, Muskingum and Hamilton Cos. 
 Ohio.' 
 
 Spring Garden, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Pa. 
 Spring Grove, p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. 
 Spring Hill, villages in Fauquier and Louisa 
 Cos. Va. and Lenoir Co. N. C. 
 
 Spring Place, p.v. a Moravian settleim nt on the 
 Cherokee Lands in Georgia. 
 Springtoicn, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 Springville, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. Susque- 
 hanna Co. Pa., and Darlington Dis. S. C. 
 
 Sprint Water, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y Pop 
 2,253. 
 
 Sproltau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin 
 cipality of Glogau, on a river of the same name, 
 at its confluence with the Bober, 21 m. W. S. W 
 of Glogau. 
 
 Spurn Head, a promontory on the S. E. coast of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. at the mouth of the Humber, on 
 which is a lighthouse. Long. 0. 15. E., lat. 53 
 38. N. 
 
 Squam, a village in Gloucester, Essex Co Mass. 
 on the N. side of Cape Ann, with a good har- 
 bour. 
 
 Squuin Lake, a beautiful lake of N. Hampshire 
 near L. Winipissiogee. It is 10 m. long ai.d 6 
 broad; surrounded by mountains and sprinkled 
 with islands. 
 
 Squankum, p.v. Monmouth Co N I, 55. hi. N 
 E. Philadelphia. 
 
STA 
 
 693 
 
 STA 
 
 Syuantum, a rocky promontory extending into 
 Boston Bay, on the south side of Neponset river, 
 5 m. from Boston. It was named from an Indian 
 female who was the last of the aborigines that 
 resided in this neighbourhood. The Feast of 
 Squantum is annually held at this spot, and is 
 usually accompanied with a travestie of the In- 
 dian customs and language. 
 
 Squilace, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 which was much injured by the earthquake of 
 1733. It is seated on the Favelone, near a gulf 
 of its name, 35 m. S. W. of St. Severino. Long. 
 16. 40. E., lat. 39. 3. N 
 
 Staatsburg, a village of Dutchess Co. N. Y. on 
 the Hudson, 12 m. above Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Sla bio, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov- 
 ince of Liege, with a celebrated Benedictine ab- 
 bey. Here is a manufacture of leather, and a 
 trade in cloths and stuffs. It is seated on the Rect, 
 12 m. S. of Limbourg. 
 
 Stabroeck, or Georgetown, a sea-port of Deme- 
 rara in S. America, and the capital of the prov- 
 ince. It is seated on the river Demerara, and has 
 considerable trade. Pop. 8.000. 
 
 Stade, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Bre- 
 men, with a fortress, a college and three churches, 
 ft is the seat of the regency, and chief courts of 
 justice of the dutches of Bremen and Verden, and 
 has manufactures of lace, flannels, stockings, hats, 
 and spirituous liquors. The foreign trade is now 
 chiefly confined to the transit business, and a ves- 
 sel sails daily from this place to Hamburgh. It 
 stands on the Sivingel, near its confluence with 
 the Elbe, 43 m. N. E. of Bremen. Long. 9. 28. E., 
 lat. 55. 36. N. 
 
 Stadt am Hof, a town of Bavaria, on the N. side 
 of the Danube, connected by a bridge with the 
 city of Ratisbon. 
 
 Stadtberg, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Westphalia, on the frontiers of the county of Wal- 
 deck. Part of it, called Marsberg, stands on the 
 site of the famous Saxon fort of Efmesburg, which 
 was taken by Charlemagne, who built a church 
 here in honor of St. Peter and St. Paul. Stadtberg 
 is situate on the Dumel, 16 m. S. of Paderborn. 
 Stadthagen, a strong town of Prussian West- 
 phalia, in the principality of Schauenberg, with a 
 pilice, belonging to the prince of Schauenberg- 
 Lippe, in the garden of which is a mineral spring. 
 It is 8 m. E. of Minden. 
 
 Stafarda, a town of Sardinia, in Piedmont, with 
 a rich abbey. In 1690 a victory was gained near 
 this place by the French over the duke of Savoy. 
 It is seated on the Po, 3 m. N. of Saluzzo. 
 
 Staffa, a small island of Scotland, one of the 
 Hebrides, on the W. side of that of Mull. It is 
 too greatest natural curiosity in Europe, if not in 
 the world. The whole S. W. end is supported by 
 ranges of basaltic pillars, mostly above 50 feet 
 high, and four feet in thickness. Here is also a 
 magnificent cavern called Fin-ma-coul, or Fingal's 
 Cave, which extends 250 feet in length Its en- 
 trance is a natural arch, 53 feet wide and 117 high, 
 from which the cavern is lighted, so that its far- 
 thest extremity may be seen ; it is supported on 
 each side by ranges of colums, and roofed by 
 the fragments of others that have been broken off 
 in forming it. The bottom of the cave is filled 
 by the sea, reaching to the extremity, and in very 
 calm weather a boat may sail into it. This sin- 
 gular island is every where supported by basaltic 
 rocks and pillars, and so much hollowed by vari- 
 ous caves that its whole surface \u shaken in 
 stormy weather. 
 
 Stafclstein, ft town of Bavaria, situate on the 
 Lauter, 16 m. N. N. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Stafford, a borough and the county town of 
 Staffordshire, Eng. The principal trade consists 
 in the manufacture of boots and shoes, which at 
 one time was very considerable, but has greatly 
 declined. Hats and cutlery are also manufac- 
 tured here, and a considerable tanning business 
 is carried on. It is seated on the river Sow, 144 
 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Staffordshire, a county of England, 55 m. long 
 and 35 broad ; bounded on the W. by Shropshire, 
 N. W. by Cheshire, N. E. and E. by Derbyshire, 
 S. E. by Warwickshire, and S. by Worcestei shire 
 It contains 780,800 acres, is divided into five hun- 
 dreds and 181 parishes, has one city and 19 mar- 
 ket towns, and sends 10 members to parliament. 
 The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 341,040. 
 The soil in the S. part is good and rich, though 
 not without heaths, which take up a large tract 
 of ground : it abounds in coal and iron. The 
 middle is level and plain, the N. hilly and barren, 
 beinc full of heaths and moors. There are good 
 stone quarries, plenty of alabaster, and limestone. 
 Tin and brass are among the productions in Staf- 
 fordshire, and there are several smelting and brass 
 works near the copper mines. Within the last 
 half century material improvements have been 
 introduced into the agriculture of this county; 
 whilst on the rich lands bordering the Trent the 
 dairy has become a source of considerable profit. 
 The trade and manufactures have been greatly 
 extended by the inland navigation, which con- 
 nects this county, not only with the metropolis, 
 but with the Severn, the Mersey, and the Hum- 
 ber, and the three corresponding ports of Bristol, 
 Liverpool, and Hull. The iron foundries, blast 
 furnaces, slitting mills, and other branches of the 
 iron trade, employ great numbers of people. The 
 cotton manufactures are very considerable, and 
 the silk trade is carried on to some extent. The 
 southern parts of the county are distinguished for 
 the manufactures of Iocks, buckles, steel toys 
 (particularly watch chains), and a variety of plated, 
 lacquered, japanned, and enamelled goods. In 
 the vicinity of Stourbridge the manufacture of 
 glass is considerable. There are also manufac- 
 tures of tobacco and snuffboxes, shoes, hats, &c. 
 But the chief manufacture of the county is that 
 of earthenware, for which it has been long and 
 deservedly celebrated, and which may now be 
 ranked among the most important manufactures 
 of the kingdom. 
 
 Stafford, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E. 
 Hartford. Pop. 2,514. Here is a mineral spring 
 and several manufactures ; p.t. Genesee Co. N. 
 Y. 30 in. S. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,367 ; a town- 
 ship of Monmouth Co. N. J; p. v. Stafford Co. 
 Va. 47 m. S. W. Washington. 
 
 Stafford, a county in the E. District of Virginia 
 Pop. "9,362. 
 
 Stagira, a town of European Turkey, in Mace- 
 donia, celebrated for being the birth-place of 
 Aristotle, whence he is called the Stagirite. It is 
 now called Stavros, and is seated on the gulf of 
 Contessa, 16 m. W. N. W. of Contessa. 
 
 Stagno, a sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, and a 
 bishop's see, seated on a peninsula, in the gull of 
 Venice, 30 m. N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 50. 
 E., lat. 43. 12. N. 
 
 Stagsville, p. v. Orange Co. N. Y. 
 
 Staines, a town in Middlesex, Eng. seated on 
 the Thames, over which is an iron bridge. At 
 some distance above the bridge, at Coin Dnch, is 
 
3TA 
 
 694 
 
 STE 
 
 the London Mark Stone, which is the ancient 
 boundary to the jurisdiction of the city of London 
 on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. 16 
 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Stalbridjre, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with a 
 considerable manufacture of stockings. Here is 
 an ancient cross of one stone, 21 feet high, on a 
 base of eight feet. 112 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Staley, a village in Lancashire, 9 m, E. of Man- 
 chester, Eng. It is noted for weavers, dyers, and 
 pressers of woolen cloth, and has some share in 
 the cotton trade 
 
 Stamford, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 One of its parishes, St. Martin's, is situate i'n 
 Northamptonshire, but the greater part is built 
 on the side of a hill in Lincolnshire, and, when 
 approached from the S., presents an interesting 
 and picturesque appearance. The notable custom 
 of Borough English prevails here, by which the 
 younger sons inherit the lands and tenements of 
 the father dying intestate. 89 m. N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Stamford, a township of Bennington Co. Vt. 
 10 m. S. E. Bennino-ton. Pop. 5G3 ; p.t. Fairfield 
 Co. Conn. 20 m. S. W. Fairfield. Pop. 3.795 ; p.v. 
 Delaware Co. N. Y. 
 
 Stampalia, an island of the Grecian Archipela- 
 go, 12 m. long and 5 broad. It is destitute of 
 fresh water, and almost without inhabitants, 30 
 m. \V. of Stanchio. 
 
 Stanchio, a fertile island of the Grecian Archip- 
 elago, near the coast of Natolia. It is the ancient 
 Cos, the birth place of Hippocrates and Apeiles, 
 and is 25 m. long and 10 broad. It abounds with 
 cypress and turpentine trees, and a great variety 
 of medicinal plants. The capital, of the same 
 name, is a bishop's see; seated at the foot of a 
 mountain, at the bottom of a bay, and has a good 
 harbour defended by a castle. 40 m. N. VV. of 
 Rhodes. Long. 26. 54. E., lat. 36 45. N. 
 
 Standon, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 27 m. 
 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Stanley, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 105 
 W. of London. 
 
 Stannardsville, p.v. Orange Co. Va. 70 m. W. 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 Standish, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. on the Saco. 
 25 m. N. W. Portland. 
 
 Standford, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 18 m. N. 
 E. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 2,511. 
 
 Stanford, p.v. Lincoln Co. Ken. 
 
 Stanhope, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 50 m. N. Tren- 
 ton. 
 
 Stantonsburg , p.v. Edgecumbe Co. N. C. 70 m. 
 E. Raleigh. 
 
 Stanz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Underwalden. Near this place, in 1798, the 
 troops of the canton were totally defeated by the 
 French, who afterwards burnt the town and put 
 the inhabitants to the sword. It is seated in a 
 plain, at the foot of the Stanzberg, 8 m. S. E. of 
 Lucern and 38 E. of Bern. 
 
 Stara Rusa, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Novogorod, on the river Polista, near the 
 lake llmen,40 m. S. of Novogorod. Long. 33. 2. 
 E., lat. 57. 40. N. 
 
 Starenbcrg, a town and castle of Bavaria, near 
 the N. end of the lake Wurmsee, 14 m. S. W. of 
 Munich. 
 
 Stargard, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with a castle be- 
 longing to the prince, 10 m. N. by E. of Strelitz. 
 
 Stargard, New, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 with a college, fine manufactures of woo!, and a 
 
 considerable trade. In 1758 it was taken by tne 
 Russians. It stands on the river Ihna, 20 m. E 
 of Stettin. Long. 15. 13. E., lat. 53. 26. N. 
 
 Stark, a county of Ohio. Pop. 26,784. Canton 
 is the capital. 
 
 Starkenburg, one of the three great divisions of 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, situate between the Rhine and 
 the Maine, and forming the southern part of the 
 grand duchy. Its extent is 1,060 square m ; its 
 population 200,000. Darmstadt is the capital. 
 
 Starks, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kenne- 
 bec. 7 m. W Norridgewock. Pop. 1,471. 
 
 Starksborough, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 
 1,342. 
 
 Starr, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. 
 
 Start Point, a promontory on the coast of Devon- 
 shire, 14 m. S. by W. of Dartmouth. Long. 3. 
 48. W., lat. 50. 13. N. 
 
 Stasfurt, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, with some good salt-works, 
 21 m. S. S. W. of Magdeburg. 
 
 Staten Island, an island of New York, 18 m. 
 long and 6 broad, which forms the county of 
 Richmond. On the S. side is a tract of level 
 land ; but the island in general is rough and the 
 hills are high. Richmond is the chief town. 
 
 Staten Land. See Zealand. New. 
 
 Statesborough, p.t. Bullock Co. Geo. 45 m. N. 
 W. Savannah. 
 
 Statesburg, p.t. Sumter Dis. S. C. 30 m. S. 
 Camden. 
 
 Statesville., p.t. Iredell Co. N. C. 130 m. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Stanffen, a town of Germany, in Baden, situate 
 on the Mehlbach, 8 m. S. of Friburg. 
 
 Stauffenburg, a town and castle of Germany, 
 in Hesse-Darmstadt, situate on the Lohn, 5 m 
 N. N. E. ofGiessen. 
 
 Staunton, p.v. Newcastle Co. Del. 6 m. S. W. 
 Wilmington; p.v. Augusta Co. Va., 120 m. N. 
 W. Richmond ; a township of Miami Co. Ohio. 
 
 Stavanger , a sea-port of Norway, in the gov- 
 ernment of Bergen. Near it is a fortress, called 
 Deswick. It is seated on a peninsula, 95 m. S. 
 of Bergen. Long. 5. 55. E., lat. 58. 58. N- 
 
 Stavercn, a town of the Holland in Friesland, 
 formerly a rich city and sea-port, but now much 
 decayed, and the harbour choked up. The an- 
 cient kings of Friesland made it their ordinary 
 residence, and there remains enough of its for- 
 mer splendour to make it a considerable town. 
 It has still some trade, especially in fishing, and 
 in passage-boats over the pools and lakes of the 
 neighbourhood. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 
 8 m. W. of Sloten and 17 N. E. of Enchuyscn. 
 Long. 5. 13. E., lat. 52. 54. N. 
 
 Steenbergen, a town of Holland in N. Brabant, 
 formerly a strong place, with a convenient har- 
 bour ; but the sea has retired from it about 3 >ii _ 
 which, with the calamities it has suffered by war, 
 has reduced it to a poor town. It has a commu- 
 nication with the Meuse, and is 7 m. N. of Ber- 
 gen op Zoom. 
 
 Steenkeer, a town of Norway, in the province of 
 Drontheim, 36 miles N. E. of Drontheim. 
 
 Steenkirk, a village of Belgium, in Hainault, fa- 
 mous for the victory obtained by the French over 
 William III. of England in 1692. It is 15 m. N. 
 of Mons. 
 
 Stege, a sea-port of Denmark, on the N. coast 
 of the isle of Mona, almost surrounded by a lake 
 42 m. S. by W. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 15 
 E.. lat. 55. 4. N. 
 
 Stegeburg, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Goth 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 jand seated on the Baltic, 9 m. N. of Calmar and 
 82 S. W. of Stockholm. Long. 16. 40. E., lat. 58. 
 16. N. 
 
 Stein, a small independent town of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Zurich, seated on the N. side 
 of the Rhine, where it issues from the lake of 
 Constance. Near it is the ancient castle of Ho- 
 henklingen, now converted into a watch-tower. 
 The church is on the opposite side of the Rhine, 
 in a place called Burg, which is connected to the 
 town by a bridge. 15 m. W. by N. of Constance 
 and 2.VN. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Stein, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the 
 Danube, over which is a long wooden bridge to 
 Man tern. Between Stein and Krems is a mili- 
 tary manufacture, in which metal articles, sabres, 
 cloth, and clothes are made and kept. 2 m. W. 
 of Krems and 12 N. by W. of St. Polten. 
 
 Stein, a town and castle of Austrian Illyria, in 
 Carniola, on the Freistritz, 11 m. N. of Laubach. 
 
 Stein, a town and castle of the Austrian states, 
 in Carinthia, on the Drave, 12 m. S. of Clagen- 
 furt. 
 
 Steinau, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly 
 the capital of a circle, in the principality of Wo- 
 lau. It has manufactures of cloth, and is seated 
 near the Oder, 16 m. N. N. E. of Lignitz. 
 
 Steinfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, with 
 a Calvinist academy ; seated on the Aa, 10 m. S. 
 S. E. of Bentheim and 33 N. W. of Munster. 
 
 Sleinheim, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, with a castle, near the river Maine, 4 m. 
 S. E. ofHanau. 
 
 Sieinhude, a town of Germany, in the county 
 of Schauenburg-Lippe, on the S. side of Stein- 
 huder-mere, in which is the strong fortress of 
 Wilhemstein. 15 m N. W. of Hanover. 
 
 Steinhurst, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, 
 with a castle, 14 m. S. S. W. of Lubec. 
 
 Stellenbosch and Drakentsein, a district of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, 3S0 m. long and 150 broad, 
 bounded S. by Cape Agulhas and N. by the river 
 Koussie. It is mountainous, but contains some 
 of the finest land in the colony. The extent is 
 estimated at 55,000 sq. m. ; the pop. at 23,000. 
 
 Stenay, a town of France, department of Meuse, 
 on the river Meuse, 22 m. N. N. W. of Verdun. 
 
 Stendal, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 formerly capital of the Old Mark. Here is a 
 colony of French Calvinists, who carry on man- 
 ufactures of wool, leather, &.c. It stands on the 
 rivulet Ucht, 5 m. W. of the Elbe, and 36 N. by 
 E. of Magdeburg. Long. 11. 53. E., lat. 52. 35. 
 N. " . * 
 
 Slephentown, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 20 m. 
 S. E. Albany. Pop 2,716. 
 
 Stepney, p. v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 50 m. S. E. 
 Hartford. 
 
 Sterling, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. W. 
 Boston Pop. 1,789; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 1,436; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 44 m. E. Hart- 
 ford with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 1,240; 
 p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. 
 
 Sterlingville, a village of Granville Co. N. C. 
 
 Sternberg, a town in the Prussian states, in the 
 New Mark of Brandenburg, with a o-reat trade in 
 cattle, 20 m. E. N. E. of Frankfort." 
 
 Sternberg, a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, situate on a 
 lake, 16 m. S. E. of Wismar. 
 
 Sternberg, a town and castle of the Austrian 
 states, in Moravia, 10 m. N. E. of Olmutz. 
 
 St*,rzing(n a town of the Austrian states, in Ty- 
 
 rol, celebrated for its manufacture of sword-blades, 
 and for the silver mines in its vicinity. It is seat- 
 ed at the foot of a mountain, on the Eysoch, 12 
 m. N. W, of Brixen. 
 
 Steitin,a. government of Prussia, comprising the 
 middle of Pomerania, and containing an erea of 
 6,625 aquare miles, with 300,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Stettin, a fortified sea-port of Prussia, capital of 
 Pomerania. It is a handsome town , contains 
 about 21,000 inhabitants, exclusive of the gurri- 
 son ; has numerous manufactures, particularly of 
 cloths, stuffs, hats, stockings, yarn, cotton, rib- 
 ands, paper, and canvas ; and carries on a con- 
 siderable trade to all parts of Europe. Timber 
 and corn are the principal articles of exporta- 
 tion ; and ship-building, is a very profitable branch 
 of employment. In 1795 afire consumed a great 
 number of houses. In 1806 this place, furnished 
 with 160 pieces of cannon and a garrison of 6,000 
 men, surrendered to the French. It was garri- 
 soned by them after the disastrous retreat from 
 Russia in 1812, but in 1813 was obliged to capitu- 
 late, when the Dutch troops belonging to the gar- 
 rison hoisted the Orange cockade. It is seated 
 on the Oder, 80 in. N. N. E. of Berlin. Lon°\ 
 14. 44. E., lat. 53. 30. N. 
 
 Stettin, New, a town of Pomerania, in the gov- 
 ernment of Coslin, with a castle, situate on the 
 Willem, 41 miles E. of Coslin; and 62 E. N. E. 
 of New Stargard. 
 
 Steuben, a county of New York. Pop. 33,975. 
 Bath is the capital ; p.t. Washington Co. Me. 
 Pop 695 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 20 m. N. Utica , 
 the township was granted to Baron Steuben for 
 his military services, and here lie his remains. 
 Pop. 2,094. 
 
 Steubeniiillt, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ohio, on the 
 Ohio. 147 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop 3,152. It 
 is regularly built, and is a very flourishing place 
 it has many manufactures, 2 banks and 2 news- 
 papers ; the neighbouring country is fertile and 
 populous. 
 
 Stevensburg, a village of Frederick Co. Va. ; 
 p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. 
 
 Stevenston, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, fa- 
 mous for the coal strata in its vicinity. It is sit- 
 uate on a hill. 5 m. N. W. of Irvine. 
 
 Stcvensville, p.v. King and Queen Cos. Va. 
 
 Stewart, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop 6,898. 
 Dover is the capital. 
 
 Stewart Islands, five islands in the S. Pacific, 
 discovered by captain Hunter in 1791, and named 
 by him in honor of admiral Keith Stewart. Loner. 
 163. 18. E., lat. 8. 26. S. 
 
 Steioarton, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with 
 a noted manufacture of bonnets, 6 m. N. of Ir- 
 vine. 
 
 Stewarton, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Tyrone, 5 m. N. N. E. of Dungannon. 
 
 Stcwartstoicn, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. 140 m. N 
 Concord. Pop. 529. 
 
 Stewartsville, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J., and West 
 moreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Steyning, a borough in Sussex, Eng. 50 m. S. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Steyr, a town c" Austria, which has a great 
 trade in articles of iron and steel. The French 
 entered it in 1300, and concluded an armistice for 
 a peace with the Austrians. It is seated at the 
 conflux of the Steyr with the Ens, 20 m. S. E. of 
 Lintz. 
 
 Steyreg, a town and castle of Austria, situate 
 on a mountain, on the N. side of the Danube, 3 
 m E. of Lintz. 
 
STO 
 
 696 
 
 STO 
 
 SticJckaitsen, a town and castle of Hanover, in 
 ihe principality of E. Friesl'.nd, 22 m. E. S. E.of 
 Emden. 
 
 8tiglia.no, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, fa- 
 mous for its baths ; seated near the Salandrella, 
 26 m. S. S. E. of Acerenza. 
 
 Stillwater, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the W. 
 bank of the Hudson. 24 in. N. Albany. Pop. 
 2.601. This spot is celebarted for the battles 
 fought between the armies of Gates and Burgoyne 
 in September and October 1777. 
 
 Stillwater, p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. and Miami Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Stillwdlsville, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 
 
 Stilton, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. cele- 
 brated for a rich kind of cheese, sometimes called 
 English Parmesan. 75 m. N. by E. of London. 
 
 Stir.char, a river of 'Scotland, in the S. part of 
 Ayrshire, which has a rapid course of 26 m. and 
 enters the ocean below Ballantrae. 
 
 Stirling, a borough of Scotland, capital of Stir- 
 lingshire, seated on the river Forth, on a hill, 
 which terminates abruptly in a steep basaltic rock. 
 On this rock is an ancient castle, once a place of 
 great strength, and often the scene of bloody con- 
 tention. The palace, erected by James V., is a 
 stately building; the outside curiously ornamen- 
 ted with grotesque figures. Here are two church- 
 es and a famous grammar school. In the town 
 and its neighbourhood are manufactures of car- 
 pets, shalloons, and other woollen stuffs ; and the 
 cotton trade is flourishing. A salmon fishery, 
 belonging to the town, is let to a company, who 
 send the fish chiefly to the London and Edin- 
 burgh markets. Stirling has undergone consid- 
 erable improvement within the last 30 years; se- 
 veral new streets have been built on a modern 
 and improved plan on the N. side of the town, 
 and, in the old part of the town, numbers of hou- 
 ses have been rebuilt. From its commodious 
 situation, Stirling commands the pass between 
 the N. and S. part of Scotland. It is 30 m. N. 
 W. of Edinburgh. Lout. 3. 45. W., lat. 56. 
 6. N. 
 
 Stirlingshire, a county of Scotland, 35 m. long 
 and 10 broad ; bounded on the N. by Perthshire, N. 
 E. by Clackmannanshire, and the frith of Forth, S. 
 E. by Linlithgowshire, S. by Lanarkshire and 
 Dumbartonshire, and W. by Dumbartonshire. It 
 is divided into 24 parishes, and contains 65,376 in- 
 habitants. The principal rivers are the Forth, Car- 
 ron, and Avon ; and the great canal crosses it 
 lorn the mouth of the Carron. The S. part of the 
 county is mountainous, but the part near the 
 Forth is fertile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, 
 limestone. 
 
 Stirum, a town of Prussia in the grand duchy 
 of Lower Rhine, seated on the Roer, 12 m. N. 
 of Dusseldorp. 
 
 Stork, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. 
 
 Stockach, a town of Germany, in Baden and near 
 which the Austrians gained a victory over the 
 French in 1799, and in 1800 the latter defeated 
 the former, and took possession of the town. It 
 is seated on a river of the same name, 17 m. N. 
 E. of Constance. 
 
 Stockbridge, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. 66 
 in. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Stockbridge, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. 
 W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen 
 and chairs, and quarries of marble. Pop. 1,580; 
 p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 1,333; p.t. Madison 
 Co. N. Y. 
 
 Stockem, a town of the Netherlands, in the ter- 
 
 ritory of Liege, seated on the Meuse, 11 m. N. cJ 
 Maestricht. 
 
 Stock e.rau, a town of Austria, situate near the 
 Danube, 14 in. N. N. W. of Vienna. 
 
 Stockertown, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Stockholm, a. province of Sweden, comprising 
 the eastern parts of Upland and Sudermania, or 
 the districts of Roslagen and Sodertorn. It has 
 an area of 2,736 square miles, with 100,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Stockholm, the capital of Swedeen lies in a situ- 
 ation remarkable for its romantic scenery. It is 
 very long, irregular, and occupies, besides two 
 peninsulas, three rocky islands, situate in the 
 Maelar, in the streams which issue from that 
 lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. There are four 
 smaller islands, or rather islets, on which are sit- 
 uate forts or buildings for naval purposes. A va- 
 riety of contrasted and beautiful views are formed 
 by numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly from 
 the surface of the water, partly bare and craggy, 
 and partly dotted with houses, or feathered with 
 wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; the 
 water is of such depth that ships of the largest 
 burden can approach the quay. At the extremi 
 ty of the harbour, several streets rise one above 
 another in the form of an amphitheatre, and the 
 palace, a magnificent buflding, crowns the sum- 
 mit. Except in the suburbs, where several houses 
 are of wood, painted red, the generality of the 
 buildings are of stone or of brick whitened with 
 stucco. There is a royal academy of science, in- 
 stituded by the celebrated Linna?us,and a few oth- 
 er learned men, in 1741 ; and also a royal academy 
 of arts. The arsenal contains an immense num- 
 ber of trophies and standards taken from differ- 
 ent nations. Stockholm, with a small territory 
 surrounding it, forms a separate government, has 
 its own magistrates, and coutains nearly 100,000 
 inhabitants, who manufacture glass, china, silk, 
 woolen, &c. It is 320 m. N. E. of Copenhagen, 
 1,000 N. E. of Paris, and 900 N. E. of London. 
 Long. 18. 9 E., lat. 59. 20. N. 
 
 Stockholm, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 30 m. 
 E. Ogdenburg. Pop. 1,944; p. v. Morris Co. 
 
 Stockport a town in Cheshire, Eng. with a mar- 
 ket, and considerable manufactures of cot- 
 ton, printed goods, and hats. From its contigui- 
 ty to Manchester, and the facilties of its canal 
 navigation, Stockport partakes of the prosperity 
 of that town The number of inhabitants in 1821 
 was 21, 726. It is seated on the Mersey, 7 m. S 
 S. E. of Manchester and 179 N. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Stockport, p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. on the Delaware. 
 150 m. N. Philadelphia. 
 
 Stockton, a borough in the county of Durham, 
 Eng. Here are two docks for ship building 
 manufactures of canvass and ropes to a consider- 
 able extent, also of diapers, huckabacks, checks 
 <fec. It is seated on the river Tees not far from 
 its mouth. 243 m. N. by W. oi London. 
 
 Stockton, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. 60 m. S. W 
 Buffalo. Pop. 1,604. 
 
 Stoddard, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop. 1,159. 
 
 Stoddardsville, p.v Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 Stokes, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 16,196 
 Salem is the capital. A township of Madison Co 
 Ohio. 
 
 Stokcsbury, p.v. Stokes Co. N. C. 
 
 Stokesley, a small but neat town in N. York 
 shire, Eng. 238 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Stolberg, a town of Prussian Saxony, capital oJ 
 
8T0 
 
 697 
 
 STR 
 
 a county of the same name, with a castle. It is 
 seated in a valley between two mountains, in 
 which are mines of copper and iron, 12 m. N. E. 
 of Nordhausen and 55 W. N. W. of Leipzig. 
 Long. 11. 5. E.,lat. 51. 36. N. 
 
 Stolberg, a town of Saxony, where great quan- 
 tities of cloth are made, 9 m. S. W. of Chemnitz. 
 Stolhofen. a town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Baden, 8 m. S. W. of Baden. 
 
 Stolpe, a town of Prussian Pomerania, with a 
 castle, three churches, and a Lutheran nunnery. 
 The inhabitants, estimated at 5,000, carry on a 
 considerable trade in linen and wood, and here 
 is also a fine salmon fishery. It is seated on the 
 Stolpa, 10 m. from its mouth, in the Baltic, and 
 56 E. N. E. of Colberg. Long. 16. 48. E., lat. 54. 
 27. N. 
 
 Stolpemunde, a town of Pomerania, on the Bal- 
 tic Sea, with a harbour, at the mouth of the Stol- 
 pa, 10 m. N. W. of Stolpe. 
 
 Stolpen, a town of Saxony, with a castle on a 
 mountain, 15 m. E. of Dresden. 
 
 Stolzcnau, a town of Hanover, in the county of 
 Hoya; seated on the Weser, 14 m. S. S. W. of 
 Nienburg. 
 
 Stohenburg, a town of W. Prussia, formerly a 
 suburb of the city of Dantzic, but with the adja- 
 cent suburbs of Old Scotland, St. Albert, and 
 Schidlitz, was formed into a separate town, having 
 its own magistrates and municipal rights in 1772. 
 
 Static, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. a consider- 
 able manufacture of shoes ; 140 N. W. of London. 
 
 Stone Arabia, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 50 
 m. N. W. Albany. 
 
 Stone Creek, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Stoneham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. 
 Boston. Pop. 732. 
 
 Stonehaven, or Stonehive, a sea-port of Scotland, 
 and the country town of Kincardineshire. The 
 harbour is secured by a high rock and stone pier. 
 Near it are the ruins of the castle of Donnotyre, 
 on a lofty perpendicular rock, almost surrounded 
 ny the sea. The town has a manufacture of brown 
 linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. 20 
 m. N. N. E. of Montrose. Long. 2. 6. W., lat. 
 56. 55. N. 
 
 Stonehenge, a remarkable monument of antiquity 
 in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain, consisting of 
 several very large stones, some placed upright 
 and others horizontally across them. Most anti- 
 quaries suppose this work to have been a temple 
 of the Druids, because it is in a circular form, and 
 seems to have been much more regular than it 
 appears to be at present. It has puzzled many 
 dilio-ent enquirers to account for the bringing and 
 placing of those enormous stones ; for it is thought 
 no method now known is sufficient to have raised 
 those that lie across to that height. 6 m. N. of 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Stonehouse, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It 
 contains a national school, very extensive bar- 
 racks, a royal naval hospital, &c; and is situate 
 about half way between Plymouth and Devon- 
 port. 
 
 Stoneleigh, a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 5 
 m. S. W. of Coventry. 
 
 Sloncsborough, a village of Greene Co. Ken. 
 
 Stonesvillc, p. v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 
 
 Stonr.y Point, p. v. Albemarle Co. Va. Iredell 
 Co. N. C. Abbeville D.s. S. C. 
 
 Stonincrton, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on 
 Long Island Sound 15 m. E. N. London. It has 
 manufactures of cotton and woolen and is enga- 
 ged in the whale fishery. This town was bom- 
 83 
 
 barded by the British squadron in 1814 but with 
 out effect. Pop. 3,401. 
 
 Stony Point, s. fortress of New York, taken Dy the 
 British in 1779, but recovered soon after by the 
 Americans, and the British garrison made prison 
 ers of war. It is seated on the Hudson, opposite 
 Verplank's Point. 
 
 Storkau, a town of Prussia, in the Ucker Mark 
 of Brandenburg, 27 m. S. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Stonnaicay, a sea-port of Scotland, on the E 
 side of the isle of Lewis, at the head of Loch 
 Stornaway, which is a good harbour for ships ol 
 any burden. It is a port of the custom-house, 
 and has a post-office and a regular packet weekly. 
 Long. 6. 38. W., lat. 58. 18. N. 
 
 Stoneviile, p. v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. 
 
 Stortford, or Bishop's Stortford, a town in Hert- 
 fordshire,Eng. with a market on Thursday On the 
 E. side are the ruins of a castle, on an artificial 
 mount. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the 
 river Stort, which is navigable hence to the Lea, 
 
 10 m. E. N. E. of Hertford and 30 N. N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Stossen, a town of Saxony, 6 m. S. of Weis- 
 senfels. 
 
 Stoughton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 17 m. S. Bos- 
 ton with manufactures of cotton and woolen. 
 Pop. 1,591. 
 
 Stour, a river which rises on the most northerly 
 point of Dorsetshire, passes by Stourminster, 
 Blandford, and Winborn then enters Hampshire, 
 and flows into the Avon, opposite Christchurch. 
 
 Stour, a river in Kent, Eng. which flows by 
 Sandwich into Hope Bay. 
 
 Stour, a river of Eng. which forms the entire 
 boundary between Essex and Suffolk. 
 
 Stour, a. river whtch rises in the S. part of Staf- 
 fordshire, Eng. enters Worcestershire at Sour- 
 bridge, and flows by Kidderminster into the Se- 
 vern, opposite Stourport. 
 
 Stourbridge, a corporate town in Worcester- 
 shire, Eng. with manufactures of glass, iron, and 
 earthen ware. 126 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Stourminster. a town in Dorsetshire, Entr. with a 
 manufacture of white baize. Near it are the ru- 
 ins of a castle, which was the seat of the W. 
 Saxon kings. 108 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Stourport, a handsome town in Worcestershire, 
 Eng. 4 m. S. of Kidderminster. 
 
 Stoio Market, a thriving town in Suffolk, Eng. 
 with a manufacture of sacking, ropes, &c, and 
 a considerable malting business. 70 m. N. N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Stow on the Wold, a town in Gloucestershire, 
 Eng. 80 ni. W. by N. of London. 
 
 Stow, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 30 m. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,221; p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 
 24 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,570; p.t. Portage 
 Co. Ohio. 128 m. N. E, Columbus. Pop. 7!l0. " 
 
 Stow Creek, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J. 
 
 Stowsrille, p. v. Lincoln Co. N. C. 185 m. W. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Stowetf. a small town in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 147 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Stoystoum, p. v. Somerset Co. Pa. 
 
 Strabane, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Tyrone, situate on the Mourne, near the Foyle, 
 
 11 m. S. S. W. of Londonderry. 
 
 Strabane, a township of Washington Co. Pa. 
 
 Stradclla, a strong town of the Sardinian states, 
 in the Milanese, with a castle. The French be- 
 came masters of it in 1800. It is seated on the 
 Versa, near the Po, 10 m. S E. of Pavia. 
 
 Strafford, a county of N. Hampshire. Pq/i 
 3N 
 
STR 
 
 698 
 
 STR 
 
 58,916. Dover is the capital ; p.t. Strafford Co. 
 N. H. 55 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 2,200; p.t. 
 Orange Co. Vt Pop. 1,935. Here is a mine of 
 copperas . 
 
 Strakonitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Prachin, with a castle; seated on the Wotawa, 
 11 m. S. W. of Piseck. 
 
 Stralsund, a government of the Prussian states, 
 comprising the part of Pomerania formerly belong- 
 ing to Sweden, along with Rugen and other isl- 
 ands on the N. coast. It has an area of 1,400 
 square m. with 115,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Stralsund, a sea-port of Prussia, formerly the 
 capital of Swedish Pomerania. It contains about 
 11,000 inhabitants ; and its trade and commerce 
 are considerable. The churches and other public 
 buildings are handsome ; and the library belong- 
 ing to the college has a capital collection of coins. 
 Charles XII., in 1714, came hither after his re- 
 turn from Turkey, and ennobled the magistracy. 
 Stralsund was forced to submit to the allies in 1715, 
 was restored in 1720, surrendered to the French 
 in 1807, and was finally ceded to Prussia in 1813. 
 It is almost surrounded by the Baltic and the lake 
 Francen, and has a harbour separated from the 
 isle of Rugen by a narrow channel. The manu- 
 factures are various, but most of them on a small 
 scale, and the trade is considerable, particularly 
 in corn. 40 m. E. N. E. of Rostock, and 85 N. 
 W. of Stettin. Long. 13. 16. E., lat. 54. 20. N. 
 
 Slrammel, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 Pomerania, on the river Rega, 21 m. N. E. of New 
 Stargard. 
 
 Strangford, a small town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Down, seated on a bay of its name, at 
 the narrow part which connects Strangford Lough 
 wilh the Irish Sea, 7 m. E. of Down. Long. 5. 
 30. W., lat. 54. 31. N. 
 
 Strangford Lough, a large bay, or inlet of the 
 Kea, in the county of Down, on the E. coast of 
 Ireland, about 17 m. long and 5 broad, abounding 
 with excellent fish, particularly smelts; and off 
 the bar, about August, is a periodical herring 
 fishery. It contains a great many small islands ; 
 and the burning of kelp profitably employs a great 
 number of hands in them. The bar or entrance 
 into it from the Irish Sea is 3 m. below Strang- 
 ford and not a m. in breadth. 
 
 Stranraicer, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, 
 in Wigtonshire, with considerable manufactures 
 af cotton and linen. Vessels employed in the 
 coasting trade and herring fishery frequent this 
 place ; and some ships sail hence to the Baltic 
 and Ireland with corn. It is situate at the head 
 of Loch Ryan, 26 m. W. by N. of Wigton. Long. 
 4. 57. W., lat. 55. 0. N. 
 
 Strasburg, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Lower Rhine, and a bishop's see. It 
 is situate near the Rhine ; and the River 111 runs 
 through it, and forms many canals, over which 
 there are several bridges to connect the different 
 quarters of the city. It is a place of considerable 
 commerce, and has manufactures of tobacco, por- 
 celain, steel, lace, carpets, cloth, leather, &c. 
 The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. The 
 principal structures are built of a red stone, du<j 
 from the quarries which are along the Rhine. 
 This town, formerly imperial, was taken by Louis 
 XIV. in 1681. The citadel and fortifications, 
 which he constructed, have been so much aug 
 mented that Strasburg may be considered one oi 
 the strongest places in Europe. It was confirm 
 nd to France by the peace of Ryswick in 1697. 
 The university, which had been curtailed of its 
 
 classes during the French revolution, was re- 
 placed on its former footing in 1803. The town 
 is entered by six gates. In the cathedral is a 
 clock, which shows the motions of the constella- 
 tions, the revolutions of the sun and moon, the 
 days of the week, the hours, &c. Another re- 
 markable circumstance in this cathedral is its 
 pyramidical tower, which is 549 feet high. Io 
 the church of St. Thomas is the magnificent tomb 
 of the famous marshal Saxe. 65 m. N. of ^asil 
 and 75 E. of Nancy. Long. 7. 45. E., lat. 18 
 35. N. 
 
 Strasburg, a town of W. Prussia, in the circle 
 of Culm, with a castle ; seated on the Drigentz, 
 30 m. E. N. E. of Thorn. 
 
 Strasburg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg 
 15 m. N. by W. of Prenzlo. 
 
 Strasburg, a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carin- 
 thia, seated on the river Gurk, 13 m N. of Clx- 
 genfurt. 
 
 Strasburg, p.t. Lancaster Co. ; p.t. Franklin Co 
 Pa. ; p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va. 
 
 Slrasnitz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo 
 ravia, with a castle and a college, on the riva 
 Marsch, 12 m. S. S. W. of Hradlsch. 
 
 Stratford, a. village in Suffolk, Eng. 12 m. S 
 W. of Ipswich. 
 
 Stratford, a village in Essex, Eng., separated 
 from Bow in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over 
 which is a bridge, said to be the most ancient 
 stone arch in England. 3 m. E. N. E. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Stratford, Fenny, a. town in Buckinghamshire, 
 Eng., with a manufacture of thread lace ; seated 
 on the Lyssel, and the Roman highway called 
 Watling-street, 45 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Stratford Stony, a town in Buckinghamshire 
 Eng. The inhabitants are principal^' lace-ma- 
 kers. It is seated on the Ouse, 52. m. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Strattford-on-Avon, a town in Warwickshire, 
 Eng. It is memorable as the birth-place o f 
 Shakspeare, who was buried here in 1610. Here 
 is a manufacture of silk buttons, and some trade 
 in corn and malt. The town is situate on the 
 Avon, over which is a long bridge, 8 m. S. W 
 of Warwick and 95 N. W. of London. 
 
 Stratford, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 443; p.t. 
 Fairfield Co. Conn., 14 m S. W. New Haven. 
 Pop. 1 ,807. A township of Montgomery Co. N 
 Y. Pop. 552. 
 
 Stratham, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. IL, 8 m S 
 W. Portsmouth. Pop. 838. 
 
 Stratliavcn, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire 
 with a manufacture of cotton, seated on the Avon 
 8 m. S. of Hamilton and 12 W. of Lanark. 
 
 Strathmore, a river of Scotland, in Sutherland- 
 shire, which flows into a bay of the North Sea 
 called Loch Hope. 
 
 Strathy, a river of Scotland, in Sutherlandshire 
 which issues from a small lake, and flows into ;>_ 
 bay of the N. Sea, sheltered to the W. by a laro-J 
 promontory, to which it gives name. 
 
 Stratton, a town in Cornwall, Eng., 222 m. \V. 
 by S. of London. 
 
 Straubing, a town of Bavaria, capital of a terri- 
 tory of the same name, with a castle, h has 
 broad streets, handsome churches, a flourishing 
 academy, and a convent of L T rsuline nuns. In 
 1743 it was taken by the Austrians, who demol- 
 ished the fortifications, but it was restored in 
 1745. It is seated on the Danube, 22 m S. E 
 cf Ratisbon and 68 N. E. of Munich Lone Vi 
 28. E., lat. 48. 50. N 
 
STR 
 
 699 
 
 STR 
 
 Strausberg , a town of Prussia, in the Middle 
 Mark of Brandenburg, with an old castle on a 
 mountain. It has manufactures of baize and 
 cloth, and stands on the lake Strauss. 21 in. E. 
 N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Straicntown, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. 
 
 Stre/ila, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near 
 which the Prussians were defeated by the Aus- 
 trians in 1760. It is seated on the Elbe, 14 m. 
 N. W. of Meissen. 
 
 Streldcn, a town of Prussian Silesia, with man- 
 ufactures of woolens, stockings, and leather ; seat- 
 ed on the Ohla, 22 m. S. of Breslau. 
 
 Strtlitz, Neic, a town of Lower Saxony, capital 
 of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. It owes 
 its origin to the destruction of the ducal palace, 
 in Old Strelitz : in consequence of which, in 1713, 
 the duke began to erect a magnificent palace, 2 
 ni. from the site of the old one, at a place called 
 Glienke, which was before his hunting seat ; and 
 in 1733 he founded a town adjoining to the palace, 
 and ordered it to be called New Strelitz. The 
 centre is a spacious market-place, and thence a 
 number of streets branch out in straight lines; 
 the chief street leads to the palace, and the next 
 to a pleasant lake. It is seated among lakes 55 
 m. S. E. of Gustrow and 56 IN. by W. of Berlin. 
 Long. 13. 18. E., lat. 53. 21. N. 
 
 Strelitz Old, a small town of the duchy of Meck- 
 lenburg, the residence of the younger branch of 
 that house, till the castle was burnt down in 1712. 
 See the preceding article. 
 
 Strengiies, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 
 and a bishop's see, seated on the lake Maerler, 30 
 m. W. by S. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 4. E., lat. 
 59. 20. N. 
 
 Strickersville, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Striegaii, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Schvveidnitz, seated on a river, at 
 the foot of a mountain, 11m. N. of Schweid- 
 nitz. 
 
 Stroemsholm, a town of Sweden, in Westmania 
 situate on the lake Mealer, 45 in. S. W. of Upsal. 
 Long. 16. 24. E., lat. 59. 30. N. 
 
 Stroma,, a small island of Scotland, on the coast 
 of Caithness-shire, in Pentland Frith. Its ca- 
 verns were once used by the inhabitants of the 
 neighbouring island as places of interment. Near 
 its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool. 
 
 St/omberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the government of Munster, 20 m. E. N. E. of 
 Minister and 20 N. W. of Paderborn. 
 
 Stromholi, the most northern of the Lipari Isl- 
 ands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical 
 form to the height of 3,000 feet; and on the E. 
 side are three or four little craters ranged near 
 each other, nearly at two-thirds of its height. Not- 
 withstanding its fires, it is inhabited, and pro- 
 duces a great deal of cotton. Of all the volca- 
 noes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be 
 the only one that burns without ceasing; and it 
 has long been looked upon as the great lighthouse 
 of the Mediterranean, the flames being seen by 
 night at a great distance. Long. 15. 40. E., lat, 
 36.40. N. 
 
 Stromness, a town of Scotland, on the S. W. 
 side of the island of Pomona, with a good harbour, 
 9 m. W. of Kirkwall. 
 
 Stromoe, the principal of the Feroe Islands, in 
 the Northern Ocean, 30 m. in length and 10 in 
 breadth. It has a town called Thorshaven, which 
 is the capital of all the islands and the common 
 market. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 62. 10. N. 
 Stromsoe, a town of Norway, in the province 
 
 of Aggerhuys, 18 m. S. W. of Christiania. See 
 Drammen. 
 
 Stromstadt, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland 
 celebrated for its shell fish. It stands on the 
 coast of the N. Sea. 43 m. N. N. W. of Uddevalle. 
 Long. 11. 4. E., lat. 59. 4. N. 
 
 Strong, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 985. 
 
 Strongsville, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 125 m. M. 
 E. Columbus. Pop 6,311. 
 
 Stroiigoli, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 seated on a high rock, 3 m. from the sea, and 7 N. 
 of St. Severino. 
 
 Stronsa, one of the Orkney Islands, situate i\. 
 E. of that called Pomona. It is 7 m. from N. to 
 S.and nearly the same in breadth, but so indent- 
 ed by bays that no part of it is above a mile and a 
 half from the sea. It produces much kelp, and 
 feeds many sheep and cattle. 
 
 Strontian, a village of Scotland, in Arglyeshire 
 and in the district of Ardnamurchan, noted for its 
 lead mines, in which a new kind of mineral was 
 discovered in 1700, and named Slrontites. 
 
 Stroud, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. It is 
 seated on a brook, the waters of which are pecu- 
 liarly adapted to the dyeing of scarlet, and its 
 banks are consequently crowded with the houses 
 of clothiers: a navigable canal accompanies its 
 progress to the Severn, and is now extended to 
 join the Thames atLechlade. Stroud is 11 m. S. 
 by E. of Gloucester and 100 W. by N. of London 
 
 Stroud, a considerable village in Kent, Eng 
 
 Stroudsburg, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Stuartsburg, p. v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. 
 
 Studland, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. in the 
 neighbourhood of which are several curious bar- 
 rows. 
 
 Sluhlingai, a town of Baden, in a lordship, of 
 the same name, with a castle on a mountain, 9 in. 
 S. of Furstenburg. 
 
 Stilhbweisscnburv, a town of Hungary, capital ot 
 a county of its name, and the see of a bishop, sit- 
 uate in marshy ground, occasioned by the river 
 Sarwitz. It was formerly the place for the cor- 
 onation of the kings, and generally also of their 
 interment; but it is much decayed, since its 
 works were dismantled in 1702. The number of 
 inhabitants is estimated at 13,000. 36 m. S. W. of 
 Buda, and 80 S. E. of Presburg. Long. IS. 28. E. 
 lat. 47. 18. N. 
 
 Sturbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 ni. S. 
 W. Boston, with manufactures of woolen and cot- 
 ton. Pop. 1,683. 
 
 Stutgurd, a city of Germany, capital of the 
 kingdom of VVurteiiberg. It is surounded by 
 walls and ditches, and has an ancient castle, with 
 a rich cabinet of curiosities, a magnificent palace, 
 an orphan house, a college, a ducal academy, 
 and observatory, a military academy one of 
 the largest libraries in Germany. It has man- 
 ufactures of silks, stockings, ribands, &c. and 
 around it are innumerable vineyards and gardens. 
 The streets are narrow in the city, and the houses 
 generally of wood ; but there are fine houses, and 
 straight streets, in one of the suburbs. Stutgard 
 was repeatedly entered by the armies on both sides 
 between 1796, and 1S15. It is seated in a plaiu 
 among mountains, near the river Neckar, 36 m 
 E. of Baden and 52 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. 9, 
 21. E., lat. 48. 44. N. 
 
 Styria, a province of Austria, 125 m. long and 
 17 broad ; bounded on the E. by Hungary, S. by 
 Carniola, and W. by Carinthia and Salzburg, it 
 is divided into Upper and Lower Styria ; Uie for- 
 mer containing the circles of Judenburg and 
 
SUD 
 
 700 
 
 SUI 
 
 Bruck, and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburg, 
 and Cilley. Though a mountainous country 
 there is much land fit for tillage, and the soil is 
 fertile. The mountains are clothed with oak, 
 beech, and pine; every kind of grain is well cul- 
 tivated, and the white wine is very pleasant. It 
 contains mines of excellent iron, whence the arms 
 made here are in great esteem ; also mines of lead 
 and coal. The principal rivers are the Enna, 
 Muhr. Drave, and Save. The inhabitants are for 
 the most part Catholics, but Protestants are tol- 
 erated, and Jews in a limited degree. Gratz and 
 Judenburg are the chief towns. 
 
 Suubia. the former name of one of the ten cir- 
 cles of Germany, bounded on the N. by Franconia 
 and the circle of Lower Rhine, W. by that circle 
 and Alsace, S. by Switzerland, and E. by Bava- 
 ria. It comprised the greater part of the kingdom 
 of Wurtcmberg, the grand duchy of Baden and 
 some other territories. 
 
 Suaken, or Suaquam, a sea-port and the capital 
 of the country of Abex, seated on a small island of 
 he same name, in the Red Sea. It is the resi- 
 .ence of a Turkish governor under the bashaw of 
 Cairo, and was once a very flourishing place, but 
 is now gone to decay. Long. 37. 55. E., lat. 19. 
 56 N. 
 
 Subiacco, a town of the papal states, in Cam- 
 pagna di Roma, seated on the Tfeverone, 33 m. E. 
 by iV. of Rome. 
 
 Succadnna, a town on the S. W. coast of Bor- 
 neo, capital of a kingdom ofthe same name. The 
 chief products of the country are camphor and 
 diamonds. It is seated at the mouth of* a river. 
 Long. 110. 15. E., lat. 1. 10. S. 
 
 Success, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 14. 
 
 Success Bar/, a bay on the S. L toast of Terra 
 del Fuego. The S. promontory, at its entrance, 
 is called Cape Success. Long. 65.27. W. lat. 55 
 l.S. 
 
 Suckasunnij ^.v. Morris Co. N. J. 
 
 Suczava, a town of European Turkey, in Molda- 
 via, formerly a flourishing city, but now much 
 declined. It is seated on a river ofthe same name, 
 70 m. N. W. of Jassy. Long. 25. 52. E., lat. 47. 
 57. N. * 
 
 Suda, a strong fort ofthe Isle of Candia, situate 
 on an islet, in a gulf of its name, which is one of 
 the finest and safest harbours in the Levant. This 
 fort was constructed by the Venetians, who pre- 
 served it a great while after Candia was no long- 
 er in their possession. It is 8 m. E. of Canea. 
 
 Sudbury, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. 54 m. N. 
 E. of London. 
 
 Sudbury, p. v. Rutland Co. Vt. 43 m. W. Wind- 
 sor. Pop. 812, p.t. Middlesex. Co. Mass. 20 m. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,424. 
 
 Sudcrhamn, a t^vvn of Sweden, in the govern- 
 ment of Gefleborg, with a considerable trade in 
 linen, butter, timber, and flax ; situate at the 
 mouth of a river, near the trulf of Bothnia. 20 m. 
 N. of Gefle. Long. 17. 5. E., lat. 03. 20. N. 
 
 Suder /toping, a town of Sweden, in E. Goth- 
 land, seated on a navigable river, 10 m. S. S. E. 
 of Nordkoping 
 
 Sudermania, a province of Sweaen Proper, 62 m. 
 long and 42 broad, bounded by Upland. West- 
 mania, Nericia, and the Baltic. It is the most 
 populous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn, 
 and mines of divers metals. Nykoping is the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 Suderlelgc, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 
 with a manufacture of worsted and silk stockings, 
 IGm W. S. W of Stockholm. 
 
 Sudorec, one of the Feroe Islands, in the North- 
 ern Ocean, remarkable for a dangerous whirlpoo. 
 near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 fathoms 
 deep in the centre. The danger, especially in 
 storms, is very great; but at the reflux, and in 
 very still weather, the inhabitants venture in boats, 
 for the sake of fishing. 
 
 Suen-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Pe-tche-li, seated amid mountains, 
 near the great wall, 77 m. N. N. W. of Pekin. 
 Long. 114. 39. E., lat. 40. 38. N. 
 
 Suez, a sea-port of Egypt, with a castle, seated 
 at the N. end ofthe W. arm ofthe Red Sea, cal- 
 led the gulf of Suez. This gulf is separated from 
 the Mediterranean by an isthmus, 125 m. ovi'r, 
 which joins Asia to Africa. The town is sur- 
 rounded by a sandy country, and is without water 
 Several vessels are employed in the navigatior 
 between this port and Jidda, where the commo- 
 dities are bartered for Indian goods and the coffee 
 of Arabia. The commerce of Cairo with Suez is 
 carried on by caravans, which wait the arrival, ano 
 set out on the departure of the vessels, that is 
 about the end of April, and in the course of Jul}' 
 and August. The merchandise consists in corn, 
 wood, iron, lead, wool, cloth, cordage, &c. 65m 
 E. of Cairo. Long. 32. 51 . E., lat. 30. 2. N. 
 
 Suffield, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. N. Hart 
 ford. Pop. 2,696. A township of Portage Co. 
 Omo. Pop. 397. 
 
 Suffolk, a county of England, 58 m. long and 28 
 broad; bounded on the S. by Essex, W. by Cam- 
 bridgeshire, N. by Norfolk, and E. by the German 
 Ocean. The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 
 270,542. The soil is of various qualities, but the 
 country, in general, is level. Near the shore it is 
 sandy and full of heaths, but abound in rye, peas, 
 turnips, carrots and hemp, with numerous flocks 
 of sheep. High Suffolk or the woodlands, which 
 is in the inland part, yields good pasture, which 
 feeds abundance of cattle. That part on the con- 
 fines of Essex and Cambridgeshire affords also ex- 
 cellent pasture ; and to the N. and N. W. it is 
 fruitful in corn. Its chief produce is butter and 
 cheese ; but the latter has gained almost prover- 
 bially the character ofthe worst in England. Ip- 
 swich is the principal town. 
 
 Suffolk, a county of Massachusetts, comprising 
 Boston and Chelsea. Pop. 62.162. Boston is the 
 Capital. A county of New York, consisting of 
 the E. part of Long Island. Pop. 26,980; p.v. 
 Nansemond Co. Va. 28 m. S. W. Norfolk. 
 
 Sugar Creek, townships in Stark. Tuscarawas 
 Green and Wayne Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Sugar Lsaf,s. township of Luzerne Co. Pa. 
 
 Sugar •Jrovc, o.v. Warren Co. Pa. 
 
 Suggsvillc, p.v. Clark Co. Alab. 
 
 Suirul.in.cssa, or Sigi.lmessa,a town ofthe kingdom 
 of Tafilet, the capital of a district, which abounds 
 in corn, dates, and other fruits, and lias mines of 
 iron, lead, and antimony. It is seated on the Zig, 
 140 m. N. N. E. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 5. W., lat. 
 29. 40. N. 
 
 Suhla. a town of Prussian Saxony, capital of 
 Henneburg, with manufactures of fustian, linen, 
 leather, and steel. It is seated on the Hazel, 7 
 m. N. of Schleusingen. 
 
 Suhlingcn, a town of Hanover, in the count? 
 of Hoya, on a river of its name, 22 m. W. by Ni 
 of Nieburg. 
 
 Suire, a river of Ireland, which rises in Tippe 
 vary flows by Clonmel and Currick to Waterford 
 and meets the Barrow at '.he head of Waterfori 
 Haven. 
 
SUM 
 
 701 
 
 SUM 
 
 Sullivan, a county of New Hampshire. Pop. 
 19,837; Newport is the capital. A county of 
 N. York. Pop. 12,372; Monticello is the capital. 
 A county of Indiana. Pop. 4,696. Merom is the 
 capita!. A county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 10,073 ; 
 Blountsville is the capital. 
 
 Sullivan, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. 35 in. E. Cas- 
 ting. Pop. 538. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 38 m. S. 
 W. Concord, top. 555. p.t. Madison Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 4.077 ; p.v. Tioga Co. Pa. a township of 
 Lorain Co. Ohio. Pop. 206. 
 
 Sullivan's Island, a low island at the entrance 
 of Charleston harbour, S. C. 
 
 Sully, a town of France, department of Loiret, 
 seated on the Loire, 20 m. S. E. of Orleans. 
 
 Sulmona, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, 
 and a bishop's see. It contains 11 churches and 
 12 convents, and was the birthplace of the poet 
 Ovid. It is seated on the Sora. 26 m. S. W. of 
 Civita di Shieti. Long. 14. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. 
 
 Sultanta, a decayed town of Persia, in Irak, 
 with a magnificent mosque, which contains the 
 tomb of sultan Chodabend, or Hodabunda. 50 
 miles N. W. of Casbin. Longi 51. 53. E., lat. 36. 
 16. N. 
 
 Sullanpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Lahore, 62 m. S. E. of Lahore. 
 
 Sultanpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro- 
 vince of Oude, the station of a British detach- 
 ment, 32 miles S. of Fyzabad and 50 N. of Alla- 
 habad. 
 
 Sultz, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg, 
 with a salt mine, seated on the Rekenitz, 18 m. 
 E. S. E. of Rostock. 
 
 Sultz, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Rhine, with a medicinal spring, 13 m. S. S. W. 
 of Colmar. 
 
 Sulz, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of 
 Wurtemberg, with some salt-works; seated near 
 '.he Neckar, 12 m. N. of Rothweil. 
 
 Suiza, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe-Wei- 
 mar, with a salt mine, seated on the lime, 13 m. 
 E. N. E. of Weimar. 
 
 Suhback, a town and castle of Bavaria, in a 
 duchy of its name, the regency of which is unit- 
 ed to Amberg. It stands in a mountainous coun- 
 try, fertile in hops, 6 miles N. W. of Amberg. 
 
 Sulzburg, a town of Germany in Baden, with 
 a fine palace seated in a territory fertile in good 
 wine, 8 m. S. W. of Friburg. 
 
 Sumatra, the most western of the Sunda Fa- 
 lands, in the Indian Ocean. Its general direction 
 i* nearly N. W. and S. E. The equator divides 
 It into almost equal parts ; the one extremity be- 
 ing in 5. 53. N., the other in 5. 56. S. lat. and 
 Acheen Head, its N. extremity, is in Long. 95. 
 34 N. It is 950 m. in length, and from 150 to 
 2l»0 : n breadth ; and is separated from Malacca by 
 the strait of that name, and from Java by 
 the strait of Sunda. A chain of mountains runs 
 through its whole extent ; the ranges in many 
 parts, being double and treble ; yet their altitude 
 is not sufficient to occasion their being covered 
 with snow during any part of the year. Between 
 these ridges are extensive plains, considerably el- 
 evated above the surface of the maritime lands. 
 In these the air is cool ; and, from this advantage 
 they are esteemed the most eligible portion of the 
 country, are the best inhabited, and the most 
 cleared from woods, which elsewhere, in general, 
 cover both hills and valleys with an eternal shade. 
 Here too are found many lakes and rivers which 
 facilitate the communication between the differ- 
 ent parts. The inhabitants consist of Malays, 
 
 Achense, Battas, Lampoons and Rcjans; the 
 latter are taken as a standard of description, with 
 respect to the person, manners, and customs of 
 the Sumatrans. They are rather below the mio. 
 die stature ; their bulk in proportion ; their limbs, 
 for the most part, slight, but well shaped, and 
 particularly small at the wrist and ancles. 
 Their hair is strong and of a shining black. The 
 men are beardless, great pains being taken to 
 render them so, when boys, by rubbing their chins 
 with a kind of quick lime. Their complexion is 
 properly yellow, wanting the red tinge that con- 
 stitutes a copper or tawny colour. Those of ihe 
 superior class, who are not exposed to the rays of 
 the sun, and particularly the women of rank, ap 
 proach to a considerable degree of fairness ; but 
 the major part of the females are ugly. The rites 
 of marriage among the Sumatrans consist simply 
 in joining the hands of the parties, and pronounc- 
 ing them man and wife, without much ceremo- 
 ny, excepting the entertainment which is given 
 upon the occasion. But little apparent courtship 
 precedes their marriages. Their manners do not 
 admit of it, the young people of each sex being 
 carefully kept asunder, and the girls being sel- 
 dom trusted from their mothers. The opportuni- 
 ties which the young people have of seeing and 
 conversing with each other are at the public festi- 
 vals, where the persons who are unmarried meet 
 together, and dance and sing in company. A man, 
 when determined in his choice, generally employs 
 an old women as his agent, by whom he sends a 
 present. The parents then interfere, and, the 
 preliminaries being settled, a feast takes place. 
 At these festivals, a goat, a buffalo, or several 
 according to the rank of the parties, are killed 
 to entertain, not only the relations and invited 
 guest3, but for all the inhabitants of the neigh- 
 bouring country who chose to repair to them. 
 The greater the concourse, the more is the credit 
 of the host, who 13 generally, on these occasions, 
 the father of the girl. Polygamy is allowed ; but 
 it is extremely rare that an instance occurs of a 
 man having more than one wife, and that only 
 among a few of the chiefs This continence they 
 owe, in some measure, to their poverty. Moth- 
 ers carry their children straddling on their hip, 
 and usually supported by a cloth tied in a knot 
 on the opposite shoulder The children are nursed 
 but little, and are not confined by any swathing or 
 bandages. The original natives of Sumatra are 
 pagans ; but it is to be observed that when the 
 Sumartrans, or any of the natives of the eastern 
 islands, learn to read the Arabic character, and 
 submit to circumcision, they are said to become 
 Malays, the term Malay being understood to 
 mean Mussulman. The wild beasts oi Sumatra 
 are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, bears, and 
 monkeys. The tigers prove to the inhabitants, 
 both in their journeys and even their domestic 
 occupations, most destructive enemies ; yet, from 
 a superstitious predjudice, it is with difficulty they 
 are prevailed upon to use methods for destroying 
 them, till they have sustained some particular in- 
 jury in their own family or kindred. Alligators 
 likewise occasion the loss of many inhabitants ; 
 and yet a superstitious idea of their sanctity alsj 
 preserves them from molestation. The other an- 
 imals of Sumatra are buffaloes, a small kind of 
 horses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer 
 This last is an animal somewhat larger than a rab 
 bit. the head resembling that of a hog, and iU 
 shanks and feet those of a deer ; the bezoar stone 
 found on this animal has been valued at ten times 
 3n2 
 
SUM 
 
 702 
 
 SUN 
 
 Aa weight in gold. Of birds there is a greater va- 
 riety than of beasts. The coo-ow, or Sumatran 
 pheasant, is a bird of uncommon beauty. Here 
 are storks of a prodigious size, parrots, dung-hill 
 fowls, ducks, the largest cocks in the world, wood 
 pigeons, doves, and a great variety of small birds, 
 remarkable for the beauty of their colours. The 
 reptiles are lizards flying lizards, and camelions. 
 The islands swarms with insects, and their varie- 
 ties are no less extraordinary than their numbers. 
 Rice is the only grain that grows in the country. 
 Here ire sugar-canes, beans, peas, radishes, yams, 
 potatoes, pumpkins, and several kinds of potherbs 
 unknown to Europe ; and also most of the fruits 
 to be met with in other parts of the E. Indies, in 
 the greatest perfection. Indigo, saltpetre, sulphur, 
 arsenic,brazil-wood, two species of the bread-fruit 
 tree, pepper, cassia, camphire, benjamin, coffee, 
 and cotton, are likewise the produce of this island. 
 Here also are the cabbage-tree and silk cotton 
 tree •. and the forests contain a great variety of 
 valuable species of wood, as ebony pine, sandal, 
 eagle or aloes, teak, machineel. and iron wood, 
 and also the banyan tree. Bees' wax is a com- 
 modity of great importance here ; and there are 
 likewise the edible birds' nests. Gold, tin, iron, 
 copper, and lead, are found in the country ; and 
 the first is as plentiful here as in any part of Asia. 
 Sumatra is divided into many petty kingdoms, 
 the chief of which are Acheen, Indrapore, Palim- 
 ban, and Jambi. The English and Dutch have 
 factories on this island ; the principal one of the 
 former being fort Marlborough, at Bencoolen, 
 where, as also at the Dutch settlement of Pedang, 
 Christian missionaries have been for some time 
 established. 
 
 Sumbowa, an island in the Eastern seas, about 
 200 m. long and 40 broad. It is divided into the 
 districts of Beema, Dompoo, Tambora, Sangur, 
 Pekat, and Sumbawa, all governed by their re- 
 spective chiefs. The island furnishes sappan 
 wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, sulphur, wax, birds' 
 nests, tobacco, &c., though but little trade is at 
 present carried on. In the W., part of the island 
 is a town of the same name, with a good 
 harbour. 
 
 Sumbkoonant, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province ofNepaul, with a celebrated temple, 
 which is annually visited by an immense num- 
 ber of pilgrims from Bootan and Thibet. Long. 
 85. 38. E , lat. 27. 33. N. 
 
 Sumbul, a town of Hindoostan, in a territory of 
 its name, lying E. of Dehli, subject to the nabob 
 of Oude. 52 m. W. N. W. of Bereilly and 75 E. 
 of Dehli. 
 
 Sumbulpour or Sumelpovr, a town of Hindoos- 
 tan, in a district of its name, in the province of 
 Orrissa, 144 miles W. N. W. of Cattack and 280 
 VV. of Calcutta. Lono-. 83. 40. E., lat. 21. 25. 
 N. 
 
 Si/mefi, atown of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, 
 II. m. E. of Pergamo. 
 
 Sumerein. a town of Huncary, in the island of 
 Schnt. 16 miles S. S. E. of Presburg. 
 
 Summanytovm, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 35 m. 
 N. VV. ['hi lad. 
 
 Snmmr.i-ln.oum, a town of Birmah, the inhabi- 
 tants of which are chiefly employed in the man- 
 ufactures of saltpetre and gunpowder. It is 
 seated on the Irrawaddy, C8 miles S. by W. of 
 Ummerapoora. 
 
 Sumerfield, p.v Guilford Co. N. C. 
 
 Sum\>'d, p.t. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 33 m. S. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,733. 
 
 Summitsville, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 
 
 Sumner, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 
 20.606. Gallatin is the capital ; p.v. Oxford Co 
 Me. Pop. 1,099. 
 
 Sumter, a district of S. Carolina. Pop. 2S.27S 
 Sumterville the capital is 100 m. N. W. Charles 
 ton. 
 
 Sunapee, a lake of New Hampshire 11 miles 
 in length, in Hillisborough and Cheshire Cos. Its 
 waters pass through Sugar River into the Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Sunbury, p.t. NorthumberlandCo Pa ; p.t. Liber 
 ty Co. Geo. 45 m. S. E. Savannah, on Newport 
 river which here forms a tolerable harbour. It is 
 a port of entry ; p.t. Gates Co. N. C ; p.t. Del- 
 aware and Berkshire Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Sunart, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, which extends 20 miles E. into 
 the county of Argyle, from the N. end of the. 
 island of Mull. 
 
 Sunda Islands, islands in the S. E. part of the 
 Indian Ocean. The chief of them are Borneo, 
 Sumatra, and Java ; the two latter separated by 
 a channel called the Strait of Sunda. 
 
 Sunderbunds , a tract of country in Bengal 
 consisting of that part of the delta of the Ganges 
 which borders on the sea. In extent it is equal 
 to the principality of Wales. It is completely 
 enveloped in wood, infested with tigers, and 
 composed of labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all 
 of which are of salt, except those that immedi- 
 ately communicate with the principal arm of 
 the Ganges. Here salt, in quantities equal to the 
 whole consumption of Bengal and its dependan 
 cies, is made and transported with equal facility ; 
 and here also is found an inexhaustible store of 
 timber for boat-building. 
 
 Sunderburg, a town of Denmark, in the island 
 of Alsen, with a castle. It is seated on a strait 
 called Sunderburg Sound, 12 miles E. of Flans- 
 burg. Long. 10. 0. E., lat. 54. 51. N. 
 
 Sunderdoo, a fortified island and sea-port of 
 Hindoostan, in Concan, reduced bv commodore 
 James in 1756. It is 36 miles N. N. W. of Goa. 
 Long. 73.20. E., lat. 16. 3. N. 
 
 Sunderland, a sea-port in the county of Dur- 
 ham, Eng. For the exportation of coal, it is next 
 in consequence to Newcastle. Its port, at the 
 mouth of the Wear, will admit vessels of 4V0 
 tons; the entrance is defended by a battery , and 
 a pier, on which is a lighthouse. Here are sever- 
 al small dockyards, manufactures of salt, glass, 
 copperas, and earthenware, and a trade in lime, 
 grindstone, and other articles. Sunderland is much 
 frequented during the bathing seasons, and the 
 neighbourhood for several miles round is enrich- 
 ed by many elegant seats and mansions. The 
 pestilential cholera first appeared in England at 
 this place at the latter part of 1831. It is situate 
 on the river Wear, over which is a magnificent 
 iron bridge of one immense arch, which will ad 
 mit ships of 200 tons burden,to sail under it. 13 
 miles N. E. of Durham and 269 m. N. by W. of 
 London. 
 
 Sunderland, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 90 m. W. 
 Boston, with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 6(i6 ; 
 p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 15 m. N. E. Bennington. 
 Pop. 463. 
 
 Sundi, a province of Congo, which lies along 
 the river Zaire. Its rivers renders it extremely 
 fertile, and in the mountains are mines of" sever- 
 al metals. The capital is of the same name Long. 
 17. 55. E., lat. 4. 50. N. 
 
 Sundswald, a sea-port of Swedeii, and the cap 
 
SUR 
 
 703 
 
 SUR 
 
 ital of Medelpadia. The chief trade is in tar, 
 birch-bark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It is seat- 
 ed near the gulf of Bothnia, 210 miles N. by W. 
 of Stockholm. Long. 17. 50. E., lat. G2. 25. 
 N. 
 
 Suncrgong, or Sunnergaum, a town of Hin- 
 doostan, in Bengal, once a large city, and famous 
 for a manufacture of fine cotton cloth. It is 
 seated between the Burrampooter and a branch 
 jf the Ganges, 15 m. S. E. of Dacca. 
 
 Sunfish, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio; a township of 
 Pike Co. Ohio. 
 
 Superior, Lake, a lake of N. America between 
 .he United States and Canada. 400 miles in length 
 1 .700 miles in circumference, and the largest 
 bod}' of fresh water on the globe. It contains 
 many islands ; two of them very large, especially 
 Isle Royale, which is 100 miles long, and in ma- 
 tt v places, 40 broad. The Indians suppose these 
 islands to be the residence of the Great Spirits 
 Upwards of 30 rivers enter this lake, some of 
 which are of considerable size, and its water is re- 
 markable for purity and transparency. It abounds 
 with fishes, particularly trout and sturgeon. 
 Storms are even more dreadful on this lake than 
 on the ocean. It discharges its water from the 
 S. E. corner, through the strait of St. Mary, in- 
 to lake Huron; but the quantity does not appear 
 to be one-tenth part of what is conveyed into it 
 by the rivers. 
 
 Supino, a town of Naples, in the Molise, with 
 a castle, seated at the source of the Tamara, 17 
 n\. N. by. W. of Benevento. 
 
 Sur or Sour, a town of Syria, in Palestine, on 
 the coast of the Mediterranean, where stood the 
 fatuous city of Tyre, destroyed by Alexander the 
 Great. It is now no more than a village, situ- 
 ate on a peninsula which projects from the shore 
 into the sea, in the form of a mallet with an oval 
 head. The village consists of about 60 families, 
 who live obscurely on the produce of their little 
 grounds and a trifling fishery, 18 miles S. S. W. 
 of Saida and 60 m. S. W. of Damascus. 
 
 Sura, a town of Sweden, in Westmanland, 15 
 m. N. of Stroernsholm . 
 
 Surat, a city of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with 
 a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the 
 streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust 
 is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own, 
 with which it is shut up in times of turbulence. 
 The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts be- 
 fore them ; and those of the common people are 
 high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants; 
 and its trade is considerable, notwithstanding the 
 sandbanks that obstruct the entrance of the Tap- 
 ty, which causes large vessels to load and unload 
 at Swally, 15 miles to the W. of Surat. In this 
 city are Mahometans of several sects, many 
 sorts of Gentoos, and Jews and Christians of 
 various denominations. It is one of the stations 
 of the London Missionary Society. The Ma- 
 hometans at Surat are not. bv far, so strict as 
 they are in Arabia, or in other Turkish countries ; 
 nor are the distinctions of tribes among the Hin 
 doos who reside here strictly observed. The lat 
 ter are almost all of the cast of the Banians ; and 
 their skill and dexterity in matters of calculation 
 and economy often raise them to places of con 
 siderable trust. Some of them are very rich, 
 but all live in a style of moderate simplicity, and 
 wear only a plain robe of white cotton. All 
 people of distinction in Surat, and through the 
 rest of India, speak and write the Persian lan- 
 guage ; but in trade, corrupt Portuguese is the 
 
 language used. This city was long the emporium 
 of the most precious productions of Hindoostan , 
 for hither were brought from the interior parts 
 an immense quantity of goods, which the mer 
 chants carried in their ships to the Red Sea, the 
 Persian Gulf, the coasts of Malabar and Coro 
 mandel, and even to China. Since the rise of 
 Bombay, however the traffic of this place has 
 greatly declined, and now consists chiefly of raw 
 cotton and a few of its own manufactures. One 
 thing singular in Surat is, that, though there is 
 no hospital for human beings, there is an exten 
 sive establishment of this nature for sick o 
 maimed animals. When th^ Europeans turr. 
 out an old horse, or any other domestic animal, 
 to perish as useless, the Hindoos voluntari- 
 ly assume the care of it, and place it in this 
 house, which is full of infirm and decrepit cows, 
 sheep, rabbits, hens, pigeons, &c. The country 
 round Surat is fertile, except towards the sea, 
 where it is sandy and barren. Amongthe animals 
 may be mentioned the Nyl Ghau, a creature some- 
 
 what between a cow and a deer and of an ashy 
 grey colour. Before the English E. India Company 
 obtained possession of Bombay. Surat was the 
 seat of their presidency, and the centre of their 
 eastern trade. It is situate 20 miles up the river 
 Tapty and 147 m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72. 
 48. E., lat. 21. 11. N. 
 
 Surgooja, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 circar of the sam name, in the province of Orissa. 
 75 m. N. E. of Ruttunpour and 210 S. S. W. of 
 Patna. Long. 83. 32. E., lat. 23. 6. N. 
 
 Surguinsville, p.v. Hawkins Co. Ten. 240 m. 
 N. E. Murfreesborough. 
 
 Surgut, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the gov- 
 ernment of Tobolsk, surrounded by palisadoes, 
 and seated on the Oby, 285 m. N. N. E. of 
 Tobolsk. Long. 73. 30. E., lat. 01. 30. N. 
 
 Surinam, a country of Guiana, extending 75 
 miles along a river of the same name. It abounds 
 with game, and singular animals of diffent kinds; 
 the toad, in particular, being remarkable for its 
 enormous size and ugly form. The products 
 are fruits, indigo, sugar, tobacco, gums, and 
 wood for dyeing. The woods are full of mon- 
 keys, and it is said tru j re are serpents iO foet 
 
 long. Here is found the Phalanger, or Surinam 
 rat, an animal about the size ofa small rabbit 
 
 *^mm 
 
sus 
 
 704 
 
 SON 
 
 This country was ceded by the English to the 
 Dutch, for the province of New York, in 1774 
 It \7is taken by the British in 1799, and again 
 in 1804 ; but restored in 1314. The capital is 
 Paramaribo. 
 
 Suriagia, a sea-port of Japan, in the island of 
 Nl priori, capital of a province of the same name 
 with a castle, where the emperors formerly resided. 
 170 in. E. of Meaco. Lou. 130. 5. E., lat. 39. 30. N. 
 Surrey, a county of England, 37 in. long and 27 
 broad, bounded on the N. by Middlesex, E. by 
 Kt>nt, S. by Sussex, and W. by Hampshire and 
 Berkshire. In 1821 the number of inhabitants 
 .was 393,(5.33. The soil is very different in the ex- 
 treme parts from that in the middle, whence it has 
 been compared to a coarse cloth with a fine bor- 
 der; for the edge of the country on all sides has 
 a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn, and grass, 
 particularly on the N. and W. towards the 
 Thames ; but it is far otherwise in the heart of the 
 county, where are wide tracts of sandy ground and 
 barren heath, and in some places long ridges of 
 hills. It produces corn, boxwood, walnuts, hops, 
 and fullers'-earth. Medicinal herbs are raised to 
 a considerable extent, and about 3,500 acres of 
 land consist of gardens for the supply ofthe Lon- 
 don market. The principal rivers, besides the 
 Thames (which is the boundary of this country 
 >n the N.), are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle. 
 The spring assizes are held at Kingston, and the 
 summer at Guilford and Croydon alternately. 
 
 Surry, a connty of the E. District of Virginia. 
 Pop. 7,103. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. 
 14,501. Rockford is the capital; p.t. Hancock 
 Co. Me. Pop. 561 ; p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 40 
 m. S. W. Concord. Pop. 539. 
 
 Sursee, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Lucerne, seated on the river Sur, near the lake 
 of Sempach, 12 m. N. W. of Lucerne. 
 
 Sus, a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount 
 Atlas, flows through the kingdom of Sus, and en- 
 ters the Atlantic at Messa. Its annual inunda- 
 tions enrich the country. 
 
 Sus, or Suse, a kingdom or province of the em- 
 pire of Morocco, bounded on the W. by the At- 
 lantic, N. by Morocco Proper, E. by Tafilet, and 
 S. by Darah. It is a flat country, abounding in 
 corn, sugar-canes, and dates. The inhabitants, 
 who are chiefly Berebers, or ancient natives, are 
 distinguished by their industry, and many of them, 
 who live in towns, become opulent, and are much 
 more polite than the natives of Fez and Morocco. 
 In the mountainous part they are entirely free, 
 and are governed by their own chiefs. The prin- 
 cipal towr. is Tarudant. 
 
 Susa, or Sousa, a sea-port of Tunis, the chief 
 n: irt of the kingdom for oil and linen, and for- 
 merly a place of some repute : near it are con- 
 siderable remains of ancient buildings. It stands 
 on the E. coast, 75 m. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 11. 
 15. E., lat. 35. 40. N. 
 
 Susa, a province of i.he Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, consisting of abroad valley interspersed 
 with steep rocks. It has an area of 700 square 
 in. with 65,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Susa, a town of Piedmont, with a strong fort, 
 called Brunette. Here are four churches and sev- 
 eral religious houses, and near it is a triumphal 
 arch to the honor of Augustus Caesar. It is seat- 
 ed on the Doria, among pleasant mountains, and 
 is the principal passage out of France into Italy. 
 It was taken by the French in 1799, but restored 
 i'u 1814. 23 m. W. N. W. of Turin. Long. 7. 16. 
 E., lat. 45. 10. N. 
 
 Susannah, a village of Clermont Co. Cfnio. 
 Susdal, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Volodimir, and a bishop's see. It is built of wood 
 and is seated on the Nerl, 90 m. N. E. of Moscow 
 Long. 40. 25. E., lat. 56. 26. N. 
 
 Susquehanna, a. river ofthe United States, which 
 issues from the lake Otsego. It crosses three 
 times the line that divides the state of New York 
 from Pennsylvania, after which it flows S. E. Vt 
 Wil'tesbarre, and then S. W. to Sunbury, where 
 it meets the W. branch of the Susquehanna. It 
 then flows by Harrisburg to Havre de Grace, 
 where it enters the head of Chesapeak Bay. To- 
 ward its mouth its course is much impeded by falls, 
 and several canals have been formed to assists it.° 
 navigation. Vast quantities of salmon and shau 
 are taken in its waters. 
 
 Susquehanna , a county of the W. District of 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 16,777 Montrose is the cap- 
 ital ; p. v. Broome Co. N. Y ; t. Dauphin Co. Pa. 
 Sussex, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Vienne, 15 m. S. E. of Limoges. 
 
 Sussex, a county of England, 70 m. long and 
 23 where broadest ; bounded on the N. by Surrey, 
 N. E. and E. by Kent, S. by the English"Channel, 
 and W. by Hampshire. The number of inhabit- 
 ants in 1821 was 233,019. The soil is various, 
 that of the downs, and thence to the sea, is fer- 
 tile in corn and grass, the latter feeding sheep 
 whose wool is remarkably fine ; the middle 
 abounds with meadows and rich arable ground, 
 and the N. side is shaded with extensive woods, 
 that used to supply fuel for the iron works when 
 they were in a flourishing state. The chief com- 
 modities are corn, malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron, 
 chalk, and glass. Sussex is not distinguished for 
 any manufacture but that of gunprwder.at Battel, 
 and of needles at Chichester. Chichester is the 
 capital. 
 
 Sussex, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 20.349 
 Newton is the capital ; a county of Delaware. 
 Pop. 27.1 18. Georgetown is the capital ; a coun- 
 ty ofthe E. District of Virginia. Pop. 12,720. 
 
 Susteren, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of Limburg, 2 m. from the river Meuse 
 and 10 S. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Sutherlandskire, a county of Scotland, with 
 about 24,000 inhabitants. Some parts of this 
 county, called forests are trackless deserts, des 
 titule of trees ; or bleak mountains, abounding 
 with wild roes. In these parts there are i'exv in- 
 habitants, and no villages, but along the frith of 
 Dornoch. The country is populous and well cul- 
 tivated. It has abundance of ironstone, limestone, 
 and slate, and many veins of lead ore. Dornoch 
 is the county town. 
 
 Sutri, a town of the Papal States, in the patri- 
 mony of St. Peter, seated on the Puzzola, 22 m. 
 N. W. of Rome. 
 
 Sutto?i Colefield. a corporate town in Warwick- 
 shire, Eng. Hardware forms the principal article 
 oftrade. 110 N. W. of London. 
 
 Sutton upon Trent, a small town in Nottingham- 
 shire, Eng. 
 
 Sutton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 20 m. N. W 
 Concord. Pop. 1,424; p.t. Worcester Co Mas? 
 40 m. S. W. Boston, with manufactures of cotton 
 The Blackstone canal passes through this town 
 Pop. 2,186; p.v. Caledonia Co. Vt. 38 m. N. E. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 1,005. A township of Meigs 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Sutanne, St.. a town of France, in the depa*t- 
 inent of Mayenne, with a considerable pepj er 
 manufacture, 24 in W. of Mans. 
 
SWE 
 
 705 
 
 SWE 
 
 Sveaborg, a strong fortress of Sweden, built on 
 several rocky islets in the gulf of Finland. In 
 1808 it surrendered to the Russians. 3 m. S. of 
 Helsingfors. 
 
 Svenlwrg, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island 
 of Funen, with the best harbour in the island. 
 Here are manufactures of woolen and linen. 22 
 in. S. of Odens e. Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 55. 9. N. 
 
 Sioaffham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. noted for 
 outter. 93 m. N. E. of London. 
 
 Swainesborough, p. v. Emanuel Co. Geo. 80 m 
 S. E. Milledgeville. 
 
 Swale, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. This river 
 was held sacred by the Saxons from the circum- 
 stance of upwards of 10,000 persons having been 
 baptized in it by Pauliness, archbishop of York, 
 upon their conversion to Christianity. 
 
 Swally,& town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with 
 a iiarbour, where ships receive and deliver their 
 cargoes for the merchants of Surat. It is seated 
 near the gulf of Cambay, 15 m. W. of Surat. 
 Long. 72. 33. E., lat. 21. 10. N. 
 
 Swalwelt, a village in the county of Durham, 
 Eng. 
 
 Swamp Churches, p. v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 
 Swan, a township of Hocking Co. Ohio. 
 
 Swan River, a river of N. America, which rises 
 in lake Etowwemahmeh, passes through Pwan 
 Lake, and falls into the Mississippi about 40 m. 
 from its source. All the country in the neigh- 
 bourhood of this and Red Deer River abounds in 
 beavers, moose deer, sallow deer, elks, bears, buf- 
 faloes, &c. The soil is good, and promises to re- 
 ward the industrious cultivator. A great number 
 of persons have recently emigrated to this coun- 
 try from Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Swanville, a township of Waldo Co. Me. 15 m. 
 S. W. Castine. Pop. 633. 
 
 Swanage, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. seated 
 on a bay of the same name, in the English Chan- 
 nel, 4 in. E. S. E. of Corfe Castle. 
 
 Swannanoe, p. v. Buncombe Co. N. C. 
 
 Swansborough, p. v. Onslow Co. N. C. 40 m. S. 
 W. Newbern. 
 
 Swanscomb, a village in Kent, Eng. 2 m. W. 
 by S. of Gravesend. 
 
 Swansea, a sea-port and borough of Wales, in 
 Glamorganshire. Coal, iron, and limestone 
 abound in its neighbourhood, and great quantities 
 are exported It has a considerable trade to Bris- 
 tol, and extensive works for the smelting of cop- 
 per and lead ore. 206 m. W. of London. 
 
 Swanslials, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 
 25 m. W. S. W. of Lindkoping. 
 
 Sioanton, a township of Franklin Co. Vt. on L. 
 Champlain 30 m. N. Burlington. Pop. 2,158. 
 
 Swantown, a town in Kent Co. Md. 
 
 Swanzey, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 44 m. S. W. 
 Concord. Pop. 1,816; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 47 
 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,677. Here are manufac- 
 tures of paper and other articles. 
 
 Sicarteberg, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 
 18 m. N. W. of Uddevalla. 
 
 Swartslutjs, a town and fortress of the Nether- 
 lands, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 4 m. 
 from its mouth and 8 N. of Zwoll. 
 
 Sicatara., a river of Pennsylvania flowing into 
 the Susquehanna at Middletown. Also a town- 
 ship of Dauphin Co. Pa. 
 
 Sweasysville, a township of Adams Co Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Sweden, a kingdom of Europe, extenaing 1,000 
 m. from N. to S. and 300 from E. to W , bounded 
 in the N. by Norwegian Lapland, E. by Russia, 
 
 S. by the gulf of Finland and the Baltic, and W 
 by the Sound, the Categat, and Norway. It wai 
 formerly divided into five general parts ; Sweden 
 Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Fin- 
 land; and each of these subdivided into provin 
 ces. The greater part of Finland, however, was 
 ceded to Russia in 1808, but in 1814, on cedtng 
 the small province of Swedish Pomerania, it ac- 
 quired Norway, including which, and Norwegian 
 Lapland, the total extent of surface may be com- 
 puted at 343,000 sq. m. with a pop. scarcely ex- 
 ceeding 3,500,000. The Pop. of Sweden alone is 
 2,790,000. 
 
 The whole country is now divided into 23 gov- 
 ernments, Umea, Hernosand, Gefleborg, Upsal, 
 Stockholm, Westeras, Nykoping, Orebro, Stora 
 Kopparberg or Fahlun, Cailstadt, Lindkoping, 
 Jonkoping, Kronoborg or Wexio, Calmar 
 Carlscrona, Scaraborg, Elfsborg, Gottenburg 
 Halinstadt, Christianstadt, Malmohus, and Wis- 
 by. Though enclosed by mountains on the W. 
 and N.. it is in general a very flat country ; and 
 it is remarkable that along the whole road, from 
 Gottenburg in the W. to Stockholm in the E., 
 there is not a single acclivity of consequence, till 
 within a few miles of the latter. It is well watered 
 by rivers (though not a single navigable one 
 worth mentioning), numerous lakes, and inland 
 pieces of water, on the banks of which the palaces 
 and villas are usually built. At Stockholm, 
 spring and autumn are scarcely to be perceived ; 
 for winter continues nine months, and summer 
 during the remaining three. In winter the cold 
 is excessive, and the heat in summer is consider- 
 able, the air being serene all that time. During 
 this season all the rocks are quite covered with 
 flowers, and the gardens have plenty of fruits. 
 The trees are early in blossoming, the soil being 
 fat and sulphureous ; but the fruits have not sc 
 good a taste as in more southern countries. The 
 animals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, sheep, elks, 
 reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild cats, and 
 squirrels. The horses are so little and feeble 
 that seven are put to a travelling carriage, four a 
 breast in the first line, and three in the second ; 
 but a lame or foundered horse is seldom to be 
 seen, which is attributed, in a great degree, to 
 the manner of stabling them on perforated boards 
 without litter. In some parts are rich silver, cop 
 per, and iron mines, and vast forests of timbei 
 trees. The articles of export, are boards, gun- 
 powder, leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitcb : 
 rosin, and masts ; and the imports salt, brandy 
 wine, linen cloth, stuffs, tobacco, sugar, spice 
 
SWE 
 
 706 
 
 SWE 
 
 and paper. The inhabitants are of a robust con- 
 stitution, and able to sustain the hardest labour. 
 They are however, more polished than formerly, 
 and have several public schools and colleges, 
 where the arts and sciences are taught. Their 
 houses are generally of wood, with very little art 
 in their construction. The roofs in many places 
 are covered with turf, on which their goats often 
 feed. 
 
 The form of the Swedish government has fre- 
 quently varied. Before the accession of Gusta- 
 vus 1. it was an elective monarchy. By the 
 union of Calmar, in 1397, it was stipulated that 
 the same monarch should rule over Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Norway ; and hence Sweden be- 
 came a mere!}' tributary kingdom to Denmark. 
 From this state of subjection to a tyrannical for- 
 eign yoke, it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on 
 whom the Swedes, in 1523. conferred the sove- 
 reignty, and made the crown hereditary in his 
 male issue. He was entrusted with great pre- 
 rogatives ; and these were augmented by Gusta- 
 vus Adolphus, the right of succession being ex- 
 tended, at the same time, to the female line. In 
 the minority of his daughter Christina, the regal 
 powers were greatly circumscribed, and the no- 
 bles acquired such an exorbitant authority as 
 o-ave great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and 
 peasants. This proved a favourable opportunity 
 for Charles XI. to obtain from the states a formal 
 cession of absolute sovereignty, which quietly 
 devolved upon his son, Charles XII. Upon the 
 death of the latter, the Swedes conferred the 
 crown upon Ulrica Eleonora, his youngest sister, 
 stipulating, at the same time, great limits to the 
 prerogative. Ulrica resigned the crown to her 
 consort Frederic I. From this period the Swe- 
 dish monarch was the most limited one in Europe, 
 till 1772, when Gustavus III. effected a revolu- 
 tion, by which he regained the most essential royal 
 prerogatives, without, however, being an absolute 
 monarch. He was assassinated in 1792, leaving 
 his son Gustavus Adolphus, a minor, who attain- 
 ed his majority in 1796. This prince was de- 
 posed on the 1st of May, 1809, and his uncle, the 
 duke of Sudermania, was called to the throne. 
 But soon after his accession, in consequence of 
 the sudden death of his son, the crown prince, 
 he assembled the diet of the kingdom, in order 
 to choose a successor to the throne. The Swe- 
 disu diet met for this purpose at Orebro, on the 
 8th of August 1810, and, after a short speech 
 from the king, they elected the French marshal, 
 prince of Ponto Corvo, to the dignity of crown 
 prince of Sweden This person, though a French- 
 man and raised to rank and eminence under Bon- 
 aparte greatlv distinguished himself in the ser- 
 vice of the allies in 1813, at the head of the 
 Swedish army, and in 1814 secured Norway to 
 Sisden by the treaty of Kiel. The established 
 religion is the Lutheran, and they have one arch- 
 bishop am. 13 bishops. Stockholm is the capital. 
 The annual revenue is 4.500,000 dollars: the pub 
 lie debt 17,2(54,812 dollars. The army amounts 
 to 45,000 men. 
 
 Sweden, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 52 in. N. W. 
 Portland Pop. 487 ; P .t. Monroe Co. N. Y., 15 
 •a. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,938. 
 
 Svxdcsborontrh, p. v. Gloucester Co. N. J., 16 
 in. S. W. Philadelphia 
 
 Swciny , a town of the kingdom of Darfoor, and 
 a place of general resort for merchants trading to 
 Egypt. 45 m. N. of Cobbe. 
 
 Hicttr's ldand, an island on the coast of New 
 
 Holland, about 8 m. in length, situated A the bot- 
 tom of the gulf of Carpentaria. Long. 13y. 45. 
 E., lat. 11. 8. S. 
 
 Sweet Springs, p. v. Monroe Co. Va ; 93 m. S 
 W. Staunton. Here are some mineral springs. 
 
 Sweetsville, p. v. Marion Dis. S. C. 
 
 Sweet Water Valley, p.v. Maria Co. Ten 148 m 
 S. E. Murfreesborough. 
 
 Swindon., a town in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Swinemunde, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 Pomerania, in the isle of Usedorn ; situate at the 
 mouth of the river Swine, 13 m. E. by N. of Use- 
 dorn. Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 53. 56. N. 
 
 Swineshead, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., 6 
 m. E. of Boston and 110 N. of London. 
 
 Swinna, a small island of Scotland, one of th 
 Orkneys, situate near the middle of the Pentlanrt 
 frith. Here are two whirl-pools, that are dan- 
 gerous to mariners, particularly in a calm. 
 
 Switzerland, a country of Europe, bounded on 
 the N. and E. by Germany, S. by Italy, and W. 
 by France. It is 220 m. long and 140 broad, and 
 is separated from the adjacent countries by high 
 mountains, called the Alps. Switzerland has 
 been divided, since 1815, into 22 cantons, name- 
 ly, Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, Underwalden, Zug, 
 Friburg, Soleure, Tesino, Valais, Bern, Basel, 
 ScharFhausen, Zurich, Vaud, Neufchatel, Gene- 
 va, Appenzel. Claris, Grisons, St. GalljThurgai^ 
 and Aarg.au'. The first nine are Catholics, the 
 next seven are Calvinists, and the others contain 
 both religions. Each canton has its distinct in- 
 ternal government. The general government 
 of the country is by a diet, composed of a mem- 
 ber from each canton, which assembles annually 
 in June at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, 
 or Lucerne, in rotation ; and trie president is 
 styled Landamman of Switzerland. The diet de 
 clares war, concludes peace, makes alliances with 
 foreign states, and also decides on all treaties on 
 commerce. There are four passages over the 
 Alps into Italy from Switzerland ; the first is be 
 yond the lake of Geneva, over Mount Cenis 
 which leads to Savoy ; the second begins in the 
 country of the Grisons, crosses Mount St. Ber- 
 nard, and leads to the valley of Aosta in Pied- 
 mont ; the third begins in the country of the 
 Grisons, crosses Mount Simplon, and leads to the 
 duchy of Milan ; the fourth crosses Mount St 
 Gothard, and the bailiwics of Italy, and termi- 
 nates in the Milanese. The principal lakes are 
 those of Constance, Geneva, Lucerne, Zurich, 
 and Neufchatel. The most considerable rivers 
 are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reuss, and 
 Limmat. Switzerland exceeds every country in 
 the world in diversity of appearance : the vas' 
 chain of Alps, with enormous precipices exten- 
 sive regions of perpetual snow, and glaciers that 
 resemble seas of ice, are contrasted by the vine- 
 yard and cultivated field, the richly wooded brow 
 and the verdant valley with its crystal stream 
 Agriculture, cannot, of course, be carried to great 
 extent, but the grain produced is sufficient for 
 domestic consumption. The chief riches consist 
 of excellent pastures, in which many cattle are 
 bred and fattened, and the goats and chamois feed 
 on the mountains and in the woods. The men 
 are strong and robust. The women are tolerably 
 handsome, and are in general very industrious. 
 The peasants retain their old manner of dress. 
 and are content to live upon milk, butter, and 
 cheese ; and there are some of the mountaineers 
 who never have any bread. In 1797, the parL- 
 
SYE 
 
 707 
 
 SYR 
 
 zans of France having excited disturbances in 
 Switzerland, the French entered the country ; 
 
 and, after defeating the troops and the peasants, 
 who opposed them in several battles, they abol- 
 ished the constitutions of the principal cantons, 
 erected what was termed the Helvetic Republic, 
 and vested the government in two councils and 
 a director}'. This constitution was abolished, 
 in 1802, by the first consul of France, and another 
 was presented for their acceptance, but rejected ; 
 he offered them a new one in 1803, whicli they 
 consented to accept. In December, 1813, the al- 
 lied armies traversed the country, for the pur- 
 pose of invading France, when some partial 
 changes again took place in the administration 
 of Switzerland, which was the cause of violent 
 commotions amongst several of the cantons ; but, 
 in 1814, on the meeting of the diet, these disturb- 
 ances were appeased, and on the 8th of Septem- 
 ber a federal compact was signed at Zurich. The 
 population of Switzerland in 1827 was 2,037,030. 
 The revenue is about 2,500,000 dollars. The 
 army amounts to If) ,000 men. 
 
 Switzerland, a. county of Indiana. Pop. 7,111. 
 Vevay is the capital. 
 
 Swobestown, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Si/a, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 13 m. 
 S. W. of Lindkoping. 
 
 Sycamore, a township of Hamilton Co. Ohio. 
 Pop. 2,779. A township of Crawford Co. Ohio. 
 
 Sydnrif Bay, a bay on the S. side of Norfolk Isl- 
 and, in the S. Pacific, formed by Point Hunter 
 and Point Ross, which are nearly 2 m. asunder. 
 Long. 1C8. 12. E., lat. 20. 4. S. 
 
 Sydney, a. town of New S. Wales, founded by 
 governor Phillips, on a cove of Port Jackson, in 
 1788, as a British settlement for the colony of con- 
 vict i originally intended for Botany Bay. It is 
 now "he principal seat of the government, and has 
 a landsoine church, an orphan school, a commodi- 
 ous gaol, a military hospital, a naval yard, a good 
 market, iVc. The governor's house is buift of 
 stone, and has a very good appearance ; the lieu- 
 tenant-governor's is of brick as are also those be- 
 longing to the judge and the commissary. The 
 generality of the houses are built of logs and plas- 
 tered, and all the roofs are covered either with 
 shingles or thatch. It is situate on the S. side 
 of the !iarbour of Port Jackson. Long. 151.23., E, 
 lat. 33. 48. S. 
 
 Sycne, or Jtsuan, a town of Egypt, with a small 
 fort, on the right bank of the Nile. It was an- 
 ciently a city, and celebrated for the first attempt 
 to ascertain the circumference of the earth by 
 
 Eratosthenes, a native of Gyrene, about the year 
 275 B. C. The remains of the ancient town are 
 on an eminence to the S. where columns and pil 
 lars of granite scattered here and there denote ita 
 situation. Near it on a small island in the Nile 
 anciently called Elephantina, are the ruins of a 
 temple of Cnuphis. 400 in. S. of Cairo. Long. 
 33. 20. E., lat. 24. 0. N. 
 
 Sylt, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast of 
 Jutland, of an irregular form, about 40 m. in cir- 
 cumference, but in no part above 2 m. from the 
 sea. Great quantities of oysters are fcnr.d here. 
 The chief town is Morsum. Long. 8. 2G. E., lat 
 54. 57. N. 
 
 Sylvania, p. v. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Syhes, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, situate 
 on a river of the same name, 15 m. E. N. E. of 
 Lagos and 42 VV. of Tavira. 
 
 Symmcs, townships in Lawrence and Hamilton 
 Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Sympheropol, the capital of the Crimea, or Rus- 
 sian province of Taurida. The houses are built 
 of stone, and roofed in the ancient Greek style, 
 with tiles. There are likewise numerous modern 
 handsome buildings, for the residence of the gov- 
 ernor, judges, and other civil officers. The old 
 Tartar part of the town, called Achmelshet, is 
 dirty and ill built. The environs are beautiful ; 
 and 2 m. to the E. of the city is the mountain 
 Tchatirdagh, the highest in the Crimea, and the 
 Mons, Berosus of the ancients. Sympheropcl is 
 situate on the Salgir, the principal river of the 
 province, 65 m. W. by S. of Caffa, and 90 S. by 
 E. of Precob. Long. 34. 0. E., lat. 44. 52. N. 
 
 Syracuse, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Noto 
 and a bishop's see, with a fine harbour, defended 
 by a castle. It was once the metropolis of all 
 Sicily ; war, tyranny, and earthquakes have reduc- 
 ed it to less than one-fourth of its former size, when 
 it was deemed one of the most famous cities in 
 the world, and 22 m. in compass. Near this place 
 in 1718. there was a sea-fight between the Span- 
 iards and English, in which the latter were victo- 
 rious. It is seated near the sea, 72. m. S. by W. of 
 Messina and 110 S. E. of Palermo. Long. 15. 10. 
 E., lat. 37. 5. N. 
 
 Syracuse, p. v. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 155 m. W. 
 Albany, on the Erie Canal , at the point where a 
 branch strikes off to Lake Ontario along Oswego 
 river. Great quantities of salt are manufactured 
 here from the water of a spring, a mile and a half 
 from the town. The water is brought from the 
 spring by aqueducts and is evaporated in the 
 sun. The vats cover 1C0 acres. 
 
 Syria, or Suristan, a province of Turkey in Asia, 
 bounded on the N. by Natolia and Diarbeck, E. 
 by the latter and the deserts of Arabia, S. by Arabia 
 Petraea, and W. by the Mediterranean. Under 
 the general name of Syria was included the an- 
 cient Phoenicia, lying S. of Syria Proper. This 
 province abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts of 
 fruits, as well as peas, beans, and all kinds >f 
 pulse and garden-stuff; but it would produ is 
 irruch more than it does, if it were well cultivate i ; 
 for there are the finest valleys in the world, be- 
 tween mountains whose sides are proper for the 
 cultivation of tobacco, olives, and vines. The 
 Jerboa, a pretty little animal somewhat like a 
 mouse is common here. The inhabitants have 
 a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Syria was pos 
 sessed bv a succession of foreign nations, before 
 the time of Ptolemy, when it became a province 
 of the Roman empire. Five centuries after, wnen 
 the sons of Theodosius div ded their immense 
 
TAB 
 
 708 
 
 TAD 
 
 patrimony, this country was annexed to the em- 
 pire of Constantinople. In this situation it con- 
 
 tinued till the year 622, when the Arabian tribes, 
 under the banners of Mahomet, seized or rather 
 laid it waste. Since that period it has been torn 
 to pieces by the civil wars of the Fatemites and 
 Ommiades — wrested from the califfs by their re- 
 bellious governors — taken from them by the Turk- 
 men soldiers — invaded by the European crusades 
 — retaken by the Mamelukes of Egypt — and ra- 
 
 vaged by Tamerlane and his Tartars ; it fell, at 
 length, into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, who 
 have been its masters nearly three centuries. It 
 is divided into five pachalics, or governments , 
 Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus, Acre, and Palestine. 
 Aleppo is the capital. 
 
 Syriam, a sea-port of Birmah, in Pegu, seated at 
 the h»ad of a river of the same name, opposite the 
 mouth of Pegu River, 2 m. to the S. is the great 
 pagoda of Syriam. 8 m. E. by N. of Rangoon 
 and CO S. of Pegu. Long. 96. 17. E., lat. 16. 
 50. N. 
 
 Syrk, a town of France, department of Moselle, 
 14 m. S. E. of Luxemburg. 
 
 Szekely, a town of Hungary, 18 m. E. S. E. of 
 Debreezen. 
 
 Szluin, a district of Austria, in Croatia, com- 
 prising an area of 320 sq. m., with 40,000 inhabit- 
 ants. It has a small town of the same name, on 
 the Crona, 24 m. S. by E. of Carlstadt. 
 
 Szucca, a town of W. Prussia, seated on the 
 Vistula, 12 m. S. by W. of Culm. 
 
 T 
 
 TAA1F, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
 Hedjas, with a considerable trade in raisins and 
 almonds, and other fruits. It is situate on a lof- 
 ty mountain, 60 m. S. E. of Mecca. Long. 41. 
 35. E., lat. 21.5. N. 
 
 Taas, a strong city of Arabia, in the province 
 of Yemen, with a fortress. Here is the tomb 
 of a saint, who, according to tradition, was king 
 of the country. The city is seated at the foot of 
 a fertile hill, 48 m. E. N. E. of Mocha. Long. 
 
 44. 10. E., lat. 13. 45. S. 
 
 Taasinge, an island of Denmark, between those 
 of Langeland and Funen, 8 m. long and 4 broad. 
 Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 54. 48. N. 
 
 Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, 1. m. from the 
 Nile. It is the residence of a governor, has ma- 
 Ay curious remains of antiquity, and is 200 m. S. 
 of Cairo. Long. 31. 25. E., lat. 26. 56. N. 
 
 Tabaga, an island in the bay of Panama, 4 m. 
 long and 3 broad. It is mountainous, but abounds 
 with fruit-trees. Long. 80. 16. W., lat. 7. 50. 
 
 Tabarca, an island on the coast of Barbary, at 
 the mouth of the Zaine. It was fortified, and had 
 a populous city of the same name, when under, 
 the dominion of the Genoese, who had a coral 
 fishery here. But in 1757, on the Genoese at- 
 temping to transfer the island to France, the Ta- 
 bareans surrendered their city to Tunis ; and they 
 were cruelly deceived by the bey, for he razed the 
 fortifications, and took away most of the inhabi- 
 tants as slaves 50 re. W. N. W. of Tunis. Lorn*. 
 9. 16. E., lat. 36. 50. N. 
 
 Tabaria, the ancient Tiberias, a town of Pales- 
 tine, situate on the W. side of a lake, formerly 
 called the sea of Tiberias, 50 m. N N. E. of Je- 
 rusalem and 70 S. S. W. of Damascus. Long. 35. 
 
 45. E., lat. 32. 40. N. 
 
 tabasco, a province of Mexico, bounded on the 
 iV. by the bay of Campeachy, E. by Jucatan, S. 
 \>y Chiapa, and W. by Guaxaca. It is 100 m. 
 long and 50 broad, and its chief riches consist in 
 cocoa-nuts. There are showers every day for 
 tune months in the year. 
 
 Tabasco, the capital of the above province, call- 
 
 ed by the Spaniards Nuestra Senora de la Vit- 
 toria, from a great victory obtained here by Cortes 
 on his first arrival. It is situate on an island 
 of the same name, 30 m. long and 10 broad, form- 
 ed by the river Tabasco and that of St. Peter and 
 Paul, and on the bay of Campeachy, 270 m. N. E 
 of Chiana. Long. 93. 20. W., lat. 18. 20. N. 
 
 Tabcrg, a town of Sweden, noted for it? rich 
 mines of iron, 10 m. S. of Jonkoping. 
 
 Taberg, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 118 m. N. W. of 
 Albany. 
 
 Table Bay, See Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Tabic Island, one of the New Hebridgcs, in the 
 S. Pacific. Long. 167. 7. E., lat 15. 38. S. 
 
 Taboo, a town of Cassina, the capital of a coun- 
 try lying to the E. of Zahara. It is 280 m. N. by W. 
 of Agades. Long. 12. 10. E., lat. 24. 0. N. 
 
 Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of its 
 name. The Hussites, under their celebrated gen 
 eral Zisca, fortified it, and made it their princi- 
 pal retreat. It is seated on a mountain of the 
 same name, by the river Luschnitz, 11 m. N.N. 
 E. of Bechin. 
 
 Tabor, a mountain of Palestine, which com 
 mands a view of the Jordan, the lake Gennesa 
 reth, and the Mediterranean. 6 m. S. of Naza 
 reth. 
 
 Tabris. See Tauris. 
 
 Tabristan, a province of Persia, on the S. shore 
 of the Caspian Sea, bounded by Astrabad on tin. 
 E. and Chilan on the W. 
 
 Tacames. See Jitacama. 
 
 Tacazze, a river which rises in Abyssinia, flows 
 N. W. into Nubia, and joins the Nile at Ilak. 
 
 Tachau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Pilsen, on the riv«r Mies, 28 rn. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Tacuta, a town of the republic of Mexico, in a 
 district of its name. 6 m. W. N. W. of Mex 
 ico. 
 
 Tadcaster, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. a 
 market on Wednesday, on the river Wharf, over 
 which is one of the finest bridges in the county 
 built with the materials which once formed the 
 castle that stood on the S. bank of the river. 10 
 m. S. W. of York and 186 N. by W. of London 
 
TA1 
 
 709 
 
 TAL 
 
 radivan, or Taduan, a town of Persia, inFar- 
 istan, situate in a fruitful valley, 60 m. S. of 
 Shiras 
 
 Tadmor. See Palmyra. 
 
 Tadousac, a town of Lower Canada, which is of 
 great resort for trading with the Indians who bring 
 hither fur* to exchange for cloth and other Eu- 
 ropean goods. It is situate at the mouth of the 
 Saguenay, on the river St. Lawrence 18 m. N. E. 
 of Quebec. Long. 69. 35. W., lat. 48. 5. N. 
 
 Tafalla, a town of Spain, in Navarre, with a 
 university. Charles II., king of Navarre, built 
 a palace here, which he made his ordinary resi- 
 dence ; and Philip IV. honoured the town with 
 the title of city. It is seated on the Cidazzo, in 
 a country producing good wine, 18 m. S. of Pam- 
 plona. Long. 1. 36. W., lat. 42. 29. N. 
 
 Tajilet, a kingdom of Barbary, on the E. side of 
 Mount Atlas, tributary, to Morocco. It is bound- 
 ed on the N. by Algiers, E. by the Beriberes, S. 
 by Zahara, and W. by Darah and Morocco. The 
 country is sandy and mountainous, but produces 
 wheat and oarley by the sides of the rivers. The 
 inhabitants live upon camels' flesh and dates, and 
 they breed horses to sell to foreigners. The Arabs 
 live in tents and the Beriberes, the ancient inhab- 
 itants, dwell in villages. 
 
 Tajilet, the capital of the above kingdom, with 
 a castle. It is a trading place, and seated on a 
 river of its name, 275 m. S. E. of Morocco. Long. 
 4. 20. W., lat. 30.40. N. 
 
 Taganrog, a sea-port and fort of Russia, situate 
 on the N. W. extremity of the sea of Asoph. It 
 is the largest and best port on this sea ; carries on 
 a considerable trade with Constantinople and 
 the Archipelago, particularly in corn and but- 
 ter ; and is employed in ship-building. 33 m. 
 W. N. W. of Asoph. Long. 18.40. E., lat. 47. 
 14. N. 
 
 Tagkannuc Mountains, a branch of the Green- 
 Mountain chain, extending from Vermont through 
 the western part of Massachusetts into Connecti- 
 cut. The highest summit is Saddle Mountain, 
 which See. 
 
 Tairliaeozza, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ul- 
 tra, 18 m. S. W. of Aquilla and 33 E. N. E. of 
 Rome. 
 
 Tairliamento, a river of Austrian Italy, which 
 rises in the Alps, on the frontiers of Germany, 
 and runs S. through Friuli and Trevisano, into 
 she gulf of Venice. 
 
 Tagoast, or Tagavast, a town of Western Africa, 
 in the province of Sus, by some said to have been 
 the birthplace of St. Augustin. A great many Jews 
 live here, who carry on considerable trade. It is 
 t^ated in a fertile plain, 37 m. S. of Tarudant. 
 
 Tagumadcrt, a town of the kingdom of Darah, 
 with a strong castle on a mountain, seated on the 
 river Darah, 20 m. S. of Tattah. 
 
 Taa-us, or Tajo, a river which has its source on 
 the confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs through 
 New Castile, by Aranjuez, Toledo, and Talavera, 
 whence it proceeds by Alcantara, in Estremadura, 
 when entering Portugal, it flows by Abrantes 
 and Santarem, below which it forms the harbour 
 of Lisbon, and then enters the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Tai, a lake (jf China, in the provinces of Kiang- 
 nan and Tche-kiang, nearly 50 leagues in circum- 
 ference, and 75 m. S. E. of Nan-king. 
 
 Taief, a town of Arabia Deserta, in Hedsjas, 
 with a castle on a mountain, 60 m. S. E. of Mec- 
 ca. 
 
 Tailleborg, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Charente, 30 m. S. E. of Rochelle. 
 
 Tarn, a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire ,with 
 a large square tower adorned with five spires, and 
 an elegant church, formerly collegiate. It is seat- 
 ed near the frith of Dornoch, 10 m. N. of Cromar- 
 ty. Long. 3. 51. W., lat. 57. 46. N. 
 
 Tai-ouan, a city and sea-port, capital of the is- 
 land of Formosa. The streets are nearly straight 
 from 30 to 40 feet in breadth, and some of 
 them above 2 m. in length. They are covered 
 seven months in the year with awnings, to defend, 
 them from the heat of the sun. The harbour is 
 sheltered from every wind. It is sealed on the 
 W. side of the island. Long. 120. 30. E., lat 23. 
 25. N. 
 
 Tai-ping, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang-nan, seated on the Kian- 
 ku, 25 m. S. S. W. of Nan-king. Long. 118. 15. 
 E., lat. 32. 26. N. 
 
 Tai-ping, a strong city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Quang-si, seated on a 
 point of land, almost surrounded by a river, 360 
 m. W. by S. of Canton. Long 107. 0. E , lat. 22. 
 36. N. 
 
 Tai-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Tche-kiang, seated on the bank 
 of a river, in a mountainous country, 720 m. S. S. 
 E. of Pekin. Long 121.2. E., lat. 28. 55. N. 
 
 Tai-tong, a strong city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Chan-si, seated near the 
 Great Wall, in a mountainous country. 155 m 
 W. of Pekin. Long. 113.0. E., lat. 40 5. N. 
 
 Tai-yueh. a city of China, capital of the province 
 of Chan-si. It is 8 m. in circumference, but 
 much decayed since it was the residence of the 
 princes of the last imperial family of Tai-min<r- 
 tchao. 220. S. W of Pekin. Long. 1 11. 56. E* 
 lat. 37. 54. N. 
 
 Talncda, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with 
 a celebrated temple. It is 24 m. E. S. E. of 
 Mysore. 
 
 Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with 
 a fort. It has manufactures of silk, and a potte- 
 ry. A very obstinate battle was fought in its vi- 
 cinity between the British and French armies in 
 1809. It is seated on the Tagus, in a valley 
 abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58 
 m. S. W of Madrid. Long. 4. I.W.. lat. 39 
 
 41. N. 
 
 Talbot, a county of Maryland. Pop. 12,947. 
 Easton is the capital. 
 
 Talcaguana, a sea-port of Chile, on the S. E. 
 shore of the bay of Concepcion.and near the ruins 
 of the old city of Concepcion. It is now the only 
 Spanish settlement in the bay. 9 m. from the 
 new city of Concepcion. Long. 73. 0. W., lat. 36. 
 
 42. S. 
 
 Ta-li, a city of China, of the first rank, in the 
 province of Yun-nan. Here are made curious ta- 
 bles and ornaments of fine marble, which is nat- 
 urally beautiful with different colors, representing 
 mountains, flowers, trees and rivers 160 m. W. 
 N. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 100. 6. E., lat. 24. 54. 
 N. B 
 
 Tallahassee, p.t. the seat of government for the 
 territory of Florida, in Leon Co. stands on Wa- 
 kulla river, 25 m. from the gulf of Mexico. It has 
 a healthy situation and the country around it is 
 fertile, but the place is yet in its infancy ; it has 
 been incorporated as a city. Lat. 30. 27. N. 220 
 m. E. Pensaoola, 213 N. W. St. Augustine. Pop. 
 2,633. R ■ 
 
 Tallano, a sea-port of Corsica, situate on the 
 gulfofTallano, 24 m N. N. W. of Bonifacio, and 
 39S. S. W.of Corte. Long. 9. 18. E lat. 15.20 N 
 30 
 
TAN 
 
 710 
 
 TAf 
 
 ' Tallapoosa, the eastern branch of Alabama river 
 
 Tallerd, a town of Fra.nce, department of Upper 
 Alps, seated on the Durance. 9 m. S of Gap. 
 
 Tallmadger, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio, with a coal 
 mine. Pop. 1,220. 
 
 Tahnont, a town of France, in the department 
 of. Lower Charente, with a harbour, near the 
 mouth of the Gironde, 20 m. S. W. of Saintes. 
 
 Talnere, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin- 
 dustan, in the province of Khandeish, taken by 
 the British in 1818. Long. 75. 2 E., lat. 21. 13. 
 N. 
 
 Tamalamcca, a town of Terra Firma, in the pro- 
 vince of St. Martha, seated on the Magdalena, 
 140 m. S. of St. Martha. Long. 74. 15. W., lat. 
 9. G. N. 
 
 Tamanah, a town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Concan, 24 m. S. by E. of Gheriah. 
 
 Tamara, the capital of the island of Socotera, 
 witli a good harbour. The trade consists chiefly 
 in aloes, frankincense, ambergris, and dragons'- 
 blood. It is seated on a bay, on'the N. coast of the 
 island. Long. 53. 45. E., lat. 11. 56. N. 
 
 Tamarica, or Itamaria, a province of Brazil, be- 
 tween Paraiba on the N., and Pernambuco on the 
 S. On the coast is an island ot the same name, 
 24 m. in length, which has a harbour, and good 
 fresh water. Long. 35. 5. W., lat. 7. 56. N. 
 
 Tambov, a government of European Russia, to 
 the W. of those of Penna, and Saratov. It is di- 
 vided into 12 circles, and contains an area of 
 21.000 sq. m. with 1,140,000 inhabitants. The 
 soil in the S. part is very fertile ; in the N. it is 
 sandy, and in many parts woody and fertile. It 
 is watered by a number of lakes and rivers. 
 
 Tambov, a town of Russia, capital of the above 
 government, and a bishop's see, with manufac- 
 tures of woolen, linen, canvas and alum. It is 
 seated on the Tzna, which flows into the Moks- 
 eha, 228 in. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 41. 45. E., 
 lat. 52. 44. N. 
 
 Tamich, a town of Egypt, on a canal which com- 
 municates with the Nile, 12 m. N. E. of Fayoum. 
 
 Tampico, a sea-port of Mexico, on the gulf of 
 Mexico, with a tolerable harbour, which however 
 only admits small vessels. It has a considerable 
 commerce with the United States and Europe. 
 Lat. 22. 40. N. Long. 98. 36. W. 30 m. S. E. 
 Panuco. 
 
 Tamworth,a. borough in Staffordshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of carpets and narrow cloths. In 
 the neighbourhood are many streams of water, 
 upon which are corn and cotton mills, and near 
 it are several coal mines. Ill m. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Tumicorth, p. t Strafford Co. N. H. on Os- 
 sipee River Pop. 1,554. 
 
 Tnnaro, a river of the Sardinian states, which 
 rises in Piedmont, flows by Cherasco, Alba,Asti, 
 and Alexandria, and joins the Po below Valenza. 
 
 Tancos, a town of Portugal, in Estreinadura, 12 
 m. S. S. E. of Tomar. 
 
 Tancrowal, a town of Africa, seated on the Gam- 
 bia, where the English have a fort. Long. 14. 
 27. W. lat. 13 10. N. 
 
 Tanda, or Tanrah, a town in Bengal, of which 
 it was the capital in the 17th century. It is seat- 
 ed on the Ganges, 120 m. N. W. of Dacca. Long. 
 87. 56. E., lat. 53. 25. N. 
 
 Tan/leragee, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Armagh, with an extensive linen manufacture and 
 a considerable trade. It stands near the Newry ca- 
 nal, 11 m. E. N. E. of Armagh and 13 m. N. N. 
 VV. of Newry. 
 
 Taneytown, p.v. Frederick Co. Md. 40 m. N 
 W. Baltimore. 
 
 Tangermunde, a town of Prussia, m Branden- 
 burg, with a castle, 24 m. W. N. W of Branden- 
 burg. 
 
 Tangier, a sea-port of the kingdom of Fez, with 
 a castle, and surrounded by a wall. The trade con- 
 sists in supplying the opposite coasts with provi 
 sion. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1471 ; 
 and ceded to Charles II. of England, on his mar- 
 riage with the princess Catherine : but he did not 
 think it worth the expense of keeping, and, in 
 1683, caused the work to be blown up. It is seat 
 ed on the strait of Gibraltar, 940 m. N. W. of'F^a. 
 Long. 5. 48. W., lat. 35. 46.N. 
 
 Tanjore, a province of Hindoostan, on the coast 
 of Coromandel, 95 m. long and 90 broad. It is an 
 appendage of the Carnatic, but subject to his own 
 rajah, who pays an annual subsidy to the Eng- 
 lish E. India Company. The Mahometans never 
 having actually occupied this territory, or affect- 
 ed any permanent establishment in it. The Hindoo 
 religion has been preserved in considerable splen- 
 dor, and the ancient temples, with their vast en- 
 dowments, remained untouched. In almost every 
 village there is a temple, with a lofty gateway of 
 massive but not inelegant architecture, where a 
 great many Brahmins are maintained, either by 
 the revenues formerly attached to them, or by an 
 allowance from government. The Brahmins are 
 here the chief holders of land, and perform almost 
 every office of husbandry, excepting holding the 
 plough. They are all extremely loyal, on ac- 
 count of the protection they receive, and also the 
 allowance granted by the British government of 
 45,000 pagodas (about £18,000 sterling) annually, 
 which is distributed for ihe support of the poorer 
 temples ! 
 
 Tanjore, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the 
 foregoing province. Here is one of the hand 
 somest temples in the S. of India ; also the rajah's 
 palace, which is a grand square, surrounded bv a 
 wall and a wet ditch. It is seated on a branch ot 
 the Cavero, 205 m. S. by W. of Madras. Lone 
 79. 12. E., lat. 10.46. N. 
 
 Ta.nkia, a town and fortress of Thibet, at the 
 foot of a mountain, 275 m. W. S. W. of Lassa. 
 Long. 87. 22. E. lat. 29. 5. N. 
 
 Tanna, a fertile island in the S. Pacific, one of 
 the New Hebrides, on which are a volcano and 
 some hot springs. It is 22 m. long and 10 broad ; 
 and was discovered in 1774, by Cook, who named 
 the harbour where he lay Port Resolution, from tiit 
 name of his ship. The inhabitants are brave and 
 hospitable ; their arms are bows and arrows, 
 slings, spears, and clubs. Long. 169. 41. E., lat 
 19.32. S. 
 
 Tanna, a town of Hindoostan, in the island of 
 Salsette, on the E. coast, 15 m. N. E. of Bombay. 
 
 Tanore, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the prov- 
 ince of Malabar, belonging to the British, 28 m. 
 S. S. E. of Calicut. Long. 75, 50. E., lat. 10 
 55. N. 
 
 Taormina, the ancient Tannomenium, a sea- 
 port of Sicily, in Val di Demona, seated on a roekv 
 eminence, on the E. coast 34 in. S. S. W. of 
 Messina. 
 
 Taouka, a small island in the S. Pacific, f,5 
 leagues N. E. of Otaheite. Long. 145. 9. W., lat 
 14,30. S. 
 
 Tapoor, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 83 
 m. E. S. E. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Tappahannoclc p.t. Essex Co. Va. on the ~" 
 side of Rappahannock river 57 m. N. E. R.cb" 
 
TAB. 
 
 711 
 
 TAR 
 
 mond. Its situation is low and unhealthy but is a 
 place of considerable trade. 
 
 Tappan, p.v Rockland Co. on the Hudson 25 
 m. above New York. 
 
 Tappan Sea, a wide expansion of the Hudson, 
 a little above the preceding village. It is 10 m. 
 long and 4 wide. 
 
 Tappanooly, a sea-port on the W. side of the 
 island of Sumatra, situate on a small island call- 
 ed Punchongkecheel. The bay is very deep, and 
 capable of containing the united navies of Eu- 
 rope. The English E. India Company have a 
 factory here. It was taken by the French, but 
 restored at the peace in 17G3. Long. 98. 50. E., 
 lat. 1 . 40. N. 
 
 Tapty, a river of Hindoostan, which rises at 
 Maltoy, in the country of Berat, and runs into 
 ilie gulf of Cambay, 20 m. below Surat. 
 
 Tar, or Pamlico, a river of N. Carolina, which 
 flows by Louisburg, Tarborough, Greenville, and 
 enters Pamlico Sound, 40 rn. S. E. of Washington. 
 
 Taransa, one of the Western islands of Scot- 
 land, 4 m. in length and 2 where broadest. Long. 
 8.55. W.,lat. 58.2. N. 
 
 Tarantaise, a province of Sardinia, in Savoy be- 
 tween Proper Aosta, Faucigny, and Maurienne. It 
 has an area of 780 square miles, with 40,000 inhab- 
 itants. The surface is rugged and mountainous. 
 
 Tarare, a town of France, department of 
 Rhone, situate at the foot of a mountain, 20 m. 
 W N. W. ofLyons. 
 
 Tarascon, a town in the department of Mouths 
 of the Rhone, with a castle, seated on the Rhone, 
 opposite Beaucaire, with which it communicates 
 by a bridge of boats. It has a trade in oil, brandy, 
 starch, and silk stuffs. 10 m. N. of Aries and 14 
 E.by. S. of Nismes. 
 
 Tarascon, a town in the department of Arriege, 
 7 m. S. S. E. ofFoix. 
 
 Tarib, a city of Western Tartary, and the cap- 
 ital of Turkestan. It is seated on a river, which 
 Hows into the Sirr, 350 m. N. by E. of Samarcand. 
 Long. 66. 30. E., lat. 44. 20. N. 
 
 Tarrabona, a strong town of Spain, in Arragon, 
 and a bishop's see. It is seated partly on a rock 
 and partly in a fertile plain, 60 m. W. N. W. of 
 Saragossa, and 130 N. E. of Madrid. Long. 1. 36. 
 W., lat. 42. 2. N. 
 
 Tarbat, a town of Scotland, in the county of 
 Cromarty, 6 m. E. ofTain. 
 
 Tarbat, East, a town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Argyle, 25 m. S. of Campbelton. 
 
 Tarbr.s, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Upper Pyrenees, and a bishop's see, with 
 an ancient castle, and a college, and manufactures 
 of liner, paper, and leather. It is seated on the 
 Adour, 42 in. S. W. of Auch and 112 S. by E. of 
 Bordeaux. Long. 0. 4. E., lat. 43. 14. N. 
 
 Tarborough, p.v. Edgecombe Co. N. C. on Pa- 
 milico River. 83 m. N. W. Newbern. It has a 
 considerable inland trade. 
 
 Tarento, a sea-port of Naples, in Terra d'Otran- 
 to, and an archbishop's see. It is seated on a 
 peninsula, and defended by a strong castle ; but 
 the harbour is become shallow, and its trade is 
 consequently diminished. 75 m. N. W. of Otranto, 
 and 150. m. E. by S. of Naples. Long. 17. 29. 
 E., lat. 40. 35. N. 
 
 Targa, a town of the kingdom of Fez, on the 
 Mediterranean, witli a castle on a rock. 90 m. S. 
 E. of Tangier. 
 
 Tar if a (the Julia Traducta of the Romans), a 
 fortified sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, with a 
 castle. It is seated on an eminence, and on the 
 
 strait of Gibraltar, 52 m. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 
 5. 36. W., lat. 36. 5. N. 
 
 Tariffvil'.e, p.v Hartford Co. Conn. Here are 
 large manufactures of cotton and carpeting. 
 
 Tarija, or St. Bernardo de Tarija, a town of 
 Tucuman, capital of the jurisdiction of Turija 
 which abounds in pastures that feed a vast num- 
 ber of cattle and sheep. It stands near the source 
 of the Tarija, which flows into the Vermejo, 15*6 
 m. N. N. E. of St. Salvador de Jujui. Long. 64. 
 50. W., lat. 21. 40. S. 
 
 Tarku, the capital of the province of Daghes^ 
 tan, seated on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea, 
 52 m. S. S. E. of Terki and 300 N. N. E. of Tau- 
 ris. Long. 47. 5. E., lat. 45. 50. N. 
 
 Tarlton, p.v. Pickaway Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tarma, a town of Peru, capital of a province of 
 its name, which has many mines of silver, and 
 feeds abundance of cattle. 120 m. N. E. of Lima. 
 
 Tarn, a department of France, including part 
 of Languedoc. It takes its name from a river, 
 which rises in the department of Lozere, and 
 flows by Mithoud, Alby, Guillac, Montauban, 
 and Moissac into the Garonne. The superficial 
 extent is estimated at 2,100 sq. m. with 300,000 
 inhabitants, of whom upwards of 40,000 are Pro- 
 testants. Castres is the capital. 
 
 Tarn- et- Garonne, a department of France, 
 formed of portions of the departments of Lot and 
 Upper Garonne, in 1808. It has an area of 1,500 
 sq. m. with 250.000 inhabitants, of whom about 
 30,000 are Protestants. Montauban is the capital, 
 
 Tarnopol, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital 
 of a circle of its name, with a brisk trade; seated 
 on the Sereth. 84 m. E. of Lemberg. 
 
 Tarnow, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of 
 a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see, 
 seated on the Danajee, 47 m. E. of Cracow. 
 
 Tarnowitz, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a 
 valuable iron mine. It stands near the frontiers 
 of Poland, 38 rn. E. S. E. of Oppeln. 
 
 Taro, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of 
 Parma, on the river Taro, 28 m. S. W. of Parma. 
 
 Tarporley, a town in Cheshire, with a market 
 on Thursday, 11 m. E. S. E. of Chester and 173 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Tarragona, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 and a bishop's see. It was very powerful in the 
 time of the Romans, and has many noble monu- 
 ments of antiquity. The cathedral is worthy of 
 notice for its vast dimensions, the elegance of its 
 Gothic architecture, and a magnificent chapel 
 built with rich marble and jasper. The ordinary 
 exports are wine and brandy; but its harbour is 
 dangerous, and not much frequented. This town 
 was taken by storm, by the French, in 1810, when 
 it was nearly reduced to ashes. It is seated on a 
 hill, at the mouth of the Francoli, in the Medi- 
 terranean, 54 in. W. S. W. of Barcelona and 260 
 E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. E. lat. 41. 10 
 N. 
 
 Tarrega, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, situate 
 on a hili, on the river Cervera, 33 m. N. by W. 
 of Tarragona 
 
 Tarsus. See Terasso. 
 
 Tartary, a country of Asia, which, taken in its 
 utmost limits, reaches from the eastern ocean to 
 the Caspian Sea, and from Corea, China, Thibet, 
 Hindoostan, and Persia, to Russia and Siberia. 
 It lies between 55. and 135. E. 'ong., and between 
 35. and 55. N., lat., being 3,600 m. in length and 
 960 in extreme breadth, but not above 330 in the 
 narrowest part. It may be considered under two 
 grand divisions; namely, Eastern and Western 
 
TAT 
 
 T12 
 
 TAV 
 
 Tartary. The greatest part of the former belongs 
 to the emperor of China, is tributary to him, or 
 is under his protection. It is divided into three 
 piovinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Leao-tong. A 
 considerable part of Western Tartary has been 
 conquered by the Russians ; and that part of it 
 E. from the mountains of Imaus, or Belur, to the 
 Caspian Sea, has for many ages been attachea to 
 Persia, and is called Independent Tartary. These 
 vast countries include all the central part of Asia, 
 and are inhabited by Tartars of different denomi- 
 nations and different manners. For various par- 
 ticulars concerning them, sec the articles Circas- 
 sia, Crimea, Cossacs, Georgia, Imeritia, Kalmucs, 
 Mandshars, Mingrelia, Mongolia, Ossetia, Samoy- 
 edes, and Usbccs. 
 
 Tartas, a town of France, department of Landes. 
 The Midouse runs through it; and on one side 
 of this river it rises in the form of an amphithea- 
 tre. It is 12 m. N. E. of Dax. 
 
 Tarudant, a town of W. Africa, capital of the 
 province of Sus, and the residence of a governor, 
 or some sheriff related to the emperor of Morocco. 
 120 m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 8. 35. W., lat. 
 29. 58. N. 
 
 Tarwis, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin- 
 thia, seated on the rivulet called Gailitz. 28 m 
 W. S. W. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Tashkund, a city of Independent Tartary, capi- 
 tal of a part of the province of Turkestan. It is 
 seated on the Sihon, 210 m. N. of Samarcand. 
 Long. G4. 43. E., lat. 42. 40. N. 
 
 Tasmans Land, a peninsula, connected with 
 Van Diemen's Land by an isthmus 1 ,800 feet long 
 and 600 broad. 
 
 Tassacorta, a town of the isle of Palma, one of 
 the Canaries. It lies S. W. of St. Cruz, and be- 
 inor exposed to westerly winds is little frequent- 
 ed^ but by boats. Long. 17. 58. W., lat. 28. 38. 
 N. 
 
 Tassasudon, the capital of Bootan, a feudatory 
 country of Thibet. The castle, or palace, is an 
 extensive quadrangular building of stone, with 
 accommodation for the raja, or lama, all the offi- 
 cers of state, a very numerous establishment of 
 Gylongs, and a temple of the great idol Maha- 
 moonie. It is seated on the Tchintchieu, in a 
 well-cultivated valley, surrounded by mountains, 
 280 m. S. S. W. of Lassa. Long. 89. 40. E., lat. 
 27. 49. N. 
 
 Tassing, an island of Denmark, between Fuen 
 and Langeland, separated from the former by a 
 s»»rait. It is 18 in. in circuit, and has a town of 
 the same name. Long. 10. 47. E., lat. 55. 7. N. 
 
 Tate, a township of Clermont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tatnall, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,039. 
 
 Tatta, a city of Hindoostan, capital of an ex- 
 tensive district of its name, in the province of 
 Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river 
 Sinde or Indus, called the Richtel River. In the 
 17tr- century it was very extensive and populous, 
 possessing manufactures of silk, wool, and cot- 
 ton ; and it was celebrated for its cabinet ware. 
 Little of these now remain, and the limits of the 
 city are very circumscribed. The Indus, and its 
 branches, admit of an uninterrupted navigation 
 from Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere, 
 for vessels of nearly 200 tons ; and a very exten- 
 sive trade was carried on between those places, 
 in the time of Aurungzebe ; but this trade is now 
 much diminished, owing to a bad government in 
 Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks. 
 280 m. W. N. W. of Amedabad and 390 S. S. W. 
 of Moultan. Long. 67. 37 E., lat. 24. 50. N. 
 
 Tattah, a town on the common frontiers of 
 Morocco, Darah, and Tafilet, and in the route 
 from Morocco to Timbuctoo. 170 m. S. by E. of 
 Morocco. Long. 6. 15. W., lat. 28. 25. N. 
 
 Tatters/tall, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng., 128 
 m. N. E. of London. 
 
 Tauckel, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, seat 
 ed on the Verd, 30 m. N. W. of Culm. 
 
 Taumaco, a town of European Turkey, in the 
 province of Janna, 18 m. N. W. of Zeiton. 
 
 Taumago, a fertile island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 24 m. in circuit, discovered by Quiros in 1606. 
 Long. 170. 45. W., lat. 13. 0. S. 
 
 Taunton, a river of Massachusetts flowing S. 
 W. into Narraganset Bay. It is navigable 20 m. 
 to Taunton for vessels of 50 tons. 
 
 Taunton, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on the above 
 river, 32 m. S. Boston. Pop. 6,045. Here are 
 large and thriving' manufactures of cotton, iron, 
 copper, lead, and Britannia ware. 7,500,000 yards 
 of calico are made here yearly. 
 
 Taunton, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 The silk trade furnishes the principal employ- 
 ment of the inhabitants, the manufacture of coarse 
 woolen goods, which was formerly carried on 
 here to considerable extent, having been trans- 
 ferred to Wellington and other neighbouring 
 towns. 141 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Taureau, an isle of France, department of Fin- 
 isterre, at the mouth of the river Morlaix, with a 
 fort to defend the port of Morlaix. 
 
 Taurida. See Crimea. 
 
 Tauris, or Tabris, a city of Persia, capital of 
 Aderbeitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia. 
 It is of an irregular figure, and has neither walls 
 nor fortifications. The river Spingtcha flows 
 through it, and the Agi passes on the N. sids of 
 the city. The bazaars, from their largeness, the 
 beautiful domes with which they are covered 
 and the merchandise with which they are filled, 
 make as fine an appearance as any in Asia. 
 Here were formerly 300 caravanseras so spacious 
 that 300 persons might lodge in each ; and the 
 mosques and baths were grand and magnificent 
 structures. In 1724 it was terribly shaken by an 
 earthquake, and nearly 100,000 persons perished. 
 Soon after this calamity the Turks laid siege to 
 it, and they were driven away with great loss 
 but they took it the next year after a bloody con- 
 test, in which the Persians lost 30,000 men and 
 the Turks 20.000. Of 250 mosques, mentioned 
 by Chardin. the ruins of three only are visible. 
 The inhabitants carry on a good trade in cotton, 
 cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine turbans, 
 and shagreen leather. It is seated in a fertile 
 plain, at the foot of a mountain, 95 m. S. E. of 
 Naksivan and 320 N. W. of Ispahan. Long. 48. 
 0. E. lat. 38. 28. N 
 
 Taurus, or Kuron, a chain of mountains in 
 Asia, which begins near the shores of the Archi- 
 pelago and extends GOO m. to the river Euphrates. 
 The Taurian chain was formerly considered as 
 extending to the sources of the Ganges, and the 
 extremities of Asia, so far as discovered by the 
 ancients ; but various parts of it were known by 
 different names. 
 
 Taws, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pi!- 
 sen, 31 m. S. S. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Tavastland, a district of European Russia, in 
 the middle of Finland, 150 m long and 100 broad. 
 The N. part is mountainous and woody, but the 
 greater part consists of fertile plains, watered by 
 numerous rivers and lakes. Notwithstanding the 
 goodness of the soil, in which it is scarcely surpas 
 
TCH 
 
 713 
 
 TCH 
 
 «ed by any province in Sweden, it is far from be 
 ing well cultivated ; and the peasants are gener- 
 ally poor The chief traffic is in corn, flax, hemp, 
 dried fish, cattle, leather, tallow, and lime. 
 
 Tavastus, or Tavastborg, a town of Finland, 
 formerly capital of the district of Tavastland. 
 It has a strong castle, and is seated on a river 
 which flows into the lake Wana. 110 m. E. N. 
 E. of Abo. 
 
 Taverna, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 20 m. E. N. E. of Nicastro. 
 
 Tavira, or Tavila, a sea-port of Portugal, in Al- 
 garva, with a castle, and one of the best harbours 
 in the kingdom, defended by two forts. It is 
 seated at the mouth of the Gilaon, in the gulf of 
 Cadiz, 96 m. N. W. of Cadiz and 136 S. E. of Lis- 
 bon. Long. 7. 36. W., lat. 37. 8. N. 
 
 Tavistock, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of serges. In its vicinity was born 
 the famous sir Francis Drake. It is seated on 
 the river Tavy, 32 m. W. by S. of Exeter and 207 
 of London. 
 
 Tavoy, a sea-port on the W. coast of Siam, in a 
 district of its name, which was wrested from the 
 Siamese by the Birmans, and subsequently ceded 
 to the British in 1824-5. The town is 150 m. VV. 
 N. W. of Siam. Long. 98. 20. E., lat. 14. 45. N. 
 
 Taxahaio, p. v. Lancaster Dis. S. C. 
 
 Tay, a river of Scotland, which rises on the 
 W. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch 
 Tay to Dunkeld, Perth, and Newburg, below 
 which to the sea (above 20 miles) it may be deem- 
 ed a continued harbour, and is called the Frith of 
 Tay, having Fifeshire on one side and the coun- 
 ties of Perth and Angus on the other. 
 
 Tay, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perthshire. 15 
 m. long and in most parts above one broad, form- 
 ed by several streams and the river Tay, which 
 flows through its whole length." 
 
 Taylorsville, p. v. Hanover Co. Va. 30 m from 
 Richmond; p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 18 m. from Co- 
 lumbia; p.t. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. Louis- 
 ville. 
 
 Tazewell, a county of the W. District of Virgin- 
 ia. Pop. 4,104; p.y. the capital of this Co. 302 
 m. W. Richmond ; p. v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 50 
 in. N. E. Knoxville. 
 
 Tazowskaia, a bay of Siberia, in Obskaia Gulf, 
 about 140 miles long and 3 broad. 
 
 Tchad, a lake of Central Africa, in the king- 
 dom of Bomou, in lat. 13. N. long. 15. VV. It was 
 first seen by Doctor Oudeney and his companions, 
 and afterwards visited by Clapperton and Denham. 
 It is 200 m. long and 150 broad. It receives the 
 rivers Yeou from the W. and Shary from the S. 
 It abounds in fish, and its borders exhibit all the 
 splendour of tropical vegetation. Its water is 
 fresh. Major Denhain travelled along the great- 
 er part of the shore, but was obliged to leave 
 144 in. of it unexplored. He was informed that it 
 had no outlet. 
 
 Tching-tcha, a city of China, capital of the S. 
 part of Hou-quang. It is seated on the river 
 Heng, which has a communication with an ex- 
 tensive lake, called Tong-tinor-hou, 740 m. S. by 
 W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25. E., lat. 28. 11. N. 
 
 Tchang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Fo-kien. It has a considerable trade with 
 Emony, Pong-hou, and Formosa ; and is 950 m. 
 S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 35. E , lat. 24. 32. N. 
 
 Tchang-te, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 
 in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish, like a 
 
 crocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular 
 
 nature that when once ignited it cannot be ex- 
 
 90 
 
 tinguished. Near it is a mountain so steep ana 
 inaccessible that in the time of war i affords a 
 safe asylum to the inhabitants. It is 255 m. S S. 
 W. of Pekin. Long. 111. 5. E., lat. 29. 2. N. 
 
 Tchao-king, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Quang-tong, seated on the river Si, 70 m. W. 
 of Canton. 
 
 Tchao-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Quang-tong, seated on the Peikiang, 86 m. E. 
 of Canton. 
 
 Tche-kiang, a province of China, one of the 
 most considerable in extent, riches, and pop. It 
 is bounded on the N. and W. by Kiang-nan, S. 
 W. by Kiang-si, S. by Fo-kien, and E. by the 
 ocean. In this province, whole plains are cover- 
 ed with dwarf mulberry trees, purposely checked 
 in their growth; and prodigious quantities of 
 silk-worms are bred. The principal branch of 
 trade consists in silk stuffs; and those in which 
 gold and silver are intermixed are the most beau- 
 tiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and 
 a species of mushrooms, which are transported to 
 all the provinces of the empire; and here also are 
 found the small gold fish with which ponds are 
 commonly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned 
 11 cities of the first rank, 72 of the third, and 18 
 fortresses, which in Europe would be deemed 
 large cities. Hang-tcheou is the capital. 
 
 Tcheou-chan. an island near the W. coast of 
 China, belonging to the province of Tche kiang 
 It is about 24 m. l»ng nnd from 5 to 10 broad. 
 
 Tchemigof, a government of Russia, formerly 
 apart of the Ukraine. Its capital, of the same 
 name, is seated on the Desne, 345 miles S. S. W. 
 of Moscow. Long. G6. 45. E., lat. 51. 24. N. 
 
 Tchesne, a town on the W. coast of Natolia, 
 with a citadel. It stands almost opposite Scio, 
 at the head of a spacious road, which is famous 
 for the destruction of the Turkish fleet, by the 
 Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles VV. of Smyr- 
 na. Long. 26. 26. F,., lat. 38. 26. N. 
 
 Tching-kianv, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Se-tchuen, 910 miles S. W. of 'Pekin. Long. 
 104. 26. E., lat. 27. 18. N. 
 
 Tching-hiang, a strong city of China, of the 
 first rank, in Kiang-nan, and the key of the em- 
 pire towards the sea. Its situation and trade, 
 and the beauty of its walls, give it a pre-emi- 
 nence over the other cities of the province. It 
 is seated on the S. side of the Kian-ku, 470 miles 
 S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 18. 55. E. lat. 32. 
 14. N. 
 
 Tcking -kiang , a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Yun-nan, 36 miles S. by E. 
 of Yun-nan. Long. 102. 40. E., lat. 24. 44. 
 N. 
 
 Tching-tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Hou-quang, seated on an angle formed 
 by two rivers. Under it are five cities of the 
 third class, in which a kind of plain earthenware 
 is prepared, which the Chinese prefer to the most 
 elegant porcelain. It is 765 miles S. S. VV. of 
 Pekin. Long. 109 40. E., lat. 28. 23. N. 
 
 Tching-ting, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Pe-tche-li, 136 miles S. S. W. 
 of Pekin. Long. 114. 21. E., lat. 33. 9. N. 
 
 Tching-tou, a city of China of the first rank, in 
 the province of Se-tchuen. It was formerly the 
 residence of the emperors, and one of the largest 
 and most beautiful cities in the empire ; but in 
 1646, during the civil wars that preceded the 
 last invasion of the Tartars, it was almost entire- 
 ly destroyed. Its temples, and the ruins of an- 
 cient oalaces are objects of admiration to stran 
 3 o2 
 
TED 
 
 714 
 
 TET 
 
 gers. 1810 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 103. 
 44. E., lat. 30. 40. N. 
 
 Tchin-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Quang-si, 1,250 m. S. S. W of Pekin. 
 Long. 106. 0. E.,lat.23. 21. N. 
 
 Tchi-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Kiang-nan ; seated on the river Kiang, 570 
 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 0. E., lat. 30. 45. N. 
 
 Tchi-yuen, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Koei-tcheou, 980 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 
 107. 51. E., lat. 27. 1. N. 
 
 Tchoka. See Saghalien. 
 
 Tchongking,' a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Se-tchuen. It is seated on a mountain, ris- 
 ing in the form of an amphitheatre, at the con- 
 flux of the Kincha with the Kian-ku, 750 m. S. 
 W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 20. E., lat. 29. 42. N. 
 
 Tchou-kiong, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Yuri-nan, 75 m. W. of Yun- 
 nan. Long. 101. 20. E., lat. 25. 6. N. 
 
 Tchukotski, the most eastern part of Siberia, 
 in the province of Okotsk. The attention of 
 the natives is confined chiefly to their deer, with 
 which the country abounds. They are a well- 
 made, courageous, warlike race, and are for- 
 midable neighbours to the Koriacs, who often 
 experience their depredations. 
 
 Tchukolskoi, a cape of Siberia, on the eastern 
 extremity of Asia, and the S. W. limit of Beer- 
 ing strait. Long. 172. 30. W., lat. 64. 15. N. 
 
 Tchu-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Tche-kiang, 730 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 
 120. 33. E.,lat. 28.36. N. 
 
 Tckcicar, the largest of the three provinces of 
 Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N. by Siberia, 
 N. E.by the sea of Okotsk, S. E. by the prov- 
 ince of Kirin, and W. by Western Tartary and 
 Siberia. It is a mountainous country, watered 
 by the river Saghalien, which receives many 
 others in its course. 
 
 Tckcicar, a city of Chinese Tartary, capital of 
 the foregoing province, and the residence of a 
 Mandshur general. This city was built by the 
 Emperor of China, to secure his frontiers against 
 the incursions of the Russians. It is seated on the 
 Nonni, 355 m. N. N. E. of Pekin. Long. 123. 
 30. E.,lat. 47. 25. N. 
 
 Tebesta or Tinsa,n town of Tunis in Africa, on 
 the borders of Algiers, with a castle, and several 
 remains of antiquity. It is seated at the foot of a 
 mountain, 130 m. S. E. of Tunis. 
 
 Tecuit, a town of Morocco, in the province of 
 Sus, seated in a country abounding in grain, 
 dates, and sugar-canes, 4 m. E. of Messa. 
 
 Tecklenburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 capital of a fertile county of the same name. It 
 has manufactures of linen cloth, and is 22 m. N. by 
 E. of Munster. Long. 7. 47. E., lat. 52. 14. N. 
 
 Tecoantepec, a sea-port of Mexico, in Guaxaca, 
 with a fortified abbey and several handsome 
 churches. It is seated on a large bay of the 
 same name, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 95. 55 
 W.,lat. 16. 28. N. 
 
 Tecrit, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the gov- 
 ernment of Mosul, seated on a rock, near the W. 
 side of the Tigre, 130 m. S. of Mosul. 
 
 Ttculet, a town of Morocco, with an old cas- 
 tle, seated at the mouth of a river of the same 
 name, 99 m. W. of Morocco. Long. 9. 45. W., 
 lat. 31. 5. N. 
 
 Tecumseh, a village in Lenawee Co. Michi- 
 gan. 64 m. S W. Detroit. 
 
 Teddington, a village of Middlesex, En<r. seat- 
 ed on the Thames, 12 m. W. S. W. of London. 
 
 Tedelez,^ town of Algiers, on the coast of tht? 
 Mediterranean, with a castle, 45 m. E. of Al- 
 giers. 
 
 Tednest, a town of Morocco , in the province of 
 Hea, almost surrounded by a river. It was ta- 
 ken by the Portuguese in 1517, but they were 
 driven away soon after. 40 m. N. E. of Mogador. 
 
 Tedsi, a town of Morocco, in the province of 
 Sus, seated in a plain abounding in corn, 20 m. 
 S. E. ofTarudant. 
 
 Teembo, a city of Central Africa, capital of the 
 kingdom of Foola Jalloo. The inhabitants esti- 
 mated at 8,000, carrying on manufactures r.f 
 cloth, iron, silver, wood, leather, &c. 160 til. 
 E. of Sierra Leone. 
 
 Tees, a river which rises on the confines oi 
 Cumberland, Eng. separates the counties of Dur- 
 ham and York, and enters the German Ocean be- 
 low Stockton. 
 
 Tefessad, a town of Algiers, with mines of iron 
 in its neighbourhood, 32 m. S. W of Algiers. 
 
 Tejlis, a city of Asia, the capital of Georgia, 
 called by the inhabitants Thilis-Caba (Warm 
 Town), from the warm baths in its neighbour- 
 hood. It contans 20,000 inhabitants, of whom 
 more than one-half are Armenians. The streets 
 seldom exceed seven feet in breadth, and the 
 houses are of stone with flat roofs, which serve 
 as walks for the women. Here is a foundry for 
 cannon, mortars, and balls ; also a public school 
 founded by emperor Alexander. The most 
 flourishing manufactures are those of silks and 
 printed linens; but the chief trade is in furs 
 sent to Turkey and the S. of Persia. In 1723 it was 
 taken by the Turks, and in 1734 retaken by Kouli 
 Khan. It is seated on the Kur, at the foot of a 
 hill, 300 m. S. S. W. of Astracan. Long 45. 3. 
 E., lat. 42. 20. N. 
 
 Tefa, a strong town of Morocco, capital of a 
 district of the same name, seated on the side of a 
 mountain, 70 mi. N. N. E. of Morocco. Long. 5 
 55. W., lat. 32. 0. N. 
 
 Tefzra, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Mascara, 55 m. S. S. W. ofOran. 
 
 Tegaza, a town of Zahara, capital of a territory 
 of that name, remarkable for mountains of salt. 
 Long. 6. 30. W., lat. 21. 40. N. 
 
 Tegerhy, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, 80 
 m. S. W. of Mourzook. 
 
 Tegern., a town of Bavaria, with a celebrated ab- 
 bey, seated on a lake called the Tegern See. 30 
 m. S. S. E. of Munich. 
 
 Teo-lio, a town Austrian Italy, in the Valte- 
 line. 9 m. S. W. of Tirano. 
 
 Teheran, a city of Persia, and lately the residence 
 of the Shah. It stands on the site of the ancient 
 city of Rai, and is 4 m. in circuit, surrounded by a 
 strong wall flanked with towers. The houses are 
 built of unburnt brick. During the summer it is 
 unhealthy. Lat. 35. 40. N. long. 50. 52. E. 300 m. 
 N. Ispahan. Pop. 15,000. 
 
 Teiirnmovth, a sea-port in Devonshire, F.ng. 
 seated at the mouth of the Teign, 187 m. W. by 
 S. of London. 
 
 Telnitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- 
 sen, with a castle and a convent ; seated on the 
 Radbuza, 30 m. W. S. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Triscndorf, a town of Austria, in the province 
 ofSalsburg, 12 in. N. W. of Salsburg. 
 
 Tejuco, a district of Brazil about 50 m. long 
 and 24 broad, particularly noted for its produc- 
 tion of diamonds. 
 
 Tejuco, the capital of the above district, is sit 
 uate on the side of a hill, and is very irregularly 
 
I EN 
 
 715 
 
 TEN 
 
 built. The circulation of property created by the 
 diamond works rendered it a flourishing town. 
 
 Telese, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 18 tn. E. N. E. of Capua. 
 
 Telfair, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,136. Jack- 
 sonville is the capital. 
 
 Telgen, or Telga, a town of Sweden, in Suder- 
 mania, on the lake Maeler, 12 m. S. W. of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Telget, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 5 m. E. 
 N. E. of Munster. 
 
 Tell, a township of Huntingdon Co. Pa. 
 
 Ttlles, a town of the kingdom of Fez, with a 
 small harbour, on the Mediterranean, 100 m. E. 
 S. E. of Tetuan. 
 
 Tellicherry, a town of Hindoostan , in Malabar. 
 It has a considerable trade, and is seated at the 
 mouth of a river, 42 m. N. N. W. of Calicut. 
 Long. 75. 38. E.,lat. 11. 43. N. 
 
 Tellico, p.v. Monroe Co. Ten. 
 
 Tcitow, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on 
 a lake of the same name, 7 in. S. S. W. of Berlin. 
 
 Teltsch, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 in. S. 
 of Iglau. 
 
 Temendefust, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, 
 10 m. E. of Algiers. 
 
 Tcmeswar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of 
 a territory called the Bannat of Temeswar. It 
 stands on the river Bega, which forms a morass 
 round it, and tne fortress requires a garrison of 
 14,000 men. This place formerly passed for im- 
 pregnable ; but it was taken by prince Eugene, 
 in a dry season, in 1716. 80. in. N. N. E. of Bel- 
 grade and 160. S. W. of Buda. 
 
 Ternissa, a town of Fezzan, where the caravans 
 from Tombuctoo, Bornou, &c, which travel by 
 the vvay of Cairo to Mecca, usually provide the 
 stores of corn, dates, dried meat, and other requi- 
 sites for their dreary journey. 120 m. E. N. E. 
 of Mourzook. 
 
 Tempelborg, a town of the Prussian states, in 
 t'omerania, on the S. side of a lake and on the fron- 
 tiers of Poland, 43 m. E. by N. of New Stargard. 
 
 Temple, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 
 703; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 30 m. S. Con- 
 cord. Pop. 647. 
 
 Templcton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 
 1,551. 
 
 Templin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 with a great trade in timber. It was totally con- 
 sumed by fire in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a 
 beautiful manner. It stands between the Boden- 
 see and Dolo-eosee, 18 in. S. W. of Prenzlo and 
 42 N. by E. of Berlin. 
 
 Tcnasscrim, a town of Birinah, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, situate on a lar^e river, 47 in. 
 S. E. of Mergui. Long. 93. 50. W.., lat. 11. 35. 
 
 Tenbury, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. 133 
 in. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Tenby, a sea- port of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, 
 253 m. W. of London. Lon<r. 4. 40. W., lat. 51. 
 44. N. 
 
 Tench Island, an island in the S. Pacific, 2 m. 
 in circumference, discovered by lieutenant Bali / 
 in 1790. It is low, but entirely covered with co- 
 coa-nut and other trees. Long. 151. 31. E., lat. 
 1. 39. S. 
 
 Tenda, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, with a fortified castle on a rock. It stands on 
 the Roia, 65 m. S. of Turin. 
 
 Tenedos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 on the coast of Asia Minor, 14 m. S. of the strait 
 ofGallipoli. It is 11 m. long and 7 broad, is in- 
 
 habited almost wholly by Greeks, and its musca 
 dine wine is the best in all the Levant. On the 
 E. side is the town, at the foot of a mountain, with 
 a harbour defended by a castle. Long. 26. 0. E., 
 lat. 39. 50. N. 
 * Tent iffe, one of the Canary Islands, and the 
 most considerable of them for riches, tirade, and 
 population. It lies W. of the Grand Canary, is 
 70 m. long and 22 broad, and abounds in wine, 
 different sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. One 
 part of this island is surrounded by inaccessible 
 mountains, of which one in particular, called the 
 Peak ofTeneriffe, is 12,072 feet above the level of 
 the sea, and the distance to the Peak from the port 
 ofOratavia, at the base of the mountain, is above 11 
 m. This island is subject to volcanic eruptions 
 and in 1704 one destroyed several towns and many 
 thousand people. The laborious works in this is- 
 land are chiefly performed by oxen and mules, 
 horses being scarce and reserved for the use of 
 the officers. Hawks and parrots are natives 
 of the island, as are swallows, sea-gulls, partridg- 
 es, canary birds, and blackbirds. There are al- 
 so lizards,locusts, and dragon-flies. St. Chnstophe 
 de Laguna is the capital, but the governor resides 
 at St. Cruz. 
 
 Teneriffe, a town of the republic of Colombia, 
 in the former vice-royalty of New Granada, seat- 
 ed on the Madalena, 100 in. S. S. W. of St. 
 Martha. 
 
 Tenez, or Tcnis, a town of Algiers, in the prov- 
 ince of Mascara, capital of a district of its name, 
 with a fort. It has a considerable trade in corn 
 and is seated on a river, 4 in. from the sea and 85 
 VV. S. W. of Algiers. 
 
 Te-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Hou-quang, 550 in. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 113 
 21. E.,lat. 31.20. N. 
 
 Tennessee, a river of the United States, the larg- 
 est of all those which flow into the Ohio. Its 
 commencement is formed in the state to which it 
 gives name, by the junction of the Clinch with 
 the Holston, 35 m. below Knoxville. It flows S. 
 W.. on the E. side of Cumberland Mountains, in- 
 to Georgia, where it makes a circuit to the W. of 
 called the Great Bend ; it then re-enters the state 
 of Tennesse, which it passes quite through into 
 that of Kentucky, where it enters the Ohio. 50 
 in. above the conflux of that river with the Mis- 
 sissippi. The Tennessee is 600 yards broad at 
 its mouth, and is thence navigable by vessels of 
 great burden for 260 m., to the Mu-scle Shoals, 
 in the Great Bend: here the river widens to be- 
 tween 2 and 3 m. for nearly 30 m. ; and these 
 shoals can only be passed in small boats ; hence 
 it may be navigated, by boats of 40 tons burden, 
 400 m. further to its commencement. 
 
 Tennessee, one of the United States, bounded 
 N. by Kentucky ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by 
 Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi ; and W. by 
 the river Mississippi, separating it from Missouri 
 and Arkansas. Its length is about 430 m. ; its 
 breadth 104 m. It lies between 35. and 36. 36. N. 
 lat., and between 81. 30. and 90. 10. W. long., and 
 contains 40.000 sq. m. The western part of the 
 State is comparatively level. The eastern portion 
 is mountainous. 
 
 The Cumberland Mountains extend through the 
 state from N. E. to S. W., dividing it into two sec- 
 tions. In East Tennessee are many parallel 
 ridges, the most lofty of which, are the Laurel, 
 Stone, Yellow, Iron, Bald, and Unaka Mountains 
 All these are peaks of a continued chain. Wei- 
 lings' and Copper Ridge, and Church, Powell's, 
 
TEN 
 
 716 
 
 TAR 
 
 and Bay's Mountains, are in the N. E. The sum- 
 mits of some of these mountains exhibit plateaus 
 of considerable extent, which admit of good roads, 
 and are inhabited and cultivated. The heights 
 subside as they approach the Mississippi and Ohio. 
 The mountains contain a great number of caverns, 
 which are among the most remarkable features of 
 the country. They are of so frequent occurrence 
 that very few have been explored ; and little more 
 is known of them, than that they abound in nitrous 
 earth. One of them has been descended 400 feet 
 below the surface, and found to consist of a smooth 
 limestone rock, with a stream of pure water at 
 the bottom, sufficient to turn a mill. A cave en a 
 high peak of the Cumberland Mountain has a per- 
 pendicular depth that has never been fathomed. 
 The enchanted Mountains, which are portions of 
 the Cumberland ridge, exhibit some very singular 
 footprints of men, horses, and other animals dis- 
 tinctly marked in a solid rock of limestone. In 
 many cases they appear as if the feet which 
 marked them had slidden while the stone was in a 
 soft state. One of the tracks is 16 inches long 
 and 13 inches wide. 
 
 The whole state is well watered. The largest 
 rivers are the Cumberland and Tennessee, which 
 fall into the Ohio The Obian, Forked Deer, 
 Bio- Hatchee and Wolf rivers intersect the western 
 part of the State, and fall into the Mississippi. 
 
 The valleys of the small rivers are extremely 
 beautiful, and rich oeyond any of the same de- 
 scription in the western states. The valleys of 
 the great streams of the Tennessee and Cumber- 
 land" differ little from the alluvions of the oth- 
 er great rivers of the West. On the small val- 
 leys are many fine plantations, and yet so lone- 
 ly that they seem lost among the mountains. 
 
 The climate is delightful, being milder than 
 in Kentucky, and free from the intense heat 
 which prevails in the southern portion of the 
 Mississippi, valley. Snows of some depth are 
 frequent in the winter, but the summers, espe- 
 cially in the higher regions, are mild. In these 
 parts, the salubrity of the climate is thought 
 to equal that of any part of the United States ; 
 but the low valleys where stagnant waters 
 abound, and the alluvions of the great rivers 
 are unhealthy. Maize is planted in the central 
 parts of the state early in April. 
 
 The soil in East Tennessee is remarkably fer- 
 tile, containing great proportions of lime. In 
 West Tennessee the soil is various, and the stra- 
 ta decend from the mountains in the following 
 order ; first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and 
 sand ; next, yellow clay ; thirdly, a mixture of red 
 sand and red clay ; lastly, white sand. In the 
 southern parts, are immense beds of oyster shells, 
 on high table land, at a distance from the Missis- 
 eippi, or any other stream ; some of these shells 
 are of an enormous size. The soil of the valleys 
 and alluvions is extremely fertile. 
 
 Nearly all the forest trees of tbe western coun- 
 try are found in this state, but the laurel tribes 
 are not common Juniper, red cedar, and savin 
 cover the mountains. Apples, pears, and plums, 
 which are properly northern fruits, are raised in 
 great perfection The sugar maple is very abun- 
 dant. 
 
 Inexhaustible quarries of gypsum of the finest 
 quality abound in East Tennessee. Marble in 
 many beautiful varieties is abundant. Iron ore is 
 found in plenty, and some lead mines have been 
 worked. Salt springs are numerous, but the wa- 
 ter is not sufficiently strong to admit of their be- 
 
 ing made profitable. Nitrous earth abounds in 
 the saltpetre caves. 
 
 The gold region elsewhere described in the south 
 ern states, extends into the southeastern part of 
 Tenneseee. The spot affording the metal, is situ- 
 ated about 12 miles south of the TeHico plains, 
 near the Unika mountain, which separates this 
 state from North Carolina. The gold occurs in 
 small grains, and appears to have been produced 
 by the disintegration of the rocks which compose 
 the mountain. The gold is found in the small 
 rivulets and brooks, and also on the declivities 
 of the mountains, and very near their summits. 
 It is contained in a stratum of the soil of 10 or 12 
 inches in depth, and is separated from the earth 
 by washing. 
 
 Tennessee also contains an ore of zinc of ao 
 excellent quality. The Cumberland mountains 
 are rich in coal. Manganese, roofing slate, and 
 magnetic iron ore may be also numbered amon? 
 the mineral productions. 
 
 This state is politically divided into 2 Districts, 
 East and West. The former has 22 counties and 
 the latter 40. The population is 084,822 of 
 whom 142,382 are slaves. Nashville is the capital. 
 The other considerable towns are Knoxville and 
 Murfreesborough. Agriculture is in a great 
 measure confined to the raising of cotton : but the 
 soil is well adapted to maize, wheat, rye, barley 
 and oats, which are all more or less cultivated. 
 There are some manufactures of iron,hemp,cotton 
 and cordage. 
 
 The legislature is called the General Assembly 
 and consists of a Senate and House of Represent- 
 atives. The members of both and the Governor 
 are chosen for 2 years. Suffrage is universal ; and 
 the clergy are excluded from office. The Baptists 
 are the most numerous religious sect; they have 
 141 ministers; the Methodists 125, the Presbyteri 
 ans 80 and the Lutherans 10. There are colleges 
 at Greenville, Knoxville, and Nashville. Tennes- 
 see was settled by emigrants from Virginia and 
 North Carolina : the first settlements were made 
 between 1765 and 1770. In 1796 a constitution 
 was formed, and the territory was admitted into 
 the union as a state. 
 
 Tennis, a town of Egypt, situate on an island 
 in a lake of the same name, sometimes called 
 Lake Menzaleh, 23 m. S. E. of Damietta. 
 
 Tensaio, a river of Alabama, flowing into Mo 
 bile Bay, and formed by the union of the Alabama 
 and Tombigbee rivers. A river of Louisiana 
 joining with the Washitau to form Black River. 
 
 Tensazo, p. v. Baldwin Co. Alabama. 
 
 Tenstartt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. N. 
 E. of Langensalza. 
 
 Ten-tchcou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Chang-tong, with a good port and a strong gai 
 rison. It is seated on the N. side of a peninsu- 
 la of the Yellow Sea, 250 rn. S. E. of Pekin. 
 Long. 120. 50. E., lat. 37. 20. N. 
 
 Tender den, a town of Kent. 57 m. E. by S. of 
 London. 
 
 Tentugal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 m. W. 
 N. W. of Coimbra. 
 
 Teramo, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra, 25 
 m. N. E. of Aquila. 
 
 Tarasso, a sea-port of Asia Minor, on the coast 
 of Caramania, and an archbishop's see. It was 
 formerly called Tarsus, and was the capital of 
 Cilicia, the literary rival of Athens and Alexan- 
 dria, and the birthplace of the apostle Paul. It isr 
 seated on the Mediterranean, 100 m. W. by N. oi 
 Alexandretta. Long. 35. 15. E., lat. 37. 4. N. 
 
TER 
 
 717 
 
 TES 
 
 Tequcnaama, a cataract near Bogota in Colom- 
 bia, caused by a branch of the Magdalena falling 
 into a narrow chasm, among the rocks. The 
 cataract consists of 3 pitches and the whole fall is 
 867 feet. 
 
 Tcrceira, one of the Azores, of a circular form 
 about 55 n in circumference, and very fertile. 
 It contains several towns and villages, with a 
 number of forts. Angra is the capital. 
 
 Terr.Uz, or Terskiz, a town of Persia in the prov- 
 ince of Chorasan, situate on the borders of the 
 Great Salt Desert, 160 m. W. N. W. of Herat. 
 Long. 57. 25. E., lat. 35. 5. N. 
 
 Terra, a town of Morocco, seated on the Omir- 
 abi, 90 m. N. of Morocco. 
 
 Tergovist, or Tervis, a town of European Tur- 
 key, in Walachia. Here is a fine palace, belong- 
 ing to the hosbodar, or reigning prince ; but he 
 chiefly resides at Buchorest. It stands on the 
 Jalonitz, 35 m. N. N. W. of Buchorest. Long. 25. 
 55. E., lat. 45. 28. N. 
 
 Terki, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the govern- 
 ment, of Caucasus, formerly a frontier place 
 against Persia. It is seated on a river of the 
 same name, near the Caspian Sea, 180 m. S. of 
 Astracan. Long. 47. 30. E., lat. 43. 22. N. 
 
 Termed, a town of Usbec Tartary, capital of a 
 district in Bokharia ; seated in an angle formed 
 by the union of two rivers, 150 m. S. of Samar- 
 cand. Long. G5. 35 E., lat. 37. 15. N. 
 
 Termini, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, in 
 Val di Mazara, with a strong castle. Its miner- 
 al waters are much celebrated, and it has a con- 
 siderable trade. It is situate on "a rocky eminence, 
 near the mouth of a river of the same name, 20 
 in. S. E. of Palermo. 
 
 Termoli, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, 
 seated near the sea, 32 m. S. E. of Lanciano. 
 
 Termite, one of the Molucca islands, lying to 
 the W. of Gilolo, formerly the seat of sovereignty. 
 It abounds in cocoa-nuts, bananas, citrons, oran- 
 ges, almonds, and other fruits proper to the cli- 
 mate. There are also a great number of birds of 
 paradise. It is a mountainous country, and con- 
 tains a great number of woods, which furnish 
 abundance of game. It is in the possession of 
 the Dutch, from whom it was taken by the Brit- 
 ish in 1810, but restored, with their other Indian 
 possessions, in 1814. The inhabitants are Ma- 
 hometans and very indolent. 100m. E.ofCelebes. 
 Long. 127. 4. E.,'lat. 50. N. 
 
 Tcrneusc, a town and fort of the Netherlands, 
 in Flanders, on the W. branch of the Scheldt, 
 called the Hondt. It is 8 m. N. of Sas van Ghent 
 and 25 W. N. W. of Antwerp. 
 
 Terni, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in the 
 !uchy of Spoleto, seated on the Nera, near the 
 -nflux of the Velino, which has a famous cataract 
 a mile from the town. Terni was the birth-place 
 of Tacitus the historian. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of 
 Spoleio and 46 N. of Rome. 
 
 Ternava,n town of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's 
 see. It was formerly the seat of the princes of 
 Bulgaria, and a strong place, but the fortifications 
 are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the 
 Jenera, 88 m. N. W. of Adrianople and 67 N. E. 
 of Sofia. Long. 26. 2. E., lat. 43. 1. N. 
 
 Teroucnne,& town of France, department of Pas 
 de Calais, seated on the Lis, 6 m. S. of St. 
 Omer. 
 
 Terra d°,l Espiritu Santo, the largest and most 
 western island of the New Hebrides, in the S. 
 Pacific, being 40 leagues in circuit. The land 
 is exceedingly high and mountainous, and in ma- 
 
 ny places the hills rise directly from the sea. Ex 
 cept the cliffs and branches, every part is covered 
 with wood, or laid out in plantations. Besides 
 the bey of St. Philip and St. Jago, on the N side 
 of it, the isles which lie along the S. and E. coast 
 from several good bays and harbours. Long. 167 
 E., lat. 15. S. 
 
 Terra Firma, a country of S. America, bounded 
 on the N. by the Carribbean Sea. It is now in- 
 cluded in the Republic of Colombia. 
 
 Terra del Fuego, a large island, separated from 
 the southern extremity of America by the strait 
 of Magellan, and so called from the volcanoes ob- 
 served on it. The sea intersects it into several 
 islands, all of them barren and mountainous; but 
 on the lower grounds are found several sorts of 
 trees and plants, and a variety of birds. The na- 
 tives are short in stature, not exceeding five feet 
 six inches; their heads large, their faces broad, 
 their cheek-bones prominent, and their noses flat. 
 They have little brown eyes, without life ; their 
 hair is black and lank, hanging about their neads 
 in disorder, and besmeared with train oil. They 
 wear no other clothing than a small piece of seal- 
 skin, hanging from their shoulders to the middle 
 of the back, being fastened round the neck with a 
 string. They live chiefly on seals' flesh, of which 
 they prefer the oily part. There is no appear- 
 ance of any subordination among them, and their 
 whole character is a strange compound of stupid- 
 ity, indifference, and inactivity. 
 
 Terracina, a decayed town of the ecclesiastical 
 states, in Campagna di Roma, with a castle on a 
 rock. Formerly it was called Anxur, and was 
 the capital of the Volsci, and its cathedral was 
 originally a temple of Jupiter. It is seated near 
 the sea, on the frontiers of Naples, 54 m. S. S. 
 E. of Rome. Long. 13. 15. E., lat. 41. 24. N. 
 
 Terranova, a sea- port of Sicily, in Val di Noto, 
 seated near the mouth of a river of the same 
 name, 20 m. E. S. E. of Alicata. Long. 14. 10 
 E., lat. 37. 9. N. 
 
 Terranova, a sea-port of Sardinia, seated at the 
 bottom of a bay on the N. E. coast, 62 m. E. N. 
 E. of Sassari. Long. 9. 35. E., lat. 41. 3. N. 
 
 Terrasson, a town of France, department of 
 Dordogne, seated on the Vesere, 28 m. E. of 
 Perigueux. 
 
 Terre Haute, p. v. Vigo Co. Ind. on the Wabash 
 91 m. S. W. Indianapolis. 
 
 Terridon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, in Ross-shire, between Gair- 
 loch and Applecross. It has many creeks and 
 bays. 
 
 Terriore, a strong town and fortress of Hindoos- 
 tan, in the Carnatic, 25 m. N. of Trichinopoly. 
 
 Terryville, p. v. Mecklenburgh Co. Va. 
 
 Teruel, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a 
 bishop's see, with a citadel. It is 80 m. S. W. of 
 Sarragossa and 112 E. of Madrid. Long. 1.0. 
 W., lat. 40. 25. N. 
 
 Tervere, or Veere, a fortified sea-port of the 
 Netherlands, in Zealand on the N. E. coast of 
 the isle of Walcheren. It has a good harbour, 
 and a fine arsenal. 4 m. N. by E. of Middleburg, 
 witTi which it commuincates by a canal. Long. 
 3. 42. E., lat. 51. 36. N. 
 
 Teschen, a town of Austrian Silesia, capital of 
 a circle of the same name. It is surrounded by a 
 wall, and at a little distance, on an eminence, is the 
 old castle where the ancient dukes resided. The 
 inhabitants carry on a trade in leather, woolen 
 stuffs, and wine; and make excellent fire-arms. 
 This town was taken by the Prussians in 17 r " 
 
TEW 
 
 718 
 
 TE3 
 
 but restored in 1763. In 1779 a treaty of peace 
 was concluded here between the emperor of Ger- 
 many and the king of Prussia. It is seated in a 
 morass, near the river Elsa, 36 m. E. S. E. of 
 Troppau and 60 E. by N. of Olmutz. Long. 18. 
 32. E., lat 49. 43. N. 
 
 Tesegdclt, a town of Morocco, seated on a crag- 
 gy rock, said to be impregnable, at the month of 
 the Techubit, 140 m. W. N. W. of Morocco. 
 
 Ttskoo Loomboo, the capital of Thibet, or of 
 that part which is immediately subject to the 
 Teshoo Lama, who is sovereign of the country 
 during the minority of the grand lama. Its tem- 
 ples and mausoleums, with their numerous gilded 
 canopies and turrets, and the palace of the lama, 
 render it a magnificent place. It stands at the 
 N. end of a plain, upon a rocky eminence, 220 
 m. S. W. of Lassa and 470 N. by E. of Calcutta. 
 Long. 89. 7. E., lat. 29. 4. N. 
 
 Tesino, a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol, 
 25 m. E. N. E. of Trent. 
 
 Tesset, a town of Zahara, capital of a district of 
 the same name. It is 350 m. S. S. W. of Tafilet. 
 Long. 5. 45. W., lat. 25. 54. N. 
 
 Tetbury, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 99 m. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Tetschen, or Tetzen, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Leulmeritz, with a castle on a rock, on 
 the river Elbe, 29 m. S. E. of Dresden. 
 
 Tettnang, a town of Germany, in the kingdom 
 of Wurtemberg, 8 m. N. of Lindau. 
 
 Tetuan, a city of the kingdom of Fez, with a 
 castle. The houses have only small holes to- 
 wards the streets, which are very narrow, and 
 the windows are on the other side, facing a court- 
 yard, which is surrounded by galleries, and in 
 the middle is generally a fountain. The houses 
 are two stories high, flat at the top ; and the wo- 
 men visit each other from the tops of them. The 
 shops are very small, and without any door; the 
 master sitts cross-legged on a counter, with the 
 goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the 
 customers stand in the street. Several European 
 consuls formerly resided in this city; the English 
 are still allowed to touch here, and considerable 
 communication is kept up with Gibraltar. It is 
 seated on the river Cuz. near the Mediterranean, 
 1 10 m. N. N. W. of Fez. Lonjr. 5. 23. W., lat. 
 35. 37. N. 
 
 Teverone, a river of Italy, the ancient Anio, 
 which rises in the Appennines, 50 miles, above 
 Tivoli, glides through a plain till it cotnes near 
 that town, when it is confined for a short space 
 between two hills, covered with groves. These 
 were supposed to be the residence of the sibyl Al- 
 bunea, to whom an elegant temple was here dedi- 
 cated. The river moving with augmented rapid- 
 ity, as its channel is confined, at last rushes over 
 a lofty precipice, and the noise of its falls re- 
 sounds through the hills and groves of Tivoli. 
 Having gained the plain, it soon afterwards re- 
 ceives the waters of the lake Solfatara, and then 
 joins the Tibet, near Rome. 
 
 Tevi.ot, a river of Scotland, which rises in the 
 mountains in the S. W. of Roxburgshire, and, 
 passing N. W. through the county, unites with 
 the Tweed a little above Kelso. 
 
 Te.upitz, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 with a castle on a lake, 25 m. S. by E. of Berlin. 
 
 Trnsrhnitz, a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- 
 conia, 17 m. N. of Culmbach. 
 
 Tewsing, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Pilsen. 30 m. N. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Tewkesbury, a borough in Gloucestershire Eng. 
 
 Here is one of the noblest \ ■• ish churches in tho 
 kingdom, which is almost r.e only remains of 
 the celebrated monastery tc A'hich it formerly be» 
 longed. 103 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Tewkesbury, p.t. MiddlesiX Co. Mass on the 
 Merrimack, adjoining Lowell, 24 m. N. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,527. Within the limitsof the town- 
 ship is the village of Belleville, with manufac- 
 ture of cotton and woolen. 
 
 Tewkesbury, a township of Hunterdon Co. 
 N.J. 
 
 Texas, a province of Mexico, and the frontier 
 district toward the United States : bounded N. 
 by Missouri Territory and E. by Louisiana, from 
 which it is separated by the Sabine, and the Gulf 
 of Mexico on the S. Our knowledge of this ex 
 tensive province — containing, according to Hurn- 
 bolt's table, a surface of 84,000 square miles, and 
 according to others 100,000 — is still very imper- 
 fect, and almost solely derived from Pike's jour- 
 nal of his hasty return from Chihuahua, guarded 
 all the way by Spanish dragoons to prevent him 
 from taking notes. But its rising political and com- 
 mercial relations with the United States will soon 
 disperse this ignorance. By an act of the Mexi- 
 can congress it has been united to the province 
 of Coahuila, under the name of Coahuila-y-Ter.as. 
 This province is exceedingly well watered, and 
 is the most fertile of all the Mexican states. The 
 large and beautiful savannahs, waving with grass, 
 feed vast numbers of wild horses and mules, which 
 are exported in great numbers to other parts of 
 Mexico, and to the United States, and form at 
 present a chief article of commerce. Immediate- 
 ly to the W. of the Sabine, the soil is rich with- 
 out being low, and for a space of 12 successive 
 miles, is covered with magnificent pines. W. 
 of this again is one of the richest and most fer- 
 tile tracks in nature, diversified by hills and dales, 
 and divided, as it were, into natural meadows and 
 shrubberies, in such admirable order, as to seem 
 the work not of nature, but of art ; this soil is rich, 
 friable, and contains much iron. It is as fertile 
 on the hills as on the plains, and the climate is 
 delightful, being neither too warm nor excessive- 
 ly cold. The tract between the Sabine and Bras- 
 sos rivers is occupied by 2,500 American families, 
 emigrants from the United States, who raise cot- 
 ton, maize, tobacco, rice, and sugar-canes. Be- 
 sides these emigrant families, about 600 Spanish 
 families are congregated in the vicinity of Na 
 cogdoches, and inhabit the Ranchos, where they 
 rear cattle. 
 
 The principal American establishment to the 
 W. of the band of pines above mentioned, is the 
 Air. Bayou, entirely inhabited by Americans, who 
 have already erected 7 or 8 cotton mills, and the 
 products are exported to Nachitoches free o<" 
 duty, as the consumption comes entirely from 
 that place. The second American establishment 
 is on the Brassos a Dios river, 150 milts from 
 Nacogdoches. As this stream frequently over- 
 flows its banks, its vicinity is somewhat un- 
 healthy. These emigrants have built a town 
 named San Felipe de Austin, from that of the 
 founder, General Austin, an American, who 
 promised to the federal government to locate 
 frotn 500 to 600 families on the banks of the Bras- 
 sos river. At Nacogdoches another grant has 
 been made to an American of the name of Ed- 
 wards, who resided at Mexico. This grant bor- 
 ders on that of Austin, and contains more than 
 2,000 square miles. N. of this, another grant has 
 been made to a Mr. Thorn, son-in-law of Ed- 
 
THA 
 
 719 
 
 THA 
 
 wards ; and on the other side a similar grant has 
 been made to general Wesvil. The colony call- 
 ed Fredonia, iti this province, was established in 
 1824 by Mr. Austin, who has offered to every 
 colonist a lot of 640 acres, or an English square 
 mile, with a house. The constitution of this gov- 
 ernment is that of a federal republic, and has 
 been literally copied from that of the United 
 States, but the Catholic religion was alone to be 
 tolerated. But such an absurd intolerant clause 
 as this in any of the new independent states of 
 Mexico, eannot long be in force in the vicinity 
 of such a free government as that of the United 
 States, as such an act would exclude all but Ro- 
 man Catholic emigrants. — whereas all are made 
 equally welcome to the United States. In 1825 
 captain Sedgewick, of Russelville in Kentucky, 
 obtained a grant from the Mexican government 
 of from (i to 8 millions of acres, in this province, 
 along the borders of Louisiana. One principal 
 condition was inserted in this grant, that a cer- 
 tain number of the colonists should be free from 
 all taxes for five years. The capital of Texas 
 under the old government was San Antonio de 
 Bejar, on a small stream of the same name, and 
 contained, according to Pike, about 2,000 souls; 
 but the present capital, Saltillo, on the confines 
 of Coahuila and New Leon, is said to contain 
 8,000 souls. Its site is bad, being surrounded 
 with arid plains, where the traveller suffers much 
 from want of water. The western part of Texas 
 is inhabited entirely by Spaniards. The soil is 
 excellent, and all the habitations are watered by 
 artificial canals, which cause the waters of the 
 Rio de Nueces and neighbouring springs to irri- 
 gate the gardens and fields. 
 
 Texel, an island of the Netherlands, separated 
 from N. Holland by a narrow channel of the same 
 name, defended by a strong fort on the mainland, 
 called the Helder. This channel is the best and 
 most southern entrance into the Zuyder Zee, 
 and through it most of the ships pass that are 
 bound to Amsterdam. In 1799 the fort was taken 
 by the English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet, 
 lying within the channel, surrendered to them ; 
 but the English abandoned the fort soon after- 
 wards. Long. 4. 59. E., lat. 53. 10. N. 
 
 Teya, or Tkeya, a river of the Austrian states, 
 •which rises near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows E., 
 by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters 
 the Moraw, on the confines of Hungary. 
 
 Teyn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Bechin, seated on the Muldau, 10 m. S. E. of 
 Piseck. 
 
 Tezar, a town of Fez, capital of the province 
 of Cuzi, containing a mosque half a mile in cir- 
 cumference. It is seated on a small river, 45 m. 
 E. of Fez. Long. 4. 15. W., lat. 33. 40. N. 
 
 Tezcuco, a town of Mexico, once the capital of 
 a rich kingdom. Here Cortez caused a canal to 
 De dug, and built 18 brigantines, to carry on the 
 siege of Mexico. It is seated near the lake of 
 Mexico, 20 m. E. of Mexico. 
 
 Tezcla, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Mascara, with a castle, J5 m. S. W. of Oran. 
 
 Tezout, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated 
 on the point of a rock, 15 m. S. of Melilla. 
 
 Tezzoute, an ancient town of Algiers, in the 
 province of Constantia. [ts ruins extend 10 m. 
 in circumference, among which are magnificent 
 remains of city gates, an amphitheatre, a temple 
 dedicated to Esculapius, and other elegant struc- 
 tures. 90 m. S. S. W. of Constantia. 
 
 TJtainee, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, near 
 
 the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 m S 
 of Tunis. Long. 10. 15. E., lat. 34. 50. N. 
 
 Thame, or Tame, a river which rises near Tring 
 in Hertfordshire, crosses Buckinghamshire to the 
 N. of Aylesbury, enters Oxfordshire at the town 
 of Thame, whence it is navigable for barges to 
 Dorchester, where it joins the Thames. This 
 river has been erroneously supposed to give name 
 to the Thames 
 
 Tliame, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. seated on 
 the river Thame, 12 m. E. of Oxford and 44 W 
 by N. of London. 
 
 Thames, the finest river m Great Britain, 
 which takes its rise from a copious spring, called 
 Thames Head, 2 m. S. W. of Cirencester, in 
 Gloucestershire. About a m. below the source 
 of the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in 
 the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a 
 torrent as to overflow the meadows for many 
 miles. The stream proceeds to Lechlade ; and 
 being there joined by the Coin and Leih, at the 
 distance of 138 m. from London, it becomes nav- 
 igable for vessels of 90 tons. At Oxford it is 
 joined by the Charwell, and, proceeding by 
 Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives the Thame. 
 Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming 
 a boundary to Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Sur^ 
 rey, and Middlesex, it waters Henley, Marlow, 
 Maidenhead, Windsor, Staines, Chertsey, Kings- 
 ton, and Brentford, in its course to London. 
 From London the river proceeds to Greenwich, 
 Woolwich, Grays-Thurrock, Gravesend, and 
 Leigh, into the German Ocean. The tide flows 
 up the Thames as high as Kingston, which, fol- 
 lowing the winding of the river, is 70 miles from 
 the ocean — a greater distance than the tide is car- 
 ried by any other river in Europe. Though the 
 Thames is said to be navigable 138 miles above 
 London Bridge, there are so many flats that in 
 summer the navigation westward would be stop- 
 ped, were it not for a number of locks ; but the 
 first lock is 52 miles above that bridge. The 
 plan of new cuts has been adopted, in some places, 
 to shorten the navigation ; there is one near Lech- 
 lade, and another a mile from Abingdon. A still 
 more important undertaking was effected in 1789 
 — the junction of this river with the Severn. A 
 canal had been made from the Severn to Stroud, 
 which canal was afterwards continued to Lech- 
 lade, where it joins the Thames, a distance of 
 above 30 miles. A communication between this 
 river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been 
 effected, by a canal from Oxford to Coventry ; 
 and another canal extends from this, at Brauns- 
 ton,to the Thames at Brentford, called the Grand 
 Junction Canal. 
 
 Thames, a river of Connecticut, formed of two 
 principal branches, the Shetucket and the Nor- 
 wich, or Little River, which have their junction 
 at Norwich. From this place the Thames is nav- 
 igable 15 tn. to Long Island Sound, which it en- 
 ters below New London, 
 
 Thames, a river of Upper Canada, flowing into 
 Lake St. Clair above Detroit. 
 
 Thanet, an island comprising the E. angle of 
 Kent, being separated from the mainland by the 
 two branches of the Stour. It produces much 
 corn, and the S. part is a rich tract of marsh land. 
 It contains the towns of Margate, Ramsgate, and 
 Broadstairs, and several villages. 
 
 Thanhausen, a town of Bavaria, on the river 
 Mindel, 14 in. N. of Mindelheim. 
 
 Thasos, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 on the co?.st of Macedonia, at the entrance of the 
 
THI 
 
 720 
 
 THI 
 
 gulf of Contessa. It is 12 m. long and 8 broad, 
 and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The 
 fruits and wine are very delicate ; and there are 
 some quarries of fine marble. The chief town of 
 the same name, has a harbour, frequented by 
 merchants. Long. 24. 33. E.,lat. 40. 59. N. 
 
 Thaxted, a town in Essex, Eng. 44 m. N. N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Theaki, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 24 
 m. long and 7 broad, separated from the N. E. part 
 of that of Cefalonia, by a narrow channel. It is 
 the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birthplace 
 and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Vel- 
 thi, which has a spacious harbour. Long. 20. 40. 
 E., lat. 38. 25. N. 
 
 Thebaid, a country of Upper Egypt, now called 
 Said, which see. 
 
 Thebes, the ancient name of a city of Upper 
 Egypt. It was celebrated for having 100 gates ; 
 and there are many tombs and magnificent re- 
 mains of antiquity. One of the tombs has been 
 brought over to this country by M. Belzoni. Three 
 villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gournou, 
 are seated among its ruins, which are hence called 
 the antiquities of Carnack and Luxor. 
 T/iebes, in Greece. See Thiva. 
 Theissc, a river of Hungary, which rises in the 
 Carpathian Mountains, flows above 100 m. in a 
 western direction to Tokay, when it turns to the 
 S., passes by Tsongrand and Segeden, and, after 
 receiving a great number of rivers, falls into the 
 Danube below Titul. 
 
 Themar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Saxe-Coburg, near the river Werra, 10 in. S. E. 
 of Meinungen. 
 
 Theresa, p. v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 25 m. N. E. 
 Sacketts Harbour. 
 
 Thcrrnia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 S. of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engia, 
 12 m. long and 5 broad. The soil is good and well 
 cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The 
 principal town, of the same name, is the residence 
 of a Greek bishop. Long. 24. 59. E., lat. 37. 31 . N. 
 Thermoptjhc, a narrow passage in the N. E. of 
 Greece, with high cliffs on one side and an im- 
 passable marsh on the other. It is noted in his- 
 tory for the brave stand made by Leonidas with 
 300 Spartans, against the army of Xerxes. 
 Thrfsaly. See J anna. 
 
 Theiford, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. with a 
 manufacture of woolen cloth and paper. 80. m. 
 N. E. of London. 
 
 Thetford, p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connec- 
 ticut. Pop. 1.183. 
 
 Thibet, a county of Asia, bounded on the N. 
 W. and N. by the Desert of Kobi, in Tartary, E. 
 by China, S. by Assam and Birmah, and S. W. 
 and W. by Hindoostan and Bootan. This coun- 
 try is one of the highest in Asia, being a part 
 of that elevated tract which gives rise not only to 
 the rivers of India and China, but also to those of 
 Siberia and Tartary. Its length from E. to W. 
 cannot be less than 1,400 m; its breadth about 
 500, but very unequal. It is divided into three" 
 narts, Upper, Middle, and Lower Thibet. The 
 Upper, lies towards the sources of the Ganges 
 and Burrampooter ; the Middle is that in which 
 Lassa, the capital, is seated ; and the Lower that 
 which borders on China. Little Thibet is situ- 
 ate between Upper Thibet and Casheur. Not- 
 withstanding the very rough and sterile state of 
 Thibet, and the severity of its climate, from its 
 wonderful elevation, its inhabitants are in a high 
 state of civilization ; their houses are lofty and 
 
 built of stone ; and useful manufactures in some 
 degree of improvement. The principal exports 
 are gold-dust, diamonds, pearls, lamb skins, 
 6hawls, woolen cloths, rock-salt, musk, and tincal 
 or crude borax. The nature of the soil prohibits 
 the progress of agriculture ; but wheat, peas, and 
 barley are cultivated. Here are many beasts of 
 prey, and great abundance and variety of wild 
 fowl and game ; with numerous flocks of sheep 
 and goats, and herds of cattle of a diminutive 
 size, as well as small horses. The ibex, or wild 
 goat is a native of this country. The Thibetians 
 
 are governed by the grand lama, who is not only 
 submitted to and adored by them, but is also the 
 great object of adoration for the various tribes of 
 pagan Tartars, who walk through the vast tract of 
 continent which stretches from the river Volga to 
 Corea. He is not only the sovereign pontiff, the 
 vicegerent of the deity on earth, but by the more 
 remote Tartars is absolutely regarded as the dei- 
 ty himself. Even the emporor of China, who 
 is of a Tartar race, does not fail to acknowledge 
 the lama, in his religious capacity, although, as a 
 temporal sovereign, the lama himself is tributa- 
 ry to that emperor. The opinion of the most 
 orthodox Thibetians is, that when the grand la- 
 ma seems to die, either of old age or infirmity, his 
 soul, in reality only quits a crazy habitation to 
 animate another younger or better ; and it is 
 discovered again in the body of some child, by 
 certain tokens known only to the lamas or priests, 
 in which order he always appears. The lamas, 
 who form the greatest and most powerful body in 
 the state, have the priesthood entirely in their 
 hands. At the head of their hierarchy are three 
 lamas, the Dalai lama, who reside at Lassa ' the 
 Teshoo lama, who lives at Teshoo Loomboo ; and 
 the Taranat lama, whose seat is Kharca, in the 
 N. The priests constitute many monastic orders, 
 which are held in great veneration among them. 
 The most numerous sect are called Gylongs, who 
 are exempt from labor, enjoined temperance, and 
 interdiction all intercourse with the female sex ; 
 they abound over all Thibet and Bootan, not- 
 withstanding the severity of discipline ; since 
 every family consisting of more than four boys 
 is obliged to contribute one of them to this order; 
 and it is also encouraged by ambition, as the offi- 
 cers of state are usually selected from this sect 
 Besides the religious influence and authority of 
 the grand lama, he is possessed of unlimited 
 power throughout his dominions. His residence is 
 at a vast palace on the mountain Putala, 7 miles 
 from Lassa. The religion of Thibet, though in 
 many respects it differs from that of the Indian 
 brahmins, yet, in others, has a great affinity to 
 it. The practice of polyandry is universally 
 prevalent in Thibet , and one female associates 
 with all the brothers of a family, without any re 
 
THO 
 
 r-2i 
 
 THU 
 
 Btriction of age or number ; the choice of a wife 
 is the privilege of the elder brother. This extra 
 ordinary custom, and the celibacy of priests, may 
 have been intended to gard against too numerous 
 a population in an unfertile country. The Thi- 
 betians preserve entire the mortal remains of 
 their sovereign lamas only : every other corpse 
 is either consumed by lire or exposed to be the pro- 
 miscuous food of beasts and birds of prey. They 
 have a great veneration for the cow, and highly 
 respect the waters of the Ganges, the source of 
 wliich they believe to be in heaven. The sun- 
 niasses, or Indian pilgrims, often visit Thibet as 
 a holy place; and the grand lama always maintains 
 a body of nearly 300 of them in his pay. See Palte. 
 
 Thiel, or Tie/., a strong town of the Nether- 
 lands, in Guelderland, seated on the Waal, 18 in. 
 W. of Nimeguen. 
 
 Thielet, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan- 
 ders, 10 m. N. of Courtray. 
 
 Thiengen, a town of Baden, on the river Wut- 
 tach, 13 m. W. of SehafFhausen. 
 
 Thiers, a town of France, department of Puy 
 dt> Dome, with manufactures of paper, thread, 
 leather, and cutlery. It is seated on the side of 
 a hill, 21 m. E. by N. of Clermont. 
 
 Thionville, a strong town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Moselle. The Austrians bombarded 
 it in 1792, but were obliged to raise theseige. It is 
 seated on the Moselle, over which is a bridge 
 defended by a hornwork, 14 m. N. of Mentz and 
 33 S. W. of Treves. 
 
 Thirsk, a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of coarse linens, sacking, &c. 214 
 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Tkiva, or Thebc. , a celebrated city of Greece, 
 and a bishop's see T he ancient city was 4 m. in 
 circumference, but only that part of it is now in- 
 habited which was originally the castle, called 
 Cadmrea, from Cadmus the founder. In the vi- 
 cinity is a fine sort of white clay, of which bowls 
 for pipes are made, that dry naturally and become 
 as hard as stone. It is seated between two riv- 
 ers, 28 m. N. W. of Athens. 
 
 Thivicr?,n town of France, department of Dor- 
 dogne, 18 m. N. N. E. of Perigueux. 
 
 Tholen, a town of the Netherlands, in an island 
 of its name belonging to the province of Zealand, 4 
 m. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. 
 
 Thomas, St. an island in the Atlantic, lying 
 under the equator, near the W. coast of Guinea, 
 discovered in 1640 by the Portuguese. It is al- 
 most round, is about 30 m. in diameter, and con- 
 sists chiefly of hills, intermixed with valleys, 
 whicli are often filled with a thick fog. The soil 
 is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar-canes, rice, 
 and millet. On the same vine are blossoms and 
 green and ripe grapes, all the year round. The cli- 
 mate is unwholesome to the Portuguese, but it 
 agrees well with the original natives, and also 
 with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than 
 on the coast of Guinea. In 1641 this island was ta- 
 ken by the Dutch ; but they soon relinquished it 
 in consequence of the inclemency of the climate. 
 Pavoasan is the capital. 
 
 Thomas, St., one of the Virgin islands, in the 
 W. Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort. 
 It is 15 m. in circumference, and the trade is con- 
 siderable.particularly in times of peace. It surren- 
 dered to the English in 1807, but was restored to 
 the Danes in 1814. Long. 65.26. W., lat. 11 . 22. N. 
 
 Thomas, St., a town of Hindoostan,in the Car- 
 natic, formerly a powerful city. It is inhabited 
 by weavers and dyers, and noted for making the 
 91 
 
 best colored stuffs in India. 3 m. S. of Ma 
 dras. 
 
 Thomastown, a borough of Ireland, in the 
 county of Kilkenny, on the river Noire, 10 m. S. 
 S. E. of Kilkenny. 
 
 Thomastown, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on Penob- 
 scot Bay. 37 m. E. VViscasset. Pop. 4,221. Great 
 quantities of lime are burnt here and exported to 
 all parts of the country. The quarries of limestone 
 also produce fine white and black marble. 
 
 Thompson, p.t. Windham Co. Conn, in the X. 
 E. angle of the state. Pop. 3,388; a township of 
 Sullivan Co. N. Y. 34 m. N. W. Newburg. Pop. 
 2,459 ; townships in Sandusky, Delaware, am! 
 Geauga Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Thompsontoicn, p. v. Mifflin Co. Pa. 
 
 Thompsonville, p. v. Culpeper Co. Va. ami 
 Chesterfield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Thonon, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa 
 voy, with a palace and several convents ; seated 
 on the lake of Geneva at the influx of the river 
 Drama, 16 m. N. E. of Geneva. 
 
 Thorn, a city of W. Prussia, formerly a Han- 
 seatic town. In the Church of St. John is the 
 epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Copernicus, 
 who was born here. It is divided into the Old 
 and New town, and has a celebrated protestant 
 academy. In 1703 it was taken by the Swedes, 
 who demolished the fortifications; and in 1793 
 it was seized by the king of Prussia and annex- 
 ed to his dominions. It was taken by the French 
 in 1806, and remained in their hands till 1812. It 
 is seated on the Vistula, over which is a long wood 
 en bridge, 67 m. S. of Dantzic and 105. N. W. of 
 Warsaw. Long. 18. 42. E., lat. 53. 6. N. 
 
 Thorn, a small but thriving town in W. York- 
 shire, Eng. 165 m. N. by VV. London. 
 
 Thornbury, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 122 m. W. of London. 
 
 Thomritle, p.t. Perry Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tltornbnrij, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 
 
 Thornhill, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire, with manufactures of coarse linen and 
 woolen cloth, seated near the river Nith, 15 m 
 N. N. W. of Dumfries. 
 
 Thornsburg, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. 18 in. E 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 Thornton, p.t. Grafton Co. N. If. 48 m. N. Con- 
 cord. Pop. 1,049. 
 
 T/tovars, a town of France department of 
 Deux Sevres. The castle of its ancient dukes 
 is on a rock, surrounded by walls, 120 feet high, 
 built of white stone. It is seated on a hill, by 
 the river Thone, 32 m. S. E. of Angers and 162 
 m. S. W. of Paris.* 
 
 Thunder Bay, a bay in the N. W. part of 
 Lake Huron, so named from the frequent thunder 
 heard there. 
 
 Thrapston, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 
 73 m. N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Three Hills Island, one of the New Hebrides, 
 in the S. Pacific, 12 m. in circumference, lyinp 
 to the S. of Masicollo. 
 
 Three Rivers, or Trois Rivieres, a town of Low- 
 er Canada, situate on a river of the same name, 
 which before its conjunction with the St. Law 
 rence, is divided by two islands into three branch 
 es. It has two churches, a convent, and, an 
 hospital. 9 in. up the river is a considerable iron 
 foundry. 70 m. W. S. W. of Quebec. 
 
 Thuin, a town of the Netherlands, in the teri 
 tory of Liege : seated on the Sambre, 8 m. 8. W. 
 Charleroy and 15 S. E. of Mons. 
 
 Thun, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bail; 
 3 P 
 
TID 
 
 722 
 
 TIL 
 
 wic, in the canton of Bern, with a castle. It is 
 seated on a lake of the same name, 14 m. long 
 and three broad, where the river Aar issues from 
 it. 15 m. S. by E. of Bern. 
 
 ' Thousand Islands, a group of small islands in 
 the river St. Lawrence just below lake Ontario. 
 Also a o-roup of Islands in the Straits of Sunda. 
 
 Thur a river of Switzerland, which rises in 
 the S. part of the county of Toggenburg, and 
 flows into the Bhine, 7 m. S. S. W. of Schaff- 
 hausen. 
 
 Thurgau, a canton of Switzerland, which lies 
 along the river Thur; bounded on the S. by the 
 canton of St. Gall, W. by that of Zurich, and 
 N. and E. by the lake and territory of Constance. 
 It is extremely populous, and the most pleasant 
 and fertile part of Switzerland, though some- 
 what mountainous towards the S. Its area is 
 computed at 350 square miles, with 77,000 inhab- 
 itants, one-third of whom are Catholics, and the 
 other two-thirds Calvinists. Frauenfeld is the 
 capital. 
 
 Thuringia, the former name of a province of 
 Germany" in Saxony; bounded on the E. by 
 Meissen, S. by FranconiaW. by Hesse and Eich- 
 feld and N. by the duchy of Brunswick and the 
 principality of Anhalt. It is 73 m. in length, and 
 nearly as much in breadth, abounding in corn, 
 fruits, and wood. 
 
 Thurso, a town of Scotland, in Caithness-shire, 
 at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the S. W. 
 side of a spacious bay. It has a considerable 
 trade in corn and fish, and manufactures of wool- 
 en and linen cloth. 28 m. M. W. of Wick and 
 56 m. N. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 3. 18. W., 
 lat. 58. 30. N. 
 
 Tiagar, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 
 50 m."W. S. W. of Pondicherry and 75S. of Arcot. 
 
 Tiano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 with a famous nunnery and a mineral spring, 15 
 m. N. W. of Capua. 
 
 Tiber, a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap- 
 ennines, flows through the Pope's Dominions by 
 Borgo. St. Sepulchro, Citta di Castella, Orto, 
 and Borne, 10 m. below which it enters the 
 Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia and Porto. 
 
 Tiburon, a cape at the most western extremi- 
 ty of the island of St. Domingo, with a town 
 and fort, on an open road, opposite Port Antonio 
 in Jamaica. Long. 74. 32. W., lat. 18. 25. N. 
 
 Ticondcroga, a fort of the state of New York, 
 built by the French in 1756, on the narrow pas- 
 sage between the lakes George and Champlain. 
 It was taken in 1759 by general Amherst, and in 
 
 1777 by general Burgoyne, but evacuated soon 
 after the surrender at Saratoga. It had all the 
 advantages that art or nature could give it : but 
 is now a heap of ruins, and forms an appendage 
 
 to a farm. The township of Ticonderoga is in 
 Essex Co. 92 m. N. Albany, and 110 S. Mon 
 treal. Pop. 1,996. 
 
 Ticino, a canton of Switzerland, to the W. o« 
 the canton of Grisons, and almost encircled by 
 Italy. It ie rich in pastures and cattle, and has an 
 area of 1,130 square miles, with 90,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Bellinzona is the capital. 
 
 Ticino, or Tesin, a river which has its source 
 in Switzerland, on the S. side of St. Gothard, 
 flows through the canton of Ticino and the lake 
 Maggiore ; then passes to Pavia, in the Milanese, 
 and a little after joins the Po. 
 
 Tickhill, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. J 50 
 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Tidesicell, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. on the 
 S. confines of the Peak. Here is a well, deemed 
 one of the wonders of the Peak, which after great 
 rains ebbs and flows two or three times in an 
 hour, the waters gushing from several cavities at 
 once, for the space of five minutes : the well is 
 three feet deep and broad, and the water rises and 
 falls two feet. 22 m. N. W. of Derby and 160 N. 
 N. W. of London. 
 
 Tidore, an island in the eastern seas, one of the 
 Moluccas. It is 20 m. in circumference, and pro- 
 duces cloves and flax. The woods and the rocks 
 that surround it render it a place of defence. It 
 is governed by a sultan, who possesses also the S 
 part of Gilolo,and claims tribute from Mysol. 16 
 m. S. of Ternate. Long. 126. 40. E., lat. 1.0. N. 
 
 Tien-sing, a city of China, in Pe-tche-li, which 
 has a great trade in salt. It is seated on the Pei- 
 ho, at the influx of the Eu-ho, 90 m. from its 
 mouth, and 90 S. E. of Pekin. 
 
 Tiffin, p.v. Seneca Co. Oho. 100 m. N. Co- 
 lumbus; a township of Adam. Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tigre, a province in the N. E part of Abyssinia, 
 200 m. long and 120 broad, through which passes 
 all the merchandise of the kingdom destined to 
 cross the Bed Sea for Arabia. Adowa is the 
 capital . 
 
 Tigris, a river of Asia, which has its source in 
 the mountain of Tchilder, in Diarbek. It flows 
 by Diarbekir, Gezira, Mosul, and Tecrit, in which 
 course it separates Diarbek from Curdistan ; then 
 enters Irac Arabi, where it passes by Bagdad and 
 Corna, and soon after joins the Euphrates,- 35 m. 
 above Bassora. 
 
 Tilbury, East, a village in Essex, Eng. near the 
 mouth of the Thames, E. of Tilbury Fort. In 
 this parish is a field, called Cave Feld, in which 
 is a horizontal passage to one of the spacious cav- 
 erns in the neighbouring parish of Chadwell. Dr. 
 Derham measured three of the most considerable 
 of them, and found the depth of one to be 50 
 another 70, and the third 80 feet. Their origin 
 is too remote for investigation. 
 
 Tilbury Fort, a fortress in Essex, Eno\ situa^ 
 on the Thames, opposite Gravesend. It has a 
 double moat, the innermost of which is 180 feet 
 broad : and its chief strength on the land side con- 
 sists in its being able to lay the whole level under 
 water. On the side next the river is a strong 
 curtain, with a platform before it; on both of which 
 and the bastions, are planted a great number. of 
 guns. It is 28 m. E. by S. of London. 
 
 Tillirrs, a town of France, department of Eure 
 6 m. N. E. of Verneuil. 
 
 Tilsit, a town of Prussian Lithuania, with a 
 castle and a considerable trade in corn, linseed 
 butter, cheese, and other provisions. In 1807 i 
 was taken by the French; soon after which two 
 treaties of peace were made, between Franco and 
 
TIN 
 
 723 
 
 rin 
 
 Prussia, and France and Russia, the three sover- 
 eigns being here in person. It is situate on the 
 Memel, 50 m. N. E. of Konigsberg and 95 S. S. 
 W. of xMittau. Long. 22. 8. E., lat 55. 8. N. 
 
 Timuna, a town of Terra Firma, in Popayan, 
 capital of a territory of the same name, which 
 abounds in fruits and pastures. It is seated on a 
 river 130 in. E. S. E. of Popayan. Long. 74. 55. 
 W., lat. 1. 35. N. 
 
 Timerycotta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 in the Carnatic, chief place in the district of Pal- 
 naud. 72 m. S. E..of Hydrabad and 82 W. by S. 
 of Candapilly. Long. 79. 2G. E., lat. 16. 20. N. 
 
 Timon, or Timoan, an island on the E. coast of 
 the peninsula of Malaya, 30 m. in circumference. 
 It is mountainous and woody, and produces plen- 
 ty of cocoa-nuts and rice. Long. 104. 25. E., lat. 
 3. 0. N. 
 
 Timor, an island in the Indian Ocean, to the 
 W. of the N. W. point of New Holland. It is 
 200 m. long and 00 broad, and abounds in sandal- 
 wood, wax, and honey. The Dutch have a fort 
 here, from which they expelled the Portuguese in 
 1513. It is situate at Cupan, the principal town, 
 in the S. W. point of the island. Long. 124. 0. E., 
 lat. 10. 23. S. 
 
 Timorlaut, an island in the Indian Ocean, be- 
 tween Timor and New Guinea It is GO in. in 
 circumference, and the S. point is in long. 131. 
 54. E., lat. 8. 15. S. 
 
 Tinevclly, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a 
 district of its name, at the S. extremity of the 
 Carnatic. It is seated on a river which flows in- 
 to the o-ulf of Manara. 85 m. S. S. W. ofMobura. 
 Long. 71. 40. E., lat. 8. 42. N. 
 
 Tincr-tcheou, a citv of China, of the first rank, 
 in Fo kien, 980 in. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 30. E., 
 lat 25. 48. N. 
 
 Tiniim, an island in the N. Pacific, one of the 
 Ladrones, 12 m. long and 6 broad. The soil is 
 dry, and somewhat sandy, but produces abundance 
 of cocoa-nuts, paupaus, guavas, limes, sour oran- 
 ges, and bread-fruit ; also much cotton and indigo. 
 There are no streams ; and the water of a well 
 supposed to be the same at which commodore 
 Anson filled his casks in 1742, was found by com- 
 modore Byron, in 1765, to be brackish and full 
 of worms. Both these officers speak of the fish 
 caught here as unwholesome. Moschetoes and 
 other kinds of flies are numerous; and there are 
 likewise many venomous insects, centipedes, and 
 scorpions. The road is dangerous, for the bot- 
 tom consists of hard sand and large coral rocks. 
 L<mg. 146. E., lat. 15, 0. N. 
 
 Tinicum, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. and a township in 
 Delaware Co. Pa. both on the Delaware. 
 
 Tinmouth, p.t. lUitland Co. Vt. 26 m. N. Ben- 
 nington. Pop. 1,049. 
 
 Tino, the ancient Tenos, an island of the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago, to the S. of Andros, from 
 which it is separated by a channel of a mile in 
 width. It is 15 in. long and 8 broad, and produ- 
 ces 16,000 pounds of silk every year. The for- 
 tress stands on a rock , and here is a bishop's see 
 of the Latin church, though the Greeks have 200 
 papas or priests The capital is St. Nicholo. 
 Long. 25. 10. E., lat. 37.40. N. 
 
 'Vintage!, a. village in Cornwall, Entj. noted for 
 the splendid remains of a castle, on a bold prom- 
 ontory in the Bristol Channel, said to have been 
 the birth-place of king Arthur, and the seat of 
 the ancient dukes of Cornwall. 1 mile W. of 
 Bossiney. 
 
 Tintcrn, a village in Monmouthshire, Eng. 
 
 noted for the venerable remains of an abbey, which 
 is a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. It 
 is seated on the river Wye, 5 m. N. by E. of 
 Chepstow. 
 
 Tinto, a river of Spain, which rises in the prov- 
 ince of Seville, and has its name from the water 
 being tinged of a yellow colour. Near its springs 
 it has a petrifying quality, no fish will live in it 
 nor any plants grow on its banks ; these proper- 
 ties continue till other rivulets enter and alter its 
 nature ; for when it passes by Niebla it is not 
 different from other rivers, and 13 mi. below it 
 enters the bay of Cadiz, at Huelva. 
 
 Time da, a town of Barbary, in the county of 
 Darah, on the river Dras. Long. 6. 13. W., lat. 27 
 30. N. 
 
 Tioga, or Chemung, a river of New York and 
 Pennsylvania, forming the N. W. brancn of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Tioga, a county of N. Y. Pop. 27,704. Elmira 
 is the capital. A county of the W. Dis. of Perm 
 sylvania. Pop. 9,062. Wellsborough is the capital ; 
 p".t. Tioga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,413; p.t. Tioga Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Tiorn, an island on the W. coast of Sweden, 2^ 
 m. in circumference, and abounding in excellent 
 pastures. Long. 11. 29. E.,lat. 58. 0. N. 
 
 Tivera, or Tipra, a district of Bengal, on the 
 borders of Birmah. The chief town is Comiliah, 
 which is the residence of the rajah, and the seal 
 of the British civil establishment. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a branch of the river Wabash from 
 the north, famous for a battle with the Indians 
 fought upon its banks in November 1811. A cel- 
 ebrated Indian chief called the Shawanese Proph- 
 
 et had succeeded in stirring up the savages against 
 the Americans, and collected a body of GOO war- 
 riors who were supplied with arms by the British 
 and committed great de\astations upon the fron- 
 tiers. General Harrison was dispatched against 
 them, and a severe battle was fought here in 
 savages were totally defeated. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,167. 
 Lafayette is the capital. 
 
 Tippcrarij, a county of Ireland in the province 
 of Munster. It is divided into 147 parishes, con- 
 tains about 346.000 inhabitants and sends four 
 members to parliament. The S. part is fertile , 
 but the N. is rather barren, and terminates in a 
 range of twelve mountains, the highest in Ire- 
 land, called Phelem-dhe-Madina. The river 
 Suire runs through it from N. to S. Clonmcll is 
 the capital. 
 
 Tvpperary a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 the same name, 9 m. W. S. W. of Cashel and 20 
 N. W. of Clonmell. \\ 
 
 rano, a town of Austrian Italy, capital of a 
 district of ir. the Valteline It contains severa. 
 
T1V 
 
 724 
 
 TOB 
 
 nandsome buildings, but from the narrowness of 
 the streets, and many ruinous houses, its general 
 appearance is desolate. Its staple commerce con- 
 sists in the exportation of wine and silk. Near 
 the town is the magnificent church of the Mo- 
 dona, much visited by catholic pilgrims. The 
 massacre of the Protestants of the Valteline, in 
 1620, began in this town. It is seated on the 
 Adda, 15 m. E. of Londris. Long. 9. 58. E., lat. 
 4G. 20. N. 
 
 Tipton, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 5,317. 
 Covington is the capital. 
 
 Tireh, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, situate 
 on the Meinder, 32 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. 
 
 Tirey, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebri- 
 des, lying to the W. of Mull. It is 16 m. long and 
 3 broad. The surface in general is even, and it 
 is noted for its marble quarry and a handsome 
 breed of little horses. 
 
 Tirehmont, a town of the Netherlands, in S 
 Brabant, formerly one of the most considerable 
 cities in that duchy, but ruined by the wars, and 
 by a great fire in 1701. Near this place the Aus- 
 trians were defeated in 1702 by the French, who 
 the year following were routed by the former. It 
 is seated on the river Greete, 10 m. E. S. E. of 
 Louvain. 
 
 Tirnau, a town of Hungary, in the country of 
 Neitra, seated on the Tirna, 26 m. N. E. of Pres- 
 burg. 
 
 Tirschenreid, a town of Bavaria, seated on a 
 lake, 10 m. S. of Egra. 
 
 Tisbury, a township of Dukes Co. Mass. on 
 Martha's Vineyard. Pop. 1,318. 
 
 Titan, or Cabaros, an island of France, the larg- 
 est and most eastern of the Hieres,in the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Titeri, the middle or southern province of the 
 kingdom of Algiers, in which is a lake of the 
 same name, formed by the river Shellif, near its 
 source Towards the N. the country is mountain- 
 ous and narrow, and to the S. it extends far into 
 the desert. It contains some of the highest moun- 
 tains in the kingdom, part of which are inhabited 
 by the Cabyls, an independent tribe, who have 
 never been subdued by the Algerines. The prin- 
 cipal town of this province is Belida. 
 
 Titicaca, a lake of S. America,between Peru and 
 Bolivar. It is of an oval figure, with an inclination 
 from N. W. to S. E, and 240 m. in circumference. 
 Many streams enter into it, but its waters are so 
 muddy and nauseous as to be unfit for drinking. 
 One of the most splendid temples in the empire 
 was erected on an island in this lake, by the 
 lncas. 
 
 Titlisberg, one of the highest mountains in 
 Switzerland, in the canton of Uri,ll m. S. S. W. 
 of AltorfT. 
 
 Titschein, New, a well built town of the Austrian 
 states, in Moravia, defended by walls, 28 m. E. 
 by N. of Prerau. 
 
 Tittmaning, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of 
 Salzburg, seated on the Salza, 20 m. N. N. W. of 
 Salzburg. 
 
 Titul, a town of Hungary, seated on the Theis- 
 se, 23 m. E. S. E. of Peterwardein and 24 N. N. 
 W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Tiumen, a town of Siberia, in the province of 
 Tobolsk, on the river Tura at the influx of the 
 Pischma, 170 m. S. W. of Tobolsk. 
 
 Tiverton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. noted 
 for its woolen manufactures, particularly kerseys. 
 161 m. VV. by S. of London. 
 
 Tiverton, a township of Newport Co. R. I. on 
 
 Narraganset Bay 14 m. from Newport Pop. 
 2,905. _ 
 
 Tivoli, a town ofthe papal states, in Campagna 
 di Roma, and a bishop's see. Though now poor, 
 it boasts of greater antiquity than Rome, being 
 the ancient Tibur, which was founded by a Gre 
 cian colony. It was the favourite country resi 
 dence ofthe ancient Romans, as Frascati is of the 
 moderns. The cathedral is built on the ruins of 
 a temple of Hercules. In the market place are 
 two images of oriental granite, representing the 
 Egyptian deity Isis. The adjacent country yields 
 excellent oil. Near Tivoli are the ruins of the 
 magnificent villa built by emperor Adrian, a eel 
 ebrated cascade, a temple of Vesta, and anothei 
 of the Sybil Albunea, a famous villa Esteme, and 
 the remarkable lake of the Solfatara. Tivoli is 
 seated on an eminence, on the river Teverone, 
 16 m. E. N. E. of Rome. 
 
 Tizzano, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 
 13 in. S. of Parma. 
 
 Tlascala.a. province of Mexico bounded on the N. 
 by Panuco E. by the gulf of Mexico S. by Guaxaca 
 and the Pacific Ocean, and W. by Mexico Proper. 
 On the W. side there is a chain of mountains for 
 the space of 55 m., well cultivated; and on the 
 N. is a great ridge of mountains, the neighbour- 
 hood of which exposes it to violent tempests and 
 frequent inundation. Yet this is allowed to be the 
 most populous county in all America ; and it 
 produces so much maize, that hence it had the 
 name of Tlascala, the Land of Bread. Puebla de 
 los Angelos is the capital. 
 
 Tlascala, a town of" Mexico, formerly the capital 
 of the province of the same name ; seated on a 
 river, 15 m. N. by E. of Puebla de los Angelos. 
 
 Tobago, the most southern ofthe islands in the 
 W. Indies, and the most eastern except Barbii- 
 does. It is 30 m. long and 10 broad: and neai 
 its N. E. extremity is Little Tobago, an island 2 
 m. long and 1 broad. The climate is not so hot 
 as might be expected from its situation so near 
 the equator; nor is it visited by such dreadful 
 hurricanes as frequently desolate the other islands. 
 It is diversified with hills and vales, and is equal 
 in richness of produce to any island in these seas 
 In 1748 it was declared a neutral island, but in 
 1763 was ceded to the English. It was taken by 
 the French in 1781, and confirmed to them in 
 1783; but it was taken by the English in 1793, 
 and restored in 1802. It was again taken by the 
 English in 1803, and confirmed to them by the 
 treaty of Paris in 1814. The principal place is 
 Scarborough. 
 
 Tobermory, a town of Scotland, in the island of 
 Mull, with a good harbour, and a custom-house; 
 seated on a fine bay, near the N. W. end of the 
 sound of Mull. Long. 5. 58. W., lat. 56. 46. N. 
 
 Tobolsk, a government of the Russian empire, 
 which comprehends the greatest part of Westerr 
 Siberia. It is divided into the two provinces ol 
 Tobolsk and Tomsk. 
 
 Tobolsk, a considerable and populous city of 
 Russia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at present 
 ofthe government of Tobolsk. It is divided into 
 the Upper and Lower Town : the former is prop- 
 erly the city, and stands very high, with a fort 
 built with stone, in which are the governor's 
 court, the governor's house, the archbishop s 
 palace, the exchange, and two of the principal 
 churches, all built of stone, but the houses in 
 general are of wood, and are very low. The Tar- 
 tars that live round this town, for several m. are 
 all Mahometans, and their mufti is an Arabian 
 
TOL 
 
 725 
 
 TOM 
 
 in general they behave very quietly, and carry on 
 some commerce, but practice no mechanic trades. 
 There are also a great number of Calmuc Tartars, 
 who serve as slaves. All the Chinese caravans 
 pass through this town, and all the furs furnished 
 by Siberia are brought here, and hence forwarded 
 to Moscow. The Russians commonly send their 
 state prisoners to this city. It is seated at the 
 confluence of the rivers Tobol and frtisch, 11,00 
 m E. by N. of Moscow and 1,200 E. by S. of 
 Petersbiirgh. Long. 68. 35. E., lat. 58. 12. N. 
 
 Tobtj, a township of Armstrong Co. Pa, on Al- 
 leghany river. 
 
 °Tocantin, the largest river of Brazil, which 
 rises in lat. 18. S., and flows N. E. at the foot of 
 a ridge of mountains for above 700 m. then enters 
 a more open country, and pursues its course 400 
 m. further to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters 
 by a large estuary, below the city of Para. The 
 estuary °of this river has a communication with 
 that of the Amazon to the W. ; and the space 
 included by them and the ocean is an island, 150 
 m. in diameter, called Maraso or Joanes. 
 
 Tocdt, a city of Asia Minor, in Sivas. The 
 houses are handsomely built, and the streets 
 paved, which is an uncommon tiling in these 
 parts ; but the town makes a very odd appear- 
 ance, being built on uneven ground. There are 
 two rucgea perpendicular rocks of marble, with 
 an old castle upon each; and so many streams, 
 that each house has a fountain. The inhabitants 
 are computed at 60,000. The chief trade is in 
 copper vessels, but much yellow leather and silk 
 is manufactured. It is seated in a district which 
 abounds in fruit and excellent wine. 45 m. W. 
 N W. of Sivas and 150 N. of Marash. Long. 
 36. 35. E., lat. 39. 10. N. 
 
 Torn i/ ma, a town of Colombia, in a country 
 abounding in fruit and sugar-canes. Here are 
 h >t biuhs = between two cold springs; and near 
 the town is a volcano. It is seated on the Pati, 
 near its entrance into the Madalen.i, 34 m. W. of 
 St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 74. 58. W., lat. 4. 5. N. 
 
 Tockoa, or Tu.ccoa Falls, a cascade on a small 
 stream in Franklin Co. Geo. running into the 
 Jugaloo. The descent is 187 feet, and the water 
 is dashed into a fine rain before it reaches the 
 o'ottom. 
 
 Tociur, a kingdom of Negroland, lying to the 
 E. of Tombuctoo, on both sides the Niger. The 
 capital is of the same name, seated on the S. side 
 of the Niorer. 320 in. E. of Tombuctoo. Long. 6. 
 13. W , lat. 16. 38. N. 
 
 Todd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,801. 
 Elkton is the capital. 
 
 TV//, a town of the papal states, in the duchy 
 of Spoleto, seated on a hill, near the Tiber, 22 m. 
 E. of Spoleto. 
 
 Toissey, a town of France, department of Ain, 
 with a college ; seated near the conflux of the 
 Saone and Chalaron?, 15 m. N. of Trevoux. 
 
 Tokay, a town of Hungary, with a castle. It 
 is celebrated for its wine, which is preferred to all 
 others in Hungary ; and near it are large salt- 
 works. It stands at the conflux of the Bodrog 
 with the Theisse, 105 m. E. N. E. of Buda. 
 Long. 21. 15. E., lat. 48. 8. N. 
 
 Tolaga Bay, a bay on the N. E. coast of the 
 northern island of New Zealand. Long. 178. 34. 
 E., lat. 38. 21. S. 
 
 Toledo, a city of Spain, in New Castile, of which 
 it was formerly the capital. It is seated on a 
 conical hill on the river Tagus, which nearly sur- 
 round: it, and on the land side is an ancient wall, 
 
 flanked with 100 towers. There are a great 
 number of superb structures, besides 17 public 
 squares, where the markets are kept, it is an 
 archbishop's see ; and the cathedral is the richest 
 in Spain: the Segrario, or principal chapel, con- 
 tains 15 large cabinets led into the wall, full of 
 gold and silver vessels, and other works. Here 
 are numerous religious houses and churches, with 
 some hospitals ; and formerly it had a university, 
 which was suppressed in 1807. The inhabitants, 
 once estimated at 200,000, are now reduced to 
 25,000. Without the town are the remains of an 
 amphitheatre and other antiquities. It has a roy- 
 al castle, and several manufactures of arms, silk, 
 and wool. Toledo was occupied by the French 
 in 1808. 37 m. S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 20. W. 
 lat. 39. 50. N. 
 
 Tolen, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 Zealand, in an island of the same name, separated 
 by a narrow channel from Brabant. On the Bra- 
 bant side it has a fort called Schlyckenburg, 5 m. 
 N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Long. 4. 20. E., lat. 
 51. 30. N. 
 
 To'entino, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in 
 An-cona, where the relics of St. Nicholas are kept. 
 A treaty of peace was concluded here between 
 Bonaparte and the papal court in 1797. It is 
 seated on the Chiento, 8 m. S. E. of St. Severino 
 
 Tolesburg, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Riga, seated on the gulf of Finland, 60 
 m. W. of Narva. Long. 26. 4. E., lat. 59. 38. N. 
 
 Tolfa, a town of Italy , in the states of the church 
 In the environs are warm baths, mines of alum 
 and iron, and quarries of alabaster and lapis lazuli 
 6 m. N. E. of Civita Vecchia. 
 
 Tolland, a county of Connecticut. Pop. 18,700 
 
 Tolland, p.t. the capital of the above Co. 17 m 
 N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,698. 
 
 Tolland, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 125 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 724. 
 
 Tolmczo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, 
 with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen man 
 ufacture. It stands on the Tagliamento, 16 m. 
 N. W. of Udina. 
 
 Tolmino, a town of the Austrian states, in Car- 
 niola, 12 m. N. of Goritz. 
 
 Tolna, a town of Hungary, formerly the capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, producing ex- 
 cellent wine. It is seated on the Danube, 65 m. 
 S. of Buda. Long. 19. 15. E., lat. 46. 30. N. 
 
 Tolnani, a town of Hindoostan, in the country 
 of Baglana, 70 m. W. of Burhampour and 124 E 
 of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E., lat. 21. 15. N. 
 
 Tolometa, a sea-port of Barbary, in Barca, an- 
 ciently called Ptolemais. It is seated on the 
 Mediterranean, 100 m. W. of Derna. Long. 20. 
 30. E.,lat. 32. 44. N. 
 
 Tolosa, a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of 
 the district of Guipuscoa ; celebrated for its steel 
 manufactures, particularly of sword-blades. It 
 was taken by the French in 1794, knd again in 
 1808. It is seated in a valley, between the Araxis 
 and Oria, 36 m. E. of Bilboa. Long. 2. 5 VV 
 lat. 43. 12. N. 
 
 Tolu, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in Carthagena ; 
 famous for its balsam, produced from a tree like 
 a pine. It is seated on a bay, 70 m. S. of Cartha- 
 gena. Long. 75. 16. W., lat. 9.30 N. 
 
 Tom, Mount, an eminence of Massachusetts, on 
 the W. bank of the Connecticut, near Northamp- 
 ton. It is about 1 ,200 feet above the level of the 
 river. 
 
 Tomar, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on 
 the river Naboan, at the foot of the mountains, 
 3 p2 
 
TOM 
 
 726 
 
 TOM 
 
 where there is a castle belonging to the knights 
 of Christ. 40 m. S. by E. of Coimbra and &> N. 
 E of Lisbon. 
 
 Tombuctoo, a city of Central Africa, and the 
 great emporium of the interior trade of that con- 
 tinent. It is situated in an immense plain of 
 white sand, having no vegetation but stunted 
 treps and shrubs, such as the mimosa ferruginea, 
 which grows no higher than three or four feet. 
 The city is not closed by any barrier, and may be 
 entered on any side. It forms a sort of triangle, 
 about three miles in circuit. The houses are 
 large but not high, consisting entirely of a around 
 floor; they are built of bricks of a ro-ind form, 
 rolled in the hands and baked in the sun. The 
 streets are clean and sufficiently wide for three 
 horsemen to pass abreast. Both within and with- 
 out the town there are many straw huts, which 
 serve as dwellings for the poor and for the slaves 
 who sell merchandise for their masters. The ci- 
 ty contains seven mosques, two of which are 
 large. The number of inhabitants is stated not 
 to exceed 12,000, who are all engaged in trade : 
 but the population is sometimes augmented by 
 the Arabs, who arrive with the caravans and re- 
 main a while in the city. In the plain several 
 species of grass and thistle afford food for the 
 camels. Fire-wood is very scarce, being all 
 brought from the neighbourhood of Cabra, and 
 camel dung forms the only fuel of the poorer 
 classes. The soil being totally unfit for cultiva- 
 tion, the inhabitants are obliged to procure from 
 Jenne every thing requisite for the supply of 
 their wants, such as millet, rice, vegetable butter, 
 honey, cotton, Soudan cloth, preserved provisions, 
 candles, soap, allspice, onions, dried fish, pistachi- 
 os. &c. ; and to prevent immediate famine, in case 
 the vessels from Cabra should chance to be stop- 
 ped by the Tooariks, the inhabitants take care to 
 have their warehouses amply stored with every 
 kind of provision. Water is also scarce, and is 
 sold in the market place, where a measure con- 
 taining about half a pint is procured for a cowrie. 
 To the W. S. W. of the town there are large ex- 
 cavations, from 30 to 40 feet deep, for preserving 
 the rain-water These reservoirs have no cover- 
 ing ; and the water, being consequently exposed 
 to the sun and the hot wind, though tolerably 
 clear, has a disagreeable taste, and is very hot. 
 Near the reservoirs are some small plantations of 
 tobacco, the only plant which is here cultivated, 
 and which grows no higher than five or six in- 
 ches, and that only by dint of watering. All the 
 native inhabitants of Tombuctoo are zealous Ma- 
 hometans. Their dress is similar to that of the 
 Moors. They are represented as gentle and com- 
 plaisant to strangers, industrious in their habits, 
 and not wanting in intelligence. The men are 
 of the ordinary size, generally well made, up- 
 right, and walk with a graceful step. Their col- 
 or is a fine des'p black. Their noses are a little 
 more aquiline .han those of the Mandingoes, and 
 like them they have thin lips and large eyes. The 
 women attend to domestic occupations. They 
 are not veiled, like those, of Morocco, and are al- 
 lowed to walk out when they please. Those of 
 the richer class have always a great number of 
 glass beads about their necks and in their ears. 
 Like the women of Jenne they wear nose-rings ; 
 and the female who is not rich enough to procure 
 a ring substitutes a piece of red silk for it ; they 
 wear silver bracelets, and ancle rings of plated 
 steel, the latter of which are made in the coun- 
 try. The female slaves of rich masters have 
 
 gold ornaments about their necka, and instead of 
 wearing ear-rings, as in the environs of the Sen 
 egal, they have little plates in the form of a neck 
 lace. The interior of the dwellings in Tombuc- 
 too, as well as the dress of the inhabitants, is ex- 
 ceedingly neat. Their domestic articles consist 
 of calabashes and wooden platters: knives and 
 forks are unknown here, and the natives imagine 
 that like them, all people in the world eat with 
 their fingers. Their furniture consists merely of 
 mats for sitting on ; and their beds are made by 
 fixing four stakes in the ground at one end of the 
 room, and stretching over them some mats or a 
 cow hide. The rich have cotton mattrasses and 
 coverlets, which the neighbouring Moors manu- 
 facture from camel's hair and sheep's wool. The 
 people are well fed. Their meals, of which they 
 take two in a day, consist of rice, and couscous 
 made of small millet, dressed with meat or dried 
 fish. Those negroes who are in easy circumstan- 
 ces breakfast on wheaten bread, tea, and butter 
 made from cows' milk : those of inferior circum- 
 stances use vegetable butter. Generally speak- 
 ing, the negroes are not so well lodged as the 
 Moors ; the latter have great influence over them, 
 and indeed consider themselves far their superi- 
 ors Cloth and other European merchandise, 
 and salt, are brought to Tombuctoo by caravans 
 from Barbary ; these are exchanged for ivory ; 
 slaves, senna, gold-dust, dates, ostriches' feathers, 
 &c, brought from the interior and more mari- 
 time parts of Africa. This city is subject to a 
 well-regulated police, and many of the inhabitants 
 are very rich. Cabra its port, 3 m. N., is a nar- 
 row town of mud huts, containing about 1,000 
 inhabitants, who are all employed either in land- 
 ing the merchandise brought from Jenne, or in 
 conveying it to Tombuctoo ; it has a small 
 mosque with a minaret, but is a dirty and miser- 
 able-looking place. Long. 3. 40. W. lat. 17. 50. 
 N. Such is the discription of the celebrated city 
 of Tombuctoo, according to the relation of M. 
 Caillie a Frenchman, who visited this city in 1827, 
 and is the only European who ever returned from 
 it. The veracity of his relation however, is 
 doubted by many. 
 
 Tombigbee, river, a branch of the Alabama, 
 rising in the northern part of Mississippi and 
 flowing S. Easterly till it unites with the Black 
 Warrior in Alabama. It is navigable by schoon- 
 ers to St. Stephen's. 
 
 Tomhannock, p. v. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 
 
 Tompkins, a county of New York. Pop. 36,545 
 Ithaca is the capital ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y 
 Pop. 1,774. 
 
 Tompkinville, p. v. Monroe Co. Ken. 
 
 Tbmina, a province of Buenos Ayres, 72 m. 
 long and 210 in circuit. The surface is moun 
 tainous, but the valleys are fertile. 
 
 Tomini, a town on the E. coast of the island of 
 Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. Long. 
 110. 0. E., lat. 0. 45. S. 
 
 Tomsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of a 
 province of its name, in the government of To- 
 bolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden 
 castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon ; and in 
 it are a cathedral built of wood, the chancery, 
 and an arsenal. The inhabitants carry on a great 
 trade, this town lying on the great road through 
 all the E. and N. parts of Siberia. Here are all 
 kinds of artificers and tradesmen, but they are 
 extremely indolent and slothful. It contains 
 above 2^000 houses, with 12,000 inhabitants, 
 and is seated on the river Tom, 560 m, E. by 
 
TON 
 
 727 
 
 TON 
 
 S. of Tobolsk. Long. 84. 19. E., lat. 57. 4. 
 N. 
 
 Tondern, a well-built town of Denmark, capital 
 of a district of its name, in the duchy of Sleswick, 
 with a considerable trade in corn, cattle, silk, and 
 flue lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and 
 on a bay of the German Ocean, 28 m. S. by E. of 
 Ripen and 40 N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 40. 
 E., lat. 54. 58. N. 
 
 Tongataboo, one of the Friendly Islands, 20 
 leagues in circuit. It was discovered by Tasman, 
 who called it New Amsterdam, and was visited 
 in 1773 and 1777 by Cook, who lay at anchor on 
 the W. part. It has the best harbour, or anchor- 
 ing-piace, to be found among these islands. Tiie 
 land is low, with many gentle risings, and very 
 fertile, being wholly laid out in plantations, with 
 roads or lanes for travelling. It is the seat of 
 government for all the other islands, and the or- 
 dinary residence of all the principal chiefs. Lon<r. 
 174.46. W., lat. 21. 9. S. 
 
 Tongeron, or Tongres, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, in the territory of Liege, formerly one of 
 the most flourishing cities in the Roman province 
 of Gallia Belgica. It is seated on the Jeckar, 13 
 m N. W. of Liege. 
 
 Tong-gin, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Koei-tcheou, 850 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Lonor. 
 108. 37. E., lat. 27. 40. N. 
 
 Tongho, a city of Birmah, capital of a province 
 of the same name, noted for producing the best 
 betel-nut. It has a fort, deemed the strongest in 
 the Birman empire, and is seated near the Se- 
 tang, 90 m. N. of Pegu. Long. 96. 45. E., lat. 
 18. 45 N. 
 
 Tong-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Chang-tong, seated near the N. end of the 
 grand canal, 210 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 12. 
 E., lat. 36. 30. N. 
 
 Tong-tchou, a small city of China, in Petche-li, 
 seated on the Pei-ho, 170 m. from its mouth and 
 12 E. by S. of Pekin. 
 
 Tong-tchuen, a fortified city of China, of the 
 first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen. The 
 inhabitants are all soldiers, who have followed 
 the profession of arms from father to son. 1,000 m. 
 S. W. of Pekin. Long. 102. 30. E., lat. 25. 56. N. 
 
 Tongusians, or Tonguses, a people who inhab- 
 it the E. part of Siberia, and are subject to the 
 Russians. They are all pagans, and subsist 
 chiefly by grazing and hunting of sables. They 
 live in huts, which they take down and remove 
 with them from place to place. These huts are 
 composed of wooden poles, covered all over with 
 hair and rubbish, except a hole left at the top to 
 let out the smoke. Their fire is made in the mid- 
 dle, and they all sit round it upon turfs. Both 
 sexes are very strong, and broad faced, and they 
 all ride on horseback, not excepting the girls. 
 Both men and woman dress alike in a sort of 
 frock, with boots of skins on their legs, and their 
 common drink is water. 
 
 Tonnn, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Gotha, 
 6 m. N. of Gotha. 
 
 Tonnay Boutonne, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente, on the river Boutonne, 
 17 m. N. of Saintes. 
 
 Tonnay Charente, a town in the department of 
 Lower Charente, with a castle ; seated on the 
 Charente, 3 m. E. of Rochefort and 15 N. W. of 
 Saintes. 
 
 Tonne ins, a town in the department of Lot-et- 
 Garonne seated on the Garonne, 7 m. E. of 
 Marmande. 
 
 Tonnerre, a town in the department of Yonne 
 famous for its good wines. It is seated on the 
 Armancon, 27 m. S. of Troyes and 102 E. of Paris. 
 
 Tonnewanto,a small river of New York flowing 
 into Niagara river opposite Grand Isle. 
 
 Tonningen, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy 
 of Sleswick. The harbour is commodious and 
 defended by three batteries. It is seated on a 
 peninsula formed by the river Eyder, 25 m. W. 
 S. W. of Sleswick and 70 N. N. W. of Ham- 
 burg. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 51. 30. N. 
 
 Tonquin, a country of Asia, bounded on the N 
 by China, E. by China and the o-ulf of Tonquin 
 S. by Cochin-China, and W. by Laos. It is 1200 
 miles in length and 500 in breadth, and ot.e of 
 the finest countries of the E. for population, 
 riches, and trade. It contains about 18,000,000 
 of inhabitants. The commodities are gold, musk, 
 silks, calicoes, drugs of many sorts, woods for 
 dyeing, lackered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed, 
 and worm-seed. The lackered ware is not infe- 
 rior to that of Japan, which is accounted the best 
 in the world. The natives in general are of a 
 middling stature, and clean limbed, with a tawny 
 complexion ; their faces oval and flattish ; and 
 their hair black, long, and coarse, hanging down 
 their shoulders. They aye their teeth black. 
 They are dexterous, active, and ingenious in me- 
 chanic arts. Their garments are made either of 
 silk or cotton ; but the poor people and soldiers 
 wear only cotton of a dark tawny colour. Their 
 houses are sinail and low, and the walls either of 
 mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They 
 have only a ground-floor, with two or three par- 
 titions, and each room has a square hole to let in 
 the light. They have stools, benches, and chairs ; 
 and on the side of a table in every house is a lit- 
 tle altar, on which are two incense pots. The 
 country abounds with villages, which consist of 
 30 or 40 houses, surrounded by trees; and in 
 some places are banks to keep the water from 
 overflowing their gardens, where they have 
 oranges,betels, pumpkins, melons, and salad herbs. 
 In the rainy season they cannot pass from one 
 house to another without wading through the 
 water, but sometimes they have boats. The Ton- 
 quinese in general are courteous to strangers ; 
 but the great men are haughty and ambitious, 
 the soldiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They 
 buy all their wives, of which the great men have 
 several. The men are so addicted to gaming, 
 that, when every thing else is lost, they will 
 stake their wives and children ; and in hard times 
 they will sell them to buy rice for themselves. 
 When a man dies, he is buried in his own ground, 
 and, if he was a master of a family, they make a 
 great feast. The first new moon that happens 
 after the middle of January is a great festival, 
 when they rejoice for 10 days together ; and they 
 have another great feast in May or June, when 
 their first harvest is got in. Their religion is 
 paganism, but they own a Supreme Being. Their 
 principal idols have human shapes ; but they 
 have likewise some resembling elephants and 
 horses, placed in small low temples built of tim- 
 ber. The language is very guttural, and some of 
 the words are pronounced through the teeth : it 
 has a great resemblance to the Chinese. Ton- 
 quin became an independent kingdom in 1368, 
 but it has been entirely subdued by Cochin-China, 
 so that, with Cambodia, and all the countries bo 
 tvveen Siam and China, it is now united under 
 one empire. Cachao is the capital. 
 
 Tonsberg, a sea-port of Norway, in the province 
 
TOR 
 
 728 
 
 TOR 
 
 of Aggerhuys. It has some commerce in timber ; 
 und near it is Walloe, the most considerable salt- 
 work in the kingdom. 46 m. S. of Christiania. 
 Long. 10. 14. E., lat.58. 50. N. 
 
 Tonuru, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, for- 
 merly a city of great extent, as appears by some 
 ruins of the walls. Here are three temples, in 
 good preservation ; and near it is an immense 
 tank, or resevoir of water, between two rocky 
 hills. It is 10 m. N. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Tooboonai, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean, 
 discovered by Cook. It is not, in any direction, 
 above 6 m. over, but there are hills in it of a con- 
 siderable elevation, covered with herbage, except 
 a few rocky cliffs, with patches of trees inter- 
 spersed to their summits. It is plentifully stock- 
 ed with hogs and fowls, and produces several 
 kinds of fruits and roots. See Society Islands. 
 Long. 210. 23. W., lat. 23. 25. S. 
 
 Topel, or Topi, a. town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Pilsen at the source of a rivulet of the same 
 name, 25 m. N. W. of Pilsen. 
 
 Topetin, a town of Mexico, in the province of 
 Mechoacan, at the mouth of a river, near the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, 55 m. N. W. of Zacatula. 
 
 Toplitz, a town in Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Leutmeritz, celebrated for its warm baths. Near 
 this place the Austrians defeated the Prussians 
 in 1762 ; and here the allied sovereigns had their 
 head-quarters a considerable time, in 1813 . It is 
 16 m. N. W. of Leutmeritz. 
 
 Topoltzan, a town of Hungary, 60 m. N. E. of 
 Presburg. 
 
 Topsham, a sea-port of Devonshire, Eng. 5 m. S. 
 E. of Exeter, and 170 S. W. of London. 
 
 Top>field, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,011. 
 
 Topsham, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,564 
 p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,384. 
 
 Tor, a sea-port of Arabia, with a good harbour, 
 defended by a castle. Here is a Greek convent, 
 in the garden of which are fountains of bitter 
 water, pretended to be those which Moses ren- 
 dered sweet by throwing in a piece of wood. It 
 stands on the W. side of the peninsula formed 
 by the two arms of the Red Sea, 150 in. S. S. E. 
 of Suez. Long. 33. 40. E., lat. 28. 10. N. 
 
 Torbay, a bay of the English Channel, on the 
 coast of Devonshire, to the E. of Dartmouth, 
 formed by two canals, called Berry Head and 
 Bob's Nose. The S. point, Berry head, is in 
 Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 50. 24. N. 
 
 Torbla, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, 7 m. E. of Nice. 
 
 Torbolc,a. town of Austrian Italy, in the circle 
 of Treut, 14 m. S. E. of Trent. 
 
 Tor cello, a town of Austrian Italy, in a small is- 
 land of the same name, in the gulf of Venice. It is a 
 bishop's see, and has several churches and an 
 elegant nunnery. 7 m. N. of Venice. 
 
 Tordu, or Torrcnburg, a town of Transylvania, 
 famous for its salt-works. The Hungarian lan- 
 guage is said to be spoken with the greatest puri- 
 ty in this town. 15 m.W. N. W. of Clausenburg 
 and 48 N. VV. of Hermanstadt. 
 
 Tordesillas, a fortified town of Spain, in Leon, 
 with a palace, where queen Joan, mother of 
 Charles V., ended her melancholy days. It is 
 seated on the Duero, 15 m. S. W. of Vallado- 
 lid and 75 S. E. of Leon. 
 
 Toree, a town of Bengal, 235 m. W. N. W. of 
 Calcutta. Long. 84. 55. E., lat. 23. 38. N. 
 
 Tor Mo, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, famous 
 for a battle gained by the French over the Span- 
 
 iards in 1694. It is seated near the mouth of the 
 Ter, 19 m. E. by S. of Gironna and 60 N. E. of 
 Barcelona. 
 
 Torgau, a strong town of Prussian Saxony, 
 in the government of Merseburg, with a castle 
 The inhabitants brew excellent beer, and have 
 manufactures of woolens, leather, and soap. Here 
 the king of Prussia obtained a great victory over 
 the Austrians in 1760. The town was taken by the 
 allies in 1814. It is seated among groves and 
 lakes on the river Elbe, 26 m. N. N. W. of 
 Meissen and 46. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 13. 
 3. E., lat. 51. 32. N. 
 
 Toritrny, a town of France, department of 
 Manche, with a castle, 7 m. S. E. of St. Lo. 
 
 Tonnes, a river of Spain, which rises in the 
 mountains of Avilla, in Castile, passes by Alva, 
 Tormes, and Salamanca, and joins the Duero. 
 below Mirande de Duero. The battle of Salma- 
 naca, July 1812, was fought on its banks. 
 
 Torna, a town of Hungary, capital of a district 
 of the same name, with a castle ; seated on an 
 eminence, on the river Sayo 22 m. \V. of Cassovia. 
 Long. 80. 43. E., lat. 48.59. N. 
 
 Tornea,, a river of Sweden, which rises on the 
 bordersof Norway, forms alake of the same name, 
 and flows S. E. into the gulf of Bothnia, below 
 Tornea. 
 
 Tornea, a sea-port of European Russia, »n the 
 government of Finland, with a good harbour. It 
 is a place of some trade ; for the Laplanders in 
 those parts come and exchange their skins and 
 other articles for what they want. The houses 
 are low, and the cold so severe that sometimes 
 people lose their fingers and toes. In its vicini- 
 ty is an entire mountain of iron ore. It is seat- 
 ed on the river Tornea, at the N. extremity of 
 the gulf of Bothnia, 165 m. N. E. of Umea. Long. 
 24. 12. E., lat. 65. 51. N. 
 
 Toro, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, and a bishop's see. It is seated 
 on a hill, on the river Duero, over which is a 
 bridge 20 m. E. N. E. of Zamora and 30 N. N. E 
 of Salamanca. 
 
 Toron, a town of Macedonia, situate on a neck 
 of land between the gulfs of Monte Santo and Cas- 
 sandra, 90 m. S. E. of Salonica. Long. 24. 10. E., 
 lat. 39. 58. N. 
 
 Torquay , a village in Devonshire, Eng. near the 
 N. side of Torbay. 
 
 Torre de las Salinas, a town of Spain, in Va- 
 lencia, with a great trade in salt, procured from a 
 small lake formed by saline springs. This is the 
 most considerable salt-work in all Spain. The 
 town is situate near the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 20 m. S. E. of Orihuela and 37 N. N. E. of Cartha- 
 gena. 
 
 Torre del Greco, a town of Naples, in Terra del 
 Lavoro, destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 
 1631, and by another in 1794. The present 
 town is built on the lava that covers the former 
 habitations, and stands on the bay of Naples, 5 n.. 
 S. E. of that city. 
 
 Torre de Moncorro, a town of Portugal, in Tras 
 os Montes, surrounded by a wall, and defended 
 by a bastion, and a castle. It is 27 m. S. E. o) 
 Mirandela and 42 S. S. W. of Braganza. 
 
 Torre jo, a town of Spain, in New Castle, 15 m 
 S. of Madrid. 
 
 Torres, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on 
 the Mediterranean, 45 in. S. W. of Granada. 
 
 Torres Novas, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura, with a castle; seated in afertite plain, 58 rn. 
 N. by E. of Santarem 
 
TOS 
 
 729 
 
 TOU 
 
 Torres Vedras, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dtira, noted for the lines erected in its vicinity by 
 Lord Wellington in 1810. it has a castle, four 
 churches, &c, and is seated near the Atlantic, '27 
 ni. N. of Lisbon. 
 
 Torriglik, a town of the territory of Genoa, 14 
 ni. N. E. of Genoa. 
 
 Torrington, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 23 m. N. 
 jfartford. Pop. 1,(354. Here is a manufactory of 
 woolen. 
 
 Torrington, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 104 m. 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Torsilla, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 43 
 OX. W. of Stockholm. 
 
 Tortola, the principal of the Virgin Islands, in 
 the W. Indies, 18 m. long and 7 broad. It for- 
 merly belonged to the Dutch, who built a strnog 
 fort, from which they were expelled by the Eng- 
 lish in 1666. The town and harbour are at the 
 E. end of the island. In 1802 it was made a free 
 port, since which period the island has undergone 
 great improvements : it produces excellent cotton, 
 sugar, and rum. Long. 63. 0. W., lat. 18. 33. N. 
 
 Tortona, a town of the Sardinian states, in a 
 province of its name, with a good citadel on an 
 eminence. It was formerly deemed a considerable 
 frontier place : was taken by the allies in 1744, by 
 the Spaniards in 1745, by the French in 179(5. by 
 the Russians and Austrians in 1799, regained by 
 the French the same year, and by them delivered 
 up to the Auslrians in 1814. It is seated on the 
 Scrivia, 27 m. S. W. of Milan. Long. 8. 58. E. 
 lat. 44. 54. N. 
 
 Tortorella. a town of Naples, in Principato Ci- 
 tra, 5 m. N. E. of Policastro. 
 
 Tortosa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia and a 
 bishop's see, with a citadel. It is divided into the 
 Old and New Town, both surrounded by fortifica- 
 tions. The entrance is over a large bridge of 
 boats, on the river Ebro. The cathedral, the roy- 
 al college of Dominicans, and the convent of the 
 Carmelites are the most remarkable edifices. 
 Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine 
 pottersware. which resembles porcelain. Tortosa 
 was taken by the French in 1810 after a short 
 siege; but restored in 1814. It is seated partly on 
 a plain and partly on a hill, in a country fertile in 
 corn and fruits, and abounding with quarries and 
 mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers 
 colors, and stones with veins of gold. 48 m. S. 
 W. of Tarragona and 96 S. E. of Saragossa. Lone. 
 0. 35. E., lat. 40. 48. N. 
 
 Tortnsa, the ancient Orthosia a town of Syria, 
 with a castle It is surrounded by lofty walls, and 
 stands near the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N. E. of 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Tortwe, or Tortuga, an island of the W. Indies, 
 near the N. coast of St. Domingo, so named from 
 the great number of tortoises found on and near it. 
 Here the French buccaniers used to fortify them- 
 selves. It is about 20 m. long and 4 broad, and 
 has a safe harbour, but difficult of access. Long. 
 73. 10. W.,lat. 20. 10. N. 
 
 Tortuga, or Sal. Tortuga, an uninhabited island 
 near the coast of Terra Firma, GO m. W. of the isl- 
 and of Margaretta, and about 3(5 in cirenmference. 
 There are a few goats on it , and the tortoises 
 come upon the sandy banks to lay their e<*gs At 
 the E. end is a large salt-pond, where the salt be- 
 gins to kern in April ; and for some months after 
 ships come here to lade salt. At the W. end is a 
 small harbour with fresh water. Lon<*. 64. 46 
 W., lat. 11. 16. N. 
 
 Tosa, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, on a bay 
 
 which forms a good harbour. It is built partly 
 on a plain and partly on a steep hill, which pro- 
 jects into the sea. On the top of the hill is a 
 stroncr citadel, with other fortifications. It is 57 
 in. N. E. of Barcelona. Long. 2. 54. E.,lat. 41. 42. N 
 
 Tosranella, a town of Austrian Italy, 5 m. E. N. 
 E. ofSalo. 
 
 Tosena, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 
 20 m. W. N. W. of Uddevalia. 
 
 Tosso, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland. 42 
 m. N.N. E. of Uddevalla. 
 
 Tost, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Oppeln, with a castle, 25 m. E. S. E of 
 Oppeln. 
 
 Tostar, or Sustcr, a town of Persia, capital of 
 Kusistan, on the river Sable. It was once a eel 
 ebrated city, where the kings of Persia had a 
 magnificent palace, in which they deposited their 
 archives and part of their treasure. In Scrip- 
 ture it is called Shushan, and the river is nam- 
 ed Ulai. At present here are manufactures 
 of silks, stuffs, and rich cloth. It is 170 m. W. 
 S. W. of Ispahan. Long. 49. 2. E., lat. 31. 30. N. 
 
 Totness, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. 196 m. 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Tottenham, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 5 m 
 N. of London. 
 
 Tool , a fortified town of France, department of 
 Meurthe. The cathedral and episcopal palace are 
 handsome structures. It is seated on the Mo- 
 selle, in a plain, almost surrounded by moun-. 
 tains, 13 m. W. by S. of Nancy, and 34 W. S 
 W. of Metz. 
 
 Toulon, a fortified city and sea-port of France, 
 capital of the department of Var. It is divided 
 into the old and new quarter: the former, which 
 is ill built, has nothing remarkable in it but the 
 town -house, and a long street, shaded with 
 trees, called the Rue aux Arbres ; the other con- 
 tains the magnificent works constructed by Louis 
 XIV. many fine houses, and a grand oblong square 
 lined with trees, and serving as a parade. The 
 old and new harbour communicate with each other 
 by means of a canal. The old haven has a noble 
 quay, and is protected by two moles, begun by 
 Henry IV. The new haven was constructed by 
 Louis XIV., as were the fortifications ; it con- 
 tains an arsenal, a rope-walk, a park of artillery, 
 dock-yards, basins, and every thing to be expect- 
 ed in the second port for men of war in this coun- 
 try. The galleys, transferred from Marseilles 
 some years ago, occupy a basin in the new port. 
 Many of the galley-slaves are artisans, and some 
 merchants ; they no longer sleep on board the 
 galleys, but are provided with accommodations on 
 shore, in a vast building, erected for that purpose. 
 Both the old and new port have an outlet into 
 the outer road or harbour, which is 10 m. in cir- 
 cuit, surrounded by hills, and the entrance de- 
 fended, on both sides, by a fort and batteries. 
 Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for 
 the re-exportation of the products of the E. In- 
 dies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the allies, 
 both by land and sea, by which almost the whole 
 town was reduced to a heap of ruins, and several 
 ships burned ; but they were at last obliged to 
 raise the siege. In 1721 it experienced the dread- 
 ful ravages of a pestilence. In 1793 it capitulat- 
 ed, in the name of Louis XVII., to the British, 
 who not finding the place tenable, evacuated it the 
 same year, after having destroyed the arsenal, 
 &c. Toulon is seated on a bay of the Mediterra- 
 nean, 37 m. S. E. of Marseilles and 517 S. S. E 
 of Paris. Long. 5. 55. E., lat. 43. 7. N. 
 
TOU 
 
 730 
 
 TRA 
 
 Toulouse, a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne, and an archbishop's 
 see. It contains G0,000 inhabitants, and is the 
 most considerable city in France, next to Paris 
 and Lyons, although its population bears no pro- 
 portion to its extent. It was the capital of the 
 Tectosages, who made so many conquests in Asia 
 and Greece. It was next a Roman colony, and 
 was successively the capital of the Visigoths 
 (who destroyed the superb amphitheatre, of which 
 there are still some remains, the capital, and other 
 Roman monuments), and that of Aquitaine. The 
 walls of the city, as well as the houses, are built 
 with bricks. St. Stephen's, the metropolitan 
 church, would be incomparable if the nave were 
 equal to the choir, and the archbishop's palace is 
 magnificent. The town-house forms a perfect 
 square, 324 feet long and OG high : the principal 
 front occupies an entire side of the grand square 
 called the Place Royale. In the great hall called 
 the Hall of Illustrious Men, is the statue of the 
 Chevalier Isaure, with the busts of all the great 
 men to whom Toulouse has given birth. Com- 
 municating with the Atlantis on one side by the 
 river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean on the 
 oilier by the canal of Languedoc, Toulouse might 
 have been a very commercial city; but the taste 
 of the inhabitants has been principally for the 
 sciences and belles-lettres. The little commerce 
 they have consists in leather, wool, drapery, 
 blankets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercury, hard- 
 ware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne, 
 equal to that of Tours, forms a communication 
 with the suburb of St. Cyprian. The allied army 
 entered this city on the 12th of April, 1814 after 
 a severe action with the French army the pre- 
 ceeding day. Toulouse is 145 m. S. E. of Bor- 
 deaux and 400 S. by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 26. 
 E.,lat. 43. 3G. N. 
 
 Tour, a town of France, department of Puy de 
 Dome, 22 m. S. of Clermont. 
 
 Tour de Roussiilon, a town in the department 
 of Eastern Pyrenees 3 m. E. of Perpignan. 
 
 Tour du Pin, a town in the department of Isere, 
 seated on the Bourbre, 24 m. S. of Vienne. 
 
 Tour la Blanche, a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, 15 m. N. W. of Perigueux. 
 
 Tour la Ville, a town in the department of La 
 Manche, celebrated for its manufacture of glass. 
 It is separated from Cherburg by a river. 
 
 Touraine, a late province of France, which now 
 forms the department of Indre-et-Loire. 
 
 Tourancourchy, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 Carnatic, 35 m. S. S. W. of Tritchinopoly. 
 
 Tournan, a town of France, department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, 20 m. E. S. E. of Paris. 
 
 Tour nay, a city of Belgium, in Flandero, and a 
 bishop's see. It has several fine manufactures, 
 and is particularly famous for good stockings. 
 The cathedral, and the abbey of St. Martin, are 
 very magnificent It was taken by the allies in 
 1709, and ceded to the house of Austria by the 
 treaty of Utrecht ; but the Dutch were allowed 
 to place a garrison in it, as one of the barrier 
 towns. In 1792 it was taken by the French, who 
 were obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re-entered 
 again on the conquest of Flanders in 1794; and 
 retained it till 1814. It is seated on both sides 
 the Scneldt, over which is a bridge, 14 m. E. S. 
 E. of Lisle and 30. S. S. W. of Ghent. Long. 
 3. 24. E., lat. 50. 33. N. 
 
 Tournehem, a town of France, department of 
 Fas de Calais, 9 m. N. W. of St. Omer. 
 
 Tournon % a town in the department of Ardeche, 
 
 with a fine college, and a castle ; seated on the 
 side of a mountain, on the river Rhone, 38 m N. 
 of Viviers and 48 S. of Lyons. 
 
 Tournus, a town in the department of Saone- 
 et-Loire, 15 m. S. of Chalons. 
 
 Tours, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Loire, and an archiepiscopal see. 
 It is seated on the Loire, and near the Cher. 
 Over the former is one of the finest bridges in 
 Europe, consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75 
 feet in diameter. The principal church is re- 
 markable for the delicacy of its structure, curious 
 clock, mosaic pavement, and rich library of man- 
 uscripts. Under the ministry of cardinal Riche- 
 lieu, 27,000 persons were here employed in the 
 silk manufacture ; and now the whole number of 
 inhabitants is about 23,000. The red wines of 
 Tours are much esteemed. In one of the suburbs 
 is the abbey of Manuoutier, reputed the most an- 
 cient in the W. Near the city is Plessis-les- 
 Tours, a palace built by the profligate and super- 
 stitious Louis XL, who died here in 1483. Tours 
 is 52 in. N. N. E. of Poitiers and 127 S. W. of 
 Paris. Long. 0. 42. E., lat. 47. 24. N. 
 
 Towamensing, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Towanda, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Towcester, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 
 with manufactures of lace and silk. It was once 
 strongly fortified, and the Roman Watling-street 
 passes through the town. 60 m. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Toumsend, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 45 m. N. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,500; p.t. Windham Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 1,386; p.v. Cape May Co. N. Y. townships 
 of Huron and Sandusky Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Towton, a village in W. Yorkshire, Eng. fa- 
 mous for that bloody oattle between the forces o c 
 the houses of York and Lancaster so fatal to the 
 latter, on Palm Sunday, 1461. 3 in. S. E. of 
 Tadcaster. 
 
 Trachenberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital 
 of a principality of the same name, abounding in 
 corn, cattle, and timber. It has a fine castle, and 
 is seated on the Bartch, 26 m. N. N. W. of Bres- 
 lau. Long. 1L 56. E., lat. 51. 27. N. 
 
 Trafalgar, a promontory of Spain, in Andalu- 
 sia, at the entrance of the strait of Gibraltar. 
 This cape is 30 m. S. S. E. of Cadiz. Long. 6. 
 2. W., lat. 36. 11. N. 
 
 Tragonara, a town of Naples, in Capitanata 
 20 m. N. W. of Lucera. 
 
 Train, a town of Bavaria, on the river Ambs, 
 5 m. S. of Abensperg and 20 E. of Ingolstadt. 
 
 Traina, a town of Sicily ; in Va\ di Demona, 25 
 m. N. W. of Catania. 
 
 Ti'ijanopoli, a town of Romania, and a Greek 
 archbishop's see. It is seated on the Marissa, 40 
 m. S. of Adrianople and 135 W. by N. of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 Trajetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 built on the site of the ancient Minturna, 25 m. N 
 W. of Capua. Long. 14. 4. E., lat. 41. 20. N. 
 
 Tralee, a borough of Ireland, capital ot 
 the county of Kerry, near which is a chaly- 
 beate spring It stands on a small river, which 
 flows into a shallow bav of its name, 50 m. S. \V 
 of Limerick. Long. 10. 0. W., lal. 52.4. N. 
 
 Trancoso, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- 
 tes, with a castle, 9 m. W. by S. of Pinhel. 
 
 Tranent, a town of Scotland, in Haddington- 
 shire, 8 in. E. of Edinburgh and 10 W. of Had- 
 dington. 
 
 Tranl. , a city of Naples, in Terra di Bari, the see 
 of an archbishop, and the usual residence of tho 
 
TRA 
 
 731 
 
 TRE 
 
 governor of the province, which is sometimes 
 called Terra di Trani. Since the harbour has 
 been choked up, the town has fallen greatly to 
 decay. It stands on the gulf of Venice, 20 m. 
 W. by N. of Bari and 125 N. by E. of Naples. 
 Long. 16. 36. E., lat. 41. 18. N. 
 
 Tranqucbar , a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the 
 district of Tanjore, with a fort and factory, be- 
 longing to the Danes, who pay an annual rent to 
 the rajah. The town is surrounded by a wall and 
 bastions ; and contains three Christian churches, 
 a large mosque for the Mahometans, and several 
 pagodas for the Gentoos. In 1807 it was taken 
 by the English, ft is seated at the mouth of 
 the Cavery, 165 m. S. of Madras. Lomr. 79. 53. 
 E., lat. 11. 1. N." 
 
 Transylvania, a country of Europe, formerly 
 annexed to Hungary ; bounded on the S. by Hun- 
 gary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Walachia, and W. 
 by Hungary. It is 160 m. long and 150 broad, 
 and surrounded by high mountains, which, how- 
 ever, are not barren. It produces as much corn 
 and wine as is wanted, and there are rich mines 
 of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. 
 The manufactures, which are in an extremely 
 backward state, consists of woolen, cotton, glass, 
 &c. It has undergone various revolutions, and 
 now belongs to the house of Austria. The in- 
 habitants are of various religions, as Roman 
 Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians Ar- 
 menians, Greeks, and Mahometans. The gov- 
 ernment is aristocratical ; and, since the year 
 1722, rendered hereditary to the princes and prin- 
 cesses of the house of Austria. 
 
 Transylvania, a village of Jefferson Co. Ken. 
 on the Ohio. 8 m. above Louisville. 
 
 Trap, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. a village of 
 Somerset Co. Md. p.v. Talbot Co. Md. 
 
 Trapani, a se;i-port on the N. W. coast of Sicily, 
 in Val di Mazara, with a fort, and an excellent 
 harbour in the form of a sickle, whence its an- 
 cient name, Drepanum. It is a trading place, 
 famous for its salt-works, and fisheries of tunnies, 
 and coral. It stands on a small peninsula, 30 m. 
 N. of Mazara and 45. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 
 20. E., lat. 38. JO. N. 
 
 Tras os Mantes, a province of Portugal, beyond 
 the mountains with regard to tiie other provinces 
 of this kingdom, whence it has its name. It is 
 oounded on the N. by Gallica, W. by Entre Dou- 
 roe Alinho, S. W. and S. by Beira, and E. by 
 Leon ; and contains an area of 5,500 square miles, 
 rt'ith 350,000 inhabitants. The valleys are fer- 
 tile in corn, wine, and oil, and are numerous. 
 The Duero divides it into two parts, and Miran- 
 da is the capital. 
 
 Trasmaur, a town and castle of Austria, seated 
 on the Trasen, J2 m. W. of Tuln. 
 
 Trait, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, 
 and a bishop's see. It is seated on the gulf of 
 Venice, in a small island, joined to the mainland 
 by a long bridge of wood, to the isle of Bua by 
 another of stone, 22 m. S. E. ofSebenico. Long. 
 17. 52. E., lat. 44. 0. N. 
 
 Traunstein, a town and castle of Bavaria. 
 Great quantities ofsalt are made here, from water 
 brought above 14 m. over mountains, by means 
 of engines and pipes, from Reichenhall. It is 
 seated on the river Traun, 16 m. W. N. W. of 
 Salzburg. 
 
 Vruuntenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 ol Konigingratz, 21 m. N. of Konigingratz. 
 
 Tratancarc, a province of the peninsula of Hin- 
 doostan, extending along the coast of Malabar 
 
 from Cape Comorin to the province of Cochin, 
 140 m. in length by 70 in breadth at the N. ex 
 tremity, and contracting gradually to the S. point. 
 It is subject to a rajah, who is under British protec 
 tion. 
 
 Travancore, the ancient capital of the above 
 province, is surrounded by strong and extensive 
 lines, but is much decayed. 110 in. S. S. W. of 
 Madura and 230. S. S. E. of Calicut. Lung. 77. 
 15. E., lat. 8. 25. N. 
 
 Trave, a river of Denmark, in the duchy of Hol- 
 stein, which flows by Segeberg. Ordelsb, and Lu- 
 beck, and enters the Baltic at Travemunde 
 
 Trarcmurnle, a strong town of Germany, seat 
 ed on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave. It 
 is the port of Lubec, to which it belongs, and is 
 12 m. N. E. of that city. 
 
 Trarersc, a town of Switzerland, in the district 
 of its name, in the canton of Neufchatel, 11 m 
 W. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Traifguera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30 
 ra. S. W. ofTortosa. 
 
 Trebbin,\x town of Prussia, in Braddenburg, 22 
 m. S. S. W. of Berlin. 
 
 Trebia, a river in Italy which rises in the ter- 
 ritory of Genoa, flows by Bobio, in the Milanese 
 and joins the Po above Placentia. 
 
 Trebigna, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and a 
 bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of Venice, at the 
 mouth of the Trebenska, 14 m. N. of Ragusa. 
 
 Trebisaccia, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 
 on the gulf of Tarento,U) m. E. N. E.of Cassano. 
 
 Trebisond, a sea-port of Asia Minor, in Natolia, 
 and a Greek archbishop's see. The walls are 
 square and high, with battlements; and are built 
 with the ruins of ancient structures, on which are 
 inscriptions not legible. The town is not popu- 
 lous ; for there are many gardens in it, and the 
 houses are but one story high. The castle is 
 seated on a flat rock, with ditches cut in it. The 
 harbour is at the E. end of the town, and the mole 
 built by the Genoese is slmost destroyed. It 
 stands at the foot of a very steep hill, on the Black 
 Sea, 104. m. N.N. VV. of Erzerum and 440 E. 
 Constantinople. Long. 40. 25. E.,lat. 30. 45. N. 
 
 Trebilz, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- 
 ravia, with manufactures of cloth, iron, and glass : 
 seated on the Igla, 21 m. S. E. of lglau. 
 
 Trehnilz, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery, 
 12 m. N. ofBreslau. 
 
 Trebsen, a town of Saxony, on the Mulda, 14 
 m. E. by S. of Leipzig. 
 
 Trcffurt, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a 
 castle, seated on an eminence, 30 m. S. E. of Got- 
 tingen. 
 
 Tregony, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. 253 
 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Treguier, a sea-port of France, department of 
 Cotes du Nord ; seated on a peninsula, near the 
 English Channel, 22 m. N. W. of St. Brieux. 
 Long. 3. 13. VV., lat. 48. 47. N. 
 
 Trelleborg, a town of Sweden, in Schonen, 
 seated on th<» Baltic, 26 m. S. of Lund. 
 
 Tremesan, or Tlemsan, a city of Algiers, capital 
 of a district of its name, in the province of Mas- 
 cara. It is surrounded by strong walls, and in- 
 habited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the 
 time of the Arabs, it was the residence of power- 
 ful princes ; but is now dwindled to scarcely a 
 fifth part of the ancient city. Its once flourishing 
 manufacture of carpets and woolen coverlets are 
 in a state of decay, and the former masterpieces 
 of architecture have disappeared ; for there is not 
 
TRE 
 
 732 
 
 TRE 
 
 a single building of excellence naw to be seen. 
 It is 50 m. S. S. W. of Oran. Long. 1. 12. W., 
 lat. 34. 5G. E. 
 
 "Fremiti, three islands of Naples, in the gulf of 
 Venice, 15 m. from the N. coast of Capitanata. 
 They are called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, St. Domino, 
 and Capraria. The first, which is the principal 
 of them, has a Benedictine convent and a. castle. 
 Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 42. 10. N. 
 
 Trcmtmillc, a town of France, department of 
 Vendee, seated on the Bennaile, 35 m. E. by S. 
 of Poitiers. 
 
 Trcmp, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 20 m. N. 
 of Balaguer. 
 
 Trenscliin, a town of Hungary, capita! of a coun- 
 ty of its name, with an ancient castle on a rock. 
 It has celebrated hot bath*;, and is seated near the 
 AN aag, 70 m. N. N. E. of Presburg. Long. 18. 0. 
 E., lat. 48. 58. N. 
 
 Trent, a circle of the Austrian empire, in the 
 S. part of Tyrol, among the Alps, bounded by 
 Tyrol Proper and the territories of Venice. It 
 produces excellent wine. 
 
 Trent, a fortified city, capital of the above circle, 
 and formerly of a principality, famous in church 
 history for a celebrated council which was held 
 from 1545 to 15C3. It has a handsome castle, a 
 cathedral, three parish churches, a college, and 
 some convents. In 1796 it was taken by the 
 French, under Massena, with 0,000 prisoners and 
 20 cannon. It is situate between two mountains, 
 on the river Adige, 07 m. N. W. of Venice. Lonu\ 
 10.55. E., lat. 40. 2. N. 
 
 Trent, a river which rises in Staffordshire, Eng. 
 meets the Ouse on the borders of Yorkshire, 
 where there united stream forms the Humber. 
 This river is of itself navigable from Burton, in 
 Staffordshire; and, .by canals, it has a communi- 
 cation with the Mersey, the Severn, and the 
 Thames. 
 
 Trent, a river of N. Carolina, joining the Neuse 
 at Newbern. It is navigable 12 in. 
 
 Trenton, p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela- 
 ware 30 in. N. E. Philad. It is the capital of New 
 Jersey, and stands at the limit of sloop and steam- 
 boat navigation upon the river, which is here 
 crossed by a bridge 1,100 feet long. The town 
 has considerable trade, cotton manufactures, a 
 statehouse, 2 banks and 6 churches. It has been 
 incorporated with city privileges. Pop. 3,925. 
 At this place Washington crossed the Delaware 
 on the night of the 25 December 1770, and fallino- 
 
 upon the enemy's posts captured a body of 900 
 Hessians. This bold and successful achievement 
 had a wonderful effect in retrieving the desperate 
 condition of the Americans. 
 
 Trenton, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 795; p. v. 
 Jones Co. N. C. Todd Co., Ken., Butler Co. Ohio ; 
 
 p.t. Oneida Co. N Y. 108 m. N. W. Albany. 
 Pop. 3,221. Trenton Falls, are on West Canada 
 Creek, a feeder of the Mohawk, 14 m. N. of Utica; 
 they consist of several grand and beautiful cas- 
 cades, some of them 40 feet in descent. The 
 river here passes through a rocky chasm 4 m. in 
 length, presenting the greatest variety of cascades 
 and rapids, boiling pools and eddies. The rock is 
 a dark limestone, and contains abundance of 
 petrified marine shells. 
 
 Trcport, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Seine, seated on the English Channel, at the 
 mouth of the Bresle. It is the port for the tow. 
 of Eu, nearly two in. distant, and is 17 m. N. L. 
 of Dieppe. . 
 
 Trepto, a town and castle of Prussia, in Pomc- 
 rania, seated on the river Tollensee, and frontiers 
 of Mecklenburg, 25 m. N. of New Strelitz. 
 
 Trepto- JVcic, a town of Pornerania, with man- 
 ufactures of stockings and woolen stuffs, seated 
 on the Rega, near its mouth in the Baltic, 10 m. 
 E. N. E. ofCamin. 
 
 Treslianish [sirs, four fertile islands on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, between the island of Coll and 
 that of Mull. 
 
 Treves, a government cf Prussia, comprising 
 the old electorate of Treves, a small portion of 
 the duchy of Luxemburg, with some other urettv 
 districts, and containing an area of about 2.500 
 square miles, with 300,000 inhabitants There 
 are many mountains and forests ; but nearer the 
 Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful, abounding 
 in corn and wine. 
 
 Treves, a city of Germany, formerly the capi 
 tal of an electorate and archbishopric of th*> 
 same name, and now of the preceding govern 
 ment. It has a castle, a university, (now termed 
 a gymnasium) numerous remains of antiquities. 
 and many fine churches and palaces ; but has 
 great' y suffered by war, and is now neither laroe 
 nor populous. It was taken by the French under 
 Jourdan in 1794, and retained till 1814. It is 
 seated on the Moselle, over which is a handsome 
 bridge, between two mountains, covered with 
 vineyards. 20 m. N. E. Luxemburg and 55 S 
 by E. of Cologne. Long. 6. 43. E., lat. 49. 47. 
 N. 
 
 Trevl, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, 
 12 in. N.by W. of Spoleto. 
 
 Trerico, a town of Naples, in Principato Ultra, 
 25 in. E. of Benevento. 
 
 Trcvier ile Courtes, St. .a. town of France, de 
 partment of Ain, 20 m. N. N. W. ofBourg en 
 Bresse. 
 
 Trevier en Domhcs, St., a town in the depart- 
 ment of Ain, 18 m. S. W. of Bourg en Bresse. 
 
 Trevlno, a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a cit 
 adel, 10 in. S. of Vittoria. 
 
 Trecisa.no, a province of Austrian Italy, in the 
 government of Venice ; bounded on the W. bv 
 Vicentino, N by Feltrino and the Bolognese, E. 
 by Friuli, and S. by the gulf of Venice, Dorado, 
 and Padua. The soil is fertile, and produces corn, 
 wine and wood, and the exports are cattle, silk, 
 and woolen cloth. Treviso is the capital. 
 
 Treviso, or Trcvigio, a fortified city of Italy, 
 capital of Trevisano, and a bishop's see. It is 
 the residence of many noble families, and id seat- 
 ed on the Sile, at the influx of the Piavesella, 18 
 m. N. N. W. of Venice. Long. 12 18. E., lat 
 45. 44. N. 
 
 Trevovx, a town of France department of Ain 
 and formerly the capita] of the principality of 
 Dombes. The mo.;' remarkable buildings are 
 
TRI 
 
 733 
 
 TRI 
 
 the ancient mint, the parliament house, the gov- 
 ernor's house, and the printing office. The last 
 i.-! celebrated for the Literary Journals composed 
 bv the Jesuits of the college of Louis le Grand. 
 Trevoux is seated on the side of a hill, on the 
 river Saone, 12 m. N. of Lyons and 183 S. by E. 
 of Paris. Long. 4. 51. E., lat. 54. N. 
 
 Trexlcrstown, p. v. Lehigh Co. Pa. 
 
 Treijsa, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, 
 16 m. E. N. E. of Marburg. 
 
 Triana, p-v. Madison Co. Alab. 18 m. S. W. 
 Huntsville. 
 
 Tiiadrlplda, p. v. Montgomery Co. Md. Here 
 are manufactures of cotton. 
 
 Tribua, a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- 
 ravia, 30 m. N. W.of Olmutz. 
 
 Trihstes, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania 
 with a castle ; seated on the Trebel, 2*2 m. S. S. 
 W. of Stralsund and 23 m. E. S. E. of Rostock. 
 
 Tribstadt. a town of Bavaria, in the province of 
 the Rhine, 1G in. E. N. E. of Deux Ponts. 
 
 Tricala, a town of Macedonia, on the Strimon, 
 50 m.'E. N. E. of Salonica. 
 
 Trirarico, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 13 
 m. S. E. of Acerenza and 21 ra. S. W. of Ma- 
 te ra. 
 
 Triccto, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, 
 14 m.S. E. of Scalea. 
 
 Tricohre, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 
 where Tippoo Sultan was defeated by the Brit- 
 ish in 1790. It is 44 m. W. of Pondicherry. 
 
 Trieste, a government of the Austrian empire, 
 bounded by the government of Lambach, the 
 Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the southern 
 part of Illy ria, is divided into four circles, and 
 contains an area of about 5,000 square miles, 
 with 550,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Trieste, a sea-port of Austrian Illyria, capital of 
 a circle of its name, in the foregoing govern- 
 ment, and a bishop's see. The harbour is spa- 
 cious, screened by a wall, fortified with a bastion. 
 In the old town the houses stand on the side of a 
 mountain, extending themselves quite to the sea ; 
 and on the top of the mountain is a castle. On 
 the N. W. side of the old town, where formerly 
 were salt-pits, a beautiful suburb, or new town, 
 nas been built. The fixed inhabitants, estimated 
 at 40,000, have a good trade in salt, oil. almonds, 
 iron, copper, &C, brought from Lubach ; and 
 they make good white wines. Trieste was taken 
 by the French in 1707, but evacuted in the same 
 year. In 1809 it again fell into the hands of the 
 French, who retained it till 1814. It stands on a 
 gulf of its name, which is the N. E. part of the 
 gulf of Venice, 12 m. N of Capo d'Istria and 70 
 N. E. of Venice. Long. 14. 3. E , lat. 45. 51. N. 
 
 Til™, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,839 Ca- 
 ^w is the capital. 
 
 Trim, a town of Ireland, capital of the county 
 of Meatli ; seated on the Boyne, 23, m. N. W. 
 of Dublin. Long. G. 43. W., lat. 53. 32. N. 
 
 Trincomale'. a sea-port on the E. coast of Cey- 
 lon, with a harbour reckoned the finest in the E. 
 Indies, but situate in the most barren part of 
 the island. The nearest farm villages, from 
 which the inhabitants are supplied with provis- 
 ions, are upwards of 12 m. distant. The harbour 
 is defended by two forts, Trincomale and Osten- 
 burg, the latter built upon a cliff, projecting 1,500 
 paces into the sea. Its circumference within the 
 walls is about 3 m. but in this space is included a 
 rising point, immediately over the sea, covered 
 with thick jungle. Trincomale was taken from 
 the Dutch by the English, inl782, retaken by the 
 
 French the same year, restored to the Dutch by 
 the peace of 1783, and again taken by the Eng- 
 lish in 1795. It stands on a spacious bay of the 
 same name, 100 m. N. N. E. of Candy. Long 
 81. 25. E., lat. 8. 32. N. 
 
 Trincomale, a town of Hindoostan, in the C.ir- 
 natic, near which the troops of Hyder Ali were 
 defeated by the British in 1763. It is 45 m. S 
 S. W. of Arcot and 52 W. N. W. of Pondicherry 
 
 Trinidad, an island on the N. E. coast of Terra 
 Firma, separated from Paria on the S. by a chan- 
 nel about 10 in. over, and from Cumana on the 
 W. by the gulf of Paria, the N. entrance into 
 which is called Boca del Drago (Dragon's Mouth), 
 on account of the adverse currents and tempes- 
 tuous waves encountered here, when this island, 
 with the neighbouring continent, was discovered 
 by Columbus, in 1493. It is 90 m. long and 50 
 broad ; produces sugar, cotton, maize, fine tobac- 
 co, indigo, and fruit; but the air is unhealthy. 
 It was taken in 1595 by Sir Walter Raleigh, and 
 in 1G76 by the French, who plundered and left it. 
 In 1797 it was captured by the English, and af- 
 terwards ceded to them by the treaty of Amiens 
 The capital is Port d'Espagne, on the gulf of Pa- 
 ria, near the Boca. Long. 61. 30. W., lat. 10. 0. 
 N. 
 
 Trinidad, a sea-port of Guatemala, on a bay of 
 the Pacific Ocean. It is a place of great trade, 
 the harbour being the nearest landing to Guate- 
 mala for all merchandise that comes from Mexico 
 and Peru. The town is nine m. from the har- 
 bour, and 1 10 E. S. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90 
 40. W., lat. 14. 0. N. 
 
 Trinidad, a sea-port of Cuba, in a bay on the 
 S. part of the island, 40 m. S. W. of Spiritu San- 
 to. Long. 80. 3. W . lat. 21. 53. N. 
 
 Trinidad, a town of Colombia, seated on the 
 Madalena, 58 m. N. W. of St. Fe de Bogota. 
 
 Trinidada, three rocky islets in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 200 leao-ues E. of Spiritu Santo, in Brazil 
 Long. 29. 35. VV., lat. 20. 30. S. 
 
 Trinity, a sea-port on the N. side of Martinique, 
 with a spacious and safe harbour and a considera- 
 ble trade. Long. 61. 8. W., lat. 14. 53. N. 
 
 Trino, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- 
 mont, 8 m. N. VV. of Casal and 35 N. E. of Turin. 
 
 Tripatore, a town of Hindoostan, in Marawar, 
 36 m. E. N. E. of Madura and 58 S. W. of Tan- 
 
 Tripoli, a country of Barbary, bounded on the 
 N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Barca, S. by Fez- 
 zan, and W. by Biledulgerid and Tunis. It is 
 not very fertile, and the E. part is quite a desert. 
 It is 925 m. along the coast, but the breadth is 
 various. It is governed by a dey, under the pro- 
 tection of the Turks. 
 
 Tripoli, a city and sea-port of Barbary, capital 
 of the foregoing country, with a castle and a fort 
 The inhabitants are noted pirates. It was taken 
 by emperor Charles V.. who settled the knights 
 of Rhodes here ; but they were expelled by the 
 Turks in 1551. The .Americans made an attempt 
 upon the town in 1804, but without success. It 
 was formerly very flourishing, and has now some 
 trade in ashes, ostriches' feathers, and skins; but 
 they gain more by the Christians taken at sea ; 
 for they either set high ransoms on them, or sell 
 them for slaves. Tripoli is seated on the Medi- 
 terranean, surrounded by a wall, 275 m. S. E. of 
 Tunis and 570 E. S. E. of Algiers. Long. 13. 5 
 E., lat. 32. 54. N. 
 
 Tripoli, a town of Syria, on the Mediterranean 
 defended by a citadel. There is one handsome 
 3 Q 
 
TRO 
 
 734 
 
 TRO 
 
 mosque, and all the houses have fountains belong- 
 ?ng to them. Before it is a sand-bank, which in- 
 creases so much that it is expected to choke up 
 the harbour, which is 2 m. W. of the town, and 
 formed by a round piece of land, united to the main- 
 land by an isthmus. < )n eacb side is a bulwark to 
 defend the entrance. It is the residence of a 
 bashaw, who also governs the territory about it, 
 where there are great numbers of mulberry-trees 
 and other fruits. " Tbe commerce of Tripoli con- 
 sists almost wholly in coarse silk, which is made 
 ise of for laces. It is 90 m. N. \V. of Damascus 
 and 120 S. of Scanderoon. Long. 36. 20. E., lat. 
 34. 50. N. 
 
 Tripura,a. town of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Coimbetore. with a fort at a little distance, 
 called Palar. It is seated on the Noyelar, 27 m. 
 N. N. W. of Daraporam. 
 
 Trist, an island of Mexico, on the coast of Ta- 
 jasco, in the bay of Campeachy, separated by a 
 narrow channel, on the E., from the isle of Port 
 Royal. It is 18 m. in circuit. Long. 92. 45. W., 
 lat. 13. 15. N. 
 
 Tristan Da Cunha, an island in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 15 m. in circuit. The land is extremely 
 hio-h, and rises gradually towards the centre of 
 the island (where there is a lofty conical moun- 
 tain) in ridges, covered with trees of a moderate 
 size and height. The coast is frequented by sea- 
 lions, seals, peno-uins, and albatrosses. Long. 15. 
 30. W., lat. 37. 9. S. 
 
 Tritchinopohj, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 Carnatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked 
 with towers, and encompassed by a ditch. It was 
 taken by the British in 1751. 30 m. W. of Tan- 
 jore and 208 S. S. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 46. 
 E., lat. 10. 49. N. 
 
 Trivadi, a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 
 with a laro-e pagoda, which forms a citadel. It 
 is 26 m. S. W. of Pondicherry. 
 
 Trivcnlo, a town of Naples, in the Molise, the 
 see of a bishop, 18 m. N. Molise. 
 
 Triwmpho de la Cruz, cape, on the coast of 
 Honduras. Long. 83. 25. W. lat. 15. 56. N. 
 
 Trocadie, a small island in the gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, near the N. coast of St. John's Island. 
 
 Trocktelfigen, a town of Hohenzollern-Sigma 
 ringen, 16 m. N. W. Buchau, 29 S. Stutgard. 
 Long. 9. 18. E. lat. 48.16. N. 
 
 Troctou, a small island in the E. Indian sea, near 
 the coast of Queda. Long. 99. 33. E., lat. 6. 30. 
 N. 
 
 Trogen, a town of Switzerland chief place of 
 the Protestant part of the canton of Appenzell, 
 noted for its manufacture of cloth. 7 m. S. E. St. 
 Gall. 7 N. Appenzell. Long. 9. 33. E., lat. 47. 
 14. N. Pop. 2,250. 
 
 Troia, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, on the 
 Chilare, the see of a bishop. It contains 6 church- 
 es, and 6 convents. 33 m. S. W. Manfredonia, 
 60 m. N. E. Naples. Loner. 15. 18. E., lat. 41. 
 24. N. 
 
 Troja, a small island in the Mediterranean, near 
 the coast of Italy. Loner. 11. 5. E., lat. 42. 43. 
 N. 
 
 Trois .Varies, Les, a town of France, in Mouths- 
 of-the-Rnone, 15 m. S. Aries. 
 
 Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivers. 
 Trois Rivieres, a bay on the E. coast of the isl- 
 and of St. John, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Trois Rivieres, a river of St. Domingo, runs into 
 the sea, on the N. coast of the island, near Port 
 Paix. 
 
 Troitz, or Troitshoe Monas'r, that is, " the con- 
 
 vent of the Holy Trinity," a convent of Russia, 
 strongly fortified, 40 in from Moscow. 
 
 Troit.zfc, a town of Russia, in Penza, 75 m. W. 
 N. W. Penza. Long. 43. 34. E., lat. 54. N. 
 
 Troitzhoc, a town of Russia, in Upha, 200 m. E 
 Upha. Long. 61.44 E., lat. 54. N. 
 
 Troitzkoi, a town of Russia, in Tobolsk, on the 
 Oby, 304 m. N. Tobolsk. Long. 42. 50. E , lat. 
 61". 24. N. 
 
 Trohi, or Trocki, a town of Russia, in Wilna, 
 formerly the residence of the great dukes of Li- 
 thuania, 16 m. W. Wilna, 150 E. Konigsberg 
 Long. 24. 44. E., lat. 54. 33. N. Pop. 5,000. 
 
 Tromba, a small island near the coast of Istria 
 Long. 13. 52. E., lat. 45. 3. N. 
 
 Tromncs, a small island in the North sea, neai 
 the coast of Lapland. Long. 15. 26. E., lat. 68 
 5. N. 
 
 Tromoe, an island near the coast of Norway. 
 Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 58. 27. N. 
 
 Trompcrwick, Gulf of, bay of the Baltic, on the N 
 E. coast of the island of Usedom. Long. 13. 40. 
 E., lat. 54. 40. N. 
 
 Tronto, a river of Italy, which runs into the 
 Adriatic, in long. 13. 59. E. lat. 42. 52. N. 
 
 Trorzan, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. N. W. Tu- 
 rin. Pop. 2,540. 
 
 Troon Point, cape on the W. coast of Scotland. 
 Long. 4. 36. W., lat. 55. 36. N. 
 
 Tropea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, 
 on a rock near the sea coast. 37 m. N.N. E. 
 Reggio. Long. 16. 13. E., lat. 38. 40. N. Pop.3 ; 992. 
 
 Tropic Keys, small islands or rocks among 
 the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, between 
 Great Passage island and Porto Rico. 
 
 Troppau or Oppau, city, in Austrian Silesia, and 
 capital of a circle so called, is in a fruitful coun- 
 try, on the river Opapa, walled, and containing 
 an ancient palace of the princes, with 3 parochi- 
 al churches, a college, 3 convents of monks, and 
 a nunnery. 45 m. S. Oppeln, 80 S. S. E. Bres- 
 lau. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 49. 50. N. Pop. 11,540 
 
 Tropplowitz, a town of Silesia, 70 m. N. N 
 VV. Troppau. Long. 17. 31. E. lat. 50. 1. N. 
 
 Trosa, a sea-port of Sweden, in Sunderman 
 land, on the Baltic, 18 m. S. W. Stockholm. 
 
 Trosachs, mountains of Scotland, in Perthshire, 
 10 m. W. Callander. 
 
 Trotby, a river of England, runs into the Wye. 
 at Monmouth. 
 
 Trotza, a river of Russia, which runs into the 
 Kama, 16 m. N. Kosa, in Viatka. 
 
 Troup Head, a cape of Scotland, on the N 
 coast of Banff, 10 m. W. Kinnard's Point 
 Long. 2. 11. W. lat. 57. 39. N. 
 
 Troupsburg, a town of Steuben Co. N.Y. 20 m. 
 S. W. Bath. Pop. 666. 
 
 Troutbeck, a river of England in Westmoreland, 
 which runs into the Eden. 3 m. below Appleby. 
 
 Trout River, a river in the N. W. Territory 
 which runs into the Mississippi, above the nutlet 
 of Sandy lake. 
 
 Troiobridtre, a town of Wiltshire, Eng. 
 
 Troy, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 69 m. S. W. 
 Concord. Pop. 676; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. N. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 608 ; p. v. Bradford Co. Pa. ; p.t. 
 Miamia Co. Ohio and townships in Cuyohotrn, 
 Geauga, Delaware, Athens, Richland Cos. Ohio. 
 p.v. Perry Co. Ind. Lincoln Co. Missouri and 
 Obian Co. Ten. 
 
 Troy, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 48 in. S. Boston 
 Pop. 4,159. Within the limits of this tow.) is fill 
 River Village, with a pop. of 31,438. and ve-v !dr#p 
 manufactures of cotton ; which run 3,431 Swindles 
 
TRU 
 
 "35 
 
 TST 
 
 Here are also manufactures of satinet, bleaching 
 and printing works, and manufactures of iron. 
 The town contains 7 churches, and a bank. It 
 stands on Taunton River which is navigable to 
 this place for small vessels. 
 
 Troy, city in Rensselaer Co. N. Y. stands on 
 the E. bank of tbe Hudson 5 m. above Albany at 
 the head of sloop navigation. It has a very flour- 
 ishing trade, and manufactures of cotton, woolen, 
 paper, iron &c. in the neighbourhood. Pop. 11,405. 
 In point, of location and beautiful natural sce- 
 nery, Troy is exceeded by few, if any, of the 
 towns and villages on the Hudson. The streets, 
 running north and south, converge together at 
 the north end of the city, and are crossed at right 
 angles by those running east and west. The 
 buildings are principally built of brick, and are 
 shaded by rows of trees on each side of streets, 
 which are preserved remarkably clean, by addi- 
 tions of slate and gravel, instead of pavements. 
 The city contains three banks, seven churches, a 
 court house, jail and market. The Episcopal 
 church is a superb specimen of Gothic architec- 
 ture, probably not exceeded in the United States. 
 A large three story brick building has also been 
 erected at the expense of the corporation, for the 
 accommodation of the female seminary incorpo- 
 rated at this place. 
 
 Mount Ida, in the rear of Troy, is a romantic 
 spot, affording a very extensive prospect of the 
 Hudson river and the adjacent country. 
 
 About a mile above the city, a dam has been 
 thrown across the river, and a lock constructed, 
 affording a sloop navigation to the village of Wa- 
 terford. 
 
 One mile and a half from Troy is the Rensse- 
 laer school, which was established, and is under 
 the patronage of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer 
 It is a valuable and flourishing institution. 
 
 Troyes, a city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Aube, and a bishop's see, with a castle in 
 which the ancient counts of Champagne resided. 
 It is surrounded by good walls ; but almost all the 
 houses are of wood, and good water is wanting 
 Its commerce, once very flourishing, now consist 
 only .n some linen, dimities, fustians, wax-chan- 
 dlery, candles, and wine. Troyes was captured 
 and recaptured several times by the allied and 
 French armies, in 1814. It is seated on the 
 Seine, 28 m. E. by N. of Sens and 105 S. E. of 
 Paris. Long. 4. 5. E., lat. 48. 18 N. 
 
 Trucksoille, p. v. Richland Co. Ohio. 
 
 Trumunsburir, a township of Tompkins Co. N. 
 Y. on Cayuga Lake. 
 
 Trumbull, a county of Ohio. Pop. 26,154. 
 Warren is the capital, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 65 
 m S W. Hartford. Pop. 1,238. 
 
 Trims, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Grisons, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. W. of Ilantz. 
 
 Truro, a borough in Cornwall, Eng., it is a 
 stannarv town, and the chief business is in ship- 
 ping tin and copper ore, found in abundance in the 
 neio-hbourhood. 257 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Truro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax'coun- 
 ty, at the head of a narrow gulf in the bay of Fun- 
 dy, 40 m. N. by W. of Halifax. 
 
 Truro, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod, 
 adjoining Providence. Pop. 1,549, a township of 
 Franklin Co. Ohio, on Big Walnut and Black 
 Lick Creeks. Pop. 683. 
 
 Truxillo, a town of Spain, in Estremadura 
 with a citadel on the top of a hill. It was the birth- 
 place of the noted Erancis Pizarro, and is situate 
 in the 3ide of a hill, near the river Magasca 70 
 
 m. N. E. of Badajoz and 90 S. W. of Toledo. 
 Long. 5. 43. W., lat. 39. 26. N. 
 
 Truxillo, a city and sea-port of Peru, capital of a 
 province of its name, and the see of a bishop. It 
 was built by Francis Pizarro in 1553. In its ter- 
 ritory are above 50,000 native Americans. It is- 
 surrounded by a wall, and seated in a fertile conn- 
 try, on a small river, near the Pacific Ocean. 300 
 m. N W. of Lima. Long. 70. 5. W., lat. 8. 1. 
 S. 
 
 Truxillo, a sea-port of S. America, in Honduras, 
 on the gulf of that name. It stands 3 m. from 
 the sea, between two rivers, the mouths of which, 
 and some islands before them, form the harbour. 
 It is 150 m. N. E. of Valladolid. Long. 86. 30. 
 W., lat. 15. 46. N. 
 
 Truxillo, or Nucstra Stnora de la Pat, a town 
 of Venezuela. 150 m. S. E. of Maracaybo. Long 
 70. 15. W., lat. 8. 15. N. 
 
 Truxton, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,8S8 
 
 Trydriffen, a township of Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Tryone, a township of Adams Co. Pa. 
 
 Tsanad, a town of Hungary, on the river Meros 
 23 m. E. by S. of Segedin. 
 
 Tscherkaslc, a city of European Russia, capital 
 of the country of the Don Cossacs, founded in 
 1814, the old capital of the same name, about 5 
 m. distant, being considered unhealthy. The 
 streets are wide and straight, but the houses are all 
 built of wood. It is situate at the confluence of 
 the Aksai and Turloo, 40 m. N. E. of Azoph. 
 Long. 40. 2. E., lat. 47. 14. N. 
 
 Tscliemahora, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Moravia, with a castle on a mountain, 13 m N. 
 N. W. of Brin. 
 
 Tschernemt, a town of Austria, in Carniola, 
 with a castle, and a commandery of the Teutonic 
 order. 33 m. S. E. of Laubach. 
 
 Tschimr, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Glogau, with a castle, and good cloth 
 manufactures. 22 m. E. N. E. of Glogau. 
 
 Tscltopau, a town of Saxony, celebrated for its 
 blue manufacture. It stands on a river of the 
 same name, 7 m. S. E. of Chemnitz. 
 
 Tsiampa. See Ciampa. 
 
 Tsi-nan, a city of China, capital of Chang-tong. 
 It is much respected by the Chinese, on account 
 of its having been formerly the residence of a 
 long series of kings, whose tombs, rising on the 
 neighbouring mountains, afford a beautiful pros- 
 pect. It is seated on the river Tsi or Tsing-ho, 
 230 m. S. by E. of Pekin. Long. 117. 25. E., lat. 
 36. 46. N. 
 
 Tsi-ning, a city of China, of the second rank, 
 in Chang-tonar, situate on the grand canal, 275 
 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 24. E., lat. 35. 24. 
 N. 
 
 Tain tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Chang-tong, 250 m. E. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 
 119 2. E.,lat. 36. 40. N. 
 
 Tsong-ming, an island of China, 50 m. long and 
 10 broad, lying at the mouth of the Kiang-ku, and 
 separated from the province of Kiang-nanby two 
 channels, 13 m. broad. Its principal revenue 
 arises from salt, which is made in such abundance 
 on the N. side of the island, that it can supply most 
 of the neighbouring countries. It contains only 
 one city, but villages are very numerous. The 
 country is delightful, and intersected by many 
 canals. The city of the same name, is of the 
 third class, and is situate at its S. E end. Long. 
 121.55. E.',Jat.30. 15. N. 
 
 Tsongrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a 
 county of the same name; seated on the Theisse, 
 
TVE 
 
 736 
 
 TUM 
 
 opposite the influx of the Koros, 26 m. N. of 
 Segedin. 
 
 Tsor, Sor. Sur, or Soor, a town on the E. coast 
 of Arabia, in Oman, 22 m. S. E. Kalhat. Lat. 
 22. 36. N. 
 
 Tua, a river of Portugal, which runs into the 
 Duero, 15 m. N. VV. St. Joao, de Pesqueira. 
 
 Tuabo, a town of Africa, in Jaen, on the Senegal. 
 Long. 10. 28. W., lat. 14. • r 3(i. N. 
 
 Tuak, a small island in the Red Sea, 12 m. from 
 tlie coast of Arabia. Lon<j. 41. 58. E., lat. 5. 58. 
 N. 
 
 Tuam, a city of Ireland, in Galway, the see of 
 an archbishop. 17 m. N. N. E. Galway. 
 
 Tuariks, a people of Africa,inhabiting a country 
 bordering S. W. on Bornou, S. on Bomou, Sou- 
 dan, and Tombuctoo, E. on the country of the 
 Tibboo and Fezzan, N. on Fezzan and the country 
 of the Arabs who live behind Tripoli, Tunis, and 
 Algiers, and W. on the great empire, of Fez and 
 Morocco. They are divided into many nations 
 and tribes, who all speak the same language. 
 
 Tuat, or Twat, fertile oasis of the Sahara, Afri- 
 ca. Long. 1. to G. E. lat. 23. N. 
 
 Tuba, a river of Russia, which runs into the 
 Enisei, 16 m. S. W. Abakansk, in Kolivan. 
 
 Tubal, one of the small Society Islands, 12 m. 
 from Bolabola Long. 151. 44. W. lat. 1G. 12 S. 
 
 Tubingen, a town of Wurtemberg, in a valley 
 on the Neckar, between two hills. An university 
 was founded here in 1477, and restored in 1770. 
 It contains 300 students ; here is also a college 
 for the nobility. 16 m. S. S. W. Stuttgart, 28 
 E. Freudenstatt. Long. 9. 10. E., lat. 48. 33. N. 
 Pop. 5,705. 
 
 Tubna, a town of Algiers, (an. Tliubana), 110 
 tn. S. S. W. Constantina. 120 S. S. E. Algiers. 
 Long. 5. E., lat. 35. 8. N. 
 
 Tub-urbo, (an. Tuburbum), a town of Tunis, on 
 the Mejerdah. 16 m. W. N. W. Tunis. 
 
 Tucliel, a town of West Prussia, 44 m. S. VV. 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Tucka.hoe, a river of Aid. which runs into Chop- 
 tank river. 
 
 Tucker's Island, a small island in the Pacific 
 ocean. Long. 122. 5. E., lat. 7. 22. N. 
 
 Tucker s Island, a small island near the coast 
 of S. Carolina. Long. 80. 16. W., lat. 32. 3G. N. 
 
 Tuckersvillc. p.t. Wayne Co. Geo., p. v. Crawford 
 Co. Ind. 
 
 Tuckerton, p.t and port of entry, Burlington 
 Co. N. J. on Little Egg harbour. 
 
 Tuckush, a small island in the Mediterranean 
 near the coast of Algiers, 12 m. E. Cape of Iron. 
 
 Tucopia, an island in the Pacific. Long. 157. 
 E., lat. 12. S. 
 
 Tucuman, a province of the old viceroyalty of 
 Buenos Ayres, lying between the province of Sal- 
 ta on the north, and Santiago and Catamarea on 
 the S. Area, 50,000 square miles. Pop. 45,000. 
 The name is frequently applied to a much more 
 extensive country. Chief town, St. Miguel de 
 Tucuman. 
 
 Tuouyo, a river of Venezuela, which runs into 
 the sea, in long. 69. 22. W. lat. 10. 38. N. 
 
 Tuddington, a town of Eng. in Bedford, 16 m. 
 S. Bedford, 37 N. London. 
 
 Tudela, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the 
 Ebro, 4 ra. S. Pamplona, 45 N. W. Saragossa. 
 Long. 1. 40. W., lat. 42. 11. N. Pop. 7,295. 
 
 Tver, a town of Russia, and capital of a govern- 
 ment at the conflux of the Tvertza and Volga. 
 It is the see of an archbishop. It was burnt in 
 the year 1763, but has since been rebuilt on a 
 
 regular and beautiful plan. The governor' 
 house, the bishop's palace, the courts of justice 
 the new exchange, the prison, and several other pub- 
 lic edifices were built at the expense of the empress. 
 There is an ecclesiastical seminary at Tver, which 
 is under the inspection of a bishop, and admits 
 GOO students. Tver is a place of considerable 
 commerce, which it owes principally to its ad- 
 vantageous situation. 72 m. N. N. W. Moscow. 
 580 iN. E. Warsaw, 272 S. E. Petersburg. Lone 
 30. 14. E., lat. 56. 51. N. Pop. 20,000. 
 
 Tverskoe, a government of Russia, bounded N. 
 by Novgorod, E. by Jaroslavl and Vladimir, S. by 
 Moskoveka-ia, and Smolenskoe, and W. by Pskov ; 
 180 in. long, and 100 broad. Long. 33. to 38. E. 
 Lat. 55. 36. to 58. 30. N. Pop. 773,300. 
 
 Tuffoa, a town of Africa, on the slave coast, 40 
 m. W. Assom. 
 
 Tuftonborovgh, a town of Stratford Co. N. H. 
 on lake Winnipiseogee, 50 m. N. W. Concord 
 Pop. 1,375. 
 
 Tugeloo, a river of Georgia, which is formed 
 by the union of the Tallulah and Chatooga, and 
 flowing S. E. between Georgia and S. Carolina 
 joins the Kiowee, to form Savannah river. 
 Tuggsvitle, p.v. Clarke Co. Alabama. 
 Tuggurt, a town of Africa, in Nigritia, 360 m. 
 N. E. Tombuctoo. Long. 6. E., lat. 20. 30. N. 
 
 Tuggurt, or Tocort, a town of Algiers, 240 ni. 
 
 S. S. E. Algiers. Long. 5. 50. E., lat. 32. 40. N. 
 
 Tut, a river of S. America, which runs into the 
 
 Caribbean sea. Long. 67. 20. W., lat. JO. 36. N. 
 
 Tuis, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 10 m. W. 
 
 Udina. 
 
 Tuklaktak, an island in the North sea, near the 
 coast of E. Greenland. Long. 46. 20. VV., lat. 
 61. N. 
 
 Tula, a city of Russia, and capital of a govern- 
 ment of 11,855 sq. m. and 900,000 inhabitants. 
 It is on th» Upha and is the Birmingham of Rus- 
 sia. The imperial fabric of fire arms employed in 
 1800, 6,000 workmen. Pop. at the same period, 
 estimated at 30,000. Near it are some iron mines. 
 112 m. S. Moscow, 452 S. S. E. Petersburg. 
 Long. 37. E., lat. 54. 11. N. 
 
 Tulebros, a town of Spain, in Navarre, situate 
 on the Queis, 7 m. W. of Tudel. 
 
 Tullamore, a town of Ireland, in King's county, 
 on a river of the same name, and near the great 
 canal, 10 m. VV. by S. of Philipstown. 
 
 Tulle, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Correze. The cathedral is famous for its 
 steeple, which is very high and curious. It is 
 seated at the conflux of the Correze and Solane. 
 in a country surrounded by mountains and preci- 
 pices, 37 in. S. S. E. of Limoges and 62 S. W. ot 
 Clermont. Long. 1. 42. E., lat. 45. 16. N. 
 
 Tullow, a town of Ireland, in the county of Car- 
 low. 8 m. E. S. E. of Carlow and 38 S. S. W. of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Tully, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,640. 
 Tulhjioicn, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C. 
 Tuln, b. town of Austria, and a bishop's see : 
 seated near the Danube, 15 m. W. N. W. of 
 Vienna. 
 
 Tulpe/iockr.n, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 
 Tulsk, a hamlet of Ireland, in the county of 
 Roscommon, containing the ruins of towers, cas- 
 tles, &c, which sufficiently attest its former im- 
 portance. 9 m. N. of Roscommon. 
 
 Tumbcz, a town of Peru, noted as the place 
 where the Spaniards first landed in these parts 
 under Pizarro. It is seated on a river of the same 
 name, which flows into the bay of Guayaquil 
 
TUIS 
 
 737 
 
 TUR 
 
 270 m. S. by W. of Quito. Long. 79. 51. W., lat. 
 3. 40. S. 
 
 Tumcuru, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 with a well-built fort, 32 m. S. E. of Sera. 
 
 Tumen, a town of Russia, in the province of 
 Tobolsk, 150 m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long. 
 150. 15. E., lat. 57. 3. N. 
 
 J'unbridge, p.t. Orange Co., Vt. Pop. 1,920. 
 Tunbridge, a town in Kent, Eng. 30. m. E. S. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Tunbridge Wells, a town in Kent, Eng. much 
 resorted to on account of its chalybeate waters, 
 discovered in 1606, by Dudley lord North, who 
 recovered from a deep consumption by drinking 
 them. It is seated at the bottom of three hills, 
 called Mount Sinai, Mount Ephraim, and Mount 
 Pleasant, on which are seated some good houses, 
 orchards, and gardens ; and, as the country is 
 naturally wild, the effect of the whole is romantic 
 and picturesque. The wells are 5 in. S. of Tun- 
 Drid^e and 35 S. S. E. of London. 
 
 Tunginskoi, a town of Russia, situate on the Ir- 
 kut, 80 m. S. W. of Irkutsk. Long. 103. 15. E., 
 lat. 51. 18. N. 
 
 Tunis, a county of Barbary, bounded on the N. 
 and E. by the Mediterranean, S. by Tripoli and 
 Biledulgerid, and W. by Algiers. It extends 
 2O0 m. from N. to S. and 120 m. from E. to W. 
 This country was formerly a monarchy, but in 
 1574 it became a republic, under the protection 
 of the Turks, and pays a certain tribute to the 
 bashaw that resides at Tunis. The soil in the E. 
 part is but indifferent, for want of water. To- 
 wards the middle, the mountains and valleys 
 abound in fruits ; but the W. part is the most 
 fertile, being watered by rivers. The environs 
 of Tunis are very dry, and corn is generally 
 dear ; but there are plenty of citrons, lemons, 
 oranges, dates, grapes, and other fruits ; also 
 olive trees, roses, and odoriferous plants. In the 
 woods and mountains are lions, bisons, ostriches, 
 monkeys, roebucks, hares, pheasants, partridges, 
 and other sorts of birds and beasts. The principal 
 rivers are the Guadilcarbar, Magrida, Magerada, 
 and Caps. The form of government is by a divan, 
 orcouncil, whose president is the bey. The mem- 
 bers of the divan are chosen by the bey. The 
 inhabitants are a mixture of Moors, Turks, 
 Arabs, Jews, and Christians, merchants and 
 slaves ; and thev carry on a great trade in linen 
 and woolen cloth, Morocco leather, gold dust, 
 leather, lead, horses, oil, soap, and ostriches' eggs 
 and feathers. The established religion is Ma- 
 homedism. All public instruments are written 
 in the Arabic tongue, but commerce is usually 
 carried on by that of the Lingua Franca. 
 
 Tunis, the capital of the above country, stands 
 on a point of the gulf of Goletta, surrounded by 
 lakes and marshes. It is in the form of an oblong 
 square, 5 miles in circumference, with a lofty 
 wall, five gates, and 35 mosques. The houses are 
 all built of stone, though but one story high ; and 
 it has a citadel on an eminence, on the W. side 
 of the city. Without the walls are two suburbs, 
 which contain upwards of 100 houses. Within 
 the walls are 10,700 families and above 3,000 
 tradesmen's shops. The divan, or council of 
 state, assembles in an old palace, where the bey 
 resides. The harbour has a very narrow en- 
 trance, which is well fortified. The Mahome- 
 tans here have nine colleges for students, and a 
 great number of smaller schools. Tunis is a 
 place of great trade, and has manufactures of vel 
 »ets, silks, linen, and red caps worn by the com 
 93 
 
 mon people. It is 10 m. from the sea, 275 N.W 
 of Tripoli, and 380 E. of Algiers Long. 10. 16 
 E., lat. 36. 45. N. 
 
 Tunja, a town of New Granada, capital ot a 
 district of the same name. Near it are mines of 
 gold and emeralds. It is seated in a fertile valley 
 90 iff. N. by E. of St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 73. 8 
 W., lat.5.20.N. 
 
 Tunkat, a town of Western Tartary, in Tarkes- 
 tan, seated in a large plain, on the river Ilak, 1C0 
 m. S. E. of Taraz. 
 
 Turbot, a township of Northumberland Co. Pa. 
 
 Turcoin, a town of France, department of Nord 
 
 where the allies, under the duke of York, were 
 
 defeated by the French in 1794. It is 6 m. N. N 
 
 W. of Lille. 
 
 Turcomania, a province of Turkey, in Asia, 
 now called Armenia, which see. 
 
 Turenne, a town of France department of Cor- 
 reze,with a castle, 16 m. S. S. W. of Tulle. 
 
 Turin, a fortified city of Piedmont, capital of 
 the dominion of the king of Sardinia, and an arch 
 bishop's see, with a university founded in 1405 
 by Amedeo, duke of Savoy. There are many 
 large squares, among which that of St. Charles 
 is the most spacious ; the buildings are handsome 
 and it has extensive arcades on each side Most 
 of the streets are well built, uniform, and straight, 
 and terminate on some agreeable object ; the 
 Strada di Po, the finest and largest, leads to the 
 royal palace, and is adorned with piazzas, filled 
 with shops, as are various others of the best 
 streets ; all of which are kept clean by means of 
 a canal from the Doria, with slucies that flow 
 through them into the Po. The inhabitants are 
 computed at 1 12,000. The palace consists of two 
 magnificent structures, joined together by a gal- 
 lery, in which are several pictures, statutes, and 
 antiquities of great value. The citadel, which 
 was demolished by the French after the battle of 
 Marengo was a regular pentagon, comprehend- 
 ing an extensive and well-furnished arsenal, a 
 cannon-foundry, a chemical laboratory, &c 
 There are fine walks on the ramparts and walls of 
 the city ; fine gardens on the side of the river Po ; 
 and a charming public place called the Corso, 
 where many people assemble in an evening to ex- 
 hibit themselves and their equipage. Near this 
 city, on the banks of the Po, is the beautiful cas- 
 tle of Valentin, the garden of which is applied to 
 botanical studies. In 1798 the French republican 
 army took possession of this city, seized all the 
 strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and oblig- 
 ed the king and his family to remove to the is- 
 land of Sardinia. In 1799 the French were driven 
 out by the Austrians and Russians ; but shortly 
 afterwards the city and all Piedmont surrendered 
 to the French. In 1814 it was delivered up to the 
 allies, when they restored it to the king of Sar- 
 dinia. It is seated in a fertile plain, at the con- 
 fluence of the Doria with the Po, 68 m. N. W. of 
 Genoa and 80 S. W. of Milan. Long. 7. 40. E.. 
 lat. 45. 4. N. 
 
 Turin, p.t. Lewis Co. N. Y. 145 m. N. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,561. 
 
 Turinge, a town of Sweden, in the province 
 
 ofSudermanland,24 m. W. S. W. of Stockholm. 
 
 Turinsk, a town of Russia, in the government 
 
 of Tobolsk, with a fort, 190 m. W. by S. of 
 
 Tobolsk. 
 
 Turivacary, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore^ 
 
 consisting of an outer and inner fort, strongly 
 
 defended by a ditch and mud walls, and an 
 
 open suburb at a little distance. Here are 
 
 3q2 
 
TUR 
 
 739 
 
 TUK 
 
 two small temples of curious workmanship. 
 34 m S. of Sera and 50 N. of Seringapatam. 
 
 Turkestan, a country of Western Tartary, boun- 
 ded on the N. and E. by the country of the Kal- 
 rnucs, S. by Bokharia, and W. by the lake Aral. 
 The chief of this country is generally called the 
 khan of the Karakalpahs. The capital is Taraz. 
 
 Turkey, a large empire, extending over patt of 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa, European Turkey for- 
 merly comprehended Moldavia, Bessarbia, Wal- 
 achia, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, part of Croatia 
 and Dulmatia, Romania, Macedonia, Albania, 
 Janna, Livadia, and the Morea. Bessarabia and 
 part of Moldavia were, however, ceded to Russia 
 in 1812, and in 1830, the independence of Greece 
 being established by the allied powers, the terri- 
 tory^ the sultan in Europe became greatly con- 
 tracted. See Greece. Asiatic Turkey is bound- 
 ed on the N. by the Black Sea and Circassia, E. 
 by Persia, S. by Arabia, and W. by the Mediter- 
 ranean and the Sea of Marmora. It lies between 
 27. and 46. E. long., and 28. and 45. N. lat, and 
 contains the countries of Irac-Arabi, Diarbek, 
 Curdistan, Armenia, Caramania, Natolia, and Sy- 
 ria, with Palestine. In Africa the Turks have 
 Eo-ypt, part of Nubia, and Barca ; and the states 
 of Tripoli and Tunis are under their protection. 
 Of these countries (which see respectively) the 
 climate, productions, manners, &c, must be vari 
 ous. The Turks are generally robust, well-shap 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ed, and of a good mien. They shave their heads 
 but wear long beards, except those in the seraglio, 
 or palace, and military men. who wear only 
 whiskers. The turban worn by the men is white, 
 and consists of long pieces of thin linen made up 
 together in several folds. No one but a Turk 
 must presume to wear a white turban. Their 
 clothes are long and full. They sit, eat, and 
 sleep on the floor, on cushions, matrasses, and 
 carpets. In general they are very moderate in 
 eating, and their rneals are despatched with 
 great haste. Their principal food is rice ; and 
 the frugal repast is followed by fruit and cold wa- 
 ter, which are succeeded by hot. coffee, and pipes 
 with tobacco. With opium they procure what 
 they call a kief, or placid intoxication. Chess 
 and draughts are favorite games ; and the coffee- 
 houses and baths furnish other sources of amuse- 
 ment. Polygamy is allowed among them ; but 
 their wives, properly so called, are no more than 
 four in number. The fair sex here are kept un- 
 der a rigorous confinement; the Arabic word 
 Raram, which signifies a sacred or prohibited 
 thing, is in its fullest sense used both of the hab- 
 itation of the women and of the women them- 
 
 selves. The Turk* believe in one God, and that 
 his great prophet is Mahomet ; they appropriate 
 to themselves the name of Moslemim, which has 
 been corrupted into Mussulman, signifying per- 
 sons professing the doctrine of Mahomet, which 
 he calls Islam. Drinking wine is prohibited by 
 this prophet in the Koran, yet the Turks make 
 use of it occasionally, without any scruple ; 
 though instead of it they generally use sherbet, 
 a liquor made of honey, spices and the juice of 
 fruits. They expend great sums on fountains 
 not only in the towns, but in the country, and 
 other solitary places, for the refreshment of trav 
 ellers and labourers. The grand signior is abso- 
 lute master of the goods and lives of his subjects, 
 insomuch that they are little better than slaves. 
 The grand vizier is the chief officer under the 
 grand signior ; besides discharging the functions 
 of prime minister, he is commander of all the for 
 ces of the empire. The divan or cabinet council; 
 consists of the vizier, the mufti, and the kioga 
 bey. The other ministers are, the reis efFendi 
 (whose office corresponds in part to that of chan- 
 cellor, and in part to that of secretary for foreign 
 affairs in Britain) ; the tefterdar, or minister of 
 finance ; the tschelebi, or master of the ordnance ; 
 the terrceena emini, or minister of marine ; and 
 the tschiaus baccha, or secretary of state. The 
 pachas or governors of provinces act also as farm- 
 ers general of the revenue for their respective 
 provinces. The sangiac beys are the governors 
 of districts under the pachas, and invested, like 
 them, with both civil and military functions. The 
 ulema are a numerous body, whose functions con- 
 sist in explaining the koran and in applying its 
 injunctions to the circumstances of the times 
 They thus combine the character of clergy and 
 lawyers, having at their head the grand mufti 
 The imans, or priests, are a body altogether dis- 
 tinct from the ulema, their duty being merely to 
 perform public worship in the mosques. 
 
 The public revenue of Turkey is derived 
 partly from a capitation tax on Christians and 
 Jews, partly from duties on tobacco and oth- 
 er articles of consumption. The amount of the 
 whole is said to be less than 30,000,000 dollars. 
 The army, which is composed of a variety of 
 troops, seldom amounts to 100,000 men, and the 
 navy is inconsiderable. The foreign commerce of 
 Turkey is inconsiderable. The chief Turkish 
 sea-ports in the Levant are Constantinople and 
 Smyrna. There is little trade with the former. 
 Smyrna has commerce with Europe and America 
 in the exportation of fruit, particularly figs, which 
 grow to great perfection in this part of the country. 
 
 Turkey, a township of Essex Co. N. J. 14 m 
 N. W. Elizabethtown. 
 
 Turkin, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Caucasia, situate on the Caspian Sea, 140 m. S 
 of Astracan. Long. 47. 15. E., lat. 44. 15. N. 
 
 Turn-again, Cape, a cape on the E. side of the 
 northern island of New Zealand. Long. 17G 56 
 E., lat. 40. 28 S. 
 
 Turnau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Buntzlau, on the river Iser, 12 m. N. N. E. of 
 Jung Buntzlau. 
 
 Turner, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 in. E. Paris. 
 Pop. 2,218. 
 
 Turnersvillc, p. v. Robertson Co. Ten. 
 
 Turnhout, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, near which, in 1596, prince Maurice of Nas- 
 sau, with only 800 horse, totally defeated the 
 Spaniards, consisting of 6,000. 24 m. N. E of 
 Antwerp. 
 
TUY 
 
 739 
 
 TYC 
 
 Titron, a sea-port of Cochin-China, situate on a 
 bay of the same name, which affords a safe retreat 
 for the largest ships in the most tempestuous sea- 
 son. In the vicinity are plantations of sugar-canes 
 and tobacco. Turon is 40 m. S. E. of Hue. Long 
 107. 40. E., lat. 16. 9. N. 
 
 Tarsi, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the 
 river Sino, 8 m. W. of the gulf of Tarento and 
 30 S. of Matera. 
 
 Turtle Creek, townships in Shelby and Warren 
 Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, a county of Alabama. Pop. 13,645, 
 Tuscaloosa is the capital. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, the capital of Alabama and of the 
 above county, on the Black Warrior River, near 
 the centre of the state 200 m. N. Mobile. 900 m. 
 S.W.Washington. Pop. 1,600. The university 
 of Alabama at this place was founded in 1820. It has 
 6 instructors and 63 students, the library has 1,000 
 vols. It has one vacation of two months in August 
 and September. Commencement is inDecember. 
 
 Tuscany, a sovereign state of Italy, with the ti- 
 tle of a grand duchy, belonging to the house of 
 Austria. It is bounded on the N. by Modena, on 
 the E. and S. by the pope's territories, on the W. 
 by the Mediterranean. It is about 150 m. in 
 leno-th, and 100 in breadth; and is watered by sev- 
 eral rivers of which the Arno is the chief. There 
 are several mountains, in which are found mines ol 
 iron, alum, and vitrol. There are also quarries ol 
 marble, alabaster, and porphyry, besides hot baths 
 and mineral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful 
 in corn and wine, and produce plenty of citrons, 
 oranges, pomegranates, and other fruits. The in- 
 habitants apply themselves to trade ; they chiefly 
 manufacture silks, stuffs, fine earthenware, and 
 gilt leather. They are much visited by foreign- 
 ers, on account of their politeness, and because 
 the Tuscan language is accounted the purest in 
 all Italy. This duchy is divided into three prov- 
 inces, Florence, Pisano, and Sienna, to which 
 some add the Islands. Upon the flight of the 
 grand duke, in 1799, it was erected by the French 
 into the kingdom of Etruria ; but was soon after- 
 wards transformed into an apendage to the 
 crown of Italy. In 1814 however, the duchy was 
 restored to the Austrians, when Ferdinand, the 
 grand duke, returned to his dominions. Florence 
 is the capital. 
 
 Tuscarawas, a county of Ohio, on a stream of 
 the same name, flowing into the Muskingum. 
 Pop. 14,298. New Philadelphia is the capital; 
 also a villacre in the same Co. and a township in 
 Stark Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tuscarora, p.t. Mifflin Co. Pa. 
 
 Tuscumbiu, p. v. Franklin Co. Alab. 
 
 Tusis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Grisons, seated near the torrent Nolla, 16 m. S. by 
 W. of Coire. 
 
 Tutucorin, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- 
 natic, seated on the gulf of Manara, 29 m. E. by 
 N. of Palamcotta, and 67 S. of Madura. 
 
 Tutlingen, a town of Germany, with a castle on 
 a mountain, belonging to the kingdom of Wurtem- 
 berg. Near it is the celebrated foundry of Lud- 
 wigsthal. It is seated on the Danube, over which 
 is a bridge, 58 m. S. S. W. of Stuttgard. Long. 8. 
 48. E., lat. 48. 2. N. 
 
 Tutura, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 160 m. N. of Irkutsk. 
 Long. 105. 40. E., lat. 54. 40. N. 
 
 Tuxford, a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. 137 
 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Tuy, a town of Spain, in Galicia, and a bishop's 
 
 see. It is surrounded by walls and ramparts, and 
 well furnished with artillery, being a frontier town 
 towards Portugal. It stands on a mountain near 
 the river Minho, 60 m. S. of Compostellu and 260 
 W. N. W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 32. W , lat. 42. 4. N. 
 
 Tuzla a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, 
 situate at the western extremity of a lake to which 
 it gives name, 28 m. N. of Cogni. 
 
 Tver, a government of Russia, formerly a pro 
 vince in the government of Novogorod. It war . 
 the first province modelled according to the code 
 of laws of Catharine II., and comprises an area of 
 24,000 sq. m. with 1,000,000 of inhabitants. Th« 
 country produces abundantly all kinds of com and 
 vegetables. Its forests yield the most valuable 
 timber. The quadrupeds and the feathered race 
 are the same as in all the N. of Europe. Besides 
 the fishes common to most lakes and rivers, there 
 is one peculiar to the waters of these northern re 
 gions, called the sterlet : it is the acipenser ruth 
 enus of Linne, and is a species of sturgeon, high- 
 ly esteemed for the flavor of its flesh, and for its 
 roe, of which the finest caviar is made. 
 
 Tcer, the capital of the foregoing government, 
 and an archbishop's see, with a fortress. It is a 
 place of considerable commerce, being seated at 
 the conflux of the Tyerza, and Volga, along which 
 is conveyed all the merchandise sent by water 
 from Siberia and the S. provinces towards Peters- 
 burg. It is divided into the Old and New Town ; 
 the former, situate on the opposite side of the Vol- 
 ga, consists almost entirely of wooden cottages ; 
 the latter has risen with lustre from the ashes of 
 the conflagration of 1763. Catharine II., at her 
 own expense, raised the governor's house, the 
 episcopal palace, the courts ofjustice, the ex- 
 change, the prison, and some other public edifices ; 
 and, to every person who engaged to build a 
 house of brick, she offered a loan of £300 for 12 
 years without interest. The streets are broad and 
 long, extending in straight lines, from an octagon 
 in the centre ; the houses of this octagon, and of 
 the principal streets, are of brick stuccoed white, 
 and make a magnificent appearance. Here is an 
 ecclesiastical seminary, which admits 600 stu- 
 dents. In 1776 the empress founded a school for 
 the instruction of 200 burgher's children ; and in 
 1770 an academy for the education of 120 of the 
 young nobility of the province. Tver is 09 m. N. 
 N. W. of Moscow. Long. 36. 5. E., lat. 56. 7. N. 
 
 Tweed, a river of Scotland, which rises from 
 numerous springs in the S. part of Peebles-shire, 
 called Tweedsmuir. It divides that country al- 
 most into two equal parts, crosses the N. part of 
 Selkirkshire and Roxburgshire, then forms the 
 boundary between Berwickshire and England, 
 and enters the German Ocean at Berwick. 
 
 Twickenham, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 
 adorned with many handsome villas, of which 
 two are particularly celebrated : that which was 
 the favorite residence of Pope,and Strawberry Hill, 
 the elegant Gothic retreat of the celebrated Hor- 
 ace Walpole, earl of Orford. It is seated on the 
 Thames, 3 m. S. S. W. of Brentford. 
 
 Twiggs, a county of Georgia. Pop. 8,029 
 Marion is the capital. 
 
 Twin, townships in Darke, Ross and Preble Cos. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Twinsburg, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 
 
 Tybee, an island of Georgia at the mouth of the 
 river Savannah, on which is a lighthouse. 
 
 Tyboine, a township of Perry Co. Pa. 
 
 Tycokzin, a town of Poland, on the Nrew 
 m. N. W. of Bielsk. 
 
UCE 
 
 ?40 
 
 UCE 
 
 Tydore, one of the Molucca Islands three 
 /eagues S. of Ternate. 
 
 Tyler, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia. 
 Pop. 5,750. Middlebourne is the capital. 
 
 Tyne, a river in Northumberland, Eng. formed 
 of a branch from the E. part of Cumberland, and 
 another from the hills on the borders of Scotland. 
 These, uniting little above Hexham, form a large 
 river, which flows by Newcastle, and enters the 
 German Ocean at Tynemouth. 
 
 Tyne, a river of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire, 
 which rises on the borders of Edinburgshire, flows 
 by Haddington, and enters the German Ocean to 
 the W. of Dunbar. 
 
 Tynemouth, a village in Northumberland, Eng. 
 near the mouth of the Tyne, 9 m. E. N. E. of New- 
 castle. 
 
 Tyngsborough, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on the 
 Merrimack. 30 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 822. 
 
 Tyre. See Sur. 
 
 Tyringham. p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 116 m. S. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,351. 
 
 Tyrol, a princely county of the Austrian empire, 
 bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Salzburg 
 and Carinthia, S. by Austria Italy, and W. by 
 Switzerland. Though a mountainous country, its 
 valleys are fertile in corn and wine, and it has 
 an excellent breed of cattle. It likewise yields 
 salt, all kinds of ores, and various sorts of precious 
 stones. Its copper contains not only silver but 
 also some gold. The principal rivers are the Inn, 
 Adige, and Eysach. The country is divided into 
 seven districts or circles. It was overrun by 
 the French and Bavarians in 1805 ; and by the 
 treaty of Presburg was ceded to Bavaria. In 1809 
 
 it was ceded to Italy, but was restored to Austria 
 in 1814. Inspruck is the capital. 
 
 Tyrone, a county of Ireland, in the province of 
 Ulster, 46 in. long and 37 broad ; bounded on the 
 N. by Londonderry, E. by Armagh and Loch 
 Naeh, S. W. by Fermanagh, and W. by Donegal. 
 It is divided into 35 parishes, contains about 23, 
 700 inhabitants, and sends three members toparlia- 
 ament. It is a rough country, but tolerably fer- 
 tile. The capital is Dungannon. 
 
 Tyrow, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. 240 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 1,880; townships in Perry, Fayette 
 and Huntingdon Cos. Pa. 
 
 Tyrrell, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4,732. 
 Columbia is the capital. 
 
 Tysted, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, with 
 a citadel, seated on the gulf of Lymford, 46 m. 
 W. of Alburg. Long. 8. 25. E., lat. 56. 54. N. 
 
 Tyvy, or Teife,a river of Wales in Cardiganshire, 
 which issues from a lake on the E. side of the 
 county, and flows by Tregannon, Llanbeder, New- 
 castle and Cargan, into Cadigan Bav. 
 
 Tzaritzyn, a town of Russia in the government 
 of Saratof, seated on the Volga, 120 ni. N. W. of 
 Astracan. Long. 45. 25. E., lat 48. 0. N. 
 
 Tzernitz, a town of European Turkey, in Ro- 
 mania near the river Tzerna, 32 m. N. N. E. of 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Tzivilsk, a town of Russia in the government 
 of Kasan, 56 m. W. of Kasan. Long. 47 25. E 
 lat. 55. 40. N. 
 
 Tzuruchatu, Staroi, a town of Russia in the 
 government of Irkutsk, seated on the Argunia, 
 on the borders of China, 160 m. S. F of Ncr- 
 tchinsk. Long. 119. 32. E., lat. 49. 18. N. 
 
 U 
 
 UBEDA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with 
 a strong castle; seated in a fertile country, near 
 the river Guadalquivir, 22 m. N. E. of Jaen. 
 
 Uberhngen, a town of Baden, in the district of 
 Furstenburg. The principal trade is in corn to 
 Switzerland ; and near it are famous baths. It is 
 seated on a high rock, 7 m. N. of Constance. 
 
 Ubersko, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Chrudin, 10 m. E. N. E. of Chrudin. 
 
 Ubes, St., or Setuval, a fortified sea-port of Port- 
 ugal, in Estremadura, with a strong citadel, and a 
 good harbour, defended by three forts. It is built 
 on the ruins of the ancient Setebriga, at the head 
 of a bay, near the influx of the Cadaon, and has 
 a good trade, particularly in salt, of which a 
 
 freat quantity is sent to the colonies in America. 
 t stands at the end of a plain, 5 m. in length, ex- 
 tremely fertile in corn, wine, and fruits ; the N. 
 end bounded by mountains, covered with pines 
 and other trees, and containing quarries of jasper 
 of several colours. 20 m. S. E. of Lisbon. Long. 
 3. 54. W., lat. 38. 22. N. 
 
 Ubigau, a town of Saxony, seated on the El- 
 ster, 28 m. S. E. of Wittenburg. 
 
 Uby, an island on the E. side of the entrance 
 of the gulf of Siam, 20 in. in circumference. It 
 yields good water and plenty of wood. Long. 104. 
 46. E., lat. 8. 55. N. 
 
 Ucayal. See Apurimac. 
 
 Ucedo, or Uzeda, a town of Spain, in New 
 Castile, with a castle ; seated on the Xarama, 32 
 m. N. N. E. of Madrid. 
 
 Ucker, a river which issues from a lake of the 
 same name, near Prenzlo, in Brandenburg, flows 
 N. into Pomerania, and being joined by the Ran- 
 do, enters the Frisch Haff at Uckermunde. 
 
 Ucker .Mark, the former name of that part of 
 Brandenburg which bordered on Pomerania, be- 
 tween Mecklenburg and the Oder. It now forms 
 part of the Prussian government of Potsdam. 
 
 Uckermunae, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 seated on the Frisch Haff, at the influx of the 
 Ucker, 32 m. N. W. of Stettin. 
 
 Uddevalla, a sea-port of Sweden, in the prov- 
 ince of Bahus. The streets are spacious, but 
 the houses are built of wood, and the town was 
 therefore almost entirely destroyed in the fire of 
 1806. The chief trade is in iron, planks, and her- 
 rings. It is situate on a bay of the Categat, 50 
 m.^N. by W. of Gotheburg. Long. 11. 50. E., 
 lat 58. 24. N. 
 
 Udinu, or Udine, a city of Austrian Italy, cap- 
 ital of a delegation of its name which comprises 
 almost the whole of the former Venetian Friuli, 
 with a citadel. It is the see of an archbishop, and 
 contains 18,000 inhabitants. A treaty between 
 the Austrians and French was signed here in 
 1797. It is seated in a large plain, on the river 
 and canal called La Roia, 20 in. N. W. of Aquileia 
 and 65. N. E. of Venice. 
 
 Udinskoi, a town of Siberia, in the government 
 of Irkutsk, seated on the Seligna, 150 ra. E of 
 Irkutsk. Long. 108. 20. E., lat. 52. N. 
 
ULA 
 
 741 
 
 ULS 
 
 Udipu, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara near 
 which is a small fort. Here are three temples, 
 placed in a common square, and surrounded by 
 14 large convents. It stands amid rice fields, 
 beautifully intermixed with palm gardens, 2 m. 
 from the sea. and 3(5. N. N. W. of Mangalore. 
 
 Udskoi, a town of Siberia, in the province of 
 Okhotsk, situate on the Ud, 300 m. S. W., of 
 Okhotsk. Long. 135. 30. E., lat. 55. G. N. 
 
 Udvarhely, a town of Transylvania capital of a 
 district of its name, with a considerable trade in 
 honey, wax, &c. 22 m. E. N. E. of Schoesburg, 
 and 78 S. E. of Clausenbug. 
 
 Uelzen, a town of Hanover, in Luneburg, noted 
 as the birthplace of Zimmerman. It is situate on 
 an island in the river Ihneran. 22 m. S. of Lune- 
 burir. 
 
 Ufa, a government of Asiatic Russia, formerly 
 included in the government of Tobolsk. It is 
 divided into the two provinces of Ufa and Oren- 
 burg. 
 
 Ufa, the capital of the above government, seat- 
 ed on the river Ufa, near its confluence with the 
 Bielaia,760 m. E. by S. of Moscow. Long. 56. 
 0. E., iat. 54. 50. N. 
 
 Uffenheim, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the 
 district of Anspach, with a castle ; situate on the 
 Gollace, 15 m. N. by E. of Rottenburg and 22 S. 
 E. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Ugento, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, 
 and a bishop's see, 8 m. W. of Allessama and 20 
 S. W. of Otranto. 
 
 Ugliani, a town of the Sardinan states, in 
 Piedmont, 9 m. N. of Ivrea and 16 E. S. E. of 
 Aosta. 
 
 Uglich, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Jaroslaul, with a trade in leather and soap ; seat- 
 ed on the Volga, 45 m. W. of Jaroslaul. 
 
 Ugogna, a town of Austrian Italy, 45 in. N. W. 
 of Milan. 
 
 Uist, North and South, two islands of the Heb- 
 rides, on the W. coast of Scotland. N. Uist is 22 
 m. long and 17 broad, and the face of the coun- 
 try c. "responds with that of Lewes. S. Uist is 
 23 m. long and 7 broad, and the trees are here 
 equally unknown. Many cows are annually ex- 
 ported ; but the staple commodity is kelp, of 
 which about 1,100 tons are annually manufac- 
 tured in each. The island of Benbecula lies be- 
 tween them, and they are each about 16 m. to 
 the W. of the most western point in the Isle of 
 Skye. 
 
 Ukenskoi, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Tobolsk, at the conflux of the Irtisch and Oby, 
 196 m. N. of Tobolsk. Long. 69. 15. E., lat. 61. 
 10. N. 
 
 Ukraine, a country of Europe, lying on the 
 borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. Its 
 name signifies a frontier. By a treaty between 
 Russia and Poland, in 1693, the latter remained 
 in possession of the Ukraine, on the W. side of 
 the Dnieper, which constituted a palatinate called 
 Kiov ; while the E. side was allotted to Russia, 
 and called the government of Kiov, but Russia 
 having obtained the polish part, by the treaty of 
 partition, in 1793, the whole belongs now to that 
 power. That part of the Ukraine on the W. side 
 of the Dnieper is but indifferently cultivated ; 
 but that on the E. side, inhabited by the Cossacs, 
 is in much better condition. The principal town 
 is Kiov. See Cossacs. 
 
 Ulala, a town of Hindoostan, in Canara, 3 m. 
 S. W. of Magalore. 
 
 Ulavool,a.town of Scotland in Ross-shire, on the 
 
 E. side of the entrance of Loch Broom, at the 
 mouth of a river of its name, with a good har- 
 bour and commodious road. It is a great fishing 
 station and situate in the midst of a wool country, 
 48 m. W. by N. of Tain. Long. 5. 5. W., lat 
 57. 50. N. 
 
 Ulea, or Ulaborg, an extensive province to the 
 N. of Finland, and extending along the S. coast 
 of the gulf of Bothnia. It was long subject to 
 Sweden, but, since 1809, it forms a circle of the 
 Russian government of Abo. The population 
 is thinly scattered, the chief part of the surface 
 being covered with forests, marshes, and rocks 
 
 Uleaborg, the capital of the preceding prov 
 ince, and the largest town in E. Bothnia, with a 
 castle on an island, and a commodious harbour 
 In 1714 this town was demolished by the Rus- 
 sians, to whom the Swedes surrendered it in 
 1808. It is situate at the mouth of a river of the 
 same name 340 in. N. by E. of Abo. Long. 24. 
 40. E., lat. 65. 30. N. 
 
 Ulietea, one of the Society isles, in the S. Pacific. 
 See Kaiatea. 
 
 UU.swattr, a lake of England,on the borders of 
 Westmoreland and Cumberland, 10 m. N. of Am- 
 bleside. It is 8 m. long, and abounds with Char 
 and other fish. The report of guns, discharged 
 in certain stations on the lake, is reverberated from 
 rock to rock, promontory, cavern, ai.d liiil, 
 with every variety of sound. The river Eamont 
 flows through this lake, and by Penrith to the Eden, 
 forming that part of the boundary line between 
 the two counties. 
 
 Ulm, a city of Germany, in Wurtemberg. It 
 is a fortified, large, and handsome place ; in which 
 the archives of the late imperial towns of Suabia 
 were preserved, and where the diet of the circle 
 was generally held. The cathedral is a large 
 magnificent structure. Here is an excellent col- 
 lege, with a theological seminary annexed ; and 
 a convent for the daughters of the nobility and cit- 
 izens, who are here educated, and afterwards at 
 liberty to marry. Its oilier most remarkable build- 
 ings are the abbey of St. Nichael, commonly called 
 Wengen, the town-house, the arsenal, the maga- 
 zines, and the valuable town ribrary. The inhabit- 
 ants are protestants, and estimated at 16,000 ; 
 they have a good trade in linens, fustians, paper 
 wine, and wool. The duke of Bavaria took it in 
 1702, by stratagem ; but surrendered it alter the 
 battle of Blenheim, in 1704. In 1796 it was ta- 
 ken by the French, and it surrendered to them 
 in 1805, with the flower of the Austrian army, 
 under general Mack, consisting of 60.000 men. 
 In 1810 it was transferred to Wurtemberg. It is 
 seated at the confluence of the Blau with the 
 Danube, opposite the influx of the Iller, 38 m 
 W. by N. of Augsburg and 40. S E. of Stuttgard. 
 Long. 9. 56. E., lat. 48. 24. N. 
 
 Ulotho, or Vlothoio, a town of Prussian West- 
 phalia, in the county of Ravensburg, near vhich 
 is a medicinal spring. 6 m. S. of Minden. 
 
 Ulrichstein, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- ' 
 stadt, with a fortified castle, 25 m. S. E. of Mai- 
 burg. 
 
 Ulriclishamn, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- 
 land, formerly called Bogesund, the present name 
 being given it in 1741, in compliment to queen 
 Ulrica Eleanora. It has a considerable trade in 
 cattle, provisions, tobacco, &c., and is 50 m. E. 
 of Gotheburg. 
 
 Ulster, a province of Ireland, 116 m. long and 
 100 broad ; bounded on the E. by the Irish Sea, 
 N. by the Northern Ocean, W. by the Atlantic 
 
UND 
 
 742 
 
 vm 
 
 Ocean, S. W. by the province of Connaught, and 
 S. by that of Leinster. It contains the counties 
 of Donegal, Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Fer- 
 managh, Monaghan, Armagh, Down, and Cavan. 
 The principal place is Londonderry. 
 
 Ulster, a county of New York. Pop. 36,551. 
 Kingston is the capital ; p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Ultze.n, or Veltzen, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in N. Holland, with a trade in flour and wool. 
 50 m. N. of Haarlem. 
 
 Ulverstone, a town in Lancaster, Encr. 261 m. 
 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Ulysses, a township of Tompkins Co. N. Y. 
 Pop- 3,130. 
 
 Umbagog, a lake lying between N. Hamp- 
 shire and Maine, 18 m. long and 10 broad. Its 
 waters flow into the Androscoggin. 
 
 Umo, or Umea, a province of Sweden, compri- 
 sing W. Bothnia, Umea Lapmark, and nearly all 
 Swedish Lapland. It has an area of 65,000 sq. 
 m. with about 80,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Uma, or Umea, a sea-port of Sweden, in W. 
 Bothnia, capital of the above province, at the 
 mouth oi the river Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. 
 The houses are built of wood ; and it was twice 
 burnt by the Russians. 310 m. N. by E. of 
 Stockholm. Long. 19. 18. E., lat. 63 58. N. 
 
 Umago, a small sea-port of Austrian lllyria, 
 in Istria, seated near the gulf Largona, 12 m. S. 
 W. of Capo d' Istria. 
 
 Umbria, a province of Italy, now called the 
 duchy of Spoleto, 
 
 Umbriatico, a town of Naples, in Catabria, seat- 
 ed on the Lipuda, 15 m. N. by W. of St. Seve- 
 rina. 
 
 Ummcrapoora, one of the most flourishing and 
 well-built cities of Asia, once the metropolis of 
 Birmah, with a spacious and regular fort, com- 
 pletely fortified after the eastern manner. It was 
 founded in 1783 by the emperor Minderagree, 4 
 m. to the N. E.of Ava, the ancient capital. The 
 houses are raised on posts from the ground ; the 
 smaller supported by bamboos, the larger by strong 
 timber The streets are all straight, many of them 
 wide, paved with brick, and frequently crossed by 
 others at right angles. The royal palace is a 
 splendid edifice, within the fort, and no nobleman 
 of the court was permitted to enter it with his 
 feet covered. The temples and monasteries are 
 numerous, and though in general composed of 
 wood are very magnificent : the unbounded ex- 
 penditure of gilding, which is bestowed on the 
 outside of the roofs, particularly on the lofty spires, 
 renders them objects of extraordinary splendor. 
 Ummerapoora is situate on a peninsula, formed 
 by the Irrawaddy on the W. and a narrow chan- 
 nel branching E. from the river, which soon takes 
 a N. direction and expands to a lake on the E. 
 side of the city, 7 m. lone and one and a half 
 broad. 250 m. E. of Calcutta and 620 N. N. W. 
 of Siam. Long. 76. 7. E., lat. 21. 57. N. 
 
 Unadilla, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. on the Susque- 
 hanna. Pop. 2,313. 
 
 Uncaseille, p. v. N. London Co. Conn. 45 m. 
 S. E. Hartford. 
 
 Underwalden,3. canton of Switzerland, bounded 
 on the N. by the canton of Lucern and the Lake 
 of the Four Cantons, E. by high mountains which 
 separate it from the canton of Uri, S. by Mount 
 Brunich which parts it from the canton of Bern, 
 and W. by that of Lucern. It is 24 m. long and 
 20 broad, contains an area of 300 sq. m. with 
 23,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the Upper 
 and Lower Valley, by a forest called Kesterwald, 
 
 which crosses the canton from N to S. The 
 country abounds in fruit and rattle, but produces 
 little corn and no wine. The inhabitants are 
 Roman Catholics. Stanz is the capital of the 
 Lower Valley, and Sarnen of the Upper and of 
 the whole canton. 
 
 Ungvar, a town and fort of Hungary, capital of 
 a palatinate of the same name. It stands in an 
 islaud 1'orrned by the Ung, 57 in. E. of Cassovia. 
 Long. 22. 23. E., lat. 48. 42. N. 
 
 Ungnin, a small island in the N. Pacific Ocean 
 near the W. coast of America, so named by tho 
 Russians. Long. 1 98. 44. E., lat. 55. N. 
 
 Unhaca, a small island in the Indian sea, at the 
 entrance of the bay of Leronzo Marques. Lat 
 26. 5. N. 
 
 Unhost, or Jinhost, a town in Bohemia, in Sclia- 
 lan ; 8 m. S. Schalan, 9 m. W. Prague. Pop 
 992. 
 
 Uniego, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Lenczicz, with a fine castle belonging to the arch- 
 bishop of Gnesen, seated on the Warta, 20 m. S. 
 S. W. of Lenczicz. 
 
 Union, a county of the W. Dis. of Pennsylvania. 
 Pop. 20,749. New Berlin is the capital. A coun- 
 ty of Ohio. Pop. 3,192. Marysville is the capi- 
 tal. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 4,435. Mor- 
 ganfield is the capital. A county of Illinois. 
 Pop. 3,239. Jonesborough is the capital. A 
 county of Indiana. Pop. 7,957. Liberty is the 
 capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 640 Corea 
 Fabre is the capital. A District of S. Carolina. 
 Pop 17,908. Unionville is the capital. 
 
 Union, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,612; p.t 
 Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 711 ; p.t. Brown Co 
 N. Y. Pop. 2,112; p.t. Essex Co. N. J; town 
 ships in Erie, Huntingdon, Luzerne, Fayette 
 Mifflin and Schuylkill Cos. Pa; and towns ana 
 villages in Loudon and Monroe Cos. Va., Union 
 Dis. S. C. Union, Belmont, Washington, Law- 
 rence, Knox, Ross, Highland, Champaign, Logan, 
 Madison, Fayette, Clinton, Scioto, Warren. But- 
 ler, Muskingum, Clermont, Miami, Morgan, Lick- 
 ing, Harrison and Brown Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Union Society, p. v. Green Co. N. Y. 
 
 Union Springs, p. v. Cayuga Co. N. Y ; p.v 
 Fayette Co. Pa. 
 
 Uniontoicn, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryl ; p.v. Fay 
 ette Co. Pa; p.v- Belmont Co. Ohio; p.v. Mus- 
 kingum Co. Ohio; a town in Pike Co. Ohio. 
 
 Unionvi'le, p.v. Orange Co N. Y. Chester Co. 
 Pa. and Georgia Co. Ohio. 
 
 United Provinces of South Amenca, called also 
 Buenos Jiyres, from the name of the chief city, 
 and sometimes the Argentine Republic, from the 
 etymology of the river La Plata; a republic of 
 South America lying upon the La Plata and its 
 tributary streams. 
 
 The present political boundaries are Boli- 
 via on the N. Paraguay, Banda Oriental and 
 the Atlantic Ocean on the E. Patagonia on 
 the S. and Chile on the W. It contains 600,000 
 sq. m. and is divided into 13 provinces. This 
 country resembles an extensive amphitheatre, 
 bounded laterally by the Andes and the 
 Brazilian mountains, and on the N. by a tract 
 of mountains, denominated those of Ckiqui- 
 tos, which running N. W. from the Andes of La 
 Paz and Potosi, and crossing the Parana, are con- 
 nected with the Brazilian chain, — leaving to- 
 wards the S. E. the immense opening of the Riu 
 de la Plata, like a wide and magnificent portal 
 proportioned to the grandeur, importance, and ex 
 tent of the region to which it gives access. Wit I 
 
uni 
 
 743 
 
 UNI 
 
 in these limits — some scattered and intermediate 
 ridges excepted — the country is extremely level, 
 the hills generally not exceeding 540 feet of ele- 
 vation above their bases ; and the whole being a 
 vast extended plain, covered with lakes and in- 
 numerable rivers, many of which, though equal 
 to some of the largest in Europe, flow unregard- 
 ed and nameless, and are viewed merelj' as tribu- 
 tary streams, few of them, however, reach the 
 sea, being either lost in the lakes, or stopped in 
 the level plains, where they are soon absorbed or 
 insensibly evaporated. The uniform levelness 
 of this tract is so great, that it has been calculated 
 by barometrical observation, that the great river 
 Paraguay, in its prog'ess to the south, does not 
 fall above one foot in perpendicular height, be- 
 tween the parallels of 13. and 22. S. lat. or 280 
 miles direct distance, but much more by the 
 course of the stream. Even when the winds from 
 the S. E. occasion the rivers of Buenos Ayres to 
 rise seven feet above their usual level, this rise is 
 observed in the Parana, at the distance of 60 
 leagues. In consequence of this flatness of the 
 soil, the rains which fall on the Andes are stop- 
 ped where they descend into the plains, and are 
 insensibly evaporated ; so that a number of rivu- 
 lets which, if collected on a different configura- 
 tion of surface, would form a large stream, are 
 thus stopped and annihilated. This physical de- 
 fect cannot be supplied by any artificial means ; 
 for the same cause which prevents the superflu- 
 ous moisture from finding its way to the sea, 
 would equally prevent its conveyance by canals. 
 In Buenos Ayres, and other towns situated on 
 the banks of rivers, it is always found necessary 
 to use a pump, in order to raise the water to the 
 level of the town. This very circumstance, 
 which prjduces the effects above described, is 
 equally favourable to the formation of lakes. As 
 the superfluous waters caused by the periodical 
 rains, have no outlet, from the defect of descent, 
 and cannot be absorbed by the soil, they are 
 necessarily collected in the flat parts of the coun- 
 try, where they spread to a great extent, cover- 
 ing an immense space, but of no depth any 
 where. 
 
 Most of the lakes are of this description ; and 
 among these is the celebrated lake of Xarayes, 
 which is nothing else than the superfluous waters 
 of the Paraguay, when swelled by the tropical 
 rains, spread over an immense flat, and partly 
 evaporated, and partly carried off" by the river 
 when it begins to retire within its banks. This 
 marsh was formerly supposed to be its source ; 
 and many fables were circulated concerning it, as 
 having a beautiful island in its centre : which, 
 from the salubrity of its atmosphere, its perennial 
 verdure, and exuberant fertility, was called ' the 
 Island of Paradise,' and was said to be inhabited 
 bv the Orejones, a Peruvian tribe, which had 
 taken refuge here at the time of the conquest. 
 The number of crocodiles in this marsh is im- 
 mense ; and in the vicinity are found pumas, 
 jaguars, stags, and monkeys of various kinds ; 
 the country also swarms with ants, moschetoes, 
 and innumerable noxious insects. During the 
 inundation, the Portuguese (from their settle- 
 ments on the Cuyaba) cross it in canoes and 
 small barks. When the inundation has ceased, 
 the whole plain is completely dry, and covered 
 with weeds and other plants. Of the same kind 
 are the lakes of Aouasacaty in S. lat. 25., and 
 Numbucu, in 27. S. lat., and in general all those to 
 the E. of the Paraguay 
 
 The lake of Iberi, or Caracares, lies between 
 the Uraguay and the Parana. For 30 leagues, 
 the northern boundary of this lake runs parallel 
 with the former river, and extends as far to the 
 south. From its S. extremity the river Mirinay 
 runs into the Uraguay ; and from its W. and S 
 W. sides, three other large streams issue, namely 
 the Santa Lucia, Corientes, and Batiles, and fall 
 into the Parana. None of these streams are for- 
 dable. Its greatest breadth is 46 miles. This 
 lake neither receives rivers, brooks, nor springs, 
 but is entirely nourished by the simple filtration 
 of the waters of the Parana, — a phenomenon of 
 which there is not another known instance in the 
 world. This filtration alone supplies not only 
 the four great rivers issuing from it, but also the 
 vast quantity carried off* by evaporation from a 
 surface of 8,000 square miles; which, according 
 to Halley's calculation, must be equal to 70,000 
 tons daily, allowing the mean temperature to be 
 the same as that of England. This watery ex 
 panse, however, is generally very shallow, and 
 filled with aquatic plants, so that its interior is 
 completely inaccessible. The islands with which 
 it is studded are well-stocked with deer and other 
 game : flocks of wild fowl are always skimming 
 on its surface , its fish are numerous, and very 
 sweet and fresh, and many flourishing settle- 
 ments are made on its shores. This lake over- 
 flows twice-a-year. During the intervals be- 
 tween the inundations, it has the appearance of 
 an immense swamp, with 12 lakes dispersed at 
 different distances. 
 
 There are other lakes, which stagnate in ex- 
 tensive flats, and being shallow, cover a great 
 surface of ground ; and which, consequently di- 
 minish the quantity of arable land. In the south- 
 ern parts of this territory, and E. of the Plata, 
 a chain of salt lakes extends E. from the Andes 
 to this river. One of these lakes, in particular, 
 360 miles S. W. of Buenos Ayres, is remarkably 
 salt. It is about 18 miles in circuit ; and the 
 salt found at the bottom is so hard and thick, 
 that it is difficult to break it with iron tools. 
 About 300 carts are annually loaded with it, and 
 carried to Buenos Ayres; and what is very re- 
 markable in this chain is, that a few of the lakes 
 are fresh, though during the rains they are so 
 swelled as to communicate frequently with those 
 that are salt. All the springs throughout the 
 greater part of the flat country W. of the Parana 
 and Paraguay, are more or less salt, and few of 
 the rivers can be drunk till they enter the Parana. 
 The soil of this region, extending about 700 m. in 
 length, and 190 m. in breadth, is saturated with 
 fossil salt. 
 
 The western parts of this country, are generally 
 mountainous, comprehending within their limit"? 
 some of the loftiest ridges of the Andes. From 
 the great chain of Andes, branches diverge in dif- 
 ferent places, extending far into the interior. Of 
 these, the mountains of Cordova Achala, in the 
 province of Tucuman, and those of the still more 
 western province of Cuyo, form secondary ridges ; 
 and another ridge of the same kind branches off* 
 in the latitude of the great river Colorado, or 
 Desaguadero, which, under the Indian appellation 
 of Casuhati, runs nearly across to the Atlantic. 
 The southern mountains are covered with thick 
 impenetrable woods, and are little known. The 
 Brazilian range on the E. is also of secondary 
 elevation, generally covered with thick forests, 
 interspersed with extensive tracts wholly desti- 
 tute of vegetation. This extensive chain is con 
 
UNI 
 
 /44 
 
 UNI 
 
 nected with the Andes on the W. and N. W., by 
 an intermediate range, called the mountains of 
 Chiquitos 
 
 This country is noted for the vast plains, call- 
 ed ■pampas. From the banks of the Paraguay 
 immense plains extend westward to the frontiers 
 of Los Charcas, and northward to the mountains 
 of Chiquitos. These plains are generally elevated 
 and dry, though traversed by numerous rivers. 
 They are skirted by extensive and ancient forests, 
 which afford shelter to the wild animals of the 
 country, and are inhabited by Gauchos and other 
 
 scattered tribes of Indians, who roam over their 
 deserts in a state of savage independence. See 
 Pampas. 
 
 A country so extensive as Buenos Ayres, must 
 possess a great variety both of climate and soil. 
 While, on the frozen summits of the Andes, the 
 cold is intolerable even in summer, in the plains 
 the heats of summer are extremely oppressive. 
 The S. W. wind prevails only about one month 
 during the year. In the northern parts of the 
 country, and in the interior, the W. wind is 
 scarcely known, and seldom lasts three hours to- 
 gether. At Buenos Ayres, and on the coast, the 
 winds are more violent ; the westerly wind is 
 most common, and, sweeping down the immense 
 plains of the interior, rushes over upon the coast 
 with inconceivable violence. The S. E. wind is 
 generally followed by rains in winter, and by dry 
 weather in summer. In the spring and summer 
 these winds are often very violent, raising clouds 
 of dust which obscure the sun, and which cause 
 great inconvenience to the inhabitants, by des- 
 troying their clothes, and penetrating into their 
 houses and apartments. The atmosphere is very 
 humid, and the apartments which have a southern 
 exposure have always wet floors. 
 
 But, notwithstanding the exuberant fertility and 
 benign temperature which pervades the greater 
 part of this extensive country, its cultivation has 
 been greatly neglected ; and a colony which have 
 been the granary of Europe, has hitherto produced 
 little more than what merely supplies its own 
 wants. The native pride and indolence of the 
 Spaniards, and the extreme sluggishness of the 
 Indians, effectually stop all agricultural improve- 
 ments in this part of the New World ; and exten- 
 sive plains, watered by innumerable streams, are 
 only employed to rear and fatten cattle. 
 
 The inhabitants of this extensive country are 
 composed of the same classes as those of the other 
 Spanish colonies, viz. : European Spaniards, 
 Creoles, people of Colour, Negroes, and Indians. 
 Of these, the Europeans held (till the late revo- 
 lution) the first rank: and filled, with few excep- 
 tions, every office of trust, power, and influence, 
 in the country. The Creoles who have at pres- 
 ent gained the ascendency, held an inferior opli 
 
 tical rank to the Europeans. The people of colour, 
 the negroes, and Indians, still hold the same rel- 
 ative situations in society, — the Indians, as usual, 
 being lowest in the scale. It is dilRcult to fix 
 the number of inhabitants, and the relative pro- 
 portions of the classes to each other. 
 
 The internal commerce of Buenos Ayres, or 
 that carried on with its own provinces, is consid- 
 erable. Of this traffic, the herb of Paraguay forms 
 the most important branch : 2,500,000 lbs. of it 
 pass annually into Peru, and 1,000,000 lbs. into 
 Chile. It is conveyed in covered waggons drawn 
 by oxen, from Santa Fe to Jujuy and Mendoza , 
 and from thence is carrried on the backs of mules 
 to Potosi, La Paz, Peru, and Chile. In Paraguay, 
 the price of this article is 4 dollars, or 18*. per 
 arroba of 25 lbs. At Potosi, however, the price is 
 more than double, and increases as it proceeds 
 north. Immense droves of cattle pass annually 
 into Peru ; and 60,000 mules of two years old, 
 are annually purchased in the territory, for 
 thatcountrv. The greatest part of European com 
 modifies consumed in Chile, are drawn from 
 Buenos Ayres. A considerable commerce is also 
 carried on with the independent tribes "that sur- 
 round the country, particularly with the Pap 
 Das and Puelches. Some gold of a very superioi 
 quality, which is supposed to be collected among 
 the mountains and upland springs on the banks 
 of the Uraguay, has been lately brought to Buenos 
 Ayres by the Indians, who contrive to barter it 
 with the Americans or other foreign merchants. 
 
 The foreign commerce of this country is trans- 
 acted chiefly at Buenos Ayres. from which place 
 are exported hides, tallow, corn, beef, furs and 
 peltrv, gold and silver. The government is re- 
 publican, but has been for some time in an unset- 
 tled state. Buenos Ayres is the capital. This 
 country was formerly a viceroyalty under the 
 Spanish goverment but revolted and declared its 
 independence immediately after the invasion of 
 Spain by the French in 1808. The population is 
 above 2,000,000. 
 
 United States of America, a federative republic, 
 ocupying the middle division of North America, 
 and consisting of the States of Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva- 
 nia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. 
 Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Missis- 
 sippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illin- 
 ois, and Missouri, all which are independent states 
 with regard to their internal government, and the 
 Territories of Florida, Michigan, Arkansas, Mis- 
 souri, Oregon and the district of Columbia, which 
 are under the dominion of the general government. 
 This republic is bounded N. by British and Rus- 
 sian America, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the 
 Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mexican ter- 
 ritories, and W. by the Mexican territories,and the 
 Pacific Ocean. It extends from 25. to 55. N. lat. 
 and from 43. 5. to about 130. W. long, and con- 
 tains upwards of 2,300,000 square miles. 
 
 This country is traversed by two great chains 
 of mountains ; the Rocky mountains which are a 
 continuation of the great Mexican chain and pass 
 through the western territories of the United 
 States in a northwesterly direction toward the 
 Frozen Ocean ; and the Apalachian chain, which 
 has its whole extent in this country and stretches 
 from the southeastern side of the Mississippi 
 valley, in a northeast direction parallel to the coast 
 of the United States nearly to the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. The different ridges of this chain. 
 
UNI 
 
 745 
 
 UPP 
 
 are known by a variety of names from the Cum- 
 berland Mountains of Tennessee, to the White 
 Mountains of New Hampshire, and the highlands 
 of Maine, but they may be considered as all con- 
 stituting one system. An inferior range of moun- 
 tains compared with these two are the Ozark and 
 Massorne mountains, which may be regarded as 
 detached branches of the Mexican chain stretch- 
 ing northwestly into Missouri and Arkansas. 
 The rivers which water the different parts of the 
 United States are among the largest in the world, 
 and the Missouri from its source in the Rocky 
 Mountains to its outlet in the Gulf *f Mexico, is 
 the largest river on the globe. The rivers which 
 rise on the southeastern slope of the Apalachian 
 mountains, and flow into the Atlantic are not 
 comparable to the streams of the west for length, 
 vet are highly useful in navigation. The Atlantic 
 coast is indented by innumerable bays and har- 
 bours, affording vast advantages for commerce, 
 and the internal navigation of the country is as- 
 sisted by a great number of canals, the chief of 
 which are those uniting the great lakes of Canada 
 with the rivers of the Atlantic and the Gulf of 
 Mexico. The varieties of climate, soil, natural 
 productions and agricultural industry, will be 
 found minutely specified under the heads of the 
 several states. For exact statistical details the 
 reader is referred to the tables in the Appendix. 
 
 The population of the United States at the 
 census of 1830 was 12,850,165, excluding the 
 Indians. Since 1790 it has increased on an average 
 one third every ten years. The number of In- 
 dians is estimated at 313,000. The commercial 
 imports for 1830 were 70,870,920 dollars; the 
 exports of domestic produce 59,402,029 dollars ; 
 total exports 73,849,508. The enrolled and licen- 
 sed shipping at the end of the year 1828 amount- 
 ed to 1,741,391 tons. The navy consists of 7 ships 
 of the line, 12 frigates and 13 sloops of war and 
 several small vessels. There are 5 ships of the 
 line and frigates in building. The army is 
 restricted by law to 0,180 men. 
 
 Since 1810 there appears to have been no at- 
 tempt at an exact estimation of the annual value 
 of manufactures At that period they were com- 
 puted at above 170,000,000 dollars ; their value at 
 present is doubtless quadrupled. The money coin- 
 ed at the mint of the United States in 1831 was 
 3,923,473 dollars. The public debt is expected to 
 be paid off" in the course of the present year, 1832. 
 The total expenditure of the U. S. government 
 for 1830 was 12,729,5.33 dollars. The nett revenue 
 for the same year was 22,097. 079 dollars. There 
 are in the U. S. 48 colleges, 21 Theological semi- 
 naries, 7 medical schools, 9 law schools, and above 
 12,000 churches ; of which the Baptist and Meth- 
 odists have together 4,484, the Presbyterians 1,472, 
 the Congregationalists 1,331, the Episcopalians 
 932, the Catholics 784, the Dutch Reformed 002, 
 the Quakers 502, the Universalists298, the Luthe- 
 rans 240, the Unitarians 127, the Calvinistic Bap- 
 tists 84, the Swedenborgians 73, the Moravians 50, 
 and the Jews 96 synagogues. 
 
 The United States form together a federal 
 republic. Each state is independent, and has 
 a separate legislature, executive, and judiciary ; 
 but the defence of the country, the regulation of 
 commerce, and the general interests of the confed- 
 eracy, are entrusted to the general government. 
 The legislative power is vested in a congress, 
 composed of a senate, consisting of 2 members 
 from each state, chosen by the state legislatures for 
 *j years ; and of a house of representatives, elect- 
 94 
 
 ed by the people for 2 years. The exeouitve 
 power is vested in a president, who, together with 
 a vice president, is chosen for 4 years by electors 
 from all the states. The principal subordinate 
 officers in the executive department, are the sec- 
 retaries of state, of the treasury, of war, and of the 
 navy. The judiciary is independent of the legisla- 
 ture. The supreme court is composed of 7 judges. 
 All power originates with the people. The Con- 
 stitution secures to the citizens the grand princi- 
 ples of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters 
 of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and 
 the right of choosing and being chosen to office. 
 Washington is the capital. 
 
 These States were most of them originally col- 
 onies of Great Britain. The first settlement made 
 by the English was in Virginia in 1007 : although 
 Florida afterwards acquired by the United States 
 from the Spaniards, was settled earlier. The oldest 
 American town is St. Augustine which was foun- 
 ded about the year 1504. The dates of the settle- 
 ment of the several states and their local histories 
 will be found under the head of each. In 1775 
 the attempt of the British government to lax the 
 colonies without their consent caused a re volt, and 
 the Independence of the American states was de- 
 clared on the 4th of July 1776, a desperate war 
 with the mother country followed, but it was 
 found impossible by the British to bring the 
 Americans to submission, and in 1783 peace was 
 concluded, and the independence of the states ac- 
 knowledged by the king of Great Britain. The 
 States enjoyed their separate independent gov- 
 ernments till 1788 when the present constitution 
 and federal government were established. 
 
 Unitia, p. v. Blount Co. Ten. 
 
 Unity, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 
 30 m. above Augusta. Pop. 1,299 ; p. v. Sullivan 
 Co. N. H. 32 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,258. 
 A township of Westmoreland Co. Pa; p. v. Mont- 
 gomery Co. Maryl. a township of Columbiana Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unna, a river of European Turkey, which rises 
 in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, passes by 
 Wihitsch, and joins the Save, 16 m. above Gra- 
 disca. 
 
 Urinary, a town of Sweden, in the province of 
 Smoland, 43 m. W. of Mexio. 
 
 Unst, the most northern of the Shetland Isl- 
 ands, 10 m. long and 4 broad, and more level than 
 the other isles. It feeds many sheep, horned 
 cattle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons of cured fish 
 are annually exported. Long. ]. 10. W., lat. 61. 
 10. N. 
 
 Unterscen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, near which is the famous cavern, of St. 
 Pat. It is seated on the river Aar, between the 
 lakes Brientz and Thun, 25 m. S. S. E. of 
 Bern. 
 
 Unza, a town of Russia, in the province of the 
 same name, in the government of Kostroma. It 
 is situate on the river Unza, 92 m. E. N. E. of 
 Kostroma. 
 
 Upland, a province of Sweden, between Suder- 
 mania, Westmania, Gestricia, and the Baltic. It 
 is 70 m. long and 45 broad, contains an area of 
 500 sq. m., with 250,000 inhabitants, and is ex 
 tensively covered with shapeless stones and im- 
 penetrable woods, but enriched with inexhaustible 
 mines of copper, iron , and silver. Stockholm is 
 the capital. 
 
 Upper, a township of St. Lawrence Cc . Ohio. 
 
 Upper Dublin, a township of Montgomery Co 
 
 3R 
 
UKA 
 
 74G 
 
 URI 
 
 Upper Freehold, a township of Monmouth Co. 
 N. J. 
 
 Upper Lisle, p.v. Broome Co. N. Y. 
 
 Upper Marlborough, p.v. Prince George Co. 
 Maryl. 
 
 Upper Sandusky, p.v. Crawford Co. Ohio, on 
 Sandusky River. 
 
 Uppereille, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. 
 
 Uppingham, a town in Rutlandshire, Eng. 89 
 m. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Upsal, a city of Sweden, in Upland, and an 
 archbishop's see, with a university. It is divid- 
 ed into two almost equal parts by the river Sala 
 and the streets are drawn at right angles from a 
 central kind of square. A few of the houses are 
 built of brick, but the generality are constructed 
 of wood, painted red, and the roofs are covered in 
 with turf. Upsal was formerly the metropolis of 
 Sweden, and near it is the morasten, or stone on 
 which the king used to be crowned. The cathe- 
 dral^ large structure of brick, contains the re- 
 mains of the celebrated Gu-stavus Vasa, and of 
 Charles Linne. The university is the most an- 
 cient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the 
 north for academical education. The royal socie- 
 ty here is likewise the oldest literary academy 
 in the north. Here is an observatory, planned 
 by the celebrated Celsius, from which the Swedish 
 geographers compute the longitude; also a bo- 
 tanical garden, of" which Linne was superinten- 
 dent. Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile 
 m corn, 35 m. N. N. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 
 39. E., lat. 59. 52. N. 
 
 Upson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 7,013. 
 
 Upton, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 83 m. S. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,157. 
 
 Upton, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. 111m. 
 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Urach, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of 
 Wurtemberg. It has a great trade in paper, da- 
 masks, and linen, and is 21 m. S. S. E. of Stut- 
 gard. 
 
 Uraguay, a province of S. America, so named 
 from a large river, which unites with the Parana 
 70 m. above Buenos Ayres, and forms the famous 
 river Plata. 
 
 Ural, or Oural, a river of Russia, which rises 
 in Mount Caucasus, flows by Orenburg, Uralsk 
 and Gurief, and enters the Caspian Sea by three 
 mouths. 
 
 Ural Mountains, a chain of mountains extend- 
 ing from the 50th to nearly the 67th degree of 
 N°lat., or about 1,150 m., and sometimes called 
 by the Russians "the back of the world." The 
 central part of this chain abounds in metals ; and 
 they contain fine white marble. Pauda, one of 
 the highest mountains, is said to be 4,512 feet 
 above the level of the sea. This chain forms a 
 considerable part of the boundary between Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 Uralian Cossacs, a Tartar tribe that inhabit the 
 Russian province of Orenburg, on the S. side of 
 the river Ural. These Cossacs are descended 
 from those of the Don ; and are a valiant race 
 They profess the Greek religion, but they are 
 dissenters from the established religion, whom 
 the Russians called Roskolniki, or Separatists, 
 and who style themselves Staroverski, or Old 
 Believers. They consider the service of the es- 
 tablished church as profane, and have their own 
 priests and ceremonies. The Uralian Cossacs 
 are all enthusiasts for the ancient ritual, and prize 
 their beards almost rqual to their lives. A Rus- 
 sian officer naving ordered a number of Cossac 
 
 recruits to be publicly shav..<J : m the town of 
 Yaitsk, in 1771, this wanton insu excited an in- 
 surrection, which was suppressed fstf a time ; but 
 in 1773 an impostor, Pugatchef, who assumed the 
 name of Peter III., appeared among them ; and 
 taking advantage of this circumstance, roused 
 them once more into open rebellion. This was 
 suppressed by the defeat and execution of the 
 imposter ; and in order, to extinguish .ill remem- 
 brance of this rebellion, the river Yaik was called 
 the Ural ; the Yaik Cossacs were denominated 
 Uralian Cossacs ; and the town of Yaitsk was 
 named Uralsk. These Cossacs are very rich, in 
 consequence of their fisheries in the Caspian Sea_ 
 Their principal fishery is for sturgeons and belu- 
 ga, whose roes supply large quantities of caviare ; 
 and the fish, chiefly salted and dried, afford a con- 
 siderable article of consumption in the Russian 
 empire. 
 
 Uralsk, a town of Russia, capital of the country 
 of the Uralian Cossacs, was formerly called Yaitsk 
 and is seated on the river Ural, 375 m. N. N. E. of 
 Astracan. Long. 50. 10. E., lat. 52. 0. N. 
 
 Uraniburg, a once magnificent castle, of Den- 
 mark, in the island of Huen, now in ruins. It 
 was built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated astrono- 
 mer, who called it Uraniburg, or Castle of the 
 Heavens, and here made his observations. 
 
 Urbanna, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. 252. m. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,288; p.t. Champaign Co. Ohio. 
 Pop. 1,103 
 
 Urbana, p.v. Middlesex Co. Pa. on the Rap- 
 pahannoc. 47 m. N. iTork. It has some com- 
 merce. 
 
 Urbania, a town of Italy, in the delegation of 
 Urbino, built by Urban VIII. ; seated on the Me- 
 tro, 7 m. S. S. W: of Urbino. 
 
 Urbino, a delegation of Italy, in the pope's dc 
 minions, comprising the greater part of the form- 
 er duchy of Urbino, with some adjoining districts. 
 The air is not deemed wholesome, nor is the soil 
 fertile. The chief production is silk, and game is 
 plentiful. 
 
 Urbino, a city of Italy, capital of the foregoing 
 delegation, and an archbishop's see. The uni- 
 versity contains a noble college and 16 convents 
 Great quantities of fine earthenware are made here 
 and it is famous for being the birth-place of the 
 illustrious painter Raphael. It stands on a hilL 
 58 m. E. of Florence and 120 N. of Rome. 
 Long. 12. 40. E., lat.43. 46. N. 
 
 Ureden,n town of Prussian Westphalia, in the 
 government of Munster, with manufactures of ex- 
 cellent linen ; seated on the Berckel, 26 m. W. 
 N. W. of Munster. 
 
 Urgel, a town of Spain in Catalonia, and a bish- 
 op's see. It is seated on the Segra, in a fertile 
 plain, surrounded by mountains planted with 
 vineyards, 73 m. N. N. W. of Barcelona. Lon<-. 
 1. 28. E., lat. 42. 24. N. 
 
 Urahenz, a town of the country of Carcasm, of 
 which it was formerly the capital : seated on a 
 small river which runs into the lake Aral, 90 m. 
 N. N. W. of Khiva. Long. 53. 30. E., lat. 
 42^24. N. 
 
 Uri, a canton of Switzerland, 30 m. long, and 
 12 broad; bounded on the N. by the canton of 
 Sweitz and the Waldstadter Sea, E. by the can 
 tons of Grisons and Glarus, S. by the bailiwics 
 of Italy, and W. by the cantons of Underwaldei: 
 and Bern. It has an area of 640 square miles 
 with 15,000 inhabitants. Altorf is the capital 
 See Schweitz. 
 
 Uri, Lake of. See Waldstadter See. 
 
UTi 
 
 747 
 
 UZE 
 
 Urseren, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Uri, situate on the Reuss 17 m. S. S. E. of 
 Altorf. 
 
 Ursitz, St., a town of Switzerland, in the canto 1 
 of Bern, indebted for its origin to a hermitage, 
 built in the 7th century by St. Ursinius. It is 
 seated on the Doubs, 6 m. S. of Porentrui. 
 
 Usbec Tartary, a vast country of Western Tar- 
 tary, bounded on the N. by the country of the 
 Kalmucs and Turkestan, E. by Thibet, S* by Hin- 
 doostan and Persia, and VV. by the Caspian Sea. 
 These Tartars are divided into several tribes, gov- 
 erned by their respective khans, or princes. 
 When under one sovereign, they were the most 
 powerful of all the Tartarian nations. The prin- 
 cipal khans pride themselves in being descended 
 from Tamerlane, whose birth-place was the an- 
 cient city of Samarcand. The Usbecs, in their 
 persons, are said to have better complexions, and 
 more engaging features than the Kalmucs. Their 
 religion is Mahometism, and they differ in general 
 very little from the people of the northern prov- 
 inces of Hindoostan. 
 
 Uscaziti. See Scozia. 
 
 Usedom, an island of the Prussian States, in 
 Pomerania, in the Baltic Sea, between the mouths 
 of the Peene and Swin, with two forts named af- 
 ter these two rivers. It has a town of the same 
 name, on the S. W. coast, 40 in. N. W. of Stet- 
 tin. Long. 14. 2. E., lat. 53. 58. N. 
 
 Ushant, an island of France, on the coast 
 of the department of Finisterre, opposite Con- 
 quet. It is 8 m in circumference, and contains 
 several hamlets and a castle. Long. 5. 5. W., 
 lat. 48. 28. N. 
 
 Usingen, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau. It has a handsome castle, and is seat- 
 ed on the Usbach, 12 m. S. S. E. of Wielburg. 
 
 Usk, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. 142 m. 
 W. by N. of London. 
 
 Ussel, a town of France, department of Correze, 
 32 m. N. E. of Tulle and 53 E. S. E. of Limoges. 
 
 Ustaritz, a town in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees, (5 m. S. S. E. of Bayonne. 
 
 Ustica. a small island in the Mediterranean, 25 
 m. N. of the coast or Sicily. It was for centuries 
 uninhabited, except by wild goats, till in the year 
 1765, a citadel was built and a colony settled. The 
 island is without springs, and its only supply of 
 fresh water consists of rain kept in cisterns. Long. 
 13. 2G. E., lat. 38.42. N. 
 
 Usting, a town of Russia in the government of 
 Vologda, capital of a large district of its name 
 and an archbishop's see. Great quantities of 
 grain are sent hence to different parts. It is 
 seated on the Dwina, 404 m. N. E. of Moscow. 
 
 Utka, city, Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mo- 
 hnwk 96 m N. W. Albany, is one of the largest 
 and most flourishing towns in this part of the 
 state. It is regularly built, with broad and straight 
 streets, and handsome buildings. The Erie ca- 
 nal, the great road, and the river unite at this 
 point and secure this place a flourishing trade ; 
 the surrounding country is fertile, Utica has 11 
 churches, 3 banks, a lyceum and a court house. 
 Pop. 8,323 
 
 Utica, p. v. Clarke Co. Ind. ; p. v. Licking Co. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Utrecht, one of the Dutch provinces, 30 m. 
 long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N. and W. 
 by Holland and the Zuyder Zee, E. and S. by 
 Guelderland. The soil is fertile, and there are 
 no inundations to fear as in the other provinces. 
 
 Utrecht, a fortified city of the Netherlands, cap- 
 tal of the foregoing province, with a famous uni- 
 versity. It is of a square form, about 3 miles in 
 circumferance, exclusive ol the suburbs, which 
 are considerable. The inhabitants are estimated 
 at 35,000. The most distinguished of the public 
 buildings is the cathedral, the tower of which is 
 very lofty, and said to be one of the handsomest 
 in the kingdom. The town-house is also a noble 
 building, and there are a great many churches 
 and hospitals, schools for the fine arts, a hall of 
 paintings, several valuable libraries, &c. The 
 principal manufactures are silk and firearms; 
 and in a palace called the Mall is an extensive 
 foundry for cannon balls. Two canals, called the 
 New Graft and the Vaert, run through the city, 
 and over them are 36 stone bridges. The envi- 
 rons are full of gardens, walks, and groves, which 
 added to the purity of the air, render Utrecht one 
 of the most agreeable places for residence in these 
 parts. Here the union of the Seven United 
 Provinces was begun in 1579 ; and here was con- 
 cluded, in 1713, the peace which terminated the 
 wars of queen Anne. Utrecht surrendered to 
 the Prussians in 1787, and to the French in 1795, 
 each time without resistance. It is seated on 
 the Rhine, J 8 m. S. E. of Amsterdam and 35 N. 
 N. W. of Nimeguen. Long. 5. 8. E., lat. 52. 6. N. 
 
 Utrera, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, near 
 which is a salt-spring, 21 m. S. of Seville. 
 
 Uttoxetcr, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with a 
 market on Wednesday, manufactures of cabinet- 
 ware, and a considerable trade in corn and cheese. 
 The parish church, the body of which has been re- 
 cently rebuilt, is a spacious Gothic edifice. The 
 other places of worship are two meeting-houses 
 for Methodists, and one for Quakers. It is seat- 
 ed on a risimr ground, near the river Dove, 14 m. 
 N. E. of Stafford and 135 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Utznach, a town of Switzerland, capital of a 
 bailivvic belonging to the cantons of Schweitz 
 and Glaris. It is 3 m. N from the lake of Zurich 
 and 15 N. by W. of glaris. 
 
 Uwchland, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Uxbridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 38 tn. S. W. 
 Boston, on Blackstone River, with large manu- 
 factures of woolen. Pop. 2,086. 
 
 Uxbridge, a town in Middlesex, Eng. 15 m. W. 
 by N. of London. 
 
 Uzel , a town of France, department of Cotes 
 du Nord, 17 m. S. W of St Brieux. 
 
 Uzerche, a town in the department of Correze, 
 10 m. N. N. W. of Tulle and 36 S. S. E. of Limo- 
 ges. 
 
 Uzes, a town in the department of Gard, with 
 a spring that supplies the aqueduct of Nismes 
 It is seated in a country abounding in corn, oil, 
 silk, and good wine, 12 m. N. of Nismes. 
 
VAL 
 
 748 
 
 V A AST, ST., a town of France, department of 
 Manche, with a small harbour and some salt 
 works. 14 m. E. S. E. of Cherburg. 
 
 Vabres, a town in the department of Aveiron. 
 It has manufactures of serges, dimities, and cot- 
 tons, and stands at the conflux of two small riv- 
 ers that flows into the Tarn 30 m. S. S. E. of 
 Rodez and 32 E. of Alby. 
 
 Vacfta, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Weimar, 
 on the river Werra, 16 m. W. S. W. of Eisen- 
 bach. 
 
 Vache, an island of the W. Indies, of a triangu- 
 lar form, 24 m. in circuit. It is 12 m. from the 
 S. coast of St. Domingo, opposite St. Louis. 
 
 Vacheluse, one of the Lipari Islands, 3 m. S. 
 of Stromboli. 
 
 Vada, a town of Tuscany, at the mouth of the 
 Cecini, 26 m. S. S. E. of Leghorn. 
 
 Vadacurry or Vadaghery, a town of Hindoos- 
 tan, in Malabar, with a neat fort on the top of a 
 hill. It is a place of considerable trade, and 
 stands on the sea coast, at the N. end of a lono- 
 inland navigation, 12 m. S. S. E. of Tellichery. 3 
 Vadin, a town of Bessarabia, situate on the 
 Danube, 92 m. W. of Nicopoli. 
 
 Vado, a town of the Sardinian States, in the 
 territory of Genoa, on a bay of the Mediterrane- 
 an, 3 m. S. of Savona and 24 S. W. of Genoa. 
 
 Vadestcin, a town in Sweden, in E. Gothland, 
 where the kings of Sweden had a palace, now in 
 ruins. It is seated on the lake Wetter, near the 
 river Motala, 32 m. W. of Nordkioping 
 
 Vadutz, a town and castle of Germany, in the 
 principality of Lichtenstein,26 m. S. of Lindau. 
 Vaena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated 
 on the Castro, 23 m. S. E. of Cordova. 
 
 Vaihend, a town of Persia, in Segestan, on a 
 river of the same name 40 m. E. S. E. of Arok- 
 hage. 
 
 Vaighingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- 
 berg, seated on the Enz, ISm.N. N. W. of Stutt 
 gard. 
 
 Vaison, a town of France department of Vau- 
 cluse, noted as the birth-place of Trogus Pompe- 
 us, the Roman Historian. It is seated on a 
 mountain, near the river Oreze, and the ruins of 
 ancient Vaison, which was one of the largest 
 cities of the Gauls. 22 m. N. E. of Avignon and 
 23 S. S. E. of Montelimar. 
 
 Val. a village of the Netherlands, 3 m. W. of 
 Maestricht. where in 1744 marshal Saxe obtained 
 a victory over the duke of Cumberland. 
 
 Val di Demonii,, a province in the N. E. angle 
 of Sicily. It means the valley of demons, and is 
 so called because Mount ./Etna is situate in this 
 province, which occasioned ignorant and super- 
 stitious people, at the time of its fierv eruptions, 
 to believe it was a chimney of hell. The capital 
 is Messina. 
 
 Val di Mazara, a province in the W. angle of 
 Sicily, so called from the town of Mazara. It 
 contains Palermo, the capital of the whole isl- 
 and. 
 
 Val di Noto, a province in the S. E. angle of 
 Sicily, so called from the town of Noto, its capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Valais, a canton of Switzerland, which consists 
 
 of a valley 100 m. long and 20 broad, between 
 ridges of very high mountains, among which are 
 the Great St. Bernard, Grimsel, Furca,and others 
 whose summits are never free from snow. The 
 S. chain separates it from the Milanese, Piedmont, 
 and Savoy ; the N. divides it from the canton of 
 Bern. The country is divided into Uppei and 
 Lower Valais. The former reaches from Mount 
 Furca, its E. boundary, to thev.ver Morge, below 
 Sion, and the latter from that river to St. Gingou, 
 on the lake of Geneva. A country consisting of 
 plains, elevated valleys, aud lofty mountains, 
 must necessarily exhibit a great variety of cli- 
 mates and prospects. The productions must vary 
 also according to its singular diversity of climates ; 
 for strawberries, cherries, plums, pears, and 
 grapes, in their natural growth, may be tasted in 
 the same day. It has more than sufficient wine 
 and corn for interior consumption, the soil in the 
 midland and lower districts being exceedingly 
 rich and fertile ; but, in the more elevated parts, 
 barley is the only grain that can be cultivated 
 with success. The inhabitants profess the Roman 
 Catholic religion, and the lower class are ex- 
 tremely indolent and dirty ; they have no manu- 
 factures of any consequence. In 1802 the Valais 
 was constituted an independent republic, under 
 the guarrantee of France, Switzerland, and Italy ; 
 but in 1814 it was annexed to Switzerland. Sion 
 is the capital. 
 
 Vulckoicar, a town of Sclavonia, seated on the 
 Walpo. near its conflux with the Danube, 70 in. 
 W. N. W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Valdai, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Novogorod, on the side of a lake of the same 
 name. The lake is 20 m. in circumference, nnd 
 has an island in the middle, on which is a con- 
 vent surrounded by trees. The town contains 
 several brick building's ; and the wooden houses 
 are more decorated than the generality of Russian 
 cottages. It is 72 m. S. E. of Novogorod. Long. 
 33. 44. E., lat. 57. 50. N. 
 
 Valdasnes, a town of Portugal in Tras os 
 Montes. 9 m. E. S. E. of Mirandela. 
 
 Valdeburon, a town of Spain, in Leon, near the 
 source of the Esla, 38 m. N. E. of Leon. 
 
 Valdecabras, a town of Spain, in New Castile. 
 10 m. N. N. E. of Cuenza. 
 
 Valdecona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15 
 m. S. by W. of Tortosa. 
 
 Valdr.maro . a town of Spain in New Castile, 13 
 m. S. of Madrid. 
 
 Valdivia or Baldivia, a sea-port of Chile, built 
 in 1552, by the Spanish general Valdivia, after lie 
 had conquered the country. It is surrounded by 
 walls built of earth, and defended by several forts 
 and batteries ; the entrance of the harbour has 
 also numerous pieces of cannon on each side. In 
 the vicinity are many gold mines It stands on 
 a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 200 m. S. of Concep- 
 cion". Long. 73. 10. W., lat. 39. 40 S. 
 
 Valence, a city of France, ca-pital of the depart 
 ment of Drome, and a bishop's see, with a citadel 
 and a school of artillery. It is surrounded by 
 walls ; and the greatest part of the public places 
 and manv private houses, are adorned with fonn 
 tains. Besides the handsome cathedral, thert 
 
VAL 
 
 749 
 
 VAL 
 
 are many other churches, as well as convents. 
 It is seated on the Rhone, 30 m. N. by E. of Si- 
 viers and 335 S. by E. of Paris. Long. 4. 52. E., 
 lat. 44. 55. N. 
 
 Faience, a town of France, department of Lot- 
 ct-Garonne, on the river Garonne, 12 m. S. E. 
 «f A gen. 
 
 Valencia, a province of Spain, formerly a king- 
 dom ; bounded on the N. by Arragon,N. E. by 
 Catalonia, E. by the Mediterranean, S. and S. 
 W. by Murcia, and W. by New Castile. It is 
 22) m. long, and from 20 to (JO broad, and the 
 most pleasant and populous country in Spain ; 
 for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is 
 watered by a great number of streams, and fertile 
 1.1 all the necessaries of lite, especially fruits, oil, 
 and wine. In the mountains are mines of iron 
 and alum, and quarries of marble, jasper, and 
 lapis calaminaris. Here is also much silk, cot- 
 ton, and hemp; the manufactures of which are 
 the cause of a considerable population. 
 
 Valencia, a city of Spain, capital of the above 
 province, and an archbishop's see, with a univer- 
 sity. The Moors were expelled from it in the 
 12th century. It was taken by the earl of Peter- 
 borough in 1705, and lost again in two years 
 after. In 1811 it was taken by the French, under 
 Suchet, with a garrison of 115,000 men, and im- 
 mense stores. It contains 12,000 houses within 
 the walls, besides those in the suburbs and plea- 
 sure gardens around it, which amount to the same 
 number. The cathedral has a steeple 130 feet 
 high ; and one side of the choir is incrusted with 
 alabaster, and adorned with fine paintings of 
 Scripture history. The palace of the viceroy, 
 that of Ciuta, the monastery of St. Jerome, the 
 exchange, and the arsenal, are all worthy of no- 
 tice. Here are manufactures of cloth and silk ; 
 and several remains of antiquity. It is seated on 
 the Guadalaviar, near the Mediterranean, 130 m. 
 E. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. 80,000. 
 
 Valencia, a town of S. America, in Venezuela, 
 seated on the lake Tocarigua, 57 m. S. W. of 
 Porto Cavallo. Long. (55. 30. W., lat. 9. 50. N. 
 
 Valencia <i Alcantara,, a town of Spain, in Es- 
 tremadura, with an old castle. It is surrounded 
 by walls, and stands on a rock, near the frontiers 
 of Portugal, 28 m. S. W. of Alcantara and 45 N. 
 N. W. of Badajos. 
 
 Valenciennes, a city of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, seated on the Scheldt, which flows 
 through* it in several branches, and here begins 
 to be navigable. It is large and populous ; but 
 the streets are narrow and crooked and many of 
 the houses are of wood. The citadel and forti- 
 fications were constructed by order of Louis 
 XIV. who took this town from the Spaniards , 
 aud it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nim- 
 guen, in 1078. In 1793 it was taken by the allies, 
 under the duke of York, after a severe siege. But 
 in 1794 it again surrended to the French by ca- 
 pitulation, and was confirmed to them by the trea- 
 ties of 1814, 1815. Besides lace, this city is noted 
 for manufactures of woolen stuffs and cambric. 
 It is 28 m. S. E. of Lisle and 120 N. N. E. of Pa- 
 ris. Long. 3. 32. E., lat. 50. 21. N. 
 
 Valentia, an island and harbour on the coast of 
 Ireland in the country of Kerry, S. of Dingle Bay. 
 
 Valentine, a town of France, department of Up- 
 per Garonne, 9 m. N. E. of St. Bertrand. 
 
 Valenza, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- 
 ernmejit of Milan, seated on a mountain near the 
 river Po, 12 m. E. S. E. of Cassal, and 35 S. S. 
 W. f Milan 
 
 Valenza, a fortified town of Portugal in Entre 
 Douero e Minho, seated on an eminence, near 
 the river Minho, opposite Tuy, in Spain, and 30 
 m.N. N. W. of Braga. 
 
 Valette, a city of Malta, the capital of that is- 
 land, and wonderfully stpong both by nature and 
 art. It is seated on a peninsula, between two of 
 the finest ports in the world, which are defended 
 by almost impregnable fortifications. Valette has 
 three gates, and the streets are all paved with flat 
 square stones. The houses are neat, and built of 
 stone ; the rooms forming a flat terrace plastered 
 with pozzolana : and most of them have a balco- 
 ny to the street, where the inhabitants pass a great 
 part of their time. The principal buildings are 
 the palace of the grand master, the infirmary, the 
 conservatory, and the magnificent church of St. 
 John. The pavement of this church is composed 
 entirely of sepulchral monuments of the finest 
 marbles, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and a variety of 
 other valuable stones, admirably joined together, 
 representing the arms, insignia, &c, of the per- 
 sons whose names they commemorate. The crreat 
 source of water that supplies Valette rises near 
 Citta Vecchia, and is thence conveyed by an aque- 
 duct, erected at the expense of one of the grand 
 masters. Valette is situate opposite Cade Passe- 
 ro in Sicily. Long. 15. 34. E., lat. 35. 54. N. 
 
 Valette, a town of France, department of Char- 
 ente, 12 m. S. by E. of Angouleme. 
 
 Valkenburg, or Fauquemont, a town of the Neth- 
 erlands, in Limburg. In 1672 it was taken by 
 the French, who demolished the fortifications. It 
 is seated on the Geule, 8 m. E. by N. of Maes- 
 tricht. Long. 5. 58. E., lat. 51. 0. N. 
 
 Valladolid, a city of Spain, in Leon, capital of a 
 province of the same name, and a bishops's see 
 with a university. It has long and broad streets, 
 and is adorned with handsome buildings, squares, 
 and fountains. The market place, called El Cam- 
 po, is 700 paces in circumference, surrounded by 
 a great number of convents. There are nume- 
 rous monasteries and nunneries, the finest of 
 which is that of the Domnicans, remarkable for 
 its church, which is one of the most magnificent 
 in the city. The kings formerly resided at this 
 place ; and the royal palace, which still remains, 
 is of very large extent, though but two stories 
 high. The town-house takes up the entire side of 
 a square. Here are some woolen manufactures, 
 and many goldsmiths and jewelers. The envi- 
 rons of the city are covered with gardens, orch- 
 ards, vineyards, meadows and fields. Valladolid 
 was taken and retaken several times, by the 
 French and Spaniards, during the late peninsular 
 war. It is seated on the Escurva, near the Pis- 
 nerga, 74 in. S. S. W. of Leon and 100 N. N. W. 
 of Madrid. Long. 4. 47. W., lat. 41 . 42. N. 
 
 Valladolid, a province of the republic of Mexi- 
 co, bounded N. by the Rio de Lerma, S. by the 
 Pacific, W. by New Galicia, and E. by Mexico 
 Proper. It is 200 miles in circumference, and is 
 very rich, abounding in all the necesssaries of 
 life ; and the climate in general is mild and sa- 
 lubrious. At the period of the Spanish conquest 
 this province formed part of the kingdom of Me- 
 choacan, which was independant of the. ancient 
 Mexican empire. 
 
 Valladolid, or Mechoacan, a city of Mexico, cap- 
 ital of the foregoing province, with a fine cathe- 
 dral, and some handsome houses : situate on a river 
 near its source, 120 m. W. of Mexico. 
 
 Valladolid, or Comayagua, a city of S. America 
 capital of Honduras; seated in a plain, 280 re 
 3r2 
 
VAN 
 
 750 
 
 VAR 
 
 E of Guatemala. Long. 88. 20. W., lat. 14. 
 35 N. 
 
 Vail donga, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 tia, 18 m. E. N. E. of Nicotera. 
 
 Vallencay, a town of France, in the department 
 of Tndre, on the Nabon, and 28 m. N. by W. of 
 Chateauroux. 
 
 Vallengin,a town of Switzerland, in a county 
 of its name, united to the principality of Neuf- 
 chatel. It is seated on the Scyon, 3 m. N. N. W. 
 of Neufchatel. 
 
 Vallers, a town of France, department of Indre- 
 et- Loire, noted for its mineral waters, 4 m. N. W. 
 of Tours. 
 
 Vallery, St., a town in the department of Som- 
 me, at the mouth of the river Somme, 10 m. W. 
 N. W. of Abbeville and 100 N. by W. of Paris. 
 
 Vallery en Caux, St., a town in the department 
 of Lower Seine, near the sea-coast. William, 
 duke of Normandy, sailed hence when he made 
 his descent on England. It is 15 m. W. S. W. 
 of Dieppe and 100 N. W. of Paris. 
 
 Valley Forge, p. v. Chester Co. Pa. on the 
 Schuylkill. 20 m. N. W. Philadelphia, with man- 
 ufactures of iron. 
 
 Vallier, St., a town in the department of Drome 
 near the river Rhone, 18 m. N. of Valence. 
 
 Valogne, a town in the department of Manche, 
 noted for cloth and leather, 10 m. S. S. E. of 
 Cherburg and 50 W. N. W. of Caen. 
 
 Valona, a sea- port of Albania, and an archbish- 
 op's see, seated at the entrance of the gulf of Ven- 
 ice, near the mountains of Chimera, 50 m. S. of 
 Durazzo. Long. 19. 40. E,. lat. 40. 54. N. 
 
 Valonia, p. v. Jackson Co. Indiana, 64 m. S. 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Vafparayso, a sen. port of Chile, with a well- 
 frequented harbour, defended by a strong fort. 
 Its proximity to St. Jago has drawn hither all the 
 commerce formerly carried on between that city 
 and Callao, which consists principally of wheat, 
 tallow, leather, cordage, and dried fruits. It is 
 seated on a bav of the Pacific Ocean, at the foot 
 of a high mountain, 75 m. N. W. of St. Jago. 
 Long. 72. 19. W., lat. 33. 3. S. 
 
 Valperga, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, 16 m. N. of Turin. 
 
 Valreas, a town of France, department of Vau- 
 cluse, 18 in. N. E. of Orange. 
 
 Vols, a town in the department of Ardeche, 
 celebrated for mineral springs; seated on the Ar- 
 deche, 18 m. N. W.of Viviers. 
 
 Valtdine, or Vallc-telino, a fertile valley of Aus- 
 trian Italy, 50 m. long, and from 12 to 15 broad, 
 enclosed between two chains of high mountains; 
 the N. chain separates it from the Grisons, the S. 
 from the Venetian territories ; on the E. it is 
 bounded by the county of Bormio, and on the W. 
 by that of Chiavana. The river Adda flows 
 through its whole length into the lake Como ; and 
 it is divided into three districts, Upper, Middle, 
 and Lower. The inhabitants are all Roman Cath- 
 olics, and have no manufactures; but they ex- 
 port wine, silk, plants, cheese, butter, and cattle, 
 on the 20th of July, 1620, there was a general 
 massacre of the protestants in this valley. 
 
 Valva, a town of Naples in Abruzzo Citra, 18 
 m.S. S. W. of Civitatfi Chieta. 
 
 Van, a strong town of Curdistan, with a castle 
 on a mountain, in which the Turks keep a nume- 
 rous garrison. It is governed by a beglerbeg, and 
 seated on a lake of its name) 120 m. in circumfer- 
 ence), 80 m. E. by S. of Betlis. Long. 44. 30. E., 
 lat. 37. 10. N. 
 
 Vanceburg, p. v. Lewis Co. Ken. 
 
 Vanadl "ui , the capital of Illinois, in Fayette Co 
 stands on the Kaskaskia, 55 m N. St. Louis and 
 808. W. Washington. The situation is agreeable, 
 but the place is in its infancy. Pop. 500. 
 
 Vandenburg i a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,610. 
 Evansville is the ca'pital. 
 
 Van Diemen's Land, an island in the S. Paeifi--., 
 160 m. long and 80 broad, separated from the S 
 part of New Holland by Bass Strait. It was dis- 
 covered by Tasman in 1642, and till 1799 was 
 deemed the S. extremity of New Holland. Cook 
 called here in 1777 for supplies of wood, water, and 
 grass, and it has since been visited bj differen* 
 navigators. The natives are of a common stature, 
 but rather slender, the skin black, and the hair 
 woolly, but their lineaments more pleasing thar 
 those of Negroes. They seem to prefer birds 
 to all other food. The hovels in which they live 
 resemble those of New S.Wales; but sometimes 
 large trees are hollowed out by fire to the height 
 of six or seven feet. The land is chiefly high, 
 diversified with hills and valleys, which are well 
 wooded and watered. The forest trees seem to 
 be all of one kind, growing quite straight to a 
 height proper for masts. The low lands produce 
 flowering shrubs and odoriferous plants that per- 
 fume the air. S. Cape is in long. 146. 50. E., lat. 
 43. 40. S. 
 
 Vaniam Bady, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 
 55 m. W. S. W. of Arcot and 130 E. of Seringap- 
 atam. 
 
 Vannes, a sea-port of France, capita] of the de- 
 partment of Morbihan, and a bishop's see. The 
 principal trade is in corn, bariron, and fish. It is 
 seated on the gulf of Morbihan, 56 m. S. W. of 
 Rennes and 555 W. by S. of Paris. Long. 2. 46 
 W., lat. 47. 39. N. 
 
 Vansville, p.t. Prince George Co. Maryl. 15 m 
 N. E. Washington. 
 
 Var, a department of France, which takes its 
 name from a river that rises in the county of Nice 
 and enters the Mediterranean. 4 m. W. of Nice. 
 The surface is rugged and the soil very various. 
 It contains an area of 2,900 sq. m. with 290,000 
 inhabitants. Toulon is the capital. 
 
 Varallo, a strong town of the Sardinian states, 
 on the frontiers of Piedmont, 33 m. E. of Aosta 
 and 57 m. N. N. E. of Turin. 
 
 Varambon r a. town of France, department of Ain, 
 on the river Ain, 14 in. S. S. E. of Bourgen Bresse. 
 
 Varasdin, a town of Croatia, with a castle and 
 a citadel ; seated near the Drave, 65 m. N. N. E. 
 of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 32. E., lat. 46. 25. N. 
 
 Vardar, a river of Greece, which rises in Mount 
 Scardus, and flows S. through Macedonia, into 
 the gulf of Salonica. 
 
 Varella, a cape on the E. coast of the kingdom 
 of Ciampa. Behind it is a mountain, remarkable 
 for having a high rock, like a tower, on its sum- 
 mit. Long. 109. 17. E., lat. 12. 50. N. 
 
 Varennes, p. v. Pendleton Dis. S. C 
 
 Varennes, a town of France, department of Al- 
 lier, seated on an eminence near the river Allier, 
 20 m. S. of Moulins. 
 
 Varennes, a town in the department of Meuse, 
 where Louis XVI., his queen, sister, and two 
 children, were arrested, in their flight from the 
 Tuilefies in 1791, and conducted back to Paris 
 13 m. W. by N. of Verdun. 
 
 Varese, a town of Austrian Italy, in the govern 
 ment of Milan, 30 m. N. W. of Milan. 
 
 Varhely, a town of Transylvania, 40 m. S. of 
 Weissenburg. 
 
VEO 
 
 751 
 
 VEN 
 
 Variety Mills, p. v. Nelson Co. Va. 
 
 Varna, a sea-port of Bulgaria, and an arch- 
 bishop's see ; seated near the mouth of the Varna, 
 in the Black Sea, 22 m. N. of Mesembria and 145 
 N. W. of Constantinople. Long. 23. 28. E., lat. 
 42. 44. N. 
 
 Varzry, a town of France, department of Nievre, 
 24 m. N. of Ne vers. 
 
 Vasil, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Novogorod, situate on the Volga, 60 m. E. of No- 
 vogorod. Long. 45. 44. E., lat. 56. 16. N. 
 
 Vassal borough, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the 
 Kennebec,_83 m. N. E. Portland. Pop. 2,761. 
 
 Vassy, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Marne, where, in 1562, a bloody persecution of the 
 protestnnts began, by order of the duke of Guise. 
 It. is seated on the Blaise, 10 m. N. VV. of Joinville. 
 
 Vatan, a town in the department of Indre, 8 in. 
 N. W. of Issoudun. 
 
 Vat'ua, a sea-port of the Morea, situate on a 
 large bay to which it gives name, 44 m. S. E. of 
 Misitra. Long. 23. 2. E., lat. 36. 33. N. 
 
 Vaucluse; a department of France, including the 
 county of Venaissin and territory of Avignon. 
 The superficial extent is estimated at 1,400 sq. m. 
 with 210.000 inhabitants. It takes its nasne from 
 the fountain of Vaucluse, 12 m. E. of Avignon, cel- 
 ebrated by Petrarch. The chief town is Avignon. 
 
 Vaucouleurs, a town of France, department of 
 Meuse, seated on the side of a hill, on the river 
 Meuse, 23 m. S. E. of Bar le Due. 
 
 Vaud, Pays de. See Pays. 
 
 Vaudemont, a town of France, department of 
 Meurthe, 18 m. S. by W. of Nancy. 
 
 Vauville, a town in the department of Manche, 
 on a bay to which it gives name, 9 in. W. of Cher- 
 burg. 
 
 Vauxhale, a village in Surrey, Eng., seated on 
 the Thames, over which is an elegant iron bridge, 
 of nine arches, 2 m. S. W. of London It is cel- 
 ebrated for its gardens, which, as a place of public 
 entertainment, are the finest in Europe. 
 
 Vaypura, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, 
 seated at the mouth of a fine river, down which 
 much teak timber is floated. 7 m. S. of Calicut. 
 
 Vecht, a river that rises in Westphalia, near 
 Munster, crosses the counties of Stenfort and Ben- 
 theim, and, entering Overyssel, passes by Ommen, . 
 Hasselt, and Swartsluys, below which it enters the 
 Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Vecht, a river of Holland, which branches off" 
 from the old channel of the Rhine at Utrecht, and 
 enters the Zuyder Zee at Muyden. 
 
 Vechta, a town and fortress of Germany, in the 
 principality of Oldenburg, seated on a river of the 
 same name, 27 m. S. of Oldenburg, and 35 N. N. 
 E. of Osnaburg. 
 
 Vedenskoi, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Archangel, situate on the Vokscha, 200 m. E. 
 S. E. of Archangel. Long. 46. 44. E., lat. 58. 4 5. N. 
 
 Vega, a town of Spain, in Asturias, near the 
 coast, 34 m. N. W. of Oviedo. 
 
 Vega, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon, 
 22 m. N. N. E. of Leon. 
 
 Vegayman, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Leon!; 28 m. N. N. E. of Leon. 
 
 Veglia, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the 
 coast of Dalmatia. It is 90 ni. in circuit, rocky and 
 badly cultivated, but produces wine and silk, and 
 has small horses in high esteem. The town of the 
 same name has a good harbour, a strong citadel, 
 and is the see of a bishop. Long. 14. 56. E., lat. 
 15. 22. N. 
 
 Vtgliana, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 
 Piedmont, seated on an eminence, near the river 
 Doria, 12 m. N. W. of Turin. 
 
 Veh, a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan, seated 
 at the junction of the Setledge with the Indus, 63 
 m. S. S. W. of Moultan. Long. 70. 5. E., lat. 29. 
 8. N. . 
 
 Ve.iros, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, seated 
 on the Anhaloura, 10 m. S. S. W. of Portalegre. 
 
 Veisenburg, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Revel, near the gulf of Finland, 56 m. E. of 
 Revel. 
 
 Veit, St., a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin- 
 thia, with an old castle, seated at the conflux ol 
 the Glan and Wunich, 8 in. N. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Vela, a cape on the N. coast of Terra Firma, 160 
 m. E. N. E. of St. Martha. Long. 71. 25. W., lat. 
 12. 30. N. 
 
 Velay, a district of France, which is full of high 
 mountains, covered with snow the greater part ol 
 the year, but abounds in cattle. It forms a partol 
 the department of Upper Loire. 
 
 Velburg, a town of Bavaria, in the principality 
 of Neuburg, with a decayed castle, 22 m. N. W. 
 of Batiobon. 
 
 Veldentz, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Lower Rhine, with a castle. The environs pro- 
 duce excellent Moselle wine. It is seated on the 
 Moselle, 19 m. N. E. of Treves. 
 
 Veletri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, 
 the residence of the bishop of Ostia, whose palace 
 is magnificent; and there are large squares adorn- 
 ed with fine fountains. It is seated on an emi 
 nence, 18 m. S. E. of Rome. 
 
 Vetez dc Gomara, a sea-port of the kingdom of 
 Fez, with a castle, seated between two high 
 mountains, on the Mediterranean, 120 in. N. N. 
 E. of Fez. Long. 4. 0. W., lat. 55. 10. N. 
 
 Velez Malaga, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 
 seated in a large plain, between two rivers, near 
 the Mediterranean, 13 m. E. by N. of Malaga and 
 62 S. W. of Grenada. 
 
 Velika, a town of Sclavonia, on the river Baka- 
 wa, 10 m. E. of Cruetz and 60 N. W. of Fosega. 
 
 Velore, a town of Hindoostan, in the CarnaSc, 
 with a large and beautiful 1(iTt, strongly garrison- 
 ed by English forces. The town is pretty large, 
 and well built. Above it are three small forts on 
 as many hills. It is seated in a fine valley, on 
 the Paliar, 14 m. VV. of Arcot. 
 
 Venafro, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 
 25 m. N. by VV. of Capua. 
 
 Venaissin, a small but fertile district of France, 
 now included in t^e department of Vaucluse. 
 
 Venango, a couotv of the VV. Dis. of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Pop. 4,70ij Warren is the capital. 
 
 Venant, St., a town of France, department of 
 Pas de Calais, on the river Lis, 6 m. N. by W. of 
 Bethune and 27 S. E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Venasque, a town of Spain, in Arragon, in a 
 valley of the same name, and on the river Essarn, 
 47 m. N. N. E. of Balbastro. 
 
 Venasque, a town of France, department of 
 Vaucluse, on the river Nasque, 10 m. E. S. E. of 
 Carpentras and 18 E. N. E. of Avignon. 
 
 Vencalichery, a town of Hindoostan, in the E 
 part of Mysore, ceded to the English by the treaty 
 of Seringapatam. Here are the remains of the 
 rajah's palace, and the ruins of a fort. Near this 
 place iron is smelted from black sand. It is 57 m. 
 W. of Arcot and 5^ E. of Bangalore. 
 
 Vr.nct, a town of France, department of Var, ° 
 m. N. of Antibes and 9 W. of Nice. 
 
 Vfiidtt. a department of France, including part 
 ot the former province of Poit-ju. It is so called 
 
VEN 
 
 752 
 
 VEN 
 
 »>om a small river of the same name. The sur- 
 face is level and the soil fertile. It contains an 
 are* of 2,600 sq. m. with 280,000 inhabitants. 
 Bourbon Vendee is the capital. 
 
 Venden, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Riga, on the river Aa, 36 m. E. N. E. of Riga. 
 
 Vendome, a town of France, department of 
 Loire-et-Cher, on the river Loire. 30 m. N. E. of 
 Tours and 95 S. W. of Paris. 
 
 Vendrtll, a (own of Spain, in Catalonia, 23 in. 
 W. S. W. of Barcelona. 
 
 Veneria, a town of Piedmont, which took its 
 name from a magnificent hunting-seat built by a 
 duke of Savoy. It has manufactures of wool and 
 silk, and stands on the Stura. 8 m. N. N. W. of 
 Turin. 
 
 Venezuela, one of the 12 provinces of the re- 
 public of Colombia, bo-unded E. by the province 
 of Cumana, W. by Maracaybo, N. by the Caribb- 
 ean Sea, and S. by the plains of Varinas and the 
 Orinoco. It spreads round a gulf of the same 
 name (which reaches 90 m. within land, and is 
 80 in breadth) and the lake of Maracaybo. When 
 the Spaniards landed here in 1499 they observed 
 some huts built upon piles, in an Indian village 
 named Cora, in order to raise them above the 
 stagnated water that covered the plain ; and this 
 induced them to give it the name of Venezuela, 
 or Little Venice. Near the sea coast are high 
 mountains, the tops of which are barren, but the 
 lower parts in the valley are fertile, and gold is 
 found in the sands of the rivers. The province 
 is said to contain 100,000 inhabitants, who raise 
 great numbers of sheep, manufacture some cotton 
 stuffs, and cultivate excellent tobacco, cocoa, and 
 sugar. Caracas is the capital. 
 
 Venice, formerly a celebrated republic of Italy, 
 the government of which was aristocratic, for 
 none could have any share in it but the nobles. 
 The doge was elected by a plurality of votes, ob- 
 tained in a peculiar manner by means of gold and 
 silver balls ; and after his election the ducal cap 
 was placed on his head with great ceremony, on 
 his public entrance into St. Mark's church. He 
 held his dignity for life, and his office was to 
 marry the Adriatic Sea, in the name of the re- 
 public ; to preside in all assemblies of the state ; 
 to have an eye over all the members of the mag- 
 istracy ; and to nominate to all the benefices an- 
 nexed to the church of St. Mark. On the other 
 hand his power was so limited that he has been 
 justly defined to be, in habit and state, a king ; 
 in authority a counseller ; in the city a prisoner ; 
 and out of it a private person. There were five 
 councils : the first was called La Signoria, com- 
 posed of the doge and six counsellors. The sec- 
 ond was II Consiglio Grande, in which all the 
 nobles, amounting to 2,500, had a voice. The 
 third was II Consiglio dei Pregadi, consisting of 
 about 250 of the nobility. The fourth was II 
 Consiglio Proprio, which was united to the Sig- 
 noria ; its members consisted of 28 assessors ; 
 this council gave audience -to the ambassadors. 
 The fifth and last was II Consiglio dei Dieci, 
 composed of ten counsellors, who took notice of 
 all criminal matters ; and the doge himself, when 
 accused, was obliged to appear before them ; 
 there was no appeal from this council, which 
 was a severe state inquisition. This constitution, 
 however, no longer exists. In 1797, a tumult 
 having happened at Venice, in which some French 
 soldiers were killed, the French seized the city, 
 and instituted a provisionary democratic govern- 
 ment ; but soon after, by the treaty of Campo 
 
 Formio, the city and territory of Venice, iying .o 
 the N. and W. of the river Adige, was ceded to 
 Austria as a duchy, in equivalence for the domin- 
 ions that house had lost in the Netherlands and 
 the remainder of the territory was annexed to 
 what the French then styled the Cisalpine repub- 
 lic. In 1805 commenced a short war between 
 Austria and France, and, by the treaty of peace 
 at Presburg. the duchy of Venice was given up, 
 and the whole territory of Venice was annexed to 
 the kingdom of Italy. The Austrians, however, 
 took possession of this country in 1814. The 
 Venetian territories on the continent, enumerated 
 above (and which, by way of distinction, are some- 
 times called the Terra Firma) are described in 
 their respective places. 
 
 Venice was once one of the most powerful 
 commercial and maritime states in Europe. For 
 this it was indebted, at first, to the monopoly of 
 the commerce of India; the products of that 
 countrv being conveyed, in the middle ages, up 
 the gulf of Persia, the Euphrates, and the Tigris as 
 far as Bagdad ; thence by land across the desert, 
 to Palmyra; and thence to the Mediterranean 
 ports; and afterwards the supplying of the cru- 
 saders with provisions and military stores was an 
 additional source of opulence and power. All 
 this declined, however, after the discovery of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, by the Portuguese, in 1480 ; 
 which in its consequences, has reduced Venice 
 from a state of the highest splendour to compar- 
 tive insignificance. The Venetians are lively and 
 ingenious, extravagantly fond of amusements, 
 with an uncommon relish for humour. They are 
 in general tall, well made, and of a ruddy brown 
 colour, with dark eyes. The women are of a 
 fine style of countenance, with expressive features 
 and a skin of rich carnation: they are of easy sid- 
 dress, and have no aversion to cultivate an ac- 
 quaintance with strangers who are properly re- 
 commended. Whatever degree of licentiousness 
 may prevail among them, jealousy, poison, and 
 the stiletto have been long banished from their 
 gallantry. The common people display some 
 qualities very rarely to be found in that sphere of 
 life, being remarkably sober, obliging to strangers, 
 and gentle in their intercourse with each other. 
 
 Venice, a city of Italy, and a long time the cap- 
 ital of a territory of the same name. In the 4th 
 century, when Attila, king of the Huns, rav- 
 aged the N. part of Italy, many of the inhabit 
 ants abandoned their country, and retired into 
 the islands of the Adriatic Sea, now called the 
 gulf of Venice, These islands being near each 
 other, they found means to join them by driv- 
 ing 1 piles on the sides, and forming the channels 
 into canals, on which they built houses, and 
 thus the superb city of Venice had its begin- 
 ning. It is the see of a patriarch, and stands on 
 72 little islands, about 5 m. from the mainland, 
 in a kind of laguna or lake, separated from the 
 gulf of Venice by some islands at a few m. dis- 
 tance. These islands in a great measure break the 
 force of the Adriatic storms, before they reach the 
 laguna. The number of the inhabitants in 1825, 
 was 109,927. They have a flourishing trade in 
 silk manufactures, bone-lace, and all sorts of glasses 
 and mirrors, which make their principal employ- 
 ments. Most of the houses have a door open* 
 ing upon a canal, and another into a street, by 
 means of which, and of the bridges, a person may 
 go to almost any part of the city by land as well 
 as by water. The streets in general are narrow, 
 and so are the canals, except the Grand Canal 
 
VEN 
 
 753 
 
 VER 
 
 which is very broad and has a serpentine course 
 through the middle of the city. There are nearly 
 500 bridges in Venice ; but most of them are only 
 paltry single arches thrown over the canals. The 
 Kialto consists also of a single arch, but a very 
 noble one, and of marble, built across the grand ca- 
 nal, near the middle, where it is the narrowest; 
 this celebrated arch is 90 feet wide on the level of 
 the canal, and 24 feet high. The beauty of it is 
 impaired by two rows of booths or shops, which 
 divide its upper surface into three narrow streets. 
 The view from the Rialto is equally lively and 
 magnificent, the canal being covered by boats and 
 gondolas, and flanked on each side by magnifi- 
 cent palaces, churches, and spires. The patri- 
 archal church of St. Mark, one of the richest and 
 most expensive in the world, is crowned by five 
 domes : and the treasury is very rich in jewels 
 and relics. In the numerous churches and con- 
 vents are the most admirable paintings ; and in- 
 deed Venice, highly renowned for valuable pain 
 tings, ' far surpasses, in this respect, even Rome 
 itself. The ducal palace, before the subversion 
 of the republic, contained the apartments of the 
 doge, halls and chambers for the senate and the 
 different councils and tribunals, and an armory, 
 in which a great number of muskets were kept, 
 ready charged, that the nobles might arm them- 
 selves on any sudden insurrection. The arsenal 
 is a fortification of three m. in compass; before it 
 was possessed by the French, it contained arms 
 for 00,000 foot and 20,000 horse, arranged in an 
 ornamental manner ; and 2,800 men were daily 
 employed in building ships, casting cannons, 
 making cables, sails, anchors, &c. The hand- 
 some structure called II Frontica di Tedeschi, con- 
 taining 22 shops and 100 rooms, is that where 
 the German merchants store their commodities. 
 The bank of Venice is supposed to be the first 
 of the kind in Eufope, after the model of which 
 those of Amsterdam and Hamburg were estab- 
 lished. In this city a famous carnival is held from 
 Christmas till Ash Wednesday, in all which time 
 libertinism reigns through the city, and thousands 
 of foreigners frequent it from all parts of Europe- 
 Die chief divisions are ridottos and masquerades ; 
 and St. Mark's Place is the general rendezvous. 
 Venice is included in the provinces called the Do- 
 gado, and is 125 m. N. N. E. of Florence and 140 
 E. of Milan. Long. 12. 23. E., lat. 45 27. N. 
 
 Venice, Gulf of, a sea or gulf of the Mediterra- 
 nean, between Italy and Turkey in Europe. It 
 is the ancient Adriaticum Mare, and is still some- 
 times called the Adriatic Sea. There are many 
 islands in it, and many bays or small gulfs on 
 each coast. The grand ceremony of the doge of 
 Venice marrying the Adriatic annually on Ascen- 
 sion Day, by dropping into it a ring from his bu- 
 centaur, or state barge, attended by all the nobili- 
 ty and ambassadors in gondolas, was intermitted 
 in 1797. for the first time for several centuries. 
 
 Venice, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 174 m. W. Al- 
 bany. Pop. 2,445 ; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on San- 
 dusky Bay, 110 m. N. E. Columbus. 
 
 Venlo, a strong town of the Netherlands, in 
 Guelderland, and a place of trade for merchan- 
 dize coming from the adjacent countries. In 
 1702 it surrendered to the allies, and was confirm- 
 ed to the Dutch by the barrier treaty in 1715. It 
 was taken by the French in 1794, but ceded to 
 the allies in 1814. It is seated on the E. side of 
 the Meuse, opposite Fort St. Michael, 12 m. N. 
 of Ruremonde. Long. 6. 6. E., lat. 51. 22. N. 
 
 Venosa, a town of Naples, in Basilioala, noted 
 95 
 
 as the birth-place of Horace ; seated on the rive: 
 Ofanto, 13 m. N. W. of Acerenza. 
 
 Venta de Cruz, a town of Terra Firma, in the 
 isthmus of Darien, seated on the river Chagre 
 Here the Spaniards used to bring the merchan- 
 dize of Peru and Chile on mules, from Panama, 
 and embark it on the river for Porto Bello, 20 m. 
 N. of Panama. 
 
 Venzone, a town of Austrian Italy, in Friuli, 
 situate on the Tagliamento, 18 m. N. N. W. ot 
 Friuli. 
 
 Vera, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 24 m. N. 
 N. E. of Almeriaand 80 E. of Grenada. 
 
 Vera Cruz, a province of Mexico, comprising a 
 considerable part of the eastern coast. It has an 
 area of about 32.000 square miles, with 160,000 
 inhabitants. The soil of the lower grounds is 
 abundantly productive, but the climate is so vari- 
 ous that in the space of one day the traveller 
 may pass from the regions of perpetual snow 
 through all the intermediate temperatures to the 
 suffocating heat of the plain near the sea, and 
 within the compass of a few miles the naturalist 
 may range through the scale of vegetation. 
 
 Vera Cruz, a city and sea-port of Mexico, cap- 
 ital of the above. The harbour is defended by a 
 fort, situate on a rock of the island of St. Juar 
 de Ulhua, nearly adjoining. This port i3 the 
 natural centre of the treasure and merchandise 
 of Mexico, and it receives much E. India produce 
 by way of Acapulco from the Philippine Islands. 
 The city is regularly built; its streets broad and 
 strait, and its edifices constructed of Materials 
 drawn from the bottom of the ocean — for no rock 
 is to be procured in the neighbourhood. It is 
 situated in an arid plain, without running wa- 
 ter, and on which the N. winds blow with 
 dreadful impetuosity from October to April, form 
 ing vast hills of moving sand. People in easy 
 circumstances drink rain water collected in cis- 
 terns, and it is in contemplation to erect public 
 cisterns within the precincts of the city ; but at 
 present the common people are obliged to use wa- 
 ter which preceeds from the filtration of th* 
 marshes, and which having been in contact wiln 
 the roots of vegetables, is of very bad quality 
 The Old Town, 16 in. to the N. W., is famous on 
 account of the landing of Cortez, with 500 Span- 
 iards, when he undertook the conquest of Mexico. 
 Vera Cruz is 200 rri. E. S. E. of Mexico. Long 
 96. 50. W., lat. 19. 5. N. 
 
 Vera Paz, a province of S. America, in Guatema- 
 la, bounded on the N. by Yucatan, E. by the bay 
 and province of Honduras, S. by Guatemala Pro- 
 per, and W. by Chiapa. It is full of mountains 
 and forests ; but there are many fertile valleys 
 which feed a great number of horses and mules. 
 There are also many towns and villages of the 
 native Americans. The capital, of the same 
 name, is a bishop's see, but is inconsiderable. I* 
 is 120 m. N. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 55. W 
 lat 15. 30. N. 
 
 Veragua, a province of Terra Firma, bounded 
 on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by the prov- 
 ince and bay of Panama, S. by the Pacific Ocean, 
 and W. by Costa Rica. It is 125 m. long and 4(T 
 broad, and is a mountainous and barren country 
 but abounds in gold and silver. St. Jago> is the 
 capital. 
 
 Verbcrie, a town of France, department of Oise, 
 on the river Oise, 10 m. N. E. of Senlis. 
 
 Vercelli, a city of the Sardinian States, in Pied- 
 mont, capital of a lordship of the same name, anrf 
 a bishop's see. The townhouse. the governor? 
 
VER 
 
 754 
 
 VER 
 
 palace, and the hospital, are handsome structures. 
 The inhabitants, estimated at 20,000, are chiefly 
 employed in the manufacture of silk. It is seat- 
 ed at the conflux of the Cerva with the Cesia, 40 
 m N. E. of Turin. Long. 8. 24. E, lat. 45. 
 31 N. 
 
 Vercholensk, a town of Russia, in .the govern- 
 ment of Irkutsk, seated on the Lena, 120 m. N. 
 of Irkutsk. Long. 105. 35. E., lat. 54. 0. N. 
 
 Verchotura, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Perm, and a bishop's see. This was the 
 first town the Russians built in Siberia. It is sit- 
 uate near the river Tura, 120 m. N. of Catharinen- 
 burg. Long. GO. 15. E., lat. 5?. 45. N. 
 
 Verde, Cape, a promontory on the W. coast of 
 Africa, 145 m. N. W. of the mouth of the Gambia. 
 Long. 17. 31. W., lat. 14. 44. N. 
 
 Verde Islands, Cape, islands in the Atlantic, 
 above 300 m. W. of the coast of Africa, between 
 13. and 19. N. lat. They were discovered in 
 1446, by Anthony Noel, a Genoese in the service 
 of Portugal, and received their general name from 
 their situation opposite Cape Verde ; but they are 
 said to have been known to the ancients, under 
 the name of Gorgades. They are ten in number, 
 lying in a semicircle. The names are St. Anto- 
 nio, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicholas, Sal, Bon- 
 avista, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Brava. St. 
 Jago is the principal. 
 
 Verdtn, a duchy of Hanover, 28 m. long and 
 nearly as much broad ; bounded on the W. and 
 N. by the duchy of Bremen, and E. and S. by the 
 duchy of Lunenburg. It consists chiefly of heaths 
 and high dry lands ; but there are good marshes 
 on the rivers Weser and Aller. It was formerly 
 a bishopric, which, at the peace of Westphalia, 
 was secularised, and ceded to Sweden ; in 1712 
 it was taken by the Danes, who, in 1715, ceded it 
 to the electoral house of Brunswick, which session 
 was confirmed in 1718 by the Swedes. The in- 
 habitants are Lutherans. 
 
 Verden, the capital of the foregoing duchy, con- 
 tains four churches, and is seated on a branch of 
 the Aller, 18 m. E. S. E. of Bremen. Long. 9. 
 tiO. E., lat. 52. 58. N. 
 
 Verdun, a strong town of France, department 
 of Meuse, and a bishop's see. The citadel, which 
 is a regular fortification, was constructed by Vau- 
 ban, who was a native of this place. Besides the 
 cathedral there are a collegiate church and nine 
 parish churches, and it is divided into the Upper, 
 Lower, and New Town. Verdun surrendered to 
 the Prussians in 1792, but was retaken soon after. 
 Here Bonaparte confined those Englishmen whom 
 he detained after the rupture of 1803. It is seat- 
 ed on the Meuse, 28 m. N. by E. of Bar le Due 
 and 140 E. by N. of Paris. Long. 5. 23. E., lat. 
 49. 9. N. 
 
 Verdun, a town in the department of Saone-et 
 Loire, seated on the Saone, at the influx of the 
 Doubs, 30 m. E. by. S. of Autun. 
 
 Verdun, a town in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, seated on the Garonne, 20 m. N. N. W. 
 of Toulouse. 
 
 Verea, a town of Macedonia, 48 m. W. of Sa- 
 lonica. 
 
 Vereria, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Moscow, 56 - W. S. W. of Moscow. 
 
 Vergenncs, p.t. Addison Co. Vl. on L. Cham- 
 plain at the mouth of Otter Creek. 21. m. S. 
 Burlington. Pop. 999. This place has been in- 
 corporated with city privileges. It has many iron 
 foundries and mills, and manufactures of woolen. 
 Verinv, a town of Terra Firma, in Cumana, 
 
 celebrated for its tobacco. It is situate on a gulf 
 of the Atlantic, 45 m. E. of Cumana. Long. 63 
 44. W., lat. 10. 8. N. 
 
 Vermandois, a territory of France in Picardy 
 
 Vermanton, a town of France department of 
 Yonnc, 14 m. S. S. E. of Auxerre. 
 
 Vermejo, a river which rises in Tucuman, on 
 the borders of Peru, flows S. E. to the Paraguay, 
 and enters that river a little above its junction 
 with the Parana. 
 
 Vermilion, a county of Illinois. Pop. 5,836. 
 Danville is the capital. A county of Indiana. 
 Pop. 5.706. Newport is the capital. 
 
 Vermilion, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 133. m. N. E. 
 Columbus. Pop. 505; p.t. Richland Co Ohio. 
 86 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,451. 
 
 Vermont, one of the New England States, 
 bounded N. by Canada, E. by N. Hampshire, S. 
 by Massac liu setts and W. by N. Y. from which it 
 is separated from the west part by Lake Cham- 
 plain. It extends from 42. 44. to 45. N. lat. and 
 from 71. 33. to 73. 26 W. long, and contains 
 10,212 sq miles. The eastern limit is washed by 
 the Connecticut, and the whole State is traversed 
 from N. to S. by the Green Mountains, from 
 which numerous small streams flow East and 
 West into Lake Champlain and the Connecticut. 
 The chief of these streams are Onion River, Otter 
 Creek, the Missisque, the Pasumsic, White Riv- 
 er and West River. Lake Memphremagog lies on 
 the northern limits of the State. A remarkable 
 eruption of one of the small lakes of this state 
 took place in 1810. Long Lake, a beautiful sheet 
 of water, a mile and a half in length, and three 
 fourths of a mile in width, was situated in the 
 town of Glover in the N. part of the state, and 
 communicated by a small stream with lake Cham- 
 plain. About 200 rods from Long Lake, was a 
 smaller lake on much lower level, the outlet of 
 which was Barton River, flowing in an opposite 
 direction into Lake Memphremagog. The land 
 separating these lakes was a steep declivity. The 
 water being low at the mills on Barton River, 
 during the summer of 1810, it was thought ad- 
 visable to obtain a new supply by letting out a 
 portion of the water of Long Lake into the lake 
 
 beneath, by means of a trench down the intrrven 
 ing declivity. Accordingly, on the 6th of June 
 the people of the neighbourhood assembled with 
 their tools, and began the work of cutting the 
 trench, when on a sudden the lake burst its bor- 
 ders, and poured with its whole mass down the 
 descent, rushing with inconceivable velocity in 
 an immense column, three quarters of a mile 
 wide, and 80 feet in depth, across the country 15 
 miles into Lake Memphremagog. This furious 
 torrent tore up in its course, rocks, hills and for 
 ests, sweeping away houses, mills, cattle, &c 
 
VER 
 
 755 
 
 VER 
 
 roaring like thunder, and shaking the earth like 
 a mighty earthquake. The inhabitants of Barton 
 hearing the roar, looked up toward the lake, and 
 beheld the torrent coming down upon them, 
 bearing a whole forest upon its top. The cattle 
 for many miles round, ran bellowing to their 
 homes, and all the neighbourhood were thrown 
 into the greatest terror. No lives were lost, but 
 a vast amount of damage was occasioned. — 
 The winter begins here about the first of 
 December, although the frosts appear as early as 
 the first of September. From the first setting in, 
 to the breaking up of the winter, there is scarce- 
 ly any thaw. The winter continues till April. 
 Snow storms are frequent, yet little snow falls at 
 a time : they come from all points of the compass 
 except the East, and are generally over in a few 
 hours. The cold is here more steady and uniform 
 than in the other New England states. On the 
 mountains, the snow is commonly three or four 
 
 feet deep, and lies till the end of April. On the 
 low grounds, it is from 1 to 2 1-2 feet in depth, 
 and continues till about the 20th of March. The 
 severest, cold never kills the young trees, and the 
 chilling- easterlj' winds of spring seldom reach so 
 far inland as to be felt here; west of the Green 
 Mountains they are totally unknown. Droughts 
 are uncommon ; the crops more frequently suf- 
 fer from too much moisture. During April and 
 May the weather is mild with frequent showers. 
 Through the summer it is fair and serene. The 
 wind at this season is mostly from the S. W. be- 
 ing regulated by the direction of the mountains, 
 and the shores of lake Champlain. The heat of 
 the day is excessive, but the nights are ever cool 
 and agreeable. The soil is generally rich and 
 loamy. On the borders of the rivers are fine tracts 
 of interval land, which consists of a deep, black, 
 alluvial deposit ; these are sometimes a mile in 
 width, and are very productive in maize, grain, 
 grass, and garden vegetables. The uplands are in 
 many places scarcely inferior to the intervals, and 
 ire in general sufficiently free from stones to ad- 
 mitofeasy cultivation. The hills and mountains 
 which are not arable on account of their steep- 
 ness, or the rocks, afford the best of pasturage 
 for sheep and cattle. There is hardly any part of 
 the country better adapted to the rearing of hors- 
 es, horned cattle and sheep, than the mountainous 
 parts of this state. Wheat is raised more abund- 
 antly on the western side of the mountains, than 
 on the eastern. The soil and climate of all parts 
 are very favourable to the growth of the apple and 
 other fruits. The greater part of the state is bet- 
 ter fitted for grazing, than tillage. 
 
 Iron is abundant in this state, and lead, zinc, 
 copper and manganese are found in many places. 
 Sulphate of iron, or copperas is very plentiful. The 
 best iron is found at Peru in the southern part of 
 
 the state, and has the highest reputation for it* 
 ductility and toughness. It is worked into 
 chains, bolts, &c. but the bed of ore having been 
 much reduced of late, and the manufacture of iron 
 increased, an inferior sort is now mixed with the 
 Peru iron, by which its quantity has much de- 
 teriorated. It is still, however, of high exce. 
 lence. A quarry of fine marble exists in Middle 
 bury. It rests upon a bed of argillite, and rises 
 in many places above the surface of the ground. 
 The marble is of various colors, and has been 
 wrougltt ever since 1806. It is now in the pos 
 session of an incorporated company, and the ma 
 chinery for sawing it is driven by water. Al 
 Swanton on lake Champlain in the N. is an inex 
 haustible quarry, which covers an area of more 
 than 300 acres. The marble is of a beautiful 
 black, and sometimes of a bright blue clouded 
 color. 100 saws are occupied at the mills in this 
 town, in working it into various forms. On a 
 small island in lake Memphremagog, is a quarry 
 of novuculile, known by the name of Magog oil- 
 stone ; it is several hundred feet in length, and 
 interspersed witli quartz. A manufactory of this 
 stone lias been established in the town of Burke. 
 The oil-stones when manufactured, sell for 50 
 cents per pound. Quarries of slate are wrought 
 near Brattleboro'. The surface of the state is 
 highly diversified. From the mountainous ridge 
 which occupies the centre of the state, the land 
 slopes, toward the Connecticut and lake Cham- 
 plain. Adjoining the rivers are extensive plains, 
 but the elevated country forms the greater pro- 
 portion of the surface. 
 
 In the northern parts, the population is thin, 
 and the country still unsubdued by the plough. 
 Innumerable slumps, the remains of the pris- 
 tine forests, deform the fields. Pines and other 
 trees, girded, dry, and blasted by summers heat, 
 and winters cold, scorched and blackened by fire, 
 or piled in confusion, on fields cleared half jy 
 the axe. and half by burning — these with the 
 rude low huts of the inhabitants, indicate a coun- 
 try imperfectly subdued by man. But if we con- 
 fine ourselves to merely physical observations, 
 and consider the natural formation of hill, 
 mountain, valley, lake and stream, we shall find 
 this state to be among the most picturesque por- 
 tions of North America. 
 
 This state is divided into 13 counties. The 
 population is 280,079. Montpelier is the capital. 
 The other large towns are Windsor, Brattleboro, 
 Burlington, Middlebury, Benington and Rutland. 
 The agriculture resembles that of the other New- 
 England states. Wheat is only cultivated W. 
 of the mountains. Maize thrives best on the 
 intervals, but is also raised abundantly on the 
 uplands. Farmers who are industrious, seldom 
 fail of having their barns filled with hay and flax ; 
 their granaries with maize, wheat, rye, oats, bar- 
 ley, pease and beans, and their cellars with the 
 best of cider, potatoes and other esculent roots. 
 The raising of wool has lately much increased. 
 Lake Champlain affords facilities for a considerable 
 commerce between this state and Canada. The 
 trade in this quarter is chiefly with Montre- 
 al ; the exports are pot and pearl ashes, beef, 
 pork, butter and cheese, flax, live cattle, &c. The 
 domestic trade is mostly with Boston, New York 
 and Hartford. Except the domestic fabrics of lin- 
 en and woolen which occupy almost every family 
 the manufactures of this state are not considera- 
 ble. There are however above 100 woolen and 
 cotton manufactories, paper mills and oil mills 
 
VER 
 
 756 
 
 VER 
 
 ulso 300 tanneries, and 150 distilleries. Maple 
 sugar is made in nearly every town and family in 
 the state ; the average quantity made by each 
 farming family is estimated at 150 pounds, a- 
 mounting to 6 million pounds a year. Pot and 
 pearl ashes, and iron are also manufactured in va- 
 rious parts. There are manufactories of copper- 
 as from native sulphuret of iron at Strafford and 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 The legislature of Vermont is comprised in a 
 house of representitives called the General As- 
 sembly. There is no senate; each town has 
 one representative. The executive officers are 
 a Governor, Lt. Governor, and a council of 
 1 2, chosen annually by general ballot: all resi- 
 dents in the state of one year's standing are vo- 
 ters. There is also a council of censors, chosen 
 every 7 years; they are 13 in number, and hold 
 their office for a year; their duty is to inquire 
 whether the constitution has been preserved in- 
 violate during the period preceding their appoint- 
 ment, and whether the legislative and executive 
 branches have done their duty, and to suggest al- 
 terations in the constitution. The legislature 
 meet at Montpelier in October. The Congrega- 
 tionalists have 203 churches, and 110 ministers. 
 The Baptists ]f)."> churches, and 50 ministers. 
 The Methodists have 44 ministers. The Episco- 
 palians have 11 churches. There are two Unita- 
 rian churches, one at Burlington and one at Brat- 
 tleboro'. There are colleges at Burlington and 
 Middlebury. Academies and schools are numer- 
 ous in this state as in other parts of New England, 
 r'aoh town is obliged by law to support public 
 schools. Vermont was first explored by the 
 French settlers of Canada, but the earliest set- 
 tlement within the territory was made by the 
 English of Massachusetts, who in 1724, more 
 than 100 years after the discoveries in the north- 
 ern parts of Champlain, established themselves 
 at Fort Dummer, on the Connecticut. Six years 
 after this, the Frencn advanced from Canada 
 down Lake Champlain, and settled at Crown 
 Point, and on the eastern shore of the lake. The 
 claim to the country was afterwards disputed by 
 N. Hampshire and New York. The British Par- 
 liament decided in favour of the latter state, but 
 much confusion and altercation were caused by 
 the conflicting grants of land made by the N. 
 Hampshire and N. York governments. The dis- 
 putes thus occasioned, remained unsettled during 
 the revolutionary war, after which New York 
 compounded for her claim, and Vermont became 
 an independent state. She was received into the 
 Union in March 1797. 
 
 Vermont, p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. 
 
 Vernal, p. v. Genesee Co. N. Y. 
 
 Vcrnet, a town of France, department of Eas- 
 tern Pyrenees, 4 m. S. of Prades. 
 
 Verneuil, a town in the department of Eure, 
 seated on the Aure, 22 m. S. W. of Evreux and 
 G5 W. by S. of Paris. 
 
 Verneuil, a town in the department of Allier, 
 3 m. from the river Allier and 15 S. of Moulins. 
 
 Vernon, a town of France, in the department of 
 Eure, with a fortress at the end of the bridge over 
 the Seine, 27 m. S. E. of Rouen and 42 N. W. 
 of Paris. 
 
 Vernon, a township of Windham Co. Vt. on 
 the Connecticut. .Pop. 681. p.t. Tolland Co. 
 Conn. 12 m. N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,164. p.t. 
 Oneida Co. N. Y. 18 m. W. Utica with manufac- 
 tures of glass. Pop. 3,045. also townships and 
 villages in Sussex Co N.J, Kent Co. Del. ; Mont 
 
 gomery Co. Geo. ; Clinton and Trumbull and 
 Scioto Cos. Ohio. ; Jennings Co. Ind. ; Hickman 
 Co. Ten. ; Antaugo Co. Alab. 
 
 Veroli, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, 
 seated on the Cosa. 3 m. S. of Alatri. 
 
 Verona, a province of Austrian Italy, in the 
 
 fovernment of Venice, 35 m. long, and 27 broad, 
 t is a very fertile country, abounding in corn, 
 wine, fruit, and cattle. 
 
 Verona, a city of Italy, capital of the foregoing 
 province, and a bishop's see. It has three forts, 
 and is surrounded by thick walls, deep ditches, 
 and good ramparts. The river Adige divides it 
 into two parts, which communicate by four 
 bridges. Most of the buildings are of marble, 
 above 30 kinds of which are found in the neigh- 
 bourhood ; but the streets aTe neither clean nor 
 straight ; the best is that called the Corso, which 
 is pretty long, and there is a handsome square 
 called the Piazza d' Armi. This city is famous for 
 antiquities, the .no?* remarkable of which is the 
 Roman amphitheatre, of which seven rows of 
 benches of white marble are still entire ; but va- 
 rious repairs have been made from time to time. 
 In the town house are the statues of five illustrious 
 natives of Verona ; namely, Catullus. iEmilius 
 Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny, and 
 Vetruvius. Besides the cathedral there are a 
 great number of churches and convents, and sev- 
 eral hospitals. The palaces of Bevilacqua and 
 Scipio Maffei contain many valuable paintings, 
 antiques, and other curiosities. The principal 
 trade arises from the manufactures of silk and 
 woolen, and next to them are those of gloves and 
 leather. Near the city is a delightful place, call- 
 ed Campo Marzo, where two annual fairs are held 
 in May and November. Verona has been often 
 taken, and when Italy was invaded by the French, 
 it was added to the kingdom of Italy. In 1814 
 it was ceded to Austria, and in 1822 the members 
 of the Holy Alliance met here to deliberate on 
 the affairs "of Europe, lt is 20 m. N. N. E. of 
 Mantua and 54 W. of Venice. Long. 11. 18. E., 
 lat. 45. 26. N. Pop. 60.000. 
 
 Verona, p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Erie Canal. 
 120 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,739. 
 
 Verovitzo, a strong town of Sclavonia, seated 
 near the Drave, 65 m. N. W. of Essek. 
 
 Verrez, a t»wn of the Sardinian states, in Pied 
 mont, with a fortress so strong by nature as to be 
 deemed impregnable. It is 15 m. S. S. E. of 
 Aosta and 35 N. of Turin. 
 
 Verrieres, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Neufchatel. The environs are celebrated for 
 excellent cheese. It is 6 m. E. N. E. of Pontar- 
 lier and 20 W. S. W. of Neufchatel. 
 
 Versailles, p. v. Ripley Co. Ind. 45 m. W. Cin 
 cinnati ; p. v. Woodford Co. Ken. 12 m. W 
 Lexington. 
 
 Versailles, a town of France, capital of the de 
 partment of Seine-et-Oise, and a bishop's see. 
 In the reign of Louis XIII. it was only a small 
 villige, in a forest 30 m. in circuit ; and here this 
 prince built a hunting seat in 1630, which Louis 
 XIV. enlarged into a magnificent palace, and it 
 was the usual residence of the kings of France 
 till 1789, when Louis XVI. and his family were 
 removed from it to Paris. The buildings and gar- 
 dens were adorned with a vast number of statues 
 by the greatest masters, and the water-works were 
 magnificent. The gardens, with the park, are 5 
 m. in circumference, and surrounded by walls 
 Versailles is 10 m. W. S. W. of Paris. Long. 2 
 7. E.. lat. 48. 48. N. 
 
VES 
 
 757 
 
 VIC 
 
 Versctz, a town of Hungary, in Temeswar, and 
 a bishop's see. It contains some extensive bar- 
 racks, and near it are the ruins of a castle. 18 
 m. N. of Vipalanca and 40 S. of Temeswar. 
 
 Vershire, a township of Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 
 1,260. 
 
 Vcrsoix, a town of France, department of 
 Aisne. Here, in 1768, an attempt was made to 
 form a harbour, in opposition to Geneva, and 
 great sums were expended for that purpose ; but 
 it was soon after relinquished. It is seated on 
 the lake of Geneva, at the influx of the river 
 Versoix, 6 m. S. E. of Gex and 7 N. of Gen- 
 eva. 
 
 Vertus,a. town of France, department of Marne, 
 seated at the foot of a mountain on which are 
 good vineyards, 17 m. S. W. of Chalons and 78 
 N. E. of Paris. 
 
 Verviers, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of Liege, which has a considerable 
 traffic in cloth. It is seated on the Weze, 4 
 m. S. W. of Limburg and 17 E. S. E. of Liege. 
 Vervins, a town of France, department of Aisne, 
 famous for a treaty, in 1598, between Henry IV. 
 of France and Phillip II. of Spain. It is seated 
 on the Serre, 40 m. N. E. of Soissons. 
 
 Verzuolo, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 Piedmont, with a castle. It is surrounded by an 
 ancient wall, flanked with towers, and seated in a 
 very fruitful soil, near the Vratia, 3 m. S. of 
 Saluzzo. 
 
 Vesley, a town of France, department of Aisne, 
 on the river Aisne, 10 m. E. N. E. of Soissons. 
 
 Vcsoul, a town of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Upper Saone. In its vicinity is a medi- 
 cinal spring. It is seated at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, near the river Durgeon, 24 m. N. of Besan- 
 con and 106 E. S. E. of Troyes. Long. 6. 8. E., 
 lat. 47. 36. N. 
 
 Vesprin, an episcopal town of Hungary, capital 
 of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is 
 sealed on the Sed, 19 m. W. by S. of Stuhlweis- 
 senburg and 70 S. S. E. of Presburg. Long. 17. 
 57. E., lat. 47. 16. N. 
 
 Vesuvius, a volcanic mountain of Italy, 7 m. 
 E. of Naples. It is nearly 30 m. in circuit at the 
 base, and about 3,700 feet high. Towards the 
 sea it is covered with fruit-trees and vineyards ; 
 but on the S. and W. sides, and on the top, 
 nothing is to be seen but black ashes, cinders, 
 and stones. The top of Vesuvius is divided into 
 two points, the southernmost of which is called 
 Mont de Somma. The eruption in the year 79, 
 under Titus, was accompanied by an earthquake, 
 which overturned several cities, particularly Pom- 
 peii and Herculaneum ; and this eruption proved 
 fatal to Pliny the naturalist. Great quantities of 
 ashes and sulphureous smoke were carried not 
 only to Rome, but also beyond the Mediterra- 
 nean, into Africa; birds were suffocated in the 
 air, and fell down upon the ground; and fishes 
 perished in the neighbouring waters, which were 
 made hot, and infected by it. Another very vio- 
 lent eruption, in 1631, totally destroyed the town 
 of Torre del Greco. The eruption in 1767 was 
 the 27th from the time of Titus, since which 
 there have been 11 others, the last of which was 
 in 1819. Next to those in 79 and 1631, that of 
 1794 was the most violent and destructive. In 
 this eruption the lava flowed over 5,000 acres of 
 rich vineyards and cultivated lands, and the town 
 of Torre del Greco was again destroyed ; the top 
 of the mountain likewise fell in, and the crater 
 i» now little ihort of 2 m. in circumference. 
 
 Veudre,a. town of France, department of Allier, 
 on the river Allier, 17 m N. W. of Moulins. 
 
 Vcvay, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bail- 
 iwic in the Pays de Vaud. The principal manu- 
 facture is hats ; it lias a large trade in cheese, and 
 its wine is in great estimation. It stands near the 
 lake of Geneva, 10 m. E. by S. of Lausanne. 
 Long. 7.0 E., lat. 46. 25. N. 
 
 Venay, p.t. Switzerland Co. Indiana, on the 
 Ohio. 45 m. S. W. Cincinnati. It was settled 
 in 1804 by a body of Swiss emigrants, to whom the 
 United States government made a grant of land 
 in order to introduce the cultivation of the vine. 
 The vineyards are now very flourishing, and are 
 the largest in the United States. The inhabitants 
 are mostly Swiss, and carry on some manufac- 
 tures of straw bonnets and other articles. 
 
 Veyne, a town of France, department of Upper 
 Alps, 12 m.W. by S. of Gap. 
 
 Vezel.ay, a town in the department of Yonne, 
 noted for the noble stand r.iade by the Calvinists. 
 in 1560, against Charles IX., who besieged the 
 town, but was obliged to retire after the loss of 
 1,500 men. Theodore Beza was a native of Ve- 
 zelay. It is seated on the top of a mountain, near 
 the river Cure, 26 m. E. by S. of Auxerre 
 
 Vezelize, a town in the department of Meurtfte, 
 seated on the Brenon, 12 m. S. of Nancy and 
 14 S. E. of Toul. 
 
 Viana, a town cf Portugal in Entre Douro e 
 Minho, at the mouth of the Lima, with a good 
 harbour for small vessels, defended by a fort, 20 
 m. W. by N. of Braga. 
 
 Vianden, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, divided into the Old and New Town by the 
 river Uren. It has a castle, on an inaccessible 
 rock, ana considerable manufactures of cloth, and 
 leather. 22 m. N. of Luxemburg and 22 N. W. of 
 Treves. 
 
 Viamcn, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- 
 land, with a castle ; seated on the Leek, 7 m. S. 
 of Utrecht. 
 
 Viatka, a government of Russia, which was 
 formerly a province of Kassan, containing an ex- 
 tent of 47,000 square miles, with not more than 
 ] ,100,000 inhabitants. It takes its name from the 
 river Viatka, which flows through the country, 
 and joins the Kama. 
 
 Viatka, formerly called Khlynof, a town of 
 Russia, capital of the foregoing government, and 
 a bishop's see with a castle. ±t is seated on the 
 river Viatka. 100 m. N. of Kassan. Long. 54. 
 15. E., lat. 57. 25. N. 
 
 Viazma, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Smolensk, seated on an eminence, 80 in. N. E. 
 of Smolensk. 
 
 Vic, a. town of France, department of Meurthe, 
 seated en the Seille, 15 m. E. N. E. of Nancy. 
 
 Vic, or Vique, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fertile plain, 
 35 m. N. of Barcelona. 
 
 Vic Bigorre, a town of France, department ot 
 Upper Pyrenees, situate on the Adour, 12 m. N. 
 of Tarbes. 
 
 Vic Fczensac, a town in the department of Gere, 
 seatd on the Douze, 15 m. W. of Auch. 
 
 Vide Compte, a town in the department of Puy 
 de Dome, with a palace, where formerly the 
 counts of Auvergne resided. About a mile from 
 it are mineral springs. It is seated near the Al- 
 lier, 15 m. S. E. of Clermont. 
 
 Vieegrad, a town of Hungary, with a castle on 
 the top of a rock, in which the crown of Hungary 
 was formerly kept. It is seated on the S side of the 
 3S 
 
VIE 
 
 758 
 
 WE 
 
 Danube, 8 m. S. E. of Gran and 16 N. W. of 
 Buda. 
 
 Vicenza, or Vicentino, a delegation of Austrian 
 Italy, in the government of Venice, 35 m. long 
 and 27 broad, and so pleasant and fertile that it 
 is caJled.the garden and flesh-market of Venice. 
 Here are also mines of silver and iron, and quar- 
 ries of stone, almost as fine as marble. 
 
 Vicenza, a city of Italy, the capital of the fore- 
 going province, and a bishop's see. It is without 
 walls, but is a large place, adorned with about 
 20 palaces from the designs of Palladio, who was 
 a native of this place. The cathedral is embellish- 
 ed with marble, and has some good paintings ; be- 
 sides which there are above GO other churches, and 
 in that of St. Corona, the high altar, and the 
 painting by Paul Veronese of the Magni, paying 
 adoration to Christ, attract particular notice. In 
 the fine square before the town-house are two 
 lofty colums, with St. Mark's winged lion on one 
 of them, and on the other a statue of our Saviour. 
 The other remarkable places are the Monte della 
 Picta with its fine library, the Palazzo Vecchio 
 with its admirable paintings, the Theatruni Olym- 
 picuin after the model of the amphitheatre of Pal- 
 ladio, and the triumphal arches in the public 
 promenade of Campo Marzo. The principal 
 manufactures are silk, damask, and taffeta, about 
 4 m. from the city on a mountain, is the church 
 Delia Madonna di Monte Berrico, which is much 
 frequented by pilgrims, and has a fine frontis- 
 piece, with a convent close by Vicenza is seated 
 in a fertile plain, between two hills, at the union 
 of the rivulets Bachiglione and Rerone,22m. E. 
 of Veronea and 15. W. of Venice. Long. II. 40. 
 E.Jat. 45. 28. N. 
 
 Vicky, a town of France, department of Allier, 
 near which are some mineral springs. It is seat- 
 ed on the Allier, 40 m. S. of Moulins. 
 
 Vicksburg, p.t. Warren Co. Mississippi, on the 
 Mississippi, 00 m. N. E. Natchez. It has a brisk 
 trade in the exportation of cotton to New Orleans 
 by steamboats. The town is very picturesquely 
 built on the slopes of several high hills. 
 
 Vico, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, near 
 the bay of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of Sorento. 
 
 Vico, a town of Corsica, in which is the cathe- 
 dral of the bishop of Sagona, a town now in ruins. 
 It is 15m. S. W. of Corteand30S. of Calvi. 
 
 Vhovaro, a town in the Ecclesiastical states, in 
 the district of Sabina, seated near the Teverone, 
 10 m. N. E. of Tivoli. 
 
 Victor, p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 218 m. W. Albany. 
 Pop. 2,265. 
 
 Victory, & township of Essex Co. Vt. 45 m. N. 
 E. Montpelier. Pop. 53 ; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 
 Pop. 1,819. 
 
 Vidalia, p. v. Concordia Parish, Lou. on the 
 Mississippi opposite Natchez. 
 
 Vielleborough, p. v. Caroline Co. Va. 
 
 Vielsh, a tow.n of Russia, in the government of 
 Vologda, situated on the Vogado, 156 m. N. N. E. 
 of Vologda. Long. 41. 45. E., lat. 61. 40. N. 
 
 Vienna, a city of Lower Austria, the capital of 
 the empire, and an archbishop's see. It stands 
 in a fertile plain, on the right bank of the Danube 
 at the influx of the little river Vien. The city 
 itself is not of great extent, nor can it be enlarged 
 being limited by fortifications ; but it is very pop- 
 ulous. The streets in general are narrow, and the 
 houses high ; but there are several fine squares, 
 and in that called Joseph Square is a colossal 
 equestrian statue in bronze of Joseph II. Some 
 of the public buildings are magnificent; the chief 
 
 of them are the imperial palace, the palaces of the 
 princes Litchtenstein, Eugene, &c., the imperial 
 chancery, the extensive imperial arsenal, the cit- 
 arsenal, the mint, the general hospital, the town 
 house, the custom-house, the bank, the library 
 and the museum. No houses without the walls 
 are allowed to be built nearer to the glacis than 
 600 yards ; so that there is a circular field of that 
 breadth all round the city, which has a beautiful 
 and salutary effect. The eight suburbs are not 
 populous in proportion to their size, for many 
 houses have extensive gardens. The circumfer- 
 ence of the city and suburbs is upwards of 18 m. 
 Many families, who live during the winter within 
 the fortifications, spend the summer in the su 
 burbs. The cathedral is built of freestone, and the 
 steeple contains a bell of uncommon magnitude 
 cast out of the cannon taken from the Turks. Ad- 
 joining to this church is the archbishop's palace 
 the front of which is very fine. Vienna was in- 
 effectually besieged by the Turks in 158!) and 
 1683. At the latter period the seige was raised by 
 John Sobieski, king of Poland, who totally de- 
 feated the Turkish army. The university had 
 several thousand students, who, during the seige 
 mounted guard, as they did also in 1741. The 
 archducal library is much frequented by foreign- 
 ers, as it contains above 1,000,000 printed books, 
 and 12,000 MSS. The archducal treasury, and a 
 cabinet of curiosities of the house of Austria, are 
 great rarities. The Danube is here very wide, 
 and contains several woody isles, one of which is 
 the prater, or imperial park ; it also forms a sort 
 of harbour, where are magazines of naval storps, 
 and ships have been fited out to serve on that ri- 
 ver against the Turks. The trade of Vienna is 
 in a flourishing state, and it has manufactures of 
 silk stuffs, gold and silver, lace, tarestry, looking- 
 glasses, &c. In 1805 this city surrendered to the 
 French, but was given up by the peace of Pres- 
 burg. In 1809 it again surrendered to the French, 
 but they again restored it on the conclusion of 
 Peace. In 1830 it experienced a severe calamity 
 after a frost of 118 days a thaw set in on the 20th 
 of February, and about midnight on the 28th 
 the ice broke and inundated the dwellings of 50, 
 000 inhabitants, many of whom were drowned, 
 together with a great number of horses, cows, 
 pigs, &c. In 1831 it was united by the pestilen- 
 tial cholera, and suffered severely. It is 50 m. 
 W. of Presburg, 330 N. N. E. of Rome, and 570 
 E. of Paris. Long. 16. 16. E., lat. 48. 13. N. Pop. 
 290,000. 
 
 Vienna, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 722 ; p.t. 
 Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,766; p.t. Dorchester 
 Co. Md. and a port of entry, on Nanticoke Riv- 
 er ; p.v. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop. 910; p. v. 
 Johnson Co. 111. and Davies Co. Ken. ; p.v. Abbe 
 ville Dis. S. C. and Clarke Co. Ind. 
 
 Vienne, a town of France, department of Isere, 
 and an archbishop's see. In the 5*h century the 
 Burgundians made it the capital of their kingdom 
 The cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure. In 
 1311 a general council was held here, at which 
 pope Clement V. presided, and among other mat- 
 ters, the suppression of the Knight Templars was 
 determined. The commerce of Vienne consists in 
 wines, silk, and sword-blades. It is seated on the 
 Rhone, 15 m. S. S. E. of Lyons and 38 N. W. 
 of Grenoble. Long. 4. 56. E., lat. 45. 32. N. 
 
 Vienne, a department of France, formed of 
 part of the province of Poitou, and bounded N 
 by the department of Indre-et- Loire, and S. bv 
 that of Charente. It takes its name from a rive, 
 
VIL 
 
 759 
 
 VIL 
 
 which Tiaes in the department of Correze, and 
 flows into the Loire 5 m. above Saumur. Poitiers 
 is the capital. 
 
 Vienne, Upper, a department of France, com- 
 prising the greater part of the province of Limo- 
 sin. Limoges is the capital. 
 
 Vierraden, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg 
 seated on the Vesle, near its conflux with the 
 Oder, 22 m. E. S. E. of Prenzlo. 
 
 Vierzon, a town of France, department of Cher, 
 famous for its forges. It is seated on the Cher, 
 near the influx of the Yevre, 17 m. N. W. of 
 Bourges. 
 
 Viesti, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated on 
 the gulf of Venice, in the place called the Spur 
 of the Boot, and at the foot of Mount Gargano, 
 25 m. N. E. of Manfredonia. Long. 16. 40. E., 
 lat. 41. 51. N. 
 
 Viet, St., or St. Vith, a town of the Netherlands, 
 in Luxemburg, near the source of the Uren, 24 
 m. S. S. E. of Limburg and 43 N. of Luxem- 
 burg. 
 
 Vigan, a town of France, department of Gard, 
 22 m. W. S. W. of Alais and 38 W. N. W. of 
 Nismes. 
 
 Vlgevano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the prov- 
 ince of Milan, with a strong castle on a rock ; 
 seated near the Tesino, 16 m. S. W. of Milan. 
 
 Vignot, a town of France, department of Meuse, 
 on the river Meuse, 16 m. E. of Bar le Due and 
 24 S. S. E. of Verdun. ' 
 
 Vigo, a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, situate on 
 a bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on an 
 eminence and an old castle. It has a good har- 
 bour, into which, in 1702, the English and Dutch 
 fleet forced their passage, and made themselves 
 masters of the Spanish plate-fleet, when just ar- 
 rived from America. In 1719 the English obtain- 
 ed possession of Vigo, but relinquished it after 
 raising contributions. It stands in a fruitful coun- 
 try, 14 m. W. N. W. of Tuy and 47 S. of Com- 
 postella. Long. 8. 40. W., lat. 42. 14. N. 
 
 Vigo, a county of Indiana. Pop. 5,737. Terre 
 Haute is the capital 
 
 Vihiers. a town of France, department of 
 Maine-et Loire, 20 m. S. of Angers, and 20 W. 
 by S. of Saumur. 
 
 Vilaine, a river of France, which rises in the 
 department of Mayenne, passes by Vitre and Ren- 
 nes, divides the department of Morbihan from 
 that of Lower Loire, and enters the Bay of Bis- 
 cay below Roche Bernard. 
 
 Villa de Conde, a town of Portugal, in Entre 
 Douroe Minho,atthe mouth of the Ava,20 m. N. 
 of Oporto. 
 
 Villa de Horta, the capital of the island of Fay- 
 al, one of the Azores. It is seated on the W. 
 coast, and has a harbour, landlocked on every 
 side except the E. and N. E., and defended by 
 several forts. Long. 28. 41. W., lat 38. 32. N. 
 
 Villa d' Iglesias , a town of the island of Sardin- 
 ia, and a bishop's see, 35 m. W. S. W. of Cag- 
 liari. 
 
 Villa Flor, a town of Portugal, in Tras os 
 Montes, 28 m. S. by W. of Braganza. 
 
 Villa Franca, a sea-port of Sardinia, in the 
 county of Nice, with a castle and fort. The har- 
 bour is capacious, and the mountains which en- 
 close it extend into the sea like promontories. It 
 was taken by the French in 1705, by the French 
 and Spaniards in 1744, and by the French in 1792. 
 Of late years it has become the resort of con- 
 sumptive invalids in preference to Nice It is 3 
 in. E. of Nice. 
 
 Villa Franca, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- 
 dura, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 m. N. E. of 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Villa Franca, a town on the S. coast of St. 
 Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a fort 
 and other works. Opposite this place, half a 
 mile from the shore, is a small island, which has 
 a basin with a narrow entrance, where 50 ves- 
 sels may anchor in security. It is 16 m. E. by 
 N. of Punta del Guda. Long. 25. 30. W., lat 
 37. 50. N. 
 
 Villa Franca de Panades, a town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, 18 m. W. by S. of Barcelona. 
 " Village Green, p. v. Delaware Co. Pa. 
 
 Village Springs, p. v. Blount Co. Alab. 
 
 Villa Hermosa, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 
 near the river Millas, 58 m. N. of Valencia. 
 
 Villa Hermosa, a town of Mexico, in the prov 
 ince of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, 60 m. S. 
 W. of Tabasco, and 70 N.E. of Chiapa. Lono-. 
 94. 5. W., lat. 17. 45. N. 
 
 Villa Joiosa, or Joysa, a town of Spain, in Va 
 lencia. on the coast of the Mediterranean, 18 m 
 E. N. E. of Alicant and 24 S. of Gandia. 
 
 Villa Nova d'Asti, a fortified town of the Sar 
 dinian states, in Piedmont. 14 m. W. of Asti. 
 
 Villa Nova de Cervera, a town of Portuo-al, in 
 Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the Minho, 
 near its mouth, 27 m. N. W. of Braga and 45 N. 
 of Oporto. 
 
 Villa Nova de Portimao, a fortified sea-port of 
 Portugal, in Algarva, on a river which forms a 
 spacious and secure harbour, defended by two 
 forts. It is 9 m. E. N. E. of Lagos and 42 W b v 
 S.ofTavari. Long. 8. 27. W., lat. 37. 12. N. 
 
 Villa Nova de Porto, a town of Portugal, in 
 Entre Douro e Minho. seated on the Douro, op- 
 posite Oporto (on which it depends) and defended 
 by several forts. 
 
 Villa Nova de Principe, a town of Brazil, in 
 Rio Janeiro, situate near the diamond mines. 130 
 m. W. of Porto Seguro. 
 
 Villa Real, a town of Portugal, in Tras os 
 Montes, seated at the conflux of the Corgo and 
 Ribera, 12 m. N. by E. of Lamego and 38 S. E. of 
 Braganza. 
 
 Villa Real, a town of Spain, in the province of 
 Valencia, near the Manjares, 40 m. N. N. E. of 
 Valencia. 
 
 Villa Real, a town,*f Brazil, in the province of 
 Spiritu Santo, 150 muW. by S. of Spiritu Santo. 
 
 Villa Rica, a town of Chile, on the lake Mala- 
 bangen, 60 m. N. E. of Valdivia. 
 
 Villa V/ciosa, a town of Spain, in Asturias. 
 seated on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. E. of 
 Oviedo. 
 
 Villa Vicosa, a fortified town of Portugal, in 
 Alemtejo, with an old castle, and a palace where 
 the dukes of Braganza formerly resided. In the 
 suburb is an ancient temple, originally built to 
 the honour of Proserpine ; and in the neighbour- 
 hood are quarries of fine green marble. It is 12 
 m. S. W. of Elvas and 33 N. E. of Evora. 
 
 Villach, a town of Austrian 1 llyria, in Carinthia, 
 with a castle. Near it are medicinal baths. It is 
 seated at the conflux of the Geil with the Drave, 
 16 m. W. by S. of Clagenfurt 
 
 Villaine, a town of France, department of May 
 enne, 16 m. E. by N. of Mayenne. 
 
 Villamiel, a town of Spain, in Leon, 48 m. S 
 of Ciudad Rodrigo. 
 
 Villarino, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the 
 river Douero and confines of Portugal, 45 m. W 
 N. W. of Salamanca. 
 
vtn 
 
 760 
 
 VIR 
 
 Villedieu, a town of France, department of Loir- 
 «t-Cher, 20 m. W. S. W. of Vendome. 
 
 Villedieu, a town in the department of Manche, 
 8 in. N. N. E. of Avranchee. 
 
 Villefort, a town in the department of Lozere, 
 18 m. E. of Mende and 19 N. of Alais- 
 
 Villefranche , a town in the department of Rhone, 
 surrounded by walls, and seated on the Saone, 
 18 m. N. by W. of Lyons. 
 
 V'Mefranchc, a town in the department of East- 
 ern Pyrenees, with a fort; seated on the river 
 Tel, 25 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan. 
 
 Villefranche, a town in the department of Avei- 
 ron, with a great trade in linen cloth ; seated on 
 the Aveiron, 20 m, W. of Rodez. 
 
 Villefranche, a town in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, on the canal royale, 22 m. S. E. of 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Villejuive, a town in the department of Paris, 4 
 m. S. of Paris. 
 
 Villemont, p. v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Villemur, a town in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, seated on the Tarn, 12 m. N. N. E. of 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Villena, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a 
 castle, formerly of great strength. In the neigh- 
 bourhood is a morass, from which salt is made. 
 It, is 18 m. S. S. E. of Almanza and 50 N. by E. 
 of Murcia. 
 
 Villeneuve,VL town ofFrance, department of Lot- 
 et-Garonne, on the river Lot, 17 m. N. of Agen. 
 
 Villencuve, & town in the department of Gard, 
 on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with which it 
 communicates by a bridge, 21 m. E. N. E. of 
 Nismes. 
 
 Villencuve, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Pays de Vaud, situate at the E. extremity of 
 the lake of Geneva, 3 m. from the influx of the 
 Rhone and 14 E. S. E. of Lausanne. 
 
 Villencuve de Berg, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Ardeche, 13 m. S. of Privas. 
 
 Villers Cotcrcts, a town in the department of 
 Aisne, 12 m. S. W. of Soissons and 44 N. E. of 
 Paris. 
 
 Villingen, a town of Germany, in Baden, strong 
 by nature on account of the surrounding moun- 
 tains and narrow passes. Here is a Benedictine 
 abbev, and in the vicinity is a good bath. It is 
 20 m*. E. by N. of Friburg. 
 
 Vilseck, a town of Bavaria Franconia, near 
 which are several foundries. It is seated on the 
 Vila, 20 m. N. of Amberg. 
 
 Vilshofen, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 1745 
 the Austrians took it by storm. It is situate on 
 the Danube, at the inflvx of the Vils, 11 m. W. 
 by N. of Passau. 
 
 Vilvorden, a town of the Netherlands, in S. 
 Brabant, with an ancient castle ; seated at the 
 confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne, 7 m. 
 N. N. E. of Brussels. 
 
 Vimieiro,a. town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 12 m. 
 W. by N. of Estremos. 
 
 Vimiera, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 
 30 m. N. of Lisbon. 
 
 Vimiosa. a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- 
 tes, 15 m.'W. N. VV. of Miranda and 17 S. E. of 
 Braganza. 
 
 Vinccnnes, a town ofFrance, in the department 
 of Paris, remarkable for its castle, which for three 
 centuries was the country residence of the royal 
 family. 3 m. E. of Paris. 
 
 Vincennes, p. v. Knox Co. Ind. on the Wabash, 
 136 m. N. W. Louisville and 150 m. above the 
 inouih of the Wabash. It was settled by the 
 
 French from Canada in the early part of the last 
 century, and was formerly the seat of the territe- 
 rial government. The river is navigable to this 
 place for steam-boats the greater part of the year 
 Pop. 1,800. 
 
 Vincent, p.t. Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Vincentown, p. v. Burlington Co. N. J. 20 m. E 
 Philad. 
 
 Vincent, Cape, St., the S. W. promontory of 
 Portugal, 25 m. W. by S. of Lagos. Long. 9. 
 W., lat. 37. 3. N. 
 
 Vincent, St., one of the Windward Caribbee 
 Islands, in the W. Indies, 24 m. long and 18 broad 
 and about 70 m. W. of Barbadoes. It is extreme 
 ly fertile, and well adapted for the raising of sugai 
 and indigo ; and here the bread-fruit trees brought 
 from thrive Otaheite remarkably well. The origi- 
 nal inhabitants were Caribs, a warlike race, man- 
 ifestly distinguished from the aborigines of the 
 larger islands. They are conjectured to have 
 been originally a colony from N. America, their 
 fierce manners approaching nearer to those of the 
 original natives of that continent than they do to 
 that of S. America, and their language also having 
 some affinity to that spoken in Florida. In their 
 wars they preserved their ancient practice of de- 
 stroying all the males, and preserving the women 
 either for servitude or for breeding. St. Vincent 
 was long a neutral island ; but, at the peace of 
 17G3, the French agreed that the right to it should 
 be vested in the English. The latter, soon after, 
 engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the wind- 
 ward side of the island, who were obliged to con- 
 sent to a peace, by which they ceded a large tract 
 of land to the crown. The consequence of this 
 was, thit, in 1779, they greatly contributed to the 
 reduction of this island by the French, who, how- 
 ever, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French 
 landed some troops, and again instigated the 
 Caribs to an insurrection, which wt»- not subdued 
 for several months. It was almost desolated in 
 1812 by an eruption of the Souffrier mountain, 
 which had continued- quiet fjr nearly a century 
 before. Kingston is the capital. 
 
 Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verde Islands, 12 
 m. long and three broad and uninhabited. On 
 the N. W. side of it is a good bay, where ships 
 may wood and water, and wild goats may be shot 
 Long. 25. 30. W., lat. 17. 30. N. 
 
 Vincent, St., a town of Spain, in Asturias, seat- 
 ed on the Bay of Biscay, 9 m. W. by S. of San- 
 tillana. 
 
 Vineyard, a township of Grand Isle Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 459. 
 
 Vincrorla, a town of Hindoostan, in Visiapour, 
 belonging to the British. About 10 m. to the W. 
 N. W. are some rocks in the sea, called Vimrorla 
 Rocks. The town is situate near the mouth of a 
 river, 25 m. N. N. W. of Goa. Lon<r. 73 27 E 
 lat. 15. 51. N. 
 
 Vintimiglia, a town of the Sardinian states, in 
 the territory of Genoa, with a small harbour, and 
 a strong castle on a high rock. It is seated on 
 the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta. 20 
 m. N. E. of Nice and 24 S. W. of Oneglia. Lo'n<r 
 7. 37. Er, lat. 43. 53. N. 
 
 Vipalanca, or Vj Palanha, a town of Hungary, 
 in Temeswar, with a fortress. It stands on the 
 Karass, near its entrance into the Danube, 42 m. 
 E. of Belgrade and 58 S. of Temeswar. 
 
 Vire, a town of France, department of Calvados 
 with several manufactures of coarse woolen 
 cloths. It is seated on the the Vire, 30 m. S. E 
 of Coutances and 150 W. of Paris. 
 
VIR 
 
 761 
 
 VIR 
 
 Virril, p.t Cortland Co. N. Y. 10 m. S. Homer 
 and 154 VV. Albany. Pop. 3,912. 
 
 Virgin Cape, a cape of Patagonia, at the en- 
 trance of the strait of Magellan ; so called by Ma- 
 gellan, because he discovered it on the feast 
 of St. Ursula. Long 67. 54. W., lat. 52. 23. S. 
 
 Virgin Gorda, or Spanish toicn, one of the Vir- 
 gin (stands in the W. Indies. It has two good 
 harbours, and is defended by a fort. Long. 64. 0. 
 W.. lat. 18. 18. N. 
 
 Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys in 
 the W. Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico, 
 and the Leeward Carribee Islands. They are 
 possessed by the English and Danes. In the first 
 division, belonging to the English, is Tortola, to 
 which belong Jost Van Dike, Little Van Dike, 
 Guana, Beef, and Thatch Islands. In the second 
 divison is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Anega- 
 da, Nicker Prickly Pear, the Muskitos, the Co'm- 
 manoes, &c. Of the Danish Islands, the princi- 
 pal are St. .Thomas and St. John. 
 
 Virginia, one of the United States ; bounded 
 N. by Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland : E. by 
 Maryland and the Atlantic ; S. by S. Carolina 
 and Tennessee and W. by Ohio and Kentucky. 
 It lies between 36. 40. and 40 43. N. lat. and 75. 25. 
 and 83. 40. W. long. It is the largest state in the 
 anion being 370 m. in length, and 200 in breadth. 
 It comprises 64,000 sq. m. The Apalachain chain 
 from Pennsylvania, passes through the state, 
 southwesterly into N. Carolina and Tennessee. 
 The most easterly ridge is known by the name of 
 the Blue Ridge. On the west, the Laurel Moun- 
 tains and Chesnut Ridge extend from Pennsylva- 
 nia, and terminate in this state. The Cumberland 
 Mountains lie between Virginia and Kentucky. 
 The Alleghany ridge is continued from Pennsyl- 
 vania ; there are other ridges as Greenbriar, 
 North Mountain, Broad Mountain, Back Bone, 
 Jackson River Mountain, Iron Mountain, and 
 Great Flat Top. The. loftiest summits are the 
 Peaks of Otter, in the Alleghany ridge, which are 
 3,103 feet above the level of the sea. This state 
 is watered by a great number of rivers, among 
 .vhich may be mentioned the Potomac, Rapp;u 
 hannoc, York, James, and Staunton, east of the 
 Mountains ; and the Ohio and Kanawha to the 
 W. The outer half of Chesapeak Bay lies in 
 this state, and by its depth and extent, and the 
 numerous fine rivers which it receives, is of the 
 highest use for navigation. Most of the large 
 towns are situated at a considerable distance up 
 the risers. Norfolk has a good harbour, in the 
 southern part of the bay, near the mouth of the 
 James The embouchure of this river forms a spa- 
 cious haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads 
 were formerly open, but strong fortifications have 
 rendered their entrance impracticable to an ene- 
 ray. The shores are low and flat. A peninsula 
 
 about 60 m. long, and from 10 to 15 wid<*, lies on 
 the eastern side of the Chesapeak, and is bordered 
 toward the sea by a string of low, sandy islets. 
 The waters of the Chesapeak enter the sea, be- 
 tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry, forming a 
 strait 15 in. in width. 
 
 From the vast extent of this state, and the va- 
 rieties of its surface, we should of course be led to 
 expect a great diversity of climate. In the Atlan- 
 tic country, east of the Mountains, the heats of 
 summer are long and oppressive, the spring short 
 and variable, and the winters extremely mild, the 
 snow seldom lying more than a day after it has 
 fallen. Droughts in summer and autumn are fre 
 quent The people have sallow complexions, from 
 the heats of summer, and bilious diseases in au 
 tumn. On the mountains, the air is cool and sa 
 lubrious,and the inhabitants are tall and muscu 
 lar, with robust forms and healthy countenances 
 Fires are here used during five months of the 
 year. The heat of summer during the day is con 
 siderable, but the nights are always cool. On the 
 western side of the mountains, the climate is cold- 
 er by some degrees than in the same parallel of 
 latitude on the coast. The valley of the Ohio is 
 exceedingly hot in summer, while in winter, 
 the river is frozen so as sometimes to be passable 
 for two months together. The autumn is dry, 
 temperate, and healthy, with the most beautiful 
 weather. From the Atlantic coast to the head 
 of tide water on the rivers, the country is low, flat 
 and marshy, or sandy ; this meagre soil is cover- 
 ed with pines and cedars; but the banks of the 
 rivers are loamy and rich, and the vegetation in 
 those parts, luxuriant. This territory is alluvial, 
 and exhibits marine shells and bones everywhere 
 beneath the surface. From the head of tide wa- 
 ter to the Blue Ridge, the land begins to rise, and 
 becomes stony and broken ; the soil lies on a 
 stratum of stiff, reddish clay, and is much superior 
 to the Lowland country. In the valley between 
 the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany, we come to a 
 limestone country ; here the soil lies upon a bed 
 of that rock, and is very fertile, particularly in 
 grain and clover. In some parts the soil is chalky. 
 The western part of the state, or that part which 
 lies between the mountains and the Ohio, has a 
 broken surface, with occasional fertile tracts, but 
 the soil is generally lean. 
 
 The most remarkable natural curiosities in this 
 state are Weier's Cave, the Rock Bridge, or Nat- 
 ural Bridge over Cedar Creek, and the passage of 
 the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Harper's 
 Ferry, — all of which see. In the mountainous and 
 western parts, there is abundance of iron ore, 
 with lead and coal. Gypsum of the best quality 
 is also found in the same region. In the eastern 
 part between the Potomac and James rivers, gold 
 has lately been discovered near the surface, and 
 considerable quantities have been obtained by 
 washing the earth. Since the year 1827, the 
 gold mines of Virginia have attracted attention. 
 The belt of country in which they are found, ex 
 tends through Spotsylvania, and some neighbour 
 ing counties. In 1830, about 24,000 dollars val- 
 ue of gold from Virginia, was coined at the mint 
 of the United States. Almost every part of the 
 state, west of the mountains, abounds in salt 
 springs. Among the mountains, are also a great 
 number of mineral springs. The Warren Springs, 
 near Green Valley, in Bath county, have a tem- 
 perature of 96. The Hot Springs, in the same 
 neighbourhood, have a temperature of 112. These 
 and several others are visited by invalids. 
 3 8 2 
 
via 
 
 762 
 
 VIS 
 
 This state is divided into 103 counties, compris- 
 ed within two districts, the Eastern and Western. 
 The population is 1,21 1,272, of whom 469.724 are 
 slaves. Richmond is the capital. The other 
 large towns are Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericks- 
 burg, Lynchburg, Williamsburg and York, all 
 which are on the eastern side of the mountains. 
 Wheeling, on the Ohio, is the largest of the west- 
 ern towns in the slate. Virginia has been 
 
 chiefly distinguished for the culture of tobacco, 
 although wheat and maize receive a good share of 
 attention ; these three articles constitute the chief 
 exports of the stale. The cultivation of tobacco 
 has considerably fallen off within a few years, and 
 the land in many cases, has been neglected in 
 consequence of the exhaustion of the soil. Ma- 
 ny tracts in the eastern parts, formerly devoted 
 to tillage, are now abandoned and overgrown 
 with pines. Agriculture in general, may be pro- 
 nounced in a backward state in Virginia. East 
 of the mountains, the labour is almost wholly per- 
 formed by the slaves, and this portion of the state 
 appears to be declining in wealth. West of the 
 mountains, slave labour is less relied upon, and 
 the country is improving in its condition. The 
 imports into this state for 1629, amounted to 395,- 
 352 dollars ; the domestic produce exported, to 
 3,783,493 dollars ; total exports, 3,787,431 dollars. 
 The er.rolled and licensed shipping in J 828, 
 amounted to 67,302 tons. The manufactures con- 
 sist chiefly of iron and salt. The salt works, on 
 the Kanahwa, produce about 2,000,000 bushels 
 of salt yearly. At Harper's Ferry, is a manufac- 
 tory of muskets, employed principally for the 
 United States. 
 
 The legislature consists of a Senate and House 
 of Representatives. The senators are 32 ; they 
 are elected by districts, and hold their office four 
 years, one quarter of their number being renewed 
 every year. The representatives are chosen year- 
 ly. These elections are made viva voce, and not 
 as in other slates, by ballot. The governor is 
 elected for three years, by the two branches of 
 the legislature, and is eligible but once in 6 years. 
 There is a council of three, chosen like the Gov- 
 ernor , the senior counsellor is Lt. Governor. The 
 right of voting comes very near to universal suf- 
 frage. Clergymen are ineligible as legislators. 
 No legislative provision can be made for religious 
 worship. 
 
 The most numerous religious sect in Virgin- 
 ia, are the Baptists who have 337 churches ; the 
 Presbyterians have 104 ; the Episcopalians 45 
 ministers : the Methodists 77. There are also 
 Lutherans, Catholics, and Jews in small num- 
 ber*. 
 
 There are 4 colleges in this state; at Charlotts- 
 
 ville, Williamsburg, Lexington and Prince Ed- 
 ward county. The state has a Literary Fund 
 of 1,510,689 dollars 
 
 Virginia was the earliest settled of the British 
 American colonies. An expedition was despatch- 
 ed by the London Company, under Captain New- 
 port, who was accompanied by Gosnold and the 
 celebrated Captain Smith. They entered the 
 Chesapeak, and discovered James' river in April, 
 1607. A settlement was immediately formed at 
 Jamestown, but the colonists soon began to surfer 
 severely by famine and the hostility of the natives. 
 Smith was taken prisoner, and when on the point 
 of being put to death by the savages was rescued 
 
 and released by the romantic generosity of Poca- 
 hontas, the King's daughter. The affairs of the col- 
 ny after this, fell into so bad a state, that all the set- 
 tlers embarked, and were under sail to leave the 
 country, when several ships arriving with sup- 
 plies, they were induced to remain. From this pe- 
 riod, the settlement began to thrive, thougli much 
 harrassed by Indian wars. Charles 1. conferred 
 upon the inhabitants the right to elect represent- 
 atives ; in return for which favour the Virgin- 
 ians adhered to the royal interests during- the 
 civil wars which preceeded It is overthrow. The 
 parliament in 1652, sent a fleet which brought 
 them to submission, and for 9 years, Cromwell 
 appointed the Governor of the colon}'. After the 
 restoration, Virginia was much disturbed by a 
 civil war in her own territory, but the Governor 
 continued to be appointed by the King till the 
 beginning of the American Revolution. In 1776, 
 a new constitution was formed; and in 1830, it 
 was revised by a Convention. 
 
 Virncburg, a town of Prussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Treves; seated near the Nesse, 26 m. 
 W. N. W of Coblentz. 
 
 Virion, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 
 burg, 22 m. W. of Luxemburg, 
 
 Vixugapatam, a town of Hindcostan. capital of 
 an extensive district in the province of the North- 
 ern Circars,and the residence of the Judge, collec- 
 tor, dtc, of the district. It has a harbour, and 
 carries on a considerable trade. 100 m. N. E. of 
 Rujamundry and 480 N. E. of Madras. 
 
 Visalia, p.v. Campbell Co. Ken. 
 
 Visrhma. a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Tobolsk, 268 m. S. W. of Tobolsk. 
 
 Vise, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 the province of Liege, seated on the Meuse, 6 m. 
 S. of Maestricht. 
 
 Visen, a town of Portugal, in Beira, and a 
 bishop's see, 32 m. S. of Lamego and 49 N. E. of 
 Coimbra. 
 
 Vishnei-Volotschok, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Tver. It has a canal, which, by 
 uniting the Tverza and the Masta, connects the 
 inland navigation between the Caspian and the 
 
VIT 
 
 763 
 
 fOL 
 
 Baltic , and is seated on the river Zua, 50 m. N. 
 W of Tver. 
 
 Visiapour, or Bejapour, a province of Hindoos- 
 tan, 350 m. long and about 200 broad, bounded N. 
 and E. by the provinces of Aurungabad and Beder, 
 S. by Canara and the river Toombuddra, and W. 
 by the sea. The soil is in general fertile and 
 provisions are plentiful and cheap. 
 
 Visiapour, or Bejapour, the capital of the fore- 
 going province, was formerly a great city, and is 
 said to have contained immense wealth, some of 
 which has been found among the ruins. It was 
 besieged by Aurungzebe, and obliged to capitu- 
 late in 1689. It is situate in a fertile plain, 150 
 m. S. E- of Poonah and 340 N. by W. of Sering- 
 apatam. Long. 75. 40. E , lat. 17. 16. N. 
 
 Viso, a mountain of the Marintime Alps, in 
 Piedmont, noted as the source of the river Po. 
 
 Vistula, a river which rises in the Carpathian 
 mountains, on the confines of Moravia and Hun 
 gary, flows through Poland and Prussia, by Cra- 
 cow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienburg, and 
 Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by three mouths. 
 Vilepsk, a government of Russia, lying between 
 Courland and Livonia; it has an area of about 
 20,000 square miles, and contains 750,000 inhab- 
 itants. The surface is flat, and covered with ex- 
 tensive forests. 
 
 Vitepsk,a. city of Russia, capital of the forego- 
 ing government. It is divided into two parts by 
 the river Dwina, and is surrounded by a wall. In 
 the campaign of 1812 it was entered by the French. 
 297 m. W. of Moscow and 320 S. of St. Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 Vilcrbo, a town of Italy, capital of a delegation 
 of its name, in the pope's dominions, and a bish- 
 op's see. Its streets are broad and well paved, 
 and it contains 16 parish-churches, and numerous 
 convents, palaces, and fountains. Near the city 
 is a hot mineral spring much frequented. It is 
 seated at the foot of a mountain, in a beautiful 
 valley, 40 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12.26. E , 
 lat. 42. 25. N, 
 
 Vitre,a. town of France, department of Ille et 
 Vilaine, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit 
 stockings and gloves, seated on the Vilaine, 20 in. 
 N. E. ofRennes and 52 S. E. of St. Malp. 
 
 Vitry It Brule, a village of France 2 in. N. E. of 
 Vitry le Francois. It was formerly a considera- 
 ble town, but was burnt by Louis VII., and on 
 this account called Brule. The English and Bur- 
 gundians, in the war with Charles VII , set fire 
 to Vitry with 60 villages. It v\ as a third time 
 burned and ruined by the troops of the emperor 
 Charles V. 
 
 Vitnj le Francois, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Marne, built by Francis I. after the de- 
 struction of Vitry le Brule by the emperur Charles 
 V. It has a great trade in corn, and is seated on 
 the Marne, 15, m. S. E. of Chalons and 100 E. of 
 Paris. 
 
 Vitteaux, a town of France, in the department 
 of Cote d'Or, seated on the river Braine, among 
 the mountains, where there are quarries of mar- 
 ble, 12 m. S. F. ofSemur and 27 W. of Dijon. 
 
 littoria, a town of Spain, capital of the prov- 
 ince of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded by 
 double walls, and the large streets are bordered 
 with trees. In the principal square are the town- 
 house, two convents, and a fine fountain. It has 
 a great trade in hardware, particularly in sword- 
 blades, which are made here in large quantities. 
 It is seated on an eminence, at the end of a plain, 
 fertile in corn and grapes, 32 m. S. E. of Bilbao 
 
 and 155 N. of Madrid . Long. 2.38. W. lat. 42 
 
 45. N. 
 
 Vivarez, a territory of France, in the N. E. 
 part of Languedoc, on the banks of the Rhone, 
 now forming the department of Ardeche. 
 
 Vivero, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated 
 at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Vi- 
 vero or Landrova, which flows into the Bay of 
 Biscay. 22 m. N. W. of Mondonedo. 
 
 Viviers, a town of France, department of Ar- 
 deche, seated among rocks (on one of whioh the 
 cathedral is built) on the river Rhone, 16 m. S. 
 by E. of Privas. 
 
 Vladimir. See Volodimir. 
 
 Vlieland, an island of the Netherlands, about 8 
 m. long and 3 broad, situate at the entrance of 
 the Zuyder Zee, 5 m. N. of Texel. 
 
 Vighcra, a province of the Sardinian states, ad- 
 jacent to Austrian Italy, comprising an area of 
 100 square miles, with fl0,000 inhabitants. The 
 soil is fertile in corn and wine, and much silk is 
 produced. 
 
 Voghera, a town of Italy, capital of the above 
 province, and a bishop's see. The chief manu- 
 facture is that of silk. It is seated on the Staffo- 
 ra, 9 m. N. E. of Tortone. 
 
 Voglabruck, a town of Austria, on the river Vo- 
 gel, 28 m. N. E. of Salzburg and 38 S. W. of 
 Lintz. 
 
 Void, a town of France, department of Meuse, 
 18 m. E.S. E. of AarleEuc. 
 
 Voigeland, a circle of the kingdom of Saxony, 
 adjoining that of Erzgebirge, comprising an area 
 of 700 square miles, with 100 000 inhabitants. It 
 is very hilly, and abounds in wood ; but the 
 valleys afford plenty of corn, and pastures that 
 feed great numbers of excellent cattle. Plauen 
 is the capital. 
 
 Voigtsberfr, a town and citadel of Saxony, in 
 Voigtland, 5 in. S. by. E. of Plauen. 
 
 Voigtsberg, a town of the Austrian States in 
 Stiria, seated on the Kainach 18 m. E. by S. of 
 Gratz. 
 
 Volielrnark, or Volkrnmark, a town of Austrian 
 Illyiia, in Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 17 m 
 E. by S. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Volcano, one of the most considerable of the Li- 
 pari Islands in the Mediteranean, lying S. of the 
 island of Lipari, from which it is separated by a 
 deep channel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12 
 miles in circumference, and is a volcano, in the 
 form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only. 
 VohaneJlo a small volcanic island in the 
 Mediterranean, between that of Lipari and Volum. 
 Volga, a river of Russia, which forms part of 
 the boundary between Europe and Asia. It has 
 its source in two small lakes, in the government 
 of Pleskof, about 80 m. W. of Tver, begins to be 
 navigable a *ew m. above that town, and is there 
 augmented by the influx of the Tverza. It wa- 
 ters some of the finest provinces in the Russian 
 empire, passes by Yaroslaf. Kosfroma, Nishnei, 
 Novogorod. Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratof, Tzaritzin, 
 and Astraean, and enters the Caspian Sea, by sev 
 eral mouths. This is supposed to be the largest 
 river in Europe ; and by means of it, the river 
 Tverza, and a canal thence to the Neva, there is 
 a navigable communication between the Caspian 
 Sea and the Baltic. 
 
 Volhijnia, a government of Russia, 220 m. long 
 and 130 broad ; bounded on the N. by Polesia, 
 E. by Kiof, S. by Podolia, and W. by the king- 
 dom of Poland. It consists chiefly of fertile 
 plains, watered by a great number oi rivers. 
 
VOL 
 
 764 
 
 VUL 
 
 Vollenhoven, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Ovcryssel, with a castle ; seated on the Zuyder 
 Ze?,8 m. S. W. of Steenwich and 12 N. W. of 
 Zwoll. 
 
 Volmar, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Riga, on the river Aa, 60 in. N. E. of Aiga. 
 
 Volncy, p.t. Oswego Co. N. Y. 180 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 3,629. 
 
 Volo, an ancient town of Greece, in Thessaly, 
 with a citadel and a fort. It was tnken, and al- 
 most ruined, in 1655, by the Venetians. It is 
 seated on a gulf of the same name, where there is 
 a good harbour, 30 m. S. E. of Larissa. Long. 22. 
 55. E.,lat. 39.21. N. 
 
 Volodimir, or Vladimir, a government of Rus- 
 sia, formerly a province of the government of 
 Moscow, it contains an area of 19,500 sq. m. 
 with about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. The soil is 
 extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumer- 
 able swarms of bees. 
 
 Volodimir, the capital of the foregoing govern- 
 ment, seated on the Kliasma, 110 m. E. by N. of 
 Moscow. 
 
 Vologda, a government of Russia, divided into 
 the two provinces of Vologda and Ustiug, and 
 comprising an area of 149,000 sq. m. with about 
 060,000 inhabitants. It is a marshy country, full 
 of forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted for its fine 
 wool. 
 
 Vologda, the capital of the above province and 
 an archbishop,s see, has a magnificent cathedral, 
 several churches, a castle, and a fortress. The 
 principal trade is in hemp matting, leather and, tal- 
 low. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Volog- 
 da, which flows into the Sukhona, 257 m. N. 
 by E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 46. E., lat. 59. 
 20. N. 
 
 Volsk, a town of Russia, in the government of 
 Saratof, situate on the Volga, 76 m. N. E. of Sa- 
 ratof. 
 
 Volta,a. river of Guinea, which separates the 
 Gold Coast from the Slave Coast, and enters the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Voltagio, a town of the Sardinian States, in 
 the territory of Genoa, 15 m. N. by W. of Genoa. 
 
 Votterra, a walled town of Italy, in the grand 
 duchy of Tuscany, containing several antiquities. 
 It is the see of a bishop, and is seated on a moun- 
 tain, 30 m. S. S. W. of Florence and 32 S. E. of 
 Pisa. 
 
 Voltri, a town of the Sardinian States, in the 
 territory of Genoa, near which the Austrians were 
 defeated by the French in 1796. It is 6 m. W. of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Volturara, a town of Naples, in Capitana- 
 ta, 20 m. W. of Lucera, and 25 N. E. of Na- 
 ples. 
 
 Voltumo, a river of Naples, which rises in the 
 Appennines, passes by isernia and Capua, and 
 enters the gulf of Gaieta. 
 
 Volunlown, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. 
 1,304. 
 
 Volvic, a town of France department of Puy de 
 Dome, near which are immense quarries, which 
 furnish materials for the building of the adjacent 
 towns, and for the statues in the churches. It is 6 
 in. N. of Clermont. 
 
 Voorheiesville, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 
 
 Voorn,a.n island of the Netherlands, in S. Hoi 
 land, between two mouths of the Meuse, 20 m 
 long and 5 broad. This island, with Goree and 
 Overslackee, form the territory called Voornland 
 which anciently belonged to Zealand. Briel is 
 the capital. 
 
 Vorden, a town of Hanover, in the princi- 
 pality of Osnaburg, 20 m. N. N. E. of Osna- 
 burg. 
 
 Vordon, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, 
 where a toll is collected from ships going up 
 and down the river. It is 15 m. S. S. W. of 
 Culm. 
 
 Voringen, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Hohenzollern, 10 m. S. E. of Hohenzol- 
 lern. 
 
 Voroncz, a government of Russia, bordering 
 on the Ukraine, which it resembles in climate, 
 soil, and productions. It comprises an area of 
 31,000 sq. m. with about 800,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Voroncz, the capital of the above government 
 and an archbishop's see, is seated on the river 
 Voronez, near its junction with the Don, 230 m. 
 S. S. E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 14. E., lat. 51. 
 36 N. 
 
 Vosgcs, a depattment of France, including the 
 S. E. part of the former province of Lorrain, so 
 called from a chain of mountains, formerly cover- 
 ed with wood, that separates this department 
 from those of Upper Saone and Upper Rhine. It 
 has an extent of 2,400 sq. m. with 340,000 inhab- 
 tants. Epinal is the capital. 
 
 Vuughine, p. v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Vouille, a village of France, department of 
 Vienne, where Clovis gained a battle in 507 
 against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, which ex- 
 tended the French empire from the Loire, to the 
 Pyrenees, 10 m. W. of Poitiers. 
 
 Vouria, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, 30 
 m. W. by S. of Smyrna. 
 
 Vou-tc/iang, a city of China, capital of tho 
 province of Hou-quang, and the rendezvous, as if 
 were, of all the commercial people in the empire. 
 As every branch of trade is carried on here, its 
 port, on the Kian-ku, is always crowded with 
 vessels, the river being sometimes covered with 
 them to the distance of two leagues. The beau- 
 tiful crystal found in its mountains, the plentiful 
 crops of fine tea, and the prodigious sale of the 
 bamboo paper made here, contribute no less to 
 make it famous than the continual influx of stran- 
 gers. It is 655 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25. 
 E,Iat. 30. 30. N. 
 
 Vouzicrs,a. town of France, department of Ar- 
 dennes, seated on the river Aisne, 32 m. E. N. E. 
 of Rheims. 
 
 Vriezen-Veen, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Overyssel, 20 in. E. by S. of Zwolle. 
 
 VoUovar, a town of the Austrian states, in Scla- 
 vonia, with a manufacture of silk, seated on the 
 Danube, at the influx of the small river Yuko. 
 which divides it into two parts. 21 m. S. E. of 
 Eszek. 
 
 Vulturara, a town of Naples, in principato Ul 
 tra, 65 m. N E. of Naples. 
 
WAI 
 
 765 
 
 WAL 
 
 W 
 
 VVAAG, a river of Hungary, which rises in 
 the Carpathian mountains, flows by Leopoldstadt, 
 and joins the Danube below Comorn. 
 
 Waal, a river of the Netherlands, being the S. 
 branch from the Rhine below Emmerick. It 
 flows W. through Gelderland, passes by Nimegu- 
 cn, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcuni, and joins the 
 Mcuse at Briel. 
 
 Wabash, a river of the United States, in Indiana, 
 which rises near some lakes to the W. of Lake 
 Erie, and taking a S. S. W. course of 400 m. 
 enters the Ohio 100 m. above the confluence of 
 that river with the Mississippi. It is navigable 
 for 340 m. and approaches within 9 m. of the 
 navigable waters of Lake Erie. 
 
 Wabash, a county of Indiana. Elk Heart Plain 
 is the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,109. 
 Mount Carmel is the capital. 
 
 Wachmheim, a town of Bavaria, in the circle 
 of the Rhine, 17 m. S. S. W. of Worms. 
 
 Wachtcrsbach, a town of Germany, in Wattera- 
 via, with a castle, in which the count of [sen- 
 burg- Wachtersbach resides. 20 m. E. N. E. of 
 Hanau. 
 
 Wachusett, a mountain of Massachusetts in 
 Princeton, Worcester Co. It is a detached emi- 
 nence at a distance from anv range of mountains 
 and is 3.000 feet in height. " 
 
 Waddington, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 250 
 m. N. W. Albany. 
 
 Wadesborough, p. v. Anson Co. N. C. 20 m. W. 
 Fayetteville. 
 
 Willing River, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. Y. 
 
 Wadstena. a town of Sweden, in E. Gothland, 
 with a castle built by Gustavus Vasa in 1544, and 
 inhabited by his son Magnus, who was insane. 
 It is seated on the lake Wetter, 46 m. W. of 
 Nordkoping. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 58. 23. 
 N. 
 
 Wadsworth. .p.t. Madison Co. Ohio, 110 m. N. 
 E. Columbus. Pop. 965. 
 
 Wageningen, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Gelderland, with a good trade in cattle and tobac- 
 co. It is seated on the Rhine, 12 m. W. of Aren- 
 lieiin. 
 
 Wagram, a town of Austria, 14 m. N. N. E. 
 Vienna. Here Napoleon gained a splendid victo- 
 ry over the Austrians July, 6, 1809. 
 
 Wahrcn, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 
 Macklenburg, seated near the lake Calpin, 12 m. 
 
 of Malchin and 27 W. N. W. of New Stre- 
 
 Waiblingen, a town of Germany, in the king- 
 dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Reins, 7 m. E. 
 N. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Waidhocen, Bairisch, a town of Austria, on the 
 river Ips, 23 m. S. W. of St. Polten. 
 
 Waidhoveti, Bohmisch, a town and castle of Aus- 
 tria, on the river Teya, 10 m N. N. W. of Horn. 
 
 Waidshorough, p. v. Callawav Co. Ken, 263 m. 
 S. W. Frankfort. 
 
 Walgatz, or Vaigalch, an island and strait be- 
 tween Nova Zembla and Russia. Lono-. 93. 30. 
 E. lat. 69. 30. N. 
 
 Wainfleet a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 131 m. 
 N. by E. of London. 
 
 Waitsfield, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 958. 
 
 Waitzen, a town of Hungary, and a bishop* 
 see. A large annual fair is kept here. It has fre- 
 quently been taken by the Turks, and was burnt 
 by them in 1685. It is situate on the Danube, 
 93 m. E. S. E. of Presburff. Lonjr. 19. 15 E ' 
 lat. 47. 45. N. 
 
 Wakitomika, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 60 m. N 
 E. Columbus. 
 
 Wake, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,417 
 Raleigh is the capital. 
 
 Wakefield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Here 
 are considerable manufactures of woolen cloth 
 and stuffs, and a hall for the sale of the goods ; al- 
 so a free grammar-school, which has several ex- 
 hibitions to both the universities. It is situate \:\ 
 the heart of a rich and fertile district, 29 m S 
 W. of York and 178 N. N W. of London. 
 
 Wakefield, a township of Strafford Co. N. H 
 50 m. N. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1.470. 
 
 Wake Forest, p. v. Wake Co. N. C. 
 
 Wakulla, a small river of W. Florida, runnino- 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. The Wakulla Foim- 
 tain which is the source of this river, is a lar^e 
 basin of water like a small lake, and so deep that 
 it has been sounded with a line of 250 fathoms 
 without reaching the bottom. The water is of a 
 light blue color and almost as transparent as air. It 
 has almost the coldness of ice water, even in the 
 hotest of summer, and bubbles up from the bottom 
 like a cauldron of boiling water. This spring 
 is 12 m. from Tallahassee and 20 from the Gaff 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Walachia, province of Turkey, 175 m. loner and 
 125 broad; bounded on the Nl by Transylvania. 
 E. by Moldavia, S. by the river Danube whicli 
 separates it from Bulgaria, and W. by Hungarv 
 It is watered by numerous rivers, abounds i:i 
 good horses and cattle, has mines of several kinds, 
 and produces wine, oil, and all manner of Euro- 
 pean fruit. One of the most remarkable able 
 animals of this country is the Strepsiceros or 
 
 Walachian sheep. Its area is estimated at. 28.000 
 square miles ; its population at 800,000. It was 
 ceded to the Turks by the treaty of Belgrade in 
 1739. It is governed by a hospodar or prince 
 who is a vassal of the empire, and holds his 
 sovereignty by a firman of the grand signior. 
 Bucharest is the capital. 
 
 Walrheren. an island of the Netherlands, the 
 principal one of Zealand, and the most westerly, 
 at the mouth of the Scheldt. It is 9 m long and 
 
WAL 
 
 766 
 
 WAL 
 
 8 broad, and being low is subject to inundations, 
 but has good arable and pasture lands. This isl- 
 and was laken by the British in July J 809, with 
 a view to the destruction of the ships and arsenal 
 at Antwerp ; but a number of untoward circum- 
 stances first rendered the principal object of the 
 expedition abortive, and then the pestilential na- 
 ture of the island, at that particular season of the 
 year, obliged the British to relinquish every ad- 
 vantage they had gained. The capital of this 
 island, and of the whole province, is Middle- 
 burg. 
 
 Walcour, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of Namur, which was entirely destroyed 
 by fire in 1615; seated on the Heura, 27 ra. S. 
 W. of Namur. 
 
 Waldburg, a castle of Germany, which gives 
 name to a county, between the Danube and the 
 Her. It stands on a mountain, 7 m. N. of Wan- 
 gen and 38 S. by W. of Ulm. 
 
 Waldeck, a principality of Germany, 30 miles 
 long and 24 broad ; bounded on the E. and S. by 
 Hesse-Cassel, W. by the Prussian province of 
 Westphalia, and N. by the principality of Pader- 
 born. It consists of two counties, Pyrmont and 
 Waldeck, the latter containing 424 sq. m. with 
 40,000 inhabitants, the former 31 sq. m. with 
 10,000 inhabitants. The country is mountainous 
 and covered with woods : and has mines of iron, 
 copper, quicksilver, and alum. 
 
 Waldeck, a town of Germany, in the county of 
 the same name, with a castle, seated on the 
 Steinbach, 6 m. S. E. of Corbach. 
 
 Walden, or Saffron Walden, a town in Essex, 
 Eng. 42 m. N. by E. of London. 
 
 Walden, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 74 m. N. E. 
 Montpelier. Pop. 827. p. v. Orange Co. N. Y. 
 85 ni. S. Albany. Here are large manufactures 
 of hroad-cloth, flannel and cotton. 
 
 Waldenharg, a town and castle of Saxony, sit- 
 uate on the Muldau. The old town, on the op- 
 posite side of the river, is famous for its brown 
 and white earthern ware. It is 12 m. N. N. E. 
 of Zwickau. 
 
 Waldenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the 
 principality of Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle 
 on a mountain, (5 m. E. by N. of Ohringen. 
 
 Waldenheim, a town of Saxony, with an ancient 
 monastery, now converted into an orphan house 
 and house of correction, in which various manu- 
 factures are carried on. It is situate on the 
 Zschopa, 30 m. S. E. of Leipzig. 
 
 Waldmunc/ien, a town of Bavaria, on the river 
 Schwarza, 32 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Waldo, a county of Maine. Pop. 29,790. Bel- 
 fast is the capital. A town in Waldo Co. Me. 
 Pop. 534. 
 
 Waldoliorough, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 22 m. E. 
 Wiscasset. It has a good harbour and is a port 
 of entry with a considerable coasting trade in 
 lumber and lime. Pop. 3,113. 
 
 Waldassen, a town of Bavaria, near which is a 
 rich Cistertian abbey, the abbot of which was 
 formerly a prince of the empire. It is 44 m. N. 
 N. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Waldshut, a strong town of Baden, in the circle 
 of Wiesen, one of the four Forest Towns ; seated 
 on the Rhine, at the entrance of the Black Forest, 
 19 m. W. S. W. of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Waldstadt, a name given to the Swiss cantons 
 of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. It 
 signifies Foi jst Toions ; these cantons containing 
 a great number of forests. For the Waldstadt of 
 Baden, see Forest Towns. 
 
 Waldstadter See, or Lake of the Four Cantons, 
 one of the finest lakes in Switzerland. It con- 
 sists of three principal branches, called the Lakes 
 of Lucern, Schweitz, and Uri. The upper branch, 
 or lake of Lucern, is in the form of a cross, the 
 sides of which stretch from Kussnatcht to Dul- 
 lenwal, a village near Stantz. It is bounded to- 
 wards the town by cultivated hills, sloping gradu- 
 ally to the water, contrasted on the opposite side 
 by an enormous mass of barren and craggy rocks ; 
 Mount Pilate, one of the highest mountains in 
 Switzerland, rising boldly from the lake. To- 
 wards the E. of this branch, the lake contracts 
 into a narrow creek, scarcely a mile across. Soon 
 after it again widens, and forms the second branch, 
 or lake of Schweitz; on the W. side the canton 
 of Underwalden, on the E. that of Schweitz 
 Here the mountains are more lofty, and infinite- 
 ly varied ; some covered to the very summits 
 with verdure, others perpendicular and craggy. 
 Near Brumen commences the third branch, cr 
 lake of Uri, which takes a S. E. direction. It is 
 deep and narrow, about 9 miles long, and bor- 
 dered on both sides by rocks uncommonly wild 
 and romantic, with forests of beech and pine 
 growing down their sides to the very edge of the 
 water. The river Reuss flows through this lake. 
 
 Wales, a principality in the W. of England, 
 150 ill. long and 80 broad ; bounded on the N. by 
 the Irish Sea, W. by that sea, and St. George's 
 Channel, S. by the Bristol Channel, and E. by 
 the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and 
 Monmouth. It has an area of 5,200,000 acres, 
 contained in 1821, 717,438 inhabitants, and sends 
 24 members to parliament. It is divided into N. 
 and S. Wales, each containing six counties, 
 namely, Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, 
 Merioneth, and Montgomery, in N. Wales ; 
 Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, 
 Pembroke, and Radnor, in S. Wales. It is the 
 country to which the ancient Britons fled, when 
 Great Briton was invaded by the Saxons. They 
 are now called Welsh, and continue to preserve 
 their own language. They were long governed 
 by independent kings, till in the reign of Edward 
 I., their last prince, Llewellin, being vanquished 
 and slain in the year 1283, the country was uni- 
 ted to England. The natives submitted to the 
 English dominion with extreme reluctance ; and 
 Edward, as a conciliatory means, promised to 
 give them for their prince a Welshman by birth, 
 and one who could speak no other language 
 This notice being received with joy, he invested 
 in the principality his second son, Edward, then 
 an infant, who had been born at Carnarvon. 
 The death of his eldest son, Alphonso, happening- 
 soon after, young Edward became heir also of 
 the English monarchy, and united both nations 
 under one government; but some ages elapsed 
 before the animosity which had long subsisted 
 between them was totally extinguished. From 
 the time of Edward II. the eldest son of the king 
 of England has always been created prince uf 
 Wales. The general aspect of the country is 
 bold, romantic, and mountainous, consisting of 
 almost continued ranges of lofty mountains and 
 impending craggs, intersected by numerous deep 
 ravines, with extensive valleys, and affording 
 endless views of wild mountain scenery. Agri- 
 culture is in a backward state, but the soil is by 
 no means barren, producing all the necessaries 
 of life ; the cattle and sheep are numerous, but 
 small, and it is particularly famous for goats. It 
 is watered by many rivers, the principal of which 
 
WAL 
 
 7G7 
 
 WAL 
 
 and other particulars, are noted in the different 
 counties. 
 
 Wales, J\ew South, a name given to the E. 
 coast of New Holland. It was first explored by 
 captain Cook, in 1770 ; and a design was formed, 
 in consequence of his recommendation, to settle 
 a colony of convicts at Botany Bay. Captain 
 Philip, being appointed govenor of the intended 
 settlement, sailed from Portsmouth, in May, 1787, 
 with a detachment of marines, and 778 convicts, 
 of whom 220 were women. He arrived at Bota- 
 ny Bay in January, 1788; but, subsequently, 
 finding this bay very ineligible for a colony, he 
 fixed upon Port Jackson, about 13 m. further to 
 the N., and here a settlement was begun, to which 
 he gave the name of Sydney cove. With respect 
 to the country, a vast chain of lofty mountains, 
 about 60 miles inland, runs nearly in a N. and S. 
 direction further than the eye can reach. The 
 general face of it is diversified with gentle risings 
 and small winding valleys, covered, for the most 
 part, with large spreading trees, which afford a 
 succession of leaves in all seasons ; and a variety 
 of flowering shrubs, almost all new to a European, 
 but of little fragrance, abound in those places 
 which are free from trees. The climatevappears 
 not to be disagreeable ; the heat is never excessive 
 in summer, nor the cold intolerable in winter : 
 storms of thunder and lightning are frequent. 
 During the summer months, December, January, 
 and February, the mean heat is about 80 degrees 
 at noon, but it is greath 7 mitigated by a regular 
 sea breeze. In the inland districts, to the E. of 
 the mountains, the climate is about 5 degrees 
 colder. The soil possesses every variety, from 
 the sandy heath and the cold hungry clay to the 
 fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. In 
 the interior a rich loam, resting on a substratum 
 of fat clay, several feet in depth, is found even 
 on the tops of some of the highest hills, which in 
 general are not less fertile than the valleys. The 
 alluvial lands on the banks of the Nepean and 
 Hawkesbury are of the greatest fertility, being a 
 rich vegetable mould many feet in depth, formed 
 by depositions from these rivers during their inun- 
 dations. Wheat and maize are extensively culti- 
 vated by the colony, and barley, oats. rye. &c, 
 are also raised. Every species of culinary vege- 
 table known in Britain is produced in New South 
 Wales, and many of them attain a superior de- 
 gree of perfection, though a few also degenerate. 
 The fruits are excellent and of great variety : or- 
 anges, peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, 
 pears, plums, pomegranates, raspberries.straw.bei - 
 ries. melons, &c, attain the highest degree of 
 maturity in the open air ; while the pine apple 
 may be produced by the aid of the common forc- 
 ing glass. The price of provisions is however 
 liable to great extremes, in consequence of the 
 inundations of the Nepean and Hawkesbury, 
 which sometimes destroy, in a moment, the 
 brightest hopes of the farmers. The native quad- 
 rupeds are principally of the opossum kind, of 
 which the most remarkable is the kangaroo. 
 The native dogs are extremely fierce, and can- 
 not be brought to the same degree of familiarity 
 as those with which we are acquainted. There 
 are also weasels and ant-eaters, with that singu- 
 lar animal the duck-billed platypus, in which the 
 jaws of a quadruped are elongated into the com- 
 plete bill of a bird. Horses and cattle have been 
 introduced, and their increase throughout the col- 
 ony has been very rapid. There are many beau- 
 tiful birds of various kinds ; among which the 
 
 principal is a black swan, its wings edged with 
 white, its bid tinged with red ; and the ostrich or 
 cassowary, which frequently reaches the heigh' 
 of seven feet or more. Several kinds of serpents, 
 large spiders, and scolopendras, have also been 
 met with ; and three or four species of ants, par- 
 ticularly green ants, which build their nests up- 
 on trees in a very singular manner. There are 
 likewise m'ny curious fishes; though the finny 
 tribe seem not to be so plentiful here as they gen- 
 erally are ;n higher latitudes. Some sharks have 
 been seen in Port Jackson ; and in the rivers and 
 salt creeks there are alligators. 
 
 The Aborigines of New S. Wales are repre 
 sented as, perhaps, the most miserable and savage 
 race of men existing. They go entirely naked ; 
 and, though pleased at first with some ornaments 
 that were given them, they soon threw them away 
 as useless. It does not appear, however, that 
 they are insensible of the benefits of clothing, or 
 of some of the conveniences of which their new 
 neighbours are possessed. Some of them, whom 
 the colonists partly clothed, seemed to be pleased 
 with the comfortable warmth they derived from 
 it : and they all expressed a desire for iron tools. 
 The color of the natives is rather a deep choco- 
 late than a full black; but the filth with which 
 their skin is covered prevents its true color from 
 appearing. Their hair is generally clotted with 
 a red gum, and they paint themselves with va- 
 rious colors : they will also sometimes ornament 
 themselves with beads and shells, but make no 
 use of the beautiful feathers of their birds. Most 
 of the men want one of the fore teeth in the up- 
 per jaw, which appears to be a badge of honour 
 among them, and it is common for the women 
 to cut off two joints of the little finger. Of the 
 cultivation of the ground they have no notion, 
 nor can they be prevailed upon to eat our bread 
 or dressed meat. Hence they depend entirely 
 for subsistence on the fruits and roots they can 
 gather, and the animals and fish they catch 
 They frequently set fire to the grass, in order to 
 drive out the opossums, and other animals, from 
 their retreats, and they have been observed to 
 set decoys for quails. As all these resources 
 must be precarious, it is no wonder that they are 
 frequently distressed for provisions. Thus, in 
 the summer, they would eat neither the shark 
 nor the stingray, but, in winter, any thing was 
 acceptable. They sometimes bake their provi 
 sions, by the help of hot stones, like the inhabi 
 tants of the islands in the Southern Ocean, but 
 more frequently eat them raw. Among the fruits 
 used by them is a kind of wild fig ; and they eat 
 also the kernels of a fruit resembling the pine- 
 apple. The principal part of their subsistence, 
 however, is fish. They sometimes strike the fish 
 from the canoes with spears, sometimes catch 
 them with hooks, and also make use of nets, 
 which are generally made ofthf fibres of the flax 
 plant, with very little preparation, and are strong 
 and heavy : the lines of which they are composed 
 being twisted like whipcord. Some of them, 
 however, appear to be made of the fur of an ani- 
 mal, and others of cotton. Their hooks are made 
 of the inside of a shell very much resembling the 
 mother-of-pearl. Their canoes are nothing more 
 than large pieces of bark tied up at both ends with 
 vines ; and, considering the slight texture of 
 these vessels, the dexterity with which they are 
 managed, and the boldness with which they ven 
 ture out to sea in them, are wonderful. Their 
 huts consist of pieces of bark laid together in the 
 
WAL 
 
 763 
 
 WAL 
 
 form of-an oven, open at one end, very low, but 
 long enough for a man to lie at full length ; but 
 they seem to depend more for shelter on the 
 caverns with which the rocks abound. Tbey 
 possess a great power of imitation : they can imi- 
 tate the songs and language of the Europeans 
 almost instantaneously, much better than the 
 latter can imitate theirs by long practice ; and 
 this talent is discernible in their sculptures, every 
 where to be met with on the rocks : these repre- 
 sent men and other animals, and, thcugh rude, 
 are very surprising for people who have not the 
 knowledge of constructing a comfortable habita- 
 tion, or of making clothes. In person, they are 
 active, vigorous, and stout, though generally lean. 
 The women have sometimes been kept back with 
 the most jealous sensibility, sometimes offered 
 with the greatest familiarity. Thev have soft 
 and pleasing voices ; and seem not to be destitute 
 of modesty. The men display great personal 
 bravery on the appearance of any danger; but, 
 with all their courage, they are much afraid of a 
 musket. They certainly burn their dead; which 
 perhaps, has given rise to the story of their being, 
 cannibals. They seem very little given to thiev- 
 ing, in comparison with the inhabitants of most of 
 the islands in the Southern Ocean ; and they are 
 very honestamong themselves, leaving theirspears 
 and other implements on the beach, in perfect 
 security of their remaining untouched. They 
 are very expert at throwing their javelins, and 
 will hit a mark at a considerable distance. Their 
 number seems to be small, in comparison to the 
 extent of the country. 
 
 The settlements of the British in New S. Wales 
 at first extended only along Port Jackson and the 
 Hawkesbury River ; but they have since pene- 
 trated into the interior of the country. For a long 
 period the Blue Mountains formed an impassable 
 boundary to the E., but a carriage road has now 
 been constructed across these mountains, to the 
 distance of upwards of 100 m. ; and the popula- 
 tion is spreading in the valleys beyond them. In 
 1817 and 1818 two expeditions were fitted out to 
 explore the course of the Lachlan and the Mac- 
 quarrie to their termination, which was found to 
 be in extensive swamps. The principal settle- 
 ments in this quarter, besides the town of Sydney, 
 which is the capital of the colony, are Paramatta, 
 Windsor, Bathurst, and Liverpool. There is also 
 a small settlement in the district of Coal River, 
 about CO m. northward of Port Jackson, where 
 the town of Newcastle is situated. This is the 
 place of transportation for criminals from Botany 
 Bay, and contains about 500 of these incorrigible 
 offenders, besides free settlers and troops. The 
 population of the whole colony is supposed, at 
 present, to amount to nearly 50,000. 
 
 Wales, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 612; p.t. Erie 
 Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,500. 
 
 Walet, the capital of Bergoo, in Negroland. It 
 is 100 m. N. bv W. of Sego and 270 W. by S. 
 of Tombuctoo.' Long. 3. 0. W., lat. 15. 45. N. 
 
 Waldheim, p. v. Caldwell Co. Ken. 
 
 Walhof, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Courland, near which the Poles were defeat- 
 ed by Gustavusking of Sweden, in 1626. It is 34 
 m. E. of Mittau. 
 
 Walker, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. 
 
 Walkertown, p. v. King and Queen Co. Va. 
 
 Wallabout, a bay on Long Island opposite New 
 York, with a Navy Yard of the United States. 
 
 Wallajapetta, a populous and well-built town 
 of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, which is the em- 
 
 porium of the trade between the country above 
 the Ghauts and the sea-coast. It is seated on the 
 N. bank of the Paliar. nearly opposite Arcot, 63 
 m. W. by S. of Madras. 
 
 Wa.llenburg, a town of Switzerland, in the can 
 ton of Basel, with a castle on a high rock ; seated 
 on the Ergetz, 12 m. S. by E. of Basel. 
 
 Wallenstadt , a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of St. Gall. It is a great thoroughfare fur 
 merchandise passing from Germany, through the 
 country of the Grisons, to Italy, and stands at tiip 
 E. end of a lake of the same name, 9 m. W. o>" 
 Sargans and 15 N. W. of Coire. 
 
 Wallenstadt, a lake of Switzerland, 10 m. long 
 and 2 broad, bounded by high mountains, except 
 to the E. and W. Through this lake flows the 
 Mat, which soon after joins the Linth, and forms 
 the river Limmat. 
 
 Wall erstein , a town of Bavaria, with a castle, 6 
 m. S. W. of Oettingen. 
 
 Wallersville, p. v. Fayette Co. Ind. 
 
 Wallingford, a borough in Berkshire, Eng. 46 
 m. W. London. 
 
 Wallingford, t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,740 ; p.t. 
 N. Haven Co. Conn. 13 m. N. N. Haven. Pop. 
 2,419. - 
 
 Wallkill, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, 
 65 m. N. N. W. New York. Pop. 4,056. 
 
 Walney, an island of England, on the coast of 
 Lancashire. It is 9 m. long and 1 broad, and 
 serves as a bulwark to the hundred of Furness, 
 against the waves of the Irish Sea. 
 
 Walnut, towns in Fairfield, Pickaway and Gallia 
 Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Walnut Grove, p.t. Kenhawa Co. Va. ; Cabarras 
 Co. N. C ; Spartanburg Dis. S. C. ; Mercer Co 
 Ken.; Montgomery Co. Ten. 
 
 Walnut Hill. p. v. Jefferson Co. Illinois. 
 
 Walpach, t. Sussex Co. N. J. 
 
 Waljto. a town of Sclavonia, capital of a coun- 
 ty of the same name, with a castle It is seated 
 on the river Walpo, 20 in. W. of Essek and 1H 
 S.of Buda. 
 
 Walpole, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on the Con 
 necticut 14 m. N. W. Keene. Pop. 1,979; p.t 
 Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 
 1,442. 
 
 Wahcrboro, p. v. Colleton Dis. S. C. 
 
 Walsall, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of hardware. In the neighbourhood 
 are valuable lime works. 115 m.N. W. of London 
 
 Walsham, North, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 123 
 m. N. N. E of London. 
 
 W-ftlsinrrham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 113 m. 
 N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Walsrode, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Lunenburg, with a convent of nuns of noble ex- 
 traction ; seated on the Bohme, 15 m. E. by S. of 
 Verden. 
 
 Waltenbuch, a town of Germany, in the kinjr. 
 dom of Wurtemberg, on the river Aich, 10 m. S. 
 by W. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Waller shausen, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Saxe-Gotha, with manufactures of cloth , 
 seated on the Horse], 6 m. S. W. of Gotha. 
 
 Waltham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles 
 river, 11 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,859. Here 
 are some of the largest cotton manufactures in the 
 United States, they are chiefly of shirting and 
 sheeting ; between 2 and 3 millions of yards are 
 made yearly. There are also at this place man- 
 ufactures of machinery and bleacheries. 
 
 Waltham, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop 
 330. 
 
WAR 
 
 769 
 
 WAR 
 
 Wultkam Abbey, a town in Essex, Eng. with a 
 market on Tuesday. It derives its name from a 
 magnificent abbey, founded by king Harold, some 
 fragments of which remain. 12 m. N. by E. of 
 London. 
 
 Waltham, Bishop, a town of Hampshire, Eng. 
 65 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Walthamstoxo, a village in Essex, Eng. 5 m. N. 
 E. of London. 
 
 Walur, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with 
 a castle, and manufactures of cotton cloth and 
 coarse blankets. It stands in a fertile country, 20 
 in. E. by N. of Bangalore. 
 
 Wandiwash, a town of Hindoostan in the Car 
 natic, noted for a victory obtained by the British 
 over the French in 17G0. 27 in. S. of S. E. Arcot 
 and 38 N. N. W. Pondercherry. 
 
 Wandsworth, a village in Surrey, Eng. with 
 manufactures for bolting cloth, the printing of 
 calicoes and kerseymeres, and the whitenning 
 and pressing of stuffs ; also oil, iron, and white 
 lead mills, vinegar works, and distilleries. In 
 Garret Lane, near this place, a mock election was 
 formerly held, after every general election of par- 
 liament, of a Mayor of Garret ; to which Foot's 
 dramatic piece of that name gave no small celeb- 
 rity. It is seated on the Wandle, near its conflu- 
 ence withthe Thames, 5 m. W. S. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Wandfried, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- 
 sel, situate on the Werra 15 m. W. of Mulhausen 
 and 30 S. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Wangara, a fertile country of Negroland, lying 
 to the S. of Bornou. It is watered by the Niger, 
 which here divides into several branches. Gha- 
 nara is the capital. 
 
 Wangen, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg, 
 with a great trade in wine, fine paper, linen, and 
 hardware. It is seated on the Overarg, 18 m. N. 
 E.ofLindau and 21 W. of Kempton. 
 
 Wangen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, capital of a Bailivvic. It is seated on the 
 Aar, 10 m. E. of Soleure and 23 N. N. E. of Bern. 
 Wangen, a town of France, department of Low- 
 er Rhine, seated on the side of a hill, and sur- 
 rounded by a wall, 12 m. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Wanlockhead, a village of Scotland, in Dum- 
 frieshire, to the northward of Sanquhar, and near 
 the lead mines. It has a considerable number of 
 smelting-houses. 
 
 Wanstead, a village in Essex, Eng. 6 m. N. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Wantage, a. town in Berkshire, Eng. 60 m. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Wantage, a township of Warren Co. N. J. 
 Wa.Uzeneau, a town of France, department of 
 Lower Rhine, 6 m. N. of Strasburg. 
 
 Wantzleben, a town of Saxony, in the govern- 
 ment of Megdeburg, 12 m. W. S. W. of Magde- 
 burg. 
 
 Wara, a town of Negroland, capital of the coun- 
 try of Bergoo. 320 m. S. S. E. of Bornou. Long. 
 25. 25. E., lat. 15. 30. N. 
 
 Warangle, a ruinous town of Hindoostan, the 
 Arinkill of Ferishta, once the capital of Golcon- 
 da. The site of it is still evident from the old 
 ramparts, which are amazingly extensive. A 
 modern fortress is constructed within it, and is in 
 the possession of the nizam of the Deccan. 62 
 m. N. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long. 79. 30. E., lat. 
 13. 6. N. 
 
 Warberg, a sea-port of Sweden, in Holland, with 
 a castle at the mouth of the harbour, on a rock 
 surrounded by water. It is seated near the Cate- 
 97 
 
 gat, 34 m. S. S. E. of Gothbur*. Long. 11. 56 
 E., lat. 57. 12. N. 
 
 Warburg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
 the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Dy- 
 mel, 17 m. S. S. E. of Paderborn. 
 
 Ward, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 50 m. S. W 
 Boston Pop. 690. 
 
 Warde, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near 
 the mouth of a river of the same name, 15 m. N. 
 of Ripen. 
 
 Wardien, Great, a strong town of Hungary, cap- 
 ital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's 
 see, with a citadel. The town itself is not large, 
 but has three suburbs of very considerable extent 
 It was taken by the Turks in 1660, but the Aus 
 trians retook it in 1692. It is seated on the Keres, 
 117 m. N. E. of Peterwardein and 150 E. S. E. of 
 Buda. Long. 21. 50. E.. lat. 47. 5. N. 
 
 Wardein, Little, a strong town of Croatia, cap- 
 ital of a county of the same name, seated on the 
 Drave, 34 in. N. by E. of Agram and 50 S. E. of 
 Gratz. Long. 15. 55. E., lat. 46.40. N. 
 
 Wardhuys, a sea-port of Norway, capital of a 
 
 district of its name. It stands on a small island of 
 
 the same name, near the continent, and has an old 
 
 fort, where the governor resides. 120 m. E. S. E. 
 
 of the N. Cape. Long. 31. 7. E., lat. 70. 23. N. 
 
 Wardsborough,p.t.Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1,148 
 
 Wardsbridge, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 
 
 Ware, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 70 m. W. 
 
 Boston, with large manufactures of cotton and 
 
 woolen. Pop. 2,045. 
 
 Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, 21 m. N. by E. 
 of London. 
 
 Warte, a town of Guinea, capital of a country 
 of its name, in the kingdom of Benin, 70 m. S. S. 
 W. of Benin. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 5. 38.N. 
 
 Wareham, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 112 
 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Wareham, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 39 m. S. E 
 Boston. Pop 1,885. Here are manufactures of 
 cotton. 
 
 Warendorf, a fortified town of Prussian, West- 
 phalia, in the government of Munster, with good 
 linen manufactures ; seated on the Ems, 12 m. E. 
 by S. of Munster. 
 
 Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatinate, 
 of Masovia, on the river Pisa, 45 m. S. by E. 
 of Warsaw. 
 
 Warkworth, a town in Northumberland, Eng. 
 5 m. S. E. of Alnwick. 
 
 Warminster, a town of Whiltshire, Engr. 96 m. 
 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Warminsier, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.; p. v. Nel- 
 son Co. Va. 
 
 Warm Spring, Buncombe Co. N. C. ; p. v. 
 Warm Spring Co. Arkansas, on a small creek 
 flowing into the Washitaw. Here are some tepid 
 springs of a medicinal quality. 
 
 Warm Spring, a county of Arkansas, Pop. 458. 
 Warm spring is the capital. 
 
 Warntmiinde, a town of Germany, in the stand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 9 m. N. N. W. 
 of Rortock. 
 
 Warner, p. v. Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 2,221. 
 Warnersvillc, p. v. Hardeman Co. Ten. 
 Warneton, a town of the Netherlands, in W. 
 Flanders, 8 m. N. W. of Lisle. 
 
 Warren , a county of New York. Pop. 11,795. 
 Caldwell is the capital. A county of the W. Di». 
 of Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,860. Washington is 
 the capital. A county of N. Carolina. Popv 
 10,916. Warrenton is the capital. A county of 
 Georgia. Pop. 10,846. Warrenton is the oapi- 
 3 T 
 
vv/irt 
 
 no 
 
 WAS 
 
 fail. A county of Ohio. Pop. 21,493. Lebanon 
 is the capital. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 10, 
 947. Bowling Green is the capital. A county 
 of W. Tennessee. Pop. 15,351. Mc.Minnville 
 is the capital. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 
 7,861. Vicksburg is the capital. A county of 
 Indiana. Pop. 2,654. Williamsport is the capi- 
 tal. A county of Illinois. Pop. 307. Warren 
 is the capital. 
 
 Warren, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 30 m. E. Wis- 
 casset. Pop. 2,030. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 
 702; p.t. Bristol Co. R.I. 12 m. S. E. Provi- 
 dence. Pop. 1,800 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 
 Pop. 985; p.t. Herkimer Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,084. 
 Towns in Somerset Co. N. J ; Warren, Bradford 
 and Franklin Cos. Pa.; Trumbull, Jefferson, Bel- 
 mont, Tuscarawas and Washington Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Warrenshura, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. 7 m. W. 
 Caldwell. Pop. 1,191. 
 
 Warrensburg, p. v. Green Co. Ten. 
 
 WarrensviUc, a township of Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Warrenton, p. v. Fauquier Co. Va ; Warren Co. 
 Geo; Warren Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Warrrnstown, a township of Somerset Co. Me. 
 p.v. Jefferson Co. Ohio. 
 
 Warrick, a county of Indiana. Pop. 2,973 
 Boonville is the capital. 
 
 Warrington, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. A 
 township of York Co. Pa. 
 
 Warrington, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of muslins, velveteens, canvas, cot- 
 ton, checks, hardware, pins, and glass, and a con- 
 siderable traffic in malt. 18 m. E. of Liverpool 
 and 182 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Warriore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- 
 natic, 32 m. N. N. E. of Tanjore and 55 S. S. W. 
 of Pondicherry. 
 
 Warsaw, the metropolis of the present kingdom 
 of Poland, and formerly of the whole county of 
 that name. It is built partly in a plain, and part- 
 ly on a gentle rise from the Vistula; extending 
 with the*suburbs of Kraha and Praga, over a vast 
 extent of ground, and containing above 100,000 
 inhabitants. The streets are spacious, but ill pav- 
 ed ; the churches and public buildings large and 
 magnificent ; the palaces of the nobility numer- 
 ous and splendid ; but the greatest part of the 
 houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and 
 ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufac- 
 tures comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and 
 silver wire, soap, tobacco, &c. Here are several 
 wholesale mercantile houses, employed in the im- 
 port of articles for the supply of the interior, and 
 the export of Polish produce. Two great annual 
 fairs have, since 1817, been established here, on 
 the plan of those of Frankfort, Leipzig, &.c. They 
 are held in May and November, each continuing 
 three weeks. In the beginning of 1784, the em- 
 press of Russia put a garrison into this city, in 
 older to compel the Poles to acquiesce in the 
 usurpation she had in view; but this garrison 
 was soon expelled by the citizens. The king 
 of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was com- 
 pelled to raise the siege in September. It was 
 undertaken by the Russians, who, in November, 
 took by storm the suburb of Praga, massacred the 
 inhabitants, and nearly reduced it to ashes. The 
 immediate consequence was the surrender of the 
 city to the Russians, who in 1796, delivered it up 
 t» the king of Prussia. Towards the end of 1806, 
 the French occupied this place; and, by the 
 treaty of Tilsit, the city, with this part of Poland, 
 was given to Saxony, to be held under the title 
 of the duchy of Warsaw. The Russians, how- 
 
 ever overran this duchy in 1813, and took pos- 
 session of the city of Warsaw. The Polish 
 revolution of 1830 broke out at this place, and 
 the Russian Grand Duke Constantine was driv- 
 en from the city : but in 1831 Warsaw was again 
 captured by the Russians which put an end to 
 the insurrection. The city suffered severely by 
 the pestilential cholera the same year, which was 
 introduced from Asia by the Russian armies. 
 Warsaw is 170 m. S. of Konigsberg and 180 E. 
 N. E. of Breslau. Long. 21. 0. E., lal. 52. 14 N. 
 Warsaw, p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. Ba- 
 tavia. Pop. 2,474. 
 
 Warta, a river of Poland, which rises in the 
 palatinate of Cracow, flows by Siradia and Pos- 
 nan, passes by Driessen and Landsberg in Bran- 
 denburg, and enters the Oder at Custrin. 
 
 Wartenberg , a town of Prussian Silesia, capital 
 of a lordship of the same name, with a castle. In 
 1742 it was entirely reduced to ashes, except the 
 old castle, which is now used as a brewhouse. It 
 is 28 m. N. E. of Breslau. 
 
 Wartenberg , a town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Glogau, 20 m. N. W. of Glogau. 
 
 Waripick, a borough and the capital of War- 
 wickshire, Eng. It was fortified with a wall, 
 now in ruins ; but has still a noble castle of the 
 ancient earls of Warwick, inhabited by the pres- 
 ent possessor of that title. The town was near- 
 ly destroyed by fire in 1694, but was subsequent- 
 ly rebuilt with greater regularity. The streets 
 are spacious, and meet nearly in the centre of the 
 town, 92 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Warwick, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80 m. N. W. 
 Boston, with manufactures of glass. Pop. 1,150; 
 p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 70 m. N. W. New York. 
 Pop. 5,013. Towns in Bucks and Lancaster Cos. 
 Pa.; Cecil Co. Maryland, Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 
 Warwick, p.t. Kent. Co. R. I. on Narraganset 
 Bay, 10 m. S. Providence. Pop. 5,529. It has 
 a harbour for small vessels, with some coasting 
 trade, and large manufactures of cotton. 
 
 Warwick, a county of the E. District of Vir- 
 ginia. Pop. 1,570. 
 
 Waricickshire, a county of England, bounded 
 on the N. by Derbyshire. The climate of this 
 county is healthy, and the air mild and pleasant- 
 its salubrity is increased by the great consump- 
 tion of wood for the iron works, many parts be- 
 ing entirely cleared and converted to tillage and 
 pasture. The N. part, called the Woodlands is 
 divided from the S., called the Feldon by the riv- 
 er Avon ; and the soil of both is in general ri^-h 
 and fertile. It produces corn, flax, wood, wool, 
 cheese, coal, iron, and limestone ; and its breeds 
 of cattle and sheep are of a superior kind. The 
 manufactures are various and important, compri- 
 sing ribands, gauzes, and other silk fabrics, last 
 ings and thread, and all descriptions of hardware. 
 The capital is Warwick, but Birmingham is the 
 largest town. 
 
 Wasa, a sea-port of Sweden, in E. Bothnia, on 
 the gulf of Bothnia, 40 m. N. by E. of Christine 
 stadt. 
 
 Washington, a county of Maine. Pop. 21,295. 
 Machias is the capital ; a county of Vermont. 
 Pop. 21,394. Montpelier is the capital ; a county 
 of Rhode Island. Pop. 15,414. South Kingston 
 is the capital ; a county of N. York. Pop. 42,615 
 Salem is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis. 
 of Pennsylvania. Pop. 9,128. Franklin is the 
 capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 25,265. 
 Hagerstown is the capital ; a county of the W. 
 Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 15,614. Abington is the 
 
WAS 
 
 771 
 
 WAS 
 
 capital ; a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 4,562 
 Plymouth is the capital ; a District of S. Carolina. 
 Pop. 13,728. A county of Georgia. Pop. 9,820. 
 Sar.dersville is the capital ; a county of Alabama. 
 Pop. 3,478. A county of Mississippi. Pop. 
 1 ,1)76. Princeton is the capital; a county of E. 
 Tennessee. Pop. 10,995. Jonesborough is the 
 capital ; a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 2,2S6. 
 Franklinton is the capital ; a county of Kentucky. 
 Springfield is the capital; a county of Ohio. 
 Pop. 11,731. Marietta is the capital; a county 
 of Indiana. Pop. 13,072. Salem is the capital: 
 a county of Illinois. Pop. 1.674. Nashville is 
 the capital ; a county of Missouri. Pop. 6,797. 
 Potosi is the capital ; a county of Arkansas. Pop. 
 2,181 . Fayettsville is the capital ; a county of 
 the Dis. of Columbia. Pop. 30,250. Washing- 
 ton city is the capital. 
 
 Washington City, the seat of government of 
 the United States, stands in the centre of the 
 District of Columbia upon the north bank of the 
 Potomac, 295 m from the sea by the course of the 
 river and bay. It occupies a spot between the riv- 
 er and one of its tributaries, called the East 
 Branch. The city is about a mile and a half 
 above the junction of the two streams, although 
 the original plan embraces the whole extent be- 
 low The plan of the city combines regularity 
 with variety, and is adapted to the variations of 
 the surface, so that the spaces allotted to public 
 buildings, occupy commanding positions, and the 
 monotonous sameness of a rectangular design is 
 avoided, while all its advantages, ~.e secured. 
 The minor streets run at right angles, but the 
 larger avenues diverge from several centres, in- 
 tersecting the streets with various degrees of ob- 
 liquity, and opening spaces for extensive squares. 
 The smaller streets run N. and S. or E. and W. 
 and are from 90 to 110 feet wide. The grand 
 avenues are from 130 to 160 feet in width, and 
 are planted with trees. Several of the largest 
 unite at the hill on which the capitol is situated. 
 These bear the names of the several states o the 
 Union. The general appearance of Washington 
 is that of the mere outline, or beginning of a 
 great city , its tardy growth has disappointed the 
 expectations of the original founders. The 
 buildings of the city occupy three distinct groups 
 like so many separate villages, divided from 
 each other by vacant spaces. The chief edifices 
 are situated in the neighbourhood of the Capitol, 
 or at the Navy Yard, or in the Pennsylvania Ave- 
 nue. The Capitol is a large and magnificent 
 
 building of white freestone, 352 feet long, in the 
 shape of a cross, with the Representatives Hall 
 and the Senate Chamber in the two wings, and a 
 spacious rotunda in the centre. The Representa- 
 tives Hall is semicircular, 95 feet in length, and 
 CO in height, lighted from the top, and adorned 
 
 with a colonnade of pillars of breccia, beautifully 
 polished ; it is one of the most elegant halls in 
 the world. The Senate Chamber is of the same 
 shape, and 74 feet long. The Rotunda is 96 feet 
 in diameter, and 96 feet high, to the top of the 
 dome within. It is all of marble, and the floor is 
 beautifully paved ; the whole has a most grand 
 and imposing effect. Several pieces of sculpture 
 are placed in niches in the walls, representing 
 events in American history. The sound of a sin- 
 gle voice uttered in this apartment, is echoed 
 from the dome above, with a rumbling like dis- 
 tant thunder. The National Library is contained 
 in the Capitol, and embraces also a series of na- 
 tional paintings by Trumbull. The President's 
 House is an elegant structure of freestone, 170 
 feet in front, and two stories in height, ornament- 
 ed with an Ionic portico. It stands about a mile 
 west of the capitol. It is surrounded with the offi- 
 ces of the heads of departments. At the patent 
 office, is kept a collection of all the models of pa- 
 tent inventions in the country. The Navy Yard, 
 on the East Branch, exhibits a monument to the 
 American officers who fell in the war with Tri- 
 poli. There are few other buildings worthy of no 
 tice for their architecture. The office of the De 
 partment of State, is a large edifice of brick, with 
 a portico in front, and there are two or three oth- 
 ers of the same size and construction. There are 
 two public free schools in the city. Two bridges 
 cross the eastern branch, and one, the main stream 
 of the Potomac, at Washington. 
 
 Columbian College, at this place was founded 
 in 1821. It has 4 instructers and 50 students, the 
 library has 4,000 volumes. The national library 
 contains 16,000 volumes. 
 
 During the session of Congress the city is much 
 crowded by visiters and public officers ; but apart 
 from its political consequence i the place has few 
 attractions : the country in the neighbourhood 
 has a poor soil and is thinly inhabited. A Navy 
 Yard of the United States has been established 
 heie, and the river is navigable to the sea for 
 ships of the line. The commerce of the place is 
 inconsiderable. Washington is in lat. 38. 58. N. 
 Long. 77. 2. W. Greenwich. 79. 22. W. Paris. 
 58. 52. W. Ferro. 152 W. Philadelphia. 137 
 m. S. W. Philad. 227 S. W. N. York. 436 S. 
 W. Boston and 1,260 m. N. E. New Orleans. 
 Pop. 18,827. 
 
 Washington, a township of Sullivan Co. N. H 
 Pop. 1,135; p.t. Oiange Co. Vt. 43 m. N. Wind- 
 sor. Pop. 1,374 ; p.t. Berkshire Co Mass. 120 m. 
 W. Boston. Pop. 701 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 
 m. S. W. Litchfield. Pop. 1,621 ; p.t. Dutchess 
 Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. E. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 
 3,036 ; a village of Albany Co. N. Y ; p.t. Morris 
 Co. N. J ; a township of Burlington Co. N. J ; 
 and towns and villages in Columbia, Fayette, 
 Franklin, Union, Lycoming, Lancaster, York, 
 Westmoreland, and Indiana Cos. Pa., Culpeper. 
 Co. Va., Beaufort Co. N. C, Wilkes Co. Geo.. 
 Columbiana, Fayette, Franklin, Darke, Clermont. 
 Guernsey, Licking. Richland, Miami, Montgomo 
 ry, Pickaway, Preble, Scioto and Warren Cos. 
 Ohio. Davis Co. [nd., Mason Co. Ken., Rhea Co. 
 Ten., Autauga Co. Alab., Adams Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Washington, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 26 m. S. 
 W. Pittsburg. Washington College, at this place 
 was founded in 1806. It has 4 instructers and 47 
 students; p.t. Adams Co. Mississippi 6 m. E. 
 Natchez. Jefferson College at this place was 
 founded in 1S02. It has 10 instructers and 160 
 students. 
 
WAT 
 
 772 
 
 WEA 
 
 Washitato, or Ouachitta,a. river of Arkansas and 
 Louisiana, flowing into Red River. 
 
 Washita, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 5,140. 
 Monroe is the capital. 
 
 Wassenberg, a town of Prussia, in the duchy of 
 Juliers; seated on the Roer, 17 m. N. W. of 
 Juliers. 
 
 Wasscrburg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle 
 and four churches. The principal trade is in salt. 
 In 1800 the French took it by storm. It is seated 
 on the Inn, 23 m. E. of Munich and 38 N. W. of 
 Salzburg. 
 
 Wasser-trudingeti, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 in the principality of Anspach,6 m. N. of Oettin- 
 gen. 
 
 Wasticater, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. 7 m. N. 
 N. E. of Ravenglass. It is 3 m. long and above 
 half a rn. broad, lying in Wastdale, among the 
 western mountains. The Screes, a very high 
 ridge of mountains, run along the S. E. side of 
 the lake. Its outlet, at the S. end, joins the river 
 Irt, which enters the sea at Ravenglass. 
 
 Wasungen, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Saxe-Meinungen, seated on the Werra, 5 m. 
 N. of Meinungen. 
 
 Watchet, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. seated 
 on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of a harbour, 
 frequented by coal ships, which are freighted 
 hence with limestone, alabaster, and kelp. 156 
 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 fVatehoo, an island in the S. Pacific, discovered 
 by captain Cook. It is six leagues in circuit, 
 diversified by hills and plains, and covered with 
 verdure. Long. 158. 15. W., lat. 21. 1. S. 
 
 Waterborough, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,81G. 
 
 Wateibury, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. N. 
 W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,650; p.t. N. Haven Co. 
 Conn. 25 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 3,070. 
 
 Waterford, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,123: 
 p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,358; p.t. N. Lon- 
 don Co. Conn, adjoining New London. Pop. 
 2,475; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the Hudson. 
 11 m. above Albany. Pop. 1,473; a township of 
 Gloucester Co. N. J.; p.t. Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v Mif- 
 flin Co. Pa. ; p.v. London Co. Va.,2 townships in 
 Washington Co. Ohio. 
 
 Waterford, a county of Ireland, 50 m. long and 
 29 broad ; bounded on the S. by St. George's 
 Channel. 
 
 Waterford, a city and sea-port of Ireland, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name. It has an ex- 
 cellent harbour, where ships of the greatest bur- 
 den may ride at the quay. The bishop's palace 
 and the Roman Catholic chapel are elegant. The 
 commerce with England and other countries is 
 considerable ; and packet-boats sail regularly 
 hence for Milford haven. The principal exports 
 are beef, pork, corn, live stock, butter, and linen. 
 75 m. S. by W. of Dublin. 
 
 Waterloo, a village of the Netherlands, celebrated 
 a B the scene of the signal victory of the 18th of 
 June, 1815, which completed the downfall of 
 Napoleon. 10 m. S. of Brussels. 
 
 Waterloo, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. 5 m. N. E. 
 Geneva. Pop. 1 ,837; p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa; Anno 
 Arundel Co. Md ; Laurens Dis. S. C. ; Fayette. 
 Co. Ind ; Lauderdale Co. Alab. 
 
 Watcrtown, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. f x.. \. 
 W. Boston on Charles River. Here are manu- 
 factures of woolen, cotton, paper &c, and an 
 arsenal of the United States. Pop. 1,641. 
 
 Watertown, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 m. S. 
 K. f.n. Afield. Pop. 1,500; p.t. Jefferson Co. N. 
 b in. S. E. Sacketts Harbour. Pop. 4,768. 
 
 Waterville, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken 
 nebec. 20 m. above Hallowell. Pop. 2,216 
 Here are some manufactures, and a Theologica 
 Institution ; p.v. Oneida and Delaware Co. N. Y 
 
 Water Vliet, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. 9 rri. N 
 Albany. It contains the Shaker village of Nis 
 kayuna. 
 
 Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 15 m 
 N. W. London. 
 
 Watkinsville, p.v. Goochland Co. Va., Clark Co 
 Geo. 
 
 Watlington, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 46 ni 
 W. of London. 
 
 Watton, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 91 m. N. N 
 E. of London. 
 
 Wattsborough, p.v. Lunenburg Co. Va. 
 
 Waveren,a. town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra- 
 bant, situate on the Dyle, 12 m. S. of Louvain. 
 
 Waverley,p.v. Lincoln Co Missouri. 
 
 Waxholm, a fortress on the coast of Sweden, in 
 the Baltic, situate on a small island at the en- 
 trance of the Lake Maeler. Here all homeward- 
 bound ships are searched. It is 16 m. E. of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Way, or Pulo Way, an island near the N. point 
 of that of Sumatra. It is the largest of the is- 
 lands that form the entrance of the channel of 
 Acheen ; and is peopled by men banished from 
 Acheen. Long. 94. 50. E., lat. 5. 35. N. 
 
 Wayne, a county of New York. Pop. 33,555. 
 Lyons is the capital; a county of the E. Dis. of 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 7,663. Bethany is the capital; 
 a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 10,902. Waynes- 
 borough is the capital ; a county of Georgia. 
 Pop. 902. Waynesville is the capital ; a county 
 of Ohio. Pop. 23,344. Wooster is the capital"; 
 a county of Indiana Pop. 18,587. Centre villi- is 
 the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2.562 
 Fairfield is the capital; a county of Missouii 
 Pop. 3.254. Greenville is the capital; a county 
 of Kentucky. Pop. 8,731. Monticello is the 
 capital ; a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.6,0!3. 
 Waynesborough is the capital ; a county of Mis- 
 sissippi. Pop. 2,778. Winchester is the capital, 
 a county of Michigan Pop. 4,565. Detroit, is the 
 capital. 
 
 Wayne, p.t. Kennbec Co. Me. Pop. 1,153; p.t. 
 Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,172; and 17 townships 
 in Ohio. 
 
 Waynesborough, p.v. Aucrusta Co. Va., Wayne 
 Co.. N. C. Burke Co. Geo"., Wayne Co. Ten. 
 
 Wat/nesburg, p.v. Franklin. Green and Chestei 
 Cos. Pa., Stark Co Ohio. 
 
 Waynesville, p.v Wayne Co. Geo., Haywood 
 Co. N. C. and Warren Co. Ohio. 
 
 Weakley, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop 
 4,796. Dresden is the capital. 
 
 Wea.re, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 55 m. W 
 Portsmouth. Pop. 2,430. 
 
 Weathersfield, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,213 
 p.t Trumbull Co. Ohio. 
 
 Webster, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop 
 1,200. 
 
 Weier's Cave, a remarkable Cavern in Augusta 
 Co. Virginia, near the Shenandoah. It has ma 
 ny apartments and galleries, abounding in sparry 
 concretions, which by torch light exhibit tlie most 
 magnificent scenes 
 
 Wearmouth Bishop, a town in the county of 
 Durham, Eng. on the S. side of the Wear, adjoin 
 ing Sunderland. It has an iron bridge over the. 
 river, of one arch, 236 feet span, erected in 1796 
 and the first ever constructed of parts so form 
 ed as to unite in the manner of keystones. It has 
 
WEI 
 
 773 
 
 WEL 
 
 manufactures of canvas, and partakes in the com- 
 merce of Sunderland. 
 
 Wcarmouth Monk, a town in the county of Dur- 
 ham, Eng. on the N. side of the mouth of the 
 Wear, opposite Sunderland. Here was an exten- 
 sive monastery which was destroyed by the Scots. 
 It shares in the growing prosperity of Sunderland. 
 
 Wedenschiceil, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Zurich, 1U in. E. S. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Wedncsbury , a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of hardware, several iron forges, 
 aTd mines of excellent coal. 118 in. N. W. of 
 1 ondon. 
 
 fVeert, a town of the Netherlands, in the terri- 
 tory of Liege ; seated on the river Brey, 10 m. 
 W. N. W. of Ruremonde. 
 
 Wcibstadt, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 the Rhine, 14 m. S. E. of Heidelburg. 
 
 IVeuuudburg , a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car- 
 nolia, with a castle on a mountain, and a manu- 
 facture of fine stockings, 10 m. S. E. of Laubach. 
 
 Weichterbach, a town of Germany, in the county 
 of Isenberc, with a castle; seated on the Zinzig, 
 20 tn. S. E. of Giessen and 23 N. E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Weickersheim, a town of Wurtemberor, in the 
 district of Hohenlohe, with a fine castle, on the 
 river Tauber, 3 m. E. of Mergentlieim. 
 
 IVeida, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Weimar, 
 32 m. E. of Weimar. 
 
 Wtiden, a town of Bavaria, with manufactures 
 of linen, woolen stuffs, and salt-petre ; seated on 
 the Nab 18 m. N. E. of Amberg. 
 
 Weil, or IVeilerstadt, a town c Germany, in 
 Wurtemberg, seated on the Worm, 12 m. W. of 
 Stuttgard. 
 
 Weil, or Wy^atown of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of St. Gall, seated on the river Thur, 19 m. 
 S. S. W. of Constance. 
 
 fVeilburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau, seated on the Lahn, over which is a 
 bridge, 12 m. S. W. of Wetzlar and 25 N. N. W. 
 of Frankfort. 
 
 Weile, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, sit- 
 uate on a bay in the Little Belt, 35 m.W. S. W. 
 of Arhusen and 38 N. E. of Ripen. Long. 9. 30. 
 H., lat. 55. 45. N. 
 
 Weilheim, a town of Bavaria, with a castle on 
 the river Amber, 28 m. S. S. W. of Munich. 
 
 Weilheim, a town of Wurtemberg, on the river 
 Lauter, 20 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Weimar, Saze.a. grand duchy of Germany, com- 
 prising the duchies of Weimar, Jena, and Eisen- 
 bach, part of the principality of Altenburg, the 
 chief part of the district of Neustadt, the petty 
 districts of Alstadt, Ilmenau, and Oldisleben, aud 
 some districts to the E. of the Hesse-hassel territo- 
 ry. It is divided into two great provinces, and con- 
 tains an area of 1,450 square miles, with upwards 
 of 200,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Weimar, the capital of the foregoing duchy. In 
 the duke's palace is one of the most considerable 
 libraries in Germany, with a cabinet of coins and 
 medals ; and it had a gallery of paintings, which, 
 with some other parts of the castle, was destroyed 
 by fire in 1774. It is, seated on the flm, 12 m. VV. 
 of Erfurt and 26 W. S. W. of N'aumburg. Long. 
 11.27. E , lat. 51.2. N. 
 
 Weinheim, a town of Germany, in Baden seated 
 on the river Welchintz, 10 m. N. of Heildberg. 
 
 Wcinsberg, a town of Wurtemberg, with a 
 
 ruined castle on a hill. In 1707 the greatest part 
 
 of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands 
 
 artly on the hill, and partly in a valley, famous 
 
 foi wine. 5 m. iN E. of Heitbron 
 
 Weissehnunde, a fortress of W. Prussia, seated 
 at the W. mouth of the Vistula, to defend the 
 harbour of Dantzic. 
 
 Weissemburg, a town of France, in the depart 
 ment of Lower Rhine. Between this place and 
 Lauterburg are the famous lines from which the 
 French drove the Austrians in 1744 ; and in 1793 
 the Prussians drove the French from the same 
 situation. It is seated on the Lauter, 10 iri. S. 
 W. of Landau and 22 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. 
 8. 11. E., lat. 48.53 N. 
 
 Weissemburg, a township of Lehigh Co. 
 Pa. 
 
 Weissenburg, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 seated on the Rednith, 5 m. N of Pappenheim 
 and 30 S. W. of Nuremburg. 
 
 Weissenburg, or Carlsburg, a city of Transyl- 
 vania, capital of a county of the same name, and 
 a bishop's see, with a university. It is seated on 
 the side of a hill, near the river Maros, 42 m. W. 
 N. W. of Hermanstadt. 
 
 Weissenburg, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, celebrated for its mineral waters, 
 20 m. S. of Bern. 
 
 Weissenfels, a town of Prussian Saxony, on 
 the Saal, 17 m. S. W. of Leipzig. Upon a white 
 rock, above the town, is a fine citadel, called 
 Augustusburg. 
 
 IVeisscnhom, a town and castle of Germany, 
 in a county of its name, seated on the Roth, 10 
 m. S. E. of Ulm and 28 W. of Augsburg. 
 
 Weissensee, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a 
 superintendency and commandery of the knights 
 of Malta. The lake formerly in its neighbour- 
 hood was drained, and converted into arable land, 
 in 1705. It was 21 m. N. E. of Langensalza. 
 
 Welau, a town of E. Prussia, celebrated for the 
 treaty concluded herewith Poland, in IG57, when 
 the elector, Frederic William, was invested with 
 the sovereignty of Ducal Prussia. It is seated 
 on the Pregel, at the influx of the Alia, 30 m. E. 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 Wclbij, p.v. Prince George Co. Md. 
 
 Wcldon, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 63 
 m. N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wcldon, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C. 
 
 Wetland Canal, in Upper Canada unites Lake 
 Erie with L. Ontario. It was completed in 5 
 years, and first opened in 1829. It admits the 
 passage of vessels of 125 tons. 
 
 Welfleet, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape 
 Cod, 97 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 2,044. It has 
 manufactures of cotton and woolen. 
 
 Wellingborough , a town in Northamptonshire, 
 Eng. Here are manufactures of shoes and lace 
 and near it is a fine chalybeate spring called Red 
 well. 67 in. N. by W. of London. 
 
 Wellington, a town in Shropshire, Eng. In 
 the neighbourhood are foundries, iron mines, and 
 coal works. 150 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wellington, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with 
 manufactures of serges, druggets, and earthen- 
 ware. The duke of Wellington takes his title 
 from this place. 148 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Wellington, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 3 m. S. 
 Taunton, with manufactures of cotton, woolen, 
 and paper; p.v. Medina Co. Ohio. 
 
 Wells, a city in Somersetshire, Eng. It has 
 its name from the wells and springs about it ; und 
 is a bishop's see, jointly with Bath. The cathe- 
 dral is a stately pile ; and the bishop's palace is 
 like a castle, being surrounded by walls and a 
 moat. The city is well built and neatly paved 
 120 in. W. of London. 
 
 3t2 
 
WER 
 
 774 
 
 W£S 
 
 Wells, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 118 m. N. N. 
 E. of London. 
 
 Wells, p.t. York Co. Me. 26 m. N. E. Ports- 
 mouth. Pop. 2,977. 
 
 IVellsborough, p. v. Tioga Co. Pa. 
 
 Wellsburg, p.t. Brooke Co. Va. on the Ohio. 
 15 m. above Wheeling. This is a very thriving 
 town and has large manufactures of glass. 
 
 H'ellsville, p. v. Columbiana Co. Ohio. 
 
 Wds, a town of Upper Austria, with a castle, 
 and a great trade in timber; seated on the Traun, 
 near a large forest, 15 m. S. S. W. of Lintz. 
 
 Welshfield, a township of Geauga Co. Ohio. 
 
 Welshpool, a corporate town of Wales, in Mont- 
 gomeryshire, with a market on Monday. It is 
 the great mart for Welsh cottons, flannels, &c, 
 which are sent hence to Shrewsbury. Near the 
 town are the remains of Powis Castle, a large 
 structure, built on an eminence. 176 m. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 JVelwarn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Rakonitz, 13 m. N. of Prague. 
 
 JVclzheim, a town of Wurtemberg; seated on the 
 Lein, 19 m. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Wendell, a township of Sullivan Co. N. H. 
 Pop. 637. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 85 m. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 875. 
 
 Wem, a town in Shropshire, Eng., 9. m. N. of 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 Wcndlingen a town of Wurtemberg, situate 
 on the Neckar, 12 m. S. S. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Wendover, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 
 35 m. W. by N. of London 
 
 Wenkam,'p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E 
 Boston. Pop. 612. 
 
 Wenner, the largest lake of Sweden, lying in 
 W. Gothland, to the N. W. of the lake Wetter. 
 It is 100 m. in length, and in some places 40 in 
 breadth, and contains several islands. It receives 
 24 rivers, and its only outlet is the river Gotha. 
 
 Wennersborg, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- 
 land, with a castle. It is the staple for all the 
 iron sent from the province of Wermeland to 
 Gotheburg, and is seated on the Gotha, near the 
 S. W. extremity of the lake Wenner, 50 m. N. 
 by E. of Gotheburg. 
 
 Wenticorth, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 924 ; 
 p. v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 
 
 Weobley, a borough in Herefordshire, Eng. 147 
 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Werchteren, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- 
 bant, 9 m. E. S. E. of Mechlin. 
 
 Werden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, seat- 
 ed on the Roer, 13 m. N. E. of Dusseloorf. 
 
 Werderberg, a fortified town of Switzerland, 
 capital of a Bailiwic in the canton of Glarus with 
 a castle on an eminence. It is seated near the 
 Rhine, 10 m. S. S. E. of Appenzel and 26 in. E. 
 N. E. of Glarus. 
 
 Wcrdenfels, a town and castle of Bavaria, giv- 
 incr name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol. 
 I fin. S. of Weilheim and 22 N. W. of Inspruck. 
 
 Werfen, a town and fortress of Austria, in the 
 province of Salzburg, situate on the Salza, 22 m 
 S. by E. of Salzburg. 
 
 Werl, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a 
 castle, seated on the Sisek, 8 in. S. of Ham. 
 
 Wermeland, a former province of Sweden, the 
 N. part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia and the 
 lake Wenner, 100 m long and 50 broad. The 
 country is fertile; diversified by mountains, rocks. 
 nills, and dales, clothed with forests of birch, pop- 
 lar, mountain ash, pine and fir. It also abounds 
 with lakes, which succeed each othe' 1 almost with- 
 
 out intermission ; and numerous rivuletp flow 
 from these lakes. The chief river is the Clara, 
 or Stor Elbe in which is a good salmon-fishery. 
 It has mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, with 
 forges, foundries, &c, belonging to them. 
 
 Wem, a town of Prussian Westphalia seated 
 near the Lippe, 6 m. W. of Ham. 
 
 Wemigerode, a town of the Prussian states, cap- 
 ital of a county of the same name, abounding in 
 mountains, the principal of which is the Great 
 Brocken, or Blocksberg. The principal business of 
 the town consists in brewing, distilling, and man- 
 ufacutures of cloth and stuffs. It is 12 m. W. by 
 S. of Halberstadt and 23 S. S. E. of Wolfenbut- 
 tel. Long. 10. 58. E., lat. 51 . 53. N. 
 
 Werru, a river of Germany, which rises in the 
 principality of Coburg, 3 m. above Eissfield, flows 
 by Hilburghausen, Meiningen, Solzungen, Vac- 
 ha, Trefurt, Wanfried, Allendorf, and Witzen- 
 hausen ; it then enters the duchy of Brunswick, 
 passes by Munden, and a little below that town 
 joins the Fulda, where the united stream forms 
 the Weser. 
 
 Werthtim, a town of Germany, in Baden, capital 
 of a county of the same name, which yields excel- 
 lent wine. It is seated at the conflux of the Tau 
 ber with the Maine, 16 m. W. of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Werwick, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan 
 ders seated on the Lis 8 m. S. E. of Ypaz. 
 
 Wesel, a town of the Prussian states, in the 
 duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadel. Here aw 
 two Cal vinist churches, one for the Lutherans, and 
 another for the Papists. It is seated on the Rhine 
 at the influx of the Lippe, 25 m. S. E. of Cleve 
 and 50 W. S. W. ofMunster. Long. 6. 87. E., 
 lat, 51. 38. N. 
 
 Wesenburg, a fortified town of Rrussia, in the 
 government of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss, 54 
 m E. of Revel. 
 
 Weser, a river of Germany, formed by the un- 
 ion of the Werra and Fulda, in the duchy of 
 Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along the con- 
 fines of Westphalia and Saxony by Corvey,Ham- 
 elin, Minden, and Hoye ; receives the Aller from 
 Verden, and, passing by Bremen, enters the Ger- 
 man Ocean at Carlsburff. 
 
 Wesley, a township of Washington Co. Ohio. 
 
 West, a township of Huntington Co. Pa. ; a 
 township of Columbiana Co. Ohio. 
 
 Westbury, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. with 
 a manufacture of broad cloth. On a hill to the 
 E. of the town is Bratton Castle, the remains of a 
 fortification, where the Danes held out 24 days 
 against the English. It is 26 m. N. W. of Salis- 
 bury and 98 W. of London. 
 
 Westerns, a town of Sweden, capital of a gov- 
 ernment of its name, and a bishop's see, with a 
 citadel and a famous college. It carries on a con- 
 siderable commerce with Stockholm, particularly 
 in copper and iron from the neighbouring mines 
 Here are the ruins of an ancient palace, formerly 
 inhabited by the kings of Sweden. The cathedral, 
 built of brick, is celebrated for its tower, esteem- 
 ed the highest in the kingdom. In this cathe- 
 dral is the tomb of the unfortunate Eric XIV. 
 Westeras is seated on the lake Maelar, 46 m. N 
 W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 59. 38. N 
 
 Westerburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Nassau, with a castle. 22 m. S. W. of Eillen 
 burg. 
 
 Weslerham, a town in Kent, Eng. 21 m. S. S. E 
 of London 
 
 Wcsterlo, p.t. Albany Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,320. 
 contains an area of 8,300 sq. m. with about l^OPf 
 
W£3 
 
 775 
 
 WES 
 
 Westerly, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 20 m. E. 
 New London. Pop. 1,903. 
 
 Western, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 22 m. S. W. 
 Worcester. Pop. 1,189; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 on the Mohawk, 5 m. above Rome. Pop. 2,419. 
 
 Western Islands. See Azores and Hebrides. 
 
 Westerwick, a sea-port of Sweden, in Smaland, 
 with a good harbour a commodious quay, a cloth 
 manufacture, and a trade in ship timber and all 
 sorts of naval stores. It is seated on the Baltic, 
 r*G m. N. of Calmar and 120 S. W. ol Stockholm. 
 Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 57.40. N. 
 
 West Fairlee, a township of Orange Co. Vt. 36 
 m. S E. Montpelier. Pop. 841. 
 
 West/all, a township of Pickaway Co. Ohio. 
 
 Westfield, a township of Orleans Co. v.t. Pop. 
 353; p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 105 m. S. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 2,941 ; a township of Richmond Co. N. 
 Y. Pop. 1,734 ; p. v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. ; p.t. 
 Essex Co. N.; Y. p.v. Delaware Co. and a town- 
 ship in Medina Co. Ohio. 
 
 Westford, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. W. 
 Boston. Pop. 1,329 ; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 35. 
 in. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,290 ; a township 
 of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,645. 
 
 West Friendship, p.v. Anne Arundel Co. Md. 
 
 West Greenwich, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. 18 m. S. 
 W. Providence. Pop. 1,817. 
 
 West- Hampton, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 
 m. W. Boston. Pop. 907. 
 
 West Haven, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 50 in. W. 
 Windsor. Pop . 724. 
 
 Westhofen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate 
 of the Rhine. It has three churches, and is 7 m. 
 N. W. of Worms. 
 
 Westhofen, a town of France, in the department 
 of Lower Rhine, 12 m. W. of Strasburg. 
 
 Weslland, a township of Guernsey Co. Ohio. 
 
 WcstLiberty, p.v. Ohio Co. Va. Logan Co. Ohio. 
 Henry Co. Ind. and Morgan Co. Ken. 
 
 West Lowville, p.v. Lewis Co. N Y. 
 
 Westmania, a former province of Sweden, be- 
 tween Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Wermeland, 
 and Dalecarlia. It is 75 m. long and 45 broad, and 
 abounds in copper and iron mines. The face of 
 the country is diversified like Wermeland. 
 
 Weslmeath. See Mealh. 
 
 Westminister, a city in Middlesex, the residence 
 of the monarch, the seat of the parliament and of 
 the high courts of justice, and constituting, with 
 London and Southwark, the metropolis of the Bri- 
 thh empire. On the dissolution of its abbey, in 
 l r »41, Henry VIII. erected it into a bishopric, ap- 
 pointing the whole of Middlesex (Fulham except- 
 ed) for the diocese. It had, however, only one pre- 
 late; for Edward VI. soon after dissolved it, and 
 the Abbey is now only a collegiate church. West- 
 minister, through courtesy, still bears the title of a 
 city, and sends two members to parliament, who 
 are chosen by its house-holders, there being no 
 freemen nor incorporated companies. Besides the 
 churches of the establishment, Westminister con- 
 tains places of worship for dissenters of almost ev- 
 ery denomination, and a Jew's synagogue. Among 
 the modern improvements in this part of the me- 
 tropolis is the erection of a wide street, or rather 
 succession of streets, from Carlton palace on the 
 S. to Portland Place on the N. The buildings are 
 most magnificent, and it is probably without ex- 
 ception the finest street in Europe. In the city are 
 two parish churches, St. Margaret and St. John ; 
 and seven in the liberties, namely, St. Clement, St. 
 Mary, St. Paul, St. Martin, St. Ann, St. James, 
 and St. George. The precinct of St. Martin-le 
 
 Grand, though within the city of London, is un- 
 der the jurisdiction of Westminister. See London 
 
 Westminister, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 54 m 
 N. W.Boston. Pop. 1,695; p.t. Windham Co. 
 Vt. 18 m. N. Brattleboro. Pop. 1,737; p. v. Fred- 
 erick Co. Maryland. 
 
 Westmoreland, p.t. Chester Co. N. H. 45 m. S 
 W. Concord. Pop. 1,647; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y 
 12 m. W. Utica. Pop. 2,303. 
 
 Westmoreland, a county of the W. Dis of 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 38,400. Greensburg is the cap- 
 ital. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 
 1,411. 
 
 Westmoreland, an inland count}- of England 
 bounded on the N. and N. W. by Cumberland, 
 E. and S. E. by Yorkshire, and S. and S. W. by 
 Lancashire. The number of inhabitants in lt:21 
 was 51,359. It is a region of lofty mountains, 
 naked hills, dreary forests, and barren moors ; 
 but is watered by numerous rivers and several 
 lakes. The soil of course is various; that on the 
 mountains being very barren, while that in the 
 valleys is fertile, producing good corn and grass, 
 especially in the meadows near the rivers. In the 
 hilly parts on the W. borders are some mines of 
 copper, but the ore lies very deep. This county 
 yields abundance of limestone and the finest blue 
 slate ; and many excellent hams are cured here 
 Its manufactures are a coarse woolen cloth, 
 worsted stockings, flannels, tanned leather, and 
 gunpowder. The principal rivers are the Eden, 
 Lune, and Ken ; and the chief lake is Winander- 
 mere, the largest in England. Appleby is the 
 county town. 
 
 West Newbury, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 34 m. N. 
 E. Boston. Pop. 1,586. 
 
 Weston p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 in. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 1,091 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 7 in. 
 N. Fairfield. Pop. 2,997; p.v. Lewis Co. Va. 
 
 Westown, a township of Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Westphalia, one of the former circles of Germa- 
 ny, bounded on the E. by Lower Saxony, S. by 
 Hesse, Wetteravia, and Treves, W. by the Neth- 
 erlands, and N. by the German Ocean. The cli- 
 mate is cold, and there are a great many marshes, 
 but the soil produces pastures and some corn. The 
 horses are large, and the hogs in high esteem, 
 especially the hams, known by the name of West- 
 phalia hams. The principal rivers are the We- 
 esr, Ems, Lippe, and Roer. This circle contain- 
 ed the bishoprics of Mnnster, Liege, Paderborn, 
 and Osnaburg ; the principalities of Emden or 
 East Friesland, Meures, Minden and Verden ; 
 the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, Juliers, Cleve, 
 Oldenburg, and part of the territory of the princes 
 of Nassau; the counties of Mark, Ravensburg, 
 Steinfurt, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Bethnein, Diep- 
 holt, Hoya, Schouenburg, Spigelburg, Lippe. Rit- 
 berg, and other smaller ones ; and several lord- 
 ships and abbeys. In 1800 all the parts of this 
 circle lying on the left bank of the Rhine, being 
 full one-third of the whole territory, became uni- 
 ted to France ; and in 1808 the Frencli emper.r 
 erectea the remainder into a kingdom, in favour 
 of his brother Jerome, and added to it the electo- 
 rates of Hesse-Cassel and Hanover. Cassel 
 was the capital. After the celebrated battle or 
 Leipzig, in 1813, this new kingdom was overrun 
 by the allies, and the government overthrown. 
 The whole territory now belongs to Prussia, Han 
 over, and Oldenburg. 
 
 Westphalia, a province of the Prussian states, 
 bounded W. by the Netherlands, and E. by Han 
 over and Hesse-Cassel. It is divided into thtf 
 
WEI 
 
 776 
 
 WHE 
 
 districts of Arensberg, Minden, and Munster, and 
 contains an area of 8,300 sq. m. with about 1,000, 
 000 of inhabitants. The soil in general is not 
 fertile, but large quantities of flax are raised, and 
 the rearing of cattle is carried to great extent. 
 There are mines of lead, iron, and coal in the 
 mountainous districts, and extensive salt works 
 in different parts of the province. 
 
 Westphalia, a duchy of Germany, in the Prus- 
 sian province of Westphalia, and government of 
 ArensDeru 40 m. long and 25 broad ; bounded on 
 the N. bv the principalities of Munster and Osna- 
 burg ancl the county of Lippe, W. by that of 
 Mark, S- by the territories of Nassau, and E. by 
 the counties o'f'Witgenstein, Hartzfeld, Waldeck, 
 and Hesse. It is a mountainous country, full of 
 wood, but moderately fertile. It formerly belong- 
 ed to the elector of Cologne, but was ceded to 
 the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1802, and made 
 aver to Prussia in 1814. 
 
 Wat Point, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. on the W. 
 nankofthe Hudson, 58 m. above New York. The 
 United States Military Academy at this place was 
 established by Congress in 1802, for the instruc- 
 tion of young men" destined for the army. The 
 ni mber of cadets is limited to 250, and in choos- 
 ing among the applicants, the sons of revolution- 
 ary officers are allowed the first claim, and the 
 children of the deceased officers of the last war, 
 the second. The age of the pupils on admission 
 must be between 14 and 22. The professors and 
 instructors are 30 in number; each of the cadets 
 costs the government 336 dollars annually. They 
 are required to encamp 6 or 8 weeks during the 
 year. The course of study is completed in four 
 years, and includes French, drawing, natural and 
 experimental philosophy, chemistry, mineralogy, 
 geography, history, ethics, national law, mathe- 
 matics and the whole science of strategy, tactics, 
 artillery and engineering. The annual expense 
 of the institution is 115,000 dollars. 
 
 There are 5 large stone buildings, and 6 of 
 brick . The site they occupy is very beautiful and 
 commanding, being a level 188 feet above the 
 river. Close to the shore stands a white marble 
 monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko. In 
 another part is an obelisk to the memory of Col. 
 Wood, one of the pupils who fell at Fort Erie. 
 
 JVestpoint, p. v. Hardin Co. Ken. 
 
 Westport, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 60 m. S. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 2,773; p.t. Oldham Co. Ken. on the 
 Ohio ; p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. 
 
 Westport, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Mayo, 8 m. W. of Castlebar. 
 
 Westra, one of the Orkney Islands, 9 m. long 
 and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade in kelp, and 
 a good harbour for small vessels on the N. W. 
 side, 9 m. N. N. E. of Pomona. Long. 2. 52. W., 
 let. 69. 8. N. 
 
 West Springfield, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 100 
 m. S. W. Boston, with considerable manufactures. 
 Pop. 3,272. 
 
 West Stockbrida-e, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 
 in. W. Boston. "Pop. 1,208. 
 
 Westville, p. v. Simpson Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Wetherhy, a town in W. Yorkshire. 191 m. N. 
 bj W. of London. 
 
 Wethersfield, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 3 m. S. 
 Hartford. Pop. 3,8f>2. This town is famous for 
 the cultivation of onions. 
 
 Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, S. E. 
 of the lake Wenner. It is 100 m. in length, and 
 in some places 20 in breadth. Above 40 small 
 streams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the 
 
 river Motala, which flows E. by Nordkoping into 
 the Baltic. 
 
 Wetteravia, or Wateraw, a name originally ap 
 plied to a district of Germany, lying on the banks 
 of the river Wetter, but now so extended as to 
 denote all the country between the Lahn, the 
 Rhine, and the Maine. 
 
 Wettin, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a moun- 
 tain ; seated on the Saal, over which is a ferry, 
 9 m. N. N. W. of Halle. 
 
 Wettingen, a town of Switzerland, in the coun- 
 ty of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridge, 
 240 feet long, of a single arch over the river Lim- 
 mat. It is 1 m. S. of Baden. 
 
 Wetzlar, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia. 
 capital of a county of the same name. It is stir 
 rounded by ditches and walls flanked with towers, 
 and is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle 
 and Dillen, 30 m. N. of Frankfort. Lon<r. 8. 37 
 E., lat. 50. 33. N. 
 
 Wevelsburg, a town and citadel of Westphalia, 
 in the principality of Paderborn, 9 m. S. of Pader- 
 born. 
 
 Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Munster, 47 m. long and 30 broad ; bounded 
 on the N. by Wicklow, E. by St. George's Chan- 
 nel, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, W Dy Waterford 
 and Kilkenny, and N. W. by Catherlouffh. It 
 contains 142 parishes, has two boroughs, and sends 
 four members to parliament. The surface is 
 mountainous, but the soil in general is fertile in 
 corn and grass. The principal rivers are the 
 Barrow and Slaney. 
 
 Wexford., a borough of Ireland, and capital of 
 the foregoing county. It has a spacious harbour 
 at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St.. 
 George's Channel, but the water is not deep 
 enough for large vessels. Much woolen cloth is 
 manufactured here and in the neighbourhood. 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 9,000. It is 33 
 m. E. N. E. of Waterford and 60 S. of Dublin. 
 Long. 6. 30. W., lat. 52. 22. N. 
 
 Wexio, a town of Sweden, in Smaland. seated 
 on the lake Helga, which contains a group of 
 woody islands. It is a bishop's see, though small, 
 and is 50 m. W. of Calmar. 
 
 Weybridge, a village in Surrey, Eng. seated on 
 the Wey, near its entrance into the Thames, 2 n>. 
 E. of Chertsey. Here is Woburn Farm, the 
 plantations of which were the first specimen in 
 England of the ornamented farm. 
 
 Weybridge, a to>vnship of Addison Co. Vt 
 Pop. 850. 
 
 Weyhill, a village in Hampshire, Eng. fa- 
 mous for an annual fair for all kinds of cattle, 
 leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. It is one of 
 the largest fairs in England, lasting 10 davs. 3 
 m. W. of Andover. 
 
 Weymcx, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with 
 a harbour, whence much coal and salt are export- 
 ed. It stands on the Frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E 
 of Kilkaldy and 12 S. by W. of Cupar. 
 
 Weymouth, a sea-port and borough in Dorset- 
 shire, Eng. 12 m. S W. London. 
 
 Weymouth, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 10 m. S. E. 
 Boston, noted for the manufacture of excellent 
 cheese. Pop. 2,839. A townshipof Glncester Co. N 
 J.; p.t. Medina Co. Ohio, 1 17 m. N E.Columbus 
 
 Wliarlon, a township of Fayette Co. Pa 
 
 Whartonville. p. v. Fauquier Co. Va. 
 
 Whatel.y, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W 
 Boston. Pop. 1,111. 
 
 Wheatfield, a township of Indiana Co. Pa 
 
VVHI 
 
 77- 
 
 WHI 
 
 Wheeler, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 1 ,389. 
 Wheeling, p.t. Ohio Co. Va. on the Ohio, 95 
 m. below Pittsburg. It stands at the mouth of a 
 creek on a high bank, and consists principally of 
 one large street, parallel to the river. The great 
 Cumberland road strikes the Ohio at this place 
 and makes it a great thoroughfare for emigrants 
 from the Atlantic states. The town is well built 
 and lias a very flourishing trade and considerable 
 manufatures. Pop. 5,221. 
 
 Wheeling, townships of Belmont and Guernsey 
 Cos. Ohio. 
 
 Whedock, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 834. 
 Whernside, the highest mountain in England, 
 situate on the N. W. part of Yorkshire, amid 
 other mountains, and about 6 miles to the N. of 
 that called Ingleborough. Its summit is 4,050 
 feet above the level of the sea. Near the top are 
 four or five tarns or small lakes. Its base con- 
 tains several spacious caverns, of which the prin- 
 cipal are Yordas, Gatekirk, and Greenside 
 caves. 
 
 Whidah, a country of Guinea, on the Slave 
 Coast, extending about 10 miles along the Atlan- 
 tic, and 12 miles inland. Europeans who have 
 been in this country extol it as the most beauti- 
 ful in the world, and assert that spring and au- 
 tumn reign perpetually in alternate succession. 
 The country is so populous that one single vil- 
 lage contains as many inhabitants as some entire 
 kingdoms on the coast of Guinea. The people, 
 in their manners, have been compared to the 
 Chinese ; the same persevering industry, ceremo- 
 nious civility, joalous affection for their women, 
 thievish inclinations in trade, prevail in both 
 countries. Bows, arrows, assagays, and clubs, 
 are the principal weapons of the Whidanese. 
 They have no distinction of hours, days, weeks, 
 or stated periods; and yet, without pen, ink, or 
 the assistance of artificial arithmetic, they calcu- 
 late any thing with great accuracy. They are 
 said to have a faint idea of a Supreme Being, to 
 whom they attribute omnipotence, and consider 
 him as the Creator of the universe. He ia, they 
 say, too highly exalted to have any concern about 
 his creatures ; and the government of the world 
 he leaves to the fetiches, to whom, therefore, 
 they apply as the mediators between God and 
 them. These fetiches are divided into three 
 classes : snakes, tall trees, and the sea ; and 
 sometimes they add a fourth, namely, the chief 
 river of the kingdom, the Euphrates. The dei- 
 fied snakes are about a yard long, amazingly tame 
 arid familiar ; and no insult or injury can be of. 
 fi-red to them by a native, under pain of death. 
 Here are oxen, cows, goats, sheep, hogs, turkeys, 
 ducks, and hens ; also elephants, buffaloes, tigers, 
 several kinds of deer, and a sort of hares. The 
 fruits are citrons, lemons, oranges, bananas, tam- 
 arinds, &.c, and there are vast numbers of palm- 
 trees from which much wine is made. The trade 
 consists chiefly of elephants' teeth, wax and hon- 
 ey ; and the principal manufactures are cloths, 
 U'nbrellas, baskets, pitchers for pitoorbeer, plates 
 hh'd dishes of wood, gourds finely ornimented, 
 white and blue paper, &c. In 1727 the king of 
 Dahomey reduced this country to the state of a 
 <l»pen'defit province. Xavier, or Sabi, is the 
 capital. 
 
 Whitby, a sea- port in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It is 
 seated on the German Ocean, at the mouth of 
 the Esk, 48 m. N. N. E. of York and 243 N. of 
 London. 
 
 Wldtchurch, a borough in Hampshire, Eng, 
 98 
 
 with manufactures of shalloons, serges, &c. 56 
 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Whitchurch, a town in Shropshire, Eng. 160 in 
 N. W. of London 
 
 White, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 9,967 
 Sparta is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop 
 6,091. Carmi is the capital. 
 
 White Chimneys, p. v. Caroline Co. Va. 
 White Clay Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co 
 Del. 
 
 White Creek, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 36 m. 
 N. E. Albany. Pop. 2,448. 
 
 White Day, p. v. Monongahela Co. Va. 
 White Deer, p.v Lycoming Co. Pa.; a town- 
 ship of Union Co. Pa. 
 
 White Eyes, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 
 Whitcfield, p t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,020. 
 A township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 685. 
 
 Whitehall, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. formerly 
 Skenesborougk. It stands at the mouth of a creek 
 flowing into the S. end of Lake Champlain. The 
 Northern Canal from the Hudson here passes in- 
 to the lake. Sloops, steamboats and other lake 
 craft come up to the town, and the trade of the 
 place is very active. A steamboat plies regular- 
 ly between Whitehall and St. Johns, L. C 
 70 m. N. Albany, 170 N. W. Boston. Pop 
 2,888. 
 
 Whitehall, N. and S. two townships in Lehigh 
 Co. Pa. on the Lehigh p.v. Columbia Co. Pa., 
 Frederick Co. Va., Mecklenburg Co. N. C. and 
 Abbeville Dis. S. C. 
 
 White Haven, p.t. Somerset Co. Md. 
 White House, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 
 White Lake, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y. 
 Whiteland, E. and W. two townships in Ches- 
 ter Co. Pa. 
 
 Whitely, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,807. 
 Whitclysburg, p.v. Kent Co. Del. 22 m. S. E. 
 Dover. 
 
 Whitemarsh, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 
 White Mountains, p.v. Coos Co. N. H. 117 m 
 N. N. E. Concord. 
 
 White Mountains, a range of mountains in the 
 norhern part of New Hampshire, nearly in the 
 centre of the county of Coos. They are the 
 highest in the United States, east of the Rocky 
 Mountain chain, and are celebrated for their 
 grand and beautiful scenery. These mountains 
 extend about 20 m. from S. W. to N. E. being 
 the more elevated parts of a range extending ma- 
 ny miles in that direction. Their base is 8 or 10 
 m. broad ; and situated about 25 ra S. E. from 
 Lancaster, 70 N.of Concord, 82 N. by W. from 
 Portsmouth ; and in lat. 44. 15, long. 71. 20. W. 
 Although distant more than 60. m. from the near- 
 est part of the coast, their snow-white summits 
 are distinctly visible many Jengues at sea, and 
 along the coast, of Maine. Their great elevation 
 has always rendered them interesting, both to 
 our ancestors, and to the aboriginal inhabitants 
 of the country. As early as 1633, they were vis- 
 ited by Neal, Jocelyn and Field, who gave ro- 
 mantic accounts of their adventures, and of 
 the extent and granduer of the mountains, 
 which they called the Crystal Hills. Since that 
 time, these regions have been repeatedly explor- 
 ed by hunters, and by men of science. Mount 
 Washington is 6,428 feet above the level of the 
 sea, 5,850 above the river at Lancaster, and 4,781 
 above Crawford's, the nearest dwelling to the 
 summit. This mountain is easily known by its 
 superior elevation, and its being the southern of 
 the three highest peaks. The heights of the otb 
 
win 
 
 773 
 
 WH1 
 
 ei peaks above the Connecticut at Lancaster, are 
 as follows ; 
 
 Mount Adams. .... 5,383 feet. 
 il Jefferson, - 5,281 
 
 " Madison, --- - 5.03!) 
 " Monroe, .... 4^932 
 " Franklin,- - - - 4,470 
 " Pleasant, .... 4,339 
 Mount Adams is known by its sharp termina- 
 ting peak, and being the second N. of Washing- 
 ton. Jefferson is situated between these two. 
 Madison is the eastern peak of the range. Won- 
 roe is the first to the S. of Washington. Frank- 
 lin is the second S. and is known by its level sur- 
 face. Pleasant is known by its conical shape, 
 and being the third S. of Washington. In pas- 
 sing from the Notch to the highest summit, the 
 traveller crosses the summits of Mounts Pleasant, 
 Franklin and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he 
 must pass through a forest, and cross several ra- 
 vines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are 
 they discovered at a great distance ; for the trees 
 fill them up exactly even with the mountain on 
 each side, and their branches interlock with each 
 other in such a manner, that it is very difficult to 
 pass through them, and they are so stiff and thick 
 as almost to support a man's weight. Mount 
 Pleasant is easily ascended. Its top, to the ex- 
 tent of 5 or 6 acres, is smooth, and gradually 
 slopes away in every direction from its centre. 
 It even has a verdant appearance, as it is every 
 where covered with short grass, which grows in 
 little tufts to the height of four or five inches. 
 Among these tufts, mountain flowers are thinly 
 scattered, which add life and beauty to the scene. 
 The prospect from this summit is beautiful : to 
 the N. the eye is dazzled with the splendour of 
 Mount Washington ; N. W. are seen the settle- 
 ments in Jefferson ; W. the courses of the 
 Amonoosuck, as though delineated on a map ; S. 
 W. the Mooshelock and Haystack are discovered ; 
 S. Chocorua peak.; S. E. the settlement and 
 mountains in Bartlett ; E. only dark mountains 
 and forests. 
 
 On descending this mountain, a small patch of 
 water is found at its base : from which the as- 
 cent is gradual to the summit of Mount Franklin. 
 After crossing this mountain, you pass over the 
 E. pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find 
 yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of 
 Mount Washington. Here is a fine resting-place, 
 on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water, of 
 an oval form, covering about 3-4 of an acre. 
 The waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep. 
 Not a living creature is to be seen in the waters, 
 at this height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of 
 any kind grow in or around them, to obscure the 
 clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they 
 rest. A small spring discharges itself into this 
 pond at its south-east angle. Another pond, of 
 about 2-3 its size. liesN. W. of this. Directly 
 before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington 
 rises with majestic grandeur, like an immense pyr- 
 amid, or some vast Kremlin in this magnificent 
 city of mountains. The pinnacle is elevated 
 about 1,500 feet above the plain, and is composed 
 principally of huge rocks of granite and gneiss 
 piled together, presenting a variety of colors and 
 forms. In ascending, you must pass enormous 
 masses of loose stones; but a walk of half an 
 hour will generally carry you to the summit. 
 The view from this point is wonderfully grand 
 and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, 
 ponds rivers towns and villages meet the delight- 
 
 ed eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters 
 along the eastern horizon. To the N. is seen the 
 lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson ; and to 
 the east a little detached from the range stands 
 Mount Madison. Mount Washington is support- 
 ed on the N. by a high ridge, which extends to 
 Mount Jefferson ; on the N. E. by a large grassy 
 plain, terminating in a vast spur extending far 
 away in that direction ; E. by a promontory, 
 which breaks off abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose ; 
 S. and S. E. by a grassy plain, in summer, of 
 more than 40 acres. 
 
 At the southeastern extremity of this plain, a 
 ridge commences, which slopes gracefully away 
 towards the vale of the Saco ; upon which at short 
 distances from each other, arise rocks, resembling, 
 in some places, towers ; in others representing 
 the various orders of architecture. It would be 
 vain in us to attempt a description of the varied 
 wonders which here astonish and delight the be- 
 holder. To those who have visited these moun- 
 tains, our descriptions would be tame and unin- 
 teresting ; and he who has never ascended their 
 hoary summits, cannot realize the extent and mag- 
 nificence of the scene. These mountains are 
 decided!)' of primitive formation. Nothing of 
 volcanic origin has ever yet been discovered on 
 the most diligent research. They have for ages, 
 probably, exhibited the same unvarying aspect. 
 No minerals are here found of much rarity or 
 value. The rock which most abounds, is schistus, 
 intermixed with greenstone, mica, granite and 
 gneiss. The three highest peaks are composed 
 entirely of fragments of rocks heaped together in 
 confusion, but pretty firmly fixed in their situa- 
 tions. 
 
 During nine or ten months of the year, the 
 summits of the mountains are covered with snow 
 and ice, giving them a bright and dazzling ap- 
 pearance. On every side are long and winding 
 gullies, deepening in their descent to the plains 
 below. Here some of the finest rivers of New 
 England originate. The Saco flows from the E. 
 side of the mountains ; the branches of the Ame- 
 riscoggin from the N. ; the Amonoosuck and 
 other tributaries of the Connecticut from the W. ; 
 and the Pemigewasset from the S., its fountain 
 being near that of the Saco. The sides of the 
 hills are in many parts covered with soil ; but 
 this is very superficial in all cases, and every 
 spot, that can be reached by running water, is 
 left destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles, 
 of which likewise the river-bottoms are exclu- 
 sively composed. In these cold and elevated re- 
 gions, the period for the growth of vegetables is 
 extremely brief; the mountains must be forevei 
 sterile. Moss and lichens may be found near the 
 summits, but of meagre and scanty growth — look 
 ing as if they had wandered from their proper 
 zone below, into these realms of barren desola 
 tion. 
 
 The Kotih of the White Mountains, is a name 
 appropriated to a very narrow defile extending 
 two miles in length between two huge cliffs ap- 
 parently rent asunder by some vast convulsion 
 of nature, probably that of the deluge. The en- 
 trance of the chasm is formed by two rocks stand- 
 ing perpendicular a<t the distance of 22 feet from 
 each other : one about 20 feet in height, the oth- 
 er about 12. The road from Lancaster to Port- 
 land passes through this notch, following the 
 course of the head stream of the Saco. The 
 scenery at this place is exceedingly beautiful and 
 grand. The mountain otherwise a continued 
 
WHI 
 
 779 
 
 WIH 
 
 range, is here cloven quite down to its base, open- 
 ing a passage for the waters of the Saco. The 
 gap is so nanow, that space has with difficulty 
 been found for the road. About half a mile from 
 the entrance of the chasm, is seen a most beau- 
 tiful cascade, issuing from a mountain on the 
 right, about 800 feet above the subjacent valley, 
 and about 2 miles distant. The stream passes 
 over a series of rocks almost perpendicular, 
 with a course so little broken as to preserve the 
 appearance of a uniform current, and yet so far 
 disturbed as to be perfectly white. This beauti- 
 ful stream, which passes down a stupendous preci- 
 pice, is called by Dwiglit the Silver Cascade. 
 It is one of the most beautiful in the world. At 
 the distance of three fourths of a mile from the 
 entrance of the chasm is a brook, called the Flume, 
 which falls from a height of 240 or 250 feet over 
 three precipices — down the two first in a single 
 current, and over the last in three, which unite 
 again at the bottom in a small basin formed by 
 the hand of nature in the rocks. The water is 
 pure and transparent, and it would be impossible 
 for a brook of its size to be moddled into more 
 diversified or delightful forms. 
 
 The more elevated parts of these mountains 
 are occasionally subject to avalanches, or slides 
 of earth, which sweep suddenly down their sides 
 and occasion great damage. A serious calamity 
 of this sort occurred at the Notch in August 1S20, 
 to a family of the name of Willey, who occupied 
 a dwelling in the narrowest part of the defile 
 many miles from any other human habitation. 
 At midnight during a furious storm of rain, the 
 mountain broke loose above them, and poured 
 down in a torrent of earth, rocks, and trees. The 
 family, aroused by the noise, immediately fled 
 
 mm MM* */ #-" : 
 
 ^S 
 
 from the house, but were overtaken by the aval- 
 anche and swept to destruction. The roads and 
 bridges along the valley were destroyed, the 
 streams choked up, and heaps of earth, rocks and 
 '.rees exhibited a frightful picture of desolation. 
 
 Till within a few years these mountains were 
 seldom visited except by a few hunters and an 
 occasional traveller, and the beauties of these 
 wild and sequestered spots were as little known 
 to the world as those of the Vale of Chamouni, 
 before the discovery of that unrivalled spot in the 
 last century. Latterly, the fame of the White 
 Mountain scenery has drawn the attention of all 
 the lovers of the picturesque in our country, and 
 the mountains are now visited every summer by 
 travellers from all parts of the United States. 
 Tolerable accommodations may be found at Craw- 
 ford's. Visitors who wish to view the sunrise 
 from Mount Washington, pass the night at the 
 Camp, 7 miles above, where the steepest ascent 
 of the mountain begins. 
 
 The only places susceptible of cultivation in 
 
 the heart of the mountains, are the little meadows 
 inhabited by the Crawfords, the Notch, and Wil 
 ley Meadows; and there the interval of warm 
 weather is so short in the year, that few vegeta- 
 bles can arrive at maturity, with all the rapidity 
 of growth which distinguishes such cold regions. 
 To those who are fond of field sports, the forests 
 and rivers afford every advantage, durino- the 
 brief summer which visits the valleys. Various 
 kinds of wild birds and game are to be found ill 
 the woods, besides bears, wild cats, and deer 
 The moose and buffalo were formerly abundant 
 among the mountains ; and it is scarcely thirty 
 years since they were killed in great numbers, 
 merely for their hides and tallow ; as the latter 
 still are in the deserts beyond the Mississippi. 
 Deer are common in the woods, and frequently 
 are killed by the hunters. Sometimes they come 
 boldly down into the little meadow before Craw- 
 ford's house, and quietly graze with the cattle. 
 The black bears are occasionally seen in the more 
 unfrequented places ; but they will always en- 
 deavour to avoid a man. A large species of elk, 
 here known by the name of the Cariboo, has 
 made its appearance in the White Mountains 
 within a few years ; but they are still very scarce 
 in this part of the country. 
 
 White Oak, p.v. Rutherford Co. N. C. 
 
 White Plains, p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. 30 
 m. N. New York. Pop. 759; p.v. Jackson Co. 
 Ten. 
 
 White Post, p.v. Frederick Co. Va. 
 
 White River, a stream falling into the Wabash 
 from the S. E. A river of Arkansas falling into 
 the Mississippi a little above the mouth of the Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 White Sand, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Whi/csl/orough, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. 
 
 Whitestoirn, t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,410. 
 
 Whites-cille, p.v. Columbus Co. N. C. 
 
 White Water, a branch of the Great Miami in 
 Indiana and Ohio ; a township in Hamilton Co 
 Ohio; p.v. Dearbon Co. Ind. 
 
 Whitring. p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 653. 
 
 Whilcingham, p.v Windham Co. Vt. Pop 
 1,477. 
 
 Whiteley, a township of Green Co. Pa. 
 
 While/mine, a township of Montgomery Co. 
 
 Whittedrille. p.t. Buncombe Co. N. C. 
 
 While Sea, a large bay of the Frozen Ocean 
 on the N. part of Russia, on the E. side of which 
 stands the town of Archangel. 
 
 Whitehaven, a. sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. 
 It is seated on a creek of the Irish Sea, on the 
 N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the 
 W. side, where there is a large whitish rock, and 
 a strong stone wall that secures the harbour. 
 Near it are excellent coal mines, some of which 
 run a considerable way under the sea, and are 
 the chief source of its wealth. It is 41 m. S. W. 
 of Carlisle and 320 N. N. W. of London. Long 
 3. 35. W.,lat. 54.25. N. 
 
 Whitehorn, a borough of Scotland, in Wigton- 
 shire, near the bay of Wigton. It is a place of 
 great antiquity, having been a Roman station 
 and the first bishopric in Scotland. 8 m. W of 
 Wigton. 
 
 Whitesable, a village on the coast of Kent, Eng. 
 7 m. N. N. W. of Canterbury. 
 
 Whitsuntide Island, one of the New Hebrides 
 in the S. Pacific, 30 m. long and 8 broad, discov 
 ered by captain Wallis, on the Whitsunday, 1707 
 Long. 108. 20. E., lat. 15. 44. S. 
 
WIE 
 
 780 
 
 WIH 
 
 Whiltlebury Forest, a forest in the S. part of 
 Northamptonshire, Eng. 9 in. long and 3 broad. 
 
 Wiburg, or Viborg, an extensive district of 
 Russia, in the government of Finland. It was 
 ceded by the Swedes to the Russians, partly by 
 the peace of Nystadt in 1721, and partly by the 
 treaty of Abo in 1743. Besides pastures, the 
 country produces rye, oats, and barley, but not 
 sufficient for the inhabitants. 
 
 Wiburg, a fortified sea-port of Russia, capital 
 of the foregoing district, and a bishop's see, with 
 a strong citadel. The houses are almost entirely 
 built of stone. The chief exports are planks, tal- 
 low, pitch, and tar. The surrounding country is 
 pleasant; and near it, at Imatra, is the famous 
 cataract of the Woxa, which makes a noise more 
 stunning than that of the Rhine at Lauffen. Wi- 
 burg stands on the N. E point of the gulf of 
 Finland, 100 m. N. N. W. of Petersburg Long. 
 29. 10. E., lat. GO. 56. N. 
 
 Wihurg, a city of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 
 capital of a diocese of the same name, and the 
 seat of the chief court of justice in the province. 
 In 1726 the cathedral, a church, the town-house, 
 and the bishop's palace, were destroyed by fire ; 
 but they have all been magnificently rebuilt. It 
 is seated on a lake, in a peninsula, 120 m. N. of 
 Sleswick. Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 56. 20. jV. 
 
 Wick, a borough of Scotland, and the capital 
 of Caithness-shire, with a harbour on an inlet of 
 the German Ocean, at the mouth of a river of 
 the same name. Much kelp is made here, but 
 the fisheries are the chief object of importance. 
 It is 55 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 2. 51. W., 
 lat. 58. 21. N. 
 
 Wick, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Meuse, op- 
 posite Maastricht, with which it communicates 
 by a bridge. 
 
 Wick Duerstede, a town of Prussian Westpha- 
 lia, with two castles, 12 m. N. of Juliers. 
 
 Wickford, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 24 m. S. 
 Providence. 
 
 Wicklow, a county of Ireland, in the province 
 of Leinster, 36 m. long and 25 broad ; bounded 
 on the N. by Dublin, E. by the Irish Sea, S. by 
 Wexford, W. by Catherlough and Kildare, and 
 N. W. by Kildare. It is divided into 58 parish- 
 es, has about 111,000 inhabitants, and sends two 
 members to parliament. It is very mountainous 
 and woody, interspersed with rocks and bogs; 
 but the valleys are fertile and well cultivated, 
 and watered by numerous small rivers. 
 
 Wicktoio, the capital of the foregoing county, is 
 seated on the Irish Sea, with a narrow harbour, 
 at the mouth of the river Leitrim 26 m. S. S. E. 
 of Dublin. Long. 6. 12. W , lat. 52. 58. N. 
 Wicomico, p.v. Northumberland Co. Va. 
 Wickwar, a decayed town in Gloucestershire, 
 Eng. Ill W. of London. 
 
 Widdin, a fortified town of Bulgaria, and an 
 archbishop's see. It has often been taken and 
 retaken by the Austrians and Turks; and is seat- 
 ed on the Danube, 100 m. N. by W. <,f Sossa and 
 140 E. S. E. of Belgrade. Long. 24. 27 E., lat. 
 44. 12. N. 
 
 Wicd, a county of Germany, at the conflux of 
 the rivers Wied and Rhine. It is composed of 
 two parts, the Upper County, or Wied-Runkel, 
 and the Lower County, or Wied-Nieuwied. 
 
 Wied, a town of Germany, in the lower county 
 of Wied, 9 m. N. N. W. of'Coblentz. 
 
 Wielun, a town of Prussian Poland, with a good 
 castle, 16 m. S. of Siradia. 
 
 Wiclitska, a village of Austrian Poland, in Gah- 
 cia, celebrated for its salt mines, which extend 
 under the whole town, and to a considerable dis- 
 tance on each side. In these mines are several 
 small chapels, excavated in the salt ; and many 
 of the inhabitants reside chiefly in the mines. 8 
 m. S. E. of Cracow. 
 
 fViesensteig, a town of Wurtemberg, with a 
 castle; seated on the Fils, Kim. W.N. W.ofUlm 
 and 25 E. S. E. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Wicsenlhal, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with 
 manufactures of iron, steel, and fire-arms, and a 
 considerable trade in leather. It stands on a rivu- 
 let of the same name, on the frontiers of Bohemia. 
 15 m. N. by E. of Carlsbad. 
 
 Wigan, a borough in Lancashire, Eng. 3& 
 m. S. of Lancaster and 196 N. N. W. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Wight, an island in the English Channel, on 
 the S. coast of Hampshire, from which it is se- 
 parated by a narrow strait It is about 21 m. in 
 length and 13 in breadth, and is nearly divided 
 into two equal parts by the river Mede, or Covves, 
 which, rising in the southern angle, enters at the 
 northern into the channel, opposite the mouth of 
 Southampton bay. The S. coast is bordered with 
 very steep cliffs of chalk and free -stone, hollowed 
 into caverns in various parts. The W. side is 
 fenced with ridges of rocks, of which the most 
 remarkable are those called the Needles. Be- 
 tween the island and the main are various sand 
 banks, especially off the E. part, where is the 
 safe road of St. Helens. Across the island from 
 E to W. runs a ridge of hills, forming a tract of 
 fine downs, w T ith a chalky or marly soil, which 
 feeds a great number of rabbits and fine fleeced 
 sheep. To the N. of this ridge the land is chiefly 
 pasture ; to the S. of it is a rich arable country, 
 producing great crops of corn. The variety of 
 prospects which this island affords, its mild air, 
 and the neat manner in which the fields are laid 
 out, render it a very delightful spot. It is devo- 
 ted almost entirely to husbandry, and has no 
 manufactures of any consequence. Among its 
 products are to be reckoned a pure white pipe- 
 clay, and a fine white crystalline sand, of the 
 latter of which great quantities are exported for 
 the use of (he glass-works in various parts. The 
 other articles of export are wheat, flour, barley, 
 malt, and salt. Its principal town is Newport; 
 it likewise contains the boroughs of Newton and 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Wigton, a town in Cumberland, Eng. with man- 
 ufactures of linen and cotton ; also an extensive 
 calico-printing establishment, and a silk hat man- 
 ufactory. 304 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wigton. a borough and sea-port of Scotland, 
 capital of Wigtonshire. Here are manufactures 
 of woolen and cotton, the former chiefly of plaids 
 and flannel. It is situate on a hill, which over- 
 looks the bay of Wigton, 100 m. S. W. of Edin- 
 burg. 
 
 Wigtonshire, or West Galloway, a county of 
 Scotland, bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, N. E. 
 by Kirkcudbrightshire, and on all other sides by 
 the Irish Sea. Its greatest extent, in any direc- 
 tion, does not exceed 30 m. It is divided into 17 
 parishes, and contains about 34,000 inhabitants. 
 WUbraham, p t. Hampden Co. Mass. 89 m. S 
 W Boston. Pop. 203. 
 
 Wihacs, a frontier town of European Turkey 
 in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the river 
 Unna, 40 m. S. E. of Carlstadt and 220 W. o' 
 Belgrade. Long. 16. 10- E., lat. 45. 34. N. 
 
WIL 
 
 781 
 
 WIL 
 
 Wilcox, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9,459. Can- 
 ton is the capital. 
 
 Wildbad, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg 
 with a celebrated warm bath, seated on the Enz 
 24 m. W. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Wildberg, a town of Wurtemberg, situate on 
 the Nagold, 19 m. S W. of Stuttgard. 
 
 Wildberg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 28 m. N. of Brandenburg. 
 
 Wilderness, p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. 
 
 Wildcshausen, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Oldenburg, seated on the Hunte, 20 m. 
 S. W. of Bremen. Long. 3. 27. E., lat. 52. 53. 
 N. 
 
 Wifdungcn, a town of German}', in the county 
 of Waldek, with a castle. Near it are mineral 
 springs, and mines of copper, iron, and lead. 14 
 m. S. S. E. of Corbach. 
 
 Wilfu:rm,stein, a fortress of Germany, in the 
 county of Sachauenburg, on an island formed of 
 stones sunk for the purpose, in Steinhuder-mere. 
 It was erected in 1708 by William, count of 
 Schauenburg-Lippe, for the improvement of his 
 new inventions in the art of war. It stands near 
 the town of Steinhude, 18 m. W. N. W. of Han- 
 over. 
 
 Wilkes, a county of N. Carolinia. Pop. 11,942. 
 Wilkesborough is the capital ; a county of Geor- 
 gia. Pop. 14,237. Washington is the capital. 
 
 WUkesbarre, p t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus- 
 quehannah, 120 m. N. W. Philad. 
 
 Wilkesborouirh, p.t. Wilkes Co. N. C. 204 m. 
 N. W. Raleigh. 
 
 Wilkesville, p. v. Gallia Co. Ohio. 104 m. S. E. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Wilkinson, a county of Georgia. Pop. 6,558. 
 Irwinton is the capital; a county of Mississippi. 
 Pop. 11,693. Woodville is the capital. 
 
 Wilkinsonville , p. v. Chesterfield Co. Va. ; v. 
 Johnson Co. Illinois. 
 
 Wilkomiers , a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Wilna, seated on the Sweita, 45 m. N. 
 N. W. of Wilna. 
 
 William. Fort, a fort of Scotland, in the county 
 of Inverness, at the extremity of Loch Linne, 
 where that arm of the sea bends to the W. and 
 forms Loch Eil. It is of a triangular figure, and 
 is 64 m. S. W of Inverness. 
 
 William Henry, a town of Lower Canada, sit- 
 uate at the conflux of the Sorel with the St. Law- 
 rence. It lias a Protestant and a Roman Catho- 
 lic church. The principal channel of intercourse 
 with this country and the United States is through 
 this town. It is 40 m. N E. of Montreal and 120 
 S. W. of Quebec. Long. 73. 22. W., lat. 45. 55 N. 
 
 Willett, p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 894. 
 
 Williams, a county of Ohio. Pop. 377. Defi- 
 ance is the capital ; t. Northampton and Mont- 
 gomery Cos. Pa. 
 
 Williamsborough, p. v. Greenville Co. N. C. 
 37 m. N. W.Halifax. 
 
 Williamsburg, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me Pop. 
 227; p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 m. W Boston 
 with manufactures of cotton, linen, and woolen. 
 Pop 1,225; p v. Huntingdon and Northumber- 
 land Cos. Pa. Iredell Co. N. C, Mason Co. Ken. 
 and Jackson and Maurv Cos. Ten.. Clermont Co. 
 Ohio. Pop. 1,609. 
 
 Williamsburg, a District of N. Carolina. Pop. 
 9,015. Kingslree is the capital. 
 
 Williamsburg, p. v. James City Co. Va. 32 m. 
 E. by S. Richmond. This town was once the 
 <!3«>ital of th*» State, but is now mucli decayed 
 ♦Yarn it* >rmer importance. It still contains 
 
 W llliam and Mary College .vhich was founded 
 here in 1693. It has 7 instructers and 60 students. 
 The libraries have 4,200 volumes. It has one va- 
 cation of nearly 4 months from July to October. 
 Commencement is in July. 
 
 Williamsfield, p.v Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 242 in 
 N. E. Columbus. 
 
 Williamsport, p.v. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wash 
 ington Co. Pa., Washington Co. Md., Pickaway 
 Co. Ohio., Morgan Co. Ind. 
 
 Williamson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 
 26,608. Franklin is the capital. 
 
 Williamstadt, a sea-port of Holland in N. Bra- 
 bant. 13 in. N. W. Breda. 
 
 Williamslown , p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 46 m. N 
 Windsor. Pop. 1,487. 
 
 Williamstoicn, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m. 
 N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,127. Williams College, 
 at this place was founded in 1793. It has 7 in- 
 structers and 115 students. The libraries have 
 4,556 volumes. There are 3 vacations in May, 
 September and December, of 18 weeks. Com 
 mencement is in December. 
 
 Williamstoicn, p.v. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop. 
 686 ; p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa., Martin Co. N. C. 
 Grant Co. Ken. 
 
 Williamsville, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y., Chesterfield 
 Co. Va., Person Co. N. C. 
 
 Willington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E. 
 Hartford. Pop. 1,305 ; p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. (. 
 
 Willink, p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. 
 
 Williston, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 10 m. S. E. 
 Burlington. Fop. 1,608. 
 
 Willistown, a township of Chester Co. Pa. 
 
 Willow Grove, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. and 
 Sumter Dis. S. C. 
 
 WiUsborough, p.t. Essex Co. N. Y. on L Cham- 
 plain. Pop. 1,316. 
 
 Wills/tire, p.t. Van Wert Co. Ohio. 130 m. N. 
 W. Columbus. 
 
 Willistown, an Indian village in the Cherokee 
 country of Alabama. 50 m. E. Huntsville- 
 
 Wilmanstrand, a town of Prussia in Finland 
 100 m. N. W. St. Petersburg, famous for a battle 
 between the Swedes and Russians in 1741. 
 
 Wilmington, p.v. Windham Co. Vt. I? m. W. 
 Brattleborouo-h. Pop. 1.367; p.t. Essex Co. N 
 Y. 160 m. N. Albany. D op. 695. 
 
 Wilmington, p.t. Newcastle Co. Del. on Chris- 
 tiana Creek, near its entrance into the Delaware. 
 It is the largest town in the state, a port of entry, 
 and incorporated with city privileges. It is regu- 
 larly and handsomely built, mostly of brick. In the 
 neighbourhood are many flourishing manufactures 
 of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowder, and a great 
 number of mills. The town has 10 churches, 3 
 banks, an arsenal of the United States and a pub- 
 lic library. It has a large tnde in flour ; and ves- 
 sels drawing 14 feet of water can come up the 
 creek on which the town is situated 28 m. S. W. 
 Philad. Pop. 6,628. 
 
 Wilmington, p.v. Fluvanna Co. Va. 60 in N. 
 W. Richmond; p.t. New Hanover Co. N C, near 
 the mouth of Cape Fear River 80. m. S. E. Fay- 
 etteville ; it is a sea-port and has some commeiec 
 p. v. Clinton Co. Ohio ; p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio. 
 
 Willis Isle, a rocky island at the N. end of tin- 
 island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered 
 in 1775, and contains the nests of many thousands 
 in shags. Long. 38.30. W. , lat. 54. 0. S. 
 
 Willisau, a town and Bailiwic of Switzerland, mi 
 the canton of Lucern, seated among the mountains- 
 on the river Wiger, 16 m. W. N. W. of Lucern 
 
 Wilmanstrand • town of Russia in the overn 
 3 U 
 
WIL 
 
 782 
 
 WIN 
 
 ment of Finland, near which an obstinate battle 
 was fought, in 1741, between 3,000 Swedes and 
 16,000 Russians, when the former were obliged 
 at length to yield to superiority of numbers. It is 
 seated on the S. side of the lake Saima, 40 m. N. 
 N. W. of Wiburg and 100 N. N. W. of Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 Wilna, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 176 m. N. W. 
 Albany. Pop. 1,602. 
 
 Wilna, a government of Russia, comprising 
 the N. part of Lithuania, and containing an area 
 of 2,300 square miles, with about 1,000,000 of 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Wilna, a town of Russia, capital of the forego- 
 ing government, and a bishop's see, with a uni- 
 versity, an ancient castle, and a royal palace. It 
 stands on several little eminences, and has two 
 considerable suburbs, called Antokollo and Rud- 
 aiska. Here are upwards of 40 churches ; and the 
 magnificent one belonging to the castle has a very 
 rich treasury. In 1748 a dreadful conflagration 
 destroyed 13 churches, and in 1749 another fire 
 happened by lightning, which consumed six 
 churches ; besides these, the Jews s} T nagogue, the 
 council-house, 33 palaces, numerous stone edifi- 
 ces, and other buildings were destroyed. The 
 churches have been rebuilt, and some of them 
 in a more elegant manner than before; but the 
 city has not recovered its former gandeur. Wil- 
 na was taken by the Russians in 1704, and, with 
 its territory, annexed to that empire. The French 
 took possession of it in 1812, but evacuated it 
 the same year. It is seated on the Vilia, 180 m. 
 E. of Koni<rsberor and 240 N.E. of Warsaw. Long. 
 25. 28. E., Tat. 54.41. N. 
 
 Wilsdorf, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near 
 which the Saxons were defeated by the Prussians 
 in 1745. It is 9 m. W. of Dresden. 
 
 fVilsnach, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 14 m. N. W. of Havelberg. 
 
 Wilson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 
 25,477. Lebanon is the capital. ; p.t. Niagara 
 Co. N Y. Pop. 913. 
 
 Wilson, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,650 ; 
 p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 1,061 ; p.t. 
 Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 
 2.095; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 15 m. N. W. 
 Ballston Spa. Pop. 1,303. 
 
 Wilsonville, p.v. Bath Co. Va. 
 
 Wilson Hill, p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. 
 
 Wilsotoitz, a town of the Austrian states, in 
 Moravia, 15 m. E. N. E. of Hradisch. 
 
 Wilton, a borough in Wiltshire 85 m. W. by S. 
 of London. 
 
 Wiltshire., a county of England, 53 miles long 
 and 38 broad ; bounded on the E. by Berkshire 
 and Hampshire. The number of inhabitants in 
 1821 was 222,157. The air is sharp on the hills 
 in winter, but is mild during that season in 
 the vales. The land in the N. part is generally 
 hilly and woody, but affords excellent pasture 
 for cattle, and here is made the Wiltshire 
 cheese so much esteemed. In the S. the soil is 
 rich and fertile. In the middle it chiefly consists 
 of downs, that afford the best, pasture for sheep; 
 and in the valleys, which divide the downs, are 
 corn-fields and rich meadows. Its principal com- 
 modities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of 
 this lasl there are excellent quarries on the bank 
 of the Nadder, where some of the stones are 23 
 yards in length, and four in thickness, without a 
 flaw. The chief manufactures are the different 
 branches of the clothing-trade. Salisbury is the 
 •npifcal. 
 
 Wimbledon, a village in Surrey, Eng. on an ele 
 vated heath, 7 m R. W. of London. On the S. 
 W. anjrle of the common is a circular encamp- 
 ment, including seven acres ; the trench very 
 deep and perfect. In the village are copper mills 
 a manufacture for printing calicoes, and another 
 of japan ware. 
 
 Wimborn, or Wimborn Minster, a town in Dor- 
 setshire, Eng. It had a monastery, in which 
 were interred the W. Saxon kings Etheldred and 
 Sifjeforth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble 
 church, called the Minster, was formerly collegi- 
 ate. 100 m. S. of London. 
 
 Wimmis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 m. S. of Bern. 
 
 Wimjifen,?i town of Germany, in He?se-D:nm- 
 stadt, consisting properly of two towns, called 
 Wipfen on the Hill, and Wimpfen in the Vale. 
 A salt work was established here in 1761. It is 
 seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. of Heilbon and 22 
 E. of Heidelberg. 
 
 Wincaunton, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 with manufactures of ticking, dowlas, serges, &c. 
 24 m. S. of Bath and 108 W. by S. of London. 
 
 Winchcomb, a town in Gloucestershire, Eng 
 99 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 JVinchelsea, a. town in Sussex, Eng. an appendagf 
 to the cinque ports, 64 m. S. E. of London. 
 
 Winchcndon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m 
 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,463. 
 
 Winchester, p.v. Cheshire Co. N. H. 73 m. S. 
 W. Concord on the Connecticut, with manufac- 
 tures of woolen, cotton, nails, and oil. Pop. 2,052 
 
 Winchester, p.t. Frederick Co. Va. 30 m. S. 
 W. Harper's Ferry. It is regularly ana hand- 
 somely built in a pleasant situation and has con- 
 siderable trade and manufactures, a medical 
 school and an academy. There are some mineral 
 springs in the neighbourhood, and the town is 
 much frequented in summer by people from the 
 lower country. 
 
 Winchester, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. ] ,765. 
 Guernsey and Ohio Co. Randolph Co. Ind. Clarke 
 Co. Ken., Franklin Co. Ten., and Wayne Co. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Winchester, a city in Hampshire, Eng. It is 
 one mile and a half in circumference, and has 8 
 churches, besides the cathedral, in which were 
 interred several Saxon kings and queens, whose 
 bones were collected by bishop Fox, put into 
 small gilded coffins, and placed on a wall in I lie 
 S. side of the choir. In this cathedral is the mar- 
 blecoffin of William Rufus. In the vicinity is St 
 Mary's College, founded by William of Wyke- 
 ham ; and contiguous to it is a spacious quadran- 
 gular edifice for commoners or gentlemen not on 
 the foundation. At the S. end of the city is the 
 hospital of St. Cross, founded by a bishop of this 
 see, for a master, nine poor brethren, and four 
 out-pensioners. All travellers who call at (his 
 hospital have a right to demand some bread and 
 beer, which is always brought to them. 62 m. W. 
 by N. of London. 
 
 Windau, a sea- port of Russia, in the govern 
 ment of Courland, with a castle. The export? 
 are pitch, tar, wax, &c, and some ships are built 
 here. It stands at the mouth of a river of the 
 same name, in the Baltic, 86 m. N. W. of Mitt.au 
 and 100 N. by E. of Memel. Long. 21. 50. E.. lat 
 57. 15. N. 
 
 Windermere, or Winandermere,lhe moste.xten 
 sive lake in England, lying between Westmot 
 land and Lancashire. It extends 15 m. from N 
 to S., but is not more than a mile broad. It is fa 
 
WIN 
 
 783 
 
 WIN 
 
 mous for its fine char, and abundance of trout, 
 perch, pike, and eel. Its principal feeders are the 
 rivers Rothay and Brathay, and its outlet the ri- 
 ver Leven. This lake is intersected by several 
 promontories, and spotted with islands. Among 
 these, the Holme, or Great Island, an oblong 
 tract of 30 acres, crosses the lake iti an oblong 
 line, surrounded by a number of inferior isles, 
 finely wooded. 
 
 Wind Gap, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 
 
 Windham, a county of Vermont. Pop. 28,758 
 Xewfane is the capital ; a county of Connecticut. 
 Pop. 20,077. Brooklyn is the capital. 
 
 Windham, p.v. Cumberland Co. Me.; p.t. Rock- 
 mo-ham Co. N. H. Pop. 1,006: p.v. Windham 
 Co. Vt. Pop. 84 ; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. 
 2.^12; p.t. Green Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,472; p.v. 
 P^rtao-e Co Ohio. 148 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 
 fi83. 
 
 Windlingen, a town of the kingdom of Wur- 
 temberg, seated on the Lauter, 12 m. S. E. of 
 Stnltgard 
 
 Wiridsback, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 the district of Anspach, on the Rednitz, 10 m. S. 
 E. of Anspach. 
 
 Wirulsheim, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, 
 surrounded with ramparts which serve for a prom- 
 enade. It is seated on the Aiscli. 30 m. 
 S. E. of Wurtzburg and 32 S. S. W. of Bam- 
 berg. 
 
 Windsor, a borough in Berkshire, Eng. seated 
 on an eminence, on the Thames, with a market 
 on Saturday. It has been a royal demesne ever 
 since the time of William the Conqueror, who 
 received u from the hands of the abbot of West- 
 minster, in exchange for lands in Essex. The 
 picturesque beauty of its scenery, its noble forest, 
 and the interesting historical associations connect- 
 ed with the vicinity, all combine to confer upon 
 it peculiar attractions; but it owes its chief cele- 
 brity to its magnificent castle, the favorite resi- 
 dence of a long line of kings. This castle stands 
 upon a high hill, which rises from the town by 
 a gentle ascent ; and its fine terrace, faced with 
 a rampart of free-stone, 1,870 feet in length, is 
 one of the noblest walks in Europe, with respect 
 to strength, grandeur, and prospects. It was built 
 originally by William the Conqueror, and enlarg- 
 ed by Henry 1. Edward III. (who was born in 
 it) caused the greater part of the edifice to be fa- 
 tten down and rebuilt in its present form. Great 
 additions were made to it bv Edward IV., Henry 
 VII., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth. Charles II. 
 enlarged the windows and made them regular, 
 furnished the royal apartments with paintings, 
 enlarged the terrace walk on the N. side, and 
 carried it round the E. and S. sides. After the 
 iccession of the present house of Brunswick, 
 and in particular during the reign of George III. 
 splendid improvements were made; and under 
 his late majesty George IV., it assumed its pres- 
 ent grand and magnificent appearance. The cas- 
 tle is divided into two large courts, separated 
 from each other by the round tower allotted for 
 the residence of the governor. On the N. side 
 of the upper courts are the state apartments, on 
 the E. the private apartments of his late majesty, 
 and on the S. the suite of rooms set apart for the 
 officers of state. In the centre of the court is an 
 equestrian statue of Charles II. The royal apart- 
 ments are adorned with a splendid collection of 
 paintings, chiefly formed by the late kinjr, and 
 the royal chapel is embelleshed with a variety of 
 superb carvings, by the celebrated Gibbons In 
 
 the lower ward of the castle is St. George's chap- 
 el, an elegant and highly finished structure, of 
 pointed architecture, began by Edward III, in 
 1737, in honer of the order of the greater. On 
 the S. side of the town is the great park, which 
 is 14 m. in circumference. From that part of the 
 castle called the round tower, the eye embraces 
 one of the most noble and extensive prospects in 
 in England ; for not fewer than 12 counties may 
 be discerned with the naked eye ; while the land- 
 scape presents every combination of picturesque 
 beauty. Windsor is 22 m. W. London. 
 
 Windsor, a county of Vermont. Pop. 40,632. 
 Windsor is the capital. 
 
 Windsor, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. on the Connec- 
 ticut; 61 m. S. Montpelier, and 112 N. W. Bos- 
 ton. It has a handsome thriving town with con 
 siderable trade. Pop. 3,134; p.t. Kennebec Co 
 Me. Pop. 1,845 ; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 m 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,042; p.t. Hartford Co. Conn 
 7 m. N. Hartford. Pop. 3,220; p.t. Browne Co 
 N. Y. Pop. 2,175; p.t. York Co. Pa. Bertie Co. 
 N. E. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 
 
 Windsor Forest, a forest in the E. part of Berk- 
 shire, 50 miles in circumference. Though the 
 soil is generally barren and uncultivated, it is 
 finely Jiversified by hills and dales, woods anc 
 lawns, and delightful villas. It contains several 
 towns and villages, of which Oakingham is the 
 principal. 
 
 Windward Islands, such of the Caribbee islands 
 in the W. Indies as commence at Martinico and 
 extend to Tobago. 
 
 Windward Passage, the strait between Point 
 Maizi, the E. end of the island of Cuba, and Cape 
 St. Nicholas, the N. W. extremity of St. Domin- 
 go. 
 
 Winfield, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 91 m. N. W 
 Albany. Pop. 1 ,778. 
 
 Windhall, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 571. 
 
 Winnend. a town and Castle of Wurtemberg, 12 
 m. E. N. E. Stuttgard. 
 
 IVinnicza, a town of Austrian Poland, with a 
 castle ; seated on the river Bog, 35 m. N. of 
 Bracklau. 
 
 Winnipeg, a lake of Upper Canada, N. W. lake 
 Superior. It is 240 m. long and from 50 to 100 
 broad, and exhibits a body of water next in size to 
 Lake Superior. It receives the waters of several 
 small likes in every direction, and contains a 
 number of small islands. The lands on its banks 
 produce vast quantities of wild rice, and the su- 
 gar-tree in great plenty. 
 
 Winipise&g&i, r. N. H., which runs from lake 
 Winnipiseogee into the Merrimack, S. of the San- 
 bornton. 
 
 Winipistogee, a lake of N. Hampshire in Straf- 
 ford Co., surrounded by the townships of Centre 
 harbour, Moultonborough, Tuftonborough, Wolfs- 
 borough, Alton, Guilford, and Meredith. Long. 
 71. 5. to 71. 25. W., lat. 43. 29. to 43. 44. N. It is 
 about 23 m. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about 
 10, where widest broad. It receives the waters 
 of several small streams, but is supplied chiefly 
 by subjacent springs, and its waters are conveyed 
 off by the river Winipiseogee, which joins the 
 western branch of the Merrimack, at the S. W. 
 corner of Sanbornlon, opposite Salisbury, near 
 Webster's falls. It is 472 feet above the level of 
 the ocean, and 232 above the Merrimack, at the 
 junction of their waters ; and in some places it is 
 unfathomable by any means in the possession of 
 the inhabitants. It abounds in fish, and its wa 
 ters are remarkably pure, but little, if at all info- 
 
WIN 
 
 784 
 
 WIS 
 
 nor to those of lake George, N. Y. It is of a 
 very irregular form : in the N. W. it divides into 
 3 branches, or large bays, and in the S. E. is a 
 long arm, called Merry-meeting Bay. Several large 
 promontories intrude into the lake ; the principal 
 of which are Meredith neck, Moultonborough 
 neck, and Tuftonborough neck. It is bordered in 
 various parts by hills and mountains ; on the N. 
 W. is Red Mountain, on the N. Ossipee, on the S. 
 Mount Major, and Gunstock mountain. The lake 
 contains a great multitude of islands said to 
 amount to 365 ; some of them large enough for 
 farms of considerable extent, and are of beautiful 
 appearance. The prospect of the lake and its en- 
 virons is enchanting. 
 
 The following description of the appearance of 
 tlie lake as seen from the summit of Red moun- 
 tain is given by Dr. Dwight. — '• Immediately at 
 the foot of the height, on which we stood, and in 
 the bottom of the immense valley below, spread 
 south-eastward the waters of the Winipiseogee 
 in complete view ; except that one or two of its 
 arms were partially concealed by intervening 
 peninsulas. A finer object of the same nature 
 was perhaps never seen. The lakes, which I had 
 visited in my northern and western excursions, 
 were all of them undivided masses bordered by 
 shorescomparitively straight. This was, centrally, 
 a vast column, if I may be allowed the term, 23 m. 
 in length and from G to 8 in breadth, shooting out 
 with inimitable beauty, a succession of arms, 
 some of them not inferior in length to the whole 
 breadth of the lake. These were fashioned with 
 every elegance of figure, bordered with the most 
 beautiful winding shores, and studded with a mul- 
 titude of islands. Their relative positions, also, 
 could scarcely be more happy. 
 
 " Many of the islands are large, exquisitely 
 fashioned, and arranged in a manner not less sin- 
 gular than pleasing. As they met the eye, when 
 surveyed from this summit, they were set in 
 groups on both sides of the great channel, and left 
 this vast field of water unoccupied between them. 
 Their length was universally at right angles to 
 that of the lake, and they appeared as if several 
 chain of hills orignally crossing the country in 
 Oiat direction, had by some convulsion been merg- 
 ed in the water so low, that no part of them was 
 left visible, except the oblong segments of their 
 summits. Of those, which, by their size and sit- 
 uation, were most conspicuous, I counted 45, 
 without attempting to enumerate the smaller ones, 
 or such as were obscured. The points, which in- 
 trude into this lake are widely different from 
 those of lake George ; bold, masculine bluffs, im- 
 pinging directly upon the water. These, in sev- 
 eral instances, were spacious peninsulas, fitting 
 to become rich and delightful residences of man, 
 often elevated into handsome hills, and sloping 
 gracefully into the lake." 
 
 Winnisborough, p. v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 30 m. 
 N Columbus. 
 
 Winschoten, a fortified town of the Netherlands 
 in Groningen. Here, in 1568, was fought the 
 first battle between the revolted Dutch and the 
 Spaniards, who were defeated by Lewis, brother 
 to the prince of Orange. It is 6 m. S. of Dolbart 
 Bay and 19 E. S. E. of Groningen. 
 
 Winsen, a town of Hanover, with a castle, seat- 
 ed on the Luhe, near its confluence with the II- 
 menau, 15 m. N. W. of Lunenburg. — Another, 
 seated on the Aller, 6 ni. below Zell and 47 S. S. 
 W. of Lunenburg. 
 
 Winsfrrd, a village in Cheshire, Eng. 4 ra. W. 
 
 by N. of Middlewich. Here is a considerable 
 manufacture of salt, and abundance of salt rock, 
 of which great quantities are s*»nt to Liverpool 
 for exportation. 
 
 JVinslow, a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. 40 
 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 WinsLow, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 45 m. N. 
 Wiscasset. Pop. 1,259. 
 
 Winstar, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. situate 
 among rich lead-mines, 26 m. N. N. W. of Derby. 
 
 Winterberg, a town of Bohemia, with a celebra- 
 ted glass manufactory, 77 m. S. by W. of Pryne. 
 
 Winteringham, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 
 33 m. N. of Lincoln. 
 
 Winter tkur, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Zurich, where there are mineral baths. 
 The articles made here by the smiths and turners 
 are in great estimation ; and it has manufactures 
 of earthenware, striped camlets, and cotton. It 
 is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Alach, 12 
 in. E. N. E. of Zurich. 
 
 Wintrrton, a village on the E. coast of Norfolk, 
 Eng. near a promontory called Wintertonness, 
 on which is a light-house, 8 m. N. by W. of Yar- 
 mouth. 
 
 Winthrop, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 10 m. W 
 Augusta. Pop. 1,887. 
 
 Winlon, p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. 153 m. N. E. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Wintonbura, p. v. Hartford Co. Conn. 
 
 Wini/aw Buy, in S. Carolina receives the Pe- 
 dee, Waccamaw and Winee Rivers, and joins 
 the sea, 12 in. below Georgetown. 
 
 Winwester, a town of Germany, capital of the 
 county of Falkenstein. 24 m. W. S. W. of 
 Worms and 27 N. E. of Deux Points. 
 
 Win wick, a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 m. 
 N. of Warrington. It is deemed the richest rec- 
 tory in the kingdom ; and on the S. side of the 
 church is a Latin inscription, intimating that the 
 place was once a favourite seat of Oswald, king 
 of Northumberland. 
 
 Wipperfurt, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 ofClevesand Berg, seated on the Whipper, 30 
 m. E. S. E. ofDusseldorf. 
 
 Winpra, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. W 
 N. W. of Eisleben. 
 
 Wirksicorth, a town of Prussian Saxony 10 m. 
 W. N. W. of Eisleben. 
 
 Wirksicorth, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. 140 
 m. N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wisbaden, a town of Germany, in the duchy of 
 Nassau. It has some warm baths, formerly of 
 great repute ; 6 m. N. of Mentz and 22 W. of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Wisbeach, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng. 
 
 34 m. N. N. W. of Cambridge and 89 N. of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Wisby, a sea-port of Sweden, capital of the isle 
 of Gothland, with a castle. It is seated on the 
 side of a rock, on the Baltic, 129 in. S. by E. of 
 Stockholm. Long. 18. 41. E., lat. 57. 36. N. 
 
 Wiscasset, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me, on Sheepscut 
 River, 55 in. N. E. Portland. It is a port of en- 
 try and has a considerable trade in lumber and 
 wood. Pop. 2,443. 
 
 Wismar, a strong sea-port of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Mecklenburg with a citadel. It has 
 suffered frequently by war; and in 1716 it was 
 taken by the northern confederates, who blew up 
 and razed its former fortifications. The three 
 principal churches, the townhouse, and the palace 
 of Mecklenburg, are its most remarkable build- 
 ings. It is seat"d on a bay of the Baltic, 30 m 
 
WOA 
 
 785 
 
 WOL 
 
 E. bv N of Lubec and 33 W. S. W. of Rostock. 
 Long. 11. 34. E., lat. 53.56. N. 
 
 Wiston, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, 
 248 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Witepsk, a strong town of European Russia, 
 vvitli a castle. The French entered it in 1812, 
 but evacuated it the same year. It is seated in a 
 morass, at the confluence of the Dwina and Wids- 
 b.x 65 m. E. of Polotsk and 80 W. N. W. of 
 Smolensk. Long. 29. 40. E., lat. 55. 43. N. 
 
 Witgenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Becliin, on the river Launsnitz, 14 m. E. of Bud- 
 weis. 
 
 lVitgenstein, a castle of Germany, which gives 
 name to a small county belonging to Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt It stands on a high rock, 13 m. N. W. of 
 Marburg. 
 
 Witham, a town in Essex, Eng. 38 m. E. N. E. 
 of London. 
 
 Witlich, a town of Prussia, in the province of 
 Lower Rhine. It has a castle called Ottensfein, 
 and in its neighbourhood are many copper-mines. 
 It is seated on the Leser, 19 m. N. N. E. of 
 Treves. 
 
 Witney, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. Here 
 are manufactures of the finest blankets, and other 
 thick woolens, called bear-skins and kerseys. 
 65 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wiistock, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 with celebrated cloth manufactures : seated on 
 the river Dosse, 17 m. N. N. W. of Ruppin. 
 
 Wittenberg, a strong town of Prussian Saxony, 
 with a famous university and a castle. The cele- 
 brated Martin Luther began the Reformation here, 
 in 1517, and is buried in a chapel belonging to 
 the castle. In 1821 a colossal statue was erected 
 here to his memory. Wittenberg has suffer- 
 ed greatly by wars, particularly in the seige 
 ny the Austrians in 1760; and in 1813 it was 
 taken by the allies after a short siege. It 
 is seated on the Elbe, over which is a bridge, 65 
 m. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 12. 45. E., lat. 51. 
 54. N. 
 
 Wittenberg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 seated on the Elbe, 7 m. S. S. W. of Perleberg. 
 
 Wittenberg, a town of Germany, in Mecklen- 
 burg, 15 m. W. S. W. of Schwerin. 
 
 Wittgenstein, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Livonia, 40 m. S. E. of Revel. 
 
 Wittlesey-merc, a lake in the N. E. part of 
 Huntingdonshire, Eng. 6 m. long and 3 broad. It 
 is 4 m S. of Peterborough. 
 
 Witlsburg, p. v. Erie Co. Pa. 
 
 Witzcn/iausen,a. town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas- 
 sel, seated on the Werra, 18 m. E. by N. of 
 Cassel. 
 
 Wiveliscomb, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. 
 with a considerable manufacture of blanketing, 
 kerseys, and other coarse cloths. 153 m. W. by 
 S. of London 
 
 Wivenltoe,a. village in Essex. Eng. on the Coin 
 3 m. S. E. of Colchester, of which it is the port. 
 The Colchester oysters are chiefly barrelled at 
 this place. 
 
 Wladislaw, a town of Poland, capital of a pala- 
 tinate of its name and of the province of Cujavia, 
 with a fort. It stands on the Vistula, 98 m. W 
 N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 50. E., lat. 52. 54. 
 N. 
 
 Woahoo, one of the Sandwich islands, 7 leagues 
 N. W. of Morotoi. From the appearance of the 
 N. E. and N. W. parts, it is the finest island of 
 the group. A bay is formed by the N. and W. ex- 
 tremities, into which a fine nver flows, through 
 99 
 
 a deep valley ; but the water is blackish for 200 
 yards from the entrance. It is supposed to con- 
 tain 60.000 inhabitants. Lieut. Hergist, who had 
 been sent from England, in 1791 , with a supply of 
 provisions for captain Vancover, then on a voyage 
 of discovery, was here surprised and murdered by 
 the natives, together with Mr. Gooch, the as- 
 tronomer Long. 157. 51. W. lat. 21. 43. N. 
 
 Woburn, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It 
 had an ancient abbey, on the site of which stands 
 the magnificent building called Woburn Abbey, 
 the seat of the duke of Bedford. 42 m. N. N. W. 
 of London. 
 
 Woburn, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 n N. W. 
 Boston, on the Middlesex Canal. Pop. 1,377. 
 Here is a beautiful sheet of water called Horn 
 Pond, environed by steep woody hills and afford- 
 ing the most delightful scenery. 
 
 Wodnian, a town of Bohemia, seated on the 
 Bianitz, 12 in. S. of Piseck. 
 
 Woerden, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- 
 land, seated on the Rhine, 10 m. W. of Utrecht. 
 
 Wokey, or Okey, a village in Somersetshire, 
 Eng. on the N. side of the Mendip Hills, 2 m. W. 
 of Wells. Here is a famous cavern, called Wokev 
 Hole. 
 
 Woking a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river 
 Wey, 5 m. N. N. E. of Guilford. 
 
 Worhinghum or Orkingham, a corporate town in 
 Berkshire. Eng. 31 in. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Wohiu, a slrong town of Prussia, Silesia, capi- 
 tal of a principality of the same name, with a 
 fine castle, many handsome buildings, and a great 
 woolen manufacture. It is seated near the Oder, 
 surrounded by a morass. 20 m. N. W. of Breslau. 
 Long. 16. 45. E., lat. 5i:i8. N. 
 
 Wolbek, a town of the Prussian states, in the gov 
 eminent of Munster, 7 m. S. S. W. of Munster 
 
 Wolcott, p.t. rleans Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont- 
 pelier. Pop. 492. ; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 25 
 m. N. New Haven. Pop. 844. ; p.t. Wayne Co. 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,085. 
 
 Wohotsville, p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 
 
 IVoldeck, a town of Germany, in the duchy o:i 
 Mecklenburg, 21 m. E. N. E. of Strelitz. 
 
 Wolfach, a town of Baden, on a river of tht 
 same name, at its confluence with the Kinzig 19, 
 m. N. E.ofFriburg. 
 
 Wolfborough, p.t. Strafford Co. IV. H.45m. N 
 E.Concord. Pop. 1,928. 
 
 Wolfenvuttel, a principality of Germany, which 
 constitutes part of the duchy of Brunswick. It is di 
 vided into two parts the principalities of Helderheil, 
 Halberstadt : the northern borders on the duchie? 
 of Lunenburg and Magdeburg; the southern lies 
 between the principality of Hildesheim, the ab- 
 bey of Corvey,and the eonnty of Wemigerode. 
 The N. part produces abundance of grass, grain, 
 flax, hemp, silk, and various kinds of pulse and 
 fruit. The S. part is hilly and has little arable 
 land, but yields plenty of timber and iron, and 
 has manufactures of glass and fine porcelain, with 
 a very rich mine and salt works in the Hart7 
 Forest. The principal rivers are the Weser, 
 Leine, and Ocker. The established religion if 
 the Lutheran. 
 
 Wolfenvuttel, a strong city of Germany, capi 
 tal of the foregoing principality. It has a castle, 
 formerly the residence of the dukes, in which is 
 an excellent library, with a cabinet of curiosities 
 relating to natural history. In the principa. 
 church is the burial-place of the princes, which 
 is an admirable piece of architecture. Wolfen- 
 buttel is seated in a marshy soil, on the Ocker, 7 
 5 «2 
 
WOO 
 
 /86 
 
 WOR 
 
 :n. 6. by W. of Brunswick and M W of Halber- 
 ntadt. Long. 10. 45. E., lat. 52. 10 N. 
 
 Wolfersdike, a small island of the Netherlands 
 in Zealand, between N. and S. Beveland. 
 
 Wolfsberg, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carin- 
 thia, with a castle ; seated on the Lavant, at the 
 foot of a mountain, 26 m. E. N. E. of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Wolgast, a sea-port of Prussia, in Pomerania, 
 with one of the best harbours on the Baltic. On- 
 ly the tower of its ancient castle is now standing. 
 It is seated on the Peene, or W. channel of the 
 Oder, 54 m. N. W. of Stettin. Long. 13. 52. E., 
 lat. 54. 4. N. 
 
 Wolkcnstein, a '.own of Saxony, in the circle of 
 Erzgeberg, with a castle on a rock ; seated near 
 the Zschopa, 15 m. S. S. E. of Chemnitz. 
 
 Wolkomysk, a town of Prussia, in the govern- 
 ment of Grodno, seated on the Ros, 23 m. S. E. 
 of Grodno. 
 
 Wollin, a fortified town of Pomerania, capital 
 of a fertile island of the same name, between the 
 two Eastern branches of the Oder. It is seated 
 on the Diwenow, 12 m. S. W. of Camin and 30 
 N. of Stettin. Long. 14. 40. E., lat. 53. 50. N. 
 
 Wolmirstadt, a town of Prussian Saxony, in 
 Magdeburg, on the river Ohra, 10 m. N. of Mag- 
 deburg. 
 
 Woloczok, a town of Russia, in the government 
 of Novogorod, 100 m. S. E. ofNovogorod. Long. 
 34. 20. E., lat. 57. 30. N. 
 
 Wolsingham, a town in the county of Durham, 
 Eng. amid mines of lead and coal, 1G m. W. of 
 Durham and 257 N. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wolverhampton, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. 
 Here are manufactures of various kinds of iron, 
 brass, steel, and tin goods, japanned and paper 
 wares, &c. It is seated on a hill, nearly encom- 
 passed by canals, 16 in. S. of Stafford and 122 N. 
 W. of London. 
 
 Wolvey,a. village in Warwickshire, Eng. 5 m. 
 S. E. of Nuneaton. 
 
 Womeldorf p. v. Berks Co. Pa. 
 
 Wood, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia. 
 Pop. 6,409. Parkersburg is the capital. A c iun- 
 ty of Ohio. Pop. 1,095. Perrysburg is the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 Woodbridge, a town in Suffolk, Eng. 77 m. N. 
 E. of London. 
 
 Woodbridge, a township of N. Haven Co. Conn. 
 7 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 2,049. ; p. v. Mid- 
 dlesex Co. N. J. 10 m. N. E. New Brunswick. 
 
 Woodbury, p. v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 19 m. N. 
 W. New Haven. Pop. 2,045 ; t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 
 Pop. 824. ; p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J ; t. Bedford 
 and Huntingdon Cos. Pa. 
 
 Woodckestcr , a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 
 2 m. S. of Stroud. It has a broad-cloth and a 
 silk manufacture. A great tessellated pavement 
 and other splendid Roman antiquities have been 
 discovered here. 
 
 Woodford, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 12,294 ; 
 t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 395. Versailles is 
 the capital. 
 
 Wood, Lawn, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C. 
 
 Woods, Lake of the, a lake of N. America, 90 
 m. long, and 30 where broadest, but very irregu- 
 lar in its shape. It lies between Lake Winnipeg 
 and Lake Superior, chiefly in Upper Canada, 
 but the S. part is in the territory of the United 
 States. Tbe lands on its banks are covered with 
 oaks, pines, firs, &c. 
 
 Woodsboro, p.v. Frederick Co. Md. 
 
 Woodsfield, p.v. Monroe Co. Ohio. 120 m. E. 
 Columbus 
 
 Woodstock, p.t. Oxford Co. Me 56 m N. Port 
 land. Pop. 573; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 79 m. S 
 Montpelier. Pop. 3,044 ; p.t. Windham Co. 
 Conn. 48 m. N. E. Hartford, with manufactures 
 of cotton and woolen. Pop. 2,928; p.t. Ulster 
 Co. N. Y. with manufactures of iron and glass. 
 Pop. 1,376; p.t. Shenandoah Co. Va. 100 m. W 
 Washington p.t. Hyde Co N. C. 
 
 Woodstock, a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng. It 
 is chiefly noted for Blenheim-house, built at the 
 expense of the nation for the duke of Marlborough, 
 in memory of his signal victory over the French 
 and Bavarians in 1704. Woodstock has a manu- 
 facture of gloves, and of steel watch chains. The 
 poet Chaucer was born, lived and died here, it 
 is 8 m. N. W. of Oxford and 62 W. N. W. of 
 London. 
 
 Woodstoicn, p.v. Salem Co. N. J. 26 m. S. 
 Phrlad. 
 
 Woodsville, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 158 m. N. 
 W. Albany ; p.v. Culpeper Co. Va., Hanover Co. 
 Va., Perquimans Co. N. C, Warren Co. Ten., 
 Decatur Co. Alab. and Wilkinson Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Wooler, a town in Northumberland, Eng. 14 
 m. S. of Berwick and 317 N. by W. of London. 
 
 Woolwich, a town in Kent, Eng. It is the 
 most ancient military and naval arsenal in Eng- 
 land, and has a royal dock-yard, where men of 
 war were built as early as the reign of Henry 
 VIII. At the eastern part of the town is the 
 royal arsenal, in which are vast magazines of 
 great guns, mortars, bombs, balls, powder, and 
 other warlike stores ; a foundry, with three fur- 
 naces, for casting ordnance ; and a laboratory, 
 where fireworks and cartridges are made, and 
 bombs, carcases, grenades, &c, charged for the 
 public service. A little to the S. of the arsenal 
 are extensive artillery barracks, for the accom- 
 modation of the officers and privates ' and a little 
 further S. a royal military academy, where the 
 mathematics are taught and cadets instructed in 
 the military art. Woolwich is seated on the 
 Thames, which is here so deep that large ships 
 may at all times ride with safety It is 8 m. E 
 of London. 
 
 Woolwich, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 40 m. N. E. 
 Portland. Pop. 1,484. 
 
 Wooster, p.t. Wayne Co. Ohio. 89 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. Pop. 1,953. 
 
 Worcester, a central county of Massachusetts. 
 Pop. 84,365. Worcester is the capital. A county 
 of Maryland. Pop. 18,271. Snowhill is the cap- 
 ital. 
 
 Worcester, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 40 m W. 
 Boston. It is one of the largest inland towns in 
 the state and has a communication with the 
 waters of Narraganset Bay by the Blackstone 
 Canal. The town is handsomely built, and the 
 neighbouring country is very pleasant and well 
 cultivated. Here is the library of the American 
 Antiquarian Society, consisting of 6,000 volumes. 
 A State Insane Asylum has recently been estab- 
 lished here. A cattle show is held here annually 
 and the trade of the town is very flourishintr 
 Pop. 4,172. 
 
 Worcester, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 74 m. W 
 Albany. Pop. 2,093. A township of Montgomery 
 Co. Pa. 
 
 Worcester, one of the most ancient and respec- 
 table cities of England, the capital of Worcester- 
 shire, and a bishop's see. It contains 11 churches 
 besides the cathedral, also a number of meeting- 
 houses for various sectaries as well as Roman 
 Catholics. Edgar's Tower, a strong portal, is 
 
won 
 
 787 
 
 WUR 
 
 part of its ancient castle ; here are also three 
 grammar-schools, seven hospitals, a public in- 
 firmary, and a well contrived quay. Worcester 
 is governed by a mayor, carries on a considerable 
 trade in hops, carpets, and gWes, has a large 
 manufacture of elegant china-ware, manufactures 
 of fine lace, an extensive iron foundry, distillery, 
 &c, and contains about ] 9,000 inhabitants. Here 
 Cromwell, in 1651, obtained a victory over the 
 Scotch army, which had marched into England 
 to reinstate Charles II., who, after this defeat, 
 escaped with great difficulty into France. Wor- 
 cester is seated on the Severn, 36 m. N. N. E. of 
 Bristol and 111 W. N. W. of London. Long. 
 2. 0. W., lat. 52. 9. N. 
 
 Worcestershire, a county of England, 44 in. 
 long and 24 broad ; bounded on the N. by Shrop- 
 shire and Staffordshire, E. by Warwickshire, S. 
 E. and S. by Gloucestershire, and W. by Here- 
 fordshire. It contains 613,240 acres, is divided 
 into five hundreds and 152 parishes, has one city 
 and 1 1 market-towns, and sends nine members 
 to parliament. In 1821 the number of inhabitants 
 was 184,424. The soil in the vales and meadows 
 is very rich, particularly the vale of Evesham, 
 which is styled the granary of these parts. The 
 hills have generally an easy ascent, except the 
 Malvern Hills in the S. W. part of the county, 
 which feed large flocks of sheep. The other hills 
 are the Licky, near Bromsgrove, towards the N. ; 
 and the Bredon Hills, towards the S. E. Here 
 are plenty of fruits of most sorts, especially pears, 
 which are in many places found growing in the 
 hedges. The commerce and manufactures are 
 considerable. The chief exports are coal, corn, 
 hops, cloth, cheese, cider, perry, and salt. The 
 principal rivers are the Severn, Teme, and Avon. 
 
 Worcum, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hol- 
 land, seated on the S. side of the Meuse, just be- 
 low the influx of the Waal, 8 m. N. N. E. of 
 Heusden. 
 
 fVorcum, a town of the Netherlands, in Fries- 
 land, 18 m. S. W. of Lewarden. 
 
 Wordingborg, a sea-port of Denmark on the S. 
 coast of the island of Zealand, from which there 
 is a much frequented passage to the island Falster 
 and Laland. It is 46 m. S. S. W. of Copenha- 
 gen. Long. 11. 58. E., lat. 55. 3. N. 
 
 Workington, a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. 
 seated at the mouth of the Derwent, on the coast 
 of the Irish Sea. The river admits vessels of 400 
 tons burden, and the harbour is commodious. 
 In the neighbourhood are a large iron foundry, 
 some salt-works, and numerous collieries. The 
 principal manufactures arc canvas and cordage, 
 but the coal trade is its chief support. It is 7 m. 
 W. by S. of Cockerinonth and 812 N N. W. .,f 
 London. Longs 3. 27. W.. lat. 54.31. N. 
 
 Worksop, -a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. The 
 canal from Chesterfield to the Trent passes near 
 this town. Il is 22 m. N. W of Newark and 146 
 N. by W. of London, 
 
 Worms, a city of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt 
 formerly the capital of a princely bishopric of'fche 
 same name. It is famous for a diet held in 1521, 
 at which Luther assisted in persin. The cathe- 
 dral is magnificent, and the principal Lutheran 
 church has a beautiful altar and fine paintings. 
 In the war of 1689 it was taken by the French, 
 who almost reduced it to ashes. Ie. 1743 a treaty 
 was concluded here between (ireat Britain, Hun- 
 gary, and Sardinia. In 1792 Worms surrender- 
 ed to the French, who were obliged to evacuate 
 it the next year, after the loss of Mentz ; but it 
 
 was again taken by them in 179-4. It is seated on 
 the Rhine, 27 m.S. S. W. of Mentz. Long. 8.28 
 E., lat. 49. 36. N. 
 
 Worslaj, a town in Lancashire, Eng. celebrated 
 for the immense quantity of coal in its vicinity 
 and for being the place where the duke of Bridge- 
 water first commenced his canal navigation. It 
 is 6 m. N. N. W. of Manchester. 
 
 Worstead, a town of Norfolk, Eng. This place 
 is noted for the introduction of that sort of twist 
 ed yarn called worstead ; and was formerly a 
 place of considerable trade, though now reduced 
 to a mere village. It is 12 m. N. of Norwich and 
 121 N. E. of London. 
 
 Worthington, p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 in 
 W. Boston. Pop. 1,178 ; p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio 
 9 m. N. Columbus. 
 
 Wotton Basset, a borough in Whiltshire, Eng. 
 88 m. W. of London. 
 
 IVolton-under-Edgc, a town in Gloucestershire, 
 Eng. with extensive manufactures of cloth. It is 
 seated under a fertile eminence, 20 m. N. E. of 
 Bristol and 109 W. N. W. of London. 
 
 lVragby,a. town in Lincolnshire, Eng. 143 m. N 
 of London. 
 
 Wrath, Cape, a promontory of Scotland, in 
 Sutherlandshire, which is the N. W. point of 
 Great Britain. Against its rugged and lofty cliffb 
 the rapid tides bursts with incredible fury. Long 
 
 4. 47. W., lat. 58. 34. N. 
 
 Wrekiti, a noted hill or mountain in Shropshire, 
 Eng. 8 m. E. S. E. of Shrewsbury. Il was a fa 
 rnous station of the Romans, and its height it? 
 reckoned 1,200 feet. 
 
 IVrentham, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 24 m. S. W. 
 Boston, with manufactures of cotton, woolen, and 
 straw bonnets. Pop. 2,765. 
 
 Wrexham, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire. 
 It is a great mart for flannel, and a place of con 
 siderable traffic. 180 m. N. W. of London. 
 
 IVriczen, or Brictzen.a town of Prussia, in Bran 
 denburg. situate on a lake formed by the inunda 
 lions of the Oder, 37 m. E. N. E. of Berlin. 
 
 Wrightsboro . p.v. Union Dis. S. C ; p.v. Co 
 lumbia Co. Geo. 104 m. N. E Milled/re 
 ville. 
 
 Wrightstoicn, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 21 
 m. S. £. Trenton, t. Belmont Co. Ohio. 
 
 Wrightsrille, p.v. York Co. Pa. and Duplin Co 
 N. C. 
 
 Wrington, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It 
 was the birth-place of the celebrated Locke, and 
 is seated near the source of the Yeo. 10 m. S. 
 W. of Bristol and 125 W. of London. 
 
 Wrotham, a decayed town in Kent, Eng. 24 m. 
 
 5. E of London. 
 
 Wroi.etcr, a village in Shropshire, Eng. said to 
 have been formerly a city built by the Britons. 
 It appears to have been surrounded by a thick 
 wali and a deep trench which may be traced in 
 several places. 5 m. S. E. of Shrewsbury 
 
 Wuvncnbcrg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 
 which received its name from a victory gained 
 hv Charlemagne over the Saxons in 974 It is 14 
 m. S. of Paderborn. 
 
 Wuri.sir.dcl, a town of Bavarian Franconia, near 
 which are mines of copper and iron, and quarries 
 of marble. It is seated on tiie Rosslau, l2m. W 
 of Egra and 34 E. of Banreuth. 
 
 Wurtembcrg, a kingdom of Gernianv, bounded 
 E. by Bavaria and W. by Baden, and comprising 
 an area of 8,000 sq. m.," with 1,536,000 inhabit 
 ants. It is one of the most populous and fertile 
 countries in Germany, though there are manv 
 
XAL 
 
 788 
 
 XAU 
 
 mountains and woods. It produces plenty of pas- 
 ture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of Neckar 
 wire — so called from the river Neckar, which 
 runs through the kingdom. There are also 
 mines and salt springs, and much game. This 
 rountry was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon 
 in 1805 ; and he made considerable additions to 
 it by the territories taken from Austria. In 1813 
 the allies, having engaged to serve the king in 
 his various acquisitions, received his support in 
 the invasion of France. Stuttgard is the capital. 
 Wurlzburg, a district of Bavaria, in the circle 
 of Lower Maine, comprehending a great part of 
 Fninconia. It is 65 m. long and 50 broad, and is 
 bounded on the N. by Henneberg, E. by Bam- 
 berg, S. by Anspach, Hohenlohe, and Mergen- 
 theim, and W. by Wertheim, Mentz, and Fulda. 
 The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn 
 and wine than the inhabitants consume. This 
 territory was formerly a bishopric, and its sove- 
 reign was one of the greatest ecclesiastic princes 
 of the empire ; but it was given as a principally 
 to the elector of Bavaria in 1S03; and by the 
 treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was ceded to the 
 archduke Ferdinand, whose electoral title was 
 transferred from Salzburg to this place. In 1814, 
 however, it was again transferred to Bavaria, in 
 exchange for the Tyrol, when the archduke Fer- 
 dinand was reinstated in his Tuscan dominions. 
 
 Wurlzburg, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital 
 of the circle of Lower Maine, with a magnificent 
 palace, a university, an arsenal, and a handsome 
 hospital. The fortress stands on an eminence, 
 and communicates with the city by a stone biidge. 
 Besides the cathedral, there are several collegiate 
 and parish churches, colleges, abbeys, and con- 
 vents. Here is a cannon and bell foundry ; also 
 cloth and stuff manufactures, established in the 
 house of correction. Wurlzburg was taken by 
 the French in 1796 and again in 1800. It is 
 seated on the Maine, 40 in. W. S. W. of Bam- 
 berg and 65 E. S. E. of Frankfort. Loner. 10. 14. 
 E., lat. 49. 46. N. 
 
 Wurzach, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- 
 berg, in the county of Waldburg, with a castle ; 
 situate on the Aitrach, 17 m. N. of Wangen and 
 28 S. by W. ofUlm. 
 
 Wursen or Wurtzen, a town of Saxony, with a 
 
 castle, a cathedral, and two churches. Here are 
 fine bleaching grounds for linen ; but the princi- 
 pal trade is in beer, of which great quantities are 
 exported. It is situate on the Muldau, 15 m. E. 
 of Leipzig. 
 
 Wusterhauscn, a town of Prussia, in Branden- 
 burg, seated on the Spree, 15 m. S. S. E. of Ber- 
 lin. — Another, seated on the Dosse, 17 m. E. N. 
 E. of Havelburg and 44 N. W. of Berlin. 
 
 Wu$tr.au, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of 
 Lunenberg, seated on the Dumme, at its conflu- 
 ence with the Jutzo, 14 m. S. of Danneberg. 
 
 Wyalusing, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 30 m. S. VV 
 Montrose. 
 
 Wi/comb or High Wycomb a borough in Buck- 
 inghamshire Eng. A Roman tesselated pavernen. 
 was discovered in an adjacent meadow in 1744. 
 31 m. W. N. W. of London. 
 
 Wye, a town in Kent, Eng. 55 m. S. E. of 
 London. 
 
 Wye, a river of Wales, which issues from 
 Plynlimmon hill, in the S. part of Montgomery- 
 shire, very near the source of the Severn. I 
 crosses the N. E. corner of Radnorshire, givino 
 name to the town of Rhyadergowy (fall of th 
 Wye) where it is precipitated in a cataract 
 Then, flowing between this county and Breck- 
 nockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing by 
 Hay to Hereford, a few m. below which it re- 
 ceives the Lug ; it then flows by Ross and Mon- 
 mouth, and, separating the counties of Monmouth 
 and Gloucester, it enters the Severn below Chep- 
 stow. This river is navigable almost to Hay. and 
 a canal forms a communication between it and 
 the Severn from Hereford to Gloucester. 
 
 Wylliesburg, p. v. Charlotte Co. Va. 132 m. S 
 W. Richmond. 
 
 Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with 
 manufactures of bombazines. Norwich crapes, &p 
 10(1 m. N. N. E. of London. 
 
 Wyoming, p. v. Luzerne Co. Pa. situated in i 
 valley among the Apalachian Mountains I m.from 
 Wilkesbarre. 
 
 Wysoz, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 
 
 Wythe, a county of the W. Dis. of Virginia 
 Pop. 12,163. Wythe is the capital. 351 m. from 
 Washington 
 
 XABEA, a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, near 
 the coast of the Mediterranean, 44 m. N. E. of 
 Alioant. Long. 0. 3. E. lat. 38. 48. N. 
 
 Xacca, or Sacca,a. sea-port of Sicily, in Val di 
 Mazara, with an old castle. Here are large 
 granaries for the reception of corn intended to be 
 exported, and manufactures of beautiful vases. 
 It is seated on the S. coast at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, 20 m. S. E. of Mazara and 41 S. S. W. of. 
 Palermo. Long. 13. 2. E., lat 37. 41. N. 
 
 Xagua, a sea-port on the S. coast of the island 
 of Cuba, seated on a bay, which is five leagues 
 in circumference and surrounded by mountains. 
 It is one of the finest ports in the W. Indies, and 
 is 84 m. S. E. of Havana Long. 80. 45. W., 
 lat 22. 10. N. 
 
 Xalapa, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, and a 
 bishops see. This town is said to give name to 
 iie purgative root called jalap, or xalap. 60 m. E. 
 
 of Angelos and 80 E. of Mexico. Long. 98. 20 
 W., lat. 19. 32. N. 
 
 Xahsro, a town of Mexico in a province of it j 
 name, 14 m. N. W. of Compostella. 
 
 Xaliva. or St. Philip, a town of Spain, in Valen 
 cia. Having taken the part of Charles III., in 
 1707, Philip V. ordered it to be demolished, and a 
 new town to be built called St. Philip. It is seat- 
 ed on the side of a hill, at the foot of which 
 runs the Xucar, 32 m. S. W. of Valencia and 
 50 N. W. of Alicant. Long. 0. 14. W, lat. 39. 
 4. N. 
 
 Xauxa, or Jauxa. a province of Peru, 36 miles 
 long and 45 broad, bounded by the mountains of 
 the Indians, and the provinces of Tarma, Huan- 
 ta, Angaraes, Xauyos, and Guarochiri. The cli- 
 mate is highly salubrious, and the soil fertile in 
 corn and fruits. 
 
 Xauxa, a town of Peru, capital of the forego- 
 
\AO 
 
 789 
 
 YAR 
 
 i £ province, noted for its silver mines ; seated 
 k>~ a river of the same name, 100 m. E. of Lima. 
 
 Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of the kingdom of 
 Whidah, in Guinea. It is populous, and a great 
 market is held every Wednesday and Saturday at 
 the distance of a mile from the town. The mar- 
 ket place is surrounded by sutlers' booths, which 
 are only permitted to sell certain sorts of meat, 
 as beef, pork, and the flesh of goats and dogs. 
 Here slaves of both sexes are sold, as well as ox- 
 en, sheep, dogs, hogs, fish, and birds ; also the 
 various commodities of Whidah manufacture, 
 and every thing of European. Asiatic, or African 
 production. Xavier is seated near the river Eu- 
 phrates, about 7 m. from the sea. Long. 2. 30. 
 E., lat. 6. 40. N. 
 
 Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as 
 the birth-place of the celebrated Romish saint and 
 missionary of that name. It is 35 m. S. E. of 
 Pamplona. 
 
 Xavier, St., a town of Paraguay, in the province 
 of La Plata, 200 m. W. of Rio Janeiro. 
 
 Xenia, p.t. Greene Co. Ohio near the Little 
 Miami, 56 m. S. W. Columbia. Pop. 4,175. 
 
 Xenil, a river of Spain, which rises in the E. 
 part of Granada, and flows by Granada, Loxa, 
 and Ecija, in the Guadalquivir. 
 
 Xercs, a town of Guatemala, in Nicaragua,seat- 
 ed on a river that flows into Fonseca Bay, 70 m. 
 N. W. of Leon. 
 
 Xercs de la Frontcra, a large and well built 
 town of Spain, in Andalusia, famous for that ex- 
 cellent wine corruptly called Sherry. It is seat- 
 ed on the small river Guadalete, 15 m. N. E. of 
 Cadiz and 38 S. S. W. of Seville. 
 
 Xercs de la Frontcra, a town of Mexico in the 
 S. part of the province of Zacatecas, 80 m. N bv 
 E. of Guadalajara. Long. 103. 35. W., lat. 22 
 22. N. 
 
 Xeres de Guadiana, a town of Spain, in Anda- 
 lusia, seated on the Guadiana, 20 m. N. by E o. 
 Ayamonte. 
 
 Xicoco, an island of Japan, between Niphon 
 and Ximo, 250 m. in circumference. 
 
 Xilotopec, a town of Mexico, capital of a dis- 
 trict of its name, 60 m. N. of Mexico. 
 
 Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in size 
 and eminence, situate to the S. W. of Niplmn, 
 from which it is divided by a narrow channel. It 
 is 450 m. in circumference. 
 
 Xixona, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a 
 castle, seated among mountains, in a country 
 that produces excellent wine and the valua- 
 ble drug called Kermes. It is 15 m. N. of Alicant. 
 
 Xucar, a river of Spain, which rises in the N 
 E. part of New Castile, passes by Cuenza, and, 
 entering the province of Valencia, runs into the 
 gulf of Valencia, at the town of Cullera. 
 
 Xudnogrod, a town of Croatia, 17 m. N. of Se- 
 benico and 37 E. of Kzara. 
 
 YACHTA, a fort of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Irkutsk, on the borders of Chinese Tar- 
 tary 48 m. S. S. W. of Selenginsk. 
 
 Yadkin, a river rising in North Carolina and 
 flowing into South Carolina, where it takes the 
 name of Great Pedee. 
 
 Yakutsk or Jakutskoi, o town of Russsia, capi- 
 tal of a province of the same name, in the gov- 
 ernment of Irkutsk, with a wooden fort. It is 
 seated on the Lena, 960 m. N. E. of Irkutsk. 
 Long 129. 48. E., lat. 62. 2. N. 
 
 Yale, the capital of a province of the same name, 
 in the island of Ceylon, 56 m. S. E. of Candy. 
 
 Yamburg, town of Russia, in the government 
 of Petersburg, situate on the Luga, 20 m. E. of 
 Narva. 
 
 Yamina, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, 
 n«»ar the river Niger, 66 m. S. W. of Sego. 
 
 Yanccycille, p. v. Louisa Co. Va. 60 m. N. W. 
 Richmond. 
 
 Yang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 .n the province of Kiang-nan. Its district is in- 
 tersected by a number of canals ; and it carries 
 on a great trade, particularly in salt, which is 
 made on the sea-coast of this jurisdiction. It 
 stands on the left bank of the Kian-ku, where 
 the imperial canal crosses that river, 485 m. S. 
 by E. of Pekin. Long. 118. 54. E., lat. 32. 26. N. 
 
 Yao-gun, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Yun.nan. Its territory is inter- 
 mixed with mountains, fine forests, and fruitful 
 valleys, and produces abundance of musk. Near 
 the city is a salt spring, which produces very 
 while salt. It is 100 m. W. by N. of Yun-nan. 
 Long. 100. 45. E-, lat. 25. 12. N. 
 
 Yao-tcheu, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Kiang-si, on the W. side of the lake Poyang, 700 
 
 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 40. E., lat 29. 8 
 N. 
 
 Fare, a river in Norfolk, Eng. formed by the 
 confluence of several streams that rise in the 
 heart of the county. It passes through Norwich, 
 whence it is navigable to Yarmouth, where it 
 enters the German Ocean. 
 
 Yarkan, or liken, a town of Tartary, in the 
 country of Cashgur, with a large palace, where 
 the khan of the Eluth Tartars generally resides. 
 It has a considerable trade, and stands in a fertile 
 countrv, on a river of the same name, 100 m. S. 
 E. of Cashgur. Long. 79. 4. E., lat. 38. 40. N. 
 
 Farm, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. 239 m. N 
 by W. of London. 
 
 Yarmouth, a sea-port and borough in Norfolk, 
 Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Yare, and 
 enjoys the export, and import trade of various 
 places in Norfolk and Suffolk. The harbour is 
 convenient for business, the vessels lying in the 
 river along a very extensive quay. Its foreign 
 trade is considerable, and it also sends ships to 
 the Greenland fishery. A great number of her- 
 ring are cured here, and under the name of red 
 herrings, are either consumed at home or export- 
 ed to foreign countries. Yarmouth contains about 
 1 8,000 inhabitants. Off the mouth of the harbour 
 is a bar, which prevents the entry of ships of large 
 burden : and the many sand-banks off" the coast 
 from the Yarmouth Roads, so noted for frequent 
 shipwrecks. Yarmouth is 23 m. E. of Norwich 
 and 124 N. E. of London. Long. 1.45. E., lat. 52. 
 38. N. 
 
 Yarmouth , a borough in Hampshire, Eng. on 
 the N. W. coast of the Isle of Wight, with a for 
 tified castle, and a convenient quav It is 10 m 
 W. of Newnort 
 
YEN 
 
 790 
 
 YOR 
 
 Yarmouth, p.t. Barnstable Go. Mass. on Cape 
 Cod 70 in. S. E. Boston, with large manufac- 
 tures of salt. Pop. 2,251. 
 
 Yaruqui, a village of Peru, near a plain of the 
 same name, 12 m. N. E. of Quito. This plain 
 was chosen for the base of the operations for 
 measuring an arc of the meridian, by Ulloa and 
 the French mathematicians. 
 
 Yates, a county of New York. Pop. 19,019. 
 Penn Yann is the capital ; p. v. Genesee Co. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Yaynan-gheoum, a town of Birmah, celebrated 
 for the oil wells in its neighbourhood, which sup- 
 ply the whole empire, and many parts of India, 
 with petroleum. The inhabitants are employed 
 in making jars to contain the oil. It stands on a 
 creek of the Irrawaddy, 28 m. S. by E. of Shil- 
 ! ah mew. 
 
 Yazoo, & river of Mississippi, 200 m. in length 
 flowing into the Mississippi. 
 
 Yazoo, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,550 Ben- 
 ton is the capital. 
 
 Yea, a town of Peru, in Lima, with a trade in 
 glass, wine, brandy, &c. It is seated in a valley 
 watered by a river, 50 m. E. S. E. of Pisco and 
 170 S. S. E. of Lima. 
 
 Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to the N. of 
 that called Mainland. It is 20 m. long and 8 
 broad and has several good harbours. 
 
 Yellow River. See Hoan-ho. 
 
 Yellow Sea, or Leao-tong, a gulf of China, be- 
 tween the provinces of Pe-tche-li and Chang- 
 tong on the W., and the peninsula of Corea on 
 the E. 
 
 Yellow Springs, p. v. Chester Co. Pa; p. v. Hunt- 
 ingdon Co. Pa ; p.v. Green Co. Ohio. 
 
 Yellowstone, a branch of the Missouri. It rises 
 in the Rocky Mountains, and joins the Missouri 
 ift«r a course of about 1,000 m. 
 
 Yellow water, a river flowing into Pensacola Bay 
 in Florida, 70 m. in length. 
 
 Yemen, a province of Arabia Felix, comprehend- 
 ing the finest and most fertile part of Arabia, and 
 lying on the coast of the Red Sea and Indian 
 Ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly cultivated ; 
 but the principal object of cultivation is coffee, 
 which is all carried to Beit el Faki. Nearly the 
 whole commerce of the country is carried on by 
 Macha, but Sana is the capital. 
 
 Ycnikal, an important fortress cf the Crimea, 8 
 rri. E. of Kertch. See Kertck. 
 
 Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Siberia, 
 which runs from S. to N., and enters the Frozen 
 Ocean to the E. of the bay of Oby. 
 
 Yeniseisk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Tomsk, on the river Yenisei, 310 
 in. N. N. E. of Tomsk. Long. 92. 35. E., lat. 58. 
 6. N. 
 
 Yenne, a town of the Sardinian states, in Sa- 
 voy, near the Rhone, 13 m. N. W. of Cham- 
 be ry. 
 
 Yen-ngan, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Chen-si, on the river Yen, 390 m. S. W. of Pekin. 
 Long. 108. 30. E., lat. 36. 44. N. 
 
 Yen-ping, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Fokien ; seated on the brow of a mountain by 
 the river Minho, 820 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 
 54. E.,lat. 26.40. N. 
 
 Yen-tcheou a city of China, of the first rank in 
 Chang-tong, situate in a well cultivated district 
 which is enclosed between two considerable rivers. 
 270 m. S. of Pekin. 
 
 Yen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Tche-kiang. In the neighbourhood are mines of 
 
 copper, and trees that yield an excellent varnish, 
 which when once dry, never melts again, and will 
 bear boiling water. The paper made here is in 
 high esteem. 650 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long.119 
 14. E., lat. 29. 38. N. 
 
 Yen-tching, a town of China, in Chang-tong 
 where a kind of glass is made, so delicate that i 
 will not endure the inclemencies of the air. 45 
 m. S. E. of Tsi-nan. 
 
 Yeovil, a corporate town of Somersetshire, Eng 
 122 m. W. by S. of London. 
 
 Yesd, a town of Persia, in the province oflrac 
 on the road from Kerman, to Ispahan. It has a 
 silk manufacture , and here are made the finest 
 porcelain and carpets. 200 m. E. S. E. of Ispahan. 
 Long. 56. 50. E., lat. 32. 0. N. 
 
 Ylo, a sea-port of Peru, in Los Charcos, 70 m. 
 N.N. W.of Arica. Long. 71. 13. W., lat. 17 
 36. S. 
 
 Yonguesville, p.v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 42 m. N. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Yonkers, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 11 m. N. 
 New York. Pop. 1,761. 
 
 Yonne, a department of France, containing 
 part of the former provinces of Burgundy 
 and Champagne, and comprising an area 
 of 2,900 square miles, with 350,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The climate is temperate, and the soil 
 fertile in corn, hemp, flax, wine, and fruits. It 
 receives its name from a river which rises in the 
 department of Nievre, flows by Chateau-Chinon, 
 Clameci, Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, and joins 
 the Seine at Montereau. Auxerre is the capital. 
 
 York, a city, the capital of Yorkshire, Eng. and 
 an archbishop's see. It is the Eboracum of the 
 Romans, and many of their coffins, urns, coins, 
 &c, have been found here. It has always been 
 considered as the capital of the North, and, in 
 point of rank, as the second city in the kingdom ; 
 but is now surpassed in wealth and populousness 
 by many of the more modern trading towns. 
 York contains about 20,000 inhabitants. The 
 cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the Min- 
 ster, is reckoned the largest and most magnifi- 
 cent Gothic structure in the universe. The E. 
 window, which is said hardly to have its equal 
 for tracery, painting, and preservation, was the 
 work of John Thornton, a glazier, of Conventry, 
 in 1405. This beautiful edifice sustained consid- 
 erable injury from fire, occasioned by a frantic in- 
 cendiary, in 1829, but it is expected that the 
 munificence of the county will soon restore it to 
 its original splendor. Besides the cathedral, 
 York contains but 20 churches in use, though in 
 the reign of Henry V. it had 44 parish churches, 
 17 chapels, and nine religious houses. Here are 
 also a number of meeting houses for dissenters 
 and Catholics. The city is divided by the Ouse 
 into two parts, united by a stone bridge of five 
 arches, the centre one 81 feet wide. The river is 
 navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tons bur- 
 den, although it is 60 miles from the sea. Th« 
 castle is a noble structure, and was formerly a 
 place of great strength, but is now used as a coun- 
 ty prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Clif- 
 ford's Tower, a round shell said by some to have 
 been raised by William the Conqueror, but oth- 
 ers deem it a Roman work. It was used as a 
 garrison in the civil wars, and till the year 1683, 
 when the magaiine blowing up reduced it to 
 its present form. York is a county of itself, gov 
 erned by a lord mayor ; the prefix ol lord being 
 given by Richard II. ; and its county includes 
 Ainsty Liberty, in which are 35 villages and 
 
FOR 
 
 791 
 
 lPR 
 
 nambts. The guildhall, built in 1466, is a grand 
 structure, supported by two rows of oak pillars, 
 each pillar a single tree. The corporation built 
 a mansion-house in 1728, for the lord mayor ; and 
 among the other public buildings are a noble 
 assembly house, designed by the earl of Burling- 
 ton, an elegant court-house on the right of the 
 castle, a theatre royal, a county hospital, and an 
 asvlum for lunatics. York is 70 m. S. by E. of 
 Durham, 190 S. S.E. of Edinburgh, and 195 N. 
 by W. of London. Long. 1. 7. W., lat. 53. 59. N. 
 York, a city of Upper Canada, and the seat of 
 government for that province. It is situate on the 
 N. VV. side of Lake Ontario, and has an excellent 
 harbour, formed by a long peninsula, which em- 
 braces a basin of water sufficiently large to con- 
 tain a considerable Meet. On the extremity of the 
 peninsula called Gibraltar Point are stores and 
 blockhouses, which command the entrance of the 
 harbour ; and on the mainland, opposite this 
 point, is the garrison. The front of the city is a 
 mile and a half in length, and it contains several 
 handsome squares, particularly one open to the 
 harbour. It is 45 m. N. N. VV. of Fort Niagara 
 and 140 VV. by S. of Kingston. Long. 79. 3G /w., 
 lat. 43,35. N. 
 
 York, a county of Maine. Pop. 51,710. Al- 
 fred is the capital. A county of the E. Dis. of 
 Pennsylvania. Pop. 42,658. York is the capi- 
 tal. A county of the E. Dis. of Virginia. Pop. 
 5,354. Yorktown is the capital. A District of S. 
 Carolina. Pop. 17,785. 
 
 York, p.t. York Co. Me. 10 m. N. E. Ports- 
 mouth. It is one of the oldest towns in the state 
 and lias some coasting and fishery business. Pop. 
 3,485. ; p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,636. ; 
 p.t. York Co. Pa. 21 m. S. VV. Lancaster. Towns 
 in Tuscarawas, Sandusky, Belmont, Athens, 
 Morgan and Butler Cos. Ohio. 
 
 York Haven, p. v. York. Co. Pa. on the Susque- 
 hanna 15 in. below Harrisburg. 
 
 York River, in Virginia, formed by the junction 
 of the Pamunkey and Mattapony. 
 
 York Springs, p. v. Adams Co. Pa. 22 m. S. VV. 
 Harrisburg, 30 miles above Yorktown, below 
 which it flows into the Chesapeak. 
 
 Yorktown, p.t. York Co. Va. on York River 
 29 m. N. W. Norfolk. It has an excellent har- 
 bour, and some commerce. It is memorable in 
 American history as the spot where the British 
 army under Lord Conwallis surrendered to the 
 
 Americans and French under Washington on the 
 19lh of October 1781. This event totally crush- 
 ed the power of the British on the continent, and 
 led the way to the peace which established the 
 independence of the United States. 
 
 Yorktown, p.t. Weotchester Co. N. Y. il3 m. 
 S. Albany Pop. 2,141. 
 
 Yorkville, p. v. York Dis. S. C. 80 m. N. Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 York Fort, a settlement of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, on the W. side of Hudson Bay, at th» 
 mouth of Nelson or York River. Long. 88 44 
 W., lat. 57. 15. N. 
 
 Yorkshire, the largest county of England, 
 bounded on the N. by Westmoreland and Durham 
 E. by the German Ocean, S. by Lincolnshire 
 Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, S. W. by Che 
 shire, W. by Lancashire, and N. W by West- 
 moreland. It extends 80 m. from N. to S., and 
 115 from E. to W., and contains 3,847,420 acres 
 From its great extent it has been divided into 
 three parts, called the North, East, and West 
 ridings ; and subdivided into 26 wapentakes : it 
 has one city, 60 market-towns, and upwards ni 
 560 parishes, and sends 30 members to parliament. 
 The air and soil of this extensive county vary ex- 
 tremely. The E. riding is less healthy than the 
 others ; but this inconvenience decreases in pro- 
 portion as the county recedes from the sea. On 
 the hilly parts of this riding, especially in whiil 
 is called the York Wol^s, the soil is generally 
 barren, dry, and sandy but great numbers of 
 lean sheep are sold here, and sent into other 
 parts to be fattened. The W. riding, which is 
 much the largest, enjoys a sharp but healthy air 
 and the land on the western side is hilly, stony 
 and not very fruitful ; but the intermediate val- 
 leys consist of much good arable ground, and 
 pasture for the largest cattle. It also produces 
 iron, coal, lime, jet, alum, horses, and goats. 
 Here the clothing manufactures principally flour- 
 ish. The N. riding, in general, exceeds the other 
 two in the salubrity of the air. The worst parts 
 breed lean cattle ; but, on the sides of the hills, 
 in the valleys, and in the plains, it produces gooi 4 
 corn and rich pastures. Richmondshire, on the 
 N. W. of this riding, was formerly a county of 
 itself; here many lead mines are worked to great 
 advantage. In Yorkshire, likewise, are the dis- 
 tricts of Holdemess, on the borders of the Hum- 
 ber, Cleveland on the confines of Durham, and 
 Craven on the borders of Westmoreland and Lan- 
 cashire. In this last district are three of the 
 highest hills in England, named Whernside, In- 
 gleborough, and Pennygant, which form a sort of 
 triangle from their tops, at the distance of 5, 6. 
 and 8 m. while their monstrous bases nearly unite. 
 
 Yo-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Hou-quang, and one of the richest cities in the 
 empire ; seated on the river Kian-ku, and on the 
 lake Tong-ting, which is more than 70 leagues in 
 circuit. 700 m. S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 112 
 35. E , lat. 29. 23. N." 
 
 Youghall, a borough and sea-port of Ireland, 
 in the county of Cork, with a commodious liar' 
 hour and a well defended quay. It has a manu- 
 facture of earthen ware, and is seated on the side 
 of a hill, on a bay of its name, 28 m. E. by N. of 
 Cork. Long 8. 10. W., lat. 51. 49. N. 
 
 Youghiogeny, a river of Pennsylvania, flowing 
 into the Monongahela 18 m. above Pittsburg. 
 
 Youg/i Glades, p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland 
 
 Youngstown, p.v. Niagara Co. N. Y. 20 in. N 
 W. Lockport, on Niagara River ; p.v. Westn ore 
 land Co. Pa. 11 rn. E. Greensburg ; p.t. Trum 
 bull Co. Ohio. 165 m. N. E. Columbus. Poo 
 4,383. 
 
 Youngsville p.v. Warren Co. Pa. 328 m. N. W 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Ypres, a fortified city of Belgium in Flandera 
 and a bishop's see. It has considerable manu 
 
ZAA 
 
 792 
 
 ZAA 
 
 factures of silk, linen, lace, cotton, thread, &c, 
 and the canal of Bosingen, and the New Cut, 
 greatly expedite the conveyance of goods to Nein- 
 port, Ostend, and Bruges. Ypres was taken by 
 the French in 1794, and retained till the downfall 
 of Napoleon. It is seated on the Yperlee, 15 m. 
 W. of Coartray. Long. 2. 48. E., lat. 50. 51. N. 
 
 Yriex, St., a town of France, department of 
 Upper Vienne, 20 m. S. by W. of Limoges. 
 
 Ysendyk, a strong town of the Netherlands, in 
 the isle of Calsand, 8 m. E. of Sluys and 18 N. 
 W. of Ghent. 
 
 Yssel, or Issel, a river of the Netherlands, which 
 branches ofFfrom the Rhine below Huessen, and 
 flowing by Doesburg, Zutphen, Deventer, and 
 Campen, enters the Zuyder Zee by two channels. 
 
 Yssel, or Little Issel, a rivet of the Netherlands, 
 which flows b}' Ysselstein, Montford, Oudewater, 
 and Gouda, and enters the Merwe above Rotter- 
 dam. 
 
 Yssel, or Old Issel, a river which rises in West- 
 phalia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows by Ysselburg 
 into the county of Zutphen, and enters the Yssel 
 at Doesburg. 
 
 Ysselmond, an island of the Netherlands, in S. 
 Holland, situate between the Merwe on the N. 
 and another branch of the Meuse on the S. It 
 has a town of the same name, nearly 3 m. W. of 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 Ysselstein, a town of the Netherlands, in S. 
 Holland, with a castle on the river Yssel, 5 m. S. 
 S VV. of Utrecht. 
 
 Ystadt, or Ydsted, a town of Sweden, in the 
 province of Schonen on a bay of the Baltic, op- 
 posite Stralsund,26 m. S. E. of Lund. Long. 13. 
 14. E., lat. 55. 22. N. 
 
 Ythan, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, 
 which crosses the county in a S. E. direction, and 
 enters the German Ocean at the village of New- 
 burg, 15 m. N. N. E. of Aberdeen. 
 
 Yucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, in the province 
 of Merida, bounded N. W. by the waters of the 
 Mexican gulf, S. E. by the bay of Honduras, S. 
 W. by Vera Cruz, and S. by Vera Paz. 
 
 Yuen-kiang, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Yun-nan, on the river Ho ti, 
 145 m. S. S. W. of Yun-nan. Long. 101. 44. £., 
 lat. 47. 50. 
 
 Yuen-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Kiang-si, 750 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 113. 58. 
 E., lat. 27.50. N. 
 
 Yuen-yang, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Hou-quang, on the river Han, 515 m. S. S. W. 
 of Pekin. Long. 100. 30. E., lat. 32. 50. N. 
 
 Yuma, Long Island, one of the Bahama islands, 
 in the W. Indies, lying to the N. of the E. end 
 of Cuba, and its VV part under the tropic of Can- 
 cer. It is 70 m. in length and 10 in breadth. 
 
 Yumetos, a cluster of small islands, among the 
 Bahamas, lying to the S. W. of Yuma. 
 
 Yung-ning, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 at the N. extremity of the province of Yun-nan, 
 
 on the borders of Thibet,230 m. N. N. W. of Yun 
 nan. Long. 100. 24. E., lat. 27. 50 N. 
 
 Yung-pe, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Yun-nan, 170 m. K. W. of Yun 
 nan. Long. 100. 34. E., lat. 26. 44. N. 
 
 Yung-ping , a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 Pe-tche-li, on a river that enters the gulf ofLeao- 
 tong. Near it stands the fort Chun-hai, which is 
 the key of the province of Leao-tonc. 115 m. E. 
 of Pekin. Long. 108. 34. E., lat. 39. 55. N. 
 
 Yung-tchang, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Yun-nan. The neighbouring 
 country produces gold, honey, wax, amber, and a 
 vast quantity of fine silk. 210 m. W. of Yun-nan. 
 Long. 99. 2. E., lat. 25. 5. N. 
 
 Yung-tcheou, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in Hou quang, 885 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long 
 111.15. E., lat. 26. 10. N. 
 
 Yun-hing, a city of China, of the first rank, in 
 the province of Ho-nan. 43C m. S. of Pekin. 
 Long. 113. 52. E., lat. 33. 0. N. 
 
 Yun-nan, a province of China, at the S. W. ex- 
 tremity, 300 m. long and 250 broad ; bounded on 
 the N. by Thibet and Se-tcheuen, E. by Koei- 
 tcheou and Quang-si, S. by Tonquin and Laos, 
 and W. by Pegu and Birmah. It is mountainous, 
 but the soil in general is fertile, and it is reckon- 
 ed the richest province in China, from its produc 
 tive mines of gold, copper, and tin, — its amber, 
 rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, and marble, — 
 its musk, silk, elephants, horses, gums, medicinal 
 plants, and linen. 21 cities of the first rank, and 
 55 of the second and third are included in this 
 province, and the number of inhabitants is esti- 
 mated at upwards of 8,000,000. 
 
 Yunnan a city of China, capital of the fore- 
 going province, formerly celebrated for its extent 
 its magnificent buildings, vast gardens, tombs, 
 triumphal arches, and elegant squares ; but it lias 
 suffered greatly from the Tartars, in their dif- 
 ferent invasions, and the city at present contains 
 nothing remarkable. It stands at the N. extrem- 
 ity of a lake, 1,260 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 
 102. 30. E., lat. 25. 6 N. 
 
 Yurcup, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Cara- 
 mania, on the Kizil-ermuk, 125 m. N. E. of Cogni 
 Long. 34. 30. E., lat 39. 40. N. 
 
 Yverdun, a strong town of Switzerland, in the 
 Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of its name, 
 with a castle, a college, and an hospital. Near 
 the town is a sulphurous spring, with a coinmo 
 dious bathing-house. The principal trade is in 
 wine, and merchandise passing between Germany, 
 Italy, and France. It has some remains of Ro- 
 man antiquities, and stands on the lake of Neuf- 
 chatel, at the influx of the Orbe and Thiele, 38 
 m. W. S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 59. E., lat. 46. 
 44. N. 
 
 Yvetot, a town of France, department of Lower 
 Seine, 7 m. N. N. VV. of Caudebec. 
 
 Yvry, a town of France, department of Eure, 
 on the river Eure, 16 m. S. of Evreux. 
 
 Z 
 
 ZAAB, a district of Algiers, in the desert be- 
 hind Mount Atlas, belonging to the province of 
 Constantina. The people of Zaab are free, and 
 pay no tribute ; but they are poor and ind igent, 
 
 as may be expected of the inhabitants of so barren cara. 
 
 a soil. Dates are the principal article of food , 
 and they have extensive plantations of palm-trees 
 They carry on some commerce in ostriciies 
 feathers. The chief place of th* district is Bis 
 
ZAH 
 
 793 
 
 ZAN 
 
 Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the con- 
 fines of Moldavia, 5 m. S. W. of Denmark. 
 
 Zacatecas, a province of Mexico, bounded on 
 the N. by New Biscay, E. by Panuc S. by Mach- 
 sachan and Guadalaxara, and W. by Chiametlan. 
 It abounds with large villages, and its mines are 
 deemed the richest in America. 
 
 Zacatecas, a city of Mexico, capital of the 
 above province, surrounded by rich silver mines, 
 260 m. N. E.of Mexico. 
 
 Zacatula, a town of Mexico, in the province of 
 Mechoacan,on a river of the same name, near 
 the Pacific cean, 180 m. S. W. of Mexico. 
 Long. 102. 55. W., lat. 18. 30. N. 
 
 Zackan, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 13 
 m. E. of New Stargard. 
 
 Zafra, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, with 
 a castle, 20 m. S W. of Medina. 
 
 Zagura, a mountain of Greeee, in Livadia, one 
 of the tops of Mount Parnassus. It was the an- 
 cient Helicon, from which issued the fountain 
 Hippocrene, and was sacred to the Muses, who 
 had here a temple. 
 
 Zaghara, a town of Negroland, in Bornou, on 
 the river Fittree, 170 m. S. E. of . ornou. 
 
 Zahara or the Great Desert, a vast country of 
 Africa, 1,900 miles in length by 840 in breadth ; 
 bounded on the N. by Barbary, E. by Fezzan and 
 Cassina, S. by Negroland and Fouli, and W. by 
 the Atlantic Ocean. The air is very hot but not 
 unwholesome to the natives. The soil is gener- 
 ally sandy and barren ; but there are verdant val- 
 leys n which water either springs or stagnates, 
 and it is here and there interspersed with spots of 
 astonishing fertility, which are crowded with in- 
 habitants. Here grows the acacia, a species of mi- 
 
 mosa which produces the gum arabic. These 
 fertile spots in the desert are called oases, or 
 islands, bearing some resemblance to islands in 
 the sea ; and they abound most in the northern 
 and eastern parts ; but the smaller ones are not 
 atwavs permanent ; for a furious wind from the 
 desert, bringing along witli it an immense quan- 
 tity of sand, sometimes overwhelms an oasis, 
 and reduces it to barrenness. These oases are 
 formed into a number of states, governed by pet- 
 ty princes; and those of which some intelligence 
 has been obtained are noticed in this work in 
 their proper places. The inhabitants consisting 
 of various tribes, are wild and ignorant ; and 
 the Mahometan religion is professed throughout 
 the country, unless where they approach the 
 country of the Negroes. They maintain towards 
 each other the maxims of apparent hostility, but 
 a Christian is every where odious. Their lan- 
 guage is chiefly a dialect of the Arabic; and their 
 only intercourse with other nations is carried 
 on with the caravans which periodically tra- 
 100 
 
 verse these immense deserts. The Zahara abounds 
 in antelopes, wild boars, leopards, apes, ostriches, 
 and serpents. There are few horses and beeves ; 
 but many sheep, goats, and camels. 
 
 Zahara, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a 
 citadel; seated on a craggy rock, 42 m. S. E.of 
 Seville. 
 
 Zakna, a town of Prussian Saxony, G m. N. E 
 of Wittenberg. 
 
 Zaina, a town of Algiers, in the province of 
 Constantina, supposed, from some considerable 
 ruins, to have been the ancient city of Zama. It 
 is 28 m. S E. of Seteef and 46 S. W. of Con- 
 stantina. 
 
 Zaine, a river of Barbary, which separates the 
 kingdoms of Algiers and Tunis, and enters the 
 Mediterranean at the island of Tabarca 
 
 Zaire, a river of Congo, which rises in the 
 kingdom of Matamba, flows N. to the extreme 
 borders of Congo, where it turns to the W., 
 then separates the kingdoms of Loango and 
 Congo Proper, and enters the Atlantic Ocean 
 below Sogno, 
 
 Zalamea, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 
 m. N. of Niebla and 38 W.N. W. of Seville. 
 
 Zalamea, a town of Spain in Estremadura, 
 anciently called Ilapa. It contains many ves- 
 tiges of its former splendor, and is 38 in. S. E 
 of Merida. 
 
 Zamora, a strong town of Spain, in Leon 
 and a bishop's see. In its environs fine tur- 
 quoise stones are found. It is seated on a hill, 
 on the river Duero, over which is a brido-e, 
 32 m. N. by W. of Salamanca and 146 N. YV. 
 of Madrid. Long. 5. 56. W., lat. 41. 50. N. 
 
 Zamora, a town of Quito, in the neighbour- 
 hood of which are rich mines of gold. It is 
 seated near the Andes. 230 m. S. of Quito. 
 Long. 78. 20. W., lat. 4. 6. 8. 
 
 Zamora, a town of Mexico, in Guadalaxara, 
 40 in. S. E. of Guadalaxara. Long. 103. 30. 
 W., lat. 20. 52. N. 
 
 Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the province 
 of Constantina, 250 m. W. of Hamamet. Long 
 6. 25. E.. lat. 36. 20. N. 
 
 Zamoshi, a town of Poland, with a citadel, a 
 cathedral, and several other churches. It is 37 
 m. S. S. W. of Chelm and 44. W. N. W. of Betz. 
 
 Zampago,a town of Mexico, seated on a small 
 lake, 30 m. N. of Mexico. 
 
 Zanc, a township of Logan Co. Ohio. Pop. 
 608. 
 
 Zanesfield, p.t. Logan Co. Ohio. 47 m. N. W. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Zanesville,p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio, on the 
 Muskingum. Pop. 3,056. It is a very flourish- 
 ing town with manufactures of glass, paper, 
 woolen, iron, oil, and several mills. The great 
 Cumberland road passes directly through the 
 town. 
 
 Zanfara, a kingdom of Negroland, to the S. 
 of Zegzeg, between Cassina and Bornou. The 
 inhabitants are tall in stature, of very black com- 
 plexion, with broad faces, and savage disposi- 
 tions. The capital, of the same name, stands 
 on a river that forms a lake N. of Ghana and 
 then flows through that city into the Niger. It 
 is 230 m. N. E. of Ghana and 450 W. S. W. of 
 Bornou. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 18. 30. N. 
 
 Znnguebar, a country on the E. coast of Af- 
 rica, between 3. N. and 9. S. lat. It includes 
 several petty kingdoms, in which the Portu- 
 guese have settlements. The inhabitants are all 
 blacks, with curly woolv hair; and, except thosf» 
 
 3X 
 
ZAT 
 
 74 
 
 ZEA 
 
 concerted by the Portuguese, are either Mahome- 
 ians or pagans, the latter mucli the more nu- 
 merous. The principal territories are Jubo, Me- 
 linda, Mombaza, and Quiloa. The Portuguese 
 trade for slaves, ivory, gold, ostriches' feathers, 
 wax, and drugs. The productions are much 
 the same as in the other parts of Africa, between 
 the tropics. 
 
 Zunte, an island in the Mediterranean, forming 
 part of the Ionian republic. It is situate near the 
 coast of the Morea, 17 m. S. of the island of Ceph- 
 alonia, and is 14 m. long and 8 broad. Its prin- 
 cipal riches consist in currants, which are cultiva- 
 ted in a large plain, under the shelter of moun- 
 tains Here are also the finest peaches in the 
 world, with other choice fruits, and excellent wine 
 and oil. The natives speak both Greek and Ital- 
 ian, though there are a very few Roman Cath- 
 olics among them ; but they have a bishop as well 
 as the Greeks. Pop. 50,000. 
 
 Zante, the capital of the foregoing island, is 
 pleasantly situated on an eminence on the E. side 
 of the island, at the bottom of a small bay. The 
 houses are built partly ofbrick,and partly of wood, 
 and seldom more than one or two stories in height, 
 on account of the frequency of earthquakes ; the 
 last visitation of this kind was in 1820, when sever- 
 al hundreds of houses were overthrown. The har- 
 bour is capacious and is protected by a mole. 12 
 rn. VV. of Cape Tornese,in the Morea. Pop. 20,000. 
 Zanzibar, an island in the Indian Sea, on the 
 coast of Zanguebar, between the islands of Pern- 
 ba and Monsia. It abounds in sugar canes and 
 citrons. The inhabitants are Mahometan Arabs, 
 and are governed by a sheik appointed by the 
 iman of Mascat. Long. 41. 0. E., lat. G. 0. S. 
 Zara, a city of the Austrian states, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, and of the whole of Aus- 
 trian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It is situated 
 in a plain, upon a small peninsula, joined to the 
 continent by an isthmus of about 25 paces broad. 
 On the side of the citadel it is very well for- 
 tified. Near the church, which the Greeks call- 
 ed St. Helia, are two handsome fluted columns 
 of the Corinthian order, said to have been part 
 of the temple of Juno. This place was formerly 
 more considerable than at present, the number of 
 the inhabitants being now not above 8,000. The 
 circle contains an area of 2,150 square miles, with 
 100,000 inhabitants. There are verv fine paint- 
 ings in the churches, done by the best masters ; 
 and they pretend to have the body of Simeon, 
 brought from Judea, and kept in a shrine with a 
 cryst 1 before it. Zara is seated on the gulf of 
 Venice 80 m. S. W. of Jaicza, and 150 S. E. of 
 Venice. Long. 16. 6. E., lat. 44. 30. N. 
 
 Zareng, a town of Persia, in the. province of 
 Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful porce- 
 lain, and is seated on the Hirmund, 350 m. E. of 
 Ispahan. Long. 61. 10. E., lat. 32. 28. N. 
 
 Zaril, a town of Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. E. of 
 Mis.tra. 
 
 Zrrnale, a town in the Morea, seated on an emi- 
 nence 20 m. S. W. of Misitra. 
 
 Zarnowitz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerelia, on a 
 bay of the Baltic, 33 m. N. N. VV. of Dantzic. 
 
 Za&law, a town of Poland, in Volhinia, seated on 
 the Horiu, 30 m. N. N. VV. of Constantinow. 
 
 Zatmav, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a 
 county of the same name. It is sealed on a small 
 lake, formed by the river Sam'os, so m. E. by S. of 
 Tockay, and 130 E. of Buna". Long. 22. 34. E., lat. 
 47, 50. N. 
 
 Zalor, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 
 Cracow, with a castle ; seated on an emmeno* 
 near the river Vistula, 20 m. S. VV. of Cracow 
 and 50 S. E. of Ratibon. 
 
 Zaweh, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Khorasan, situate on the Tedjen, 20 in. froir 
 the Caspian Sea, and 80 N. of Mesched. 
 
 Zbaras, a town of Austrian Poland, 28 m. E. o' 
 Zborow and 68 N. by W of Kaminieck. 
 
 Zboroio, a town of Austrian Poland, in the 
 circle of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John Casimin, 
 king of Poland, with 20,000 men, was attacked 
 by 110,000 Cossacks and Tartars, for three days 
 successively, but defended himself so bravely 
 that the latter consented to terms of accommo- 
 dation. Zborow is 52 m. E. by S. of Lemburg. 
 Long. 25. 46. E., lat. 49. 46 I\. 
 
 Zealand, or Zeeland, an island of Denmark, of 
 a triangular form, 230 m. in circumference, and 
 the largest of the isles belonging, to the king of 
 Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, 
 having the Categaton the N., the Sound on the 
 E.,and the Great Belt on the W. The coast 
 is much intersected by large bays ; and within the 
 country are several lakes, which as well as the riv- 
 ers, abound in fish. It is exceedingly fertile, pro 
 ducing grain of all sorts with excellent pasture and 
 in most parts plenty of wood. It is particularly 
 famous for its breed of horses. Copenhagen is 
 the capital of this island and of the whole king- 
 dom. 
 
 Zealand, a province of Holland comprising the 
 ancient county of Zealand and Dutch Flanders 
 bounded on the N. by the isles of Holland, E. by 
 Brabant, S. by Flanders, and W. by the German 
 Ocean. It is composed of several islands, the 
 principal of which are Walcheren, Schowen, N. 
 and S. Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, .md Wolf 
 ersdike. The surface is generally level and lies 
 so low that the inhabitants are obliged tq defend 
 themselves from encroachments of the sea by 
 vast dykes, which are kept up at great expense. 
 The river Scheldt forms the most of these islands, 
 and the soil of them is fruitful. The province 
 carries on considerable trade in corn, madder, flax 
 salt meat, linen yarn, rapeseed, oil, &c. The 
 greater part of the inhabitants are Calvinists, but 
 there are also many Catholics and Lutherans, and 
 some Mennonite Baptists. The principal towns 
 are Middleburg and Flushing. 
 
 Zealand, New, in the Pacific Ocean, was discov- 
 ered by Tasman in 1642 He traversed the east- 
 ern coast from lat. 34. to 43. S. and entered a 
 strait ; but, being attacked by the natives soon af 
 ter he came to an anchor, he did not go ashore. 
 From the time of Tasman the whole country ex- 
 cept that part of the coast which was seen by 
 him, remained altogether unknown, and was ov 
 many supposed to make part of a southern conti- 
 nent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated bv 
 captain Cook, who found it to consist of two 
 large is ands, separated by the strait above men- 
 tioned, which is four leagues broad, and to which 
 he gave his own name. Along the coast there 
 are many small islands ; and it is indented by deep 
 bays, affording excellent shelter for shipping and 
 abundant supplies of wood and water. There are 
 also several rivers capable of receiving large ves- 
 sels, and in which the springtide rises nearly ten 
 feet perpendicularly. Of the two islands, the 
 southernmost, called by the natives Tavai, or 
 Tovy Poenamnioo, is for the most part mountain- 
 ous and barren. As far inland as the eye car 
 reach, nothing appears but mountains of stupen 
 dous height, consisting of tocks that are totally 
 
ZEA 
 
 795 
 
 ZEL 
 
 naked, except where they are covered with snow , 
 but the land bordering on the sea-coast is thickly 
 clothed with wood, almost down to the water's 
 edge. The northernmost island, called Eaheino- 
 mauwe, has a much better appearance. It is, in- 
 deed, not only hilly, but mountainous; yet even 
 the hills and mountains are covered with wood ; 
 and every valley has a rivulet of excellent water. 
 
 The soil of these valleys, and the plains, of 
 which there are many overgrown with wood, is 
 in general light, but fertile •, and it is supposed 
 that every kind of European grain, plants, and 
 fruits, would flourish here with the utmost luxu- 
 riance. The whole extent of the two islands is 
 estimated by Mr Nicholas, who visited them in 
 1314 and 1815, at 62,160 sq. m. or 39,782,400 sq. 
 acres. The winters are milder than in England, 
 and the summers not hotter, though more equally 
 warm. There are forests of vast extent, full of 
 the straightest and largest timber, fit for building 
 of any kind. The only native quadrupeds are 
 dogs and rais : the former are domestic, and for 
 food ; the latter, though not numerous, are also 
 eaten. The birds, like the vegetables, are almost 
 entirely peculiar to the country. The creeks 
 swarm with fish, which are equally delicious with 
 those of Europe. The rocks are furnished with 
 great quantities of excellent muscles, one sort of 
 which measures above a foot in length, and with 
 great variety of other shell-fish. The men are 
 stout and fleshy, but not corpulent, and are ex- 
 ceedingly vigorous and active. The women in 
 general are smaller than the men, and are chiefly 
 distinguished by the softness of their voices. The 
 bodies of both sexes are marked with black stains, 
 called amoco, which is the same as tatooing at 
 Otaheite. Their dress is also the same with that 
 of the natives of that island. Their houses are 
 miserable lodgings; and their only furniture con- 
 S-sts in a few small baskets, in which they put 
 their fishing-hooks and other trifles. Their food 
 consists chiefly of fish, with which, instead of 
 bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which 
 they scorch over the fire, and then beat with a 
 stick, till the bark or dry outside falls off. Be- 
 sides their dogs, they also contrive to kill birds ; 
 and in most parts of the northern island they have 
 sweet potatoes, cocoas, and yams ; but in the 
 southern nothing is raised by cultivation. Their 
 cookery consists wholly in roasting and baking, 
 which last is performed in the same manner as at 
 Otaheite. The women eat in common with the 
 men, and but little subordination or distinction of 
 rank is observed among them. 
 
 From Cape Kidnappers, in lat. 39. 43., for up- 
 wards of 80 leagues to the northward, the people 
 acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu, and 
 under him several subordinate chiefs, who proba- 
 bly administer justice ; but whether his authority 
 oe hereditary or delegated is uncertain. This 
 part of the coast is by fir the most populous ; til- 
 lage, weaving, and the other arts of peace, being 
 hare best known and most practised. The canoes 
 are more decorated, the plantations more numer- 
 ous, and the clothes and carving finer, than any 
 wliere else. In other parts the inhabitants are 
 scattered along the coast, in single families, or in 
 large tribes, in a state of perpetual hostility with 
 each other. For such continual wars, and the in- 
 human banquet that is the consequence of victo- 
 ry, among people in other respects mild and gen- 
 tip, perhaps no b'itter reason can be assigned than 
 that what at first originated in necessity has been 
 perpetuated by habit, and exasperated by revenge 
 
 In the year 1814 several missionary stations were 
 established in New Zealand, for the purpose of 
 civilizing the ignorant natives, and instructing 
 them in the Christian religion. In 1819 the set- 
 tlements were visited by Mr. Marsden, when a 
 tract of land, consisting of 13,000 acres, was 
 purchased from one of the chiefs, and the mis 
 sionaries were settled on it. According to the 
 latest accounts, they still continue to struggle 
 against the obstacles opposed to their progress 
 from the ferocity and superstition of the natives. 
 Among other enterprises they have succeeded in 
 reducing the language of New Zealand to writing, 
 and have constructed a grammar for the benefit 
 of such new missionaries as may be inclined to 
 enter on this field of labor. Several New Zea- 
 landers who were brought to New Holland, and 
 had there an oppotunity of witnessing the arts 
 and improvements of civilized life, have since 
 rendered great service to the missions. 
 
 Zebid, a city of Arabia, in the province of Ye- 
 men. It was once very considerable, but its 
 walls are demolished, and the present buildings 
 scarcely occupy the half of its ancient extent. 
 It is seated on a river, 16 m. from the Red Sea. 
 and 140 N. of Mocha. Long. 44.28.E.,lat.l5. 10. N. 
 
 Zebu, or Selra, one of the Philippine Islands 
 between those of Leyta and Negros. It is 149 m. 
 long and 30 broad, and has a town of the same 
 name, on the E. r ast. Long. 122. 30. E.,lat. 10. 
 36. N. 
 
 Zedic, a town of Barbary in Tripoli, seated on 
 a bay of the Mediterranean, 120 m. S. E. of Tri 
 poli. 
 
 Zegedin, or Szeged, a strong town of Hungary, 
 with a trade in salt, tobacco, wool, and corn; 
 situate on the Theisse, opposite the influx of the 
 Maros, 65 m. N. W. Temeswar and 98 S. E. of 
 Pest. Long. 20. 25. E., lat. 46. 20. N. 
 
 Zcgzeg, a kingdom of Negroland, to the N. of 
 Zanfara, between Cassinaand Bornou. The cap- 
 ital is of the same name, 380 m. N. E. of Cassina. 
 Long. 16. 0. E. : lat. 20.45. N. 
 
 Zehaenick, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 noted f r a large foundry, 30 m. N. of Berlin 
 
 Ze«7,atownof Bavarian Franconia. seated on 
 the Maine, 10 m. N. W. of Bamberg. 
 
 Ze.lla, a sea-port of the kingdom of Adel, and a 
 place of considerable trade ; seated on a bay oi 
 the Arabian Sea. Long. 44. 22. E., lat. 11. 9. N 
 
 Zcitoiiu, Gulf of, a bay on the eastern coast of 
 Greece, opposite the northern extremity of the 
 island of Negropont. It is the boundary between 
 Independent Greece and Turkey. 
 
 Zeltoun, a town of European Turkey situated 
 at the bottom of the above gulf, in Janna, and 
 an archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on 
 a gulf of its name, 50 m. S. S. E. of Larissa and 
 62" N. of Corinth. 
 
 Zei.t.z, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a mag 
 nificent castle, and a collegiate church. It has- 
 good cloth and stuff manufactures, and is seated 
 on the the Elster, 23 m. S. S. W. of Leipzig. 
 
 Ze.U , a town of Hanover, formerly the capital 
 of a duchy of the same name, in the principality 
 of Lunenburg. Tt is surrounded by ditches and 
 ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and 
 lime trees. The high courts of appeal for all the 
 territories of the electoral house of Brunswick, 
 Lunenberg were held here ; and also the diets foi 
 the principality. The castle was repaired by 
 George II. of England, for the residence of his 
 unfortunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who 
 died here in 1775. Zell is seated on the A Her, 
 
Z1G 
 
 796 
 
 ZOU 
 
 28 m. E. N. E. of Hanover. Long. 10. 14. E. 
 ;at. 52 42. N. 
 
 Zell, a town of Baden, seated on the river 
 K intzig, 18 m. S. E. ofStrasburg. 
 
 Zell in the Pinzgau, a town of Austria, in the 
 province of Salsburg, seated on a lake, 30 m. 
 W. of Radstadtand 34 S. S. W. of Salzburg. 
 
 Zell in Zetlerthal, a town of Austria, in the 
 Tj.ol, seated on the Ziller, 24 m. E. of In- 
 spruck. 
 
 Zellerfield, a town of Hanover, in the Upper 
 Hartz, with a mine-office and a mint. 9 m. S. 
 S W. of Goslar. 
 
 Zrluiu, a town of Russia, government of Grod- 
 no, 50 m. W. S. W. of Novogorodek. 
 
 Zemplin, a town of Hungary, in a palatinate of 
 the same name, seated on the Bodrog, 25 m. S. 
 E. of Cassovia, and 27 N. E. of Tockay 
 
 Zengan, a town of Persia, in the province of 
 Irac, 80 m. N. N. E. of Amandan. 
 
 Zengui, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pa- 
 chalic of Aleppo, situate on the Euphrates, 55 
 m. N. E. of Aleppo. 
 
 Zenta, a town of Hungary, memorable for a sig- 
 nal victory gained by prince Eugene over the 
 Turks in 1697. It is seated on the Theisse, 52 
 m. N. of Belgrade. 
 
 Zerbst, a town of Germany in the duchy of An- 
 halt-Dessau, with a fine castle. It is famous for 
 good beer, and has manufactures of gold and sil- 
 ver. 10 m. N N. W. of Dessau. 
 
 Zerea, a town and fortress of Persia, in Farsis- 
 tan, 18 m. N. N. E. of Shiras. 
 
 Zeul.cn, a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the 
 river Rosach, 21 m. N. E. of Bamberg. 
 
 Zeulenrode, a town of Germany, in the princi- 
 pality of Reuse, with manufactures of stuffs and 
 stockings, 14 m. N. W. of Plauen. 
 
 Zia, an island of the Grecian Archipelago to 
 the S. of Negropont, 15 m. long and 8 broad. It 
 abounds in barley, wine, and silk ; also a fine 
 sort of oak, whose fruit, called villain, used by 
 dyers and tanners, is the best trading commodity 
 in the island. The principal town, of the same 
 name, seated on an eminence, is a bishop's see, 
 and has a wood harbour, with about 2,500 houses, 
 all flat at the top. Long. 34. 24. E., lat. 37. 48. N. 
 
 Z'egcnenlials, a town of Prussia Silesia, with 
 several foundries, and a manufacture of excellent 
 glass. It is seated on the Biela, 10 m. S. of 
 Neisse. 
 
 Ziegenhayn, a fortified town of Germany, cap- 
 ital of a province of its name in the electorate of 
 Hesse, with a fine castle and an arsenal. The 
 suburb called Weinhausen is a handsome place, 
 and more extensive than the town. In 1757 it 
 was taken by the French and in 1761 it was in- 
 effectually besieged by the allies, who reduced 
 two thirds of the town to ashen by their cannon- 
 ade It stands on a morass, surrounded by the 
 river Schwalm, 28 m. S. S. E. of Cassel. 
 
 Zugenruck, a town of Saxony, on the river 
 Saal.Tw m. S. of Neustadt. 
 
 Zieeeser, or Zicsar. a town and castle of Prus- 
 sia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. S. W. of Bran- 
 denburg. 
 
 Zielenzig, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 w:th manufactures of cloth, 20 m. E. S. E. of 
 Custrin. 
 
 Zierenbes, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- 
 sel, 8 m. W. N. W. of Cassel. 
 
 Zi<ret, a town of Hungary on the Theisse, near 
 its source, 42 m. E. by N. of Nagybanja. 
 
 Zigeth, a strong town of Hungary, which has 
 
 been several times besieged and taken by the 
 Turks and Austrians. It stands on the Alma, by 
 which it is surrounded, 48 m. S. E. of Canischa. 
 Long. 18. 16. E.,lat. 46. 8. N. 
 
 Ziriczee, a strong town of the Netherland s, in 
 Zealand, and capital of the isle of Schowen. It 
 was the ancient residence of the counts of Zea- 
 land, and is 12 m. N. E. of Middleburg and 18 S. 
 W. of Briel. 
 
 Ziltau, a fortified town of Saxony, in Upper 
 Lusatia, surrounded by a wall, with 4 large and 
 6 small gates. It has a very extensive trade in 
 linen, white damasks, woolen cloth, and blue pa- 
 per. The cathedral has three organs ; and near 
 it is a college, where the languages, drawing, and 
 other arts, are taught gratis. Adjoining to the 
 cloisters is an excellent library, and at a small 
 distance from it is an ophan house. It is seated 
 on the Neisse, 17 m. S. W of Gorlitz and 47 S. 
 E. of Dresden. Long. 15. 1. E., lat. 50. 54 
 N. 
 
 Zitza, a village of European Turkey in Albania 
 14 m. N. W. of Joannina. The beauties of its 
 scenery have been celebrated in the verse of By- 
 ron. 
 
 Znaim, a strong town of the Austrian states, 
 in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name, 
 with a castle, in which are a great many pagan 
 antiquities. The vicinity yields excellent wine. 
 It is seated on the Teya, 35 m. S. W. of Brinn 
 and 42 N. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 
 48. 40. N. 
 
 Zoar, p. t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 110 m. N. E 
 Columbus : also a village in Delaware Co. Ohio 
 21 m. N. E. Columbus; p.v. Erie Co. N. Y., 31 
 m. W. Albany. 
 
 Zoara, a fortified town of Tripoli, with a goof 
 harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 60 m. VV 
 of Tripoli. Long. 1 1 . 53. E., lat. 32. 45. N. 
 
 Zoblitz, a town of Saxony, in Meissen. Tin 
 inhabitants subsist princially by working the ser 
 pent-stone, which is found in the neighbourhood 
 into pitchers, bowls, tea and coffee-cups, &e 
 The red species of this stone, which isconsiderec 
 as the finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. I 
 is 17 m. S. of Freyberg. 
 
 Zobten, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov 
 ernment of Reichenbach, 9 m. E. N. E. of Sch 
 weidnitz. 
 
 Zoffingen, a town of Switzerland, in the can 
 ton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a pub 
 lie library, containing several curious manuscripts 
 It is seated on the Wigger, 19 m. N. N. W. of 
 Lucern. 
 
 Zolnock, a town of Hungary, capital of a coun. 
 ty of the same name. In 1554 it was taken by 
 the Turks, but retaken in 1685. It is seated on 
 the Theisse. at the influx of the Sagelia, 62 m. 
 N. E. of Colocza and 62 E. of Buda' Long. 20. 
 50. E., lat 47. 10. N. 
 
 Zombor, a town of Hungary, near the rivei 
 Moszlonga, 50 m. N. W. of Neusatz. 
 
 Zorbitf,a. town of Prussian Saxony, with a cita 
 del, 24 m. N. N. W. of Leipzig. 
 
 Zorndorf, a village of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 
 where the king of Prussia, after a dreadful con- 
 flict, totally defeated the Russians in 1758 ; 5 m 
 N. of Custrin. 
 
 Zossen, a town and castle of Brandenburg, situ- 
 ate on the Notte, 19 m. S. of Berlin. 
 
 Zout-Pan, a curious salt lake, in the country of 
 the Hottentots, lying a few m. N. cf Point Pa- 
 dron. in a plain much above the level of the sea, 
 and between 3 and 4 m. in circumference. At 
 
ZUR 
 
 zvvi 
 
 some seasons of the year it is formed into an 
 entire mass of fine white salt, with a hard crust 
 resembling ice. 
 
 Zowan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, fa- 
 mous for the dyeing scarlet caps and the bleach- 
 ing of linen, 36 m. S. W. of Tunis. 
 
 Zuckmantel, a town of Austrian Silesia, and a 
 bishop's see. It has mines of gold, silver, cop- 
 per, and iron, and is 15 m. S. of Neisse. 
 
 Zuecla, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, situ- 
 ate in a district of remarkable fertility. The rem- 
 nants of ancient buildings, the number and size of 
 the cisterns, and the construction of the vaulted 
 caves, intended perhaps as repositories for corn, 
 exhibit wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendor. 
 It is 60 m. E. N. E. of Mourzook. Long. 16. 34. 
 E., lat. 27. 59. N. 
 
 Zug, a small canton of Switzerland, contain- 
 ing an area of 120 sq. m., bounded on the E. and 
 N. by Zurich, W. by Lucern, and S. by Schweitz. 
 It is rich in pasturage, has plenty of various 
 kinds of stone fruit, as well as walnuts and chest- 
 nuts, and wine of a very acid flavor. The inhab- 
 itants estimated at 15,500, are Roman Cath- 
 olics. 
 
 Zug, the capital of the foregoing canton, con- 
 tains several handsome churches, a good town- 
 house, &c, and is seated on a lake of its name, 
 12 m. N. W. of Schweitz. Long. 8. 24. E.,lat. 47. 
 4. N. 
 
 Zuider Zee, a great bay of the German Ocean, 
 which extends from N. to S. in Holland, between 
 the provinces of Friesland, Overyssel, Gelderlan' 
 and North Holland. 
 
 Zulauf, or Sulny, a town of Prussian Silesia, 6 
 ra. S. W. of Militsch. 
 
 ZuUichau, a town of Prussia in the province of 
 Brandenburg, with a castle which stands without 
 the walls of the town, and has a rampart and 
 ditches. The suburbs contain more houses than 
 the town itself, and amcng them is a large orphan 
 house, to which is annexed a school, an acade- 
 my, &c. Here are good manufactures, and the 
 vicinity produces much corn and wine. In 1759 
 a battle was fought near this town between the 
 Prussians and Russians in which the former were 
 defeated. It is situate in a plain, near the Oder, 
 24 m. E. by N. of Crossen. Long. 15. 52. E., lat. 
 52. 9. N. 
 
 Zulpha, or Jufa, a town of Persia, almost close 
 to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of suburb, and se- 
 parated from it by the river Sanderon. It was 
 peopled by a colony of Armenians, brought hith- 
 er by Shah Ahbas, and contains several church- 
 es and monasteries. 
 
 Zidz, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality ofOppeln, 14 m E. by S. of Neisse and 
 26 S. S. W. of Oppeln. 
 
 Zulz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Grisons, on the river Inn, 26 m. S. E. ofCoire. 
 Zumampa, a town of Tucuman, on the river 
 Dolco, 110 m. S. S. E. of St. Jago del Estero. 
 
 Zumaya, a town of Biscav, near the coast. 51 
 m. W. by S. of St. Sebastia'n. 
 
 Zumpango, a town of Mexico, 100 in. N. by E. 
 of Acapulco and 105 S of Mexico. 
 
 Zurich, a canton of Switzerland, bounded on 
 the N. by SohafFhausen, E. by Thurgaw and the 
 county of Tockenburg, S. by Glaris, Schweitz, 
 and Zug, and W. by Lucern and the county of 
 Baden. Zurich was admitted a member of the 
 Helvetic confederacy in 1351. and obtained the 
 privilege of being the first canton in rank; it is 
 also the most considerable in extent both of ter- 
 
 ritory and power, next to that of Bern, havincr an 
 area of 950 sq. m., with upwards of 180,000 in 
 habitants. It abounds in wine and excellent pas 
 ture : but the supply of corn is not sufficient for 
 interior consumption. The inhabitants are all 
 Calvini.sts ; and two-thirds of thern derive their 
 livelihood by spinning thread and silk, and mak- 
 ing linen for the manufacture of the town. 
 
 Zurich, a city of Switzerland, capital of the 
 foregoing canton, stands at the northern extrem- 
 ity of the lake of Zurich, and occupies both sides 
 of the rapid and transparent Limat, which issues 
 from that lake and divides the town into two un- 
 equal parts, communicating by three bridges. It 
 was formerly an imperial city, and is one of the 
 best built in this country, but the streets are nar 
 row and the houses high. Zurich was the first 
 town in Switzerland that separated from the 
 church of Rome. Among its charitable founda- 
 tions are an orphan-house, an hospital for incura- 
 bles, that for the sick of all nations, which usual- 
 ly contains between 600 and 700 patients, and 
 the Almosen-Amt, or foundation for the poor, 
 which puts out children as apprentices, and dis- 
 tributes money, clothes, and books, to poor per- 
 sons, not of the town only, but of the canton, to 
 the amount of upwards of £5,000 a year. The 
 inhabitants carry on manufactures of muslins, 
 cottons, linens, and silk handkerchiefs. It is 35 
 m. S. W. of Constance, 40 S. E. of Basil, and 55 
 N. E. of Bern. Long. 8. 32. E., lat. 47. 20. N. 
 
 Zurich, a lake of Switzerland, 24 m. long and 
 4 broad. The adjacent country is finely cultiva- 
 ted and well peopled ; and the S. part of the lake 
 appears bounded by the stupendous mountains 
 of Schweitz and Glarus. The scenery is pic- 
 turesque, lively and diversified. The river Lim- 
 mai runs through the whole length of this lake 
 to Zurich. 
 
 Zurita, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with 
 a castle, seated on the Tajrus, 38 m. E. of Mad- 
 rid. 
 
 Zurz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of 
 Grisons, seated on the Inn, 20 m. N. N. W. of 
 Bormio. 
 
 Zurznch, a town of Switzerland, in tho county 
 of Baden, seated on the Rhine, just above the in- 
 flux of the Aar, 9 m. N. of Baden. 
 
 Zurzonza, a town of Mexico, in the province 
 of Mechoacan, situate on an island in a lake, 25 
 m. W. S. W. of Mechoacan. 
 
 Zutphen, a strong town of the Netherlands, in 
 Gelderland, capital of a county of its name. It 
 is seated at the conflux of the Berkel with the 
 Yssel, 9 m S. by E. of Deventer and 55 E. by S. 
 of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 13. E., lat. 52. 10. N. 
 
 Zuyst, a village of the Netherlands which 
 abounds in plantations and shady walks, and is 
 inhabited by Moravian manufacturers. It is 
 much frequented in the summer months, by mer- 
 chants who have no country seats of their own. 
 5 m. from Utrecht. 
 
 Zveniirorod, a town of Russia, in the govern 
 ment of Moscow, situate on the Moskva, 23 m. 
 W of Moscow. 
 
 Zwcnlcau, a town and castle of Saxony, seated 
 on the Elster, 6 m. S. of Leipzig. 
 
 Zwetl, a town of Austria, at the conflux ot the 
 Zwetl with the Kemp, 26 m. W. N. W of 
 Krems. 
 
 Zwick, a town of Saxony, with a citadel, three 
 
 churches, and a Latin school, in which is a good 
 
 library. The inhabitants have manufactures of 
 
 cloth and leather, and a trade in corn ind beej 
 
 3 x 2 
 
zwo 
 
 798 
 
 ZYT 
 
 It is seated on the Mulda, 20 m. N. N. E. of 
 Plauen and 21 S. of Altenburg. 
 
 Zicingenberg, a town of Germany, in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, 8 m. S. of Darmstadt. 
 
 Zicittau, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz, 40 m. W. N. W. of Olmutz. 
 
 Zwoll, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in 
 Overyssel, with three handsome suburbs. A 
 canal begins near this place, and extends to the 
 river Yssel, which is defended by several forts. 
 Zwoll is the most opulent town in the province, 
 
 and stands on an eminence, on the rivor Aa» 
 m. N. of Deventer and 31 S. W. of Coevoraen 
 Long. 6. 3. E., lat. 52. 31. N. 
 
 Zioonitz, a town of Saxony, 14 m. S. S. W ot 
 Chemnitz. 
 
 Zwornick, a town of Bosnia, 60 m. E. of Seraio 
 and 68 S. W. of Belgrade. 
 
 Zytomierz, a town and fortress of Russia, capi 
 tal of the government of Volhinia, and a bishop a 
 see, seated on the Ciecirief, 120 m. E. of Lucko. 
 Long. 29. 22. E., lat. 50. 35. N 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Addison, a township of Gallia Co. Ohio. Pop. 
 662. 
 
 Alford, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Bos- 
 ton. Pop. 512. 
 
 Alachua, a county of Florida. Pop. 2,204. 
 Dell's is the capital. 
 
 Alaqua, t. Walton Co. Florida. 
 
 Ann Arbor, t. Washtenaw Co. Michigan. 
 
 Andes, p. t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,859. 
 
 Belief ontaine, p. t. Logan Co. Ohio. Pop. 282. 
 
 Benton, t. Yazoo Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Berrien, a county of Michigan. Pop. 333. 
 Niles is the capital. 
 
 Blount, a county of Alabama. Pop. 4,233. 
 Blountsville is the capital. 
 
 Bolivar, t. Hardiman Co. Tennessee. 
 
 Brandon, t. Rankin Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Bucyrus, p. t. Crawford Co. Ohio. 60 m. N. 
 Columbus. Pop. 724. 
 
 Calhoun, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,099. 
 Gilead is the capital. 
 
 Carlinville, t. Macaupin Co. Illinois. 
 
 Carlyle, t. Clinton Co. Illinois. 
 
 Cass, a county of Michigan. Pop. 928. Ed- 
 wardsburg is the capital. 
 
 Chap 1 in, p. t. Windham Co. Conn. 10 miles S. 
 of Brooklyn. Pop. 1500. 
 
 Chardon, p. t. Geauga Co. Ohio, 168 m. N. E. 
 Columbus. Pop. 880. 
 
 Chippewa, a county of Michigan. Pop. 625. 
 Sault de St. Marie is the capital. 
 
 Chariton, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,776. 
 Chariton is the capital. 
 
 Chicot, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,165. 
 v'illemont is the capital. 
 
 Conecuh, a county of Alabama. Pop. 7,444. 
 Sparta is the capital. 
 
 Conway, a county of Arkansas Pop. 982. 
 Harrisburg is the capital. 
 
 Copiah, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,024. 
 Gallatin is the caoital. 
 
 Corea Fahre, t. Union Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Crittenden, a. county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,272. 
 jrreenpek is the capital. 
 
 Cole, a county of Missouri. Pop 3,006. Jef- 
 •rson City is the capital. 
 
 Clay, a county of Missouri. Pop 5,342. Lib- 
 
 y is the c;ipit;il. 
 
 Crcclslmrg, t. Russell Co. Ken. 
 
 Decatur, t. Macon Co. Illinois 
 
 Defiance, p. t. Williams Co. Ohio. 130 m. N. 
 W. Columbus. It occupies the spot of oid Fort 
 Defiance. 
 
 Delphi, t. Carroll Co. Indiana. 
 
 Duvall, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 1,970. 
 Jacksonville is the capital. 
 
 Ellisville, t. Jones Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Equality, t. Gallatin Co. Illinois. 
 
 Fayette, t. Howard Co. Missouri. 
 
 Fentress, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop 
 2,766. Jamestown is the capital. 
 
 Feliciana,, East, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 
 8,247. Jackson is the capital. 
 
 Feliciana, West, a parish of Louisiana. Pop 
 8,629. St. Francisville is the capital. 
 
 Fernandina, t. Nassau Co. Florida. 
 
 Findlay, p. t. Hancock Co. Ohio. 
 
 Fountain, a county of Indiana. Pop. 7,644 
 Covington is the capital. 
 
 Fulton, a county of Illinois ; p.t. Schoharie Co. 
 N. Y. Pop. 1,592; t. Callaway Co. Missouri. 
 
 Gadsden, a county of Florida. Pop. 4,894 
 Quincy is the capital. 
 
 Galvezton, a small island in the bay of St. Ber- 
 nard, on the coast of Texas, formerly a great re- 
 sort of pirates. Also a village in Louisiana, 25 
 m. S. E. of Baton Rouge. 
 
 Gasconade, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,548. 
 Gasconade is the capital. 
 
 Gilead, t. Calhoun Co. Illinois. 
 
 Greenock, t. Crittenden Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Groton, p. t. N. London Co. Conn, at the 
 mouth of Thames r. Here is fort Griswold, 
 which was the scene of a massacre committed by 
 the British troops, under Benedict Arnold, Sept. 
 6, 1781. A monument has been erected to com- 
 memorate this melancholy event. Pop. 4,750. 
 
 Hall, a county of Georgia. Pop. 11,755. 
 Gainesville is the capital. 
 
 Hamburg, p. v. on Savannah r. in Edgefield 
 dis. S. C, 81 miles S. W. Columbia. A rail road 
 from this town to Charleston is in a course of 
 completion. 
 
 Hennepin, t. Putnam Co. Illinois. 
 
 Highland, a county of Ohio. Pop. 16,347. 
 Hillsborough is the capital. 
 
 Hinds, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 8,619. 
 Jackson is the capital. 
 
 Hcrculaneum, p. t. Jefferson Co. Missouri. 3» 
 m. below St. Louis 
 
PAR 
 
 799 
 
 WIL 
 
 Helena, t. Jowa Co. Michigan. 
 
 Hempstead, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,507. 
 
 Hickstoicn, t. Madison Co. Florida. 
 
 Independence, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 
 2,031. Batesville is the capital. 
 
 Iowa, a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,589. Hel- 
 ena is the capital. 
 
 Izard, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,266. 
 
 Jacksonopolis, t. Jackson Co. Michigan. 
 
 Jo Daviess, a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,111. 
 Galena is the capital. 
 
 Jacob's Staff, t. Monroe Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Lafayette, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,921. 
 Lexington is the capital. A county of Arkansas. 
 Pop. 746. 
 
 La Grange, t. Oldham Co. Ken. 
 
 Leaksvilte, t. Greene Co. Mississippi. 
 
 Leon, a county of Florida. Pop. 6,493. Talla- 
 hassee is the capital. 
 
 Lexington, t. Lafayette Co. Missouri. 
 
 Little Piney, t. Crawford Co. Missouri. 
 
 Logansport, t. Cass Co. Indiana. 
 
 Lowndes, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,453. 
 Franklinville is the capital. A county of Missis- 
 sippi. Pop. 3,342. Columbus is the capital. 
 
 Macaupin, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,989. 
 Carlinville is the capital. 
 
 Machinate, t. Tazewell Co. Illinois. 
 
 Mackville, t. Washington Co. Ken. 
 
 Mansfield, p. t. Tolland Co. Conn. 28 m. E. 
 Hartford. Here is a small silk factory, that em- 
 ploys about fifty hands, and is the only silk- 
 weaving establishment in the U. S. This branch 
 of industry was introduced into Conn, about 
 seventy years ago, and has been gradually in- 
 creasing in importance. Pop. 2,700. 
 
 Marianna, t. Jackson Co. Florida. 
 
 Matteawa.n, v. Dutchess Co. N. Y. on Fishkill 
 Creek, with large manufactures of cotton, woollen 
 and iron. See New York, State. 
 
 Maumee, p. v. on Maumee river, where the 
 road crosses from Columbus to Detroit, by p. r. 
 136 miles N. N. W. Columbus. 
 
 Menomonie, t. Brown Co. Michigan. 
 
 Merom, t. Sullivan Co. Indiana. 
 
 Meriwether , a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,424. 
 Greenville is the capital. 
 
 Miccotown, t. Hamilton Co. Florida. 
 
 Monticello, t. Jefferson Co. Florida. 
 
 Mortonsville, t. Woodford Co. Ken. 
 
 Mosquito, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 733. 
 Timoka is the capital. 
 
 Miuncyton, t. Delaware Co. Indiana. 
 
 Muscogee, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,508 
 Columbus is the capital. 
 
 Nashville, t. Washington Co. Illinois. 
 
 Nassau, a county of E. Florida. Pop. 1,511. 
 Fernandina is the capital. 
 
 Niles, t. Berrien Co. Michigan. 
 
 Obion, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2,099. 
 Troy is the capital. 
 
 Paducah, t. McCr?cken Co. Kentucky. 
 
 Paraclifta, t. Sev'er Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Paris, t. Edgar Co. Illinois. 
 
 Pitcher, t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,21- 
 
 Pinckneyville, t. Perry Co. Illinois. 
 
 Pontiac, t. Oakland Co. Michigan. 
 
 Purdy, t. Mc. Nairy Co. Tenn. 
 
 Quincy, t. Gadsden Co. Florida. 
 
 Rankin, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 2,08?. 
 Brandon is the capital. 
 
 St. Albans, p. t. Franklin Co. Vt., 23 miles N- 
 Burlington, and 46 N. W Montpelier. Pop. 
 2,395. 
 
 St. Andrew, parish in Charleston district, S. C 
 It is watered by the Ashley, and lies just above 
 Charleston. 
 
 St. Andrew's Sound, bay on the coast of Geor- 
 gia, S. of Jekyl river. 
 
 St. Andrew's, r. West Florida which runs into 
 a bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name. 
 Long. 85. 48. W. Lat. 30. 17. N. 
 
 St. Joseph, Co. of Michigan in the valley of St. 
 Joseph's river. — Co. of Indiana, area 672 square 
 miles. — Island of Upper Canada, in the straits of 
 St. Mary's, about 75 miles in circumference. — 
 Bay, Florida, to the W. of Apalachicola Bay. — 
 A river of Michigan territory, one of the largest 
 tributaries of Lake Michigan. 
 
 St. Mark's, r. East Florida, which runs into 
 Apalachia bay , a little below the town of St. Mark. 
 
 St. Mark's, p. v. at the head of Appalache riv- 
 er, at the junction of St. Mark and Walkully 
 rivers, 22 m. by p. r. S. S. E. Tallahassee, and 
 the port of Tallahassee for sail vessels. Boats 
 can ascend the river ten miles higher. 
 
 Salvisa, t. Mercer Co. Ken. 
 
 Sugar Grove, t. Putnam Co. Ohio. 
 
 Sydney, t. Shelby Co. Ohio. 
 
 Scotia, t. Pop. Co. Arkansas. 
 
 Taliaferro, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,984. 
 Crawfordsville is the capital. 
 
 Tarecoopy, t. St. Joseph Co. Indiana. 
 
 Tazewell, a county of Illinois. Pop. 4,716 
 Mackinaw is the capital. 
 
 Terre Bonne, a parish of the East District of 
 Louisiana. Pop. 2,121. Williamsburg is the 
 capital. 
 
 Timoka. t. Mosquito Co. Florida. 
 
 Van Buren, a county of Michigan. Pop. 5 ; . 
 Onondaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,890. 
 
 Vanceburg, t. Lewis Co. Ken. 
 
 Venus, t. Hancock Co. Illinois. 
 
 Veruiiliunville, t. Lafayette Co. Louisiana. 
 
 Vina/haven, p. t. Hancock Co. Me. on Fox 
 Islands in Penobscot Bay. Pop. 1,794. 
 
 Walton, a county of W. Florida. Alaqua is the 
 capital. 
 
 Wapaghkonetta, p. t. Allen Co. Ohio. 
 
 Ware, a county of Georgia. Pop. 1,194 
 Y/anesborough is the capital. 
 
 Waterloo, t. Monroe Co. Illinois. 
 
 Washtenaic, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,042. 
 Ann Arbor is the capital. 
 
 Wilcox, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9,469. 
 Canton is the capital. 
 
 %* Pekitentiaries. In the description of Wethersfit'd, an account of the penitentiary of Con- 
 necticut, was inadvertently omitted. This establishment is on the plan of the Auburn prison, in 
 New York, and its discipline is of the same general description. The system is very complete, and 
 by the moral education of its inmates, great improvement in their characters and manners is gradu 
 ally effected. The Auburn prison has been occupied about twelve years. Service is performed in 
 its chapel on the Sabbath, and a Sunday School is in successful ~ieration. In the year ending Sep- 
 tember 1831 , the labor of the convicts more than covered the c-xpenditures of the establishment 
 Vumber of convicts Dec. 1, 1831, 646. The prison at Singsing i« essentially on the same plan. 
 
BANKING ANDMONI ED 
 INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609, and is a bank merely of deposit and transfer : 
 it neither makes, loans, nor circulates bills. 
 
 The Bank of Hamburg was established in IG19. The amount of its deposit, varies fron 10 to 15 
 millions of dollars. 
 
 The Bank of England is one of deposit, discount and circulation. It was established in 1694, 
 and its original capital was £1,200,000, which in 1781 had been increased to 11,642,400. The amount 
 of loans to the government has increased with the capital of the bank. It appears by some recent 
 discussions in Parliament, that the gross returns to the bank, from its transactions with the govern- 
 ment, are £1,390,898 per annum, the National debt being 860 millions. 
 
 The Bank of France was established in 1803, by the union of three private banking institutions 
 of Paris, with a capital of 45,000,000 francs. This like the Bank of England, is a bank of deposit, 
 discount and circulation. The bank has coined, from 1820 to 1828 about 118,400.000 francs. The 
 amount of bullion and coin in the coffers of the bank at the same time was 240,000,000 francs. The 
 number of shares was 69,000. 
 
 Of the other banks of Europe, that of Genoa was once the most considerable. Some of the 
 other principal banks of Europe are those of Altona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Madrid, Naples, Christi- 
 ania, Rome, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Stuttgard, Vienna, and the Imperial banks of Russia. 
 
 The Bank of the United States, at Philadelphia, has 25 branches at the following places. 
 
 Portland, Utica, Norfolk, New Orleans 
 
 Portsmouth, Buffalo, Fayetteville, Nashville, 
 
 Burlington, Pittsburg, Charleston, Lexington, 
 
 Boston, Baltimore, Savannah, Louisville, 
 
 Providence, Washington, Mobile, Cincinnati, 
 
 Hartford, Richmond, Natchez, St. Louis. 
 New York, 
 
 The situation of the Bank on the 1st of August, 1831, was as follows : 
 
 Public debt fund, ......... 3,500,000 
 
 Discount on personal security, ........ 41,600,000 
 
 " on funded security, . . . . . . . 800,000 
 
 " on domestic exchange, ....... 14,400,000 
 
 Circulation, . . . . . . , . . . 22,300,000 
 
 Deposits, . ......... 16,300,000 
 
 Specie, . . ........ 11,500,000 
 
 Notes of State Banks, equal to Specie, ....... 2,100,000 
 
 Surplus profits, . . ........ 1,750,500 
 
 Surplus provision for bad debts, ........ 309,000 
 
 Bonus for Bank and 5 per cent, from Gov't, paid and liquidated, . . 1,705,000 
 
 Increase of investments since 1822, ....... 32,250,000 
 
 Net Profit for one year, ending July 1, 1822, ...... 1,469,445 
 
 " for one year, ending July 1st, 1831, .... 2,925,000 
 
 Amount of Bills bought and sold, and Treasury Transfers, .... 98,000,000 
 
 In August, 1822, amount of discounts of Bank and Branches for domestic purposes, 15,700.000 
 
 Same in 1831, ... ...... 53,000,000 
 
 The present charter of the bank extends to March 3d, 1836. There were besides in 1831 in the 
 different States, 354 banks with capitals, from $2,050,000 downwards, amounting to about 161,154,535 
 dollars, including the United States Bank. The paper currency in 1830 was estimated to amount to 
 77,000,000 dollars. 
 
 800 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Falile showing tl.t ickale Quantity of Land in those States and Territories in ichich public land is 
 tiViatri! ; the Quantity of Public Land to which the Indian title hail been extinguished Jane, &), l&JS , 
 and tie Quantity to which it had not been extinguished June 30$ 1626. 
 
 
 
 j \Vhole quan- 
 
 Quantity ol 
 
 Quantity oil 
 
 1 
 
 
 tity of land in 
 
 land del jngiii" 
 
 iand belonging 
 
 , State or Territory. 
 
 
 |e.-ich Slate or to the t!. States 
 Territory. to which the ln- 
 
 to the U.Btaies, 
 to which the In- 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ACRKS. 
 
 tinguished. 
 
 extinguished. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 
 26.432,000 
 
 3,0011.000 
 
 1 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 . . 
 
 31,074.234 
 
 11,514.517 
 
 16,885.760 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 23.459,(500 
 
 12,308.455 
 
 5,335,f3"i 
 
 Ohio 
 
 , 
 
 24,830,246 
 
 4,984,348 
 
 409,501 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 31.463.040 
 
 25.364,197 
 
 none. 
 
 Illinois .... 
 
 
 35,941.902 
 
 23,575,300 
 
 6,424,640 
 
 Michigan Territory, (peninsular) 
 
 . 
 
 34,939,870 
 
 J 6.393,420 
 
 7,378,400 
 
 Arkansas do. 
 
 , 
 
 28,899.520 
 
 26,770,941 
 
 none. 
 
 Missouri 
 
 . 
 
 39,119.019 
 
 35.263.541 
 
 none. 
 
 Florida Territory . , . 
 
 . 
 
 35,286.760 
 
 29,728.300 
 
 4,032,640 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 34,001,226 
 
 1 9,769,679 
 
 9,519.066 
 
 3:54.627,486 
 
 205,672,698 
 
 49,985,639 
 
 Territory of Huron lying west of lake 
 
 Michigan and east 
 
 
 
 
 of the Mississippi river 
 
 
 56,804,854 
 
 
 56,804.834 
 
 Great Western Territory, extending f 
 
 rom the Mississippi 
 
 
 
 
 river to the Pacific ocean 
 
 
 750.009,000 
 
 
 750,000,000 
 
 
 1,140,432,330 
 
 856,790,473 
 
 Add quantity to which the Indian title 
 
 s extinguished . 
 ates 
 
 
 
 205,672,698 
 
 Total acres belonging to the United St 
 
 1,062,463,171 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 Com. 
 
 opera- 
 tion. 
 
 tit 
 
 in 
 J830 
 
 1 Vols, i 
 in | 
 Ub. 
 
 Bangor Theol. Seminary, 
 Theological Seminary, 
 Theological School, 
 Theological Institution, 
 Theological Dep. Yale College, 
 Theological Ins. Epis. Ch. 
 Theological Sem. of Auburn, 
 Hamilton Lit and Theol. In. 
 Hartwick Seminary, 
 Theological Sem. Du. Ref. Ch. 
 Theological Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S. 
 Seminary Luth. Ch. U. S. 
 German Reformed, 
 West. Theological Seminary, 
 Epis Theological School Va. 
 Union Theological Seminary, 
 South. Theological Seminary, 
 South. West. Theol Seminary, 
 Lane Seminary, 
 Rock Spring, 
 Hanover, 
 
 Bangor, Me. 
 
 Andover, Mass. 
 Cambridge, do. 
 Newton, do. 
 New Haven, Con. 
 New York, N. Y. 
 Auburn, do. 
 Hamilton, do. 
 Hartwick, do. 
 N. Brunswick, N. J. 
 Princeton, do. 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 York, do. 
 Alleghany Terri. do. 
 Fairfax County, Va. 
 Prince Ed. County, do. 
 Columbia, S. C. 
 Maryville, Ten. 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Rock Spring, 11. 
 N?w Madison, Ind. 
 
 Cong. 
 Cong 
 
 Cong. Unit. 
 Baptist, 
 Cong. 
 Prot Epis. 
 Presbyt. 
 Baptist, 
 Lutheran, 
 Dutch Ref. 
 Presbyt. 
 Evann-. L. 
 G. Ref. Ch. 
 Presbyt. 
 Prot. Epis. 
 Presbyt. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Biptist, 
 Presbyt. 
 
 1816 
 
 1808 
 1824 
 1825 
 1822 
 1819 
 1821 
 1820 
 1816 
 
 1812 
 1826 
 1825 
 
 1828 
 
 1824 
 
 1829 
 1821 
 
 1829 
 1827 
 1829 
 
 14 
 
 138 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 49 
 
 20 
 
 58 
 
 . 76 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 124 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 J,20o) 
 
 6,000 
 1 ,500! 
 
 8.000 
 3,650 
 
 3,550 
 
 1,300 
 900 
 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 3,500 
 
 550 
 1,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 643 143,350' 
 
 j 
 
 101 
 
 801 
 
STATISTICAL VIEW OF ALL THE 
 From the Weimar Genealogical, Historic 
 
 
 Akea 
 in English 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 European States. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Catholics. 
 
 Protestants 
 
 Greeks. 
 
 Jews. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 Anhalt-Bernburg 
 
 334 
 
 
 38.510 
 
 
 300 
 
 38,900 
 
 2 An halt- Dessau 
 
 345 
 
 1,200 
 
 56.800 
 
 
 1,270 
 
 59,270 
 
 3 Anhalt-Cothen 
 
 330 
 
 360 
 
 34,835 
 
 
 415 
 
 35,610 
 
 4 Austria* 
 
 258.603 
 
 25,650.000 
 
 3.000,000 
 
 2,970,000 
 
 480,600 
 
 32,100,500 
 
 5 Baden 
 
 5,926 
 
 730.808 
 
 343.173 
 
 
 16,930 
 
 1,090,931 
 
 6 Bavaria 
 
 31,317 
 
 2.880.383 
 
 1,094,633 
 
 
 57,574 
 
 4,032.590 
 
 7 Brunswick 
 
 1,491 
 
 2,500 
 
 240.400 
 
 
 1,300 
 
 244.200 
 
 8 Bremen 
 
 68 
 
 1 ,500 
 
 50.000 
 
 
 
 51.500 
 
 9 British Empire 
 
 117,788 
 
 6,085,300 
 
 16,197,321 
 
 • 
 
 15.000 
 
 22,297,621 
 
 10 Cracow 
 
 494 
 
 100.812 
 
 19.000 
 
 
 7.288 
 
 127,100 
 
 11 Denmark 
 
 52,268 
 
 2.000 
 
 2,049,531 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 2,057,531 
 
 12 Frankfort on the Maine 
 
 91 
 
 6^000 
 
 42,800 
 
 
 5,200 
 
 54,C00 
 
 13 France 
 
 213,838 
 
 31,099,518 
 
 892,947 
 
 
 60,000 
 
 32.052.465 
 
 14 Greece 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 550,000 
 
 15 Hamburg 
 
 150 
 
 3,060 
 
 139,440 
 
 
 7,500 
 
 150,000 
 
 16 Hanover 
 
 14,735 
 
 200,000 
 
 1,370,574 
 
 
 12.000 
 
 1.582.574 
 
 17 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 4.428 
 
 105,000 
 
 492,300 
 
 
 5,430 
 
 602,700 
 
 18 Hesse- Darmstadt 
 
 3,922 
 
 120,000 
 
 582,900 
 
 
 16.000 
 
 718.900 
 
 19 Hesse-Hombnrg 
 
 166 
 
 2,931 
 
 17,683 
 
 
 1,050 
 
 21.664 
 
 20 Hoh. Hechingen 
 
 129 
 
 15,000 
 
 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 21 Hoh. Sigmaringen 
 
 386 
 
 39,600 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 40.000 
 
 22 Ionian Islands 
 
 998 
 
 35.200 
 
 800 
 
 133,898 
 
 5,500 
 
 175,398 
 
 23 Lichtenstein 
 
 51 
 
 5,800 
 
 
 
 
 5,800 
 
 24 Lippe-Detmold 
 
 436 
 
 1 .600 
 
 75,118 
 
 
 
 76.718 
 
 25 Lucca 
 
 413 
 
 145,000 
 
 
 
 
 145,000 
 
 26 Lubeck 
 
 143 
 
 400 
 
 45,703 
 
 
 400 
 
 46,503 
 
 27 San Marino 
 
 22 
 
 7,000 
 
 
 
 
 7,000 
 
 28 Meek. Schwerin 
 
 4,746 
 
 957 
 
 437,105 
 
 
 3,102 
 
 441,164 
 
 29 Meek. Strelitz 
 
 765 
 
 50 
 
 78,510 
 
 
 833 
 
 97.393 
 
 30 Modena 
 
 . 2,092 
 
 377.500 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 379,000 
 
 31 Nassau 
 
 1,753 
 
 157,638 
 
 184,651 
 
 
 5,717 
 
 348.006 
 
 32 Netherlandst 
 
 25,367 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 3,237,500 
 
 
 80,000 
 
 6.977,500 
 
 33 Oldenburg 
 
 2.459 
 
 70.700 
 
 175,538 
 
 
 970 
 
 247.208 
 
 34 Parma 
 
 2.203 
 
 437,400 
 
 
 
 
 437.400 
 
 35 Portugal 
 
 36,510 
 
 3,782,550 
 
 
 
 
 3,782,550 
 
 36 Prussia 
 
 107.159 
 
 4,694.000 
 
 7,930,403 
 
 
 154,000 
 
 12,778,403 
 
 37 Reuss, elder line 
 
 145 
 
 
 24.020 
 
 
 80 
 
 24,100 
 
 38 Do. younger do. 
 
 447 
 
 
 57,470 
 
 
 220 
 
 57.690 
 
 39 Russia 
 
 1,414,436 
 
 5,500,000 
 
 2,658,500 
 
 33,326,500 
 
 360,000 
 
 41,995,000 
 
 40 Sardi-ia 
 
 28,912 
 
 4,142.177 
 
 22,000 
 
 
 3,200 
 
 4,167,377 
 
 41 Saxoi.y 
 
 575 
 
 48.000 
 
 1 ,350,000 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 1 ,400,000 
 
 42 Saxe-Altenburg 
 
 496 
 
 150 
 
 109,343 
 
 
 
 109,493 
 
 43 Saxe-Coburg-GoVha, 
 
 1,036 
 
 11,500 
 
 130,593 
 
 
 1,200 
 
 143,293 
 
 44 Saxe-Meningen 
 
 884 
 
 400 
 
 128.939 
 
 
 950 
 
 129.589 
 
 45 Saxe-Weimar 
 
 1,416 
 
 9,512 
 
 210,911 
 
 
 1,231 
 
 221.654 
 
 46 Schauenb. Lippe 
 
 206 
 
 100 
 
 25,500 
 
 
 
 25,600, 
 
 47 Sch. Rudolstadt 
 
 404 
 
 200 
 
 56.625 
 
 
 160 
 
 56.985 
 
 48 Sch. Sonderhausen 
 
 358 
 
 200 
 
 47,906 
 
 
 
 48.106 
 
 49 Sicilies (the Two) 
 
 41,284 
 
 7,412,717 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 7,414,717 
 
 50 States of the Church 
 
 17,210 
 
 2,468,940 
 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 2,483.940 
 
 51 Sweden 
 
 291.163 
 
 5,001 
 
 3,869,700 
 
 
 4.000 
 
 3,878.700 
 
 52 Switzerland 
 
 14,761 
 
 817.1 If 
 
 1,217,760 
 
 
 1,810 
 
 2.036,680 
 
 53 Spain 
 
 179.074 
 
 13,651,172 
 
 
 
 
 13.651.172 
 
 54 Turkey* 
 
 203,5(56 
 
 310.00( 
 
 
 5,878,000 
 
 315.000 
 
 9^393,000 
 
 55 Tuscany 
 
 8.381 
 
 1.291.130 
 
 
 
 9J400 
 
 1 .300 530 
 
 56 Waldeck 
 
 459 
 
 800 
 
 52,700 
 
 
 500 
 
 54 .000 
 
 57 Wurtemberg 
 
 7.615 
 
 464,000 
 
 1 ,062,253 
 
 
 9,150 
 
 1,535.403 
 213,977,708 
 
 Total 
 
 l 3.104,780 
 
 It 16.559.075 
 
 49,847,495 
 
 42,308,398 
 
 1.671,640 
 
 * jiv stria, according to the Weimar Almanac, contains, in addition to the numbers inserted in l!.e 
 in the right hand column, and also in the sum total. 
 
 t The area of Belgium in 1831 was 14.459 square miles, and the total population 3.600,000 Its 
 11,518 square miles, and tl.e population was ?, 115,550 o^.. 
 
EUROPEAN STATES FOR 1823. 
 cal, and Statistical Almanac far 1830. 
 
 Government. 
 
 Finances. 
 
 Land 
 
 Forces. 
 
 Sea Forces j 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Debt. 
 
 In peace. 
 
 [w war - 
 
 Peace. 
 
 War. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Sail. 
 
 1 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 1 80,000 
 
 240.000 
 
 370 
 
 74o 
 
 
 2 Do. 
 
 234,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 529 
 
 1,058 
 
 
 
 3 Do. 
 
 92,000 
 
 640,000 
 
 324 
 
 648 
 
 
 
 4 Do. 
 
 52,000,000 
 
 200,000.000 
 
 271,404 
 
 750,504 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 5 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 3,932,880 
 
 6,392,424 
 
 1 1 ,566 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 
 6 Do. 
 
 12,031.547 
 
 44. 4021257 
 
 53,898 
 
 71,600 
 
 
 
 7 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 950,773 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 2,432 
 
 4,192 
 
 
 
 8 Republic 
 
 160,000 
 
 1 ,200.000 
 
 385 
 
 770 
 
 
 
 9 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 223,849,000 
 
 3,490.81)6,768 
 
 90,519 
 
 378,370 
 
 610 
 
 . 1,050 
 
 10 Republic 
 
 133,248 
 
 10.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 II Absolute Monarchy 
 
 4,080,000 
 
 40,000.000 
 
 . 38,819 
 
 74,000 
 
 97 
 
 120 
 
 12 Republic 
 
 304,000 
 
 3,200,000 
 
 475 
 
 946 
 
 
 
 13 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 157,700,000 
 
 480,000,000 
 
 281,000 
 
 320,000 
 
 329 
 
 350 
 
 14 , ? 
 
 
 
 2,580 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 15 Republic 
 
 600,000 
 
 5.200.000 
 
 1 ,050 
 
 2,596 
 
 
 
 16 Limited Monarchy 
 
 4,680,000 
 
 12.000.000 
 
 12,940 
 
 26,108 
 
 
 
 17 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 1.800.000 
 
 780.000 
 
 9,359 
 
 1 1 .353 
 
 
 
 18 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 2,351,45(1 
 
 5.589.450 
 
 8,421 
 
 12.390 
 
 
 
 19 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 72,000 
 
 If 0,000 
 
 200 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 •20 Do. 
 
 48,000 
 
 
 145 
 
 290 
 
 
 
 21 Do. 
 
 120,(.00 
 
 200,000 
 
 370 
 
 740 
 
 
 
 22 Republic 
 
 565,600 
 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,600 
 
 
 
 23 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 480,00 l 
 
 
 55 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 24 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 196.000 
 
 230.000 
 
 690 
 
 1,380 
 
 
 
 25 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 288,000 
 
 000,000 
 
 800 
 
 800 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 26 Republic 
 
 160.000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 406 
 
 812 
 
 
 
 27 Do. 
 
 12.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 Limited Monarchy 
 
 920;000 
 
 3.800,000 
 
 3,137 
 
 7,100 
 
 
 
 29 Do. 
 
 20^,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 742 
 
 1,434 
 
 
 
 30 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 600,000 
 
 400.000 
 
 1,860 
 
 1,860 
 
 
 
 31 Limited Monarchy 
 
 724.000 
 
 2.001 i.i ii hi 
 
 2,800 
 
 0.050 
 
 
 
 32 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 12,00(1.000 
 
 178,07^070 
 
 43,297 
 
 09,472 
 
 93 
 
 150 
 
 33 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 000.000 
 
 
 2.177 
 
 4,354 
 
 
 
 34 Do. 
 
 600,000 
 
 .2.000,000 
 
 1.320 
 
 1,320 
 
 
 
 35 Do 
 
 8,740.800 
 
 24.000.000 
 
 40,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 36 Do. 
 
 30,477.600 
 
 114,840^440 
 
 105,000 
 
 524,428 
 
 
 
 37 Do. 
 
 50.000 
 
 2.000.(500 
 
 200 
 
 412 
 
 
 
 38 Do. 
 
 100.000 
 
 430.000 
 
 538 
 
 1 ,070 
 
 
 
 39 Do. 
 
 52.000.000 
 
 200.000,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 1,039,117 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 40 Do. 
 
 8,740. *00 
 
 24.000.000 
 
 28,000 
 
 00.000 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 41 Limited Monarchy 
 
 4,400.000 
 
 12.800.000 
 
 13,307 
 
 24,000 
 
 
 
 42 Do. 
 
 240.000 
 
 329.040 
 
 982 
 
 1,904 
 
 
 
 13 Do. 
 
 360,000 
 
 1 .200.000 
 
 1,366 
 
 2,732 
 
 
 
 44 Do. 
 
 300.000 
 
 1.000.000 
 
 1,150 
 
 2.300 
 
 
 
 45 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 7 1 9.734 
 
 2.400.000 
 
 2,104 
 
 4,020 
 
 
 
 40 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 80.000 
 
 120.000 
 
 240 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 47 Limited Monarchy 
 
 1 30.000 
 
 170.022 
 
 539 
 
 1,070 
 
 
 
 13 Do. 
 
 120.000 
 
 160.000 
 
 451 
 
 902 
 
 
 
 4') Absolute Monarchy 
 
 12,593.484 
 
 84,000.000 
 
 28,430 
 
 60.000 
 
 12 
 
 246 
 
 50 Do. 
 
 4,800.000 
 
 93,000,000 
 
 9,100 
 
 9,100 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 .">1 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 7,000.01 K) 
 
 17,204.812 
 
 45,291 
 
 138,509 
 
 30 
 
 379 
 
 52 Confederated Republics 
 
 2") .519 
 
 
 
 33.578 
 
 
 
 53 Absolute Monarchy 
 
 20.520,000 
 
 230.443,002 
 
 46.000 
 
 173,550 
 
 34 
 
 69 
 
 54 Despotism 
 
 11,200,000 
 
 36,000.000 
 
 8 ,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 80 
 
 1C0 
 
 ")."> Absolute Monarchy 
 
 
 
 8.000 
 
 8.000 
 
 
 
 56 Limited Monarchy 
 
 100,000 
 
 480,000 
 
 513 
 
 1.036 
 
 
 
 '57 Constitutional Monarchy 
 
 3,342,818 
 
 10.942.700 
 
 4,900 
 
 27.910 
 
 
 i 
 
 Total 
 
 658.847.899 
 
 5,341,721.211' 
 
 1.009.175 
 
 4,578,430 
 
 1 ,308 
 
 2.04 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 Table, 50) Mahometans; Russia 150.000; Turkey 2,890,000, which are included in the sums 
 
 dvimmeni is a constitution il monarchy. The area of Holland, the same yef.r, was estimated at 
 
 803 
 
COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 •Undergraduates, not including medical, theological, and law students 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 Exports and Imports during the Year ending Sept. 30, 1830. 
 Imports . 
 
 Exports of Domestic Produce. ..... 
 
 '' Foreign Produce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vols, in 
 
 Vols, in ! 
 
 Name. 
 
 riace. 
 
 
 Found- 
 
 Stu- 
 
 College 
 
 Students' ' 
 
 
 
 
 ed. 
 
 dents. 
 
 Library. 
 
 Libraries. 
 
 iBowdoin, 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 Me. 
 
 ~179T 
 
 132 
 
 8.000 
 
 4,300 
 
 i Water ville, 
 
 Waterville, 
 
 do. 
 
 1820 
 
 31 
 
 1,700 
 
 3(j0 
 
 IDartmouth, 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1770 
 
 137 
 
 3,500 
 
 8,000 
 
 Univ. of Vermont, 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 Vt. 
 
 1791 
 
 39 
 
 1 ,000 
 
 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 do. 
 
 1800 
 
 86 
 
 1,846 
 
 2,322 
 
 Harvard University, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1638 
 
 247 
 
 35,000 
 
 4,605 
 
 Williams, 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 do. 
 
 1793 
 
 90 
 
 2,250 
 
 1,769 
 
 Amherst, . 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 do. 
 
 1821 
 
 207 
 
 2,200 
 
 3,780 
 
 1 Brown University, 
 
 Providence, 
 
 R. I. 
 
 1764 
 
 105 
 
 6,100 
 
 5,562 
 
 Yale, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1700 
 
 359 
 
 8,500 
 
 9,000 
 
 j Washington, . 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 do. 
 
 1826 
 
 74 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 ^Columbia, 
 
 New York, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1754 
 
 140 
 
 4,000 
 
 580 
 
 'Union, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 do. 
 
 1795 
 
 227 
 
 5,100 
 
 8,250 
 
 'Hamilton, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 do. 
 
 1812 
 
 ~78 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 'Geneva, 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 do. 
 
 1826 
 
 29 
 
 520 
 
 630 
 
 •College of N.J. . 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 N.J. 
 
 1746 
 
 73 
 
 8,000 
 
 — 
 
 'Rutgers, 
 
 N. Brunswick, 
 
 do. 
 
 1770 
 
 60 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 [Univ. of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 Penn. 
 
 1755 
 
 97 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Dickinson, 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 do. 
 
 1783 
 
 20 
 
 2,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 Canonsburg, 
 
 do. 
 
 1802 
 
 116 
 
 700 
 
 1,800 
 
 Western University, . 
 
 Pittsburg, 
 
 do. 
 
 1820 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 do. 
 
 1806 
 
 31 
 
 400 
 
 525 
 
 Alleghany, 
 
 Meadville, 
 
 do. 
 
 1815 
 
 6 
 
 8,000 
 
 — ! 
 
 Madison, . 
 
 Union Town, 
 
 do. 
 
 1829 
 
 70 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 St. John's, 
 
 Annapolis, 
 
 Md. 
 
 1784 
 
 63 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 St. Mary's, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 do. 
 
 1799 
 
 120 
 
 10,000 
 
 — 
 
 Georgetown, . 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 D. C. 
 
 1799 
 
 140 
 
 7,000 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 Columbian, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 do. 
 
 1821 
 
 50 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 William and Mary, 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 Va. 
 
 1693 
 
 100 
 
 3,600 
 
 600 
 
 Hampden-Sydney, 
 
 Prince Ed. Co. 
 
 do. 
 
 1774 
 
 90 
 
 — 
 
 — i 
 
 Washington, . 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 do. 
 
 18J2 
 
 23 
 
 700 
 
 1,500 
 
 University of Virginia, 
 
 Charlottesville, 
 
 do. 
 
 1819 
 
 131 
 
 8,000 
 
 — 
 
 University of N. C, . 
 
 Chapel Hill, 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1791 
 
 69 
 
 1,800 
 
 3,000 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 s. c. 
 
 1785 
 
 69 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 jCollege of S. C, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 do. 
 
 1801 
 
 97 
 
 7,000 
 
 — 
 
 University of Georgia, 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Ga. 
 
 1785 
 
 117 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,250 
 
 Alabama University, . 
 
 Tuscaloosa, 
 
 Ala. 
 
 1820 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Jefferson, . 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Mis. 
 
 1802 
 
 98 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 La. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Greenville, 
 
 Greenville, 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1794 
 
 — 
 
 3,500 
 
 — 
 
 University of Nashville, 
 
 Nashville, 
 
 do. 
 
 1806 
 
 71 
 
 2,000 
 
 500 
 
 E. Tennessee, 
 
 Knoxville, 
 
 do. 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 340 
 
 200 
 
 Transylvania, 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 Ken. 
 
 1798 
 
 143 
 
 2,350 
 
 1,500 
 
 Centre, 
 
 Danville, 
 
 do. 
 
 1822 
 
 66 
 
 1,258 
 
 108 I 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 do. 
 
 1S23 
 
 35 
 
 1,500 
 
 550 , 
 
 Cumberland, 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 do. 
 
 1825 
 
 120 
 
 1,000 
 
 600 ! 
 
 St. Joseph's, . 
 
 Bardstown, 
 
 do. 
 
 — 
 
 150 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 do. 
 
 — 
 
 35 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 University of Ohio, . 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1802 
 
 45 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Miami University, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 do. 
 
 1824 
 
 56 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,200 j 
 
 Western Reserve, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 do. 
 
 1826 
 
 60 
 
 1,000 
 
 — 
 
 Kenyon, 
 
 Gambier, 
 
 do. 
 
 1828 
 
 80 
 
 — 
 
 — j 
 
 Bloomington, 
 
 Bloomington, 
 
 Ind. 
 
 1828 
 
 51 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 Jacksonville, 
 
 11. 
 
 1829 
 
 20 
 4,624 
 
 - 
 
 ~~ j 
 
 i 
 
 163,764 
 
 70,681 i 
 
 Domestic Produce exported in American vessels 
 
 Foreign vessels 
 
 Foreign Produce exported in American vessels 
 
 " " Foreign vessels 
 
 Total Exports 
 
 804 
 
 $70,876,92(1 
 59,462,029 
 14,387,479 
 
 $73,849,508 
 
 51,106,180 
 
 8,355.740 
 
 12,386,529 
 
 1,610,950 
 
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 _: . i 
 
 Chur. or 
 
 Communi- 
 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Minis rs. 
 
 Cong. 
 
 cants. 
 
 Population. 
 
 , ,. 
 
 Calvinistic Baptists, .... 
 
 2,914 
 
 4,384 
 
 ~304,rs27 
 
 2,743.000 1 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 
 1.777 
 
 
 476,000 
 
 2,000,000 i 
 
 Presbyterians, General Assembly, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1,700 
 
 2,158 
 
 173,329 
 
 J 800,000 | 
 
 Congregationalists, Orthodox, 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,000 
 
 1,270 
 
 140,000 
 
 1 200.000 j 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 500 
 
 700 
 
 
 '000,000 | 
 
 Universalists, 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 
 
 500,000) 
 
 Roman Catholics, . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 500,G00 1 
 
 Lutherans. 
 Christ-ians, 
 
 
 
 
 205 
 
 1,200 
 
 44.000 
 
 400.600' 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 200 
 
 SOO 
 
 25,000 
 
 275.000 
 
 German Reformed, 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 400 
 
 17,400 
 
 200,000 ! 
 
 Friends, or Quakers, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 200,000 
 
 Unitarians, Concrrcgationahsts, 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 1G0 
 
 
 170,000 
 
 Associate and other Methodists. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 35,000 
 
 175,000 I 
 
 Free-wiM Baptists, 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 10,000 
 
 150.000 
 
 Dutch Reformed, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 159 
 
 194 
 
 17,888 
 
 125,000 
 
 Mennonites, 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 30,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 Associate Presbyterians, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 74 
 
 144 
 
 15,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 Cumberland Presbyterians, 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 8.000 
 
 100.000 
 
 Tunkers, 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 3i000 
 
 30.000 
 
 Free Communion Baptists, 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 3,500 
 
 30^000 i 
 
 Seventh-day Baptists, 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 2,000 
 
 20.000 I 
 
 Six Principle Baptists, 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 1 ,800 
 
 20,000 
 
 United Brethren, or Moravians, 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 2,000 
 
 7.000 
 
 Millenial Church, or Shakers, 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 New Jerusalem Church, 
 
 
 . 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 
 5.000 
 
 Emancipators, Baptists, 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 000 
 
 4,000 
 
 Jews, and others not mentioned, 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 The above Tabular View of the number of Ministers, Churches or Congregations, Communicant! 
 and Population, belonging to the different Religious Denominations in the United States, is take 
 chiefly from the ; ' Quarterly Register of the American Education Society'' for Feb. 1831. Th 
 
 population is given chiefly by estimate 
 
 TOTAL POPULATION OF THE EARTH. 
 
 Surface. 
 Europe ..... 2,793,000 
 
 Asia ..... 12,118,809 . 
 
 Africa ..... 8,516,000 
 
 America ..... 11,046,000 . 
 
 Australasia ..... 3,100,000 
 
 Total 
 
 37,573.000 
 
 Inhabitant*. 
 227,700,000 
 390,000,000 
 60,000,000 
 39,000,000 
 20,000,000 
 
 737,000,000 
 
 INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH, DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGIOUS 
 
 BELIEF. 
 
 The two following estimates are according to the geographers, Malte-Brun and Hassel. 
 
 Catholics 
 Greek Church 
 Protestants 
 
 Total of Christians 
 Jews 
 
 Mahometans . . . , 
 
 Pagans .... 
 
 Total of Inhabitants of the Globe 
 
 Malte-Brun. 
 
 116,000,000 
 
 70.000,000 
 
 42,000,000 
 
 228.000,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 100,000,000 
 
 310,000,000 
 
 642,000,000 
 
 Hassel. 
 
 134,000,000 
 62,000,000 
 55,000,000 
 
 251,000,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 120,000.000 
 
 550,000,000 
 
 924.000,000 
 
 605 
 
J. Statement showing the Names and Numbers of the different Tribes of Indians now re- 
 maining within the limits of the several States and Territories, and the quantity of land 
 claimed by them respectively 
 
 TRIBES. 
 
 Maine. 
 St. John's Indians 
 Passamaquoddies 
 Penobscots 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Marshpee 
 Herring Pond 
 Martha's Vineyard 
 Troy 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Narragansett 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Mohegan 
 
 Stonington 
 
 Groton 
 
 New York. 
 Senecas 
 Tnscaroras 
 Oneidas 
 ,Onondagas 
 Cayugas 
 Stockbridge 
 Brotherton 
 k St. Regis Indians 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 iNottaways 
 
 South Carolina 
 [Catavvbas 
 
 I Ohio. 
 
 Wyandotts 
 jShawanees 
 Senecas 
 IDelawares 
 iOtto was 
 
 Michigan Territory. 
 Wyandscotts 
 Pottawatamies 
 Chippewas and Ottawas 
 Menomeenees 
 Winneba^oes 
 
 Indiana. 
 Miami and Eel River 
 Indians 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Menomeenees 
 Kaskaskias 
 Sauks and Foxes 
 
 Number 
 
 Number of 
 
 t 
 
 Number 
 
 Number of 
 
 of eacli 
 
 Acres claimed 
 
 TRIBES. 
 
 ol eacli 
 
 Acres claimed 
 
 Tribe. 
 
 by each Tribe 
 
 i 
 
 Tribe. 
 
 by each Tribe. 
 
 300 
 
 Indiana and Illinois. 
 
 
 379 
 
 100 
 
 Pottawatamies and Chip- 
 
 
 
 277 
 
 92,160 
 
 pewas 
 
 3,900 
 
 1 
 
 956 
 
 92,260 
 
 
 
 Georgia and Alabama. 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 
 Creeks 
 
 20,000 
 
 9,537,920 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 340 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 Georgia, Alabama, 
 and Tennessee. 
 Cherokees 
 
 
 Alabama 
 7,272,576 
 
 750 
 
 
 9,000 
 
 420 
 
 3,000 
 
 Mississippi and Alabama. 
 
 
 Tennessee 
 1,055,60 
 
 300 
 
 4,000 
 
 Choctaws 
 
 21,000 
 
 
 50 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chickasa ws 
 
 3,625 
 
 15,705,000 
 
 i 
 
 400 
 
 4,300 
 
 
 
 
 Florida Territory. 
 
 
 
 2,325 
 
 
 Seminoles and Others. 
 
 5,000 
 
 4,032,540 
 
 253 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 .096 
 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 
 
 446 
 
 
 Billoxie 
 
 55 
 
 
 90 
 
 246,675 
 
 Apolashe 
 
 45 
 
 
 273 
 
 
 Puscagoula 
 
 111 
 
 
 360 
 
 
 Addees 
 
 27 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 Yaltasse 
 
 Coshattees 
 
 Caddow 
 
 36 
 180 
 450 
 
 
 5,143 
 
 246,675 
 
 
 
 
 Delawares 
 
 51 
 
 
 47 
 
 27,000 
 
 Choc taws 
 Shawanees 
 
 Natchitoches 
 
 178 
 
 110 
 
 25 
 
 
 450 
 
 144.000 
 
 Quapaws 
 
 8 
 
 
 542 
 
 J 63.840 
 
 Piankcshaws 
 
 27 
 
 
 1,313 
 
 800 
 
 117,615 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 
 
 551 
 
 55,505 
 
 Delawares 
 
 1,800 
 
 21,120 
 
 80 
 
 5.7G0 
 
 Kickapoos 
 
 2,200 
 
 9.600 
 
 377 
 
 50,581 
 
 Shawanees 
 Weas 
 
 1,383 
 
 14,086 
 
 
 
 327 
 
 
 2,350 
 
 393,301 
 ] 
 
 Ihoways 
 
 1,100 
 
 
 7 
 
 5,S10 
 
 44,806 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 MissoiTr.i & Arkansas 
 
 
 
 18,473 
 
 >7,057,92() 
 
 Territory. 
 
 
 
 3.900 
 5,800 
 
 
 Osajres 
 
 5,200 
 
 3,491,840 
 
 J 
 
 Piankeshavvs 
 
 207 
 
 1 
 
 28,316 
 
 7,057,920 
 
 5,407 
 
 3,491,840 
 
 
 
 Arkansas Territory. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cherokees 
 
 6,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 1,073 
 
 10,104,000 
 
 Quapaws 
 Choctaws 
 
 700 
 
 8.858,560 
 1 
 
 270 
 3(! 
 
 V 5,314,560 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 (1,700 
 
 12.858.560 | 
 
 G.400 
 
 s 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 1 
 
 129 266 
 
 
 li.7dii 
 
 r>,31 4,560 
 
 77.41 2.318 i 
 
 eo6 
 
A BRIEF COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 ABACA, a kind of hemp or flax, made 
 from the fibrous part of an Indian plan- 
 tain ; the white makes very fine cloth, 
 but the gray is used for cordage and ca- 
 bles. 
 
 Abrotanoidej, a kind of coral like 
 southern wood, whence it takes its 
 name, according to Clusius. It is found 
 on rocks in the bottom of the sea. 
 
 Acacia, a species of mimosa, Egyptian 
 •horn. The flowers of this plant are 
 used, by the Chinese, to produce that 
 yellow color, which we see in their 
 silks and stuffs. Gum Arabic is pro- 
 duced from a species of acacia. 
 
 Achia, a sort of cane which grows in 
 the East Indies, is pickled green, and 
 sent to Europe in stone or earthen jars. 
 Acori, or Blue Coral, is fished up on 
 the coast of Africa, from Rio-del-re to 
 the river of the Camarones, where the 
 Dutch traffic for it. 
 
 Adamant, an ancient name for the dia- 
 mond. It is also used for a very hard 
 species of iron, and for the magnet or 
 loadstone. 
 
 Adamantine Spar, a stone of peculiar 
 hardness, approaching to that of the 
 diamond. It will cut glass easily and 
 mark rock crystal. It is found in China 
 and India, and, as M. Pini alleges, in 
 Italy. 
 
 Adatis, a fine Bengal muslin, 13 yards 
 to the piece. 
 
 Adenos, a kind of cotton, otherwise 
 called murine cotton. It comes from 
 Aleppo by the way of Marseilles. 
 
 Aestuary, in geography, denotes an 
 arm of the sea which runs a good way 
 within land. 
 
 Afioume, or Fiume, a kind of flax, 
 which comes from Egypt by way of 
 Marseilles and Leghorn. 
 
 Agate, a genus of semi-pellucid gems, 
 which takes its name from the river 
 Achates, on the banks of which it is 
 found. These gems are composed of 
 crystal, colored by a large quantity of 
 earth. Agates are arranged according 
 to the different colors of their grounds ; 
 white, reddish, yellow and green. Of 
 these there are many varieties, some of 
 them having natural representations of 
 animals, trees, letters, &x. No country 
 affords finer agates, or in greater abun- 
 dance, than Germany. They are also 
 found in France, Great Britain, Sicily, 
 Siberia and the East Indies. Agates 
 may be stained artificially by a solution 
 of silver in nitric acid, and afterwards 
 exposing the part to the sun. 
 
 Agio, a bank term in Holland, ex- 
 pressing the difference between money, 
 bank money, or current money and cash. 
 It is synonymous with premium, when 
 the bank money is worth more than the 
 same nominal amount of the current 
 coin, and with discount, wheu its value 
 is less. 
 
 Aigris, a stone which serves instead 
 of current coin, among the Issinais, a 
 nation of Africa, on the coast of Guinea, 
 where the river Asbin runs, near the 
 Gold Coast ; it is of a greenish blue 
 color, without any lustre, hard, but docs 
 not take a good polish ; they give its 
 weight in gold for it. 
 
 Alabaster, a kind of stone resembling 
 marble, but softer. It is of various 
 colors, but the white shining alabaster 
 is most common ; it is used by sculptors, 
 for the formation of small statues, vases, 
 Columns, etc. It is found in many parts 
 of England, especially in Derbyshire and 
 Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Alcanna, a drug used in dyeing, which 
 comes from Egypt and other parts of 
 the Levant. 
 Alcohol, is a name applied to highly 
 
 rectified spirit of wine. When pure, it 
 is perfectly the same whether obtained 
 from brandy, wine, or any other fluid 
 which has undergone the spirituous fer- 
 mentation. It is a light, transparent, 
 colorless liquid, of a sharp, penetrating, 
 agreeable smell, and of a warm, stimu- 
 lating taste. It is extremely inflamma- 
 ble, and burns with a pale blue flame, 
 scarcely visible in bright daylight. Al- 
 cohol is used in medicine and the arts 
 for a variety of purposes. 
 
 Alder, a tree according to the classi- 
 fication of botanists of the birch kind. 
 It is common in Europe and Asia, and 
 the United States of America. The 
 wood of the alder is in great demand for 
 machinery, and is peculiarly adapteil 
 for all kinds of work which are to be 
 kept constantly in water. With the ad- 
 dition of copperas, the bark yields a 
 black dye, used to a considerable ex- 
 tent in coloring cotton. 
 
 Ale, a fermented liquor, obtained from 
 an infusion of malt ; differing from 
 strong beer chiefly in having a less pro- 
 portion of hops. The duties on beer 
 and ale make a principal branch of the 
 revenues in England. 
 
 Alkalies, a class of saline substances, 
 possessing in general the following pro- 
 perties : they have an acrid taste ; they 
 change the blue juices of vegetables to 
 a green, and the yellow to a brown 
 color; and render oil miscible with wa- 
 ter. They are mainly characterized, 
 however, by a power of combining with 
 acids so as to impair the activity of the 
 latter and form neutral salts. 
 
 Alkanet, a dyeing drug, which grows 
 naturally in the Levant. The root im- 
 parts an elegant red color to oily sub- 
 stances, and improves the color of ma- 
 hogany. 
 
 Allspice. See Pimento. 
 Almagra, a fine deep-red ochre, with 
 some admixture of purple, very heavy, 
 of a dense, yet friable structure, and 
 rough dusty surface. It is used in paint- 
 ing, and in medicine as an astringent. 
 
 Almonds, a kind of medicinal fruit, 
 contained in a hard shell, which is en- 
 closed in a tough cottony skin. Al- 
 monds are of two kinds, sweet and bit- 
 ter : the Jordan almond is of the first 
 quality ; next the Valencia (a smaller 
 sort of about half the price,) and the 
 inferior almonds ate from Barbary. 
 whence principally come the bilterones. 
 From the port of Malaga in Spain come 
 the finest almonds, both in the shell 
 and kernel. In medicinal cases, the 
 oil from almonds is found useful ; and 
 that extracted from the bitter one, if 
 dropped into the ear, proves effectual 
 against deafness. Almonds are im- 
 ported in casks, boxes, and serous. 
 
 Aloes, the inspissated juice of the plant 
 aloe, produced in many of the hot cli- 
 mates. It is brought from Jamaica and 
 Barbadoes, in both of which islands 
 large quantities are prepared, and gen- 
 erally conveyed in the shells or skins 
 of large gourds. The medicinal proper- 
 ties of aloes have been long known. 
 
 Aloes Wood, the product of a tree 
 growing in China, and some of the In- 
 dian islands. 
 
 Alquifou, or Arquifou, a soil of leaden 
 ore, which, when broken, looks like an- 
 timony. It is used by potters to give a 
 green varnish to their works. 
 
 Alum, a mineral substance composed 
 of a peculiar earth termed alvmbic, and 
 sulphuric acid; that sold under the 
 name of common alum, contains a por- 
 tion of potash and ammonia. Most of 
 the alum to be met with is artificially 
 prepared. Native alum, which contains 
 
 a greater quantity of aluminous earth 
 and a portion of iron, is found at Gott- 
 wig in Austria, in Carinthia, in the 
 clefts and caverns on Stromboli, the 
 Solfatara near Naples, the grotto of San 
 Germano, Iliseno, and other places in 
 Italy. It is found in the United States 
 in mica-slate rocks. Alum is extremely 
 useful for dyeing and o'her purposes 
 its importance, in the arts, is very great 
 and its annual consumption is im 
 mense. 
 
 Amber, a pellucid and very hard in 
 flammable substance, of a fragran 
 smell, and possessed of a resinous lus- 
 tre. Its natural color is a fine pale yel- 
 low, but it is often made white and 
 sometimes black : by friction it becomes 
 strongly electric. It is found in masses 
 from the size of a coarse sand to that of 
 a man's head, and occurs in beds of 
 bituminous wood situated upon the 
 shores of the Adriatic seas ; also in Po- 
 land, France, Italy and Denmark. More 
 recently it has been found in the United 
 States, at Cape Sable in Maryland. 
 Amber frequently contains flies and 
 other insects, curiously preserved : it is 
 manufactured into beads, crosses, and 
 other ornaments. 
 
 Ambergris, a substance found floating 
 in the sea near the coasts of various 
 tropical countries, and also taken from 
 the intestines of the spermaceti whale, 
 where it is supposed to originate. Its 
 color is a yellowish or blackish white 
 its odor is very agreeable, and hence 
 arises its only use. In the state of an 
 alcoholic solution, it is added to laven- 
 der-water, tooth-powder, &x. to which 
 it communicates its fragrance. Amber- 
 gris is chiefly found in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, on the seacoast of Brazil, of the 
 E. Indies, China, Japan and the Moluc- 
 ca islands ; but much of it comes from 
 the Bahama islands. 
 
 Amber Seed, a small odoriferous seed 
 used as a perfume. It is sometimes 
 brought from Egypt, but is likewise im 
 ported from Martinico. 
 
 Amethyst, a gem of a purple color 
 which, iii its purest state, is of the same 
 hardness and at least of equal value 
 with the ruby or sapphire. It is found 
 in the E. and W. Indies, and in several 
 parts of Europe. 
 
 Ammonia, an alkaline substance, 
 which, in a state of purity, is in form 
 of a gas, of a very pungent smell, ex- 
 tremely volatile. It may be obtained 
 from all animal bodies in a state of pu- 
 trefaction, and is found native in com- 
 bination with muriatic acid, in crystal- 
 lized masses, called sal ammoniac, in the 
 neighborhood of vedcanoes, in some of 
 the mountains of Tartary and Thibet, 
 and in the waters of some of the lakes 
 in Tuscany. This salt is applied to 
 many useful purposes: a considerable 
 portion of it is consumed by dyers, cop- 
 persmiths, tinners, &c. 
 
 Anata, or Anotto, a kind of buff-color- 
 ed dye, which has acquired the name 
 of Nankeen, from J\ r angking in China, 
 whence the calico so colored first came. 
 It is brought from Brazil. 
 
 Anchor, in maritime affairs, is a very 
 large and heavy iron instrument, with 
 a double hook at one end, and a ring at 
 the other, by which it is fastened to a 
 cable. It is cast into the bottom of the 
 sea, or rivers, where taking Its hold, it 
 kt-eps ships from being drawn away by 
 the wind, tide, or current. There are 
 several kind= of anchors : 1. The sheet 
 anchor, which is the largest, and it 
 never used but in violent storms, t£ 
 hinder the ship from being driver. 
 ashore. 2. The two bowers, which aro 
 
BAR 
 
 osed for ships to ride in a harbor. 
 3. The stream anchor. 4. The grap- 
 nel. 
 
 Jlnchovies, the name of a small fish 
 common in the Mediterranean. It is 
 much used in sauces from the excellence 
 of its flavor. 
 
 Anil, the plant from which indigo is 
 made. 
 
 Aninga, a root which grows in the 
 Antilles islands, and is used for refining 
 sugar. 
 
 Anise, a small seed of an oblong shape. 
 It is cultivated in Germany, but the 
 best comes from Spain. 
 
 Antimony, a bluish-white, brittle me- 
 tal, of a scaly or foliated texture. It is 
 used as an ingredient in the manufac- 
 ture of pewter, and type-metal. There 
 are mines of antimony in Germany and 
 many parts of France. 
 
 Aquafortis, nitric acid in a diluted 
 etate. It is much used by dyers, calico- 
 printers, &c. 
 
 Aranea, a silver ore found only in Po- 
 tosi, and in the single mine there of 
 Catamite 
 
 Areb, a nominal money used in ac- 
 counts in India, equal to five shillings 
 sterling. 
 
 Argol, tartar or the lees of wine used 
 by dyers. 
 
 Arquifoux, a sort of lead ore, used by 
 potters to give their works a green var- 
 nish. 
 
 Arrack, a spirituous liquor imported 
 from the E. Indies, used as a dram and 
 in punch. 
 
 Arrowroot, a kind of starch manufac- 
 tured from the roots of a plant which is 
 cultivated in the E. and VV. Indies. 
 
 Arsenic, a metal of very common oc- 
 currence, being found in combination 
 with nearly all of the metals in their 
 native ores. It is usually seen in white, 
 glassy, translucent masses, to which 
 formit 13 reduced by fusion from a pow- 
 dery state. It is one of the most viru- 
 lent poisons known, not only when 
 taken into the stomach, but when ap- 
 plied to a wound, or even when its va- 
 por is inspired. 
 
 Asbestos, a kind of mineral substance, 
 of a woolly texture, endued with the 
 property of resisting fire. 
 
 Ash, a well-known tree, the timber 
 of which is useful in making imple- 
 ments of husbandry and fur other pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Asparagus, an esculent plant, the 
 heads of which are useful for the table 
 and the roots in medicine. 
 
 Assafmtida, a resinous gum of an ex- 
 tremely powerful odor, procured from 
 the root of a large umbelliferous plant, 
 which grows in the mountains of some 
 parts of Persia. 
 
 Autom, a sort of bark which resem- 
 bles cinnamon, but is paler and thicker. 
 It comes from the Levant, and is an in- 
 gredient in the carmine dye. 
 
 BAIZE, a sort of coarse, open, wool- 
 len stuff", having a long nap, sometimes 
 frizzed and sometimes not. It is man- 
 ufactured to a great extent in different 
 parts of England. 
 
 Bamboo, a plant which multiplies very 
 much by its root, whence springs a ra- 
 mous or branchy tuft, after the man- 
 ner of the European reeds. The Indian 
 bamboo is the largest kind of cane that 
 is known. 
 
 Bandannas, silk handkerchiefs, gen- 
 erally red spotted with white, manufac- 
 tured in the E. Indies. 
 
 Bariga, a species of raw silk brought 
 from the E. Indies. 
 
 Barilla, the name of a sea- plant which 
 grows very plentifully on Hie coast of 
 Spain. It abounds with soda ; and the 
 impure ashes of the plant, containing 
 that salt in great abundance, form an 
 important article of commerce. The 
 ashes themselves are commonly called 
 barilla. 
 
 Bark, Peruvian, the produce "fa tree, 
 which is the spontaneous growth of 
 
 BL'O 
 
 many parts of S. America, but more 
 particularly of Peru. This valuable 
 medicine was first introduced into Eu^ 
 rope by the Jesuits, whence it was for- 
 merly called Jesuit's bark. 
 
 Barley, a sort of grain very well 
 known, principally used for making 
 beer 
 
 Barnacles, a kind of shell-fish in the 
 VV. Indies, which penetrate into the 
 bottoms of vessels, and sometimes in- 
 jure them so materially as to give the 
 sheathing the appearance of a honey- 
 comb. 
 
 Barometer, a machine for measuring 
 the weight of the atmosphere. 
 
 Bazaar, a place for trade among the 
 eastern nations. 
 
 Beaver, an amphibious animal, for- 
 merly common in England, but now 
 extirpated. It abounds in N. Ameri- 
 ca, where the skins make a consider- 
 able article of exportation. 
 
 Beech, one of our handsomest forest 
 trees, common in almost all tne N. Eng- 
 land and middle states. 
 
 Beer, a generic term for drink extract- 
 ed from malt. It may be extracted from 
 most kinds of grain after having under- 
 gone the process of ■malting. 
 
 Bcrgamot, the name of a fragrant es- 
 sence extracted from a species of citron. 
 
 Beryl, a pellucid gem of a bluish-green 
 color, found in the E. Indies and about 
 the gold mines of Peru, and especially 
 in Siberia and Tartaiy. Its value is 
 trilling compared with the ruby, topaz, 
 &c. 
 
 Birch, a forest tree, easily known by 
 the smooth appearance and silvery color 
 of its bark. 
 
 Bismnth, a considerable heavy metal, 
 of a much harder and firmer texture 
 than antimony. It causes the metals 
 that are difficult of fusion to melt with 
 a much smaller degree of fire than they 
 otherwise would do. 
 
 Black Lead, a mineral found in great 
 abundance in Cumberland, England, as 
 also in many parts of Spain, particular- 
 ly in the neighborhood of Malaga. It is 
 used in the manufacture of pencils, also 
 for blackening the front of stoves, grates, 
 &c. 
 
 Bombazine, a kind of silk stuff origin- 
 ally manufactured at Milan, but now 
 extensively in G. Britain. 
 
 Borax, a substance of a greenish color, 
 brought from the E. Indies in great 
 masses : it is used as a flux for metals. 
 
 Bosphorus, in geography, a narrow 
 strait or arm of the sea. 
 
 Box-wood, is a yellowish, hard, and 
 solid wood, and takes a good polish. It 
 is used in works of sculpture, and in 
 instruments of music, such as flutes, 
 nagelets, &c. 
 
 Brandy, a spirituous and inflammable 
 liquor, extracted from wine and other 
 liquors, and likewise from the husks of 
 grapes by distillation. Brandy is pre- 
 pared in many of the wine countries of 
 Europe, and with peculiar excellence in 
 Eanguedoe, in Anjou, and other parts 
 of the south of France, whence is the 
 Cognac brandy. 
 
 Brass, a factitious metal, made of 
 copper and zinc in proper proportions. 
 
 Brazil-Wood , so called because it came 
 first from Brazil, a province in S. Ame- 
 rica. It is of a red color, and very 
 heavy. It is much used in turned work, 
 and takes a go-jd polish; but is chiefly 
 used in dying. 
 
 Brazilelto, the worst species of Brazil- 
 wood : it comes from the Antilles is- 
 lands. 
 
 Bristles, the strong hair stand in 7 on 
 the back of a hog or wild boar. Tiny 
 are imported principally from Russia. 
 
 Buckram, a sort of coarse cloth, made 
 of herop gummed, calendered and dyed 
 several colors. 
 
 Buckwheat, a grain which is native of 
 Africa, but so hardy that it will flourish 
 in almost any country. It is extensive- 
 ly cultivated in different parts of the 
 
 CHE 
 
 U. States, and from the flour an excel 
 lent article of food is produced. 
 
 Buffalo, or Bison, a wild bull, found id 
 large herds in different parts of Ameri 
 ca. The hides are exported in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Bulbs, the roots of several sorts ol 
 flowers, as tulips, hyacinths, &c, ol 
 which large quantities are imported from 
 Holland. 
 
 Bullion, uncoined gold or silver in th« 
 mass 
 
 CACHALOT, a large fish of the whale 
 sjiecies, from the brain of which sperm 
 aceti is extracted. 
 
 Cajeput Oil, the volatile oil obtained 
 from the leaves of the cajeput tree, 
 which is common on the mountains of 
 Amboyna, and the other Molucca is- 
 lands. It is of a green color, very lim- 
 pid, lighter than water, of a strong 
 smell resembling camphor, and of a pun 
 gent taste. 
 
 Calabar Skin, the Siberian squirrel 
 skin used in making muffs, tippets, &x. 
 
 Calamanco, a woollen stuff* principally 
 manufactured in the Netherlands but 
 also in England. 
 
 Calico, a cotton cloth, which derives 
 its name from Calicut, a city of India, 
 from which it was first Drought. The 
 art of calico-printing is supposed to have 
 been practised in India more than 2,000 
 years, though it was not introduced into 
 England fill the year 1676. 
 
 Cambric, a species of very fine white 
 linen, first made at Cambray, in French 
 Flanders, whence it derives its appella 
 tion. 
 
 Camel, a large beast of burden, used 
 throughout all the eastern countries. 
 
 Camlet, a plain stuff', composed of t> 
 warp and woof, which is manufactured 
 on a loom, witli two treadles, as linens 
 are. Camlets are of different kinds, as 
 goats'. hair, wool, silk camlets 
 
 Camphor, a white, resinous produc 
 tion, of peculiar and powerful smell, 
 extracted from trees which grow in the 
 islands of the E. Indies and in China. 
 
 Canal, a kind of artificial river, made 
 for the convenience of water carriage. 
 
 Cantharides, flies of a shining green 
 color, found adhering to certain kinds 
 of trees in Spain, Italy and the southern 
 part of France. They are commonly 
 called Spanish flies, and are of extensive 
 use in medicine. 
 
 Canvas, a very clean unbleached 
 cloth of hemp or flax, woven very regu- 
 laily in little squares. 
 
 Cape, a promontory or headland, run- 
 ning out with a point into the sea. 
 
 Capers, the full grown buds of a low 
 shrub generally growing out of the 
 joints of old walls or fissures of rocks 
 in the warm climates of Europe. 
 
 Carbon, a substance which has been 
 found to exist in a state of absolute pu- 
 rity in the diamond. It is the base of 
 common charcoal, which is an oxide of 
 carbon. 
 
 Carbuncle, a precious stone of the ruby 
 kind, of a very rich, glowing blood-red 
 color. 
 
 Casrarilta, the bark of a tree growing 
 plentifully in the Bahama islands, of a 
 fragrant smell, and moderately bitter 
 taste. 
 
 Cassada, a mealy suhstance, derived 
 from the root of a plant called Magnoc , 
 a native of the VY. Indies. From the 
 pure flour of cassada is formed the sub- 
 stance called tapioca. 
 
 Cassia, the bark of a tree, which 
 grows in the E. and W. Indies and in 
 China. It is thicker and coarser than 
 cinnamon', but of a similar taste. It is 
 mnstlv imported from China. 
 
 Ca.ifor-Oil, an oil extracted from the 
 seeds of a plant which «imvs in the R. 
 an.! VV. Indies, and in the V. Slates. It« 
 uses in medicine are well know n 
 
 Cedar, i\ tree common in America, the 
 wood oi" « Inch is ofa reddish color, and 
 incorruptible. 
 
 Chestnut, a handsome forest tree 
 808 
 
COR 
 
 producing a sweet and soft-shelled 
 fruit. 
 
 Chints, n fine printed calico first man- 
 ufactured in the E. Indies, but imitated 
 In other countries. 
 
 Chocolate, a kind of paste, or cake, 
 prepared chiefly from the cacao-nut, a 
 production of the W. Indies and S. 
 America. 
 
 Chronometer, a timepiece of a peculiar 
 construction, at present much used by 
 navigators in determining the longitude 
 at sea. 
 
 Cider, a liquor extracted from the 
 juice of apples, and forming a consider- 
 able portion of agricultural produce in 
 this country. 
 
 Cimolia, the name of the earth of 
 which tobacco-pipes are made. It is 
 round in different pares of England. 
 
 Cinnamon, the under bark of the 
 branches of a tree of the bay tribe, which 
 is chiefly found in the island of Ceylon, 
 but which grows in Malabar and other 
 parts of the E. Indies. 
 
 Citron, an agreeable fruit resembling 
 a lemon in color, taste and smell. It 
 comes to us preserved or candied from 
 Madeira. 
 
 Civet, a perfume taken from the civet- 
 cat. 
 
 Clove, the unexpanded flower-bud of 
 an East Indian tree, somewhat resem- 
 bling the laurel in its height, and in the 
 shape of its leaves. 
 
 Coal, a combustible substance com- 
 posed chiefly of carbon and bitumen. 
 That which contains much bitumen is 
 highly inflammable, and burns with a 
 lright flame: the anthracite, in which 
 the carbon predominates burns less 
 vividly. Numerous varieties of coal 
 exist: it abounds in almost every coun- 
 try, and inexhaustible mines are found 
 in different parts of the U. States. 
 
 Cobalt, a metal found in the form of 
 in ore, in Saxony, Sweden, and some 
 parts of England. 
 
 Cochineal, a drug, in many respects 
 approaching to the nature of hermes. It 
 8 brought to us from Mexico, where it 
 is collected in immense quantities, be- 
 ing a species of insect which aff irds a 
 deep crimson dye. Cochineal is also 
 raised in Peru and several other parts 
 of Spanish America, and becomes every 
 year an article of greater importance to 
 the commerce of that country. 
 
 Cocoa-Nut, a woody fruit, of an oval 
 shape, covered with a fibrous husk, and 
 lined internally with a white, firm and 
 fleshy kernel. It is a native of Africa, 
 the E. and W. Indies, and S. America. 
 
 Cod, a well known fish that is caught 
 In Immense quantities on the banks of 
 Newfoundland, and the other sand- 
 banks that lie off the coasts of Cape Bre- 
 ton, Nova Scotia, and N. England. 
 
 Coffee, the berries of a shrub common 
 in Arabia Felix. The best coffee is im- 
 ported from Mocha in the Red Sea. 
 That next in esteem is raised in Java 
 and the E. Indies ; and that of lowest 
 price is raised in the W. Indies and 
 Brazil. 
 
 Copal, a substance of great import- 
 ance as a varnish, obtained from the 
 rhus copalinum, a tree in N. America. 
 
 Copper, a metal, next to iron in spe- 
 cific gravity, hut lighter than gold, sil- 
 ver or lead. It is found in N. and S. 
 America, in most European countries, 
 and in Africa and Japan. 
 
 Copperas, a name given to the sul- 
 phate of green vitriol, used in dying 
 black. 
 
 Coral, a marine zoophyte that be- 
 comes after removal from the water as 
 hard as a stone, and of a fine red color. 
 It is found in the Mediterranean and in 
 the Ethiopic Ocean, about Cape Ne- 
 gro. 
 
 Cnrdase, a term used in eeneral for 
 all sorts of cord, made use of in rigging 
 ships. 
 
 Cork, the bark of a species of oak 
 
 ^ich grows in Spain, Portugal and on 
 
 DRA 
 
 the French side of the Pyrenean moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Cornelian, a precious stone of which 
 there are lliree kinds, red, yellow and 
 white. The finest cornelians are those 
 of the E. Indies; but very beautiful 
 ones are found in many parts of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Cotton, a soft downy substance found 
 on the gossypiuin or cotton-tree. It is 
 separated from the seeds of the plant by 
 a mill, and then spun and prepared for 
 all sorts of fine work, as stockings, 
 quilts, &c. Cotton was found indigen- 
 ous in America. North and S. Ameri- 
 ca, Egypt and India produce most of 
 the cotton consumed, and the greater 
 part is manufactured in England and 
 the U. States. The cotton gin is a ma- 
 chine invented by Mr. Whitney, an 
 American, for the purpose of cleansing 
 cotton. 
 
 Crape, a light, transparent stuff, like 
 gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and 
 twisted on the mill, and woven with- 
 out crossing. It is manufactured in 
 France and various parts of O. Britain. 
 
 Cream of Tartar, a combination of 
 tartaric acid with potash. It comes to 
 us from Leghorn, and other parts of 
 Italy. 
 
 Crystal, the name of a very large class 
 of fossils, hard, pellucid, and naturally 
 colorless. 
 
 Currants, a smaller kind of grapes, 
 brought principally from Zante and 
 Cephalonia. 
 
 Curcuma, a plant which is native of 
 India. The root communicates a beau- 
 tiful but perishable yellow dye, with 
 alum. 
 
 Cypress, the cypress tree is a dark 
 colored evergreen, which grows abun- 
 dantly in the western parts of the U. 
 States. The name of this tree is de- 
 rived from the island of Cyprus, in the 
 Mediterranean, where it still grows in 
 great luxuriance. 
 
 DAMASK, an ingeniously manufac- 
 tured stuff, the ground of which is 
 bright and glossy, with vines, flowers, 
 and figures interwoven. It is made in 
 France and other countries of Europe ; 
 and is also brought from India and Chi- 
 na. 
 
 Dates, the fruit of the date palm, a 
 tree inhabiting the north of Africa, and 
 which is also cultivated in Italy and 
 Spain. This fruit is an oval, soft, fleshy 
 drupe, having a very hard stone, with a 
 longitudinal furrow on one side, and 
 when fresh, possesses a delicious per- 
 fume and taste. 
 
 Diamond, a precious stone which has 
 been known from the remotest ages. 
 It is the hardest of all bodies ; the best 
 tempered steel makes no impression on 
 it. The first water in diamonds means 
 the greatest purity and perfection of 
 their complexion, which ought to be 
 that of the purest water. Diamond 
 mines are found chiefly in the E. Indies ; 
 and in Brazil, in S. America. 
 
 Diaper, a sort of fine flowered linen 
 commonly used in table-cloths, nap- 
 kins, &c. 
 
 Dimity, a species of cross-barred stuff 
 entirety composed of cotton, similar in 
 fabric to fustian. 
 
 Duel:, in maritime affairs, is an artifi- 
 cial basin, by the side of a harbor, made 
 convenient either for the building or 
 repairing of ships. It is of two sorts: 
 1. Dry dork, where the water is kept 
 out by great flood-gates, till the ship is 
 built or repaired, when the gates are 
 opened, and the water let in to float 
 and launch her 2. Wet docks, a place 
 into which the ship may be hauled, out 
 of the tide's wav, and so dock herself, 
 or sink for herself a place to lie in 
 
 Down, the fine feathers from the 
 breasts of several birds, particularly 
 that of the duck kind. That of the 
 eid^r duck is the most valuable. 
 
 Drab, a sort of thick woollen cloth, 
 woven purposely for great coats. 
 
 PUB. 
 
 Dragon's Blood, a gummy resinous 
 substance, which is brought from the E 
 Indies. / fi> ution of dragon's blood 
 in spirit ol wine is user 1 f-ir stainin 
 marble, to which it gives u i„d tinge. 
 
 Drawback, in commerce, an allow 
 ance made to merchants on the reex 
 portation of certain goods, which in 
 some cases consists of the whole, in 
 others of a part, of the duties which ha 
 been paid upon the importation. 
 
 Drug, in a commercial sense, is ap 
 plied to every article of a medicinal na 
 ture, such as gums, jalap, senna, &c. 
 
 Duck, a sort of strong brown cloth 
 used chiefly by sail-makers. The bes 
 comes from Russia. 
 
 EBONY WOOD, is brought from the 
 Indies, exceedingly hard, and heavy, 
 susceptible of a very fine polish. The 
 best is a jet black, free of veins an 
 rind, very massive, astringent, and o* 
 an acrid, pungent taste. 
 
 Embargo, an arrest on ships or me» 
 chandise, by public authority. 
 
 Emerald, one of the most beautiful r/ 
 all the class of colored gems ; when 
 perfect its color is a pure green. Em- 
 eralds are found in the E. Indies and 
 in many parts of America ; they are also 
 met with in Silesia, Bohemia and other 
 parts of Europe. 
 
 Emery, in natural history, a rich iron- 
 ore found in large masses, extremely 
 hard and very heavy. It is imported 
 from the island of Naxos, where it ex- 
 ists in great abundance, and is also 
 found in many parts of Europe. 
 
 Ermine, a valuable fur which is ob- 
 tained from a species of weasel, abound- 
 ing in all the cold countries, especially 
 Russia, Norway and Lapland. The fur 
 is short, soft, and silky, and is in great 
 request. The common weasel of the 
 United States is white in winter, and is 
 the proper ermine of Europe. 
 
 Ether, a very volatile fluid produced 
 by the distillation of alcohol with an 
 acid. 
 
 FEATHERS, make a considerable 
 article of commerce, being principally 
 used for plumes, ornaments, filling of 
 beds, writing-pens, &c. Eiderdown is 
 imported from Denmark ; the ducks 
 that supply it being inhabitants of Hud- 
 son's Bay, (Jreenland, Iceland, Nor- 
 way and N. America. 
 
 Felucca, a little vessel with oars, fre- 
 quent in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Figs, the best are those which come 
 from Turkey, packed in cases. Many 
 are brought from Faro of a small and 
 inferior kind, also from the south of 
 France. Vast quantities are exported 
 from Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Flannel, a kind of slight, loose, wool- 
 len stuff, composed of a woof and warp, 
 and woven on a loom with two treadles, 
 after the manner of baize. The flan- 
 nels of England and of Wales are most 
 esteemed. 
 
 Flaz, a plant which is cultivated prin- 
 cipally for the fibres yielded by the 
 bark, of which linen cloth is made. 
 The seeds yield an oil well known in 
 commerce, under the name of linseed 
 oil. Flax is now extensively cultivated 
 in the l/. States, and its various pro- 
 ducts have become with us important 
 articles of commerce. 
 
 Flour, the meal of wheat-corn, finely 
 ground and sifted. 
 
 Fossil, in chemistry, denotes, in gen- 
 eral, all things dug out of the earth, ei- 
 ther native or extraneous. 
 
 Fox-Skins, an article of considerable 
 export from N. America, employed in 
 the making of muffs, tippets, &c. 
 
 Fuller's Earth, a species of clay, of a 
 grayish ash colored brown, in all de- 
 grees from very pale to almost black, 
 and it has generally something of a 
 greenish cast. It is used by fullers to 
 take grease out of their cloth before they 
 apply the soap. 
 
 Fur, the skins of quadrupeds, which 
 are dressed with alum without depriv 
 3Y2 809 
 
GON 
 
 IND 
 
 KER 
 
 ing them of their hair ; the skins i hietly 
 used are ttioseof the sable, ermine, hear, 
 beaver, hare, &c. Tliey are principally 
 exported from N. America and itussia. 
 
 Fustian, a kind of cotton stuff, which 
 seems as if it was waled or ribbed on 
 one side ; tiie principal manufacture of 
 this article is carried on at Manchester, 
 in England, and its neighborhood. 
 
 Fustic, a yellow wood, used in dying, 
 principally brought from the islands of 
 Barhadoes, Tobago, &c. The color it 
 yields is a fine golden yellow. 
 
 GALJlNGJiL, a root which is brought 
 from China It is an excellent stom- 
 achic. 
 
 Oalbanum, a gum issuing from the 
 stem of an umbelliferous plant, growing 
 in Persia and many parts of Africa. 
 
 Oaleon, a sort of ship employed in 
 Spain, in the commerce of the YV In- 
 dies. 
 
 Galloon, a narrow, thick kind of fer- 
 ret or lace, used to edge or border 
 clothes, sometimes made of wool or 
 thread, and at others of gold or silver, 
 but commonly of mohair or silk. 
 
 Galls, are tumors, produced by the 
 punctures of insects on several species 
 of the oak tree. Other trees are liable 
 to the same accidents, and produce galls 
 of various forms and sizes, but those of 
 the oak only are used in medicine, and 
 for the purposes of dying and making 
 ink. The galls which come from Alep- 
 po are the most valuable. 
 
 Gamboge, a gum-resin, of a deep yel- 
 low or orange color, brought chiefly 
 from Cambodia in the E. Indies. 
 
 Garnet, a very beautiful gem of a red 
 color, with an admixture of blue. 
 
 Gas, among chemists, a term made 
 use of to denote all the aerial and per- 
 manently elastic fluids, except the at- 
 mospheric air. 
 
 Game, a very slight, thin, open kind 
 of stuff", made of silk, sometimes of 
 thread , there are also figured gauzes, 
 and some with gold or silver flowers on 
 a silk ground ; the latter come to us 
 principally from China. 
 
 Gcncna, or Gin, an ordinary malt spirit, 
 distilled a second time, with the addi- 
 tion of Juniper berries. Holland is noted 
 for distilling the finest Geneva. 
 
 Gentian, a plant of the mountainous 
 parts of Germany, the roots of which 
 are used in medicine. 
 
 Ginger, a knotty, flattish root, of a 
 fibrous substance and of a pale or yel- 
 lowish color. It grows in moist places 
 in various parts of tropical Asia and the 
 E. Indies, and has been cultivated to 
 some extent in the W. Indies, particu- 
 larly in Jamaica. 
 
 Ginseng, a plant, the root of which 
 has long been celebrated among the 
 Chinese, entering into the composition 
 of almost every medicine used by the 
 higher classes. It was formerly sup- 
 posed to grow exclusively in Chinese 
 Tartary ; but it has now been long 
 known that this plant is also a native of 
 N America, in the vicinity of the Alle- 
 ghany mountains. 
 
 Glass, a transparent, brittle, frtCtitious 
 body , produced by the action of fire upon 
 a filed salt and sand, or stone, that 
 readily melts. It is manufactured in 
 almost every country. 
 
 Go'.d, a metal of a yellow color, in 
 specific gravity next to platina, possess- 
 ing great lustre, malleability, and duc- 
 tility. Europe is mostly supplied with 
 gold from Chili and Peru in S. America; 
 though a small quantity is likewise im- 
 ported from I'hina and the coast of Af- 
 rica. In the TJ. States, gold mines 
 abound in Virginia, N. Carolina, Geor- 
 gia, and other southern states, and have 
 been worked to a ronsideiahle extent. 
 
 Oollschitt, a sort of money, or rather a 
 iraaf inset of gold which comes from 
 China 
 
 Grain, signifies the fruit or seed grow- 
 ing in a spike or ear, in which sense it 
 comprehends every species of corn, as 
 wheat, rye, barley, oats, &c. 
 
 Grampus, a fish of the whale kind. 
 
 Grapes, a well known fruit produced 
 from the vine. It is of various colors 
 when ripe, but the principal are the 
 green and purple. We import vast quan- 
 tities of green grapes from Malaga and 
 other parts of Spain. 
 
 Guaiacum, a medicinal wood, extreme- 
 ly hard and solid, of a dense, compact 
 texture and a yellowish color. The 
 bark is also used in medicine ; and there 
 is a substance sold under the name of 
 gum guaiacum, which is used for a sim- 
 ilar purpose. We obtain guaiacum prin- 
 cipally from the W. Indies and S. Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 Gum Arabic, a substance which ex- 
 udes from the Egyptian acacia, and is 
 brought chiefly from the Levant. 
 
 Gum Elastic, or Caoutchouc. This 
 substance, usually termed India rubber, 
 is prepared from the juice of a tiee grow- 
 ing in Cayenne, and other parts of S. 
 America. 
 
 Gunpowder, a composition of nitre, 
 sulphur, and charcoal, mixed together 
 and granulated. 
 
 Gypsum, or Plaster- Stone, native sul- 
 phate of lime. It is found in different 
 parts of Europe and America. 
 
 HARTSHORA', the entire horns of 
 the male deer as separated from the 
 head. The chemical analysis of harts- 
 horn yields a water highly impregnated 
 with a volatile salt, which is called 
 spirit of hartshorn. 
 
 Hellebore, a genus of plants allied to 
 and resembling the ranunculus. There 
 are ten species. By distillation a poi- 
 sonous oil may be obtained from the 
 root. 
 
 Hemp, a plant which grows wild in 
 the E. Indies and some parts of Ameri- 
 ca, and is valuable for the various uses 
 of its seed and the fibres of its bark ; 
 — the latter being made into cordage, 
 ropes, cables and cloth of every quality. 
 Though cultivated to some extent in the 
 U. States, it still forms a large article of 
 import from Europe, and particularly 
 from Russia. 
 
 Hides, the skins of beasts ; particu- 
 larly applied to those of large cattle, as 
 bullocks, cows, &c. Those from S 
 America are in best repute. 
 
 Hock, a German wine of exquisite fla- 
 vor when old. The best comes from 
 Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 Hops, a plant which is a native of Eu- 
 rope, Siberia, and N. America. It is 
 used principally in the manufacture of 
 beer, and is raised extensively both in 
 England and the U. States. 
 
 Horehou>id,!\ labiate plant, with whit- 
 ish, cottony leaves and stem, now na- 
 turalized in the U. States, and growing 
 on the hanks of ponds, &c. Its juice 
 imparts a permanent dye to wool, silk 
 and linen, and is of use in pulmonary 
 complaints. 
 
 Hungary Water, so called from a 
 queen of Hungary, is made by distil- 
 ling in balneo, fresh gathered flowers of 
 rosemary, two pounds, rectified spirits 
 of wine, two quarts. 
 
 Hyacinth, a pellucid gem of a red co- 
 lor with a mixture of yellow. 
 
 Hydrmnel, a fermented liquor, made 
 of honey and water. 
 
 Hydromritr, an instrument used lor 
 determining the specific gravities of 
 liquids. 
 
 ICELAND MO^%, a species of lichen 
 "rowing in the arctic regions of Europe, 
 and also abundant in the Alpine region 
 of the White mountains of N. Hamp- 
 shire. It is an article of commerce, and 
 often employed in pharmacy, in the 
 composition of pectoral lozenges, svruus 
 
 Indigo, a dye prepared from the leaves 
 and small branches of tin: Indtgofera 
 tine tori a. It is cultivated ir N. and S 
 America and both the Indies. A bas 
 tard sort of indigo may be obtained from 
 the isatis tinctoria or woad. 
 
 Ingot, a mass of gold or silver from 
 the mines, melted and cast into a sort 
 of mould, but neither coined nor 
 wrought. 
 
 Iodine, a substance which may be ob- 
 tained from a variety of sea- weeds and 
 fungi, and in great abuncance from kelp 
 It is a deadly poison. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, a drug brought from S 
 America, and much used in medicine. 
 
 Iridium, a metal discovered in the ore 
 of platina, by IVi. Tennant. It is of a 
 white color, brittle, and difficult, of fu- 
 sion. 
 
 Iron, the most valuable of all metals. 
 It is common to all parts of the United 
 States and most of the countries of tlie 
 globe. We import much iron from Eng- 
 land and Sweden. 
 
 Iron Wood, a species of wood of a red- 
 dish cast, so called on account of its 
 corroding as that metal does, and its 
 being remarkably hard and ponderous. 
 The tree which produces it grows prin- 
 cipally in the W. Indies, S. America 
 and some parts of Asia. 
 
 Isinglass, a gelatinous substance made 
 from certain fish found in the Danube, 
 and the rivers of Muscovy. It is brought 
 chiefly from Russia. 
 
 Ivory, the substance of the tusk of the 
 elephant. It is usually brought from 
 the coasts of Africa. The ivory of In 
 dia is apt to lose its color, and turn yel- 
 low ; that of Achem and Ceylon is the 
 most esteemed. 
 
 JADE, a species of Jasper. 
 
 Jalap, a root so called from being 
 principally brought from the environs 
 of Xalapa. It is much employed in me 
 dicine. 
 
 Japanning, the art of varnishing and 
 painting ornaments on wood, metals, 
 &c, in the same manner as is done by 
 the natives of Japan. 
 
 Jasper, a stone found in the E. Indies 
 and China, and an ingredient in the 
 composition of many mountains. Itoc 
 curs usually in large amorphous masses, 
 and its colors are various. It is used in 
 the formation of seals, and when pol- 
 ished is very beautiful. 
 
 Jaiel, a precious stone of a fine blue 
 color, found in the E. Indies. 
 
 Jet, a black, inflammable, bituminous 
 substance, susceptible of a good polish, 
 and becoming electrical by rubbing. It 
 occurs in different parts of Europe, and 
 is found at South Hadley, Mass., in the 
 coal formation. 
 
 Jujubes, tlie fruit of a tree which 
 grows in Languedoc, Provence, the is- 
 lands of Hieres, in several parts of Ita- 
 ly, and in India and Persia. It is chief- 
 ly used in medicine, nearly for the same 
 purposes as the common fig: a paste is 
 prepared from it, which is of efficacy in 
 pulmonary complaints. 
 
 KALI, a cenns of marine pipits, 
 which are burnt to procure alkali. 
 
 Keel, the lowest piece of timber in a 
 ship, running her whole length, from 
 the lower part of her stem to the lower 
 part of her stern-post. 
 
 Kelp, tlie calcined ashes of a plant 
 called by the same name. The prepa- 
 ration of kelp is carried on to a great 
 extent in Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 Ktrmea, nn insect of the genus called, 
 in natural history, coccus. It is prin- 
 cipally used in dying, on account of its 
 imparting a fine scarlet or crimson color. 
 It is found in abundance in France and 
 Spain, ami large quantities are brought 
 from the Levant. 
 
 Kersey, a species of coarse woolo-n 
 stuff, usually woven in ribs. 
 
 810 
 
!C*tf.\ !n naval architecture, a vessel 
 with two masts, usually applied to one 
 carrying bombs, or rather mortars. 
 
 Kiffekil, a mineral dug up near Konie 
 in Natolia, and employed in forming the 
 bowls of Turkish tobacco-pipes. 
 
 Kupfernickel, a sulphate of nickel, and 
 generally compounded of nickel, ar 
 senic, and sulphate of iron. 
 
 LABRADOR STOJVE, a beautiful 
 stone brought from the coast of Labra- 
 dor. Its color is commonly of a light 
 or of a deep gray, frequently blackish ; 
 but when held in certain positions to 
 the light, it exhibits varieties of beauti- 
 ful intetnal colors, chiefly green and 
 blue. 
 
 Lac, or Gum Lac, the product of the 
 coccus lacca, an insect, which deposits 
 its eggs on the branches of a tree called 
 Bihar in Assam. Lac possesses the 
 properties of a resin, and is the basis of 
 many varnishes, and of the finest kinds 
 of sealing-wax. The best is amber-co- 
 lored and transparent. 
 
 Lace, a species of net-work, made of 
 silk, thread, or cotton. The best laces 
 come from Holland. 
 
 Lacker, a varnish applied to brass, 
 tin, and other metals, to improve their 
 color. 
 
 Lacmus, a plant which yields a yellow 
 dye-stufF: it is a species of moss, and 
 comes from France, Holland and the is- 
 lands of Candia and Teneriffe. 
 
 Lapis Lazuli, a sort of stone from 
 which that celebrated color, ultramarine, 
 is made. It is found in many parts, but 
 that of Asia and Africa is superior. 
 
 Larboard, among seamen, the left- 
 hand side of the ship, when you stand 
 with your face towards the head. 
 
 Latitude, the distance of any place 
 from the equator, measured upon the 
 meridian in degrees, minutes, and sec- 
 onds: all places lying under the equator 
 are said to have no latitude ; and all 
 others to have north or south latitude, 
 according to their situation with respect 
 to the equator. The complement of lati- 
 tude is the difference between the lati- 
 tude itself and 90°, or as much as the 
 place itself is distant from the pole ; and 
 this complement is always equal to the 
 elevation of the equator above the hori- 
 zon of the place. The elevation of the 
 pole of any place is equal to the latitude 
 itself. 
 
 Lava, the fused stony substance which 
 issues from volcanoes. 
 
 Lavender, a fragrant plant, native of 
 the S. of Europe, and now commonly 
 cultivated in our gardens. The water 
 drawn from the flowers by distillation 
 is an agreeable perfume. 
 
 Lawn, a sort of clear or open worked 
 cambric manufactured in France and 
 Flanders, also in Scotland and the N. 
 of Ireland. 
 
 Lazaretto, a public building, hospital 
 or pest-house, for the reception of those 
 afflicted with contagious disorders. The 
 Lazaretto of Marseilles is the finest in 
 the world. 
 
 Lead, one of the perfect metals. It is 
 ufadull white, inclining to a blue color ; 
 and although the least ductile and sono- 
 rous, it is the heaviest of metallic bo- 
 dies, excepting mercury, gold and pla- 
 tina. It is found abundantly in differ- 
 ent parts of Europe and in N. and 8. 
 America. The lend mines of Missouri 
 are very productive. 
 
 Lee, an epithet to distinguish that 
 half of the horizon, to which the wind 
 is directed from the other part whence 
 it arises, which latter is called to wind- 
 ward. 
 
 Lemnian Earth, a clay of a pale red 
 color, which has its name from the is- 
 land of Letnnos, where it is dug. When 
 genuine, it is a good medicine in some 
 diseases. 
 
 Lemons, the fruit of the lemon tree, 
 growing in great abundance in Sicily, 
 Spain and Portugal. The ports of Lis- 
 bon and Malaga are the principal ship- 
 
 LOfJ 
 
 ping-places of lemons ; the shipping of 
 fruit from these places commences about 
 the middle of September, and continues 
 until the February following, after which 
 time the article tiecomes scarce and 
 dear. The lemons of the Bermuda is 
 lands are large and of a delicious flavor. 
 The island of Zante abounds in lemons 
 of a great size. Lemons are invariably 
 shipped while their color is green, and 
 they generally become quite yellow ere 
 they reach this country. 
 
 Lentisk, the tree which produces the 
 resin called mastich. It grows in the 
 S. of Europe. 
 
 Lichen, or Liverwort, a species of moss 
 found in different parts of France, and 
 in the Canary and Cape de Verd is- 
 lands. It is useful in dying, and also as 
 a food or medicine. 
 
 Light-House, a tower on an eminence 
 upon the seacoast, or at the entrance of 
 some port or river, for the direction of 
 ships in dark nights, by means of an 
 illumination. 
 
 Lignum VittE, a species of wood of great 
 utility both for turnery and in pharma- 
 cy. The tree which produces it grows 
 in most of the W. India islands, but es- 
 pecially in Hayti and Saint Croix. 
 
 Lime, one of those earthy substances, 
 which exist in every part of the world. 
 It is found purest in limestone, marble 
 and chalk. None of these substances 
 are lime, but are capable of becoming so 
 by burning in a white heat. Lime may 
 also be obtained by burning calcareous 
 spars, or by dissolving oyster shells in 
 muriatic acid. 
 
 Limes, a species of lemon, which 
 grows plentifully in the W. Indies, and 
 is also to be met with in the S. of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Linen, a cloth of very extensive use 
 made of flax. The chief countries in 
 which it is manufactured are Russia, 
 Germany, Switzerland, Flanders, Hol- 
 land, Scotland and Ireland. The flax- 
 seed is chiefly procured from America. 
 
 Linseywoolsey, a coarse cloth made of 
 flax, or hemp, and wool mixed, and 
 much worn by the peasantry of Scot- 
 land, Wales, &.c. 
 
 Liquid Amber, a resinous juice, flow- 
 ing from a large tree, which grows in 
 Virginia, Mexico, and other parts of 
 America. 
 
 Liquorice, a root which grows wild in 
 many parts of France, Italy, Spain, and 
 Germany, and is cultivated in England. 
 Bayonne and Saragossa in Spain sup- 
 ply the best. The inspissated juice of 
 the liquorice-root is exported in rolls, 
 or cakes, usually covered with bay 
 leaves from Spain and Holland. 
 
 Eisbon Wine, a white wine, of a fine 
 sweet flavor, which usually comes from 
 the city of that name. 
 
 Litharge, an oxide of lead. 
 
 Lithina, an alkali in the mineral call- 
 ed petalite. 
 
 Lithography, the art of printing from 
 stone. 
 
 Load, or Lode, in mining, a word used 
 especially in the tin-mines, for any reg- 
 ular vein or course, whether metallic or 
 not, but most commonly load means a 
 metallic vein. 
 
 Loadstone, a hard mineral body of a 
 dark gray color with a metallic lustre, 
 and possessed of the property of attract- 
 ing iron. This singular substance has 
 likewise the wonderful property of turn- 
 ing to the pole when suspended, and 
 left at liberty to move freely. Upon this 
 remarkable circumstance the mariner's 
 compass depends, an instrument which 
 gives us such advantages over the an- 
 cients. The natural loadstone has the 
 quality of communicating its properties 
 to iron and steel. It is found in con- 
 siderable masses in the N. of Europe, 
 China, Siam, and the Philippine isles. 
 
 Logwood, a hard and compact wood 
 of a fine grain and so heavy as to sink 
 in water. Its predominant color is red, 
 tinged with orange, yellow, and black. 
 
 MAS 
 
 Its chief use is for dying. This wood 
 is likewise called India, Jamaica and 
 Cam peachy wood, from the places where 
 it grows most plentifully. 
 
 Longitude, ill navigation, the distance 
 of a ship or place, east or west, from 
 another, reckoned in degrees from the 
 equator. It has become a conventional 
 usage to reckon longitude from Green 
 wich, near London. 
 
 Lugger, a sort of vessel usually heavi- 
 ly built, and rigged with a square sail. 
 
 Lumber, in the coasting trade, means 
 stowage-wood and small timber ; an 
 spars, joists, boards, planks, shingles, 
 hoops, staves, &c. Maine exports vast 
 quantities of lumber 
 
 Lustring, or Lutestring, a species c/ 
 light, shining silk. 
 
 Lycopodium, the fine dust of lycopo- 
 dium or club-moss, is sometimes called 
 on account of its great inflammability, 
 vegetable sulphur. It is common In 
 mountainous places and in forests ot 
 fir-trees ; and when strewed in the air 
 takes fire from a candle and burns like 
 a flash of lightning. It is used in thea 
 tres. 
 
 MACE, one of the exterior coverings 
 of the nutmeg. It is a warm aromatic, 
 and usually comes from the E. ndies, 
 in glass or porcelain vessels. 
 
 Mackerel, a fish, native of the Euro- 
 pean and American seas, generally ap- 
 pearing at stated seasons, and swarm- 
 ing in vast shoals round particular 
 coasts. 
 
 Madder, the root of the rubia tincto- 
 tum, a substance extensively employed 
 in dying. It grows most abundantly in 
 Holland. 
 
 Madeira, a well known white wine, 
 deriving its name from the island where 
 it is made. 
 
 Magnesia, a white and spongy sub- 
 stance usually obtained by the decom- 
 position of the sulphate of magnesia. It 
 is much used in medicine. 
 
 Mahogany, the timber of a tree, which 
 is a native of the warmest parts of Ame- 
 rica, and grows in many of the W. In- 
 dia islands. It is hard, takes a fine 
 polish, and answers better than any 
 other sort of wood, in all kinds of cabi- 
 net ware. 
 
 Maize, a kind of Indian corn, exten- 
 sively cultivated in the U. States, and 
 used for making bread, &c. 
 
 Malachite, a green carbonate of cop- 
 per. 
 
 Malt, a term applied to grain prepared 
 after a particular manner, for brewing 
 the various kinds of beer. 
 
 Manganese, a brilliant metal, of a 
 darkish white color, very brittle, of con- 
 siderable hardness, and difficult of fu- 
 sion. It is found in America and vari- 
 ous parts of Europe. 
 
 Manna, a substance obtained from 
 several vegetables: but the ash, the 
 larch, and the alhagi afford it in the 
 largest quantities. The best manna 
 comes from Sicily. 
 
 Marble, a kind of stone of various 
 colors, composed chiefly of lime, found 
 in great masses, and dug out of pits and 
 quarries. It abounds in Mass. and other 
 parts of the U. States, and in all the 
 countries of Europe. 
 
 Marie, an earthy substance of seve- 
 ral varieties, useful as a manure. 
 
 Marmots, likewise called Alpine mice, 
 are rather bigger than the rabbit, and 
 are valuable on account of their skins. 
 They abound in Europe, Kamtschatka 
 and America. 
 
 Marten, an animal of a dark tawny 
 color, with a white throat and a bushy 
 tail. Its general length is about a foot 
 and a half, and it is prized for its skin. 
 The finest marten-skins are obtained in 
 N. America, Russia, Norway, and the 
 Levant. 
 
 Massicot, white lead calcined over a 
 moderate fire. 
 
 Mastic, a resin obtained from the les- 
 ser turpentine tree and the lentiscu 1 ) 
 811 
 
MON 
 
 11 comes from Turkey and the isle of 
 Ohio. 
 
 Meid, an agreeable beverage made 
 chiefly of honey and water. 
 
 Mechjacan, a root of a plant of the 
 convolvulus kind, brought from the pro- 
 vince of Mechoacan in S. America. 
 
 Mercury, a metallic substance, fluid 
 at the common temperature, having the 
 appearance and brilliancy of melted sil- 
 ver. It is found in Spain, Germany, 
 China and S. America. 
 
 Meiiotinto, a kind of graving so nam- 
 ed, as nearly resembling paint, the 
 word importing half painted. 
 
 Mica, a stone which forms the essen- 
 tial part of many mountains, and con- 
 sists of a great number of thin lamina' 
 adhering to each other, sometimes of a 
 very large size. It has long been em- 
 ployed as a substitute for glass. 
 
 Minium, in the arts, red lead or oxide 
 of lead. 
 
 Mirobolans, a small purgative fruit of 
 considerable utility in pharmacy, and 
 brought from India. 
 
 Mohair, the soft and silvery hairs of 
 the Mohair goat, which is a native of 
 Angora. It is woven into camlets and 
 other manufactures. 
 
 Molasses, the gross fluid matter that 
 remains of sugar after crystallizing. 
 
 Money, the following table embraces 
 an account of the principal foriegn mo- 
 nies, with their values in Britisli ster- 
 ling. 
 
 N. B. That c stands for Copper ; s for 
 Silver ; a for Gold ; and those marked *, 
 are imaginary, as the Pound sterling of 
 England. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 A Farthing c 1-4 
 
 2 qrs. make a Halfpen- 
 ny c 1-2 
 2 Halfpence, a Penny c 1 
 6d., a Half-Shilling a 6 
 12d., a Shilling s 10 
 2s. 6d., a Half-Crown » 2 6 
 5s., a Crown s 5 
 7s. Piece, 1-3 of a Gui- 
 nea g 7 
 10s., a Half-Sovereign o 10 
 10s. 6d., a Half-Gui- 
 nea o 10 6 
 20s., a Sovereign o 10 
 20s., a Pound sterling * 1 
 21s., a Guinea o 110 
 FRANCE. 
 Paris, Lyons, Bordeaux, tyc. 
 
 OLD MONIES. 
 
 A Denier c 1-24 
 
 3Deniers makeaLiard c 1-8 
 
 2 Liards, a Dardene c 1-4 
 
 12 Deniers, a Sous c 1-2 
 
 20 Sous, a Livre of Ex- 
 change * 10 
 
 60 Sous, an Ecu of Ex- 
 change s 2 6 
 6 Livres, an Ecu s 5 
 10 Livres, a Pistole * 8 4 
 
 21 Livres, a Louis d'Oro 1 
 
 NEW MONIES. 
 
 A Centime * 1-10 
 
 5 Centime Piece c 1-2 
 
 A Decime Piece c 1 
 
 A Franc s 10 
 
 2 Franc Piece s 18 
 
 15 Sol Piece s 7 1-2 
 
 30 Sol Piece s 13 
 
 5 Franc Piece s 4 2 
 
 10 Franc Piece a 8 4 
 
 20 Franc Piece o 16 8 
 
 A Louis d'Or g 10 
 SPAIN. 
 At Malaga, Gibraltar, Denia, S,-c. 
 
 RIALS VELON. 
 
 A Maravedi * 23-272 
 
 2 Maravedies make an 
 
 Octavo c 23-136 
 
 4 Maravedies, a auartile 23 68 
 
 34 Maravedies, a Rial 
 
 Velon * 2 7-8 
 
 512 Maravedies, a Pias- 
 tre s 3 7 
 
 15 Rials, a Piastre of Ex- 
 change * 3 7 
 
 MON 
 
 60 Rials, a Pistole of Ex- 
 change g 14 4 
 
 78 Rials, a Pistole o 16 
 
 2048 Maravedies, a Pis- 
 tole of Exchange * 16 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 A Ree or Rea * 27-400 
 
 10 Rez make a Half Vin- 
 
 tem c 27-40 
 
 20 Rez, a Vintem c 1 7 20 
 
 5 Vintems, a Testoon s 6 3-4 
 4 Testoens, a Crusade 
 
 of Exchanges 2 3 
 24 Vintems, a New Cru- 
 sade s 2 8 2-5 
 
 10 Testoons, or 1000 Rez, 
 
 a Milre * 5 7 1-2 
 
 48 Testoons, a Moidore g 1 7 
 
 64 Testoons, a Joannes g 1 16 
 
 DENMARK AND NORWAY. 
 Copenhagen, Sound, Bergen, Drontheim, 
 
 A Skillingc 9-16 
 
 6 Skillings make a Drug- 
 gen s 3 3 8 
 
 16 Skillings, a Slet 
 
 Marc * 9 
 
 20 Skillings, a Rix Marcs 111-4 
 
 24 Skillings, a Rix Ort s 1 1 1-2 
 4 Marcs, a Crown s 3 
 
 6 Marcs, a Rix Dollar s 4 6 
 
 11 Marcs, a Ducat g 8 3 
 
 SWEDEN AND FINLAND. 
 Stockholm, Vpsal, fyc. 
 A Runstic * 7-30 
 3 Runstics make a Sti- 
 ver c 7 7-18 
 
 8 Runstics, a Copper 
 
 Marc c 15 9 
 
 3 Copper Marcs, a Silver 
 
 Marc s 4 2-3 
 
 4 Ditto, a Copper Dol- 
 lar c 6 2-9 
 
 9 Ditto, a Caroline s 12 
 3 Copper Dollars, a Sil- 
 ver Dollar s 16 2-3 
 
 3 Silver Dollars, a Rix 
 
 Dollar a 4 8 
 
 2 Rix Dollars, a Ducat o 9 4 
 RUSSIA. 
 Petersburg, Archangel, Moscow, tfe. 
 
 A Polusca * 22-208 
 
 2 Poluscas make a De- 
 
 nusca c 27-100 
 
 2 Denuscas, a Copec * 27-50 
 
 3 Copecs, an Altin c 1 31-50 
 
 10 Copecs, a Grivener s 5 2-5 
 
 25 Copecs, a Polpotin a 1 1 1-2 
 50 Copecs, a Poltin s 2 3 
 100 Copecs, a Ruble s 4 6 
 
 2 1-4 Rubles, a Czarvo- 
 
 nitch g 10 1 1-2 
 
 5 Rubles, an Imperial g 1 2 6 
 10 Rubles, a Double Im- 
 perial g 2 5 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Sfc. 
 
 APening* 21-320 
 
 8Penings makeaGrotec 21-40 
 
 2 Grotes, a Stiver s 1 1-20 
 
 6 Stivers, a Schelling ■ 6 3-10 
 20 Stivers, a Guilder, or 
 
 Florin s 19 
 
 28 Stivers, a Golden 
 
 Florin 2 5 1-10 
 
 50 Stivers, a Rix Dol- 
 lar s 4 4 1-10 
 
 60 Stivers, a Dry Guil- 
 der s 5 3 
 
 3 Florins and 3 Stivers, 
 
 a Ducatoon g 7 6 
 
 105 Stivers, a Ducat a 9 3 
 
 6 Guilders, a Pound 
 Flemish * 10 6 
 
 7 Florins, a Half-Reyer g 12 3 
 14 Florins, a Reyer o 14 6 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Leghorn, Florence, ${c. 
 
 A Denari c 5-144 
 
 4 Denari make a Oua- 
 
 trini c 5-36 
 
 12 Denari, a Soldi c 5-12 
 
 5 Quatrini, a Craca c 25-36 
 
 8 Cracas, a (iuilo s 5 5-9 
 20 Soldi, a Lira * 8 1-3 
 
 6 Liras, a Piastre of Ex- 
 change o 4 2 
 
 MUS 
 
 7 12 Liras, a Ducat o 5 2 1-4 
 22 Liras, a Pistole g 15 6 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 Geneva, fyc. 
 A Denier* 133 
 
 2 Deniers make a De- 
 
 niere Current c 1-16 
 
 12 Deniers, a Small 
 
 Sol c 3-8 
 
 12 Deniers Current, a 
 
 Sol Current c 3-4 
 
 12 Small Sols, a Florin * 4 1-2 
 12 Sols Current, a Livre 
 
 Current * 9 13 
 
 10 1-2 Florins, a Pata- 
 
 con s 3 111-4 
 
 15 3-4 Florins, a Croi- 
 
 sade s 5 10 7-P 
 
 24 Florins, a Ducat s 9 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Hamburg, Bremen, Altona, Lubeck, 4'& 
 
 A Tryling * 9-121 
 
 2 Trylings make a Sex- 
 ling * 3-64 
 
 2 Sexlings, a Fening c 3-32 
 
 12 Fenings, a Sheling 
 
 Lubs s 11-8 
 
 16Shelings,a Marc * 16 
 
 2 Marcs, a Slet Dollar s 3 
 
 3 Marcs, a Rix Dollar s 4 6 
 
 6 1-4 Marcs, a Ducat a 9 4 1-2 
 120 Shelings, a Pound 
 
 Flemish * 11 6 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, Ifc 
 A Mangar c 3-2C 
 
 4 Mangars make an As- 
 
 per * 3-5 
 
 3 Aspers, a Para s 1 4-5 
 
 5 Aspers, a Bestic s 3 
 10 Aspers, an Ostic s 6 
 20 Aspers, a Solota s 10 
 80 Aspers, a Piastre * 4 
 100 Aspers, a Cara- 
 
 grouch 9 5 
 
 10 Solotas, aXerifTo 10 
 INDIA. 
 Calcutta, Calicut, fyc. 
 
 A Pice c 5-32 
 
 4 Pices make a Fanam c 5-8 
 
 6 Pices, a Viz c 15-16 
 12 Pices, an Ana s 17-8 
 10 Anas, a Fiano 9 16 3-4 
 
 16 Anas, a Rupee s 2 6 
 2 Rupees, an English 
 
 Crown 9 5 
 
 2 Rupees, a French 
 
 Crown 9 5 
 
 56 Anas, a Pagoda g 8 9 
 CHINA. 
 Pekin, Nankin, Canton, tyc. 
 
 A Caxa, Cachea, or 
 Caya * 2-25 
 
 10 Caxa make a Canda- 
 reen c 4-5 
 
 10 Candareens, a Mace s 8 
 
 35 Candareens, a Ru- 
 pee s 2 3 
 
 2 Rupees, a Dollar 9 4 6 
 
 70 Candareens, a Rix 
 Dollar 9 4 4 1-2 
 
 7 Maces, a French 
 Crown s 4 8 
 
 2 Rupees, an English 
 
 Crown 9 5 
 
 10 Maces, a Tale * 6 8 
 
 Moresco, a kind of carving, painting. 
 &.c, done in the manner of the Moors. 
 
 Morocco, a fine kind of leather pre- 
 pared of the skin of an animal of the 
 goat kind, and imported from the Le- 
 vant, Barbary, &c. 
 
 Morphine, an alkali salt obtained from 
 opium. 
 
 Mosaic, an assemblage of little piece! 
 of glass, marble, precious stones, &c, 
 of various colors, cut square, and ce- 
 mented on a ground of stucco. 
 
 Mother of Pearl, the shell of a muscle, 
 dwelling in the ocean of either Indies. 
 
 Muscadine, a rich wine of the growth 
 of Provence, Lnnguedoc and other part* 
 of France. 
 
 Mvsk, a substance found in a bag, sit: 
 uated in the umbilical region of i lie 
 moschus mociferous, and used as a 
 812 
 
ORA 
 
 perflime. It is iiso obtai.ioj f*?m :he 
 civet or musk c*. 
 
 Musk-Seed, the seed of a plant wliich 
 grows in the VV. Indies, and yields an 
 odor precisely like real musk. 
 
 Muslin, a tine, thin sort of cotton 
 cloth, which bears a downy nap on its 
 surface. The best comes from India. 
 
 Must, the juice of the grape previous 
 to fermentation. 
 
 Myrrh, a gum resin, brought from tne 
 E. Indies and from Smyrna and Alep- 
 po. 
 
 NANKEEN, or Nanking, a species of 
 cotton cloth closely woven. It takes its 
 name from a city in China, where the 
 reddish thread of which the stuff is 
 made is spun. 
 
 Naptha, an oil, which issues out of 
 white, yellow, or black clays, in Persia 
 and Media. 
 
 Neap Tides, those tides wliich hap- 
 pen when the moon is in the first and 
 last quarters, being low, when compared 
 to spring tides. 
 
 Nephritic Wood, a wood of a very 
 dense and compact texture, brought 
 from New Spain. It is a diuretic. 
 
 Nicaragua Wood, a dye-wood of a very 
 bright red color, brought from Nicara- 
 gua. 
 
 Nickel, a semi-metal, found common- 
 ly in mines of cobalt. 
 
 Ninzin, a root of a pale brown color, 
 and of an acrid, astringent taste. It is 
 collected on the mountains of Corea. 
 
 Nutmeg, the kernel of a large fruit not 
 unlike the peach. The best nutmegs 
 are brought from the E. Indies in stone 
 jars. The round nutmeg is preferred to 
 that which is oblong. 
 
 Nux Vomica, the seed of the officinal 
 atrychnos, a native of the E. Indies. It 
 is among the most powerful poisons of 
 the narcotic kind. 
 
 OjIKUMj old ropes untwisted, and 
 pulled out into loose hemp, in order to 
 be used in caulking the seams of ships, 
 dec. 
 
 Ochres, combination of earths with 
 the oxide of iron ; they are of various 
 colors, and are principally employed as 
 pigments. 
 
 Offing, that part of the sea a good dis- 
 tance from shore, where there is deep 
 water, and no need of a pilot to conduct 
 the ship. 
 
 Olive, a fruit which yields a large 
 quantity of oil, the produce of the olca, 
 olive-tree. It is a native of the south- 
 ern parts of Europe, and is cultivated in 
 great quantities in the S. of France, It- 
 aly and Portugal. Olivrt have an acrid, 
 bitter and disagreeable taste : pickled 
 they prove more palatable. The Lucca 
 olives, which are smaller than the 
 others, have the weakest taste ; the 
 Spanish, or larger, the strongest; the 
 Provence, which are of a middling size, 
 are generally the most esteemed. 
 
 Onyx, one of the semi-pellucid gems, 
 with variously colored zones, but none 
 red. It is found in the E. Indies and 
 different parts of America. 
 
 Opal, a stone of the quartz family, 
 found in many parts of Europe, espe 
 cially in Hungary. When first dug out 
 of the earth it is soft, but it hardens and 
 diminishes in bulk by exposure to the air. 
 Opium, is obtained from the white 
 oppy, a plant which is extensively cul- 
 tivated in Turkey and India. It is a 
 jowerful narcotic. 
 
 Opobalsamum, the juice of a tree called 
 Celpasi. It resembles myrrh, and is 
 poison taken internally. 
 
 Opodeldoc, a solution of soap in alco- 
 l»ol, with the addition of camphor and 
 rolatile oils. 
 
 Opoponax, a resin obtained from a 
 plant growing in the Levant. 
 
 Oranges, the fruit of the orange-tree, 
 which flourishes in the 3. of Europe and 
 the U. States, and in both the Indies. 
 Great quantities of oranges are imported 
 from Seville. The island of Malta fur- 
 •ishes oranges of a fine flavor ; and they 
 
 l>HO 
 
 i.so come to great perfection in the W 
 Indies and the Azores. 
 
 Orchilla Weed, a whitish moss, yield- 
 ing a rich purple tincture, used tor dy- 
 ing. It is found in the islands of the 
 Archipelago, and also in those near the 
 African coast. 
 
 Ordnance, a general name for all sorts 
 of great guns used in war. 
 
 Origanum, oil obtained from the leaves 
 of the wild marjoram. It is a cure for 
 the chilblains. 
 
 Orpiment, a semi metal, usually found 
 in copper mines. 
 
 Orris, a sweet scented powder, pro- 
 duced by pulverizing a root of the same 
 name. The root is white, and is brought 
 from Florence, in the neighborhood of 
 which city it grows spontaneously. 
 
 Orleon Iron, a particular sort of bars 
 of iron, made for the manufacture of 
 wire. 
 
 Ormium, a metal of a dark blue color, 
 which exists in platina. 
 
 Osnaburgh, a coarse linen cloth man- 
 ufactured in the city of that name. 
 
 Ostrich Feathers, the fine feathers of 
 the ostrich. They are brought from Af- 
 rica, particularly the coast of Barbary. 
 
 Otta, or Ottar of Roses, the essential 
 oil of roses. It comes to us under this 
 name from Bengal. 
 
 Oxygen, a simple substance, which 
 can only be obtained in combination 
 with other bodies or in a state of gas. 
 
 PALENDAR,^ kind of coasting ves- 
 sel. 
 
 Palladium, a metal of a white color, 
 which exists in the ores of platina. 
 
 Palm Oil, an oil obtained from the 
 nuts of a tree, which grows in most 
 parts of Asia, Africa and America, more 
 especially on the coast of Guinea, in the 
 Cape de Verd islands, and in Jamaica 
 and Barbadoes. 
 
 Panjonia, a species of crystal. 
 Paranthine, a stone of a variety of 
 colors, found in Norway. 
 
 Parchment, the skin of sheep or goats 
 prepared so as to render it proper for 
 writing upon, &c. The best parchment 
 is made in France. 
 
 Pareira Brava, a root of a dark color, 
 which comes from Brazil, and is used 
 in medicine. 
 
 Pargasite, a mineral of a green color 
 and transparent, lately found near Abo. 
 Parian Marble, the white marble from 
 the island of Paros, used to this day for 
 carving statues, &x. 
 Paul, the Indian flax 
 Pearl Ashes, a kind of fixed alkaline 
 salt, prepared by mixing the ashes of 
 burnt wood with water, evaporating the 
 clear ley, and calcining them in an oven 
 moderately hot. Pearl ashes are chief- 
 ly prepared in N. America, Russia and 
 Hungary. 
 
 Pearls, hard, white, shining bodies, 
 usually round, found in various kinds 
 of testaceous fishes. The fish, in which 
 the largest and finest pearls are pro- 
 duced, is the E. India pearl-oyster. The 
 most remarkable pearl fisheries of Ame- 
 rica are in the Gulf of Mexico and along 
 the coast of Granada. 
 
 Pekoe, a species of Bohea tea. 
 Penguin, a fruit very common ill the 
 W. Indies, of a sharp, acid flavor. 
 
 Pennants, or Pendants, those stream- 
 ers of a ship, which are split or divided 
 into two parts, ending in points. 
 
 Pepper, an aromatic berry, of a hot, 
 dry qualitv, chiefly used in seasoning 
 articles of food. The pepper plant flour- 
 ishes in the islands of Java, Sumatra 
 and Ceylon, and more particularly on 
 the Malabar coast. 
 
 Perry, a beverage made from pears. 
 Petrol, a mineral oil, or species of bit- 
 umen, supposed to issue from the clefts 
 of rocks, and found floating on the wa- 
 ters of certain springs. It is obtained 
 in hot countries, and is used externally 
 in paralytic cases, &c. 
 
 Pewter, a factitious metal, the basis 
 of which is tin 
 
 FYR 
 
 Phosphorus, a simple substance, much 
 resembling wax in consist 'ice, of * 
 faint straw color, and highly combusti- 
 ble. It was discovered by a German 
 chemist, named Brandt, about 160 yean 
 since, and the preparation was long 
 kept a secret. 
 
 Picul. the Chinese quintal of 100 
 pounds. 
 
 Pilchards, a species of fish, similar to 
 the herring. 
 
 Pimento, the berries of a tree, which 
 grows spontaneously and in ^reat abun- 
 dance in the is!»nd of Jamaica. It is 
 usually imported in baps and casks, and 
 is similar in smell and wste to cloves, 
 juniper-berries, cinnamon, and pepper, 
 or rather a peculiar mixture somewhat 
 akin to them, whence its name of all- 
 spice. 
 
 Pinchbeck a name given to one of the 
 many imitations of gold. It is maue by 
 melting yellow copper in various pro- 
 portions with red copper. 
 
 Pine Apple, the fruit of a plant which 
 grows spontaneously in S. America, Af- 
 rica and the Indies. 
 
 Pink, a vessel used at sea, masted and 
 rigged like other ships, only that it is 
 built with a round stern. 
 
 Pinnace, a small vessel used at sea, 
 with a square stern, chiefly employed as 
 a scout for intelligence, and for landing 
 of men, &c. 
 
 Pistachio, the fruit of the pistachia 
 terebinthus, a kind of turpentine tree. 
 It grows naturally in Arabia, Persia and 
 Syria ; also in Sicily, whence the nuts 
 are usually brought. 
 
 Pitch, a tenacious oily substance 
 drawn chiefly from pines and firs ; or it 
 is more properly tar, inspissated by boil- 
 ing it over a slow fire. 
 
 Plaid, a striped or variegated stuff, 
 manufactured principally in Scotland. 
 
 Planks, thick strong boards, cut from 
 various kinds of wood, especially pine, 
 oak and fir. 
 
 Plaster of Paris, the sulphate of lime, 
 after being calcined. 
 
 Platina, the heaviest of all metals ; it 
 is met with in some abundance in S. 
 America and in Russia, where it has 
 been coined into money. Its color is that 
 of the purest silver. 
 Plumbago, black lead. 
 Plush, a kind of stuff composed chief- 
 ly of wool and goats' or camels' hair. 
 
 Pomegranate, a medicinal fruit, like 
 an apple or quince, full of seeds, enclos- 
 ed within a reddish pulp. It grows in 
 Spain, Italv and France, and S.America. 
 Poppy, a' well known plant of several 
 species. That which produces opium 
 is the white officinal poppy. 
 
 Porcelain, a fine kind of earthenware, 
 chieflv manufactured in China, and 
 thence called China ware. 
 
 Porphyry, includes those stones which 
 contain 'either feltspar, schoerl, quartz, 
 mica, or crystals of any kind. It is 
 found of different colors, and occurs in 
 nearly every country. 
 
 Port, the name of a red wine, so call- 
 ed from Oporto, whence immense quan- 
 tities of the article are exported. 
 
 Potash, an alkaline salt, chiefly pro- 
 cured hv lixiviation from the ashes of 
 burnt wood, and other vegetable sub 
 stances. 
 
 Pounce, gum-sanderacli, pounded and 
 sifted very fine. 
 
 Proa, in navigation, is a name given 
 to a vessel used in the South Seas. In 
 its construction, the heat! and stern are 
 alike, but the sides are different; the 
 side intended to be always the lee side 
 being flat, a r J *''e windward side made 
 rounding. 
 
 Prunes, plums dried in the sunshine 
 or in an oven. The best come from 
 France 
 
 Pumice-Stone, a light, roiigu and po- 
 rous stone, which is found in the great- 
 est abundance in the island ol llpari. 
 Pyrites, a genus of inflammable sub- 
 stances, composed of sulphur, whidi 
 813 
 
RUM 
 
 SI»E 
 
 TAP 
 
 aas dissolved, or saturated itself with 
 metals. 
 
 Pyrops, a mineral found in Bohemia, 
 or a deep red color, which passes to 
 orange, when exposed to the sun. 
 
 Pyrophorus, an artificial product, pre- 
 pared from alum by calcination, with 
 the addition of various inflammable sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Pyrotechnics, the art of making fire- 
 works. 
 
 QUADRANT, a mathematical in- 
 strument, of great use in navigation, 
 or taking the altitudes of the sun, stars, 
 Sec. 
 
 Quarantine, a detention which ships 
 undergo, when suspected of having on 
 board persons or goods infected with 
 contagion. The usual quarantine is 40 
 days. 
 
 Quartz, a mineral of the flint genus, 
 which is divided into five sub-species. 
 
 Quassia, a tree growing in S. Ameri- 
 ca and the W. Indies, the root, bark 
 and wood of which are used in medi- 
 cine, and by brewers to give a bitter 
 taste to their beer. It received its name 
 from Quassi, a negro of Surinam, who 
 discovered its virtues. 
 
 Quercitron Bark, the bark of a species 
 of oak growing in Mass. and other parts 
 of N. America. It is used for dying 
 yellow. 
 
 RAGWORT, a native perennial plant 
 growing by roadsides, and flowering 
 from July to August. It imparts a fine 
 green color to wool. 
 
 Raisins, grapes prepared by suffering 
 them to remain on the vine till they are 
 perfectly ripe, and then drying them in 
 the sun or by the heat of an oven. The 
 names by which raisins are distinguish- 
 ed among traders, are the following, 
 and the order in which they are placed 
 denotes their relative value, the first 
 being the most esteemed ; viz. Musca- 
 tels, sun or solis, bloom or jar, Belve- 
 dere, Denia or Malaga, Sultana, Lipari, 
 and Smyrna, black and red. The best 
 of these kinds are imported in boxes and 
 jars, and the inferior in mats. Spain 
 supplies great quantities of this article ; 
 and Malaga is the port whence they are 
 chiefly exported. Calabria furnishes the 
 finest of any part of Italy. 
 
 Rape -Seed, the seed of the napus sta- 
 liva, from which a useful oil is extract- 
 ed. 
 
 Ratafia, a fine spirituous liquor, pre- 
 pared in France from the kernels of 
 cherries, apricots, &c. 
 
 Rateen, a thick woollen stuff, manu- 
 factured chiefly in France, Holland and 
 Italy. 
 
 Rattans, the small shoots or branches 
 of the sugar-cane, brought from the E. 
 and W. Indies. 
 
 Reddle, an ore of iron in the state of 
 red oxide, commonly used as a pig- 
 ment. 
 
 hesin. a viscid juice oozing from sev- 
 eral vegetable productions, as the pine, 
 the fir, &c. That of fir is known by the 
 name of rosin. 
 
 Rhapontic,a medicinal root resembling 
 rhubditi. It comes from Smyrna. 
 
 Rfaaium, or Rose Wood, a wood or 
 root brought from the Canary islands. 
 
 Rhubarb, a plant of which there are 
 seven species. The yellowish root 
 which is used ; n medicine comes prin- 
 cipally from China. 
 
 Rice, a plant very much resembling 
 wheat in shape, color and leaves. It is 
 cultivated to great extent in Asia as 
 well as in ..he southern parts of the U. 
 States. 
 
 Rine-Hemp, the best sort of hemp, 
 cleaned from all impurities. 
 
 Range, a red color obtained from the 
 plant caiihamus, a native of Egypt and 
 the Levant. 
 
 Ruby, a genus of precious stones of 
 nrious colors, found in the E. Indies 
 and In Biazit. 
 
 Rum, a well known spirituous liquor, 
 made from the sugar-cane. 
 
 Rye, a useful species of grain produc- 
 ed from a plant which is a native of the 
 island of Candia. 
 
 SABLE, an animal valued for its fur. 
 The best skins come from Siberia, Hud- 
 son's bay and Canada. 
 
 Sagatliec, a slight woollen stuff, some- 
 times mixed with a little silk. 
 
 Sago, the produce of an oriental tree, 
 which grows in great abundance in the 
 Moluccas and the coast of Malabar. It 
 is also brought from the W. Indies. It 
 forms an agreeable jelly, and is a useful 
 article of diet. 
 
 Salt, a mineral body, readily soluble 
 in water, and tasting sharp or pungent 
 on the tongue. The salt obtained from 
 the waters of the sea is called bay salt : 
 so named from being first made in the 
 bay of St. Ubes, in Portugal. We ex- 
 port much salt from the West Indies. 
 Rock salt is obtained in great abundance 
 from the mines in Poland and Hungary. 
 
 Sanders, an odoriferous wood, brought 
 from the Indies. 
 
 Sapan, a species of wood, similar to 
 the Brazil wood, and used for the same 
 purposes. The tree which produces it 
 is found in S. America, Japan, and Co- 
 chin-China. 
 
 Sapphire, a genus of precious stones, 
 of a blue color, and the hardest of all 
 except the ruby and diamond. 
 
 Sarcenet, a kind of fine, thin woven, 
 plain silk. 
 
 Sardines, a species of fish of the her- 
 ring kind ; anchovies. 
 
 Sardonyx, a precious stone, consisting 
 of a mixture of" the chalcedony and cor- 
 nelian. 
 
 Sariaparilla, the root of a plant grow- 
 in? in most parts of America. The flower 
 is yeiiow, mixed with red. 
 
 Sassafras, the root of a tree, which is 
 a native of N. America, and grows plen- 
 tifully in Florida. 
 
 Satin, a soft, closely-woven silk, with 
 a glossy surface. The chief seats of 
 this manufacture are Lyons, Genoa and 
 Florence. 
 
 Saw-wort, a plant employed by dyers 
 to impart a yellow color. 
 
 Scammony, the produce of a species of 
 convolvulus, or creeper plant ; which 
 grows wild in the vales between Naza- 
 reth and Mount Carmel. It is used in 
 medicine as a purgative. 
 
 Scapolite, a mineral of a pearl color, 
 found in Norway. 
 
 Scrivellos, the small elephants' teeth, 
 or pieces of them, which are not sold 
 singly but in parcels. 
 
 Sena, or Setina, the leaf of a shrub- 
 by plant cultivated in Persia, Syria and 
 Arabia, and much used in medicine as 
 a useful cathartic. 
 
 Serge, a woollen stuff manufactured 
 in a loom. 
 
 Seron, of almonds, is the quantity of 
 200 weight ; of indigo, the same. 
 
 Shag, a woollen stuff smooth on one 
 side and velvety on the other. 
 
 Shagrin, a kind of grained leather, 
 prepared, as is supposed, of the skin of a 
 species of squalus, or horned fish, called 
 the shagree, or shagrain, and used in 
 covering books, &x. It is imported 
 from Constantinople and some parts of 
 Poland. 
 
 Shalloon, a slight woollen stuff, which 
 derives its name from the town of Cha- 
 lons, where it was first manufactured. 
 
 Shammy, a kind of leather, soft and 
 pliant. The real shammy is prepared 
 of the skin of the chamois-goat, whence 
 its name. 
 
 Shawls, a species of fine woollen hand- 
 kerchief, forming an article of female 
 dress. The finest shawls come from 
 the E. Indies. The province of Cache- 
 mire is the grand seat of the manufac- 
 ture of the beautiful shawls which bear 
 its name. 
 
 Shellac, a kind of lac, which has un- 
 dergone a purification in a particular 
 manner. 
 
 Sherry, a Spanish wine, made in the 
 
 vicinity of Xeres, whence its nan* 
 The Sherry wines are shipped most.N 
 ■ rom Cadiz. 
 
 Silk, a very soft, fine, bright thread, 
 tne work of an insect, called the horn- 
 byx, or the silk-worm. The silk im- 
 ported into this country is chiefly the 
 produce of Italy, France, Turkey and 
 the E. Indies. Attention has recently 
 been directed to the culture of silk in 
 the C. Slates, and it will doubtless in 
 tune become an important article of 
 manufacture in the country. 
 
 Silver, a metal of a fine white color, 
 without either taste or smell. The most 
 considerable silver mines are at Potosi 
 in S. America, Kunsberg in Norway, 
 Annaberg in Austria, the Hart/., &c. 
 
 Sloop, a sort of small ship or vessel, 
 usually with one mast. 
 
 Smack, a small vessel, usually cany 
 ing a single mast, and employed in fish- 
 ing. 
 
 Smalt, a species of glass, of a dark 
 blue color. 
 
 Snake-Root, a medicinal root growing 
 principally in Virginia and the southern 
 states. 
 
 Soda, an alkaline salt, principally ob- 
 tained from the ashes of marine plants. 
 
 Soy, an extract from a sort of bean 
 growing in China. It is used as a stim- 
 ulant sauce. 
 
 Spermaceti, a fat substance obtained 
 from the brains of a species of whale. 
 
 Sponge, a plant of a porous texture, 
 common in the Mediterranean and other 
 seas, where it adheres in large masses 
 to rocks, stones, shells, &c. It conies 
 chiefly from Aleppo and Smyrna. 
 
 Squill, a plant with a large bulbous 
 root, growing spontaneously on the 
 sandy shores of Spain and the Levant. 
 It is used in medicine. 
 
 Steel, iron refined in the fire with cer- 
 tain ingredients, that render it white 
 and impart to it a harder and finer grain 
 than that of the original metal. 
 
 Storax, the most fragrant of the solid 
 resins. It is obtained from a tree, which 
 grows most plentifully in Cilicia, Syria, 
 and Pamphilia ; and is also met with in 
 America. 
 
 Stucco, a generic term, comprehend- 
 ing all the different kinds of coverings, 
 drawings, or coatings for walls. 
 
 Sugar, a solid, sweet substance, ob- 
 tained from the sugar-cane. It is ex- 
 tensively manufactured in the E. and 
 W. Indies. Louisiana and S. America. 
 
 Sulphur, or Brimstone, a hard, brittle, 
 inflammable substance, of an opaque 
 yellow color. 
 
 Sumach, a shrub which grows natural- 
 ly in the U. S., Syria, Spain and Portu- 
 gal ; in the two last it is cultivated with 
 great care; and great quantities are also 
 exported from Sicily. Its shoots are re- 
 duced to powder, and prepared for the 
 purposes of dying, tanning, &c. 
 
 Swivel, a small cannon, much used on 
 board merchant-ships as a weapon of 
 defence. 
 
 TABBY, a kind of ncn silk. 
 
 Tacamahaca, a solid resinous sub- 
 stance, used in pharmacy, brought from 
 New Spain and the island of Madagas- 
 car. 
 
 Taffety, a fine, smooth, silken stuff, 
 remarkable for its gloss. 
 
 Talc, a species of mineral, of which 
 there are three varieties. It abounds in 
 the mountains of Tyrol and Salsburg. 
 
 Tamarinds, the fruit of the tamarin- 
 dus indica. It is a pod resembling a 
 beancod, including several hard seeds, 
 with a dark colored viscid pulp, of a 
 pleasant arid taste : the E. India tama- 
 rinds are longer than the W. India ; the 
 former containing six or seven seeds 
 each, the latter rarely above three or 
 four. 
 
 Tammy, a species of woollen stuff 
 manufactured in England. 
 
 Taonbac, or Tombaqua, a mixture of 
 gold and copper. 
 
 Tapioca, a name given to wnite sago 
 614 
 
TEA 
 
 Tta, the dried leaves of the ten-plant, 
 • commodity in general use in Europe, 
 Arrerica and Asia. The tea-plant is a 
 n.it'v* ol Japan. China and Tonquin. 
 It attains the greatest perfection in the 
 regions of Nankin. In commerce, eight 
 principal sorts of tea are distinguished, 
 three of green and live of bohea. The 
 three sorts of green tea are, 1. The Im- 
 perial or Bloom tea. 2. The Haisven 
 or Hyson, so called from the name of an 
 Indian merchant, who first brought it 
 into Europe. 3. The Singlo, or Songlo. 
 The five sorts of Bohea tea are, 1. The 
 Souchong. "2. The Sumlo, Camho or 
 Campoi. 3. The Congou. 4. The Peko. 
 5. The Bohea. 
 
 The first gathering commences at the 
 end of February, or beginning of March. 
 The leaves are then small, tender, and 
 unfolded, and not above three or four 
 days old ; these are called ficki-tsian or 
 " tea in powder," because it is pulver- 
 ised ; it is also called sometimes bloom 
 tea. It is sold in China at -20d. or Us. 
 per pound. The laborers employed in 
 collecting it, do not pull the leaves by 
 handfuls, but pick them up one by one, 
 and lake every precaution that they may 
 not break them. However long and 
 tedious this labor may appear, they gath- 
 er from four, to ten, or fifteen, pounds 
 per day. 
 
 The second crop is gathered about the 
 end of March, or beginning of April. 
 At this season part of their leaves have 
 attained their full growth, and the rest 
 are not above half their size. This 
 difference does not, however, prevent 
 them from being all gathered indiscrim- 
 inately. They are afterwards picked, 
 and sorted into different parcels, ac- 
 cording to their age and size. The 
 youngest, which are carefully separated 
 from the rest, are often sold for leaves 
 of the first crops. Tea gathered at this 
 season is called too-tsiaa, or " Chinese 
 Tea," because the people of Japan in- 
 fuse it, and drink it after the Chinese 
 manner. 
 
 The third crop is gathered at the end 
 of May, or in the month of June. The 
 leaves are then very numerous and 
 thick, and have acquired their full 
 growth. This kind of tea, which is 
 called ben-tsiaa, is the coarsest of all, 
 and is reserved for the common people. 
 Some of the Japanese collect their tea 
 only at two seasons of the year, which 
 correspond to the second, and third, al- 
 ready mentioned ; others confine them- 
 selves to one general gathering of their 
 crop, towards the month of June ; how- 
 ever, they always form afterwards dif- 
 ferent assortments of their leaves. 
 
 The finest and most celebrated tea of 
 Japan, is that which grows near Ud-si, 
 a small village situated close to the sea, 
 and not far distant from Meaco. In the 
 district of this village is a mountain, 
 extremely well adapted for the culture 
 of fine tea. It is enclosed by hedges 
 and ditches, to prevent all access to it. 
 '•'he tea-shrubs that grow on this moun- 
 tain, are planted in regular order, and 
 are divided by different avenues and 
 alleys. The care of this place is in- 
 trusted to people, who are ordered to 
 guard the leaves from dust, and to de- 
 fend them from the inclemency of the 
 weather. Before collecting the tea, it 
 is said, thev abstain from every kind 
 of gross food for some weeks, that their 
 breath and perspiration may not injure 
 the leaves, which they do not touch but 
 with very fine gloves. 
 
 Teak, or Tcck- Wood, the produce of a 
 tree growing in Ava and Pegu and on 
 the coast of Malabar, is employed in the 
 restriction of the vessels fitted out at 
 •ibay, Madras, and Calcutta. The im- 
 I tance ofthe traffic, to which this wood 
 : /es rise, may readily be conceived, 
 v hen it is asserted, that the total hur- 
 den ofthe vessels belonging to Calcutta, 
 which are formed of it, anion nts to 40,00(1 
 tons. This is the only species of wood 
 
 WEI 
 
 which can be advantigeously employed 
 in the construction ofthe large Ben gal- 
 eae vessels ; for it has been ascertained, 
 that the indigenous wood of Be.i^al is 
 scarcely serviceable at all in the Indian 
 seas. 
 
 Tent, a strong, sweet-flavored rfd 
 wine, made in the province of Andalu 
 sia. 
 
 Tiffany, a sort of transparent gauze, 
 stiffened with gum and pressed. 
 
 Tin, a metal of a fine white color, a 
 slight disagreeable taste, and emitting a 
 peculiar smell when rubbed. There are 
 considerable tin-mines on the Malabar 
 coast, in the island of Ban da, in Spain, 
 and in the Spanish West indies. The 
 tin-mines of Cornwall, Eng., are the 
 most productive. 
 
 Tobacco, a plant, the leaves of which 
 form an extensive branch of commerce. 
 It is cultivated in the E. Indies and Af- 
 rica, though little is exported thence. 
 In the Levant, Salon ica is the grand 
 market for this commodity. The to- 
 bacco of Dalmatia and Croatia is of a 
 good quality ; and the plant is success- 
 fully raised in other parts of Europe. N. 
 America indubitably yields the finest 
 tobacco in the world ; Virginia and 
 Maryland producing it in the greatest 
 abundance and ofthe best quality. 
 
 Tortoise-Shell, the shell of the* testa- 
 ceous animal called a tortoise. 
 
 Trade Whuls, certain winds which 
 regularly blow in ascertained directions 
 for given periods, in different parts of 
 the world ; and are taken advantage of 
 in the course of commerce and naviga- 
 tion. They prevail especially in the 
 Indian seas. 
 
 Train Oil, a general name for differ- 
 ent sorts offish oil. 
 
 Turmeric, 1\ root used in dying yel- 
 low. It comes from the E. Indies. 
 
 Turnsol, a valuable dying drug, pre- 
 pared near Montpelier. 
 
 Turpentine, a resinous juice extracted 
 from several species of trees. 
 
 Turquoise, a* mineral of a pale sky-blue 
 color. 
 
 ULTR.QMARIM'E, a very fine blue 
 powder, made from the blue parts of 
 lapis lazuli. 
 
 Usquebaugh, a strong compound liquor, 
 chiefly taken by way of dram ; it is made 
 in the highest perfection at Progheda in 
 Ireland, and is similar to whisky. 
 
 VALOKIA, a plant brought from Ita- 
 ly and the Levant, and used as a dying 
 ingredient. 
 
 Vanilla, a plant whose aromatic pods 
 are used in the manufacture of choco- 
 late. It comes from S. America and 
 the Indies. 
 
 Velvet, a rich kind of silk stuff cover- 
 ed on the outside with a close, short, 
 fine and soft nap. Florence and Genoa 
 are most noted for the manufacture of 
 this article. 
 
 VerdigrU, an acetat of copper used as 
 a pigment. 
 
 Vermicelli, an Italian preparation of 
 flour, used in soups, broths. &x. 
 
 Vidonin, a white wine, the produce 
 ofthe island of Teneriffe. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, are 
 used to ascertain the quantities of any 
 article or commodity, according to its 
 nature. 
 
 Weight, in a commercial sense, de- 
 notes a body, legally defined, appointed 
 to be put in the balance against other 
 bodies, whose momentum is requir- 
 ed. 
 
 The word measure, taken in a similar 
 sense, can require no definition. The 
 original standards appear to have been 
 pointed out by the size and proportions 
 ofthe human frame : and these natural 
 measures are still used when artificial 
 ones cannot be conveniently resorted to ; 
 thus the fathom of a well-proportioned 
 man is supposed equal to his height or 
 stature ; the pace, one half of his stature : 
 the cubit, one fourth ; the font, one sixth, 
 and t tie tpan, oiij :gi«M) The hand is 
 
 WEI 
 
 reckoned one third of the foot, and the 
 breadth ofthe thumb one twelfth. 
 
 Standards of weights and measures 
 were held sncred by the ancient^, and 
 a uniformity was strictly observed in 
 many countries of Asia. Among the 
 Romans there was but one weight and 
 one measure ; every town and city 
 throughout their vast empire having a 
 standard, which was an exact copy of 
 the archetype kept in the capitol, and 
 therefore called capituhna. 
 
 In latter times, from various abuses 
 and a diversity of usages, a variety of 
 weights and measures have obtained, 
 and do at present prevail, in the various 
 countries of Europe and the other parts 
 ofthe woild. There is, however, with 
 few exceptions, a similarity in the sys- 
 tems of all countries, which seems to 
 indicate a common origin. Thus the 
 foot, which is the general unit for mea- 
 sures, is duodecimally divided ; and the 
 pound, which is the unit for weights, is 
 divided either into twelve or sixteen 
 ounces, &c. In almost every nation, 
 there are two descriptions of weights, 
 one for the precious metals, and the 
 other for common articles ; sucli are the 
 Troy and Avoirdupois weights in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Standards generally signify any mea- 
 sure or weight of acknowledged author- 
 ity, by which others of the same de- 
 nomination are to be compared and ad- 
 justed. They are distinguished into 
 arbitrary standards and invariable 
 standards from nature. The former are 
 universally adopted except in France; 
 and the latter are intended to correct or 
 to restore them, if lost. 
 
 The origin of the old standards of 
 weight or capacity is not certainly 
 known ; but those of linear measures 
 may be inferred, from their names, to 
 have been taken from some part of the 
 human frame, as noticed above. Hence 
 the foot, the band, the span, the nail, the 
 cubit or elbow, the ulna, aune, or arm, 
 the fathom, the pace, &c. The inch, in 
 some places, is determined by barley- 
 corns ; but in others, it is called the 
 thumb. The finger, too, is reckoned as 
 two-thirds of an inch. 
 
 The foot is the most general unit for 
 measures as the pound is for weights ; 
 and both are mostly divided into the 
 same number of equal parts, and their 
 divisions were anciently called by the 
 same name, vncia, which signifies a 
 twelfth part of the whole. Hence the 
 inch was called the uncia pedis, and the 
 ounce the uncia libra'. 
 
 As measures derived in the manner 
 described, must vary with the different 
 sizes of men, the standards, formed of 
 some durable substance, have been 
 taken from the foot, or arm, of some 
 distinguished person. Thus the Saxon 
 gyrd, or girth, the modern yard, is said 
 to have been adjusted by the arm of 
 king Henry I. It is supposed, that, from 
 a similar reason, the old French foot 
 has been called pied de roi. 
 
 The following list embraces some of 
 the principal foreign weights and mea- 
 sures. 
 
 Weights uted in several parts of Asia, the 
 Fast Indies, Chini. Persia, 4'c. 
 In Turkey, at Smyrna, &c, they use 
 the batman, or batteman, containing 
 six occos, the occo weighing three 
 pounds four-fifths English. They have 
 another batman much less, consisting, 
 as the former, of six occos ; but the occo 
 onlv containing 15 ounces Enslish ; 14 
 occos of the first kind make the Turk- 
 ish quintal. 
 
 At Cairo, Alerandrctta, Aleppo, and 
 Alexandria, they use the rotto, rotton, or 
 rottoli ; at Cairo, and other parts of 
 Egypt, it is 144 drachms, be'ig above 
 an English pound w< ii'rt 
 
 At Aleppo there ?-e \.'jree «^t , » nt rol- 
 
 tos ; tte ?.:r: "JO artcc/sis making 
 
 about seven pounns F> t »l and used 
 
 in weighing rottons. sails »nd other 
 
 815 
 
WEI 
 
 arge commodities ; the second is 024 
 drachms, used for all silks but white 
 ones, which are weighed by the third 
 rotto of 700 drachms. 
 
 At Seyda the rotto is GOO drachms. 
 
 The other ports of the Levant, not 
 here named, use some of these weights, 
 particularly the occo or ocu.ua, the rot- 
 toli, and rotto. 
 
 The Chinese weights are the piece, for 
 targe commodities ; it is divided into 
 100 catis, or cattis, though some say 125 ; 
 the cati into 16 taels, or tales, each tale 
 equivalent to 1 1 3 of an ounce English, 
 or the weight of one rial and one 
 twelfth, and containing 12 mas, or mas- 
 ses ; and each mas 10 condrins. So 
 that the Chinese piece amounts to 137 
 pounds English avoirdupois, and the 
 *adi to one pound, eight ounces. The 
 mcuI for silk contains 66 catis and three 
 v arths ; the bahar, bakaire, or barr, 
 contains 33b catis. 
 
 Tonquin lias also the same weights, 
 measures, &c, as China. 
 
 Japan has only one weight, viz., the 
 cati, which, however, is different from 
 that of China, as containing 20 taels. 
 
 At Surat, Agra, and throughout the 
 states which composed the kingdom of 
 the Great Mogul, they use the man, or 
 maund, whereof they have two kinds ; 
 the king's man, or king's weight, and 
 the man simply ; the first used for the 
 weighing of common provisions, con- 
 taining 40 seers or seres, and each seer 
 just a Paris pound. 
 
 The common man, used in the weigh- 
 ing of merchandise, consists likewise 
 of 40 seers ; but each seer is only esti- 
 mated at 12 Paris ounces, or three- 
 fourths 01 the other seer. 
 
 The man may bo looked on as the 
 common weight of the East Indies, 
 though under some difference of name, 
 or rather of pronunciation, it being call 
 ed mas at Cambaya ; and in other places, 
 raein and maun. The seer is properly 
 the Indian pound, and of universal use ; 
 the like may be said of the bahar, tael, 
 and catti above-mentioned. 
 
 At Siam the weights are the piece con- 
 taining two shans, or cattis ; but the 
 Siamese catti is only half the Japanese, 
 the latter containing 20 taels, and the 
 former only 10 ; though some make the 
 Chinese catti only 16 taels, and the Si- 
 amese 8. The tael contains four baats, 
 rticals, each about a Paris ounce ; the 
 Doat four selings, or mayons ; the mayon 
 wo fouangs ; the fouang four payes ; 
 he paye two clams ; the sompaye half 
 a fouang. It is to be observed, that 
 these are the names of their coins as 
 well as weights ; silver and gold being 
 commodities there sold, as other things, 
 ky their weights. 
 
 In the isle of Java and particularly at 
 Bantam, they use the gantan, equal to 
 nearly three Dutch pounds. 
 
 In Oolconda, at Visapour, and Goa, 
 they have the furatelle, containing one 
 pound, 14 ounces, English ; the man- 
 galis, or mangelin, for weighing dia- 
 monds and precious stones, weighing at 
 Goa five grains, at Golconda, &c, five 
 and a half grains. They have also the 
 rotolo, containing fourteen and a quar- 
 ter ounces English ; the metricol, con- 
 taining the sixth part of an ounce ; the 
 wall for piastres and ducats, containing 
 the 73d part of a rial. 
 
 In Persia they use two kinds of bat- 
 mans, or mans ; the one called cahi, or 
 cheray, which is the king's weight ; and 
 the other batman ofTauris. The first 
 weighs thirteen pounds, ten ounces, 
 English ; the second six and a half 
 pounds; its divisions are the ratel, or 
 a sixteenth ; the derhem, or drachm, 
 which is the fiftieth ; the meschal, 
 which is half the derhem ; the dung, 
 which is the sixth part of the meschal, 
 being equivalent to six carat-grains ; 
 and lastly, the grain, which is the one 
 fourth part of the dung. They have 
 
 WEI 
 
 also the vakie, which exceeds a little 
 our ounce ; the sah-cheray, equal to the 
 !170th part of the derhain ; and tho to- 
 man, used to weigh oul large payments 
 of money without telling ; its weight is 
 that of fifty abassis. 
 
 African Weights. 
 
 As to the weights of Africa, there are 
 few places that have any, except Egypt, 
 and the countries bordering on the 
 Mediterranean, whose weights havj 
 been already enumerated among thoe 
 of the poits of the Levant. The island 
 of Madagascar, indeed, has weights, 
 but none that exceed the drachm, nor 
 are they used for any thing but gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Foreign Measures. 
 
 The standard in Holland, Flanders, 
 Sweden, a good part of Germany, many 
 of the Hunsc Towns, as Danliic, and 
 Hamburgh, and at Geneva, Frankfort, 
 4"c, is the ell ; but the ell in all these 
 places differs from the Paris ell. In 
 Holland it contains one Paris foot, 
 eleven lines, oi four-sevenths of the 
 Paris ell. The Flanders ell contains 
 two feet, one inch, five and a half lines, 
 or seven-twelfths of the Paris ell. The 
 ell of Germany, Brabant, &c, is equal 
 to that of Flanders. 
 
 The Italian measure is the bracchio, 
 brace, or fathom. This obtains in the 
 states of Modena, Venice, Florence, 
 Lucca, Milan, Mantua, Bologna, &c, 
 but is of different lengths. At Venice 
 it contains one Paris foot, eleven inches, 
 three lines, or eight-fifteenths of the 
 Paris ell. At Bologna, Modena, and 
 Mantua, the brace is the same as at 
 Venice. At Lucca it contains one Paris 
 fort, nine inches, ten lines, or half a 
 Pans ell. At Florence it contains one 
 foot, nine inches, four lines, or 49-hun- 
 dredths of a Paris ell. At Milan, the 
 brace for measuring silks is one Paris 
 foot, seven inches, four lines, or four- 
 ninths of a Paris ell ; that for woollen 
 cloths is the same with the ell of Hol- 
 land. At Bergama, the brace is one 
 foot, seven inches, six lines, or five- 
 ninths of a Paris ell. The usual mea- 
 sure at Naples, however, is the canna, 
 containing six feet, ten inches, and two 
 lines, or one Paris ell and fifteen-seven- 
 teenths. 
 
 The Spanish measure is the vara, or 
 yard, in some places called the barra ; 
 containing seventeen-twenty-fourths of 
 the Pari3 ell. But the measure in Cas- 
 tile and Valencia is the pan, span, or 
 palm ; which is used, together with the 
 canna, at Genoa. In Arragon, the vara 
 is equal to a Paris ell and a half, or five 
 feet, five inches, six lines. 
 
 The Portuguese measure is the cave- 
 dos, containing two feet, eleven lines, 
 or four-sevenths of a Paris ell ; and the 
 vara, 106 whereof make 100 Paris ells. 
 
 The Piedmontese measure is the ras, 
 containing one Paris foot, nine inches, 
 ten lines, or half a Paris ell. 
 
 In Sicily, their measure is the canna, 
 the same with that of Naples. 
 
 The Muscovite measures are the cubit, 
 equal to one Paris foot, four inches, two 
 lines; and the arcin, two whereof ar? 
 equal to three cubits. 
 
 The Turkish and Levant measures ate 
 the picq, containing two feet, two inch- 
 es, and two lines, or three-fifths of the 
 Paris ell. 
 
 The Chinese measure is the cobre, ten 
 whereof are equal to three Paris ells. 
 
 In Persia, and some parts of the In- 
 dies, the gueze, of which there are 
 two kinds ; the royal gueze, called also 
 the gueze mankelser, containing two 
 Paris feet, ten inches, eleven lines, or 
 four-fifths of the Paris ell ; and the 
 shorter gueze, called simply gueze, 
 only two-thirds of the former. At Goa 
 and Ormuz, the measure is the vara, 
 the same with that of the Portuguese. 
 
 In Pegu, and some other parts of the 
 Indies, the cando or candi, equal to the 
 
 Z1K 
 
 ell o( Venice. At Goa anil other parts 
 they use a large cando, equal to seven- 
 teen Dutch ells, exceeding that of Ba- 
 bel and Balsora by seven-eighths per 
 cf-n'iim, and the vara by six and a halt 
 In Siam they use the ken, short of 
 three Paris feet by one inch. The ken 
 contains two soks, the sok two keubs, 
 the keub, twelve nious, or inches, the 
 nious to be equal to eight grains of rice, 
 i. e. to about nine lines. 
 
 At Cambodia they use the haster ; in 
 Japan the tatam ; and the span on some 
 of the coasts of Guinea. 
 
 Weld, a plant used in dying yellow. 
 
 Whisky, a spirit obtained by distil- 
 lation from corn, sugar, or molasses, 
 though generally from the former. 
 
 Windward, in sea language denote^ 
 any thing towards that point from whicb 
 the wind blows in respect of a ship. 
 
 Woad, a plant, whose leaves are used 
 for dying blue. 
 
 Wool, a long, soft and curly hair, 
 which covers the skins of several of the 
 ruminating animals, but is especially 
 shorn from that of the sheep. 
 
 Worm Seed, a hot, bitter seed, brought 
 from Aleppo. 
 
 Worsted, a thread spun of wool that 
 has been combed, and which, in the 
 spinning, is twisted harder than ordi- 
 narily. 
 
 XYLO BJ1LSJIMUM, the wood of 
 the tree which bears the balm of Gile- 
 ad. 
 
 YAMS, the edible roots of a creeping 
 plant common in Africa, the Indies, and 
 the southern states. 
 
 Yarn, wool or flax spun into thread, 
 of which they weave cloth 
 
 ZEA, Indian Corn. The only species, 
 the mays, or maize. The Indians in 
 New England, and many other parts of 
 America, had no other vegetable bui 
 maize or Indian corn for making thei; 
 bread ; they call it weachin ; and in the 
 United States of America there is much 
 of the bread of the country made of this 
 grain, not of European corn. In Italy 
 Germany, Spain, and Portugal, maize 
 constitutes a great »part of the food of 
 the poor inhabitants. The ear of the 
 maize yields a much greater quantity of 
 grain than any English corn-ears. There 
 are commonly about eight rows of grain 
 in the ear, often more if the ground is 
 good. Each of these rows contains at 
 least 30 grains, and each of these gives 
 much more floui than a grain of any Eng- 
 lish corn. The grains are usually either 
 white or yellow ; but sometimes they 
 are red, bluish, greenish, or olive-color 
 ed, and sometimes striped and varie- 
 gated. This sort of grain, though so 
 essentially necessary to the natives of 
 the place, is yet liable to many acci- 
 dents. It does not ripen till the end of 
 September ; so that the rains often fall 
 heavily upon it while on the stalk, and 
 the birds in general peck it when soft 
 and unripe. Nature has, to defend it 
 from these accidents, covered it with a 
 thick husk, which keeps off slight rains 
 very well ; but the birds, IT not fright- 
 ened away, often eat through it, and 
 devour a great quantity of corn. 
 
 Zedoary, a medicinal root brought to 
 us from China. It should be chosen 
 fresh, sound, and hard, in large pieces, 
 it matters not whether long or round 
 in its form ; of a smooth surface, and 
 of the briskest smell possible ; such as 
 is friable, dusty, and worm-eaten, is to 
 be rejected. Zedoary, distilled with 
 common water, affords a thick and 
 dense essential oil, on which its virtues 
 principally depend, which soon con- 
 cretes into a kind of camphire. It is a 
 sudorific, and is used as a coidml medi 
 cine. 
 
 Zinc, a metal of a brilliant white co- 
 lor, with a shade of blue, and composed 
 of a number of thin plates adhering to 
 gether. 
 
 Zircon, a atone brought from Ceylon 
 
 816 
 
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