. ^ ANTOINE VERARD BY JOHN MACFARLANE « Illustrated Monographs issued by the Biblio- graphical Society. No. VII. ILLUSTRATED MONOGRAPHS. No. VII. * Frontispiece. [No. lo.] From " PoLiTiCQUES d'Aristote," 1489. ANTOINE VERARD y BY JOHN MACFARLANE f LONDON PRINTED FOR THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY AT THE CHISWICK PRESS September 1900 for 1899 z /7 / 7 PREFATORY NOTE. The compiler of the present monograph desires to express his obligations for much help rendered him at home and abroad. He Is Indebted In the first place to the Paris librarians, notably those of the BIbllotheque Nationale, where Monsieur Leopold Dellsle most kindly communicated his notes on the incunabula at Chantllly, and the Arsenal, where Monsieur G. Duval, a friendly rival in the same field of research, furnished notes and made extracts and photographs with reckless generosity. The writer has received constant aid from Mademoiselle Pellechet, Monsieur Claudln, and Monsieur Jean Masson of Amiens, and from Dr. Goldlln von Tiefenau of the Imperial Library of Vienna. His thanks are further due to Mr. Jenkinson, the Librarian of Cam- bridge University, to Mr. R. Proctor, whose work on the British Museum incunabula has been largely utilized, and to the long- suffering Secretary of this Society. J. M. August^ 1900. CONTENTS. Prefatory Note Introductiom : Biographical details Site of Verard's establishment Publications — Vellum copies Printer or Publisher ? Verard as author Illustrations . Initials Device Trade practices Books of Hours Verard's successors PAGt V IX xi xi XV xvii xviii xxiii XXV xxvi xxviii xxix List of Books published by Verard axd his immediate successors, including some attributed wrongly or without absolute evidence to this establishment : Dated books bearing the address, " Sus le pont Notre Dame " . . . i Dated books bearing the addresses, " Pres petit Pont" and "Rue Saint Jacques pres petit Pont "....,.... 30 Dated books of May-June, 1503, bearing no address . . . -33 Dated books bearing the address, " Devant la rue neuve Notre Dame" . 35 Undated books of 1485-99, bearing the address, " Sur le Pont Nostre Dame" 53 Undated books of 1 500-1 503, bearing the addresses, "Carrefour S. Severin," " Pres Petit Pont," etc 67 Undated books bearing the address, " Devant la rue neuve Nostre Dame". 77 Horae ............. 97 Books of which either the existence or the connection with Verard is doubtful 116 Books printed for Barth^lemy Verard and " Antoine Verard II." . .123 vii PAGE Verard's Accoun't sent to the Comte d'Angouleme . . . .129 Chart of Verard's sixteenth-century HoRit 132 List of Woodcuts traced through Verard's publications : with a table showing their occurrence , . . . . . . . .134 Table, showing the occurrence of the initial L's ...... 136 Addenda and Corrigenda ......... 137 Index to Titles of Books ......... 139 Reproductions : Illustrations. Plates I.-XLVII. Illustrations from the Horae. Plates XLVIII.-LIV. Initial L's. Plates LV.-LXIII. Types. Plates LXIV.-LXXV. Devices. Plates LXXVI.-LXXIX. vm INTRODUCTION. Biographical Details. HE parentage of Verard and his career before the appearance of his first book in 1485 is en- tirely unknown. An attempt has been made to conned him with one Jean-Pierre de Verade, to whom a " permission de tester " was granted by Charles VIII. in 1497,' ^^^ there are in- superable difficulties of date.^ There are indi- cations conneding Verard with Touraine, for he published two books having relation to the province, a Coutwnier, and the Chateau de Virginite of Georges de Esclavonie, a native of Tours. More- over, according to a document published by Dr. E. Giraudet,^ he bought in 1505 a house in that town, and, as we learn from another document published by M. Ch. Grandmaison,* he had an agency at Tours for the sale of his books. The colophons of his books afford but little information as to his subsequent existence, except that in 1506 he enjoys the title of ' Archives Historiques^ torn, i., 1889. • NouvelUi recherches sur Antoine Verard et sa famille. Par Gaston Duval. Paris, 1898. ^ Les Artistes tourangeaux. Tours, 1885. ' Intennediaire de r Quest ^ 1894 (No. 8). ix b " Libraire jure de TUniversite." ^ In January, 1 507[o8],^ he obtains a " privilege " for three years from the king, forbidding any other printer or bookseller to print his books, under pain of confiscation. All Verard's books that have the privilege in the colophon are also dated, for legal purposes no doubt, so that any book without a privi- lege may be supposed to have been issued before January, 1507 [08]. The only exception to this is the Orose of 1509, but this is merely a reprint of an earlier edition of Verard's, and perhaps for this reason did not require or could not be admitted to privilege. This grant of *' privilege " would appear to have been unexpectedly received, since the Nef de Sante of 1508, issued in two forms (Nos. 85, 177), one with date and privilege, the other with neither. The death of Verard cannot be fixed with any certainty. The last dated book printed for him (vol. 5 of the Grandes Postilles^ No. 99) appeared in August, 15 12, and he was no longer alive in 15 14, since in that year the privilege of an edition of the Chroniques de Saint Denis, printed by Guillaume Eustace, applies to him the Q^ixhtt feu. The date of his death has however been placed by some as far back as the beginning of 15 12. This theory is based on the existence of several books (j-f^ Nos. 9, 108, 147, 163) bearing the following MS. note : " Anthoine Verard libraire de Paris a donne ce pht liure le xx^ de mars V^ & onze au monaster e de clervaulx. priez dieu po'' luy ". If these books were a bequest, the question is settled, but they may merely have been a present in Verard's lifetime — the concluding formula proves nothing to the contrary. We know from Lacroix du Maine ' that there was a Claude Verard at Cler- vaulx, and it was on his account no doubt that the bequest or gift was made. But it must be admitted, in favour of those who hold the theory of bequest, that the appearance of Verard's name in a colophon of August, 1 5 1 2, proves very little, as will become evident when we have to deal with the publications of his successors. ^ See Jtu des eschez moralise, 1506 (No. 72); Grandes Postilles, 15 11 -1 2 (No. 99); Liber au^ioritatum, 15 12 (No. 102). * Epistres SainSi Po/(No. 84). Les Biblioth^ques Francoises de la Croix-Dumaine et de Du Verdier, etc. Paris, 1772-73. X Site of Verard's Establishment. The colophons of Verard's books, though often bearing no date, afford nevertheless a clue to a chronological classification, on account of the variations of the address, which is nearly always given. Thus up to October, 1499, he occupied an establishment on the Pont Notre Dame and a shop in the Sainte Chapelle. The bridge collapsed on October 25th, 1499, whereupon, still keeping his second establishment, Verard changed his first to an address which appears variously as " Pres Petit Pont," " rue Saint Jacques pres Petit Pont," " Carrefour Saint-Severin," " Petit Pont pres du Carrefour Saint-Severin," and " Petit Pont devant la rue Notre Dame." It has been generally supposed that the address " Carrefour S. Severin " represents a separate and earlier establishment, which was only used till September, 1500, but this confli(fl:s with the colophon of a Horce (No. 226), which bears the date August i8th, 1502, and the address "Carrefour Saint- Severin." Verard's next move was in September, 1503, to an address which generally appears under the form " devant la rue Neuve Notre Dame," but is also described as '* devant la grande eglise Notre Dame," " Pres I'ostel Dieu devant la rue Neuve Notre Dame," and *' Devant Notre Dame." The Froissart of 1518 [No. 282], published by Verard's successors, gives the alternative forms " devant la rue Neuve Notre Dame " and " rue de la Juiverie." The colophon of one book, the Proprietaire (No. 146), bears a curious evidence of this change of address, as a blank space is left between the words " demourant a Paris " and " Au palais au premier pillier, etc^ Again, in a vellum copy of the Tresor de Pdme (No. 129), the word sur in the expression sur le pont of the colo- phon has been erased, and tout deuant written in. Publications. — Vellum Copies. The nature and extent of Verard's publications may be gathered from the bibliographical list in the present volume. They are all in the vernacular except some of the Hora and one of his latest xi dated books, the Liber auBoritatum (No. 102). The latter is also the only one printed with type of the kind then generally used for Latin books. His publications may be roughly divided into (i) Books of devotion ; (2) Books of chivalry; (3) Poems and light literature, chiefly amatory ; (4) Quasi-scientific books ; (5) Trans- lations of the Classics. There is nothing in Latin or Greek— the Renaissance had hardly reached France in Verard's time. The typography and illustrations of Verard's books, though justly cele- brated, are distindlly inferior to the best produftions of certain Parisian printers, for instance Jean Dupre, but in one respect he is without a rival — in the sumptuous illuminated copies on vellum, produced for his royal and other distinguished patrons. The Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris contains an astonishing number of these magnificent books, done for Charles VIIL, Louis XL, and Anne of Brittany. Charles VIIL's copy of the Chroniques de France contains, according to Van Praet, no less than 951 minia- tures. At the British Museum also are numerous volumes only less magnificent, colleded by Henry VIL, whose name is some- times substituted in MS. for that of Charles VIIL in dedication or prologue {^see No. 37). The costliness of this elaborate ornamentation appears from a bill sent in by Verard to his patron, the Comte d'Angouleme, which will be found in the Appendix to the present work.^ This document is of particular interest, because the Bibliotheque Nationale, where it rests, also contains an inventory of the efFedls of Verard's patron, the Comte d'Angouleme, made at Cognac on November 20th and 21st, 1496, after his death on January ist in that year, as well as the books themselves, which, being inherited by Francis L, passed into the Bibliotheque du Roi, and so into the Bibliotheque Nationale. The two documents and the books, therefore, throw considerable light on the details of Verard's bill. For most of the following details we are indebted to an article by M. Auguste Bernard in the Bulletin du Bibliophile for October, i860. The copies on vellum often had portions of letterpress reprinted, or other varia- tions, ^^c- Nos. 109, 116,223. xii We shall discover that various errors occur in the account ; but as the total is the same as that arrived at from the corrected figures, it may be supposed that the bill has survived only in an incorred: transcript. Notes on the five books mentioned are here appended. Tristan. — The first volume only of this survives in the Biblio- theque Nationale (No. 130 in the List at end). It is undated, but from its occurrence in the inventory, must have been printed before 1496. The description there given of it, as bound in " veloux tanne,'' is now^ no longer accurate. Verard appears to cheat himself with regard to this volume, which has ninety-one, not eighty-one leaves (IIIP'^XI not IIII^^I), but errs in the opposite direction in charging for eighty-five instead of eighty-one small illustrations. Le Grant Boece de Consolacion (No. t^j in the List). — This volume is in the Bibliotheque Nationale, though despoiled of its veloux tanney and of a blank leaf which, of course, Verard has charged for. U Ordinaire des Crestiens (No. 39 in the List). — This volume is in the Bibliotheque, lacking its cover of veloux tanne and its fermoers (clasps). In the same library is another vellum copy of this book, illuminated for Charles VIII., though on a more modest scale. VOrloge de Devocion. — Dealing with this book as with the pre- ceding, we are soon brought to a stop. The inventory men- tions no such book, but does mention an Orloge de Sapience. Moreover, Verard, so far as is known, never published an edition of the former work, though he did of the second. The Biblio- theque Nationale, again, possesses three copies on vellum of an edition of the Orloge de Sapience published by Verard in 1493, a date which would admit of the book being supplied to the Comte d'Angouleme. So far, it would appear that Verard or his clerk has made a mistake. The details, however, point to a different conclusion. The work mentioned in the bill appears to consist of twenty-two leaves of parchment at twenty deniers a xiii sheet, whereas the Orloge de Sapience is made up of twenty sheets of the same size as the Boece and the Ordinaire des CrestienSy costing therefore two sous six deniers a sheet. Again, it is quite possible that the Orloge de Sapience of the inventory is not in the bill at all, not falling within the period cov^ered by it. The fadl of the Orloge de Devocion being in the bill and not in the inventory may be explained on the supposition that it was kept by the count's widow, Louise of Savoy, for her personal use. Another hypothesis — probably the right one — is that the book in the bill is corredly called the Orloge de Devocion, but that in this instance Verard used a volume from a rival establishment. Now there does exist an edition of the Orloge de Devocion nearly corresponding to Verard's description. Its title runs : L'Oreloge de Devocion, compose en franpys par messire Jehan ^entin, and it was printed at Paris for M. E. Jehannot. The copy of this book at the Bibliotheque Nationale actually contains the required number (twenty-five) of miniatures ; but the number of leaves (ninety- four) presents a difficulty, for the twenty-two " feuilles " (quarto sheets) in the bill would only make eighty-eight leaves (feuillets). Heures en fran^oys. — There is at the Bibliotheque Nationale an undated Verard Hone (No. 223) containing the necessary 108 leaves (= twenty-seven sheets), which may well have been pub- lished before 1496, and is possibly the book alluded to. The miniatures in this copy do not correspond to the description in the bill, but it was not a priori probable that the Comte d'Angouleme's Horn would be with the other books in the library, since they would probably be retained for the use of his widow. Among Verard's royal patrons was a foreign king — Henry VII. of England — for whom a large number of vellum copies were illuminated, many of which are still to be seen in the British Museum. It was hoped that a search through the Household and Wardrobe accounts of this monarch preserved at the Record Office might affiDrd some interesting details. One entry only relating to Verard can be found, namely, in the Account Books of John Heron, xiv Treasurer of the Chamber, under date 1 8th June, 17th Hen. VII. (1501-2): " Item to Anthony Verard for two bokes called the gardyn of helth .... £6.'' This refers, of course, to the Ortus Sanitatis (No. 140), and the identical copy (in two parts) is still in the British Museum. It is not printed on vellum. It is somewhat surprising that special vellum copies illuminated for Henry VII. should have passed out of his possession and be found in this century in the Bibliotheque Nationale [Homelies de S. Gregoire^ No. 66) or Osterley Park Library (Bible des Poetes^ No. 31). Various books, formerly in the library of Henry VIII., published by Verard, were doubtless supplied by him to that monarch. Printer or Publisher .? In the foregoing remarks we have taken for granted that Verard was a publisher, but the view has been strenuously supported, and cannot be so summarily put aside, that he was a printer also. The doubt has arisen from the wording of the colophons, which might have been expected to decide the question. Of the 253 works or editions hereinafter described, only twenty- eight profess themselves printed *"■ par Antoine Verard''' No distin- guishing feature is apparent in these, so that their phrasing cannot be due to the whim of a particular printer. The Miroir Historial of 1495-6 (No. 42) exhibits both forms, in vol. i ^'' imprime pour'' 2ind in vol. 5 " imprime par^' while the intervening volumes are merely stated to be '''' imprime a Paris." The colophon of the Martilloge des fan Ices langues (No. 1 18) seems to point clearly to Verard's part in the production of a book. The MS. being sent to him, he looks it over, shows it to various men of learning, by whom it is corre